diff --git a/-G_d3A0x_0Y.txt b/-G_d3A0x_0Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2cfb6b5e104e193e8de28944e5b298841b63ee9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-G_d3A0x_0Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this week we'll see how optimization can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll see how optimization can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll see how optimization can
+be used to find a sports schedule and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to find a sports schedule and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to find a sports schedule and to
+find a perfect match in online dating in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a perfect match in online dating in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a perfect match in online dating in
+the first lecture we'll discuss how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture we'll discuss how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first lecture we'll discuss how
+almost every single sports league uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every single sports league uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost every single sports league uses
+optimization to design their season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to design their season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to design their season
+schedules will extend the idea of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules will extend the idea of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules will extend the idea of linear
+optimization to integer optimization a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to integer optimization a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization to integer optimization a
+powerful way to model decisions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way to model decisions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful way to model decisions in the
+second lecture we'll talk about how e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture we'll talk about how e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second lecture we'll talk about how e
+harmony the online dating site combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony the online dating site combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmony the online dating site combines
+predictive models with optimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive models with optimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive models with optimization
+models to suggest matches let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to suggest matches let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to suggest matches let's get
+started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-b0dFcebPcs.txt b/-b0dFcebPcs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa67e3ef6e4634ee0ec8c8578d81ab3f89bc1ccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-b0dFcebPcs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the little prince is sitting on his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince is sitting on his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little prince is sitting on his
+little planet and he's watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little planet and he's watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little planet and he's watching the
+planets go by and so suddenly he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets go by and so suddenly he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets go by and so suddenly he's
+seeing three of them one two three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing three of them one two three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing three of them one two three and
+he wonders mmm what would the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wonders mmm what would the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wonders mmm what would the center of
+mass of these three planets be so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of these three planets be so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of these three planets be so let's
+calculate it we have one planet here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it we have one planet here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate it we have one planet here
+that's three times the mass of this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's three times the mass of this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's three times the mass of this guy
+and then this one has a half of m1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one has a half of m1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this one has a half of m1 and
+I've written this up there already and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written this up there already and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written this up there already and
+the center of mass when we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass when we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass when we want to
+determine its coordinate it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine its coordinate it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine its coordinate it is a
+coordinate that depends on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that depends on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate that depends on this
+coordinate system and this origin here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and this origin here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and this origin here
+then we need to have the total mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to have the total mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need to have the total mass of
+the system because it's a mass weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because it's a mass weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system because it's a mass weighted
+coordinate and so the total mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so the total mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and so the total mass is
+going to be four point five and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be four point five and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be four point five and one and
+if we want to calculate this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to calculate this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to calculate this this
+position function of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position function of the center of mass
+or C M that is the mass wait here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or C M that is the mass wait here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or C M that is the mass wait here and
+then we need the sum of all our masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need the sum of all our masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we need the sum of all our masses
+times our distances we are going to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times our distances we are going to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times our distances we are going to sum
+here over j from 1 to n and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over j from 1 to n and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over j from 1 to n and what that
+means is we need to now write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is we need to now write out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is we need to now write out the
+sum for our three planets and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum for our three planets and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum for our three planets and we need to
+give this radius here so the r1 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this radius here so the r1 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this radius here so the r1 would be
+going from here to here or two who goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from here to here or two who goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from here to here or two who goes
+from here there and our three from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here there and our three from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here there and our three from here
+to here we need to write them out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here we need to write them out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here we need to write them out in the
+I hat direction and in the J hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat direction and in the J hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hat direction and in the J hat
+direction let's add that here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction let's add that here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction let's add that here and then
+sum it all up and calculate R so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it all up and calculate R so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum it all up and calculate R so let's
+write this out we have m1 and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out we have m1 and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this out we have m1 and we're
+going to have 35 and 1035 I had plus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have 35 and 1035 I had plus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have 35 and 1035 I had plus 10
+J hat plus m-2 that's going to be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat plus m-2 that's going to be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J hat plus m-2 that's going to be five
+and twenty five and twenty and then M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twenty five and twenty and then M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and twenty five and twenty and then M
+three we have forty and thirty and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we have forty and thirty and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we have forty and thirty and what
+we can do oh and of course that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do oh and of course that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do oh and of course that has to
+be divided by my system yes yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided by my system yes yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be divided by my system yes yeah and
+what we can do is we can concentrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is we can concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do is we can concentrate
+first on the X component and then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first on the X component and then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first on the X component and then on the
+y component yeah maybe we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y component yeah maybe we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y component yeah maybe we'll just
+continue here so we're going to have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue here so we're going to have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue here so we're going to have and
+we can plug in all the MS will do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug in all the MS will do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug in all the MS will do for
+the X component first we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X component first we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X component first we're going to
+have m1 and then we have 35 I had Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m1 and then we have 35 I had Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have m1 and then we have 35 I had Plus
+here we're going to have half M 2 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have half M 2 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have half M 2 that
+is 3 M 1 5 plus + 3 we have 0.5 M 140
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 M 1 5 plus + 3 we have 0.5 M 140
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 M 1 5 plus + 3 we have 0.5 M 140
+that's in the I hat direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the I hat direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the I hat direction
+and we'll have to divide that over our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have to divide that over our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have to divide that over our
+system yes and then we do the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yes and then we do the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yes and then we do the same for
+the Y component 10 plus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y component 10 plus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y component 10 plus 3
+20 plus 0.5 and 1:30 j-hat and again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 plus 0.5 and 1:30 j-hat and again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 plus 0.5 and 1:30 j-hat and again we
+have to divide this over our systemness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide this over our systemness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide this over our systemness
+so this boils down to let me actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this boils down to let me actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this boils down to let me actually
+look at the answer first 70 and 85 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the answer first 70 and 85 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the answer first 70 and 85 so
+this boils 2m 1 over the system mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boils 2m 1 over the system mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this boils 2m 1 over the system mass and
+we have 70 in the I hat plus 85 in the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 70 in the I hat plus 85 in the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 70 in the I hat plus 85 in the J
+hat direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat direction
+so the 70 comes from this term the ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 70 comes from this term the ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 70 comes from this term the ad
+comes from this and I put it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this and I put it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from this and I put it back
+together and now we need to plug in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and now we need to plug in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and now we need to plug in this
+one here and so we will get in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and so we will get in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here and so we will get in the end
+that our CM equals M over 4.5 m so the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our CM equals M over 4.5 m so the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our CM equals M over 4.5 m so the M
+goes away and we have a factor of 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and we have a factor of 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away and we have a factor of 1 over
+4.5 here we'll divide this through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 here we'll divide this through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4.5 here we'll divide this through and
+we're going to have 15 point 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fifteen point five in the I hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen point five in the I hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen point five in the I hat
+direction and 18.9 in the J hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and 18.9 in the J hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and 18.9 in the J hat
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so let's see where this fits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's see where this fits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so let's see where this fits on
+on our graph here so 15 in the I hat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our graph here so 15 in the I hat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our graph here so 15 in the I hat is
+somewhere here and all 19 is almost 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here and all 19 is almost 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here and all 19 is almost 20
+so it's gonna be here Oh about there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's gonna be here Oh about there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's gonna be here Oh about there so
+this is my R cm and this here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my R cm and this here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my R cm and this here is my
+center of mass of the system of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of the system of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of the system of these
+three little planets of course we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three little planets of course we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three little planets of course we use
+approximate masses here for the planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate masses here for the planets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate masses here for the planets
+but if we look at the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we look at the real numbers
+imagine that this would be Earth and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this would be Earth and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this would be Earth and it
+has one earth mass and if they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one earth mass and if they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has one earth mass and if they are so
+Saturn it would have something like 318
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturn it would have something like 318
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saturn it would have something like 318
+Earth masses and if this is Pluto it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth masses and if this is Pluto it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth masses and if this is Pluto it
+would have 0.0025 Earth Mathis earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 0.0025 Earth Mathis earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have 0.0025 Earth Mathis earth
+Mathis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mathis
+yeah you will see that Saturn really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will see that Saturn really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you will see that Saturn really
+holds all the weight and if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds all the weight and if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds all the weight and if we were to
+do this calculation with these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this calculation with these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this calculation with these numbers
+here then our our SEM would and keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then our our SEM would and keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here then our our SEM would and keeping
+this coordinate system in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate system in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate system in the
+arrangement of the planets then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of the planets then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement of the planets then it would
+go right into if here's the center it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right into if here's the center it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go right into if here's the center it
+would go right next to the center right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go right next to the center right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go right next to the center right
+over here because Saturn just weighs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because Saturn just weighs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here because Saturn just weighs so
+so so much more than blue and earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so much more than blue and earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so much more than blue and earth
+together
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-bbZA_s0hR0.txt b/-bbZA_s0hR0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e71d64e908d686ac918cff351e4bb93396a8f23f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-bbZA_s0hR0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10547 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right hello people welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hello people welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right hello people welcome back to
+the second week of our course I'm happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second week of our course I'm happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second week of our course I'm happy
+to I'm happy to have this wonderful live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm happy to have this wonderful live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm happy to have this wonderful live
+audience but I also would like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but I also would like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience but I also would like very
+briefly to address our video audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly to address our video audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly to address our video audience
+who will no doubt be watching this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will no doubt be watching this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will no doubt be watching this long
+after I'm dead on mi t--'s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'm dead on mi t--'s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I'm dead on mi t--'s
+OpenCourseWare so think of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare so think of this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare so think of this as a
+voice from the grave you will suck you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice from the grave you will suck you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice from the grave you will suck you
+will sometimes notice you in the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes notice you in the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sometimes notice you in the video
+audience will sometimes notice that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience will sometimes notice that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience will sometimes notice that as
+I'm lecturing to this lively group I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lecturing to this lively group I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm lecturing to this lively group I
+will turn this way and look up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn this way and look up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn this way and look up you
+should realize that what I'm turning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should realize that what I'm turning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should realize that what I'm turning at
+turning toward and looking up at is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning toward and looking up at is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning toward and looking up at is this
+projector this projection screen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector this projection screen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projector this projection screen which
+we will show you and it sometimes has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show you and it sometimes has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show you and it sometimes has
+this outline on it which guides us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outline on it which guides us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outline on it which guides us
+through the hopefully guides us through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hopefully guides us through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the hopefully guides us through
+each lecture and sometimes has other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lecture and sometimes has other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each lecture and sometimes has other
+information and material on it sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and material on it sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and material on it sometimes
+it isn't worth shifting over to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't worth shifting over to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't worth shifting over to show the
+video audience that image but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video audience that image but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video audience that image but that's
+what I'm looking at when I look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking at when I look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm looking at when I look so
+strange I'd like to begin today by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange I'd like to begin today by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange I'd like to begin today by
+taking a step back by reminding you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a step back by reminding you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a step back by reminding you that
+the order in which we're watching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which we're watching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order in which we're watching the
+movies in this course is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in this course is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies in this course is a little bit
+arbitrary because I wanted to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary because I wanted to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary because I wanted to use the
+feature films as the defining as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature films as the defining as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature films as the defining as the
+defining date and that's the reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining date and that's the reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining date and that's the reason that
+we made Keaton come first because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made Keaton come first because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made Keaton come first because the
+general is an earlier film it was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is an earlier film it was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is an earlier film it was almost
+a decade earlier than modern times but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decade earlier than modern times but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decade earlier than modern times but
+the truth is Chaplin entered film before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is Chaplin entered film before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is Chaplin entered film before
+Keaton and Keaton had certain advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton and Keaton had certain advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton and Keaton had certain advantages
+when by the time he entered the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when by the time he entered the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when by the time he entered the movies
+in part because of Chaplin's example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because of Chaplin's example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part because of Chaplin's example
+although also because of the fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although also because of the fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although also because of the fairly
+complicated way in which silent film had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way in which silent film had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way in which silent film had
+already elaborated itself after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already elaborated itself after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already elaborated itself after the
+first 10 years or so of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 years or so of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 10 years or so of the 20th century
+so I want to take a step back into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to take a step back into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to take a step back into that
+into that early phase just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that early phase just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that early phase just before
+Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin
+becomes a filmmaker at the at the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a filmmaker at the at the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a filmmaker at the at the really
+in 1911 I think is when he joins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1911 I think is when he joins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1911 I think is when he joins the
+Keystone the Keystone studios just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keystone the Keystone studios just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keystone the Keystone studios just to
+remind you of a story that is told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of a story that is told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of a story that is told
+systematically in David cooks history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in David cooks history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in David cooks history of
+narrative film which you which is part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative film which you which is part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative film which you which is part
+of our required reading in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our required reading in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our required reading in the course
+and I hope you will attend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you will attend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope you will attend the
+especially to the details cook offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to the details cook offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially to the details cook offers
+about those early years in Hollywood so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those early years in Hollywood so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those early years in Hollywood so
+remember my lectures are a kind of Aria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my lectures are a kind of Aria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my lectures are a kind of Aria
+and his book is the baseline you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his book is the baseline you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his book is the baseline you'll get
+much more from my lectures if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more from my lectures if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more from my lectures if you've
+done the reading and the reading will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the reading and the reading will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the reading and the reading will
+strengthen and solidify and concretize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen and solidify and concretize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen and solidify and concretize
+many of the speculative points I make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the speculative points I make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the speculative points I make in
+my lecture so I hope you'll respect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture so I hope you'll respect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lecture so I hope you'll respect the
+the the relatively modest amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the relatively modest amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the relatively modest amount of
+secondary reading that we're requiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary reading that we're requiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary reading that we're requiring
+in the course it's a it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course it's a it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course it's a it's important to
+complete the full picture if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the full picture if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the full picture if you read
+those chapters from Cooke about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chapters from Cooke about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those chapters from Cooke about the
+early years of Hollywood before Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early years of Hollywood before Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early years of Hollywood before Chaplin
+the movies before Chaplin you'll recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies before Chaplin you'll recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies before Chaplin you'll recall
+that one of the most fundamental things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the most fundamental things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the most fundamental things
+that happens before Chaplin even appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens before Chaplin even appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens before Chaplin even appears
+is the establishment essentially of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the establishment essentially of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the establishment essentially of the
+industry I was describing last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I was describing last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry I was describing last time
+certain the migration to the west coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain the migration to the west coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain the migration to the west coast
+is worth mentioning because movies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth mentioning because movies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worth mentioning because movies of
+course begin their career in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course begin their career in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course begin their career in the United
+States on the East Coast Edison's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States on the East Coast Edison's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States on the East Coast Edison's first
+movie studio was in East Orange New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studio was in East Orange New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie studio was in East Orange New
+Jersey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey
+much of the the Biograph company was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the the Biograph company was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of the the Biograph company was
+originally located in on the East Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally located in on the East Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally located in on the East Coast
+and a lot of almost all the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of almost all the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of almost all the original
+earliest films even the earliest films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films even the earliest films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films even the earliest films
+that were put into production and shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put into production and shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were put into production and shown
+commercially were made in the were made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially were made in the were made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially were made in the were made
+on the East Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the East Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the East Coast
+why did people move to the west coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did people move to the west coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did people move to the west coast
+why did Hollywood become the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did Hollywood become the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did Hollywood become the sort of
+center of the movie industry what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the movie industry what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the movie industry what
+explains it it happens very early so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains it it happens very early so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains it it happens very early so
+it's and it said one might think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it said one might think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it said one might think of it
+as a very important moment in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very important moment in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very important moment in the
+history of culture of popular culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of culture of popular culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of culture of popular culture
+because Hollywood remains for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Hollywood remains for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Hollywood remains for all the
+changes that the movie industry has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that the movie industry has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that the movie industry has
+undergone Hollywood remains a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone Hollywood remains a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone Hollywood remains a kind of
+the kind of center of what is now a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of center of what is now a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of center of what is now a kind
+of global enterprise of moviemaking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global enterprise of moviemaking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of global enterprise of moviemaking what
+helps to explain the move to the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to explain the move to the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps to explain the move to the west
+coast nothing fancy in the back yes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast nothing fancy in the back yes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast nothing fancy in the back yes they
+could fill me around why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fill me around why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fill me around why is that
+important especially in the early days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you don't you're not dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you don't you're not dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you don't you're not dependent on
+the web you're not as deep not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web you're not as deep not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web you're not as deep not as
+dependent on the weather the Sun always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the weather the Sun always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the weather the Sun always
+shines in California you you if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines in California you you if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shines in California you you if it's
+overcast you can still you can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast you can still you can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast you can still you can still
+film if it's and there's no there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film if it's and there's no there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film if it's and there's no there's
+there's virtually there's no snow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's virtually there's no snow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's virtually there's no snow
+there's virtually no there's virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's virtually no there's virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's virtually no there's virtually
+no rain the the weather is very Canoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rain the the weather is very Canoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no rain the the weather is very Canoe
+weather is very conducive to the making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is very conducive to the making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is very conducive to the making
+of film and especially in this early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film and especially in this early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of film and especially in this early
+phase when film stock was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase when film stock was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase when film stock was what was
+relatively primitive compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively primitive compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively primitive compared to the
+complexity of film stock we have today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of film stock we have today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of film stock we have today
+the film start film stock is so subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film start film stock is so subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film start film stock is so subtle
+that it they can you can film in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it they can you can film in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it they can you can film in the
+dark you can film by firelight even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark you can film by firelight even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark you can film by firelight even
+amateur folks owning camcorders can film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur folks owning camcorders can film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amateur folks owning camcorders can film
+virtually in the dark they can film by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually in the dark they can film by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually in the dark they can film by
+they can film by it but by electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can film by it but by electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can film by it but by electric
+light inside a room in the or tape they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light inside a room in the or tape they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light inside a room in the or tape they
+can they can videotape in that way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can videotape in that way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can videotape in that way in
+the in the earth in the earliest days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the earth in the earliest days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the earth in the earliest days of
+film you needed a tremendous amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you needed a tremendous amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film you needed a tremendous amount of
+light to expose the film and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to expose the film and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to expose the film and what it
+meant that you were dependent on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that you were dependent on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that you were dependent on on the
+weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather
+so that was one major reason but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one major reason but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was one major reason but if
+there's another one that's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one that's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another one that's even more
+important in some ways even though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in some ways even though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in some ways even though that
+would seem a sufficient reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would seem a sufficient reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would seem a sufficient reason for
+explaining why the migration to the west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why the migration to the west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining why the migration to the west
+coast occurred there's another even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast occurred there's another even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coast occurred there's another even more
+powerful one it has to do with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful one it has to do with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful one it has to do with the idea
+of patent warfare yes yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patent warfare yes yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of patent warfare yes yes the
+environment of Southern California is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of Southern California is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of Southern California is
+particularly conducive to a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly conducive to a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly conducive to a variety of
+film projects there are mountains nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film projects there are mountains nearby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film projects there are mountains nearby
+there's ocean nearby there's desert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ocean nearby there's desert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ocean nearby there's desert
+nearby so and and of course that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby so and and of course that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby so and and of course that's also
+something that makes it a you a uniquely
+
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+as a way of illustrating again how
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+let's do the damn dog Greg are we ready
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+merely a theatrical model that that
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
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+it's also visual art a number of DW
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+
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+it's also visual art a number of DW
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+
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+Griffith's early films actually recreate
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+
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+Griffith's early films actually recreate
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+imitate almost exactly certain famous
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+
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+imitate almost exactly certain famous
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+19th century realistic painters who hang
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+this is also a matter we'll come back to
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+this is also a matter we'll come back to
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+later on are we ready great so what I
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+
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+
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+hope to show you now if Greg can get it
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+
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+hope to show you now if Greg can get it
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature work do you remember the title of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mature work do you remember the title of
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+
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+ 
+
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+it Greg Wesley it's called the whole
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+
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+damn family the whole damn family here
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+
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+
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+see how much how influential that first
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+
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+sneeze was the name of this film is the
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+
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+sneeze was the name of this film is the
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+
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+whole damn family there's mr. damn
+ 
+
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+whole damn family there's mr. damn
+there's mrs. Helen damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's their son Jimmy damn
+
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+ 
+
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+
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+
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+
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+to us I mean this is still an era in
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+
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+to us I mean this is still an era in
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+
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+which people are just fascinated by the
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+
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+which people are just fascinated by the
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+idea that movies capture movies but
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+
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+
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+ 
+
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+ 
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+of risque Nats but remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risque Nats but remember we're
+talking about late Victorian post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about late Victorian post
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+
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+talking about late Victorian post
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+fact you if you said damn you in 1890 or
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+right what does it depend on it depends
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+on a joke that depends not on anything
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+that you can experience visually but
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+
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+that is resident in it in a verbal trick
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+and it's a trivial joke it's not much of
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+filmmakers haven't yet learned fully how
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+sure that this is a characteristic
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+Keystone comedies were like before
+Chaplin entered the game do we have it
+
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+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the essential joke of the Keystone Cops
+
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+the essential joke of the Keystone Cops
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+
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+the essential joke of the Keystone Cops
+comedies or there were I don't know even
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+know how many they were perhaps hundreds
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+there were certainly dozens and dozens
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+there were certainly dozens and dozens
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+they were immensely popular early short
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+implicit sort of mild and not mildly
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+course is to find ways to exploit the
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+movies capacity to show motion right and
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+one reason I want you to see this
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+one reason I want you to see this
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+a certain sense in which a short film
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+
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+reprise of this tradition of movie
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+making although you can see how much
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+more his short how much more coherent
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+
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+and character oriented Chaplin's of
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+which especially the cops are mocked and
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+
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+shown to be completely clownish figures
+
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+shown to be completely clownish figures
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+
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+shown to be completely clownish figures
+almost all of the Keystone Cops comedies
+
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+almost all of the Keystone Cops comedies
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+
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+almost all of the Keystone Cops comedies
+to my knowledge involved in competent
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+to my knowledge involved in competent
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my knowledge involved in competent
+policemen who engaged in MADD active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policemen who engaged in MADD active
+ 
+
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+policemen who engaged in MADD active
+chases which often ended badly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chases which often ended badly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chases which often ended badly for the
+policemen sometimes they would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policemen sometimes they would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policemen sometimes they would end up
+all poor flying into a river or an ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all poor flying into a river or an ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all poor flying into a river or an ocean
+or or some other or some other natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or some other or some other natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or some other or some other natural
+disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think you know you can also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know you can also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think you know you can also see
+them in part I mean there are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in part I mean there are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in part I mean there are you know
+cut looking that was actually a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut looking that was actually a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut looking that was actually a very
+dramatic effect for an early film right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic effect for an early film right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic effect for an early film right
+so there's an awful there's an awful lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an awful there's an awful lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's an awful there's an awful lot
+about this that would have interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that would have interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this that would have interested
+early early but seeing that car turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early early but seeing that car turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early early but seeing that car turn
+over some people in the audience might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some people in the audience might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some people in the audience might
+never have seen that in the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have seen that in the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never have seen that in the movies
+before and one could say that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and one could say that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and one could say that these
+films in a certain way anticipate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films in a certain way anticipate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films in a certain way anticipate a
+great deal of the ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of the ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal of the ridiculous
+action-adventure activity that we see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action-adventure activity that we see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action-adventure activity that we see in
+films even today but this is typical of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films even today but this is typical of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films even today but this is typical of
+those early films where they'll make way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early films where they'll make way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early films where they'll make way
+they'll make incredibly implausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll make incredibly implausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll make incredibly implausible
+jokes just for the sake of making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes just for the sake of making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes just for the sake of making the
+joke and I'm not sure I'm a Mack Sennett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke and I'm not sure I'm a Mack Sennett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke and I'm not sure I'm a Mack Sennett
+coming this is the kind of comedy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming this is the kind of comedy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming this is the kind of comedy then
+that was being made by the Senate studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was being made by the Senate studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was being made by the Senate studio
+before Chaplin arrived there were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Chaplin arrived there were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Chaplin arrived there were also
+certain figures Fatty Arbuckle who went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain figures Fatty Arbuckle who went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain figures Fatty Arbuckle who went
+- who worked with the fat comedian who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- who worked with the fat comedian who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- who worked with the fat comedian who
+worked with Buster Keaton is an is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with Buster Keaton is an is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with Buster Keaton is an is an
+example who had already begun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example who had already begun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example who had already begun to
+establish comic persona something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish comic persona something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish comic persona something like
+the persona that Chaplin and Keaton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the persona that Chaplin and Keaton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the persona that Chaplin and Keaton
+created so they were not the first to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created so they were not the first to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created so they were not the first to do
+this and there was so there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there was so there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there was so there was a
+suckler and more already somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suckler and more already somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suckler and more already somewhat more
+character oriented comedy beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character oriented comedy beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character oriented comedy beginning to
+emerge before Chaplin appears but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge before Chaplin appears but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerge before Chaplin appears but
+Chaplin's entry into American movies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's entry into American movies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's entry into American movies is
+also a turning point a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a turning point a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a turning point a fundamental
+turning point as many scholars have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point as many scholars have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning point as many scholars have have
+recognized and and it's a turning point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized and and it's a turning point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized and and it's a turning point
+primarily because what Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because what Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily because what Chaplin
+introduces I mean introduces many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces I mean introduces many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces I mean introduces many many
+things to the comedy but he introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to the comedy but he introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to the comedy but he introduces
+one thing especially or at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing especially or at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing especially or at least two
+things especially the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things especially the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things especially the first thing that
+he introduces is what we might call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduces is what we might call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduces is what we might call the
+principle of the slow down instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of the slow down instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle of the slow down instead of
+frenzied motion all the time in Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frenzied motion all the time in Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frenzied motion all the time in Chaplin
+comedies they're moments of quiet and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies they're moments of quiet and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies they're moments of quiet and in
+these moments of quiet and this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moments of quiet and this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moments of quiet and this is why
+they're important what begins to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important what begins to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're important what begins to happen
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an attention is thrown away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an attention is thrown away from
+violent frenzied physical action toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent frenzied physical action toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violent frenzied physical action toward
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+character what Chaplin introduces into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character what Chaplin introduces into
+movies is an intro is a-- is a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies is an intro is a-- is a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies is an intro is a-- is a somewhat
+more systematic and serious interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic and serious interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more systematic and serious interesting
+character than had ever occurred before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character than had ever occurred before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character than had ever occurred before
+and what follows from that introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what follows from that introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what follows from that introduction
+from slowing down the action creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from slowing down the action creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from slowing down the action creating
+moments of human interaction in which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of human interaction in which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of human interaction in which in
+which the interest is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the interest is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the interest is essentially
+psychological and individual rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological and individual rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological and individual rather than
+an intra simply in frenzied motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intra simply in frenzied motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intra simply in frenzied motion and
+jokes and or or frenzied motion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes and or or frenzied motion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jokes and or or frenzied motion and
+suspense which is what you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense which is what you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspense which is what you would get
+from a Griffith melodrama what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Griffith melodrama what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Griffith melodrama what you're
+getting is so this introduces several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is so this introduces several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting is so this introduces several
+things first of all it introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all it introduces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all it introduces a
+tonal variation it means that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal variation it means that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal variation it means that in the
+middle of comedies there could be quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of comedies there could be quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of comedies there could be quiet
+serious moments and in fact it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious moments and in fact it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious moments and in fact it becomes
+the hallmark of Chaplin's comedy that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hallmark of Chaplin's comedy that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hallmark of Chaplin's comedy that it
+really is often not funny or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is often not funny or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is often not funny or at least
+that it's based on unfunny materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's based on unfunny materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's based on unfunny materials and
+that there are poignant and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are poignant and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are poignant and moving
+moments it's it's as if Chaplin combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments it's it's as if Chaplin combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments it's it's as if Chaplin combines
+comic and melodramatic elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic and melodramatic elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic and melodramatic elements
+especially in his best in his best work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in his best in his best work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in his best in his best work
+I don't mean that when he came into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that when he came into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean that when he came into the
+films he began to do this in fact he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films he began to do this in fact he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films he began to do this in fact he
+discovered how to do this in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered how to do this in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered how to do this in the course
+of his in the course of his career about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his in the course of his career about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his in the course of his career about
+which I will speak in a moment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will speak in a moment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will speak in a moment so
+Chaplin brings and into a new interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin brings and into a new interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin brings and into a new interest
+in in in character and in psychological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in character and in psychological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in character and in psychological
+nuance and because of that introduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuance and because of that introduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuance and because of that introduces
+tonal variation a complexity of tone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal variation a complexity of tone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonal variation a complexity of tone in
+two movies that had never existed had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two movies that had never existed had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two movies that had never existed had
+never existed or had not existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never existed or had not existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never existed or had not existed
+effectively before I can give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively before I can give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively before I can give you some
+sense very quickly of how Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+development of his character worked but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mainly byte reminding you that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly byte reminding you that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly byte reminding you that that we
+think of the figure as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the figure as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the figure as as
+indelible and unchanging in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indelible and unchanging in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indelible and unchanging in a certain
+way his costume always the same his face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way his costume always the same his face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way his costume always the same his face
+always the same the kinds of problems he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same the kinds of problems he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same the kinds of problems he
+gets into always similar and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into always similar and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into always similar and that's
+partly true but the was not born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly true but the was not born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly true but the was not born
+in fully fully dressed in Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fully fully dressed in Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fully fully dressed in Chaplin's
+brain he evolved the champ over a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain he evolved the champ over a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain he evolved the champ over a series
+of over a series of short films in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of over a series of short films in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of over a series of short films in the
+in the in the period from 1911 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the period from 1911 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the period from 1911 through
+about 1940 thirteen or fourteen and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1940 thirteen or fourteen and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1940 thirteen or fourteen and one
+way I can dramatize this for you was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can dramatize this for you was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I can dramatize this for you was to
+show you how Charlie looked in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how Charlie looked in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how Charlie looked in the very
+first film he appeared in he was not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film he appeared in he was not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first film he appeared in he was not an
+actor he was not a director in this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor he was not a director in this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actor he was not a director in this film
+he was just an actor and he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just an actor and he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was just an actor and he was a
+walk-on actor he was not the star the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk-on actor he was not the star the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk-on actor he was not the star the
+camera had an immediate affinity for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera had an immediate affinity for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera had an immediate affinity for him
+and after people saw this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after people saw this film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after people saw this film
+the first film he appeared in is a still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first film he appeared in is a still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first film he appeared in is a still
+from a film called kid auto races at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a film called kid auto races at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a film called kid auto races at
+Venice it's a kind of documentary about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venice it's a kind of documentary about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venice it's a kind of documentary about
+soapbox racing and Chaplin the chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soapbox racing and Chaplin the chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soapbox racing and Chaplin the chaplain
+character had just been hired by Mack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character had just been hired by Mack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character had just been hired by Mack
+Sennett to join this Keystone studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sennett to join this Keystone studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sennett to join this Keystone studios
+and he made an appearance in the film he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made an appearance in the film he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he made an appearance in the film he
+really didn't have anything to do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't have anything to do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't have anything to do but
+his appearance in the film caused all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his appearance in the film caused all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his appearance in the film caused all
+kinds of interest but in the audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interest but in the audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interest but in the audience
+wanted to know who that character was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know who that character was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to know who that character was
+why he was so interesting and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he was so interesting and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he was so interesting and what was
+interesting about him you can see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about him you can see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about him you can see them
+the the beginnings of the costume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beginnings of the costume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the beginnings of the costume
+there but not not the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but not not the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but not not the complete
+here's another early version of Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another early version of Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another early version of Chaplin
+when his cook wearing a long coat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his cook wearing a long coat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when his cook wearing a long coat and
+not looking not looking very nice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking not looking very nice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not looking not looking very nice this
+is Charlie is supposed to be drunk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Charlie is supposed to be drunk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Charlie is supposed to be drunk in
+this picture that's one reason he looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that's one reason he looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture that's one reason he looks
+nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty
+and he's it's in a film called Mabel's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's it's in a film called Mabel's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's it's in a film called Mabel's
+married life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married life
+and he's he's he's actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's he's he's actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's he's he's actually in
+conversation with the dummy in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with the dummy in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with the dummy in this in
+this sequence but you can see here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence but you can see here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sequence but you can see here that
+that the long coat it violates our idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the long coat it violates our idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the long coat it violates our idea
+of who the was and so it took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who the was and so it took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of who the was and so it took a
+while before the Chaplin persona well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before the Chaplin persona well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while before the Chaplin persona well
+completely emerged and it was partly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely emerged and it was partly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely emerged and it was partly a
+matter of trial and error although very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of trial and error although very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of trial and error although very
+quick trial and trial and error well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick trial and trial and error well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick trial and trial and error well I
+want to say a word about Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a word about Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say a word about Chaplin's
+career to give you a fuller sense of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career to give you a fuller sense of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career to give you a fuller sense of of
+how swiftly he became an icon and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how swiftly he became an icon and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how swiftly he became an icon and how
+significant his example is for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant his example is for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant his example is for our
+understanding of the power of movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Chaplin's dates are 1889 to 1977 and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's dates are 1889 to 1977 and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's dates are 1889 to 1977 and his
+early child he was born in England and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early child he was born in England and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early child he was born in England and
+he and his his early childhood is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his his early childhood is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his his early childhood is
+actually the stuff of Dickensian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the stuff of Dickensian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the stuff of Dickensian
+melodrama both terms I choose with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama both terms I choose with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama both terms I choose with some
+intentionality because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionality because there are
+parallels between Charlie Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels between Charlie Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels between Charlie Chaplin's
+early life and the victimization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early life and the victimization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early life and the victimization that
+that Dickens dramatizes so powerfully in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Dickens dramatizes so powerfully in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Dickens dramatizes so powerfully in
+many of his famous novels and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of his famous novels and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of his famous novels and there are
+parallels between Dickens own childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels between Dickens own childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallels between Dickens own childhood
+and Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chaplin's
+Dickens the great 19th century novelist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickens the great 19th century novelist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dickens the great 19th century novelist
+who like Chaplin was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like Chaplin was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who like Chaplin was interested in
+victims late-late emphasis on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims late-late emphasis on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victims late-late emphasis on the on the
+problems of ulnar about people of women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of ulnar about people of women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of ulnar about people of women
+of children who wrote variations on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children who wrote variations on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of children who wrote variations on what
+we might call the mortgage melodrama all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might call the mortgage melodrama all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might call the mortgage melodrama all
+his career his greatest works could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career his greatest works could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career his greatest works could be
+said to be forms of melodrama I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be forms of melodrama I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to be forms of melodrama I'm
+talking about Charles Dickens the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Charles Dickens the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Charles Dickens the great
+19th century English novelist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century English novelist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century English novelist and
+Chaplin grew up in an environment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin grew up in an environment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin grew up in an environment that
+was steeped not only in Dickens but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was steeped not only in Dickens but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was steeped not only in Dickens but in
+the traditions of stage and novelistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditions of stage and novelistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditions of stage and novelistic
+melodrama that permeated European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama that permeated European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama that permeated European
+culture and especially English culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and especially English culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and especially English culture
+of this time but his life but his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this time but his life but his life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this time but his life but his life
+was a very was a very difficult one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very was a very difficult one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a very was a very difficult one in
+some ways as well his his father died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways as well his his father died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways as well his his father died
+when he was 8 his mother was in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was 8 his mother was in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was 8 his mother was in and out
+of institutions all of her life there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of institutions all of her life there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of institutions all of her life there
+were periods in Chaplin's life when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were periods in Chaplin's life when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were periods in Chaplin's life when he
+was just a little child when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a little child when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a little child when he was
+literally completely abandoned and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally completely abandoned and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally completely abandoned and he
+and his older brother spent time living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his older brother spent time living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his older brother spent time living
+in doorways in the streets of London he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doorways in the streets of London he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doorways in the streets of London he
+was literally a homeless urgent as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was literally a homeless urgent as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was literally a homeless urgent as a
+child he what he began to act on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child he what he began to act on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child he what he began to act on the
+stage from the age of seven and almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage from the age of seven and almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage from the age of seven and almost
+immediately was recognized as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately was recognized as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately was recognized as having a
+astonishing astonishing gifts he worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing astonishing gifts he worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing astonishing gifts he worked
+from 1906 through 1913 for a theatrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1906 through 1913 for a theatrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1906 through 1913 for a theatrical
+company in England called the Karno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in England called the Karno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company in England called the Karno
+company ka rno and it was a company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company ka rno and it was a company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company ka rno and it was a company that
+put on a certain kind of theof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a certain kind of theof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on a certain kind of theof
+theatrical anthology in which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical anthology in which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theatrical anthology in which there
+would be skits comic skits and serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be skits comic skits and serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be skits comic skits and serious
+gets acted out sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets acted out sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets acted out sometimes
+when the skits were over people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the skits were over people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the skits were over people would
+come and do something there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and do something there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and do something there would be
+song and dance numbers sometimes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and dance numbers sometimes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song and dance numbers sometimes just
+straight singing it was a kind of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight singing it was a kind of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight singing it was a kind of a kind
+of British variety show influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of British variety show influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of British variety show influenced
+especially by the traditions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by the traditions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by the traditions of the
+British Music Hall and the Karno company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Music Hall and the Karno company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Music Hall and the Karno company
+was a traveling company first chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a traveling company first chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a traveling company first chaplain
+worked with the company all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the company all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with the company all around the
+British Isles and then in I think 1909
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Isles and then in I think 1909
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Isles and then in I think 1909
+or 1910 the Karno company made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1910 the Karno company made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1910 the Karno company made a
+triumphant tour of the United States by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphant tour of the United States by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triumphant tour of the United States by
+this time chaplin was one of the leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time chaplin was one of the leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time chaplin was one of the leading
+actors in Minnesota one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors in Minnesota one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors in Minnesota one of the great
+features of the Karno company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the Karno company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the Karno company
+performances were pantomime performances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances were pantomime performances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances were pantomime performances
+and Chaplin was a particularly brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chaplin was a particularly brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chaplin was a particularly brilliant
+pantomimist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantomimist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pantomimist
+so that and so he had a very significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and so he had a very significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and so he had a very significant
+career he was already a successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career he was already a successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career he was already a successful
+performer on the stage in the carnal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer on the stage in the carnal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer on the stage in the carnal
+company and and and drew on traditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and and and drew on traditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and and and drew on traditions
+of performing his father had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performing his father had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of performing his father had been a
+chaplains father was a popular singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplains father was a popular singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplains father was a popular singer
+who actually but it's songs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually but it's songs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually but it's songs were
+published and he was he's sang in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and he was he's sang in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and he was he's sang in the
+musicals for a certain period and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicals for a certain period and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicals for a certain period and
+Chaplin's mother had visions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's mother had visions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's mother had visions or
+fantasies of being a performer herself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasies of being a performer herself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasies of being a performer herself
+and used to perform in privately to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used to perform in privately to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and used to perform in privately to
+Charlie so Charlie come charlie was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie so Charlie come charlie was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie so Charlie come charlie was
+steeped in performance steeped in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeped in performance steeped in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steeped in performance steeped in
+theater and as a young boy from the age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater and as a young boy from the age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater and as a young boy from the age
+of seven on was already sort of acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven on was already sort of acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seven on was already sort of acting
+on stage almost continuously after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stage almost continuously after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stage almost continuously after the
+age of eight or nine made his living as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of eight or nine made his living as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of eight or nine made his living as
+a made his living as an actor so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a made his living as an actor so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a made his living as an actor so as a
+relatively young man he he made a trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively young man he he made a trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively young man he he made a trip
+to the United States with the Karno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States with the Karno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the United States with the Karno
+company the Karno company toured various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the Karno company toured various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the Karno company toured various
+cities in the United States was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in the United States was a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in the United States was a great
+success a second tour almost immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success a second tour almost immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success a second tour almost immediately
+followed I think you know within six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed I think you know within six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed I think you know within six
+months and on that second tour Mack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and on that second tour Mack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and on that second tour Mack
+Sennett saw Chaplin perform and went and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sennett saw Chaplin perform and went and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sennett saw Chaplin perform and went and
+hired him away from the Karno company we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired him away from the Karno company we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired him away from the Karno company we
+saw that Chaplin had certain gifts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that Chaplin had certain gifts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that Chaplin had certain gifts as a
+performer that would work in the infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer that would work in the infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer that would work in the infant
+medium of the movies and hired him away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of the movies and hired him away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium of the movies and hired him away
+and it was an inspired decision when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an inspired decision when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was an inspired decision when
+Chaplin first joined the Keystone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin first joined the Keystone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin first joined the Keystone
+studios in nineteen I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios in nineteen I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studios in nineteen I think it's
+nineteen eleven the date is in cook so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen eleven the date is in cook so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nineteen eleven the date is in cook so
+be careful of my date maybe a year or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of my date maybe a year or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful of my date maybe a year or
+two off but around 1911 he joins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two off but around 1911 he joins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two off but around 1911 he joins the
+Karno company his first few films his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karno company his first few films his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Karno company his first few films his
+first three or four films he's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three or four films he's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first three or four films he's just a
+performer in but he has an immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in but he has an immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in but he has an immediate
+affinity for the camera as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for the camera as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for the camera as well and
+within half a dozen films he's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within half a dozen films he's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within half a dozen films he's already
+beginning to direct as well as to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to direct as well as to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to direct as well as to act
+and within a relatively short time he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within a relatively short time he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and within a relatively short time he's
+in control of everything he said he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control of everything he said he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control of everything he said he
+become he gets to be in control of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become he gets to be in control of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become he gets to be in control of every
+every aspect of the making of film we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every aspect of the making of film we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every aspect of the making of film we
+can of the making of his films we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of the making of his films we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can of the making of his films we can
+get some sense of how richly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some sense of how richly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some sense of how richly and
+symbiotically the audience reacted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotically the audience reacted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotically the audience reacted to
+the the character of the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the character of the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the character of the that
+Chaplin created by talking in monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin created by talking in monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin created by talking in monetary
+terms about and monetary terms about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms about and monetary terms about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms about and monetary terms about the
+development of his career about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of his career about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of his career about the
+progress of his career he joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of his career he joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress of his career he joined
+officially joined the Keystone Company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially joined the Keystone Company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially joined the Keystone Company
+in 1914 he was hired in 1911 1912 came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1914 he was hired in 1911 1912 came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1914 he was hired in 1911 1912 came
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+United States said and from 1914 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States said and from 1914 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States said and from 1914 and
+1915 he just that one year he worked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1915 he just that one year he worked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1915 he just that one year he worked for
+the Keystone company and made 35 films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Keystone company and made 35 films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Keystone company and made 35 films
+in that one year period he received what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that one year period he received what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that one year period he received what
+was then a princely salary of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then a princely salary of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was then a princely salary of one
+hundred and fifty dollars a week the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty dollars a week the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty dollars a week the the
+final films of those thirty-five the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final films of those thirty-five the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final films of those thirty-five the
+last fifteen or twenty or so of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last fifteen or twenty or so of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last fifteen or twenty or so of them
+featured the figure who had now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured the figure who had now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+featured the figure who had now
+been fully elaborated in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fully elaborated in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fully elaborated in various
+adventures that became characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventures that became characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventures that became characteristic of
+Chaplin's vision of the and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's vision of the and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's vision of the and they
+were unbelievably popular by far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unbelievably popular by far the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were unbelievably popular by far the
+most popular shorts that had ever been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular shorts that had ever been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most popular shorts that had ever been
+sent out of any movie production company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out of any movie production company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out of any movie production company
+and they made Chaplin a household name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they made Chaplin a household name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they made Chaplin a household name
+first in the United States and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the United States and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in the United States and then
+fairly quickly all over the world so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly all over the world so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly quickly all over the world so so
+successful were those early films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful were those early films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful were those early films that
+in 1915 he was hired away by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1915 he was hired away by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1915 he was hired away by another
+company the hacen a company es sa na Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the hacen a company es sa na Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company the hacen a company es sa na Y
+and for another year 1915 1916 he worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for another year 1915 1916 he worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for another year 1915 1916 he worked
+just for the SMA company but his salary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the SMA company but his salary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the SMA company but his salary
+went up from one hundred fifty dollars a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up from one hundred fifty dollars a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up from one hundred fifty dollars a
+week to twelve hundred and fifty dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to twelve hundred and fifty dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week to twelve hundred and fifty dollars
+a week in one year and that's a gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week in one year and that's a gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week in one year and that's a gigantic
+more than a thousand dollars a week in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand dollars a week in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand dollars a week in
+in 1915 ism is an unbelievable fortune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1915 ism is an unbelievable fortune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1915 ism is an unbelievable fortune
+of course well he makes only fourteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course well he makes only fourteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course well he makes only fourteen
+films in that period so he goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films in that period so he goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films in that period so he goes from
+making 35 films near to making only 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making 35 films near to making only 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making 35 films near to making only 14
+films and those 14 films are more highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and those 14 films are more highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films and those 14 films are more highly
+finished he spends more time with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished he spends more time with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished he spends more time with them
+we can see in this period we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see in this period we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see in this period we can see
+Chaplin learning we can see Chaplin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin learning we can see Chaplin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin learning we can see Chaplin and
+acting in small the the Fred OTT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in small the the Fred OTT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting in small the the Fred OTT
+principle we can see Chaplin and acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we can see Chaplin and acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we can see Chaplin and acting
+and small the principle I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small the principle I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and small the principle I talked about
+last week in which we see him learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week in which we see him learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week in which we see him learning
+to to develop performance styles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to develop performance styles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to develop performance styles that
+are appropriate to the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate to the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate to the camera
+appropriate to them to the sitter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to them to the sitter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate to them to the sitter to
+cinematic experience developing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic experience developing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinematic experience developing the
+developing techniques as a director to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing techniques as a director to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing techniques as a director to
+emphasize certain aspects of the tramps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize certain aspects of the tramps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize certain aspects of the tramps
+character experimenting with with tonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character experimenting with with tonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character experimenting with with tonal
+variation in his films experimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in his films experimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in his films experimenting
+with with various kinds of comic devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with various kinds of comic devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with various kinds of comic devices
+some of which some of which he imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which some of which he imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which some of which he imports
+from his performances with the Karno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his performances with the Karno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from his performances with the Karno
+company and some of which he some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and some of which he some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and some of which he some of
+which he reach he refines and changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he reach he refines and changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he reach he refines and changes
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+working in the movies one famous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the movies one famous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in the movies one famous example
+of this migration from stage to screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this migration from stage to screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this migration from stage to screen
+is it's a bit that Chaplin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a bit that Chaplin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's a bit that Chaplin was
+especially famous for when he worked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially famous for when he worked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially famous for when he worked for
+the Karno company he did a bit for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Karno company he did a bit for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Karno company he did a bit for them
+a pantomime called the inebriate swell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pantomime called the inebriate swell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pantomime called the inebriate swell
+the inebriated the drunk sir aristocrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inebriated the drunk sir aristocrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inebriated the drunk sir aristocrat
+that's what a swell is a rich aristocrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a swell is a rich aristocrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a swell is a rich aristocrat
+who a man about town the inebriated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who a man about town the inebriated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who a man about town the inebriated the
+drunk the drunken aristocrat right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk the drunken aristocrat right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk the drunken aristocrat right and
+went and and it was one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and and it was one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went and and it was one of the most
+popular pieces that he that he performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular pieces that he that he performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular pieces that he that he performed
+on stage for the Karno company he remade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stage for the Karno company he remade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on stage for the Karno company he remade
+a version of it a very famous film it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of it a very famous film it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a version of it a very famous film it's
+one of the very few short Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the very few short Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the very few short Chaplin's
+where Chaplin doesn't play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Chaplin doesn't play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Chaplin doesn't play the
+where he's dressed up in a tuxedo and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's dressed up in a tuxedo and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he's dressed up in a tuxedo and he
+plays the inebriated swell and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the inebriated swell and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays the inebriated swell and it's a
+film called 1 a.m. and in the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called 1 a.m. and in the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film called 1 a.m. and in the entire
+film Chaplin plays a man who is drunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Chaplin plays a man who is drunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film Chaplin plays a man who is drunk
+and who keeps encountering objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who keeps encountering objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who keeps encountering objects that
+he misunderstands right so as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he misunderstands right so as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he misunderstands right so as an example
+he comes across a clothes tree in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes across a clothes tree in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he comes across a clothes tree in his
+house and instead of hanging his clothes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and instead of hanging his clothes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and instead of hanging his clothes
+on it he embraces it as if it's his wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it he embraces it as if it's his wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it he embraces it as if it's his wife
+right that sort of thing and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that sort of thing and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that sort of thing and one of the
+things that the the the the almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the the the the almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the the the the almost the
+entire length of 1 a.m. has has only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire length of 1 a.m. has has only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire length of 1 a.m. has has only one
+performer in the Chaplin himself and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in the Chaplin himself and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performer in the Chaplin himself and he
+kind of he kind of recreates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of he kind of recreates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of he kind of recreates and
+modifies what he had done onstage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies what he had done onstage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifies what he had done onstage in
+that performance it is in many ways a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performance it is in many ways a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that performance it is in many ways a
+very brilliant performance and shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brilliant performance and shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brilliant performance and shows how
+imaginatively Chaplin the chaplain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively Chaplin the chaplain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatively Chaplin the chaplain
+character can interact with objects a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character can interact with objects a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character can interact with objects a
+theme to which I'll return tonight when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme to which I'll return tonight when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme to which I'll return tonight when
+I talk more systematically about modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk more systematically about modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk more systematically about modern
+times and about certain of Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and about certain of Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and about certain of Chaplin's
+favorite strategies for establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite strategies for establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite strategies for establishing
+character so he works for the SNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so he works for the SNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so he works for the SNA
+company makes 14 films including in 1915
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company makes 14 films including in 1915
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company makes 14 films including in 1915
+a film called the fragments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film called the fragments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film called the fragments of
+which I'm going to show you in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to show you in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm going to show you in a couple
+of second in a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second in a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of second in a few minutes
+then he's so successful again and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's so successful again and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he's so successful again and the
+trend the 14 films he makes starring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend the 14 films he makes starring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend the 14 films he makes starring the
+ become international I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ become international I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ become international I don't know
+what to call him international phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to call him international phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to call him international phenomena
+bestsellers they be they and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers they be they and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestsellers they be they and the
+becomes the most sought-after and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the most sought-after and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the most sought-after and the
+most memorable character in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most memorable character in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most memorable character in in in the
+movies so he's hired away again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so he's hired away again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies so he's hired away again
+by the mutual company one year later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mutual company one year later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mutual company one year later and
+from 1916
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1916
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1916
+19:17 he works for the mutual company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19:17 he works for the mutual company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19:17 he works for the mutual company in
+which he makes this time $1,000,000 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he makes this time $1,000,000 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he makes this time $1,000,000 for
+that year and he makes only eight films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year and he makes only eight films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that year and he makes only eight films
+in that year so he goes from from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that year so he goes from from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that year so he goes from from one
+hundred and fifty dollars a week to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty dollars a week to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and fifty dollars a week to
+twelve hundred and fifty dollars a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve hundred and fifty dollars a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve hundred and fifty dollars a week
+to a million dollars a year within three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a million dollars a year within three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a million dollars a year within three
+years right and and each each move gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right and and each each move gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years right and and each each move gives
+him greater creative freedom gives him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him greater creative freedom gives him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him greater creative freedom gives him
+more autonomy he begins to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more autonomy he begins to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more autonomy he begins to sort of
+really refine his art and we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really refine his art and we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really refine his art and we can see the
+process happening in these in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happening in these in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process happening in these in these
+shorts in in the films you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts in in the films you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorts in in the films you're going to
+see tonight two of the film's two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see tonight two of the film's two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see tonight two of the film's two of
+that both of the short films Easy Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both of the short films Easy Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both of the short films Easy Street
+1917 and the immigrant also made in 1917
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 and the immigrant also made in 1917
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 and the immigrant also made in 1917
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+
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+come from this mutual period and I
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+
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+
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+mention this to you because they're
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+
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+mention this to you because they're
+already in some sense sophisticated
+
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+already in some sense sophisticated
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+
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+already in some sense sophisticated
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+
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+films even though they're not full
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+
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+
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+feature-length films and you can see the
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+
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+chaplain is bringing all the resources
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his narrative skills of his skills of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his narrative skills of his skills of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creating character to bear on those
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated works of narrative and and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated works of narrative and and
+there is a there is an apprentice period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is an apprentice period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a there is an apprentice period
+that occurs earlier which I have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs earlier which I have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs earlier which I have just
+described you finally in his career he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described you finally in his career he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described you finally in his career he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in 1918 to a company called First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in 1918 to a company called First
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+National which he for went forward and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National which he for went forward and
+that those are the people who pay him a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are the people who pay him a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are the people who pay him a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars I'm sorry I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars I'm sorry I made a
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+his mutual salary was a mere six hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mutual salary was a mere six hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mutual salary was a mere six hundred
+and seventy thousand dollars he gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seventy thousand dollars he gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seventy thousand dollars he gets a
+million when he goes to work for First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million when he goes to work for First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million when he goes to work for First
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+National in 1918 when he well when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes among other films one of my
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Chaplin shorts a film in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite Chaplin shorts a film in which
+we see the character playing a GI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the character playing a GI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the character playing a GI
+in the First World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the First World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the First World War
+it's called shoulder arms and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called shoulder arms and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called shoulder arms and it's a
+characteristic Chaplin short except that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Chaplin short except that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Chaplin short except that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but charlie is doing is contending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but charlie is doing is contending
+with the kaisers army he's fighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kaisers army he's fighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the kaisers army he's fighting the
+way he's fighting World War one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he's fighting World War one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way he's fighting World War one in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier films we'd seen him fighting ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier films we'd seen him fighting ice
+storms we'd seen him fighting against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms we'd seen him fighting against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storms we'd seen him fighting against
+hunger we'd seen him fighting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger we'd seen him fighting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger we'd seen him fighting in the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally fighting in the boxing ring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally fighting in the boxing ring in
+a film called the champion we'd seen him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film called the champion we'd seen him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film called the champion we'd seen him
+working as an assistant to a pawnbroker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as an assistant to a pawnbroker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as an assistant to a pawnbroker
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a film called the pawnbroker a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a film called the pawnbroker a whole
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of jobs and tests by the time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of jobs and tests by the time we
+get to 1918 it's almost as if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 1918 it's almost as if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 1918 it's almost as if the
+has held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+virtually every job you could imagine he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every job you could imagine he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually every job you could imagine he
+then he can't hold the job for long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can't hold the job for long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he can't hold the job for long
+because he's a bum he's a he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's a bum he's a he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's a bum he's a he's a
+he's Footloose again a theme to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Footloose again a theme to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's Footloose again a theme to which
+I'll return when we talk about modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return when we talk about modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll return when we talk about modern
+times this evening and then finally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this evening and then finally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this evening and then finally in
+1919 he moved the Chaplin has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 he moved the Chaplin has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 he moved the Chaplin has become
+such a gigantic figure such an
+
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+such a gigantic figure such an
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+
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+such a gigantic figure such an
+international icon that he joins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international icon that he joins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international icon that he joins with
+certain other icons DW Griffith the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain other icons DW Griffith the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain other icons DW Griffith the the
+greatest most famous director of the
+
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+greatest most famous director of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest most famous director of the
+silent era and to Mary Pickford and
+
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+silent era and to Mary Pickford and
+ 
+
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+silent era and to Mary Pickford and
+Douglas Fairbanks the two most famous
+
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+Douglas Fairbanks the two most famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Douglas Fairbanks the two most famous
+actors after Chaplin of the silent era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors after Chaplin of the silent era
+ 
+
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+actors after Chaplin of the silent era
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+
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+the four of them get together and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four of them get together and they
+form United Artists 'men it in part to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form United Artists 'men it in part to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form United Artists 'men it in part to
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+
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+create their own company so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create their own company so that they
+would be able to control their artistic
+
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+would be able to control their artistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and when Chaplin working for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and when Chaplin working for a
+United Artists beginning in 1919 Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Artists beginning in 1919 Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Artists beginning in 1919 Chaplin
+goes to work on his feature films and he
+
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+goes to work on his feature films and he
+ 
+
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+goes to work on his feature films and he
+makes the great film the great silent
+
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+makes the great film the great silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are at the heart of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that are at the heart of his
+achievement he makes the Gold Rush in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement he makes the Gold Rush in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement he makes the Gold Rush in
+1925 a film called the circus in 1928 a
+
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+1925 a film called the circus in 1928 a
+ 
+
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+1925 a film called the circus in 1928 a
+more imperfect and broken back film in
+
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+more imperfect and broken back film in
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way but full of his some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way but full of his some of his
+most imaginative comic performances one
+
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+most imaginative comic performances one
+ 
+
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+most imaginative comic performances one
+of his great films in 1931 called city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his great films in 1931 called city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his great films in 1931 called city
+lights and then finally in 1936 the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and then finally in 1936 the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights and then finally in 1936 the film
+you're going to see tonight already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see tonight already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see tonight already
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply into the sound era a film that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply into the sound era a film that
+remains in some fundamental way a silent
+
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+remains in some fundamental way a silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains in some fundamental way a silent
+film modern times Chaplin then goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film modern times Chaplin then goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film modern times Chaplin then goes on
+when after the sound era is over to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when after the sound era is over to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when after the sound era is over to make
+a series of movies in the Sun in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of movies in the Sun in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of movies in the Sun in the
+sound era and they all have some modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era and they all have some modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound era and they all have some modest
+interest for us because their Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for us because their Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest for us because their Chaplin
+films some some images from them are vet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films some some images from them are vet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films some some images from them are vet
+remained very famous to this day in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remained very famous to this day in fact
+ 
+
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+remained very famous to this day in fact
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+
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+one of them was in the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them was in the New York Times
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+today does any of you notice it not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today does any of you notice it not a
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you then you've met don't read
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspapers now that you're now that
+ 
+
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+the newspapers now that you're now that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to become engineers well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to become engineers well
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the image there was an article
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a scholar of globes who had found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a scholar of globes who had found
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the idea that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence for the idea that a particular
+globe in a German Museum which was said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe in a German Museum which was said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globe in a German Museum which was said
+to have been Hitler's globe was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been Hitler's globe was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have been Hitler's globe was not
+Hitler's globe okay it's the guy but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler's globe okay it's the guy but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler's globe okay it's the guy but but
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of the story what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+were and anytime you anytime a person of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and anytime you anytime a person of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were and anytime you anytime a person of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain age he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain age he
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the word globe and Hitler they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the word globe and Hitler they think
+of Charlie's film the Great Dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Charlie's film the Great Dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Charlie's film the Great Dictator
+you're smiling y-you know the image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smiling y-you know the image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're smiling y-you know the image that
+they have you seen the Great Dictator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you seen the Great Dictator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you seen the Great Dictator
+what what what is the image they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is the image they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what is the image they're
+talking about yes there's a moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about yes there's a moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about yes there's a moment in
+the film it's a moment of greed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film it's a moment of greed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film it's a moment of greed it's
+it's not really a very good film I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a very good film I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really a very good film I mean
+and Chaplin's silent Chaplin sound films
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chaplin's silent Chaplin sound films
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Chaplin's silent Chaplin sound films
+are mostly of historical interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly of historical interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly of historical interest
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite what some Chaplin buffs would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite what some Chaplin buffs would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+say his great work is he's a silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say his great work is he's a silent
+artist and this the the sound film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and this the the sound film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist and this the the sound film
+caused problems for him that he couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused problems for him that he couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused problems for him that he couldn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully adjust to but every one of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully adjust to but every one of his
+sound films has interest and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound films has interest and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+brilliant moments and the one you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant moments and the one you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant moments and the one you are
+remembering is one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering is one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering is one of the most
+remarkable and astonishing symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and astonishing symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and astonishing symbolic
+moments in Chaplin's work yeah it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in Chaplin's work yeah it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments in Chaplin's work yeah it's it's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly ambitious film it tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+how ambitious our kamil figure Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+was because he makes a satire of Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because he makes a satire of Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because he makes a satire of Hitler
+and Mussolini in an era when Hitler and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mussolini in an era when Hitler and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Mussolini in an era when Hitler and
+Mussolini are not yet recognized for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini are not yet recognized for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mussolini are not yet recognized for the
+egregious monstrous evil figures that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egregious monstrous evil figures that we
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+
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+egregious monstrous evil figures that we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+know them to have been they were taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+seriously they were they had been voted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously they were they had been voted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+into office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into office
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+
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+millions and millions of people thought
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were admirable leaders so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were admirable leaders so when
+Chaplin made the Great Dictator in 1940
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin made the Great Dictator in 1940
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin made the Great Dictator in 1940
+or 41 he was doing something incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 41 he was doing something incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 41 he was doing something incredibly
+daring and he was actually showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daring and he was actually showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daring and he was actually showing that
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+
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+he thought the movies were a art form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought the movies were a art form
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one art form capable of taking on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one art form capable of taking on the
+largest political subjects so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest political subjects so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest political subjects so even
+though there are problems in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are problems in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there are problems in the film
+and it's not an absolutely great film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not an absolutely great film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not an absolutely great film
+not memorable artistically in its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not memorable artistically in its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not memorable artistically in its own
+way there are moments in it that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there are moments in it that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there are moments in it that are
+remarkable and it's also a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and it's also a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable and it's also a significant
+document because it reminds us of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document because it reminds us of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document because it reminds us of
+Chaplin's ambitions as an artist Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's ambitions as an artist Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's ambitions as an artist Chaplin
+was one of the very first film makers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the very first film makers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the very first film makers
+along with DW Griffith I suppose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with DW Griffith I suppose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with DW Griffith I suppose to
+realize that the movies had an aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the movies had an aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the movies had an aesthetic
+possibility an aesthetic aesthetic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility an aesthetic aesthetic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility an aesthetic aesthetic part
+of latent aesthetic energies and powers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of latent aesthetic energies and powers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of latent aesthetic energies and powers
+that needed to be that if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be that if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be that if they were
+tapped would make the movies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapped would make the movies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapped would make the movies the
+equivalent of traditional art forms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of traditional art forms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of traditional art forms like
+theater and the novel and of course he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater and the novel and of course he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater and the novel and of course he
+was right about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right about that
+and he even made some films that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he even made some films that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he even made some films that
+achieved that that level of seriousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved that that level of seriousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved that that level of seriousness
+and resonance the moment that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resonance the moment that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resonance the moment that you're
+remembering what happens in it yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what happens in it yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what happens in it yes it's
+a moment of sort of manic Glee in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment of sort of manic Glee in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moment of sort of manic Glee in which
+the Hitler character played by Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitler character played by Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitler character played by Charlie
+Chaplin takes a globe out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin takes a globe out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin takes a globe out
+and it's like a balloon and he pops it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like a balloon and he pops it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like a balloon and he pops it
+up and down and we see him we see him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and we see him we see him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and we see him we see him
+throwing it up and kicking it with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it up and kicking it with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it up and kicking it with his
+hat foot like that and and but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat foot like that and and but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat foot like that and and but it's it's
+a kind of fantasy of world domination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of fantasy of world domination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of fantasy of world domination
+it's supposed to it's and it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to it's and it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to it's and it's supposed
+to show what a ridiculous and infantile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show what a ridiculous and infantile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show what a ridiculous and infantile
+figure this mock Hitler is and and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this mock Hitler is and and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this mock Hitler is and and it is
+the most memorable image from that film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most memorable image from that film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most memorable image from that film
+so in this article that really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this article that really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this article that really had
+nothing to do with Chaplin there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Chaplin there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with Chaplin there was a
+picture of Charlie playing Hitler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Charlie playing Hitler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of Charlie playing Hitler
+kicking the balloon up and down and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking the balloon up and down and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicking the balloon up and down and one
+reason that I think it's significant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I think it's significant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that I think it's significant is
+that it's a mark of Chaplin's greatness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a mark of Chaplin's greatness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a mark of Chaplin's greatness
+as an artist that even in his even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist that even in his even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an artist that even in his even in
+his imperfect text even even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his imperfect text even even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his imperfect text even even in the
+films that really do not belong to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that really do not belong to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that really do not belong to the
+to the category to the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the category to the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the category to the most important
+category of his love his most lasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of his love his most lasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of his love his most lasting
+and valuable art they still are part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and valuable art they still are part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and valuable art they still are part the
+images from those works are still part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from those works are still part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images from those works are still part
+of our common cultural inheritance he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our common cultural inheritance he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our common cultural inheritance he's
+a very great artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very great artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very great artist
+the first great artist of the movies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first great artist of the movies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first great artist of the movies and
+a figure who whose imaginative creations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a figure who whose imaginative creations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a figure who whose imaginative creations
+remain vital and alive today in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain vital and alive today in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain vital and alive today in a way
+that very few artists from that era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very few artists from that era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very few artists from that era
+remain similarly accessible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain similarly accessible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain similarly accessible and
+important to people and some and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to people and some and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to people and some and it's a
+mark of the reach of Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of the reach of Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of the reach of Chaplin's
+imagination that that this is so of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that that this is so of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that that this is so of his
+importance as a figure well there's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance as a figure well there's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance as a figure well there's much
+more one could say about the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one could say about the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one could say about the development
+of his career but I want it I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his career but I want it I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his career but I want it I want to
+cut this short because I want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this short because I want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut this short because I want to show
+you the moment I think I mean I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the moment I think I mean I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the moment I think I mean I don't
+mean that there's only a single moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's only a single moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's only a single moment
+but I want to show you fragments from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to show you fragments from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to show you fragments from
+the film in which we can see Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film in which we can see Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the film in which we can see Chaplin
+really discovering certain aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really discovering certain aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really discovering certain aspects of
+what he wants to do and also where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he wants to do and also where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he wants to do and also where we
+could see Chaplin screwing up we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see Chaplin screwing up we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see Chaplin screwing up we can see
+Chaplin at a stage before he becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin at a stage before he becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin at a stage before he becomes the
+the the self-confident totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the self-confident totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the self-confident totally
+autonomous artist he becomes relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous artist he becomes relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous artist he becomes relatively
+soon can we can we put up fragments from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon can we can we put up fragments from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon can we can we put up fragments from
+the champ from from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the champ from from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the champ from from the from the
+this is a film appropriately called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a film appropriately called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a film appropriately called the
+ in which and it's a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ in which and it's a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ in which and it's a fairly
+characteristic Chaplin film but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Chaplin film but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic Chaplin film but I think
+it's I think it's the film in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's the film in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's the film in which
+among other things Chaplin discovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things Chaplin discovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things Chaplin discovers
+that he can Mel that he can marry Melly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can Mel that he can marry Melly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he can Mel that he can marry Melly
+drama and comedy it's the film in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama and comedy it's the film in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama and comedy it's the film in which
+he discovers that he can do effects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovers that he can do effects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he discovers that he can do effects that
+are pathetic and poignant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pathetic and poignant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pathetic and poignant and
+sentimental and mix them with comedy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental and mix them with comedy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental and mix them with comedy in
+ways that are interesting so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that are interesting so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that are interesting so here's a
+scene where Charlie is rescuing a damsel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene where Charlie is rescuing a damsel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene where Charlie is rescuing a damsel
+right he does it in a kind of comic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he does it in a kind of comic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right he does it in a kind of comic way
+he's a kind of bum himself but he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a kind of bum himself but he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a kind of bum himself but he's
+always a kind of chivalric figure can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a kind of chivalric figure can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a kind of chivalric figure can
+you jump ahead Don let's just show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump ahead Don let's just show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you jump ahead Don let's just show the
+next one the next one Greg I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one the next one Greg I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one the next one Greg I'm just
+going to show you a bad moment here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a bad moment here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a bad moment here
+after he rescues this work girl she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he rescues this work girl she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after he rescues this work girl she
+turns out to be the daughter of a farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the daughter of a farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be the daughter of a farmer
+he's then he's then hired by the farmer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's then he's then hired by the farmer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's then he's then hired by the farmer
+but by the by the by the farmer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the by the by the farmer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by the by the by the farmer in
+gratitude and then we get this bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratitude and then we get this bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratitude and then we get this bit and
+I'm showing you this but partly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you this but partly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you this but partly because
+I want you to see that it isn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to see that it isn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to see that it isn't really
+all that funny or that it's just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that funny or that it's just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that funny or that it's just kind of
+easy slapstick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't mean it's not that it's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean it's not that it's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean it's not that it's with
+it's without interested obviously has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's without interested obviously has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's without interested obviously has
+some interest but this incompetence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interest but this incompetence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interest but this incompetence is
+inconsistent in some respects with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent in some respects with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent in some respects with the
+coherent character that he's good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent character that he's good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent character that he's good that
+he's going to begin to create I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to begin to create I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to begin to create I don't
+mean I shouldn't in it's never that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I shouldn't in it's never that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I shouldn't in it's never that the
+ becomes this fully competent care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ becomes this fully competent care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ becomes this fully competent care
+but this kind of joke here look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this kind of joke here look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this kind of joke here look at this
+that's that's his foolish joke that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's his foolish joke that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's his foolish joke that
+makes him that trivializes him in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes him that trivializes him in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes him that trivializes him in a way
+can you think of examples of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of examples of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you think of examples of that in
+Keaton remember in cops where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton remember in cops where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton remember in cops where for
+example when he's riding along in his in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when he's riding along in his in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when he's riding along in his in
+his card and he he devises that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his card and he he devises that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his card and he he devises that that
+that mechanism that ends up punching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mechanism that ends up punching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mechanism that ends up punching the
+cop that would be an example of a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop that would be an example of a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cop that would be an example of a kind
+of it's a joke but it sort of violates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a joke but it sort of violates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a joke but it sort of violates
+the spirit of the movie it's it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit of the movie it's it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spirit of the movie it's it's as if
+it seems it seems a piece of debris that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems it seems a piece of debris that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems it seems a piece of debris that
+is forced into the film that may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forced into the film that may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is forced into the film that may have a
+comic moment but makes the film less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic moment but makes the film less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic moment but makes the film less
+coherent that kind of thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent that kind of thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent that kind of thing is
+characteristic of the trim a bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the trim a bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the trim a bit later
+in the I don't have time to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I don't have time to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the I don't have time to show
+you this this passage a bit later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this this passage a bit later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this this passage a bit later in the
+ we see Charlie confronting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ we see Charlie confronting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ we see Charlie confronting the
+woman that he had rescued and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that he had rescued and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman that he had rescued and
+discovering for the first time is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering for the first time is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering for the first time is it a
+long sequence Greg well put it up while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sequence Greg well put it up while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sequence Greg well put it up while
+I'm talking if you can find it you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking if you can find it you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking if you can find it you can
+see you can see the in this sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can see the in this sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you can see the in this sequence
+which I'll let run behind me while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll let run behind me while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll let run behind me while you
+pay attention to my words and while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to my words and while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to my words and while the
+cameras looks at it and then comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras looks at it and then comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras looks at it and then comes back
+to me you can what you can see happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you can what you can see happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me you can what you can see happening
+in this in this sequence is Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this sequence is Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this sequence is Chaplin
+discovering how he can be not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering how he can be not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering how he can be not just
+comical but but sentimental how he can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical but but sentimental how he can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical but but sentimental how he can
+elicit sympathy from his audience create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit sympathy from his audience create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elicit sympathy from his audience create
+sentimental effects and was what Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental effects and was what Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentimental effects and was what Charlie
+has just done here in this image is he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just done here in this image is he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just done here in this image is he's
+meeting the girl's boyfriend he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the girl's boyfriend he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting the girl's boyfriend he didn't
+know the girl had a boyfriend he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the girl had a boyfriend he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the girl had a boyfriend he was
+falling in love with her watch his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in love with her watch his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falling in love with her watch his
+expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see he's very upset by what he's learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he's very upset by what he's learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see he's very upset by what he's learned
+and that in other words this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in other words this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that in other words this is not a
+funny moment and and this is the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny moment and and this is the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny moment and and this is the moment
+I think in Chaplin's career where he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in Chaplin's career where he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think in Chaplin's career where he
+realizes the films he's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes the films he's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizes the films he's going to make
+should not be thought of as simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be thought of as simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be thought of as simply
+comedies at all but as something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies at all but as something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedies at all but as something more
+complicated than that as comedies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that as comedies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that as comedies with
+heart as comedies devoted to character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart as comedies devoted to character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart as comedies devoted to character
+as comedies that are interested in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as comedies that are interested in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as comedies that are interested in human
+interactions and that discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and that discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and that discovery
+tremendously enlarged movie comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously enlarged movie comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously enlarged movie comedy
+tremendously enlarged the movies more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously enlarged the movies more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously enlarged the movies more
+generally right and then we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally right and then we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally right and then we can see
+Charlie saying Charlie says goodbye and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie saying Charlie says goodbye and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charlie saying Charlie says goodbye and
+he writes this little sad message and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes this little sad message and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he writes this little sad message and he
+and he leaves her so it's the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he leaves her so it's the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he leaves her so it's the moment
+when pathos sentiment enters Chaplin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when pathos sentiment enters Chaplin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when pathos sentiment enters Chaplin's
+work and in the film's you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and in the film's you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and in the film's you'll see
+tonight you'll understand why after he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight you'll understand why after he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight you'll understand why after he
+made this discovery he began to meld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this discovery he began to meld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this discovery he began to meld
+these two elements more and more fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements more and more fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two elements more and more fully
+together so what this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so what this is a way of
+reinforcing what I call last week the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing what I call last week the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforcing what I call last week the
+multiplicity principle what we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity principle what we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity principle what we can see
+is that in those jokes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in those jokes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in those jokes with the
+pitchfork there was no multiplicity they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitchfork there was no multiplicity they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitchfork there was no multiplicity they
+were just funny because Charlie didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just funny because Charlie didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just funny because Charlie didn't
+know how to use the pitchfork right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use the pitchfork right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use the pitchfork right but
+later moments in this film and in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later moments in this film and in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later moments in this film and in many
+later films we see Chaplin beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later films we see Chaplin beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later films we see Chaplin beginning to
+create effects which have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create effects which have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create effects which have more than one
+consequence more than one significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence more than one significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence more than one significance
+for the audience one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the audience one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the audience one of the most
+remarkable things about the chase scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable things about the chase scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable things about the chase scenes
+that Charlie Chaplin develops and begins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Charlie Chaplin develops and begins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Charlie Chaplin develops and begins
+to perform in his films and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform in his films and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform in his films and you'll see
+wonderful examples of them tonight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful examples of them tonight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful examples of them tonight is
+that the chase scenes themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chase scenes themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chase scenes themselves are
+tremendously moving they're tremendously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously moving they're tremendously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously moving they're tremendously
+comical they they're full of it they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical they they're full of it they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comical they they're full of it they're
+they're full of they're full of comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're full of they're full of comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're full of they're full of comic
+bits that are just as imaginative as any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that are just as imaginative as any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits that are just as imaginative as any
+comic sequence one could ask for but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic sequence one could ask for but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comic sequence one could ask for but
+they do something else in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something else in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do something else in addition to
+amuse us they declare for Charlie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amuse us they declare for Charlie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amuse us they declare for Charlie's
+character when Charlie runs away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character when Charlie runs away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character when Charlie runs away from
+someone what we can see him doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone what we can see him doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone what we can see him doing is
+using his intelligence using his improv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using his intelligence using his improv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using his intelligence using his improv
+is Ettore capacity to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ettore capacity to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Ettore capacity to figure out how to
+get away so that even when he's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away so that even when he's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away so that even when he's running
+he is also expressing his nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is also expressing his nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is also expressing his nature and
+when the audience sees the imaginative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the audience sees the imaginative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the audience sees the imaginative
+or clever or daring way in which he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or clever or daring way in which he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or clever or daring way in which he
+makes his escape in a particular chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes his escape in a particular chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes his escape in a particular chase
+sequence they're not just being amused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence they're not just being amused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence they're not just being amused
+by a joke they are also understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a joke they are also understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a joke they are also understanding
+his character in a deep way he's he he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his character in a deep way he's he he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his character in a deep way he's he he's
+defining his character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining his character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining his character
+he's also amusing us so we can feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also amusing us so we can feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also amusing us so we can feel the
+multiplicity of that the density the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of that the density the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity of that the density the
+texture of that always a mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture of that always a mark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texture of that always a mark of
+superior entertainment always a mark I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior entertainment always a mark I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior entertainment always a mark I
+would say of art itself well one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say of art itself well one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say of art itself well one way to
+clarify some of this and especially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify some of this and especially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify some of this and especially to
+clarify Chaplin's remarkable popularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify Chaplin's remarkable popularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify Chaplin's remarkable popularity
+is to talk about the as a myth as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to talk about the as a myth as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to talk about the as a myth as
+a mythic figure and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mythic figure and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mythic figure and if you think about
+his costume you'll understand what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his costume you'll understand what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his costume you'll understand what what
+partly what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly what I mean
+he wears a coat and vest that are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wears a coat and vest that are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wears a coat and vest that are too
+tight right and pants and shoes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight right and pants and shoes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tight right and pants and shoes that are
+too big so the principle of mismatch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big so the principle of mismatch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too big so the principle of mismatch or
+of ambiguity is built into his costume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ambiguity is built into his costume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ambiguity is built into his costume
+right and then he carries this cane in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then he carries this cane in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then he carries this cane in
+this hat is now he shows a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat is now he shows a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hat is now he shows a kind of
+elegance but it's a kind of shabby down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegance but it's a kind of shabby down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegance but it's a kind of shabby down
+down market Elek elegance but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down market Elek elegance but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down market Elek elegance but the
+question is does char is Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does char is Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is does char is Charlie
+downwardly mobile is he an aristocrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwardly mobile is he an aristocrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwardly mobile is he an aristocrat
+who's fallen on hard times or is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's fallen on hard times or is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's fallen on hard times or is the
+important who has put on airs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important who has put on airs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important who has put on airs and
+aspires to the world of of tuxedos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspires to the world of of tuxedos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspires to the world of of tuxedos and
+fent and fancy clothes this question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fent and fancy clothes this question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fent and fancy clothes this question is
+never answered and that ambiguity in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never answered and that ambiguity in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never answered and that ambiguity in his
+character may be part of why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character may be part of why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character may be part of why the
+audience is able to identify with him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is able to identify with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is able to identify with him
+there's a there's an uncertainty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's an uncertainty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's an uncertainty about
+where he belongs about a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he belongs about a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he belongs about a kind of
+mismatch or an ambiguity inherent in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch or an ambiguity inherent in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch or an ambiguity inherent in his
+costume his body itself is a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume his body itself is a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume his body itself is a source of
+his myth as well of his myth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his myth as well of his myth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his myth as well of his myth
+mythological status it's small dexterous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythological status it's small dexterous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythological status it's small dexterous
+energetic incredibly graceful is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic incredibly graceful is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic incredibly graceful is one of
+the great acrobats and physical dancers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great acrobats and physical dancers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great acrobats and physical dancers
+physical performers that we've ever saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical performers that we've ever saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical performers that we've ever saw
+that you'll ever see and in the film's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll ever see and in the film's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll ever see and in the film's
+you'll see tonight you'll see many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see tonight you'll see many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see tonight you'll see many
+examples of this including examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this including examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of this including examples of
+Chet Chaplin on skates of Chaplin of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chet Chaplin on skates of Chaplin of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chet Chaplin on skates of Chaplin of
+Chaplin doing the equivalent of dances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin doing the equivalent of dances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin doing the equivalent of dances
+and and of Chaplin of his of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of Chaplin of his of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and of Chaplin of his of his
+Dijkstra sness in situations involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dijkstra sness in situations involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dijkstra sness in situations involving
+running or escape as a just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running or escape as a just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running or escape as a just as
+powerfully as as one as as anyone will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully as as one as as anyone will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerfully as as one as as anyone will
+see dramatizations of this just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see dramatizations of this just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see dramatizations of this just as
+powerful as anyone could ever imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as anyone could ever imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as anyone could ever imagine
+you know ever hope for and then his face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ever hope for and then his face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ever hope for and then his face
+so his costume his body and then his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his costume his body and then his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so his costume his body and then his
+face are part of the myth as well he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face are part of the myth as well he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face are part of the myth as well he's
+an unbelievably expressive face his face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbelievably expressive face his face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unbelievably expressive face his face
+is a theater in itself and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a theater in itself and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a theater in itself and it was
+Chaplin more than any other early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin more than any other early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin more than any other early
+director who explored the implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who explored the implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director who explored the implications
+of the close-up and I'll show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the close-up and I'll show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the close-up and I'll show you some
+examples tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples tonight
+the power of the way in which Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the way in which Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the way in which Chaplin
+manages to use the close-up for in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to use the close-up for in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manages to use the close-up for in in in
+silent film for incredibly Ellen but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film for incredibly Ellen but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silent film for incredibly Ellen but and
+to do so to do so and to be at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so to do so and to be at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so to do so and to be at the same
+time what we might call deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what we might call deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what we might call deeply
+incredibly eloquent a silence that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly eloquent a silence that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly eloquent a silence that is
+eloquent because of the qualities in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent because of the qualities in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent because of the qualities in his
+face and the moral qualities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and the moral qualities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and the moral qualities of the
+ are also appropriately ambiguous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ are also appropriately ambiguous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ are also appropriately ambiguous
+he has chivalric qualities he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has chivalric qualities he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has chivalric qualities he wants to
+defend children and vulnerable women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend children and vulnerable women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend children and vulnerable women
+he's always a kind of defender of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always a kind of defender of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's always a kind of defender of the
+weak but at the same time he's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but at the same time he's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak but at the same time he's an
+opportunist and also a survivor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunist and also a survivor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunist and also a survivor and
+these qualities don't fit perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qualities don't fit perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these qualities don't fit perfectly
+together and we see both elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we see both elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and we see both elements in the
+in the character again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the character again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the character again and again
+again tonight in in the immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again tonight in in the immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again tonight in in the immigrant
+especially you'll see both sides of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you'll see both sides of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially you'll see both sides of the
+chaplain character both his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain character both his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain character both his
+opportunistic side and also his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistic side and also his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistic side and also his
+chivalric side so so so he was so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chivalric side so so so he was so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chivalric side so so so he was so these
+could these qualities created a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could these qualities created a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could these qualities created a kind of
+mythic or a mythic authority for Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythic or a mythic authority for Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mythic or a mythic authority for Chaplin
+and there's one other thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one other thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one other thing that
+contributed to the myth it was that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the myth it was that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributed to the myth it was that it
+was that there's a historical reality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there's a historical reality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that there's a historical reality to
+the hobo figure long before Charlie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hobo figure long before Charlie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hobo figure long before Charlie
+Chaplin began to perform as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin began to perform as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin began to perform as a kind of
+ figure in the movies there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ figure in the movies there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ figure in the movies there
+were real tramps in the society and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were real tramps in the society and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were real tramps in the society and and
+that that the the the existence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the the existence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the the the existence of a
+genuine popular genuine population of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine popular genuine population of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine popular genuine population of
+homeless people who they often rode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless people who they often rode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless people who they often rode the
+rails they off and and they were they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails they off and and they were they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rails they off and and they were they
+were they were present actors in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were present actors in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they were present actors in most
+most small large and small cities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most small large and small cities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most small large and small cities in the
+country the fact was there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the fact was there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country the fact was there was a
+population of homeless people and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of homeless people and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of homeless people and that
+that the figure alluded to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the figure alluded to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the figure alluded to and
+reminded the audience of and that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded the audience of and that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminded the audience of and that also
+gave him help to help to strengthen his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him help to help to strengthen his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave him help to help to strengthen his
+his mythic power because it was as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mythic power because it was as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his mythic power because it was as if
+the audience was recognizing that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience was recognizing that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience was recognizing that there
+were that in some sense Charlie was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that in some sense Charlie was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were that in some sense Charlie was a
+kind of embodiment or a symbol of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of embodiment or a symbol of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of embodiment or a symbol of this
+of this social actuality so he was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this social actuality so he was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this social actuality so he was he
+had a kind of mythic power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a kind of mythic power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a kind of mythic power that
+communicated itself to his to it to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated itself to his to it to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated itself to his to it to his
+audience and it meant that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it meant that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and it meant that every
+repetition of a tram film which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of a tram film which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition of a tram film which might
+very well go through the same motions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well go through the same motions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well go through the same motions
+but put the in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but put the in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but put the in a slightly
+different environment or a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environment or a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environment or a slightly
+different job would be pleasing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different job would be pleasing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different job would be pleasing to the
+audience some principle of repetition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience some principle of repetition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience some principle of repetition
+and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there
+creation right well finally the paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation right well finally the paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation right well finally the paradox
+of Chaplin's work and the paradox I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chaplin's work and the paradox I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chaplin's work and the paradox I want
+you to think about tonight it will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about tonight it will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about tonight it will end
+with this point is that Chaplin's world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this point is that Chaplin's world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this point is that Chaplin's world
+is full of comedy it's a comic it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of comedy it's a comic it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is full of comedy it's a comic it's a
+comedians world although it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedians world although it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedians world although it's more than
+just comic as I've suggested but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comic as I've suggested but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just comic as I've suggested but the
+irony of Chaplin's world is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irony of Chaplin's world is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irony of Chaplin's world is that the
+comedy is so fundamentally based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy is so fundamentally based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy is so fundamentally based on
+things that are so deeply unfunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are so deeply unfunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are so deeply unfunny
+Chaplin's the most deeply social and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's the most deeply social and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin's the most deeply social and in
+some ways even political of directors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways even political of directors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways even political of directors
+and I'll discuss this aspect of his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll discuss this aspect of his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll discuss this aspect of his work
+tonight when we talk about modern times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight when we talk about modern times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonight when we talk about modern times
+and some of his other and some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of his other and some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of his other and some of his
+other films but the crucial point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other films but the crucial point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other films but the crucial point here
+is the Chaplin's world is a world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Chaplin's world is a world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Chaplin's world is a world of
+Elemental themes virtually every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental themes virtually every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elemental themes virtually every single
+Chaplin movie is about hunger aggression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin movie is about hunger aggression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chaplin movie is about hunger aggression
+victimization confinement I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victimization confinement I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victimization confinement I mean the
+subject matter of Chaplin's comedy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of Chaplin's comedy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of Chaplin's comedy is
+the less delay is the furthest from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less delay is the furthest from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the less delay is the furthest from
+comedy and part of his genius part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and part of his genius part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy and part of his genius part of
+what makes him such a remarkable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes him such a remarkable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes him such a remarkable and
+important artist is that this immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important artist is that this immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important artist is that this immensely
+unpromising material this disturbing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpromising material this disturbing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpromising material this disturbing and
+in many ways frightening material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways frightening material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many ways frightening material
+dramatized sometimes with full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized sometimes with full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatized sometimes with full
+frightening effect chaplin often because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening effect chaplin often because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening effect chaplin often because
+of his diminutive Ness puts himself up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his diminutive Ness puts himself up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his diminutive Ness puts himself up
+against large figures giant figures to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against large figures giant figures to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against large figures giant figures to
+emphasize his vulnerability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize his vulnerability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize his vulnerability and
+smallness again and again the substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallness again and again the substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallness again and again the substance
+of Chaplin's comedy is the substance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chaplin's comedy is the substance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Chaplin's comedy is the substance of
+victimization aggression misery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victimization aggression misery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victimization aggression misery
+inequality inequity in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality inequity in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality inequity in other words the
+subject matter of Chaplin's work is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of Chaplin's work is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter of Chaplin's work is the
+furthest from comedy and yet he makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from comedy and yet he makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthest from comedy and yet he makes
+enduring comedy enduring melodrama out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring comedy enduring melodrama out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enduring comedy enduring melodrama out
+of those on promising materials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those on promising materials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those on promising materials that
+paradoxes about Chaplin's world is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxes about Chaplin's world is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxes about Chaplin's world is at
+the heart of his work and it's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of his work and it's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart of his work and it's at the
+heart of why he why of all silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of why he why of all silent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of why he why of all silent
+directors his very best films remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors his very best films remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directors his very best films remain
+interesting today intrinsically not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting today intrinsically not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting today intrinsically not just
+because they're wonderfully interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're wonderfully interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're wonderfully interesting
+artifacts but intrinsically because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts but intrinsically because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts but intrinsically because they
+remain serious valuable films some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain serious valuable films some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain serious valuable films some of
+the films you'll set all of the Chaplin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the films you'll set all of the Chaplin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the films you'll set all of the Chaplin
+films you're going to see tonight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films you're going to see tonight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films you're going to see tonight the
+two shorts and modern times fit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two shorts and modern times fit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two shorts and modern times fit that
+description as I hope you will agree see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description as I hope you will agree see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description as I hope you will agree see
+you this evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this evening
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-dOX_4lI6HY.txt b/-dOX_4lI6HY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28bfb63b76df48b7139931490452ca1c98000b7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-dOX_4lI6HY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9499 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright folks I know you're excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright folks I know you're excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright folks I know you're excited to
+learn about weather data I've been told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about weather data I've been told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about weather data I've been told
+you're excited to learn about weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited to learn about weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're excited to learn about weather
+data I'm gonna do the first few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I'm gonna do the first few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I'm gonna do the first few slides
+Tina's going to take over for the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina's going to take over for the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina's going to take over for the ones
+that require intelligence and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require intelligence and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that require intelligence and I'm gonna
+come back at the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back at the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back at the end okay
+remember that VFR ordinarily is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that VFR ordinarily is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that VFR ordinarily is a
+ceiling of a thousand feet or more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of a thousand feet or more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling of a thousand feet or more and
+visibility of three statute miles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of three statute miles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility of three statute miles or
+more that's one of the few things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that's one of the few things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that's one of the few things in
+aviation that's reported in statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation that's reported in statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation that's reported in statute
+miles as a visibility as Tina mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles as a visibility as Tina mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles as a visibility as Tina mentioned
+earlier a ceiling is a broken or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier a ceiling is a broken or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier a ceiling is a broken or
+overcast layer or sometimes if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast layer or sometimes if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast layer or sometimes if it's
+really nasty you'll see a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nasty you'll see a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nasty you'll see a vertical
+visibility reported so here are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility reported so here are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility reported so here are some of
+the abbreviations that you might see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abbreviations that you might see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abbreviations that you might see on
+the right in a meet R remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in a meet R remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right in a meet R remember these
+weather minimums so you know as a VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather minimums so you know as a VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather minimums so you know as a VFR
+pilots we're looking at the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots we're looking at the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots we're looking at the weather
+reports to see if we're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports to see if we're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports to see if we're going to be able
+to maintain these cloud clearances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain these cloud clearances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain these cloud clearances and
+generally stay out of the clouds so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally stay out of the clouds so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally stay out of the clouds so I
+wanted to tell you that it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you that it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to tell you that it's not quite
+as hard as you might think because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as you might think because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as hard as you might think because
+computer programs make a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programs make a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer programs make a lot of what
+you're gonna learn about some poor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna learn about some poor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna learn about some poor on
+the other hand we want to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we want to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we want to give you the
+good fundamentals because what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fundamentals because what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fundamentals because what we're
+going to show you these are the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these are the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you these are the basis of
+what these computer programs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these computer programs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these computer programs are
+presenting to you they're oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting to you they're oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting to you they're oftentimes
+getting the same data and spinning it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same data and spinning it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the same data and spinning it in
+some interesting graphical way so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting graphical way so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting graphical way so we're
+going to show you all the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you all the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you all the fundamental
+text weather that people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text weather that people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text weather that people have been
+relying on since at least the 50s their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on since at least the 50s their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on since at least the 50s their
+weather graphics you can grab on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather graphics you can grab on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather graphics you can grab on the web
+or sometimes in flight how do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes in flight how do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sometimes in flight how do you get
+the weather on the ground and how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather on the ground and how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather on the ground and how do you
+get it in the air so most of what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in the air so most of what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it in the air so most of what you're
+going to see in the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see in the rest of this
+presentation can actually be summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation can actually be summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation can actually be summarized
+by clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by clever
+programmers and I think the cleverest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers and I think the cleverest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmers and I think the cleverest
+programmer of all is this guy David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer of all is this guy David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer of all is this guy David
+Boozer who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boozer who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boozer who
+taught the class last year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught the class last year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught the class last year and
+unfortunately he's taking a jet tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he's taking a jet tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately he's taking a jet tight
+well fortunately for him he's taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well fortunately for him he's taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well fortunately for him he's taking a
+jet type rating course right now so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet type rating course right now so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet type rating course right now so he
+couldn't be with us but here is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be with us but here is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be with us but here is whether
+spork if you want to ever have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spork if you want to ever have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spork if you want to ever have a good
+illustration of the value of an MBA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the value of an MBA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration of the value of an MBA and
+studying marketing just think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying marketing just think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying marketing just think about the
+name for this product of whether spork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this product of whether spork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name for this product of whether spork
+let's say we want to go from Bedford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to go from Bedford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to go from Bedford to
+the Gaithersburg Maryland Airport it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaithersburg Maryland Airport it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Gaithersburg Maryland Airport it's
+going to show us this was I think from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show us this was I think from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show us this was I think from
+Sunday evening it's pretty nasty here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday evening it's pretty nasty here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday evening it's pretty nasty here at
+Bedford I believe that's low IFR that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bedford I believe that's low IFR that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bedford I believe that's low IFR that
+purple and then here's a marginal VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple and then here's a marginal VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple and then here's a marginal VFR
+marginal VFR actually sorry maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal VFR actually sorry maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal VFR actually sorry maybe maybe
+the blue is VFR that's the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue is VFR that's the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue is VFR that's the problem with
+color codes anyway you get these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color codes anyway you get these symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color codes anyway you get these symbols
+for VFR marginal VFR IFR and low IFR but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for VFR marginal VFR IFR and low IFR but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for VFR marginal VFR IFR and low IFR but
+here here's the altitude we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the altitude we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's the altitude we're going
+from sea level up to eleven thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sea level up to eleven thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sea level up to eleven thousand
+feet or twelve thousand feet at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or twelve thousand feet at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet or twelve thousand feet at the top
+it shows you inside this blue area where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you inside this blue area where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows you inside this blue area where
+the freezing levels are it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freezing levels are it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the freezing levels are it's kind of a
+weird mixed up situation here with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird mixed up situation here with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird mixed up situation here with this
+freezing level here another freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing level here another freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing level here another freezing
+level here there's air Mets it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here there's air Mets it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level here there's air Mets it looks
+pretty scary once we get down closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty scary once we get down closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty scary once we get down closer to
+the DC area it's not so bad there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC area it's not so bad there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC area it's not so bad there's only
+one there's only one air mitt and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's only one air mitt and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's only one air mitt and it
+looks like we could be you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we could be you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like we could be you know in the
+clear of the clouds up here but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear of the clouds up here but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear of the clouds up here but this is
+a good way to summarize it this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way to summarize it this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good way to summarize it this already
+shows you that it's probably not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that it's probably not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that it's probably not going
+to be wise to go on Sunday at I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be wise to go on Sunday at I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be wise to go on Sunday at I guess
+this was Sunday at 1:00 p.m. okay here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Sunday at 1:00 p.m. okay here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was Sunday at 1:00 p.m. okay here
+notice on the bottom the time keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on the bottom the time keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice on the bottom the time keeps
+changing so we're going from Sunday at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so we're going from Sunday at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing so we're going from Sunday at
+1:00 p.m. the middle screen capture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:00 p.m. the middle screen capture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1:00 p.m. the middle screen capture is
+to go at Sunday at 10:00 p.m. this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go at Sunday at 10:00 p.m. this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go at Sunday at 10:00 p.m. this is
+that in Eastern Time and the last one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Eastern Time and the last one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in Eastern Time and the last one is
+to go Monday at 8:30 so you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go Monday at 8:30 so you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go Monday at 8:30 so you can see from
+this already that you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already that you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already that you know you could
+take off from Hanscom field rise up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off from Hanscom field rise up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take off from Hanscom field rise up to
+1500 feet or so on the right and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 feet or so on the right and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 feet or so on the right and just
+cruise along never even getting inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise along never even getting inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruise along never even getting inside a
+cloud until you land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud until you land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud until you land
+gatorsburg that's kind of a low-altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatorsburg that's kind of a low-altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gatorsburg that's kind of a low-altitude
+so you might end up deciding well what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might end up deciding well what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might end up deciding well what I
+really want to do is you know find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do is you know find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do is you know find a
+hole and go up to about seven or eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and go up to about seven or eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole and go up to about seven or eight
+thousand feet and go on top of it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet and go on top of it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet and go on top of it all
+and come back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come back down
+but whatever it looks like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever it looks like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever it looks like you could
+probably remain clear of clouds make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably remain clear of clouds make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably remain clear of clouds make it
+to your destination you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your destination you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your destination you're not going to
+pass through a lot of air mats over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through a lot of air mats over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through a lot of air mats over here
+let's look at this one in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this one in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this one in the middle
+because it's not quite as terrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a low turbulence low from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low turbulence low from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a low turbulence low from the
+surface all the way up to 18,000 feet if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface all the way up to 18,000 feet if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface all the way up to 18,000 feet if
+it says you know a turbulent pyramid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says you know a turbulent pyramid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says you know a turbulent pyramid
+that goes up to 8,000 that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes up to 8,000 that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes up to 8,000 that's kind of
+normal and oftentimes if you climb climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and oftentimes if you climb climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and oftentimes if you climb climb
+to four or five or six it will smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four or five or six it will smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four or five or six it will smooth
+out but if the turbulence is forecast to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but if the turbulence is forecast to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but if the turbulence is forecast to
+go all the way up into the flight levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way up into the flight levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all the way up into the flight levels
+you know that's a pretty ugly day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a pretty ugly day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's a pretty ugly day
+they're saying there's gonna be a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying there's gonna be a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're saying there's gonna be a low
+level wind shear from zero to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level wind shear from zero to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level wind shear from zero to two
+thousand feet there's gonna be IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet there's gonna be IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand feet there's gonna be IFR
+conditions and it's gonna be gusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and it's gonna be gusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and it's gonna be gusting
+eighteen nuts so all that's pretty bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen nuts so all that's pretty bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighteen nuts so all that's pretty bad
+unless you really have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you really have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you really have to go
+here look icing from the freezing level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look icing from the freezing level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here look icing from the freezing level
+up to flight level two three zero just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to flight level two three zero just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to flight level two three zero just a
+collection of hazards and but think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of hazards and but think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of hazards and but think of
+it but also look at how look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but also look at how look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but also look at how look at the
+difference between Sunday and Monday you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Sunday and Monday you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between Sunday and Monday you
+know if you just hang out on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you just hang out on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you just hang out on the ground
+and you're patient you don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're patient you don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're patient you don't need a
+superior level of skill if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior level of skill if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior level of skill if you have a
+superior level of judgment here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior level of judgment here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superior level of judgment here's some
+more presentations from weather sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more presentations from weather sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more presentations from weather sport
+again I kind of love this app you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I kind of love this app you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I kind of love this app you have
+all the airports you're gonna fly near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the airports you're gonna fly near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the airports you're gonna fly near
+so you go from Bedford to Worcester some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go from Bedford to Worcester some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go from Bedford to Worcester some
+places in Connecticut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in Connecticut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places in Connecticut
+I think that's Morristown in New Jersey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's Morristown in New Jersey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's Morristown in New Jersey
+Pennsylvania Lancaster anyway on the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Lancaster anyway on the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pennsylvania Lancaster anyway on the way
+to gatorsburg and it shows you here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gatorsburg and it shows you here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gatorsburg and it shows you here's
+your time of departure you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time of departure you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time of departure you're gonna
+depart but hey look we just get to be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart but hey look we just get to be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depart but hey look we just get to be I
+guess that is that does mean yeah blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that is that does mean yeah blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that is that does mean yeah blue
+must be marginal VFR and then green it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be marginal VFR and then green it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be marginal VFR and then green it's
+gonna be windy but it'll be nice VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be windy but it'll be nice VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be windy but it'll be nice VFR
+weather so if we just wait a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather so if we just wait a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather so if we just wait a little bit
+we won't have to fly through any areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't have to fly through any areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't have to fly through any areas
+that are challenging for flight has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are challenging for flight has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are challenging for flight has a
+mode where you can ask for your weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where you can ask for your weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode where you can ask for your weather
+briefing in a PDF format and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing in a PDF format and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing in a PDF format and this is the
+first page of that PDF format
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first page of that PDF format
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first page of that PDF format
+shows some of the same ideas there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows some of the same ideas there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows some of the same ideas there are
+these graphics these blue half half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphics these blue half half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these graphics these blue half half
+moons if you will for icing you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moons if you will for icing you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moons if you will for icing you can see
+there's a key down here it says icing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a key down here it says icing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a key down here it says icing
+severity so up here you've got varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity so up here you've got varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severity so up here you've got varying
+degrees of ice you probably don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of ice you probably don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of ice you probably don't want
+to be up there in an aircraft like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up there in an aircraft like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be up there in an aircraft like the
+Cirrus it doesn't have the icing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus it doesn't have the icing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus it doesn't have the icing
+capability so now I think it's all up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so now I think it's all up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so now I think it's all up to
+Tina to talk about the exciting world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina to talk about the exciting world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tina to talk about the exciting world of
+actual weather data all right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual weather data all right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual weather data all right so we're
+gonna talk about weather data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about weather data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about weather data in the
+form of reports as well as forecasts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of reports as well as forecasts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of reports as well as forecasts so
+what is the difference between a report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between a report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between a report
+and a forecast so a report is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a forecast so a report is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a forecast so a report is actually
+telling you what's actually happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what's actually happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what's actually happening so
+it's a current weather condition at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a current weather condition at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a current weather condition at a
+particular location a forecast is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location a forecast is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location a forecast is you
+know a forecast that's a guess as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a forecast that's a guess as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a forecast that's a guess as to
+what is going to happen so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen so it's really
+important to know the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to know the difference between
+these we now have mark Nathanson up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we now have mark Nathanson up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we now have mark Nathanson up in
+the and the back who's gonna be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the back who's gonna be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the back who's gonna be talking
+to it for about some really cool stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it for about some really cool stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it for about some really cool stuff
+and as we talked about he's an FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we talked about he's an FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we talked about he's an FAA
+examiner probably doesn't remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner probably doesn't remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examiner probably doesn't remember this
+but he asked me during my oral exam you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he asked me during my oral exam you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he asked me during my oral exam you
+know how do I you know for for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do I you know for for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how do I you know for for a given
+piece of weather data is that a report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of weather data is that a report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of weather data is that a report
+or a forecast and if it's a forecast how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a forecast and if it's a forecast how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a forecast and if it's a forecast how
+much should I rely on that or depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much should I rely on that or depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much should I rely on that or depend on
+that and so that's something to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that's something to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so that's something to really
+keep in mind the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the difference between
+knowing what the actual situation is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what the actual situation is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what the actual situation is and
+what somebody guesses the situation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what somebody guesses the situation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what somebody guesses the situation is
+going to be and you know of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and you know of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be and you know of course
+depending how far out that guess is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how far out that guess is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending how far out that guess is it
+may or may not actually turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not actually turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may or may not actually turn out to be
+true so a METAR is a report and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so a METAR is a report and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so a METAR is a report and so it's
+a time stamped so I'll tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time stamped so I'll tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time stamped so I'll tell you the
+weather at a particular time in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather at a particular time in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather at a particular time in a
+particular location and one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location and one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular location and one thing that's
+important to think about when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about when you think
+about direction is the way that the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direction is the way that the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about direction is the way that the wind
+is reported so if you hear it so like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reported so if you hear it so like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reported so if you hear it so like if
+you're listening to the ADA so we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening to the ADA so we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're listening to the ADA so we talked
+about the ADA s quite a bit so you tune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ADA s quite a bit so you tune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the ADA s quite a bit so you tune
+in the ADA's frequency and you listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ADA's frequency and you listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ADA's frequency and you listen to
+it they're gonna be telling you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they're gonna be telling you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they're gonna be telling you that
+wind direction in magnetic if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind direction in magnetic if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind direction in magnetic if you read
+it on a printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on a printed
+document it's pretty much always a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it's pretty much always a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document it's pretty much always a true
+heading and certainly on the internet as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading and certainly on the internet as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading and certainly on the internet as
+well give you some sources that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give you some sources that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well give you some sources that's like
+the same as reading it we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as reading it we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as reading it we already
+covered ceiling so I won't get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered ceiling so I won't get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered ceiling so I won't get into that
+so let's just talk about the breakdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk about the breakdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just talk about the breakdown
+of a meet our report so I I discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a meet our report so I I discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a meet our report so I I discussed
+that generally for example at Bedford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally for example at Bedford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generally for example at Bedford
+you might hear the meet are updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might hear the meet are updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might hear the meet are updated
+every hour or so and we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hour or so and we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hour or so and we talked about the
+identifier right that you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier right that you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier right that you know this is
+information whiskey maybe an hour later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whiskey maybe an hour later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information whiskey maybe an hour later
+it's you know the next as they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know the next as they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know the next as they keep
+going through the alphabet and one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the alphabet and one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through the alphabet and one time
+that you might see it updated more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might see it updated more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might see it updated more
+frequently than once every hour so is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than once every hour so is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently than once every hour so is if
+they need to do a special report and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do a special report and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to do a special report and so
+that's the other type of acronym that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other type of acronym that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the other type of acronym that
+you see there SPE CI and that's if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there SPE CI and that's if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see there SPE CI and that's if the
+weather is changing a lot that's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is changing a lot that's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather is changing a lot that's usually
+a bad thing it's usually you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing it's usually you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing it's usually you know you
+don't like weather changing frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like weather changing frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like weather changing frequently
+it's probably not something you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not something you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not something you want to
+be flying in but maybe the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flying in but maybe the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flying in but maybe the conditions
+are deteriorating that wentest you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deteriorating that wentest you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are deteriorating that wentest you know
+the wind or the conditions or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind or the conditions or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind or the conditions or the
+ceiling has changed significantly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling has changed significantly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling has changed significantly so
+they'll update that information so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll update that information so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll update that information so there
+are a whole bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a whole bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a whole bunch of different
+abbreviations when you read these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations when you read these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations when you read these
+reports I highlighted a couple in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports I highlighted a couple in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports I highlighted a couple in red
+you know you could make your way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could make your way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could make your way through
+sort of guessing okay thunderstorms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guessing okay thunderstorms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guessing okay thunderstorms is
+TS it seems kind of intuitive but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS it seems kind of intuitive but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TS it seems kind of intuitive but I
+highlighted some that are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted some that are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted some that are really really
+kind of get you so Hale is gr and mist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get you so Hale is gr and mist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of get you so Hale is gr and mist
+is BR someone was pointing out on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is BR someone was pointing out on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is BR someone was pointing out on this
+side yeah so mists you know if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yeah so mists you know if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side yeah so mists you know if you just
+look at it and you try to think oh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you try to think oh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it and you try to think oh is it
+broken no broken is B K R so they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken no broken is B K R so they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken no broken is B K R so they just
+try to trick you with that so I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to trick you with that so I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to trick you with that so I'm trying
+to try to keep an eye on those and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to keep an eye on those and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to keep an eye on those and it's
+good to refresh your memory on these so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to refresh your memory on these so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to refresh your memory on these so
+this is an example of a meet our report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a meet our report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of a meet our report
+so it you know starts off with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it you know starts off with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it you know starts off with the
+location and then the first two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and then the first two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location and then the first two numbers
+the one six are telling you that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one six are telling you that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one six are telling you that it's a
+16th day of the month and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th day of the month and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th day of the month and then it's
+followed by 16 53 so that's the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by 16 53 so that's the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by 16 53 so that's the time and
+has a Z 4 time in Zulu we already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Z 4 time in Zulu we already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a Z 4 time in Zulu we already talked
+about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you
+you know subtract hours depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know subtract hours depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know subtract hours depending on
+Eastern Standard Time versus Daylight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Standard Time versus Daylight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eastern Standard Time versus Daylight
+Time to get to the current time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time to get to the current time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time to get to the current time and then
+instead of telling you a heading of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of telling you a heading of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of telling you a heading of the
+wind in this case it has variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind in this case it has variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind in this case it has variable so
+sometimes I'll say winds variable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'll say winds variable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I'll say winds variable at
+about 4 knots in this case and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 knots in this case and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 knots in this case and then the
+next is the visibility so 10 SM is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is the visibility so 10 SM is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next is the visibility so 10 SM is
+standing for 10 statute miles and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for 10 statute miles and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for 10 statute miles and then
+in this case the ceiling is overcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the ceiling is overcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the ceiling is overcast
+overcast at 6,000 the next two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast at 6,000 the next two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast at 6,000 the next two numbers
+you see the 14 / 0 7 so that's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the 14 / 0 7 so that's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the 14 / 0 7 so that's talking
+about the temperature and the dew point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the temperature and the dew point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the temperature and the dew point
+so who remembers what is dew point yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we hear the temperature where the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we hear the temperature where the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we hear the temperature where the air
+reaches saturation for water so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches saturation for water so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches saturation for water so what
+happens when the dew point and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the dew point and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the dew point and the
+temperature are very close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are very close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are very close to each other
+so here there you know we have a 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there you know we have a 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here there you know we have a 7
+degrees Celsius for dew point 14 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius for dew point 14 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees Celsius for dew point 14 degrees
+Celsius for temperature what if the dew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius for temperature what if the dew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius for temperature what if the dew
+point in the temperature were much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the temperature were much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the temperature were much
+closer only a couple degrees apart yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer only a couple degrees apart yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer only a couple degrees apart yes
+yeah it can be very humid you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can be very humid you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can be very humid you could be
+inside of a cloud or having fog or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a cloud or having fog or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of a cloud or having fog or
+precipitation exactly so here's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation exactly so here's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation exactly so here's a good
+source of weather information so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of weather information so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of weather information so you can
+go to aviation weather.gov and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to aviation weather.gov and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to aviation weather.gov and they have
+a bunch of menu options up there so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of menu options up there so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of menu options up there so if
+you click on METAR right here this METAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on METAR right here this METAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click on METAR right here this METAR
+button it'll take you to a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button it'll take you to a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button it'll take you to a place where
+you can request the meet our data and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can request the meet our data and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can request the meet our data and so
+it asks for an ID so that's the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it asks for an ID so that's the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it asks for an ID so that's the airport
+identifier so in this case i wrote in k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier so in this case i wrote in k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier so in this case i wrote in k
+bed which is bedford airport Hanscom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed which is bedford airport Hanscom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bed which is bedford airport Hanscom
+field that we keep referring to and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that we keep referring to and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that we keep referring to and then
+you can actually tell it to decode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually tell it to decode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually tell it to decode the
+data for you so as much as you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for you so as much as you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for you so as much as you want to
+memorize all of these different codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize all of these different codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize all of these different codes
+and symbols in general practice you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symbols in general practice you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and symbols in general practice you can
+hit decoded and it'll tell you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit decoded and it'll tell you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit decoded and it'll tell you that you
+can look up at the time so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up at the time so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look up at the time so you can
+actually ask for weather data in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask for weather data in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask for weather data in the
+past and you could include a Taff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and you could include a Taff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past and you could include a Taff
+what is Taft mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes general area forecast that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes general area forecast that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes general area forecast that's right
+so if you do that and you hit enter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do that and you hit enter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do that and you hit enter it
+gets view this data so first thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets view this data so first thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets view this data so first thing it
+does is it tells you the date at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it tells you the date at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is it tells you the date at which
+its producing the data for you and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its producing the data for you and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its producing the data for you and then
+the first is the METAR and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the METAR and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is the METAR and the second
+here is the TAF and so the meet our here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the TAF and so the meet our here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the TAF and so the meet our here
+is telling you the location so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling you the location so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling you the location so it starts
+with k bed and then here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with k bed and then here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with k bed and then here is the
+information raw so you see that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information raw so you see that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information raw so you see that data
+right here or you can have it decoded so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here or you can have it decoded so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here or you can have it decoded so
+again the first two numbers two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the first two numbers two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the first two numbers two three
+that's the date twenty twenty third and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the date twenty twenty third and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the date twenty twenty third and
+then it gives you the time in zulu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gives you the time in zulu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it gives you the time in zulu and
+then they they basically go forward with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they basically go forward with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they they basically go forward with
+all that information so it's defined it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that information so it's defined it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that information so it's defined it
+here because it's decoded so you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it's decoded so you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it's decoded so you see you
+know the temperature dew point so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the temperature dew point so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the temperature dew point so i
+actually just updated this this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just updated this this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just updated this this morning
+so you could see the the weather and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could see the the weather and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could see the the weather and
+what it's looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's looking like
+now i'll go over to the document viewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll go over to the document viewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'll go over to the document viewer
+for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I don't want the light or maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't want the light or maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't want the light or maybe we
+probably need this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need this okay
+qualified personnel are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified personnel are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualified personnel are here
+I'll entertain you that first meet our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll entertain you that first meet our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll entertain you that first meet our
+was from PDK anybody know where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from PDK anybody know where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from PDK anybody know where that
+what Eric where that is KP DK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Eric where that is KP DK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Eric where that is KP DK
+southerners DeKalb yeah Peachtree -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southerners DeKalb yeah Peachtree -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+southerners DeKalb yeah Peachtree -
+Calvin Atlanta it's the Teterboro or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin Atlanta it's the Teterboro or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Calvin Atlanta it's the Teterboro or
+Hanscom field Atlanta I landed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom field Atlanta I landed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hanscom field Atlanta I landed there
+once in a diamond star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a diamond star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once in a diamond star
+I had to have the wings taken off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to have the wings taken off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to have the wings taken off in
+Florida to fix a fuel gauge I took off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida to fix a fuel gauge I took off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida to fix a fuel gauge I took off
+from there and I filed a VFR flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and I filed a VFR flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there and I filed a VFR flight plan
+landed at DeKalb and I forgot to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed at DeKalb and I forgot to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landed at DeKalb and I forgot to close
+my VFR flight with my spleen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my VFR flight with my spleen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my VFR flight with my spleen
+so the FAA our flight service folks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the FAA our flight service folks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the FAA our flight service folks at
+the time they start searching for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they start searching for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they start searching for me and
+calling everybody and they called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling everybody and they called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling everybody and they called the
+tower at DeKalb and they said hey did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower at DeKalb and they said hey did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower at DeKalb and they said hey did
+you see I've 0-5 whiskey Tango in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I've 0-5 whiskey Tango in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I've 0-5 whiskey Tango in this
+and no he hasn't seen it it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no he hasn't seen it it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no he hasn't seen it it really
+freaked out and I was right there on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freaked out and I was right there on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freaked out and I was right there on the
+ramp so and I kept silencing my phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp so and I kept silencing my phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp so and I kept silencing my phone
+because I was at a barbecue place with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was at a barbecue place with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was at a barbecue place with
+my friend and didn't want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend and didn't want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend and didn't want to be
+disturbed anyway so they had they called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed anyway so they had they called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbed anyway so they had they called
+the mechanic who took some wings off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic who took some wings off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanic who took some wings off and
+they told him like the aircraft was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told him like the aircraft was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they told him like the aircraft was
+missing it was pretty he was pretty it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing it was pretty he was pretty it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing it was pretty he was pretty it's
+some choice words for me so now whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choice words for me so now whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some choice words for me so now whenever
+I activate a VFR flight plan usually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I activate a VFR flight plan usually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I activate a VFR flight plan usually I
+fly you know I do a flight plan at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you know I do a flight plan at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you know I do a flight plan at all
+its IFR and it close for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its IFR and it close for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its IFR and it close for you
+automatically I move my watch for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically I move my watch for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically I move my watch for my
+left wrist to my right as a reminder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left wrist to my right as a reminder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left wrist to my right as a reminder to
+close the flight plan all right Tina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the flight plan all right Tina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the flight plan all right Tina
+take it away so this is the for flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away so this is the for flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it away so this is the for flight
+app I passed the iPad around a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app I passed the iPad around a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app I passed the iPad around a couple
+times so I think you guys have gotten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I think you guys have gotten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I think you guys have gotten to
+play with it this is just a setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with it this is just a setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with it this is just a setting
+where the Blue Dot is showing where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Blue Dot is showing where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Blue Dot is showing where we
+currently are and I've actually overlaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently are and I've actually overlaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently are and I've actually overlaid
+one of those instrument flight plans on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those instrument flight plans on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those instrument flight plans on
+top going here so this is a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top going here so this is a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top going here so this is a an
+instrumented approach to Bedford but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented approach to Bedford but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumented approach to Bedford but if
+I wanted to get this weather data here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to get this weather data here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to get this weather data here I
+can go to airports and pull up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to airports and pull up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go to airports and pull up the
+airport that I'm looking for and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that I'm looking for and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport that I'm looking for and then
+you know click on this weather and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know click on this weather and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know click on this weather and it
+shows me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows me the
+the meat our so it has both the raw data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat our so it has both the raw data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meat our so it has both the raw data
+there and then it depicts it and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it depicts it and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then it depicts it and again
+blue is showing marginal VFR and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is showing marginal VFR and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue is showing marginal VFR and so it
+explains that what's also nice is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains that what's also nice is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains that what's also nice is it
+tells you the weather at nearby airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the weather at nearby airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you the weather at nearby airports
+as well and then you can also go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then you can also go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then you can also go to your
+Taff your terminal area forecast and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taff your terminal area forecast and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taff your terminal area forecast and you
+can look at how that is changing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at how that is changing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at how that is changing over
+time oh do you know if you don't mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh do you know if you don't mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh do you know if you don't mind
+click on mos also yeah if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on mos also yeah if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on mos also yeah if you're
+planning travel MLS is good because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning travel MLS is good because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning travel MLS is good because it
+gives you weather a few days in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you weather a few days in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you weather a few days in advance
+so you can decide whether or not it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can decide whether or not it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can decide whether or not it
+makes sense to depart here on Friday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to depart here on Friday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to depart here on Friday and
+hope to come back VFR on Sunday MOS is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to come back VFR on Sunday MOS is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope to come back VFR on Sunday MOS is
+talking about the models so the weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the models so the weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the models so the weather
+models and what the outputs are I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and what the outputs are I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and what the outputs are I think
+it stands for model output statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for model output statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for model output statistics
+not very helpful but anyway it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very helpful but anyway it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very helpful but anyway it's a
+longer for flight and Garmin pilot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer for flight and Garmin pilot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer for flight and Garmin pilot and
+some other sources like weather spork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sources like weather spork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sources like weather spork
+will turn that into a sort of a virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn that into a sort of a virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn that into a sort of a virtual
+tap for you that lasts three days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap for you that lasts three days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tap for you that lasts three days
+instead of just 24 hours or 30 for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just 24 hours or 30 for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just 24 hours or 30 for the
+big airport so another type of weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big airport so another type of weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big airport so another type of weather
+report is a PI rep or a pilot report and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is a PI rep or a pilot report and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report is a PI rep or a pilot report and
+so this is where a pilot could be flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where a pilot could be flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is where a pilot could be flying
+and wants to report the conditions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to report the conditions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to report the conditions so
+for example turbulence or icing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example turbulence or icing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example turbulence or icing those
+are types of things that are frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are types of things that are frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are types of things that are frequently
+reported by pilots and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported by pilots and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported by pilots and you can actually
+report one as well so one time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report one as well so one time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report one as well so one time when
+you're getting your your flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting your your flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting your your flight
+instruction if you do notice wind shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction if you do notice wind shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction if you do notice wind shear
+turbulence icing try to see if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence icing try to see if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence icing try to see if you can
+actually provide your own PI rep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provide your own PI rep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually provide your own PI rep and
+I'll ask you certain information such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ask you certain information such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll ask you certain information such as
+your location the time the altitude at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your location the time the altitude at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your location the time the altitude at
+which you experienced it what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you experienced it what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you experienced it what type of
+aircraft I think that's really relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft I think that's really relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft I think that's really relevant
+because for example wind shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example wind shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example wind shear
+experienced by a small Cessna is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced by a small Cessna is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced by a small Cessna is one
+thing if a large aircraft like a big jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if a large aircraft like a big jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if a large aircraft like a big jet
+a JetBlue aircraft is telling you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a JetBlue aircraft is telling you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a JetBlue aircraft is telling you that
+they have wind shear I'd really pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have wind shear I'd really pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have wind shear I'd really pay
+attention if they seem to have trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention if they seem to have trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention if they seem to have trouble
+with it that means you're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it that means you're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it that means you're definitely
+gonna have trouble with it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have trouble with it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have trouble with it and then you
+can also have printed weather forecasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have printed weather forecasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also have printed weather forecasts
+that tell you so we just talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you so we just talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you so we just talked about
+the TAF as an example and as Phillip was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TAF as an example and as Phillip was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TAF as an example and as Phillip was
+just saying it only goes out 24 hours so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it only goes out 24 hours so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying it only goes out 24 hours so
+you know the same type of information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the same type of information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the same type of information as
+a METAR and similar abbreviations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a METAR and similar abbreviations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a METAR and similar abbreviations and
+then we were just talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were just talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we were just talking about that
+those models and so you can forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models and so you can forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those models and so you can forecast
+even farther out if need be you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even farther out if need be you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even farther out if need be you can also
+get a forecast for a general area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a forecast for a general area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a forecast for a general area so
+this is what we were discussing earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we were discussing earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we were discussing earlier
+when we're talking about radios and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about radios and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about radios and she
+might want to call in and ask for kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to call in and ask for kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to call in and ask for kind
+of a weather forecaster or weather brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weather forecaster or weather brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weather forecaster or weather brief
+for a given flight plan we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given flight plan we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given flight plan we talked about
+how you'd call it and kind of give your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you'd call it and kind of give your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you'd call it and kind of give your
+tail number where you were starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail number where you were starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail number where you were starting
+where you were going about how much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you were going about how much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you were going about how much time
+you thought you'd be on route or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought you'd be on route or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought you'd be on route or in
+flight and then they might tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and then they might tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and then they might tell you the
+weather for the general area as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather for the general area as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather for the general area as well as
+the local you know current readings as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local you know current readings as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local you know current readings as
+well as the forecasts and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the forecasts and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as the forecasts and notice that
+these area forecasts if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these area forecasts if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these area forecasts if you go to the
+page on aviation weather Cove are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page on aviation weather Cove are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page on aviation weather Cove are now
+only available for two or three regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only available for two or three regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only available for two or three regions
+like the Gulf of Mexico they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Gulf of Mexico they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Gulf of Mexico they used to
+have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them
+you know for all over the continental US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for all over the continental US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for all over the continental US
+and they included cloud tops which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they included cloud tops which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they included cloud tops which was
+very useful the forecast top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful the forecast top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful the forecast top of the
+cloud because it would say four thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud because it would say four thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud because it would say four thousand
+feet you would know that if you get as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you would know that if you get as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you would know that if you get as
+long as you get on top of those IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you get on top of those IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you get on top of those IFR
+you're not going to pick up any ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to pick up any ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to pick up any ice
+because you'll be above the clouds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be above the clouds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be above the clouds and
+now you have to try to tease that out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to try to tease that out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have to try to tease that out of
+the mos data sources or use something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mos data sources or use something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mos data sources or use something
+like weather spork that tries to depict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like weather spork that tries to depict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like weather spork that tries to depict
+graphically where the clouds are I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically where the clouds are I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically where the clouds are I think
+for flight its profile that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flight its profile that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flight its profile that you will
+also try to do some of that you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also try to do some of that you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also try to do some of that you can also
+get forecasts of winds aloft we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get forecasts of winds aloft we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get forecasts of winds aloft we talked
+about that a couple times and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a couple times and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a couple times and so this
+will tell you kind of what the winds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you kind of what the winds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you kind of what the winds are
+going to be at a particular altitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at a particular altitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at a particular altitude and
+you might for example at 3,000 feet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might for example at 3,000 feet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might for example at 3,000 feet or
+6,000 feet and so you can it helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 feet and so you can it helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6,000 feet and so you can it helps you
+estimate especially in a cross-country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate especially in a cross-country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate especially in a cross-country
+flight or a longer flight how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight or a longer flight how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight or a longer flight how long it
+might take for you to get there on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take for you to get there on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might take for you to get there on on
+apps such as for flight if you in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps such as for flight if you in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apps such as for flight if you in fact
+it'll just we'll just do that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just we'll just do that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just we'll just do that right now
+so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can actually enter in a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually enter in a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually enter in a sort of a
+flight plan very quickly so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan very quickly so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight plan very quickly so you can have
+a starting a starting place and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where do you guys want to fly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a pretty short flight if I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys if you have the patience to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys if you have the patience to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys if you have the patience to
+stay with us tomorrow afternoon starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with us tomorrow afternoon starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay with us tomorrow afternoon starting
+at 3 o'clock the founder of four flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 o'clock the founder of four flights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 3 o'clock the founder of four flights
+going to be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be here
+and I'm sure you'll get a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sure you'll get a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sure you'll get a pretty
+thorough demo he's gonna be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough demo he's gonna be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough demo he's gonna be in the
+collar you're gonna talk for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar you're gonna talk for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collar you're gonna talk for a couple
+hours about you know first the app and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours about you know first the app and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours about you know first the app and
+also the startup and then some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the startup and then some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the startup and then some of the
+engineering behind it so the blue dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering behind it so the blue dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering behind it so the blue dot is
+showing where we are here at MIT but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing where we are here at MIT but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing where we are here at MIT but of
+course generally you'd be doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course generally you'd be doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course generally you'd be doing this
+when you're at at Bedford and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're at at Bedford and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're at at Bedford and you're
+flying to to Logan and then here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to to Logan and then here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying to to Logan and then here it's
+telling you it wants to know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you it wants to know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you it wants to know about the
+aircraft that I'll be flying in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that I'll be flying in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that I'll be flying in order to
+calculate some of the some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some of the some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate some of the some of the
+information but when when you do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but when when you do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but when when you do these
+types of things with the flight it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things with the flight it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of things with the flight it can
+estimate kind of how long you'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate kind of how long you'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate kind of how long you'll be in
+flight and when you and you can provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and when you and you can provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and when you and you can provide
+what is the altitude at which you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the altitude at which you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the altitude at which you want
+to fly and then it will be able to so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly and then it will be able to so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly and then it will be able to so it
+says colouring based on winds aloft if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says colouring based on winds aloft if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says colouring based on winds aloft if
+it looks like it's not detecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's not detecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like it's not detecting that
+may be because I haven't given it all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be because I haven't given it all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be because I haven't given it all of
+its data right now so in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its data right now so in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its data right now so in terms of what
+that means is just that the the winds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is just that the the winds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is just that the the winds
+aloft are a good way of helping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloft are a good way of helping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloft are a good way of helping you
+predict how long it's going to take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how long it's going to take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how long it's going to take you
+to get to certain places and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to certain places and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to certain places and it'll be
+part of the cross-country planning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cross-country planning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the cross-country planning all
+you have to do the winds aloft forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do the winds aloft forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do the winds aloft forecast
+also shows you the temperature which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shows you the temperature which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shows you the temperature which is
+critical because that's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because that's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical because that's going to tell
+you whether icing is icing is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether icing is icing is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether icing is icing is not
+possible if it's above freezing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if it's above freezing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if it's above freezing
+generally they're also a bunch of severe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they're also a bunch of severe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally they're also a bunch of severe
+weather reports and Philip has already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather reports and Philip has already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather reports and Philip has already
+talked about a number of them air Mets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a number of them air Mets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a number of them air Mets
+and signets as he was talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signets as he was talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signets as he was talking about so
+here's you know and then they they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's you know and then they they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's you know and then they they have
+different abbreviations so even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different abbreviations so even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different abbreviations so even more
+abbreviations related to this so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations related to this so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations related to this so what
+what they mean for icing and turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean for icing and turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they mean for icing and turbulence
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+we'll look at some examples of an air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at some examples of an air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at some examples of an air
+met and in the picture kind of shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and in the picture kind of shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+met and in the picture kind of shows a
+broad area where that air met is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad area where that air met is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad area where that air met is valid
+and so this is talking about icing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is talking about icing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is talking about icing and
+freezing level this is a so Sigma DH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing level this is a so Sigma DH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing level this is a so Sigma DH
+also talked about how they're hazardous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about how they're hazardous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about how they're hazardous
+weather such as icing turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather such as icing turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather such as icing turbulence
+volcanic ash which I don't think you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanic ash which I don't think you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volcanic ash which I don't think you'll
+encounter very often but you know was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter very often but you know was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter very often but you know was an
+issue in Europe for example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in Europe for example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue in Europe for example and then
+here's a breakdown of decoding a signet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a breakdown of decoding a signet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a breakdown of decoding a signet
+as an example to show you the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example to show you the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example to show you the type of
+type of information what it stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of information what it stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of information what it stands for
+and and you know you can read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know you can read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know you can read through
+these to understand the adverse weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to understand the adverse weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these to understand the adverse weather
+and certainly if you're planning your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly if you're planning your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly if you're planning your
+own cross-country flight I recommend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own cross-country flight I recommend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own cross-country flight I recommend you
+also use your normal weather data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use your normal weather data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use your normal weather data
+sources as well so just turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources as well so just turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources as well so just turn on the
+Weather Channel or weather calm or a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weather Channel or weather calm or a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weather Channel or weather calm or a key
+weather whatever you you use on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather whatever you you use on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather whatever you you use on a
+regular basis if it's a crummy day it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular basis if it's a crummy day it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular basis if it's a crummy day it's
+probably not a good day to go flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a good day to go flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not a good day to go flying
+anyway and you may not want to dive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and you may not want to dive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and you may not want to dive so
+deep into all of these different tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into all of these different tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into all of these different tools
+but if it seems like a nice day then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it seems like a nice day then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it seems like a nice day then I
+would really recommend diving more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really recommend diving more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really recommend diving more
+specifically into understanding if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically into understanding if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically into understanding if
+there's a front coming in or other types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a front coming in or other types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a front coming in or other types
+of issues and then convective to sigmet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues and then convective to sigmet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of issues and then convective to sigmet
+SAR really really concerning so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR really really concerning so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR really really concerning so there
+there are things that are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that are much more
+severe so you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe so you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe so you're talking about
+thunderstorms hail some things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms hail some things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunderstorms hail some things you
+really don't want to be flying during at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to be flying during at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't want to be flying during at
+all there's a lot of different ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a lot of different ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all there's a lot of different ways that
+the weather is also produced not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather is also produced not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weather is also produced not in a
+text form but in a graphical format so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form but in a graphical format so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form but in a graphical format so
+this is a relatively complicated weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively complicated weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively complicated weather
+depiction chart so roll break it down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction chart so roll break it down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depiction chart so roll break it down in
+detail but let me just tell you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but let me just tell you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but let me just tell you some of
+the main things do you have the oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main things do you have the oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main things do you have the oh I
+left it over there thanks Phillip so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it over there thanks Phillip so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left it over there thanks Phillip so can
+anyone guess what all the little circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone guess what all the little circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone guess what all the little circles
+are we see some circles that are white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we see some circles that are white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we see some circles that are white
+and some circles that are black does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some circles that are black does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some circles that are black does
+anyone know what those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any guesses weather stations good guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses weather stations good guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any guesses weather stations good guess
+so it's actually trying to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually trying to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually trying to tell you what
+the cloud cover is like so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud cover is like so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cloud cover is like so you can see
+certain places where there is the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places where there is the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain places where there is the circle
+it's empty is that there's it's a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's empty is that there's it's a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's empty is that there's it's a clear
+day when it's fully filled in that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when it's fully filled in that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day when it's fully filled in that it's
+showing the cloud cover and then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the cloud cover and then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the cloud cover and then you see
+some that are like little pie charts so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are like little pie charts so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that are like little pie charts so
+that they're partially filled in so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're partially filled in so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're partially filled in so the
+purpose of looking at a weather chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of looking at a weather chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of looking at a weather chart
+like that is just to get the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that is just to get the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that is just to get the general
+conditions there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions there's a lot of different
+things so here it's more specific so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so here it's more specific so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so here it's more specific so
+it's you know breaks down that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know breaks down that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know breaks down that the
+circles indicate the percent cloud cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles indicate the percent cloud cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles indicate the percent cloud cover
+so if it's a quarter fill that's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a quarter fill that's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a quarter fill that's saying
+few clouds if it's three-quarters filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few clouds if it's three-quarters filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few clouds if it's three-quarters filled
+it's broken and then it also has shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broken and then it also has shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's broken and then it also has shaded
+areas that depict what the when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that depict what the when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas that depict what the when you have
+the IFR conditions so zooming in you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IFR conditions so zooming in you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IFR conditions so zooming in you can
+just kind of see the circles a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of see the circles a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of see the circles a little
+bit bigger and the charts provide a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bigger and the charts provide a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit bigger and the charts provide a lot
+of information as well but you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information as well but you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information as well but you can see a
+little bit more clearly also here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more clearly also here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more clearly also here some
+of the circles that are like pie charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circles that are like pie charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circles that are like pie charts
+that showing how much they're filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showing how much they're filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that showing how much they're filled in
+and what the what the cloud cover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the what the cloud cover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the what the cloud cover is
+looking like and again you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like and again you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking like and again you can actually
+get the same type of thing on your for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same type of thing on your for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same type of thing on your for
+flight it's basically an option for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight it's basically an option for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight it's basically an option for
+every Airport that it depicts it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Airport that it depicts it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Airport that it depicts it can
+show this cloud cover as well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this cloud cover as well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this cloud cover as well you can
+also look at a radar summary chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at a radar summary chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also look at a radar summary chart
+they're a bunch of prog charts so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of prog charts so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a bunch of prog charts so they
+talk about when you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about when you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about when you're looking at a
+front you've seen you guys have seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front you've seen you guys have seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front you've seen you guys have seen a
+lot of these things on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these things on the on the
+Weather Channel probably didn't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weather Channel probably didn't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weather Channel probably didn't pay
+attention to them very much but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to them very much but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to them very much but it's
+good to understand what the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to understand what the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to understand what the different
+types of fronts are what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of fronts are what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of fronts are what's happening
+across the country more than just your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country more than just your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country more than just your
+particular region so if you're planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular region so if you're planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular region so if you're planning
+you know if it's a I think today is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's a I think today is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's a I think today is a
+Wednesday so if you're planning on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so if you're planning on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday so if you're planning on a
+flight this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight this up
+weekend and you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and you want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend and you want to think about
+what's gonna happen basically you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen basically you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna happen basically you're
+trying to see are there some fronts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see are there some fronts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see are there some fronts
+coming in what's happening or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in what's happening or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in what's happening or is it
+likely to going to be a clear day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to going to be a clear day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to going to be a clear day and
+then of course as we've talked about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course as we've talked about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course as we've talked about all
+of these have good legends just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have good legends just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these have good legends just like we
+talked about the sectional chart quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the sectional chart quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the sectional chart quite a
+bit and the details of the legend it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the details of the legend it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and the details of the legend it's
+always good to take a look at how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to take a look at how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always good to take a look at how they
+have indicated these different lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have indicated these different lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have indicated these different lines
+where the Front's are and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Front's are and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Front's are and you really
+want to know which ones again are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know which ones again are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know which ones again are
+reporting the actual conditions versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the actual conditions versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting the actual conditions versus
+which is a guesstimate of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a guesstimate of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a guesstimate of what's going
+to happen in six hours 12 hours from now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in six hours 12 hours from now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen in six hours 12 hours from now
+again if it's a forecast it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if it's a forecast it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if it's a forecast it could be
+wrong and then this is just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then this is just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and then this is just a little bit
+more detail of types of things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail of types of things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail of types of things you can
+see on a chart I think the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on a chart I think the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on a chart I think the most
+important thing to look at is this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to look at is this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing to look at is this this
+weird little R symbol with kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird little R symbol with kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird little R symbol with kind of an
+arrow at the bottom it's it's indicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow at the bottom it's it's indicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow at the bottom it's it's indicating
+thunder so that's a big a big one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunder so that's a big a big one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunder so that's a big a big one to
+look out for if you see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for if you see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out for if you see that it's
+probably not something you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not something you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not something you're interested
+in flying in I'm not for sure and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flying in I'm not for sure and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flying in I'm not for sure and then
+there are a couple charts here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple charts here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple charts here that are
+not specifically on the you know usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specifically on the you know usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not specifically on the you know usually
+gonna be asked about but it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be asked about but it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be asked about but it's good to
+see so you might have seen these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so you might have seen these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so you might have seen these kind of
+surface analysis charts and they talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface analysis charts and they talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface analysis charts and they talk
+about high pressure areas and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high pressure areas and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about high pressure areas and low
+pressure areas and so that high and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure areas and so that high and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure areas and so that high and low
+pressure what are we talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure what are we talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure what are we talking about so
+that's that's the same thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the same thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the same thing is that
+pressure that you're dialing into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that you're dialing into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that you're dialing into your
+altimeter right so we talked about 29.92
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter right so we talked about 29.92
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altimeter right so we talked about 29.92
+but you know there might be a day where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there might be a day where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know there might be a day where
+it's really dropped very low and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really dropped very low and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really dropped very low and it's
+it's to eight or something very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to eight or something very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to eight or something very very low
+that means you're in a low pressure area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you're in a low pressure area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you're in a low pressure area
+and if it's very high you know you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's very high you know you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it's very high you know you're at
+thirty point something you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty point something you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty point something you know it's a
+higher higher pressure area and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher pressure area and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher higher pressure area and if you
+see that as you're flying around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as you're flying around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that as you're flying around that
+that that pressure setting is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that pressure setting is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that pressure setting is getting
+updated very rapidly and changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated very rapidly and changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated very rapidly and changing
+rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly
+that usually is related to a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually is related to a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually is related to a change in
+your overall weather system so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your overall weather system so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your overall weather system so you
+really want to be aware if that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be aware if that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be aware if that number
+is changing quite a bit that's a big a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing quite a bit that's a big a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is changing quite a bit that's a big a
+big problem you can also take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem you can also take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem you can also take a look at
+when you get into your airplane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get into your airplane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get into your airplane and
+you're first setting that dial when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first setting that dial when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're first setting that dial when
+you're sitting on the ground you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting on the ground you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sitting on the ground you know
+see how much is changing it might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much is changing it might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how much is changing it might you
+might want to in general when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to in general when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to in general when you get
+into a plane I like to think about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a plane I like to think about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a plane I like to think about when
+the plane was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane was
+last flown you can their parts where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last flown you can their parts where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last flown you can their parts where you
+are checking the oil that you can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are checking the oil that you can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are checking the oil that you can kind
+of generally feel the engine and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generally feel the engine and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of generally feel the engine and see if
+it's warm or not if it needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's warm or not if it needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's warm or not if it needs to be
+primed or not those types of things if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primed or not those types of things if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primed or not those types of things if
+you see that the plane has just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the plane has just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that the plane has just been
+flown and you're really dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown and you're really dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flown and you're really dramatically
+having to change that pressure setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to change that pressure setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to change that pressure setting
+that means the weather has recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the weather has recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the weather has recently
+changed quite a bit it makes you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed quite a bit it makes you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed quite a bit it makes you want to
+really make sure that your projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sure that your projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really make sure that your projections
+and your knowledge about the weather is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your knowledge about the weather is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your knowledge about the weather is
+still accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still accurate
+you want to mention these these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to mention these these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to mention these these numbers
+here are the metric equivalents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the metric equivalents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the metric equivalents so
+instead of 2 9 or 9 or 2 you'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 2 9 or 9 or 2 you'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of 2 9 or 9 or 2 you'll see you
+know a thousand millibars or so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a thousand millibars or so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a thousand millibars or so so we
+have a bunch of these you can and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of these you can and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of these you can and all of
+these are also on that first website the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also on that first website the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also on that first website the
+aviation weather gov you can look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation weather gov you can look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation weather gov you can look at you
+know actually seeing the the clouds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually seeing the the clouds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know actually seeing the the clouds from
+a satellite picture and kind of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satellite picture and kind of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a satellite picture and kind of just
+seeing what what's going on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what what's going on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing what what's going on you know
+these aren't these are hopefully not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't these are hopefully not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't these are hopefully not the
+first time you've seen these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you've seen these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time you've seen these types of
+charts before and then this is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts before and then this is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts before and then this is a way
+that they like to depict the winds aloft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they like to depict the winds aloft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they like to depict the winds aloft
+so these little lines and then depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these little lines and then depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these little lines and then depending
+on how many lines are coming off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many lines are coming off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how many lines are coming off the
+side it indicates how you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it indicates how you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it indicates how you know how
+strong that wind is and what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that wind is and what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that wind is and what the what
+the amount is so you can see here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount is so you can see here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount is so you can see here some
+that have a lot of little dashes coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a lot of little dashes coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a lot of little dashes coming
+off of it whereas some that don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of it whereas some that don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of it whereas some that don't have
+any it's a way to very quickly see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any it's a way to very quickly see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any it's a way to very quickly see where
+the wind is very strong and where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind is very strong and where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind is very strong and where it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+and this is what I had talked about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I had talked about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what I had talked about last
+time when we're in the radio section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we're in the radio section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when we're in the radio section in
+the radio ATC and communications section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio ATC and communications section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio ATC and communications section
+but just as a reminder this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as a reminder this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as a reminder this is the
+number that you can call and you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you can call and you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you can call and you can get
+your full full weather briefing done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your full full weather briefing done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your full full weather briefing done
+there can you want me to take over now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can you want me to take over now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can you want me to take over now
+sure this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure this is
+all right so Thank You Tina covered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Thank You Tina covered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so Thank You Tina covered the
+stuff that requires a brain now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that requires a brain now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that requires a brain now I'm
+gonna just tell you about you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just tell you about you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just tell you about you know how
+do you how do you get this stuff as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you get this stuff as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you how do you get this stuff as a
+practical matter you can call this phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical matter you can call this phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical matter you can call this phone
+number it's very good when you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's very good when you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's very good when you're a
+novice pilot again think about crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novice pilot again think about crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novice pilot again think about crew
+resource management the weather briefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource management the weather briefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource management the weather briefers
+are another person that you can pull in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another person that you can pull in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are another person that you can pull in
+they may say VFR flight not recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may say VFR flight not recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may say VFR flight not recommended
+that's there at the bottom that's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there at the bottom that's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's there at the bottom that's worth
+paying attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying attention to
+they used to work for the FAA they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to work for the FAA they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to work for the FAA they were
+outsourced in 2005 and now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsourced in 2005 and now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outsourced in 2005 and now there are
+contractors from a company called leidos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors from a company called leidos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractors from a company called leidos
+so you might hear the name leidos you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might hear the name leidos you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might hear the name leidos you
+can get a full weather briefing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a full weather briefing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a full weather briefing over the
+phone I actually do this sometimes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone I actually do this sometimes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone I actually do this sometimes if
+I'm if I'm in an uber on my way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm in an uber on my way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if I'm in an uber on my way to the
+Gaithersburg Airport I'll just call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaithersburg Airport I'll just call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaithersburg Airport I'll just call the
+weather briefer and it makes life very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather briefer and it makes life very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather briefer and it makes life very
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+okay so aviation weather gov as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so aviation weather gov as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so aviation weather gov as we
+mentioned earlier has all the charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier has all the charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned earlier has all the charts
+that we saw the weather briefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw the weather briefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw the weather briefers
+themselves are on their own website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are on their own website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are on their own website
+which is a little bit of a twist on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit of a twist on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit of a twist on that
+I kind of like this site actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of like this site actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I kind of like this site actually
+because you get to set up a homepage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get to set up a homepage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get to set up a homepage
+where you pick your favorite Airport so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pick your favorite Airport so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you pick your favorite Airport so
+I picked Bedford Teterboro which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked Bedford Teterboro which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked Bedford Teterboro which is
+where you go in the New York metro area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go in the New York metro area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you go in the New York metro area
+if you enjoy paying eight or nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enjoy paying eight or nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you enjoy paying eight or nine
+dollars a gallon for gasoline and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a gallon for gasoline and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a gallon for gasoline and then
+Dulles Airport where the two the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dulles Airport where the two the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dulles Airport where the two the two
+competing FeO is also charge nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing FeO is also charge nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing FeO is also charge nine
+dollars a gallon for gasoline but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a gallon for gasoline but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a gallon for gasoline but anyway
+they'll have the meet ours for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have the meet ours for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have the meet ours for your
+favorite airports and the taps and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite airports and the taps and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite airports and the taps and all
+this and these you can set up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these you can set up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these you can set up these
+charts so basically as soon as you log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts so basically as soon as you log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts so basically as soon as you log
+in you get a whole bunch of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you get a whole bunch of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you get a whole bunch of current
+weather information that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather information that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather information that's kind of a
+nice feature for this this website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice feature for this this website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice feature for this this website and
+it is free they will give you just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is free they will give you just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is free they will give you just like
+aviation weather gov they'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation weather gov they'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation weather gov they'll give you
+the meet our here's one for Bedford from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meet our here's one for Bedford from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meet our here's one for Bedford from
+the other day I guess that's from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day I guess that's from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day I guess that's from the
+21st yeah when was three one zero so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st yeah when was three one zero so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st yeah when was three one zero so I
+was on the 21st at zero two five six ulu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the 21st at zero two five six ulu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the 21st at zero two five six ulu
+so it was late at night early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was late at night early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was late at night early in the
+morning in London when was three one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning in London when was three one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning in London when was three one
+zero at 18 knots gusting 25 10 miles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at 18 knots gusting 25 10 miles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at 18 knots gusting 25 10 miles of
+visibility clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visibility clear
+temperature was minus one one dewpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was minus one one dewpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was minus one one dewpoint
+minus one Niner altimeter two-niner four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one Niner altimeter two-niner four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one Niner altimeter two-niner four
+seven and there's a remark the peak wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and there's a remark the peak wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and there's a remark the peak wind
+was three one zero at 31 knots and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three one zero at 31 knots and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was three one zero at 31 knots and that
+happened at zero two two five Zulu time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at zero two two five Zulu time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at zero two two five Zulu time
+okay there are private websites the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are private websites the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are private websites the most
+popular free one is probably flight plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular free one is probably flight plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular free one is probably flight plan
+comm at least among the turbine crowd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm at least among the turbine crowd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comm at least among the turbine crowd
+they have very accurate models for a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very accurate models for a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very accurate models for a lot
+of jet powered or turboprop aircraft and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jet powered or turboprop aircraft and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of jet powered or turboprop aircraft and
+they have some example briefings that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some example briefings that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have some example briefings that I
+think I do want to show you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I do want to show you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I do want to show you okay
+again you'll you'll have access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll you'll have access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll you'll have access to this
+so one nice thing about flight plan comm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one nice thing about flight plan comm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one nice thing about flight plan comm
+is they start you off with an a vlog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they start you off with an a vlog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they start you off with an a vlog
+remember we talked about that and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about that and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about that and in the
+nav flog they tell you what magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nav flog they tell you what magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nav flog they tell you what magnetic
+course to steer I'm sorry they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to steer I'm sorry they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to steer I'm sorry they give you
+the magnetic course sorry May then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic course sorry May then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic course sorry May then it
+courses three or three I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses three or three I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses three or three I guess they
+don't give me the wind correction angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give me the wind correction angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't give me the wind correction angle
+or maybe the winds right in our faces no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the winds right in our faces no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe the winds right in our faces no
+it's not maybe this is not such a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not maybe this is not such a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not maybe this is not such a great
+sight all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sight all right
+well anyway they tell you roughly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway they tell you roughly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well anyway they tell you roughly how
+long it's going to take you to get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's going to take you to get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's going to take you to get there
+and they will calculate your ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will calculate your ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will calculate your ground
+speed for you so I think I put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed for you so I think I put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed for you so I think I put it in a
+piper warrior or something so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper warrior or something so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper warrior or something so this is a
+pretty low airspeed 124 knots and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low airspeed 124 knots and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty low airspeed 124 knots and you
+can see the different altitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much fuel you're gonna burn and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much fuel you're gonna burn and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much fuel you're gonna burn and how
+long it's gonna take you so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's gonna take you so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's gonna take you so it's really
+there's really not a lot of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not a lot of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not a lot of difference
+you can see here you could go at 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here you could go at 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here you could go at 10,000
+feet and take 58 minutes you could go at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet and take 58 minutes you could go at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet and take 58 minutes you could go at
+4,500 feet and it would take you an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,500 feet and it would take you an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,500 feet and it would take you an hour
+so there's not a lot to choose from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not a lot to choose from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not a lot to choose from your
+airspeed goes up a little bit as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed goes up a little bit as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed goes up a little bit as you
+climb higher but the wind is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb higher but the wind is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb higher but the wind is also a
+little bit stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're giving you the weather to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you the weather to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're giving you the weather to go
+from Bedford to Bennington Vermont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bedford to Bennington Vermont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Bedford to Bennington Vermont
+giving you a little bit of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a little bit of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a little bit of information
+about the runways you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the runways you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the runways you can look at the
+approaches their departure Aircast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches their departure Aircast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches their departure Aircast
+aircraft Airport forecast so look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft Airport forecast so look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft Airport forecast so look at
+this departure Airport NOTAMs they did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this departure Airport NOTAMs they did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this departure Airport NOTAMs they did a
+pretty good job here they pulled out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job here they pulled out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good job here they pulled out the
+most important note and they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important note and they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important note and they were doing
+snow clearing so Bedford they said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow clearing so Bedford they said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snow clearing so Bedford they said look
+runway 1 1 2 Niner is closed except with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway 1 1 2 Niner is closed except with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway 1 1 2 Niner is closed except with
+one hour of prior permission to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour of prior permission to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour of prior permission to this
+phone number how about that look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number how about that look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone number how about that look at all
+this leather NOTAMs you can really get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leather NOTAMs you can really get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leather NOTAMs you can really get
+lost because they're telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost because they're telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost because they're telling you about
+stuff you know taxiway here let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know taxiway here let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know taxiway here let's go
+here taxiway November edge markings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here taxiway November edge markings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here taxiway November edge markings
+obscured maybe by this little snow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscured maybe by this little snow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscured maybe by this little snow I
+don't know why anyway that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why anyway that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why anyway that's probably
+not really important that maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really important that maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really important that maybe it's a
+taxiway that you're not even going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiway that you're not even going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxiway that you're not even going to
+use so this is actually a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so this is actually a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so this is actually a pretty good
+computer program I think because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program I think because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer program I think because they
+put that closed runway no Tim right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that closed runway no Tim right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that closed runway no Tim right up
+at the top where you might actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top where you might actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top where you might actually see
+it and they put it in boldface anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they put it in boldface anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they put it in boldface anyway so
+that's a flight plan calm weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a flight plan calm weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a flight plan calm weather
+briefing let's see how for flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing let's see how for flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing let's see how for flight
+presents the same information you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents the same information you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents the same information you saw
+that before they also give you this wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before they also give you this wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before they also give you this wind
+temperature and turbulence oh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and turbulence oh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and turbulence oh this is a
+firt to a different spot this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firt to a different spot this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firt to a different spot this is to
+gatorsburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+significant weather from flight level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant weather from flight level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant weather from flight level
+two five zero two six three zero not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two five zero two six three zero not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two five zero two six three zero not
+going to be able to use that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to use that in the
+Cirrus unfortunately that's up above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus unfortunately that's up above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cirrus unfortunately that's up above
+25,000 feet we get the meet ours it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25,000 feet we get the meet ours it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25,000 feet we get the meet ours it
+looks like sorry the the meet ours and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like sorry the the meet ours and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like sorry the the meet ours and
+Taft so we get our meet our four hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taft so we get our meet our four hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taft so we get our meet our four hands
+come and it looks like they put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and it looks like they put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and it looks like they put in
+boldface the relevant portion of the TAF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boldface the relevant portion of the TAF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boldface the relevant portion of the TAF
+so they're saying look at your flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're saying look at your flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're saying look at your flight
+time this is the one that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the one that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is the one that's going to
+apply it's going to be better than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it's going to be better than six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it's going to be better than six
+miles of visibility but overcast at 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles of visibility but overcast at 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles of visibility but overcast at 800
+so not a bad IFR situation as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not a bad IFR situation as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not a bad IFR situation as long as
+you can handle any icing and they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can handle any icing and they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can handle any icing and they've
+color-coded a bunch of stuff so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded a bunch of stuff so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color-coded a bunch of stuff so you can
+see here at Worcester they've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here at Worcester they've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here at Worcester they've got that
+looks pretty nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're forecasting for example wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're forecasting for example wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're forecasting for example wind
+zero three zero at 1 1 knots only half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three zero at 1 1 knots only half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three zero at 1 1 knots only half a
+mile of visibility Tina helped me out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile of visibility Tina helped me out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mile of visibility Tina helped me out
+what's minus PL freezing fog I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's minus PL freezing fog I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's minus PL freezing fog I don't
+know what minus PL is but it sounds bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what minus PL is but it sounds bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what minus PL is but it sounds bad
+overcast 500s that are calling that low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast 500s that are calling that low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast 500s that are calling that low
+IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where are the NOTAMs let me see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the NOTAMs let me see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are the NOTAMs let me see what
+they did with the NOTAMs I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did with the NOTAMs I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did with the NOTAMs I think that
+was the same day ice pellets okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same day ice pellets okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same day ice pellets okay well
+we don't want that so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want that so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want that so this is an
+interesting thing for flight kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing for flight kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing for flight kind of
+missed I think it was out there maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed I think it was out there maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed I think it was out there maybe
+it's here okay so up at the top it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here okay so up at the top it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here okay so up at the top it says
+runway five two three is closed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway five two three is closed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway five two three is closed which
+normally wouldn't bother me at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally wouldn't bother me at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally wouldn't bother me at all
+because that's the crosswind runway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the crosswind runway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the crosswind runway and
+we don't like to use it unless we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like to use it unless we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't like to use it unless we have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe that note am was not out at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that note am was not out at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that note am was not out at the
+time that I got this one yeah there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I got this one yeah there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I got this one yeah there's no
+there's nothing about that PPR I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing about that PPR I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing about that PPR I guess
+they hadn't started plowing the snow at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't started plowing the snow at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hadn't started plowing the snow at
+that time anyway so the NOTAMs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time anyway so the NOTAMs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time anyway so the NOTAMs are
+important they can tell you if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they can tell you if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important they can tell you if the
+airport is having some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport is having some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airport is having some kind of
+construction going on mobile apps for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction going on mobile apps for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction going on mobile apps for
+flight is for the iPhone or iPad only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is for the iPhone or iPad only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight is for the iPhone or iPad only
+that's a major difference between for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a major difference between for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a major difference between for
+flight and Garmin pilot nav Monster is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and Garmin pilot nav Monster is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and Garmin pilot nav Monster is a
+fun free app it works at least on iOS I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun free app it works at least on iOS I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun free app it works at least on iOS I
+think on Android as well that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on Android as well that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on Android as well that gives you
+a lot of good stuff weather spork is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good stuff weather spork is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of good stuff weather spork is all
+three plat platforms so we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plat platforms so we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three plat platforms so we're just going
+to show you four flight in case you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you four flight in case you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you four flight in case you're
+not able to come to the talk tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to come to the talk tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to come to the talk tomorrow
+starting at 3:00 there's a little flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at 3:00 there's a little flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at 3:00 there's a little flavor
+of for flight notice that in the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for flight notice that in the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for flight notice that in the airport
+information page here on the left they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information page here on the left they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information page here on the left they
+highlight the fact that runway fly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the fact that runway fly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the fact that runway fly at
+five to three is closed by NOTAMs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to three is closed by NOTAMs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to three is closed by NOTAMs so
+they're making an attempt to pot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making an attempt to pot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're making an attempt to pot the
+most significant runways but actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant runways but actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most significant runways but actually a
+missed one look at this runway one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed one look at this runway one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missed one look at this runway one one
+to Niner is also closed except for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Niner is also closed except for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Niner is also closed except for this
+one our prior permission somehow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one our prior permission somehow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one our prior permission somehow that
+exception you know didn't get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception you know didn't get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception you know didn't get the
+software excited so if you showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software excited so if you showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software excited so if you showed up
+actually this is a good example of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is a good example of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is a good example of when
+you might want to run your minimum fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to run your minimum fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to run your minimum fuel
+burn maximum endurance airspeed so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn maximum endurance airspeed so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn maximum endurance airspeed so you
+get to the airport and you didn't check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the airport and you didn't check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the airport and you didn't check
+the note hams or maybe it was a newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note hams or maybe it was a newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the note hams or maybe it was a newly
+issued note am and they tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued note am and they tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued note am and they tell you the
+runways close and it won't reopen for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways close and it won't reopen for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runways close and it won't reopen for
+another half hour so in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another half hour so in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another half hour so in that case you
+know you're gonna go out and loiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're gonna go out and loiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're gonna go out and loiter
+somewhere until the airport reopens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere until the airport reopens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere until the airport reopens
+unless you want to land somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you want to land somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you want to land somewhere else
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the next page is apparently about NOTAMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next page is apparently about NOTAMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next page is apparently about NOTAMs
+and over on the right we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over on the right we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over on the right we have the
+weather which Tina already showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather which Tina already showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather which Tina already showed you
+and that you see the density altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you see the density altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you see the density altitude
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+it's minus 2500 feet it's 2,500 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 2500 feet it's 2,500 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's minus 2500 feet it's 2,500 feet
+below sea level at Hanscom field for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below sea level at Hanscom field for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below sea level at Hanscom field for
+flight can give you the TAF and the MLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight can give you the TAF and the MLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight can give you the TAF and the MLS
+as I show said so this was I think on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I show said so this was I think on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I show said so this was I think on
+Sunday and have a look there we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday and have a look there we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday and have a look there we're
+getting the weather for Wednesday so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the weather for Wednesday so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the weather for Wednesday so we
+can plan our trip to return today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plan our trip to return today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plan our trip to return today
+Wednesday and look the MLS is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and look the MLS is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday and look the MLS is pretty
+right it's nice it's a not too much wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's nice it's a not too much wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's nice it's a not too much wind
+1 9 0 at 5 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 9 0 at 5 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 9 0 at 5 knots
+overcast above 12 below 12,000 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast above 12 below 12,000 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcast above 12 below 12,000 here's
+Garmin pilot Carmen really believes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garmin pilot Carmen really believes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garmin pilot Carmen really believes in
+the old white on black like in 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old white on black like in 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old white on black like in 1970s
+monitor for flight will actually flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor for flight will actually flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor for flight will actually flip
+into sort of a style like this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of a style like this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sort of a style like this at
+nighttime and this one it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime and this one it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime and this one it doesn't
+highlight for you it's the same time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight for you it's the same time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight for you it's the same time as
+I was using for flight and nowhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was using for flight and nowhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was using for flight and nowhere in
+here this is a highlight that runway 5 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a highlight that runway 5 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a highlight that runway 5 2
+3 is closed or that two-niner is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is closed or that two-niner is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 is closed or that two-niner is having
+any kind of issue I think it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of issue I think it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of issue I think it was the
+same time I could be wrong yeah see 5 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I could be wrong yeah see 5 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time I could be wrong yeah see 5 2
+3 closed runway 1 1 2 9 closed except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 closed runway 1 1 2 9 closed except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 closed runway 1 1 2 9 closed except
+one hour prior permission so you're fat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour prior permission so you're fat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hour prior permission so you're fat
+dumb and happy looking at this page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb and happy looking at this page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumb and happy looking at this page
+getting all ready to go to Hanscom field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all ready to go to Hanscom field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting all ready to go to Hanscom field
+and then if you don't check the NOTAMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you don't check the NOTAMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you don't check the NOTAMs
+you discover that there's no runway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that there's no runway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you discover that there's no runway so
+i'm not a good reason to always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not a good reason to always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not a good reason to always have
+some reserve fuel and not over commit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reserve fuel and not over commit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reserve fuel and not over commit to
+your plan alright in flight weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan alright in flight weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your plan alright in flight weather
+sources there's something called t web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources there's something called t web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources there's something called t web
+transcribed weather broadcasts you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed weather broadcasts you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed weather broadcasts you might
+be asked about it on the exam I doubt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked about it on the exam I doubt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked about it on the exam I doubt it
+anyway in that old that's my friend Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in that old that's my friend Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway in that old that's my friend Eric
+again with his dc-3 if you were flying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with his dc-3 if you were flying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with his dc-3 if you were flying a
+dc-3 in its prime you might have heard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc-3 in its prime you might have heard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc-3 in its prime you might have heard a
+T web hi Ross is still being broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T web hi Ross is still being broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T web hi Ross is still being broadcast
+off of certain vor s that are indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of certain vor s that are indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of certain vor s that are indicated
+on the chart so look at this see that H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chart so look at this see that H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the chart so look at this see that H
+symbol there in the middle that H symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol there in the middle that H symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol there in the middle that H symbol
+tells you that if you tuned into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that if you tuned into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that if you tuned into this
+vor and tell your audio panel on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor and tell your audio panel on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor and tell your audio panel on the
+airplane that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane that you want to
+actually listen to whatever's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually listen to whatever's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually listen to whatever's being
+modulated that you'll hear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated that you'll hear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated that you'll hear this
+pre-recorded weather announcement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-recorded weather announcement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-recorded weather announcement about
+maybe thunderstorms in a certain area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe thunderstorms in a certain area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe thunderstorms in a certain area
+you can call flight service enroute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call flight service enroute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can call flight service enroute
+they're very helpful they all take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very helpful they all take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very helpful they all take a
+pirate from you and they'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirate from you and they'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirate from you and they'll tell you
+what is going on they can call your mom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on they can call your mom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going on they can call your mom
+if you're going to be late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to be late
+due to forecast statements I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to forecast statements I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to forecast statements I was
+actually flying through New York on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flying through New York on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flying through New York on my
+way to do you see and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do you see and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do you see and there were
+horrible headwinds I was in a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible headwinds I was in a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible headwinds I was in a diamond
+star which is not a very fast airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which is not a very fast airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star which is not a very fast airplane
+so when you've got a 50 knot headwind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you've got a 50 knot headwind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you've got a 50 knot headwind
+you slow down to Honda Accord speeds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slow down to Honda Accord speeds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slow down to Honda Accord speeds so
+I asked New York for a frequency change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked New York for a frequency change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked New York for a frequency change
+to flight service and they say well why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flight service and they say well why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flight service and they say well why
+do you need it and I said well I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need it and I said well I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you need it and I said well I want to
+have him call my mom and tell her I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him call my mom and tell her I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have him call my mom and tell her I'm
+gonna be late and they said oh we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be late and they said oh we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be late and they said oh we can do
+that for you so in between vectoring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you so in between vectoring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you so in between vectoring the
+air buses out to Germany they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air buses out to Germany they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air buses out to Germany they were
+calling my mom I think each controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling my mom I think each controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling my mom I think each controller
+in New York has an assistant right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York has an assistant right next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in New York has an assistant right next
+to him or her and actually made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him or her and actually made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to him or her and actually made the
+phone call you quick note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone call you quick note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone call you quick note
+the last point there so flight service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last point there so flight service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last point there so flight service
+can accept your PI rep so when we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept your PI rep so when we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can accept your PI rep so when we talked
+about how you should make a pilot report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you should make a pilot report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you should make a pilot report
+or PI rep you can call them and tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PI rep you can call them and tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or PI rep you can call them and tell
+them hey I experienced turbulence I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hey I experienced turbulence I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them hey I experienced turbulence I
+think if it's really ugly you can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if it's really ugly you can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if it's really ugly you can the
+controllers can also put it in like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers can also put it in like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllers can also put it in like if
+it's icing or wind shear they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's icing or wind shear they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's icing or wind shear they usually
+accept because wind shears such a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept because wind shears such a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept because wind shears such a bad
+thing and you're fighting the wind shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you're fighting the wind shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you're fighting the wind shear
+and trying to deal with the wind shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to deal with the wind shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to deal with the wind shear
+Seville usually except that PI rip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seville usually except that PI rip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seville usually except that PI rip
+alright next read so in this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright next read so in this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright next read so in this is actually
+this is an actual photo of our Cirrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an actual photo of our Cirrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an actual photo of our Cirrus
+screen on our way to Oshkosh so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen on our way to Oshkosh so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen on our way to Oshkosh so remember
+I showed you that one earlier which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you that one earlier which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you that one earlier which was
+the track from fly to air so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track from fly to air so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the track from fly to air so we had
+planned to go from Rutland Vermont oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned to go from Rutland Vermont oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned to go from Rutland Vermont oh
+sorry we had planned we'd planned I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we had planned we'd planned I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we had planned we'd planned I
+guess yeah we came up with a new plan we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah we came up with a new plan we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess yeah we came up with a new plan we
+really wanted to go from Bedford over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to go from Bedford over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to go from Bedford over to
+Syracuse and I think initially we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syracuse and I think initially we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Syracuse and I think initially we
+decided that going to Rutland would keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that going to Rutland would keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that going to Rutland would keep
+us away from the rain radar remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us away from the rain radar remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us away from the rain radar remember the
+radar the NEXRAD radar what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar the NEXRAD radar what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radar the NEXRAD radar what they're
+really seeing is water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seeing is water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really seeing is water
+the clouds so they can they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clouds so they can they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clouds so they can they can actually
+see rain they can't see a cloud that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rain they can't see a cloud that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see rain they can't see a cloud that's
+just vapor and it's going to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just vapor and it's going to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just vapor and it's going to produce a
+rain storm at some point they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain storm at some point they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rain storm at some point they're really
+seeing the big water droplets of rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the big water droplets of rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the big water droplets of rain
+anyway so we elected to fly over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we elected to fly over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so we elected to fly over here
+and refuel at Watertown you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and refuel at Watertown you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and refuel at Watertown you are
+consented at Syracuse Roxana was on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consented at Syracuse Roxana was on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consented at Syracuse Roxana was on that
+flight we flew through some of that rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight we flew through some of that rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight we flew through some of that rain
+and actually what's pretty smooth so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually what's pretty smooth so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually what's pretty smooth so we
+probably could have just charged through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could have just charged through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could have just charged through
+but we took a more conservative route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we took a more conservative route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we took a more conservative route
+okay so next rad data instead of paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next rad data instead of paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so next rad data instead of paying
+for a receiver in your airplane and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a receiver in your airplane and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a receiver in your airplane and then
+paying a subscription fee the FAA will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a subscription fee the FAA will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying a subscription fee the FAA will
+give you next rad data as well as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you next rad data as well as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you next rad data as well as a
+bunch of other stuffs like some text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other stuffs like some text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other stuffs like some text
+weather data that's another good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather data that's another good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather data that's another good reason
+to be able to read me tars because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to read me tars because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to read me tars because if
+you're looking at it in the cockpit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it in the cockpit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at it in the cockpit it
+could be on a pretty small display and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be on a pretty small display and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be on a pretty small display and
+the RAW format is very compact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RAW format is very compact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RAW format is very compact and
+actually very convenient for in-flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very convenient for in-flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very convenient for in-flight
+use anyway here's a little diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use anyway here's a little diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use anyway here's a little diagram of
+how its transmitted you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how its transmitted you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how its transmitted you have to have
+this you have to have let's see if yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to have let's see if yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you have to have let's see if yeah
+we talked about this yeah so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this yeah so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this yeah so you have to
+have a UAT receiver to get these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a UAT receiver to get these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a UAT receiver to get these data
+the aircraft position see the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft position see the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft position see the big
+airliner transmitting on 1090 megahertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airliner transmitting on 1090 megahertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airliner transmitting on 1090 megahertz
+extended quitter it's called that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended quitter it's called that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended quitter it's called that's fine
+but you need to be able to receive on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be able to receive on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be able to receive on
+978 megahertz which is this alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+978 megahertz which is this alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+978 megahertz which is this alternative
+frequency that I guess had more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that I guess had more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that I guess had more
+bandwidth available and that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth available and that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth available and that's where the
+FAA can push all these data up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA can push all these data up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAA can push all these data up to you
+like about other traffic even traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about other traffic even traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about other traffic even traffic
+that doesn't comply with a DSP although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't comply with a DSP although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't comply with a DSP although
+by January 1st of next year you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by January 1st of next year you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by January 1st of next year you know
+almost everybody will have a DSP out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody will have a DSP out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everybody will have a DSP out at
+least anyway so the the feds are pushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least anyway so the the feds are pushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least anyway so the the feds are pushing
+the stuff up to your airplane I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff up to your airplane I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff up to your airplane I'm going
+to turn it over to FINA now to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it over to FINA now to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn it over to FINA now to talk
+about yeah so I just added in this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah so I just added in this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah so I just added in this slide
+this is the one that we had been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that we had been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one that we had been talking
+about if you want if you're in a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you want if you're in a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you want if you're in a plane
+that does not have the a DSP receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not have the a DSP receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not have the a DSP receiver
+but you want to receive that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to receive that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to receive that information
+so that you get real-time weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get real-time weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get real-time weather
+information or real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information or real-time
+traffic information you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic information you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic information you can actually
+make that happen by building it yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen by building it yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen by building it yourself
+and I did that it really doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did that it really doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did that it really doesn't take
+very long if you if you want to seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long if you if you want to seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long if you if you want to seem
+really cool you can go and buy the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool you can go and buy the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool you can go and buy the you
+know just a regular Raspberry Pi and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just a regular Raspberry Pi and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just a regular Raspberry Pi and a
+couple different parts also that link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different parts also that link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different parts also that link
+will show you how you can just buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you how you can just buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will show you how you can just buy a
+little kit where they've put everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kit where they've put everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kit where they've put everything
+together and you just buy it it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you just buy it it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you just buy it it's very
+easy to assemble so it just has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to assemble so it just has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to assemble so it just has a little
+Raspberry Pi inside and it has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raspberry Pi inside and it has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raspberry Pi inside and it has a little
+cooling fan and then it has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling fan and then it has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling fan and then it has these
+antennas the strattice software is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas the strattice software is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antennas the strattice software is
+actually kind of free open-source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of free open-source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of free open-source
+software and it's really great and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and it's really great and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and it's really great and it
+syncs up to your to your other apps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncs up to your to your other apps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syncs up to your to your other apps so
+for example with for flight it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with for flight it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with for flight it just
+shows up like a Wi-Fi signal that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up like a Wi-Fi signal that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up like a Wi-Fi signal that you
+connect to and then while you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to and then while you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to and then while you're in the
+air when you don't have access to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air when you don't have access to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air when you don't have access to this
+data this will actually update so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this will actually update so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this will actually update so you
+can see on the right is kind of a doomed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on the right is kind of a doomed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see on the right is kind of a doomed
+in picture from for flight so it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in picture from for flight so it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in picture from for flight so it shows
+that you know you can see kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can see kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you can see kind of the
+weather on the bottom left corner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather on the bottom left corner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather on the bottom left corner and
+then you also see these little these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also see these little these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you also see these little these
+little pictures that show traffic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pictures that show traffic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pictures that show traffic so
+yeah so exactly so on the farther bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so exactly so on the farther bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so exactly so on the farther bottom
+right you can also see so it just shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can also see so it just shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can also see so it just shows
+you other other airplanes other traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other other airplanes other traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you other other airplanes other traffic
+and kind of the altitude that they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of the altitude that they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of the altitude that they're at
+and so it's really useful I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's really useful I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's really useful I think it's
+kind of nice to have especially in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice to have especially in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice to have especially in a
+little airplane to have that visibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplane to have that visibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little airplane to have that visibility
+and knowledge that you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge that you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knowledge that you're not just
+relying on flight service giving kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on flight service giving kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on flight service giving kind of
+like a area controller giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a area controller giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a area controller giving you
+traffic advisories but you can see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic advisories but you can see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic advisories but you can see it in
+advance we're about to dive into human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance we're about to dive into human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance we're about to dive into human
+factors and philip has talked a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and philip has talked a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and philip has talked a lot
+about using the person sitting next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using the person sitting next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about using the person sitting next to
+you whether they are actually a pilot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether they are actually a pilot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you whether they are actually a pilot or
+just a friend even just a friend can sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a friend even just a friend can sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a friend even just a friend can sit
+there and hold the hold the iPad and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and hold the hold the iPad and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and hold the hold the iPad and see
+the little blue traffic and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little blue traffic and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little blue traffic and then when
+they hear on the radio that someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hear on the radio that someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hear on the radio that someone's
+saying you know hey look it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know hey look it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you know hey look it looks like
+in this situation no traffic three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation no traffic three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation no traffic three
+o'clock you're trying to look for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock you're trying to look for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock you're trying to look for that
+plane well they can have a little sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well they can have a little sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane well they can have a little sense
+of okay yeah it's near that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay yeah it's near that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay yeah it's near that and then
+they can help you find the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can help you find the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can help you find the other
+aircraft so it's very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so it's very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft so it's very helpful
+how much were the parts for that Tina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much were the parts for that Tina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much were the parts for that Tina
+it's it's like eighty dollars okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like eighty dollars okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like eighty dollars okay yeah
+so the ones that you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones that you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ones that you can buy
+commercially all packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially all packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially all packed
+it's like the Stratus I think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the Stratus I think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the Stratus I think this is a
+play on Stratus issues one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play on Stratus issues one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play on Stratus issues one of the
+competitors in that market they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors in that market they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors in that market they're
+anywhere from $400 to $1,000 they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from $400 to $1,000 they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere from $400 to $1,000 they think
+they those are the commercial ones also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they those are the commercial ones also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they those are the commercial ones also
+have an electronic jot a gyro in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electronic jot a gyro in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electronic jot a gyro in there
+in a attitude and heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a attitude and heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a attitude and heading
+reference systems so they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference systems so they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference systems so they can actually
+give you on your iPad an attitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you on your iPad an attitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you on your iPad an attitude
+indicator and some information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and some information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator and some information about
+your speed and so forth all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speed and so forth all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your speed and so forth all right so
+this is a reminder too that again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reminder too that again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a reminder too that again you
+know all that all those data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all that all those data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all that all those data are
+intended to help you fly within the VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to help you fly within the VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to help you fly within the VFR
+weather minimums which provide a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather minimums which provide a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather minimums which provide a good
+margin of safety I put this 20 dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of safety I put this 20 dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin of safety I put this 20 dollar
+magazine up here for you guys because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine up here for you guys because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine up here for you guys because
+this whole talk has really been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole talk has really been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole talk has really been about
+software and different ways of spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and different ways of spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and different ways of spinning
+the same data so this is everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same data so this is everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same data so this is everything in
+case you're not a course 6 major this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're not a course 6 major this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're not a course 6 major this is
+everything you need to know to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to know to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to know to become a
+programmer in one twenty dollar magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer in one twenty dollar magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer in one twenty dollar magazine
+so we're running a little behind so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're running a little behind so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're running a little behind so I'm
+going to go straight to human factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go straight to human factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go straight to human factors
+while I'm pulling it up let Philip know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm pulling it up let Philip know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm pulling it up let Philip know
+if you have any more questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any more questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any more questions yeah
+anything going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you know if your weather briefing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if your weather briefing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know if your weather briefing
+is adequate the the professional weather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adequate the the professional weather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is adequate the the professional weather
+briefers at leidos at one 800 w x brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefers at leidos at one 800 w x brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefers at leidos at one 800 w x brief
+they tend to go a little above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to go a little above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend to go a little above and
+beyond they'll give you NOTAMs about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond they'll give you NOTAMs about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond they'll give you NOTAMs about any
+vor that's out of service on your route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor that's out of service on your route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor that's out of service on your route
+of flight even if you're navigating with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight even if you're navigating with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flight even if you're navigating with
+the gps so if you're at all unsure just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gps so if you're at all unsure just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gps so if you're at all unsure just
+you know do your web do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do your web do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do your web do your
+self-service stuff online and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-service stuff online and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-service stuff online and then just
+call 1-800 WX brief and ask for a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 1-800 WX brief and ask for a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call 1-800 WX brief and ask for a whole
+briefing it won't take you more than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing it won't take you more than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefing it won't take you more than 10
+minutes and you'll definitely be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and you'll definitely be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes and you'll definitely be at
+least oh you'll probably be over briefed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least oh you'll probably be over briefed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least oh you'll probably be over briefed
+at that point I'll tell you about on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point I'll tell you about on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point I'll tell you about on the
+tower even if you're flying you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower even if you're flying you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower even if you're flying you know at
+noon and it's you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon and it's you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noon and it's you know there's no
+possibility of it being dark and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of it being dark and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of it being dark and the
+lighting on the tower making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting on the tower making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting on the tower making a
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-gFz4HL_uhA.txt b/-gFz4HL_uhA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e302dd80ab15a25440dd829f4e09ffb869017b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-gFz4HL_uhA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon
+um before I forget today's topic is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I forget today's topic is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before I forget today's topic is uh
+is cognition and in part a good chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cognition and in part a good chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cognition and in part a good chunk of
+this lecture is going to be great based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is going to be great based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is going to be great based
+on work done by uh Kahneman and taversky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on work done by uh Kahneman and taversky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on work done by uh Kahneman and taversky
+who won the Nobel Prize for a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won the Nobel Prize for a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who won the Nobel Prize for a bunch of
+this work some years back few years a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work some years back few years a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work some years back few years a
+couple years back now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years back now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple years back now
+the reason that is of particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that is of particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that is of particular
+interest is that Danny Kahneman is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is that Danny Kahneman is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is that Danny Kahneman is here
+tomorrow speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow speaking
+e51 4 o'clock right so if you happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e51 4 o'clock right so if you happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e51 4 o'clock right so if you happen to
+be a interested in the material and B at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a interested in the material and B at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a interested in the material and B at
+leisure at four o'clock tomorrow I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure at four o'clock tomorrow I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure at four o'clock tomorrow I'd go
+hear him he's a very good speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear him he's a very good speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear him he's a very good speaker
+and there aren't that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there aren't that many
+folks who I get to talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who I get to talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who I get to talk about in
+Psychology who win Nobel prizes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology who win Nobel prizes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Psychology who win Nobel prizes so
+you should go hear him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's one characteristic of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one characteristic of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one characteristic of today's
+lecture I realize that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I realize that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I realize that the other
+characteristic of today's lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of today's lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of today's lecture is
+that I get to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get to tell you
+a bunch of things that uh are applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things that uh are applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of things that uh are applicable
+to uh to the forthcoming election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to the forthcoming election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to the forthcoming election
+um and to politics in in general uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to politics in in general uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and to politics in in general uh this
+particular swath I'm cutting through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular swath I'm cutting through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular swath I'm cutting through
+um the the large area of cognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the large area of cognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the large area of cognition
+includes a bunch of topics that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a bunch of topics that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a bunch of topics that if you
+watch the debate for instance if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the debate for instance if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the debate for instance if you've
+watched the debates thus far or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the debates thus far or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watched the debates thus far or if you
+go and watch the debate that's Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and watch the debate that's Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and watch the debate that's Friday
+right the next one's Friday Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the next one's Friday Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the next one's Friday Friday
+evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening
+you'll be able to see some of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see some of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to see some of the stuff
+I'm talking about today in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about today in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about today in um
+in action there are two large parts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action there are two large parts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in action there are two large parts to
+what I want to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to talk about
+um and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is uh
+described at least in rough detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described at least in rough detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described at least in rough detail in
+this abstract at the top of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstract at the top of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this abstract at the top of the the
+handout we can make the distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout we can make the distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout we can make the distinction
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+using the computer as a model for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the computer as a model for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the computer as a model for for
+how the brain works is a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain works is a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the brain works is a sort of a
+common game rather like using the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common game rather like using the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common game rather like using the camera
+as a model for the eye there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a model for the eye there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a model for the eye there are
+important differences one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences one of the
+important differences uh that I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences uh that I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important differences uh that I'll talk
+about that I started talking about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I started talking about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I started talking about last
+time is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is that if you
+call up a document off your laptop you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call up a document off your laptop you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call up a document off your laptop you
+are expecting that thing pulled out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expecting that thing pulled out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are expecting that thing pulled out of
+memory to be exactly what you put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to be exactly what you put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory to be exactly what you put into
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw
+as we saw at the start towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw at the start towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw at the start towards the end
+of the last lecture that's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last lecture that's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last lecture that's not true
+about human memory I'll elaborate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human memory I'll elaborate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about human memory I'll elaborate on
+that a bit the other thing you expect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bit the other thing you expect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a bit the other thing you expect is
+that your computer will do mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your computer will do mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your computer will do mathematical
+and logical operations correctly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logical operations correctly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and logical operations correctly and
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly
+um and that also turns out to be not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that also turns out to be not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that also turns out to be not
+particularly characteristic of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly characteristic of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly characteristic of human
+cognitive behavior for um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive behavior for um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive behavior for um for
+interesting reasons that I will describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting reasons that I will describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting reasons that I will describe
+in the second part of the lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the second part of the lecture so
+let's start with this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with this issue
+um this point that says that recall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this point that says that recall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this point that says that recall is
+not just taking stuff out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just taking stuff out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just taking stuff out of
+storage last time I talked about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage last time I talked about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage last time I talked about a
+couple of examples of that and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of that and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of that and those are
+the ones labeled as old on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones labeled as old on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones labeled as old on the handout
+there's the context of remembering if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the context of remembering if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the context of remembering if
+you are depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are depressed
+um your memories of childhood are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your memories of childhood are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um your memories of childhood are more
+gloomy than if you are in a good mood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloomy than if you are in a good mood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gloomy than if you are in a good mood
+um there is uh retrievers bias that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is uh retrievers bias that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is uh retrievers bias that was
+the example I was giving on the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I was giving on the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example I was giving on the example
+I was giving last time with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was giving last time with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was giving last time with these
+experiments where the knife in a uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where the knife in a uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments where the knife in a uh in a
+in a simulated altercation that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simulated altercation that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simulated altercation that you see
+the knife might move from one person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knife might move from one person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knife might move from one person's
+hand to another person hand in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to another person hand in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand to another person hand in your
+memory depending on the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory depending on the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory depending on the particular
+biases and associations in your memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases and associations in your memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biases and associations in your memory
+now let me tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me tell you about
+a few more ways in which memory is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more ways in which memory is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few more ways in which memory is not
+just like pulling a document out of out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like pulling a document out of out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like pulling a document out of out
+of uh off the hard drive somewhere one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh off the hard drive somewhere one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh off the hard drive somewhere one
+of these is are are what I've labeled on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is are are what I've labeled on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is are are what I've labeled on
+the handout is failures of source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout is failures of source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout is failures of source
+monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring
+Source monitoring Source monitoring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source monitoring Source monitoring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source monitoring Source monitoring is
+what we're busy making sure you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're busy making sure you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're busy making sure you do
+correctly on your papers telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly on your papers telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly on your papers telling us
+where the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the information
+comes from and evaluating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and evaluating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from and evaluating the
+information on the basis of where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the basis of where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on the basis of where it
+comes from it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from it turns out that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that that's not as easy to do as as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not as easy to do as as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not as easy to do as as one
+might think it ought to be indeed I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think it ought to be indeed I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think it ought to be indeed I got
+this quote from euripides on the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quote from euripides on the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quote from euripides on the handout
+that says man's most valuable trait is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says man's most valuable trait is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says man's most valuable trait is a
+judicious sense of what not to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicious sense of what not to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicious sense of what not to believe
+if you hear something that's clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear something that's clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear something that's clearly
+false is it possible for you to not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is it possible for you to not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false is it possible for you to not be
+influenced by by that this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by by that this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced by by that this turns out to
+have been a a question that philosophers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a a question that philosophers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a a question that philosophers
+have worried about Descartes thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worried about Descartes thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worried about Descartes thought
+that the answer to the question was yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer to the question was yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer to the question was yes
+if you hear a fact if you hear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear a fact if you hear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hear a fact if you hear a
+statement it's clearly false you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it's clearly false you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement it's clearly false you can
+label it as clearly false and and in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it as clearly false and and in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label it as clearly false and and in a
+sense put it aside Spinoza in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense put it aside Spinoza in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense put it aside Spinoza in contrast
+thought that it would be very nice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it would be very nice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it would be very nice if
+that were true but he doubted that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were true but he doubted that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were true but he doubted that it
+really was this has subsequently been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was this has subsequently been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was this has subsequently been
+tested uh experimentally and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested uh experimentally and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested uh experimentally and I don't
+have enough colored chalk around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough colored chalk around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough colored chalk around but
+I'll I'll simulate it here's what Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll simulate it here's what Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll simulate it here's what Dan
+Gilbert and his colleagues did a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilbert and his colleagues did a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilbert and his colleagues did a few
+years back they did an experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years back they did an experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years back they did an experiment where
+you read little biographies of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read little biographies of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read little biographies of people
+and um and some of the material the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and some of the material the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and some of the material the the
+material you're reading is color coded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you're reading is color coded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you're reading is color coded
+and so you're reading along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're reading along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you're reading along
+and then some of it here we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of it here we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some of it here we'll use
+straight lines for a different color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines for a different color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines for a different color
+some of it is red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it is red
+if it's red it's a lie don't believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's red it's a lie don't believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's red it's a lie don't believe it
+if it's green it's true and if it's red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's green it's true and if it's red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's green it's true and if it's red
+it's a lie and true and you know and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lie and true and you know and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lie and true and you know and so
+on read a paragraph of this stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on read a paragraph of this stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on read a paragraph of this stuff we're
+going to make sure that you read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that you read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make sure that you read it
+because we're going to test you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to test you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to test you
+afterwards and and make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and and make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and and make sure that you
+actually know what it said because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what it said because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know what it said because it's
+very boring to discover that you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring to discover that you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very boring to discover that you can you
+you can ignore lies if you don't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ignore lies if you don't ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ignore lies if you don't ever
+hear the lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the lies
+um but you're gonna we we know we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're gonna we we know we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you're gonna we we know we know
+you've heard these various lies and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard these various lies and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've heard these various lies and then
+what we'll do is ask you about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is ask you about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is ask you about this
+person and the the metric they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and the the metric they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and the the metric they were
+using was a a scale between college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using was a a scale between college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using was a a scale between college
+student and criminal I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and criminal I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and criminal I believe
+um and you were sort of asked how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you were sort of asked how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you were sort of asked how how
+criminal you thought these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal you thought these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal you thought these particular
+people yeah so you're reading the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah so you're reading the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people yeah so you're reading the long
+and you know so and so is is taking 1803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so and so is is taking 1803
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know so and so is is taking 1803
+and and uh steals calculators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh steals calculators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh steals calculators
+um and uh you know does the problem sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know does the problem sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know does the problem sets
+reasonably reliably and then fences the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably reliably and then fences the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably reliably and then fences the
+calculators and and and so on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators and and and so on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculators and and and so on right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the result is that even though you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that even though you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that even though you you
+know that the statements are false your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the statements are false your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the statements are false your
+opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion
+of the uh of this hypothetical person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of this hypothetical person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh of this hypothetical person is
+lowered by negative lies and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered by negative lies and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowered by negative lies and and
+reciprocally raised by positive lies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocally raised by positive lies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocally raised by positive lies you
+can't uh completely discount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh completely discount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh completely discount the
+information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh that that you're hearing even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that you're hearing even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that you're hearing even if you
+know it's a lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a lie
+um now if it is not immediately obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if it is not immediately obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now if it is not immediately obvious
+to you that this has direct relevance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that this has direct relevance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you that this has direct relevance to
+the current political campaign you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current political campaign you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current political campaign you can
+ask yourself about the behavior you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself about the behavior you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself about the behavior you can
+see in this campaign or in any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this campaign or in any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this campaign or in any other
+campaign that you ever care to subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign that you ever care to subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign that you ever care to subject
+yourself to which is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to which is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to which is you get
+um you get charges that are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get charges that are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you get charges that are made
+typically by surrogates of the candidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically by surrogates of the candidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically by surrogates of the candidate
+so an example a clear example this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example a clear example this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an example a clear example this year
+would be the charge is about carries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the charge is about carries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the charge is about carries
+Vietnam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vietnam
+um Behavior brought by the Swift vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavior brought by the Swift vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Behavior brought by the Swift vote
+people not directly by the Bush campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not directly by the Bush campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not directly by the Bush campaign
+um and I should be able to think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I should be able to think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I should be able to think of a
+flip side oh the the the National Guard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side oh the the the National Guard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip side oh the the the National Guard
+stuff for Bush right regardless of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for Bush right regardless of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff for Bush right regardless of the
+truth we're not going to get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth we're not going to get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth we're not going to get into the
+truth assertion of this but in in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth assertion of this but in in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth assertion of this but in in both
+cases the the the the really nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the the the the really nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the the the the really nasty
+attacks are raised by surrogates if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are raised by surrogates if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks are raised by surrogates if it
+is then proved to be a lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then proved to be a lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then proved to be a lie
+then the uh the candidate can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh the candidate can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the uh the candidate can have the
+uh the great and Noble uh opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great and Noble uh opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great and Noble uh opportunity to
+run around the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run around the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run around the country
+saying I think that you know look people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I think that you know look people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I think that you know look people
+should not be saying that John Kerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be saying that John Kerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be saying that John Kerry
+molest small animals it's a lie that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molest small animals it's a lie that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molest small animals it's a lie that he
+molests small animals anybody who says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molests small animals anybody who says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molests small animals anybody who says
+that should be you know it's given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be you know it's given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be you know it's given a
+dope slap and and I would never say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope slap and and I would never say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope slap and and I would never say
+anything like John Kerry molest small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like John Kerry molest small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like John Kerry molest small
+animals and and and I will tell all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and and and I will tell all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals and and and I will tell all of
+my people not to say that John Kerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my people not to say that John Kerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my people not to say that John Kerry
+molest small animals and and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molest small animals and and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molest small animals and and then you
+can and and you can go home with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and and you can go home with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and and you can go home with this
+righteous feeling around you saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteous feeling around you saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+righteous feeling around you saying that
+I've done the right thing of condemning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the right thing of condemning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done the right thing of condemning
+this smear not only that I've spread it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smear not only that I've spread it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this smear not only that I've spread it
+around a bit and the thumb suckers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bit and the thumb suckers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a bit and the thumb suckers are
+gonna believe it it's not gonna swing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna believe it it's not gonna swing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna believe it it's not gonna swing
+the election one way or the other but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election one way or the other but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election one way or the other but
+it's going to push things and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to push things and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to push things and and
+political campaigns do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political campaigns do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political campaigns do this
+absolutely routinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely routinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely routinely
+um perhaps not out of a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps not out of a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps not out of a completely
+Machiavellian understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machiavellian understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machiavellian understanding of the
+psychology but because they know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology but because they know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology but because they know it
+works in some fashion I don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in some fashion I don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works in some fashion I don't know that
+they're sitting around reading Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sitting around reading Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sitting around reading Dan
+Gilbert's papers to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilbert's papers to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gilbert's papers to uh
+to figure this sort of thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure this sort of thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure this sort of thing out
+um this has applications elsewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this has applications elsewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this has applications elsewhere in
+your in your life too it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your life too it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in your life too it's very
+important to understand uh I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand uh I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand uh I'm gonna
+take zinc because it's going to make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zinc because it's going to make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take zinc because it's going to make I
+mean it's going to keep me from getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to keep me from getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's going to keep me from getting
+colds now why do I think that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colds now why do I think that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colds now why do I think that is that
+because you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know my
+Aunt June who's the medical wacko of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aunt June who's the medical wacko of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aunt June who's the medical wacko of the
+family thinks that's true or is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family thinks that's true or is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family thinks that's true or is that
+because I read it in the Journal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I read it in the Journal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I read it in the Journal of the
+American Medical Association it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Medical Association it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Medical Association it makes a
+difference where the information comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference where the information comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference where the information comes
+from so some sort of an ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so some sort of an ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so some sort of an ability to
+evaluate the sources is important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sources is important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sources is important and
+the fact that we're not very good at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're not very good at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're not very good at it
+is problematic a particular subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is problematic a particular subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is problematic a particular subset of
+the problems with Source monitoring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems with Source monitoring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problems with Source monitoring is
+what's known as cryptamnesia and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as cryptamnesia and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as cryptamnesia and that's
+the problem where you don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem where you don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem where you don't remember
+where your own ideas come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your own ideas come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your own ideas come from
+the canonical form of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical form of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical form of this
+in a setting like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a setting like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a setting like uh
+um uh like MIT actually this is the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh like MIT actually this is the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh like MIT actually this is the this
+is the part of the lecture for the Tas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of the lecture for the Tas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the part of the lecture for the Tas
+the canonical version of this is you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical version of this is you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical version of this is you go
+to your doctoral advisor with a bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your doctoral advisor with a bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your doctoral advisor with a bright
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+yeah I got this cool idea for a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I got this cool idea for a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I got this cool idea for a new
+experiment your doctor advisor looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment your doctor advisor looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment your doctor advisor looks at
+you says that's stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you says that's stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you says that's stupid
+and you go away you know you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go away you know you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go away you know you're kind of
+devastated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devastated
+next week in lab meeting your doctoral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week in lab meeting your doctoral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week in lab meeting your doctoral
+advisor has this really bright new idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor has this really bright new idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advisor has this really bright new idea
+it's your idea he thinks it's his idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your idea he thinks it's his idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your idea he thinks it's his idea
+he does not he's not being asleep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does not he's not being asleep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does not he's not being asleep and
+probably not being a slime ball just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not being a slime ball just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not being a slime ball just say
+I'm gonna steal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna steal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna steal
+their ideas it's you actually forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas it's you actually forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas it's you actually forget
+where it comes from and in the absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from and in the absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes from and in the absence
+of a clear memory of where the idea came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a clear memory of where the idea came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a clear memory of where the idea came
+from if I've got an idea in my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if I've got an idea in my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from if I've got an idea in my head
+about my research gee I wonder where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my research gee I wonder where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my research gee I wonder where
+that came from it came from my I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from it came from my I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came from it came from my I think
+they come from my shower head because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from my shower head because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from my shower head because
+all the good ideas I have always come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the good ideas I have always come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the good ideas I have always come in
+the shower but you know most people tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower but you know most people tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower but you know most people tend
+to think it comes from them I just cite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think it comes from them I just cite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think it comes from them I just cite
+the shower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shower
+um but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the uh
+this is actually a very good argument by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a very good argument by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a very good argument by
+the way for taking copious notes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way for taking copious notes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way for taking copious notes in a
+lab book when you work in a lab because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab book when you work in a lab because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab book when you work in a lab because
+if it ever gets to the point of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it ever gets to the point of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it ever gets to the point of an
+argument you want to be able to say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you want to be able to say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you want to be able to say look
+in this dated entry from October 5th ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this dated entry from October 5th ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this dated entry from October 5th ten
+thousand and ten thousand two thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and ten thousand two thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and ten thousand two thousand
+and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four
+um might take you a long time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might take you a long time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might take you a long time to get
+your doctorate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your doctorate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your doctorate
+um yeah here here here's the idea I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah here here here's the idea I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah here here here's the idea I I
+wrote down this idea and then I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down this idea and then I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down this idea and then I wrote
+down this tear stained comment where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this tear stained comment where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this tear stained comment where you
+told me I was a doofus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me I was a doofus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me I was a doofus
+um but it I I anyway I really do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it I I anyway I really do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it I I anyway I really do think
+this was my idea and I ought to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was my idea and I ought to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was my idea and I ought to be an
+author on the paper that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author on the paper that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author on the paper that you just
+submitted about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted about it
+um anyway it's a serious problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it's a serious problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway it's a serious problem the
+another place where that shows up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where that shows up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place where that shows up is
+um you there are recurring scandals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you there are recurring scandals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you there are recurring scandals in
+in the sort of academic book publishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sort of academic book publishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sort of academic book publishing
+world where some well-respected author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where some well-respected author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where some well-respected author
+is proven to have taken a chunk out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proven to have taken a chunk out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proven to have taken a chunk out of
+somebody else's book or something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's book or something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's book or something very
+close to a chunk out of somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a chunk out of somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a chunk out of somebody else's
+book and publish it some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and publish it some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and publish it some people are
+doing that because they're sloppy slimy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that because they're sloppy slimy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that because they're sloppy slimy
+people other people are doing it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people other people are doing it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people other people are doing it because
+you read a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read a lot of stuff
+maybe you took good notes maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you took good notes maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you took good notes maybe you
+didn't and then when you start writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't and then when you start writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't and then when you start writing
+this clever phrase comes to you or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clever phrase comes to you or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this clever phrase comes to you or maybe
+it's just a pedestrian phrase comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a pedestrian phrase comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a pedestrian phrase comes to
+mind but a phrase comes to mind and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but a phrase comes to mind and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind but a phrase comes to mind and you
+simply have forgotten the source of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have forgotten the source of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply have forgotten the source of that
+phrase which is that you got it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase which is that you got it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase which is that you got it from
+somebody else's writing and then lo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's writing and then lo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's writing and then lo and
+behold it's it's a a strong argument for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold it's it's a a strong argument for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behold it's it's a a strong argument for
+making sure that you keep very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you keep very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you keep very clear
+track of where you're getting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of where you're getting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of where you're getting your
+material from and it's part of why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from and it's part of why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material from and it's part of why we
+beat so hard on the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat so hard on the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat so hard on the notion of
+referencing in in papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing in in papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing in in papers
+in a uh in a course like this that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uh in a course like this that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a uh in a course like this that's um
+that's what that's what Crypt Amnesia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what Crypt Amnesia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that's what Crypt Amnesia is
+in uh in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in any case
+um so those are failures of source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are failures of source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are failures of source
+monitoring it is also possible to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring it is also possible to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring it is also possible to move
+on to the next one to have memories that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next one to have memories that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next one to have memories that
+feel like Memories but just are not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like Memories but just are not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like Memories but just are not true
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+again Liz Loftus has done some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Liz Loftus has done some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Liz Loftus has done some of the
+most interesting research on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting research on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most interesting research on this
+um one of the well one of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the well one of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of the well one of her
+experiments another one of these car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments another one of these car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments another one of these car
+crash experiments remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash experiments remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash experiments remember the
+experiment of you know how fast did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of you know how fast did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment of you know how fast did the
+car smash or bump or tap or whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car smash or bump or tap or whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car smash or bump or tap or whatever it
+was into the other car well here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was into the other car well here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was into the other car well here's
+another one you watch another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one you watch another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one you watch another one of
+these videos of a car getting into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos of a car getting into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these videos of a car getting into a a
+an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an accident
+um and the part of the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the part of the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the part of the problem is that
+the car went straight through a yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car went straight through a yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car went straight through a yield
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+later you are given information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you are given information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you are given information that
+suggests that it might have been a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that it might have been a stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that it might have been a stop
+sign you can do this in a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you can do this in a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign you can do this in a variety of
+ways including ways that tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways including ways that tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways including ways that tell you that
+that is bad information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bad information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is bad information
+um another source source monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another source source monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another source source monitoring
+problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but
+given later information that it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given later information that it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given later information that it was a
+stop sign not a yield sign people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop sign not a yield sign people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop sign not a yield sign people will
+incorrectly remember it in some not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly remember it in some not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly remember it in some not
+everybody but you will get a percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but you will get a percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody but you will get a percentage
+of people who will now misremember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who will now misremember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who will now misremember the
+original seen as having had a stop sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original seen as having had a stop sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original seen as having had a stop sign
+in it and we'll if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and we'll if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and we'll if you ask
+what color was the sign they'll say red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color was the sign they'll say red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color was the sign they'll say red
+even though a yield sign would be yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though a yield sign would be yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though a yield sign would be yellow
+and was yellow in the uh in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was yellow in the uh in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was yellow in the uh in the actual
+video that you saw so you've recreated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that you saw so you've recreated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video that you saw so you've recreated
+you you've now put together the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've now put together the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've now put together the true
+memory with some false later information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory with some false later information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory with some false later information
+and it's corrupted that true memory now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's corrupted that true memory now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's corrupted that true memory now
+this is of more well that that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of more well that that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of more well that that that's
+obviously some interest in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously some interest in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously some interest in terms of
+getting testimony in court and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting testimony in court and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting testimony in court and things
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+um the place where this has become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the place where this has become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the place where this has become
+extremely controversial and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely controversial and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely controversial and and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh well a a real problem is the issue uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well a a real problem is the issue uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well a a real problem is the issue uh
+is it possible to recover memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to recover memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to recover memories
+that were suppressed suppose something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were suppressed suppose something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were suppressed suppose something
+really bad happens to you when you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad happens to you when you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad happens to you when you're a
+kid is it possible to suppress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid is it possible to suppress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid is it possible to suppress that
+memory and not have it uh available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and not have it uh available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and not have it uh available to
+you until some later point at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until some later point at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you until some later point at which
+point you now remember this memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you now remember this memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you now remember this memory
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is that possible the evidence suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that possible the evidence suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that possible the evidence suggests
+that it may indeed be possible to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may indeed be possible to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it may indeed be possible to not
+think about something for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about something for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about something for a very long
+time have it Bubble Up in into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time have it Bubble Up in into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time have it Bubble Up in into your
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+um sadly the evidence is also strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sadly the evidence is also strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sadly the evidence is also strong
+that it is possible for stuff to Bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is possible for stuff to Bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is possible for stuff to Bubble
+Up into your memory that isn't true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up into your memory that isn't true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up into your memory that isn't true
+under the correct under under the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the correct under under the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the correct under under the right
+circumstances if what's bubbling up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances if what's bubbling up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances if what's bubbling up into
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory
+is memories of for instance childhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is memories of for instance childhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is memories of for instance childhood
+sexual abuse for which there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual abuse for which there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual abuse for which there were a
+large number of criminal cases about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of criminal cases about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of criminal cases about a
+decade ago now it's a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago now it's a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade ago now it's a really important
+question to know whether these are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to know whether these are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to know whether these are real
+memories and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories and it is
+um it is deeply unclear that there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is deeply unclear that there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it is deeply unclear that there's any
+clear any nice neat way to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear any nice neat way to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear any nice neat way to know the
+answer now lock obviously you can't one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer now lock obviously you can't one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer now lock obviously you can't one
+of the reasons it's very unclear is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons it's very unclear is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons it's very unclear is you
+can't do the real experiment you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do the real experiment you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do the real experiment you can't
+take a little kid abuse the little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little kid abuse the little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little kid abuse the little kid
+um and and say let's come back 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and say let's come back 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and say let's come back 20 years
+and see if they recover the memory I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if they recover the memory I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if they recover the memory I
+mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's
+doesn't take a genius to figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take a genius to figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take a genius to figure out that
+that's not going to work but Liz Loftus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to work but Liz Loftus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to work but Liz Loftus
+has a very nice experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very nice experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a very nice experiment
+that that points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that points
+in the direction of of the points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of of the points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the direction of of the points in the
+direction of this sort of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this sort of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of this sort of problem
+um here's what she did you go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's what she did you go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's what she did you go and
+interview families about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview families about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview families about
+um let's take one specific example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take one specific example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's take one specific example
+getting lost in a mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting lost in a mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting lost in a mall
+yeah did uh did you ever get lots did so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did uh did you ever get lots did so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah did uh did you ever get lots did so
+and so you don't so and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't so and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you don't so and so the
+designated subject well here we do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated subject well here we do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated subject well here we do you
+are Olga oh do you ever get lost in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Olga oh do you ever get lost in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Olga oh do you ever get lost in the
+mall okay good we won't ask for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall okay good we won't ask for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mall okay good we won't ask for that but
+we'll ask her family whether Olga ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ask her family whether Olga ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll ask her family whether Olga ever
+got lost in the mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lost in the mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lost in the mall
+and that's no no that never happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's no no that never happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's no no that never happened
+okay good got a brother or sister good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good got a brother or sister good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good got a brother or sister good
+what do you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you got
+brother okay so now we now now we we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother okay so now we now now we we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother okay so now we now now we we uh
+call her brother aside here and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call her brother aside here and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call her brother aside here and say
+we're going to do a little experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a little experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do a little experiment
+here go ask Olga if she remembers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go ask Olga if she remembers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go ask Olga if she remembers the
+time that she got lost in the mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that she got lost in the mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that she got lost in the mall
+and you do this with a lot of Olga mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this with a lot of Olga mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you do this with a lot of Olga mayor
+you know Olga might look at her brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Olga might look at her brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Olga might look at her brother
+and say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say no
+and that's the end of that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end of that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the end of that particular
+experiment but some percentage of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but some percentage of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but some percentage of people
+given brother who seems to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given brother who seems to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given brother who seems to think that
+this happened at some point was yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened at some point was yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happened at some point was yeah I
+remember that well tell me about it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that well tell me about it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that well tell me about it well
+you know how this story goes even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how this story goes even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how this story goes even if you
+were never lost in the mall we could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were never lost in the mall we could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were never lost in the mall we could ask
+Olga she could generate the story pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olga she could generate the story pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olga she could generate the story pretty
+successfully you know it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully you know it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully you know it would be
+something like well you know I was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like well you know I was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like well you know I was there
+with my parents right and and and and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my parents right and and and and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my parents right and and and and I
+was looking at these toys like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at these toys like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was looking at these toys like in the
+window and then I I followed these I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and then I I followed these I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window and then I I followed these I was
+little you know I was really little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know I was really little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little you know I was really little
+because you don't get lost in the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't get lost in the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't get lost in the ball
+when you're like 18 or something so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're like 18 or something so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're like 18 or something so I
+little I'm following these legs around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I'm following these legs around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little I'm following these legs around
+and it turns out to be the wrong legs I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out to be the wrong legs I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out to be the wrong legs I
+thought it was my mom and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was my mom and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was my mom and it was
+somebody else and I started to cry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else and I started to cry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else and I started to cry and
+and and and then this big man came and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then this big man came and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then this big man came and
+he took me uh to the to the to the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took me uh to the to the to the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took me uh to the to the to the like
+Security Guys and they announced it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security Guys and they announced it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Security Guys and they announced it over
+the the PA system that uh that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PA system that uh that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the PA system that uh that I was
+lost and my mother came back and and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and my mother came back and and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost and my mother came back and and yet
+people fill in really good detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people fill in really good detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people fill in really good detailed
+stories of this that are apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of this that are apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories of this that are apparently
+invented out of out of well not out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented out of out of well not out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented out of out of well not out of
+really whole cloth I suppose they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really whole cloth I suppose they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really whole cloth I suppose they're
+invented out of the the understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented out of the the understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented out of the the understanding
+you have of the possibility of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have of the possibility of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have of the possibility of being
+lost in the mall and and and the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in the mall and and and the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in the mall and and and the sort of
+childhood fear of being lost in the mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood fear of being lost in the mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+childhood fear of being lost in the mall
+but it's not a real memory feels like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a real memory feels like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not a real memory feels like a
+real memory subjects and loftuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real memory subjects and loftuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real memory subjects and loftuses
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+um confronted later with the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um confronted later with the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um confronted later with the reality
+that this was all us set up were kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was all us set up were kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was all us set up were kind
+you know often quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often quite
+you sure I was never lost in the mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure I was never lost in the mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sure I was never lost in the mall
+no says Olga's brother Liz Loftus just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no says Olga's brother Liz Loftus just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no says Olga's brother Liz Loftus just
+told me to tell you that and oh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me to tell you that and oh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me to tell you that and oh a little
+weird but the point is it is possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but the point is it is possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird but the point is it is possible to
+generate things that feel like memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate things that feel like memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate things that feel like memories
+that are not Memories yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um if you get routinely confused about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you get routinely confused about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you get routinely confused about
+what happens in your dreams and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in your dreams and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens in your dreams and what
+happens in in reality uh that that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in reality uh that that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in in reality uh that that's uh
+that that's known in the trade as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's known in the trade as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's known in the trade as a
+failure of reality testing and and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of reality testing and and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of reality testing and and is
+not considered a good psychology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considered a good psychology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not considered a good psychology
+psychiatric sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatric sign
+um but sure those those sorts of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sure those those sorts of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but sure those those sorts of uh
+those sorts of things are are possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of things are are possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sorts of things are are possible
+particularly when you end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you end up having
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+desperately realistic kinds of dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately realistic kinds of dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately realistic kinds of dreams
+the sorts of the sorts of things where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of the sorts of things where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorts of the sorts of things where
+these sort of reality testing things do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of reality testing things do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of reality testing things do
+do you some dirt is how many people I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you some dirt is how many people I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you some dirt is how many people I'll
+probably ask this again when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ask this again when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably ask this again when we talk
+about sleeping dreams but never mind how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sleeping dreams but never mind how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sleeping dreams but never mind how
+many people have had the dream of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have had the dream of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people have had the dream of their
+alarm clock going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm clock going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarm clock going off
+dreamed that they turned off their alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamed that they turned off their alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamed that they turned off their alarm
+clock and got up only to then discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and got up only to then discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock and got up only to then discover
+oh man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh man
+I'm in bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in bed
+and I'm supposed to be in my you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm supposed to be in my you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm supposed to be in my you know my
+psych recitation or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych recitation or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psych recitation or something like that
+or at least tried to give that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least tried to give that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least tried to give that as a
+story to their ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to their ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story to their ta
+um so yeah there are other there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah there are other there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so yeah there are other there are
+possible sources of of uh confusion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sources of of uh confusion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sources of of uh confusion like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+last item on this list of of sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last item on this list of of sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last item on this list of of sources of
+possible confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible confusion
+um is I think says something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is I think says something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is I think says something like
+becoming plastic again this this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming plastic again this this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming plastic again this this is uh
+new stuff which I will come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stuff which I will come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stuff which I will come to
+momentarily that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memories or if they haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories or if they haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories or if they haven't really
+occurred wouldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know I think I was like sexually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I think I was like sexually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know I think I was like sexually
+abused as a child is there a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abused as a child is there a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abused as a child is there a way to
+determine is this like there is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine is this like there is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine is this like there is at the
+present time no iron-clad way to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time no iron-clad way to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present time no iron-clad way to know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um I mean some you know sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean some you know sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I mean some you know sometimes you
+can go and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and get
+um evidence and then there's no Ironclad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um evidence and then there's no Ironclad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um evidence and then there's no Ironclad
+way to know simply from the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to know simply from the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to know simply from the memory
+testimony I mean there may be ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimony I mean there may be ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimony I mean there may be ways to
+find out by talking to other Witnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out by talking to other Witnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out by talking to other Witnesses
+or something like that there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that there have been
+various efforts to look for instance at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various efforts to look for instance at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various efforts to look for instance at
+brain activity and see whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activity and see whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain activity and see whether or not
+there's a a difference in the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a difference in the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a a difference in the pattern
+you can so you do this in the lab create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can so you do this in the lab create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can so you do this in the lab create
+a false memory and and a real memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false memory and and a real memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a false memory and and a real memory and
+see if you can see the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can see the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can see the difference
+somehow in in um in a fmri scan or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in in um in a fmri scan or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in in um in a fmri scan or
+something of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that sort
+um there are hints that maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are hints that maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are hints that maybe you can
+get there it's like lie detectors a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there it's like lie detectors a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there it's like lie detectors a
+fascinating topic for a whole lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating topic for a whole lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating topic for a whole lecture
+that I'm not giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm not giving
+um there is no iron-clad way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no iron-clad way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no iron-clad way of
+um telling a lie from the truth by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um telling a lie from the truth by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um telling a lie from the truth by
+wiring anybody up regardless of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring anybody up regardless of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiring anybody up regardless of what
+um the the FBI tells you actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the FBI tells you actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the FBI tells you actually I
+shouldn't be telling you this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be telling you this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be telling you this because
+the only reason that these things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason that these things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason that these things work
+is because people think they work if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because people think they work if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because people think they work if you
+think that the lie detector is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the lie detector is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the lie detector is really
+going to work then if you're lying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work then if you're lying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work then if you're lying you
+tend to get kind of more nervous than if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to get kind of more nervous than if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to get kind of more nervous than if
+you don't think that then if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think that then if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't think that then if you're
+telling the truth and that's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth and that's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the truth and that's what they
+can monitor but a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can monitor but a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can monitor but a really good
+pathological liar or a well-trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological liar or a well-trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological liar or a well-trained
+agent is apparently pretty good at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent is apparently pretty good at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent is apparently pretty good at at
+getting past your average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting past your average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting past your average
+um lie detector lots of people you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lie detector lots of people you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lie detector lots of people you can
+get serious defense money by having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get serious defense money by having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get serious defense money by having a
+brilliant new idea about how to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant new idea about how to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant new idea about how to tell
+truth from lie and real memory from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth from lie and real memory from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth from lie and real memory from
+false memory there there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false memory there there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false memory there there's a lot of
+interest in doing that but but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in doing that but but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in doing that but but no
+iron-clad way of of doing it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron-clad way of of doing it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron-clad way of of doing it at the
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+mates for great sci-fi novels though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mates for great sci-fi novels though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mates for great sci-fi novels though
+right well what's going to happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what's going to happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well what's going to happen when
+we finally figure out that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally figure out that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finally figure out that we can
+actually stick this thing on your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stick this thing on your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stick this thing on your head
+and tell what your memories whether your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell what your memories whether your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell what your memories whether your
+memories are true or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories are true or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories are true or not
+but at the moment it's still sci-fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the moment it's still sci-fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the moment it's still sci-fi
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+not quite sci-fi but but still very new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sci-fi but but still very new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite sci-fi but but still very new
+is the um is the indication remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um is the indication remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the um is the indication remember I
+talked about consolidation last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about consolidation last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about consolidation last time
+this process of making a fragile memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of making a fragile memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process of making a fragile memory
+into something that will last for years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that will last for years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that will last for years
+and years there is evidence at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years there is evidence at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and years there is evidence at least
+from rats in a fairly restricted range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rats in a fairly restricted range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rats in a fairly restricted range
+of studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of studies that
+when you recover when you recall a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you recover when you recall a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you recover when you recall a
+memory when you bring it back out of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when you bring it back out of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory when you bring it back out of say
+long-term memory into that working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory into that working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory into that working
+memory that it becomes plastic again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that it becomes plastic again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory that it becomes plastic again and
+that perhaps some of the distortions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps some of the distortions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perhaps some of the distortions in
+memory can Arise at that point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory can Arise at that point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory can Arise at that point because
+the memory is again plastic and needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory is again plastic and needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory is again plastic and needs to
+be reconsolidated in order to be um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reconsolidated in order to be um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reconsolidated in order to be um in
+effect restored so you bring the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect restored so you bring the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect restored so you bring the you
+bring it out it's now vulnerable again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it out it's now vulnerable again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it out it's now vulnerable again
+in ways that it wasn't before you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that it wasn't before you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ways that it wasn't before you uh
+um before you remembered it my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before you remembered it my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before you remembered it my guess is
+that if you come back to the course 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you come back to the course 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you come back to the course 10
+years from now that that will be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now that that will be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years from now that that will be that
+there'll be much more to be said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be much more to be said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be much more to be said about
+that that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's that's uh
+that's new and and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is that recall out of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that recall out of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that recall out of memory
+retrieval out of memory is an act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieval out of memory is an act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieval out of memory is an act of
+reconstruction it has multiple pitfalls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction it has multiple pitfalls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction it has multiple pitfalls
+in it that might cause what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that might cause what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it that might cause what you are
+pulling out as a memory to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out as a memory to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling out as a memory to be
+um distorted in some fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um distorted in some fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um distorted in some fashion
+or uh or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh or other
+um now the uh the second part the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the uh the second part the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the uh the second part the larger
+part of what I want to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what I want to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what I want to talk about today
+is the sense in which we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sense in which we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sense in which we are not
+um simple logic engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simple logic engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simple logic engines
+um in the way that our computers most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the way that our computers most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the way that our computers most of
+the time are now one way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time are now one way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time are now one way to think about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is to think about a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think about a distinction
+um between what's called narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between what's called narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between what's called narrative
+thought and propositional thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and propositional thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought and propositional thought
+um propositional thought and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um propositional thought and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um propositional thought and and this
+runs parallel narrative thought and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs parallel narrative thought and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs parallel narrative thought and
+episodic memory propositional thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memory propositional thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episodic memory propositional thought
+and semantic memory they they they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and semantic memory they they they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and semantic memory they they they they
+travel together so propositional thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel together so propositional thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel together so propositional thought
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well the sort of thought that your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the sort of thought that your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the sort of thought that your your
+uh computer would be good at you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer would be good at you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer would be good at you know is
+moving symbols around is X bigger than y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving symbols around is X bigger than y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving symbols around is X bigger than y
+um and um uh I'm trying to there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um uh I'm trying to there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and um uh I'm trying to there's a
+problem set kind of thinking is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set kind of thinking is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set kind of thinking is mostly
+propositional thought narrative thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional thought narrative thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositional thought narrative thought
+is thought that uh that has a story like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thought that uh that has a story like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thought that uh that has a story like
+uh aspect to it uh perhaps an episodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aspect to it uh perhaps an episodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aspect to it uh perhaps an episodic
+memory type aspect to it so an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory type aspect to it so an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory type aspect to it so an example
+of narrative thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of narrative thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of narrative thought
+um might be uh there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might be uh there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might be uh there's some
+do you want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to go to
+the party that is happening on Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party that is happening on Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the party that is happening on Saturday
+night at Alpha Beta gamma house or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night at Alpha Beta gamma house or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night at Alpha Beta gamma house or
+something like that how do you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that how do you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that how do you figure
+that out well you probably don't do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out well you probably don't do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out well you probably don't do some
+you know symbolic cost benefit analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know symbolic cost benefit analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know symbolic cost benefit analysis
+you probably ask your you'd probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably ask your you'd probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably ask your you'd probably
+imagine yourself there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine yourself there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine yourself there
+would I be having fun who is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I be having fun who is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I be having fun who is going to be
+there you'd run a scenario and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you'd run a scenario and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you'd run a scenario and that's
+the sort of narrative thought turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of narrative thought turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of narrative thought turns out
+that narrative thought has a power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that narrative thought has a power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that narrative thought has a power in
+our own decision making that is capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own decision making that is capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own decision making that is capable
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um running across running over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um running across running over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um running across running over the
+simple facts of the situation even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple facts of the situation even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple facts of the situation even when
+we know the facts correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the facts correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the facts correctly
+um and and risk risk assessment is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and risk risk assessment is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and risk risk assessment is one
+example of this so forced choice you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this so forced choice you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this so forced choice you got
+to pick one or the other don't just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick one or the other don't just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick one or the other don't just sit
+on your hands here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your hands here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your hands here
+um uh which would you which makes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which would you which makes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh which would you which makes you
+more nervous taking a ride in the car or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nervous taking a ride in the car or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more nervous taking a ride in the car or
+flying in an airplane how many vote for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in an airplane how many vote for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in an airplane how many vote for
+riding in the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding in the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding in the car
+how many vote for flying in an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for flying in an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for flying in an airplane
+okay so fly and and as usual half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fly and and as usual half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fly and and as usual half the
+people can't figure out that Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't figure out that Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't figure out that Force
+choice pick one or the other means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice pick one or the other means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice pick one or the other means you
+have to raise your hand through one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to raise your hand through one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to raise your hand through one of
+these two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two options
+um at least if you're moderately alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least if you're moderately alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least if you're moderately alert
+um but anyway the plane wins Big Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway the plane wins Big Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway the plane wins Big Time
+how many people all right let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people all right let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people all right let's just
+asking that let's ask the propositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking that let's ask the propositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking that let's ask the propositional
+thought or the semantic memory nugget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought or the semantic memory nugget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought or the semantic memory nugget
+um which is more dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is more dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is more dangerous
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+flying in a car flying in a car that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in a car flying in a car that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying in a car flying in a car that's
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+that's that's yeah yeah right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's yeah yeah right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's yeah yeah right that's
+that's the Harry Potter version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Harry Potter version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Harry Potter version of
+flying a plane or or driving a car how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying a plane or or driving a car how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying a plane or or driving a car how
+many votes for plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many votes for plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many votes for plane
+how many vote for car so everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for car so everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many vote for car so everybody knows
+the the the the the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the the the the the the
+proposition here it's riskier to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition here it's riskier to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition here it's riskier to get to
+to even measure this all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even measure this all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to even measure this all sorts of
+different ways for per mile per time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways for per mile per time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways for per mile per time
+it's it's just riskier traveling in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just riskier traveling in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's just riskier traveling in a
+car than traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car than traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car than traveling
+um in a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in a plane
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but people are much more nervous about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are much more nervous about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are much more nervous about
+planes why is that there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes why is that there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes why is that there are multiple
+reasons but perhaps one of the driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but perhaps one of the driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons but perhaps one of the driving
+ones is this is that the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones is this is that the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones is this is that the narrative
+surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding
+um planes in particular surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um planes in particular surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um planes in particular surrounding
+plane crashes is sufficiently vivid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane crashes is sufficiently vivid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane crashes is sufficiently vivid that
+it overrides your knowledge of the mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it overrides your knowledge of the mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it overrides your knowledge of the mere
+facts of the matter if and when a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts of the matter if and when a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts of the matter if and when a plane
+sadly goes down that's big news a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly goes down that's big news a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sadly goes down that's big news a lot of
+people tend to get killed it makes big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to get killed it makes big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to get killed it makes big
+news in in the papers and on TV highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news in in the papers and on TV highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news in in the papers and on TV highly
+Salient the fact that there's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient the fact that there's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient the fact that there's a sort of
+a steady drum beat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady drum beat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a steady drum beat of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh of car crashes unless it happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of car crashes unless it happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of car crashes unless it happens to
+be very local to you doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very local to you doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very local to you doesn't have any
+particular impact on you and the raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular impact on you and the raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular impact on you and the raw
+statistic doesn't much matter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic doesn't much matter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic doesn't much matter in the
+same way this turns out to be true in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way this turns out to be true in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way this turns out to be true in in
+course catalog land if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course catalog land if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course catalog land if you ask
+um so the the MIT course catalog the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the MIT course catalog the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the the MIT course catalog the MIT
+course evaluation guide when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course evaluation guide when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course evaluation guide when it comes
+out will has vast piles of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will has vast piles of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will has vast piles of cool
+statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics
+right you know what people thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know what people thought of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know what people thought of
+this particular course and then it tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular course and then it tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular course and then it tends
+I haven't seen the most recent one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't seen the most recent one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't seen the most recent one but
+typically it has a paragraph of comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it has a paragraph of comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically it has a paragraph of comments
+right one of my favorites over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of my favorites over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one of my favorites over the years
+so and so is to the teaching of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so is to the teaching of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so is to the teaching of uh of
+physics as Einstein is to the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as Einstein is to the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics as Einstein is to the National
+Football League
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Football League
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Football League
+um the uh you know and that that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh you know and that that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh you know and that that's very
+Salient bit of narrative and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient bit of narrative and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salient bit of narrative and it turns
+out that those sort of comments have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that those sort of comments have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that those sort of comments have
+much more impact than all the statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more impact than all the statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more impact than all the statistics
+in spite of the fact that the the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of the fact that the the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in spite of the fact that the the nice
+rational you knows that one person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational you knows that one person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational you knows that one person's
+brilliantly catty comment or brilliantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly catty comment or brilliantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly catty comment or brilliantly
+positive comment is presumably much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive comment is presumably much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive comment is presumably much less
+valuable than the statistical average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable than the statistical average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable than the statistical average
+across 300 students but the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across 300 students but the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across 300 students but the narrative
+again overwhelms you can watch this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again overwhelms you can watch this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again overwhelms you can watch this on
+uh on Friday when you watch the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on Friday when you watch the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on Friday when you watch the debate
+you can be guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be guaranteed
+that um somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um somebody
+is gonna uh it'll probably be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna uh it'll probably be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna uh it'll probably be either
+Carrie or bush actually that carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrie or bush actually that carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carrie or bush actually that carrier
+bush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+um take some boring statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take some boring statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take some boring statistics and
+personalize it they do this all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalize it they do this all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personalize it they do this all the time
+it's become a sort of a Trope a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become a sort of a Trope a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's become a sort of a Trope a a
+standard item in in the State of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard item in in the State of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard item in in the State of the
+Union message where the president always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union message where the president always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union message where the president always
+puts a couple of Heroes they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts a couple of Heroes they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts a couple of Heroes they probably
+are but you know Heroes up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but you know Heroes up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are but you know Heroes up in the
+balcony there so that he can point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balcony there so that he can point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balcony there so that he can point to
+them and say you know look at this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and say you know look at this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and say you know look at this guy
+look at that guy and then the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that guy and then the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that guy and then the debate
+it'll be you know uh there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be you know uh there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be you know uh there'll be some
+discussion of of uh employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of of uh employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of of uh employment
+statistics and and presumably this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and and presumably this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and and presumably this would
+be Carrie because he'll be beating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Carrie because he'll be beating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Carrie because he'll be beating on
+Bush about it and I don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush about it and I don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bush about it and I don't care about
+what you say about the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you say about the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you say about the economy
+recovering or whatever what I care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering or whatever what I care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovering or whatever what I care about
+is you know poor little Olga she got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know poor little Olga she got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know poor little Olga she got
+lost in the mall and then her father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in the mall and then her father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in the mall and then her father
+lost her job as a mall security guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost her job as a mall security guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost her job as a mall security guy
+because of the decisions that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the decisions that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the decisions that your
+government you know your Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government you know your Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government you know your Administration
+made and what am I going to say to poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and what am I going to say to poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made and what am I going to say to poor
+little Olga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Olga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Olga
+um why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's very sad about poor little Olga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sad about poor little Olga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sad about poor little Olga
+who's now been lost in the ball and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now been lost in the ball and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's now been lost in the ball and I'm
+never gonna sit in the front again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna sit in the front again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never gonna sit in the front again
+um but the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but the uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Sarah like 260 million people whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah like 260 million people whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah like 260 million people whatever
+it is in the country at the moment it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the country at the moment it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is in the country at the moment it's
+very sad about poor little whoever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad about poor little whoever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sad about poor little whoever it is
+um what's really important are the broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's really important are the broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's really important are the broad
+economic statistics broad economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic statistics broad economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic statistics broad economic
+statistics are wonderful propositional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics are wonderful propositional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics are wonderful propositional
+uh reasoning kind of stuff but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasoning kind of stuff but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reasoning kind of stuff but are
+really boring unless you're an economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring unless you're an economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring unless you're an economist
+but poor little Olga is really riveting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but poor little Olga is really riveting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but poor little Olga is really riveting
+and poor little Olga is what you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poor little Olga is what you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and poor little Olga is what you'll hear
+about in the uh in the debates you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the uh in the debates you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the uh in the debates you got
+to listen we we should we should do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen we we should we should do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to listen we we should we should do a
+debriefing about this on on Mondays if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing about this on on Mondays if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debriefing about this on on Mondays if
+anybody listens to debate and hears any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody listens to debate and hears any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody listens to debate and hears any
+of these little tidbits send me an email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little tidbits send me an email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these little tidbits send me an email
+um so so that I can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so that I can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so that I can uh
+um in case I miss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in case I miss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in case I miss it
+um and then we can we can we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can we can we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then we can we can we can talk
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+um now this can get studied in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this can get studied in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this can get studied in the lab
+um let me right here take a look on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me right here take a look on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me right here take a look on the
+handout there's a thing called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout there's a thing called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout there's a thing called the
+framing demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing demo
+says that there's a unusual flu coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that there's a unusual flu coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that there's a unusual flu coming
+it's expected to kill 600 people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected to kill 600 people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected to kill 600 people in the
+U.S and there are two things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S and there are two things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.S and there are two things you can do
+there's program a and program b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's program a and program b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's program a and program b
+um take a quick look decide on program a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take a quick look decide on program a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take a quick look decide on program a
+or program B and then we'll collect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or program B and then we'll collect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or program B and then we'll collect a
+little data and talk about it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't cheat off your neighbor's test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay everybody managed to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody managed to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody managed to come up with
+an answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer here
+okay so let's see for starters how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see for starters how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see for starters how many
+people went for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people went for B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people don't know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people don't know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people don't know what they're
+going for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for
+okay well it looks about evenly divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well it looks about evenly divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well it looks about evenly divided
+boy that's really boring well it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that's really boring well it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that's really boring well it would
+be really boring except that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really boring except that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really boring except that there are
+two versions of the handout out out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of the handout out out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two versions of the handout out out
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+okay so version one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so version one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so version one
+of the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout
+says that if program a is adopted uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if program a is adopted uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if program a is adopted uh oh
+I don't know which version one says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which version one says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know which version one says well
+it doesn't matter which I call version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which I call version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter which I call version
+one does it version one says 400 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does it version one says 400 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one does it version one says 400 people
+will die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die
+version two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version two
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+200 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 people
+will be saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be saved
+um right did I get the language right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right did I get the language right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right did I get the language right
+there the the uh which you will notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the uh which you will notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the uh which you will notice
+if the if the net is 600 here these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the net is 600 here these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the net is 600 here these are
+identical right there's no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right there's no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical right there's no difference
+except in in the way that it's phrased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in in the way that it's phrased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in in the way that it's phrased
+or the way the problem is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the way the problem is the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the way the problem is the question
+is framed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is framed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is framed
+um there's a similar change to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a similar change to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a similar change to the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+um uh option b in the die in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh option b in the die in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh option b in the die in in in in
+this version is described as uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version is described as uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version is described as uh a
+one-third chance that no one will die in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third chance that no one will die in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-third chance that no one will die in
+a two-thirds chance that uh 600 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-thirds chance that uh 600 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two-thirds chance that uh 600 people
+will die you know about the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die you know about the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die you know about the you know
+about the notion of expected value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the notion of expected value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the notion of expected value you
+can calculate the expected value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the expected value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate the expected value of that
+option which will be one-third chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which will be one-third chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option which will be one-third chance
+that whoops one-third chance that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whoops one-third chance that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whoops one-third chance that no one
+will die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die
+um and and and a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and a uh
+two-thirds chance that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds chance that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds chance that uh
+600 people will die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and and then that's going to be 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and then that's going to be 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and then that's going to be 400
+people dying again here right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying again here right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people dying again here right so that
+they're all math all the options are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all math all the options are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all math all the options are
+mathematically identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically identical
+um now how many people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now how many people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now how many people have
+version one the 400 people will die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version one the 400 people will die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version one the 400 people will die
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+okay how many people have the 200 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many people have the 200 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how many people have the 200 people
+will die thing uh okay good so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die thing uh okay good so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will die thing uh okay good so now I
+it's roughly evenly divided now what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly evenly divided now what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly evenly divided now what I
+want to do is I want to get the A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is I want to get the A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is I want to get the A and B
+for these two different versions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two different versions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two different versions if you
+have the 400 people will die version how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 400 people will die version how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 400 people will die version how
+many people opted for for option A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people opted for for option A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people opted for for option A
+how many people opted for option b okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people opted for option b okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people opted for option b okay
+so B beats a and actually it beat a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B beats a and actually it beat a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so B beats a and actually it beat a big
+time here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here
+um if you have the 200 people will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have the 200 people will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you have the 200 people will be
+saved version how many people went for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved version how many people went for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved version how many people went for a
+how many people went for B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people went for B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people went for B
+okay in that case a beats B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in that case a beats B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in that case a beats B
+um not quite as massively but uh clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite as massively but uh clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite as massively but uh clearly
+clearly this this manipulation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this this manipulation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this this manipulation has
+flipped the answer it ain't math that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped the answer it ain't math that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped the answer it ain't math that's
+doing it because the math is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it because the math is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it because the math is the same
+what's changing here is what Kahneman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changing here is what Kahneman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changing here is what Kahneman
+and taversky called the framing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taversky called the framing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and taversky called the framing of the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+um but it's really it's the narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's really it's the narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's really it's the narrative
+around the problem what happens is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the problem what happens is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the problem what happens is you
+read option a 400 people will die that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read option a 400 people will die that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read option a 400 people will die that's
+terrible well the second possibility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible well the second possibility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible well the second possibility in
+this case the B is well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the B is well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the B is well there's
+something we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we could do
+that probabilistically might save some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probabilistically might save some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probabilistically might save some
+of those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those people
+that sounds okay I'll opt for this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds okay I'll opt for this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds okay I'll opt for this as
+opposed to this one 200 people will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to this one 200 people will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to this one 200 people will be
+saved what you know better than nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved what you know better than nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved what you know better than nothing
+and and the the the alternative be here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the the alternative be here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the the the alternative be here
+you read the part that says everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the part that says everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the part that says everybody
+might die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might die
+on sound too good and so you flip it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sound too good and so you flip it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sound too good and so you flip it so
+what you're doing here is the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing here is the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing here is the way that
+you ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask the question
+changes the answer you get well we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the answer you get well we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the answer you get well we can
+go back to the politics game here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the politics game here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the politics game here just
+fine holsters do this all the time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine holsters do this all the time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine holsters do this all the time then
+the neutral posters desperately try not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral posters desperately try not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutral posters desperately try not
+to do it but campaign polls when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but campaign polls when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it but campaign polls when they're
+trying to get the correct answer out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the correct answer out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get the correct answer out you
+know would you uh what you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would you uh what you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know would you uh what you know who
+would you rather have for President a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you rather have for President a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you rather have for President a
+strong uh leader who is uh has has Ruled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh leader who is uh has has Ruled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh leader who is uh has has Ruled
+The Free World with a firm hand for four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Free World with a firm hand for four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Free World with a firm hand for four
+years or a flip-flopping senator from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or a flip-flopping senator from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or a flip-flopping senator from a
+liberal East Coast State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal East Coast State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal East Coast State
+or you could ask the question who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could ask the question who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could ask the question who would
+you like to have as your president for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to have as your president for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to have as your president for
+the next four years uh i i i i a guy who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next four years uh i i i i a guy who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next four years uh i i i i a guy who
+barely made it out of Yale and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely made it out of Yale and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely made it out of Yale and has
+driven the country into a ditch or a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven the country into a ditch or a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven the country into a ditch or a guy
+who actually got decent grades at Yale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually got decent grades at Yale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who actually got decent grades at Yale
+and is a national war hero and and has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a national war hero and and has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is a national war hero and and has
+really good hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good hair
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can move the question around by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move the question around by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can move the question around by the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+um but uh by the way you and and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh by the way you and and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh by the way you and and and and
+not just in polling but the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in polling but the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in polling but the way you
+frame issues I mean talk about framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame issues I mean talk about framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame issues I mean talk about framing
+issues you know if you if you frame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you know if you if you frame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you know if you if you frame the
+war in Iraq as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Iraq as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war in Iraq as
+um part of the war on terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the war on terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um part of the war on terror
+um and an integral part of the war on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and an integral part of the war on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and an integral part of the war on
+terror asking whether you want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror asking whether you want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror asking whether you want to keep
+doing that is different than taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that is different than taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that is different than taking the
+same thing and saying uh and calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and saying uh and calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and saying uh and calling it
+a distraction from the war on terror for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distraction from the war on terror for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distraction from the war on terror for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+the facts remain sort of similar are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facts remain sort of similar are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facts remain sort of similar are
+it's harder to do the experiment in nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to do the experiment in nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder to do the experiment in nice
+clean controlled this here we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean controlled this here we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean controlled this here we can make
+all the math come out right in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math come out right in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the math come out right in a
+political debate there's an argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political debate there's an argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political debate there's an argument
+about the actual facts too of course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual facts too of course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the actual facts too of course but
+the way that you present the facts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you present the facts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you present the facts the
+way you frame the facts is designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you frame the facts is designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you frame the facts is designed to
+get the answer that you want out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer that you want out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer that you want out of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+um those facts at this beautiful round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those facts at this beautiful round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those facts at this beautiful round
+of this in today's paper because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in today's paper because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in today's paper because there's
+uh the report of the whatever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the report of the whatever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the report of the whatever they're
+called Iraq commission that was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Iraq commission that was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Iraq commission that was looking
+for weapons and didn't find any weapons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weapons and didn't find any weapons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for weapons and didn't find any weapons
+and and if you read the Carrie Camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you read the Carrie Camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and if you read the Carrie Camp
+statements about what that means and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about what that means and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about what that means and
+what the bush Camp says it means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bush Camp says it means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the bush Camp says it means the
+bush Camp the bush Camp is very big on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush Camp the bush Camp is very big on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bush Camp the bush Camp is very big on
+intention this morning he really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention this morning he really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention this morning he really the the
+the report said that that Saddam wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the report said that that Saddam wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the report said that that Saddam wanted
+weapons and so the bush Camp is busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and so the bush Camp is busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weapons and so the bush Camp is busy
+saying he wanted weapons and he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he wanted weapons and he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying he wanted weapons and he would
+have gotten them as soon as he could and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten them as soon as he could and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gotten them as soon as he could and
+and the carry Camp is looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carry Camp is looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the carry Camp is looking at the
+same facts and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same facts and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same facts and saying
+um you know we all want stuff man didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we all want stuff man didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know we all want stuff man didn't
+have anything the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything the uh
+so anyway you can have lots of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you can have lots of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway you can have lots of fun
+Friday you can watch them do this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you can watch them do this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday you can watch them do this this
+one too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one too
+um all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so
+the way that you the narrative that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you the narrative that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that you the narrative that you
+put around a story The Narrative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put around a story The Narrative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put around a story The Narrative that
+you put around the story does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put around the story does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put around the story does not
+influence your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence your computer
+you can tell your computer about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell your computer about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell your computer about
+um you know one-third times 600 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one-third times 600 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know one-third times 600 plus
+two-thirds times minus six hundred any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds times minus six hundred any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds times minus six hundred any
+way you like you can use Big Font you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you like you can use Big Font you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you like you can use Big Font you
+can use little font you can use anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use little font you can use anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use little font you can use anything
+you want it's going to come out with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it's going to come out with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it's going to come out with the
+same answer not true of the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer not true of the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer not true of the way that you
+think about these things you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these things you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about these things you're going to
+get different answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different answers
+um depending on how you uh how you frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on how you uh how you frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um depending on how you uh how you frame
+the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question
+um let me do a different example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me do a different example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me do a different example
+um oops that's not my handout I got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops that's not my handout I got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oops that's not my handout I got to
+see what's actually on the handout here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's actually on the handout here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's actually on the handout here
+okay oh yeah so right right underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yeah so right right underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh yeah so right right underneath
+that underneath the bit about framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underneath the bit about framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that underneath the bit about framing
+there's another demo I will in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another demo I will in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another demo I will in advance
+promise you that this is the same on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you that this is the same on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you that this is the same on all
+the handouts because uh otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handouts because uh otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handouts because uh otherwise you're
+going to sit there trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit there trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sit there trying to figure out
+what's the weird thing so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the weird thing so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the weird thing so this is the
+same on all the handouts I I I'm also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same on all the handouts I I I'm also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same on all the handouts I I I'm also
+aware that I have six slots for between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that I have six slots for between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware that I have six slots for between
+most probable and least probable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable and least probable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable and least probable and
+only five options to go in there deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only five options to go in there deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only five options to go in there deal
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+um here's what you got to do you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's what you got to do you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's what you got to do you got
+this guy Henry Henry is a short slim man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy Henry Henry is a short slim man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy Henry Henry is a short slim man
+he likes to read poetry he's been active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he likes to read poetry he's been active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he likes to read poetry he's been active
+in environmental and feminist causes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in environmental and feminist causes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in environmental and feminist causes and
+Henry is uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry is uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry is uh what
+um and so there are these five options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there are these five options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there are these five options
+here what you want to do is rank order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you want to do is rank order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what you want to do is rank order
+them from most likely to least likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from most likely to least likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from most likely to least likely
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+and then we'll talk about that a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about that a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll talk about that a bit
+see how that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no you can't copy off your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Henry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Henry
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should have brought Henry in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have brought Henry in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should have brought Henry in you know
+I could just grab some character so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just grab some character so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just grab some character so this
+is him all right how many people need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is him all right how many people need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is him all right how many people need
+more time for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time for this
+okay they're still working on a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're still working on a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they're still working on a couple
+of people still working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all right we can well we'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can well we'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can well we'll just go
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+um okay let's look at a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's look at a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay let's look at a couple of
+particular comparisons on here which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular comparisons on here which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular comparisons on here which one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people
+put down let's look at a and b whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down let's look at a and b whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down let's look at a and b whoops
+that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks
+propositional thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all gone okay let's look at a and b for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone okay let's look at a and b for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone okay let's look at a and b for
+example how many people said a was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many people said a was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how many people said a was more
+probable than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable than b
+how many people said B was more probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people said B was more probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people said B was more probable
+than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a
+all right B win okay so and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right B win okay so and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right B win okay so and and if
+memory said if I got the right one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory said if I got the right one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory said if I got the right one here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so Ivy beats truck big time right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ivy beats truck big time right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Ivy beats truck big time right
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+how many truck drivers are there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many truck drivers are there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many truck drivers are there in the
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the
+I don't know the answer to this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the answer to this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know the answer to this but
+five five four is only a thousand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five four is only a thousand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five four is only a thousand you
+know five five is probably maybe six but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five five is probably maybe six but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know five five is probably maybe six but
+let's let's go with five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go with five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go with five
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+how many ivy league Classics professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ivy league Classics professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many ivy league Classics professors
+are there in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well no no no how many Ivy League
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no no no how many Ivy League
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no no no how many Ivy League
+schools are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools are there
+eight ten something like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight ten something like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight ten something like that you know
+maybe if you're lucky there's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you're lucky there's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you're lucky there's 10
+Classics professors at each so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classics professors at each so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Classics professors at each so that's
+going to get up to 10 to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get up to 10 to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get up to 10 to the second
+um is it a thousand times more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it a thousand times more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it a thousand times more likely
+that some random guy that you meet who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some random guy that you meet who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some random guy that you meet who
+happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be
+um well let's phrase this a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's phrase this a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let's phrase this a different
+way if you took all whatever this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you took all whatever this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if you took all whatever this is
+hundred thousand truck drivers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand truck drivers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand truck drivers in the
+country I'm sure they're more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I'm sure they're more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country I'm sure they're more than that
+but let's just suppose they're only 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just suppose they're only 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's just suppose they're only 100
+000 truck drivers in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 truck drivers in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 truck drivers in the country
+are there fewer than 10 of the fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there fewer than 10 of the fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there fewer than 10 of the fewer
+than a hundred of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a hundred of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a hundred of them
+who might be for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might be for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might be for instance
+short poetry loving feminists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and that assumes that every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that assumes that every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that assumes that every one of
+the ivy league professors is a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ivy league professors is a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ivy league professors is a short
+yeah yeah there's no ivy league
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there's no ivy league
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah there's no ivy league
+professors like with your big Burly guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors like with your big Burly guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors like with your big Burly guys
+with tattoos and stuff or women for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tattoos and stuff or women for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with tattoos and stuff or women for that
+matter right probably half of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right probably half of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter right probably half of them are
+women so this is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women so this is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women so this is already
+um right what you've done here is you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right what you've done here is you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right what you've done here is you've
+ignored what's known as the base rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored what's known as the base rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignored what's known as the base rate
+all else being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all else being equal
+um it's more likely that you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's more likely that you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's more likely that you know if I
+just say here's Henry is it more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say here's Henry is it more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say here's Henry is it more likely
+that uh Henry is a truck driver or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Henry is a truck driver or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh Henry is a truck driver or an
+ivy League's Classics Professor that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivy League's Classics Professor that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ivy League's Classics Professor that's
+way way more likely that he's a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way more likely that he's a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way more likely that he's a truck
+driver in fact it's so much more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver in fact it's so much more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver in fact it's so much more likely
+that he's a truck driver that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's a truck driver that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's a truck driver that it's
+probably more likely it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more likely it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more likely it's almost
+undoubtedly more likely even for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly more likely even for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly more likely even for this
+description of Henry the amazing uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of Henry the amazing uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of Henry the amazing uh uh
+you know feminist whatever he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know feminist whatever he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know feminist whatever he was
+um right you see this is what's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right you see this is what's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right you see this is what's known as
+the base rate fallacy people do not tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base rate fallacy people do not tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the base rate fallacy people do not tend
+to uh take into account the base rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh take into account the base rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh take into account the base rate in
+the population when they're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population when they're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population when they're thinking
+um about this I'm asking How likely it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about this I'm asking How likely it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about this I'm asking How likely it
+is and you're answering a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you're answering a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and you're answering a different
+question you're answering the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you're answering the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you're answering the question
+how typical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how typical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how typical is
+um is Henry of your image of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is Henry of your image of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is Henry of your image of your
+stereotype of a truck driver versus of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype of a truck driver versus of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype of a truck driver versus of a
+uh of an Ivy League Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of an Ivy League Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of an Ivy League Professor
+um so and and realize that you know even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and and realize that you know even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so and and realize that you know even
+if you're let's suppose your stereotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're let's suppose your stereotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're let's suppose your stereotype
+is right you know what's the chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you know what's the chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right you know what's the chance that
+uh that that Henry could be a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that Henry could be a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that that Henry could be a truck
+driver maybe it's only one in a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver maybe it's only one in a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver maybe it's only one in a hundred
+all right if it's one in a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if it's one in a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if it's one in a hundred
+there's still 10 to the third of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still 10 to the third of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still 10 to the third of them
+and we said we're still swamping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said we're still swamping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said we're still swamping the
+population here so failing to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population here so failing to take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population here so failing to take into
+account the base rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the base rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the base rate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is going to lead you to the wrong to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to lead you to the wrong to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to lead you to the wrong to the
+the wrong answer there let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer there let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer there let's look at
+another piece of these data uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of these data uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another piece of these data uh let's
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh we got rid of it okay let's let's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we got rid of it okay let's let's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we got rid of it okay let's let's is
+it more likely that A and E where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more likely that A and E where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more likely that A and E where we're
+uh which so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many people said that a was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people said that a was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people said that a was more
+likely than e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely than e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely than e
+how many people said that e was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people said that e was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people said that e was more
+likely than a yeah well this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely than a yeah well this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely than a yeah well this is this is
+why Kahneman got the Nobel Prize you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Kahneman got the Nobel Prize you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Kahneman got the Nobel Prize you see
+because he said that too well he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he said that too well he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he said that too well he didn't
+say that he said that's what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that he said that's what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that he said that's what you would
+say or he found anyway so yeah it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or he found anyway so yeah it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say or he found anyway so yeah it is
+much more likely all right remember like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely all right remember like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely all right remember like
+third grade set theory stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third grade set theory stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third grade set theory stuff
+let's make the little picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the set of all truck drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the set of all truck drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the set of all truck drivers
+yeah right the set of I can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the set of I can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right the set of I can't even
+remember what e is he's like Mensa Mensa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what e is he's like Mensa Mensa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what e is he's like Mensa Mensa
+ivy league truck drivers or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's some small little set of of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some small little set of of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's some small little set of of uh of
+of it's a subset of a right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a subset of a right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a subset of a right so for
+starters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starters
+it's a little unlikely that the chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little unlikely that the chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little unlikely that the chance
+of being in here could be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in here could be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in here could be greater than
+the chance of being in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of being in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of being in here
+um and that the best it's going to be is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that the best it's going to be is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that the best it's going to be is
+equal in some fashion if if all that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in some fashion if if all that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in some fashion if if all that but
+you know I I here's Henry I'm meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I here's Henry I'm meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I I here's Henry I'm meeting
+some random Henry you know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random Henry you know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random Henry you know what's the
+chance that he's in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that he's in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that he's in e
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again you're answering a question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're answering a question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're answering a question that
+said something about typical rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something about typical rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said something about typical rather than
+probable and you're ignoring what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable and you're ignoring what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable and you're ignoring what you
+would perfectly well know of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would perfectly well know of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would perfectly well know of course if
+we drew it out in set theory kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drew it out in set theory kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we drew it out in set theory kind of
+terms right you can't it can't be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right you can't it can't be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms right you can't it can't be more
+likely that that something is in here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that that something is in here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that that something is in here if
+the larger set includes that it just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger set includes that it just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger set includes that it just it
+does that doesn't that doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that doesn't that doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that doesn't that doesn't work
+really well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+people are very bad at um at base rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very bad at um at base rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are very bad at um at base rates
+um is this a bad I'm not now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this a bad I'm not now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is this a bad I'm not now is the
+purpose of this uh lecture to say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this uh lecture to say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this uh lecture to say we're
+all morons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all morons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all morons here
+um no not really the the The Faults that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no not really the the The Faults that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no not really the the The Faults that
+we have the problems that we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the problems that we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the problems that we have in the
+way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that we
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+reason about problems like this reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about problems like this reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason about problems like this reflect
+well what what Kahneman and taversky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what Kahneman and taversky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what what Kahneman and taversky
+talked about were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about were
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if I'm spelling it right heuristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm spelling it right heuristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm spelling it right heuristics
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+um sort of mental shortcuts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of mental shortcuts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of mental shortcuts that
+um that do a certain amount of work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that do a certain amount of work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that do a certain amount of work for
+us that that they're rather our job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that that they're rather our job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that that they're rather our job
+isn't actually out there in the world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually out there in the world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't actually out there in the world to
+figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+um the set probably the set theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the set probably the set theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the set probably the set theory
+problems our problem is to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems our problem is to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems our problem is to uh you know
+to get home safely at night so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get home safely at night so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get home safely at night so you're
+walking down the street at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the street at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking down the street at night
+and you see it's a dark kind of Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see it's a dark kind of Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see it's a dark kind of Street
+and you see this big guy with a stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this big guy with a stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this big guy with a stick
+and he's walking down the same side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's walking down the same side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's walking down the same side of
+the street as you do you cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street as you do you cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street as you do you cross the
+street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street
+well if you're an economy and taversky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're an economy and taversky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're an economy and taversky
+kind of experiment you say you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experiment you say you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of experiment you say you know I
+know what I'm supposed to do here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm supposed to do here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what I'm supposed to do here I'm
+supposed to think hard about the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to think hard about the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to think hard about the base
+rates is it more likely how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates is it more likely how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates is it more likely how many people
+are there in the world who are uh bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in the world who are uh bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there in the world who are uh bad
+evil people with sticks that are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil people with sticks that are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil people with sticks that are gonna
+like hit me versus how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hit me versus how many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hit me versus how many people are
+there who are like guys coming home from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who are like guys coming home from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there who are like guys coming home from
+a softball game with their bat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a softball game with their bat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a softball game with their bat or
+something like that and they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and they're you know
+sort of nice people mostly or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nice people mostly or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nice people mostly or at least
+even if they're bad evil people they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're bad evil people they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they're bad evil people they're
+not really going to hit me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really going to hit me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really going to hit me
+um so the answer is there's a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the answer is there's a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the answer is there's a very small
+population of people out there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of people out there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of people out there with
+sticks wanting to hit you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks wanting to hit you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks wanting to hit you but
+in the occasion that you get that wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the occasion that you get that wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the occasion that you get that wrong
+it's a really bad mistake to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really bad mistake to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really bad mistake to make
+and so a mental sort of shortcut that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a mental sort of shortcut that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so a mental sort of shortcut that
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+not what's the base rate here but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what's the base rate here but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what's the base rate here but is
+this typical of a situation that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this typical of a situation that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this typical of a situation that could
+be dangerous sort of flipping it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dangerous sort of flipping it around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be dangerous sort of flipping it around
+is this is it could this be a bad thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is it could this be a bad thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is it could this be a bad thing
+yeah if I make a mistake and it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if I make a mistake and it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if I make a mistake and it's you
+know he's really a nice person so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's really a nice person so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he's really a nice person so he
+might feel a little hurt that I cross to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel a little hurt that I cross to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might feel a little hurt that I cross to
+the other side of the street what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the street what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the street what's the
+big deal if he's a guy with a bat and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal if he's a guy with a bat and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal if he's a guy with a bat and a
+nail in it and he's going to poke me in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail in it and he's going to poke me in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail in it and he's going to poke me in
+the head and terrible things are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head and terrible things are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head and terrible things are going
+to happen you know I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen you know I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen you know I'm not going to
+worry about the base rates here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the base rates here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the base rates here and
+your cognitive Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cognitive Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cognitive Hardware
+seems to have been set up under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have been set up under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to have been set up under those
+sort of constraints more than it was set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constraints more than it was set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constraints more than it was set
+up under uh on under what one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up under uh on under what one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up under uh on under what one might be
+sort of optimal public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of optimal public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of optimal public policy
+solving uh constraints so this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh constraints so this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving uh constraints so this is why
+you can then run a a political campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then run a a political campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then run a a political campaign
+where one side of the other spends a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one side of the other spends a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one side of the other spends a lot
+of time Conjuring up images of bad guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time Conjuring up images of bad guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time Conjuring up images of bad guys
+with sticks of some variety or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sticks of some variety or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sticks of some variety or other
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you know you hear about the bad guy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you hear about the bad guy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you hear about the bad guy with
+the stick often enough and and if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick often enough and and if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick often enough and and if this
+guy promises he's gonna save you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy promises he's gonna save you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy promises he's gonna save you from
+the bad guy with the stick well you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guy with the stick well you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad guy with the stick well you'd
+better go with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better go with that
+um at least that's an appealing thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least that's an appealing thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at least that's an appealing thought
+um and it works for it it it it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it works for it it it it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it works for it it it it works
+as as a uh as a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a uh as a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as a uh as a political
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+as a political technique all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a political technique all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a political technique all right and
+this is all who knows about Henry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all who knows about Henry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all who knows about Henry the
+the some weird truck driver that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some weird truck driver that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some weird truck driver that I
+invented or something like that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented or something like that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented or something like that how
+about a realm where things really ought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a realm where things really ought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a realm where things really ought
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+be logical and mathematical which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be logical and mathematical which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be logical and mathematical which would
+be money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be money
+I mean if there was ever going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if there was ever going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if there was ever going to be
+something that ought to just work out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ought to just work out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that ought to just work out in
+terms of the math you would think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the math you would think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the math you would think it
+would be money and this is of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be money and this is of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be money and this is of course the
+the reason why there is no Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why there is no Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why there is no Nobel Prize
+in in Psychology but there is a Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Psychology but there is a Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in Psychology but there is a Nobel
+prize in economics and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in economics and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize in economics and that's what
+Kahneman in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kahneman in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kahneman in fact
+uh one Kahneman and taversky would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one Kahneman and taversky would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one Kahneman and taversky would have
+won it but taversky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won it but taversky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won it but taversky
+um unfortunately died young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately died young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um unfortunately died young
+um and you don't win the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't win the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you don't win the Nobel Prize
+posthumously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posthumously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posthumously
+um so Kahneman and taversky also looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Kahneman and taversky also looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so Kahneman and taversky also looked
+at the way that people reason about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the way that people reason about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the way that people reason about
+money this is something that goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this is something that goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money this is something that goes back
+long before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long before
+um Kahneman and taversky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Kahneman and taversky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Kahneman and taversky
+um and well I can perhaps illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and well I can perhaps illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and well I can perhaps illustrate
+some one of the older bits with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of the older bits with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some one of the older bits with an
+example let's suppose that you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's suppose that you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's suppose that you're gonna
+buy a toy car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a toy car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a toy car
+for your uh cousin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your uh cousin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your uh cousin
+you like your cousin just in case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like your cousin just in case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like your cousin just in case you
+were wondering here but yeah yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering here but yeah yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were wondering here but yeah yeah it's
+toy car for the cousin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy car for the cousin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toy car for the cousin and
+um there are uh two toy cars out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are uh two toy cars out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are uh two toy cars out there
+at the moment they are for present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment they are for present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment they are for present
+purposes functionally equivalent on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes functionally equivalent on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes functionally equivalent on all
+dimensions of kid loveliness or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of kid loveliness or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of kid loveliness or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+um there's the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's the uh
+midnight uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midnight uh
+blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue
+I don't know model PT Roadster or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know model PT Roadster or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know model PT Roadster or
+something from uh from I don't know Toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from uh from I don't know Toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from uh from I don't know Toys
+R Us and the uh we can know I don't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Us and the uh we can know I don't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R Us and the uh we can know I don't make
+it midnight green model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it midnight green model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it midnight green model
+of a PT Roadster from uh kids R Toys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a PT Roadster from uh kids R Toys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a PT Roadster from uh kids R Toys or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh
+this car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so the difference oh they did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the difference oh they did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so the difference oh they did the
+difference is the color the green color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the color the green color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the color the green color
+is cooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cooler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cooler
+you know your cousin actually likes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your cousin actually likes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your cousin actually likes the
+green one better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one better
+um a bit yeah it's a bit cooler anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bit yeah it's a bit cooler anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a bit yeah it's a bit cooler anyway
+the the midnight blue one costs 12 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the midnight blue one costs 12 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the midnight blue one costs 12 bucks
+um and and and the uh uh the midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and the uh uh the midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and the uh uh the midnight
+green one costs uh 40 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one costs uh 40 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green one costs uh 40 bucks
+um how many how many people uh buy them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many how many people uh buy them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many how many people uh buy them
+you're gonna buy one of them you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna buy one of them you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna buy one of them you have to
+pick one again how many pick the uh pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one again how many pick the uh pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one again how many pick the uh pick
+the blue one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue one
+how many people pick the green one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people pick the green one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people pick the green one
+okay you guys have nice cousins that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you guys have nice cousins that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you guys have nice cousins that's
+good but um but all right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but um but all right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but um but all right so so
+the the the the blue one wins Big Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the blue one wins Big Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the blue one wins Big Time
+right that's all right you now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all right you now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's all right you now have
+magically graduated from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically graduated from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically graduated from MIT
+um congratulations uh you got you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um congratulations uh you got you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um congratulations uh you got you got
+the job you're now gonna uh buy the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job you're now gonna uh buy the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job you're now gonna uh buy the car
+um and so you're gonna buy uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you're gonna buy uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so you're gonna buy uh you're
+gonna buy a real PT Roadster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna buy a real PT Roadster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna buy a real PT Roadster
+um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and
+um they come in uh two different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they come in uh two different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they come in uh two different colors
+amazingly for today's purposes they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly for today's purposes they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly for today's purposes they come
+in midnight blue and midnight green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in midnight blue and midnight green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in midnight blue and midnight green
+the midnight blue one costs thirty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midnight blue one costs thirty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midnight blue one costs thirty
+thousand s and twelve dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand s and twelve dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand s and twelve dollars
+a green one cost thirty thousand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green one cost thirty thousand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a green one cost thirty thousand and
+forty dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty dollars
+you like the green one better how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like the green one better how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like the green one better how many
+people are gonna buy the green one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are gonna buy the green one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are gonna buy the green one
+okay so like you graduated from MIT with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like you graduated from MIT with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like you graduated from MIT with
+this brain it's the same right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brain it's the same right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brain it's the same right so
+obviously it's now going very much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's now going very much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's now going very much the
+other direction it's the same 28 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction it's the same 28 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other direction it's the same 28 bucks
+what's your problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah okay anyway you were gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just seems very trivial yeah it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems very trivial yeah it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems very trivial yeah it's the
+same this is this is absolutely right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this is this is absolutely right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this is this is absolutely right of
+course but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the toy car probably gonna last you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy car probably gonna last you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toy car probably gonna last you at
+least as long as the the Roadster it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as long as the the Roadster it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least as long as the the Roadster it's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I keep trying to fine tune this to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep trying to fine tune this to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep trying to fine tune this to make
+this you know you're not going to buy 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you're not going to buy 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you're not going to buy 15
+cars here and we're assuming a one-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars here and we're assuming a one-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars here and we're assuming a one-time
+purchase here a one-time purchase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase here a one-time purchase here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase here a one-time purchase here
+um and and you know maybe rough yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know maybe rough yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and you know maybe rough yeah
+they're each Gonna Last uh three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each Gonna Last uh three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each Gonna Last uh three years
+or a hundred thousand miles whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a hundred thousand miles whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a hundred thousand miles whichever
+comes first or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right all right would your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right would your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right would your answer
+have changed radically if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed radically if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed radically if I say
+congratulations you have just graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations you have just graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations you have just graduated
+um it's also your cousin's birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also your cousin's birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also your cousin's birthday
+but you'd all of a sudden be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'd all of a sudden be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you'd all of a sudden be you
+boy there must be a there might it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy there must be a there might it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy there must be a there might it must
+be sort of a U-shaped function Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a U-shaped function Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of a U-shaped function Because
+by the time you get to be a parent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you get to be a parent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you get to be a parent or
+something ask your parents who graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ask your parents who graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something ask your parents who graduated
+a while ago hey Mommy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while ago hey Mommy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while ago hey Mommy
+can I have the midnight green car it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have the midnight green car it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I have the midnight green car it
+only cost three times what the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cost three times what the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cost three times what the other one
+caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused
+no oh actually I just sort of gave away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh actually I just sort of gave away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no oh actually I just sort of gave away
+the answer here it's the three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here it's the three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer here it's the three times
+issue and then you you were alluding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and then you you were alluding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and then you you were alluding to
+this already that that that money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already that that that money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already that that that money is
+perceived even though it's obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived even though it's obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived even though it's obviously the
+same 28 bucks that people think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 28 bucks that people think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same 28 bucks that people think about
+money in in ratio terms and not in not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in in ratio terms and not in not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in in ratio terms and not in not
+in absolute terms this was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute terms this was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in absolute terms this was actually
+picked up by Bernoulli uh a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up by Bernoulli uh a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up by Bernoulli uh a couple
+hundred years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred years ago
+um I don't know which Bernoulli it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know which Bernoulli it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know which Bernoulli it turns
+out that there were buckets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there were buckets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there were buckets of
+bernoullis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bernoullis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bernoullis
+um five bernoullis and they're like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um five bernoullis and they're like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um five bernoullis and they're like like
+all Geniuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Geniuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all Geniuses
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+um but one of the bernoullis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the bernoullis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but one of the bernoullis
+um basically asked what is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically asked what is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um basically asked what is the uh
+what what is the psychological value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the psychological value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is the psychological value of
+money actually in in common and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money actually in in common and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money actually in in common and
+diversity language that's often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity language that's often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity language that's often called
+the utility of money as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of money as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utility of money as a function of
+actual money and and what Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual money and and what Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual money and and what Bernoulli
+asserted was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asserted was that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that the utility of money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utility of money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the utility of money the
+psychological value of the money was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological value of the money was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological value of the money was
+basically went up with log money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's basically can preserving ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically can preserving ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's basically can preserving ratios
+and not um not not the absolute um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not um not not the absolute um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not um not not the absolute um it's
+not preserving the absolute values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not preserving the absolute values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not preserving the absolute values
+there which by the way when you go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which by the way when you go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there which by the way when you go out
+to buy that first car when you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy that first car when you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to buy that first car when you have all
+this money that you're apparently going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money that you're apparently going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this money that you're apparently going
+to have when you when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have when you when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have when you when you when you
+graduate the guy's selling you the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate the guy's selling you the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate the guy's selling you the car
+knows all about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all about this
+and and he knows that that you know did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he knows that that you know did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he knows that that you know did
+you do you want the plain vanilla one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you want the plain vanilla one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you want the plain vanilla one or
+do you want the the the PT Roadster with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want the the the PT Roadster with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want the the the PT Roadster with
+the really cool racing stripe on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really cool racing stripe on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really cool racing stripe on it and
+this is part of our cool new graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of our cool new graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is part of our cool new graduate
+package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package
+of stuff that cost us 3.95 but we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that cost us 3.95 but we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that cost us 3.95 but we you
+know we'll crank the price up by 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll crank the price up by 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we'll crank the price up by 500
+bucks here because on thirty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks here because on thirty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks here because on thirty thousand
+bucks who can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks who can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks who can tell
+right and your will he knows he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and your will he knows he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and your will he knows he knows
+that it's the same 28 bucks here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same 28 bucks here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's the same 28 bucks here and
+here and his job is to get as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and his job is to get as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and his job is to get as many of
+those 28 bucks out of you as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 28 bucks out of you as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 28 bucks out of you as possible
+um and and and will take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and will take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and will take advantage of
+exactly this fact to you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this fact to you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this fact to you know if
+somebody said I'll put a little stripe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said I'll put a little stripe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said I'll put a little stripe
+on on your toy car for an extra 28 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your toy car for an extra 28 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on your toy car for an extra 28 bucks
+um well it's a smaller car I'll put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it's a smaller car I'll put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it's a smaller car I'll put two
+stripes on it because it's it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes on it because it's it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes on it because it's it's a little
+car just get away from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car just get away from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car just get away from me
+um but you just just listen to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you just just listen to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you just just listen to yourself
+go for the options when you go off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the options when you go off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for the options when you go off and
+buy that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy that that
+um that car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that car
+eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually
+um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right
+um let us take a momentary break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let us take a momentary break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let us take a momentary break and
+then I will say a word more about The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will say a word more about The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will say a word more about The
+Oddities of money here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oddities of money here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oddities of money here
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let us contemplate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us contemplate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us contemplate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+a little more of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um of the way in which the cycle now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the way in which the cycle now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the way in which the cycle now the
+reason this is important the reason this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is important the reason this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this is important the reason this
+this is the sort of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sort of stuff that
+eventually gets uh that we're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually gets uh that we're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually gets uh that we're working
+this out is is is worth the attention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out is is is worth the attention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out is is is worth the attention of
+the Nobel Committee in in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Committee in in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Committee in in in in
+economics is that that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is that that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is that that um
+economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists
+for a long time had this notion of had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time had this notion of had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time had this notion of had a
+psychological theory and effect of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological theory and effect of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological theory and effect of of
+what of what people were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of what people were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what of what people were doing
+economically and it was the notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and it was the notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economically and it was the notion of a
+rational consumer rational person who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational consumer rational person who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational consumer rational person who
+was making decisions that were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making decisions that were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was making decisions that were in a
+sense propositional that they were um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense propositional that they were um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense propositional that they were um uh
+that they were doing the math and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were doing the math and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were doing the math and to the
+best of their ability and and working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of their ability and and working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of their ability and and working
+things out on that basis and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out on that basis and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out on that basis and and what
+this economy and diversky program of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy and diversky program of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this economy and diversky program of
+research tells you is the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research tells you is the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research tells you is the very
+interesting constraints on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting constraints on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting constraints on that
+rationality the ways in which it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality the ways in which it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality the ways in which it sort of
+systematically deviates from what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically deviates from what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically deviates from what your
+rational computer might think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational computer might think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational computer might think about the
+same kind of question so consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of question so consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of question so consider the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+um let's think about uh doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about uh doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's think about uh doing some
+gambling games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling games
+um where this is a One-Shot game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where this is a One-Shot game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where this is a One-Shot game you
+only get a chance to play this game once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get a chance to play this game once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only get a chance to play this game once
+I've got a coin it's a fair coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a coin it's a fair coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a coin it's a fair coin
+um if I flip it uh one if I flip it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I flip it uh one if I flip it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I flip it uh one if I flip it and
+it comes up heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up heads
+um I give you a penny if it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I give you a penny if it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I give you a penny if it comes up
+tails you give me a penny how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails you give me a penny how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails you give me a penny how many
+people are willing to pay that play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to pay that play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are willing to pay that play that
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no one shot one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one shot one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one shot one one
+it's just the the whole game is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the whole game is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the the whole game is is this
+one penny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one penny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one penny
+how many people are willing to play uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people are willing to play uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people are willing to play uh
+you know do one round of this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+give me the quarter instead okay well oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the quarter instead okay well oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the quarter instead okay well oh
+she wants to play for real money okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to play for real money okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants to play for real money okay
+that's that's fine um let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's fine um let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's fine um let's do that
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+um so most people are are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so most people are are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so most people are are willing to
+play that though by this point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that though by this point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that though by this point in the
+lecture a variety of people are starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture a variety of people are starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture a variety of people are starting
+to wonder what it is that I'm revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wonder what it is that I'm revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wonder what it is that I'm revealing
+about myself if I say I'll do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about myself if I say I'll do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about myself if I say I'll do this
+um so let's so the way you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's so the way you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's so the way you write
+and you could write that as uh you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could write that as uh you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could write that as uh you got a
+0.5 chance of winning a penny and a 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 chance of winning a penny and a 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 chance of winning a penny and a 0.5
+chance of of losing a penny and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of of losing a penny and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of of losing a penny and the
+expected value of this is 0.5 or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this is 0.5 or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this is 0.5 or you can
+figure it out it's zero right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out it's zero right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out it's zero right there's a
+fair game okay let's play it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair game okay let's play it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair game okay let's play it again
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+will flip it would play for her flip the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flip it would play for her flip the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will flip it would play for her flip the
+coin heads uh I give you a hundred bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin heads uh I give you a hundred bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin heads uh I give you a hundred bucks
+tails you give me a hundred bucks how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails you give me a hundred bucks how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails you give me a hundred bucks how
+many people want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your computer doesn't care much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer doesn't care much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer doesn't care much about
+this because the expected value remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the expected value remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because the expected value remains
+zero right what's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s people are people are risk averse yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s people are people are risk averse yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s people are people are risk averse yeah
+that that that's certainly one uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's certainly one uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's certainly one uh that
+that that's what you're fine what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you're fine what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what you're fine what you
+find here but why what why don't you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find here but why what why don't you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find here but why what why don't you uh
+why don't you want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you want to play
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no expected value is just just a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no expected value is just just a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no expected value is just just a thing
+defined in in in in math land or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in in in in math land or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in in in in math land or
+statistics land it it is you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics land it it is you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics land it it is you know it's
+zero on this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on this that
+um but you know the two the two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know the two the two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you know the two the two you
+could either win or lose it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either win or lose it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either win or lose it's true
+you're not going to come out at zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to come out at zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to come out at zero but
+if we played it for everybody in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we played it for everybody in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we played it for everybody in the
+classroom right if I had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom right if I had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom right if I had a lot of
+hundred dollar bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollar bills
+see I wouldn't want to play that game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I wouldn't want to play that game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I wouldn't want to play that game uh
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that sounded cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I'm not being quick enough to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not being quick enough to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not being quick enough to figure
+this out what what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh thank you that's that's uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh thank you that's that's uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh thank you that's that's uh that
+that's that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's exactly right
+um it turns out that if you that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that if you that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it turns out that if you that this
+curve is not symmetrical around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is not symmetrical around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is not symmetrical around the
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+um that uh that negative money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh that negative money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that uh that negative money the
+utility of negative money tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of negative money tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of negative money tends to be
+somewhat steeper and more linear than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat steeper and more linear than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat steeper and more linear than
+than positive money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than positive money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than positive money
+with the result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the result that
+um exactly what what what the gentleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly what what what the gentleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly what what what the gentleman
+said that losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that losing
+um the absolute value of losing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absolute value of losing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the absolute value of losing a
+hundred dollars in in in this uh on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars in in in this uh on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred dollars in in in this uh on on
+this scale is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scale is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is greater than the uh absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the uh absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than the uh absolute value of
+gaining 100 uh gaining a hundred dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining 100 uh gaining a hundred dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaining 100 uh gaining a hundred dollars
+I mean one way to Intuit this is there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one way to Intuit this is there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean one way to Intuit this is there's
+plenty of room for you to gain a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of room for you to gain a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of room for you to gain a hundred
+dollars I mean you can do that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars I mean you can do that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars I mean you can do that all the
+time do you have a hundred dollars handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do you have a hundred dollars handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do you have a hundred dollars handy
+that you can afford to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can afford to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can afford to lose
+no maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe not
+um it would it would just hurt a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would it would just hurt a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it would it would just hurt a lot
+more and if we decide and now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and if we decide and now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and if we decide and now we can
+there are some version of this it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some version of this it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some version of this it's not
+it's not that you'll never play a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you'll never play a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that you'll never play a game
+for this kind of stakes I mean if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of stakes I mean if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of stakes I mean if I say
+I'll flip a coin uh heads you give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll flip a coin uh heads you give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll flip a coin uh heads you give me a
+penny Tails I give you a hundred bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny Tails I give you a hundred bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+penny Tails I give you a hundred bucks
+how many people want to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people want to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people want to play
+and the other ones didn't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other ones didn't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other ones didn't figure out
+what I said presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said presumably
+um the uh so somewhere between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh so somewhere between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh so somewhere between that
+extreme and the and the even game is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and the and the even game is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme and the and the even game is the
+point at which um we would measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which um we would measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which um we would measure how
+risk-averse you are it'd be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse you are it'd be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-averse you are it'd be very
+different for different people I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for different people I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for different people I mean
+would you play if heads uh one time play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you play if heads uh one time play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you play if heads uh one time play
+you know heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know heads
+um uh you give me 50 bucks Tails I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you give me 50 bucks Tails I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you give me 50 bucks Tails I give
+you 100 bucks now some people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 100 bucks now some people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 100 bucks now some people would be
+willing to play probably yeah he's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to play probably yeah he's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to play probably yeah he's good
+he's got 50 bucks handy or do you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got 50 bucks handy or do you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got 50 bucks handy or do you have a
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+no you were just well eaten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you were just well eaten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you were just well eaten
+198 okay he's he's got he's talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 okay he's he's got he's talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 okay he's he's got he's talked to
+him later he's got more money than he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him later he's got more money than he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him later he's got more money than he
+knows what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what to do with
+um but in any in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in any in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in any in any case
+um you know there will be a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there will be a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know there will be a balance
+point at which you're you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which you're you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point at which you're you know where
+where the the loss and and the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the loss and and the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the the loss and and the gain
+balance out and then you'd be presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out and then you'd be presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance out and then you'd be presumably
+willing to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to pay
+um strange things happen at the extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strange things happen at the extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um strange things happen at the extremes
+and that's the basis for a willingness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the basis for a willingness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the basis for a willingness
+to uh to play lotteries so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to play lotteries so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to play lotteries so if you have a
+uh a wager that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a wager that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a wager that says
+um you know uh heads you give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh heads you give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know uh heads you give me a
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+Tales I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tales I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tales I give you
+10 million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million dollars
+but the probability of coming up Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the probability of coming up Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the probability of coming up Tails
+uh equals uh you know 10 to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals uh you know 10 to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equals uh you know 10 to the minus I
+don't know 80 or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 80 or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 80 or something like that
+but I'm not getting the right numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not getting the right numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not getting the right numbers
+particularly for for a uh State Lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for for a uh State Lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for for a uh State Lottery
+but it's not it's it it's that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not it's it it's that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not it's it it's that kind of
+thing the reason people run state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the reason people run state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the reason people run state
+lotteries is because they want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries is because they want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries is because they want your
+dollars not because they're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars not because they're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars not because they're interested
+in giving you a a you know a pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in giving you a a you know a pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in giving you a a you know a pile of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+um so even so by the time you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so even so by the time you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so even so by the time you have these
+very extreme kinds of gambles as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extreme kinds of gambles as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very extreme kinds of gambles as long as
+the cost is is sort of minimal down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost is is sort of minimal down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost is is sort of minimal down here
+and the potential payoff is huge for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential payoff is huge for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the potential payoff is huge for
+instance you're willing to pay radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you're willing to pay radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you're willing to pay radically
+unfair games that you would never play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair games that you would never play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfair games that you would never play
+in the range of of uh uh in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of of uh uh in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of of uh uh in in the
+normal sort of in the middle kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sort of in the middle kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal sort of in the middle kind of
+range you know if I tell you well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you know if I tell you well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range you know if I tell you well all
+right we can make this just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a tenfold difference so if we play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tenfold difference so if we play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tenfold difference so if we play
+a game that that well you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that that well you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that that well you can figure
+this out at the extremes you're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out at the extremes you're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out at the extremes you're willing
+to risk a buck to make 100 million bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to risk a buck to make 100 million bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to risk a buck to make 100 million bucks
+um at the uh even if the odds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the uh even if the odds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at the uh even if the odds are
+against you in in a more moderate game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you in in a more moderate game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against you in in a more moderate game
+you would not be willing to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not be willing to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would not be willing to do that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's that sort of reasoning or lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that sort of reasoning or lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that sort of reasoning or lack
+thereof that allows lotteries to uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereof that allows lotteries to uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereof that allows lotteries to uh um
+to make their money even well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their money even well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make their money even well it's
+probably also uh confounded there by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also uh confounded there by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably also uh confounded there by the
+fact that it's not clear that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's not clear that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's not clear that the
+population as a whole really understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a whole really understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a whole really understands
+that this is a sucker's game that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a sucker's game that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a sucker's game that that
+the state is actually in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is actually in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is actually in the business of
+taking your money from you not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your money from you not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking your money from you not just
+redistributing the wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing the wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributing the wealth
+um but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh
+but even people who perfectly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even people who perfectly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even people who perfectly well
+understand that their chances are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that their chances are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that their chances are less
+than even of winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than even of winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than even of winning
+um even if they were to buy 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they were to buy 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um even if they were to buy 10 to the
+80th tickets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80th tickets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80th tickets
+um it was continue to buy lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was continue to buy lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was continue to buy lottery
+tickets and continue to it's a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and continue to it's a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets and continue to it's a strange
+way to raise money for your state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to raise money for your state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to raise money for your state but
+never mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never mind
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+so money is uh like other aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so money is uh like other aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so money is uh like other aspects of
+reasoning is subject to the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is subject to the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is subject to the sorts of
+narrative stories that say it hurts more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative stories that say it hurts more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative stories that say it hurts more
+to lose a hundred bucks than it than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose a hundred bucks than it than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lose a hundred bucks than it than
+than it then it feels good to gain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it then it feels good to gain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it then it feels good to gain a
+hundred bucks the sort of narrative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bucks the sort of narrative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred bucks the sort of narrative that
+that that you know is is beyond just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know is is beyond just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you know is is beyond just the
+simple math of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple math of the situation
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me oh okay I'll have time to do one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me oh okay I'll have time to do one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me oh okay I'll have time to do one
+more example which is an interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example which is an interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example which is an interestingly
+illustrative one and involves these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative one and involves these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative one and involves these
+cards which I believe I put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards which I believe I put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards which I believe I put on the
+handout this is known as the waste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout this is known as the waste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout this is known as the waste and
+selection task because good old wayson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection task because good old wayson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection task because good old wayson
+developed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed it
+um and oh look the rules are properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and oh look the rules are properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and oh look the rules are properly
+described on the handout you've got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described on the handout you've got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described on the handout you've got four
+cards here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards here
+each card has a letter on one side and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each card has a letter on one side and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each card has a letter on one side and a
+number on the other side you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on the other side you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on the other side you know that
+um what you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you want to know
+is uh and and and and here's the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and and and and here's the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh and and and and here's the rule
+the rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is
+um if the uh card has a vowel on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the uh card has a vowel on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if the uh card has a vowel on one
+side then it has an odd number on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then it has an odd number on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side then it has an odd number on the
+other side that's that's the rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side that's that's the rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side that's that's the rule that
+we want to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to check
+which cards what's the minimum and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cards what's the minimum and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cards what's the minimum and and
+full set of cards that you need to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full set of cards that you need to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full set of cards that you need to flip
+to check whether that rule pertains for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether that rule pertains for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check whether that rule pertains for
+this set of cards that's the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of cards that's the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of cards that's the question
+and so we'll vote on each card as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll vote on each card as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we'll vote on each card as we go
+along how many people want to uh to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along how many people want to uh to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along how many people want to uh to flip
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+all right lots and lots of people wanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right lots and lots of people wanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right lots and lots of people wanna
+uh flip e how many people want to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flip e how many people want to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flip e how many people want to flip
+the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a couple of people want to flip the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of people want to flip the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of people want to flip the S
+how many people want to flip the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bunch of people want to flip the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people want to flip the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of people want to flip the seven
+how many people want to flip the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people want to flip the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people want to flip the four
+about the same bunch of people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same bunch of people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same bunch of people want to
+flip the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip the form
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+well and and some of the same p i I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and and some of the same p i I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and and some of the same p i I
+probably well it's too complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably well it's too complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably well it's too complicated to
+collect all the details uh of uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all the details uh of uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect all the details uh of uh how
+many cards people think you need to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cards people think you need to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cards people think you need to flip
+the answer is you need to flip two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you need to flip two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is you need to flip two and
+only two cards here the other and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two cards here the other and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two cards here the other and well
+and before I tell you which ones it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before I tell you which ones it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before I tell you which ones it is I
+should say that like many of the Demos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that like many of the Demos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say that like many of the Demos
+in in this lecture this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this lecture this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this lecture this is the sort of
+thing that drives MIT students nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that drives MIT students nuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that drives MIT students nuts
+because they ain't it's a cognition like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they ain't it's a cognition like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they ain't it's a cognition like
+there's a logic lecture it's got like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a logic lecture it's got like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a logic lecture it's got like
+mathy things in it and it's logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathy things in it and it's logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathy things in it and it's logic and
+that's why I'm here and I'm getting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm here and I'm getting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm here and I'm getting them
+all weird and wrong and then and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all weird and wrong and then and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all weird and wrong and then and and and
+I'm gonna flunk all my courses and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna flunk all my courses and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna flunk all my courses and I'm
+gonna die or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I should note that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should note that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should note that one of the
+characteristics of the waste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the waste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of the waste and
+selection task is that everybody gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection task is that everybody gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection task is that everybody gets it
+wrong I I don't remember if it's wayson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I I don't remember if it's wayson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I I don't remember if it's wayson
+originally who did it but did you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally who did it but did you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally who did it but did you try
+this out on logicians and they blow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out on logicians and they blow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out on logicians and they blow it
+um you know you take and and you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you take and and you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know you take and and you know if
+you're if you're feeling like depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're feeling like depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're if you're feeling like depressed
+after this you take this to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this you take this to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this you take this to your
+um you know the calculus uh ta next hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the calculus uh ta next hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the calculus uh ta next hour
+and see if if she can do it and anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if if she can do it and anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see if if she can do it and anyway
+so uh as as people correctly uh figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as as people correctly uh figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh as as people correctly uh figure
+you you've gotta you've gotta pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've gotta you've gotta pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you've gotta you've gotta pull this
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+because if it's got an even number on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's got an even number on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's got an even number on
+the other side you're you're dead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side you're you're dead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side you're you're dead and
+you don't have to do anything because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do anything because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to do anything because we
+don't know we there's no assertion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we there's no assertion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know we there's no assertion about
+um what's not what non-bowels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's not what non-bowels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what's not what non-bowels are
+um you don't have to flip him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to flip him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't have to flip him
+because it doesn't say it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't say it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't say it says
+well here let's do this in good logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here let's do this in good logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here let's do this in good logic
+terms which for mysterious reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which for mysterious reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms which for mysterious reasons
+always talks about P the assertion is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talks about P the assertion is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talks about P the assertion is if
+p uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p uh then
+Q then odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q then odd
+odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+um if P then Q if you know Q who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if P then Q if you know Q who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if P then Q if you know Q who cares
+right it doesn't say if Q then P so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't say if Q then P so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it doesn't say if Q then P so this
+could be an S without violating the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an S without violating the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an S without violating the rule
+right this guy on the other hand is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this guy on the other hand is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this guy on the other hand is not
+Q This Guy's not P everybody figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q This Guy's not P everybody figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q This Guy's not P everybody figured out
+we don't care about not P not Q is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about not P not Q is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about not P not Q is the
+other one that you do need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one that you do need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one that you do need to check
+the um because if this has an e on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um because if this has an e on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um because if this has an e on the
+other side the the statement is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side the the statement is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side the the statement is false
+right the the rule is false so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the rule is false so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the rule is false so you've
+got to check for an e on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to check for an e on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to check for an e on the other side
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+um so there are three people here who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are three people here who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so there are three people here who
+say I got it I got it and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I got it I got it and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I got it I got it and and you know
+good for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for you
+um that's nice people routinely do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's nice people routinely do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's nice people routinely do very
+badly on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly on this
+um and the interesting question is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the interesting question is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and the interesting question is uh it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+is why actually I'm not sure that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why actually I'm not sure that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why actually I'm not sure that's an
+interesting question uh why you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question uh why you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question uh why you do that
+but the interesting Quest the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interesting Quest the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interesting Quest the
+interesting fact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact is
+um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that
+people do very well on other versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do very well on other versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do very well on other versions of
+exactly this problem so let's set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this problem so let's set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this problem so let's set up
+another version of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another version of this problem
+um we've got uh somebody with a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've got uh somebody with a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we've got uh somebody with a uh
+um a beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got somebody with a soda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got somebody with a soda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got somebody with a soda
+we've got an 18 year old and we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an 18 year old and we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an 18 year old and we've got a
+22 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 year old
+the rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule is
+you have to be 22 to drink well 21 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be 22 to drink well 21 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be 22 to drink well 21 right
+you have to be over 21 to drink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be over 21 to drink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be over 21 to drink
+which of these cards do we need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these cards do we need to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these cards do we need to check
+so do we need to check this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we need to check this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do we need to check this one
+yeah sure right if this suckers an 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure right if this suckers an 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure right if this suckers an 18
+year old he's going down right do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old he's going down right do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year old he's going down right do we
+need to check this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to check this one
+oh well care about that do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well care about that do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well care about that do we need to
+check this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check this one
+yeah we just need to check this one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we just need to check this one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we just need to check this one no
+we don't care about that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about that people are
+perfect at this essentially oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect at this essentially oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect at this essentially oh yeah
+sometimes if I phrase it right you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if I phrase it right you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if I phrase it right you can
+manage to get yourself a little confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to get yourself a little confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage to get yourself a little confused
+so if you got it wrong don't sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you got it wrong don't sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you got it wrong don't sit there
+and say I'll never drink again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I'll never drink again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say I'll never drink again
+um but so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so people are perfectly good at at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are perfectly good at at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people are perfectly good at at this
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+um real world example it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um real world example it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um real world example it turns out that
+they're not good at all real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not good at all real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not good at all real world
+examples I could uh uh well I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I could uh uh well I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I could uh uh well I won't
+bother trying to generate an another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother trying to generate an another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother trying to generate an another
+real world example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world example here
+um Lita cosmides has argued that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Lita cosmides has argued that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Lita cosmides has argued that what
+people are good about reasoning about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are good about reasoning about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are good about reasoning about is
+cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating
+is somebody getting goodies that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somebody getting goodies that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somebody getting goodies that they're
+not supposed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to get
+you know is this 18 year old getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this 18 year old getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this 18 year old getting a
+drink when I can't get a drink yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink when I can't get a drink yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drink when I can't get a drink yet
+I'm Gonna Keep good track of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Gonna Keep good track of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Gonna Keep good track of him
+um and and and the guy drinking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and the guy drinking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and the guy drinking this
+beer looks kind of young to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer looks kind of young to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beer looks kind of young to me
+um whereas you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um whereas you know
+that four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah nobody cares about that and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah nobody cares about that and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah nobody cares about that and if you
+reframe the problem there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe the problem there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe the problem there there are
+plenty of ways to reframe this to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of ways to reframe this to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of ways to reframe this to put
+things like oh there's a version about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh there's a version about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like oh there's a version about
+if if you're in Seattle it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're in Seattle it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're in Seattle it must be
+raining as examples like that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining as examples like that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raining as examples like that people
+bomb that all over the place there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb that all over the place there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb that all over the place there's
+nothing at stake there uh cosmidtes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing at stake there uh cosmidtes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing at stake there uh cosmidtes and
+a variety of The evolutionary psych
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of The evolutionary psych
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of The evolutionary psych
+people argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people argue that
+um that your cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that your cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that your cognitive
+capabilities have been shaped by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities have been shaped by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities have been shaped by the
+problems that you need to solve out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you need to solve out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that you need to solve out
+there in the world is somebody getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world is somebody getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the world is somebody getting
+goodies they shouldn't be getting is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodies they shouldn't be getting is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodies they shouldn't be getting is the
+guy with the stick going to hit me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with the stick going to hit me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy with the stick going to hit me with
+the stick that kind of thing it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick that kind of thing it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stick that kind of thing it would be
+lovely if that was true it might be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely if that was true it might be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely if that was true it might be true
+the problem is that the the sub the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that the the sub the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that the the sub the
+research subsequent to this has made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research subsequent to this has made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research subsequent to this has made the
+issue more complicated it is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue more complicated it is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue more complicated it is not that
+there are cheating examples that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cheating examples that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cheating examples that people
+have cooked up that are that that bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cooked up that are that that bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cooked up that are that that bomb
+and there are non-seating examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are non-seating examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are non-seating examples that
+people successfully manage to solve but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people successfully manage to solve but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people successfully manage to solve but
+what does seem to be pretty clear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does seem to be pretty clear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does seem to be pretty clear is
+that we are not built to solve abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are not built to solve abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are not built to solve abstract
+problems that's why you have to show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that's why you have to show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that's why you have to show up
+at MIT to learn that kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT to learn that kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT to learn that kind of stuff
+nobody goes to MIT to take courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody goes to MIT to take courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody goes to MIT to take courses in
+carding guys at bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carding guys at bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carding guys at bars
+you come with that you can figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come with that you can figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come with that you can figure that
+out for yourself it's when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for yourself it's when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for yourself it's when you have
+unfortunately yeah the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately yeah the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately yeah the problem of
+running the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the country
+turns out to be probably a lot more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be probably a lot more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be probably a lot more like
+this than like this but the decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than like this but the decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this than like this but the decision is
+made like this so everybody go watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made like this so everybody go watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made like this so everybody go watch the
+debate and tell me what you find
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-nAt3BJQ2xY.txt b/-nAt3BJQ2xY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c672a6bcc0ac0ba790269cbac57c1b1ad7471c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-nAt3BJQ2xY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4227 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+when we start considering short-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start considering short-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we start considering short-range
+effects of respiratory jets and plumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of respiratory jets and plumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of respiratory jets and plumes
+it raises the interesting question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises the interesting question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it raises the interesting question
+of what is the role of social distancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the role of social distancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the role of social distancing
+which is our primary means for fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our primary means for fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is our primary means for fighting
+the pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pandemic
+at the moment so as we've discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment so as we've discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment so as we've discussed
+this is especially important when mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is especially important when mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is especially important when mass
+or face shields are not worn so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or face shields are not worn so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or face shields are not worn so that the
+jets and plumes that come from breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets and plumes that come from breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jets and plumes that come from breathing
+and speaking and singing and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking and singing and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking and singing and other
+respiratory activities are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory activities are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory activities are not
+blocked in the sense that the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked in the sense that the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocked in the sense that the momentum
+is not blocked and furthermore there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not blocked and furthermore there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not blocked and furthermore there's
+no filtering going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no filtering going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no filtering going on
+so then we have our long-range airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have our long-range airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we have our long-range airborne
+risk coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk coming from
+respiratory aerosols that have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory aerosols that have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory aerosols that have become
+well mixed into the background air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed into the background air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well mixed into the background air
+but we have a new term that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a new term that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have a new term that comes from
+short-range transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range transmission
+and in a worst-case scenario we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a worst-case scenario we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a worst-case scenario we can
+imagine that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that as
+a wedge-like or cone-like plume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wedge-like or cone-like plume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wedge-like or cone-like plume
+uh which we have just described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which we have just described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which we have just described in
+reality there's going to be some flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there's going to be some flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality there's going to be some flows
+background in the background flows in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in the background flows in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in the background flows in
+the room which will sweep that jet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room which will sweep that jet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room which will sweep that jet in
+different directions and break it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and break it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions and break it up
+there'll be motion of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be motion of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be motion of people
+turning of heads so it'll never be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning of heads so it'll never be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning of heads so it'll never be this
+simple but the worst case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but the worst case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but the worst case scenario
+is really a well-formed respiratory jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a well-formed respiratory jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a well-formed respiratory jet
+and somebody essentially standing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody essentially standing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody essentially standing right
+in it at a certain distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it at a certain distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it at a certain distance
+x bar which is our sort of average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar which is our sort of average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar which is our sort of average
+social distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social distance
+as we've discussed we can also take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've discussed we can also take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've discussed we can also take the
+ratio of these two terms and speak of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of these two terms and speak of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of these two terms and speak of
+fs which we define here as the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs which we define here as the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fs which we define here as the short
+range risk enhancement factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range risk enhancement factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range risk enhancement factor
+so that comes down to two new parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes down to two new parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes down to two new parameters
+which we've been discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've been discussing
+p jet the probability that a cecetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p jet the probability that a cecetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p jet the probability that a cecetal
+person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person
+is in the respiratory jet of an affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the respiratory jet of an affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the respiratory jet of an affected
+person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and
+x bar the typical distance over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar the typical distance over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar the typical distance over which
+that occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs
+xc is this transition distance where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc is this transition distance where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xc is this transition distance where the
+respiratory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory uh
+jet concentration starts to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet concentration starts to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet concentration starts to match the
+that of the background ambient error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the background ambient error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the background ambient error
+and which we substitute and form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which we substitute and form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which we substitute and form this
+expression uh shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression uh shown here
+so uh there are a number of situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are a number of situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there are a number of situations
+we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of
+uh to estimate uh what would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to estimate uh what would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to estimate uh what would be uh
+these parameters so the first would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters so the first would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters so the first would be
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+to consider random occupant place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider random occupant place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider random occupant place
+occupant placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this situation if we view from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this situation if we view from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this situation if we view from
+above we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above we have
+let's say a person this is now viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a person this is now viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a person this is now viewing
+from above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from above
+and they have a respiratory jet which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a respiratory jet which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a respiratory jet which is
+going off like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then at any given distance we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at any given distance we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at any given distance we can uh
+we can imagine there's there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine there's there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine there's there's sort of a
+typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical
+uh social distance here i'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social distance here i'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh social distance here i'm kind of
+exaggerating how far that is compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerating how far that is compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerating how far that is compared to
+the size of the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the head
+but if this distance here is x bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this distance here is x bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if this distance here is x bar
+then at that distance we'd like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at that distance we'd like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at that distance we'd like to say
+what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability
+that that's a central person is is is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a central person is is is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's a central person is is is in
+the jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jet
+and that would simply be formed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would simply be formed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would simply be formed by
+taking the angle of the jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the angle of the jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the angle of the jet
+relative to the full circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the full circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the full circle
+so we can imagine what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can imagine what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can imagine what is the
+probability of putting a person right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of putting a person right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of putting a person right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+versus over here or over here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus over here or over here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus over here or over here where
+they're not going to be in the jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be in the jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to be in the jet
+so in that situation we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that situation we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in that situation we could write
+that the p jet is approximately uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the p jet is approximately uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the p jet is approximately uh
+the inverse tangent of alpha so alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse tangent of alpha so alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse tangent of alpha so alpha
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+is the uh is the uh the ratio um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh is the uh the ratio um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh is the uh the ratio um
+is the entrainment factor and it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entrainment factor and it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the entrainment factor and it's sort
+of the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh
+um the slope of this of this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the slope of this of this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the slope of this of this line
+defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining
+the uh the cone um of the respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the cone um of the respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the cone um of the respiratory
+jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet
+and then we could divide that by pi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could divide that by pi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we could divide that by pi so
+that basically tells us the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically tells us the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically tells us the probability
+of being in this yellow region versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in this yellow region versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in this yellow region versus
+somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+at a given distance and then now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given distance and then now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given distance and then now if we
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+the distance factor if it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance factor if it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance factor if it's completely
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+then if we just imagine lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we just imagine lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we just imagine lots of people
+scattered throughout a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered throughout a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered throughout a room
+imagine a busy space for example in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a busy space for example in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a busy space for example in a
+bar or a nightclub a place where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or a nightclub a place where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar or a nightclub a place where it's
+somewhat crowded but people are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat crowded but people are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat crowded but people are kind of
+moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around
+then we might have an average social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might have an average social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we might have an average social
+distance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance which
+is the area of the room divided by n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area of the room divided by n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the area of the room divided by n so
+that's the area per person and then take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the area per person and then take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the area per person and then take
+a square root that's an estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root that's an estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square root that's an estimate of the
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+and the square root of area is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the square root of area is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the square root of area is the
+length l of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length l of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length l of the room
+so it's divided by square root of n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's divided by square root of n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's divided by square root of n and
+so with these two assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these two assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with these two assumptions
+we would then find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would then find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would then find that this
+short range risk and enhancement factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range risk and enhancement factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range risk and enhancement factor
+well what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what does it look like
+it then is this factor p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then is this factor p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then is this factor p
+jet times x c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet times x c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet times x c
+over l times and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l times and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over l times and then we have
+this n minus 1 factor so if n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n minus 1 factor so if n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n minus 1 factor so if n is
+reasonable is larger than 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable is larger than 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable is larger than 1
+we could just estimate s estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just estimate s estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just estimate s estimate that
+as a square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a square root of n
+so what that shows is as more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that shows is as more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that shows is as more and more
+people pack into the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pack into the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people pack into the room
+we have an increase in the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an increase in the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an increase in the importance of
+short range versus long range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range versus long range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range versus long range
+transmission and this pre-factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and this pre-factor here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and this pre-factor here
+is something which typically will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something which typically will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something which typically will be
+much less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than one
+because the probability of being in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of being in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the probability of being in a
+jet if alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet if alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jet if alpha
+is uh around point one point one five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh around point one point one five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh around point one point one five
+this turns out to be around three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be around three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be around three
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+okay so that's uh it's not quite as wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's uh it's not quite as wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's uh it's not quite as wide
+as i've sketched here the jet is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've sketched here the jet is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've sketched here the jet is a
+little bit more narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more narrow
+and we've already discussed that xc the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already discussed that xc the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've already discussed that xc the
+distance where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance where the
+concentration the jet starts to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the jet starts to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration the jet starts to match
+that the ambient it does depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ambient it does depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the ambient it does depend on the
+conditions of the room and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of the room and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions of the room and the
+ventilation and other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation and other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation and other factors
+but roughly speaking xc is is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly speaking xc is is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but roughly speaking xc is is typically
+smaller than the size of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the size of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the size of the room
+and so this factor here is quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this factor here is quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this factor here is quite a bit
+less than one so you see that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one so you see that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one so you see that in a
+random situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random situation
+the uh short range transmission starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh short range transmission starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh short range transmission starts
+to become important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become important
+only when the number of people becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when the number of people becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when the number of people becomes
+large and it grows like square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it grows like square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and it grows like square root of n
+and there's a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a certain point
+which might be at n equals 20 or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be at n equals 20 or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be at n equals 20 or n
+equals 50 or n equals 100 depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 or n equals 100 depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 50 or n equals 100 depending on
+the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space
+where the short range risk is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the short range risk is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the short range risk is larger
+than the risk of the background airborne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the risk of the background airborne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the risk of the background airborne
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+and that's again just coming from random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's again just coming from random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's again just coming from random
+placement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement so
+on the other hand the random placement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the random placement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the random placement
+situation is not quite the best case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is not quite the best case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is not quite the best case
+scenario but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario but it's
+sort of a fairly optimistic scenario the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a fairly optimistic scenario the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a fairly optimistic scenario the
+best case scenario is that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case scenario is that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case scenario is that people
+are always kind of having their backs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always kind of having their backs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always kind of having their backs to
+each other never breathing on each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other never breathing on each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other never breathing on each other
+that never really happens in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never really happens in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never really happens in fact
+it's more typical in human interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more typical in human interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more typical in human interactions
+for people to face each other they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to face each other they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people to face each other they may
+be talking to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking to each other
+looking at each other and so hence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at each other and so hence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at each other and so hence we
+tend to find ourselves more typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to find ourselves more typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to find ourselves more typically
+in the way of breathing and so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of breathing and so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way of breathing and so it might
+be better to think about this estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better to think about this estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be better to think about this estimate
+in other ways so a second way that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other ways so a second way that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other ways so a second way that we
+can think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about it
+is by using a social distance guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by using a social distance guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by using a social distance guideline
+or social distancing rule let's just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or social distancing rule let's just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or social distancing rule let's just say
+so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that
+instead of a random situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a random situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of a random situation where
+people are kind of keeping you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are kind of keeping you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are kind of keeping you know sort
+of the average distance between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average distance between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the average distance between each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+that no matter how many people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter how many people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no matter how many people in the
+room up to a certain maximum occupancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room up to a certain maximum occupancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room up to a certain maximum occupancy
+they're not going to come within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to come within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not going to come within
+let's say a six foot radius or a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a six foot radius or a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say a six foot radius or a three
+foot radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot radius
+one meter radius depending on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter radius depending on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter radius depending on what the
+social distancing guideline is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social distancing guideline is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social distancing guideline is in that
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+there's going to be a certain sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a certain sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a certain sort of
+minimum x and let's just think of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum x and let's just think of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum x and let's just think of that
+as the worst case scenario for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the worst case scenario for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the worst case scenario for the
+people that are that close to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are that close to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are that close to each other
+that's the distance we'll choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the distance we'll choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the distance we'll choose
+and so this might be something like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this might be something like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this might be something like six
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+one meter you can pick and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter you can pick and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter you can pick and in that case
+the fs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fs is
+uh p jet over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p jet over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh p jet over n
+minus 1 times x c over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times x c over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 times x c over
+x and we've already estimated that at 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and we've already estimated that at 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and we've already estimated that at 6
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet
+x c over x it does depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x c over x it does depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x c over x it does depend on the
+ventilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation
+and the size of the room and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the room and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the room and other
+factors but we've already said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors but we've already said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors but we've already said that
+uh this factor here might be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this factor here might be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this factor here might be something
+like six to six hundred for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six to six hundred for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six to six hundred for
+a certain set of examples that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain set of examples that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain set of examples that we've
+just considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just considered
+so when we put all this together if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we put all this together if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we put all this together if we
+take into account also that p jet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account also that p jet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account also that p jet is
+around let's say three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's say three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's say three percent
+if we imagine having random uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we imagine having random uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we imagine having random uh
+placement of people but at a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of people but at a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of people but at a fixed
+distance minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance minimum distance
+of uh of six feet then what we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of six feet then what we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of six feet then what we'll find
+is this ends up being something like 0.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this ends up being something like 0.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this ends up being something like 0.2
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+n ranging up to let's say 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ranging up to let's say 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n ranging up to let's say 20
+over n and again this is just very rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n and again this is just very rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n and again this is just very rough
+so this is with random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is with random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is with random
+uh angle so in other words we're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh angle so in other words we're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh angle so in other words we're still
+thinking now of just this kind of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now of just this kind of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking now of just this kind of random
+orientation of somebody's head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of somebody's head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of somebody's head
+not necessarily facing one person all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily facing one person all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily facing one person all
+the time and so you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and so you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and so you can see here
+that uh if n is um if you know if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if n is um if you know if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if n is um if you know if we're
+in the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the situation
+of the 20 which is by the way that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20 which is by the way that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20 which is by the way that's the
+case where this is getting large so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where this is getting large so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where this is getting large so that
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+um a case of a large a large room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a case of a large a large room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a case of a large a large room
+or it would be of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it would be of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it would be of um
+low breathing rates et cetera uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low breathing rates et cetera uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low breathing rates et cetera uh then
+we you can see that when n gets uh if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you can see that when n gets uh if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you can see that when n gets uh if n
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+uh small uh then then then this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh small uh then then then this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh small uh then then then this number
+can actually quite large in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually quite large in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually quite large in other words
+if we just have a few people in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just have a few people in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we just have a few people in the room
+and they can get this close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can get this close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can get this close to each
+other like once one minimum of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like once one minimum of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other like once one minimum of social
+distance like six feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance like six feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance like six feet
+then the primary risk is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the primary risk is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the primary risk is coming from
+airborne transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+especially if the rim is very big if two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if the rim is very big if two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if the rim is very big if two
+people are by themselves in an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are by themselves in an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are by themselves in an enormous
+room then the risk from background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room then the risk from background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room then the risk from background
+airborne transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission
+is minimal compared to the risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimal compared to the risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimal compared to the risk of
+direct uh short-range transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct uh short-range transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct uh short-range transmission
+so that kind of makes sense right on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of makes sense right on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of makes sense right on the
+other hand notice the effect of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand notice the effect of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand notice the effect of n
+if we have more and more people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have more and more people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have more and more people in the
+room then even though most of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room then even though most of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room then even though most of those
+people are a lot farther away there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are a lot farther away there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are a lot farther away there's so
+many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them
+that are potentially going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are potentially going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are potentially going to get
+infected that it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected that it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected that it becomes
+worse uh to even in the case of 20 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh to even in the case of 20 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse uh to even in the case of 20 here
+which is sort of the more concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the more concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of the more concern
+you know the case where short range is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the case where short range is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the case where short range is
+more important it starts to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important it starts to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important it starts to switch
+to where the long range transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the long range transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to where the long range transmission
+becomes more important when n is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more important when n is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes more important when n is larger
+than 20 in this particular example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 20 in this particular example so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 20 in this particular example so
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+uh so significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so significant
+for small n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small n and
+basically large v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically large v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically large v
+so basically low occupant densities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically low occupant densities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically low occupant densities if
+people are going to come close to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to come close to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are going to come close to each
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+then it makes sense shortwave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes sense shortwave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it makes sense shortwave is
+important in fact a limit that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in fact a limit that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in fact a limit that we
+haven't talked about yet is what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about yet is what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about yet is what if
+we're outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're outside
+what if we don't even have what if the v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we don't even have what if the v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we don't even have what if the v
+goes to infinity or v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity or v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity or v
+is very large so effectively it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large so effectively it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large so effectively it's
+infinity what this is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what this is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what this is telling us
+is that we have to stop worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have to stop worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we have to stop worrying about
+the long-range background well-mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-range background well-mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long-range background well-mixed
+concentration of infectious aerosols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of infectious aerosols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of infectious aerosols and
+instead we have to focus on the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have to focus on the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we have to focus on the short
+range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range
+just whenever people are coming close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whenever people are coming close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just whenever people are coming close to
+each other make sure they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other make sure they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other make sure they're not
+breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing
+directly on each other for long periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on each other for long periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly on each other for long periods
+of time that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time that's the key
+now the last we can think of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last we can think of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last we can think of which is
+really kind of like a worst case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of like a worst case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of like a worst case
+scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would be where a person is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be where a person is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be where a person is at the
+closest distance that's allowed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest distance that's allowed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest distance that's allowed or
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+let's say six feet maybe even three feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say six feet maybe even three feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say six feet maybe even three feet
+one meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter
+and also they're not randomly placed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're not randomly placed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also they're not randomly placed in
+angle but they're really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but they're really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle but they're really just
+constantly in the jet of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in the jet of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in the jet of the other
+person so let's say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so let's say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person so let's say for example
+p jet is 90 that's a pretty high number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p jet is 90 that's a pretty high number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p jet is 90 that's a pretty high number
+keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping
+in mind that there's also turbulent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that there's also turbulent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that there's also turbulent and
+chaotic flows in the room such that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic flows in the room such that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaotic flows in the room such that even
+if if you're facing somebody all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're facing somebody all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you're facing somebody all
+the time the stable respiratory jet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the stable respiratory jet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the stable respiratory jet and
+puff train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puff train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puff train
+is going to be swept away by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be swept away by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be swept away by other
+currents and so it's really not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and so it's really not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and so it's really not as
+though the other person is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the other person is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the other person is constantly
+going to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in
+fully exposed but let's just say we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully exposed but let's just say we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully exposed but let's just say we pick
+a number like 90 which is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number like 90 which is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number like 90 which is kind of a
+worst-case scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst-case scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst-case scenario
+and we're always facing each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're always facing each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're always facing each other so
+let's you know let's again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's you know let's again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's you know let's again
+pick you know sort of x-bar is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick you know sort of x-bar is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick you know sort of x-bar is let's
+just say six feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say six feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say six feet
+let's just say or maybe we're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say or maybe we're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just say or maybe we're sitting
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+a table at a distance you know which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table at a distance you know which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table at a distance you know which is
+sort of an acceptable social distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an acceptable social distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an acceptable social distance
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+the six foot rule uh then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six foot rule uh then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six foot rule uh then we're going to
+find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that this
+enhancement factor is around six over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement factor is around six over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement factor is around six over n
+to 600 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 600 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 600 over n
+uh so we can see that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we can see that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we can see that um
+the short range effect can be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short range effect can be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short range effect can be a lot
+larger um so if so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um so if so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger um so if so notice
+even if n gets to be really large like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if n gets to be really large like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if n gets to be really large like a
+lot of people in normal it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in normal it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people in normal it's it's a
+restaurant with 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant with 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant with 100
+people in the room still it's six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room still it's six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room still it's six times
+worse to be in a single person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse to be in a single person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse to be in a single person's
+respiratory jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory jet
+90 of the time at six foot distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 of the time at six foot distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 of the time at six foot distance so
+that's actually fairly alarming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually fairly alarming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually fairly alarming
+if you think about situations such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about situations such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about situations such as
+restaurants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurants
+or office meetings or any other normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or office meetings or any other normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or office meetings or any other normal
+activity where people are facing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity where people are facing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity where people are facing each
+other and breathing on each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and breathing on each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and breathing on each other
+continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously
+without wearing masks or face shields so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without wearing masks or face shields so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without wearing masks or face shields so
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+i'll just mention here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just mention here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just mention here
+short range dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this situation so then how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation so then how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this situation so then how do we
+mitigate against this short range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate against this short range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate against this short range
+transmission risk which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission risk which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission risk which is
+going to be worse again when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worse again when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be worse again when we have
+people that are not wearing mass or face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not wearing mass or face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are not wearing mass or face
+shields and are in close proximity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shields and are in close proximity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shields and are in close proximity
+and facing each other for long periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facing each other for long periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and facing each other for long periods
+of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time
+and especially in a larger room where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially in a larger room where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially in a larger room where in
+a lower occupancy where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower occupancy where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower occupancy where the
+the at the end is maybe not so big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the end is maybe not so big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the end is maybe not so big and
+we don't have to worry as much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to worry as much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to worry as much about
+long-range transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-range transmission
+well one way to proceed is to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way to proceed is to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one way to proceed is to continue
+using the universal guideline that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the universal guideline that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the universal guideline that we've
+derived right here for long range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived right here for long range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived right here for long range
+and simply choose a small epsilon much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply choose a small epsilon much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply choose a small epsilon much
+less than one and you can see here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one and you can see here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one and you can see here it
+doesn't have to be that tiny from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be that tiny from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be that tiny from this
+this simple estimate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple estimate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple estimate here
+uh you know maybe an epsilon of 0.01 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe an epsilon of 0.01 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know maybe an epsilon of 0.01 you
+know might not be so bad because see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might not be so bad because see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know might not be so bad because see
+this number 600 is there and if n is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number 600 is there and if n is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number 600 is there and if n is you
+know maybe 5 or 10 in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe 5 or 10 in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe 5 or 10 in the room
+then that might be already helping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might be already helping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that might be already helping you
+so remember we use the guideline with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we use the guideline with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember we use the guideline with a
+fudge factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudge factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fudge factor
+or a tolerance epsilon and some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a tolerance epsilon and some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a tolerance epsilon and some of the
+uncertainties in different mode the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties in different mode the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainties in different mode the
+transmission are already kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission are already kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission are already kind of
+included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included
+in there but certainly if we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there but certainly if we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there but certainly if we're not
+wearing mass the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing mass the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing mass the risk
+is pretty high and so that may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty high and so that may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty high and so that may not be
+enough and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and that's why
+social distancing can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i want to emphasize from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to emphasize from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to emphasize from our
+discussion of these these respiratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of these these respiratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of these these respiratory
+plumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumes
+there's nothing really that special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing really that special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing really that special
+about six feet there's unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six feet there's unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six feet there's unfortunately
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+a feeling in the general public that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling in the general public that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling in the general public that if
+you're closer than six feet you're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're closer than six feet you're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're closer than six feet you're at
+extremely high risk you've penetrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high risk you've penetrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely high risk you've penetrated
+somebody's bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's bubble
+but when you're a little bit more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're a little bit more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're a little bit more than
+six feet you can breathe easy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet you can breathe easy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six feet you can breathe easy because
+you're safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're safe
+and you can see that's really not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that's really not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that's really not true
+if you are not wearing masks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are not wearing masks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are not wearing masks
+these respiratory jets and plumes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these respiratory jets and plumes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these respiratory jets and plumes can
+travel very long distances of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel very long distances of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel very long distances of course
+airborne transmission is everywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission is everywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airborne transmission is everywhere in
+the room at any distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room at any distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room at any distance
+but even the elevated risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even the elevated risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even the elevated risk of
+short-range transmission can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range transmission can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-range transmission can extend
+further than six feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than six feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than six feet
+on the other hand when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when people are
+turning their heads and there's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning their heads and there's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning their heads and there's a sort
+of convection in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convection in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convection in the room
+and thermal convection as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal convection as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thermal convection as we've been
+discussing in fact six feet might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in fact six feet might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing in fact six feet might be
+overkill maybe even a little bit closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overkill maybe even a little bit closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overkill maybe even a little bit closer
+might be okay but the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be okay but the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be okay but the important thing is
+that distance is not so special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance is not so special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance is not so special
+and also the details matters as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the details matters as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the details matters as you can
+see here we can get very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here we can get very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here we can get very different
+estimates based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates based on
+where the occupants are placed how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the occupants are placed how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the occupants are placed how
+they're facing each other what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're facing each other what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're facing each other what kind of
+activities they're engaging in what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities they're engaging in what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities they're engaging in what kind
+of movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of movements
+so there's really no universal guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's really no universal guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's really no universal guideline
+it makes more sense to start from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes more sense to start from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes more sense to start from a
+universal guideline for long-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal guideline for long-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal guideline for long-range
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+and then enforce mass queues in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then enforce mass queues in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then enforce mass queues in
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations
+where we are worried about transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are worried about transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are worried about transmission
+rather than trying to guess how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than trying to guess how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than trying to guess how people
+are going to behave and what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to behave and what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to behave and what kind of
+distance they're going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance they're going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance they're going to keep
+not wearing mass so the safest thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wearing mass so the safest thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wearing mass so the safest thing is
+if you're worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're worried about
+coronavirus transmission just wear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus transmission just wear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coronavirus transmission just wear a
+mask indoors especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask indoors especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask indoors especially
+so that brings us now to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us now to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that brings us now to thinking about
+summarizing this entire chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing this entire chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing this entire chapter
+going beyond the wellmix room where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond the wellmix room where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going beyond the wellmix room where
+we've been discussing the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been discussing the fluid
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+of indoor spaces and of of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indoor spaces and of of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indoor spaces and of of human
+occupants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupants
+and respiration within those spaces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and respiration within those spaces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and respiration within those spaces so
+i think i'd like to leave you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'd like to leave you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think i'd like to leave you with the
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+of people who are smoking in the room so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are smoking in the room so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are smoking in the room so
+uh we're all familiar with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're all familiar with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're all familiar with this
+situation where you have a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where you have a room
+let's say it could be a restaurant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it could be a restaurant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it could be a restaurant or
+some other space where there is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other space where there is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other space where there is let's
+say a table or a few tables where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a table or a few tables where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a table or a few tables where
+there's maybe five or ten people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe five or ten people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe five or ten people in the
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+and there's one person or two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one person or two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's one person or two people
+that are smoking now we know that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are smoking now we know that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are smoking now we know that when
+the person who's smoking breathes in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's smoking breathes in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person who's smoking breathes in on
+the cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cigarette
+and exhales there's a very dense plume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exhales there's a very dense plume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exhales there's a very dense plume
+of smoke that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smoke that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of smoke that comes out
+it is carried by thermal currents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is carried by thermal currents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is carried by thermal currents and
+rises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rises
+and you know that if you stand right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that if you stand right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know that if you stand right in
+that space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that space
+it will be a very significant amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a very significant amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a very significant amount of
+smoke you're going to have to breathe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke you're going to have to breathe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke you're going to have to breathe in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+it's courteous for the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's courteous for the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's courteous for the person who's
+smoking too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoking too
+breathe away and not breathe directly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe away and not breathe directly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe away and not breathe directly in
+other people's faces that would be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's faces that would be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's faces that would be sort
+of rude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rude
+and maybe as we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe as we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe as we're thinking about
+respiratory transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory transmission
+of viral disease we should think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of viral disease we should think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of viral disease we should think in the
+same way each person should be worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way each person should be worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way each person should be worried
+about am i really breathing directly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about am i really breathing directly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about am i really breathing directly on
+another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person
+if i'm not wearing a mask why don't i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm not wearing a mask why don't i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm not wearing a mask why don't i
+breathe somewhere else but we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe somewhere else but we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathe somewhere else but we also know
+from our experience with uh smoke-filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our experience with uh smoke-filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our experience with uh smoke-filled
+rooms that there may only be one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms that there may only be one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms that there may only be one or two
+people smoking and you can occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people smoking and you can occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people smoking and you can occasionally
+see these puffs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these puffs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these puffs or
+bursts of smoke when they're exhaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of smoke when they're exhaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursts of smoke when they're exhaling
+after drawing on a cigarette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after drawing on a cigarette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after drawing on a cigarette
+but if you look around the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look around the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look around the rest of the
+time the smoke is kind of swirling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the smoke is kind of swirling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the smoke is kind of swirling
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+it's a little more concentrated in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more concentrated in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more concentrated in some
+places but you can see very quickly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but you can see very quickly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places but you can see very quickly it's
+uniformly spread throughout the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly spread throughout the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniformly spread throughout the room
+and somebody who's on the far side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody who's on the far side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somebody who's on the far side of
+the room is it essentially the same risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room is it essentially the same risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room is it essentially the same risk
+as somebody who's very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somebody who's very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as somebody who's very close
+even six feet or three feet away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even six feet or three feet away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even six feet or three feet away
+whatever that special distance may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that special distance may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that special distance may be
+because the air is typically well mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the air is typically well mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the air is typically well mixed
+and those smoke particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those smoke particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those smoke particles
+end up throughout the room and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up throughout the room and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up throughout the room and you're
+just as much risk at 60 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much risk at 60 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as much risk at 60 feet
+as you are at six feet under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are at six feet under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you are at six feet under those
+circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+and so that's really kind of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's really kind of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's really kind of the main
+message of this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of this course
+while we also keep in mind that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we also keep in mind that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we also keep in mind that there
+are these sort of details of short-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these sort of details of short-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these sort of details of short-range
+transmission that i'd like you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that i'd like you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that i'd like you to be
+aware of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of when
+applying the guideline for long-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the guideline for long-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the guideline for long-range
+aerosol transmission
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/-uEwMV9DHZo.txt b/-uEwMV9DHZo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac428d8089a606dafb96e06096d706fa96c2f807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-uEwMV9DHZo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to start now by telling you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to start now by telling you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to start now by telling you a
+little bit more about l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory last time we went through aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory last time we went through aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory last time we went through aspects
+of the cube theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cube theory of
+Lewis and showed how that that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis and showed how that that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis and showed how that that could
+account for single bonds and double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for single bonds and double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for single bonds and double
+bonds but not triple bonds and that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds but not triple bonds and that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds but not triple bonds and that uh
+when that was superseded by the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that was superseded by the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that was superseded by the electron
+pair Theory the idea being that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Theory the idea being that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Theory the idea being that these
+electron pairs would in fact be oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pairs would in fact be oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pairs would in fact be oriented
+at the vertices of a tetrahedron and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the vertices of a tetrahedron and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the vertices of a tetrahedron and I
+showed you that tetrahedron as inscribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you that tetrahedron as inscribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you that tetrahedron as inscribed
+in a cube last time that you could then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cube last time that you could then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cube last time that you could then
+account for triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for triple
+bonds and if you looked at the notes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and if you looked at the notes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and if you looked at the notes you
+also saw that certain aspects of um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw that certain aspects of um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also saw that certain aspects of um the
+dynamic behavior of certain Bond types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic behavior of certain Bond types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic behavior of certain Bond types
+rotation around single bonds hindered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around single bonds hindered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation around single bonds hindered
+restricted rotation around double bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted rotation around double bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted rotation around double bonds
+and so forth those were accounted for by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth those were accounted for by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth those were accounted for by
+this electron pair theory in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron pair theory in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron pair theory in which the
+the four pairs of electrons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four pairs of electrons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four pairs of electrons were
+oriented at these vertices of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented at these vertices of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented at these vertices of a
+tetrahedron so that was uh another quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron so that was uh another quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tetrahedron so that was uh another quite
+important Triumph of that part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Triumph of that part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important Triumph of that part of
+Lewis's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis's
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+and uh the problem was although that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the problem was although that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the problem was although that
+electron pair Theory as initially put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pair Theory as initially put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pair Theory as initially put
+forward by Lewis was so successful at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by Lewis was so successful at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by Lewis was so successful at
+accounting for the properties of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the properties of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting for the properties of many
+different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+molecules and was a good description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and was a good description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and was a good description of
+their electronic structure there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electronic structure there was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electronic structure there was one
+class of molecules a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of molecules a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of molecules a very important
+class of molecules namely those known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aromatic and the most important member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic and the most important member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic and the most important member
+of the class of aromatic compounds is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class of aromatic compounds is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class of aromatic compounds is in
+fact the Benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the Benzene
+molecule Benzene has the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C6 H6 and we can easily calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C6 H6 and we can easily calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C6 H6 and we can easily calculate the
+number of valence electrons in benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of valence electrons in benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of valence electrons in benzene
+we just say four for a carbon *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6 plus 1 * 6 for the number of veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 plus 1 * 6 for the number of veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 plus 1 * 6 for the number of veence
+electrons from each of the six hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from each of the six hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons from each of the six hydrogens
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30 electrons so in trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 electrons so in trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 electrons so in trying to understand
+how these 30 electrons in the valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these 30 electrons in the valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these 30 electrons in the valence
+shell of benzene hold this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of benzene hold this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell of benzene hold this molecule
+together it's known to be a planer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's known to be a planer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it's known to be a planer
+molecule how do those electrons not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule how do those electrons not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule how do those electrons not only
+hold it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it together
+but how do they account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do they account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do they account for the
+structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+benzene and how do they account for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene and how do they account for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene and how do they account for its
+amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing
+stability okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability okay
+um and this picture that I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this picture that I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this picture that I've drawn
+here is a representation of benzene I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a representation of benzene I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a representation of benzene I'll
+explain to you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you in a
+moment but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but it
+comes from a person by the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Ernest C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Crocker Ernest C Crocker was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crocker Ernest C Crocker was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crocker Ernest C Crocker was an
+MI uh Bachelor of Science degree holder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MI uh Bachelor of Science degree holder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MI uh Bachelor of Science degree holder
+who who earned that degree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who earned that degree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who earned that degree in
+1917 so he was an MIT undergraduate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 so he was an MIT undergraduate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1917 so he was an MIT undergraduate like
+you and he published a paper uh let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and he published a paper uh let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and he published a paper uh let me
+write down the reference for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paper this is Journal of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this is Journal of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this is Journal of the American
+Chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1922 volume 44 page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1922 volume 44 page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1922 volume 44 page
+16 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that paper was the first paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that paper was the first paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that paper was the first paper in
+which the Lis electron pair theory was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the Lis electron pair theory was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the Lis electron pair theory was
+applied to an understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to an understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to an understanding of the
+electronic structure of aromatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of aromatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of aromatic
+molecules in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in particular
+Benzene and the amazing thing about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene and the amazing thing about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene and the amazing thing about that
+paper is well there are many amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is well there are many amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is well there are many amazing
+things but one of the amazing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but one of the amazing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but one of the amazing things
+about that paper is that there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that paper is that there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that paper is that there's only
+one author on that paper Ernest C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one author on that paper Ernest C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one author on that paper Ernest C
+Crocker and Ernest who a a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crocker and Ernest who a a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crocker and Ernest who a a very very
+bright individual um nonetheless didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright individual um nonetheless didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright individual um nonetheless didn't
+go on in graduate school to earn a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on in graduate school to earn a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on in graduate school to earn a PhD
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+chemistry um had many various chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry um had many various chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry um had many various chemistry
+related interests was was he explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related interests was was he explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related interests was was he explained
+the chemistry of many different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry of many different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry of many different kinds of
+fragrances and and odors I think he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragrances and and odors I think he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragrances and and odors I think he was
+referred to as the man with the million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the man with the million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as the man with the million
+dooll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dooll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dooll
+nose so this person had quite a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose so this person had quite a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nose so this person had quite a variety
+of interests he worked uh in the appli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interests he worked uh in the appli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interests he worked uh in the appli
+in what was then the applied chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what was then the applied chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what was then the applied chemistry
+laboratory at MIT after his graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory at MIT after his graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory at MIT after his graduation
+with his Bachelor of Science degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his Bachelor of Science degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his Bachelor of Science degree and
+one of the things he was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things he was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things he was thinking about
+was how to use modern electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how to use modern electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how to use modern electronic
+structure descriptions such as Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure descriptions such as Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure descriptions such as Lewis
+Theory to explain molecules like Benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to explain molecules like Benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory to explain molecules like Benzene
+and so if you go and read this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you go and read this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you go and read this paper
+you're going to find a very lucid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find a very lucid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to find a very lucid
+discussion uh of how the leou electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh of how the leou electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh of how the leou electron
+pair Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Theory
+could represent Benzene according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent Benzene according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could represent Benzene according to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+formula that I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in this
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+um there is considered to be an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is considered to be an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is considered to be an electron
+pair between each carbon and each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair between each carbon and each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair between each carbon and each of the
+hydrogen nuclei there's an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen nuclei there's an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen nuclei there's an electron
+pair uh along each carbon carbon axis as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh along each carbon carbon axis as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair uh along each carbon carbon axis as
+shown here and here and so on all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and here and so on all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here and here and so on all the
+way around the ring and and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around the ring and and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around the ring and and then finally
+you have six more electrons to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have six more electrons to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have six more electrons to come up
+to the number of 30 which is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of 30 which is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of 30 which is the number
+of electrons in Benzene and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in Benzene and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons in Benzene and so the
+question really is what to do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question really is what to do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question really is what to do with this
+remaining six electrons and uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining six electrons and uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining six electrons and uh I've
+shown them around the around this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown them around the around this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown them around the around this the
+outside of the the ring here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the the ring here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the the ring here which is
+where Ernest arranged them in his in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Ernest arranged them in his in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Ernest arranged them in his in his
+work uh and I just want to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh and I just want to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh and I just want to point out
+that he put forward the idea that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he put forward the idea that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he put forward the idea that these
+six electrons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six electrons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six electrons were
+circulating uh around the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating uh around the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating uh around the plane of the
+ring and involved um a net one half bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and involved um a net one half bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring and involved um a net one half bond
+between each each pair of adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each each pair of adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each each pair of adjacent
+carbon atoms in the Benzene ring so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atoms in the Benzene ring so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atoms in the Benzene ring so in
+effect when we draw when we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Benzene this way with a circle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene this way with a circle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene this way with a circle in the
+middle we know that that Circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle we know that that Circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle we know that that Circle
+represents the circulating six electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the circulating six electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the circulating six electrons
+in the in what we're going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in what we're going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in what we're going to call the
+the pi system uh but ernes C Crocker was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi system uh but ernes C Crocker was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pi system uh but ernes C Crocker was
+the man who put the circle into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man who put the circle into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man who put the circle into the
+middle of benzene and he was an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of benzene and he was an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of benzene and he was an MIT
+undergrad and this was a sole author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and this was a sole author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad and this was a sole author
+paper okay so this is a aromaticity has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper okay so this is a aromaticity has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper okay so this is a aromaticity has
+a vast history in chemistry and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vast history in chemistry and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vast history in chemistry and it's
+still very much active and unfolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very much active and unfolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very much active and unfolding
+history uh because of the the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh because of the the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history uh because of the the problems
+to our understanding posed by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our understanding posed by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our understanding posed by uh
+electrons that seem to be circulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that seem to be circulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that seem to be circulating
+around a whole MO Ule rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a whole MO Ule rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a whole MO Ule rather than
+localized between Pairs of nuclei so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized between Pairs of nuclei so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized between Pairs of nuclei so
+Ernest Crocker Bachelor of Science 1917
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ernest Crocker Bachelor of Science 1917
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ernest Crocker Bachelor of Science 1917
+MIT had a huge hand in that so I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT had a huge hand in that so I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT had a huge hand in that so I thought
+youd might find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youd might find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youd might find that
+interesting and uh having looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and uh having looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and uh having looked at
+Benzene Rings like that I'll now draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene Rings like that I'll now draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene Rings like that I'll now draw
+them perhaps another another way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them perhaps another another way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them perhaps another another way that's
+also useful which comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cula
+because I want to continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to continue our
+discussion of Lewis acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of Lewis acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of Lewis acid
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+Theory and I'm going to draw two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and I'm going to draw two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and I'm going to draw two
+molecules here that are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules here that are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules here that are going to be
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when when I write a molecule as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when when I write a molecule as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when when I write a molecule as I
+have done here on the left um I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done here on the left um I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done here on the left um I haven't
+explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly
+indicated each of the hydrogens that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated each of the hydrogens that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated each of the hydrogens that are
+present on the periphery of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on the periphery of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present on the periphery of this
+substituted Benzene ring but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted Benzene ring but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted Benzene ring but you should
+understand from a formula like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from a formula like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand from a formula like this that
+this is the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the molecule
+Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron
+C8 H5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C8 H5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C8 H5
+15 and over here I'm drawing explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and over here I'm drawing explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 and over here I'm drawing explicitly
+at each of these peripheral positions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of these peripheral positions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of these peripheral positions on
+a substituted Benzene Rings Florine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substituted Benzene Rings Florine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a substituted Benzene Rings Florine
+atoms in place of the hydrogens so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in place of the hydrogens so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in place of the hydrogens so this
+is a different molecule with formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different molecule with formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different molecule with formula
+B uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh
+c18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F15 okay um these are both leis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and based on our discussion last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on our discussion last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on our discussion last
+time if you were to add ammonia to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you were to add ammonia to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you were to add ammonia to one
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules where would the lone pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules where would the lone pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules where would the lone pair of
+electrons on the ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons on the ammonia
+find the Boron so yes the you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Boron so yes the you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the Boron so yes the you have here
+a trigonal planer Boron Center and if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trigonal planer Boron Center and if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trigonal planer Boron Center and if if
+you were to add an ammonia molecule the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to add an ammonia molecule the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to add an ammonia molecule the
+lone pair of electrons would come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair of electrons would come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair of electrons would come in and
+stick to the Boron because the Boron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the Boron because the Boron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick to the Boron because the Boron is
+electron deficient just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron deficient just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron deficient just like the
+aluminum we discussed last time it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum we discussed last time it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum we discussed last time it has
+only six electrons around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only six electrons around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only six electrons around it
+and it wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight but what if we were to add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight but what if we were to add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight but what if we were to add one
+ammonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonium
+molecule to a flask containing both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to a flask containing both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule to a flask containing both of
+those Le acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Le acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Le acid
+that would then be competing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would then be competing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would then be competing for the
+ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule what I'm asking you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what I'm asking you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule what I'm asking you to do is
+something I will ask you to do out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I will ask you to do out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I will ask you to do out
+throughout this semester and that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this semester and that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this semester and that is to
+analyze a molecule's properties based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a molecule's properties based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze a molecule's properties based on
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+structure and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here exactly she said that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here exactly she said that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here exactly she said that it would
+preferentially stick to the one with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially stick to the one with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferentially stick to the one with the
+flines because these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flines because these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flines because these very
+electronegative flines um are drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative flines um are drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative flines um are drawing
+electron density away from the Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density away from the Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density away from the Boron
+this this is one of our most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is one of our most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is one of our most
+electronegative elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have a whole bunch of flines in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a whole bunch of flines in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a whole bunch of flines in
+that molecule the whole thing is we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule the whole thing is we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that molecule the whole thing is we call
+it it's per fluorinated it's a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's per fluorinated it's a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's per fluorinated it's a per
+fluorinated trial Boron reagent these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorinated trial Boron reagent these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorinated trial Boron reagent these in
+fact are great leis acids really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact are great leis acids really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact are great leis acids really
+powerful leis acids and they're modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful leis acids and they're modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful leis acids and they're modern
+Lewis acids whose uh implementation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis acids whose uh implementation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis acids whose uh implementation in
+chemical processes has come about really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processes has come about really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processes has come about really
+in the last 10 15 years and in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 10 15 years and in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last 10 15 years and in fact we
+were talking a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking a little bit about
+Professor shrock last time in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor shrock last time in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor shrock last time in some of
+his research he's used that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his research he's used that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his research he's used that very
+fluorinated leis acid as an activator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorinated leis acid as an activator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorinated leis acid as an activator in
+catalysis to get catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis to get catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalysis to get catalytic
+polymerization reactions to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization reactions to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization reactions to work and
+that's a very popular approach these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very popular approach these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very popular approach these
+days in Le acid chemistry LS acid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in Le acid chemistry LS acid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in Le acid chemistry LS acid the
+design of new kinds of Lewis acids with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of new kinds of Lewis acids with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design of new kinds of Lewis acids with
+interesting molecular architectures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting molecular architectures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting molecular architectures is
+something that's very much a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very much a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's very much a current
+Topic in of interest in research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in of interest in research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Topic in of interest in research in
+chemistry because you can make lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry because you can make lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry because you can make lots of
+chemical processes happen um when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processes happen um when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical processes happen um when you
+have something that can tug on electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that can tug on electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that can tug on electron
+Pairs and this one tugs a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and this one tugs a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pairs and this one tugs a lot harder
+than that one because this one has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one because this one has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that one because this one has very
+Electro negative flines to pull electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro negative flines to pull electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro negative flines to pull electron
+density away from that Boron and to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density away from that Boron and to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density away from that Boron and to to
+adj adjust the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adj adjust the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adj adjust the distribution of the
+electron density in the molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density in the molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density in the molecule and
+we'll be talking more about electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking more about electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking more about electron
+density in a distribution in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in a distribution in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in a distribution in a few
+minutes in connection with what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in connection with what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes in connection with what I'm
+going to show you now and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that has to do with this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that has to do with this molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that has to do with this molecule
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+is the SO2 molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone know where SO2 comes from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know where SO2 comes from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone know where SO2 comes from in
+nature or in the environment I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say volcanoes that's absolutely yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say volcanoes that's absolutely yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say volcanoes that's absolutely yeah and
+um uh also coal burning power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh also coal burning power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh also coal burning power plants
+coal is a very dirty fuel and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal is a very dirty fuel and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coal is a very dirty fuel and it
+contains a lot of sulfur and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of sulfur and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a lot of sulfur and when you
+burn that coal without controlling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn that coal without controlling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn that coal without controlling the
+way you burn it you SO2 into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you burn it you SO2 into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you burn it you SO2 into the
+atmosphere so that can be a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere so that can be a big problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere so that can be a big problem
+and we'll we'll try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll we'll try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll we'll try to understand
+why uh one of the things that SO2 can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh one of the things that SO2 can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh one of the things that SO2 can do
+when it gets into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets into the
+atmosphere is it can react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is it can react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere is it can react with
+dioxygen and that can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SO3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO3
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+um if so SO2 and S SO3 are present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if so SO2 and S SO3 are present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if so SO2 and S SO3 are present in
+the atmosphere and if there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and if there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and if there is also
+water present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water present in the
+atmosphere acid rain yeah that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere acid rain yeah that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere acid rain yeah that's exactly
+the type of process that that you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of process that that you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the type of process that that you'll be
+we'll be talking about here um uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about here um uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be talking about here um uh so
+SO2 and SO3 are examples of what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anhydrides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydrides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anhydrides
+um anhydride is a word that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anhydride is a word that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anhydride is a word that means
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+water and so you shouldn't be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so you shouldn't be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and so you shouldn't be surprised
+that SO2 can react with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SO2 can react with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SO2 can react with
+water and when it reacts with water it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and when it reacts with water it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and when it reacts with water it
+takes up water and the product of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes up water and the product of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes up water and the product of that
+reaction will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+draw it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it like
+that okay so um H2O plus so SO2 going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so um H2O plus so SO2 going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so um H2O plus so SO2 going to
+H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2
+SO3 the name of this molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is sulfurous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sulfurous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is sulfurous
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+okay and alternatively when s SO3 reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and alternatively when s SO3 reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and alternatively when s SO3 reacts
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+one extra electron pair that should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra electron pair that should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one extra electron pair that should not
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there so both so SO2 and S SO3 as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so both so SO2 and S SO3 as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so both so SO2 and S SO3 as they
+react with water are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with water are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with water are
+going from a situation in which they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from a situation in which they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from a situation in which they are
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deficient to a situation in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient to a situation in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficient to a situation in which the
+sulfur attains an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+octet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octet
+okay um and you should verify that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and you should verify that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and you should verify that the
+number of electrons that I've drawn up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons that I've drawn up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of electrons that I've drawn up
+here actually is consistent with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually is consistent with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here actually is consistent with the
+elements that I'm using with the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that I'm using with the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that I'm using with the state
+of charge that I'm using but when SO3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge that I'm using but when SO3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charge that I'm using but when SO3
+reacts with H2O to give h 2 s04 we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with H2O to give h 2 s04 we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with H2O to give h 2 s04 we have
+now got sulfuric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay
+and as I did over there I have two acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I did over there I have two acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I did over there I have two acids
+that I want here now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want here now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want here now to
+compare in terms of their relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare in terms of their relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare in terms of their relative
+strength so here I've got a leis acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength so here I've got a leis acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength so here I've got a leis acid
+SO3 and a leis acid SO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO3 and a leis acid SO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO3 and a leis acid SO2
+engaging in a hydration reaction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in a hydration reaction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging in a hydration reaction which
+produces sulfurous acid and sulfuric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces sulfurous acid and sulfuric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces sulfurous acid and sulfuric
+acid and the type of acids that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and the type of acids that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and the type of acids that these
+are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the
+bottom is they are Bron stead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acids dist distinguished from leis acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids dist distinguished from leis acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids dist distinguished from leis acids
+in that uh the way that they behave as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that uh the way that they behave as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that uh the way that they behave as
+acids is through uh ionization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is through uh ionization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids is through uh ionization that
+produces a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces a proton
+okay um a leis it's they're also leis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um a leis it's they're also leis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um a leis it's they're also leis
+acids because the leis definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids because the leis definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids because the leis definition of
+acidity is far more General in saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidity is far more General in saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acidity is far more General in saying
+that acids are simply entities that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acids are simply entities that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that acids are simply entities that can
+accept a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept a pair of
+electrons protons can accept a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons protons can accept a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons protons can accept a pair of
+electrons so they're loose acids but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so they're loose acids but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so they're loose acids but if
+you're talking about bronze dead acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about bronze dead acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about bronze dead acids
+you're talking exclusively about protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking exclusively about protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking exclusively about protons
+that are produced by ionization of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced by ionization of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced by ionization of some
+kind of a bronze dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bronze dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bronze dead
+acid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid um
+so which one of these is the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid sulfuric acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why okay well yes down here you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay well yes down here you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why okay well yes down here you got the
+other one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so when this when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so when this when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so when this when this
+ionizes uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes uh you
+get S so4 minus I'll draw it a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get S so4 minus I'll draw it a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get S so4 minus I'll draw it a slightly
+different way that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick get hso4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus so there's your ionization and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so there's your ionization and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so there's your ionization and the
+idea now is that this o minus that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now is that this o minus that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea now is that this o minus that you
+have the negative charge uh actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the negative charge uh actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the negative charge uh actually be
+shared among a greater number of Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared among a greater number of Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared among a greater number of Electro
+negative oxygens here namely four as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative oxygens here namely four as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative oxygens here namely four as
+compared to here where we have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to here where we have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to here where we have only
+three electronegative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electronegative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electronegative
+oxygens okay so um it's a consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens okay so um it's a consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens okay so um it's a consideration
+of the very electronegative elements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very electronegative elements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very electronegative elements in
+your molecule that will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your molecule that will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your molecule that will help you
+understand the properties that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the properties that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the properties that these
+molecules will have in terms of acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules will have in terms of acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules will have in terms of acid
+base chemistry now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base chemistry now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base chemistry now
+um how many electrons do we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many electrons do we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many electrons do we have in the
+valence shell of SO3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence shell of SO3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence shell of SO3
+three it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it's
+24 um and that being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 um and that being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 um and that being the
+case what molecule from last time does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what molecule from last time does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what molecule from last time does
+that remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of maybe seeing a picture of it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe seeing a picture of it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maybe seeing a picture of it will
+help refresh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alcl3 exactly okay I'm going to show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 exactly okay I'm going to show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 exactly okay I'm going to show it
+to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway and this is going to be faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and this is going to be faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway and this is going to be faster
+than last time if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than last time if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than last time if
+I set this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah okay so just just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay so just just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah okay so just just to remind
+you and if we could have the lights down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and if we could have the lights down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and if we could have the lights down
+just a little bit for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I want to refresh your memory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to refresh your memory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to refresh your memory of the
+electron density distribution here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density distribution here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density distribution here in
+alcl3 this is this is an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 this is this is an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 this is this is an electron
+density isos surface of alcl3 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density isos surface of alcl3 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density isos surface of alcl3 and what
+you're noticing is that uh the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're noticing is that uh the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're noticing is that uh the electron
+density drops to a low value in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density drops to a low value in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density drops to a low value in between
+the central aluminum and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central aluminum and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central aluminum and the and the
+radially disposed chlorides that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially disposed chlorides that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially disposed chlorides that that's
+three chlorides that surround that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chlorides that surround that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chlorides that surround that
+Central aluminum ion and the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central aluminum ion and the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central aluminum ion and the color
+in this is such that the blue regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is such that the blue regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this is such that the blue regions
+represent regions in space where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent regions in space where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent regions in space where there's
+a high probability of finding pared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high probability of finding pared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high probability of finding pared
+electrons okay so basically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so basically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons okay so basically you have
+three CL minuses that are packed tightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three CL minuses that are packed tightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three CL minuses that are packed tightly
+around an al3+ this is a very ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around an al3+ this is a very ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around an al3+ this is a very ionic
+compound okay see the see the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound okay see the see the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound okay see the see the empty
+region in space between aluminum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in space between aluminum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in space between aluminum and
+chloride and the polarization of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and the polarization of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride and the polarization of that
+otherwise spherical cloud of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise spherical cloud of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise spherical cloud of electrons
+around the chloride in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the chloride in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the chloride in the direction of
+that positively charged aluminum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positively charged aluminum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positively charged aluminum so
+there's your electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's your electron density
+distribution for that and now I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for that and now I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for that and now I want you
+to keep that in mind and we'll compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that in mind and we'll compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that in mind and we'll compare
+the iso electronic SO3 molecule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay3 here's another case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay3 here's another case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay3 here's another case where we
+have 3 * 8 24 veence electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 * 8 24 veence electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 * 8 24 veence electron in the
+system um but the character of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um but the character of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um but the character of this
+molecule in terms of electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in terms of electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in terms of electron density
+distribution is very different okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is very different okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is very different okay so
+uh while on the Blackboard I'm not able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while on the Blackboard I'm not able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh while on the Blackboard I'm not able
+to really tell you very much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really tell you very much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really tell you very much about the
+difference between SO3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between SO3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between SO3 and
+alcl3 um here I think you can see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 um here I think you can see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 um here I think you can see uh
+that indeed they are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different this is an electron density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is an electron density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is an electron density
+ISO Sur surface at the same Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO Sur surface at the same Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ISO Sur surface at the same Contour
+level as what we were looking at for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as what we were looking at for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as what we were looking at for
+alcl3 now what you to explain this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 now what you to explain this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alcl3 now what you to explain this and
+to understand just what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand just what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand just what's going on here
+you need to remember that the electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remember that the electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to remember that the electro
+negativity difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity difference between the
+central sulfur and the the peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central sulfur and the the peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central sulfur and the the peripheral
+oxygens is not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens is not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens is not very
+great compared to the electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great compared to the electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great compared to the electro negativity
+difference between aluminum which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between aluminum which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between aluminum which is a
+very electropositive and metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very electropositive and metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very electropositive and metallic
+element and chlorine which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and chlorine which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and chlorine which is a very
+Electro negative hogen and so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro negative hogen and so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electro negative hogen and so what that
+results in as shown here is a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in as shown here is a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in as shown here is a much more
+equal sharing of the electrons between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sharing of the electrons between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal sharing of the electrons between
+that Central sulfur and these peripheral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Central sulfur and these peripheral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Central sulfur and these peripheral
+oxygen so even though these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so even though these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so even though these things are
+both leis acids and they both have 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both leis acids and they both have 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both leis acids and they both have 24
+veence electrons the distri the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons the distri the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence electrons the distri the electron
+density distribution in threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distribution in threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density distribution in threedimensional
+space for these molecules and the Cove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for these molecules and the Cove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for these molecules and the Cove
+valent versus ionic character of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent versus ionic character of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent versus ionic character of these
+molecules is really quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um our our our section that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our our our section that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um our our our section that's going to
+be devoted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonding it hasn't really kicked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding it hasn't really kicked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding it hasn't really kicked into
+gear yet but the nice thing is that lwis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear yet but the nice thing is that lwis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gear yet but the nice thing is that lwis
+theory applies both to acid base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory applies both to acid base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory applies both to acid base
+chemistry and to bonding so we're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and to bonding so we're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and to bonding so we're able
+to talk a little bit about that in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about that in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a little bit about that in a few
+moments I'll tell you a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments I'll tell you a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments I'll tell you a little more
+about an issue that's very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an issue that's very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an issue that's very important in
+chemistry as regards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonding and it has to do with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and it has to do with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and it has to do with what
+happens when acids like sulfuric acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when acids like sulfuric acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when acids like sulfuric acid
+ionize in water okay when when bronzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize in water okay when when bronzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize in water okay when when bronzed
+acids ionize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water we get this ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h3o+ which is the hydronium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ion okay so that that is to say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion okay so that that is to say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion okay so that that is to say that if
+you ionize in water some bronzee acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ionize in water some bronzee acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ionize in water some bronzee acid
+the protons that are produced through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons that are produced through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons that are produced through
+that ionization are not floating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionization are not floating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionization are not floating around
+freely naturally because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely naturally because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely naturally because they're
+positively charged and they're attracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged and they're attracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged and they're attracted
+to negatively charged electrons so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negatively charged electrons so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negatively charged electrons so they
+look around in solution and they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around in solution and they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look around in solution and they they
+find the next source of an electron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the next source of an electron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the next source of an electron that
+they can and you know that if we draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can and you know that if we draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can and you know that if we draw
+out a molecule like water according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a molecule like water according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a molecule like water according to
+the Lew Dot Structure it has two extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lew Dot Structure it has two extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lew Dot Structure it has two extra
+pairs of electrons in addition to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of electrons in addition to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of electrons in addition to those
+two pairs of electrons it's using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pairs of electrons it's using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pairs of electrons it's using in
+making bonds to its the two hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making bonds to its the two hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making bonds to its the two hydrogens
+that are on the oxygen of the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the oxygen of the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the oxygen of the water
+molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule
+so H+ isn't just isolated around by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H+ isn't just isolated around by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H+ isn't just isolated around by
+itself s in solution but it it perches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself s in solution but it it perches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself s in solution but it it perches
+on an oxygen alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an oxygen alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an oxygen alone
+pair okay so h3o plus is what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair okay so h3o plus is what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair okay so h3o plus is what you get
+when bronzee acids ionize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when bronzee acids ionize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when bronzee acids ionize in
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+furthermore um when you when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore um when you when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore um when you when you put
+these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in
+solution you find that you organize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you find that you organize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you find that you organize the
+water molecules that are close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules that are close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecules that are close to the
+hydronium ion so let's draw here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion so let's draw here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion so let's draw here a
+neighboring water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and I think you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I think you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I think you can imagine that
+throughout a solution we might have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout a solution we might have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout a solution we might have many
+of the kinds of interactions that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of interactions that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the kinds of interactions that I've
+drawn here as uh dotted peach colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here as uh dotted peach colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn here as uh dotted peach colored
+lines those lines represent what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines those lines represent what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines those lines represent what we
+call hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call hydrogen
+bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds
+and hydrogen bonds are enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen bonds are enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen bonds are enormously
+important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in
+chemistry um later when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry um later when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry um later when we talk about
+the structure of proteins and DNA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of proteins and DNA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of proteins and DNA in
+particular you may be aware that the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you may be aware that the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you may be aware that the D
+DNA double hel Helix is held together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA double hel Helix is held together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA double hel Helix is held together by
+a network of hydrogen bonds between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network of hydrogen bonds between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network of hydrogen bonds between
+complimentary base pairs so hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary base pairs so hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary base pairs so hydrogen
+bonds aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds aren't
+only restricted to the hydronium ion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only restricted to the hydronium ion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only restricted to the hydronium ion in
+aquous solution there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous solution there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous solution there are many other
+types of molecules that can form what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of molecules that can form what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of molecules that can form what we
+call hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call hydrogen bonds
+BS um another really interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS um another really interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS um another really interesting thing
+is that in water the hydronium iion can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in water the hydronium iion can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in water the hydronium iion can
+move around really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around really
+rapidly much more rapid than molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly much more rapid than molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly much more rapid than molecules
+normally diffuse through aquous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally diffuse through aquous solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally diffuse through aquous solution
+and the reason for that is if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is if you look
+at the arrangement of electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the arrangement of electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the arrangement of electrons and
+nuclei here um all I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei here um all I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei here um all I have to do is
+without even moving the nuclei much at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even moving the nuclei much at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even moving the nuclei much at
+all reorganized the hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Network as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such and now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and now you can
+see that through just a slight set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that through just a slight set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that through just a slight set of
+motions our hydronium ion has moved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions our hydronium ion has moved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions our hydronium ion has moved from
+the leftand side of this hydrogen bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftand side of this hydrogen bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leftand side of this hydrogen bonded
+Network where you can see it's indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network where you can see it's indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network where you can see it's indicated
+with the Positive char charge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Positive char charge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Positive char charge and the
+three solid lines drawn to the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three solid lines drawn to the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three solid lines drawn to the oxygen
+over to the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right hand
+side but it did that not by coming off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but it did that not by coming off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side but it did that not by coming off
+and and moving over but rather through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and moving over but rather through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and moving over but rather through
+just redistribution of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redistribution of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redistribution of the electron
+density so that the positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so that the positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so that the positively charged
+part ends up down on the other side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part ends up down on the other side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part ends up down on the other side and
+so this way of propagating hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way of propagating hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this way of propagating hydronium ion
+in aquous solution is one of the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aquous solution is one of the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aquous solution is one of the really
+special aspects of bronzed acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special aspects of bronzed acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special aspects of bronzed acid
+chemistry that takes place in water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that takes place in water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that takes place in water
+and I think I'll also show you uh what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I'll also show you uh what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I'll also show you uh what a
+hydrogen bond looks like from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond looks like from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond looks like from the
+standpoint of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density first I'm just going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density first I'm just going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density first I'm just going to show you
+the position of the nuclei in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the nuclei in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of the nuclei in a very
+simple hydrogen bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here what you can see um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here what you can see um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here what you can see um the the
+oxygens are drawn in red as as spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens are drawn in red as as spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens are drawn in red as as spheres
+the hydrogens are drawn in white as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogens are drawn in white as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogens are drawn in white as
+spheres you can see that the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres you can see that the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres you can see that the geometry
+around the oxygen atoms is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the oxygen atoms is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the oxygen atoms is slightly
+paramal and that's due of course to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal and that's due of course to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paramal and that's due of course to the
+presence of that extra lone pair here up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of that extra lone pair here up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of that extra lone pair here up
+above one oxygen here up above the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one oxygen here up above the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one oxygen here up above the other
+oxygen and what we have now is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and what we have now is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and what we have now is a
+hydrogen serving in a bridging fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen serving in a bridging fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen serving in a bridging fashion
+and the number of electrons in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of electrons in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of electrons in this
+system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh
+is uh is exactly 2times 8 okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is exactly 2times 8 okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is exactly 2times 8 okay because
+we have two water molecules and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two water molecules and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two water molecules and we have
+an H+ so this is a positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H+ so this is a positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H+ so this is a positively charged
+ion in which a hydronium ion and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion in which a hydronium ion and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion in which a hydronium ion and you can
+pick either side actually is interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick either side actually is interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick either side actually is interacting
+with one of the lone pairs of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the lone pairs of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of the lone pairs of the other
+water molecule and you can imagine lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule and you can imagine lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule and you can imagine lots
+of different types of water clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of water clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different types of water clusters
+like this that are singly positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that are singly positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that are singly positively
+charged and people have done a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and people have done a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged and people have done a lot of
+work to study such clusters in solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to study such clusters in solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to study such clusters in solution
+the um the SI what you should remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the SI what you should remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the SI what you should remember
+though is that the size of the Spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that the size of the Spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though is that the size of the Spheres
+that I've drawn there to represent those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've drawn there to represent those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've drawn there to represent those
+oxygens and hydrogens is somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens and hydrogens is somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens and hydrogens is somewhat
+arbitrary but what's not what it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but what's not what it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but what's not what it's not
+arbitrary is the way that the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary is the way that the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary is the way that the electron
+density represents a molecule like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density represents a molecule like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density represents a molecule like this
+so we'll show that to you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here it is and if we could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here it is and if we could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here it is and if we could have the
+lights down just a little bit please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights down just a little bit please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights down just a little bit please
+since this one's a little harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this one's a little harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this one's a little harder to
+see what what you should see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what you should see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what what you should see here is
+that we have the same structure now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the same structure now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have the same structure now um
+Sur ing that representation of the mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sur ing that representation of the mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sur ing that representation of the mo
+water molecule hydrogen bonded to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule hydrogen bonded to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water molecule hydrogen bonded to the
+hydronium ion that I drew a moment ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion that I drew a moment ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium ion that I drew a moment ago
+we now have this sort of mesh which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this sort of mesh which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this sort of mesh which is
+exactly what we've been looking at with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we've been looking at with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we've been looking at with
+these other molecules namely an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other molecules namely an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other molecules namely an electron
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+isosurface okay and what you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosurface okay and what you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isosurface okay and what you can see is
+that the electron density is falling to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron density is falling to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron density is falling to
+a pretty small value in the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty small value in the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty small value in the middle here
+where we have the proton that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the proton that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have the proton that is the
+connecting glue Binding Together these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting glue Binding Together these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting glue Binding Together these
+two water molecules in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two water molecules in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two water molecules in this
+16 veence electron system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 veence electron system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 veence electron system okay
+and after one more representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after one more representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after one more representation of
+that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we will
+be on to our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topic okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic okay and this
+one is a solid display of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a solid display of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a solid display of the electron
+density isosurface associated with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density isosurface associated with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density isosurface associated with this
+hydrogen bonded cluster and it is once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonded cluster and it is once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonded cluster and it is once
+again color mapped with this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again color mapped with this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again color mapped with this function
+that tells us about the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us about the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us about the probability of
+of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding
+electrons paired up together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space okay so there's h3o plus hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so there's h3o plus hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay so there's h3o plus hydrogen
+bonded to H2O the the blue color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to H2O the the blue color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to H2O the the blue color
+represents those regions in space where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents those regions in space where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents those regions in space where
+you're most likely to find pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're most likely to find pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're most likely to find pairs of
+electrons and you can see that um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you can see that um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you can see that um the
+two o bonds over here are nicely colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two o bonds over here are nicely colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two o bonds over here are nicely colored
+blue the lone pair of electrons up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the lone pair of electrons up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue the lone pair of electrons up here
+is nicely colored blue and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nicely colored blue and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nicely colored blue and then we have
+sit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit's
+bridg and the two lone pairs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridg and the two lone pairs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridg and the two lone pairs that are
+pointed at it that produces in fact our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed at it that produces in fact our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed at it that produces in fact our
+hydrogen bond so there's there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond so there's there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond so there's there's a
+picture of hydrogen bonding in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of hydrogen bonding in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of hydrogen bonding in terms of
+electron density and um it's it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density and um it's it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density and um it's it's a a
+type of bonding that complements the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bonding that complements the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bonding that complements the
+straight Cove valent and ionic bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight Cove valent and ionic bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight Cove valent and ionic bonding
+that I was talking about in terms of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was talking about in terms of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was talking about in terms of so
+SO3 and al3 so we've added this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO3 and al3 so we've added this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SO3 and al3 so we've added this third
+type of bonding hydrogen bonding to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bonding hydrogen bonding to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of bonding hydrogen bonding to our
+list of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of bonding
+interests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we'll talk more about what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll talk more about what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we'll talk more about what we can do
+when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+consider Bron stead acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ionizing here's a generic representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing here's a generic representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizing here's a generic representation
+of the formula of a bronze dead acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ha a might be for example uh the h s so4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha a might be for example uh the h s so4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ha a might be for example uh the h s so4
+minus ion that we showed showed over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ion that we showed showed over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus ion that we showed showed over
+there when we put a bron stad acid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when we put a bron stad acid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when we put a bron stad acid in
+aquous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aquous
+solution as I said before we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as I said before we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as I said before we can get
+ionization into H+ and a minus but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization into H+ and a minus but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization into H+ and a minus but we
+know that it's not just H+ it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not just H+ it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not just H+ it's actually
+h3o plus and h3o plus is further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus and h3o plus is further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h3o plus and h3o plus is further
+hydrogen bonded and networks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonded and networks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonded and networks in the
+water system but for Simplicity I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system but for Simplicity I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water system but for Simplicity I'll
+just write it as H+ right here recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it as H+ right here recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it as H+ right here recently
+in your uh crash review of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your uh crash review of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your uh crash review of
+thermodynamics you were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics you were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics you were talking about
+equilibria and equilibrium constants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria and equilibrium constants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibria and equilibrium constants and
+we're going to make use of some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make use of some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make use of some of that
+right here because we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here because we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here because we're going to talk
+about the acidity constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the acidity constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the acidity constant
+Ka and that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ka and that is going to be
+defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as
+equal to the hydrogen or hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concentration times the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration times the concentration of
+the conjugate base A minus when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate base A minus when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate base A minus when an
+bronzed acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronzed acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bronzed acid
+ionizes it produces what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes it produces what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes it produces what we call the
+conjugate base of the acid here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base of the acid here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate base of the acid here's
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base okay divided by the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base okay divided by the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base okay divided by the concentration
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+acid and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and this
+is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let me just emphasize something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just emphasize something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just emphasize something so
+that you don't forget it this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't forget it this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't forget it this is an
+important piece of nomenclature these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important piece of nomenclature these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important piece of nomenclature these
+square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square brackets
+here refer to concentration usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marity okay so that's what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marity okay so that's what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marity okay so that's what we're talking
+about and concentration is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and concentration is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and concentration is something
+that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be
+measured uh you may be familiar for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh you may be familiar for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured uh you may be familiar for
+examp example with the pH meter invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp example with the pH meter invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp example with the pH meter invented
+by Arnold o Beckman and its utility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Arnold o Beckman and its utility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Arnold o Beckman and its utility in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the
+concentration of hydrogen ions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydrogen ions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of hydrogen ions in
+solution okay well we can make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay well we can make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay well we can make use of
+information like that to um talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like that to um talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information like that to um talk about
+the properties of our Bron dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acids how can we do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids how can we do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids how can we do that well
+let's say we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're going to take a
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid such as this one which is acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid you know the smell of acetic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid you know the smell of acetic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid you know the smell of acetic acid
+if you've ever been in an establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever been in an establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever been in an establishment
+where they were making barbecued chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were making barbecued chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were making barbecued chicken
+wings okay that's the smell of acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings okay that's the smell of acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wings okay that's the smell of acetic
+acid beautiful U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid beautiful U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid beautiful U
+smell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smell
+um anyway what do you do here you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway what do you do here you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway what do you do here you you
+you you try to you're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you try to you're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you try to you're trying to figure
+out what's going on if you you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on if you you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on if you you have some
+concentration of the acid ha which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the acid ha which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the acid ha which is in
+this we're going to talk about acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to talk about acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to talk about acetic
+acid and in solution there may also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and in solution there may also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and in solution there may also
+be H Hy hydrogen ion or hydronium ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H Hy hydrogen ion or hydronium ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H Hy hydrogen ion or hydronium ion
+and then there may also be a minus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there may also be a minus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there may also be a minus which
+in the case of acetic acid would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of acetic acid would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of acetic acid would be
+acetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so where we have two electronegative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we have two electronegative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where we have two electronegative
+oxygens among which the negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens among which the negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygens among which the negative charge
+can be shared in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shared in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be shared in the
+acetate ion which is the conjugate base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate ion which is the conjugate base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetate ion which is the conjugate base
+of AIC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AIC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AIC
+acid okay so we make a table we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay so we make a table we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid okay so we make a table we have an
+we need to have some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to have some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to have some initial
+concentration so that is to say uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so that is to say uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration so that is to say uh let's
+consider for example tenth mol acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for example tenth mol acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider for example tenth mol acetic
+acid so we're just choosing tenth mol as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so we're just choosing tenth mol as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so we're just choosing tenth mol as
+a concentration for our acetic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration for our acetic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concentration for our acetic acid
+solution what that means is um you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what that means is um you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution what that means is um you make
+you have a pure acetic acid and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pure acetic acid and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a pure acetic acid and then you
+dissolve it in water and bring it up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve it in water and bring it up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve it in water and bring it up to
+a total volume such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total volume such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total volume such that the
+concentration uh was 0.1 molar assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh was 0.1 molar assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration uh was 0.1 molar assuming
+that none of it had been ionized yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of it had been ionized yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none of it had been ionized yet
+okay the and so that means we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the and so that means we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the and so that means we have an
+initial concentration of AC of acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of AC of acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concentration of AC of acetic
+acid of 0.1 mol and initially before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid of 0.1 mol and initially before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid of 0.1 mol and initially before the
+ionization we've got zero H+ or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization we've got zero H+ or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization we've got zero H+ or
+hydronium and0 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium and0 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydronium and0 a
+minus and then uh then the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then uh then the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and then uh then the concentration
+changes and it changes because the ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and it changes because the ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and it changes because the ha
+ionizes to some particular extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes to some particular extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionizes to some particular extent
+depending on the KA value for the acetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the KA value for the acetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the KA value for the acetic
+acid and what's going to happen happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and what's going to happen happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and what's going to happen happen
+is that some of the ha ionizes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some of the ha ionizes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that some of the ha ionizes and the
+amount of the ha that's undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the ha that's undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the ha that's undergoing
+ionization is X so we we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization is X so we we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization is X so we we're going to
+lose X and then that prod for every ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose X and then that prod for every ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose X and then that prod for every ha
+that ionizes we get um that same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionizes we get um that same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionizes we get um that same amount
+of H+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H+
+produced and that same amount of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and that same amount of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and that same amount of a minus
+and so then after the system reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then after the system reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then after the system reaches
+equilibrium we will finally have 0.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we will finally have 0.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we will finally have 0.1
+minus X is our concentration of ha and x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X is our concentration of ha and x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X is our concentration of ha and x
+and x will be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x will be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x will be our
+concentration our concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration our concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration our concentrations
+respectively of H+ and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively of H+ and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively of H+ and a
+minus and so um let me put this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so um let me put this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and so um let me put this board
+all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up therefore we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up therefore we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up therefore we can write the
+following that Ka is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that Ka is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that Ka is equal
+to X2 over 0.1 minus X by substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 over 0.1 minus X by substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X2 over 0.1 minus X by substituting
+into the into the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the expression for the
+acidity constant Ka is our acidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and um we can we we can go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and um we can we we can go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and um we can we we can go to a
+table and look up the acidity constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and look up the acidity constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and look up the acidity constant
+for acetic acid because it's a known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acetic acid because it's a known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acetic acid because it's a known
+quantity and it turns out that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it turns out that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and it turns out that that is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+1.8 * 10us 5 okay and now now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 * 10us 5 okay and now now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.8 * 10us 5 okay and now now that we
+have this equation um for the acidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this equation um for the acidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this equation um for the acidity
+constant and we know what the acidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we know what the acidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and we know what the acidity
+constant is we can solve this for X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is we can solve this for X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is we can solve this for X of
+course this is a cubic equation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a cubic equation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this is a cubic equation we're
+going to get two Roots you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get two Roots you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get two Roots you'll see that
+you get a positive root and a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a positive root and a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a positive root and a negative
+root the negative root is meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root the negative root is meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root the negative root is meaningless
+because concentration can't be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because concentration can't be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because concentration can't be negative
+so you pick the positive root and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you pick the positive root and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you pick the positive root and when
+you've done that you can then go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you can then go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done that you can then go ahead
+and answer questions like um what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer questions like um what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and answer questions like um what is the
+pH of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH of the
+solution and and what is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and and what is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and and what is what is the
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ionization okay and uh we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization okay and uh we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization okay and uh we can talk about
+that and so next time at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so next time at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so next time at the beginning
+of class we we will do that calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class we we will do that calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class we we will do that calculation
+we'll find what the pH of a tenth mol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find what the pH of a tenth mol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find what the pH of a tenth mol
+solution of acetic acid would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of acetic acid would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of acetic acid would be uh
+we'll also go on and talk about uh pH in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also go on and talk about uh pH in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also go on and talk about uh pH in
+the pka scale and also a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka scale and also a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pka scale and also a general
+equation for discussing titrations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+buffers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/047B4UrEaNw.txt b/047B4UrEaNw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69dbcb8bf6330eedd58da2fe22495d797ad45b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/047B4UrEaNw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right welcome back to 61200 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back to 61200 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right welcome back to 61200 we
+continue probability and not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue probability and not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue probability and not only that
+we continue on expectation today that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue on expectation today that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we continue on expectation today that we
+also get to a second measure of distri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get to a second measure of distri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also get to a second measure of distri
+of random variables which is variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables which is variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random variables which is variance
+but first most of today will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first most of today will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first most of today will be uh
+expectation remember what we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation remember what we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation remember what we did last
+class so uh for random variable X over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so uh for random variable X over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so uh for random variable X over a
+sample space s this is just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space s this is just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space s this is just a function
+from s to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from s to real
+numbers uh we had three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh we had three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh we had three different
+formulas at least for expectation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas at least for expectation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas at least for expectation in
+different scenarios first one was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios first one was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios first one was the
+definition sum overall outcomes Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition sum overall outcomes Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition sum overall outcomes Omega
+probability of the outcome times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the outcome times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the outcome times x
+evaluated at that outcome sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at that outcome sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated at that outcome sorry this is
+a Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Omega
+uh or we could rewrite that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or we could rewrite that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or we could rewrite that sum
+according to the distinct values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the distinct values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the distinct values of
+capital x and so sum over the range of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x and so sum over the range of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x and so sum over the range of X
+and take the probability uh that big x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the probability uh that big x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take the probability uh that big x
+equals Little X multip by Little X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Little X multip by Little X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Little X multip by Little X
+that's equivalent um and in the special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equivalent um and in the special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equivalent um and in the special
+case where X is a function to natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where X is a function to natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where X is a function to natural
+numbers then we could write this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then we could write this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers then we could write this as an
+infinite series sum of I equal 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series sum of I equal 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series sum of I equal 1 to
+Infinity probability of X greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity probability of X greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity probability of X greater than
+or equal to I and that turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to I and that turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to I and that turned out to be
+equivalent to this thing by expanding it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this thing by expanding it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to this thing by expanding it
+out so if the CDF is nice that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if the CDF is nice that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if the CDF is nice that's a nice
+formula if it's in the special case z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if it's in the special case z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if it's in the special case z
+over natural numbers for independent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over natural numbers for independent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over natural numbers for independent for
+uh indicator random variables where X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicator random variables where X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh indicator random variables where X is
+zero or one another special case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one another special case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one another special case then
+the expectation is just equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is just equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is just equal to the
+probability uh equaling one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh equaling one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh equaling one which is
+like probability of the event that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probability of the event that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like probability of the event that this
+is an indicator for and the big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indicator for and the big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an indicator for and the big thing
+was linearity of expectation which told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was linearity of expectation which told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was linearity of expectation which told
+us if we summed and also multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if we summed and also multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us if we summed and also multiplied by a
+constant uh inside the expectation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh inside the expectation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh inside the expectation we
+could push the expectation inside and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push the expectation inside and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could push the expectation inside and or
+pull the sum and the multiplication out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the sum and the multiplication out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull the sum and the multiplication out
+so this we're going to use all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we're going to use all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this we're going to use all of these
+things today uh and see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things today uh and see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things today uh and see how they
+contrast with other other fun properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with other other fun properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast with other other fun properties
+um but I'm going to start out with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm going to start out with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I'm going to start out with some
+motivating examples to give us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating examples to give us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivating examples to give us some
+interesting uh problems to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh problems to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh problems to think about
+uh so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's talk
+about a bunch of events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+E1 up to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 up to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E1 up to e
+n so these are subsets of our sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these are subsets of our sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these are subsets of our sample
+space and we can think of those events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we can think of those events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and we can think of those events
+being uh a good things or bad things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh a good things or bad things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh a good things or bad things uh
+maybe uh these are different ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh these are different ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh these are different ways in
+which your computer could fail or your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your computer could fail or your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which your computer could fail or your
+algorithm could fail or maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could fail or maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm could fail or maybe they're
+good things maybe these are uh you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things maybe these are uh you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good things maybe these are uh you'd
+like at least one of these to happen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least one of these to happen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least one of these to happen or
+you'd like at least half of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like at least half of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like at least half of them to
+happen happen or whatever uh so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen happen or whatever uh so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen happen or whatever uh so we're
+going to think about um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about um in
+particular the number of events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the number of events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the number of events that
+happen so let's Define a rener variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's Define a rener variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so let's Define a rener variable
+n to be uh the number of EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen and uh first problem is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and uh first problem is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and uh first problem is what is
+the expected value of n so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of n so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of n so what is the
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+number of events in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general there's a nice formula for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's a nice formula for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general there's a nice formula for this
+which is sum I = 1 to n of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sum I = 1 to n of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sum I = 1 to n of the
+probability of event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of event
+I okay this is pretty much a warmup it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this is pretty much a warmup it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this is pretty much a warmup it's
+very similar to things that we did last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to things that we did last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to things that we did last
+time in fact we did a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact we did a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in fact we did a special case of
+this last time uh but let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last time uh but let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this last time uh but let me remind you
+those techniques and let's actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those techniques and let's actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those techniques and let's actually do
+it for this example so um remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this example so um remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this example so um remember the
+technique was if I have some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique was if I have some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique was if I have some random
+variable that is tricky to analyze and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is tricky to analyze and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that is tricky to analyze and I
+want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute this
+expectation uh write split it up into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh write split it up into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh write split it up into a
+sum of different random variables so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of different random variables so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of different random variables so
+here there's a pretty obvious way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a pretty obvious way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a pretty obvious way to
+split it up n is supposed to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up n is supposed to count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split it up n is supposed to count the
+number of Eis and so each of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Eis and so each of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Eis and so each of these uh
+suggests we should count them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests we should count them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests we should count them
+individually let's define an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually let's define an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually let's define an indicator
+random variable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable I
+subi uh for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+event uh and that that is counting among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh and that that is counting among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh and that that is counting among
+all the events that are known as EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the events that are known as EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the events that are known as EI
+there's only one of them how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one of them how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one of them how many of
+them occurred zero or what did it occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them occurred zero or what did it occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them occurred zero or what did it occur
+or not so then n is going to be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so then n is going to be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not so then n is going to be just the
+sum uh IAL 1 to n of I I I I captain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh IAL 1 to n of I I I I captain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum uh IAL 1 to n of I I I I captain
+then uh we can compute the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we can compute the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we can compute the expectation
+using all these fun things so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all these fun things so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all these fun things so we've got
+the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of
+n is uh by linearity the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is uh by linearity the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is uh by linearity the sum of the
+expected values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IIs uh and the if because the IIs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IIs uh and the if because the IIs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IIs uh and the if because the IIs are
+indicator random variables their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variables their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variables their
+expectation is exactly the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is exactly the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is exactly the probability
+that they're equal to one so this is sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're equal to one so this is sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're equal to one so this is sum
+IAL 1 to n uh probability sorry I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL 1 to n uh probability sorry I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL 1 to n uh probability sorry I keep
+forgetting my x's in next to my e uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting my x's in next to my e uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting my x's in next to my e uh I I
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+1 uh and that's just by definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh and that's just by definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 uh and that's just by definition of
+the IIs that is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EI okay so very easy proof just but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI okay so very easy proof just but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI okay so very easy proof just but
+refreshing how we use all these fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing how we use all these fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refreshing how we use all these fun
+facts we did a special case of this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts we did a special case of this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts we did a special case of this last
+time which was if all uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which was if all uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time which was if all uh we were
+counting if I flip a coin n times and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting if I flip a coin n times and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting if I flip a coin n times and a
+prob probability of heads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob probability of heads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prob probability of heads is
+p uh so this is biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coins uh heads probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P then the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P then the expected number of
+heads uh was equal to P *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n that's something we computed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's something we computed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that's something we computed last time
+in exactly the same way so this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same way so this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same way so this isn't
+terribly new but this is more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly new but this is more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly new but this is more general
+form each the events here all the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form each the events here all the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form each the events here all the events
+were the same probability now they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same probability now they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the same probability now they could
+have different probabilities still you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different probabilities still you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different probabilities still you
+sum them uh cool we'll use this again as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them uh cool we'll use this again as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum them uh cool we'll use this again as
+well all right so that's simple warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so that's simple warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so that's simple warm-up
+problem just counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just counting the number of
+events now we'd like to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events now we'd like to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events now we'd like to understand a
+little deeper how many events are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper how many events are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper how many events are going
+to occur in particular a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur in particular a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to occur in particular a really
+interesting uh question is when does at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh question is when does at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh question is when does at
+least one event occur so if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one event occur so if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one event occur so if you think of
+these for example as being different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for example as being different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for example as being different
+failure modes for your system you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure modes for your system you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure modes for your system you want
+to know what's the chance of anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's the chance of anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's the chance of anything
+failing out of all the different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing out of all the different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing out of all the different ways
+that things could fail and those events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things could fail and those events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things could fail and those events
+may not be independent so uh all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be independent so uh all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be independent so uh all of this
+works even if the Eis are dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works even if the Eis are dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works even if the Eis are dependent on
+each other maybe they're all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other maybe they're all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other maybe they're all the same
+who knows but uh this summation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows but uh this summation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who knows but uh this summation is
+exactly the right answer for expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right answer for expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the right answer for expectation
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+linearity uh so let's start with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity uh so let's start with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity uh so let's start with with a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+simple upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple upper
+bound called the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound called the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound called the union
+bound on the chance of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the chance of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the chance of something
+happening so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening so this is
+probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the
+Union hence the name Union bound is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union hence the name Union bound is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union hence the name Union bound is at
+most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the
+sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the
+probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of the
+events okay in other words using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay in other words using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay in other words using the
+terminology from over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology from over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology from over here the
+probability that at least one event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that at least one event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that at least one event
+occurs that's the probability that n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs that's the probability that n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs that's the probability that n is
+at least one is at most the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one is at most the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one is at most the expectation
+of the number of events because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of events because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of events because these
+two things are equal by this previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are equal by this previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are equal by this previous
+theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem
+here so uh these two statements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh these two statements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh these two statements are
+equivalent because the number being at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because the number being at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent because the number being at
+least one that's the same as well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one that's the same as well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one that's the same as well that's
+at least one event occurring that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one event occurring that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one event occurring that's the
+same as the union of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the union of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the union of these
+events Okay cool so this is like uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events Okay cool so this is like uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events Okay cool so this is like uh like
+the some rule but some rule had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some rule but some rule had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some rule but some rule had an
+equality and was only um when the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and was only um when the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality and was only um when the events
+were disjoint this works all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were disjoint this works all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were disjoint this works all the time
+but it can give a very weak upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can give a very weak upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it can give a very weak upper bound
+depending on your events this sum may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your events this sum may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on your events this sum may be
+larger than one so that doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one so that doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one so that doesn't tell you
+very very much to say probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much to say probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very much to say probability is
+less than equal to one it's like yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to one it's like yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than equal to one it's like yeah I
+knew that uh you didn't have to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that uh you didn't have to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew that uh you didn't have to do any
+work let me um in parallel write some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let me um in parallel write some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let me um in parallel write some
+examples here uh so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our same example of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our same example of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our same example of n
+independent coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flips uh probability of heads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips uh probability of heads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips uh probability of heads is
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+then the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound says that uh the probability of at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound says that uh the probability of at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound says that uh the probability of at
+least one head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one head
+is at most P * n right that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most P * n right that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most P * n right that's this
+expectation that I just wrote down over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that I just wrote down over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that I just wrote down over
+here P * n was the expected value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P * n was the expected value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P * n was the expected value for
+the number of heads so in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads so in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads so in particular the
+probability is at least one head is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is at least one head is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is at least one head is at
+most P * n so as soon as p is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most P * n so as soon as p is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most P * n so as soon as p is bigger
+than one over n this is not a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one over n this is not a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one over n this is not a useful
+upper bound right the the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound right the the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound right the the true
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+actual uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh
+probability there's at least one head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's at least one head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability there's at least one head
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is uh 1 - 1 - P to the N easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh 1 - 1 - P to the N easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh 1 - 1 - P to the N easier to
+compute the chance the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the chance the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the chance the probability that
+there are zero heads that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are zero heads that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are zero heads that's the same as
+saying that there are N Tails so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there are N Tails so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that there are N Tails so uh this
+is the probability of a tals one minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of a tals one minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of a tals one minus P
+raise it to the nth power we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to the nth power we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to the nth power we get the
+probability of Nils we take one minus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Nils we take one minus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Nils we take one minus it
+we get the probability that there're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the probability that there're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the probability that there're not
+Nils and other words there at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nils and other words there at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nils and other words there at least one
+head so these are close for very small P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so these are close for very small P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head so these are close for very small P
+but not so great for uh uh even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so great for uh uh even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so great for uh uh even for
+small P maybe not so great I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small P maybe not so great I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small P maybe not so great I don't
+know all right um so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right um so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all right um so this is an example
+where Union bounds not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Union bounds not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Union bounds not so
+helpful um maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful um maybe I'll
+do I'll come to other examples in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll come to other examples in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'll come to other examples in a
+moment let me tell you uh a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let me tell you uh a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment let me tell you uh a nice
+property on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property on the other
+side uh which I'll call Murphy's Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh which I'll call Murphy's Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh which I'll call Murphy's Law
+it's not the official name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the official name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the official name
+but probably heard of some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably heard of some form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably heard of some form of
+Murphy's Law in the past uh whatever can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy's Law in the past uh whatever can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy's Law in the past uh whatever can
+go wrong will go wrong this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong will go wrong this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong will go wrong this is a
+formalization of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of that so
+if uh the N events we have are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the N events we have are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh the N events we have are mutually
+independent this is the first time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this is the first time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent this is the first time I'm
+making this assumption other than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Union is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union is at
+least uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh 1
+minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1
+over e to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e to the sum of the
+probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events okay this
+is without any uh n terminology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without any uh n terminology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without any uh n terminology but
+maybe a nicer way way is to write it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a nicer way way is to write it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a nicer way way is to write it uh
+in terms of n probability that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of n probability that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of n probability that at least
+one event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one event
+occurs is at least 1 - 1 over e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is at least 1 - 1 over e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is at least 1 - 1 over e to the
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+n Again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n Again
+by this theorem relating the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this theorem relating the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this theorem relating the expectation
+of n to the sum of the it is just a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the sum of the it is just a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the sum of the it is just a sum
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+probabilities so um the union bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so um the union bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities so um the union bound
+gives an upper bound we want to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an upper bound we want to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives an upper bound we want to the
+chance of some event occurring like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of some event occurring like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of some event occurring like some
+failure happening uh this tells us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure happening uh this tells us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure happening uh this tells us it's
+at most something and this tells us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most something and this tells us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most something and this tells us it's
+at least something but this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least something but this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least something but this theorem
+assumes Mutual Independence so doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes Mutual Independence so doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes Mutual Independence so doesn't
+always apply but in this example it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always apply but in this example it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always apply but in this example it does
+apply so we can apply Murphy's Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and it gives us the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it gives us the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it gives us the probability of
+at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one
+head is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is
+wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page at least one minus one/ E to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page at least one minus one/ E to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page at least one minus one/ E to the
+PN right again the expectation is PN so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN right again the expectation is PN so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN right again the expectation is PN so
+1 minus 1 over e to the PN so uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 over e to the PN so uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus 1 over e to the PN so uh the
+bounds tell us it's somewhere between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds tell us it's somewhere between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds tell us it's somewhere between
+this uh thing that's kind of close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh thing that's kind of close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh thing that's kind of close to
+one especially if this exponent is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one especially if this exponent is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one especially if this exponent is large
+so this is the point is here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the point is here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the point is here this
+uh denominator increases exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh denominator increases exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh denominator increases exponentially
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+expectation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation so
+uh that means this is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that means this is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that means this is going to be very
+small if if expectation of n is large um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if if expectation of n is large um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if if expectation of n is large um
+and so that means this is very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means this is very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means this is very close to
+one right so when the expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so when the expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so when the expectation is
+large the union bound doesn't tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the union bound doesn't tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the union bound doesn't tell us
+anything useful says it's at most one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything useful says it's at most one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything useful says it's at most one or
+whatever but also Murphy's law says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but also Murphy's law says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but also Murphy's law says it's
+actually pretty close to one so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty close to one so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty close to one so maybe
+the union bound wasn't so bad after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union bound wasn't so bad after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union bound wasn't so bad after all
+that's the idea um I mean in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea um I mean in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea um I mean in particular
+we also know that it's less than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that it's less than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that it's less than equal
+to one so those two facts combined are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so those two facts combined are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so those two facts combined are
+maybe okay when the expectation is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe okay when the expectation is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe okay when the expectation is large
+so uh what can go wrong will go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what can go wrong will go wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what can go wrong will go wrong
+with high probability assuming Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability assuming Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high probability assuming Mutual
+Independence and assuming expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence and assuming expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence and assuming expectation is
+large I guess that's the formal version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I guess that's the formal version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I guess that's the formal version
+of Murphy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Murphy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Murphy's
+Law okay uh cool let's do to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular example of this that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example of this that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example of this that I think
+is instructive which is suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instructive which is suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is instructive which is suppose that
+um each event occurs with probability 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each event occurs with probability 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um each event occurs with probability 1
+n so this is same thing but I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is same thing but I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so this is same thing but I'm just
+plugging in P 1 n then with the Union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in P 1 n then with the Union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugging in P 1 n then with the Union
+bound I get uh the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound I get uh the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound I get uh the probability of the
+Union I'll write it one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union I'll write it one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union I'll write it one more
+time is at most one exactly so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is at most one exactly so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is at most one exactly so it's
+useless um Murphy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless um Murphy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless um Murphy's
+Law tells me the probability is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law tells me the probability is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law tells me the probability is at
+least uh 1 minus 1/ E to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh 1 minus 1/ E to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh 1 minus 1/ E to the
+one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+63 so they're they're pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 so they're they're pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 so they're they're pretty close
+they're within a factor of two of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within a factor of two of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're within a factor of two of each
+other uh one and 63
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh one and 63
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh one and 63
+and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+uh well I guess is this thing 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I guess is this thing 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I guess is this thing 1 minus
+one/ n to the N I'm not sure it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ n to the N I'm not sure it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one/ n to the N I'm not sure it has a
+nice nice formula it depends on N which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice nice formula it depends on N which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice nice formula it depends on N which
+one is more correct but they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is more correct but they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is more correct but they're both
+they're pretty close so they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty close so they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty close so they're both
+pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty
+correct uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct uh here
+is maybe another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe another
+example so we did two examples at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we did two examples at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so we did two examples at the
+end of last class with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of last class with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of last class with
+randomized uh phone returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at some terrible school where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some terrible school where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some terrible school where you get
+where you get a randomly selected phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get a randomly selected phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you get a randomly selected phone
+when you go home um and then we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go home um and then we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go home um and then we talked
+about a version with a turntable or Lazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a version with a turntable or Lazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a version with a turntable or Lazy
+Susan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan
+uh where either everyone gets their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where either everyone gets their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where either everyone gets their
+phone back or no one does and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone back or no one does and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone back or no one does and it was
+kind of weird because in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird because in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird because in expectation
+these were the same the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the same the expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were the same the expected number
+of phones that went back to the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phones that went back to the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phones that went back to the correct
+person was one independent of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was one independent of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person was one independent of how many
+people in phones there were as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in phones there were as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in phones there were as long as
+number of phones equals number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of phones equals number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of phones equals number of people
+which is kind of funny expectation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of funny expectation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of funny expectation was
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh yeah this is an example if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this is an example if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah this is an example if you recall
+we wrote down uh there was an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote down uh there was an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wrote down uh there was an indicator
+random variable I forget what we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable I forget what we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable I forget what we called
+it let's say I sub I uh which was does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's say I sub I uh which was does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's say I sub I uh which was does
+the I person get back their phone and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I person get back their phone and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I person get back their phone and we
+computed the probability of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the probability of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the probability of that
+equaling one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equaling one
+here and here and in both cases it was 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and in both cases it was 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here and in both cases it was 1
+n so these are actually both examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these are actually both examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so these are actually both examples of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+picture okay I should say uh if mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay I should say uh if mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture okay I should say uh if mutually
+independent I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to in this example I didn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this example I didn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in this example I didn't want to
+assume Mutual Independence this holds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume Mutual Independence this holds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume Mutual Independence this holds in
+all cases this holds if the events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases this holds if the events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all cases this holds if the events are
+mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually
+independent uh because here the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh because here the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh because here the events
+are not necessarily mutually independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily mutually independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not necessarily mutually independent
+right in fact they're not in both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact they're not in both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in fact they're not in both of
+these examples they're different levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples they're different levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples they're different levels
+of Independence I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Independence I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Independence I would
+say but it's they both satis they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but it's they both satis they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but it's they both satis they're
+both special cases of this property the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both special cases of this property the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both special cases of this property the
+probability of each event is exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each event is exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of each event is exactly one
+over n the probability each person gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n the probability each person gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n the probability each person gets
+their phone back is one over n both with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phone back is one over n both with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their phone back is one over n both with
+random permutation of the phones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random permutation of the phones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random permutation of the phones and
+with random rotation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with random rotation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with random rotation of the
+phones um and here I will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones um and here I will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones um and here I will give you the
+actual answers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual answers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual answers the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+uh that any phone is returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that any phone is returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that any phone is returned
+correctly that's this probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly that's this probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly that's this probability of the
+Union of the different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+events uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events uh in this
+case uh well it's easier to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh well it's easier to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh well it's easier to compute the
+probability that no one gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that no one gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that no one gets it
+correctly this is like the uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly this is like the uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly this is like the uh no
+repeated serial numbers in the dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated serial numbers in the dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated serial numbers in the dollar
+bill kind of um there so for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill kind of um there so for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill kind of um there so for the first
+person they n minus one choices out of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they n minus one choices out of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person they n minus one choices out of n
+where they get the wrong phone back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they get the wrong phone back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they get the wrong phone back and
+then the second person there's nus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second person there's nus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the second person there's nus 2
+choices out of nus1 for them to not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices out of nus1 for them to not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices out of nus1 for them to not get
+their correct phone back and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and get my cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shock uh n minus one's cancel nus 2's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock uh n minus one's cancel nus 2's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock uh n minus one's cancel nus 2's
+cancel nus 3's cancel and so on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel nus 3's cancel and so on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel nus 3's cancel and so on we're
+left with 1 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with 1 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with 1 - 1
+n okay which is in between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay which is in between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay which is in between these two
+values so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so that's
+good uh and it's actually very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh and it's actually very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good uh and it's actually very close to
+the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union
+bound uh closer to the union bound than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh closer to the union bound than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound uh closer to the union bound than
+the other one so I would say yeah um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so I would say yeah um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so I would say yeah um I
+don't know these are uh pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know these are uh pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know these are uh pretty
+independent is my fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis uh yeah maybe they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh yeah maybe they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis uh yeah maybe they're
+independent if you look at it the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if you look at it the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if you look at it the right
+way it depends how you define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it depends how you define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it depends how you define the
+problem exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem exactly
+um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here what's the probability that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the probability that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the probability that any
+phone gets returned correctly this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone gets returned correctly this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone gets returned correctly this is
+actually a really easy one I rotate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really easy one I rotate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really easy one I rotate the
+phones on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones on a
+table what's the chance that anyone gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what's the chance that anyone gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table what's the chance that anyone gets
+their phone back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correctly yeah one over n there just n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly yeah one over n there just n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly yeah one over n there just n
+possible outcomes here and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes here and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes here and one of them
+everyone gets their phone back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets their phone back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone gets their phone back so
+capital N equals little n and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N equals little n and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N equals little n and in the
+other situation zero people get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situation zero people get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other situation zero people get their
+fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund
+back so this seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so this seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so this seems to
+violate uh this lower bound right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate uh this lower bound right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violate uh this lower bound right we
+said it should be at least 63 so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it should be at least 63 so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it should be at least 63 so uh in
+order to do that it means that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that it means that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do that it means that they're
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+dependent I mean it's it's very hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I mean it's it's very hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent I mean it's it's very hard for
+events to be more dependent than them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events to be more dependent than them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events to be more dependent than them
+being equal in fact the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal in fact the first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal in fact the first person
+gets their fund back if and only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets their fund back if and only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets their fund back if and only if the
+second person gets their fund back if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person gets their fund back if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second person gets their fund back if
+and only if the third person gets their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the third person gets their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the third person gets their
+Fone back uh so indeed the events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fone back uh so indeed the events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fone back uh so indeed the events are
+equal to each other here the same single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other here the same single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to each other here the same single
+outcome and so that's why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and so that's why this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome and so that's why this is
+breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking
+okay uh I wanted to prove Murphy's Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I wanted to prove Murphy's Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I wanted to prove Murphy's Law
+and then we'll come back to one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example uh where we at over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like where does this exponential come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where does this exponential come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like where does this exponential come
+from it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it's an
+approximation so uh it comes from one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so uh it comes from one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so uh it comes from one of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+fun uh facts that we've used before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh facts that we've used before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun uh facts that we've used before so
+just like in this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in this last
+example um instead of computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um instead of computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um instead of computing the
+probability that at least one things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that at least one things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that at least one things
+happens let's compute the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's compute the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens let's compute the probability
+that zero of the events happen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero of the events happen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero of the events happen and then
+do one minus it okay so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one minus it okay so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one minus it okay so I'm going to
+compute uh the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the probability
+complement of this event is that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of this event is that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of this event is that n
+equals zero so no events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so no events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero so no events
+occur okay in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur okay in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur okay in other words the
+probability uh that E1 does not occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh that E1 does not occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh that E1 does not occur
+and E2 does not occur and uh e n does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E2 does not occur and uh e n does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and E2 does not occur and uh e n does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well um the E are independent are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well um the E are independent are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well um the E are independent are
+mutually independent and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent and one of the
+things we we mentioned uh and may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we we mentioned uh and may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we we mentioned uh and may be
+proved in recitation I forget back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in recitation I forget back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved in recitation I forget back when
+we were doing the independence lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing the independence lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing the independence lecture
+is that if uh events are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if uh events are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if uh events are independent
+then also their complements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also their complements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also their complements are
+independent if E1 and E2 are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if E1 and E2 are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if E1 and E2 are independent
+from each other then E1 complement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other then E1 complement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other then E1 complement is
+independent from E2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from E2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from E2
+complement uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement uh and so
+um we from the product rule this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we from the product rule this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we from the product rule this
+probability of intersections for inde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of intersections for inde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of intersections for inde
+and mutually independent events events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutually independent events events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mutually independent events events
+is just the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities
+okay uh what else so this probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what else so this probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh what else so this probability is
+of course one minus the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course one minus the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course one minus the probability of
+EI and now we're going to use this fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI and now we're going to use this fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI and now we're going to use this fun
+fact uh which is this is at most e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh which is this is at most e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact uh which is this is at most e to
+the minus probability of EI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus probability of EI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus probability of EI
+by this uh fact that 1 - x is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this uh fact that 1 - x is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this uh fact that 1 - x is less than
+or equal to eus x uh for x non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to eus x uh for x non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to eus x uh for x non-
+negative we've used this few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we've used this few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we've used this few lectures
+ago I think uh this was the Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I think uh this was the Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I think uh this was the Taylor
+series expansion of e to Theus X you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion of e to Theus X you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion of e to Theus X you
+take the first two terms it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first two terms it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the first two terms it's a very
+good approximation when X is small which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation when X is small which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation when X is small which
+is kind of an interesting case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of an interesting case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of an interesting case we're
+thinking of these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of these probabilities
+individually as being small but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually as being small but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually as being small but there
+might be lots of events then this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be lots of events then this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be lots of events then this will
+be a good approximation uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good approximation uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a good approximation uh but it's
+always true that it's at less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true that it's at less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always true that it's at less than or
+equal to in all cases so this is fine um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to in all cases so this is fine um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to in all cases so this is fine um
+and so now we have a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have a product of
+exponentials and by properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and by properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and by properties of
+exponentials we can pull the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials we can pull the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials we can pull the exponential
+out and sorry this is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and sorry this is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and sorry this is less than or equal
+to e uh to this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e uh to this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e uh to this sum
+minus uh sum I = 1 to n of probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh sum I = 1 to n of probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh sum I = 1 to n of probability
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+EI okay which if you stare at it long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI okay which if you stare at it long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EI okay which if you stare at it long
+enough that's exactly what we got here e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's exactly what we got here e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that's exactly what we got here e
+to the minus is the same as one over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus is the same as one over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus is the same as one over e
+to the thing this sum and because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing this sum and because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the thing this sum and because we are
+Computing the complement event we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the complement event we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the complement event we have
+to do a one minus at front and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a one minus at front and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a one minus at front and instead
+of an upper bound this was an upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an upper bound this was an upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an upper bound this was an upper
+bound on the failure uh this is a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the failure uh this is a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the failure uh this is a lower
+bound on success if success is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on success if success is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on success if success is one of
+the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occurring Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring Okay
+cool so that's where the exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's where the exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so that's where the exponentials
+come from it's a way to product of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from it's a way to product of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from it's a way to product of one
+minus something is ugly there's no nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus something is ugly there's no nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus something is ugly there's no nice
+way to simplify that but if we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to simplify that but if we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to simplify that but if we use this
+approximation then we get a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then we get a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation then we get a product of
+exponentials and life is good so um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and life is good so um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials and life is good so um for
+fun you know as we're winding down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun you know as we're winding down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun you know as we're winding down the
+class uh I think it's time to enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh I think it's time to enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh I think it's time to enjoy
+music video so uh the application is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music video so uh the application is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music video so uh the application is
+we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think
+about uh we have some probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we have some probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh we have some probabilities of
+failures and here this is a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and here this is a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and here this is a really cool
+rubbe Goldberg machine made by the rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbe Goldberg machine made by the rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rubbe Goldberg machine made by the rock
+band okay go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band okay go
+uh and there are about over a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there are about over a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there are about over a hundred
+different components in this rub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components in this rub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components in this rub
+Goldberg machine so the the Challen what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg machine so the the Challen what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg machine so the the Challen what
+you want to think about is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about is what's the
+probability of at least one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of at least one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of at least one of those
+components failing in a single uncut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components failing in a single uncut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components failing in a single uncut
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can't you let me get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you let me get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you let me get you
+and they can't keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they can't keep
+ding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+around ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+can't why would you want toally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go let me get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go let me get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go let me get you
+down let me get you down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let me get you down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down let me get you down
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so uh if you haven't watched all of ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you haven't watched all of ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh if you haven't watched all of ok
+Go's music videos I highly recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go's music videos I highly recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Go's music videos I highly recommend
+instead of studying for the final you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of studying for the final you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of studying for the final you
+should watch them uh amazing stuff I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should watch them uh amazing stuff I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should watch them uh amazing stuff I
+actually I've watched this video like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I've watched this video like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I've watched this video like 10
+times in the last day and I only just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the last day and I only just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the last day and I only just
+now realized how many references there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now realized how many references there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now realized how many references there
+are to other okaygo music videos so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to other okaygo music videos so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to other okaygo music videos so if
+you watch them all you'll get extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch them all you'll get extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch them all you'll get extra
+appreciation then watch this one again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation then watch this one again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciation then watch this one again
+and you'll see them all um cool so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see them all um cool so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see them all um cool so I I
+happen to be friends uh in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be friends uh in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to be friends uh in particular
+with Damien who's the the lead singer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Damien who's the the lead singer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Damien who's the the lead singer
+and I was chatting with him like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was chatting with him like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was chatting with him like
+how how how did you make this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how did you make this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how how did you make this work
+because uh he's in many talks that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh he's in many talks that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh he's in many talks that he
+gives like he has a TED talk it's linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives like he has a TED talk it's linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives like he has a TED talk it's linked
+in the lecture notes he said okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture notes he said okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture notes he said okay uh
+there about 130
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in the
+setup uh so if you imagine each uh fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup uh so if you imagine each uh fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup uh so if you imagine each uh fails
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+with probability say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability say
+10% reasonable if you engineer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% reasonable if you engineer something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% reasonable if you engineer something
+well should work like 90% of the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well should work like 90% of the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well should work like 90% of the time I
+don't know if you ever built a rub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you ever built a rub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you ever built a rub
+Goldberg machine even that's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg machine even that's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goldberg machine even that's difficult
+to engineer it's very easy to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer it's very easy to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer it's very easy to get more
+like 50 70% success rate uh but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 70% success rate uh but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 50 70% success rate uh but let's
+say you can get 90% success rate then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can get 90% success rate then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you can get 90% success rate then uh
+what's the probability that uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that uh there is
+a failure number of fails is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure number of fails is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure number of fails is at least
+one well you know it's the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well you know it's the same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well you know it's the same thing we
+had before uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before uh one
+minus 1 - 1 minus P to the N this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 - 1 minus P to the N this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 - 1 minus P to the N this is the
+actual we won't use any approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual we won't use any approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual we won't use any approximation
+here uh it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+99.999
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.999
+89% which is exactly one in a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89% which is exactly one in a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89% which is exactly one in a million
+chance that this video will come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that this video will come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance that this video will come out
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+so uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's
+terrible uh and then you know and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh and then you know and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible uh and then you know and his
+talks he goes on it's like yeah so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks he goes on it's like yeah so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks he goes on it's like yeah so you
+know we've really go to um we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've really go to um we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we've really go to um we got to
+take chances and you know uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chances and you know uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chances and you know uh just
+explore and not be um not worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and not be um not worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore and not be um not worry about
+failing it's the main point of his talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing it's the main point of his talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing it's the main point of his talk
+but then he never explains like well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he never explains like well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then he never explains like well how
+did you make the video if there's a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you make the video if there's a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you make the video if there's a one
+in a million chance that it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a million chance that it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a million chance that it comes out
+right did you do a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did you do a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did you do a million
+takes uh and I don't know how many takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh and I don't know how many takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes uh and I don't know how many takes
+uh they did he didn't just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they did he didn't just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they did he didn't just didn't
+remember uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh
+but he said the the secret for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he said the the secret for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he said the the secret for it
+working was to do the math after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working was to do the math after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working was to do the math after you've
+made the video instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the video instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the video instead of
+before uh maybe a little unsatisfying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh maybe a little unsatisfying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh maybe a little unsatisfying uh
+but on reflection um I mean you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on reflection um I mean you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on reflection um I mean you could
+work out some other probabilities right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out some other probabilities right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out some other probabilities right
+if you say okay there's only uh 1% of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say okay there's only uh 1% of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say okay there's only uh 1% of uh
+chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of
+failure then the probability the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure then the probability the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure then the probability the whole
+thing succeeds is uh or the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing succeeds is uh or the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing succeeds is uh or the probability
+of failure overall is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failure overall is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failure overall is
+73% still not very good but doable like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73% still not very good but doable like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+73% still not very good but doable like
+you could do four takes and then one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do four takes and then one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do four takes and then one of
+them will be good in expectation uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be good in expectation uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be good in expectation uh but
+99% reliability is challenging it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% reliability is challenging it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% reliability is challenging it's only
+when you get to like if if you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to like if if you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get to like if if you get to
+99.9% success rate then this starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% success rate then this starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.9% success rate then this starts to
+get impressive you only a 12% chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get impressive you only a 12% chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get impressive you only a 12% chance
+that something fails um but apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something fails um but apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something fails um but apparently
+the in hindsight what worked well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in hindsight what worked well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in hindsight what worked well for
+this video is because the the effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is because the the effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is because the the effects
+the interactions get big and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions get big and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactions get big and bigger
+towards the end of the video because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the video because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the video because
+they just wanted to make them more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just wanted to make them more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just wanted to make them more and
+more impressive with bowling balls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more impressive with bowling balls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more impressive with bowling balls and
+giant things and you know huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant things and you know huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant things and you know huge
+interactions huge interactions actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions huge interactions actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions huge interactions actually
+fail less often because something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail less often because something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail less often because something like a
+bowling ball is less affected by air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowling ball is less affected by air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowling ball is less affected by air
+currents in the room and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in the room and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents in the room and stuff like that
+so the bowling balls were super reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bowling balls were super reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bowling balls were super reliable
+they were probably down here in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were probably down here in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were probably down here in the very
+very like maybe several nines uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like maybe several nines uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very like maybe several nines uh
+Effectiveness whereas some of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effectiveness whereas some of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effectiveness whereas some of the very
+early effects in particular The Dominoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early effects in particular The Dominoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early effects in particular The Dominoes
+which open the video I'll just play that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which open the video I'll just play that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which open the video I'll just play that
+again because I love watching this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because I love watching this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because I love watching this video
+um they failed almost every single time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they failed almost every single time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they failed almost every single time
+so um this this very first move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this this very first move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this this very first move
+apparently dominoes are extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently dominoes are extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently dominoes are extremely
+unpredictable so doing this in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable so doing this in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable so doing this in a way
+they said they set up the dominoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they set up the dominoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they set up the dominoes
+roughly six billion times I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly six billion times I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly six billion times I think that's
+an exaggeration but uh that's I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exaggeration but uh that's I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exaggeration but uh that's I guess
+the other answer is to do uh six billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other answer is to do uh six billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other answer is to do uh six billion
+uh takes and then you'll be set and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh takes and then you'll be set and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh takes and then you'll be set and they
+got one take with everything in it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one take with everything in it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one take with everything in it which
+is pretty pretty amazing despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty pretty amazing despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty pretty amazing despite the
+odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds
+all right so that was just a fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was just a fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that was just a fun
+diversion but I love an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion but I love an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversion but I love an opportunity to
+talk about rub Goldberg machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about rub Goldberg machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about rub Goldberg machines and
+stare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at
+them all right uh let's do some more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right uh let's do some more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all right uh let's do some more fun
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+products so it turns out there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so it turns out there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so it turns out there's a
+product rule just like for probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule just like for probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule just like for probability
+but for expectation it relies on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for expectation it relies on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for expectation it relies on the
+random variables being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent and then it's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and then it's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and then it's exactly what
+you expect the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect the expectation of the
+product is equal to product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is equal to product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is equal to product of the
+expectations so similar to probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations so similar to probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations so similar to probability
+in fact this is really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is really just a
+generalized version of the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized version of the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized version of the product rule
+for probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for probability
+maybe I'll give like a quick sketch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll give like a quick sketch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll give like a quick sketch of
+the proof how's my time yeah let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof how's my time yeah let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof how's my time yeah let's do it
+uh so this expectation of X product y if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this expectation of X product y if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this expectation of X product y if
+I just write out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition uh we just take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh we just take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition uh we just take all the
+possible outcomes we don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes we don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes we don't know anything
+about them but x * Y is a function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but x * Y is a function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them but x * Y is a function we
+evaluated it at that outcome this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated it at that outcome this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated it at that outcome this is the
+same thing as taking X of the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as taking X of the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as taking X of the outcome
+and multiplying by y of the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying by y of the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplying by y of the outcome
+that's the definition of this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the definition of this product
+function uh and then we multiply yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and then we multiply yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh and then we multiply yeah we
+multiply by the probability outcome sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the probability outcome sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the probability outcome sum
+them up that's the deal uh just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up that's the deal uh just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up that's the deal uh just like
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+formula we can rearrange the terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we can rearrange the terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we can rearrange the terms in
+that sum to where here it was by x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum to where here it was by x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sum to where here it was by x value
+but we could do it by X and y value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could do it by X and y value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could do it by X and y value so
+we can rewrite this as a sum over uh X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite this as a sum over uh X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rewrite this as a sum over uh X
+and a sum over y other words a sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sum over y other words a sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sum over y other words a sum over
+pairs X comma y uh of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs X comma y uh of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs X comma y uh of this
+thing uh but now so there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh but now so there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh but now so there are a bunch of
+probabilities of outcomes that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of outcomes that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of outcomes that have the
+same X and Y so we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same X and Y so we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same X and Y so we're just going to
+write the probability that x equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the probability that x equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the probability that x equals
+Little X and Big Y equals little Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X and Big Y equals little Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little X and Big Y equals little Y and
+multiply that by x * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's rearranging uh terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's rearranging uh terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's rearranging uh terms with
+the same X time X and Y value like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same X time X and Y value like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same X time X and Y value like we
+did uh last class and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh last class and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did uh last class and then this
+probability is a product right by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is a product right by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is a product right by the
+product rule for for probabilities X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for for probabilities X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for for probabilities X and
+Y are independent means that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y are independent means that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y are independent means that these two
+events are independent for all X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are independent for all X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are independent for all X and Y
+and so uh we can rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh we can rewrite this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh we can rewrite this as
+probability of X equaling little x times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X equaling little x times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of X equaling little x times
+probability of Y equaling little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Y equaling little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Y equaling little
+Y and now we have a s a double sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now we have a s a double sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and now we have a s a double sum over
+some things involving X and some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things involving X and some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things involving X and some things
+involving y sorry for the pun I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving y sorry for the pun I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving y sorry for the pun I didn't
+mean to say some all the time there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to say some all the time there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to say some all the time there uh
+things involving X and things involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involving X and things involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things involving X and things involving
+Y and we know from way back in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we know from way back in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and we know from way back in our
+summation formulas we can separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formulas we can separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation formulas we can separate out
+the summation over X from the summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation over X from the summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation over X from the summation
+over y take their product and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y take their product and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over y take their product and if you do
+that you get exactly uh this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get exactly uh this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get exactly uh this formula
+with X and with y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X and with y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X and with y
+and so I didn't write it here but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I didn't write it here but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I didn't write it here but this
+is x in the range of X this is y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x in the range of X this is y in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is x in the range of X this is y in the
+range of Y and so that's uh that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of Y and so that's uh that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of Y and so that's uh that's why
+this works so it's really just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works so it's really just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works so it's really just using
+product rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for
+probabilities cool uh let's do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities cool uh let's do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities cool uh let's do an
+example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that suppose we've invented a new game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose we've invented a new game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose we've invented a new game
+which is We Roll two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is We Roll two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is We Roll two independent
+uh six-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dice and then the score is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dice and then the score is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dice and then the score is the product
+of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those two
+dice not a typical game usually some but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice not a typical game usually some but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice not a typical game usually some but
+uh let's say we take the product what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say we take the product what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say we take the product what is
+the expectation of that product well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that product well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of that product well if
+they're independent we know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent we know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're independent we know it's the
+product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectations and expectation of a die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and expectation of a die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and expectation of a die
+roll we covered last time it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll we covered last time it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll we covered last time it's a
+3.5 so this is 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 so this is 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 so this is 3.5
+squared which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12.25 okay weird number there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I take the expectation of D1 * D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the expectation of D1 * D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take the expectation of D1 * D1
+also known as D1 squared D1 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as D1 squared D1 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also known as D1 squared D1 is not
+independent from D1 in fact is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from D1 in fact is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from D1 in fact is the most
+dependent it could be they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent it could be they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent it could be they're the same
+same random variable uh I claim I do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same random variable uh I claim I do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same random variable uh I claim I do not
+get 12.25 even though each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 12.25 even though each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 12.25 even though each of these
+individually has an expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually has an expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually has an expectation of
+3.5 uh let's just compute that or get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 uh let's just compute that or get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 uh let's just compute that or get an
+idea how we would compute it think could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how we would compute it think could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how we would compute it think could
+just use the the definition we have or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the the definition we have or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use the the definition we have or
+really the summing uh summing over X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the summing uh summing over X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the summing uh summing over X in
+range of X so we have six possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of X so we have six possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of X so we have six possible
+outcomes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes for
+D1 and we want the probability that D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 and we want the probability that D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 and we want the probability that D1
+equals Little D times Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Little D times Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Little D times Little
+D right that's the the second version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D right that's the the second version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D right that's the the second version of
+expect second formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect second formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect second formula for
+expectation uh this is just 1 six for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh this is just 1 six for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh this is just 1 six for
+fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair
+dice I I didn't mention fair but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice I I didn't mention fair but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice I I didn't mention fair but I
+mentioned I meant to say fair dice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I meant to say fair dice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I meant to say fair dice so
+this is the Aver uh sorry didn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Aver uh sorry didn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Aver uh sorry didn't get
+this right I'm missing a a product right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right I'm missing a a product right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right I'm missing a a product right
+this is this thing so sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this thing so sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this thing so sum over the
+different die rolls but now we have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different die rolls but now we have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different die rolls but now we have D
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+here okay and I can never remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and I can never remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and I can never remember the
+formula for sum of d uh sum of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for sum of d uh sum of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for sum of d uh sum of squares
+but we get 1 16 times that sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we get 1 16 times that sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we get 1 16 times that sum of
+squares you know 1 2 + 2 S Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you know 1 2 + 2 S Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares you know 1 2 + 2 S Plus
+3^2 up to 6^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3^2 up to 6^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3^2 up to 6^
+S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S
+which uh turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be 15.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 15.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 15.1
+1666 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1666 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1666 so
+bigger kind of weird but there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger kind of weird but there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger kind of weird but there you
+go all right so this was product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so this was product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right so this was product rule
+for for two random variables of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for two random variables of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for two random variables of course
+if you take the product of n random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the product of n random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the product of n random
+variables you can do the same thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you can do the same thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables you can do the same thing uh
+if there's product of nxis here you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's product of nxis here you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's product of nxis here you just
+get a product of n expectations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a product of n expectations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a product of n expectations of
+XIs so when things are independent life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs so when things are independent life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XIs so when things are independent life
+is good what about division we spend all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good what about division we spend all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good what about division we spend all
+this time adding and multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time adding and multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time adding and multiplying
+probabilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and
+expectations can we divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations can we divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations can we divide
+them uh the short answer is no never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh the short answer is no never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh the short answer is no never
+divide random variables ever I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide random variables ever I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide random variables ever I'll show
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why uh
+don't divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't divide
+okay one reason is um expectation of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one reason is um expectation of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one reason is um expectation of 1
+/x this is sort of if if we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x this is sort of if if we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x this is sort of if if we could do
+this we could multi we could multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we could multi we could multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we could multi we could multiply it
+with something and end up dividing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something and end up dividing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something and end up dividing uh
+does not equal one over expectation of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal one over expectation of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal one over expectation of x
+uh in general or probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually and here's one example uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and here's one example uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually and here's one example uh where
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+particularly striking they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly striking they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly striking they're very
+different um uh suppose you have X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh suppose you have X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um uh suppose you have X this
+is almost a uh an indicator random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost a uh an indicator random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost a uh an indicator random
+variable but it's going to be instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but it's going to be instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but it's going to be instead of
+one or zero it's going to be one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero it's going to be one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or zero it's going to be one or
+minus one so let's say it's one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so let's say it's one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so let's say it's one with
+probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a
+half and it's minus one with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and it's minus one with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and it's minus one with probability
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half okay what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero it's just the average because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's just the average because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's just the average because
+they're equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally
+likely uh so one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely uh so one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely uh so one over the
+expectation is not a very good number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is not a very good number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is not a very good number
+it's like infinity or something this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like infinity or something this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like infinity or something this is
+bad one over zero uh whereas if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad one over zero uh whereas if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad one over zero uh whereas if I take
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+expectation of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/x well one over one over one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x well one over one over one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x well one over one over one is just
+one one over minus one is also minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one over minus one is also minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one over minus one is also minus one
+like one over doesn't do anything to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over doesn't do anything to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one over doesn't do anything to X
+this expectation of 1/x is expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation of 1/x is expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expectation of 1/x is expectation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X which is zero so this thing is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is zero so this thing is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which is zero so this thing is like
+infinity or just undefined and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or just undefined and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity or just undefined and this
+thing is zero so they're very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is zero so they're very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is zero so they're very different
+from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each
+other and in some sense uh you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and in some sense uh you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and in some sense uh you should
+just never do this this is a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never do this this is a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just never do this this is a reasonable
+quantity to think about don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to think about don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to think about don't don't
+think about this one although that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this one although that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this one although that seems
+backwards given here given what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards given here given what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards given here given what we
+showed here um here's here's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed here um here's here's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed here um here's here's a more
+here's a real world example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a real world example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a real world example this is
+based on a a paper in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a a paper in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a a paper in computer
+architecture where they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture where they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture where they're trying to
+argue that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that one
+architecture I don't know if it was P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I don't know if it was P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture I don't know if it was P1
+or P2 I think this a little divorced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or P2 I think this a little divorced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or P2 I think this a little divorced
+from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original
+example um so there were two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so there were two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um so there were two different
+processor architectures for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor architectures for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor architectures for solving
+three different possible workloads these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different possible workloads these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different possible workloads these
+were like benchmarks that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like benchmarks that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like benchmarks that they could
+evaluate them on and uh processor one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them on and uh processor one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate them on and uh processor one on
+workload one took 10 seconds to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workload one took 10 seconds to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workload one took 10 seconds to complete
+processor 2 took 16 seconds uh and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor 2 took 16 seconds uh and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor 2 took 16 seconds uh and so on
+there's a table here you run each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a table here you run each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a table here you run each of
+these processors for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processors for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processors for each of these
+workloads and you see what you get let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workloads and you see what you get let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workloads and you see what you get let's
+say these are each uh equally likely 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these are each uh equally likely 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say these are each uh equally likely 13
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+occurring and you want to know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and you want to know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and you want to know which one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+better and this is one of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and this is one of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and this is one of those things
+where you think well either I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think well either I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you think well either I should
+take the expectation of the ratios or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the expectation of the ratios or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the expectation of the ratios or I
+should take the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take the ratio of the
+expectations um if you let's compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations um if you let's compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations um if you let's compute the
+the expectations individually first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations individually first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations individually first so
+if I add these up I get 30 there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add these up I get 30 there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add these up I get 30 there's three
+of them so the uh expectation is 10 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so the uh expectation is 10 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so the uh expectation is 10 and
+here it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's also
+10 okay so in fact the the ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay so in fact the the ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 okay so in fact the the ratio of the
+expectations which I think is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations which I think is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations which I think is a
+reasonable thing to do so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to do so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to do so let's just
+call this P1 performance over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this P1 performance over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this P1 performance over
+expectation of P2 performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of P2 performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of P2 performance
+uh is one so in fact these are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is one so in fact these are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is one so in fact these are equally
+good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in
+expectation okay this is because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay this is because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation okay this is because if
+they're equally like the intuition why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally like the intuition why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equally like the intuition why
+you should do this is in each if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do this is in each if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do this is in each if you
+assume that these workloads are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these workloads are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that these workloads are equally
+likely then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely then
+uh yeah you you should be Computing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you you should be Computing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you you should be Computing how
+long will your process take given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long will your process take given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long will your process take given a
+randomly chosen workload according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chosen workload according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chosen workload according to
+that distribution okay so you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution okay so you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution okay so you should be
+summing all these up before you do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing all these up before you do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing all these up before you do any
+kind of ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of ratio
+but what the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what the paper
+did was take the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was take the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was take the expectation of the
+ratio and with these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and with these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and with these particular
+carefully chosen numbers but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully chosen numbers but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully chosen numbers but they
+roughly match those at the paper uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly match those at the paper uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly match those at the paper uh you
+get a funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact which is uh if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which is uh if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact which is uh if you take the
+expectation of P1 over P2 this is a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of P1 over P2 this is a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of P1 over P2 this is a ton
+of arithmetic so I will not do it uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arithmetic so I will not do it uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arithmetic so I will not do it uh we
+get 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 10
+over9 so it looks like um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over9 so it looks like um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over9 so it looks like um these are
+running times so smaller is better that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times so smaller is better that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running times so smaller is better that
+looks like P2 is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like P2 is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like P2 is better than
+P1 but if you take the ra the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 but if you take the ra the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 but if you take the ra the expected
+ratio of P2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of P2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of P2 over
+P1 it's also 10 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 it's also 10 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1 it's also 10 over
+9 so clearly P1 is better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 so clearly P1 is better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 so clearly P1 is better than
+P2 uh why is this happening because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 uh why is this happening because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 uh why is this happening because
+expectation of ratios is just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of ratios is just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of ratios is just something
+you should never do and is meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never do and is meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never do and is meaningless
+okay or takeen a different way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or takeen a different way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or takeen a different way if you
+want to lie with Statistics here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to lie with Statistics here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to lie with Statistics here is a
+great way to do it take expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to do it take expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great way to do it take expectation of
+ratios you can make you could support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios you can make you could support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios you can make you could support
+any story you like uh at least with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any story you like uh at least with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any story you like uh at least with
+these if you're lucky the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you're lucky the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you're lucky the numbers are
+close then uh you get this funny funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close then uh you get this funny funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close then uh you get this funny funny
+Behavior this is what you should do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior this is what you should do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior this is what you should do if
+you don't want to lie and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to lie and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to lie and you want to
+compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare
+performance okay don't divide random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay don't divide random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance okay don't divide random
+variables I think this is all you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I think this is all you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables I think this is all you'll
+have to do with dividing random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with dividing random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with dividing random
+variables uh cool but multiplying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh cool but multiplying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh cool but multiplying is
+good as long as they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+cool so the last topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so the last topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so the last topic for
+today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance so expectation was a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so expectation was a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so expectation was a way to
+take a whole function a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a whole function a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a whole function a random variable
+and reduce it down to one number now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduce it down to one number now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reduce it down to one number now
+we're going to talk about how to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how to take a
+whole function and reduce it down to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole function and reduce it down to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole function and reduce it down to two
+num
+
+ align:start position:0%
+num
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+num
+expectation and variance and I'll say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and variance and I'll say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and variance and I'll say a
+little bit why these are maybe the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit why these are maybe the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit why these are maybe the first
+two numbers you might care about there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers you might care about there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers you might care about there
+are more of course you might care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more of course you might care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more of course you might care about
+the whole distribution and in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole distribution and in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole distribution and in some sense
+what we've been doing what we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing what we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been doing what we did with
+the these guys the union bound of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these guys the union bound of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these guys the union bound of the
+Murphy's Law was trying to capture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy's Law was trying to capture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Murphy's Law was trying to capture a
+little more than just the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than just the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more than just the expectation
+but just trying to understand how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just trying to understand how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just trying to understand how much
+is at the zero spot versus everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the zero spot versus everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at the zero spot versus everything
+else and next class on Tuesday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and next class on Tuesday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and next class on Tuesday we'll
+we'll talk about a generalized form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about a generalized form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about a generalized form of
+that where there's some cut off and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where there's some cut off and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where there's some cut off and we
+want to know how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how much how much
+probability is out beyond the cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is out beyond the cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is out beyond the cut off
+those are called Tales of a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are called Tales of a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are called Tales of a distribution
+but today we're going to just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're going to just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today we're going to just in the
+rest of today we're just going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of today we're just going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of today we're just going to look
+at one more number that measures some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one more number that measures some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one more number that measures some
+kind of like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like well
+variance uh it it tries to measure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance uh it it tries to measure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance uh it it tries to measure how
+good of an approximation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of an approximation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good of an approximation is the
+expectation that's I think a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that's I think a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that's I think a good way to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+it and I'm sure you've seen variance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm sure you've seen variance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and I'm sure you've seen variance in
+some form before but uh maybe motivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form before but uh maybe motivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form before but uh maybe motivating
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investment AKA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gambling sorry for the Dig uh but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling sorry for the Dig uh but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambling sorry for the Dig uh but uh
+let's consider an investment process XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider an investment process XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider an investment process XI
+which is um plus I with probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um plus I with probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um plus I with probability a
+half going to be a generalized version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half going to be a generalized version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half going to be a generalized version
+of the one I just did uh and minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one I just did uh and minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the one I just did uh and minus I
+with probability sorry not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability sorry not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability sorry not
+I2 probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 probability
+one2 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 okay
+uh so like X1 is like I invest $1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so like X1 is like I invest $1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so like X1 is like I invest $1 and
+50% chance I double my money 50% chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% chance I double my money 50% chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% chance I double my money 50% chance
+I lose my money uh x 100 is I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lose my money uh x 100 is I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I lose my money uh x 100 is I put in
+$100 and 50% chance I double my money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and 50% chance I double my money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and 50% chance I double my money
+50% chance I lose all my money or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% chance I lose all my money or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% chance I lose all my money or I
+could put in you know a billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put in you know a billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put in you know a billion dollars
+do are these exactly the same investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are these exactly the same investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are these exactly the same investment
+strategies I mean you would probably say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies I mean you would probably say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies I mean you would probably say
+with when I is larger this is a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when I is larger this is a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when I is larger this is a higher
+risk investment if I put in a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk investment if I put in a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk investment if I put in a billion
+dollars that's very scary I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's very scary I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars that's very scary I could
+potentially lose a billion dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially lose a billion dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially lose a billion dollars of
+course I could also win a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I could also win a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I could also win a billion
+dollars so that's like high risk High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so that's like high risk High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars so that's like high risk High
+reward if I invest $1 like yeah I'd play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward if I invest $1 like yeah I'd play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reward if I invest $1 like yeah I'd play
+that game why not it's for just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game why not it's for just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that game why not it's for just for
+fun okay uh so if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun okay uh so if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun okay uh so if we look at the
+expectation we learn nothing expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we learn nothing expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we learn nothing expectation
+of all of these is zero just like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these is zero just like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of these is zero just like it was
+in the eal one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eal one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the eal one case
+uh variance is going to try to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variance is going to try to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh variance is going to try to capture
+uh something involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something involving
+I okay let me Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance it's kind of a big formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it's kind of a big formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance it's kind of a big formula but
+not too big once you stare at it long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too big once you stare at it long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too big once you stare at it long
+enough so many brackets though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so many brackets though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so many brackets though
+alternating a square and round all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating a square and round all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating a square and round all right
+so uh what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh what we're going to do is
+take the deviation from the mean x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the deviation from the mean x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the deviation from the mean x minus
+the expectation of X so this is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of X so this is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of X so this is a random
+variable it's it's just like X but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's it's just like X but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's it's just like X but we
+subtract the expectation of x and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the expectation of x and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the expectation of x and by
+linearity of expectation that means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of expectation that means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of expectation that means this
+may be worth writing down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be worth writing down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be worth writing down the
+expectation of x minus the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x minus the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x minus the expectation
+of this braced quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this braced quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this braced quantity
+here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is is
+zero because uh linearity says well this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because uh linearity says well this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because uh linearity says well this
+is expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expectation of
+x uh minus the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh minus the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh minus the expectation of the
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+X but uh the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but uh the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X but uh the expectation of the
+expectation of X is just the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is just the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is just the expectation
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+because um while X is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um while X is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um while X is a random variable
+I mean expectation of X is also a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean expectation of X is also a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean expectation of X is also a random
+variable but it's doesn't change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but it's doesn't change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but it's doesn't change right
+expectation of X is a single number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is a single number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is a single number
+uh you reroll your dice the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you reroll your dice the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you reroll your dice the expectation
+doesn't change only X the the X the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change only X the the X the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change only X the the X the
+value of x can change because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x can change because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x can change because it's a
+function but expectation of X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but expectation of X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but expectation of X is a
+constant thing so its expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant thing so its expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant thing so its expectation is
+itself okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancel okay so in other words I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay so in other words I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel okay so in other words I'm taking
+X which has some expectation but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which has some expectation but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X which has some expectation but then
+I'm shifting it over so it's uh now its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shifting it over so it's uh now its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm shifting it over so it's uh now its
+expectation is zero I'd like to Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is zero I'd like to Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is zero I'd like to Center
+things on zero additively then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on zero additively then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on zero additively then I'm going
+to square it which is maybe a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square it which is maybe a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square it which is maybe a little
+weird we'll talk about why in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird we'll talk about why in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird we'll talk about why in a second
+uh and then I take the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then I take the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then I take the expectation of
+that because while this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because while this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because while this thing is
+constant this thing is not so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this thing is not so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this thing is not so if your
+expectation happens to be zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation happens to be zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation happens to be zero this is
+just the expectation of X squ whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expectation of X squ whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the expectation of X squ whereas
+before we're taking the expectation of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're taking the expectation of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we're taking the expectation of X
+now we're taking expectation of x s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're taking expectation of x s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're taking expectation of x s and
+for X squ to be nice we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X squ to be nice we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X squ to be nice we're going to
+first shift it so that its mean is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shift it so that its mean is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first shift it so that its mean is zero
+okay those a lot of words uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those a lot of words uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those a lot of words uh in this
+example the expectation was already zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the expectation was already zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the expectation was already zero
+and so the variance of XI is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the variance of XI is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the variance of XI is just the
+expectation of x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x i
+s which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right oh yeah fun thing about square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh yeah fun thing about square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh yeah fun thing about square is
+it makes positive and negative numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes positive and negative numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes positive and negative numbers
+treats positive and negative numbers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats positive and negative numbers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats positive and negative numbers the
+same so the what is x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so the what is x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so the what is x i
+squ it's always i^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ it's always i^ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ it's always i^ squ
+no matter how the coin flip occurred if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how the coin flip occurred if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter how the coin flip occurred if
+it was plus I the square of that is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was plus I the square of that is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was plus I the square of that is I
+squ if it was minus I the square of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if it was minus I the square of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ if it was minus I the square of that
+is I squ okay so U this is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I squ okay so U this is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I squ okay so U this is part of the
+magic of variance that we treat negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of variance that we treat negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic of variance that we treat negative
+and positive numbers the same and so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive numbers the same and so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and positive numbers the same and so uh
+the expectation of I squ I I squ doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of I squ I I squ doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of I squ I I squ doesn't
+depend on anything so it's just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on anything so it's just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on anything so it's just I
+squ and for this reason we also often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and for this reason we also often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ and for this reason we also often
+Define uh the square root of variance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh the square root of variance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define uh the square root of variance to
+be the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh which we usually write Sigma subx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which we usually write Sigma subx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which we usually write Sigma subx
+here is going to be square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be square root of the
+variance of X so you can use whichever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X so you can use whichever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X so you can use whichever
+of these you want I mean they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you want I mean they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these you want I mean they're the
+same up to a square root or a square uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same up to a square root or a square uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same up to a square root or a square uh
+but it's a second number Sigma subx I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a second number Sigma subx I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a second number Sigma subx I
+here is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is equal to
+I so while expectation told us nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so while expectation told us nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so while expectation told us nothing
+about the risk of our investment Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the risk of our investment Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the risk of our investment Sigma
+told us exactly what the risk is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us exactly what the risk is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us exactly what the risk is and
+this very set simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very set simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very set simple
+setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's go on to the next topic which is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on to the next topic which is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on to the next topic which is y
+squared try to give you some intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 there are many possible answers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 there are many possible answers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 there are many possible answers to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh but probably the simplest thing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but probably the simplest thing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but probably the simplest thing is to
+try what if I didn't put this Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try what if I didn't put this Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try what if I didn't put this Square
+here and I left the formula otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I left the formula otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I left the formula otherwise
+the same what if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same what if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same what if I did
+expectation of xus expectation of X what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of xus expectation of X what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of xus expectation of X what
+would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then yeah zero I wrote it right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah zero I wrote it right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yeah zero I wrote it right here
+expectation I I saying oh this shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation I I saying oh this shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation I I saying oh this shifted
+things over so the expectation was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over so the expectation was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things over so the expectation was zero
+so if you remove the square you just are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remove the square you just are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remove the square you just are
+going to get zero this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get zero this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get zero this would be a
+useless number right so we want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless number right so we want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless number right so we want to put
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+here one one possible answer now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one one possible answer now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here one one possible answer now uh
+there different things you might try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there different things you might try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there different things you might try to
+do um one would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um one would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um one would be uh
+expectation of x minus expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x minus expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x minus expectation of
+x to the P for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the P for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x to the P for
+some uh number P what we did just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh number P what we did just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh number P what we did just did
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+two another thing you might try to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two another thing you might try to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two another thing you might try to do to
+to fix it is absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value and just for fun we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and just for fun we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and just for fun we could also
+raise that to the PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise that to the PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise that to the PE
+power and uh so these are natural things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and uh so these are natural things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and uh so these are natural things
+to try I would argue especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try I would argue especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try I would argue especially if you
+know anything about Norms or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about Norms or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about Norms or you know
+geometry and stuff um and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and stuff um and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and stuff um and it turns out
+all of these are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah
+i s or are you setting the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i s or are you setting the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i s or are you setting the expectation
+of ah I uh I wasn't setting anything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ah I uh I wasn't setting anything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ah I uh I wasn't setting anything I
+was claiming that x i squ as a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was claiming that x i squ as a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was claiming that x i squ as a random
+variable is always I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is always I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is always I
+squ because x i is either plus I or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ because x i is either plus I or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ because x i is either plus I or
+minus I and in both cases the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I and in both cases the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I and in both cases the square of
+that is i s so this is inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is i s so this is inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is i s so this is inside the
+expectation yeah and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation yeah and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation yeah and therefore the
+expectation doesn't have anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation doesn't have anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation doesn't have anything to
+do it's a constant not a not much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's a constant not a not much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it's a constant not a not much of a
+random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random
+variable okay back to these guys uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay back to these guys uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable okay back to these guys uh
+these have names this is uh for p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have names this is uh for p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these have names this is uh for p
+greater than one this is uh the PE uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one this is uh the PE uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one this is uh the PE uh
+Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment uh and this one for p greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh and this one for p greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh and this one for p greater
+than equal to one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to one is the
+pee uh probably Central this one's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pee uh probably Central this one's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pee uh probably Central this one's not
+talked about nearly as much uh but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about nearly as much uh but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about nearly as much uh but I
+would call it the absolute moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they're all interesting uh for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all interesting uh for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all interesting uh for this
+one p equals 2 is called variance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one p equals 2 is called variance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one p equals 2 is called variance that's
+the one we're talking about uh P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're talking about uh P equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we're talking about uh P equals
+3 with some normalization which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 with some normalization which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 with some normalization which I'm not
+going to do here it's called the skew of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here it's called the skew of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here it's called the skew of
+the distribution P equal 4 is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution P equal 4 is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution P equal 4 is something
+it's got a really fancy name just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a really fancy name just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a really fancy name just
+showing off my my English knowledge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing off my my English knowledge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing off my my English knowledge is
+called curtosis uh I assume people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called curtosis uh I assume people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called curtosis uh I assume people
+looked at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at other
+uh moments too although usually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moments too although usually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moments too although usually they
+just called you know first moment second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called you know first moment second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called you know first moment second
+moment third moment whatever these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment third moment whatever these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment third moment whatever these are
+all very interesting quantities they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very interesting quantities they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very interesting quantities they
+capture different things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture different things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture different things about the
+distribution variance is how far from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution variance is how far from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution variance is how far from
+the mean are you on average in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean are you on average in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean are you on average in some
+sense skew is sort of how to the left or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense skew is sort of how to the left or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense skew is sort of how to the left or
+to the right is your distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right is your distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right is your distribution
+cryosis I have no idea I'm not a uh St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryosis I have no idea I'm not a uh St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryosis I have no idea I'm not a uh St
+statistician but they all have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician but they all have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician but they all have some
+meaning and you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and you can do the same thing
+with absolute moment you can also do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolute moment you can also do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with absolute moment you can also do it
+without this uh normalization term then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this uh normalization term then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without this uh normalization term then
+you remove the word central uh these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the word central uh these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove the word central uh these are
+interesting cool quantities so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cool quantities so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cool quantities so there's
+no particular reason two is special and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no particular reason two is special and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no particular reason two is special and
+in fact if you do absolute values you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you do absolute values you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you do absolute values you
+can even go down to one and you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even go down to one and you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even go down to one and you get a
+reasonably interesting thing um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably interesting thing um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably interesting thing um but
+often we really like uh the version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we really like uh the version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often we really like uh the version
+without absolute value because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without absolute value because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without absolute value because it's
+smooth because it's infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth because it's infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth because it's infinitely
+differentiable whereas absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable whereas absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable whereas absolute value is
+not differentiable so it's just uglier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not differentiable so it's just uglier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not differentiable so it's just uglier
+to work with analytically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with analytically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with analytically so
+historically this is why we go here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically this is why we go here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically this is why we go here I
+think this is also a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is also a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is also a very interesting
+measure and you could use it just we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you could use it just we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and you could use it just we're
+not going to use it in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay they give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they give you
+different they give you different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they give you different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they give you different things
+because this square is exaggerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this square is exaggerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this square is exaggerating
+larger differences right if you square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger differences right if you square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger differences right if you square
+something that's big it has a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's big it has a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's big it has a bigger
+impact than if you square something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact than if you square something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact than if you square something
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+small so if you care about deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so if you care about deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so if you care about deviation
+from the mean and you really you care a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean and you really you care a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mean and you really you care a
+little more about big deviations than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about big deviations than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more about big deviations than
+small deviations then raising this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small deviations then raising this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small deviations then raising this to
+some power is a meaningful thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power is a meaningful thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some power is a meaningful thing and
+that's that's why we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's why we do it
+uh there are some other reasons um if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some other reasons um if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there are some other reasons um if in
+in the stat statistics world if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stat statistics world if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the stat statistics world if you know
+that X is normally distributed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is normally distributed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is normally distributed which
+actually is kind of common Even in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is kind of common Even in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is kind of common Even in our
+world if you take a sum of a bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if you take a sum of a bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if you take a sum of a bunch of uh
+bruli trials this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bruli trials this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bruli trials this is
+um uh has some name right not the bruli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh has some name right not the bruli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh has some name right not the bruli
+distribution so like brui trials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so like brui trials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so like brui trials are
+coin flips you take a sum of them you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips you take a sum of them you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips you take a sum of them you
+get uh a binomial distribution I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a binomial distribution I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh a binomial distribution I should
+know that uh then uh there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh then uh there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that uh then uh there's something
+called a central limit theorem that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a central limit theorem that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a central limit theorem that says
+that's very close to a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close to a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close to a normal
+distribution normal distribution is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution normal distribution is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution normal distribution is you
+know gaussian bell curve uh and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gaussian bell curve uh and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know gaussian bell curve uh and it turns
+out if you know the expectation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you know the expectation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you know the expectation and the
+variance of your distribution and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of your distribution and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of your distribution and it's
+normal then you know everything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then you know everything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal then you know everything about
+that distribution so because Normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution so because Normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution so because Normal
+distributions are frequently occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are frequently occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions are frequently occurring
+in nature both in real life and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature both in real life and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature both in real life and in
+mathematical life uh like when we sum a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical life uh like when we sum a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical life uh like when we sum a
+bunch of uh coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of uh coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of uh coin
+flips uh these this expectation variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips uh these this expectation variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips uh these this expectation variant
+are often the first two things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often the first two things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often the first two things you
+should care about maybe they're the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about maybe they're the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should care about maybe they're the only
+things you need to know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you need to know if you want to
+understand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand your
+distribution and then because I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then because I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then because I'm a
+geometer I have to say because we live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer I have to say because we live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometer I have to say because we live
+in a because we're living in a ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a because we're living in a ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a because we're living in a ukian
+world you know in ukian world uh you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know in ukian world uh you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world you know in ukian world uh you you
+square things and then you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square things and then you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square things and then you take the
+square root at the end right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root at the end right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root at the end right this is
+this is the norm this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the norm this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the norm this is actually the
+distance between two points in uh size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two points in uh size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two points in uh size
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+Dimensions okay I'm a I'm I'm usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions okay I'm a I'm I'm usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions okay I'm a I'm I'm usually a
+two-dimensional geometer maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional geometer maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional geometer maybe three
+dimensions but if you're crazy you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but if you're crazy you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but if you're crazy you can
+live all the way up in size of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live all the way up in size of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live all the way up in size of s
+Dimensions where you can represent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions where you can represent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions where you can represent you
+can represent a function as just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent a function as just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent a function as just like a
+big Vector very popular these days um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Vector very popular these days um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big Vector very popular these days um uh
+just you write down all the possible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you write down all the possible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you write down all the possible for
+every outcome you write what x is that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outcome you write what x is that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every outcome you write what x is that's
+a vector in s dimensions and if you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in s dimensions and if you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector in s dimensions and if you also
+write down for every possible outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down for every possible outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down for every possible outcome
+what expected value of x is uh it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what expected value of x is uh it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what expected value of x is uh it's the
+same every time it's mean mean mean mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same every time it's mean mean mean mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same every time it's mean mean mean mean
+mean mean mean very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mean mean very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mean mean very
+mean then and you take the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then and you take the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean then and you take the distance
+between those two vectors that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two vectors that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two vectors that's exactly
+variance or sorry standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or sorry standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or sorry standard
+deviation so if you live in ukian world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so if you live in ukian world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so if you live in ukian world
+that's why two is natural of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why two is natural of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why two is natural of course you
+can live in any P norm and then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live in any P norm and then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live in any P norm and then you get
+all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other
+things all right let me tell you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right let me tell you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things all right let me tell you some
+cool properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool properties of
+invariance uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of these I'll prove some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these I'll prove some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these I'll prove some of these
+I'll just State and you'll prove them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just State and you'll prove them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just State and you'll prove them in
+recitation tomorrow but we'll see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation tomorrow but we'll see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation tomorrow but we'll see some
+we'll use them to analyze some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples okay so our first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so our first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so our first one is
+translation and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like to do is
+um take some random variable X and add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take some random variable X and add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take some random variable X and add a
+constant to it now when I add a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to it now when I add a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant to it now when I add a constant
+to X I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X I change the
+expectation right it also shifts over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation right it also shifts over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation right it also shifts over by
+linearity with variance it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity with variance it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity with variance it actually
+doesn't change the variance of X plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the variance of X plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change the variance of X plus C
+equals the variance of X that's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the variance of X that's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the variance of X that's a nice
+property probably true of all of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property probably true of all of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property probably true of all of all of
+these definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these definitions
+all of the moments but we'll just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the moments but we'll just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the moments but we'll just do it
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance
+uh so let's prove it so as I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's prove it so as I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's prove it so as I said the
+expectation we need that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we need that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we need that in order to
+compute variance expectation is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute variance expectation is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute variance expectation is always
+what you should do first by linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should do first by linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should do first by linearity
+this is expectation of X Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is expectation of X Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is expectation of X Plus
+expectation of C but expectation of C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of C but expectation of C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of C but expectation of C is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+C because it doesn't change depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because it doesn't change depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because it doesn't change depending on
+the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random
+event so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance of X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of X plus
+C we just plug in the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we just plug in the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C we just plug in the definition
+here uh so we want expectation of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so we want expectation of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so we want expectation of x
+minus the expectation of X but now X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the expectation of X but now X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the expectation of X but now X is
+X plus C so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus C so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus C so we want
+expectation of first term X is so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of first term X is so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of first term X is so I
+guess this is going to be for the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this is going to be for the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this is going to be for the square
+then uh the first X is actually X+ C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the first X is actually X+ C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the first X is actually X+ C and
+then we have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have minus
+the expectation of X plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+C uh and then that's squared and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh and then that's squared and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C uh and then that's squared and then we
+close the expectation and this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the expectation and this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the expectation and this thing is
+what we just computed here so we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just computed here so we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just computed here so we have in
+inside the Parn here we have x + C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Parn here we have x + C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the Parn here we have x + C
+minus uh expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus uh expectation of
+X plus C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X plus C in
+parenthesis and get my red chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and get my red chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis and get my red chalk
+the C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancel right so we end up with x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right so we end up with x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right so we end up with x minus
+expectation of x squared and expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x squared and expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x squared and expect
+expected um and that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected um and that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected um and that's exactly the
+definition of variation of X variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay so that's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay couple
+more one is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more one is here
+is another way to compute variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I can't say I have a lot of intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't say I have a lot of intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't say I have a lot of intuition
+for this one but it works out nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one but it works out nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one but it works out nicely
+mathematically variance of X is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically variance of X is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically variance of X is the
+difference between the expect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the expect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the expect the
+squared value expected and the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared value expected and the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared value expected and the expected
+squared the square of the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the square of the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the square of the expectation
+versus the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the expectation of the
+square with this sign turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square with this sign turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square with this sign turns out to be
+right uh I guess this is sort of related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I guess this is sort of related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh I guess this is sort of related
+to whether you do things inside or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether you do things inside or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whether you do things inside or
+outside the expectation this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the expectation this is going to
+exaggerate larger values of X more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate larger values of X more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerate larger values of X more and
+this uh adds them all up first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh adds them all up first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh adds them all up first and then
+squares so it's less dramatic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so it's less dramatic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares so it's less dramatic and the
+difference in those dramas are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those dramas are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in those dramas are exactly
+the variance turns out so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance turns out so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance turns out so we're not
+going to prove that you'll prove that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that you'll prove that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove that you'll prove that in
+in recitation tomorrow but let's do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation tomorrow but let's do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation tomorrow but let's do a
+simple example of it so suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bias coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bias coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bias coin
+flip uh where the probability of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh where the probability of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh where the probability of heads
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and uh take an indicator random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and uh take an indicator random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and uh take an indicator random
+variable H or equivalently this holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable H or equivalently this holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable H or equivalently this holds
+for every indicator random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every indicator random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every indicator random
+variable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H we know the
+expectation of H is just probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of H is just probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of H is just probability of
+one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is
+p the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p the
+variance is quite nice to compute with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is quite nice to compute with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is quite nice to compute with
+this formula because again with with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula because again with with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula because again with with um
+indicator random variables they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variables they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator random variables they're
+always zero or one and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always zero or one and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always zero or one and so when you
+square them nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square them nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square them nothing
+happens right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens right so this is
+uh if according to this formula it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if according to this formula it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if according to this formula it's
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+x^2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 of
+h^2 minus uh expectation of H outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 minus uh expectation of H outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h^2 minus uh expectation of H outside
+squared and H squ is equal to H because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and H squ is equal to H because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and H squ is equal to H because
+if you take zero you square it you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take zero you square it you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take zero you square it you get
+zero if you take one you square it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you take one you square it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if you take one you square it you
+get one so this thing is just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one so this thing is just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one so this thing is just uh
+expectation of H which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p and then we have minus expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and then we have minus expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and then we have minus expectation of
+H squ well expectation of H again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squ well expectation of H again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squ well expectation of H again this
+is p so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p so this is
+p^2 so P minus p^ 2 also known as P * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 so P minus p^ 2 also known as P * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p^2 so P minus p^ 2 also known as P * 1
+minus P looks a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P looks a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P looks a little bit more
+natural um it's probability of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural um it's probability of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural um it's probability of heads
+times the probability of Tails turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of Tails turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of Tails turns out
+to be the variance in this case if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the variance in this case if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the variance in this case if you
+look at standard deviation it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at standard deviation it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at standard deviation it's the
+geometric mean between p and one minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean between p and one minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric mean between p and one minus P
+which is kind of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+okay next one uh do I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next one uh do I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay next one uh do I want this
+example I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so expectation had this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so expectation had this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so expectation had this nice
+linearity property how about variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity property how about variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity property how about variance
+well it has this nice nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it has this nice nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it has this nice nonlinearity
+property it's not usually called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it's not usually called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it's not usually called
+nonlinearity of variance but it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity of variance but it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity of variance but it's kind
+of linear is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linear is uh
+so the the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the nice
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+um yeah all right let's start with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah all right let's start with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah all right let's start with this
+part the less Nice Part the less linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so while variance was scale inar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so while variance was scale inar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so while variance was scale inar it
+was um translation invariant is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um translation invariant is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um translation invariant is that
+what I called it yeah if I add something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I called it yeah if I add something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I called it yeah if I add something
+to X it doesn't change the variance If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X it doesn't change the variance If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X it doesn't change the variance If I
+multiply by something it it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by something it it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by something it it better
+change the variance right I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the variance right I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the variance right I mean that's
+the whole point of the investment say If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of the investment say If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole point of the investment say If
+I multiply XI by a million that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply XI by a million that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply XI by a million that has
+higher risk so variance should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher risk so variance should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher risk so variance should go
+up uh and it's a little funny because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh and it's a little funny because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh and it's a little funny because
+everything's squared so it doesn't go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's squared so it doesn't go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's squared so it doesn't go up
+linearly it goes up by c^ squ instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly it goes up by c^ squ instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly it goes up by c^ squ instead of
+C of course if you take standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of course if you take standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of course if you take standard
+deviation it is linear in this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation it is linear in this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation it is linear in this special
+case like if you take standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like if you take standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case like if you take standard deviation
+of C * X it's going to be C * standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C * X it's going to be C * standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of C * X it's going to be C * standard
+deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of
+X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay
+cool but what if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool but what if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool but what if we add
+to to random variables um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to random variables um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to random variables um here
+unfortunately we need Independence so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we need Independence so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately we need Independence so if
+X and Y are independent random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh the variation the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the variation the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh the variation the variance of
+the sum is equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variations okay so it's not as nice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations okay so it's not as nice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations okay so it's not as nice as
+we had with expectation where it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with expectation where it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had with expectation where it just
+always holds but still pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always holds but still pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always holds but still pretty
+good so if you sum things and multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so if you sum things and multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so if you sum things and multiply
+them by things it gets a little weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by things it gets a little weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by things it gets a little weird
+you've got to square all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to square all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to square all of these
+coefficients but these are sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but these are sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients but these are sort of the
+analoges of the things we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of the things we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges of the things we have in
+expectation this is again something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this is again something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation this is again something we
+will uh you will do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh you will do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh you will do in
+lecture uh so I'm going to just do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh so I'm going to just do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh so I'm going to just do an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+examples related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples okay so uh let's say we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so uh let's say we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples okay so uh let's say we have n
+mutually independent coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent coin
+flips and I want H to be the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips and I want H to be the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips and I want H to be the number of
+heads this is what we were calling n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads this is what we were calling n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads this is what we were calling n
+before and maybe on this board H we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and maybe on this board H we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and maybe on this board H we've
+often called this H we've counted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called this H we've counted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called this H we've counted this
+before we've done the expectation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we've done the expectation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we've done the expectation uh
+twice now we did it last lecture and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice now we did it last lecture and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice now we did it last lecture and we
+did it at the beginning of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it at the beginning of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it at the beginning of this lecture
+the expectation of H is p * n if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of H is p * n if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of H is p * n if the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+heads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p okay what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the idea just like when we computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea just like when we computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea just like when we computed
+expectation we split up H as a sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we split up H as a sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation we split up H as a sum of
+nhh where hi was uh an indicator ROM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nhh where hi was uh an indicator ROM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nhh where hi was uh an indicator ROM
+variable for whether the I flip was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for whether the I flip was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for whether the I flip was a
+heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+hi is indicator ROM variable for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi is indicator ROM variable for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi is indicator ROM variable for I
+flip being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads uh and so then we just took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads uh and so then we just took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads uh and so then we just took the
+sum here and so each of them had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here and so each of them had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here and so each of them had a
+probability P of occurring we so we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P of occurring we so we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P of occurring we so we got
+n of them got P * n let's do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of them got P * n let's do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of them got P * n let's do the same
+thing with variance because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with variance because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with variance because we're
+assuming these coin Clips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these coin Clips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming these coin Clips are
+independent with the expectation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent with the expectation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent with the expectation we
+didn't have to but with variance we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to but with variance we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to but with variance we have
+to so we can use this property this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so we can use this property this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so we can use this property this is
+going to be equal to by this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to by this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to by this kind of
+linearity of variance uh sum of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of variance uh sum of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity of variance uh sum of variance
+of hi for IAL 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n cool so then we just need the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cool so then we just need the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cool so then we just need the variance
+of each individual coin flip which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each individual coin flip which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each individual coin flip which we
+just did right bias coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did right bias coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did right bias coin
+flip uh probability P of heads variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh probability P of heads variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip uh probability P of heads variance
+was P * 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P so we get n * P * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so we get n * P * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so we get n * P * 1 -
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+okay uh I find it a little hard to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I find it a little hard to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh I find it a little hard to have
+intuition for this but uh it's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this but uh it's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this but uh it's a number
+here's here's another example last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's another example last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's another example last
+example will give you some intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will give you some intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example will give you some intuition for
+why this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting back to gambling I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting back to gambling I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting back to gambling I mean
+investment uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say you have n doll you want to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have n doll you want to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have n doll you want to invest
+back to my great investment strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my great investment strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my great investment strategy
+here you can you can let's this xn now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can you can let's this xn now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can you can let's this xn now I
+could either invest I I could invest n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either invest I I could invest n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either invest I I could invest n
+in this thing and I get a Varan of n s i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing and I get a Varan of n s i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thing and I get a Varan of n s i
+could win n lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could win n lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could win n lose
+n okay but now suppose there's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay but now suppose there's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay but now suppose there's not just
+one investment like this Suppose there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one investment like this Suppose there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one investment like this Suppose there a
+whole bunch of Investments like XI let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of Investments like XI let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of Investments like XI let's
+call them stocks right you have uh K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them stocks right you have uh K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them stocks right you have uh K
+different stocks and I can choose I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stocks and I can choose I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stocks and I can choose I'll
+invest so many dollars in this stock so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest so many dollars in this stock so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest so many dollars in this stock so
+many dollars in this stock so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dollars in this stock so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dollars in this stock so many
+dollars in this stock and let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in this stock and let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in this stock and let's just
+assume like this in great investment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume like this in great investment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume like this in great investment uh
+setup that each of them will either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup that each of them will either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup that each of them will either
+double your money or you lose all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double your money or you lose all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double your money or you lose all your
+money does this make a difference is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money does this make a difference is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money does this make a difference is it
+any different to invest in K different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different to invest in K different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different to invest in K different
+stocks equally versus investing in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks equally versus investing in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks equally versus investing in one
+stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+everything okay I claim they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different so let's do it in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so let's do it in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so let's do it in general and
+then we can plug in different values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can plug in different values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can plug in different values of
+K so let's say we have K different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so let's say we have K different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so let's say we have K different
+stocks and we're going to equally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and we're going to equally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks and we're going to equally uh
+split our investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our investment
+of$ across those stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of$ across those stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of$ across those stocks
+and let's say that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that each
+stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock
+SI is plus let's just do plus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is plus let's just do plus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI is plus let's just do plus one and
+minus one simple of course you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generalize each of these occurs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize each of these occurs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize each of these occurs with
+probability a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability a
+half just like our previous Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half just like our previous Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half just like our previous Investments
+but now each stock is uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now each stock is uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now each stock is uh let's say
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+mutually independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent
+this is probably not a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably not a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is probably not a reasonable
+assumption do not invest in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption do not invest in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption do not invest in the stock
+market with this advice but if we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market with this advice but if we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market with this advice but if we assume
+that they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're mutually
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+then uh what we get if we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh what we get if we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh what we get if we want the
+variance of our overall outcome which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of our overall outcome which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of our overall outcome which is
+uh sum IAL 1 to n of n / K time SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sum IAL 1 to n of n / K time SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sum IAL 1 to n of n / K time SI
+right this is how many dollars I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is how many dollars I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is how many dollars I assume
+you know the basics of investment if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the basics of investment if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the basics of investment if you
+invest more dollars then you're G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more dollars then you're G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest more dollars then you're G to
+either get more back or lose more just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get more back or lose more just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get more back or lose more just
+like this uh XI but I pulled the pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh XI but I pulled the pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this uh XI but I pulled the pulled
+it outside so if we invest n overk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it outside so if we invest n overk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it outside so if we invest n overk
+dollars in this stock then we get we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in this stock then we get we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars in this stock then we get we end
+up with this many dollars in the end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this many dollars in the end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this many dollars in the end we
+add it up over all stocks okay now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it up over all stocks okay now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it up over all stocks okay now we
+want to know the variance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the variance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the variance of this
+investment strategy which I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment strategy which I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment strategy which I'm going to
+call risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call risk
+so probably risk is standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably risk is standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so probably risk is standard deviation
+but if variance is lower so we standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if variance is lower so we standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if variance is lower so we standard
+deviation uh so the variation of sum if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation uh so the variation of sum if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation uh so the variation of sum if
+they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually
+independent uh is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent uh is exactly the
+sum of the variations of the uh insides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the variations of the uh insides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the variations of the uh insides
+which is n over K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n over K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is n over K *
+SI that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI that
+was uh First Property um and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh First Property um and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was uh First Property um and then the
+second one if we want to pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one if we want to pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one if we want to pull this
+outside it gets squared so we get sum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it gets squared so we get sum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it gets squared so we get sum I
+= 1 to n of n / k s time variance of Si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 to n of n / k s time variance of Si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 1 to n of n / k s time variance of Si
+variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of
+Si is one I think this was the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si is one I think this was the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Si is one I think this was the early
+example we did in general the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did in general the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did in general the the
+variance of this x i we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of this x i we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of this x i we're we're
+interested in the case I equals 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case I equals 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the case I equals 1 over
+here uh the variance was i^ s so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the variance was i^ s so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh the variance was i^ s so that's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so we get the sum of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we get the sum of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we get the sum of something
+that doesn't depend on on I so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't depend on on I so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't depend on on I so we just
+get n of these things we get n cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n of these things we get n cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n of these things we get n cubed
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+k^2 this is our variance and if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 this is our variance and if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k^2 this is our variance and if you take
+the square root you get the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root you get the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root you get the standard
+deviation okay and if you hold n fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay and if you hold n fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation okay and if you hold n fixed
+of course the more dollars you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the more dollars you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the more dollars you put in
+here the more risk you expect uh so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the more risk you expect uh so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the more risk you expect uh so it
+turns out to grow uh if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to grow uh if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to grow uh if you're doing
+standard deviation um you get n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation um you get n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation um you get n to the
+1.5 risk so don't invest a lot of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 risk so don't invest a lot of money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 risk so don't invest a lot of money
+maybe um we get divided by K the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um we get divided by K the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe um we get divided by K the cool
+thing is the bigger K is the smaller you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the bigger K is the smaller you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is the bigger K is the smaller you
+risk so this is why I conjecture this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so this is why I conjecture this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so this is why I conjecture this is
+why Financial people say diversify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Financial people say diversify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why Financial people say diversify your
+portfolio because the more things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio because the more things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio because the more things you
+invest in if they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in if they're mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in if they're mutually
+independent it reduces your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it reduces your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it reduces your
+risk uh it's kind of a fun conclusion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh it's kind of a fun conclusion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk uh it's kind of a fun conclusion to
+variance of course if they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of course if they're mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of course if they're mutually
+dependent which stock market tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent which stock market tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent which stock market tends to be
+somewhat then you don't get this as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat then you don't get this as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat then you don't get this as much
+of a benefit but you probably get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a benefit but you probably get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a benefit but you probably get some
+benefit by diversifying so it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit by diversifying so it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit by diversifying so it's a good
+thing to do when you grow up and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do when you grow up and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do when you grow up and uh
+invest your money all right that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest your money all right that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest your money all right that's it
+for today one more lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today one more lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today one more lecture on
+probability Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0h8ZTSdgnuA.txt b/0h8ZTSdgnuA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..adb14d505459ebc3453717bd526b6e74f414df4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0h8ZTSdgnuA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+NARRATOR: MIT was founded just
+a few years before Canada,
+
+just a few miles from the
+birthplace of the American
+
+Revolution.
+
+And that revolutionary spirit
+still haunts this place.
+
+From the transistor radio
+to computer networks to
+
+pharmaceuticals the stuff that
+gets dreamed up, built, and
+
+tested here affects millions.
+
+But MIT's geniuses all have
+to somewhere, as freshmen.
+
+Freshmen like--
+
+Every January, the chemistry
+department runs a four-week
+
+lab class for freshmen.
+
+The class is called 5.301,
+and it teaches practical
+
+techniques that chemists
+use every day.
+
+DR. JOHN DOLHUN:
+Recrystallization to
+
+distillation to column
+chromatography, protein
+
+assays, and it ends with a
+research project, where the
+
+students actually synthesize a
+penicillin derivative and test
+
+it on live bacteria.
+
+NARRATOR: And those who
+pass get a UROP.
+
+ANU: A UROP stands for
+undergraduate research
+
+opportunities program, and
+it lets you do real
+
+research in a lab.
+
+KATHERINE: It's a great
+opportunity for people to get
+
+experience in a lab, figure out
+if research is right for
+
+them, and get publications
+on your resume.
+
+NARRATOR: This year, 5.301
+has 14 students.
+
+Let's meet a few of them.
+
+ANTHONY: My family basically
+consists of my mother and my
+
+sister and now my nephew.
+
+ANTHONY'S NEPHEW: M, I, T.
+
+ANTHONY: Yay!
+
+I'm the first, actually, in my
+family to go to college.
+
+My mom is the best person
+in the world.
+
+When I go home at night and call
+her and tell her what I
+
+did in lab, she's always like,
+oh, that's interesting.
+
+I think I saw that
+in CSI one day.
+
+I'm in the logs.
+
+We run around like crazy men
+on Valentine's Day and
+
+interrupt classes and
+sing to people.
+
+I'm either Course 5 or Course
+10-- for non-MIT, either
+
+chemistry or chemical
+engineering.
+
+If I enjoy being in lab, then
+Course 5 is probably a really
+
+good choice.
+
+EMILY: If you want to, you could
+definitely just lock
+
+yourself in your room and
+study all the time.
+
+I just wanted to show
+you guys my room.
+
+Here I have a bunch of formulas
+for derivatives,
+
+integration by parts, common
+polyatomic ions, your basic
+
+kinematic equations
+for physics.
+
+So it's kind of up to you
+if you want to go
+
+out there and explore.
+
+In high school, I was on the
+varsity tennis team, so I
+
+definitely try to do
+a lot of that here.
+
+I'm taking a taekwondo class,
+which should be interesting.
+
+I'm thinking Course 5, which
+is chemistry, or Course 10,
+
+which is chemical engineering.
+
+ETHAN: I do love science, but I
+also have that soft spot for
+
+Robert Frost and Walt Whitman.
+
+Instead of writing a
+valedictorian speech in high
+
+school, I actually just wrote
+a poem that they published,
+
+because I guess I do sort of
+like poems more than speeches.
+
+But since my parents want me to
+come out of college and be
+
+able to get a job, they
+decided that I
+
+will be doing sciences.
+
+And I'm completely
+cool with that.
+
+I am the student manager for the
+basketball team, so I go
+
+to all the practices
+and the games.
+
+I feel that's a really
+cool way to relax, I
+
+guess, after class.
+
+LINA: I've always been into
+the secret tunnels thing.
+
+Now we're down in the tunnels,
+the famous MIT tunnels.
+
+I love playing pranks.
+
+I used to play pranks on my
+high school teachers.
+
+Well, my chemistry teacher, back
+in high school, he was
+
+really known for giving a lot
+of lab reports and grading
+
+them pretty harshly.
+
+So I got my entire AP classes to
+give me their lab reports.
+
+We took the front covers of all
+these lab reports, and we
+
+just wallpapered his entire
+wall with them.
+
+I hope that 5.301 will help me
+want to do more research.
+
+IKE: Hey.
+
+What's up, what's up?
+
+This is Ike, AKA,
+Smooth Scholar.
+
+Ravens fan-- we're going to win
+the Superbowl this year.
+
+So watch out.
+
+This is my first time in lab.
+
+Don't feel intimidated, because
+you're going to come
+
+across people who have taken
+crazy classes in
+
+high school, you know?
+
+And some of you probably have
+never even taken calculus
+
+before, like me.
+
+You're still here, right?
+
+You still made it, so
+it still counts.
+
+That's it for now.
+
+NARRATOR: Everyone's excited
+to get started.
+
+YI-SHIUAN: I haven't had that
+much lab experience.
+
+HANSOL: I haven't worked in a
+music lab-- just high school.
+
+JULIE: I haven't done any
+research yet in a lab.
+
+JASON: I'm actually
+pretty excited.
+
+LEALIA: I'm excited.
+
+DAN: I'm really excited.
+
+YI-SHIUAN: Definitely excited.
+
+JULIE: Really eager to get into
+the lab and get hands on
+
+right away.
+
+DAN: I can't wait
+to get started.
+
+NARRATOR: But they have no
+idea what they're in for.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1N6Wvz-6FNI.txt b/1N6Wvz-6FNI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5b0b6d4fc8ac07229c2eafc1f66f9a213d70f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1N6Wvz-6FNI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+hey Sally hm how come buddy is green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey Sally hm how come buddy is green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey Sally hm how come buddy is green and
+I'm not well dude your parents aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not well dude your parents aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not well dude your parents aren't
+green and I'm guessing that Buddy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and I'm guessing that Buddy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and I'm guessing that Buddy's
+parent was that's not what I mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent was that's not what I mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent was that's not what I mean like
+what makes him Green Envy fine I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes him Green Envy fine I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes him Green Envy fine I'll
+figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out
+myself all right here it is hey Sally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself all right here it is hey Sally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself all right here it is hey Sally
+come check this out all the Buddy's DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come check this out all the Buddy's DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come check this out all the Buddy's DNA
+is online now all I have to do is find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is online now all I have to do is find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is online now all I have to do is find
+the part that makes him Green Oh what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that makes him Green Oh what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that makes him Green Oh what a
+nightmare it all just looks the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare it all just looks the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare it all just looks the same
+just G's A's T's and C's how am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G's A's T's and C's how am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just G's A's T's and C's how am I
+supposed to know what's what someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know what's what someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to know what's what someone
+needs to write a manual we are writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to write a manual we are writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to write a manual we are writing
+one but it's a work in progress why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it's a work in progress why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but it's a work in progress why is
+Buddy green well it's probably because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddy green well it's probably because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buddy green well it's probably because
+he makes a protein or two that turn him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes a protein or two that turn him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he makes a protein or two that turn him
+green we can figure that out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green we can figure that out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green we can figure that out because
+sequences that code for proteins have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that code for proteins have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences that code for proteins have a
+few things in common oh I remember now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things in common oh I remember now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things in common oh I remember now
+they all start with atg then call out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all start with atg then call out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all start with atg then call out
+for the amino acids using three bases at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amino acids using three bases at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the amino acids using three bases at
+a time those three bases are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time those three bases are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time those three bases are called
+triplet codons here's a lookup table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet codons here's a lookup table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet codons here's a lookup table
+with the genetic code for Buddy 3 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the genetic code for Buddy 3 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the genetic code for Buddy 3 it
+tells you which amino acids are encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you which amino acids are encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you which amino acids are encoded
+by each triplet codon okay I got it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each triplet codon okay I got it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by each triplet codon okay I got it now
+here's an atg for the methionine start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an atg for the methionine start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an atg for the methionine start
+then I see a tat that translate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I see a tat that translate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I see a tat that translate to
+tyrosine then tag that will make a stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine then tag that will make a stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tyrosine then tag that will make a stop
+that's only two amino acids that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only two amino acids that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only two amino acids that seems
+too short to do anything in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short to do anything in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short to do anything in the cell
+you've just figured out something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just figured out something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just figured out something really
+important not every orph will make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not every orph will make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not every orph will make a
+protein as a rule of thumb people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein as a rule of thumb people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein as a rule of thumb people
+consider 100 amino acids the minimum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider 100 amino acids the minimum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider 100 amino acids the minimum to
+produce a protein even though there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a protein even though there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a protein even though there are
+lots of proteins we know that contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of proteins we know that contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of proteins we know that contain
+fewer did you say ORF or did you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer did you say ORF or did you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer did you say ORF or did you just
+burp I didn't burp ORF stands for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burp I didn't burp ORF stands for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burp I didn't burp ORF stands for open
+reading frame it's a register for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame it's a register for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame it's a register for
+reading the section of DNA that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the section of DNA that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the section of DNA that starts
+with atg uses three letters at a time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atg uses three letters at a time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with atg uses three letters at a time to
+call for amino acids and then use uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for amino acids and then use uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call for amino acids and then use uses
+one or more of the stop codons to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more of the stop codons to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or more of the stop codons to close
+the reading so in this DNA sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading so in this DNA sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading so in this DNA sequence
+there are three reading frames that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three reading frames that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three reading frames that I
+have to look through that'll take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look through that'll take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look through that'll take me
+forever actually it will take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever actually it will take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever actually it will take you
+forever times two since there are six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever times two since there are six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever times two since there are six
+reading frames remember DNA is double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frames remember DNA is double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frames remember DNA is double
+stranded and the bottom strand the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded and the bottom strand the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded and the bottom strand the one
+you're not seeing here might also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not seeing here might also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not seeing here might also have
+orphs that make proteins please tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphs that make proteins please tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orphs that make proteins please tell me
+there are computer programs to help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are computer programs to help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are computer programs to help me
+with this there are lots of good ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this there are lots of good ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this there are lots of good ones
+but once you find all the orphs what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you find all the orphs what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you find all the orphs what
+will you do yeah then what how will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you do yeah then what how will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will you do yeah then what how will I
+know which of the orphs really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which of the orphs really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which of the orphs really make
+proteins and what if I've missed a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and what if I've missed a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and what if I've missed a bunch
+maybe some proteins that turn buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some proteins that turn buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some proteins that turn buddy
+green are only a few amino acids long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green are only a few amino acids long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green are only a few amino acids long
+nice you've got the start of a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you've got the start of a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice you've got the start of a really
+interesting project here but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting project here but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting project here but remember
+that discovering important proteins is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discovering important proteins is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discovering important proteins is
+only part of your job if you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only part of your job if you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only part of your job if you really want
+to engineer biology you'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer biology you'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engineer biology you'll have to
+refine the genetic material so you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the genetic material so you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine the genetic material so you and
+others can build with it before buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others can build with it before buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others can build with it before buddy
+wakes up can I show you one great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/1eGsdK1fPLM.txt b/1eGsdK1fPLM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fab3a47f709d7124cf0c9f563c1d1ed3031a2d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/1eGsdK1fPLM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1354 @@
+HAZEL SIVE: Another truism of
+biochemistry is that many of
+
+the molecules within cells
+are very large.
+
+And they're called
+
+macromolecules, to indicate this.
+
+So macromolecules.
+
+So these are often --
+
+Biological molecules are
+often macromolecules.
+
+And these macromolecules
+are often polymers--
+
+not always--
+
+where a polymer is some
+kind of repeat of
+
+a monomer "n" times.
+
+And in formation of
+macromolecules, there are two
+
+kinds of reactions that
+you need to know.
+
+They are called condensation
+and hydrolysis reactions.
+
+And they go something
+like this.
+
+Condensation reactions
+form bonds.
+
+Hydrolysis reactions
+break bonds.
+
+And condensation reactions
+go something like this.
+
+If we call the monomer M, there
+would be a monomer with
+
+a hydroxyl group that interacts
+with another monomer
+
+that has a hydroxyl group.
+
+And the outcome of that would
+be a bond between the two
+
+monomers, with the
+release of water.
+
+And the flip of that, during
+a hydrolysis reaction, is
+
+exactly the opposite, where this
+dimonomer here, M-O-M,
+
+where there's an ether bond
+between the two monomers as
+
+I've drawn it, called different
+things-- we'll talk
+
+about that--
+
+adds water and then is broken
+down into two monomers.
+
+And so you should know a
+condensation and a hydrolysis
+
+reaction, because every reaction
+that we talk about in
+
+this course and in much of
+biochemistry involves either
+
+condensation or hydrolysis
+reactions.
+
+Often, both condensation or
+hydrolysis require energy,
+
+sometimes that they
+release it.
+
+So often, both often require
+energy in order to proceed.
+
+Okay.
+
+Very good.
+
+Let's move then to the second
+topic that I'd like to discuss
+
+today, which is the
+first big class of
+
+macromolecules, the lipids.
+
+Lipids are a fascinating
+class of macromolecules
+
+essential for life.
+
+They comprise about 5% of the
+dry mass of a cell, the dry
+
+mass referring to the mass
+remaining after the water has
+
+been removed.
+
+And lipids are crucial--
+
+and we discussed this briefly
+last lecture--
+
+for formation of the membranes
+around the cell and around the
+
+various organelles.
+
+So lipids are required
+for membranes.
+
+They also serve as major energy
+stores for the cells.
+
+Their bonds are very
+energy rich.
+
+They are also involved in
+various signaling processes.
+
+We'll touch on this today
+and later in the course.
+
+And of course, they are involved
+in insulation, both
+
+in keeping the whole organism
+warm-- if it's an animal,
+
+during winter--
+
+but also in insulating nerve
+cells as nerve cells transmit
+
+their signals by insulating
+them, kind of like an
+
+electrical wire is insulated
+by plastic.
+
+The condensation reactions
+that form during lipid
+
+formation often involve
+synthesis of things called
+
+triglycerides.
+
+And triglycerides are formed
+from glycerol.
+
+And I'm going to warn you that
+my chemical structures are
+
+going to be casual.
+
+We assume that you have enough
+chemistry that if you know
+
+that I write CH2OH, you
+actually know that the
+
+hydrogens are sticking out
+around the carbon.
+
+Okay?
+
+That's my contract with you.
+
+We assume you know enough
+chemistry to deal with that.
+
+If you don't, then please come
+and see me or Dr. Sinha.
+
+And to that glycerol is
+added a fatty acid.
+
+And the fatty acid has got a
+hydroxyl group attached to a
+
+carbonyl, which is attached to
+a long-chain hydrocarbon,
+
+where n is 16 to 20.
+
+And this guy here is called
+a fatty acid.
+
+And out of the addition of
+glycerol and the fatty acid--
+
+I'm going to put a line between
+the two so that you
+
+can see the difference--
+
+comes something called
+a triglyceride.
+
+And I'm going to draw this for
+just one of the glycerol
+
+carbon atoms.
+
+And then the same thing is
+true for all the others.
+
+So you'll have CH2 at
+the end, and then a
+
+condensation reaction.
+
+And we're going to write et
+cetera here, being casual
+
+about this.
+
+And out of this comes
+this triglyceride.
+
+This reaction is a condensation
+reaction.
+
+It eliminates water.
+
+It's a condensation reaction.
+
+And it's also a
+transesterification, where you
+
+can see the ester bond formed
+in the triglyceride.
+
+I'm going to notate
+triglycerides in a slightly
+
+different way.
+
+I'll show you this
+in a moment.
+
+But let's take a look at a
+picture here so you can see
+
+what it actually looks like.
+
+Here's glycerol,
+from your book.
+
+And here is a fatty acid.
+
+And here are the reactive
+species interacting to give
+
+you a condensation reaction and
+joining up the glycerol to
+
+the fatty acid.
+
+And the glycerol then serves
+as a backbone to have these
+
+three chains of fatty acid.
+
+Hence the name triglycerides.
+
+Lipids are not, strictly
+speaking, polymers.
+
+And so what I said about
+macromolecules being polymers
+
+really doesn't hold
+for lipids.
+
+But the other principles do.
+
+One of the things about lipids
+is that they can be modified.
+
+And they can be modified by
+replacing one of the fatty
+
+acid chains with something
+that is polar.
+
+So if you look at this
+triglyceride, you can see at a
+
+glance that it is really
+hydrogens and carbons.
+
+It's very non-polar.
+
+There's a couple of
+oxygens up here.
+
+But there are so few relative
+to the molecule that really
+
+this is a very non-polar
+molecule.
+
+But you can change the
+properties of lipids in an
+
+extraordinary way by replacing
+one of the fatty acid chains
+
+with something polar.
+
+And that is particularly
+done in phospholipids.
+
+And we're going to now draw a
+triglyceride in a different
+
+way, in shorthand, where the
+glycerol is going to have a
+
+horizontal bar and the fatty
+acid chains are going to
+
+emanate as vertical lines.
+
+The triglyceride, your classic
+one, is hydrophobic because it
+
+is non-polar.
+
+But you can also take one of
+those side chains, or one of
+
+those fatty acid chains,
+and replace it
+
+with a phosphate group.
+
+So you can replace one fatty
+acid with a phosphate, which
+
+is highly charged.
+
+And then you get something like
+this, where the blob is
+
+the phosphate group.
+
+Phospholipids are the things
+which make cell membranes.
+
+And they make cell membranes
+because they are on one end
+
+polar, and on the other
+end they're non-polar.
+
+And so here on the top end,
+they are polar and
+
+hydrophilic.
+
+And then the bottom
+part is non-polar.
+
+And this causes them to
+self-associate so that the
+
+polar groups face water
+and the non-polar
+
+groups face one another.
+
+And these will spontaneously
+form a lipid bilayer, the
+
+thing that surrounds all of
+the cell and all of the
+
+organelles.
+
+So they will go and
+spontaneously associate into a
+
+bilayered membrane, which we can
+draw like this, using our
+
+shorthand notation.
+
+And what I've done is to now
+put the hydrophobic or the
+
+non-polar bits facing
+one another.
+
+And these polar bits are now
+interacting with water.
+
+So these are hydrophilic--
+
+which I'm going to hyphenate.
+
+And they are indeed interacting
+with water.
+
+Let's look at some pictures
+to exemplify this.
+
+Here is the chemical structure
+of a phospholipid.
+
+They're the long-chain
+fatty acids.
+
+And here's the phosphate
+group.
+
+This is actually a modified
+phosphate group.
+
+It's got a choline moiety,
+which makes
+
+it even more polar.
+
+And here you go with this
+little bit sticking out.
+
+So you can see the shape of
+the molecule has changed.
+
+And also its electronegativity
+has changed.
+
+And here are these molecules
+that spontaneously form this
+
+lipid bilayer, the phospholipid
+membrane, with
+
+all the hydrophilic parts
+sticking out and touching
+
+water on either side and the
+hydrophobic parts interacting
+
+with one another.
+
+I want to really make
+a point that this is
+
+not a double membrane.
+
+This is a single membrane.
+
+We talked last time about
+mitochondria and the nucleus
+
+having double membranes
+around them.
+
+That would be two of these.
+
+This thing that we've got up
+here is a single membrane.
+
+This is what all cell membranes
+and organelle
+
+membranes look like.
+
+That's an important
+thing to realize.
+
+The last thing I want
+to mention --
+
+Actually, the last thing
+I want to mention about
+
+triglycerides is that there
+are a couple of different
+
+kinds of triglyceride
+chains which are
+
+very important medically.
+
+And you've heard of them.
+
+There are saturated fats, where
+the triglyceride chains
+
+have got all single
+carbon atoms.
+
+And all of these completely
+saturated--
+
+in other words, there
+are no double bonds.
+
+Triglycerides with these
+types of chains
+
+tend to pack tightly.
+
+And this gives them the property
+of chemical stability
+
+and confers on them a
+high melting point.
+
+So saturated fats
+are often solid.
+
+And this is bad.
+
+These are bad for you.
+
+In contrast, unsaturated fats
+are sometimes good for you and
+
+sometimes not.
+
+So unsaturated fats all
+have, somewhere, a
+
+carbon double bond.
+
+There are two kinds of
+unsaturated fats.
+
+There are cis-unsaturated
+fats, where--
+
+let's just put in some
+extra bonds here--
+
+where the other bonds that are
+available to the carbons are
+
+on the same side of
+the molecule.
+
+And you remember that there's
+no free rotation around a
+
+double bond.
+
+So if that molecule looks like
+that, it is stuck that way.
+
+If it synthesized that way,
+it's stuck that way.
+
+On the other hand, there are
+trans-unsaturated fats, where
+
+the additional valencies of
+carbon are on opposite sides
+
+of the molecule.
+
+Cis fats--
+
+I'll show you a slide
+in a moment--
+
+so these have got
+double bonds.
+
+The cis fats pack poorly because
+they are kinked.
+
+And these have got a
+low melting point.
+
+And these are good for you.
+
+The trans-fats, however, are
+much more like the saturated
+
+fats, and they pack tightly, et
+cetera, high melting point.
+
+And they are particularly
+bad for you.
+
+Trans-fats are very seldom
+found in nature.
+
+They are found in Twinkies
+and other gourmet treats.
+
+All right, let's look
+at some structures
+
+here from your book.
+
+Saturated fats, you can see the
+chains are all straight,
+
+and they pack very tightly.
+
+Cis-unsaturated fats, here's a
+bend in the chain, and this
+
+makes the molecules
+pack loosely.
+
+This is a steric, a spatial,
+consideration.
+
+And then if you look at
+trans and cis fats,
+
+here's oleic acid.
+
+It's the same carbon chain.
+
+But trans-oleic acid has
+a straight chain,
+
+cis-oleic has a bend.
+
+They're both unsaturated fats.
+
+And the question that I am sure
+you have seen is whether
+
+or not trans fat should be
+removed from all food, and how
+
+that can be done, and why
+it is bad for you.
+
+And now it's required that there
+are ingredients posted
+
+on various food so that you
+know what you're eating.
+
+And I'm going to tell you a
+little bit about why trans fat
+
+is bad for you.
+
+But I have to introduce to you
+another lipid and another
+
+class of lipids in
+order to do so.
+
+And that's not the only reason
+that I'm going to introduce
+
+this other class of lipids.
+
+I'm going to do it because it's
+a very important class.
+
+So a second class of lipids that
+we should consider beyond
+
+the triglycerides are
+the steroids.
+
+Steroids share a common
+ring structure.
+
+They are lipids with a common
+ring structure.
+
+And I have the slide up so you
+can look at it even now.
+
+Their precursor is
+cholesterol.
+
+And cholesterol is,
+in fact, not bad.
+
+It is an essential lipid.
+
+And it's essential both for
+formation of the membrane, and
+
+all membranes, and it is also
+crucial for signaling.
+
+And if an organism develops
+without cholesterol, it
+
+develops with one eye.
+
+You lack the whole midline that
+divides you into two more
+
+or less bilaterally
+symmetric parts.
+
+So cholesterol is a very
+essential component.
+
+Other things that come from
+lipids are vitamin D, much in
+
+the news also with regard to
+preventing inflammation, and
+
+various hormones.
+
+Their structure's on the
+board -- on the screen.
+
+And you can see, in green, the
+common ring structure with
+
+various other groups attached,
+which give these different
+
+steroidal lipids their
+particular structures.
+
+And we'll come back to the
+notion of cholesterol and why
+
+it's both essential but--
+let me annotate here--
+
+too much is bad.
+
+All right.
+
+In the news a lot are steroids
+androgens, a particular class
+
+of artificial androgens
+are normal steroids.
+
+But there is a class of
+artificial steroids.
+
+Here's one,
+tetrahydrogestrinone, which is
+
+used by athletes.
+
+It is mostly undetectable.
+
+The tests for anabolic steroids
+used by athletes are
+
+actually very high tech.
+
+And this one is very difficult
+to detect.
+
+And it makes the question of
+whether particular athletes
+
+have used steroids rather
+difficult to answer
+
+unequivocally.
+
+Too much cholesterol --
+
+I should be using the screen.
+
+Too much cholesterol leads
+to a condition called
+
+atherosclerosis, where
+cholesterol is deposited in
+
+the arteries.
+
+Here it is.
+
+And this literally physically
+blocks up the artery, causes
+
+the blood to clot, and leads
+to heart attacks.
+
+And here's an artery
+that's OK--
+
+well, actually it's
+not quite, there.
+
+You can see it's being injected
+with contrast, and
+
+there's a little place
+where it's not OK.
+
+And here's one which is
+completely occluded by an
+
+atherosclerotic plaque.
+
+What's the deal with
+cholesterol?
+
+Cholesterol is used for
+membranes and signalling.
+
+But it also is carried through
+the body by a component called
+
+low-density lipoprotein.
+
+And this low-density
+lipoprotein, or LDL, is
+
+deposited in the arteries, where
+it plugs them and leads
+
+to heart attack.
+
+If cholesterol binds
+high-density lipoproteins, a
+
+different kind of a transport
+molecule, then the excess
+
+cholesterol is excreted by the
+liver, and you're good.
+
+You're well.
+
+Turns out, through complicated
+reasons, that trans fat and
+
+saturated fat increases the
+levels of this bad,
+
+low-density lipoprotein
+and thereby
+
+increases heart attacks.
+
+I should note that most
+cholesterol is made by you.
+
+80% of your cholesterol
+is made by you.
+
+20% you get from food.
+
+So eating a low cholesterol diet
+usually doesn't do much
+
+for cholesterol levels.
+
+You actually have to interfere
+with synthesis, which is what
+
+the various drugs called
+statins do.
+
+All right.
+
+So enough about lipids.
+
+Let us move to our third topic
+today, another fascinating and
+
+important set of macromolecules,
+the
+
+carbohydrates.
+
+Carbohydrates make up
+about 25% of the dry
+
+mass of a cell .
+
+They're used as an energy
+source, as a carbon source to
+
+build other molecules.
+
+And they also encode
+information, as in your blood
+
+type, which I will try to touch
+on in a few moments.
+
+Their chemical formula is much
+simpler and is polymeric,
+
+unlike the lipids.
+
+(CH2O)n, or if you like, more
+informatively, (H-C-OH)n.
+
+And because of the hydroxyl
+group, carbohydrates are
+
+pretty much always
+hydrophilic.
+
+The monomer of carbohydrates
+is called a monosaccharide.
+
+And there can be polymers
+that are two
+
+monomers or multiple monomers.
+
+So the monomer--
+
+and you should know this--
+
+is called a monosaccharide,
+where
+
+saccharide sounds like saccharin.
+
+That means sugar.
+
+And there can be dimers, which
+would be a small polymer,
+
+which would be a disaccharide.
+
+And then you can also get long
+sugars, which would be
+
+polysaccharides.
+
+A monosaccharide, for example,
+would be glucose.
+
+A disaccharide, sucrose.
+
+And a polysaccharide, glycogen
+in animals or
+
+cellulose in plants.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's look at the condensation
+reaction that is responsible
+
+for making carbohydrates.
+
+It's a simple condensation
+reaction, at
+
+least on the board.
+
+It requires careful
+orchestration by the cell, but
+
+on the board it's
+easy to draw.
+
+One carbohydrate plus another
+carbohydrate--
+
+I'm not going to put all the
+side groups on, but you
+
+understand there are other side
+groups here or another
+
+carbon there, giving rise to--
+
+with the release of water.
+
+So here is a condensation
+reaction.
+
+And this bond that forms
+in carbohydrates--
+
+I'm actually going to add the
+next carbons on here, instead
+
+of X. I apologize for erasing
+here, but let's put some
+
+carbons here rather than X
+because that will be clearer.
+
+But the bond between two
+monomers is called a
+
+glycosidic bond.
+
+And that designates that it
+is found in carbohydrates.
+
+Carbohydrates can isomerize.
+
+That means the same chemical
+formula can change its shape,
+
+can change the organization of
+its atoms, and can isomerize
+
+between the ring and
+a linear structure.
+
+And carbohydrates can
+also be modified.
+
+They remain hydrophilic in
+general, but there are many
+
+modifications which are rather
+crucial to their function.
+
+They can get, for example,
+phosphate
+
+groups or amino groups.
+
+And this will change their
+particular properties.
+
+Let's look at some slides.
+
+And then I want to tell you
+about a very fascinating and
+
+important example of
+carbohydrates as an
+
+information source.
+
+So here's glucose as straight
+chain and glucose as a ring.
+
+If you're not familiar with
+looking at chemical
+
+structures--
+
+I keep forgetting that
+is my usual board.
+
+But let's look at this one
+because it's brighter.
+
+If you're not familiar with
+looking at chemical
+
+structures, if you see these
+dark areas in a molecule, it
+
+means that the molecule is
+coming out of the board
+
+towards you.
+
+So it gives a bit of
+
+three-dimensionality to that molecule.
+
+And here are the condensation
+reactions involved in the
+
+formation of maltose, which
+is a glucose disaccharide.
+
+And here is the glycosidic
+linkage.
+
+The atoms in carbohydrates
+get particular numbers.
+
+It is the carbon atoms that
+get particular numbers.
+
+And next lecture, that is going
+to become very important
+
+when we talk about
+nucleic acids.
+
+And here is sucrose, a dimer
+of glucose and fructose.
+
+Now, depending on the
+orientation of these bonds
+
+between the saccharides, between
+the monomers, they may
+
+or may not be able to be broken
+by the enzymes, by the
+
+chemicals in your body
+that are involved
+
+in hydrolysis reactions.
+
+So sucroses can be broken down
+pretty much by everyone.
+
+But lactose, which is the
+galactose-glucose dimer has
+
+got a glycosidic bond which
+has a particular shape.
+
+And that particular shape is
+only recognized by people who
+
+have a molecule called
+lactase--
+
+we'll talk about this in
+a couple of lectures--
+
+which is able to break this
+chemical bond here.
+
+And if you're lactose
+intolerant, the reason you get
+
+stomach ache and so on is
+because you get accumulation
+
+of this disaccharide, and it
+has side effects on your
+
+digestive system.
+
+All right.
+
+So I want to tell you now about
+a really fascinating
+
+example of information as
+encoded by carbohydrates.
+
+We will have much more
+to say about
+
+carbohydrates as we go along.
+
+But I'm going to tell you
+about information--
+
+particularly here, because
+we won't talk about
+
+it very much more.
+
+One example of carbohydrates
+giving information is in your
+
+blood type.
+
+So for blood type, there
+are specific
+
+carbohydrates for each.
+
+But there is the same core set
+of molecules, which is then
+
+modified to give you the
+different blood groups, to
+
+four blood groups.
+
+This is a representation of
+the four blood groups.
+
+They are called O,
+A, B, and AB.
+
+And you probably know
+which one you are.
+
+I am A.
+
+One of those blood groups
+is really valuable.
+
+It's called O. And it's valuable
+because anyone could
+
+receive this blood
+in a transfusion.
+
+And anyone can because it's kind
+of your basic blood type.
+
+It contains an H group, which is
+the basic sugar information
+
+on blood cells.
+
+And all of the other blood
+groups also contains this
+
+basic information, but they
+contain other sugars as well,
+
+here indicated by purple.
+
+The key to these different
+sugars is indicated below.
+
+But O can be given to any kind
+of person because you do not
+
+have antibodies against this
+particular H group.
+
+Because everyone's got it.
+
+So O is the only blood group
+where, when you put it into
+
+anyone, there are
+not antibodies--
+
+which you'll learn about
+later in the course--
+
+that will then attack the blood
+cells and cause massive
+
+blood clots and deaths.
+
+When people donate blood, 3/4 of
+it is not O. After a time,
+
+blood is thrown away from blood
+banks because it's not
+
+usable forever.
+
+And a lot of this type, A, B and
+AB blood, is thrown away.
+
+And so investigators have been
+asking for a long time whether
+
+they couldn't remove these extra
+sugars from AB, B, and
+
+A, and turn those bloods into
+type O, which would then be
+
+useful for everyone.
+
+It turns out that's kind
+of difficult to do.
+
+But a few years ago, a group
+did come up with
+
+what may be a solution.
+
+It still hasn't been proved,
+even though this
+
+was a few years ago.
+
+It takes a long time.
+
+Here's a different
+representation of the sugars
+
+on blood types.
+
+Here's group A and group B.
+And there are enzymes--
+
+there you see, office hours.
+
+I'm not kidding.
+
+It's on my calendar.
+
+All right.
+
+There are substances, enzymes,
+we'll talk about which can
+
+actually remove some of these
+sugars off groups A and B and
+
+convert them into group O.
+These substances, these
+
+enzymes, were isolated
+by Liu et al.
+
+When you see this
+at the bottom--
+
+Here's a piece of education.
+
+Often I will show you something,
+and in the bottom
+
+right-hand corner it will say
+"Liu et al" or "Jones et al"
+
+and a date.
+
+That refers to a publication.
+
+This group was able to convert
+group type A and type B into a
+
+type O. And they are now working
+on a machine which can
+
+convert type A, AB, and
+B blood into type O.
+
+And we'll stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2-Td1mID8oQ.txt b/2-Td1mID8oQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7078d877563afa93c31402708909192ee9b3401b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2-Td1mID8oQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1779 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is the picture you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the picture you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the picture you've
+studied so far and now we will consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied so far and now we will consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied so far and now we will consider
+the next thing so basis States what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing so basis States what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next thing so basis States what what
+what's going to happen we have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen we have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen we have to deal
+with basis States we have electron spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basis States we have electron spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basis States we have electron spins
+we have electron angular momentum what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have electron angular momentum what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have electron angular momentum what
+is the total angular momentum the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total angular momentum the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the total angular momentum the sum of
+them we will have to deal with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we will have to deal with that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we will have to deal with that so
+we will have to deal with addition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have to deal with addition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have to deal with addition of
+angular momentum in the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum in the hydrogen atom
+it's awfully important that's the key of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's awfully important that's the key of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's awfully important that's the key of
+the matter so let's see what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter so let's see what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matter so let's see what we have
+let's look at our basis States States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our basis States States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at our basis States States so
+now the spin is the most important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the spin is the most important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the spin is the most important thing
+we take it very seriously recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take it very seriously recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take it very seriously recall that
+when you have angular momentum momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general we use J and M and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we use J and M and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general we use J and M and those are
+the two quantum numbers J squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two quantum numbers J squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two quantum numbers J squared the
+angular momentum as eigen values H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum as eigen values H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum as eigen values H
+squared L times J times J plus 1 and J C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared L times J times J plus 1 and J C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared L times J times J plus 1 and J C
+over h-bar has eigen values M that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h-bar has eigen values M that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over h-bar has eigen values M that's a
+notation for angular momentum so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for angular momentum so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation for angular momentum so we have
+the electron spin spin so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron spin spin so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron spin spin so what is the
+notation it's s m/s and it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it's s m/s and it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation it's s m/s and it's always
+equal to one-half because the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one-half because the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one-half because the letter
+always has been one-half the later have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has been one-half the later have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always has been one-half the later have
+many orbital angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many orbital angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many orbital angular
+mentum 0 1 2 3 but spin it only has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentum 0 1 2 3 but spin it only has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentum 0 1 2 3 but spin it only has been
+1/2 so s is always 1/2 M s can be plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 so s is always 1/2 M s can be plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 so s is always 1/2 M s can be plus
+minus 1/2 so that's two states states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so that's two states states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so that's two states states
+for orbital electron orbital we have L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orbital electron orbital we have L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for orbital electron orbital we have L
+and M those are the names L and M is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M those are the names L and M is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M those are the names L and M is the
+quantum number so how do we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number so how do we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number so how do we define the
+uncoupled basis the uncoupled basis is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis the uncoupled basis is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis the uncoupled basis is a
+set of states that enumerates the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of states that enumerates the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of states that enumerates the whole
+spectrum of the hydrogen atom using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the hydrogen atom using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum of the hydrogen atom using
+those quantum numbers to distinguish all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantum numbers to distinguish all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those quantum numbers to distinguish all
+those states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those states
+so the uncoupled basis are those states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uncoupled basis are those states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uncoupled basis are those states
+that we had they're uncoupled basis are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had they're uncoupled basis are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had they're uncoupled basis are
+all these states under described by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these states under described by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these states under described by and
+the principal quantum number L and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number L and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal quantum number L and M
+this is the orbital and you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the orbital and you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the orbital and you could say
+well as an MS that would be a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as an MS that would be a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as an MS that would be a correct
+thing to do but as we said is always one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do but as we said is always one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do but as we said is always one
+half so copying and copying again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so copying and copying again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so copying and copying again
+something that is always the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is always the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is always the same value
+and doesn't have any new information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't have any new information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't have any new information
+it's not worth it so people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not worth it so people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not worth it so people don't
+include the s and we put em s and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the s and we put em s and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the s and we put em s and that's
+electron spin along the Z Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spin along the Z Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron spin along the Z Direction
+electron s C and it takes values plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron s C and it takes values plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron s C and it takes values plus
+minus 1/2 so this is our uncoupled basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so this is our uncoupled basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 so this is our uncoupled basis
+for any electron in that table you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any electron in that table you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any electron in that table you need
+to know uniquely that electron state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know uniquely that electron state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know uniquely that electron state you
+to give me all these numbers you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me all these numbers you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give me all these numbers you have to
+tell me where I am horizontally after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where I am horizontally after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me where I am horizontally after
+that where I am where I am I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where I am where I am I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where I am where I am I am
+vertically I'm sorry 4n where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically I'm sorry 4n where I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically I'm sorry 4n where I am
+horizontally 4l within the L multiplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally 4l within the L multiplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally 4l within the L multiplet
+which is my value of M and once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is my value of M and once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is my value of M and once you're
+done that you should tell me up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that you should tell me up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that you should tell me up or down
+so all those numbers are important there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those numbers are important there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all those numbers are important there
+one to one corresponding to the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one corresponding to the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one corresponding to the basis
+state but now let's do the coupled basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but now let's do the coupled basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state but now let's do the coupled basis
+that's where thing gets I'll begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where thing gets I'll begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where thing gets I'll begin to
+start interesting to get interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start interesting to get interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start interesting to get interesting
+coupled basis so we'll consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled basis so we'll consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled basis so we'll consider the
+total angular momentum J which is L plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum J which is L plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum J which is L plus
+s when we add angular momentum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s when we add angular momentum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s when we add angular momentum we
+basically say you know you have states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say you know you have states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say you know you have states
+that are representations of orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are representations of orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are representations of orbital
+angular momentum and spin but I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and spin but I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and spin but I want you
+to express those as eigen state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express those as eigen state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express those as eigen state of the
+total angular momentum that's all adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum that's all adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum that's all adding
+angular momentum means it's recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum means it's recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum means it's recognizing
+that we want to reexpress our basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to reexpress our basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to reexpress our basis
+States in terms of eigenstates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in terms of eigenstates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in terms of eigenstates of the
+total angular momentum so all you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum so all you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total angular momentum so all you're
+doing so what do we do then we have an L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so what do we do then we have an L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so what do we do then we have an L
+multiplet right this is what does that L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet right this is what does that L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet right this is what does that L
+multiplet means that's a set of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet means that's a set of vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplet means that's a set of vectors
+is a vector space and we tensor it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector space and we tensor it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector space and we tensor it with
+a spin multiplet plate and the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin multiplet plate and the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spin multiplet plate and the result is
+equal to the sum of J multiplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because your states are nothing else but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your states are nothing else but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your states are nothing else but
+tensor products of these things even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor products of these things even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor products of these things even
+though we never wrote it in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we never wrote it in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we never wrote it in the way of
+tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor product
+basically the wavefunction has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the wavefunction has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the wavefunction has some
+expression having to do with L and M in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression having to do with L and M in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression having to do with L and M in
+here I has some value of the spin so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I has some value of the spin so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I has some value of the spin so a
+given state has all this properties a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state has all this properties a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state has all this properties a
+given state lives in the tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state lives in the tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given state lives in the tensor product
+and we want to write it as sum of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to write it as sum of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to write it as sum of J
+multiplets so I will want to say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplets so I will want to say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplets so I will want to say a
+couple more things about this when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more things about this when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple more things about this when we do
+addition of angular momentum what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of angular momentum what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition of angular momentum what
+happens to the quantum numbers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the quantum numbers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the quantum numbers that's
+again also a thing that sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again also a thing that sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again also a thing that sometimes a
+little Sal and I want to emphasize it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Sal and I want to emphasize it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Sal and I want to emphasize it so
+an L multiplet is described by L and M a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L multiplet is described by L and M a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an L multiplet is described by L and M a
+spin multiplet is defined by s and M s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but when you have a J multiplet you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you have a J multiplet you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you have a J multiplet you have
+J and J how do they call it JM JM but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and J how do they call it JM JM but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J and J how do they call it JM JM but
+actually you have a little more I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have a little more I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you have a little more I claim
+that the states so this is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states so this is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the states so this is what I'm
+meaning by this this states have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning by this this states have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning by this this states have two
+quantum numbers you can specify you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers you can specify you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers you can specify you
+cannot specify anymore this is the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot specify anymore this is the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot specify anymore this is the Z
+component of L and you cannot specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of L and you cannot specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of L and you cannot specify
+the X or the Y component here is all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X or the Y component here is all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X or the Y component here is all you
+can specify of these states you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can specify of these states you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can specify of these states you
+certainly can specify the value of J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can specify the value of J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly can specify the value of J and
+the value of J M the M component the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of J M the M component the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of J M the M component the Z
+component of J but can you specify more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of J but can you specify more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of J but can you specify more
+and the answer is yes you can specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes you can specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is yes you can specify a
+little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more
+you can actually specify here all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually specify here all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually specify here all these
+states in here are eigenstates of L of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in here are eigenstates of L of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in here are eigenstates of L of s
+of J and of J M so you are two more this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J and of J M so you are two more this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J and of J M so you are two more this
+may sound a little funny but every state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may sound a little funny but every state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may sound a little funny but every state
+here had the same elegant value they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had the same elegant value they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had the same elegant value they
+were for example L equal three so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were for example L equal three so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were for example L equal three so all
+the states have L equal three all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states have L equal three all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the states have L equal three all the
+states are eigenstates of l squared i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are eigenstates of l squared i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are eigenstates of l squared i
+ghen states all the states here are l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghen states all the states here are l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ghen states all the states here are l
+squared oregon states and all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared oregon states and all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared oregon states and all the states
+here are s squared oregon states with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are s squared oregon states with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are s squared oregon states with
+the same eigen values so if you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigen values so if you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same eigen values so if you multiply
+them and you rearrange them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you rearrange them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and you rearrange them because
+that's all this addition of angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this addition of angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all this addition of angular
+momentum is is just rearranging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is is just rearranging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is is just rearranging the
+state you still have that all the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you still have that all the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you still have that all the states
+that are here have the same L Square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here have the same L Square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are here have the same L Square and
+the same s squared so l and s are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same s squared so l and s are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same s squared so l and s are good
+quantum numbers here the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers here the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers here the things that are
+not good quantum numbers are m and M s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good quantum numbers are m and M s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not good quantum numbers are m and M s
+are not good there are not good quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not good there are not good quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not good there are not good quantum
+numbers of these states they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of these states they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of these states they are not
+eigenstates of M or M s so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of M or M s so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates of M or M s so this is
+something you've learned with addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've learned with addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've learned with addition
+of angular momentum if this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum if this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of angular momentum if this is a little
+fussy it will be important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fussy it will be important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fussy it will be important that you
+review it and make sure this becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review it and make sure this becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review it and make sure this becomes
+clear there will be stuff with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear there will be stuff with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear there will be stuff with
+recitation about these things and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation about these things and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation about these things and down
+we'll do more with it but now what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do more with it but now what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do more with it but now what are
+what is the application in the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the application in the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the application in the hydrogen
+atom for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom for this
+well our multiplets are multiplets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well our multiplets are multiplets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well our multiplets are multiplets of
+hand value of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand value of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand value of L
+that are being cancered with spin 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being cancered with spin 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are being cancered with spin 1/2
+spin 1/2 orbital l and when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin 1/2 orbital l and when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin 1/2 orbital l and when you have
+this you know that the answer is L plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know that the answer is L plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know that the answer is L plus
+1/2 plus L minus 1/2 those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 plus L minus 1/2 those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 plus L minus 1/2 those are the two
+values of j j Max and jae-min in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of j j Max and jae-min in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of j j Max and jae-min in this
+case so in the hydrogen atom the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so in the hydrogen atom the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so in the hydrogen atom the
+notation is that this is the L state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is that this is the L state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation is that this is the L state
+with J equal 1 l plus 1/2 this is the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J equal 1 l plus 1/2 this is the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with J equal 1 l plus 1/2 this is the J
+value plus the L state with L minus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value plus the L state with L minus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value plus the L state with L minus 1/2
+so this is the capital L we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the capital L we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the capital L we were
+mentioning before in this case L of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning before in this case L of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning before in this case L of L
+and our notation is evolving this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our notation is evolving this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our notation is evolving this is the
+spectroscopic notation in which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic notation in which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic notation in which we will
+describe states by n L J so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe states by n L J so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe states by n L J so that's the
+spectroscopic notation you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic notation you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic notation you put the
+principal quantum number the capital L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number the capital L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number the capital L
+that is for l equals 0 Putin s P D and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for l equals 0 Putin s P D and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is for l equals 0 Putin s P D and
+the number which is the value of J here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number which is the value of J here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number which is the value of J here
+so let's look at our spectrum again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at our spectrum again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at our spectrum again we
+have to do that it's a an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that it's a an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do that it's a an important
+thing so we'll do 3 cases here n equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we'll do 3 cases here n equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we'll do 3 cases here n equal 1
+N equals 2 and M equals 3 we have l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals 2 and M equals 3 we have l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N equals 2 and M equals 3 we have l
+equals 0 L equal 1 l equals 2 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 L equal 1 l equals 2 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 L equal 1 l equals 2 and that's
+s P and D ok let's begin this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s P and D ok let's begin this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s P and D ok let's begin this state
+ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state
+what is the ground state its l equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the ground state its l equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the ground state its l equals
+zero tensor with one-half for the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tensor with one-half for the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero tensor with one-half for the ground
+state this is just the state one-half so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this is just the state one-half so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this is just the state one-half so
+it will be a state with J equal 1/2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a state with J equal 1/2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a state with J equal 1/2 so
+it should be written as and which is a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be written as and which is a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be written as and which is a 1
+the capital L which is 0 so it's s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital L which is 0 so it's s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital L which is 0 so it's s and
+the J value 1/2 that's the state 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J value 1/2 that's the state 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J value 1/2 that's the state 1s
+one-half go here well that still l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half go here well that still l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-half go here well that still l
+equals 0 so the this product service is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 so the this product service is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 so the this product service is
+2's 1/2 and here is 3s 1/2 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's 1/2 and here is 3s 1/2 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2's 1/2 and here is 3s 1/2 that's the
+name of the multiplets in the couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the multiplets in the couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the multiplets in the couple
+bases what do we have here we have l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases what do we have here we have l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases what do we have here we have l
+equals 1 so with l equals 1 we have 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 so with l equals 1 we have 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 so with l equals 1 we have 1
+tensor 1/2 so we will get J equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1/2 so we will get J equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1/2 so we will get J equal
+three-halves and 1/2 so we must have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the value of L remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the value of L remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the value of L remember the
+value of L is preserved so if this was l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L is preserved so if this was l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of L is preserved so if this was l
+equals 1 after you do the tensor product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 after you do the tensor product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 after you do the tensor product
+L is still a quite a good quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is still a quite a good quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is still a quite a good quantum number
+so you have 2 P 3 halves and 2p 1/2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 2 P 3 halves and 2p 1/2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have 2 P 3 halves and 2p 1/2 here
+you would have 2 States 3 P 3 halves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have 2 States 3 P 3 halves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have 2 States 3 P 3 halves and
+3p 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finally here l equals two you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally here l equals two you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally here l equals two you have two
+tensor 1/2 is five halves plus three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1/2 is five halves plus three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor 1/2 is five halves plus three
+halves so you would have 3d five halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so you would have 3d five halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halves so you would have 3d five halves
+and three the three halves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three the three halves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three the three halves
+those are your states this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your states this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your states this is the
+notation we will use so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we will use so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation we will use so what is the
+uncoupled basis at the end of the day we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis at the end of the day we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis at the end of the day we
+uncouple basis and you still have n what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncouple basis and you still have n what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncouple basis and you still have n what
+is the couple basis now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the couple basis now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the couple basis now we have the
+uncoupled basis being this the couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis being this the couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncoupled basis being this the couple
+basis is still n still L we said L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is still n still L we said L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis is still n still L we said L
+carries through still s would carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries through still s would carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries through still s would carry
+through but we don't have it there now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but we don't have it there now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but we don't have it there now I
+cannot put em M is no good when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot put em M is no good when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot put em M is no good when I
+multiply but I have J and J M so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply but I have J and J M so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply but I have J and J M so these
+are your couple basis states coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your couple basis states coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your couple basis states coupled
+basis and it's represented in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and it's represented in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and it's represented in this
+notation the N the little L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation the N the little L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation the N the little L is
+representative or whatever letter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative or whatever letter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative or whatever letter is
+here the J is here and well that J M is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the J is here and well that J M is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the J is here and well that J M is
+not said but that's a multiplet okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not said but that's a multiplet okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not said but that's a multiplet okay so
+with written they stayed in the couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with written they stayed in the couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with written they stayed in the couple
+bases because we will need those states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases because we will need those states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases because we will need those states
+in order to do perturbation theory
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2Ep48LwBhAQ.txt b/2Ep48LwBhAQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5d20bca2f6f0876841627ac6246fdc394d3e82c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2Ep48LwBhAQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3423 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's start.
+
+So last time we started thinking
+about phase transitions.
+
+We said that a simple
+example obtained
+
+by taking a piece of
+magnet such as iron, nickel
+
+and seeing what happens as
+a function of temperature.
+
+And there's a phase transition
+between a paramagnet
+
+at high temperature
+and a ferromagnet
+
+at low temperatures.
+
+This transition takes place
+at a characteristic Tc.
+
+And a nice way to describe what
+was happening thermodynamically
+
+was to also look at the space
+that included a magnetic field.
+
+And then it was clear
+that various thermodynamic
+
+properties had a singularity,
+had a discontinuity at the line
+
+h equals to 0 for all T
+less than or equal to Tc.
+
+Then we saw that if we looked at
+characteristic isotherms going
+
+from high temperatures
+going to low temperatures
+
+where there was a
+discontinuity, we more or less
+
+had to conclude by
+continuity that the one that
+
+goes along Tc, the magnetization
+as a function of field,
+
+has to come and hug the
+axis at 90 degree angle
+
+corresponding to having
+infinite susceptibility.
+
+We also said that once you
+have infinite susceptibility,
+
+you can pretty much
+conclude that you
+
+are going to have long-range
+correlations across the sample.
+
+So that if you make
+a fluctuation here,
+
+the influence is going to be
+felt at large distances away.
+
+OK?
+
+So given with that
+piece of knowledge,
+
+we said what we can
+do is to basically do
+
+some kind of averaging.
+
+I can take pieces of the sample.
+
+And at each piece,
+I can find locally
+
+what the magnetization
+is and have this field
+
+m as a function of x that
+varies from one point
+
+to another point.
+
+Presumably, close to this point
+either below or above, this m
+
+fluctuates across the
+sample over large distances
+
+and is typically small.
+
+So then we use those
+pieces of information
+
+to proceed as follows.
+
+We said all thermodynamic
+properties of the system
+
+can in principle be obtained by
+looking at a kind of partition
+
+function or Gibbs partition
+function that depends
+
+on temperature, let's say,
+which is obtained by tracing
+
+the Hamiltonian that governs all
+microscopic degrees of freedom
+
+that describe this system.
+
+The electrons, their spins,
+nuclei, all kinds of things.
+
+Now naturally, this I cannot do.
+
+But I can focus on this
+magnetization field close to Tc
+
+and say that each
+configuration of magnetization
+
+has some kind of a weight.
+
+And in principle,
+what I can do is
+
+I can subdivide
+all configurations
+
+of microscopic
+degrees of freedom
+
+that are consistent with a
+particular macroscopic weight.
+
+Macroscopic field m of x.
+
+And hence, in principle
+compute what that weight is.
+
+The analog of tracing over
+all degrees of freedom
+
+would now become
+integrating over
+
+all configurations
+of this magnetization
+
+that I indicate
+through this symbol
+
+of functional integration
+over all configurations.
+
+Now, clearly I can
+no more obtain this
+
+than I can do the
+original trace.
+
+So what did we do?
+
+We said I can guess what
+this is going to look like.
+
+Because in the
+absence of the field,
+
+it's a function that
+has rotational symmetry.
+
+So what I can do is I can write
+the log of that probability
+
+as something.
+
+So far I haven't done anything.
+
+I made the assumption
+that I can write it
+
+as an integral over
+space of some kind
+
+of a density at each point.
+
+So that was this kind of
+quasi-locality assumption.
+
+And then I would
+write anything that
+
+comes to my mind
+that is consistent
+
+with rotational symmetry.
+
+Now, since m is small in
+the vicinity of this point,
+
+it makes sense that I
+should make something
+
+like a Taylor expansion.
+
+So the Taylor expansion will
+start not with a linear term,
+
+which violates rotational
+symmetry, but something
+
+that is quadratic.
+
+And I can add any
+even power such as m
+
+to the fourth and
+higher order terms.
+
+And I can add all kinds of
+gradients that are consistent,
+
+again, with rotational symmetry.
+
+And the first of those terms
+is gradient of m squared.
+
+And there are many more.
+
+Of course, there can be
+an overall constant term.
+
+Maybe I will write it out front.
+
+Insert a Z regular, which means
+that you-- in the process,
+
+you have all kinds of
+other degrees of freedom
+
+that are not reflected
+in the magnetization.
+
+You're going to have
+phonon degrees of freedom.
+
+So there will be a
+contribution from the phonons
+
+to the partition
+function of the system.
+
+We are not interested
+in any of those things.
+
+We are interested in what
+becomes singular over here.
+
+And the reason I write
+that as Z regular
+
+is because it's presumably some
+benign function of temperature
+
+as I pass through this point.
+
+So it is, indeed, a
+function of temperature.
+
+It is also worth
+emphasizing that not only is
+
+this parameter that appears
+outside representing
+
+all kinds of other
+degrees of freedom
+
+a function of temperature,
+that these phenomenological
+
+parameters that
+I introduced here
+
+are also functions
+of temperature.
+
+Because the microscopic
+weight, the true Hamiltonian,
+
+is the one that is
+scaled by 1 over kt.
+
+Just because of
+analogy, I sometimes
+
+call this combination of what is
+happening here beta H or minus
+
+beta H as appearing
+in the exponent.
+
+But that, by no means, indicates
+that the coefficient here
+
+are scaling inversely
+with temperature
+
+like the true
+microscopic coordinates.
+
+Because in order to do
+this coarse graining,
+
+I have to integrate over a lot
+of different configurations.
+
+So there is energy
+associated with this.
+
+There is entropy
+associated with this.
+
+There is all kinds
+of complicated things
+
+that go into this--
+these parameters.
+
+So that's important to remember.
+
+Finally, if I slightly
+go away from here just
+
+to explore the vicinity of
+having a finite magnetic field,
+
+then I can work in
+the ensemble where
+
+I have added the field here.
+
+And the weight here
+will be modified
+
+by an amount that is h dot m.
+
+So what is occurring here is
+this Landau-Ginzburg model
+
+that I right now
+introduced in the context
+
+of magnetic systems.
+
+But very shortly,
+I will introduce
+
+this in the context
+of super-fluidity.
+
+I can go back to
+the original example
+
+that we started with the
+liquid gas phenomena,
+
+replace m with some kind
+of a density difference,
+
+and then it would indicate
+a phase transition
+
+of the liquid gas system.
+
+So it is supposed
+to be very general,
+
+applicable to a lot of things
+because it is constructed
+
+on the basis of nothing other
+than symmetry principles.
+
+But at the cost of having
+no knowledge of how
+
+these phenomenological
+parameters depend
+
+on the microscopics of the
+system-- on temperature.
+
+Clearly, for example, even
+in the context of magnet,
+
+I would construct the same
+theory for iron, nickel,
+
+cobalt, et cetera.
+
+But presumably
+these coefficients
+
+will be very different from one
+system as opposed to the other.
+
+All right, so that's supposed to
+be, as far as we are concerned,
+
+sufficient to figure
+out what is going
+
+on in the vicinity
+of this transition.
+
+Maybe I should emphasize
+one more thing,
+
+which is that I said that
+after all what we are trying
+
+to figure out is the nature of
+singularities in free energy,
+
+in phase diagrams, et cetera.
+
+Yet, when I wrote
+this, I insisted
+
+on making an
+analytical expansion.
+
+And the reason making an
+analytical expansion here
+
+is justified is because
+to get this expansion,
+
+I summed over
+degrees of freedom--
+
+I averaged degrees of freedom
+over some finite piece
+
+of my system.
+
+Maybe I took a 100 by
+100 by 100 Angstrom cubed
+
+block of material and averaged
+the magnetization of spins
+
+in that area, et cetera.
+
+And the idea that we also
+encountered last semester
+
+is that as long
+as you are dealing
+
+with a finite system,
+all of the manipulations
+
+that you are doing involve
+analytic functions such as e
+
+to the minus beta H applied to
+a finite number of integrations.
+
+And you simply cannot get
+a singularity out of such
+
+a process.
+
+So the averaging process that
+goes in this coarse graining
+
+must give you
+analytical functions.
+
+That's not the origin
+of the singularity.
+
+The origin of the
+singularity must
+
+come from taking the size
+of the system, the volume
+
+of this piece of iron,
+essentially to infinity.
+
+That's what gives
+us the singularity.
+
+Also, because of that I expect
+that at the end of the day,
+
+this Z of T and h
+that I calculate
+
+will be something
+that is proportional
+
+to volume or something
+like that in the exponent.
+
+That is, I will have
+something like e
+
+to the-- from this component
+minus V some beta f regular.
+
+And actually, let me just
+forget about the beta
+
+and just write it as some
+other function regular.
+
+It's an extensive quantity.
+
+And the result of
+this integration
+
+of all of the field
+configurations
+
+should give me
+another contribution
+
+that is proportional to volume.
+
+And hopefully, all of the
+singularities that I expect
+
+will come from this piece.
+
+And I am going to expect those
+singularities to arise only
+
+in the limit where
+V becomes large.
+
+Now, last semester
+we saw a trick
+
+that allowed us
+to do integrations
+
+when the final
+answer was extensive.
+
+It was the saddle point result.
+
+Basically, we said that as we
+span the integration range,
+
+there is a part that corresponds
+to extremizing whatever you are
+
+integrating that gives
+you overwhelmingly
+
+larger weight than any other
+part of the integration.
+
+So let's try to,
+without justification--
+
+and we'll correct this--
+apply that same principle
+
+of a saddle point approximation
+to the functional integration
+
+that we are doing over here.
+
+That is, rather than
+integrating over all functions,
+
+let's find the extremum.
+
+Where is this
+function maximized,
+
+the integrand is maximized?
+
+So what I need to do is to
+find maximum of exponent.
+
+So what is happening over here.
+
+I am going to make one
+further statement here
+
+before I do that, which is
+that this term, the thing that
+
+is proportional
+to gradient of m,
+
+has something to do
+with the way spins
+
+know about their neighborhood.
+
+And if I am looking at
+something that is ferromagnet,
+
+the tendency is for neighbors
+to be in the same direction.
+
+That's how
+ferromagnetism emerges.
+
+And that corresponds to
+having a K that is positive.
+
+So that helps me
+a lot in finding
+
+the extremum of the
+function because it
+
+means that the extremum
+will occur when m of x
+
+is uniform across the system.
+
+Any variations in m of x will
+give you a cost from that
+
+and will reduce the probability.
+
+So with K positive, I know
+that the optimal solution
+
+is going to correspond
+to a uniform value
+
+across the system.
+
+What is this uniform value?
+
+If I put a uniform
+value, first of all,
+
+the integration will
+simply give me the volume.
+
+That's good because that's
+what I expect over here.
+
+So at the end of the
+day, what do I get?
+
+I will get that F singular is,
+in fact, the minimum of psi
+
+of m where psi of m is obtained
+by simply evaluating what
+
+is in the integrand at
+a uniform value of m.
+
+t over 2 m squared
+mu m to the fourth.
+
+Potentially higher orders,
+but no K. The K disappeared.
+
+Minus h m.
+
+Actually, I kind of expect
+also that the uniform solution,
+
+if I put a magnetic field, will
+point along the magnetic field.
+
+If there's an up field,
+the uniform solution
+
+will be along the field.
+
+If it's 0, then I don't know.
+
+If it is down field, it
+will be the opposite.
+
+So it makes sense that
+if I have a field,
+
+the uniform magnetization
+should point
+
+along it, which means that over
+here this dot product is really
+
+just h times m.
+
+So I reduced the complexity
+of the problem subject
+
+to this saddle
+point approximation
+
+to just minimizing
+some function.
+
+Now, it is important
+to note, since I
+
+was talking about analyticities,
+and singularities, and things
+
+like that, that whereas the
+function that is appearing here
+
+as psi of m as we discussed
+is completely analytical,
+
+the operation of finding
+the minimum of a function
+
+is something that
+introduces non-analyticity.
+
+So that's how we are going
+to get that structure that we
+
+have over there.
+
+Let's explicitly
+show how that occurs.
+
+So I'm going to show you
+the shape of this function
+
+in the space that is
+spanned by the parameters
+
+that I have here,
+which are t and h.
+
+We will come to u later on.
+
+But for the time being, since I
+want to show things in a plane,
+
+let's stick with t and h.
+
+So first of all, let's look at
+the regime where t is positive.
+
+So this is 0.
+
+To the right is t is positive.
+
+Right on the axis
+when h equals to 0,
+
+the function is m squared plus
+m to the fourth, et cetera.
+
+The coefficient of m
+squared is positive.
+
+So basically, right on
+this axis the function
+
+is like a parabola.
+
+So what I am plotting here are
+different forms of psi of m.
+
+So this is m squared
+is a parabola.
+
+If I go further
+out, m to the fourth
+
+is something to worry about.
+
+But if I'm really looking
+at case where the emerging
+
+magnetization is
+small, I can stick just
+
+with the lowest order
+term in the expansion.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are we
+plotting h or psi?
+
+The axis label was h.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So there is a
+two-parameter plane t h.
+
+At each plant in this parameter
+plane, I can plot what psi of m
+
+looks like.
+
+Unfortunately, I can't
+bring it out of the plane,
+
+so I am going to put it
+in the two dimensions.
+
+So this is why I wrote
+psi of m with green
+
+to distinguish it with
+the h that is in white.
+
+So this is supposed to
+be right on the axis.
+
+If I go up on the axis, what
+would psi of m look like?
+
+So now I have a term
+that is positive h m.
+
+So it starts
+linearly to go down,
+
+and then the m squared
+term takes over.
+
+So now the minimum is over here.
+
+Whereas, right on
+the axis-- again,
+
+by symmetry-- the
+minimum was at 0.
+
+If I go and look at what
+happens at the other side
+
+when h is negative,
+then the slope
+
+is in the opposite direction.
+
+So the function kind
+of looks like this.
+
+And the minimum has
+shifted over here.
+
+So if I were to plot
+now what the minimum m
+
+bar is as a function
+of the field h,
+
+as I scan from some positive t--
+from h positive to h negative,
+
+what we have is that
+this sequence then
+
+corresponds to a curve
+in which, essentially, m
+
+is proportional to h.
+
+Something like this.
+
+So this is for t
+that is positive.
+
+Now, what happens
+if I try to draw
+
+these same curves for
+t that is negative?
+
+Let's stick first again to
+the analog of this curve,
+
+but now for h equal to 0.
+
+So for h equals to
+0, in plotting psi
+
+if m, whereas previously
+the parabola had
+
+the positive coefficient,
+now the parabola
+
+has a negative coefficient.
+
+So it kind of looks like this.
+
+Now, one of the things that I
+know for sure in my system--
+
+again, mathematics does not tell
+us that, physics tells us that.
+
+That I have a
+piece of iron and I
+
+know that the typical
+configurations of magnetization
+
+are some small number.
+
+So if the mathematics says that
+I have a function such as this,
+
+it is wrong because it would
+say that the extremum would
+
+go towards infinity.
+
+But that's where the
+u-term comes into play.
+
+So I need now to have a
+u-term with a positive sign
+
+to ensure that the function
+does not have an extremum that
+
+goes to minus plus infinity.
+
+Physics tells us
+that the function
+
+that I get if t is negative
+should have a positive u.
+
+Now, what happens if
+we take this curve
+
+and go to h positive?
+
+Well, now again, like
+we did over here,
+
+I start to shift it
+in one direction.
+
+In particular, what I find is
+that the minimum to the left
+
+goes up and the minimum
+to the right goes down.
+
+What did I do?
+
+Drew this poorly.
+
+I start to go like this.
+
+So now there is a well-defined
+minimum over here.
+
+If I go to negative fields,
+I will get the opposite
+
+Where I have this.
+
+So now if I follow a
+path that corresponds
+
+to these t negative
+structures, what do I get?
+
+What I get is that the extremum
+is at some positive value.
+
+So this is for t
+that is negative.
+
+As I scan h from
+positive values,
+
+I am tracking this minimum.
+
+But that minimum ends
+up over here at 0.
+
+So basically, I come to here.
+
+Whereas, if I come
+from the negative side,
+
+I am basically following
+the opposite curve.
+
+And then I have a
+discontinuity exactly at the h
+
+equals [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Again, by continuity if I
+am exactly at t equals to 0,
+
+the function is kind of--
+rather than the parabola
+
+is m to the fourth, and
+a little bit of thought
+
+convinces you that the shape
+of the curve kind of looks
+
+like this.
+
+We will quantify what that shape
+is shortly for t equals to 0.
+
+So what did we do?
+
+We were able to reproduce
+exactly the structure
+
+of the isotherms
+that we are getting
+
+for the case of the ferromagnet
+from this simple theory.
+
+In order to just match exactly
+this with what is going on
+
+with iron or nickel,
+what do I have to do?
+
+I just have to ensure
+that this parameter t goes
+
+to 0 at Tc of whatever
+the material is.
+
+Now, remember that I
+said that my t is really
+
+a function of temperature.
+
+So I can certainly
+make an expansion of it
+
+around any point.
+
+Let's see the Tc
+of the material.
+
+So what I require is that the
+first term in that expansion
+
+has to be 0.
+
+Then I will have something
+that is linear in T, and then
+
+quadratic in T minus Tc
+squared and so forth.
+
+So there is one condition
+that I have to impose,
+
+that that function
+of t-- which again,
+
+by all of the arguments
+that I mentioned,
+
+completely has to be an analytic
+function of temperature.
+
+Hence, expandable
+in a Taylor series.
+
+The 0 to order term in that
+Taylor series has to be 0.
+
+What else?
+
+That I can expand
+any other function.
+
+U of t is u0 plus u1 T
+minus Tc and so forth.
+
+K of t is k0 plus k1 T
+minus Tc and so forth.
+
+And I don't really care about
+any of these coefficients.
+
+The only things that
+I know are the signs.
+
+a has to be positive
+because the high temperature
+
+side corresponds to paramagnet.
+
+u0 has to be positive because
+I require the stability
+
+types of things
+that I mentioned.
+
+And k0 has to be
+positive because I
+
+want to have this kind of
+ferromagnetic behavior.
+
+Apart from that, I
+really don't know much.
+
+So the Landau-Ginzburg
+Hamiltonian with one condition
+
+reproduces the
+phenomenology of the magnet
+
+and all the other
+phase transitions,
+
+which as one of you-- I think
+it was David-- was pointing out
+
+to me, is very much like dealing
+with a branch cut singularity
+
+in the mathematical
+sense along this axis
+
+terminating at that point.
+
+So this branch cut
+singularity is a consequence
+
+of this minimization
+procedure of a purely
+
+analytical function.
+
+And the statement of
+universality at this level
+
+is that pick any
+analytical function
+
+and do this minimization.
+
+You will always get the
+same mathematical branch cut
+
+that we will now explain
+in terms of the exponents.
+
+So we said that experimentally
+these phase transitions,
+
+their universality
+was characterized
+
+by looking at singularities
+of various quantities
+
+and looking at the exponent,
+the functional forms.
+
+So let's first look
+at the magnetization.
+
+So if I do the extremization
+of this, what do I do?
+
+I have to have d psi by dm
+equals to 0. d psi by dm
+
+is tm bar plus 4u m
+bar cubed minus h.
+
+For h equals to 0 along
+the symmetry axis,
+
+then I have two solutions.
+
+Because that I can write
+as t plus 4u m bar squared
+
+times m bar equals to 0.
+
+If I state at that
+equation, I immediately
+
+see that the possible
+solutions are m bar is 0.
+
+And that's really
+the only solution
+
+that I have for any
+t that is positive.
+
+While for t negative, in
+addition to the solution at 0,
+
+which is clearly unphysical
+because it corresponds
+
+to a maximum and not a minimum,
+I have solutions at minus
+
+plus square root
+of minus t over 4u.
+
+And so if I were to
+plot this magnetization
+
+as a function of
+t, essentially I
+
+have a kind of coexistence curve
+because I have nothing above
+
+and below I have a
+square root singularity.
+
+So this corresponds to the
+exponent beta being 1/2.
+
+So that's the prediction
+[? from each. ?]
+
+What about the shape of this
+green curve, the isotherm
+
+that you have at t equals to Tc?
+
+Well, t equals to
+Tc, in our language,
+
+corresponds to
+small t equals to 0,
+
+which means that I have to look
+at the equation 4u m bar cubed
+
+equal to h or m bar
+is proportional to--
+
+well, let's write it.
+
+h over 4u to the power of 1/3.
+
+So this green curve that
+comes with infinite slope
+
+corresponds to a
+1/3 singularity.
+
+The exponent delta was defined
+to be the inverse of this,
+
+so this corresponds to having
+an exponent delta that is 3.
+
+We had behavior of
+susceptibility characterized
+
+by another set of exponent.
+
+Now, the susceptibility,
+quite generally,
+
+is the response of
+the magnetization
+
+if you change the field.
+
+And typically, we were
+interested in the limit where
+
+we measured a response if
+you are just at h equals to 0
+
+and then you put
+a little bit more.
+
+The equation that we have
+that relates h and m bar
+
+is simply that h equals to
+tm bar plus 4u m bar cubed.
+
+Rather than taking
+dm by dh, let me
+
+evaluate its inverse,
+which is dh by dm.
+
+dh by dm is t plus
+12u m bar squared.
+
+And so this inverse
+susceptibility,
+
+if I am for t positive,
+m bar is also 0.
+
+So the inverse
+susceptibility is t.
+
+If I am for t negative, m bar
+squared is minus t over 4u.
+
+I put a minus t over 4u here.
+
+And it becomes t minus 3t.
+
+So it becomes minus 2t.
+
+Again, nicely positive.
+
+Response functions
+have to be positive.
+
+If I were to plot this
+susceptibility, therefore
+
+as a function of
+temperature, or t
+
+that is related to T
+minus Tc, what do I get?
+
+I will get a divergence that is
+inverse of 1 over T minus Tc--
+
+on both sides.
+
+So basically, I get
+something like this.
+
+And we said that the divergence
+of the susceptibility we
+
+characterize by exponent gamma.
+
+And as I had promised,
+we explicitly
+
+see that, in this
+case, the gammas
+
+on both sides of the transition
+are the same and equal
+
+to unity.
+
+The inverse vanishes linearly,
+so the susceptibility
+
+diverges with unit exponent.
+
+But actually, we
+are making-- we can
+
+make an additional
+statement here
+
+that experimentalists
+can go and check
+
+that I hadn't told you before.
+
+Now, you see in all
+of these other cases
+
+the only thing that I can
+say is universal side is
+
+the functional form.
+
+This is where the
+exponent beta came from.
+
+But the amplitude of
+what is happening there,
+
+or the amplitude of
+what is happening here,
+
+these are things that depend
+on you and all of these things
+
+that I have no idea about.
+
+Similarly here,
+because I don't know
+
+what the relationship between
+t minus Tc and the parameter t
+
+is, it involves this number
+a that I don't know of.
+
+But one thing that I notice
+is that the ratio of these two
+
+things is a pure number.
+
+So I say, OK, what you
+have is if you measure
+
+the susceptibility on the
+two sides of the transition,
+
+you will see amplitudes.
+
+And then T minus
+Tc absolute value
+
+to minus gamma plus
+or gamma minus.
+
+I have told you that
+the gammas are the same.
+
+I don't know what
+the amplitudes are,
+
+but I can tell for sure that
+the ratio of amplitudes--
+
+if this is the theory
+that describes things--
+
+is a pure number of 2.
+
+So that's another thing
+that you can go and say
+
+the experimentalists can check.
+
+They can check the
+divergence, and then
+
+see that the amplitude
+ratio is a universal object.
+
+OK, there's one other response
+function that I had mentioned.
+
+There was the
+exponent alpha that
+
+came from the heat capacity.
+
+So how do I calculate
+heat capacity?
+
+So the heat capacity, which
+is a function of temperature,
+
+let's focus only in the
+case where h equals to 0,
+
+is obtained by taking a
+temperature derivative
+
+of the internal
+energy of the system.
+
+Now, the energy,
+on the other hand,
+
+is obtained by taking a d by
+d beta of log of the partition
+
+function.
+
+Now, I have all of my answers in
+terms of these parameters t, u,
+
+et cetera.
+
+But I know that to
+lowest order, there
+
+is a linear relationship
+between small t
+
+and the real
+temperature that I have
+
+to put into these expressions.
+
+So in particular, I
+can do the following.
+
+I can say that
+something like d by dT d
+
+by d beta, where
+beta is 1 over kt,
+
+is something
+approximately when you
+
+look at the linear regime that
+is close to Tc of the order--
+
+1 over beta is going
+to be kb t squared.
+
+And then I would have d by
+dT, and then another d by dT.
+
+I have to evaluate
+all of these things
+
+eventually in the vicinity
+of the critical point.
+
+Everything else is going
+to be a correction.
+
+So to lowest order,
+I will do that.
+
+And then I note that this
+is related-- derivatives
+
+between temperature
+and small t are
+
+related through a factor of a.
+
+So I do this and I
+put a squared up here.
+
+Doesn't matter.
+
+The only reason I do that is
+because through the process
+
+that we have described here, I
+get an idea for what log of Z
+
+is.
+
+So in particular,
+log of Z has a part
+
+that comes from all of the
+regular degrees of freedom
+
+and a part that comes from
+this additional minimization
+
+that we are doing.
+
+So we have a minus V times the
+minimum of the function, which
+
+is t over 2 m bar squared
+plus u m bar to the fourth
+
+when evaluated at h equals to 0.
+
+So this is log Z, which
+is some regular function
+
+of temperature, and hence t.
+
+Why is this part singular?
+
+Because for t that
+is positive, m is 0.
+
+So this is going to give me
+0 contribution for t that
+
+is positive.
+
+Whereas, for t
+that is negative, I
+
+have to substitute
+the value of m bar
+
+squared as I found above,
+which is minus t over 4u.
+
+So I will get t over 2
+times minus t over 4u.
+
+So that's going to give me
+minus t squared over 8u.
+
+Here I will have-- once I
+substitute that formula,
+
+plus t squared over 16u.
+
+The overall thing would be
+minus t squared over 16u.
+
+So I have to take two
+derivatives of this function.
+
+You can see that the
+function will give me
+
+0 above for t positive and it
+will give me a constant for t
+
+negative.
+
+So if I were to plot two
+derivatives of this function
+
+as T or T minus Tc is varied.
+
+Well, there is a
+background part that
+
+comes from all the other
+degrees of freedom.
+
+So there is basically some kind
+of behavior you would have had
+
+normally.
+
+What we find is that
+above t positive,
+
+that normal behavior is the
+only thing that you have.
+
+And when you are below, taking
+two derivatives of this,
+
+something is added to this.
+
+So basically, the prediction
+is that the heat capacity
+
+of the system as a
+function of temperature
+
+should have a jump
+discontinuity.
+
+Now, I said that in
+a number of cases
+
+we see that the heat
+capacity actually diverges
+
+and we introduce
+then exponent alpha
+
+to parametrize that divergence.
+
+Since we don't have
+this divergence,
+
+people have resorted
+to indicating this
+
+with alpha equals to 0.
+
+But since alpha equals
+to 0 is ambiguous,
+
+putting a discontinuity
+in addition
+
+to be precise about
+what is happening.
+
+So the predictions of
+the saddle point method
+
+applied to this field
+theory are the set
+
+of exponents and
+functional forms
+
+beta equals to 1/2, gamma
+as being 1, et cetera.
+
+A nice set of predictions.
+
+And of course, the
+test is, do they agree?
+
+It turns out that there is
+one and only one case where
+
+you do the experiments and you
+get these precise exponents.
+
+And that's something
+like a superconductor.
+
+And the picture that
+I showed you last time
+
+for the gas, et
+cetera, corresponds
+
+to totally different
+set of exponents.
+
+So at this point, we have to
+face one of two alternatives.
+
+One, the starting
+point is wrong.
+
+We put everything we could
+think of in the starting point.
+
+Maybe we forget something,
+but it seems OK.
+
+The other is, maybe we didn't
+do the analysis right when
+
+we did the saddle
+point approximation.
+
+And we'll gradually
+build the case
+
+that that is, indeed, the
+case and that we should treat
+
+the problem in a
+slightly better fashion.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just to remind me,
+the saddle point approximation
+
+was saying m was continuous,
+a continuous number
+
+across the substrate?
+
+PROFESSOR: The saddle
+point approximation
+
+is to evaluate the functional
+integral, which corresponds
+
+to looking at all
+configurations,
+
+replacing that integration
+with the value of the integrand
+
+at the point that
+is most probable.
+
+In this case, the most probable
+point was the uniform case.
+
+But maybe in some other case,
+the most probable configuration
+
+would be something else.
+
+The saddle point is to replace
+the entire functional integral
+
+with just one value
+of the integral.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So your second claims
+that analysis is probably wrong
+
+somewhere.
+
+It is most likely
+when we are trying
+
+to compute the energy of the
+system from all of field m
+
+and we just assumed
+something incorrectly,
+
+and that's why we get
+incorrect exponents?
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+My claim is that up to the place
+that I say Landau-Ginzburg,
+
+I have been extremely general.
+
+It may be that I
+missed something,
+
+but I will convince you
+that that's not the case.
+
+Then the line below that says
+saddle point approximation.
+
+My claim is that that's
+where the error came.
+
+AUDIENCE: Also, we can do
+a similar kind of analysis
+
+for liquid gas transition
+in critical [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then,
+how would it be
+
+reasonable to assume
+uniform density?
+
+Because I guess the
+whole point of behavior--
+
+PROFESSOR: We did exactly
+that approximation in 8.3.3.3.
+
+I wrote down some theory for
+the liquid gas transition
+
+out of which came the
+van der Waals equation.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the
+assumption for that
+
+was that the density in the
+grand canonical ensemble,
+
+in the grand canonical
+ensemble was uniform.
+
+So that you either
+got the density
+
+for the liquid or the
+density for the gas.
+
+But I made there the saddle
+point approximation also.
+
+I assumed that there was a
+uniform density that was--
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+So was just likely to
+be the point where--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: --something breaks up.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So before doing that,
+let me point out
+
+to something interesting
+that happened.
+
+And it's just a
+matter of terminology.
+
+Note that we constructed the
+Landau-Ginzburg Hamiltonian
+
+for h equals to 0
+on the basis that we
+
+should have rotational symmetry.
+
+Nonetheless, even for h
+equals to 0, what we find
+
+are solutions where the
+magnetization is pointing
+
+in one direction or the other.
+
+So it is possible to
+have the state that
+
+emerges as a result of a
+weight that has some symmetry
+
+to not have that symmetry.
+
+So the symmetry is
+spontaneously broken
+
+and the direction in
+space is selected.
+
+Now, of course,
+what that means is
+
+that if you apply the
+rotation operation to one
+
+of these ground
+states, then you will
+
+generate another equally
+good ground state.
+
+You can take everything that
+is pointed along the z-axis
+
+and make them all
+point along the x-axis.
+
+That's an equally
+good ground state.
+
+So essentially, you have a
+manifold of possible states.
+
+And making a change
+from one state deforming
+
+to another ground state does
+not cost you any energy.
+
+So one consequence of that
+is that slow deformations
+
+should cost little energy.
+
+What do I mean by that?
+
+So let's imagine that
+I start with a state
+
+where after I minimize, I find
+that all of my magnetizations
+
+are pointing up.
+
+Now, as I said, I could rotate
+everybody into this direction
+
+and the formation of my
+state would cost no energy.
+
+That's a uniform deformation.
+
+What if I took a deformation
+that is very slow?
+
+So I gradually rotate from
+one to the other state.
+
+Then in the limit where the
+wavelength of this deformation
+
+becomes of the order of
+the size of your system,
+
+you should have no energy cost.
+
+And it kind of makes sense
+that in the limit where
+
+you have long wavelengths, you
+should have little energy cost.
+
+So you should have slow
+wavelength, no energy
+
+distortions or modes,
+called Goldstone modes.
+
+But you can only have this for
+a broken continuous symmetry
+
+such as what I have
+depicted there,
+
+where all orientations
+are equally likely.
+
+But if I had the
+liquid gas system,
+
+the density was either above
+average or below average.
+
+If I had uniaxial
+magnet, the spin
+
+would be either
+pointing up or down.
+
+Then I can't deform slowly
+from one to the other.
+
+So for discrete symmetries,
+you don't have these modes.
+
+For continuous symmetries,
+you have these modes.
+
+And actually, we've already
+seen one set of those modes.
+
+These were the phonons.
+
+When in the first lecture
+I was constructing
+
+this theory of
+elasticity, I said
+
+if we take the whole deformation
+and move it uniformity,
+
+there is no cost.
+
+And then we were
+able, based on that,
+
+to conclude that long wavelength
+phonons have little cost.
+
+And we wrote their dispersion,
+relation, et cetera.
+
+So phonons are an example
+of Goldstone modes.
+
+These kinds of rotations of
+spins in a magnet-- magnons
+
+are another example
+of these modes.
+
+But something else that we said,
+therefore in the first lecture,
+
+is something that we should
+start to think about.
+
+Which is that we said that
+because these modes exist
+
+and they have so little
+energy cost, if I
+
+am at some finite temperature,
+I will be able to excite them.
+
+So I know for sure that if
+I'm at finite temperature,
+
+there are at least
+these fluctuations that
+
+are going on in my system.
+
+And maybe in lieu
+of that, I should
+
+be wary of assuming that only
+the state where everything
+
+is uniform is the thing
+that is contributing.
+
+What about the fluctuations?
+
+So let's think about
+these fluctuations that
+
+are easiest and most
+easily generated
+
+and look at their thermal
+excitations and consequences
+
+for the phase in
+phase transition.
+
+And let's do that in the
+context of superfluid.
+
+So we saw the problem
+of super fluidity
+
+towards the end of 8.3.3.3.
+
+You had helium that
+was an ordinary liquid.
+
+We cooled it below 2.8
+degrees and suddenly it
+
+became a new form of matter
+that has this ability
+
+to flow through
+capillaries, et cetera.
+
+And we pointed
+out that there was
+
+some kind of quite
+likely quantum origin
+
+to that because of
+the similarities
+
+that it showed to
+Bose-Einstein condensation.
+
+And basically, it
+was in this context
+
+that Landau introduced
+something like this The theory
+
+that we write down
+where he chose as order
+
+parameter as the analog of the
+m of x that we have over there,
+
+a complex function psi of x.
+
+And very roughly,
+you can regard this--
+
+and again, this is very
+rough-- as overlap of wave
+
+function with the
+ground state at position
+
+x in some coarse-grained sense.
+
+Now, anything
+quantum mechanical we
+
+saw has an amplitude
+and a phase.
+
+So this is actually a
+number plus a phase.
+
+Or if you like, it has a real
+part and an imaginary part.
+
+And there is no way that we
+know anything about the phase.
+
+The phase is not
+an unobservable.
+
+So the probability that
+when we scan the system
+
+we have identified some psi of
+x that the probability should
+
+depend on the phase
+is meaningless.
+
+It's not an observable.
+
+So this functional
+should only depend
+
+on things like
+absolute value of psi.
+
+If, like Landau, we assume
+that it is a local form,
+
+then the kinds of
+terms that we can write
+
+are absolute value of psi
+squared, absolute value of psi
+
+to the fourth power.
+
+And the tendency for the order
+to expand across the system you
+
+would put through a term such
+as gradient of psi squared.
+
+Now, for the case
+of the superfluid,
+
+there is no physical field
+that corresponds to the h.
+
+That just you don't
+have that field.
+
+You can convince yourself
+that if you write psi
+
+to be psi 1 plus psi 2, i psi
+2-- real and imaginary part.
+
+And put that in this formula,
+that corresponds exactly
+
+to the theory that we
+wrote over there as long
+
+as we choose a
+two-component magnetization.
+
+So these two theories
+are identical.
+
+Now, if I look at this
+system for t negative
+
+and try to find a
+minimum of the functional
+
+that I have over
+there, then the shape
+
+of the function functional
+psi-- poor choice of notation.
+
+Psi both being the wave
+function as well as the function
+
+that I have to extremize.
+
+But let's stick with it.
+
+It has a minimum that
+goes along a circuit.
+
+So basically, take
+this picture that we
+
+have over here that corresponds
+to essentially one direction
+
+and rotate it.
+
+And what you will get
+is what is sometimes
+
+called the wine bottle type
+of shape, or the Mexican hat
+
+potential, or whatever.
+
+But essentially,
+it means that there
+
+is a ring of possible
+ground states.
+
+So the minimum
+occurs for psi of x
+
+having some particular
+magnitude which corresponds
+
+to the location of
+this ring-- how far
+
+away it is from the center.
+
+And that will be given by
+the square root of t formula
+
+that we have up there.
+
+But then there is a
+phase that is something
+
+that you don't know.
+
+Now, let's ask the question.
+
+Suppose I allow
+this phase to vary
+
+from one part of the sample
+to another part of the sample.
+
+So that's the analog
+of this slow distortion
+
+that I was making up there.
+
+So essentially, as I go
+from one part of the sample
+
+to another part of
+the sample, I slowly
+
+move around this bottom
+of this with potential.
+
+And I ask, what is the cost
+of this distortion that I
+
+impose on the system?
+
+If I calculate beta H for psi
+bar e the i theta x, what I get
+
+is whatever I have
+put over here,
+
+such as this function
+which minimizes the-- which
+
+is the location of the minimum.
+
+But because of the variation
+in theta that I have allowed,
+
+there is a cost.
+
+So let's write that as beta
+H0 plus this additional cost.
+
+The additional cost
+comes from this term.
+
+If I simply put psi bar in
+to the i theta over there,
+
+I will get an
+integral d dx k psi
+
+bar squared over 2
+gradient of theta squared.
+
+So there is an
+additional energy cost.
+
+This is very similar
+to the energy cost
+
+that we had for phonons.
+
+Because if I Fourier
+transform, you
+
+can see that I get
+a k squared just
+
+like we got for the
+case of phonons.
+
+And just like for
+the case of phonons,
+
+I expect that at some
+finite temperature,
+
+these kinds of modes
+are thermally excited.
+
+So in reality, I expect that if
+I'm at some finite temperature,
+
+this phase will fluctuate
+across my system.
+
+And maybe I should note
+that whereas I'm here
+
+thinking in terms of
+thermal fluctuations,
+
+by appropriate boundary
+conditions one can establish
+
+a gradient of theta that is
+uniform across the system.
+
+And that actually corresponds
+to a superfluid flow.
+
+So the case of a
+superfluid flow can
+
+be regarded by having
+a gradient of theta
+
+being proportional to
+velocity, and then this
+
+is something like
+the kinetic energy.
+
+But that's a different story.
+
+Let's just stick with
+the fact that this
+
+is the cost of making
+these distortions.
+
+And I want to know, what's
+the probability of having
+
+one of these distorted shapes?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+When you're introducing the
+psi as another parameter
+
+and you call it overlap of
+[INAUDIBLE] what is boundaries
+
+and what values this sort
+of parameter can take?
+
+So I basically wonder if we
+have this Mexican hat-shaped
+
+potential with minima on
+the ring of radius at 1,
+
+can the value of potential-- of
+the other parameter principally
+
+be further than that?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So again, here we are trying
+to phenomenologically explain
+
+an observation that there is a
+transition between a case where
+
+there is no super
+fluidity and right when
+
+a certain small amount
+of super fluidity
+
+has been established
+in the system.
+
+The question that you asked
+over here is legitimate,
+
+but you could have asked
+it also for the case
+
+of the magnetization.
+
+So you could have
+said, why not to have
+
+that potential with the
+minimum somewhere else?
+
+But that does not
+explain the phenomena
+
+that we are trying to explain.
+
+The phenomena that we
+are trying to explain
+
+is the observation that
+I go from having nothing
+
+to having a little
+bit of something.
+
+And I choose the
+mathematical form
+
+that is capable of
+describing that.
+
+AUDIENCE: My question
+basically was,
+
+when we were talking about
+magnetization, if you take
+
+a piece of metal,
+you can magnetize it
+
+from 0 to a pretty large value.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: If we are interested
+in something not too large--
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+AUDIENCE: And as I
+say, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: What is your scale?
+
+What is very large?
+
+For a magnet, there is a
+maximum magnetization--
+
+AUDIENCE: In this case, I mean
+that spontaneous magnetization
+
+for a magnet would be
+lower than saturation, no?
+
+PROFESSOR: What is saturation?
+
+AUDIENCE: When all spins
+are same direction.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So you have a microscopic
+picture in mind.
+
+Now, the place
+that we are is far
+
+from that saturation
+magnetization.
+
+Similarly, in this
+case, presumably
+
+if I go to 0 temperature,
+there is some uniformity.
+
+And if I call this an overlap,
+the maximum of it will be 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+But basically, I just
+don't understand--
+
+what is overlap
+of wave function?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well,
+that's why I didn't
+
+want to go into that detail.
+
+But basically, the overlap
+of two wave functions
+
+would be the psi
+1 star psi 2 of x.
+
+And if you are thinking
+about the ground state,
+
+let's say that I have
+normalized this function
+
+to have a maximum of 1.
+
+The point is that
+what that maximum is,
+
+is folded into all of these
+parameters-- a, u, et cetera--
+
+and is pretty irrelevant to
+the nature of the transition.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK?
+
+So the probability of a
+particular configuration
+
+of theta across the system
+is given by this formula.
+
+I can unpack that a
+little bit better just
+
+like we did for
+the case of phonons
+
+by writing theta in
+terms of Fourier modes.
+
+e to the i q dot x theta of
+q, which for the time being,
+
+I assume I have discretized
+appropriate values of q.
+
+I choose this normalization
+root V in this context.
+
+If I substitute
+that over here, what
+
+I find is that beta H as a
+function of the collection
+
+of theta q's is,
+again, some beta H0,
+
+which is not important.
+
+I put gradient of theta.
+
+Once I do gradient
+of theta, you can
+
+see that I get a factor of iq.
+
+I will have two of
+them, so the answer
+
+is going to be
+proportional to q squared.
+
+Let's call this combination
+k psi bar squared k bar
+
+so that I don't have to
+write it again and again.
+
+k bar over 2.
+
+And then theta of q squared.
+
+OK?
+
+So the probability of some
+particular combination
+
+of these Fourier amplitudes
+is proportional to exponential
+
+of this.
+
+And therefore, a
+product of independent
+
+Gaussian-distributed quantities.
+
+q squared.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you plug in
+your summation of your-- well,
+
+your Fourier series
+into the gradient
+
+and then you square
+that, why don't you
+
+get interactions between the
+different Fourier amplitudes?
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, let's
+do it explicitly.
+
+I have integral d dx gradient
+of theta gradient of theta.
+
+Gradient of theta
+is iq sum-- OK.
+
+Is i sum over q q e to the
+i q dot x theta tilde of q.
+
+And I have to repeat that twice.
+
+So I have i sum over q prime
+q prime into the i q prime dot
+
+x theta tilde of q prime.
+
+So basically, this
+went into that.
+
+This went into that.
+
+OK?
+
+So I have a sum over
+q, sum over q prime,
+
+and an integral over x.
+
+What is the integral over x of
+e to the i q plus q prime dot x?
+
+It is 0, unless q and
+q prime add up to 0.
+
+This is delta function.
+
+So you put it there.
+
+Only one sum survives.
+
+Actually, I had introduced
+the normalizations that
+
+were root V. The normalizations
+get rid of this factor of V.
+
+That's why I had normalized
+it with the root V.
+
+And I will get one
+factor of q remaining.
+
+Since q prime is minus q iq
+iq prime becomes q squared.
+
+And then I have theta
+tilde of q theta tilde
+
+of minus q, which gives me this.
+
+So each mode is independently
+distributed according
+
+to a Gaussian, which
+immediately tells me
+
+the average of theta of
+q tilde is, of course, 0.
+
+Let's be careful and put the
+tildes all over the place.
+
+While the average of
+theta tilde of q squared
+
+is 1 over k bar q squared.
+
+Again, all that says is that as
+you go to long wavelength modes
+
+and q goes to 0,
+the fluctuations
+
+become larger because the
+energy cost is smaller.
+
+OK, so that's understandable.
+
+But now, let's look at what
+is happening in real space.
+
+I pick two points,
+x and x prime.
+
+And I ask, how do
+the fluctuations
+
+vary from one point
+to another point?
+
+So I'm interested in theta x.
+
+Let's say minus theta.
+
+Let's calculate the
+following first,
+
+theta of x, theta of x prime
+just because the algebra
+
+is slightly easier.
+
+Now, theta of x I can write
+in terms of theta tilde of q.
+
+So this becomes sum over q
+q prime e to the iq dot x
+
+e to the iq prime dot x prime.
+
+There is a factor
+of 1 over V that
+
+comes from the
+normalization I chose.
+
+And then the average
+of theta tilde
+
+of q theta tilde of q prime.
+
+But we just established
+that the different modes
+
+are independent of each other.
+
+So basically, this gives
+me a delta function
+
+that forces q and q
+prime to add up to 0.
+
+If they do add up to 0,
+the expectation that I get
+
+is 1 over k bar q squared.
+
+And so what I find is
+that this becomes related
+
+to a sum over q 1 over
+V e to the iq dot x
+
+minus x prime divided
+by k bar q squared.
+
+If I go to the continuum
+limit where the sum over
+
+q I replace with
+an integral over q,
+
+then I have to introduce
+the density of states.
+
+And so then I find that
+theta of x theta of x
+
+prime is 1 over k
+bar integral d dq
+
+2 pi to the d the Fourier
+transform of 1 over q squared.
+
+Now, the Fourier transform
+of 1 over q squared
+
+is something that
+appears all over physics.
+
+So let's give it a name.
+
+So we're going to call the
+integral d dq 2 pi to the d
+
+e to the iq dot x
+divided by q squared.
+
+And let's put a minus
+sign in front of that.
+
+And I'll give it the name
+the Coulomb potential
+
+in d dimensional space.
+
+And for those of you
+who haven't seen this,
+
+the reason this is
+the Coulomb potential
+
+is because if I
+take two derivatives
+
+and construct the Laplacian
+of that function--
+
+so I take two derivative
+with respect to x here,
+
+the two derivatives will
+go inside the integral.
+
+And what they do
+is they bring down
+
+two factors of iq
+divided by q squared.
+
+The minus sign disappears,
+q squared over q squared
+
+goes to 1.
+
+Fourier transform of e to the iq
+x is simply the delta function.
+
+So this Cd of x is the potential
+that would emerge from a unit
+
+charge at the origin
+at a distance x.
+
+So again, for those who have
+forgotten this or not seen it,
+
+let's calculate it explicitly
+using Gauss' theorem.
+
+The potential due
+to a unit charge
+
+is going to be spherically
+symmetric, so it's only
+
+a function of the
+magnitude of x.
+
+It doesn't depend
+on the orientation.
+
+And Gauss' law states that
+the integral of Laplacian
+
+over volume is the same as
+the integral of the analog
+
+of the electric field, which is
+the gradient over the surface.
+
+So I have the surface
+integral of gradient.
+
+Now, for the case that
+we are dealing with,
+
+the left-hand side Laplacian
+is a delta function.
+
+So when we integrate that over
+the sphere, I simply get 1.
+
+So this gives me 1.
+
+What do I get on
+the right-hand side?
+
+It's just like the flux
+of the electric field
+
+that you have calculated.
+
+It is the magnitude
+of the electric field
+
+times the surface area.
+
+And I am doing this
+generally in d dimensions.
+
+So the surface
+area in d dimension
+
+grows like x to the d minus 1.
+
+And then there is a factor
+such as 2 pi, 4 pi, et cetera,
+
+which is the solid
+angle that you
+
+would have to put
+in d dimensions.
+
+And to remind you, the
+solid angle in d dimensions
+
+is 2 pi to the d over 2 d
+over 2 minus 1 factorial.
+
+So the magnitude of
+this derivative dC
+
+by dx following
+from that is simply
+
+1 divided by x to the d
+minus 1, or x to the 1
+
+minus d divided by Sd.
+
+So this is generalizing
+how you would calculate
+
+Gauss' law in three dimensions.
+
+So now I just integrate that and
+I find that the d dimensional
+
+Coulomb potential is
+x to the 2 minus d
+
+divided by 2 minus d Sd.
+
+And of course, there could be
+some constant of integration.
+
+So it reproduces the familiar 1
+over x law in three dimensions.
+
+But the thing that
+is important to note
+
+is how much this
+Coulomb potential
+
+depends on dimensions.
+
+It determines these angle--
+angle fluctuation correlations.
+
+And typically, here
+in this context
+
+we want to know something
+about large distances.
+
+If I make a fluctuation
+here, how far away
+
+is the influence of
+that fluctuation felt?
+
+So I would be interested
+in the limit of this
+
+when the separation is
+large-- goes to infinity.
+
+And we can see that
+the answer very much
+
+depends on the dimensions.
+
+So we find that for d
+that is greater than 2,
+
+like the Coulomb potential
+in three dimensions,
+
+you basically go to a constant.
+
+While in d less than
+2, it is something
+
+that grows as a
+function of distance
+
+as x to the 2 minus
+d 2 minus d Sd.
+
+And actually, write at
+the borderline dimension
+
+of d equals to 2, it also
+grows at large distances.
+
+If you do the
+integration correctly,
+
+you will find that it is 1 over
+2 pi log x over some distance
+
+or [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now, what you are really
+interested-- actually,
+
+this thing that I wrote down
+is not particularly meaningful.
+
+The thing that you
+are interested in
+
+is what I had
+originally written,
+
+which is that if I look at the
+angle that I have at x and then
+
+I go far away-- because
+the angel itself is not
+
+an observable, but
+angle differences are.
+
+So the average of this
+quantity will be 0.
+
+But there will be
+some variance to it,
+
+so I can look at this quantity.
+
+And that quantity--
+I can expand this--
+
+is twice the average of theta
+at some particular location.
+
+Presumably, it doesn't matter
+which location I look at.
+
+So it's the variance locally
+that you have in the angles.
+
+And then minus twice theta
+of x theta of x prime,
+
+which is the quantity that
+I calculated for you above.
+
+So all I need to do is to take
+the Coulomb potential that I
+
+calculated, multiply
+it by a factor of 2,
+
+divide by a factor of
+k bar that I basically
+
+indicated as part
+of the definition.
+
+So this object is going
+to be 2 x to the 2
+
+minus d divided by
+k bar 2 minus d Sd.
+
+And actually, the reason
+I do this is because now I
+
+can indicate the overall
+constant as follows.
+
+Remember that all of our
+statistical field theories
+
+are obtained by averaging.
+
+And I shouldn't believe
+any of these formulas
+
+when I look at very
+short wavelengths.
+
+So I shouldn't really
+believe any answer
+
+that I got from those formulas
+when the points x prime and x
+
+come too close to each other.
+
+So there is something of the
+order of a lattice spacing,
+
+averaging distance, et
+cetera, that I'll call a.
+
+And by the time I get to a,
+I expect that my fluctuations
+
+vanish because that's
+the distance over which
+
+I'm doing the average.
+
+So I manage to get rid of
+whatever this constant is
+
+by substituting [INAUDIBLE] with
+the scale over which I expect
+
+my theory to cease to be valid.
+
+But again, what I
+find is that if I
+
+look at the fluctuation between
+two points at large distances,
+
+if I am in dimensions
+greater than 2,
+
+this thing eventually
+goes to a constant.
+
+Which means that if I'm
+in three dimensions,
+
+the fluctuation in phase between
+one place and another place
+
+are not necessarily small or
+large because I don't know what
+
+the magnitude of
+this constant is,
+
+but they are not
+getting bigger as I
+
+go further and further along.
+
+Whereas, no matter what I
+do in d that is less than
+
+or equal to 2, this thing
+at large distances blows up.
+
+So I thought that I
+had a system where
+
+I had broken spontaneous
+symmetry and all of my spins,
+
+all of my phases were
+pointing in one direction.
+
+But I see that when I put
+these fluctuations, no matter
+
+how small I make the amplitude,
+the amplitude doesn't matter.
+
+If I go to far enough
+distances, fluctuations
+
+will tell me that I don't know
+what the phase is from here
+
+to here because it has gone
+over many multiples of 2 pi,
+
+so that it has become divergent.
+
+So what that really means is
+that because of fluctuations,
+
+you cannot have
+long-range order.
+
+So destroy continuous
+long-range order
+
+in dimensions that are
+less than or equal to 2.
+
+This is called the
+Mermin-Wagner theorem.
+
+So you shouldn't have any,
+for example, super fluidity,
+
+magnetization, anything in two
+dimensions of one dimension.
+
+If you go to long
+enough, you will
+
+see that fluctuations
+have destroyed your order.
+
+So we can see already how
+important fluctuations are.
+
+This d equal to 2 is called
+the lower critical dimension.
+
+It is this phenomena of
+symmetry breaking, ordering,
+
+phase transition,
+et cetera, that we
+
+are discussing for
+continuous systems--
+
+for continuous symmetry
+breaking can only
+
+exist in three dimensions
+but not in two dimensions.
+
+We'll see that for
+discrete symmetries,
+
+you can have ordering in
+two dimensions, but not one
+
+dimensions.
+
+So there, the lower
+critical dimension is 1.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And does
+this hold for any n?
+
+This example you were doing--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: --it just
+has two components.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any n. n equals
+to 2, 3, 4, anything.
+
+We'll see later on, towards
+the end of the course,
+
+that there is a slight proviso
+for the case of n equals to 2,
+
+but that we'll leave for later.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2Q5ZFIms9Bo.txt b/2Q5ZFIms9Bo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ef9612abb60330db4c7dd6e3b6bfc8bb23cc437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2Q5ZFIms9Bo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so wel come back from uh spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+oh we're still talking about mixtures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're still talking about mixtures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we're still talking about mixtures
+we spoke about mixing and uh separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spoke about mixing and uh separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spoke about mixing and uh separation
+and uh we are going to talk today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we are going to talk today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we are going to talk today about
+stratification but uh I want to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification but uh I want to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification but uh I want to spend
+the first uh few minutes uh answering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh few minutes uh answering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh few minutes uh answering a
+question that I had from a colleague who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I had from a colleague who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that I had from a colleague who
+is following the lectures online and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is following the lectures online and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is following the lectures online and
+uh um asked me a nice question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um asked me a nice question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um asked me a nice question
+about uh how can how can we do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how can how can we do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh how can how can we do um
+separation at constant temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation at constant temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation at constant temperature and
+pressure you remember that we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you remember that we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure you remember that we did the
+the entropy of mixing by mixing gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of mixing by mixing gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy of mixing by mixing gases
+and we we obtain this formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we obtain this formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we obtain this formula for the
+entropy of mixing then we also uh spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of mixing then we also uh spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of mixing then we also uh spoke
+about the fact that uh we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that uh we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that uh we could have
+done the mixing in a better way in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the mixing in a better way in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done the mixing in a better way in terms
+of U thermodynamics I could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U thermodynamics I could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U thermodynamics I could we could
+have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done it
+reversibly and therefore extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly and therefore extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversibly and therefore extract the
+adiabatic availability of this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability of this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic availability of this situation
+or this state with respect to this mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this state with respect to this mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this state with respect to this mixed
+state we also spoke about uh computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we also spoke about uh computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we also spoke about uh computed
+the minimum work of complete separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum work of complete separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum work of complete separation
+of a mixture when in mutual equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mixture when in mutual equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mixture when in mutual equilibrium
+with a reservoir which keeps it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reservoir which keeps it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reservoir which keeps it at the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+tnp and we found that the minimum work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tnp and we found that the minimum work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tnp and we found that the minimum work
+is equal to the difference in the Gibs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the difference in the Gibs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the difference in the Gibs
+free energy of the separated final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of the separated final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of the separated final
+State uh from the uh initial mixture uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so this
+diagram uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram uh
+shows graphically what what the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows graphically what what the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows graphically what what the problem
+is so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we have a
+mixture and we want to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and we want to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture and we want to separate
+it and if the mixture is uh in um and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if the mixture is uh in um and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if the mixture is uh in um and we
+want to separate it at at fixed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to separate it at at fixed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to separate it at at fixed the
+temperature and pressure so that uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure so that uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and pressure so that uh in
+the end it will remain in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it will remain in mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end it will remain in mutual
+equilibrium with the thermal Reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with the thermal Reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium with the thermal Reservoir
+which is at this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at this same
+temperature now if uh the mixture is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now if uh the mixture is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now if uh the mixture is an
+ideal mixture of Ideal gases we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal mixture of Ideal gases we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal mixture of Ideal gases we have
+found that the initial State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the initial State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that the initial State and the
+final State they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State they have the same
+temperature and also they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and also they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and also they have the same
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but of course they don't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course they don't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course they don't have the same
+entropy so the separated State we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so the separated State we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so the separated State we call
+it B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it B
+here uh has lesser entropy than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh has lesser entropy than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh has lesser entropy than the
+mixed state so in order to separate we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed state so in order to separate we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed state so in order to separate we
+have to remove at constant energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remove at constant energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remove at constant energy this
+entropy to go from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy to go from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy to go from here to
+here so removing entropy from a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so removing entropy from a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so removing entropy from a system
+requires another system that picks up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires another system that picks up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires another system that picks up
+that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entropy
+and that's why we need the reservoir but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we need the reservoir but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we need the reservoir but
+the reservoir which starts at this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservoir which starts at this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservoir which starts at this state
+here cannot just pick up the entropy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cannot just pick up the entropy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here cannot just pick up the entropy in
+order to pick up some entropy it also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to pick up some entropy it also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to pick up some entropy it also we
+need to give it also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give it also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give it also some
+energy and so to pick up this amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so to pick up this amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so to pick up this amount of
+entropy this is the amount TR times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy this is the amount TR times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy this is the amount TR times that
+entropy is the amount of energy that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the amount of energy that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is the amount of energy that we
+must give to the reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must give to the reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must give to the reservoir
+of course these are minimal amounts uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course these are minimal amounts uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course these are minimal amounts uh
+because we we considering the reversible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we considering the reversible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we we considering the reversible
+process which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+optimal so the question is how can we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so the question is how can we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal so the question is how can we go
+can we can we do this okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can we do this okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can we do this okay one
+possibility it's on the next slide so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it's on the next slide so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility it's on the next slide so I
+I'll I'll switch back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll switch back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll switch back and forth between
+this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the
+next uh is to make a a process like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh is to make a a process like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next uh is to make a a process like this
+we we take first the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we take first the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we take first the mixture
+and cool it down to this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cool it down to this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cool it down to this state
+C of course we have to do it reversibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of course we have to do it reversibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of course we have to do it reversibly
+so we will use a Machinery to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will use a Machinery to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will use a Machinery to do that
+and uh so in order to cool it down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so in order to cool it down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so in order to cool it down we
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+state we need the Machinery to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we need the Machinery to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state we need the Machinery to
+consume some work which is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume some work which is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume some work which is equal to the
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+energy of this state C which is colder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this state C which is colder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of this state C which is colder
+than the reservoir but as you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the reservoir but as you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the reservoir but as you remember
+the graphic representation of available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphic representation of available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphic representation of available
+energy is given by this segment from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is given by this segment from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is given by this segment from
+here to here with respect to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here with respect to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here with respect to this
+Reservoir so even if it is colder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir so even if it is colder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reservoir so even if it is colder than
+the reservoir it has a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservoir it has a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reservoir it has a positive
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+energy and uh finally then we will do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh finally then we will do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and uh finally then we will do a
+an adiabatic a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adiabatic a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an adiabatic a
+work only so a weight process that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work only so a weight process that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work only so a weight process that takes
+us from here to here and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from here to here and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from here to here and this is the
+sequence so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence so here is the
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+Machinery which cools down the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery which cools down the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery which cools down the mixture
+from the initial temperature to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial temperature to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial temperature to that
+temperature T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T
+TC and in order to do that a Machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC and in order to do that a Machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC and in order to do that a Machinery
+needs to consume work which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to consume work which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to consume work which is equal to
+the available energy of State C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the available energy of State C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the available energy of State C and
+while doing that it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while doing that it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while doing that it will
+transfer that an amount of heat to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that an amount of heat to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer that an amount of heat to the
+thermal Reservoir which is equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal Reservoir which is equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal Reservoir which is equal to this
+work because the mixt no sorry uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because the mixt no sorry uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because the mixt no sorry uh take
+it back which uh is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back which uh is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back which uh is going to be
+different uh to be given by this much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh to be given by this much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh to be given by this much so
+it's not equal to that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not equal to that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not equal to that work
+sorry and once we have the mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and once we have the mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and once we have the mixture
+prepared in that state then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared in that state then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared in that state then we can
+perform our uh workon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform our uh workon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform our uh workon
+process like weight process using semi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like weight process using semi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like weight process using semi-
+perable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perable
+membranes that will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes that will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes that will uh
+for example this membrane which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this membrane which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this membrane which is
+perable only to particles to the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perable only to particles to the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perable only to particles to the black
+particles is initially uh here then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is initially uh here then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles is initially uh here then uh
+by it's pulled down by the weight so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it's pulled down by the weight so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by it's pulled down by the weight so it
+compresses the gray particles to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses the gray particles to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compresses the gray particles to their
+say half of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say half of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say half of the of the
+volume and then also this other membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and then also this other membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and then also this other membrane
+which is perable to the uh gray uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is perable to the uh gray uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is perable to the uh gray uh
+particles only it's on this uh side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles only it's on this uh side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles only it's on this uh side here
+and then the weight going down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the weight going down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the weight going down here so
+consuming work will push the black uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming work will push the black uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming work will push the black uh
+particles to their half so it will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to their half so it will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles to their half so it will do
+sort of a partial compression of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a partial compression of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a partial compression of those
+in doing that we go from here to here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing that we go from here to here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in doing that we go from here to here so
+we spend the the weight the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend the the weight the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spend the the weight the sum of the
+weights uh uh energies of the weights is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights uh uh energies of the weights is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights uh uh energies of the weights is
+the adiabatic availability of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic availability of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adiabatic availability of these
+State here so this is a possibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State here so this is a possibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State here so this is a possibility to
+perform of course it requires membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform of course it requires membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform of course it requires membranes
+it requires uh reversible processes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires uh reversible processes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it requires uh reversible processes so
+it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very
+practical uh so uh many times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uh so uh many times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uh so uh many times in
+practice when you need to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice when you need to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice when you need to really
+separate things you can also use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things you can also use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate things you can also use um
+chemistry so chemical engineering in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so chemical engineering in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry so chemical engineering in uh
+solvents that would extract this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents that would extract this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvents that would extract this sub
+you're interested in from your mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in from your mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in from your mixture
+and then uh once it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+separated then you have to recover your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated then you have to recover your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated then you have to recover your
+solvent so that it it's not consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent so that it it's not consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent so that it it's not consuming
+the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+uh which could be a a physical solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which could be a a physical solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which could be a a physical solvent
+so or but could also be a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or but could also be a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so or but could also be a chemical
+solvent maybe not it's not a proper word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent maybe not it's not a proper word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent maybe not it's not a proper word
+but to give to give the idea something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to give to give the idea something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to give to give the idea something
+that would prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would prefer
+entially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entially
+um interact and um react chemically with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interact and um react chemically with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interact and um react chemically with
+one of the components and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the components and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the components and then you have
+to uh reverse that reaction in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh reverse that reaction in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh reverse that reaction in order to
+recover your solvent after you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover your solvent after you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover your solvent after you're
+separated okay but even if you do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated okay but even if you do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated okay but even if you do it uh
+chemically uh and if the final states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically uh and if the final states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemically uh and if the final states
+are these ones and your solvent is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these ones and your solvent is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these ones and your solvent is a is
+a dummy variable so to speak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dummy variable so to speak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dummy variable so to speak of the
+process in the sense that you it's a Cy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the sense that you it's a Cy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in the sense that you it's a Cy
+it goes back to its initial State uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back to its initial State uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes back to its initial State uh and
+and and remains therefore pure at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and remains therefore pure at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and remains therefore pure at the
+end uh then this still represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh then this still represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end uh then this still represents the
+minimum work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum work of
+separation and so it is refer reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and so it is refer reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation and so it is refer reference
+also in order to compute the uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in order to compute the uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in order to compute the uh second
+low efficiency of that separ actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low efficiency of that separ actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low efficiency of that separ actual
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+okay so let's go now to this uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go now to this uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's go now to this uh problem
+of stratification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we are interested for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are interested for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are interested for example in the
+stratification of gases in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification of gases in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification of gases in the
+atmosphere like oxygen nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere like oxygen nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere like oxygen nitrogen
+CO2 so remember that we started by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so remember that we started by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so remember that we started by
+saying that uh for this kind of uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that uh for this kind of uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that uh for this kind of uh of of
+problems uh we model uh like in the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh we model uh like in the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh we model uh like in the bulk
+flow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh
+State um model we we model the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State um model we we model the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State um model we we model the the
+energy of the substance as given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the substance as given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the substance as given
+by uh the energy which is proper of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the energy which is proper of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by uh the energy which is proper of uh
+the stable equilibrium State for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibrium State for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stable equilibrium State for the
+given entropy volume and amounts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given entropy volume and amounts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given entropy volume and amounts of the
+substance plus a potential energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance plus a potential energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance plus a potential energy which
+in the case of gravitational uh uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of gravitational uh uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of gravitational uh uniform
+gravitational field is uh as we all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field is uh as we all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational field is uh as we all know
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+mgz okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgz okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mgz okay
+and the mass of course depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of course depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mass of course depends on the
+composition so the the local mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so the the local mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition so the the local mass of the
+uh fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fluid
+Parcels uh changes with elevation due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parcels uh changes with elevation due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parcels uh changes with elevation due to
+changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition the chem the the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition the chem the the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition the chem the the chemical
+Potentials in this situation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potentials in this situation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Potentials in this situation are
+substituted by the role of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted by the role of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted by the role of the chemical
+potential is played by the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is played by the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is played by the total
+potentials which is still the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials which is still the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials which is still the derivative
+of the energy with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the energy with respect to the
+amounts but now the amounts appear not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts but now the amounts appear not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts but now the amounts appear not
+only here but also in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only here but also in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only here but also in the in the
+mass and that gives rise to a contribut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and that gives rise to a contribut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and that gives rise to a contribut
+additional contribution to the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional contribution to the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional contribution to the potential
+so we have the chemical potential plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the chemical potential plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the chemical potential plus
+the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential and so we have the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so we have the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so we have the sum of the
+two is the total potential that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the total potential that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is the total potential that is what
+enters in the conditions for Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters in the conditions for Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters in the conditions for Mutual
+stable equilibrium between uh fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium between uh fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable equilibrium between uh fluid
+parcels and therefore also between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcels and therefore also between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parcels and therefore also between uh
+layers of fluids Parcels of fluids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of fluids Parcels of fluids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers of fluids Parcels of fluids that
+find themselves at different elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find themselves at different elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find themselves at different elevation
+in the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the gravity
+field so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so in order to
+impose uh Mutual stable equilibrium we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose uh Mutual stable equilibrium we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose uh Mutual stable equilibrium we
+will impose equality of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will impose equality of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will impose equality of chemical
+potential I'm sorry total potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I'm sorry total potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential I'm sorry total potentials
+between two layers at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two layers at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two layers at different
+elevation we will assume instead as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation we will assume instead as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation we will assume instead as an
+approx ination that uh although we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approx ination that uh although we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approx ination that uh although we not
+going to assume that the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that the temperature is
+is completely uh um uniform so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely uh um uniform so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely uh um uniform so we're not
+uh we want to go beyond the model of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to go beyond the model of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we want to go beyond the model of a
+of an isothermal atmosphere we we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an isothermal atmosphere we we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an isothermal atmosphere we we will
+assume that the temperature changes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the temperature changes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the temperature changes but
+that the local changes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the local changes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the local changes are
+irrelevant or can be say neglected for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant or can be say neglected for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant or can be say neglected for
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+uh computation of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computation of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computation of the chemical
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in order to apply this we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to apply this we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to apply this we have to
+write this chemical these total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this chemical these total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this chemical these total
+potentials and the total potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and the total potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and the total potentials are
+written one at elevation Z Plus DZ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written one at elevation Z Plus DZ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written one at elevation Z Plus DZ and
+the other times at elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Z and uh of course we need to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and uh of course we need to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and uh of course we need to use this
+double contribution chemical plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double contribution chemical plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double contribution chemical plus
+gravitational for the chemical part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational for the chemical part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational for the chemical part we
+will assume ideal mixture Behavior so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume ideal mixture Behavior so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assume ideal mixture Behavior so
+the chemical potential is given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential is given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential is given by the
+pure component uh chemical potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component uh chemical potential at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure component uh chemical potential at
+the same temperature and pressure plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same temperature and pressure plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same temperature and pressure plus
+RT log of the mole fraction of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT log of the mole fraction of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT log of the mole fraction of that
+component and then here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and then here we have the
+gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational
+contribution and the line above has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and the line above has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and the line above has the
+Z Plus DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Plus DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Plus DZ
+contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution
+so in order since these two must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order since these two must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order since these two must be
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+you do some uh manipulation you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do some uh manipulation you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do some uh manipulation you also
+remember that uh since here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that uh since here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that uh since here we have the
+difference between the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the chemical
+potential at Z Plus DZ at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at Z Plus DZ at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at Z Plus DZ at the
+pressure that belongs at at Z Plus DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that belongs at at Z Plus DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that belongs at at Z Plus DZ
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that at elevation Z here enters the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at elevation Z here enters the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at elevation Z here enters the D
+the partial derivative of mu with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of mu with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial derivative of mu with
+respect to the pressure which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the pressure which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the pressure which is the
+specific volume and that's why in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific volume and that's why in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific volume and that's why in the in
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+this is what we are left is the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we are left is the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we are left is the specific
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+DP plus RT uh the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP plus RT uh the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP plus RT uh the derivative of the
+logarithm of the mole fraction plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the mole fraction plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithm of the mole fraction plus the
+Mi gdz and Mi of course as the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi gdz and Mi of course as the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi gdz and Mi of course as the are the
+molecular uh masses of the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular uh masses of the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular uh masses of the various
+components so we have one equation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so we have one equation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so we have one equation like
+this for each component because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for each component because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for each component because all
+components can be exchanged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can be exchanged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components can be exchanged
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and
+uh this is actually true also for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is actually true also for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is actually true also for the
+pure substance so if you have a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure substance so if you have a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure substance so if you have a pure
+substance so just one component this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so just one component this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so just one component this
+equation becomes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation becomes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation becomes this
+one and if you recognize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you recognize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and if you recognize that the
+specific that the molar mass divided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific that the molar mass divided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific that the molar mass divided the
+spe specific volume and remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spe specific volume and remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spe specific volume and remember this is
+specific volume uh molar uh so m / V is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific volume uh molar uh so m / V is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific volume uh molar uh so m / V is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+density so this equation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so this equation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so this equation becomes
+dpals minus the density time G * DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpals minus the density time G * DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpals minus the density time G * DZ
+which is which leads when you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which leads when you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which leads when you integrate
+to the uh verul equation of static fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh verul equation of static fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uh verul equation of static fluid
+mechanics but you can also apply it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but you can also apply it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics but you can also apply it for
+example for a gas so for a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a gas so for a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a gas so for a gas
+specifically volume is not constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically volume is not constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically volume is not constant so
+you shouldn't put the you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't put the you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't put the you should
+remember that V is RT over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that V is RT over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that V is RT over
+p and therefore you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and therefore you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and therefore you can
+integrate uh you can integrate you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh you can integrate you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate uh you can integrate you can
+RT over P so you get DP over p on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT over P so you get DP over p on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT over P so you get DP over p on this
+side and you have uh mg over RT on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you have uh mg over RT on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you have uh mg over RT on the
+other side you can integrate so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side you can integrate so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side you can integrate so this
+becomes the derivative of the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the derivative of the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the derivative of the logarithm
+that's why the exponential here and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the exponential here and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why the exponential here and on
+the right hand side depending on whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side depending on whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side depending on whether
+your temperature is fixed or not if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your temperature is fixed or not if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your temperature is fixed or not if it
+is not fixed you have to integrate in DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed you have to integrate in DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fixed you have to integrate in DZ
+the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so this is the equivalent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this is the equivalent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so this is the equivalent of
+of of the berulia equation for for a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the berulia equation for for a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the berulia equation for for a gas
+which gives you uh the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you uh the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you uh the the the the the
+exponential pressure uh uh Decay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential pressure uh uh Decay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential pressure uh uh Decay with
+height uh for an ideal gas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height uh for an ideal gas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height uh for an ideal gas in the
+gravity field if you have a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity field if you have a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity field if you have a mixture
+instead and the mixture is of gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead and the mixture is of gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead and the mixture is of gases
+we can play the same uh and here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can play the same uh and here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can play the same uh and here is a
+similar expression but it's um it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar expression but it's um it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar expression but it's um it is you
+get one expression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this uh for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh for every
+constituent and uh this is the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent and uh this is the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituent and uh this is the partial
+pressure so you compute these partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you compute these partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you compute these partial
+pressures which also go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures which also go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures which also go down
+exponentially with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with
+Z but there is a coefficient icient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but there is a coefficient icient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z but there is a coefficient icient of
+the exponential that depends on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential that depends on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential that depends on that
+depends on the uh molar masses so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the uh molar masses so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the uh molar masses so the
+heavier uh particles the heavier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier uh particles the heavier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier uh particles the heavier
+molecules go down faster than the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules go down faster than the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules go down faster than the the
+lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter
+molecules and so their partial pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so their partial pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and so their partial pressures
+go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster for
+example oxygen is molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example oxygen is molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example oxygen is molecular weight
+32 molecular oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 molecular oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 molecular oxygen and
+nitrogen molecular nitrogen is 28 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen molecular nitrogen is 28 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen molecular nitrogen is 28 so
+that difference 28 versus 32 makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference 28 versus 32 makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference 28 versus 32 makes it
+makes it so that the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so that the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it so that the partial pressure of
+oxygen goes down more rapidly than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen goes down more rapidly than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen goes down more rapidly than that
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh nitrogen with elevation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nitrogen with elevation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nitrogen with elevation and
+therefore as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as you go
+high the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the
+percentage mole I mean the mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage mole I mean the mole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage mole I mean the mole fraction
+of of oxygen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of oxygen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of oxygen uh
+diminishes from the about 21% at the sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishes from the about 21% at the sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishes from the about 21% at the sea
+level to uh to lower levels uh at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to uh to lower levels uh at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level to uh to lower levels uh at higher
+elevations we'll we'll see a graph in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations we'll we'll see a graph in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevations we'll we'll see a graph in a
+moment once you have the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment once you have the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment once you have the partial
+pressures of course since this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of course since this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of course since this is a
+mixture of Ideal gases we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of Ideal gases we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of Ideal gases we can use
+Dalton's law and by adding them you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's law and by adding them you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dalton's law and by adding them you get
+the total pressure so you see how also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total pressure so you see how also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total pressure so you see how also
+the total you can compute also how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total you can compute also how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total you can compute also how the
+total pressure goes down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atmosphere you can also uh like uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere you can also uh like uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere you can also uh like uh here
+we did it for a liquid uh for a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it for a liquid uh for a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did it for a liquid uh for a pure
+liquid you could also do it for a uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you could also do it for a uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid you could also do it for a uh for
+a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of
+liquids it's the same you start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids it's the same you start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids it's the same you start from the
+same equation only that now for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation only that now for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same equation only that now for the
+liquid the specific volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid the specific volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid the specific volume is
+constant if if you can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if if you can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if if you can apply the
+incompressible fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible fluid
+model and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so
+you uh this is the equation to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrated and you can combine these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and you can combine these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated and you can combine these two
+because you have to one equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to one equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to one equation for
+each uh constituent you can combine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh constituent you can combine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each uh constituent you can combine them
+into this equation here and integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this equation here and integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this equation here and integrate
+and here's the result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the result of the
+integral this is a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this is a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral this is a mole
+fraction of constituent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of constituent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of constituent
+one at elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at elevation
+Z of course the other constituent as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z of course the other constituent as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z of course the other constituent as a
+mo fraction one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo fraction one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mo fraction one minus
+y1 this is the ratio of the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 this is the ratio of the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 this is the ratio of the specific
+volumes of the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of the pure
+components these are the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components these are the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components these are the difference in
+the densities in the pure components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the densities in the pure components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the densities in the pure components
+this is molecular weight of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is molecular weight of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is molecular weight of one
+component and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and this
+again is Z over the temperature or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is Z over the temperature or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is Z over the temperature or or or
+if the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the temperature is
+varying it's the it's the contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying it's the it's the contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying it's the it's the contribution
+of the bearing temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now in the in canvas you will find a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the in canvas you will find a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the in canvas you will find a an
+Excel file that I am sharing where I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel file that I am sharing where I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel file that I am sharing where I do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculation where I made uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation where I made uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation where I made uh these
+prots so I'm considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prots so I'm considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prots so I'm considering
+air and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air and I'm
+using uh an air made of only four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh an air made of only four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh an air made of only four
+constituents nitrogen oxygen argon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CO2 and I assume that at the elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and I assume that at the elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and I assume that at the elevation
+of the MAA laa laboratory which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the MAA laa laboratory which is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the MAA laa laboratory which is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MERS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MERS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MERS
+uh this is the composition I express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the composition I express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the composition I express
+them in ppms parts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in ppms parts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in ppms parts per
+Millions so today uh the PPM of CO2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millions so today uh the PPM of CO2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Millions so today uh the PPM of CO2 is
+420 ft 25 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay using of course the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay using of course the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay using of course the the the
+the mole fractions are 32 and so on 44
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mole fractions are 32 and so on 44
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mole fractions are 32 and so on 44
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+CO2 and um this is the expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and um this is the expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 and um this is the expression that
+we use in order to compute the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in order to compute the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use in order to compute the partial
+pressures and this CZ is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and this CZ is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and this CZ is that
+integral or actually actually it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or actually actually it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral or actually actually it is a
+non-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensional
+non-dimensionalized integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized integral of the
+temperature and for the temperature I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and for the temperature I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and for the temperature I am
+assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+uh measure temp there is something fishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure temp there is something fishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure temp there is something fishy
+here because it should be 1 minus a z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it should be 1 minus a z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it should be 1 minus a z
+here uh so there is something wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so there is something wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so there is something wrong in
+this denominator in the integral but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this denominator in the integral but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this denominator in the integral but
+that's the that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's the
+um The Temper the the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Temper the the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um The Temper the the temperature
+distribution that I'm assuming which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that I'm assuming which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that I'm assuming which is
+the average measured temperature uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average measured temperature uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average measured temperature uh that
+is find is found in the books of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find is found in the books of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is find is found in the books of uh the
+handbooks of chemical physics people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbooks of chemical physics people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handbooks of chemical physics people
+have have measured the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have measured the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have measured the average
+temperature in the atmosphere it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the atmosphere it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in the atmosphere it goes
+down uh about six and half degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh about six and half degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh about six and half degrees
+Kelvin per kilometer of elevation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin per kilometer of elevation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin per kilometer of elevation
+people have also measured the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have also measured the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have also measured the uh
+pressure as a function of elevation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as a function of elevation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as a function of elevation and
+this is the correlation p p not is the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correlation p p not is the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correlation p p not is the C
+Level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level
+pressure and Z is the elevation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and Z is the elevation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and Z is the elevation in
+kilometers and that's we are not using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers and that's we are not using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometers and that's we are not using
+this we just use it as a check for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we just use it as a check for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we just use it as a check for our
+calculation so this formula here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so this formula here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so this formula here is
+these triangles on the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these triangles on the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these triangles on the spot
+here which as you already see match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which as you already see match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which as you already see match
+pretty well almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well almost
+exactly our uh estimate based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly our uh estimate based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly our uh estimate based on this
+calculation here so uh by substituting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation here so uh by substituting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation here so uh by substituting
+that by doing this integral which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by doing this integral which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by doing this integral which can be
+done and then Computing the function CZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then Computing the function CZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and then Computing the function CZ
+and using the mole fraction I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the mole fraction I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using the mole fraction I mean the
+mole molecular weights you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole molecular weights you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole molecular weights you find the
+partial pressures for example uh8 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures for example uh8 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures for example uh8 this
+is the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the partial pressure of
+nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen
+zero elevation is a sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level uh 3.4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh 3.4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level uh 3.4 is
+manua and this is the top of Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manua and this is the top of Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manua and this is the top of Mount
+Everest 8 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everest 8 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everest 8 point
+uh uh forget now uh 8500 something uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh forget now uh 8500 something uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh forget now uh 8500 something uh uh
+meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+so you see the pressure the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the pressure the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the pressure the partial
+pressure of nitrogen goes down this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of nitrogen goes down this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of nitrogen goes down this is
+oxygen it also goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down and of course the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and of course the sum of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and of course the sum of the two
+plus the sum also of the others the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the sum also of the others the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the sum also of the others the
+others argon and co2 have such low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others argon and co2 have such low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others argon and co2 have such low
+partial pressures that they might in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures that they might in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures that they might in
+order to visualize them I multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to visualize them I multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to visualize them I multiply them
+by 60 for a factor of 60 for argon and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 60 for a factor of 60 for argon and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 60 for a factor of 60 for argon and a
+factor of a th000 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a th000 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a th000 for
+CO2 so this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 so this one is
+CO2 the green no I'm sorry this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 the green no I'm sorry this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 the green no I'm sorry this is the
+green is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green is
+argon and the blue one is the uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CO2 this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 this is the
+value uh measured at U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh measured at U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value uh measured at U
+manua but as you see at sea level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manua but as you see at sea level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manua but as you see at sea level the
+value is much higher and that Mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is much higher and that Mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is much higher and that Mount
+Everest is much lower these is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everest is much lower these is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everest is much lower these is these are
+the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fractions but before we go to the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions but before we go to the mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions but before we go to the mole
+fractions you sum up the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions you sum up the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions you sum up the partial
+pressures and you get the total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and you get the total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures and you get the total pressure
+which is this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this other
+curve so the reason why at the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the reason why at the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so the reason why at the top of
+Mount Everest the air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount Everest the air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount Everest the air is
+thin is twofold one is that U the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin is twofold one is that U the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin is twofold one is that U the main
+one is that the pressure is about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+32 so it's 32% so every time you breathe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 so it's 32% so every time you breathe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 so it's 32% so every time you breathe
+you you take in only uh in the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you take in only uh in the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you take in only uh in the volume of
+of the lungs are more or less the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lungs are more or less the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lungs are more or less the same
+so you take in one3 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take in one3 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take in one3 of the
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+plus there is this the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus there is this the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus there is this the second order
+effect which is has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which is has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which is has to do with the
+molecular uh the the composition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular uh the the composition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular uh the the composition that is
+you see the mole fraction of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the mole fraction of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the mole fraction of nitrogen
+goes uh up and that of oxygen goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh up and that of oxygen goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes uh up and that of oxygen goes down
+but see it goes down very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see it goes down very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see it goes down very
+slightly and uh so you get instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and uh so you get instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and uh so you get instead of
+21% you get maybe 20 or 19%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the effect is more important for CO2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is more important for CO2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is more important for CO2 the
+mole fraction changes quite a bit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction changes quite a bit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction changes quite a bit with
+elevation so if you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation so if you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevation so if you measure
+425 ppms at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+425 ppms at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+425 ppms at
+manua at sea level it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just the beginning of course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the beginning of course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the beginning of course of
+things that you can calculate along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can calculate along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you can calculate along
+these lines and so I wanted to point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines and so I wanted to point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines and so I wanted to point to
+you this website which is called climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this website which is called climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this website which is called climate
+for you which contains a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you which contains a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you which contains a lot of um
+measurements historical measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements historical measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements historical measurements of
+CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2
+temperatures uh all sorts of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures uh all sorts of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures uh all sorts of uh
+comparisons so I'm not going to deta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so I'm not going to deta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparisons so I'm not going to deta
+dets of these plots only to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dets of these plots only to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dets of these plots only to show you
+that I'm sure you've you've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sure you've you've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm sure you've you've seen this
+many times this is the CO2 going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times this is the CO2 going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times this is the CO2 going up
+along the years this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the years this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the years this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 to to the last month this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 to to the last month this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 to to the last month this is what
+January and uh this is the uh various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and uh this is the uh various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January and uh this is the uh various
+ways to measure the the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to measure the the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to measure the the average
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+many Labs many universities have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Labs many universities have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Labs many universities have their
+own ways of a averaging over six months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ways of a averaging over six months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own ways of a averaging over six months
+one one one month one year and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one month one year and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one month one year and so on so
+you get uh smoothed lines or peaks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh smoothed lines or peaks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get uh smoothed lines or peaks in
+any way this gives the the idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way this gives the the idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way this gives the the idea that the
+temperature is indeed uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is indeed uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is indeed uh going
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+uh and of course uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not only the atmospheric temperature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the atmospheric temperature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the atmospheric temperature but
+also this is the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this is the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this is the temperature of the
+upper layers say the first 100 m of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper layers say the first 100 m of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper layers say the first 100 m of uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+oceans which is the layer in which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans which is the layer in which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans which is the layer in which there
+is a lot of mixing due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of mixing due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lot of mixing due to
+turbulence so it's an average um L where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence so it's an average um L where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence so it's an average um L where
+where of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where of course
+the reason I'm bringing this up is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I'm bringing this up is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I'm bringing this up is that
+um between that layer and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between that layer and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between that layer and the
+atmosphere there is a tendency to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere there is a tendency to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere there is a tendency to reach
+Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual
+equilibrium for the various gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium for the various gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium for the various gases
+including CO2 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including CO2 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including CO2 because
+CO2 uh gets um dissolved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 uh gets um dissolved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 uh gets um dissolved in
+water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and
+uh and then also CO2 being a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then also CO2 being a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then also CO2 being a higher
+molecular weight molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight molecule
+has the tendency to go down so once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the tendency to go down so once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the tendency to go down so once it
+uh reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh reaches
+uh the first the modeling of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first the modeling of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first the modeling of the first
+layers are are are sort of Complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers are are are sort of Complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers are are are sort of Complicated
+by the by the chemistry because CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the chemistry because CO2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the chemistry because CO2
+gets gets um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets gets um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets gets um
+ionized uh solvated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized uh solvated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized uh solvated in
+into bicarbonates and then carbonates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bicarbonates and then carbonates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into bicarbonates and then carbonates
+and so you you also need a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you you also need a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you you also need a chemical
+equilibrium which is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium which is something that we
+have not done yet uh um but eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not done yet uh um but eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not done yet uh um but eventually
+when you go at about 450 M of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go at about 450 M of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go at about 450 M of
+depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth
+um CO2 becomes um Al liquid also so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CO2 becomes um Al liquid also so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um CO2 becomes um Al liquid also so you
+get a liquid liquid mixture and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a liquid liquid mixture and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a liquid liquid mixture and from
+that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+on that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh
+stratification uh formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification uh formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification uh formula that we
+derived for liquids could be applied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for liquids could be applied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for liquids could be applied in
+order to see how this the the CO2 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see how this the the CO2 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see how this the the CO2 uh
+concentrates in the bottom layers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrates in the bottom layers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrates in the bottom layers of the
+oceans where in fact there are literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans where in fact there are literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans where in fact there are literally
+uh Lakes of U of super critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lakes of U of super critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Lakes of U of super critical
+CO2 uh and it's actually a major place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 uh and it's actually a major place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 uh and it's actually a major place
+where a lot of of the carbon in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of of the carbon in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a lot of of the carbon in the in
+the planet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stored these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored these other
+uh plots represent U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plots represent U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plots represent U
+compare uh this CO2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillations uh with temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations uh with temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations uh with temperature of the
+oceans and of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans and of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oceans and of the
+atmosphere they also tend to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they also tend to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere they also tend to um
+show a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a sort of a
+delay from the peaks in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay from the peaks in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay from the peaks in the uh
+temperatures of the uh ocean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of the uh ocean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures of the uh ocean and
+atmosphere and the peaks in the CO2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and the peaks in the CO2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and the peaks in the CO2 so
+many people are speculating about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are speculating about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people are speculating about the
+origin of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um because as you know we of course by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because as you know we of course by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because as you know we of course by
+burning uh fossil fuels we produce uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning uh fossil fuels we produce uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning uh fossil fuels we produce uh um
+CO2 that goes into the atmosphere and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 that goes into the atmosphere and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 that goes into the atmosphere and a
+good part of that maybe half or almost I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good part of that maybe half or almost I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good part of that maybe half or almost I
+let's say 40% of it goes uh into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 40% of it goes uh into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 40% of it goes uh into the
+ocean through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+uh but of course we are concerned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course we are concerned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but of course we are concerned about
+the amount that stays uh because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that stays uh because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that stays uh because it's a
+greenhouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas actually just to mention that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas actually just to mention that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas actually just to mention that just
+the other day there was a an article on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day there was a an article on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day there was a an article on
+MIT u tech talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT u tech talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT u tech talk
+or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about
+people concerned about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people concerned about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people concerned about this
+new uh or or little mentioned gas which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh or or little mentioned gas which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh or or little mentioned gas which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+24,000 uh times uh more powerful than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24,000 uh times uh more powerful than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24,000 uh times uh more powerful than
+CO2 in terms of greenhouse gases which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 in terms of greenhouse gases which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 in terms of greenhouse gases which
+is uh I think some sulfur as a fluoride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I think some sulfur as a fluoride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I think some sulfur as a fluoride
+okay uh now that molecule though I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now that molecule though I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh now that molecule though I I I
+tried to to read quickly through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to read quickly through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to to read quickly through that
+article I couldn't find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I couldn't find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article I couldn't find
+uh they mention how much it's produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they mention how much it's produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they mention how much it's produced
+by the various countries but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the various countries but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the various countries but it doesn't
+mention um the the concentrations how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention um the the concentrations how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention um the the concentrations how
+many ppms we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ppms we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ppms we have in the
+atmosphere uh they also say that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere uh they also say that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere uh they also say that it is
+very stable in the atmosphere I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable in the atmosphere I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very stable in the atmosphere I'm sure
+uh they have U the reasons to to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have U the reasons to to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they have U the reasons to to say
+that on the other hand a heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the other hand a heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the other hand a heavy
+molecule by gravity tends to go down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule by gravity tends to go down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule by gravity tends to go down so
+so I haven't found yet I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't found yet I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't found yet I don't think
+these people of the um the climate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people of the um the climate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people of the um the climate for
+you website have already uh done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you website have already uh done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you website have already uh done
+collected data about that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data about that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected data about that particular
+molecule but I'm sure that soon they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but I'm sure that soon they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but I'm sure that soon they
+will because they're very they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will because they're very they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will because they're very they are very
+keen at uh keeping updated with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keen at uh keeping updated with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keen at uh keeping updated with all the
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+news and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and
+also this graph or reports the uh solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this graph or reports the uh solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this graph or reports the uh solar
+activity is measured by the sun spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is measured by the sun spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is measured by the sun spots
+solar spots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spots and
+um uh there is a cyclic activity and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there is a cyclic activity and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh there is a cyclic activity and uh
+uh this activity is related to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this activity is related to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this activity is related to some
+effects on the cosmic rays and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on the cosmic rays and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects on the cosmic rays and the
+formation of clouds so this also um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of clouds so this also um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of clouds so this also um a
+lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people
+who uh study uh climate change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh study uh climate change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uh study uh climate change
+uh are are studing the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are are studing the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are are studing the connection
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+this kind of solar activity and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of solar activity and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of solar activity and uh the
+clouds because the clouds as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds because the clouds as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds because the clouds as you know
+are uh this the the source for cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh this the the source for cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh this the the source for cooling
+in the of of the planet via the albo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the of of the planet via the albo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the of of the planet via the albo
+because they reflect some of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they reflect some of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they reflect some of the light
+away so by controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so by controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away so by controlling
+clouds uh cloud formation you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds uh cloud formation you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds uh cloud formation you could also
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+control uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control uh
+global warming okay so enough for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global warming okay so enough for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global warming okay so enough for the
+advertisement of this website which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement of this website which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement of this website which of
+course it's not an advertisement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not an advertisement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not an advertisement but
+it's simply uh mentioning because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply uh mentioning because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply uh mentioning because it's a
+good source of uh uh scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good source of uh uh scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good source of uh uh scientific
+data back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data back to
+stratification uh here's another problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification uh here's another problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification uh here's another problem
+which is very similar to the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very similar to the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very similar to the one that
+we've done with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done with with
+gravity which is uh centrifugal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity which is uh centrifugal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity which is uh centrifugal force
+so if you have a fluid which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a fluid which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a fluid which is uh
+static with respect to a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static with respect to a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static with respect to a rotating
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frame H you know that uh uh there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame H you know that uh uh there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame H you know that uh uh there is a a
+force like gravity that uh that pushes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force like gravity that uh that pushes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force like gravity that uh that pushes
+you uh pushes uh the heavy particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh pushes uh the heavy particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh pushes uh the heavy particles
+towards the the exterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the exterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the the exterior
+no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no and
+U well it turns out that you can model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well it turns out that you can model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U well it turns out that you can model
+the this kind of U it's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this kind of U it's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this kind of U it's not really a
+force it's it's a it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's it's a it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force it's it's a it is a
+fictitious uh an apparent Force so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious uh an apparent Force so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fictitious uh an apparent Force so
+apparent force can be represented by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent force can be represented by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent force can be represented by a
+negative potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative potential
+energy so if we assume an energy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if we assume an energy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so if we assume an energy like
+this and instead of mgz we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and instead of mgz we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and instead of mgz we use
+um the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mass
+times the angular velocity times the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular velocity times the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular velocity times the r
+squar this is the negative potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar this is the negative potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar this is the negative potential
+energy we get a total potential which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we get a total potential which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy we get a total potential which is
+this negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative
+contribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and
+then if we consider the uh Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we consider the uh Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we consider the uh Mutual
+equilibrium between two layers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between two layers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium between two layers at
+different uh uh distance from the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh uh distance from the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh uh distance from the center
+of uh the the axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the the axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the the axis of
+rotation so you impose that the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so you impose that the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation so you impose that the chemical
+potential here and there are equal again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here and there are equal again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here and there are equal again
+we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume
+um the mild effect of temperature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mild effect of temperature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mild effect of temperature but
+not completely U uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature uh okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do yeah we you go over the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah we you go over the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah we you go over the same
+steps and here there's an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and here there's an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps and here there's an error
+definitely here because there should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely here because there should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely here because there should be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+a 12 M Omega squar the RDR here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12 M Omega squar the RDR here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12 M Omega squar the RDR here I
+think so I need to correct that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I need to correct that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so I need to correct that yeah
+it's something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like
+this uh so this is the the general one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh so this is the the general one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh so this is the the general one
+that applies for all substance for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies for all substance for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applies for all substance for all
+for each substance of the mixture if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each substance of the mixture if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each substance of the mixture if you
+don't have a mixture but a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a mixture but a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a mixture but a pure
+substance you get an equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance you get an equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance you get an equivalent of the
+beroni equation for the Statics for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beroni equation for the Statics for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beroni equation for the Statics for the
+fluid Statics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so here the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goes again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes again
+exponentially as you go um down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as you go um down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially as you go um down the
+centrifugal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal
+force there is no minus sign here so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force there is no minus sign here so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force there is no minus sign here so the
+pressure goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure goes
+up it's opposite than the gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's opposite than the gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's opposite than the gravity
+field for a gas and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field for a gas and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field for a gas and for a
+liquid it goes up exponentially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it goes up exponentially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid it goes up exponentially for the
+gas and uh parabolically uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and uh parabolically uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and uh parabolically uh for a
+liquid and then again you can apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and then again you can apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and then again you can apply the
+same formula to find the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula to find the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula to find the partial
+pressures in gas mixtures or the or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures in gas mixtures or the or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures in gas mixtures or the or the
+mole fractions in liquid mixtures I skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fractions in liquid mixtures I skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fractions in liquid mixtures I skip
+the details because they are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details because they are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details because they are exactly
+parallel and uh with with the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and uh with with the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel and uh with with the case of
+gravity I mention this because it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity I mention this because it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity I mention this because it's it
+is an in energy uh in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an in energy uh in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an in energy uh in the energy
+um uh business uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh business uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh business uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+centrifuge are important um because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuge are important um because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuge are important um because they
+are used for example to separate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used for example to separate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used for example to separate to
+enrich uh the uranium from the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrich uh the uranium from the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrich uh the uranium from the natural
+concentration in the isotop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the isotop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the isotop
+233 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+233 which is the
+file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+nucleus which is 7 71 uh% you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which is 7 71 uh% you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus which is 7 71 uh% you need to
+take it up to three or three and a half%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it up to three or three and a half%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it up to three or three and a half%
+depending on the reactors and uh and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the reactors and uh and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the reactors and uh and in
+order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do
+that you make this uh react with an exal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluoride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoride
+um and then you you put them into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you you put them into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you you put them into these
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+centrifuges which separate the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges which separate the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifuges which separate the small
+difference between the molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the molecular weight
+of the 238 and the 238 35 and 38
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 238 and the 238 35 and 38
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 238 and the 238 35 and 38
+isotopes that minute difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes that minute difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes that minute difference is
+enough to separate the gas so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to separate the gas so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to separate the gas so you'll
+find more of the 238 towards the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more of the 238 towards the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find more of the 238 towards the uh
+outside and uh and then uh of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and uh and then uh of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and uh and then uh of course
+this is not completely static otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not completely static otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not completely static otherwise
+uh you wouldn't have any you wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you wouldn't have any you wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you wouldn't have any you wouldn't
+have any yield in the in the process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any yield in the in the process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any yield in the in the process so
+you need to do the extraction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do the extraction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do the extraction and the
+extraction ction complicates things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction ction complicates things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraction ction complicates things
+because of secondary flows and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of secondary flows and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of secondary flows and so on so
+these are just details but there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just details but there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just details but there is this
+nice uh article in Scientific American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh article in Scientific American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice uh article in Scientific American
+if you're interested that does all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested that does all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested that does all that
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+explained and then you of course so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained and then you of course so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained and then you of course so you
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+run one centrifug from one you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one centrifug from one you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run one centrifug from one you get
+slightly enriched you put it in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly enriched you put it in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly enriched you put it in the next
+uh uh uh stage and so on and this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh stage and so on and this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh stage and so on and this is how
+many stages you need in order to OB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stages you need in order to OB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many stages you need in order to OB
+obtain a correct uh Cascade so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a correct uh Cascade so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a correct uh Cascade so that you
+get 3% uranium uh 235 up here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 3% uranium uh 235 up here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 3% uranium uh 235 up here you can
+you get depleted uranium just 2% from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get depleted uranium just 2% from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get depleted uranium just 2% from a
+feed which is the natural uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed which is the natural uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed which is the natural uh
+composition and then of course you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and then of course you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition and then of course you'll
+read about the fact that also these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about the fact that also these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about the fact that also these
+depleted uranium uh as is problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted uranium uh as is problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depleted uranium uh as is problematic
+because it's uh kept in some cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh kept in some cylinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's uh kept in some cylinders
+somewhere near nearby this uh these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near nearby this uh these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near nearby this uh these uh
+separation plans and uh they sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation plans and uh they sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation plans and uh they sometimes
+there are accidents also there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are accidents also there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are accidents also there because
+uh uh because these contain the steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh because these contain the steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh because these contain the steel
+containers get rusted and so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers get rusted and so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containers get rusted and so there is a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+of cost associated with uh not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost associated with uh not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost associated with uh not only the
+separation which is energy consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation which is energy consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation which is energy consuming
+but also the keeping the sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+safe in spite of all these costs uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in spite of all these costs uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe in spite of all these costs uh uh
+the costs of nuclear energy is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs of nuclear energy is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the costs of nuclear energy is still
+competitive very competitive and so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive very competitive and so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive very competitive and so many
+countries are uh using it and uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are uh using it and uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries are uh using it and uh and of
+course a good part of the investment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a good part of the investment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a good part of the investment is
+also into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also into
+uh doing some kind of control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing some kind of control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doing some kind of control of the
+management of the waste and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of the waste and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management of the waste and the
+byproducts and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on uh and this cost can be huge just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and this cost can be huge just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and this cost can be huge just
+mentioned for example that in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned for example that in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned for example that in in in
+Italy uh we had a referendum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1989 that banned all the nuclear power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 that banned all the nuclear power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 that banned all the nuclear power
+plants we had a few and one was already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants we had a few and one was already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants we had a few and one was already
+uh what just built and that one in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what just built and that one in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what just built and that one in order
+to keep it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep it uh
+closed you it's cannot just close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed you it's cannot just close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed you it's cannot just close and
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+away it it still has after 40 years no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it it still has after 40 years no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it it still has after 40 years no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it I think it is has about 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it I think it is has about 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it I think it is has about 200
+people working there just to keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh how do you say stopped I mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you say stopped I mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do you say stopped I mean not
+working okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline
+okay yeah there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah there is
+another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another very
+similar uh problem that can be can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh problem that can be can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar uh problem that can be can then
+be done with exactly the same logic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done with exactly the same logic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done with exactly the same logic that
+we've done for gravity and uh um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done for gravity and uh um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done for gravity and uh um and
+centrifugal uh field now this is for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal uh field now this is for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centrifugal uh field now this is for an
+electric field so and this is also gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so and this is also gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field so and this is also gives
+us the a a chance to introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the a a chance to introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the a a chance to introduce the
+electrochemical potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential
+electrochemical potential is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrochemical potential is one in
+which you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have that
+your uh fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh fluid
+Parcels uh also contain charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parcels uh also contain charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parcels uh also contain charged
+particles so if we denote the partic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so if we denote the partic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so if we denote the partic the
+charge by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge by
+Q okay the the Q the charge is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay the the Q the charge is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q okay the the Q the charge is given
+by how many particles of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how many particles of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how many particles of you have
+times the charge per particle so Z is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the charge per particle so Z is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the charge per particle so Z is in
+terms of the charge of the electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the charge of the electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the charge of the electron so
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh sodium plus is an ion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sodium plus is an ion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sodium plus is an ion that
+has Z equal to + one because it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Z equal to + one because it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Z equal to + one because it has the
+charge of an electron but of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of an electron but of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of an electron but of the
+opposite sign so it's a plus one the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sign so it's a plus one the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sign so it's a plus one the the
+an electron as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron as a
+charge uh minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge uh minus
+one Z is minus one for the electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Z is minus one for the electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Z is minus one for the electron and
+F this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F this
+F is called the farad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is called the farad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F is called the farad
+constant and it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and it is the
+charge of a mole of electrons so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of a mole of electrons so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of a mole of electrons so each
+electron has a charge which is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has a charge which is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has a charge which is given by
+this Ive reported the all these digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ive reported the all these digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ive reported the all these digits
+because um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um
+uh uh a couple of years ago it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a couple of years ago it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh a couple of years ago it has been
+decided by the International System of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided by the International System of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided by the International System of
+Units I I think by somebody uh that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Units I I think by somebody uh that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Units I I think by somebody uh that um
+these are the digits to be used so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the digits to be used so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the digits to be used so there
+is no uh Dots Dots Dots as they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh Dots Dots Dots as they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh Dots Dots Dots as they used to
+be so and also for the avocados number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so and also for the avocados number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so and also for the avocados number
+that's the number you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use and this is also for for a Bossman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and this is also for for a Bossman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and this is also for for a Bossman
+constant all right so if you take uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right so if you take uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant all right so if you take uh an
+Avogadro number of so multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avogadro number of so multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Avogadro number of so multiply this
+times this you get the farad constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this you get the farad constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times this you get the farad constant
+and the product is something like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product is something like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product is something like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 kums per mole something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 kums per mole something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 kums per mole something like
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+okay whereas of course you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas of course you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whereas of course you know that
+remember that if you multiply avad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if you multiply avad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that if you multiply avad
+number times boltzman constant you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times boltzman constant you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times boltzman constant you get
+the uh the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so it it should be it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it it should be it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it it should be it shouldn't
+be it shouldn't be confused by the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it shouldn't be confused by the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it shouldn't be confused by the fact
+that we call it the gas constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call it the gas constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we call it the gas constant and
+then then you apply it to liquids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you apply it to liquids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you apply it to liquids and
+solids because after all it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids because after all it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids because after all it's just the
+boltman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boltman
+constant uh it also happens to play an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh it also happens to play an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant uh it also happens to play an
+important role in gases but not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in gases but not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important role in gases but not only in
+gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases
+so so quity calling it the gas constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so quity calling it the gas constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so quity calling it the gas constant
+is a bit misleading and perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confusing anyway so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing anyway so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing anyway so this is the
+charge of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of uh a
+mixture with these many with these many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture with these many with these many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture with these many with these many
+constituents and each one of them having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents and each one of them having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents and each one of them having
+a certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain uh
+um uh partial char
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh partial char
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh partial char
+charge okay and the energy that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay and the energy that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge okay and the energy that you have
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+add to the energy proper of the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the energy proper of the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to the energy proper of the stable
+equilibrium state of the uh non charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state of the uh non charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium state of the uh non charged
+components is equal to the charge times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is equal to the charge times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is equal to the charge times
+the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the
+electrostatic field so Fe is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic field so Fe is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic field so Fe is the
+field and as you remember from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and as you remember from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and as you remember from your
+physics once you have a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics once you have a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics once you have a field
+conservative Fields you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Fields you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative Fields you take the
+gradient minus the gradient of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient minus the gradient of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient minus the gradient of the field
+it gives you a vector because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a vector because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a vector because the
+gradient is a vector operator and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is a vector operator and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient is a vector operator and uh so
+you apply it on on a field which varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply it on on a field which varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply it on on a field which varies
+with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with
+position and minus the gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and minus the gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and minus the gradient is
+called the electric field it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector so the Bold uh X is here so X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so the Bold uh X is here so X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so the Bold uh X is here so X
+bold means XYZ it's a location in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold means XYZ it's a location in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold means XYZ it's a location in
+space and and the Bold in these symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and the Bold in these symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and and the Bold in these symbols
+means that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors it's true that also these ns are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's true that also these ns are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors it's true that also these ns are
+also vectors but they are not vectors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vectors but they are not vectors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vectors but they are not vectors in
+XYZ but it's simply a list of numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ but it's simply a list of numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XYZ but it's simply a list of numbers so
+yeah but I hope you not get confused by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but I hope you not get confused by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but I hope you not get confused by
+these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+details okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details okay
+so when you do when you compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do when you compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do when you compute
+conditions for Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for Mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions for Mutual
+equilibrium as usual we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as usual we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium as usual we have this
+derivative of energy with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of energy with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of energy with respect to the
+amounts but also here the amounts now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts but also here the amounts now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts but also here the amounts now
+are not only in this stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only in this stable equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only in this stable equilibrium
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+non-charged part of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-charged part of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-charged part of the energy
+of of your of your fluid Parcels but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of your of your fluid Parcels but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of your of your fluid Parcels but
+it's also on this side and the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also on this side and the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also on this side and the charge
+depends on the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the ends
+so that's when you do the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when you do the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when you do the partial
+derivative with respect to n you pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to n you pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to n you pick up
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+here as Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as Z and
+F which is then multiplied by the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which is then multiplied by the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which is then multiplied by the value
+of the electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrostatic
+field and so this is the electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so this is the electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so this is the electrostatic
+contribution and this is the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and this is the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and this is the chemical
+contribution and that's the total which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and that's the total which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and that's the total which
+is in this business called Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this business called Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in this business called Electro
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical
+potential all right so the an the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential all right so the an the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential all right so the an the the
+analog of the problem that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of the problem that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog of the problem that we've
+considered so is that now you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so is that now you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered so is that now you have an
+electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric
+field so suppose you have some charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so suppose you have some charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so suppose you have some charges
+or charged um a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or charged um a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or charged um a mixture of
+charges or charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges or charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges or charged
+particles for example a solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for example a solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles for example a solution in
+which you have electrolytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have electrolytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have electrolytes
+or and U in an electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the electric field is directed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the electric field is directed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the electric field is directed I
+made it for analogy like like a gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it for analogy like like a gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it for analogy like like a gravity
+like the same direction of gravity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same direction of gravity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the same direction of gravity so
+that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X all right same logic apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right same logic apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X all right same logic apply the
+equality of chemical potential between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of chemical potential between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of chemical potential between
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layers using now this formula for the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers using now this formula for the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers using now this formula for the uh
+total potentials sorry I said chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total potentials sorry I said chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total potentials sorry I said chemical
+but it should be total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potentials and um after the details this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and um after the details this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and um after the details this
+is what you obtain this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you obtain this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what you obtain this is the
+expression specific volume DP RT times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression specific volume DP RT times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression specific volume DP RT times
+the derivative of the logarithm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the logarithm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the logarithm of the
+mole fraction and here's a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction and here's a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction and here's a uh
+contribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of
+the uh gradient of the electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh gradient of the electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh gradient of the electrostatic
+field so this is uh minus the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this is uh minus the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this is uh minus the electric
+field uh dotted into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX this is true also for the pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is true also for the pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX this is true also for the pure
+substance so you could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so you could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance so you could you
+have if you have a pure substance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a pure substance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have if you have a pure substance or
+just one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one uh
+say charge in some electric field a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say charge in some electric field a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say charge in some electric field a
+charge charge particles in electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge charge particles in electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge charge particles in electric
+field uh you get a equations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh you get a equations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh you get a equations which are
+similar to the ones we obtain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the ones we obtain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the ones we obtain for
+Gravity but of course typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity but of course typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity but of course typically you
+don't have only charges of one kind uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have only charges of one kind uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have only charges of one kind uh
+you have mixtures of charges and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have mixtures of charges and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have mixtures of charges and uh so
+this is the expression for the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expression for the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the expression for the partial
+pressures if they are in the uh gas uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures if they are in the uh gas uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures if they are in the uh gas uh
+phase or if you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase or if you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase or if you are in
+solution so if your charges are in in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if your charges are in in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so if your charges are in in an
+electro chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro chemical
+solution and you want to compute how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you want to compute how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and you want to compute how the
+uh concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh concentration
+changes uh as you move along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh as you move along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes uh as you move along the
+electric the direction of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric the direction of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric the direction of the electric
+field uh this is the how this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrates you can also do it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates you can also do it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrates you can also do it for a
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature okay for the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay for the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay for the simplest
+example here U suppose you have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here U suppose you have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here U suppose you have uh the
+plates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condenser or say an anode and a cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser or say an anode and a cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser or say an anode and a cathode
+and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you
+have some charge carriers so particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some charge carriers so particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some charge carriers so particles
+with charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with charge that
+are uh between these two so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh between these two so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh between these two so if the
+plates of the condenser are close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates of the condenser are close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates of the condenser are close enough
+the electric field varies linearly from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field varies linearly from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field varies linearly from
+the values of the field in one plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the field in one plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the field in one plate and
+the values on the other plate so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values on the other plate so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values on the other plate so you get
+a linear uh Fe so the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear uh Fe so the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear uh Fe so the electric field
+which is the derivative the gradient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the derivative the gradient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the derivative the gradient is
+the the X direction is the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the X direction is the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the X direction is the derivative
+with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to
+X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+okay and uh and if you apply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and if you apply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and if you apply those
+formulas for for the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case um the mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fraction comes out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction comes out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction comes out to be
+exponential so the the plus the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so the the plus the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential so the the plus the positive
+charges we have a concentration that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges we have a concentration that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges we have a concentration that
+decays as you get uh far from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays as you get uh far from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays as you get uh far from the
+negative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative uh
+electrode because they like to stay near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode because they like to stay near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode because they like to stay near
+the negative and and the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative and and the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative and and the negative
+charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges
+Decay uh exponentially as you go far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay uh exponentially as you go far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Decay uh exponentially as you go far
+from the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positive
+electron okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now we can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to another interesting topic that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another interesting topic that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another interesting topic that is the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+of uh what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh what happens when
+mixtures of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components uh boil or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh boil or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh boil or
+condense or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we first going to do something with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we first going to do something with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we first going to do something with a
+ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal
+uh models and then we'll say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh models and then we'll say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh models and then we'll say something
+about um non ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+models you remember we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you remember we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models you remember we talked about the
+lonard Jones potential I'm not spending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonard Jones potential I'm not spending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonard Jones potential I'm not spending
+much time on this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time on this again
+uh this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this can
+be through molecular Dynamics or Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be through molecular Dynamics or Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be through molecular Dynamics or Monte
+Carlo uh numerical simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo uh numerical simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo uh numerical simulations
+a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+substances in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances in
+fact you can model a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can model a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can model a pure
+substance with those just those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance with those just those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance with those just those
+parameters uh there are uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh there are uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh there are uh I
+think if not thousands of maybe hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if not thousands of maybe hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if not thousands of maybe hundreds
+of articles that have played this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articles that have played this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of articles that have played this
+game in recent years because of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in recent years because of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in recent years because of of the
+advances in molecular Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in molecular Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances in molecular Dynamics
+uh and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and um
+so you people have developed uh um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you people have developed uh um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you people have developed uh um this
+pseudo substance that is called lard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo substance that is called lard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo substance that is called lard
+jum okay so so it's the Leonard Jon's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jum okay so so it's the Leonard Jon's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jum okay so so it's the Leonard Jon's
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+substance where you you play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance where you you play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance where you you play with
+non-dimensionalized um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties for example this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for example this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for example this is the
+non-dimensionalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalized
+density uh it's number density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh it's number density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh it's number density so
+particles um per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles um per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles um per unit
+volume this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume this is the
+non-dimensionalized uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+and there has been a dispute for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there has been a dispute for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there has been a dispute for a while
+about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this
+um for example with the critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example with the critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for example with the critical point
+is characterized but now if there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characterized but now if there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characterized but now if there is a
+very nice article in Wikipedia under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice article in Wikipedia under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice article in Wikipedia under
+this title so that's where I also took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this title so that's where I also took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this title so that's where I also took
+these plots because they're very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plots because they're very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plots because they're very nice
+um which uh summarizes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh summarizes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which uh summarizes and
+explains uh the details of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains uh the details of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains uh the details of these
+calculations so the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so the critical
+point uh of this fluid is given by it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh of this fluid is given by it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh of this fluid is given by it's
+like a Universal fluid no so it's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Universal fluid no so it's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a Universal fluid no so it's given
+by this U um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this U um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this U um these
+values so once you fix you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so once you fix you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so once you fix you take your
+substance and you think that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and you think that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and you think that your
+substance is correctly described by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance is correctly described by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance is correctly described by a
+value of Epsilon and the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Epsilon and the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Epsilon and the value of
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh you know that that substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you know that that substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh you know that that substance
+will have this critical temperature this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this critical temperature this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have this critical temperature this
+critical pressure this critical volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical pressure this critical volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical pressure this critical volume
+so that means also that this is an a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means also that this is an a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means also that this is an a a
+way in which you can infer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you can infer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which you can infer the
+values of those epsilons and sigma for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of those epsilons and sigma for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of those epsilons and sigma for a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+substance if you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance if you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance if you know the
+substance and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance and uh
+you therefore know because people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you therefore know because people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you therefore know because people have
+measured the critical pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the critical pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the critical pressure and
+critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical
+temperature you can make a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can make a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can make a system of
+these two equations and obtain uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations and obtain uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two equations and obtain uh the
+Epsilon and the sigma that properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and the sigma that properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and the sigma that properly
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+properly get you to the critical values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly get you to the critical values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly get you to the critical values
+of t&p unfortunately these these there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t&p unfortunately these these there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t&p unfortunately these these there
+are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are only two
+parameters the Epsilon and sigma in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the Epsilon and sigma in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters the Epsilon and sigma in this
+model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um they are not enough to make the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are not enough to make the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they are not enough to make the model
+Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal
+because the most difficult one to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the most difficult one to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the most difficult one to to to
+model is the is the volume the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is the is the volume the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is the is the volume the critical
+volume so if you match temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so if you match temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so if you match temperature and
+pressure then you're going to be likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then you're going to be likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then you're going to be likely
+of the critical volume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+uh for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for example if
+you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you
+compute PV over RT like the ratio the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute PV over RT like the ratio the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute PV over RT like the ratio the
+ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ratio uh at the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh at the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio uh at the critical
+point since these values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point since these values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point since these values are
+fixed uh you take this ratio it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh you take this ratio it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh you take this ratio it becomes
+dimensionless this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless this is called the
+compressibility uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibility uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibility uh
+Factor typically denoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor typically denoted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor typically denoted by
+z uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z uh and
+um for the lerum uh it's this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the lerum uh it's this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the lerum uh it's this is the
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+if this model was Universal it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this model was Universal it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this model was Universal it all
+substances would have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances would have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances would have this
+number for the critical uh this critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for the critical uh this critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for the critical uh this critical
+ratio that's not really true because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that's not really true because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio that's not really true because for
+example if you go uh water it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you go uh water it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you go uh water it's pretty
+off it's it's .23 instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's it's .23 instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off it's it's .23 instead of
+31 helium 4 it's 31 so it's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 helium 4 it's 31 so it's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 helium 4 it's 31 so it's pretty good
+argon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argon
+also CO2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also CO2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also CO2 is
+off okay so there is missing it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so there is missing it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so there is missing it this
+says that uh the Leonard Jones uh model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh the Leonard Jones uh model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that uh the Leonard Jones uh model
+is incomplete it's a very good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incomplete it's a very good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incomplete it's a very good uh
+starting uh place but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting uh place but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting uh place but it's
+incomplete uh possibly due to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete uh possibly due to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete uh possibly due to the fact
+that especially when you get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that especially when you get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that especially when you get to the
+liquid phase the lard Jones considers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase the lard Jones considers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid phase the lard Jones considers
+only pairwise interactions and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pairwise interactions and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pairwise interactions and uh
+instead when the molecules get close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead when the molecules get close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead when the molecules get close to
+one another also three body interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another also three body interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another also three body interactions
+may become may may have a role and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may become may may have a role and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may become may may have a role and
+they're not accounted for in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model but you can predict uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but you can predict uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but you can predict uh uh
+condensation and boiling You can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation and boiling You can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation and boiling You can predict
+the fact that the the substance below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the the substance below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the the substance below
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+critical temperature doesn't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical temperature doesn't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical temperature doesn't like to
+stay in certain uh in certain uh regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in certain uh in certain uh regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in certain uh in certain uh regions
+so it it prefers to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it prefers to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it it prefers to separate
+into a liquid and the and a vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a liquid and the and a vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a liquid and the and a vapor
+phase and also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and also it
+predicts pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts pretty
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+uh the surface tension so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the surface tension so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the surface tension so you can
+measure the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the surface
+tension for example here as a it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension for example here as a it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension for example here as a it shows
+it as a function of temperature this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a function of temperature this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a function of temperature this is
+the interfacial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interfacial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interfacial
+energy uh of the molecules that live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh of the molecules that live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh of the molecules that live in
+between uh the liquid and the vapor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the liquid and the vapor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh the liquid and the vapor on
+the other side so they are in a they in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side so they are in a they in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side so they are in a they in
+order to stay there which is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stay there which is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to stay there which is a more
+uncomfortable location to be uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable location to be uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable location to be uh they
+have more energy so this is surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more energy so this is surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more energy so this is surface
+energy can be interpreted as the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be interpreted as the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy can be interpreted as the extra
+energy that the molecule needs to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the molecule needs to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the molecule needs to stay
+in on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface and which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and which uh
+therefore um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh also the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh also the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh also the triple
+point the triple point can be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the triple point can be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the triple point can be uh
+computed and uh you um you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and uh you um you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed and uh you um you can compute
+the volumes at the triple point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes at the triple point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volumes at the triple point is you
+get the solid the liquid and the vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the solid the liquid and the vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the solid the liquid and the vapor
+coexisting so you can compute at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting so you can compute at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexisting so you can compute at what
+what is the specific volume that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the specific volume that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the specific volume that they
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+is the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid you can compare the volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid you can compare the volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid you can compare the volume of the
+solid because these are after all it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid because these are after all it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid because these are after all it's a
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+of some kind of soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind of soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some kind of soft
+spheres and you want to compare how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and you want to compare how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and you want to compare how they
+fill uh the volume you know if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill uh the volume you know if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill uh the volume you know if you take
+spheres and you try to pack them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and you try to pack them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and you try to pack them in a
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+volume you're not going to fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume you're not going to fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume you're not going to fill the
+entire volume because of course there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume because of course there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire volume because of course there is
+a the void between one and the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the void between one and the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the void between one and the other so
+you can you can do um perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can do um perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can do um perfect
+packing uh and the perfect packing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing uh and the perfect packing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing uh and the perfect packing has
+uh let's see where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that I didn't write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't write it
+here yeah here the the volume of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah here the the volume of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah here the the volume of a
+completely packed sphere spheres is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely packed sphere spheres is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely packed sphere spheres is this
+one is 1/ the < TK of two time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 1/ the < TK of two time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 1/ the < TK of two time the
+volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles so it means that the other 30%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so it means that the other 30%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so it means that the other 30%
+of the volume is is the empty space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume is is the empty space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume is is the empty space
+between the various spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the various spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the various spheres
+okay so here the triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here the triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here the triple
+point the model predicts that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the model predicts that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the model predicts that the
+solid has is not completely packed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid has is not completely packed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid has is not completely packed is
+1.5 the completely packed volume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 the completely packed volume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 the completely packed volume the
+liquid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid is
+1.7 is better packed than the uh than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh than the solid and of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh than the solid and of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh than the solid and of course in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+vapor the vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor the vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor the vapor
+is as much higher volume per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as much higher volume per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as much higher volume per
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+800 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 okay
+here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you
+compute uh the compressibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the compressibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute uh the compressibility
+factor for the vapor at the triple point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for the vapor at the triple point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor for the vapor at the triple point
+you find that it is approximately one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that it is approximately one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that it is approximately one
+very close to one that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to one that means that
+already there that there uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there that there uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there that there uh the the the
+the vapor behaves pretty much as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor behaves pretty much as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor behaves pretty much as a as a
+an ideal gas because you see PV equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then by
+um these are plots that show uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are plots that show uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are plots that show uh
+what what other parameters you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what other parameters you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what other parameters you can play
+with in order to adjust but also to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in order to adjust but also to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in order to adjust but also to make
+the numerical calculation let less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical calculation let less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerical calculation let less uh
+heavy for example by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy for example by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy for example by uh
+truncating uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncating uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncating uh the
+um the potential and saying well beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the potential and saying well beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the potential and saying well beyond
+a certain distance instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain distance instead of having
+small digits I just put it zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small digits I just put it zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small digits I just put it zero okay
+that that makes that induces some errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes that induces some errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes that induces some errors
+and this kind of er maybe errors but may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of er maybe errors but may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this kind of er maybe errors but may
+also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh considered as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh considered as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh considered as
+a as an additional tool with which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as an additional tool with which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as an additional tool with which you
+you can have you can gain that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you can gain that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have you can gain that extra
+parameters to play so as to fit also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to play so as to fit also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to play so as to fit also the
+volume okay all right so this is one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay all right so this is one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay all right so this is one um
+this is the numerical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in
+the in the old time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+physics U couldn't enjoy these numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics U couldn't enjoy these numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics U couldn't enjoy these numerical
+possibilities and so there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and so there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and so there was a lot of
+uh of physical thinking and wonderer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of physical thinking and wonderer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of physical thinking and wonderer
+WS in his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WS in his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WS in his PhD
+thesis for which he got the Nobel Prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis for which he got the Nobel Prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis for which he got the Nobel Prize
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+1910 uh developed this simple model with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 uh developed this simple model with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1910 uh developed this simple model with
+again two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parameters only two parameters like lner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jones
+B is the co volume so it's related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the co volume so it's related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B is the co volume so it's related to
+Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say and uh a is related to the force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and uh a is related to the force of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and uh a is related to the force of
+attraction so it's related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction so it's related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction so it's related to the
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+of the Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jnes and this is the two ways of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jnes and this is the two ways of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jnes and this is the two ways of writing
+the Vander vals equation of state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vander vals equation of state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Vander vals equation of state which
+is a an improvement with respect to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an improvement with respect to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a an improvement with respect to uh
+the ideal gas law if you set a equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal gas law if you set a equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal gas law if you set a equals z
+and b equals z you get PV equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RT which accounts also for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT which accounts also for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT which accounts also for the
+attractive forces and for the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive forces and for the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive forces and for the fact that
+the volume of available to the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of available to the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of available to the molecules
+and is not the entire volume because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is not the entire volume because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is not the entire volume because
+especially in the liquid phase uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the liquid phase uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the liquid phase uh the
+volumes them themselves I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes them themselves I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes them themselves I mean the
+particles themselves U occupy some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles themselves U occupy some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles themselves U occupy some
+volume and so that's not volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and so that's not volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and so that's not volume
+available for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles so that's the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so that's the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so that's the physical
+intuition behind this once you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition behind this once you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition behind this once you have an
+an expression like this which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like this which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like this which is an
+equation of state so we have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of state so we have a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of state so we have a function
+of volume between volume pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume between volume pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of volume between volume pressure and
+temperature as you remember from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as you remember from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as you remember from the
+pre-initial lectures you can compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-initial lectures you can compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-initial lectures you can compute the
+compressibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressibilities
+uh the coefficient of the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the coefficient of the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the coefficient of the this is
+isothermal compressibility the isobaric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal compressibility the isobaric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isothermal compressibility the isobaric
+expansion uh you which enter also in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh you which enter also in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion uh you which enter also in the
+Meer relation which gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meer relation which gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meer relation which gives you the
+difference between the spec specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the spec specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the spec specific
+heat at constant pressure and constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat at constant pressure and constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat at constant pressure and constant
+volume so by doing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so by doing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so by doing those
+derivatives with this equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with this equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives with this equation of
+State here is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State here is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State here is what you
+get for example in a limit uh for Vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for example in a limit uh for Vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for example in a limit uh for Vapor
+states in the limit not the ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the limit not the ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in the limit not the ideal gas
+limit Min the limit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit Min the limit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit Min the limit of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+vapor in such a way that um the the co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor in such a way that um the the co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor in such a way that um the the co
+volume is the so the volume available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is the so the volume available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is the so the volume available to
+the particles is much greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles is much greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles is much greater than the
+co volume and also the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leave far away from from each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave far away from from each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave far away from from each other so
+that the attraction is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attraction is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attraction is also
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+approximate you get an ideal equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate you get an ideal equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate you get an ideal equation of
+State you get CP minus CV equals R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you get CP minus CV equals R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State you get CP minus CV equals R so
+that's the Maya relation for ideal gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you don't get exactly zero for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't get exactly zero for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you don't get exactly zero for these
+things so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so you get
+Corrections which are useful to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections which are useful to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections which are useful to to
+represent non ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent non ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent non ideal gas
+behavior for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior for
+example this is the jewel Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is the jewel Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is the jewel Thompson
+coefficient which is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is the derivative of
+temperature with respect to pressure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with respect to pressure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with respect to pressure at
+constant enthalpy which is useful when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant enthalpy which is useful when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant enthalpy which is useful when
+you expand a gas in a throttle to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expand a gas in a throttle to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expand a gas in a throttle to
+compute whether it is going to heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute whether it is going to heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute whether it is going to heat up
+or cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down well or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down well or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down well or you can
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+compute um the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point because as I will show in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because as I will show in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point because as I will show in a moment
+or actually let me show it now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually let me show it now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually let me show it now if you
+draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the
+isoterm for example at constant temps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm for example at constant temps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm for example at constant temps
+this is a pressure versus volume diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pressure versus volume diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a pressure versus volume diagram
+and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the
+isoterm so in the ideal gas uh uh State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm so in the ideal gas uh uh State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm so in the ideal gas uh uh State
+PV equals RT so if T is constant PV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV equals RT so if T is constant PV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PV equals RT so if T is constant PV
+equals constant so this is would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals constant so this is would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals constant so this is would be an
+equation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a
+hyperbola okay as you see as you go uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola okay as you see as you go uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola okay as you see as you go uh
+lower in in temperature and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in in temperature and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in in temperature and also in
+pressure these isotherms get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distorted and uh at one stage there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted and uh at one stage there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted and uh at one stage there is
+one isoterm which we call the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one isoterm which we call the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one isoterm which we call the critical
+isotherm in which there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherm in which there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherm in which there is a
+um in which the the first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in which the the first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in which the the first order
+derivative goes to zero and you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flex but you can apply the model also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flex but you can apply the model also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flex but you can apply the model also
+below that so this is what theand Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that so this is what theand Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that so this is what theand Val
+isotherms would would look like okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherms would would look like okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotherms would would look like okay it
+goes up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down now if you remember when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now if you remember when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now if you remember when we did the
+the chatelier brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle we found that
+the compressibility one of the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressibility one of the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compressibility one of the one of
+the stability conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stability conditions
+were uh that the his compressibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh that the his compressibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh that the his compressibility is
+greater than zero and therefore the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and therefore the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and therefore the the
+derivative the first derivative along an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the first derivative along an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative the first derivative along an
+isoterm so constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm so constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm so constant
+T the derivative of p with respect to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the derivative of p with respect to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the derivative of p with respect to V
+which is the slope of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the slope of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the slope of these
+curves should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves should be
+negative so here yeah it goes down it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so here yeah it goes down it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so here yeah it goes down it's
+negative here it goes down it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative here it goes down it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative here it goes down it's negative
+negative here it goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative here it goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative here it goes to
+zero and then the derivative goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the derivative goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the derivative goes up
+positive positive positive until here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive positive until here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive positive positive until here
+and then it keeps going down so the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it keeps going down so the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it keeps going down so the this
+region here where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here where the
+derivative of the isoterm is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the isoterm is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the isoterm is where the
+slope is negative does not satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is negative does not satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is negative does not satisfy this
+uh stability Condition it's an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stability Condition it's an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh stability Condition it's an unstable
+situation that's the situation in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's the situation in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that's the situation in which
+your particles don't like to stay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particles don't like to stay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your particles don't like to stay and
+they prefer to separate into a dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer to separate into a dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prefer to separate into a dense
+phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and
+into a non-dense phase which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a non-dense phase which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a non-dense phase which is the
+vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now using going back to the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now using going back to the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now using going back to the previous
+slide using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide using
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh the model we can also compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the model we can also compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the model we can also compute the
+chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential chemical potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential chemical potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential chemical potential is
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+because for example when we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example when we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example when we have uh
+Mutual equilibrium between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual equilibrium between
+phases we need the quality of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases we need the quality of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases we need the quality of chemical
+potential so even for the pure substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so even for the pure substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so even for the pure substance
+if you have the liquid and the vapor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the liquid and the vapor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the liquid and the vapor in
+mutual equilibrium they have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual equilibrium they have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual equilibrium they have to have the
+the chemical potential equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential equality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potential equality of
+chemical potential not only temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure so you can compute the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you can compute the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you can compute the chemical
+potential with the Vander vales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential with the Vander vales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential with the Vander vales
+model by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model by
+integrating the usual derivative that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the usual derivative that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the usual derivative that we
+use often the derivative of mu to P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use often the derivative of mu to P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use often the derivative of mu to P is
+equal to the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the specific
+volume so mu is equal to you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so mu is equal to you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so mu is equal to you integrate
+over over um over pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over um over pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over um over pressure
+so you have an integration constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an integration constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have an integration constant
+which depends on temperature only and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on temperature only and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which depends on temperature only and
+then an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an
+integral from uh of of V uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from uh of of V uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from uh of of V uh in
+DP then you can inte do this integral by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP then you can inte do this integral by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP then you can inte do this integral by
+part so this could be also PV minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this could be also PV minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this could be also PV minus
+integral of p in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of p in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of p in
+DV and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DV and since
+p is given here by the V vales equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is given here by the V vales equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is given here by the V vales equation
+you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral and the result is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the result is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and the result is that the
+chemical potential is a constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential is a constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential is a constant of
+integration times a function of T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration times a function of T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration times a function of T and
+V this function of tnv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know that
+constant C of T but we can reason even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C of T but we can reason even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C of T but we can reason even
+without knowing knowing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+by using the fact that we know that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the fact that we know that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using the fact that we know that when
+you have liquid and Vapor in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have liquid and Vapor in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have liquid and Vapor in equilibrium
+the chemical potentials of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potentials of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemical potentials of the two
+phases must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases must be
+equal not only but also the pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal not only but also the pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal not only but also the pressure and
+the temperature so if I have a uh so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature so if I have a uh so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature so if I have a uh so I
+have two conditions equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two conditions equality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two conditions equality of
+pressure so PF is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PG and that's the saturation pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG and that's the saturation pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PG and that's the saturation pressure
+that's what we call the saturation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call the saturation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we call the saturation
+pressure when we have a liquid and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure when we have a liquid and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure when we have a liquid and a
+vapor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor in
+equilibrium so that gives us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that gives us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that gives us by
+substituting here PD p vdv v with w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting here PD p vdv v with w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting here PD p vdv v with w
+means substituting this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means substituting this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means substituting this expression here
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+pressure uh so we get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation where the unknowns are two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the unknowns are two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the unknowns are two uh
+it's the volume of the uh liquid phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the volume of the uh liquid phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the volume of the uh liquid phase
+and the volume of the vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume of the vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume of the vapor
+phase the temperature is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given okay so that's condition one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given okay so that's condition one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given okay so that's condition one
+equation that derives from the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that derives from the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that derives from the condition
+of equality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equality of
+pressures then equality of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures then equality of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures then equality of chemical
+potentials says that the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials says that the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials says that the chemical
+potential at of the liquid is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at of the liquid is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential at of the liquid is equal to
+that of the vapor so you see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the vapor so you see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the vapor so you see the the
+constant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of
+integration uh goes away and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh goes away and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh goes away and you have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equality where the function f is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality where the function f is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality where the function f is this
+function here so now I have a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here so now I have a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here so now I have a system of
+two equations for a given temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations for a given temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations for a given temperature
+from which we can solve for the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which we can solve for the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which we can solve for the specific
+volumes of the two phases in mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium and so once I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so once I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and so once I have uh
+computed that volume either VG or VF I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed that volume either VG or VF I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed that volume either VG or VF I
+can you I can compute this function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can express the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential or actually the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or actually the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential or actually the difference
+between the chemical potential and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the chemical potential and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the chemical potential and the
+chemical potential at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saturation as F minus so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation as F minus so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation as F minus so in other words
+I'm using I'm using the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using I'm using the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using I'm using the chemical
+potential as saturation to express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential as saturation to express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential as saturation to express this
+integration Conant constant see so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration Conant constant see so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration Conant constant see so this
+is what is done on this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is done on this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what is done on this other
+graph we plot mu minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we plot mu minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we plot mu minus
+muat so essentially that it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muat so essentially that it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muat so essentially that it is that
+function f TV minus F at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f TV minus F at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f TV minus F at T
+VG okay it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VG okay it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VG okay it is a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and
+uh and volume and so on so for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and volume and so on so for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and volume and so on so for an
+isoterm here's how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm here's how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoterm here's how they
+look if I am above uh the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point it's uh it's a continuous uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's uh it's a continuous uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it's uh it's a continuous uh
+monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function but when we get to the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but when we get to the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but when we get to the critical
+point we get to uh the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we get to uh the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we get to uh the beginning of
+something that is uh uh kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+discontinuity let's look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity let's look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity let's look at it
+uh far away from the from the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh far away from the from the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh far away from the from the critical
+point so let's look at it for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let's look at it for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so let's look at it for this
+isotherm this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so the chemical
+potential goes like that it gets to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential goes like that it gets to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential goes like that it gets to this
+point where it crosses the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it crosses the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it crosses the chemical
+potential for the vapor so it's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for the vapor so it's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for the vapor so it's the one
+computed from the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed from the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed from the other side
+at this point here the two chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point here the two chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point here the two chemical
+potentials are equal the pressures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are equal the pressures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials are equal the pressures are
+equal the temperature are equal so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the temperature are equal so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal the temperature are equal so that
+is the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State and it corresponds to having vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and it corresponds to having vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and it corresponds to having vapor
+in these conditions with this specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these conditions with this specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these conditions with this specific
+volume and liquid in that condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and liquid in that condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and liquid in that condition
+that's the saturated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the saturated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the saturated
+liquid okay that's how the mixture likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid okay that's how the mixture likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid okay that's how the mixture likes
+to separate this is the stable situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate this is the stable situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to separate this is the stable situation
+our however you see that this Vander
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our however you see that this Vander
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our however you see that this Vander
+vales curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vales curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vales curve
+curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+down continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down continue
+down without violating the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down without violating the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down without violating the stability
+condition the derivative this derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the derivative this derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the derivative this derivative
+here is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is still
+negative so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so these are
+still somewhat stable they're not fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still somewhat stable they're not fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still somewhat stable they're not fully
+stable but they are somewhat stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but they are somewhat stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable but they are somewhat stable
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable and also on this other side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and also on this other side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable and also on this other side here
+the derivative is negative and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is negative and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is negative and they
+corresponds to this branch of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this branch of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this branch of the
+chemical potentials that goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials that goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potentials that goes up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+then you get a switch in which the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a switch in which the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get a switch in which the uh
+the derivatives of the pressure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of the pressure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of the pressure the
+stability condition gets violated and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability condition gets violated and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability condition gets violated and it
+corresponds to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this
+this is what happens to the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens to the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what happens to the chemical
+potentials so for example if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so for example if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials so for example if I wanted to
+if I plot that um the thing a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plot that um the thing a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plot that um the thing a bit
+enlarged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let me
+consider this value of pressure I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three three chemical three values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three chemical three values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three chemical three values of the
+chemical po potential so the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical po potential so the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical po potential so the chemical
+potential for the Vander vales has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for the Vander vales has three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential for the Vander vales has three
+uh has three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values and uh notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and uh notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and uh notice that
+we here we're plotting mu minus mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we here we're plotting mu minus mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we here we're plotting mu minus mu
+sat and remember that for a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat and remember that for a pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat and remember that for a pure
+substance the chemical potential is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the chemical potential is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance the chemical potential is the
+Gibs free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+so uh this one is of the three uh points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this one is of the three uh points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this one is of the three uh points
+is the one that has the minimum GS free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that has the minimum GS free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one that has the minimum GS free
+energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that
+corresponds to the stable equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State and the stability condition is met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the stability condition is met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the stability condition is met
+by first of all having that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first of all having that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by first of all having that the the
+derivative of thep DV constant T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of thep DV constant T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of thep DV constant T is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+negative and second the condition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and second the condition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and second the condition of
+equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality
+of mutual equilibrium between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases this other one the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases this other one the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases this other one the intermediate
+stage State uh is a metast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable it satisfy is only the condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable it satisfy is only the condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable it satisfy is only the condition
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pdv is less than zero but not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv is less than zero but not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pdv is less than zero but not the
+equality of chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality of chemical
+potentials and this one this other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this one this other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials and this one this other one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable because it doesn't satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because it doesn't satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because it doesn't satisfy
+that so what's the what's the meta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what's the what's the meta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so what's the what's the meta
+stable what what's the meta stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what what's the meta stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable what what's the meta stable
+situation somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation somewhere here
+if I'm somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm somewhere
+here I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh doesn't real doesn't realize yet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't real doesn't realize yet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh doesn't real doesn't realize yet that
+it would be more stable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaporating or maybe a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in order to
+evaporate needs to form the first little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate needs to form the first little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate needs to form the first little
+bubble and forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble and forming a
+bubble in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble in a
+liquid requires energy because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid requires energy because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid requires energy because you
+require the surface energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the surface energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the surface energy the
+interfacial energy so you need you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial energy so you need you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial energy so you need you need
+energy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh and that is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and that is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh and that is why
+these meta stable states are feasible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these meta stable states are feasible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these meta stable states are feasible in
+practicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practicing
+experimentally if you manage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally if you manage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally if you manage to
+U for example here you you have a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U for example here you you have a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U for example here you you have a liquid
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+um in stable conditions at the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in stable conditions at the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in stable conditions at the given
+temperature and then you lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then you lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then you lower the
+pressure so you decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so you decrease the
+pressure uh suddenly uh then you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh suddenly uh then you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure uh suddenly uh then you your
+liquid finds itself at the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid finds itself at the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid finds itself at the lower
+pressure the same temperature down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the same temperature down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the same temperature down
+here it it is super heated with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it it is super heated with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it it is super heated with respect
+to that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that uh
+pressure and uh therefore its stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and uh therefore its stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and uh therefore its stable
+situation would be to uh U to become to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation would be to uh U to become to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation would be to uh U to become to
+evaporate but in order to evaporate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate but in order to evaporate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate but in order to evaporate it
+needs some some energy to form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some some energy to form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs some some energy to form that
+interfacial that that that initial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial that that that initial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial that that that initial uh
+bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ER and in fact the moment it uh it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and in fact the moment it uh it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and in fact the moment it uh it gets
+that energy maybe from some noise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy maybe from some noise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy maybe from some noise from
+some vibration from some uh cosmic ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vibration from some uh cosmic ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vibration from some uh cosmic ray
+or or particle that uh uh provides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or particle that uh uh provides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or particle that uh uh provides that
+uh energy to to form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy to to form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy to to form that
+surface what happens you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface what happens you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface what happens you
+see consider it again a a a plot having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see consider it again a a a plot having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see consider it again a a a plot having
+to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with
+uh gives free energy this state here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives free energy this state here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gives free energy this state here
+with respect to the stable state has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the stable state has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to the stable state has
+this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this much
+extra free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra free
+energy because because uh that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because because uh that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy because because uh that's uh
+that's the metastable state so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the metastable state so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the metastable state so this
+extra free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is there
+uh the moment you have provided the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the moment you have provided the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the moment you have provided the
+initial trigger to nuclear the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial trigger to nuclear the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial trigger to nuclear the first
+bubble then uh it becomes an explosive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble then uh it becomes an explosive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble then uh it becomes an explosive
+uh process the the the collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process the the the collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh process the the the collapse
+from uh from the liquid to the vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from the liquid to the vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from the liquid to the vapor
+because uh all this free energy is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh all this free energy is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh all this free energy is there
+available is made available to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is made available to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is made available to form
+additional uh surface additional Bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh surface additional Bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional uh surface additional Bubbles
+and and all that so you only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all that so you only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all that so you only need to
+tell the the the the liquid that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the the the the liquid that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the the the the liquid that it is
+in in that metastable state and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that metastable state and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that metastable state and it will
+start uh and burst into so and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh and burst into so and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start uh and burst into so and the same
+is on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side on the other side if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so this because this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquid and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vapor the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor the same
+here here is the metast stable this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is the metast stable this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is the metast stable this is
+the unstable and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable see you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable see you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable see you get this
+much free energy as soon as you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much free energy as soon as you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much free energy as soon as you have uh
+uh actually I think I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually I think I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh actually I think I I
+misspoke you have to to turn around all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspoke you have to to turn around all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misspoke you have to to turn around all
+what I said because when I'm here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said because when I'm here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said because when I'm here
+this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the
+vapor this is the vapor up to here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor this is the vapor up to here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor this is the vapor up to here so
+this is the metastable vapor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the metastable vapor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the metastable vapor and the
+what I said before had to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said before had to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I said before had to do with the
+liquid so the liquid is here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so the liquid is here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so the liquid is here so this is
+the metastable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metastable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metastable
+liquid let me write the metastable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid let me write the metastable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid let me write the metastable
+paper and this is instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metastable uh liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also here so this is the unstable also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here so this is the unstable also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here so this is the unstable also
+here you get um so so for the vapor you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get um so so for the vapor you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you get um so so for the vapor you
+get again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get again
+the now uh for the vapor of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now uh for the vapor of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the now uh for the vapor of course the
+energy is not needed to form the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is not needed to form the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is not needed to form the the
+first bubble but the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drop and as soon as you form the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and as soon as you form the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop and as soon as you form the first
+one and the the the the system realizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the the the the system realizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the the the the system realizes
+that there is a a more stable state it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a a more stable state it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a a more stable state it
+will use all the free energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use all the free energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use all the free energy to
+redistribute fast the the the that free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute fast the the the that free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute fast the the the that free
+energy in order to form the the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to form the the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in order to form the the surface
+that is needed to form those uh um those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um those drops in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condense now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense now
+this phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have been worth uh another two Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been worth uh another two Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been worth uh another two Nobel
+prizes so one is the the one by Wilson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes so one is the the one by Wilson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes so one is the the one by Wilson
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+invented this method it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this method it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this method it's called the
+cloud chamber and the other two Glazer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud chamber and the other two Glazer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud chamber and the other two Glazer
+the bubble chamber these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubble chamber these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubble chamber these are
+both um ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+detect uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect uh
+Elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary
+particles these were the initial ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles these were the initial ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles these were the initial ways in
+which you could I think also somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could I think also somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could I think also somehow
+similar um ideas are used today in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um ideas are used today in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar um ideas are used today in more
+modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern
+um detectors but uh uh see what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um detectors but uh uh see what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um detectors but uh uh see what what
+happens is that you in the cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber
+you you form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you form a
+subcooled metast stable Vaper so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcooled metast stable Vaper so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcooled metast stable Vaper so you you
+form something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form something like
+that and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in
+the um bubble chamber instead you form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um bubble chamber instead you form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um bubble chamber instead you form a
+a superheated uh liquid so they are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superheated uh liquid so they are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superheated uh liquid so they are sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+devices and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and then you
+wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for the
+particles that uh um you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that uh um you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that uh um you want to measure
+you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to
+visualize these particles deposit energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize these particles deposit energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize these particles deposit energy
+typically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they
+ionize uh the the liquid or the vapor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize uh the the liquid or the vapor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionize uh the the liquid or the vapor in
+which they they they travel and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they they they travel and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they they they travel and that
+ionization energy is what triggers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is what triggers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is what triggers the
+formation of either the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of either the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of either the uh
+um the the the bubbles or the the um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the bubbles or the the um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the bubbles or the the um of
+the vapor um or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor um or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vapor um or the
+drops so in this case you form little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so in this case you form little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops so in this case you form little
+drops uh like the drops that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops uh like the drops that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops uh like the drops that you see in
+in the clouds in fact this is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clouds in fact this is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the clouds in fact this is the the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+phenomenon whereby Cloud some part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon whereby Cloud some part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon whereby Cloud some part of
+cloud formation is triggered by cosmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud formation is triggered by cosmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud formation is triggered by cosmic
+rays we are as you know the Earth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays we are as you know the Earth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays we are as you know the Earth is
+continuously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously uh
+hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit
+by flux of cosmic rays these are Char
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by flux of cosmic rays these are Char
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by flux of cosmic rays these are Char
+particles with a lot of energy that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with a lot of energy that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles with a lot of energy that come
+and when they hit the atmosphere they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they hit the atmosphere they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when they hit the atmosphere they
+provide the atmosphere is has some water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the atmosphere is has some water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the atmosphere is has some water
+vapor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapor in
+it but that water vapor didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that water vapor didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that water vapor didn't have
+enough uh um energy to um form uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh um energy to um form uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough uh um energy to um form uh the
+the droplets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplets that
+to the cosmic race provide the that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cosmic race provide the that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cosmic race provide the that uh
+uh energy and that triggers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy and that triggers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy and that triggers the
+formation of of of the clouds in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neighborhoods and here it is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods and here it is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods and here it is the same
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+after of course this um you then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after of course this um you then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after of course this um you then you
+have to to light to put the light in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to to light to put the light in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to to light to put the light in a
+in particular way so that you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular way so that you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular way so that you you you
+visualize these traces these um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize these traces these um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize these traces these um uh
+trains of uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of droplets that have formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets that have formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of droplets that have formed
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+the the last thing on the Vander valves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the last thing on the Vander valves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the last thing on the Vander valves
+uh is well okay then what happens if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is well okay then what happens if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is well okay then what happens if we
+instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead
+are in the unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start from an unstable suppose you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from an unstable suppose you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from an unstable suppose you you
+manage to uh so how can you how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U
+prepare a sample in a state which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable well you have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable well you have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable well you have to do it
+quickly for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly for example
+uh you remember this is the pressure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you remember this is the pressure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you remember this is the pressure so
+you can go uh very quickly down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure and therefore you're uh so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and therefore you're uh so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and therefore you're uh so from
+Super critical or from above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super critical or from above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Super critical or from above the
+saturation curve you just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation curve you just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saturation curve you just uh
+quench or you cool down quickly although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quench or you cool down quickly although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quench or you cool down quickly although
+cooling is more difficult because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling is more difficult because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling is more difficult because
+cooling requires uh extracting uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling requires uh extracting uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooling requires uh extracting uh heat
+and heat uh it's kind of a slow thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat uh it's kind of a slow thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and heat uh it's kind of a slow thing to
+to do in in experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in in experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in in experimentally
+so but uh you can do it in in thin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but uh you can do it in in thin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but uh you can do it in in thin uh
+samples like between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples like between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples like between two
+um two glasses two small glasses like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two glasses two small glasses like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two glasses two small glasses like
+the chemistry labs and therefore by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry labs and therefore by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry labs and therefore by uh
+by cooling that the the by by cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cooling that the the by by cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cooling that the the by by cooling
+that somehow it cools in mediately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow it cools in mediately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow it cools in mediately the
+entire surface of the fluid it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire surface of the fluid it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire surface of the fluid it doesn't
+require too much time because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require too much time because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require too much time because it's a
+thin layer of fluid in any case suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer of fluid in any case suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer of fluid in any case suppose
+you have these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these are
+numerical uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical uh
+simulations uh very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh very nice
+uh and there are three cases one is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there are three cases one is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and there are three cases one is uh
+the middle one is when you you drop into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one is when you you drop into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one is when you you drop into
+this region here the unstable region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here the unstable region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here the unstable region
+uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the
+critical with the critical specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical with the critical specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical with the critical specific
+volume so you this is the critical point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so you this is the critical point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so you this is the critical point
+you you cross the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you cross the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you cross the critical
+point and then you have a s development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you have a s development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you have a s development
+of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how do you say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how do you say a
+pattern first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern first
+initially uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially uh the
+the mixture I mean not the mixture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture I mean not the mixture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mixture I mean not the mixture the
+your substance is homogeneous then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substance is homogeneous then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your substance is homogeneous then it
+begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to
+separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the
+separation is in terms of a b continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is in terms of a b continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation is in terms of a b continuous
+so you see the blue particles are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the blue particles are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see the blue particles are all
+connected to the blue particles the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the blue particles the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the blue particles the red
+part the red particles and the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the red particles and the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the red particles and the red
+regions whereas if you are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions whereas if you are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions whereas if you are off
+critical you form either um bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you form either um bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical you form either um bubbles
+the red things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red things are
+bubbles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles or
+drops okay but what is most important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops okay but what is most important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops okay but what is most important is
+that this phenomenon occurs very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this phenomenon occurs very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this phenomenon occurs very quickly
+because again of this uh important free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again of this uh important free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again of this uh important free
+energy that is there uh in order and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is there uh in order and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is there uh in order and is
+available to form all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to form all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to form all these
+interfacial regions in initially small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial regions in initially small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfacial regions in initially small
+and then after a while uh uh once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after a while uh uh once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after a while uh uh once you
+have formed all that then um the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have formed all that then um the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have formed all that then um the system
+will try to coales in order to uh reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to coales in order to uh reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to coales in order to uh reduce
+the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface
+tension reduce the surface area uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension reduce the surface area uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension reduce the surface area uh and
+so you the two bubbles will form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the two bubbles will form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you the two bubbles will form a
+bigger bubble so that the the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger bubble so that the the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger bubble so that the the surface
+area goes down and that is a way to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area goes down and that is a way to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area goes down and that is a way to uh
+go down in in free uh in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down in in free uh in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down in in free uh in free
+energy and yeah time is up I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and yeah time is up I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and yeah time is up I think I
+forgot to say but the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to say but the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to say but the word
+spinodal appears all over that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal appears all over that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal appears all over that this
+curve here that is the locus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here that is the locus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here that is the locus of the
+points inside that separate the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points inside that separate the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points inside that separate the region
+between oops between unstable and stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between oops between unstable and stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between oops between unstable and stable
+is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a
+spinodal curve SP noal curve and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal curve SP noal curve and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal curve SP noal curve and for
+Vander vales you can even compute its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander vales you can even compute its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vander vales you can even compute its
+equation which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which is this
+one okay yeah enough for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2RxCCEHlEys.txt b/2RxCCEHlEys.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d55b48bd92b55e37757135577b99312d48635e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2RxCCEHlEys.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2330 @@
+And this is going to use some
+of the techniques we learned
+
+last time with respect to
+amortized analysis.
+
+And, what's neat about what
+we're going to talk about today
+
+is it's a way of comparing
+algorithms that are so-called
+
+online algorithms.
+And we're going to introduce
+
+this notion with a problem which
+is called self organizing lists.
+
+OK, and so the set up for this
+problem is that we have a list,
+
+L, of n elements.
+And, we have an operation.
+
+Woops, I've got to spell things
+right, access of x,
+
+which accesses item x in the
+list.
+
+It could be by searching,
+or it could be however you want
+
+to do it.
+But basically,
+
+it goes and touches that
+element.
+
+And we were to say the cost of
+that operation is whatever the
+
+rank of x is in the list,
+which is just the distance of x
+
+from the head of the list.
+And the other thing that we can
+
+do that the algorithm can do,
+so this is what the user would
+
+do.
+He just simply runs a whole
+
+bunch of accesses on the list,
+OK, accessing one element after
+
+another in any order that he or
+she cares to.
+
+And then, L can be reordered,
+however, by transposing
+
+adjacent elements.
+And the cost for that is one.
+
+So, for example,
+suppose the list is the
+
+following.
+
+OK, I missed something here.
+It doesn't matter.
+
+Well, I'll just make it be what
+I have so that it matches the
+
+online video.
+OK, so here we have a list.
+
+And so, if I do something like
+access element 14 here,
+
+the element of key 14,
+OK, that this costs me one,
+
+two, three, four.
+So here the cost is four to
+
+access.
+And so, we're going to have
+
+some sequence of accesses that
+the user is going to do.
+
+And obviously,
+if something is accessed more
+
+frequently, we'd like to move it
+up to the front of the list so
+
+that you don't have to search as
+far.
+
+OK, and to do that,
+if I want to transpose
+
+something, so,
+for example,
+
+if I transpose three and 50,
+that just costs me one.
+
+OK, so then I would make this
+be 50, and make this be three.
+
+OK, sorry, normally you just do
+it by swapping pointers.
+
+OK, so those are the two
+operations.
+
+And, we are going to do this in
+what's called an online fashion.
+
+So, let's just define online.
+So, a sequence,
+
+S, of operations is provided
+one at a time for each
+
+operation.
+An online algorithm must
+
+execute the operation
+immediately without getting a
+
+chance to look at what else is
+coming in the sequence.
+
+So, when you make your decision
+for the first element,
+
+you don't get to see ahead as
+to what the second,
+
+or third, or whatever is.
+And the second one you get,
+
+you get and you have to make
+your decision as to what to do
+
+and so forth.
+So, that's an online algorithm.
+
+Similarly, an off-line
+algorithm, OK,
+
+may see all of S in advance.
+OK, so you can see an off-line
+
+algorithm gets to see the whole
+sequence, and then decide what
+
+it wants to do about element
+one, element two,
+
+or whatever.
+OK, so an off-line algorithm
+
+can look at the whole sequence
+and say, OK, I can see that item
+
+number 17 is being accessed a
+lot, or early on move him up
+
+closer to the front of the list,
+and then the accesses cost less
+
+for the off-line algorithm.
+The online algorithm doesn't
+
+get to see any of that.
+OK, so this is sort of like,
+
+if you're familiar with the
+game Tetris.
+
+OK, and Tetris,
+you get one shape after another
+
+that starts coming down,
+and you have to twiddle it,
+
+and move it to the side,
+and drop it into place.
+
+And there, sometimes you get a
+one step look-ahead on some of
+
+them so you can see what the
+next shape is,
+
+but often it's purely online.
+You don't get to see that next
+
+shape or whatever,
+and you have to make a decision
+
+for each one.
+And you make a decision,
+
+and you realize that the next
+shape, ah, if you had made a
+
+different decision it would have
+been better.
+
+OK, so that's the kind of
+problem.
+
+Off-line Tetris would be,
+I get to see the whole sequence
+
+of shapes.
+And now let me decide what I'm
+
+going to do with this one.
+OK, and so, in this,
+
+the goal is for any of the
+algorithms, either online or
+
+off-line is to minimize the
+total cost, which we'll denote
+
+by, I forgot to name this.
+This is algorithm A here.
+
+The total cost,
+C_A of S, OK,
+
+so the cost of algorithm A on
+the sequence,
+
+S.
+That's just the notation we'll
+
+use for what the total cost is.
+So, any questions about the
+
+setup to this problem?
+So, we have an online problem.
+
+We're going to get these things
+one at a time,
+
+OK, and we have to decide what
+to do.
+
+So, let's do a worst-case
+analysis for this.
+
+OK, so if we're doing a
+worst-case analysis,
+
+we can view that we have an
+adversary that we are playing
+
+against who's going to provide
+the sequence.
+
+The user is going to be able to
+see what we do.
+
+And so, what's the adversary
+strategy?
+
+Thwart our plots,
+yes, that's his idea.
+
+And how is he going to thwart
+them, or she?
+
+Which is what for this problem?
+What's he going to do?
+
+Yeah.
+No matter how we reorder
+
+elements using the transposes,
+he's going to look at every
+
+step and say,
+what's the last element?
+
+That's the one I'm going to
+access, right?
+
+So, the adversary always,
+always accesses the tail
+
+element of L.
+No matter what it is,
+
+no matter how we reorder
+things, OK, for each one,
+
+adversary just accesses the
+tail.
+
+So the cost of this,
+of any algorithm,
+
+then, is going to be omega size
+of S times n,
+
+OK, because you're always going
+to pay for every sequence.
+
+You're going to have to go in
+to pay a cost of n,
+
+OK, for every element in the
+sequence.
+
+OK, so not terribly in the
+worst-case.
+
+Not terribly good.
+So, people in studying this
+
+problem: question?
+That analysis is for the online
+
+algorithm, right.
+The off-line algorithm,
+
+right, if you named those
+things, that's right.
+
+OK, so we're looking at trying
+to solve this in an off-line
+
+sense, sorry,
+in an online sense.
+
+OK, and so the point is that
+for the online algorithm,
+
+the adversary can be incredibly
+mean, OK, and just always access
+
+the thing at the end,
+OK?
+
+So, what sort of the history of
+this problem is,
+
+that people said,
+well, if I can't do well in the
+
+worst-case, maybe I should be
+looking at average case,
+
+OK, and look at,
+say, the different elements
+
+having some probability
+distribution.
+
+OK, so the average case
+analysis, OK,
+
+let's suppose that element x is
+accessed with probability,
+
+P of x.
+OK, so suppose that we have
+
+some a priori distribution on
+the elements.
+
+OK, then the expected cost of
+the algorithm on a sequence,
+
+OK, so if I put all the
+elements into some order,
+
+OK, and don't try to reorder,
+but just simply look at,
+
+is there a static ordering that
+would work well for a
+
+distribution?
+It's just going to be,
+
+by definition of expectation,
+the probability of x times,
+
+in this case,
+the cost, which is the rank of
+
+x in whatever that ordering is
+that I decide I'm going to use.
+
+OK, and this is minimized when?
+So, this is just the definition
+
+of expectations:
+the probability that I access x
+
+times the cost summed over all
+the elements.
+
+And the cost is just going to
+be its position in the list.
+
+So, when is this value,
+this summation,
+
+going to be minimized?
+When the element is most likely
+
+as the lowest rank,
+and then what,
+
+what about the other element?
+OK, so what does that mean?
+
+Yeah, sort them,
+yeah, sort them on the basis of
+
+decreasing probability,
+OK?
+
+So, it's minimized when L is
+sorted, OK, in decreasing order
+
+with respect to P.
+OK, so just sort them with the
+
+most likely one at the front,
+and then just decreasing
+
+probability.
+That way, whenever I access
+
+something with some probability,
+OK, I'm going to access,
+
+it's more likely that I'm going
+to access.
+
+And that's not too difficult to
+actually prove.
+
+You just look at,
+suppose there were two that
+
+were out of order,
+and show that if you swap them,
+
+you would improve this
+optimization function.
+
+OK, so if you didn't know it,
+this suggests the following
+
+heuristic,
+OK, which is simply keep
+
+account of the number of times
+each element is accessed,
+
+and maintain the list in order
+of decreasing count.
+
+OK, so whenever something is
+accessed, increment its count,
+
+OK, and that will move it,
+at most, one position,
+
+which only costs me one
+transposed to move it,
+
+perhaps, forward.
+OK, actually,
+
+I guess it could be more if you
+have a whole bunch of ties,
+
+right?
+Yeah.
+
+So, it could cost more.
+But the idea is,
+
+over time, the law of large
+numbers says that this is going
+
+to approach the probability
+distribution.
+
+The frequency with which you
+access this, divided by the
+
+total number of accesses,
+will be the probability.
+
+And so, therefore you will get
+things in decreasing
+
+probability, OK,
+assuming that there is some
+
+distribution that all of these
+elements are chosen according
+
+to, or accessed according to.
+So, it doesn't seem like
+
+there's that much more you could
+really do here.
+
+And that's why I think this
+notion of competitive analysis
+
+is so persuasive,
+because it's really amazingly
+
+strong, OK?
+And it came about because of
+
+what people were doing in
+practice.
+
+So practice,
+what people implement it was a
+
+so-called move to front
+heuristic.
+
+OK, and the basic idea was,
+after you access an element,
+
+just move it up to the front.
+OK, that only doubles the cost
+
+of accessing the element because
+I go and I access it,
+
+chasing it down paying the
+rank, and then I have to do rank
+
+number of transposes to bring it
+back to the front.
+
+So, it only cost me a factor of
+two, and now,
+
+if it happens to be a
+frequently accessed elements,
+
+over time you would hope that
+the most likely elements were
+
+near the front of that list.
+So, after accessing x,
+
+move x, the head of the list
+using transposes,
+
+and the cost is just equal to
+twice the rank in L of x,
+
+OK, where the two here has two
+parts.
+
+One is the access,
+and the other is the
+
+transposes.
+OK, so that's sort of what they
+
+did.
+And one of the nice properties
+
+of this is that if it turns out
+that there is locality in the
+
+access pattern,
+if it's not just a static
+
+distribution,
+but rather once I've accessed
+
+something, if it's more likely
+I'm going to access it again,
+
+which tends to be the case for
+many input types of patterns,
+
+this responds well to locality
+because it's going to be up near
+
+the front if I access it very
+soon after I've accessed.
+
+So, there is what's called
+temporal locality,
+
+meaning that in time,
+I tend to access,
+
+so it may be that I access some
+thing's very hot for awhile;
+
+then it gets very cold.
+This type of algorithm responds
+
+very well to the hotness of the
+accessing.
+
+OK, so it responds well to
+locality in S.
+
+So, this is sort of what was
+known up to the point that a
+
+very famous paper was written by
+Danny Sleator and Bob Tarjan,
+
+where they took a totally
+different approach to looking at
+
+this kind of problem.
+OK, and it's an approach that
+
+matter you see everywhere from
+analysis of caching and
+
+high-performance processors to
+analyses of disk paging to just
+
+a huge number of applications of
+this basic technique.
+
+And, that's the technique of
+competitive analysis.
+
+OK, so here's the definition.
+So, online algorithm A is alpha
+
+competitive.
+If there exists a constant,
+
+k, such that for any sequence,
+S, of operations,
+
+the cost of S using algorithm A
+is bounded by alpha times the
+
+cost of opt, where opt is the
+optimal offline algorithm.
+
+OK, so the optimal off-line,
+the one that knows the whole
+
+sequence and does the absolute
+best it could do on that
+
+sequence, OK,
+that's this cost here.
+
+This is sometimes called God's
+algorithm, OK,
+
+not to bring religion into the
+classroom, or to offend anybody,
+
+but that is what people
+sometimes call it.
+
+OK, so the fully omniscient
+knows absolutely the best thing
+
+that could be done,
+sees into the future,
+
+the whole works,
+OK?
+
+It gets to apply that.
+That's what opts algorithm is.
+
+And, what we're saying is that
+the cost is basically whatever
+
+this alpha factor is.
+It could be a function of
+
+things, or it could be a
+constant, OK,
+
+times whatever the best
+algorithm is.
+
+Plus, there's a potential for a
+constant out here.
+
+OK, so for example,
+if alpha is two,
+
+and we say it's two
+competitive, that means you're
+
+going to do, at worst,
+twice the algorithm that has
+
+all the information.
+But you're doing it online,
+
+for example.
+OK, it's a really pretty
+
+powerful notion.
+And what's interesting about
+
+this, it's not even clear these
+things should exist to my mind.
+
+OK, what's pretty remarkable
+about this, I think,
+
+is that there is no assumption
+of distribution,
+
+of probability distribution or
+anything.
+
+It's whatever the sequence is
+that you give it.
+
+You are within a factor of
+alpha, essentially,
+
+of the best algorithm,
+OK, which is pretty remarkable.
+
+OK, and so, we're going to
+prove the following theorem,
+
+which is the one that Sleator
+and Tarjan proved.
+
+And that is that MTF is four
+competitive for self organizing
+
+lists.
+OK, so the idea here is that
+
+suppose the adversary says,
+oh, I'm always going to access
+
+the thing at the end of the list
+like we said in the beginning.
+
+So, the adversary says,
+I'm always going to access the
+
+thing there.
+I'm going to make MTF work
+
+really bad, because you're going
+to go and move that thing all
+
+the way up to the front.
+And I'm just going to access
+
+the thing way at the end again.
+OK, well it turns out,
+
+yeah, that's a bad sequence for
+move to front,
+
+OK, and it will take a long
+time.
+
+But it turns out God couldn't
+have done better,
+
+OK, by more than a factor of
+four no matter how long the list
+
+is.
+OK, that's pretty amazing.
+
+OK, so that's a bad sequence.
+But, if there's a way that the
+
+sequence exhibits any kind of
+locality or anything that can be
+
+taken advantage of,
+if you could see the whole
+
+thing, MTF takes advantage of it
+too, OK, within a factor of
+
+four.
+OK, it's a pretty remarkable
+
+theorem, and it's the basis of
+many types of analysis of online
+
+algorithms.
+Almost all online algorithms
+
+today are analyzed using some
+kind of competitive analysis.
+
+OK, not always.
+Sometimes you do probabilistic
+
+analysis, or whatever,
+but the dominant thing is too
+
+competitive analysis because
+then you don't have to make any
+
+statistical assumptions.
+OK, just prove that it works
+
+well no matter what.
+This is remarkable,
+
+I think.
+Isn't it remarkable?
+
+So, let's prove this theorem,
+we're just going to spend the
+
+rest of the lecture on this
+proof.
+
+OK, and the proof in some ways
+is not hard, but it's also not
+
+necessarily completely
+intuitive.
+
+So, you will have to pay
+attention.
+
+OK, so let's get some notation
+down.
+
+Let's let L_i be MTF's list
+after the i'th access.
+
+And, let's let L be opt's list
+after the i'th access.
+
+OK, so generally what I'll do
+is I'll put a star if we are
+
+talking about opt,
+and have nothing if we're
+
+talking about MTF.
+OK, so that's going to be the
+
+list.
+So, we can say,
+
+what's the list?
+So, we're going to set it up
+
+where we have one in operation
+that transforms list i minus one
+
+into list i.
+OK, that's what the i'th
+
+operation does.
+OK, and move to front does it
+
+by moving whatever the thing
+that was accessed to the front.
+
+And opt does whatever opt
+thinks is the best thing to do.
+
+We don't know.
+So, we're going to let c_i be
+
+MTF's cost for the I'th
+operation.
+
+And that's just twice the rank
+in L_i minus one of x if the
+
+operation accesses x,
+OK, two times the rank in L_i
+
+minus one because we're going to
+be accessing it in L_i minus one
+
+and transforming it into L_i.
+And similarly,
+
+we'll let c_i star be opt's
+cost for the i'th operation.
+
+And that's just equal to,
+well, to access it,
+
+it's going to be the rank in
+L_i minus one star,
+
+whatever its list is of x at
+that step, because it's got to
+
+access it.
+And then, some number of
+
+transposes, t_i if opt forms t_i
+transposes.
+
+OK, so we have the setup where
+we have two different lists that
+
+are being managed,
+and we have different costs in
+
+the list.
+And, we're interested in is
+
+comparing in some way MTF's list
+with opt's list at any point in
+
+time.
+And, how do you think we're
+
+going to do that?
+What technique do you think we
+
+should use to compare these two
+lists, general technique from
+
+last lecture?
+Well, it is going to be
+
+amortized, but what?
+How are we going to compare
+
+them?
+What technique did we learn
+
+last time?
+Potential function,
+
+good.
+OK, we're going to define a
+
+potential function,
+OK, that measures how far apart
+
+these two lists are.
+OK, and the idea is,
+
+if, let's define that and then
+we'll take a look at it.
+
+So, we're going to define the
+potential function phi mapping
+
+the set of MTF's lists into the
+real numbers by the following.
+
+phi of L_i is going to be twice
+the cardinality of this set.
+
+OK, so this is the
+precedes-operation and list,
+
+i.
+So, we can define a
+
+relationship between any two
+elements that says that x
+
+precedes y in L_i if,
+as I'm accessing it from the
+
+head, I hit x first.
+OK, so what I'm interested in,
+
+here, are in some sense the
+disagreements between the two
+
+lists.
+This is where x precedes y in
+
+MTF's list, but y precedes x in
+opt's list.
+
+They disagree,
+OK?
+
+And, what we're interested in
+is the cardinality of the set.
+
+And we're going to multiply it
+by two.
+
+OK, so that's equal to two
+times; so there is a name for
+
+this type of thing.
+We saw that when we were doing
+
+sorting.
+Anybody remember the name?
+
+It was very briefly.
+I don't expect anybody to
+
+remember, but somebody might.
+Inversions: good,
+
+OK, twice the number of
+inversions.
+
+So, let's just do an example.
+So, let's say L_i is the list
+
+with five elements.
+OK, I'll use characters for the
+
+order just to keep things
+simple.
+
+So, in this case phi of L_i is
+going to be twice the
+
+cardinality of the set.
+So what we want to do is see
+
+which things are out of order.
+So here, I look at E and C are
+
+in this order,
+but C and E in that order.
+
+So, those are out of order.
+So, that counts as one of my
+
+elements, EC,
+and then, E and A,
+
+A and E.
+OK, so those are out of order,
+
+and then ED,
+DE, out of order,
+
+and then EB,
+BE, those are out of order.
+
+And now, I go C,
+A, C, A.
+
+Those are in order,
+so it doesn't count.
+
+CD, CD, CB, CB,
+so, nothing with C.
+
+Then, A, D, A,
+D, those are in order,
+
+A, B, A, B, those are in order.
+So then, DB,
+
+BD, so BD.
+And that's the last one.
+
+So, that's my potential
+function, which is equal to,
+
+therefore, ten,
+because the cardinality of the
+
+set is five.
+I have five inversions,
+
+OK, between the two lists.
+OK, so let's just check some
+
+properties of this potential
+function.
+
+The first one is notice that
+phi of L_i is greater than or
+
+equal to zero for all i.
+The number of inversions might
+
+be zero, but is never less than
+zero.
+
+OK, it's always at least zero.
+So, that's one of the
+
+properties that we normally have
+we are dealing with potential
+
+functions.
+And, the other thing is,
+
+well, what about phi of L0?
+Is that equal to zero?
+
+Well, it depends upon what list
+they start with.
+
+OK, so what's the initial
+ordering?
+
+So, it's zero if they start
+with the same list.
+
+Then there are no inversions.
+But, they might start with
+
+different lists.
+We'll talk about different
+
+lists later on,
+but let's say for now that it's
+
+zero because they start with the
+same list.
+
+That seems like a fair
+comparison.
+
+OK, so we have this potential
+function now that's counting up,
+
+how different are these two
+lists?
+
+Intuitively,
+we're going to do is the more
+
+differences there are in the
+list, the more we are going to
+
+be able to have more stored up
+work than we can pay for it.
+
+That's the basic idea.
+So, the more that opt changes
+
+the list, so it's not the same
+as ours, in some sense the more
+
+we are going to be in a position
+as MTF to take advantage of that
+
+difference in delivering up work
+for us to do.
+
+And we'll see how that plays
+out.
+
+So, let's first also make
+another observation.
+
+So, how much does phi change
+from one transpose?
+
+How much does phi change from
+one transpose?
+
+So, basically that's asking,
+if you do a transpose,
+
+what happens to the number of
+inversions?
+
+So, what happens when a
+transposing is done?
+
+What's going to happen to phi?
+What's going to happen to the
+
+number of inversions?
+So, if I change,
+
+it is less than n minus one,
+yes, if n is sufficiently
+
+large, yes.
+OK, if I change,
+
+so you can think about it here.
+Suppose I switch two of these
+
+elements here.
+How much are things going to
+
+change?
+Yeah, it's basically one or
+
+minus one, OK,
+because a transpose creates or
+
+destroys one inversion.
+So, if you think about it,
+
+what if I change,
+for example,
+
+C and A, the relationship of C
+and A to everything else in the
+
+list is going to stay the same.
+The only thing,
+
+possibly, that happens is that
+if they are in the same order
+
+when I transpose them,
+I've created an inversion.
+
+Or, if they were in the wrong
+order when I transpose them,
+
+now they're in the right order.
+So therefore,
+
+the change to the potential
+function is going to be plus or
+
+minus two because we're counting
+twice the number of inversions.
+
+OK, any questions about that?
+So, transposes don't change the
+
+potential very much,
+just by one.
+
+It either goes up by two or
+down by two, just by one
+
+inversion.
+So now, let's take a look at
+
+how these two algorithms
+operate.
+
+OK, so what happens when op i
+accesses x in the two lists?
+
+What's going to be going on?
+To do that, let's define the
+
+following sets.
+
+Why do I keep doing that?
+
+OK, so we're going to look at
+the, when we access x,
+
+we are going to look at the two
+lists, and see what the
+
+relationship is,
+so, based on things that come
+
+before and after.
+So, I think a picture is very
+
+helpful to understand what's
+going on here.
+
+OK, so let's let,
+so here's L_i minus one,
+
+and we have our list,
+which I'll draw like this.
+
+And somewhere in there,
+we have x.
+
+OK, and then we have L_i minus
+one star, which is opt's list,
+
+OK, and he's got x somewhere
+else, or she.
+
+OK, and so, what is this set?
+This is the set of Y that come
+
+before x.
+So, that basically sets A and
+
+B.
+OK, those things that come
+
+before x in both.
+And, some of them,
+
+the A's come before it in x,
+but come after it in,
+
+come before it in A,
+but come after it in B.
+
+OK, and similarly down here,
+what's this set?
+
+That's A union C,
+good.
+
+And this one?
+Duh.
+
+Yeah, it better be C union D
+because I've got A union B over
+
+there, and I've got x.
+So that better be everything
+
+else.
+OK, and here is B union D.
+
+OK, so those are the four sets
+that we're going to care about.
+
+We're actually mostly going to
+care about these two sets.
+
+OK, and we also know something
+about the r here.
+
+The position of x is going to
+be the rank in L_i minus one of
+
+x.
+And here, this is our star.
+
+It's just to the rank in L_i
+minus one star of x.
+
+So, we know what these ranks
+are.
+
+And what we're going to be
+interested in is,
+
+in fact, characterizing the
+rank in terms of the sets.
+
+OK, so what's the position of
+this?
+
+Well, the rank,
+we have that r is equal to the
+
+size of A.
+What's the size of B plus one?
+
+OK, and r star is equal to the
+size of A plus the size of C
+
+plus one.
+So, let's take a look at what
+
+happens when these two
+algorithms do their thing.
+
+So, when the access to x
+occurs, we move x to the front
+
+of the list.
+OK, it goes right up to the
+
+front.
+So, how many inversions are
+
+created and destroyed?
+So, how many are created by
+
+this?
+That's probably a,
+
+how many inversions are
+created?
+
+How many inversions are
+created?
+
+So, we move x to the front.
+So what we are concerned about
+
+is that anything that was in one
+of these sets that came,
+
+where it's going to change in
+order versus down here.
+
+So, if I look in B,
+well, let's take a look at A.
+
+OK, so A, those are the things
+that are in the same order in
+
+both.
+So, everything that's in A,
+
+when I move x to the front,
+each thing in A is going to
+
+count for one more inversion.
+Does everybody see that?
+
+So, I create a cardinality of A
+inversions.
+
+And, we are going to destroy,
+well, everything in B came
+
+before x in this list,
+and after x in this.
+
+But after we move x,
+they're in the right order.
+
+So, I'm going to destroy B
+inversions, cardinality of B
+
+inversions.
+OK, so that's what happens we
+
+operate with move to front.
+We destroy.
+
+We create A inversions and
+destroy B inversions,
+
+OK, by doing this movement.
+OK, now, let's take a look at
+
+what opt does.
+So, each transpose,
+
+we don't know what opt does.
+He might move x this way or
+
+that way.
+We don't know.
+
+But each transpose,
+I opt, well,
+
+we're going to be interested in
+how many inversions it creates,
+
+and we already argued that it's
+going to create,
+
+at most, one inversion per
+transpose.
+
+So, he can go and create more
+inversions, OK?
+
+So, let me write it over here.
+Thus --
+
+-- the change in potential is
+going to be, at most,
+
+twice, A minus B plus t_i.
+OK, so t_i, remember,
+
+was the number of transposes
+that opt does on the i'th step
+
+for the i'th operation.
+OK, so we're going to create
+
+the change in potential is,
+at most, twice this function.
+
+So, we are now going to look to
+see how we use this fact,
+
+and these two facts,
+this fact and this fact,
+
+OK, to show that opt can't be
+much better than MTF.
+
+OK, good.
+The way we are going to do that
+
+is look at the amortized cost of
+the I'th operation.
+
+OK, what's MTF's amortized
+cost?
+
+OK, and then we'll make the
+argument, which is the one you
+
+always make that the amortized
+cost upper bound the true costs,
+
+OK?
+But the amortized cost is going
+
+to be easier to calculate.
+OK, so amortized cost is just C
+
+hat, actually,
+let me make sure I have lots of
+
+room here on the right,
+c_i hat, which is equal to the
+
+true cost plus the change in
+potential.
+
+OK, that's just the definition
+of amortized cost when given
+
+potential functions,
+OK?
+
+So, what is the cost of
+operation i, OK,
+
+in this context here?
+OK, we accessed x there.
+
+What's the cost of operation i?
+Two times the rank of x,
+
+which is 2r.
+OK, so 2r, that part of it.
+
+OK, well, we have an upper
+bound on the change in
+
+potential.
+That's this.
+
+OK, so that's two times the
+cardinality of A minus
+
+cardinality of B plus t_i.
+OK, everybody with me?
+
+Yeah?
+OK, I see lots of nods.
+
+That's good.
+OK, that's equal to 2r plus two
+
+of size of A minus,
+OK, I want to plug in for B,
+
+and it turns out very nicely.
+I have an equation involving A,
+
+B, and r.
+So, I get rid of the variable
+
+size of B by just plugging that
+in.
+
+OK, and so what do I plug in
+here?
+
+What's B equal to?
+Yeah, r minus size of A minus
+
+one.
+I wrote it the other way.
+
+OK, and then plus t_i.
+OK, and this is since r is A
+
+plus B plus one.
+OK, everybody with me still?
+
+I'm just doing algebra.
+We've got to make sure we do
+
+the algebra right.
+OK, so that's equal to,
+
+let's just multiply all this
+out now and get 2r plus,
+
+I have 2A here minus A.
+So, that's 4A.
+
+And then, two times minus r is
+minus 2r.
+
+Two times minus one is minus
+two.
+
+Oh, but it's minus-minus two,
+so it's plus two.
+
+OK, and then I have 2t_i.
+So, that's just algebra.
+
+OK, so that's not bad.
+We've just got rid of another
+
+variable.
+What variable did we get rid
+
+of?
+r.
+
+It didn't matter what the rank
+was as long as I knew what the
+
+number of inversions was here.
+OK, so that's now equal to 4A
+
+plus two plus 2t_i.
+And, that's less than or equal
+
+to, I claim, four times r star
+plus t_i using our other fact.
+
+Since r star is equal to the
+size of A plus the size of C,
+
+plus one, then that's greater
+than or equal to the size of A
+
+plus one.
+OK, if I look at this,
+
+I'm basically looking at A.
+The fact that A,
+
+what did I do here?
+If r star is greater than or
+
+equal to A plus one,
+right, so therefore,
+
+A plus one, good.
+Yeah, so this is basically less
+
+than or equal to 4A plus four,
+which is four times A plus one.
+
+I probably should have put in
+another algebra step here,
+
+OK, because if I can't verify
+it like this,
+
+then I get nervous.
+This is basically,
+
+at most, 4A plus four.
+That's four times A plus one,
+
+and A plus one is less than or
+equal to r star.
+
+And then, 2t_i is,
+at most, 4TI.
+
+So, I've got this.
+Does everybody see where that
+
+came from?
+But what is r star plus t_i?
+
+What is r star plus t_i?
+What is it?
+
+It's c_i star.
+That's just c_i star.
+
+So, the amortized cost of i'th
+operation is,
+
+at most, four times opt's cost.
+OK, that's pretty remarkable.
+
+OK, so amortized cost of the
+i'th operation is just four
+
+times opt's cost.
+Now, of course,
+
+we have to now go through and
+analyze the total cost.
+
+But this is now the routine way
+that we analyze things with a
+
+potential function.
+So, the costs of MTF of S is
+
+just the summation of the
+individual costs,
+
+OK, by definition.
+And that is just the sum,
+
+i equals one,
+to S of the amortized cost
+
+plus, minus the change in
+potential.
+
+OK, did I do this right?
+No, I put the parentheses in
+
+the wrong place.
+Now I've got it right.
+
+Good.
+I just missed a parenthesis.
+
+OK, so this is,
+so in the past what I did was I
+
+expressed the amortized cost as
+being equal to c_i plus the
+
+change in potential.
+I'm just throwing these two
+
+terms over to the other side and
+saying, what's the true cost in
+
+terms of the amortized cost?
+OK, so I get c hat of i plus
+
+phi sub L_i minus one minus phi
+of L_i, OK, by making that
+
+substitution.
+OK, that's less than or equal
+
+to since this is linear.
+Well, I know what the sum of
+
+the amortized cost is.
+It's, at most,
+
+4c_i star.
+So, the sum of them is,
+
+at most, to that sum,
+I equals one to S of 4c_i star.
+
+And then, as happens in all
+these things,
+
+you get a telescope with these
+terms.
+
+Every term is added in once and
+subtracted out once,
+
+except for the ones at the
+limit.
+
+So, I get plus phi of L_0 minus
+phi of L sub cardinality of S.
+
+And now, this term is zero.
+And this term is greater than
+
+or equal to zero.
+OK, so therefore this whole
+
+thing is less than or equal to,
+well, what's that?
+
+That's just four times opt's
+cost.
+
+And so, we're four competitive.
+OK, this is amazing,
+
+I think.
+It's not that hard,
+
+OK, but it's quite amazing that
+just by doing a simple
+
+heuristic, you're nearly as good
+as any omniscient algorithm
+
+could possibly be.
+OK, you're nearly as good.
+
+And, in fact,
+in practice,
+
+this is a great heuristic.
+So, if ever you have things
+
+like a hash table that you're
+actually seeing by chaining,
+
+OK, often it's the case that if
+when you access the elements,
+
+you're just bringing them up to
+the front of the list if it's an
+
+unsorted list that you've put
+them into, just bring them up to
+
+the front.
+You can easily save 30 to 40%
+
+in run time for the accessing to
+the hash table because you will
+
+be much more likely to find the
+elements inside.
+
+Of course, it depends on the
+distribution and so forth,
+
+for empirical matters,
+but the point is that you are
+
+not going to be too far off from
+the ordering that an optimal
+
+algorithm would do,
+optimal off-line algorithm:
+
+I mean, amazing.
+OK: optimal off-line.
+
+Now, it turns out that in the
+reading that we assigned,
+
+so, we assigned you Sleator and
+Tarjan's original paper.
+
+In that reading,
+they actually have a slightly
+
+different model where they count
+transposes that move in excess
+
+to element x towards the front
+of the list as free.
+
+OK, so, and this basically
+models, so here's the idea is if
+
+I actually have a linked list,
+and when I chase down,
+
+once I find x,
+I can actually move x up to the
+
+front with just a constant
+number of pointer operations to
+
+splice it out and put it up to
+the front.
+
+I don't actually have to
+transpose all way back down.
+
+OK, so that's kind of the model
+that they use,
+
+which is a more realistic
+model.
+
+OK, I presented this argument
+because it's a little bit
+
+simpler.
+OK, and the model is a little
+
+bit simpler.
+But in our model,
+
+they have, when you access
+something, you want to bring it
+
+up to the front,
+or anything that you happen to
+
+go across during that time,
+you could bring up to the front
+
+essentially for free.
+This model is the splicing in,
+
+splicing x in and out of L in
+constant time.
+
+Then, MTF is,
+it turns out,
+
+too competitive.
+It's within a factor of two of
+
+optimal, OK, if you use that.
+And that's actually a good
+
+exercise to work through.
+You could also go read about it
+
+in the reading to understand
+this better, to look to see
+
+where you would use those
+things.
+
+You have to have another term
+representing the number of,
+
+quote, "free" transposes.
+But it turns out that all the
+
+math works out pretty much the
+same.
+
+OK, let's see,
+another thing I promised you
+
+is, what if, to look at the
+case, what if they don't start
+
+with the same lists?
+OK, what if the two lists are
+
+different when they start?
+Then, the potential function at
+
+the beginning might be as big as
+what?
+
+How big are the potential
+function start out as if the
+
+lists are different?
+So, suppose we're starting out,
+
+you have a list,
+and opt says,
+
+OK, I'm going to start out by
+ordering my list according to
+
+the sequence that I want to use,
+OK, and MTF orders it according
+
+to the sequence it must use.
+What list is opt going to start
+
+out with as an adversary?
+Yeah, it's going to pick the
+
+reverse of what ever MTF starts
+out with, right,
+
+because then,
+if he picks the reverse,
+
+what's the number of
+inversions?
+
+It's how many inversions in a
+reverse ordered list?
+
+Yeah, n choose two,
+OK.
+
+Is it n choose two,
+or n minus one choose two?
+
+n minus one choose two,
+OK, inversions that you get
+
+because it's basically a
+triangular number when you add
+
+them up.
+But in any case,
+
+it's order n^2,
+worst case.
+
+So, what does that do to our
+analysis here?
+
+It says that the cost of MTF of
+S is going to be,
+
+well, this is no longer zero.
+This is now n^2.
+
+OK, so we get that costs of MTF
+of S is, at most,
+
+four times opt's thing plus
+order n^2, OK?
+
+And, if we look at the
+definition, did we erase it
+
+already?
+OK, this is still for
+
+competitive, OK,
+since n^2 is constant as the
+
+size of S goes to infinity.
+This is, once again,
+
+sort of your notion of,
+what does it mean to be a
+
+constant?
+OK, so as the size of the list
+
+gets bigger, all we're doing is
+accessing whatever that number,
+
+n, is of elements.
+That number doesn't grow with
+
+the problem size,
+OK, even if it starts out as
+
+some variable number,
+n.
+
+OK, it doesn't grow with the
+problem size.
+
+We still end up being
+competitive.
+
+This is just the k that was in
+that definition of
+
+competitiveness.
+OK, any questions?
+
+Yeah?
+Well, so you could change the
+
+cost model a little bit.
+Yeah.
+
+And that's a good one to work
+out.
+
+But if you say the cost of
+transposing, so,
+
+the cost of transposing is
+probably moving two pointers,
+
+approximately.
+No, one, three pointers.
+
+So, suppose that the cost of,
+wow, that's a good exercise,
+
+OK?
+Suppose the cost was three
+
+times to do a transpose,
+was three times the cost of
+
+doing an access,
+of following a pointer.
+
+OK, how would that change the
+number here?
+
+OK, good exercise,
+great exercise.
+
+OK, hmm, good final question.
+OK, yes, it will affect the
+
+constant here just as when we do
+the free transpose,
+
+when we move things towards the
+front, that we consider those as
+
+free, OK.
+Those operations end up
+
+reducing the constant as well.
+OK, but the point is that this
+
+constant is independent of the
+constant having to do with the
+
+number of elements in the list.
+So that's a different constant.
+
+So, this is a constant.
+OK, and so as with a lot of
+
+these things,
+there's two things.
+
+One is, there's the theory.
+So, theory here backs up
+
+practice.
+OK, those practitioners knew
+
+what they were doing,
+OK, without knowing what they
+
+were doing.
+OK, so that's really good.
+
+OK, and we have a deeper
+understanding that's led to,
+
+as I say, many algorithms for
+things like, the important ones
+
+are like paging.
+So, what's the comment page
+
+replacement policy that people
+study, people have at most
+
+operating systems?
+Who's done 6.033 or something?
+
+Yeah, it's Least Recently Used,
+LRU.
+
+People have heard of that,
+OK.
+
+So, you can analyze LRU
+competitive, and show that LRU
+
+is actually competitive with
+optimal page replacement under
+
+certain assumptions.
+OK, and there are also other
+
+things.
+Like, people do random
+
+replacement algorithms,
+and there are a whole bunch of
+
+other kinds of things that can
+be analyzed with the competitive
+
+analysis framework.
+OK, so it's very cool stuff.
+
+And, we are going to see more
+in recitation on Friday,
+
+see a couple of other really
+good problems that are maybe a
+
+little bit easier than this one,
+OK, definitely easier than this
+
+one.
+OK, they give you hopefully
+
+some more intuition about
+competitive analysis.
+
+I also want to warn you about
+next week's problem set.
+
+So, next week's problem set has
+a programming assignment on it.
+
+OK, and the programming
+assignment is mandatory,
+
+meaning, well,
+all the problem sets are
+
+mandatory as you know,
+but if you decide not to do a
+
+problem there's a little bit of
+a penalty and then the penalties
+
+scale dramatically as you stop
+doing problem sets.
+
+But this one is
+mandatory-mandatory.
+
+OK, you don't pass the class.
+You'll get an incomplete if you
+
+do not do this programming
+assignment.
+
+Now, I know that some people
+are less practiced with
+
+programming.
+And so, what I encourage you to
+
+do over the weekend is spent a
+few minutes and work on your
+
+programming skills if you're not
+up to snuff in programming.
+
+It's not going to be a long
+assignment, but if you don't
+
+know how to read a file and
+write out a file,
+
+and be able to write a dozen
+lines of code,
+
+OK, if you are weak on that,
+this weekend would be a good
+
+idea to practice reading in a
+text file.
+
+It's going to be a text file.
+Read it in a text file,
+
+decent manipulations,
+write out a text file,
+
+OK?
+So, I don't want people to get
+
+caught with this being mandatory
+and that not have time to finish
+
+it because they are busy trying
+to learn how to program in short
+
+order.
+I know some people take this
+
+course without quite getting all
+the programming prerequisites.
+
+Here's where you need it.
+Question?
+
+No language limitations.
+Pick your language.
+
+The answer will be written in,
+I think, Java,
+
+and Eric has graciously
+volunteered to use Python for
+
+his solution to this problem.
+We'll see whether he lives up
+
+to that promise.
+You did already?
+
+OK, and George wrote the Java
+solution.
+
+And so, C is fine.
+Matlab is fine.
+
+OK, what else is fine?
+Anything is fine.
+
+Scheme is fine.
+Scheme is fine.
+
+Scheme is great.
+OK, so any such things will be
+
+just fine.
+So, we don't care what language
+
+you program in,
+but you will have to do
+
+programming to solve this
+problem.
+
+OK, so thanks very much.
+See you next week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/2cFtUc7VdDs.txt b/2cFtUc7VdDs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..020eea12703f9bdb270a92fb8772284c58e361a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/2cFtUc7VdDs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5801 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all righty all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all righty all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all righty all right let's
+get going so our next module is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get going so our next module is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get going so our next module is a
+variability simulation and this ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability simulation and this ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability simulation and this ties
+right into the accounts payable case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the accounts payable case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the accounts payable case
+study that Earl just did with you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that Earl just did with you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that Earl just did with you from
+Rockwell Collins so our learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockwell Collins so our learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockwell Collins so our learning
+objectives for this module is simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives for this module is simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives for this module is simply to
+discuss the impact that variability has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the impact that variability has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the impact that variability has
+on process performance when we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on process performance when we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on process performance when we're done
+and we're going to do this in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do this in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to do this in a very
+experiential way so uh why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential way so uh why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiential way so uh why are we
+concerned about variation in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about variation in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about variation in other
+circumstances and settings in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and settings in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances and settings in life
+variation might be interesting nice or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation might be interesting nice or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation might be interesting nice or
+even desirable but here in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even desirable but here in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even desirable but here in our
+Enterprise and manufact uring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and manufact uring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise and manufact uring and
+Engineering Supply chains variation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering Supply chains variation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering Supply chains variation is
+really more of a curse than it is a help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more of a curse than it is a help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really more of a curse than it is a help
+for us and we've seen this at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and we've seen this at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and we've seen this at various
+points during our course these couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points during our course these couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points during our course these couple of
+days so we heard about it in cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so we heard about it in cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days so we heard about it in cycle time
+when we talked about the accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about the accounts
+payable module we saw the uh challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable module we saw the uh challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable module we saw the uh challenges
+and design for manufacturing to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design for manufacturing to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design for manufacturing to try to
+control variability and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variability and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control variability and we talked about
+that in the lean engineering module and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the lean engineering module and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the lean engineering module and
+in the quality module later on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quality module later on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the quality module later on this
+afternoon we'll talk about process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon we'll talk about process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon we'll talk about process
+capability which has to do uh entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability which has to do uh entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability which has to do uh entirely
+with VAR ation as you saw yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with VAR ation as you saw yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with VAR ation as you saw yesterday
+reducing process variation is a key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing process variation is a key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing process variation is a key step
+in implementing some of our lean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in implementing some of our lean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in implementing some of our lean
+practices getting standard work done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices getting standard work done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices getting standard work done and
+reducing variation in fact is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing variation in fact is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing variation in fact is really the
+heart of what Six Sigma is and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of what Six Sigma is and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of what Six Sigma is and we'll
+talk about that later in the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later in the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later in the quality
+module today so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module today so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module today so what we're going to do
+here in the next uh half hour 40 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the next uh half hour 40 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the next uh half hour 40 minutes
+or so is really linked to what the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so is really linked to what the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so is really linked to what the rest
+of the course has been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course has been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course has been talking
+about so we're going to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we're going to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so we're going to learn about
+variation in two ways first you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in two ways first you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in two ways first you're going
+to get to to touch it and feel it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to to touch it and feel it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to to touch it and feel it with
+the dice and poker chip game that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dice and poker chip game that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dice and poker chip game that's in
+front of you now and then our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you now and then our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you now and then our second
+exercise will be a computer simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise will be a computer simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise will be a computer simulation
+where we're going to uh do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to uh do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to uh do a lot of
+rounds and we'll try to quickly show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds and we'll try to quickly show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds and we'll try to quickly show you
+some of the impact that uh variation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the impact that uh variation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the impact that uh variation has
+on processes and in the course of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on processes and in the course of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on processes and in the course of this
+we're going to just happen to discover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just happen to discover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to just happen to discover a
+useful relationship between work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful relationship between work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful relationship between work in
+process cycle time and Tac time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process cycle time and Tac time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process cycle time and Tac time which
+really doesn't have much to do directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't have much to do directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really doesn't have much to do directly
+with variation but it comes nicely out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variation but it comes nicely out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with variation but it comes nicely out
+of the simulation so we talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simulation so we talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simulation so we talk a little
+bit about what's called little law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what's called little law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what's called little law
+towards the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of this
+module and then the quality module which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and then the quality module which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and then the quality module which
+will come directly after this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come directly after this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come directly after this one I
+believe we're going to introduce tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're going to introduce tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe we're going to introduce tools
+for variation controlling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for variation controlling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for variation controlling it
+understanding it and trying to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it and trying to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it and trying to assess
+its impact on your process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its impact on your process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its impact on your process
+capability so let's move right into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so let's move right into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability so let's move right into the
+dice game that you have in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice game that you have in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice game that you have in front of you
+I'm going to run through a couple of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run through a couple of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to run through a couple of of
+setup and rules for the game and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and rules for the game and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and rules for the game and then
+we'll go ahead and play it it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and play it it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and play it it is a
+five-step system you can see the mats in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-step system you can see the mats in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five-step system you can see the mats in
+front of you each setup will have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you each setup will have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you each setup will have one
+die and one record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and one record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die and one record
+sheet you'll have three chips in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you'll have three chips in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet you'll have three chips in your
+inbox right now and if everybody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbox right now and if everybody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbox right now and if everybody could
+just double check that you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just double check that you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just double check that you have three
+except for the customer who has no inbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the customer who has no inbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the customer who has no inbox
+and no chips it you have a big mess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no chips it you have a big mess with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no chips it you have a big mess with
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+there anybody not find that to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody not find that to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anybody not find that to be the
+case all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all right
+excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent
+so this is a system that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a system that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a system that's going to
+mimic the accounts payable setup that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the accounts payable setup that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mimic the accounts payable setup that we
+saw in the case study previous to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the case study previous to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the case study previous to this
+and the system is designed to processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system is designed to processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the system is designed to processed
+chips we're going to simulate a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips we're going to simulate a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips we're going to simulate a finite
+number of days 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of days 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of days 20
+days and at each day you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and at each day you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and at each day you're going to
+roll the dice and the roll of the dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll the dice and the roll of the dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll the dice and the roll of the dice
+is going to determine how many chips you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to determine how many chips you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to determine how many chips you
+have processed and are going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have processed and are going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have processed and are going to move
+through the system so it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system so it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system so it's a very simple
+rule for how much work you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for how much work you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for how much work you're going to
+get done in any day and one of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done in any day and one of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get done in any day and one of the basic
+concepts is you can't pass more chips in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts is you can't pass more chips in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts is you can't pass more chips in
+any given rle than you have in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given rle than you have in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any given rle than you have in your
+inbox so we're going to do this uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbox so we're going to do this uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbox so we're going to do this uh a
+couple of demos just to get a feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of demos just to get a feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of demos just to get a feel for
+how this works all right so here's day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works all right so here's day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works all right so here's day
+one we're going to start out you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to start out you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're going to start out you have a
+setup like this just like you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup like this just like you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup like this just like you have in
+front of you on day one everybody rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you on day one everybody rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you on day one everybody rolls
+a dice simultaneously the customer rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dice simultaneously the customer rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dice simultaneously the customer rolls
+a three so the customer passes three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three so the customer passes three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three so the customer passes three
+chips into the mail room mail room rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips into the mail room mail room rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips into the mail room mail room rolls
+two passes two chips into pfr let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two passes two chips into pfr let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two passes two chips into pfr let's say
+pfr rolls a five but pfr has only got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfr rolls a five but pfr has only got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pfr rolls a five but pfr has only got
+three chips sitting in the box so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chips sitting in the box so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three chips sitting in the box so
+they're only able to pass on three chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only able to pass on three chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only able to pass on three chips
+and not the full five so now what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the full five so now what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not the full five so now what you
+have is lost capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is lost capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is lost capacity
+here say the analyst rolls a one so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here say the analyst rolls a one so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here say the analyst rolls a one so they
+can pass one chip on to pay pay rolls a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass one chip on to pay pay rolls a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pass one chip on to pay pay rolls a
+six he's got lots of capacity that day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six he's got lots of capacity that day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six he's got lots of capacity that day
+and passes three chips onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and passes three chips onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and passes three chips onto the
+archive and that's the conclusion of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive and that's the conclusion of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archive and that's the conclusion of one
+day all these things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day all these things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day all these things happen
+simultaneously and don't wait for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and don't wait for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and don't wait for other
+people to pass you chips before you pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to pass you chips before you pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to pass you chips before you pass
+your chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on so now this is what happens in day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so now this is what happens in day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so now this is what happens in day
+two so you're left with this setup at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you're left with this setup at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you're left with this setup at
+the beginning of day two you roll die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of day two you roll die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of day two you roll die
+your dice like you have it here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dice like you have it here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dice like you have it here and you
+have some cases of underused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some cases of underused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some cases of underused
+underutilized capacity for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underutilized capacity for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underutilized capacity for example here
+you'd roll to five but you can only pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd roll to five but you can only pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd roll to five but you can only pass
+four chips because that's the most you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four chips because that's the most you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four chips because that's the most you
+have and then we're at the end of day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then we're at the end of day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and then we're at the end of day
+two we're going to play for 20 days and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we're going to play for 20 days and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we're going to play for 20 days and
+see how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how things
+go now each round you have to record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now each round you have to record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go now each round you have to record the
+jobs that you did and the work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that you did and the work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that you did and the work in
+progress on your sheet so take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on your sheet so take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on your sheet so take a look at
+your math you have one inbox and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your math you have one inbox and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your math you have one inbox and one
+record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+sheet so each day you roll the die you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet so each day you roll the die you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet so each day you roll the die you
+pass chips you make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+records so if we wanted to uh highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records so if we wanted to uh highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records so if we wanted to uh highlight
+an example from we just did so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example from we just did so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example from we just did so this is
+analyst everybody starts with three whip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst everybody starts with three whip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyst everybody starts with three whip
+on day one the analyst rolled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day one the analyst rolled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on day one the analyst rolled a
+one and she had three whip she completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and she had three whip she completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and she had three whip she completed
+one and that was left with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that was left with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and that was left with two
+more plus the original Three in the whip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plus the original Three in the whip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more plus the original Three in the whip
+so now you have a whip of five and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a whip of five and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have a whip of five and
+you're going to know how much whip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to know how much whip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to know how much whip you
+have just by looking at your inbox and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just by looking at your inbox and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just by looking at your inbox and
+Counting it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple on day two the analyst completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple on day two the analyst completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple on day two the analyst completed
+three and ended up with a whip of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and ended up with a whip of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and ended up with a whip of three
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+box so now the customer worksheet those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so now the customer worksheet those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box so now the customer worksheet those
+of you who are seated at table a or mat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are seated at table a or mat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who are seated at table a or mat
+a you've got a a slightly different situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you've got a a slightly different situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you've got a a slightly different situ
+ation you are going to be generating new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation you are going to be generating new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation you are going to be generating new
+jobs that flow into the system also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that flow into the system also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that flow into the system also by
+the role of a die so you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of a die so you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the role of a die so you are going to
+record your new jobs put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record your new jobs put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record your new jobs put into the
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+here you are going to get the jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you are going to get the jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you are going to get the jobs
+completed by looking at the person whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed by looking at the person whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed by looking at the person whose
+station is label pay that's letter e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is label pay that's letter e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is label pay that's letter e and
+they're the person who's putting jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the person who's putting jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the person who's putting jobs
+into the archive bin which is a done one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the archive bin which is a done one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the archive bin which is a done one
+and then you're going to capture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to capture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to capture the
+jobs that are completed every round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that are completed every round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that are completed every round
+here and then you're going to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you're going to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then you're going to fill in
+your total whip comp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total whip comp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total whip comp
+now what you'll notice is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you'll notice is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what you'll notice is that there's
+actually a shortcut to calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a shortcut to calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a shortcut to calculating the
+total whip people who are at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total whip people who are at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total whip people who are at the
+customer station and this is detailed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer station and this is detailed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer station and this is detailed on
+your your mat I think yep so your total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mat I think yep so your total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your mat I think yep so your total
+whip your new Total whip is your old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whip your new Total whip is your old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whip your new Total whip is your old
+total whip plus the new jobs minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total whip plus the new jobs minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total whip plus the new jobs minus the
+jobs complete kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs complete kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs complete kind of
+intuitive so this is just filling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so this is just filling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive so this is just filling in
+some of the calculations that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the calculations that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the calculations that we're
+illustrating down here on the shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating down here on the shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating down here on the shortcut
+but I think this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think this is pretty
+straightforward for all of you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward for all of you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward for all of you guys
+being MIT student stud so before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being MIT student stud so before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being MIT student stud so before we
+start the game let's talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the game let's talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the game let's talk about what
+should happen here we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen here we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen here we're going to think
+about 20 time periods or 20 days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 time periods or 20 days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 time periods or 20 days of
+work so each day you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so each day you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so each day you're going to have
+three and a half chips that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half chips that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half chips that you
+processed which is just the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed which is just the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed which is just the average of
+your dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dice
+roll so intuitively to you what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll so intuitively to you what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll so intuitively to you what should
+be the average throughput in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the average throughput in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the average throughput in the system
+over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+days how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days how
+much 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much 35
+yeah 3.5 time 10 right 35 and over 20 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 3.5 time 10 right 35 and over 20 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 3.5 time 10 right 35 and over 20 we
+to have double that right we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have double that right we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have double that right we ought to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+70 what do you think is the idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 what do you think is the idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70 what do you think is the idealized
+flow time through this system so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow time through this system so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow time through this system so how
+much time should it take one chip to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time should it take one chip to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time should it take one chip to
+pass through from the customer to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through from the customer to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through from the customer to being
+completed yeah let's not think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed yeah let's not think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed yeah let's not think about the
+customer taking a day so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer taking a day so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer taking a day so if you don't
+think about the customers being part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the customers being part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the customers being part of
+that day count so once a Chip's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day count so once a Chip's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that day count so once a Chip's in the
+system how long would it take to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how long would it take to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how long would it take to move
+through four days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four days
+because I process it a rate three and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I process it a rate three and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I process it a rate three and a
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+okay 70 chips four days on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 70 chips four days on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay 70 chips four days on our
+throughput time this is our ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput time this is our ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput time this is our ideal
+calculation so now we're going to go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so now we're going to go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so now we're going to go and
+play the dice game and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the dice game and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the dice game and we're going to
+see what actually happens when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what actually happens when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what actually happens when we have
+variability in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability in our
+system so what I'd like to do now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what I'd like to do now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what I'd like to do now is
+we'll start the game I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start the game I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start the game I'm going to go
+ahead and call out the beginning of days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and call out the beginning of days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and call out the beginning of days
+for you so I'll say day one and on day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so I'll say day one and on day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so I'll say day one and on day
+one everybody rolls a dice move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one everybody rolls a dice move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one everybody rolls a dice move your
+chips do your counting wait a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips do your counting wait a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips do your counting wait a few
+seconds for everybody to get ready and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds for everybody to get ready and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds for everybody to get ready and
+then I'll call day two and we repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll call day two and we repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll call day two and we repeat the
+process all over again all right ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all over again all right ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process all over again all right ready
+yeah questions yeah go ahead for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah questions yeah go ahead for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah questions yeah go ahead for the
+customers a do we put the total Z or 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers a do we put the total Z or 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers a do we put the total Z or 12
+put 12 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 12 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 12 in the
+example why don't you yes why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example why don't you yes why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example why don't you yes why don't you
+the customers take a look around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers take a look around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customers take a look around the
+table right now and count the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Whip and you'll see that it's 12 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whip and you'll see that it's 12 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whip and you'll see that it's 12 yeah
+because we did actually make the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did actually make the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we did actually make the example
+like the setup you have on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the setup you have on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the setup you have on the table
+trying to make that intuitive yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make that intuitive yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make that intuitive yeah so
+you do start out with 12 so the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do start out with 12 so the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do start out with 12 so the customer
+can go ahead and enter that in before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and enter that in before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and enter that in before we
+begin and everyone else can make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin and everyone else can make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin and everyone else can make sure
+that they have their whip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have their whip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have their whip
+entered all right so let's begin so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered all right so let's begin so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entered all right so let's begin so I'll
+start day one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right did everybody get get day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right did everybody get get day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right did everybody get get day
+one done let's take questions before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one done let's take questions before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one done let's take questions before we
+go on to day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to day
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+complete not's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete not's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete not's on
+your that's right exactly so what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's right exactly so what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your that's right exactly so what you've
+completed is the amount you pass quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed is the amount you pass quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed is the amount you pass quick
+clarification so remember that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification so remember that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification so remember that all of
+these processes are happening exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes are happening exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these processes are happening exactly
+simultaneously and in parallel so do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and in parallel so do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously and in parallel so do not
+take chips that were handed to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chips that were handed to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take chips that were handed to you in
+that round when you're figuring out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that round when you're figuring out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that round when you're figuring out how
+many you have to pass on to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you have to pass on to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you have to pass on to the next
+round so if your inbox is empty and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so if your inbox is empty and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round so if your inbox is empty and in
+that rle somebody's passing you six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rle somebody's passing you six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rle somebody's passing you six and
+you have to pass on three you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass on three you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass on three you you don't
+actually have any to pass on all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have any to pass on all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have any to pass on all right
+so day two go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+all right uh we're at day 10 right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh we're at day 10 right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh we're at day 10 right we
+just finished that all right let's stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished that all right let's stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished that all right let's stop
+for a sec tell me look at your whip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sec tell me look at your whip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a sec tell me look at your whip
+count the total whip at your table right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now all right let's have a quick report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right let's have a quick report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right let's have a quick report
+at what's your whip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's your whip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what's your whip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+26 Sor go go ahead 20 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 Sor go go ahead 20 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 Sor go go ahead 20 19
+19 19 in the back so we've grown from 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 19 in the back so we've grown from 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 19 in the back so we've grown from 12
+to 19 20 26 or so who's got the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 20 26 or so who's got the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 19 20 26 or so who's got the biggest
+whip at your table which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+station wait which uh which station are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station wait which uh which station are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station wait which uh which station are
+youy analy how many you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youy analy how many you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youy analy how many you
+got 12 okay mail room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 12 okay mail room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 12 okay mail room
+10 mail room with n pfr check with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 mail room with n pfr check with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 mail room with n pfr check with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and your station is okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your station is okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your station is okay okay
+so you guys all started with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys all started with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys all started with the same
+initial conditions do you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions do you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions do you know that
+right and now you've exercised 10 rounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now you've exercised 10 rounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and now you've exercised 10 rounds
+of this game and you don't resemble each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this game and you don't resemble each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this game and you don't resemble each
+other at all anymore so let's go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at all anymore so let's go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other at all anymore so let's go on and
+play the rest day 11 go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roll all right day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+17 all right are we ready for our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 all right are we ready for our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 all right are we ready for our last
+day go ahead and roll day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+20 okay after 20 days everybody should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 okay after 20 days everybody should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 okay after 20 days everybody should
+add the appropriate columns carry out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the appropriate columns carry out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the appropriate columns carry out
+the calculations at the bottom of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations at the bottom of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations at the bottom of your
+tally sheet the customer note you'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tally sheet the customer note you'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tally sheet the customer note you'll do
+something a little bit more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more complex
+got a calculator if you need it um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a calculator if you need it um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a calculator if you need it um let's
+start calculating some of the results we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start calculating some of the results we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start calculating some of the results we
+got customer should be answering these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got customer should be answering these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got customer should be answering these
+questions the throughput is that average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the throughput is that average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions the throughput is that average
+invoices per day I think it's line it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoices per day I think it's line it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoices per day I think it's line it's
+the second line on the on the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second line on the on the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second line on the on the customer
+calculation and the flow time is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and the flow time is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and the flow time is that
+very last line on the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last line on the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last line on the customer
+calculations again we're looking for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations again we're looking for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations again we're looking for an
+average performance Okay C who's who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average performance Okay C who's who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average performance Okay C who's who's
+finished here who's got you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished here who's got you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished here who's got you guys have
+okay what do you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what do you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what do you got
+got for which line invo invoices per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got for which line invo invoices per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got for which line invo invoices per
+day 2.25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day 2.25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day 2.25
+2.25 okay what do we think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 okay what do we think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 okay what do we think that was
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be 3.5 right not not really what's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3.5 right not not really what's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 3.5 right not not really what's our
+flow time we thought might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow time we thought might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow time we thought might be
+4 the average flow time 11.08
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the average flow time 11.08
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 the average flow time 11.08
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+11.1 no 11 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.1 no 11 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.1 no 11 um
+longer than four right okay who else has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than four right okay who else has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than four right okay who else has
+got a finish sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+3.05 okay these guys are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leader6 all right we'll put unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader6 all right we'll put unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader6 all right we'll put unnecessary
+in there just for consistency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just for consistency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just for consistency
+um now how useful are those extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now how useful are those extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now how useful are those extra
+digits n whatever um okay well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R 2.6 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2.6 oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R 2.6 oh
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.6 um 10.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 um 10.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 um 10.6
+10.6 wow um okay 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.6 wow um okay 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.6 wow um okay 2.6
+2.6 8.94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 8.94
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 8.94
+8.94
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay T the back still still pay last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay T the back still still pay last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay T the back still still pay last
+last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers while she's doing that how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers while she's doing that how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers while she's doing that how about
+our individual performers who's got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our individual performers who's got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our individual performers who's got the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+inventory who thinks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do 1 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going 1 TI for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going 1 TI for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going 1 TI for
+17 okay Ma inventory is 17 up from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 okay Ma inventory is 17 up from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 okay Ma inventory is 17 up from three
+and and who flip side of that Who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and who flip side of that Who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and who flip side of that Who had
+who talking individual sheets now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who talking individual sheets now not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who talking individual sheets now not
+the not the customer who's got the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the customer who's got the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the not the customer who's got the best
+utilization who is the efficient worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization who is the efficient worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization who is the efficient worker
+in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room
+9696 yeah i96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+96898 and which which places are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96898 and which which places are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96898 and which which places are you
+guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys
+jack for the 96 yeah 957 actually at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack for the 96 yeah 957 actually at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack for the 96 yeah 957 actually at at
+uh at oh what station yeah oh room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at oh what station yeah oh room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at oh what station yeah oh room and
+mail room and Mail Room mail room so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail room and Mail Room mail room so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail room and Mail Room mail room so two
+mail rooms and and and rather Sur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail rooms and and and rather Sur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mail rooms and and and rather Sur
+surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly
+a a pfr okay so we got we so some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pfr okay so we got we so some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a pfr okay so we got we so some people
+in this environment are performing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment are performing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment are performing right
+so with managers we should yell at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with managers we should yell at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with managers we should yell at
+everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right hello yeah team5 it's 2.35 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hello yeah team5 it's 2.35 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hello yeah team5 it's 2.35 the
+first number and and then 7.08
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first number and and then 7.08
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first number and and then 7.08
+7.08 so actually they take the flow time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.08 so actually they take the flow time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.08 so actually they take the flow time
+winner okay so here's our maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner okay so here's our maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner okay so here's our maximum
+performers and they're not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers and they're not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performers and they're not you know
+that's not three and A2 and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not three and A2 and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not three and A2 and that's not
+four so there's something there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there's something there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there's something there's
+something rotten in this system um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotten in this system um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something rotten in this system um
+although not every single thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not every single thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although not every single thing is
+rotten right some some people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotten right some some people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotten right some some people seem to be
+able to perform um so that leaves us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to perform um so that leaves us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to perform um so that leaves us
+right into our discussion so questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into our discussion so questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into our discussion so questions
+for you to think about is why are we not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think about is why are we not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to think about is why are we not
+achieving those numbers that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving those numbers that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieving those numbers that we want to
+why are we getting fewer jobs processed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we getting fewer jobs processed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are we getting fewer jobs processed
+in our throughput then expected why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our throughput then expected why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our throughput then expected why is
+flow time longer this is interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow time longer this is interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow time longer this is interactive
+what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you
+think Mark well we started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Mark well we started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Mark well we started out with
+three and the average expected goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the average expected goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the average expected goal is
+3.5 so automatically you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 so automatically you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 so automatically you have an
+expected overacting on the first roll if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected overacting on the first roll if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected overacting on the first roll if
+we started with four that would make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with four that would make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with four that would make a
+pretty big difference given the know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big difference given the know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big difference given the know the
+expect okay other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect okay other thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect okay other thoughts
+um there's like no back blog here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's like no back blog here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's like no back blog here when
+you only when you have a uh what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only when you have a uh what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only when you have a uh what do you
+call it inventory less than the roll and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it inventory less than the roll and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it inventory less than the roll and
+you have like a six you don't do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a six you don't do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like a six you don't do you
+don't get to do those extra two later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to do those extra two later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get to do those extra two later on
+you just clear out your inventory it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just clear out your inventory it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just clear out your inventory it's
+done okay so let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay so let me try
+to yeah let me try to maybe restate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah let me try to maybe restate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah let me try to maybe restate that
+a little bit because the concept I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because the concept I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because the concept I I
+want to try to to get to is that of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to to get to is that of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to to get to is that of of
+dependencies in the system so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies in the system so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies in the system so we don't
+want to think about having a a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about having a a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about having a a big
+backlog is going to improve our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog is going to improve our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog is going to improve our system
+but we want to recognize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to recognize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we want to recognize that the
+dependencies create this inefficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies create this inefficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies create this inefficiency
+because you have to wait for your space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to wait for your space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have to wait for your space
+to be filled up before you can do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be filled up before you can do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be filled up before you can do your
+task for somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task for somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task for somebody
+else and that the answer may not be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and that the answer may not be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and that the answer may not be to
+have a big backlog waiting so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big backlog waiting so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big backlog waiting so you can
+always do your task the answer may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do your task the answer may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always do your task the answer may be
+other things that we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that we've seen
+demonstrated throughout the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated throughout the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrated throughout the course of
+the uh curriculum the past couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh curriculum the past couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh curriculum the past couple
+days that that does bring up a a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days that that does bring up a a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days that that does bring up a a point
+and it's a point that actually occurs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a point that actually occurs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a point that actually occurs in
+the real world a lot which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world a lot which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world a lot which is
+that wouldn't happen if you had a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't happen if you had a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't happen if you had a huge
+backlog right you'd be operating at 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog right you'd be operating at 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog right you'd be operating at 100%
+efficiency if you had a big pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you had a big pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency if you had a big pile of
+chips in every correct right would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips in every correct right would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips in every correct right would that
+make the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the customer
+happy no because the fline would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy no because the fline would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy no because the fline would be
+infantes right they would be enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infantes right they would be enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infantes right they would be enormous
+around let's talk about one more reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's talk about one more reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around let's talk about one more reason
+for uh these jobs taking longer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh these jobs taking longer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh these jobs taking longer than
+expected variability yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected variability yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected variability yes thank you
+variability and statistical fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and statistical fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and statistical fluctuations
+that are going on um it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going on um it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going on um it's the the
+unlevel aspect of each of your stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlevel aspect of each of your stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlevel aspect of each of your stations
+of demand this variability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand this variability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demand this variability and
+fluctuation that's that's contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation that's that's contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation that's that's contributing
+to your being unable to work at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your being unable to work at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your being unable to work at your
+maximum efficiency so there's two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum efficiency so there's two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum efficiency so there's two sides
+of that coin you one is to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that coin you one is to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that coin you one is to think about
+always having stuff to do when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always having stuff to do when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always having stuff to do when you want
+to do it and the other one is thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and the other one is thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and the other one is thinking
+about leveling out what you do to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leveling out what you do to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about leveling out what you do to have
+that be a little bit more smooth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be a little bit more smooth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be a little bit more smooth and
+lean out the variations so how might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean out the variations so how might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lean out the variations so how might you
+improve the performance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the performance of this
+particular particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular particular
+system well I mean a foresighted die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well I mean a foresighted die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well I mean a foresighted die
+basically fewer must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fewer must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically fewer must
+varable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varable
+exactly less variability on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processing Zoe we basically have dayong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing Zoe we basically have dayong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing Zoe we basically have dayong
+batches now can pass it each time you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches now can pass it each time you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+batches now can pass it each time you're
+done you're processing one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+excellent let's take and look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent let's take and look at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent let's take and look at our
+dice game now in Rapid fast forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice game now in Rapid fast forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice game now in Rapid fast forward
+motion and we're going to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and we're going to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and we're going to use an
+excel-based computer simulation to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel-based computer simulation to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel-based computer simulation to show
+you some of the effects of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the effects of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some of the effects of these
+variations because we just got to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations because we just got to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations because we just got to play
+20 rounds and over the course of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 rounds and over the course of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 rounds and over the course of 20
+rounds there are some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds there are some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounds there are some interesting
+variations over the course of hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations over the course of hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations over the course of hundreds
+of rounds you might see other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rounds you might see other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rounds you might see other
+interesting patterns um so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting patterns um so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting patterns um so we're going
+to try to look at this so that we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to look at this so that we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to look at this so that we can uh
+look at how things are changing who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how things are changing who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how things are changing who's
+going to run the simulation and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the simulation and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run the simulation and we're
+going to be able to change our customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to change our customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to change our customer
+input so how often these invic arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so how often these invic arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so how often these invic arrival
+voices arrive and we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices arrive and we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices arrive and we're also going to
+test the process step variation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the process step variation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the process step variation which is
+what Mark suggested uh going from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mark suggested uh going from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Mark suggested uh going from a
+six-sided die to a smaller side of die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-sided die to a smaller side of die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-sided die to a smaller side of die
+and we'll look at the impact on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at the impact on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at the impact on this
+we'll look at 20 days we'll look at 216
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at 20 days we'll look at 216
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at 20 days we'll look at 216
+days and you may want to take some notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and you may want to take some notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and you may want to take some notes
+for yourself so as we look at each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself so as we look at each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yourself so as we look at each of
+the data you might want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you might want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you might want to think about
+how many invoices per day what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many invoices per day what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many invoices per day what's the
+Whip and what's a tile time for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whip and what's a tile time for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whip and what's a tile time for some of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+sit-ups and then we can talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit-ups and then we can talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit-ups and then we can talk about uh
+invoices per day times cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoices per day times cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoices per day times cycle time
+and what the result of that calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the result of that calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the result of that calculation
+is and I'd actually like you all to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'd actually like you all to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and I'd actually like you all to take
+just a little scrap piece of paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little scrap piece of paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little scrap piece of paper and
+do a couple of these calculations as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a couple of these calculations as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a couple of these calculations as we
+wander through the simulation this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander through the simulation this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wander through the simulation this will
+become important five slides from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important five slides from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become important five slides from
+now all right so our first um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right so our first um so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right so our first um so let's
+just actually introduce you to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just actually introduce you to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just actually introduce you to the
+spreadsheet and what's going on here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet and what's going on here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet and what's going on here so
+we have represented the stations on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have represented the stations on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have represented the stations on your
+mat so here's the customer the mail room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat so here's the customer the mail room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mat so here's the customer the mail room
+the pfr check the analyst and the pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pfr check the analyst and the pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pfr check the analyst and the pay
+station and for each of those we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and for each of those we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and for each of those we can
+choose whether or not we want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose whether or not we want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose whether or not we want to have a
+standard die which will have the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard die which will have the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard die which will have the most
+variation or or some variations on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation or or some variations on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation or or some variations on that
+and you can actually pull down one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually pull down one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually pull down one of
+the boxes so we can look at uh large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boxes so we can look at uh large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boxes so we can look at uh large
+binary variations we can look at small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variations we can look at small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variations we can look at small
+binary variations we can look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variations we can look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary variations we can look at a
+constant throughput we can look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant throughput we can look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant throughput we can look at a
+dice which has a zero instead of a six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice which has a zero instead of a six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice which has a zero instead of a six
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it yeah and so we can actually do those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah and so we can actually do those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah and so we can actually do those
+for each of these stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these stations
+and then we'll see down here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see down here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see down here some
+calculations going on so this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations going on so this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations going on so this is where
+you'll find your invoices per day over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find your invoices per day over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find your invoices per day over
+the long run your whip over the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run your whip over the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run your whip over the short
+and long run cycle time short and long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long run cycle time short and long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and long run cycle time short and long
+run and this over here just tells us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and this over here just tells us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and this over here just tells us how
+much of what we're seeing might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of what we're seeing might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of what we're seeing might actually
+be due to chance so if we're always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to chance so if we're always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be due to chance so if we're always
+rolling ones or we're always rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling ones or we're always rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling ones or we're always rolling
+sixes this will tell us whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes this will tell us whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes this will tell us whether or not
+we're getting close to a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting close to a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting close to a fair
+die um so do you want to just run a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um so do you want to just run a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die um so do you want to just run a few
+of these so you can see one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these so you can see one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these so you can see one of the
+things you you might notice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you you might notice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you you might notice you know
+just from table to table that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from table to table that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from table to table that every
+table behave the same the answer is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table behave the same the answer is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table behave the same the answer is no
+it's variation and in fact that never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's variation and in fact that never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's variation and in fact that never
+settles down which is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down which is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles down which is one of the
+interesting things about a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things about a variable
+system let's do that again oh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's do that again oh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system let's do that again oh different
+let's do it again oh this time it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it again oh this time it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it again oh this time it is
+painful let's do it again oh now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful let's do it again oh now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painful let's do it again oh now
+everybody's doing badly now everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's doing badly now everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's doing badly now everybody's
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+better can't really get this under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better can't really get this under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better can't really get this under
+control there's too much variation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control there's too much variation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control there's too much variation and
+we can't even even if we did lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't even even if we did lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't even even if we did lots of
+studies like this we really wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies like this we really wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies like this we really wouldn't
+understand what was going on because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what was going on because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what was going on because the
+variation is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is small
+thing but we'd like to now do is start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we'd like to now do is start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but we'd like to now do is start
+looking at some things that happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some things that happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at some things that happen in
+the real world and trying to mimic them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world and trying to mimic them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world and trying to mimic them
+with a Sim so our first exercise is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Sim so our first exercise is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Sim so our first exercise is what
+happens when you get a bottleneck in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you get a bottleneck in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you get a bottleneck in the
+system so to do that we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so to do that we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so to do that we're going to take
+a pfr check here and we're going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pfr check here and we're going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pfr check here and we're going to give
+this person a die that is zero to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person a die that is zero to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person a die that is zero to five
+now you know when you see inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know when you see inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you know when you see inventory
+piling up yesterday you had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piling up yesterday you had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piling up yesterday you had an
+experience where there was bottling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where there was bottling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience where there was bottling and
+you should suspect that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should suspect that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should suspect that there's a
+bottleneck um however in this case well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck um however in this case well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck um however in this case well
+we're not sure where the bottleneck is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not sure where the bottleneck is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not sure where the bottleneck is
+if there was one it would be obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was one it would be obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was one it would be obvious
+it's actually hard to see because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually hard to see because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually hard to see because it's
+just going off the chart right away this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going off the chart right away this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going off the chart right away this
+is a single cap single station is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single cap single station is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a single cap single station is under
+capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity
+RF um because it has no sixes on its sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF um because it has no sixes on its sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF um because it has no sixes on its sky
+and uh yeah Bott
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah Bott
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh yeah Bott
+un again we could run that yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un again we could run that yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un again we could run that yeah if you
+just it a few times times it it never it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it a few times times it it never it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it a few times times it it never it
+doesn't vary it's always B oh look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary it's always B oh look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary it's always B oh look it
+came came back down from from seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came came back down from from seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came came back down from from seen that
+before right but so again parall never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right but so again parall never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right but so again parall never
+really gets back parallels to the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gets back parallels to the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gets back parallels to the real
+world so if you are on a manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so if you are on a manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so if you are on a manufacturing
+floor or in any process and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or in any process and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor or in any process and you're
+taking data you may start to see some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking data you may start to see some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking data you may start to see some of
+these patterns emerge over collecting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns emerge over collecting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patterns emerge over collecting a
+number of sets of data and this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sets of data and this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of sets of data and this will
+help you identify what is going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you identify what is going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you identify what is going on so
+you can not only look at it from a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can not only look at it from a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can not only look at it from a sort
+of forward-looking perspective but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forward-looking perspective but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of forward-looking perspective but you
+can do a back sort of mystery solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a back sort of mystery solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a back sort of mystery solving
+perspective on it to by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on it to by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective on it to by looking at the
+data and the patterns and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the patterns and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the patterns and trying to
+figure out what's going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what's going on with
+that um so the next situation we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so the next situation we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um so the next situation we'd like
+to take a look at is what we have with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at is what we have with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a look at is what we have with
+reduced input variations so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced input variations so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced input variations so here we're
+going to have our input which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our input which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have our input which is a
+customer putting chips in the system set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer putting chips in the system set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer putting chips in the system set
+that at the three or four die this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the three or four die this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the three or four die this is
+this is the blame it on the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the blame it on the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the blame it on the customer
+Theory right if the customer didn't roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory right if the customer didn't roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory right if the customer didn't roll
+sixes we wouldn't have problems yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes we wouldn't have problems yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixes we wouldn't have problems yeah so
+we're going to calm the customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calm the customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calm the customer
+down and we still see problem result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we still see problem result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we still see problem result
+regardless of how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how many different
+perations it helps a little bit but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations it helps a little bit but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations it helps a little bit but not
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+much certainly not a process you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much certainly not a process you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much certainly not a process you want to
+sign up for at your Enterprise right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for at your Enterprise right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for at your Enterprise right so
+it's not the customer's fault either so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the customer's fault either so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the customer's fault either so
+now let's look at reducing the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at reducing the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at reducing the total
+variation so if we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so if we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so if we can have
+everybody have their processes better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have their processes better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody have their processes better
+under control not just the inputs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control not just the inputs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under control not just the inputs but
+all the processing steps as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the processing steps as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the processing steps as we go along
+what's going to happen there so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen there so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen there so we're
+going to make each of of those a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make each of of those a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make each of of those a three
+or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+die check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down see we're beginning to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down see we're beginning to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down see we're beginning to see
+something here mail room is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here mail room is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here mail room is still a
+problem and actually it is still a pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and actually it is still a pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and actually it is still a pro
+it's not real easy to see because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not real easy to see because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not real easy to see because
+there's still too much variation total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still too much variation total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still too much variation total
+system but the mail room is maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but the mail room is maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but the mail room is maybe more
+problem than everyone else so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than everyone else so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than everyone else so it's
+called the mail when everybody's C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down perfect but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better so the last thing we want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the last thing we want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so the last thing we want to look
+at is now constant Demand with low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is now constant Demand with low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is now constant Demand with low
+variation so we're going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so we're going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation so we're going to take the
+customer and now set their demand as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and now set their demand as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer and now set their demand as
+constant or predictable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant or predictable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant or predictable at
+three and see what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and see what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and see what happens to the
+system better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system better
+right so variability is low customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so variability is low customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so variability is low customer
+demand is steady and also note that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is steady and also note that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is steady and also note that our
+our variability is low but perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variability is low but perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our variability is low but perfectly
+capable of handling the constant demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of handling the constant demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of handling the constant demand
+and we even actually have room for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we even actually have room for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we even actually have room for some
+surge with a capacity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four and this does not change we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and this does not change we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and this does not change we can
+keep running this simulation and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep running this simulation and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep running this simulation and it will
+produce the same thing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time all right let's go back did did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right let's go back did did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right let's go back did did
+somebody manage to take down some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody manage to take down some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody manage to take down some of the
+the the times on whip cycle time Tac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the times on whip cycle time Tac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the times on whip cycle time Tac
+time throughput time that I asked you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time throughput time that I asked you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time throughput time that I asked you to
+write down on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down on the
+papers anybody want to be the bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers anybody want to be the bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers anybody want to be the bright
+shiny example that they got one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny example that they got one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shiny example that they got one set of
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down okay well that's all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay well that's all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay well that's all right that's
+right I got a chart on it so we'll go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I got a chart on it so we'll go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I got a chart on it so we'll go to
+the Chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chart
+then all right so if you had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all right so if you had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all right so if you had been
+noticing throughput cycle time and whip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing throughput cycle time and whip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticing throughput cycle time and whip
+all the way through the course course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through the course course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through the course course of
+this simulation you would have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simulation you would have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simulation you would have noticed
+that there's an interesting relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an interesting relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's an interesting relationship
+that's developing between these and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's developing between these and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's developing between these and it's
+called Little's law it's named after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Little's law it's named after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Little's law it's named after
+John little who's here in the Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John little who's here in the Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John little who's here in the Sloan
+School MIT and he's noticed that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School MIT and he's noticed that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School MIT and he's noticed that there's
+a relationship uh whip is equal to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship uh whip is equal to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship uh whip is equal to your
+throughput rate times your cycle time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput rate times your cycle time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput rate times your cycle time
+which you can see in your games or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see in your games or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see in your games or
+simultaneously you can say whip is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously you can say whip is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously you can say whip is equal
+to cycle time over Tac time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cycle time over Tac time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cycle time over Tac time which is
+just one over your your throughput rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one over your your throughput rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one over your your throughput rate
+so data from the computer simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so data from the computer simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so data from the computer simulations
+here had you taking them down you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had you taking them down you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here had you taking them down you might
+have seen a pattern like this emerge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen a pattern like this emerge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen a pattern like this emerge and
+you can compare here the whip that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare here the whip that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare here the whip that was
+observed with the whip that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed with the whip that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed with the whip that would be
+calculated and there's differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and there's differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and there's differences in
+here for a couple reasons there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a couple reasons there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for a couple reasons there's one
+first rounding errors but two Little's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rounding errors but two Little's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first rounding errors but two Little's
+law assumes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law assumes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law assumes uh
+constant demand and less variation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant demand and less variation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant demand and less variation so
+it's going to beum a steady process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to beum a steady process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to beum a steady process a
+steady process so over a real process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady process so over a real process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady process so over a real process
+it's going to be an average kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an average kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an average kind of a
+law not an AB that that works very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law not an AB that that works very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law not an AB that that works very well
+in terms of calculating real life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of calculating real life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of calculating real life and
+and it's great I I told you the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's great I I told you the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's great I I told you the other
+day we were producing 12 Apaches a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we were producing 12 Apaches a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day we were producing 12 Apaches a month
+at at rate which is a lot in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at rate which is a lot in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at rate which is a lot in our
+business and uh we had a cycle time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and uh we had a cycle time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and uh we had a cycle time of
+1.75 days and the the so if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.75 days and the the so if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.75 days and the the so if you take
+1.75 days as a attack time times the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.75 days as a attack time times the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.75 days as a attack time times the you
+know times our cycle time um you you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know times our cycle time um you you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know times our cycle time um you you can
+multiply the 12 * 1.75 and it gets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the 12 * 1.75 and it gets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the 12 * 1.75 and it gets you
+to 21 and it turns out work and process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 21 and it turns out work and process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 21 and it turns out work and process
+inventory we had 21 stations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory we had 21 stations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory we had 21 stations in the
+assembly line at Mesa and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line at Mesa and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly line at Mesa and that's how we
+in fact laid out the factory I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact laid out the factory I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact laid out the factory I mean we
+had 600 acres of cactus and we built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 600 acres of cactus and we built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 600 acres of cactus and we built a
+plant and we used that to say how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and we used that to say how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant and we used that to say how big
+should the factory be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the factory be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the factory be
+excellent so I'd like to just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so I'd like to just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so I'd like to just uh
+summarize up because we're running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize up because we're running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize up because we're running a
+little bit late of time um so we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit late of time um so we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit late of time um so we showed
+you this computer simulation that lets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this computer simulation that lets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this computer simulation that lets
+you look at behaviors over a longer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at behaviors over a longer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at behaviors over a longer time
+and what you take away from these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you take away from these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you take away from these is
+that the variability doesn't go away it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variability doesn't go away it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variability doesn't go away it
+doesn't get any better over the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get any better over the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get any better over the longer
+run and we've shown several improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and we've shown several improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and we've shown several improvements
+that help you illustrate the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help you illustrate the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help you illustrate the power of
+what lean can do so the reduced input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lean can do so the reduced input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what lean can do so the reduced input
+variability that reduced the variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that reduced the variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability that reduced the variability
+in the process as well we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process as well we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process as well we had
+variability and excess capacity allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and excess capacity allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and excess capacity allowed
+the customer us to respond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer us to respond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the customer us to respond to the
+customer's need here which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's need here which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer's need here which is really
+creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating
+pole and by eliminating variability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and by eliminating variability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole and by eliminating variability
+totally we allowed some straight through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally we allowed some straight through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally we allowed some straight through
+flow to meet the customer demand and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow to meet the customer demand and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow to meet the customer demand and we
+might call this Perfection being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call this Perfection being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call this Perfection being able to
+eliminate all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate all that
+variability so just a couple takeaways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability so just a couple takeaways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability so just a couple takeaways
+from the case study earlier this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the case study earlier this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the case study earlier this morning
+and the variability simulation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variability simulation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variability simulation which is
+meant to follow that on is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to follow that on is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to follow that on is that you
+really can take lean thinking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can take lean thinking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can take lean thinking things
+that developed in the manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that developed in the manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that developed in the manufacturing
+world and apply these to office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and apply these to office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and apply these to office
+processes to to issues that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to to issues that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes to to issues that don't
+involve the bending of any kind of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the bending of any kind of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the bending of any kind of metal
+and that a structured process analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that a structured process analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that a structured process analysis
+like the vssm that you did like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vssm that you did like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vssm that you did like the
+variability Lo that we did can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability Lo that we did can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability Lo that we did can identify
+many opportunities for improvement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many opportunities for improvement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many opportunities for improvement in
+that and as you probably gleaned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as you probably gleaned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as you probably gleaned from
+the case study simply changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case study simply changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case study simply changing the
+theoretical process is really not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical process is really not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical process is really not the
+only change that you need to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change that you need to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only change that you need to make you
+need to have Management on board you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have Management on board you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have Management on board you
+need to have culture change and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have culture change and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have culture change and other
+practices that will help you manage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that will help you manage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices that will help you manage that
+change and your variability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and your variability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and your variability in the
+process you saw in the case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you saw in the case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you saw in the case study
+reduces the performance that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the performance that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the performance that you're
+going to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3HXG1kxmYVs.txt b/3HXG1kxmYVs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcb5474fa9699dced658c96398a593ce7dcd92c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3HXG1kxmYVs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+wonderful okay so welcome to class five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful okay so welcome to class five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful okay so welcome to class five
+uh we actually counting the labas class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we actually counting the labas class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we actually counting the labas class
+four in the numbering um what we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in the numbering um what we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in the numbering um what we'll see
+today uh is really sort of a wrap up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh is really sort of a wrap up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh is really sort of a wrap up on
+some of these ideas on the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these ideas on the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these ideas on the behavior of
+electrons as Quantum particles and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as Quantum particles and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as Quantum particles and um
+we'll introduce really the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll introduce really the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll introduce really the first
+electronic structure method in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure method in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure method in the
+modern sense that is har fog theory that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern sense that is har fog theory that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern sense that is har fog theory that
+you'll see as a very sort of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see as a very sort of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see as a very sort of simple
+conceptual framework and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual framework and it really
+derives directly from the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives directly from the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derives directly from the shinger
+equation and from the reformulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and from the reformulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and from the reformulation of
+the shinger equation as a variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shinger equation as a variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shinger equation as a variational
+principle uh next uh next class will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh next uh next class will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh next uh next class will
+start with dens def functional theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with dens def functional theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with dens def functional theory
+that is a completely different approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a completely different approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a completely different approach
+to the problem than har F although in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem than har F although in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem than har F although in
+practice it results in equations for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it results in equations for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it results in equations for the
+wave function of the electron that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of the electron that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of the electron that are
+formally fairly simple uh historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally fairly simple uh historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally fairly simple uh historically
+Harry has been the method that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry has been the method that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry has been the method that has
+developed first uh sort of especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed first uh sort of especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed first uh sort of especially
+from the quantum chemistry community and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the quantum chemistry community and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the quantum chemistry community and
+because it derives from the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it derives from the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it derives from the variational
+principle uh it can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh it can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh it can actually be
+augmented with perturbation Theory so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented with perturbation Theory so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented with perturbation Theory so uh
+whenever you need very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you need very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you need very accurate
+calculation things like Moler Place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation things like Moler Place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation things like Moler Place
+approaches and other sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and other sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches and other sort of
+perturbation Theory approaches on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory approaches on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory approaches on top of
+AR F can actually help you out but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR F can actually help you out but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AR F can actually help you out but they
+tend to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be very
+expensive okay let me sort of in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive okay let me sort of in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive okay let me sort of in one
+slide uh remind the most fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide uh remind the most fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide uh remind the most fundamental
+concept from last class that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept from last class that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept from last class that we have
+seen that is the Dee relation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that is the Dee relation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that is the Dee relation this is
+something that tells us that if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells us that if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells us that if a
+particle has a momentum mass times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a momentum mass times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a momentum mass times
+velocity P well then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity P well then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity P well then there is a
+fundamental constant in nature that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental constant in nature that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental constant in nature that is
+called the plan constant that I written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the plan constant that I written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the plan constant that I written
+here such that this relation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that this relation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that this relation is
+satisfied where Lambda is the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied where Lambda is the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied where Lambda is the wavelength
+of that particle so basically particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that particle so basically particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that particle so basically particles
+have wavelength properties but the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wavelength properties but the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have wavelength properties but the real
+issue is that only electrons are light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that only electrons are light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue is that only electrons are light
+enough to have wavelength comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have wavelength comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to have wavelength comparable to
+the interatomic distance and so to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interatomic distance and so to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interatomic distance and so to sort
+of give rise to defraction phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give rise to defraction phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give rise to defraction phenomena and
+so this is why we actually need to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why we actually need to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why we actually need to treat
+electrons with the Shing equation due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with the Shing equation due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with the Shing equation due to
+their wav like properties and in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wav like properties and in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wav like properties and in general
+we don't really need to treat nuclei as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really need to treat nuclei as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really need to treat nuclei as
+wav like particles this is was one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav like particles this is was one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wav like particles this is was one thing
+the other important thing that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing that I'll
+repeat over and over again is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat over and over again is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat over and over again is that when
+we move from a uh particle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move from a uh particle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move from a uh particle like
+description where the only important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description where the only important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description where the only important
+quantity are the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity are the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity are the position of the
+momentum to a WAV like quantity well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to a WAV like quantity well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to a WAV like quantity well we
+have a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a completely different
+computational content that is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational content that is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational content that is a wave
+function is actually defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is actually defined by
+assigning the amplitude of the wave at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning the amplitude of the wave at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning the amplitude of the wave at
+every point in space and to at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in space and to at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point in space and to at every
+time so in practice is a Continuum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so in practice is a Continuum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so in practice is a Continuum field
+that in every say computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in every say computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in every say computational
+calculation needs actually to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation needs actually to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation needs actually to be
+discretized and approximated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized and approximated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretized and approximated in
+different ways and then sort of I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and then sort of I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways and then sort of I had
+introduced what is the equivalent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what is the equivalent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced what is the equivalent of the
+Newton Second Law of Dynamics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton Second Law of Dynamics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton Second Law of Dynamics for
+actually Quantum objects so classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Quantum objects so classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Quantum objects so classical
+particle evolve according to the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle evolve according to the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle evolve according to the law
+force equal mass time acceleration where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force equal mass time acceleration where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force equal mass time acceleration where
+the acceleration is really the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration is really the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration is really the second
+derivative of the trajectory Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the trajectory Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the trajectory Quantum
+particle obey a different fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle obey a different fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle obey a different fundamental
+law that's basically sort of been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that's basically sort of been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that's basically sort of been
+discovered by um irin shinger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by um irin shinger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by um irin shinger in
+1925 and sort of the other major player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 and sort of the other major player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 and sort of the other major player
+were Verner Heisenberg Paul and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Verner Heisenberg Paul and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were Verner Heisenberg Paul and many
+others and I written it here in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and I written it here in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and I written it here in the most
+general form for the case of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form for the case of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form for the case of a single
+electron so a particle that is described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so a particle that is described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so a particle that is described
+by a way function P function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a way function P function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a way function P function of
+space and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good the machine that de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Professor Cedar will take care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Professor Cedar will take care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Professor Cedar will take care of
+this and um Let me let me continue so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um Let me let me continue so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and um Let me let me continue so we
+have the descriptor that is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the descriptor that is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the descriptor that is the way
+function and we have a potential uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we have a potential uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and we have a potential uh a
+potential is the general concept it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the general concept it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is the general concept it
+could be say uh the electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be say uh the electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be say uh the electromagnetic
+potential that is coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that is coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that is coming from the
+nucleus of an atom say suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of an atom say suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus of an atom say suppose that you
+are studing a high hogen atom well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studing a high hogen atom well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are studing a high hogen atom well the
+nucleus has an attractive potential for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus has an attractive potential for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus has an attractive potential for
+the electron that is just one over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron that is just one over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron that is just one over the
+distance between the electron of and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the electron of and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the electron of and the
+nucleus so V here is really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so V here is really the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so V here is really the same
+potential that you have sort of learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that you have sort of learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that you have sort of learned
+in classical Dynamics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical Dynamics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical Dynamics in
+electromagnetism but now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism but now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetism but now instead of
+acting on a particle it acts on the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a particle it acts on the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a particle it acts on the wave
+function and the way it TS it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the way it TS it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the way it TS it just
+multiplies the wave function so what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the wave function so what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies the wave function so what the
+shinger equation is telling me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation is telling me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation is telling me is that
+whenever I have a potential V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have a potential V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have a potential V the
+solution for the Dynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the Dynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for the Dynamics of the
+electron will be given by the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will be given by the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will be given by the solution
+of this second order differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this second order differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this second order differential
+equation where here this is aasan we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where here this is aasan we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where here this is aasan we
+have a second derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a second derivative with respect to
+space and so the wave function needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so the wave function needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so the wave function needs to
+satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this
+equation um most cases we actually deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um most cases we actually deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation um most cases we actually deal
+with problems in which the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problems in which the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with problems in which the potential
+does not depend on time suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on time suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on time suppose that
+you're sort of studying a molecule what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of studying a molecule what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of studying a molecule what
+is your potential think at say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your potential think at say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your potential think at say the
+Benzene molecule well you have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene molecule well you have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benzene molecule well you have six
+carbon atoms in a ring and six hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atoms in a ring and six hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atoms in a ring and six hydrogen
+atoms also in a ring and in each nucleo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms also in a ring and in each nucleo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms also in a ring and in each nucleo
+there is a z over R there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a z over R there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a z over R there is an
+attractive potential for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive potential for the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive potential for the electron
+and that we can either think at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we can either think at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we can either think at a
+potential that doesn't change in time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that doesn't change in time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that doesn't change in time or
+even if it changes because the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it changes because the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it changes because the molecule
+has a certain temperature and so atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain temperature and so atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain temperature and so atoms
+move around what it turns out happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around what it turns out happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around what it turns out happen in
+practice is that electron are so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is that electron are so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is that electron are so much
+lighter than nuclei that for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than nuclei that for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighter than nuclei that for all
+practical purposes they sort of move so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical purposes they sort of move so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical purposes they sort of move so
+much faster than they see the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than they see the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much faster than they see the nuclei
+basically as fixed in time so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as fixed in time so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as fixed in time so if you
+think at a particle like a nucleus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at a particle like a nucleus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at a particle like a nucleus that
+has a huge mass and a particle like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a huge mass and a particle like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a huge mass and a particle like an
+electron that has a very light Mass well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that has a very light Mass well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that has a very light Mass well
+even if the nuclei move the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the nuclei move the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if the nuclei move the electron
+always so much faster rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so much faster rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always so much faster rearrange
+themselves to be in the minimum energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to be in the minimum energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to be in the minimum energy
+configuration we actually sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration we actually sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration we actually sort of see
+more in is called aoic approximation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in is called aoic approximation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in is called aoic approximation but
+so the important thing here is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the important thing here is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the important thing here is that for
+all practical purposes we can consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all practical purposes we can consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all practical purposes we can consider
+in most problems the potential as not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most problems the potential as not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most problems the potential as not
+really dependent on time either because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dependent on time either because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really dependent on time either because
+the atoms are not moving or because even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms are not moving or because even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms are not moving or because even
+if they move they move so much slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they move they move so much slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they move they move so much slowly
+than the electrons then the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the electrons then the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the electrons then the electrons
+can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always
+adjust this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the form that the wave function can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form that the wave function can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form that the wave function can have
+and I briefly sketch actually this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I briefly sketch actually this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I briefly sketch actually this of
+derivation here and so whenever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation here and so whenever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation here and so whenever the
+potential doesn't depend on time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential doesn't depend on time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential doesn't depend on time this is
+how we proceed we actually make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we proceed we actually make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we proceed we actually make an
+hypothesis often this is called an an in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis often this is called an an in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis often this is called an an in
+which our wave function can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our wave function can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which our wave function can actually be
+separated into the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into the product of two
+terms a term that depends only on space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms a term that depends only on space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms a term that depends only on space
+we'll call it five and a term that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it five and a term that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call it five and a term that
+depends only on time okay so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on time okay so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends only on time okay so we are
+making this hypothesis we have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this hypothesis we have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this hypothesis we have sort of
+decided that the potential does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that the potential does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided that the potential does not
+depend on time and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time and we see
+what cly very sort of easy to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cly very sort of easy to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cly very sort of easy to work out
+because what we have now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we have now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we have now is that
+whenever we apply say theasian second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we apply say theasian second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever we apply say theasian second
+derivative with respect to space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to space
+well on the f component of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the f component of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the f component of the wave
+function the time dependent component so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the time dependent component so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the time dependent component so
+the Lain of s can be written actually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lain of s can be written actually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lain of s can be written actually as
+F time the laian of F and then I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F time the laian of F and then I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F time the laian of F and then I'm not
+writing the explicit dependence on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the explicit dependence on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the explicit dependence on the
+variables but we have the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but we have the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but we have the potential
+times the wave function f f and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wave function f f and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the wave function f f and then we
+have i h bar and now the derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i h bar and now the derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have i h bar and now the derivative with
+respect to time of th well the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time of th well the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time of th well the space
+dependent part is not affected so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent part is not affected so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent part is not affected so we
+write it as 5 * DF over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as 5 * DF over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it as 5 * DF over
+DT okay so this is our first step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay so this is our first step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay so this is our first step and
+now we take this expression and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we take this expression and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we take this expression and we just
+Divi divide it by the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divi divide it by the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divi divide it by the product
+f f and so when I do that what I obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f and so when I do that what I obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f f and so when I do that what I obtain
+is minus H bar s / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus H bar s / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus H bar s / 2
+m laian of 5 / 5 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m laian of 5 / 5 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m laian of 5 / 5 +
+V Al to i h bar 1 / f DF over DT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Al to i h bar 1 / f DF over DT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Al to i h bar 1 / f DF over DT and
+this really is the end of the derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is the end of the derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is the end of the derivation
+because something very important happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something very important happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because something very important happens
+at this point um look for a moment at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point um look for a moment at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point um look for a moment at
+the right hand side of this equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of this equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of this equation you
+see it's just a constant the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's just a constant the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's just a constant the plan
+constant I is the imaginary unit times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I is the imaginary unit times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I is the imaginary unit times 1
+/ f DF over DT so everything that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ f DF over DT so everything that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ f DF over DT so everything that's
+written on the right hand side right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the right hand side right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the right hand side right
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+depends only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time the left hand side on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the left hand side on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the left hand side on the other
+hand uh we have a term that depends only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh we have a term that depends only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand uh we have a term that depends only
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+position Pi is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Pi is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Pi is a function of
+position and V remember our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and V remember our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and V remember our initial
+hypothesis does not depend on time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis does not depend on time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis does not depend on time the
+potential does not depend on time so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential does not depend on time so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential does not depend on time so the
+left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand
+side I now the only way such a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I now the only way such a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I now the only way such a relation
+can be satisfied that is a term only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be satisfied that is a term only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be satisfied that is a term only on
+position be equal to a term that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position be equal to a term that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position be equal to a term that depends
+only on time is if each term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on time is if each term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only on time is if each term
+separate that's the only way a overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that's the only way a overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that's the only way a overall
+function of r can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r can
+be overall function of T if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overall function of T if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be overall function of T if they are
+constant basically because R and T are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant basically because R and T are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant basically because R and T are
+independent variable there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable there is no
+relation if you want in this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer break down the Shing equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer break down the Shing equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer break down the Shing equation in
+two part the left part being equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two part the left part being equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two part the left part being equal to a
+constant and the right part being equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the right part being equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the right part being equal
+to a constant so there is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant so there is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a constant so there is a sort of
+simplification we can deal with separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification we can deal with separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification we can deal with separate
+equation for the time dependent part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the time dependent part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the time dependent part and
+for the space dependent part and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the space dependent part and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the space dependent part and what is
+the left term equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left term equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left term equal to a constant
+becomes what is called the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes what is called the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes what is called the stationary
+shadinger equation that is the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadinger equation that is the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadinger equation that is the equation
+that we'll try to solve over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll try to solve over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll try to solve over and over
+again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in
+a our calculation and is the term that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a our calculation and is the term that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a our calculation and is the term that I
+written on here so the stationary sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on here so the stationary sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on here so the stationary sh
+equation is written here and this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is written here and this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is written here and this the
+differential equation that in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that in principle
+is complex to solve because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex to solve because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complex to solve because the
+potential can have an arbitrary complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential can have an arbitrary complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential can have an arbitrary complex
+shape again think at the potential as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape again think at the potential as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape again think at the potential as
+being the attractive potential for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the attractive potential for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the attractive potential for the
+electrons generated by all the nuclei in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons generated by all the nuclei in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons generated by all the nuclei in
+a molecule or in a solid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time has become trivial to integrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has become trivial to integrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time has become trivial to integrate and
+we see this is the time part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this is the time part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see this is the time part of the
+shading equation we see it actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation we see it actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation we see it actually in
+the next slide why this is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide why this is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide why this is simple
+because this is just a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is just a first order
+differential equation and we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and we are looking
+in general for a function whose first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general for a function whose first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general for a function whose first
+derivative with respect to time is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to time is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative with respect to time is equal
+to the function itself times a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function itself times a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the function itself times a constant
+a trivial equation to integrate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial equation to integrate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trivial equation to integrate because
+the exponential function satisfy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential function satisfy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential function satisfy this
+condition when you take the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when you take the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when you take the exponential
+you just get the exponential itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get the exponential itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get the exponential itself
+times a constant and so really there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a constant and so really there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a constant and so really there is
+no analysis there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh the other part the space dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the other part the space dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the other part the space dependent
+part is the one that is complex to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the one that is complex to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is the one that is complex to solve
+and we'll see here just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examp you want the simplest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp you want the simplest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp you want the simplest example
+possible that is the case of a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that is the case of a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that is the case of a free
+particle what happens to an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle what happens to an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle what happens to an electron
+that doesn't feel any potential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel any potential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't feel any potential and
+again its wave function is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again its wave function is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again its wave function is going to be
+the product of a space dependent part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of a space dependent part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of a space dependent part
+five times a Time dependent Part F the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times a Time dependent Part F the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times a Time dependent Part F the F
+term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is
+already and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and the
+space dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space dependent
+term here is the solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here is the solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here is the solution of the
+stationary shinger equation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary shinger equation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary shinger equation in the
+hypothesis that the potential V is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that the potential V is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis that the potential V is equal
+to zero so I've removed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stationary again this is a fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary again this is a fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary again this is a fairly simple
+uh differential equation to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differential equation to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differential equation to integrate
+because what we are looking for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we are looking for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what we are looking for is
+basically a function who second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a function who second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a function who second
+derivative is equal to the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is equal to the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is equal to the function
+itself times a constant and then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself times a constant and then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself times a constant and then again
+the solution just given by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution just given by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution just given by an
+exponential okay U now I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay U now I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential okay U now I'm sort of
+looking in particular at the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in particular at the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in particular at the problem in
+which I'm trying to find a solution fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm trying to find a solution fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm trying to find a solution fi
+for a value of this constant e that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value of this constant e that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a value of this constant e that is
+positive and so when you actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so when you actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and so when you actually work
+out the algebra you see that what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the algebra you see that what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the algebra you see that what you
+need as a term in front of the X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as a term in front of the X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as a term in front of the X in the
+exponential is the square root of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is the square root of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is the square root of a
+negative number is the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number is the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative number is the square root of
+twice the mass time e ided h bar squ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the mass time e ided h bar squ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the mass time e ided h bar squ and
+so that's why we get this imaginat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we get this imaginat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we get this imaginat
+imaginatory unit here it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatory unit here it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginatory unit here it's basically
+because we have re written this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have re written this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have re written this equation
+as Del sasian of Pi = to- 2 m e / H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Del sasian of Pi = to- 2 m e / H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Del sasian of Pi = to- 2 m e / H bar
+R square F and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R square F and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R square F and you see
+straightforwardly that if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly that if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly that if you take the
+second derivative of the function that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the function that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of the function that I
+written here well we'll get by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here well we'll get by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here well we'll get by taking
+the first derivative a term i s otk of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative a term i s otk of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first derivative a term i s otk of 2
+m divided by H bar and when we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m divided by H bar and when we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m divided by H bar and when we take the
+second derivative we get that term again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative we get that term again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative we get that term again
+and the square of the term as a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the square of the term as a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the square of the term as a square
+of I that gives you my minus sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I that gives you my minus sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I that gives you my minus sign okay
+so this is the solution we have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the solution we have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the solution we have actually
+found the wave function for a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the wave function for a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the wave function for a free
+particle and the wave function is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+product a Time dependent part and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a Time dependent part and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product a Time dependent part and in the
+next slide I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide I'm actually
+plotting this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function in space sorry it's a it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in space sorry it's a it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in space sorry it's a it's in a
+let me let me actually jump to this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me actually jump to this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me actually jump to this to
+this slide this is it so I'm plotting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide this is it so I'm plotting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide this is it so I'm plotting it
+sort of for Simplicity I've called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of for Simplicity I've called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of for Simplicity I've called the
+different coefficient e over H bar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficient e over H bar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficient e over H bar I
+call it Omega and sare root of 2 Me ided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Omega and sare root of 2 Me ided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Omega and sare root of 2 Me ided
+by H bar I call it so this is wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by H bar I call it so this is wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by H bar I call it so this is wave
+function for a free electron and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for a free electron and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for a free electron and this is
+what we call uh a plain wave and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call uh a plain wave and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call uh a plain wave and the
+reason why is that is sort of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why is that is sort of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why is that is sort of simple
+because if you think term is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think term is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you think term is the
+exponential of a complex number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a complex number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a complex number is
+really a combination of SS and cosiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a combination of SS and cosiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a combination of SS and cosiness
+and now suppose that sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose that sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now suppose that sort of you know
+you look at the amplitude of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the amplitude of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the amplitude of this wave
+function at a certain point in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at a certain point in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at a certain point in space
+that is at a certain x equal to x0 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at a certain x equal to x0 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is at a certain x equal to x0 what
+you see is that that amplitude we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that that amplitude we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that that amplitude we have a
+KX factor that doesn't change because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX factor that doesn't change because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX factor that doesn't change because we
+are sort of sitting at a certain X zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of sitting at a certain X zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of sitting at a certain X zero
+but what is changing with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is changing with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what is changing with respect to
+time is the second term Omega t and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the second term Omega t and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is the second term Omega t and so
+you'll see a oscillating amplitude with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a oscillating amplitude with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a oscillating amplitude with
+a period Omega at any point in time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period Omega at any point in time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period Omega at any point in time or
+sort of in a different way if for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a different way if for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in a different way if for a
+moment you think at what is this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you think at what is this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you think at what is this field
+of the wave function at a frozen instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function at a frozen instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function at a frozen instant
+in time that is for a certain time t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time that is for a certain time t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time that is for a certain time t
+equal to t0 well it's nothing El and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to t0 well it's nothing El and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to t0 well it's nothing El and a
+complex exponential so it's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential so it's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential so it's a sort of
+complex valued function that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued function that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued function that has a
+cosine or S projection depending if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or S projection depending if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or S projection depending if we
+look at the um real or complex axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the um real or complex axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the um real or complex axis so
+what you need to think when you think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to think when you think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to think when you think at
+a free electron is nothing else than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free electron is nothing else than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free electron is nothing else than
+this infinite oscillatory field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite oscillatory field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite oscillatory field
+propagating in space but it has really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in space but it has really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in space but it has really
+no beginning and no end and U you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no beginning and no end and U you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no beginning and no end and U you know
+sort of one of the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the important thing is
+that the wave function really contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function really contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function really contains
+all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the information
+that we might want to know about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to know about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might want to know about an
+electron and we'll see in s of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and we'll see in s of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and we'll see in s of the next
+slides how we actually obtain physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides how we actually obtain physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides how we actually obtain physical
+properties about that electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties about that electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties about that electron from the
+wave function but sort of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property ability of finding an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property ability of finding an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property ability of finding an electron
+in a certain position and a certain time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain position and a certain time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a certain position and a certain time
+and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this
+mod that wave function amplitude at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod that wave function amplitude at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod that wave function amplitude at a
+certain X and a certain T gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain X and a certain T gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain X and a certain T gives me
+actually the physical probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the physical probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the physical probability of
+finding an electron that means that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron that means that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron that means that if I
+have the wave function of an electron I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the wave function of an electron I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the wave function of an electron I
+can take at every point in Space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take at every point in Space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take at every point in Space the
+square modulus of its amplitude and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus of its amplitude and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus of its amplitude and so
+what I have now is a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have now is a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have now is a probability
+distribution and what quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and what quantum mechanics
+tell me is that if I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me is that if I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me is that if I'm going to make a
+measurement and try to see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and try to see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and try to see where the
+electrod is well I will find it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrod is well I will find it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrod is well I will find it in
+different point in space with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point in space with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point in space with a
+probability to this Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to this Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to this Square
+modulus and you see sort of one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus and you see sort of one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus and you see sort of one of the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+conclusions from our analysis of the sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from our analysis of the sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions from our analysis of the sh
+in the case of a potential that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a potential that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a potential that does not
+depend on time is shinger equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time is shinger equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time is shinger equation which
+the wave function can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function can actually be
+written as the product of a space part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as the product of a space part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as the product of a space part
+times a time part is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a time part is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a time part is that the
+probability of finding the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron
+somewhere does not depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere does not depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere does not depend on time
+basically because when Square modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because when Square modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because when Square modulus of
+s that can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s that can also be
+written as s sorry s times its complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as s sorry s times its complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as s sorry s times its complex
+conjugate what you have is that the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate what you have is that the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate what you have is that the term
+exponential of minus i/ H gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus i/ H gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus i/ H gets
+multiplied by its complex conjugate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by its complex conjugate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by its complex conjugate that
+is the exponential of plus I over H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exponential of plus I over H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the exponential of plus I over H and
+those term cancels out so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those term cancels out so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those term cancels out so in the
+probability distribution for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution for the
+electron we have only the square modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we have only the square modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we have only the square modulus
+of the space part that is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space part that is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the space part that is to say that
+the probability of finding an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding an electron
+does not depend on time it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on time it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on time it's just a
+function of space if the potential does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space if the potential does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of space if the potential does
+not depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on
+time you see this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you see this is
+Al our plane wave the potential does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al our plane wave the potential does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al our plane wave the potential does not
+depend on time if we take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time if we take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time if we take the square
+modulus of this wave function well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of this wave function well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus of this wave function well what
+we have really a constant okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have really a constant okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have really a constant okay because
+we are just taking a imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just taking a imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are just taking a imaginary
+exponential times its complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential times its complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential times its complex conjugate
+and so that product is a constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that product is a constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that product is a constant so
+what we discover really is that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discover really is that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discover really is that electron
+is Free as a probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Free as a probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Free as a probability distribution
+that is constant that is you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is constant that is you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is constant that is you can find a
+free electron anywhere in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so this is actually the solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the solution in
+three dimensions so it's what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so it's what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions so it's what what the
+difference uh is if you sort of work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh is if you sort of work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference uh is if you sort of work out
+algebra and we can look at it after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and we can look at it after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and we can look at it after
+class is that what you have is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that what you have is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is that what you have is in the
+sort of space term you have really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of space term you have really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of space term you have really a
+scalar product in three dimension that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product in three dimension that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product in three dimension that
+is what we have is that now a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have is that now a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we have is that now a point in
+your three dimension space is described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your three dimension space is described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your three dimension space is described
+by a three-dimensional Vector R and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a three-dimensional Vector R and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a three-dimensional Vector R and now
+you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have
+solutions that are sort of classified if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are sort of classified if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that are sort of classified if
+you want this K is actually called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this K is actually called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want this K is actually called the
+quantum number is what classify all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is what classify all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number is what classify all
+these possible Continuum of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possible Continuum of solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these possible Continuum of solutions
+and if you think K is telling you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think K is telling you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think K is telling you what
+the wavelength of this plane wave is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of this plane wave is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength of this plane wave is and
+what is its orientation so really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its orientation so really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is its orientation so really what
+time plotting here is a specific plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time plotting here is a specific plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time plotting here is a specific plane
+waves that if you want as a k Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that if you want as a k Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that if you want as a k Vector
+that is ordered in this direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is ordered in this direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is ordered in this direction okay
+so if we were in one Dimensions you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were in one Dimensions you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we were in one Dimensions you have
+if you want the equivalent of a sign or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the equivalent of a sign or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the equivalent of a sign or
+a cosine and your only degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and your only degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine and your only degree of freedom
+is the wavelength but if you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wavelength but if you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wavelength but if you are in
+three dimension your degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimension your degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimension your degrees of freedom
+are not only the wavelength that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only the wavelength that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not only the wavelength that is the
+distance between these crests but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these crests but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these crests but also
+this direction and any arbitrary K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and any arbitrary K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this direction and any arbitrary K
+Vector is actually valid so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is actually valid so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is actually valid so you can have
+plain waves with all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain waves with all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain waves with all possible
+wavelengths and all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and all possible
+orientation and actually this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and actually this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and actually this sort of
+gives me a good chance to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a good chance to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a good chance to mention
+another sort of physical observable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of physical observable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of physical observable that
+comes from the wave function the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the wave function the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the wave function the first
+one that we have seen is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we have seen is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we have seen is the probability
+distribution and that's obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and that's obtained by
+taking the square modulus another one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the square modulus another one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the square modulus another one is
+what is called the quantum kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the quantum kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called the quantum kinetic
+energy of that particle and the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that particle and the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that particle and the quantum
+kinetic energy is really just given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is really just given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy is really just given by
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+minus H bar Square / 2 m so the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar Square / 2 m so the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar Square / 2 m so the quantum
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+energy is given well I I'll describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is given well I I'll describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is given well I I'll describe it
+uh in more detail in a moment but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in more detail in a moment but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in more detail in a moment but is
+obtained by really taking in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by really taking in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by really taking in a slightly
+more complex way than what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex way than what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex way than what I'm saying
+now uh the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh the set
+derivative of the wave function so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the wave function so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the wave function so the
+second derivative here with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative here with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative here with respect to
+space of this wave function would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of this wave function would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of this wave function would give
+me a k Square term that basically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a k Square term that basically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a k Square term that basically means
+that plain wave with all wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plain wave with all wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plain wave with all wavelengths
+corresponds to electrons with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to electrons with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to electrons with all
+possible energies but there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energies but there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible energies but there is something
+other that is very subtle that is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that is very subtle that is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other that is very subtle that is sort
+of reminiscent of what in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reminiscent of what in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reminiscent of what in quantum
+mechanics people call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics people call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics people call the
+indetermination principle so this free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indetermination principle so this free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indetermination principle so this free
+electron as you see is an electron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as you see is an electron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as you see is an electron that
+is distributed equally in space so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed equally in space so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distributed equally in space so we
+can find it with equal probability here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it with equal probability here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find it with equal probability here
+here or everywhere else and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or everywhere else and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or everywhere else and it is
+actually a perfectly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a perfectly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a perfectly well
+defined second derivative with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined second derivative with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined second derivative with respect
+to space that is a as a perfectly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to space that is a as a perfectly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to space that is a as a perfectly well
+defined kinetic energy as a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined kinetic energy as a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined kinetic energy as a perfectly
+well defined momentum and that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined momentum and that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined momentum and that's really
+sort of one example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one example of the
+indetermination principle that is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indetermination principle that is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indetermination principle that is there
+is a fundamental rule that Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fundamental rule that Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fundamental rule that Quantum
+particles satisfy that is you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles satisfy that is you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles satisfy that is you can't
+actually measure their momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure their momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure their momentum and
+their position simultaneously with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their position simultaneously with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their position simultaneously with
+arbitrary accuracy and so a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary accuracy and so a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary accuracy and so a free
+electron if you want is an electron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron if you want is an electron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron if you want is an electron that
+has perfectly well defined momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has perfectly well defined momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has perfectly well defined momentum
+perfectly well defined kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well defined kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well defined kinetic energy
+and for this reason has perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this reason has perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this reason has perfectly
+undefined position that is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined position that is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undefined position that is the electron
+can be found anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be found anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be found anywhere
+and so this is if you want an exotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is if you want an exotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is if you want an exotic
+sort of um uh result coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um uh result coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um uh result coming from the
+Eisenberg in determination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenberg in determination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eisenberg in determination in
+determination principle um I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination principle um I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determination principle um I wanted to
+give you another sort of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another sort of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you another sort of physical
+example sort of you know getting closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example sort of you know getting closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example sort of you know getting closer
+to reality U suppose that for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reality U suppose that for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reality U suppose that for a moment
+we are studying a metal surface this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are studying a metal surface this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are studying a metal surface this
+wouldn't be very different from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be very different from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be very different from what you
+have studied in your first laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied in your first laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have studied in your first laboratory
+what you're studying is basically a slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're studying is basically a slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're studying is basically a slab
+and you have been finding quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have been finding quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have been finding quantities
+like what is the energy what is the ltis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the energy what is the ltis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is the energy what is the ltis
+parameter what is the surface energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter what is the surface energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter what is the surface energy
+suppose that now you're using quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that now you're using quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that now you're using quantum
+mechanics well what do the electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics well what do the electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics well what do the electron in
+the metal look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal look
+like and we'll sort of see in next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and we'll sort of see in next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and we'll sort of see in next
+classes that an electron inside a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that an electron inside a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that an electron inside a metal
+really feels and behaves very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feels and behaves very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feels and behaves very much like
+a free particle especially in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free particle especially in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free particle especially in very
+simple Metals in metals like sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Metals in metals like sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Metals in metals like sodium
+potassium even aluminum to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium even aluminum to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium even aluminum to a certain
+point there is a sort of very delicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there is a sort of very delicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there is a sort of very delicate
+cancellation of attractive and repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation of attractive and repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation of attractive and repulsive
+terma for the electron in the metal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terma for the electron in the metal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terma for the electron in the metal so
+that the net result to you know a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the net result to you know a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the net result to you know a very
+good approximation is that the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation is that the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation is that the high
+energy electrons the valence electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electrons the valence electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy electrons the valence electron
+really feel almost free I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel almost free I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel almost free I'm saying
+almost free because they are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost free because they are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost free because they are really
+confined inside the box that is your met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined inside the box that is your met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confined inside the box that is your met
+metal crystal inside the box that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal crystal inside the box that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal crystal inside the box that is
+given by your metal slab and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by your metal slab and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by your metal slab and so you know
+to a sort of simple but very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a sort of simple but very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a sort of simple but very good
+approximation we can think at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we can think at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation we can think at the
+potential felt by an electron in a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential felt by an electron in a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential felt by an electron in a metal
+as a step potential I'm thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a step potential I'm thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a step potential I'm thinking that
+you know a case in which on this side on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a case in which on this side on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a case in which on this side on
+the left I have really my my semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left I have really my my semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left I have really my my semi
+infinite slab and so the potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite slab and so the potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite slab and so the potential that
+is drawn by this thick line is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drawn by this thick line is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is drawn by this thick line is actually
+zero for X smaller than zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for X smaller than zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for X smaller than zero and then
+there is a confinement so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a confinement so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a confinement so there is a
+step uh this is a little bit like a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh this is a little bit like a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step uh this is a little bit like a well
+there is a potential difference v0 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a potential difference v0 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a potential difference v0 that
+contains the electron inside the slab so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the electron inside the slab so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains the electron inside the slab so
+you really need to pay an energy v0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to pay an energy v0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really need to pay an energy v0 to
+get out of the laab but this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the laab but this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of the laab but this is in
+physical terms what people would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical terms what people would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical terms what people would think
+as the work function the work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the work function the work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the work function the work function
+is really the energy that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the energy that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the energy that you need to
+pay to pick up the highest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to pick up the highest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay to pick up the highest energy
+electron in the metal and bring it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the metal and bring it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the metal and bring it out
+Bring it very far away from your from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bring it very far away from your from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bring it very far away from your from
+your slab and so to a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your slab and so to a good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your slab and so to a good approximation
+the potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential that
+these electrons close as we say to the F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons close as we say to the F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons close as we say to the F
+energy fi is H is this and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy fi is H is this and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy fi is H is this and you know what
+we are trying to find now is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to find now is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to find now is a solution
+for this shaddinger equation for a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this shaddinger equation for a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this shaddinger equation for a case
+of an electron having an energy actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron having an energy actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron having an energy actually
+the E that constant in the shaddinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E that constant in the shaddinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E that constant in the shaddinger
+equation is actually the total energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is actually the total energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is actually the total energy of
+the particle so we are looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle so we are looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle so we are looking for a
+solution for an electron having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for an electron having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for an electron having an
+energy that is basically between Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is basically between Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that is basically between Z and
+v0 that means that that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 that means that that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 that means that that electron
+classically is really confined to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically is really confined to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically is really confined to the
+left side of the potential and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the potential and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left side of the potential and so what
+what do we have here well what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here well what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here well what we have
+is that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that on the
+left we have again a very simple shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left we have again a very simple shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left we have again a very simple shinger
+equation that is minus H bar s/ 2 m d ²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is minus H bar s/ 2 m d ²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that is minus H bar s/ 2 m d ²
+/ 5 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 5 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 5 equal
+to a e * 5 so this is on the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a e * 5 so this is on the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a e * 5 so this is on the left side
+the shading equation for the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shading equation for the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shading equation for the free
+particle and we know the solution and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and we know the solution and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and we know the solution and is
+just being given by one of these plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being given by one of these plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being given by one of these plain
+waves but now the difference is that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves but now the difference is that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves but now the difference is that on
+the right we have all of a sudden a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we have all of a sudden a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we have all of a sudden a
+potential so the equation on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so the equation on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so the equation on the right
+is going to be minus h s/ 2 m * d square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be minus h s/ 2 m * d square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be minus h s/ 2 m * d square
+F remember now in the stationary Shing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F remember now in the stationary Shing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F remember now in the stationary Shing
+equation we have a term that is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have a term that is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have a term that is given by
+the potential that in this case is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential that in this case is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential that in this case is just
+a constant times the wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant times the wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant times the wave function and
+this is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to
+E5 uh what's the different difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E5 uh what's the different difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E5 uh what's the different difference
+between these two equation well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two equation well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two equation well let me
+actually rewrite the one on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rewrite the one on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rewrite the one on the right
+side as minus H bar s/ 2 m d s 5 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side as minus H bar s/ 2 m d s 5 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side as minus H bar s/ 2 m d s 5 equal
+to e minus v0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e minus v0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e minus v0
+F Well in both cases we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Well in both cases we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Well in both cases we are trying to
+find a wave function whose second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a wave function whose second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a wave function whose second
+derivative is basically equal equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is basically equal equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is basically equal equal to
+the wave function itself times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function itself times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function itself times a
+constant but the big difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but the big difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but the big difference is that
+we are actually looking for physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually looking for physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are actually looking for physical
+solution for an electron that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for an electron that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for an electron that has an
+energy lying somewhere in between zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lying somewhere in between zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lying somewhere in between zero
+that is our conventional minimum and v0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our conventional minimum and v0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is our conventional minimum and v0
+that is the energy cost to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the energy cost to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the energy cost to get that
+electron out so what we have is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out so what we have is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out so what we have is that for
+the left side equation what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side equation what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side equation what we are
+trying to find is a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find is a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find is a second
+derivative uh in which you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh in which you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh in which you see the
+constant is going to be minus 2 m e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is going to be minus 2 m e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is going to be minus 2 m e over
+H bar squ so it's a negative number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar squ so it's a negative number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H bar squ so it's a negative number so
+we need to take a second derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take a second derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to take a second derivative and
+get a function times a negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a function times a negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a function times a negative number
+in the other case remember what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case remember what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case remember what we are
+looking is for a solution in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking is for a solution in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking is for a solution in which the
+energy is between 0 and v0 so the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is between 0 and v0 so the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is between 0 and v0 so the sign
+of the coefficient here has changed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficient here has changed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coefficient here has changed here
+before it was positive now it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was positive now it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it was positive now it's negative
+and with the negative sign on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the negative sign on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with the negative sign on the other
+side it means that what we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it means that what we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side it means that what we are looking
+is for a function with second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a function with second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for a function with second derivative
+is equal to a positive constant time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a positive constant time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a positive constant time the
+function itself and all this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself and all this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself and all this long
+stories just to say that the solution on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories just to say that the solution on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories just to say that the solution on
+the left will be given by an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left will be given by an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left will be given by an exponential
+that has an i term in there so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an i term in there so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an i term in there so it's a
+complex exponential while the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential while the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponential while the solution
+on the right hand side will be be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side will be be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side will be be given
+by an exponential that has a real term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an exponential that has a real term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an exponential that has a real term
+coefficient and so what we have is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so what we have is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so what we have is on
+the left side a periodic oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side a periodic oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side a periodic oscillatory
+solution typical of the free electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution typical of the free electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution typical of the free electron
+and what we have on the right side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have on the right side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have on the right side is
+actually a decaying exponential and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a decaying exponential and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a decaying exponential and so
+what we have is that our free electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is that our free electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is that our free electron
+is going to have a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have a wave function that
+really looks like this threee particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks like this threee particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looks like this threee particle
+like inside oscillatory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like inside oscillatory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like inside oscillatory and
+exponentially decaying outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying outside the
+surface and this is how truly electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and this is how truly electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and this is how truly electrons
+in a metal and most metals look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a metal and most metals look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a metal and most metals look like
+their wave function decays exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wave function decays exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wave function decays exponential
+that's actually why people say in 1981
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually why people say in 1981
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually why people say in 1981
+could invent something as fancy as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could invent something as fancy as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could invent something as fancy as the
+scanning tunneling microscope you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning tunneling microscope you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning tunneling microscope you see
+the the STM is one of the fanciest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the STM is one of the fanciest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the STM is one of the fanciest
+instrument that we have that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that we have that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument that we have that can
+actually be seen used to see atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be seen used to see atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be seen used to see atoms and
+what does an STM does well an STM comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does an STM does well an STM comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does an STM does well an STM comes
+with you know a really nanometer size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know a really nanometer size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know a really nanometer size
+tip and what the STM measure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and what the STM measure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and what the STM measure is the
+current between say the metal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current between say the metal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current between say the metal and the
+tip and it's very sensitive because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and it's very sensitive because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip and it's very sensitive because you
+see since that the wave function decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see since that the wave function decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see since that the wave function decays
+exponential moving the tip by a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential moving the tip by a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential moving the tip by a small
+amount will change exponentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount will change exponentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount will change exponentially the
+current going through the scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going through the scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current going through the scanning
+tunneling microscope so we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling microscope so we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling microscope so we can actually
+move this tip and they have an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this tip and they have an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move this tip and they have an enormous
+response in the current to a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the current to a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the current to a very small
+displacement so we can actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so we can actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement so we can actually measure
+the topography on the top of a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topography on the top of a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topography on the top of a metal
+surface with great accuracy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with great accuracy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface with great accuracy because
+basically what the scanning tunneling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what the scanning tunneling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what the scanning tunneling
+microscope is doing is really filling up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope is doing is really filling up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope is doing is really filling up
+these exponentially decaying Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentially decaying Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exponentially decaying Tails
+coming out from the metal coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out from the metal coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out from the metal coming out
+from the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the metal
+surface okay so I'll show you just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so I'll show you just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay so I'll show you just a few
+examples so that we sort of get more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so that we sort of get more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so that we sort of get more and
+more the feeling of how wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the feeling of how wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the feeling of how wave function
+look sort of getting closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of getting closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of getting closer and closer
+to physical problems uh keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical problems uh keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physical problems uh keep in mind
+this general idea if we have got um zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general idea if we have got um zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this general idea if we have got um zero
+potential we have this wav like solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we have this wav like solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we have this wav like solution
+so a typical problem that is very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical problem that is very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical problem that is very simple
+to actually solve analytically would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually solve analytically would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually solve analytically would be
+the one in which we have an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in which we have an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one in which we have an infinite
+Square well that is we have a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square well that is we have a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square well that is we have a particle
+that FS zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that FS zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that FS zero
+potential between say minus a and a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential between say minus a and a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential between say minus a and a and
+in infinite potential outside and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinite potential outside and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in infinite potential outside and you
+know this is sort of qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is sort of qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is sort of qualitatively
+starts to be very similar to what an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to be very similar to what an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to be very similar to what an
+electron in an atom feels electron in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in an atom feels electron in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in an atom feels electron in an
+atom doesn't really feel a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom doesn't really feel a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom doesn't really feel a potential
+that is zero in a region and infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero in a region and infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is zero in a region and infinite
+outside it really feels an attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it really feels an attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside it really feels an attractive
+potential that is 1 / R so the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that is 1 / R so the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that is 1 / R so the potential
+is actually shaped very differently it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually shaped very differently it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually shaped very differently it's
+going to be a cumic cusp ending up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a cumic cusp ending up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a cumic cusp ending up in
+zero but you'll see the solution are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but you'll see the solution are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but you'll see the solution are
+sort of very similar and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very similar and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of very similar and we can
+understand them better if we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them better if we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them better if we actually
+look at the solution for this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the solution for this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the solution for this case and
+again what we have is a problem in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we have is a problem in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we have is a problem in which
+between minus a and a we have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus a and a we have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus a and a we have zero
+potential so the solution are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so the solution are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so the solution are going to
+be sort of free electron like wave like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of free electron like wave like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sort of free electron like wave like
+but now we have a sort of new condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have a sort of new condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have a sort of new condition
+that is what we have is that being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we have is that being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we have is that being the
+potential infinite say from this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential infinite say from this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential infinite say from this point
+onwards on the right and from this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards on the right and from this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards on the right and from this point
+downwards on the left what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards on the left what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downwards on the left what we need to
+have is that the wave function needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the wave function needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the wave function needs to
+have zero amplitude outside this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero amplitude outside this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero amplitude outside this region
+if the potential is infinite you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the potential is infinite you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the potential is infinite you can
+think physically that there is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think physically that there is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think physically that there is zero
+probability of finding the electron it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron it's
+truly infinite so it's fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly infinite so it's fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly infinite so it's fully
+constraining the electron so the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining the electron so the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraining the electron so the wave
+function need to be Zero from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function need to be Zero from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function need to be Zero from here
+onwards and from here onwards and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards and from here onwards and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards and from here onwards and so you
+know another sort of great discovery of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another sort of great discovery of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know another sort of great discovery of
+quantum mechanics is that the only sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is that the only sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is that the only sort
+of s or cosine like solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s or cosine like solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s or cosine like solution of the
+shading equation that are such that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation that are such that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation that are such that they
+have zero amplitude at this point and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero amplitude at this point and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero amplitude at this point and at
+this point are SS or cosine with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point are SS or cosine with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point are SS or cosine with a
+wavelength that is compatible with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that is compatible with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that is compatible with this
+distance so all of a sudden are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so all of a sudden are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so all of a sudden are
+solutions that in the case of the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that in the case of the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions that in the case of the free
+electron could have any wavelength in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could have any wavelength in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron could have any wavelength in
+the world have now become quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world have now become quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world have now become quantized
+there is only a discrete set of solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only a discrete set of solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is only a discrete set of solution
+with wavelengths that are compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wavelengths that are compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wavelengths that are compatible
+with the distance between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the distance between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the distance between the two
+infinite confining sides and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite confining sides and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite confining sides and you know
+this is the same concept of you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same concept of you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same concept of you know an
+organ pipe and the music that it plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ pipe and the music that it plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organ pipe and the music that it plays
+when you play music in an organ pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play music in an organ pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play music in an organ pipe
+you're really exciting either a sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really exciting either a sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really exciting either a sound
+wave with a wavelength corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave with a wavelength corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave with a wavelength corresponding to
+the fundamental harmonic or the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental harmonic or the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental harmonic or the only
+other notes that your Organ Pipe can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notes that your Organ Pipe can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other notes that your Organ Pipe can
+produce are actually higher harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce are actually higher harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce are actually higher harmonics
+and so they are sort of again sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are sort of again sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they are sort of again sound
+waves that will have zero amplitudes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that will have zero amplitudes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that will have zero amplitudes at
+Borders or same thing say with the chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borders or same thing say with the chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borders or same thing say with the chord
+of a guitar and so the wave function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a guitar and so the wave function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a guitar and so the wave function for
+a confined potential are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confined potential are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a confined potential are actually
+quantized and they have corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized and they have corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized and they have corresponding
+energies that is in this specific case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that is in this specific case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies that is in this specific case
+go actually as the square although this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go actually as the square although this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go actually as the square although this
+is less Str relevant for our case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less Str relevant for our case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less Str relevant for our case so
+you'll see that in most cases like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that in most cases like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that in most cases like when
+we look at the solution for an atom in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the solution for an atom in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the solution for an atom in a
+sort of confining columbic potential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of confining columbic potential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of confining columbic potential we
+Lally find only a discrete set of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lally find only a discrete set of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lally find only a discrete set of wave
+function with discrete energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with discrete energy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with discrete energy levels and
+again we sort of can get some hints on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we sort of can get some hints on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we sort of can get some hints on
+how this solution would look like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this solution would look like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this solution would look like if you
+think for a moment at what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment at what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for a moment at what would happen
+if our Square well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our Square well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if our Square well
+instead of having infinite confining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having infinite confining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having infinite confining
+walls would have only finite confining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls would have only finite confining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls would have only finite confining
+walls with a finite height it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls with a finite height it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls with a finite height it's really
+you know the same case as the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the same case as the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the same case as the metal
+surface because now you have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface because now you have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface because now you have a finite
+wall you have a sort of finite wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall you have a sort of finite wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall you have a sort of finite wave
+function decaying exponentially outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function decaying exponentially outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function decaying exponentially outside
+in that region and so what was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and so what was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and so what was you
+remember our fundamental harmonic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our fundamental harmonic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our fundamental harmonic the
+second harmonic third harmonic fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second harmonic third harmonic fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second harmonic third harmonic fourth
+harmonic what were those oscillatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic what were those oscillatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic what were those oscillatory
+solution inside the box now start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution inside the box now start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution inside the box now start
+getting these exponential Tails decaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these exponential Tails decaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these exponential Tails decaying
+in the vacuum and this is really how uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vacuum and this is really how uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vacuum and this is really how uh
+solutions for the shaddinger equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the shaddinger equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions for the shaddinger equation of
+an atom look like and um I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom look like and um I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom look like and um I don't want
+really to bore you with the algebra some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to bore you with the algebra some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to bore you with the algebra some
+of you might actually have seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you might actually have seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you might actually have seen this
+over and over again if you have taken a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again if you have taken a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again if you have taken a
+Quantum class I'll just give you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum class I'll just give you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum class I'll just give you one
+slide that with sort of the conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that with sort of the conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide that with sort of the conceptual
+um sort of framework of what we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of framework of what we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of framework of what we should
+do if we were to solve the shedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we were to solve the shedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if we were to solve the shedding
+equation for a single electron in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a single electron in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a single electron in what
+we call a central potential this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a central potential this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a central potential this is a
+general concept Central potential is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general concept Central potential is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general concept Central potential is a
+potential that depends only on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that depends only on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that depends only on the
+distance from a center but not on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from a center but not on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from a center but not on the
+angular distribution and so Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular distribution and so Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular distribution and so Central
+potential would be written as V of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential would be written as V of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential would be written as V of R
+where R is the modulus of our Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R is the modulus of our Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where R is the modulus of our Vector is
+just the distance and the algebra is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the distance and the algebra is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the distance and the algebra is
+fairly complex but sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complex but sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complex but sort of you know the
+general idea is that this is now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea is that this is now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea is that this is now our
+shading equation we need to find a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation we need to find a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shading equation we need to find a wave
+function such that the application of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function such that the application of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function such that the application of
+the second derivative plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative plus this
+potential is equal to the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is equal to the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is equal to the wave function
+itself times a constant and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself times a constant and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself times a constant and because of
+how we are dealing with the geometry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we are dealing with the geometry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we are dealing with the geometry of
+a central potential it's convenient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central potential it's convenient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central potential it's convenient to
+write the LA Ian the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the LA Ian the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the LA Ian the second derivative
+not in cartisian coordinate but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in cartisian coordinate but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in cartisian coordinate but in
+spherical coordinates that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical coordinates that is in
+coordinates in which instead of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in which instead of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in which instead of giving
+the X Y and Z components of a vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Y and Z components of a vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X Y and Z components of a vector we
+give the distance from the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the distance from the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the distance from the origin and
+the two angles the and five that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two angles the and five that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two angles the and five that that
+Vector makes with respect to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector makes with respect to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector makes with respect to different
+axes again solution is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes again solution is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axes again solution is fairly
+complicated so I won't really go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so I won't really go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so I won't really go into
+this but this is how our aonian this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is how our aonian this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this is how our aonian this is
+how the sort of left part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sort of left part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the sort of left part of the
+stationary equation would look for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary equation would look for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary equation would look for this
+Central potential having just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central potential having just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central potential having just
+Rewritten basically this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten basically this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten basically this second
+derivative in cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative in cartisian
+coordinates and sort of when one goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and sort of when one goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and sort of when one goes
+through all the algebra one finds out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the algebra one finds out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the algebra one finds out
+that the wave function the space part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function the space part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wave function the space part of
+the wave function can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function can be written as a
+term that depends only on the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that depends only on the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that depends only on the distance
+from the center from the place place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center from the place place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the center from the place place
+where the uh nucleus is times an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh nucleus is times an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh nucleus is times an angular
+part and if you are sort of familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and if you are sort of familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and if you are sort of familiar
+with this we call this angular part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we call this angular part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this we call this angular part
+spherical harmonics and this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonics and this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonics and this would be
+the radial part of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial part of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial part of the wave function
+that is a solution of a sort of slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a solution of a sort of slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a solution of a sort of slightly
+different onedimensional shadinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different onedimensional shadinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different onedimensional shadinger
+equation again uh this is just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again uh this is just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again uh this is just you know
+the start if you interested to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start if you interested to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start if you interested to take this
+but somehow you know this is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow you know this is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow you know this is all the
+algebra that gives rise to the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that gives rise to the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that gives rise to the periodic
+table that is when we study actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that is when we study actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that is when we study actually
+what are the solution of the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the solution of the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the solution of the shinger
+equation for a central potential well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a central potential well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a central potential well we
+find that we can classify this solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that we can classify this solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that we can classify this solution
+as we were classifying those solution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we were classifying those solution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we were classifying those solution in
+the particle in a box depending on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in a box depending on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle in a box depending on if
+you want the sort of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the sort of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the sort of fundamental
+harmonic and the higher harmonics well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and the higher harmonics well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic and the higher harmonics well
+we can still classify the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still classify the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still classify the solution
+depending on their angular distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their angular distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on their angular distribution
+so what are actually the l and m indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are actually the l and m indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are actually the l and m indices
+of the spherical harmonics and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spherical harmonics and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spherical harmonics and we can
+also classify the radial distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also classify the radial distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also classify the radial distribution
+and so all this possible solution gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all this possible solution gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all this possible solution gives
+us all the possible states of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all the possible states of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all the possible states of an
+electron in a hydrogen atom and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a hydrogen atom and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a hydrogen atom and you know
+probably have seen this over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen this over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have seen this over and over
+again but is really sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but is really sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but is really sort of you know the
+fundamental alphabet that gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental alphabet that gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental alphabet that gives rise to
+the periodic table so for the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table so for the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table so for the hydrogen
+atom the fundamental solution is one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the fundamental solution is one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom the fundamental solution is one in
+which the electron is is distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the electron is is distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the electron is is distributed
+with spherical symmetry around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spherical symmetry around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spherical symmetry around the
+nucleus and if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and if we look at the
+probability density as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density as a function of the
+distance from the center it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the center it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the center it's something
+that really looks a little bit like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really looks a little bit like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really looks a little bit like this
+so the probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the probability of finding the
+electron in the hydrogen atom at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the hydrogen atom at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the hydrogen atom at a
+certain distance really as a maximum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance really as a maximum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain distance really as a maximum at
+a distance that is I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance that is I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance that is I believe
+1.5 BS I I need to check actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 BS I I need to check actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 BS I I need to check actually this
+number sort of the classical radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sort of the classical radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number sort of the classical radius of
+the hydrogen atom is the is is one bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom is the is is one bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom is the is is one bore
+is. 529 anstrom and the maximum I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. 529 anstrom and the maximum I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. 529 anstrom and the maximum I think
+is at 1.5 but basically there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 1.5 but basically there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 1.5 but basically there is a
+maximum of probability and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of probability and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum of probability and then it
+decays again but then there is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays again but then there is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays again but then there is a whole
+zoology of excited states that can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoology of excited states that can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoology of excited states that can have
+say more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more complex
+radial part and you know we classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial part and you know we classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial part and you know we classify
+this you probably remember this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you probably remember this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you probably remember this from
+your Chemistry we call this state a 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chemistry we call this state a 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Chemistry we call this state a 1 s
+state where one really refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where one really refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where one really refers to the
+radial part and S refers to the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial part and S refers to the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial part and S refers to the angular
+part and the next state would be a two s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the next state would be a two s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and the next state would be a two s
+like state in which being s the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like state in which being s the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like state in which being s the angular
+part is still the same it's spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is still the same it's spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is still the same it's spherically
+symmetric but now the radial part has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but now the radial part has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric but now the radial part has
+changed and it actually changed sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and it actually changed sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and it actually changed sign so
+it sort of you know it grows in side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of you know it grows in side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of you know it grows in side
+then it goes back to zero then it grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes back to zero then it grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes back to zero then it grows
+again and it goes back to zero and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it goes back to zero and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it goes back to zero and then
+there are states like the two P States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are states like the two P States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are states like the two P States
+in which the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the angular
+part starts to play a role and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part starts to play a role and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part starts to play a role and so this
+would be a specific P state that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a specific P state that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a specific P state that if you
+want as two loes with opposite sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as two loes with opposite sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want as two loes with opposite sign
+across a plane of symmetry and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a plane of symmetry and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a plane of symmetry and then
+there are more complex States like the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more complex States like the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more complex States like the D
+States and so on and so forth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so on and so forth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and so on and so forth and the
+very important thing is that really this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing is that really this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important thing is that really this
+angular symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular symmetry
+um comes from just having considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comes from just having considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comes from just having considered a
+central potential that is a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential that is a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central potential that is a potential
+that doesn't depend from the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't depend from the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't depend from the angular
+variable but just from the distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but just from the distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but just from the distance and
+so this solution have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this solution have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this solution have the same
+qualitative difference not only for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative difference not only for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative difference not only for a
+single electron in a hydrogen atom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron in a hydrogen atom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron in a hydrogen atom but
+say in general for an electron in a atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general for an electron in a atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in general for an electron in a atom
+where really that electron will feel not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where really that electron will feel not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where really that electron will feel not
+only the attractive potential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the attractive potential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the attractive potential of the
+nucleus but also the repulsive Potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but also the repulsive Potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus but also the repulsive Potential
+from all the other electrons but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the other electrons but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the other electrons but you
+know to a great extent that repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to a great extent that repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to a great extent that repulsive
+potential of all the other electrons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of all the other electrons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of all the other electrons is
+going to be a fairly spherical symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a fairly spherical symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a fairly spherical symmetry
+kind of potential because all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of potential because all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of potential because all the other
+electrons when you sort of take their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons when you sort of take their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons when you sort of take their
+charge density are going to be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density are going to be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density are going to be roughly
+spherically symmetric distributed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric distributed and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric distributed and so
+the solution really for one electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution really for one electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution really for one electron in
+a central potential do not only apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central potential do not only apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a central potential do not only apply to
+the hydrogen atom but apply to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom but apply to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom but apply to really
+any atom in the periodic table to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any atom in the periodic table to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any atom in the periodic table to some
+approximation that is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that is to the
+approximation that we consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that we consider the
+repulsive potential that all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive potential that all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive potential that all the other
+electrons have for this sort of say top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have for this sort of say top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have for this sort of say top
+valence electron in a generic atom say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron in a generic atom say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electron in a generic atom say
+iron is that the only approximation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron is that the only approximation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron is that the only approximation is
+that this repulsive potential is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this repulsive potential is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this repulsive potential is also
+spherically symmetric that is not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric that is not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherically symmetric that is not true
+but it's true to sort of a very large a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's true to sort of a very large a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's true to sort of a very large a
+very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large
+extent okay now with sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent okay now with sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent okay now with sort of you know
+this concludes if you want our general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concludes if you want our general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concludes if you want our general
+panorama on sort of what is quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panorama on sort of what is quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panorama on sort of what is quantum
+mechanics and now really we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and now really we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and now really we want to go
+into electronic structure methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into electronic structure methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into electronic structure methods that
+is we want to arrive at what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to arrive at what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to arrive at what is called
+the heart Fox solution that is again one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart Fox solution that is again one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heart Fox solution that is again one
+of the fundamental techniques especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental techniques especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental techniques especially
+in quantum chemistry and to do this uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum chemistry and to do this uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum chemistry and to do this uh I
+need to give you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to give you a little bit of
+nomenclature again if you have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature again if you have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature again if you have never
+seen a set of quantum mechanics if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a set of quantum mechanics if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a set of quantum mechanics if you
+have never take a Quantum mechanic class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never take a Quantum mechanic class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have never take a Quantum mechanic class
+it would be very useful to have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very useful to have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be very useful to have a look
+at some of the books that I've given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the books that I've given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of the books that I've given you
+in the bibliography either some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bibliography either some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bibliography either some
+fundamental books like quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental books like quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental books like quantum mechanics
+or physics of atoms and molecules both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or physics of atoms and molecules both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or physics of atoms and molecules both
+by Branson and join that are very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Branson and join that are very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Branson and join that are very good
+quantum mechanics books or some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics books or some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics books or some of the
+electronic structure books like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure books like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure books like the
+Phoenix Phoenix books on interatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix Phoenix books on interatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phoenix Phoenix books on interatomic
+forces or the Richard Martin book or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or the Richard Martin book or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces or the Richard Martin book or the
+Tim kakas book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim kakas book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim kakas book
+but the sort of nomenclature that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sort of nomenclature that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the sort of nomenclature that we use
+over and over again is what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again is what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again is what is called
+the bracket nomenclature of the r and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket nomenclature of the r and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bracket nomenclature of the r and so
+in general a wave function is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general a wave function is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general a wave function is actually
+represented by this sign here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this sign here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this sign here this is
+called a k again that means nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a k again that means nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a k again that means nothing else
+than a way function that is an amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a way function that is an amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a way function that is an amplitude
+defined everywhere in space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere in space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined everywhere in space or
+everywhere in space and time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in space and time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in space and time and in
+general it's a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general it's a complex
+amplitude and now one of the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and now one of the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and now one of the fundamental
+sort of um rules of quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um rules of quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of um rules of quantum mechanics is
+that say wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that say wave
+function corresponding to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function corresponding to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function corresponding to different
+states of an electron say you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of an electron say you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of an electron say you are
+considering the wave function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the wave function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the wave function for the
+ground state of the hydrogen atom the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of the hydrogen atom the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state of the hydrogen atom the 1s
+and then you considering the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you considering the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you considering the wave
+function for an excited state like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for an excited state like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for an excited state like the
+2s so wave function for different states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so wave function for different states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so wave function for different states
+are going to be oron normal what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be oron normal what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be oron normal what does it
+mean it means that when we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it means that when we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it means that when we take the
+scalar product that scalar product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product that scalar product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product that scalar product is
+going to be either zero or one depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be either zero or one depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be either zero or one depending
+if we are taking the scalar product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are taking the scalar product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are taking the scalar product with
+the wave function itself or with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function itself or with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function itself or with the
+wave function of a different state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of a different state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function of a different state so
+this Delta i j is what is called usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta i j is what is called usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta i j is what is called usually
+a chronical Delta is a symbol that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chronical Delta is a symbol that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chronical Delta is a symbol that means
+this is going to be equal to one if I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to one if I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be equal to one if I is
+equal to J or it's going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to J or it's going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to J or it's going to be equal to
+zero if I is different from J and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if I is different from J and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if I is different from J and the
+scalar product between two w function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product between two w function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar product between two w function is
+written in short and notation as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in short and notation as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in short and notation as this
+it's written as a bra times a c a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written as a bra times a c a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written as a bra times a c a
+bracket but again that's not nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket but again that's not nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket but again that's not nothing
+else than a short hand form for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than a short hand form for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than a short hand form for the
+proper definition of the scalar product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper definition of the scalar product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper definition of the scalar product
+uh again if you have S of you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again if you have S of you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again if you have S of you probably
+not heard of hilber spaces but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not heard of hilber spaces but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not heard of hilber spaces but this is a
+vector space of wave function that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space of wave function that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector space of wave function that has a
+metric defined and so we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric defined and so we can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric defined and so we can define
+something like a scalar product by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a scalar product by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a scalar product by
+taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the
+integral of the wave function on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the wave function on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the wave function on the
+left that has been complex conjugated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that has been complex conjugated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left that has been complex conjugated
+time the wave function on the right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the wave function on the right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the wave function on the right so
+all wave functions that are solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wave functions that are solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wave functions that are solution of
+a shing equation satisfy this auton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shing equation satisfy this auton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shing equation satisfy this auton
+normality property if you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normality property if you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normality property if you take this
+integral that is going to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that is going to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that is going to be equal to
+one if you're just taking the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you're just taking the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if you're just taking the square of
+the wave function and it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function and it's going to be
+equal to zero if I is different to J and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if I is different to J and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero if I is different to J and
+you see why it's equal to one actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see why it's equal to one actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see why it's equal to one actually
+if I is equal to J because remember what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is equal to J because remember what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I is equal to J because remember what
+is I star time p i well it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I star time p i well it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I star time p i well it's just the
+square modulus of Si I so p i star time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus of Si I so p i star time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square modulus of Si I so p i star time
+I in a certain point R in space gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in a certain point R in space gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I in a certain point R in space gives me
+the probability of finding the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of finding the electron
+in a point point in space and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a point point in space and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a point point in space and when I
+integrate that probability all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that probability all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that probability all over
+space it becomes obvious that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it becomes obvious that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it becomes obvious that that
+number must be one because what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number must be one because what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number must be one because what is the
+probability of finding an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding an electron
+anywhere in space well you'll find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in space well you'll find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere in space well you'll find it
+somewhere so the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so the probability of finding
+it anywhere that is the integral of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square as a function of r must be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square as a function of r must be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square as a function of r must be equal
+to one so that's sort of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so that's sort of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one so that's sort of you know the
+physical uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connection and uh the last definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and uh the last definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and uh the last definition
+that I need is that of expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need is that of expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I need is that of expectation
+values that is once we have found a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that is once we have found a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that is once we have found a wave
+function for this electron uh as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this electron uh as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for this electron uh as I said
+uh we know everything that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know everything that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know everything that we need to
+know about that electron and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that electron and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about that electron and so we can
+can extract all the physical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract all the physical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can extract all the physical properties
+that we want okay it's like in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want okay it's like in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want okay it's like in classical
+mechanics if you have the trajectory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics if you have the trajectory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics if you have the trajectory of
+your electron you can calculate at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electron you can calculate at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your electron you can calculate at any
+instant in time what is say 1/2 time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant in time what is say 1/2 time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant in time what is say 1/2 time the
+mass time the square velocity that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass time the square velocity that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass time the square velocity that would
+be the kinetic energy of that particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the kinetic energy of that particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the kinetic energy of that particle
+similarly if you know the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you know the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you know the wave function
+of that electron you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that electron you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that electron you can
+calculate any kind of physical quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate any kind of physical quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate any kind of physical quantity
+and one of the sort of most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the sort of most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of the sort of most important
+physical quantities apart from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantities apart from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical quantities apart from the
+probability of finding it somewhere is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding it somewhere is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding it somewhere is
+what is the energy of that electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the energy of that electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the energy of that electron and
+this is the short hand term in the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the short hand term in the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the short hand term in the sort
+of the bracket Neature of what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bracket Neature of what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bracket Neature of what would be
+the energy of an electron we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of an electron we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of an electron we call this
+an expectation value so in Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation value so in Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation value so in Quantum
+Mechanics for every physical observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics for every physical observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mechanics for every physical observable
+like the energy there is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the energy there is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the energy there is going to be an
+operator that acts on the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that acts on the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that acts on the wave function
+and is such that its expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is such that its expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is such that its expectation value
+gives me the physical quantity I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the physical quantity I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me the physical quantity I'm
+interested so if I want to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested so if I want to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested so if I want to know the
+energy of a electron that has a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a electron that has a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a electron that has a wave
+function SI I I need to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function SI I I need to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function SI I I need to calculate this
+expectation value SI i h SI I that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value SI i h SI I that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value SI i h SI I that will
+give me the energy and the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the energy and the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me the energy and the quantum
+mechanical operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical operator
+that gives me the energy is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the energy is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the energy is what is
+called the aonian operator H that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the aonian operator H that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the aonian operator H that I
+written here so the am miltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here so the am miltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written here so the am miltonian
+operator is nothing else and I forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is nothing else and I forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is nothing else and I forgotten
+here I'm sorry there is a laian the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm sorry there is a laian the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm sorry there is a laian the
+aonian operator is nothing else what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aonian operator is nothing else what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aonian operator is nothing else what we
+have seen in the shadinger equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen in the shadinger equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen in the shadinger equation is
+minus H bar Square ided 2 m times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar Square ided 2 m times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H bar Square ided 2 m times
+theasian plus the potential so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theasian plus the potential so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theasian plus the potential so if you
+want to calculate what is the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate what is the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate what is the energy of
+this electron what you need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron what you need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron what you need to do is to
+apply the energy operator that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the energy operator that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the energy operator that is the
+aonian to the wave function so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aonian to the wave function so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aonian to the wave function so you need
+to take the second derivative with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the second derivative with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the second derivative with
+respect to the wave function you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the wave function you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to the wave function you need
+with the appropriate coefficient you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the appropriate coefficient you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the appropriate coefficient you
+need to sum the potential times the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sum the potential times the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to sum the potential times the wave
+function and now to this new quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now to this new quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now to this new quantity
+that is again a field that you know sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is again a field that you know sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is again a field that you know sort
+of is a function of r well you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is a function of r well you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is a function of r well you need to
+take data multiplied by the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take data multiplied by the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take data multiplied by the complex
+conjugate of the wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of the wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of the wave function and
+integrate it all over space so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it all over space so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it all over space so if you
+want it's a much more complex operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's a much more complex operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's a much more complex operation
+but that's exactly what are the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly what are the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly what are the rules
+for Quantum objects you have a shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Quantum objects you have a shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Quantum objects you have a shinger
+equation you find its Solutions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you find its Solutions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you find its Solutions and then
+the solution are the ground state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution are the ground state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution are the ground state or
+excited state wave function and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state wave function and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state wave function and if you
+want to calculate what are the uh physic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate what are the uh physic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate what are the uh physic
+IAL value of what we say are observable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL value of what we say are observable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IAL value of what we say are observable
+quantities like the energy you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities like the energy you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities like the energy you need to
+take expectation value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take expectation value of the
+appropriate operator and sort of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate operator and sort of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate operator and sort of if you
+want the most fundamental operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the most fundamental operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the most fundamental operator is
+the amoni H that is just written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amoni H that is just written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amoni H that is just written here
+and the expectation value that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectation value that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expectation value that is
+written in short and direct form here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in short and direct form here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in short and direct form here is
+nothing else that the integral overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that the integral overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else that the integral overall
+space of the complex conjugate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the complex conjugate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of the complex conjugate of the
+wave function times what we obtain by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function times what we obtain by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function times what we obtain by
+applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying
+to the way function the aonian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way function the aonian operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the way function the aonian operator
+and we integrate that in space now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we integrate that in space now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we integrate that in space now it's
+actually sort of simpler than it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of simpler than it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of simpler than it looks
+because remember for a moment that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember for a moment that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember for a moment that this
+p is actually a solution of the Shing GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is actually a solution of the Shing GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p is actually a solution of the Shing GE
+equation this p is a solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this p is a solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation this p is a solution of the
+stationary shadding GE equation so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary shadding GE equation so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stationary shadding GE equation so we
+know already because the aonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already because the aonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already because the aonian is
+really do you remember it's the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do you remember it's the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do you remember it's the left
+hand term that is in the stationary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand term that is in the stationary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand term that is in the stationary
+equation so we know already that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we know already that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we know already that by the
+fact of this being the solution applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of this being the solution applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact of this being the solution applying
+this operator to this wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator to this wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator to this wave function is
+going to give me a constant times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me a constant times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me a constant times this
+wave function and so the constant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and so the constant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and so the constant we
+call it nothing else than e with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it nothing else than e with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it nothing else than e with a
+subscript I so this times the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript I so this times the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript I so this times the wave
+function gives me a constant times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives me a constant times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function gives me a constant times the
+wave function itself and I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function itself and I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function itself and I can take the
+constant out of the integral sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out of the integral sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant out of the integral sign and
+I'm left with constant e of I times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with constant e of I times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with constant e of I times the
+integral of Si star time CI and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of Si star time CI and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of Si star time CI and that's
+nothing else than one and so this is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than one and so this is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else than one and so this is if
+you want the explicit solution of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the explicit solution of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want the explicit solution of why
+this is EP I of course if you have never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is EP I of course if you have never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is EP I of course if you have never
+seen this it might look very Arcane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this it might look very Arcane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen this it might look very Arcane and
+this is why sort of you know I urge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why sort of you know I urge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why sort of you know I urge you
+to read some introductory quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read some introductory quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read some introductory quantum
+mechanics textbook uh if you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics textbook uh if you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics textbook uh if you have seen
+it already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it already uh
+of course it it it might it might seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it it it might it might seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it it it might it might seem
+trivial it might seem trivial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay and now in the next three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay and now in the next three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay and now in the next three or
+four slides we go really into the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four slides we go really into the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four slides we go really into the two
+fundamental concepts of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concepts of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental concepts of computational
+electronic structure that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure that is sort of
+involves two things one is it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two things one is it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves two things one is it involves
+finding the solution on a of the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the solution on a of the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the solution on a of the shinger
+equation on a computer that is on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on a computer that is on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on a computer that is on a
+system that is really not able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is really not able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is really not able to do
+analysis if you want is not able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if you want is not able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis if you want is not able to do
+analytic derivatives and analytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic derivatives and analytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic derivatives and analytic
+integrals and so we'll sort of see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so we'll sort of see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and so we'll sort of see how
+we actually deal in practice with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually deal in practice with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually deal in practice with this
+issue and then in the second set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and then in the second set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and then in the second set of
+slides we'll give you the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we'll give you the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides we'll give you the fundamental
+concept that is a reformulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that is a reformulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that is a reformulation of the
+differential equation of the shadinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of the shadinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of the shadinger
+equation in a different form that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in a different form that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in a different form that is
+actually computer friendly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computer friendly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually computer friendly and
+algorithmic friendly so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic friendly so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic friendly so we have a
+shadinger equation that we know we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadinger equation that we know we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadinger equation that we know we need
+to solve but we can actually rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but we can actually rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve but we can actually rewrite it
+in a form that is much more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a form that is much more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a form that is much more convenient
+and this will sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will sort of you know
+respectively you can think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively you can think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively you can think of them as
+you know the general concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the general concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the general concept of
+expanding wave function in a basis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding wave function in a basis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding wave function in a basis that
+sort of transform all our analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transform all our analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of transform all our analysis and
+integrals and differentials in Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and differentials in Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and differentials in Matrix
+algebra and and I'll show you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and and I'll show you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and and I'll show you in a
+moment why that is the case and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment why that is the case and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment why that is the case and in the
+second part we'll see how the shinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part we'll see how the shinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part we'll see how the shinger
+equation is transformed into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is transformed into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is transformed into a
+variational principle so really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle so really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational principle so really what
+you're seeing now is I would say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing now is I would say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing now is I would say the
+central content of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central content of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central content of today's
+class okay let me first go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay let me first go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay let me first go back to the
+shadinger equation as you have seen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadinger equation as you have seen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shadinger equation as you have seen it
+before and now I'm using actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now I'm using actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and now I'm using actually the
+short and term H this hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and term H this hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short and term H this hamiltonian
+operator that is again nothing else than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is again nothing else than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that is again nothing else than
+minus H s/ 2m * theasian plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H s/ 2m * theasian plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus H s/ 2m * theasian plus the
+potential and so the shading equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so the shading equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and so the shading equation
+tells us that for a given potential we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that for a given potential we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that for a given potential we
+need to find a wave function s such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find a wave function s such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find a wave function s such that
+when we apply on it those derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we apply on it those derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we apply on it those derivatives
+and those multiplication contained in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those multiplication contained in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those multiplication contained in
+the aonian operator that is H what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aonian operator that is H what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aonian operator that is H what we
+obtain is nothing else but the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is nothing else but the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is nothing else but the wave
+function itself times a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself times a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function itself times a constant
+so this is the shadinger equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the shadinger equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the shadinger equation in
+short hand form and we can even be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short hand form and we can even be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short hand form and we can even be more
+Compact and write it in the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and write it in the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compact and write it in the direct
+bracket formulation on the right side as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket formulation on the right side as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket formulation on the right side as
+H equal to Epsilon so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H equal to Epsilon so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H equal to Epsilon so this is this is
+our shadinger equation and now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shadinger equation and now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shadinger equation and now this is
+the fundamental step and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental step and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fundamental step and this is what
+really makes all of this solvable on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes all of this solvable on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really makes all of this solvable on a
+computer what we say now is that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what we say now is that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer what we say now is that any
+generic wave function okay so any we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic wave function okay so any we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic wave function okay so any we we
+are still sort of you know considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still sort of you know considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still sort of you know considering
+one electron in three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron in three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron in three-dimensional space
+so what we have is really an amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is really an amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we have is really an amplitude
+field all over space well that amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field all over space well that amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field all over space well that amplitude
+field can actually be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field can actually be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field can actually be written as a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+combination of an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of an infinite number of
+simple function times a coefficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function times a coefficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple function times a coefficient so
+we are saying well we can expand every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying well we can expand every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are saying well we can expand every
+possible field into a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible field into a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible field into a linear combination
+of uh sort of orthogonal functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sort of orthogonal functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sort of orthogonal functions that
+would be our basis function um say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be our basis function um say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be our basis function um say if
+you have seen Fier analysis uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen Fier analysis uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen Fier analysis uh you have
+sort of seen that you know in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seen that you know in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of seen that you know in most cases
+a well behaved function can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well behaved function can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well behaved function can actually be
+expanded as a linear combination of sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded as a linear combination of sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded as a linear combination of sign
+and cosiness or in general if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness or in general if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness or in general if you have
+seen more of analysis you have seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen more of analysis you have seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen more of analysis you have seen that
+in a lot of these hbert spaces you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of these hbert spaces you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of these hbert spaces you can
+sort of defined what are called complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of defined what are called complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of defined what are called complete
+sets of orthogonal functions SS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of orthogonal functions SS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of orthogonal functions SS and
+cosiness are a complete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness are a complete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness are a complete set of
+orthogonal function if you take SS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal function if you take SS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal function if you take SS and
+or cosiness with different wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cosiness with different wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or cosiness with different wavelengths
+and you integrate them over space you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate them over space you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you integrate them over space you
+get zero unless the wavelength is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero unless the wavelength is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero unless the wavelength is the
+same and by using an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and by using an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and by using an infinite number of
+signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs and
+cosiness um with different wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness um with different wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness um with different wavelength
+you can describe any function that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe any function that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can describe any function that is in
+some way smooth enough that doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way smooth enough that doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way smooth enough that doesn't have
+say infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say infinite
+discontinuities and so what we do really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities and so what we do really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities and so what we do really
+in most of our computational application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most of our computational application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most of our computational application
+is that we Define a basis set that say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we Define a basis set that say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we Define a basis set that say
+for the case of solids is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of solids is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the case of solids is actually going
+exactly to be the basic set of plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to be the basic set of plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly to be the basic set of plane
+waves those e to the I KR with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves those e to the I KR with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves those e to the I KR with all
+possible wavelength and with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible wavelength and with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible wavelength and with all
+possible direction that is an orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible direction that is an orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible direction that is an orthogonal
+set and it's complete and so once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and it's complete and so once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and it's complete and so once we
+decide what is our basis set say s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what is our basis set say s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide what is our basis set say s and
+cosine plain waves and there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine plain waves and there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine plain waves and there are a lot
+more that I'll describe in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that I'll describe in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that I'll describe in the following
+well at that point our wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that point our wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at that point our wave
+function uh needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh needs to be
+specified by a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by a set of
+coefficients and in all practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and in all practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and in all practical
+implementation we won't use infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation we won't use infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation we won't use infinite
+sets if you have got you know well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets if you have got you know well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets if you have got you know well-
+behaved wave function you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved wave function you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaved wave function you don't need to
+describe it will probably won't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it will probably won't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it will probably won't have
+oscillation with extremely thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation with extremely thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation with extremely thin
+wavelength so you can sort of expand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so you can sort of expand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength so you can sort of expand a
+wave function into a combination of ss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function into a combination of ss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function into a combination of ss
+and cosiness that have progressively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness that have progressively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosiness that have progressively
+shorter and shorter wavelength but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and shorter wavelength but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and shorter wavelength but at
+certain point you can say well I'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point you can say well I'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point you can say well I'll stop
+here I don't need a resolution that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't need a resolution that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't need a resolution that is
+thinner then you know sort of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner then you know sort of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinner then you know sort of what is
+physically reasonable I mean if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically reasonable I mean if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically reasonable I mean if you're
+are looking at electrons well they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at electrons well they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at electrons well they are
+going to have oscillations that are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have oscillations that are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have oscillations that are of
+the order of the interatomic distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the interatomic distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the interatomic distance
+but they are not going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are not going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are not going to have
+oscillations that are of the order say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations that are of the order say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations that are of the order say
+of the uh Dieter of a nucleus it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Dieter of a nucleus it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh Dieter of a nucleus it just
+doesn't make any physical sense so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any physical sense so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any physical sense so you
+can sort of you know understand that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of you know understand that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of you know understand that for
+every physical problem at hand when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every physical problem at hand when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every physical problem at hand when you
+can actually stop this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually stop this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually stop this infinite
+expansion in your orthogonal basis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in your orthogonal basis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in your orthogonal basis and
+at that point your wave function becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point your wave function becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point your wave function becomes
+defined just by a finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined just by a finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined just by a finite number of
+coefficient and so it's really suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so it's really suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and so it's really suppose
+that for a moment you have only 10 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a moment you have only 10 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a moment you have only 10 basis
+functions could be you know s of x s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions could be you know s of x s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions could be you know s of x s of
+2x s of 3x s of 4X up to S of 10 x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x s of 3x s of 4X up to S of 10 x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x s of 3x s of 4X up to S of 10 x in
+one dimension well once you have decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension well once you have decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dimension well once you have decided
+that those 10 are your good basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those 10 are your good basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those 10 are your good basis
+function your wave function is described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function your wave function is described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function your wave function is described
+by 10 number is just a vector okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 number is just a vector okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10 number is just a vector okay and
+so what you need to do is find those 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need to do is find those 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you need to do is find those 10
+numbers so if you want what had become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so if you want what had become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so if you want what had become
+what was an analysis problem now becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was an analysis problem now becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was an analysis problem now becomes
+a bit of a linear algebra problem in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a linear algebra problem in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a linear algebra problem in the
+sort of ways you'll see in a moment in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ways you'll see in a moment in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of ways you'll see in a moment in
+which we really need to find those 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we really need to find those 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we really need to find those 10
+coefficient we don't need to find find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we don't need to find find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we don't need to find find
+any more um sort of integrals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more um sort of integrals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more um sort of integrals and
+derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions and so let's actually see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so let's actually see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so let's actually see how
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+develops um remember what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops um remember what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops um remember what we need to
+solve is the shadinger equation that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve is the shadinger equation that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve is the shadinger equation that I
+written over here and now I've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written over here and now I've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written over here and now I've decided
+that I've got an orthogonal basis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got an orthogonal basis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've got an orthogonal basis and
+I'm going to do some algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do some algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do some algebra
+in particular I take this shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular I take this shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular I take this shading
+equation above remember is operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation above remember is operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation above remember is operator
+applied on the wave function equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied on the wave function equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied on the wave function equal to a
+constant times the wave function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the wave function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times the wave function and
+what I do is I say I multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I say I multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I do is I say I multiply this
+relation on the left and on the right by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation on the left and on the right by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation on the left and on the right by
+the complex conjugate of FM so in going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of FM so in going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex conjugate of FM so in going
+from here to here what I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here what I do is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to here what I do is I
+multiply this times the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this times the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this times the complex
+conjugate of fim so it's FM star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of fim so it's FM star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of fim so it's FM star and
+then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I
+integrate everything over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate everything over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate everything over
+space and so you see when I take h i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so you see when I take h i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so you see when I take h i
+multiply it by FM star and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by FM star and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by FM star and I
+integrate what I obtain is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate what I obtain is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate what I obtain is something
+that in shorthand bracket formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in shorthand bracket formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in shorthand bracket formulation
+can be written as FM H this is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as FM H this is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be written as FM H this is nothing
+else than a short hand for the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than a short hand for the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than a short hand for the integral
+of overall space of five star M times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overall space of five star M times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overall space of five star M times
+what results from applying H to P same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what results from applying H to P same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what results from applying H to P same
+to the right hand side I multiply e * pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right hand side I multiply e * pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right hand side I multiply e * pi
+by FM star and I integrate over space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by FM star and I integrate over space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by FM star and I integrate over space
+now e is just a constant so can come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now e is just a constant so can come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now e is just a constant so can come out
+of the integral sign and what I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral sign and what I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the integral sign and what I'm left
+is the integral of FM star times p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral of FM star times p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the integral of FM star times p and
+again it's very important that you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's very important that you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's very important that you go
+back just after this class and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just after this class and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just after this class and you
+rewrite explicitly all this algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite explicitly all this algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite explicitly all this algebraic
+term to make sure that you become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to make sure that you become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term to make sure that you become
+comfortable with them okay so I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with them okay so I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with them okay so I've done
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operation this is what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this is what I have
+obtained and now what I do I exploit my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained and now what I do I exploit my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained and now what I do I exploit my
+hypothesis I've said that my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I've said that my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis I've said that my wave
+function can be written as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be written as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be written as a linear
+combination of my basis function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of my basis function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of my basis function with
+certain coefficient so in this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain coefficient so in this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain coefficient so in this integral
+now I substitute for p a sum of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I substitute for p a sum of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I substitute for p a sum of wave
+function with appropriate coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with appropriate coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with appropriate coefficient
+and as usual I can take the sum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual I can take the sum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as usual I can take the sum and the
+coefficient out of the integral sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient out of the integral sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient out of the integral sign so
+what I'm left is with a sum of thisn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm left is with a sum of thisn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm left is with a sum of thisn
+that multiplies the integral of f star m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the integral of f star m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies the integral of f star m
+h f n this is what I have on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h f n this is what I have on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h f n this is what I have on the left
+hand side and now on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and now on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side and now on the right hand
+side this is slightly trickier to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is slightly trickier to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is slightly trickier to see
+again I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm
+substituting for S that's sum so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting for S that's sum so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting for S that's sum so what I
+obtain here is really let me write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain here is really let me write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain here is really let me write it as
+an integral for a moment is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral for a moment is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral for a moment is the integral
+over all space of five M Star times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space of five M Star times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space of five M Star times the
+sum Over N of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum Over N of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum Over N of
+CN 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m i can take a sorry it's a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over it's a bit difficult to see let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it's a bit difficult to see let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it's a bit difficult to see let me
+write it more clear the sum Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it more clear the sum Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it more clear the sum Over N
+CN 5 Star n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN 5 Star n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN 5 Star n
+okay I can take these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can take these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can take these are just
+coefficient I can take them out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I can take them out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I can take them out of the
+integral sign so what I'm left is su/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral sign so what I'm left is su/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral sign so what I'm left is su/ n
+CN times the integral over the r of 5 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN times the integral over the r of 5 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CN times the integral over the r of 5 m
+star times f n for some reason I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star times f n for some reason I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star times f n for some reason I I
+witnessed that here so it's just a f n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessed that here so it's just a f n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessed that here so it's just a f n
+and now the integral of Dr F M Star * f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the integral of Dr F M Star * f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the integral of Dr F M Star * f
+n is going to be equal either to one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is going to be equal either to one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is going to be equal either to one or
+to zero depending if m is equal to n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero depending if m is equal to n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero depending if m is equal to n or
+M is different from n because in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is different from n because in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M is different from n because in our
+hypothesis we have said that this basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we have said that this basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis we have said that this basis
+function are orthogonal and that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are orthogonal and that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are orthogonal and that what
+orthogonal means we take the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal means we take the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal means we take the integral of
+two of them if they are identical it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them if they are identical it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them if they are identical it
+gives one if they are different it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives one if they are different it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives one if they are different it gives
+zero so in all the sum over the N there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so in all the sum over the N there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so in all the sum over the N there
+is only one index that will be identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one index that will be identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only one index that will be identical
+to this so for that case the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so for that case the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this so for that case the integral
+gives one otherwise it gives zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives one otherwise it gives zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives one otherwise it gives zero so
+what is saved in all of this is only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is saved in all of this is only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is saved in all of this is only the
+coefficient that corresponds to this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that corresponds to this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that corresponds to this m
+coefficient here so what we obtain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here so what we obtain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here so what we obtain from
+this is the CM times a constant okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the CM times a constant okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the CM times a constant okay so
+again I've Rewritten sort of the shading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I've Rewritten sort of the shading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I've Rewritten sort of the shading
+equation by multiplying it by FM star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by multiplying it by FM star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by multiplying it by FM star
+integrating it and what I obtain is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it and what I obtain is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating it and what I obtain is a
+new formulation of the shadinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new formulation of the shadinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new formulation of the shadinger
+equation that I have also in the next in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I have also in the next in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that I have also in the next in
+the next slide and that we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide and that we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next slide and that we are actually
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analyze so this is nothing else than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze so this is nothing else than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze so this is nothing else than
+your last uh your last uh slide okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last uh your last uh slide okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your last uh your last uh slide okay and
+again what we need to find are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we need to find are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what we need to find are this
+coefficiency those have become now our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficiency those have become now our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficiency those have become now our
+solution okay and you know sort of we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and you know sort of we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay and you know sort of we
+can actually write this explicitly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write this explicitly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually write this explicitly using
+a bit of nomenclature that is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of nomenclature that is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of nomenclature that is we can
+call that scalar that expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that scalar that expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that scalar that expectation value
+5 m h 5n we can call it short hand hmn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 m h 5n we can call it short hand hmn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 m h 5n we can call it short hand hmn
+we call it actually The Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it actually The Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it actually The Matrix element
+of the aonian over the two bases 5n M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aonian over the two bases 5n M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aonian over the two bases 5n M
+and F N and so again our shadinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation has been Rewritten in compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has been Rewritten in compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation has been Rewritten in compact
+form as this that is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as this that is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form as this that is the physical
+problem tells us what is the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem tells us what is the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem tells us what is the potential
+that the electron fills the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron fills the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electron fills the potential
+specifies what the am miltonian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what the am miltonian operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifies what the am miltonian operator
+H is because it's again just theasian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is because it's again just theasian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H is because it's again just theasian
+plus that potential and so once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that potential and so once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus that potential and so once we have
+decided a basis set onto which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided a basis set onto which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided a basis set onto which we
+develop our wave function what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop our wave function what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop our wave function what we need
+to calculate are all these Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate are all these Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate are all these Matrix
+elements now this hmn are explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now this hmn are explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now this hmn are explicit
+numbers once my potential is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers once my potential is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers once my potential is well
+defined once my basis set is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined once my basis set is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined once my basis set is defined
+those H are just numbers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those H are just numbers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those H are just numbers and they
+actually can be written out in a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be written out in a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can be written out in a matrix
+and my shading equation has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my shading equation has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my shading equation has been
+Rewritten in this form that is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten in this form that is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten in this form that is I have
+the that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the that this
+Matrix times the vector of coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times the vector of coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix times the vector of coefficient
+of my expansion needs to be equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my expansion needs to be equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my expansion needs to be equal to a
+number times the same vector and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times the same vector and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number times the same vector and if you
+want I have two things to find out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I have two things to find out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I have two things to find out I
+need to find out what are the values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find out what are the values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find out what are the values of
+e for which this linear algebra system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for which this linear algebra system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e for which this linear algebra system
+as a solution at all okay and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solution at all okay and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a solution at all okay and you know
+we know from linear algebra that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from linear algebra that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from linear algebra that there
+aren't an infinite number of values of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't an infinite number of values of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't an infinite number of values of e
+for which this system is a solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which this system is a solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which this system is a solution and
+I'll comment in that on a moment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll comment in that on a moment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll comment in that on a moment and
+once we have found those values of e for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have found those values of e for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have found those values of e for
+which there is a solution we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there is a solution we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which there is a solution we need
+actually to find the solution that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to find the solution that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to find the solution that is we
+need to find this Vector okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find this Vector okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find this Vector okay and so
+again our problem is Matrix times Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our problem is Matrix times Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our problem is Matrix times Vector
+needs to be equal to a constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be equal to a constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be equal to a constant times
+vector and uh we actually again I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh we actually again I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and uh we actually again I don't
+have the time to go into linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the time to go into linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the time to go into linear algebra
+but we know this can actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know this can actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we know this can actually be
+Rewritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rewritten
+as a miltonian matrix H Matrix minus a e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a miltonian matrix H Matrix minus a e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a miltonian matrix H Matrix minus a e
+on all the diagonal terms times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the diagonal terms times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all the diagonal terms times this
+Vector equal to zero and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector equal to zero and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector equal to zero and we know that
+this linear algebra solution this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear algebra solution this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear algebra solution this linear
+algebra problem has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra problem has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra problem has
+solution only for values of e such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution only for values of e such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution only for values of e such that
+the determinant of the Matrix H minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Matrix H minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the Matrix H minus E
+* the identity is zero so our goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the identity is zero so our goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the identity is zero so our goal is
+first finding those values of Fe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first finding those values of Fe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first finding those values of Fe for
+which this determinant is zero and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this determinant is zero and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this determinant is zero and we
+call those AME values are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call those AME values are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call those AME values are the only
+values of the energy that are allowed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the energy that are allowed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the energy that are allowed in
+our sort of quantized shadding equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of quantized shadding equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of quantized shadding equation
+and then for each of these igen values e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each of these igen values e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each of these igen values e
+there is going to be a vector there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be a vector there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is going to be a vector there is
+going to be a set of coefficient from C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a set of coefficient from C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a set of coefficient from C1
+and CK that satisfies this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CK that satisfies this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and CK that satisfies this linear
+algebra problem and we call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra problem and we call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra problem and we call that
+specific Vector of coefficient an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Vector of coefficient an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific Vector of coefficient an igen
+Vector okay so this is an igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay so this is an igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector okay so this is an igen value
+equation there are only certain values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there are only certain values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there are only certain values
+of Fe for which this equation has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fe for which this equation has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fe for which this equation has a
+solution and those values of Fe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and those values of Fe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and those values of Fe for
+which as a solution will give rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as a solution will give rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as a solution will give rise to
+the IG Vector that satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG Vector that satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IG Vector that satisfies this
+equation and a computer you see the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and a computer you see the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and a computer you see the only
+thing that we need to do is calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we need to do is calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we need to do is calculate
+this Matrix element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix element of the
+aonian find its I value and find its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aonian find its I value and find its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aonian find its I value and find its
+igen vectors that are all well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors that are all well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors that are all well defined
+linear algebra problems and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra problems and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra problems and so this is
+sort of you know First Fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know First Fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know First Fundamental
+conclusion we can always rewrite our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion we can always rewrite our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion we can always rewrite our
+quantum mechanical problem into a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical problem into a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical problem into a linear
+algebra problem once we specify a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra problem once we specify a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra problem once we specify a basis
+set for our wave function and depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for our wave function and depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set for our wave function and depending
+on the problem atanda we can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem atanda we can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the problem atanda we can choose
+basic sets that are more appropriate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic sets that are more appropriate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic sets that are more appropriate or
+less appropriate if we are studying say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less appropriate if we are studying say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less appropriate if we are studying say
+electrons in a metal that will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in a metal that will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in a metal that will look like
+free electron like a basic set of plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron like a basic set of plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electron like a basic set of plain
+waves with different wavelengths is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves with different wavelengths is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves with different wavelengths is a
+very good choice if we are studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good choice if we are studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good choice if we are studying
+solution say in a molecule may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution say in a molecule may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution say in a molecule may be a
+basis set in which each state looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set in which each state looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set in which each state looks more
+like Atomic orbitals would be a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Atomic orbitals would be a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Atomic orbitals would be a more
+appropriate choice and again we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate choice and again we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate choice and again we'll see
+this in the next classes but now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next classes but now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next classes but now the
+problem has become a linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has become a linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem has become a linear algebra
+problem and there is another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there is another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and there is another sort of
+conceptual and last step for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual and last step for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual and last step for today's
+class that I want to highlight that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I want to highlight that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that I want to highlight that is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+powerful because uh especially when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because uh especially when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because uh especially when we
+move from trying to find the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from trying to find the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move from trying to find the solution
+for a single electron to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single electron to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single electron to find the
+solution for many interacting electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for many interacting electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for many interacting electrons
+it give us a systematic handle to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give us a systematic handle to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it give us a systematic handle to sort
+of move in a problem that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move in a problem that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of move in a problem that becomes
+conceptually more and more complex we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually more and more complex we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually more and more complex we
+have discussed how there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed how there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed how there is this
+exponentially exploding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially exploding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially exploding
+complexity and um there is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and um there is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and um there is what is
+called a variational principle that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a variational principle that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a variational principle that is
+nothing else but a reformulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else but a reformulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing else but a reformulation of the
+shaddinger equation and what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation and what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaddinger equation and what is this
+well what I'm saying is that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'm saying is that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'm saying is that there is
+what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a
+functional of any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional of any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional of any arbitrary
+function what is a functional well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what is a functional well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what is a functional well it's
+something that given a function operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that given a function operates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that given a function operates
+on that function and produced a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that function and produced a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that function and produced a number
+so we call sort of you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call sort of you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we call sort of you know our
+functional e of f it's you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional e of f it's you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional e of f it's you know an
+algorithm that HS as input a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that HS as input a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that HS as input a function
+and gives as output a number and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives as output a number and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives as output a number and the
+explicit definition of this algorithm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit definition of this algorithm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit definition of this algorithm is
+given here on the right hand side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here on the right hand side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given here on the right hand side and
+what is it well for any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it well for any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it well for any arbitrary
+function what we need is to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what we need is to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what we need is to calculate
+the expectation value of the aonian so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the aonian so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of the aonian so
+we need to calculate again the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to calculate again the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to calculate again the integral
+over space of five star times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space of five star times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over space of five star times the
+hamiltonian operator applied on to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian operator applied on to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian operator applied on to five
+and we divide this by the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we divide this by the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we divide this by the integral of
+five star Time 5 okay this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five star Time 5 okay this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five star Time 5 okay this is an
+operative definition I give you function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative definition I give you function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative definition I give you function
+what you obtain back by calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you obtain back by calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you obtain back by calculating
+these integrals and taking the ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals and taking the ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals and taking the ratio is
+a number but now the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number but now the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number but now the important thing is
+what can we prove well we can prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we prove well we can prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can we prove well we can prove this
+fundamental theorem that tells us for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem that tells us for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental theorem that tells us for a
+given aonian that is for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given aonian that is for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given aonian that is for a given
+potential you can throw in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you can throw in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential you can throw in in this
+functional any arbitrary function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional any arbitrary function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional any arbitrary function you
+can try to calculate this ratio for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to calculate this ratio for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to calculate this ratio for any
+fi and what you'll find is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and what you'll find is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and what you'll find is that the
+number that you obtain for any fi that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you obtain for any fi that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that you obtain for any fi that
+you throw in is going to be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw in is going to be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw in is going to be always
+greater or equal than the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal than the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater or equal than the ground state
+energy of your electron not only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of your electron not only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of your electron not only that
+but if in particular this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if in particular this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if in particular this number is
+equal to the ground state energy of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the ground state energy of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the ground state energy of your
+electron the function that you have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the function that you have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the function that you have used
+is really the ground state wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the ground state wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really the ground state wave function
+is the wave function corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the wave function corresponding to
+the lowest energy of the shadinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy of the shadinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest energy of the shadinger
+equation and so you see this gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so you see this gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so you see this gives us a
+sort of trial and error practical recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trial and error practical recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of trial and error practical recipe
+to try and find out what is the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and find out what is the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and find out what is the ground
+state energy of an electron in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy of an electron in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state energy of an electron in very
+complex potential because the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex potential because the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex potential because the only thing
+that we have to do is try a lot of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do is try a lot of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to do is try a lot of wave
+function and what we will obtain as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what we will obtain as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what we will obtain as our
+best guess is the way function that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess is the way function that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess is the way function that has
+the minimum expectation value it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum expectation value it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum expectation value it will
+never be an exact solution unless we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be an exact solution unless we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be an exact solution unless we
+examine all the possible wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine all the possible wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine all the possible wave function
+in the world but it's a solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but it's a solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world but it's a solution that
+becomes better and better the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes better and better the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes better and better the more
+systematic we become the more wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic we become the more wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic we become the more wave
+function we try the better our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we try the better our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we try the better our solution
+will be the closer it will be to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the closer it will be to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the closer it will be to the
+ground state energy and I think I leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy and I think I leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state energy and I think I leave
+it as an exercise and this is my last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an exercise and this is my last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as an exercise and this is my last
+slide to be proven by you for next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to be proven by you for next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide to be proven by you for next time
+that is I'm asking you to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm asking you to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I'm asking you to go back and
+try to prove this variational principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove this variational principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to prove this variational principle
+and the only thing the only operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing the only operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only thing the only operation
+that you really need to do is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really need to do is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really need to do is again
+expand your wave function five into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand your wave function five into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand your wave function five into a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+combination now of states that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination now of states that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination now of states that I can
+call Kai of n that are actually the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Kai of n that are actually the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Kai of n that are actually the I
+states of the aonian that is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the aonian that is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states of the aonian that is we have a
+well defined am miltonian operator so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined am miltonian operator so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined am miltonian operator so in
+principle at least formally we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle at least formally we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle at least formally we know that
+it will have a set of solution that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will have a set of solution that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will have a set of solution that we
+write as H applied to this igen function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as H applied to this igen function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as H applied to this igen function
+is going to be a number times the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a number times the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be a number times the igen
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+itself and the set of solution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and the set of solution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and the set of solution of a
+hamiltonian are actually in themselves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian are actually in themselves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian are actually in themselves a
+complete or normal set so we use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete or normal set so we use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete or normal set so we use that
+sort of complete orthonormal set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of complete orthonormal set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of complete orthonormal set to
+expand our wave function as a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand our wave function as a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand our wave function as a linear
+combination of these igen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these igen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these igen vectors and
+with this sort of anets wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of anets wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this sort of anets wave function
+expanded in a linear combination of igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in a linear combination of igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded in a linear combination of igen
+function of damonian you can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of damonian you can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of damonian you can go back and
+prove by yourself the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove by yourself the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove by yourself the variational
+principle in the previous slide and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in the previous slide and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle in the previous slide and that
+again is probably the most powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is probably the most powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is probably the most powerful
+principle that we have to develop all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we have to develop all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we have to develop all
+the sort of many Body Solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of many Body Solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of many Body Solution to the
+electronic structure problem and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure problem and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure problem and we'll
+see that in next class on Thursday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in next class on Thursday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in next class on Thursday and
+again all of this if you have never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of this if you have never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again all of this if you have never seen
+quantum mechanics might seem very Arcane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics might seem very Arcane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics might seem very Arcane
+so either read some of the readings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either read some of the readings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either read some of the readings that
+I've given you or just come and see me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you or just come and see me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you or just come and see me
+fix up on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3h0jvsOnTIc.txt b/3h0jvsOnTIc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8afe02b27ea036a014f1f8f4e91144dc3bf55e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3h0jvsOnTIc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um today we're going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um today we're going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um today we're going to talk about the
+sum trotder theorem. I mentioned the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum trotder theorem. I mentioned the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum trotder theorem. I mentioned the sum
+trotder theorem on the first day and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trotder theorem on the first day and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trotder theorem on the first day and it
+could think of as a fundamental theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of as a fundamental theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of as a fundamental theorem
+in projection theory. It's um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projection theory. It's um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in projection theory. It's um the the
+one of the rare theorems that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rare theorems that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rare theorems that is
+completely sharp. is just the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sharp. is just the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely sharp. is just the right
+answer for a natural question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for a natural question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for a natural question in
+projection theory. Um and um and yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um and um and yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory. Um and um and yeah,
+so we're gonna talk about it. Um and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna talk about it. Um and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna talk about it. Um and see
+yeah, so so there's some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so so there's some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so so there's some interesting
+techniques involved in it. Um and yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques involved in it. Um and yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques involved in it. Um and yeah.
+Okay. So so that there so that so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So so that there so that so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So so that there so that so that's
+what we'll do. Um all right. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do. Um all right. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do. Um all right. So let me
+remind you what it says.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what it says.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you what it says.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what we talked about on the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we talked about on the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we talked about on the first day
+I called it the sum troder projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called it the sum troder projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I called it the sum troder projection
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the setup was that you have a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the setup was that you have a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the setup was that you have a finite
+set in the plane and you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in the plane and you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in the plane and you have a set of
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then s= s of xd is the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then s= s of xd is the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then s= s of xd is the largest
+projection of x in any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of x in any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of x in any of these
+directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's that's the if and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that's the if and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's that's the if and then the
+conclusion is that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that the number of
+directions is bounded by s2 overx + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is bounded by s2 overx + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is bounded by s2 overx + 1
+which we saw in the first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we saw in the first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we saw in the first.
+Okay. Um so this theorem is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so this theorem is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so this theorem is really a
+correlary of the theorem that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlary of the theorem that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlary of the theorem that they
+proved that is more general that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that is more general that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved that is more general that I'll
+that I'll state now. Um, and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll state now. Um, and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll state now. Um, and the more
+general theorem is a theorem about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theorem is a theorem about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general theorem is a theorem about how
+points and lines intersect in the plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's say X is a set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say X is a set of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say X is a set of points
+in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and L is a set of lines in the plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The number of incidences between X and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The number of incidences between X and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The number of incidences between X and L
+is the number of pairs. So take a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of pairs. So take a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number of pairs. So take a point
+and a line so that the point is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a line so that the point is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a line so that the point is in the
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+and we make a picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make a picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we make a picture.
+So suppose those are our lines and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose those are our lines and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose those are our lines and these
+are our points. Um, how many incidences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our points. Um, how many incidences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our points. Um, how many incidences
+are there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there?
+This line has two points in it. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This line has two points in it. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This line has two points in it. So that
+counts two. And that line has one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts two. And that line has one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts two. And that line has one point
+and that line has one point. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that line has one point. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that line has one point. So that's
+four instances.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can also think of this as the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can also think of this as the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can also think of this as the sum
+over all the lines in the set of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the lines in the set of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the lines in the set of lines
+of the number of points on that line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a way of measuring sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a way of measuring sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a way of measuring sort of how
+how much the points and lines are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the points and lines are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the points and lines are
+intersecting with each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting with each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting with each other.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So the the general summarity troder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the general summarity troder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the the general summarity troder
+theorem says that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that um
+you have some points and some lines. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some points and some lines. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some points and some lines. The
+number of incidences between them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incidences between them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incidences between them is
+bounded by the number of points plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the number of points plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the number of points plus the
+number of lines plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines plus
+points to the 2/3 lines to the 2/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's look at some examples to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's look at some examples to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's look at some examples to see
+where this stuff comes from. Um, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this stuff comes from. Um, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this stuff comes from. Um, and the
+examples will also remind us of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples will also remind us of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples will also remind us of the
+connection with projection theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, how could we have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, how could we have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, how could we have x
+incidences? Um, that's not too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences? Um, that's not too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences? Um, that's not too hard to
+do. If you have one line and you put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. If you have one line and you put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. If you have one line and you put all
+the points on it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points on it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points on it,
+then the number of incidences is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of incidences is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of incidences is around
+x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x.
+How could you have l incences? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How could you have l incences? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How could you have l incences? That's
+not too hard to do either. If you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard to do either. If you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard to do either. If you have
+one point and you have all the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point and you have all the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point and you have all the lines
+passing through it. Um then the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through it. Um then the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing through it. Um then the number
+of incidences is around the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incidences is around the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of incidences is around the number of
+lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now how can you get this? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now how can you get this? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now how can you get this? This is
+the most the most interesting and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the most interesting and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the most interesting and it's
+you know it's it's a fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's a fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's it's a fundamentally
+trickier example than the first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier example than the first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier example than the first.
+So the third example is one that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the third example is one that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the third example is one that we have
+discussed. It's based on an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed. It's based on an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed. It's based on an integer
+grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid.
+So let's say x is an n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say x is an n byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say x is an n byn
+integer grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we're going to try to
+draw some lines that each hit many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some lines that each hit many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some lines that each hit many
+points. And we observed in class on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And we observed in class on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And we observed in class on the
+first day that if you have a line at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day that if you have a line at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first day that if you have a line at a
+rational slope then it will go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational slope then it will go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational slope then it will go through
+many points. So those are our lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points. So those are our lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many points. So those are our lines.
+So let's say um so we have to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say um so we have to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say um so we have to make this
+a little more precise. So first I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more precise. So first I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more precise. So first I'll
+describe the rational slopes. So q subm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the rational slopes. So q subm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the rational slopes. So q subm
+is defined to be the fractions a over b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be the fractions a over b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be the fractions a over b
+where a and b are integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a and b are integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a and b are integers
+and the a and b have size at most n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now our set of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now our set of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now our set of lines
+is a set of lines with slope in qm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and they pass through a point of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, this is a good day for colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, this is a good day for colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, this is a good day for colored
+chalk. So, here is a typical line from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk. So, here is a typical line from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk. So, here is a typical line from
+our set of lines. I pick a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of lines. I pick a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of lines. I pick a rational
+slope and then I start at any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and then I start at any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and then I start at any of the
+points and I draw a line at that slope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So now let's try to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's try to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's try to compute
+um how many points and how many lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many points and how many lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many points and how many lines
+and how many incidences this has.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many incidences this has.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many incidences this has.
+Um all right. So the size of x is n^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right. So the size of x is n^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right. So the size of x is n^2.
+It's easy to see. How many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's easy to see. How many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's easy to see. How many different
+slopes are we talking about? Well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are we talking about? Well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes are we talking about? Well the
+number of fractions is around m^2. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of fractions is around m^2. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of fractions is around m^2. Some
+of those are reducible. Um but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are reducible. Um but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are reducible. Um but it turns
+out that the number of distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the number of distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the number of distinct
+fractions is still around m^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions is still around m^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions is still around m^ squ.
+So this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is uh
+not trivial but not difficult.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe I'll put a little something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll put a little something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll put a little something about
+it on the homework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now
+uh how many incidences do we have? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many incidences do we have? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many incidences do we have? And
+we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say that
+well each point is in a line of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each point is in a line of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well each point is in a line of every
+one of these slopes. So the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these slopes. So the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these slopes. So the number of
+incidences is number of points times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences is number of points times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences is number of points times
+number of slopes. So that's n^2 * m^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many different lines do we have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different lines do we have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different lines do we have?
+Well we we have m² direction. We have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well we we have m² direction. We have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well we we have m² direction. We have to
+think about how many lines are in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many lines are in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many lines are in each
+direction. And actually thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And actually thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. And actually thinking about
+the number of lines in each direction,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lines in each direction,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lines in each direction,
+you really you can think of it in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really you can think of it in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really you can think of it in terms
+of projection theory.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projection theory.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of projection theory.
+So suppose S is one of our directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose S is one of our directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So suppose S is one of our directions.
+Let's say pi subs the projection at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say pi subs the projection at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say pi subs the projection at
+slope s of x1 and x2 is um x2 - sx1. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope s of x1 and x2 is um x2 - sx1. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope s of x1 and x2 is um x2 - sx1. I
+guess the the projection whose fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the the projection whose fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the the projection whose fibers
+are lines of slowbass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. And um so the number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And um so the number of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And um so the number of lines
+in direction S is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direction S is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in direction S is exactly
+the size of this projection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And how big is the projection?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And how big is the projection?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And how big is the projection?
+Well, so let's make a little lema. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so let's make a little lema. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so let's make a little lema. Um,
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+s is in qm and x is as above. Then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is in qm and x is as above. Then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is in qm and x is as above. Then the
+size of this projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this projection
+is bounded by m * n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by m * n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bounded by m * n.
+So proof. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proof. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So proof. Um,
+okay. So we have x1 and x2 are integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So we have x1 and x2 are integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So we have x1 and x2 are integers
+between 1 and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 1 and n
+and s is a over b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is a over b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is a over b.
+So if I take ps of the point x1 x2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take ps of the point x1 x2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take ps of the point x1 x2 I
+have uh what is it? x2 - a over b x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh what is it? x2 - a over b x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh what is it? x2 - a over b x1
+which I'll put over a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll put over a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll put over a common
+denominator. So it's b x2 minus a x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So it's b x2 minus a x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So it's b x2 minus a x1
+over b.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b.
+And this here is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this here is an integer
+of size at most like m * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size at most like m * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size at most like m * n
+m * n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So there are at most m * n choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are at most m * n choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there are at most m * n choices for
+for what this could be up to a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So therefore the number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So therefore the number of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So therefore the number of lines
+is smaller than um the number of slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than um the number of slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than um the number of slopes
+times m * n lines per slope. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times m * n lines per slope. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times m * n lines per slope. So that's
+like m cubed n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+These are written as upper bounds. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are written as upper bounds. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are written as upper bounds. There
+are also matching lower bounds. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also matching lower bounds. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also matching lower bounds. Um so
+the so that those upper bounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so that those upper bounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so that those upper bounds are
+actually tight and if you do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tight and if you do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tight and if you do a little
+algebra you will see that the incidences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you will see that the incidences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra you will see that the incidences
+between x and l is at least l to the 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and l is at least l to the 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between x and l is at least l to the 2/3
+x^ 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^ 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^ 2/3
+just by plugging in that this is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by plugging in that this is l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by plugging in that this is l
+that's the number of incidences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of incidences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the number of incidences and
+that's x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's where this thing comes from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so the the two main ingredients we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the two main ingredients we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the two main ingredients we're
+checking how many directions there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking how many directions there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking how many directions there are
+that are have slope. how many rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are have slope. how many rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are have slope. how many rational
+numbers are there with height up to m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are there with height up to m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are there with height up to m
+and how big is each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how big is each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how big is each of these
+projections? And you can take those same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections? And you can take those same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections? And you can take those same
+computations and feed it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and feed it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations and feed it into the
+projection theory set up here. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory set up here. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory set up here. Um and
+you you would get you would get theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you would get you would get theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you would get you would get theorem
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+You you would get that this is a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you would get that this is a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you would get that this is a sharp
+example for theorem one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Uh little pause for questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh little pause for questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh little pause for questions and
+comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this example you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this example you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this example you can kind of
+see from it that theorem one and theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from it that theorem one and theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see from it that theorem one and theorem
+two are related to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are related to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are related to each other and
+theorem two is more general because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two is more general because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two is more general because this
+could be any set of lines. Whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any set of lines. Whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be any set of lines. Whereas in
+theorem one in the projection theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one in the projection theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one in the projection theory
+setup, we would have a set of directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup, we would have a set of directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup, we would have a set of directions
+D and the set of lines would be all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and the set of lines would be all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and the set of lines would be all the
+lines in direction D that go through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in direction D that go through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in direction D that go through a
+point of X. So that's a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of X. So that's a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of X. So that's a somewhat
+specific set of lines. And this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of lines. And this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific set of lines. And this one is
+more general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's not very difficult to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not very difficult to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not very difficult to get from
+here to here and it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here and it's not that
+interesting. So I got to leave it as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So I got to leave it as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. So I got to leave it as an
+exercise on the homework. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. Now another question that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now another question that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Now another question that came up
+on the first day is um are there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day is um are there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day is um are there other
+examples in projection theory besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in projection theory besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in projection theory besides
+this square grid that also are uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square grid that also are uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this square grid that also are uh that
+also are sharp for somebody trotder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are sharp for somebody trotder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are sharp for somebody trotder and
+there are very few that are known but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very few that are known but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are very few that are known but
+since we just did this I can tell you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we just did this I can tell you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we just did this I can tell you um
+a bit the other ones and uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit the other ones and uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit the other ones and uh it's
+conceivable that that the list I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that that the list I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceivable that that the list I'll show
+you is is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, what are the sharp examples for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what are the sharp examples for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what are the sharp examples for
+submar?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we've just seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we've just seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we've just seen the
+historically first example which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically first example which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically first example which is a
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+integer grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that goes back to air in the 60s. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that goes back to air in the 60s. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that goes back to air in the 60s. I
+think there's a second example which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a second example which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a second example which is
+a rather small variation on it but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather small variation on it but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rather small variation on it but we
+have we know so few examples that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we know so few examples that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we know so few examples that it's
+worth mentioning. It is a rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth mentioning. It is a rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth mentioning. It is a rectangular
+integer grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that was done by ele.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was done by ele.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was done by ele.
+So instead of n byn just put n1 by n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of n byn just put n1 by n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So instead of n byn just put n1 by n2
+and then do a similar analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And then there is a third thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there is a third thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then there is a third thing that we
+can do which is to replace the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do which is to replace the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do which is to replace the integers
+by integers in some other number field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integers in some other number field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integers in some other number field.
+So for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example
+uh integers adjoin the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integers adjoin the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh integers adjoin the square root of
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+um or perhaps another or perhaps other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or perhaps another or perhaps other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or perhaps another or perhaps other
+neighborhoods.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is in a paper by Olivine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is in a paper by Olivine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is in a paper by Olivine
+Silier and and and myself and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silier and and and myself and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silier and and and myself and it's
+actually only currently worked out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only currently worked out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only currently worked out for
+some special number fields, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special number fields, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some special number fields, but I
+suspect it works for any number field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect it works for any number field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect it works for any number field.
+If anybody knows more about number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If anybody knows more about number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If anybody knows more about number
+fields than me, this could be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields than me, this could be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields than me, this could be a nice
+little project to work it out correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little project to work it out correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little project to work it out correctly.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> One question about the rectang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> um yeah, there probably is. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um yeah, there probably is. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um yeah, there probably is. So um
+yeah so it you know it takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it you know it takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it you know it takes a little
+writing and whatever you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and whatever you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and whatever you see what
+happens for each one and each n1 and n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for each one and each n1 and n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens for each one and each n1 and n2
+um but there yeah but there are sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there yeah but there are sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there yeah but there are sharp
+examples that involve not grids that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that involve not grids that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that involve not grids that are
+not square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so let me say a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let me say a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so let me say a little more
+precisely what this means here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what this means here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely what this means here
+so we would have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would have a set
+in our ring of things of height up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ring of things of height up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our ring of things of height up to
+So that would be the set a1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that would be the set a1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that would be the set a1 +
+square<unk> of 2 a2 and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of 2 a2 and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square<unk> of 2 a2 and with the
+property that with so with a1 and a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that with so with a1 and a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that with so with a1 and a2
+integers and of size up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and our our new qm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our our new qm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our our new qm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+maybe qrm. So quotients in this ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe qrm. So quotients in this ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe qrm. So quotients in this ring
+size n this would be quotients of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n this would be quotients of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n this would be quotients of the
+form a1 + <unk>2 a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a1 + <unk>2 a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a1 + <unk>2 a2
+over b1 + <unk>2 b2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b1 + <unk>2 b2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over b1 + <unk>2 b2
+where the a i and b i are integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the a i and b i are integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the a i and b i are integers
+and they have norm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now we can do the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we can do the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we can do the same thing.
+So L is the set of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So L is the set of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So L is the set of lines
+um with slope in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with slope in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with slope in
+QRM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QRM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QRM
+and they go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they go through
+a point of of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of of X.
+Oh sorry X. So X is just Rn by Rn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that's the example and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the example and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's the example and then if
+you compute a little bit you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute a little bit you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute a little bit you'll see that
+everything goes in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything goes in a way that's
+analogous to the first example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the first example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to the first example.
+Um and um I guess I erased the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um I guess I erased the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um I guess I erased the key
+points which was unwise but uh but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which was unwise but uh but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points which was unwise but uh but if
+you think through the first example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think through the first example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think through the first example you
+know we used an integer grid. What did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we used an integer grid. What did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we used an integer grid. What did
+we use about integers? Basically we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use about integers? Basically we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use about integers? Basically we just
+used that integers are are closed under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that integers are are closed under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that integers are are closed under
+taking products and taking sums. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking products and taking sums. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking products and taking sums. That
+was what we used in our proof. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what we used in our proof. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what we used in our proof. And you
+know this is a ring. This is a ring. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a ring. This is a ring. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is a ring. This is a ring. So
+these guys are also in a similar way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are also in a similar way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are also in a similar way
+closed under taking products and taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under taking products and taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed under taking products and taking
+sums. So it works the same way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. So it's a big mystery in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So it's a big mystery in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So it's a big mystery in the field
+to have to have what's called an inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to have what's called an inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to have what's called an inverse
+theorem for severity troder. An inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for severity troder. An inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem for severity troder. An inverse
+theorem would say that uh if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem would say that uh if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem would say that uh if you had a
+set X and L that where this was tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X and L that where this was tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X and L that where this was tight
+and where especially where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where especially where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where especially where this
+dominated then what could you say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated then what could you say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated then what could you say about
+X and L? Or as a special case if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and L? Or as a special case if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and L? Or as a special case if you had
+a set X and a set of directions D where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set X and a set of directions D where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set X and a set of directions D where
+this is tight what could you say about X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tight what could you say about X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is tight what could you say about X
+and D?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D?
+So we have uh on the one hand we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have uh on the one hand we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have uh on the one hand we have a
+handful of examples where they're tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of examples where they're tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of examples where they're tight
+and they're based on a lot of algebraic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're based on a lot of algebraic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're based on a lot of algebraic
+structure. They're based on the ring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. They're based on the ring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure. They're based on the ring of
+integers in some number field. Um and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in some number field. Um and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers in some number field. Um and on
+the other hand we have very little in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we have very little in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand we have very little in
+the way of theorems that's about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of theorems that's about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way of theorems that's about what
+you know what what we can definitely say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what we can definitely say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what what we can definitely say
+about x and l if this is tight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+from kind of the quadratic number field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kind of the quadratic number field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kind of the quadratic number field
+examples. Is it important for it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. Is it important for it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. Is it important for it to be
+like a unique factoriization domain?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a unique factoriization domain?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a unique factoriization domain?
+Seems like if that fails then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems like if that fails then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems like if that fails then you get
+extra collapsing along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra collapsing along.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra collapsing along.
+>> Yeah. So the question is um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So the question is um is it
+important whether whether our ring has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important whether whether our ring has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important whether whether our ring has
+unique factorization?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique factorization?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique factorization?
+Um I don't think it's I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I don't think it's I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I don't think it's I don't think it's
+too important. Um we in our proof over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too important. Um we in our proof over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too important. Um we in our proof over
+the integers I don't think we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers I don't think we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers I don't think we used
+unique factoriization of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique factoriization of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique factoriization of integers
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh but you there are there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you there are there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you there are there are some
+things we would have to check about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we would have to check about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we would have to check about each
+number field like we'd have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number field like we'd have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number field like we'd have to check
+that there are you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are you know how many
+quotients are there in this thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients are there in this thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients are there in this thing of
+quotients um and um yeah so anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients um and um yeah so anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotients um and um yeah so anyway so
+there's there's I'll I'll put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's I'll I'll put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's I'll I'll put something
+about it on the problem set as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it on the problem set as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it on the problem set as an
+optional project for people who want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional project for people who want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional project for people who want to
+explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+>> like for the for the original integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like for the for the original integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like for the for the original integer
+brick case, we sort of reported nice to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick case, we sort of reported nice to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick case, we sort of reported nice to
+have different slopes here. Do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different slopes here. Do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different slopes here. Do we have
+some like requirements on our choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like requirements on our choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like requirements on our choice of
+a I b I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I b I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I b I
+>> um so okay so I think the comment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um so okay so I think the comment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um so okay so I think the comment is
+that in the original case I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the original case I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the original case I said that
+the a over b should be a reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a over b should be a reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a over b should be a reduced
+fraction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> And do we have an analog of that? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And do we have an analog of that? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And do we have an analog of that? Yeah.
+>> Yeah. Um yeah, we do. Um so you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um yeah, we do. Um so you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um yeah, we do. Um so you know so
+this right so this is a set of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so this is a set of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so this is a set of all the
+fractions A over B and if if a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions A over B and if if a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions A over B and if if a given
+real number if a given fra rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number if a given fra rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real number if a given fra rational
+number can be represented in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can be represented in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number can be represented in two
+different ways it still only counts once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways it still only counts once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways it still only counts once
+in Q and the same thing is true here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Q and the same thing is true here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Q and the same thing is true here. So
+that you know the the same number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the same number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the the same number here
+might have more than one representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have more than one representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have more than one representation
+of this flavor which makes it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this flavor which makes it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this flavor which makes it not
+trivial to count the cardality of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to count the cardality of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to count the cardality of this
+set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set.
+Um and we and we do need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we and we do need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and we and we do need to know the
+cardality of this set to correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardality of this set to correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardality of this set to correctly
+analyze things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I guess something like unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I guess something like unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I guess something like unique
+factoriization could come in there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoriization could come in there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoriization could come in there so
+that there's you know before I said put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's you know before I said put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's you know before I said put
+it at put it in lowest terms which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at put it in lowest terms which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at put it in lowest terms which is
+maybe not quite as clear what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not quite as clear what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not quite as clear what that means
+if you don't have unique factoriization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have unique factoriization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have unique factoriization.
+>> Yeah. So say in the regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So say in the regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So say in the regime
+x is greater than square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um let me say the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um let me say the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um let me say the question
+back and then I'll make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then I'll make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then I'll make sure I
+understand. Okay. So if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. Okay. So if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. Okay. So if you look at this
+right hand side, different terms will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side, different terms will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side, different terms will
+dominate depending upon the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate depending upon the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate depending upon the relative
+sizes of X and L. And there so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of X and L. And there so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of X and L. And there so there's
+sort of different regimes. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one regime is that X could be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one regime is that X could be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one regime is that X could be bigger
+than L squ. So they have just a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than L squ. So they have just a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than L squ. So they have just a ton of
+points and not very many lines. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and not very many lines. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and not very many lines. And in
+that situation, this term is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation, this term is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation, this term is bigger than
+that term and that term. So in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and that term. So in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and that term. So in in this
+situation the x dominates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I think the question was um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think the question was um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I think the question was um can
+we describe some structure theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe some structure theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we describe some structure theorem in
+this case? Yeah. So I think we can. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case? Yeah. So I think we can. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case? Yeah. So I think we can. So
+in that case the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case the example
+is example one here. Um and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is example one here. Um and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is example one here. Um and so the
+structure theorem would say that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure theorem would say that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure theorem would say that um you
+really have to have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know there there may not you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there there may not you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there there may not you know
+let me take let me say that so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take let me say that so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me take let me say that so in this
+regime I don't think there's that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime I don't think there's that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime I don't think there's that much
+structure so I have some lines not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I have some lines not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so I have some lines not very
+many and then I have a ton of points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many and then I have a ton of points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many and then I have a ton of points and
+I want to have x incidences that means I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to have x incidences that means I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to have x incidences that means I
+had better put each of my points on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better put each of my points on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better put each of my points on a
+line so I put each point wherever I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so I put each point wherever I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so I put each point wherever I like
+but not not off in the middle of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not off in the middle of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not off in the middle of space
+but on one of these lines and then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on one of these lines and then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on one of these lines and then I get
+this many incences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many incences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many incences
+so there's not that much of a structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not that much of a structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's not that much of a structure
+theorem we could ask for here and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we could ask for here and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we could ask for here and there
+and and there's not that much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's not that much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and there's not that much of a
+structure theory we could ask for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure theory we could ask for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure theory we could ask for when
+this dominates but here if that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dominates but here if that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dominates but here if that one
+dominates um there are very few examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates um there are very few examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates um there are very few examples
+and there could be a structure theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> sharp example in the two um has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sharp example in the two um has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sharp example in the two um has to be
+sharp example in the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> yeah so the question is how how do sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah so the question is how how do sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah so the question is how how do sharp
+examples in the two things compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the two things compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in the two things compare
+Um so if you start with a sharp example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if you start with a sharp example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so if you start with a sharp example
+in the projection theorem um then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the projection theorem um then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the projection theorem um then you
+can make a set of lines that's the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a set of lines that's the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a set of lines that's the set
+of lines that go through X and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines that go through X and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines that go through X and have
+directions in D and that will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in D and that will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in D and that will become a
+sharp example in the in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp example in the in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp example in the in the general
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem.
+Now if you start with a sharp example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you start with a sharp example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you start with a sharp example in
+the general theorem it may not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general theorem it may not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general theorem it may not have the
+special form that makes it relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special form that makes it relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special form that makes it relevant for
+the projection theorem. So you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection theorem. So you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection theorem. So you can't go
+the other way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way.
+always have to read that. But like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to read that. But like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to read that. But like the
+sharp example, they are like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp example, they are like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp example, they are like the the
+rectangle with the square grid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle with the square grid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle with the square grid and the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+all of them they are sharp for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them they are sharp for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them they are sharp for both
+cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases.
+>> Yeah. So all the sharp examples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So all the sharp examples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So all the sharp examples we
+mentioned are sharp examples for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned are sharp examples for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned are sharp examples for both
+cases.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um that's right. I guess there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's right. I guess there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that's right. I guess there's one
+more comment about it that um this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comment about it that um this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more comment about it that um this setup
+is invariant under projective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant under projective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is invariant under projective
+transformations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations.
+Projective transformations take lines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Projective transformations take lines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Projective transformations take lines to
+lines and of course take points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and of course take points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and of course take points to
+points. And so if you start with a sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And so if you start with a sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And so if you start with a sharp
+example maybe coming from a grid, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe coming from a grid, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe coming from a grid, you
+can apply a projective transformation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply a projective transformation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can apply a projective transformation to
+it and get a new sharp example for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and get a new sharp example for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and get a new sharp example for this
+theorem,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem,
+but it won't any longer correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it won't any longer correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it won't any longer correspond to
+the projection set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection set.
+Um so okay so the full list of sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so okay so the full list of sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so okay so the full list of sharp
+examples for this theorem that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for this theorem that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples for this theorem that we know
+about is the ones I just wrote on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the ones I just wrote on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is the ones I just wrote on the
+board plus you can apply projective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board plus you can apply projective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board plus you can apply projective
+transformations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um and yeah, in terms of proving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and yeah, in terms of proving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and yeah, in terms of proving an
+inverse theorem, which is a big open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse theorem, which is a big open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse theorem, which is a big open
+problem, proving an inverse theorem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, proving an inverse theorem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem, proving an inverse theorem for
+this would be harder and more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be harder and more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be harder and more general
+than proving an inverse theorem for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than proving an inverse theorem for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than proving an inverse theorem for the
+projections.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections.
+But we don't but that that the one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we don't but that that the one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we don't but that that the one for
+projections, we don't know either. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections, we don't know either. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections, we don't know either. And
+that would be a good starting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good starting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a good starting point and
+it might be a little more accessible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's keep going. Um so the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's keep going. Um so the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's keep going. Um so the goal
+for the class is to describe how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class is to describe how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the class is to describe how to
+prove this thing, right? Um so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this thing, right? Um so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this thing, right? Um so the first
+thing I'd like the first estimate I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'd like the first estimate I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'd like the first estimate I'd
+like to show you is a double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to show you is a double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to show you is a double counting
+estimate for the incidences which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the incidences which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for the incidences which is in
+a similar flavor to the double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar flavor to the double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar flavor to the double counting
+estimates we've done earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates we've done earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates we've done earlier in the
+class. But let's just see how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. But let's just see how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. But let's just see how much
+double counting tells us about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting tells us about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting tells us about this
+problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, double counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So by double counting we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So by double counting we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So by double counting we will
+prove the following estimate. I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the following estimate. I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the following estimate. I'll call
+it lema one. The incidences between x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lema one. The incidences between x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lema one. The incidences between x
+and l are bounded by x * l to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l are bounded by x * l to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l are bounded by x * l to the 12
+plus l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus l.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So here's the proof. Um okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the proof. Um okay. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the proof. Um okay. So the
+incidences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences
+are the sum over the lines and I count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sum over the lines and I count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the sum over the lines and I count
+how many points are on each line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many points are on each line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many points are on each line.
+And now I'm going to Koshy Schwarz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to Koshy Schwarz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm going to Koshy Schwarz that
+so it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, what do I gain by Koshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what do I gain by Koshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, what do I gain by Koshi
+Schwarzing it? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you think about the number of points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the number of points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about the number of points on
+this line squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line squared.
+It's very similar to counting the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very similar to counting the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very similar to counting the number
+of pairs of points on the line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then we can make use of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we can make use of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we can make use of the fact
+that for any pair of points, it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for any pair of points, it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for any pair of points, it only
+lies on one line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on one line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies on one line.
+All right. So I'm going to bound this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So I'm going to bound this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So I'm going to bound this by
+um here. So okay, so it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here. So okay, so it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here. So okay, so it's not quite
+true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true.
+Let me say all right, let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me say all right, let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me say all right, let me say
+something in parenthesis. It is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in parenthesis. It is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in parenthesis. It is not
+quite true that the number of points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true that the number of points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite true that the number of points on
+the line squared is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line squared is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line squared is smaller than
+the number of points on the line choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of points on the line choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of points on the line choose
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+That would be true if the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be true if the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be true if the number of
+points on the line is pretty large. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the line is pretty large. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the line is pretty large. But
+if there's only one point on the line,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's only one point on the line,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's only one point on the line,
+then this is one and this is zero. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is one and this is zero. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is one and this is zero. So I
+have to add here um I guess I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add here um I guess I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add here um I guess I can just
+add one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now I get two terms. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I get two terms. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now I get two terms. So this
+one contributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one contributes
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+number of points on the line choose two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I all I'm doing is changing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I all I'm doing is changing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I all I'm doing is changing this to
+this. Um and then I still have my L to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um and then I still have my L to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um and then I still have my L to
+the 1/2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/2.
+Um and then um if I put in one here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then um if I put in one here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then um if I put in one here,
+this gives me the number of lines to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me the number of lines to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives me the number of lines to the
+1/2 which groups with that. I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 which groups with that. I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 which groups with that. I get the
+number of lines and this matches that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this here represents lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this here represents lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this here represents lines that
+contain at least two points and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain at least two points and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain at least two points and this
+represents lines that contain only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents lines that contain only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents lines that contain only one
+point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point.
+All right. And now the key point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now the key point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now the key point is that
+that is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So what are we counting here? For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So what are we counting here? For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So what are we counting here? For
+each line, we're considering pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line, we're considering pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line, we're considering pairs of
+points on that line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on that line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on that line.
+But you could also think you could sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you could also think you could sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you could also think you could sum
+over all the pairs of points and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the pairs of points and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the pairs of points and then
+ask how many lines go through that pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how many lines go through that pair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how many lines go through that pair.
+And there are at most this many pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are at most this many pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are at most this many pairs of
+points and for each one of them there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and for each one of them there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and for each one of them there's
+only one line. So that's the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one line. So that's the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one line. So that's the double
+count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this here is the number of x1, x2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is the number of x1, x2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this here is the number of x1, x2 and
+l. So that x1 and x2 are on l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l. So that x1 and x2 are on l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l. So that x1 and x2 are on l.
+If you count the lines first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you count the lines first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you count the lines first and then
+add up over the lines, you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up over the lines, you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up over the lines, you get this
+expression. But if you fix x1 and x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. But if you fix x1 and x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. But if you fix x1 and x2
+first, there'll only be one line. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, there'll only be one line. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, there'll only be one line. And so
+you get this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right? and and now this is that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? and and now this is that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? and and now this is that. So
+that's the end of the proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's make some remarks about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's make some remarks about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's make some remarks about this
+simple proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple proof.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple proof.
+What double counting tells us and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What double counting tells us and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What double counting tells us and what
+double counting doesn't tell us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So,
+first we only used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we only used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we only used
+that two points determine a line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two points determine a line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two points determine a line.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+The only fact we used is that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only fact we used is that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The only fact we used is that through
+two points there's only one line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points there's only one line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points there's only one line.
+So that means that it works in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that it works in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means that it works in some more
+general cases. So for instance it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general cases. So for instance it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general cases. So for instance it works
+uh for points and lines over finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for points and lines over finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for points and lines over finite
+fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because over finite fields it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because over finite fields it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because over finite fields it's still
+true that through any two points there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that through any two points there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that through any two points there's
+only one line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And generality is good but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And generality is good but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And generality is good but this
+sort of a blessing and a curse in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a blessing and a curse in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a blessing and a curse in this
+case um because the whole sorre troder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um because the whole sorre troder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um because the whole sorre troder
+theorem is not true over finite fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is not true over finite fields.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is not true over finite fields.
+I'll show you an example in a second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example in a second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you an example in a second.
+And that means that this proof which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means that this proof which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means that this proof which
+only uses this fact cannot really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uses this fact cannot really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only uses this fact cannot really be
+proving the whole summary troder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the whole summary troder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the whole summary troder
+theorem. So that's remark B. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So that's remark B. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. So that's remark B. So the
+summarity troder theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarity troder theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarity troder theorem
+is false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is false
+over FQ2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U here's the example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U here's the example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U here's the example.
+X is uh the entire plane, all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is uh the entire plane, all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is uh the entire plane, all the points
+at Q2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Q2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Q2.
+And L is all of the lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And L is all of the lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And L is all of the lines.
+You could take literally all the lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could take literally all the lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could take literally all the lines.
+Uh or you could take all of the lines y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or you could take all of the lines y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh or you could take all of the lines y
+= mx + b where n and b are in fq. Uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= mx + b where n and b are in fq. Uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= mx + b where n and b are in fq. Uh it
+doesn't matter very much which one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter very much which one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter very much which one.
+Uh okay. So size of x is q ^2. The size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So size of x is q ^2. The size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. So size of x is q ^2. The size
+of L is Q ^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L is Q ^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L is Q ^2.
+And how many incidences do we have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many incidences do we have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many incidences do we have?
+Well, each line has Q points. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, each line has Q points. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, each line has Q points. So
+incidences between X and L is uh Q * L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences between X and L is uh Q * L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidences between X and L is uh Q * L
+which is Q cubed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this example is sharp for lammo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this example is sharp for lammo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this example is sharp for lammo
+1. is that's equal to x L to the 12. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. is that's equal to x L to the 12. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. is that's equal to x L to the 12. It
+matches that term up there and it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches that term up there and it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches that term up there and it's much
+bigger than the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the right hand side of
+summarity trotter,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Okay. Yeah. So, let's do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Yeah. So, let's do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. Yeah. So, let's do a little
+algebra. So, we have here an x * l to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. So, we have here an x * l to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. So, we have here an x * l to
+the half and semi troder. We have an x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half and semi troder. We have an x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half and semi troder. We have an x
+to the 2/3 l to the 2/3. Um, so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2/3 l to the 2/3. Um, so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 2/3 l to the 2/3. Um, so there
+are different regimes about who who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different regimes about who who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different regimes about who who who
+dominates there. Um but this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates there. Um but this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates there. Um but this thing is
+always bigger than this thing and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bigger than this thing and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always bigger than this thing and it's
+usually much bigger. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually much bigger. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually much bigger. Um so
+and so here x * l is q cubed x to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here x * l is q cubed x to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here x * l is q cubed x to the
+2/3 l 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 l 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 l 2/3
+would be q 8/3 which is much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be q 8/3 which is much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be q 8/3 which is much less than
+the number of instances. So the the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of instances. So the the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of instances. So the the sum
+troder bound does not hold in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troder bound does not hold in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troder bound does not hold in this
+example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um
+okay so that shows something important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that shows something important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that shows something important
+about the semary troder theorem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the semary troder theorem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the semary troder theorem that we
+cannot prove it just by using the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot prove it just by using the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot prove it just by using the fact
+that two points determine a line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two points determine a line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two points determine a line and
+doing our double counting in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing our double counting in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing our double counting in a very
+clever complicated way. we generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever complicated way. we generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever complicated way. we generally
+need another input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need another input
+and all of the proofs of summarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the proofs of summarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the proofs of summarity
+troder theorem use somehow the topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troder theorem use somehow the topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troder theorem use somehow the topology
+of the plane. Um so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane. Um so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plane. Um so see
+all proofs of similar trout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proofs of similar trout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all proofs of similar trout
+use the topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the topology
+of the of the plane in some way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the plane in some way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the plane in some way and the
+topology of R2 is kind of different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of R2 is kind of different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology of R2 is kind of different from
+the topology of FQ2 whatever that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of FQ2 whatever that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology of FQ2 whatever that might
+mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool.
+Um, so I know four different proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I know four different proofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I know four different proofs of
+I've seen four different proofs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen four different proofs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen four different proofs of the
+Seady Troder theorem and they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seady Troder theorem and they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seady Troder theorem and they use
+topology in some different ways. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology in some different ways. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology in some different ways. I'll
+show you just one. I think it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just one. I think it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you just one. I think it's probably
+the one. I don't think it the proofs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one. I don't think it the proofs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one. I don't think it the proofs are
+not that different from each other and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that different from each other and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that different from each other and I
+uh I think this probably is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think this probably is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think this probably is the one that
+um would is the most convenient for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would is the most convenient for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um would is the most convenient for
+thinking about projection theory for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about projection theory for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about projection theory for
+balls in R2. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in R2. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls in R2. Yeah,
+>> you're saying Troder, but you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you're saying Troder, but you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you're saying Troder, but you always
+mean this one on the lower board, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this one on the lower board, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this one on the lower board, not
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+>> Yeah, that's right. That's right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's right. That's right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's right. That's right. Yeah.
+So, we'll prove this theorem and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll prove this theorem and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we'll prove this theorem and it's
+not very it's not too hard to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very it's not too hard to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very it's not too hard to see that
+this theorem implies the one on the top.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem implies the one on the top.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theorem implies the one on the top.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, cool. So the proof I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So the proof I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So the proof I'm going to show
+you is based on uh cutting the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is based on uh cutting the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is based on uh cutting the plane
+into pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces
+and it goes back to work of Clarkson,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes back to work of Clarkson,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes back to work of Clarkson,
+Griebus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griebus,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griebus,
+um Edles, Briner, Shereir, and Welzel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Edles, Briner, Shereir, and Welzel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Edles, Briner, Shereir, and Welzel.
+Um it's not it's not the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's not it's not the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's not it's not the very first
+proof, but I think it's a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof, but I think it's a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof, but I think it's a very nice
+proof. Um and then it's a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Um and then it's a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Um and then it's a slightly
+revised version of that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised version of that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revised version of that that that
+Netscats and I worked on. Um, okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscats and I worked on. Um, okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscats and I worked on. Um, okay. So,
+it's based on cutting the plane into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on cutting the plane into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on cutting the plane into
+pieces. So, let me say what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. So, let me say what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. So, let me say what I mean by
+that by stating a lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So, cell decomposition lab.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says that if x is a finite subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if x is a finite subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that if x is a finite subset of the
+plane and s is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and s is a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and s is a natural number
+um then there's a way to cut up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there's a way to cut up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then there's a way to cut up the
+plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane.
+So it's um I think of it as a cell wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's um I think of it as a cell wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's um I think of it as a cell wall
+and then a bunch of cells. So each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bunch of cells. So each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a bunch of cells. So each one
+of these is open and I'll call it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is open and I'll call it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these is open and I'll call it a
+cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell.
+and the set W is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set W is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the set W is closed
+and I'll call it the wall between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call it the wall between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call it the wall between the
+cells. So the image here is that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. So the image here is that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells. So the image here is that I have
+some points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some points.
+So that's X and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's X and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's X and then um
+have something like this. That's W and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this. That's W and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something like this. That's W and
+this is 01, O2, 03 and 04.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+Okay. Okay, so it has some properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so it has some properties.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, so it has some properties.
+Number one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Number one,
+each line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each line
+intersects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects
+at most around S cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most around S cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most around S cells.
+And also the line can intersect the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also the line can intersect the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also the line can intersect the wall
+but in at most around S points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then um
+each cell in the cell decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell in the cell decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell in the cell decomposition
+has at most x over s2 uh points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now um it's not very obvious yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now um it's not very obvious yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now um it's not very obvious yet
+where all this where all these formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all this where all these formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all this where all these formulas
+came from. And it's definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from. And it's definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from. And it's definitely not
+obvious how to prove this. Um, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how to prove this. Um, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious how to prove this. Um, but it's
+it's pretty easy to prove this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to prove this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to prove this in the
+example that X is uh approximately like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that X is uh approximately like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that X is uh approximately like
+a square grid. So, let me just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square grid. So, let me just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square grid. So, let me just show you
+that as a motivation for where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a motivation for where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a motivation for where this
+might come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to help digest what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to help digest what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to help digest what the what the
+lema says.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Ah, yeah. So right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah, yeah. So right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Ah, yeah. So right
+so the comment is I didn't say anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the comment is I didn't say anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the comment is I didn't say anything
+about a set of lines. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a set of lines. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a set of lines. Um
+so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so
+what what this means is uh for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this means is uh for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what this means is uh for every
+line L and here this is for every line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line L and here this is for every line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line L and here this is for every line.
+Um now if we had a set of lines all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now if we had a set of lines all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um now if we had a set of lines all we
+would really need is to have this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really need is to have this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really need is to have this for
+the lines from our set of lines. But in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines from our set of lines. But in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines from our set of lines. But in
+practice it's actually just true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's actually just true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's actually just true for
+every line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, the cell decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the cell decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, the cell decomposition
+lama in general is some somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lama in general is some somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lama in general is some somewhat
+difficult. We'll talk about the proof,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. We'll talk about the proof,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. We'll talk about the proof,
+but let me show you an easy case that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me show you an easy case that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let me show you an easy case that I
+hope will motivate the statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope will motivate the statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope will motivate the statement.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> we want X to not intersect the wall.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we want X to not intersect the wall.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we want X to not intersect the wall.
+Looks like you just put X in the wall.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looks like you just put X in the wall.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looks like you just put X in the wall.
+It looks like we could just put X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks like we could just put X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It looks like we could just put X in the
+wall. Um, let's see here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So, another comment is that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, another comment is that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, another comment is that X is
+allowed to be a subset of the wall. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be a subset of the wall. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be a subset of the wall. And
+that sounds a little suspicious.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds a little suspicious.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds a little suspicious.
+Um, but um, we do get something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but um, we do get something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but um, we do get something from
+that because every line only hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because every line only hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because every line only hits the
+wall in S points. So if X were a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall in S points. So if X were a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall in S points. So if X were a subset
+of the wall, then every line would only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wall, then every line would only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wall, then every line would only
+hit X in S points. And that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit X in S points. And that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit X in S points. And that would be a
+useful tool for us, right? Also remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool for us, right? Also remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool for us, right? Also remember
+that S is a parameter. So for each S,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that S is a parameter. So for each S,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that S is a parameter. So for each S,
+there's a way of doing this. And we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of doing this. And we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a way of doing this. And we're
+going to eventually, you know, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eventually, you know, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to eventually, you know, we'll
+look at our set of points and our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our set of points and our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our set of points and our set of
+lines and then we'll pick an S that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then we'll pick an S that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then we'll pick an S that's
+strategic. So if S is small, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic. So if S is small, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategic. So if S is small, this is
+really quite quite strong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that x is uh is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x is uh is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that x is uh is roughly
+a square grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let me make that more precise. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me make that more precise. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let me make that more precise. Let's
+say x is contained in 0 to n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x is contained in 0 to n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say x is contained in 0 to n^2
+and x intersected with a unit ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x intersected with a unit ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x intersected with a unit ball
+around any center is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's say that there are around n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that there are around n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that there are around n^2
+x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x.
+So what does this x look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does this x look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what does this x look like?
+have an n byn box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an n byn box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an n byn box
+and um yeah, let me imagine cutting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um yeah, let me imagine cutting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um yeah, let me imagine cutting it
+like a checkerboard into unit squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um this tells me that I have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this tells me that I have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um this tells me that I have on the
+order of one point of x in each unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one point of x in each unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of one point of x in each unit
+square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, but this is a class of sets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but this is a class of sets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but this is a class of sets that
+so I call this this is like roughly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I call this this is like roughly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I call this this is like roughly a
+square grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square grid.
+Okay, so now how would we cut it up?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now how would we cut it up?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so now how would we cut it up?
+I cut it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I cut it up
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and over s. So the wall is S vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over s. So the wall is S vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over s. So the wall is S vertical
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+union with S horizontal lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the wall cuts it into S squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wall cuts it into S squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the wall cuts it into S squared
+pieces. And because my set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. And because my set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces. And because my set is
+distributed so evenly, each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so evenly, each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so evenly, each of these
+pieces has about the same size. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces has about the same size. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces has about the same size. So that
+gives me the third bullet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if we were to make a line in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we were to make a line in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we were to make a line in this
+picture, well, it can only cross each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, well, it can only cross each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, well, it can only cross each of
+these other lines once. So a line will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other lines once. So a line will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other lines once. So a line will
+intersect the wall at most 2s times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect the wall at most 2s times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect the wall at most 2s times.
+And it to go from one cell to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it to go from one cell to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it to go from one cell to another
+cell, it has to cross the wall. So we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, it has to cross the wall. So we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell, it has to cross the wall. So we'll
+only enter about two S cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bullets are not hard to check.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so this um de decomposition method based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this um de decomposition method based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this um de decomposition method based
+on the key observation that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the key observation that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the key observation that it's
+actually helpful to cut up our problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful to cut up our problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helpful to cut up our problem
+like this. Cut up our space like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Cut up our space like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Cut up our space like this
+and then count the incidences in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then count the incidences in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then count the incidences in each
+cell separately and the incidences on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell separately and the incidences on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell separately and the incidences on
+the wall. Um and in each of those pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall. Um and in each of those pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wall. Um and in each of those pieces
+we can use our double counting argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use our double counting argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use our double counting argument.
+But when we add it up at the end, we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when we add it up at the end, we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But when we add it up at the end, we may
+get something better than using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something better than using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something better than using the
+double counting argument globally.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, proof of theorem two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, proof of theorem two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, proof of theorem two
+assuming this lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, we're given uh x and l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we're given uh x and l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we're given uh x and l
+and s is going to be tb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is going to be tb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is going to be tb
+and we can apply this uh thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can apply this uh thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can apply this uh thing.
+Okay. So let's say that x i is x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say that x i is x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say that x i is x
+intersected with oi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with oi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersected with oi
+and we can say that x i is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can say that x i is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can say that x i is less than or
+equal to less than x / s^2 that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to less than x / s^2 that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to less than x / s^2 that was
+given to us as a bullet point and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us as a bullet point and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to us as a bullet point and the
+sum over i of x i is at most x because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over i of x i is at most x because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over i of x i is at most x because
+these are disjoint sets. Okay. Um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint sets. Okay. Um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are disjoint sets. Okay. Um now
+let's say that li is the set of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that li is the set of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that li is the set of lines
+that intersect the cell oi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now these are disjoint. Each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now these are disjoint. Each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now these are disjoint. Each point
+is only in one cell. These are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only in one cell. These are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only in one cell. These are not
+disjoint. Um because a line goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint. Um because a line goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint. Um because a line goes through
+many cells. So this blue line belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells. So this blue line belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cells. So this blue line belongs to
+LI for this I and this I and this I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LI for this I and this I and this I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LI for this I and this I and this I but
+not for this I or this eye or that I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for this I or this eye or that I.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for this I or this eye or that I.
+Okay. So if you add up over I the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you add up over I the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if you add up over I the size
+of L I that is bounded by S times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L I that is bounded by S times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L I that is bounded by S times the
+size of L because each line in L belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of L because each line in L belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of L because each line in L belongs
+to at most S cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at most S cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to at most S cells.
+All right. So now let's count our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's count our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's count our
+incidences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+there are incidences from each cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the incidences related to the E cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the incidences related to the E cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the incidences related to the E cell
+have points from the E cell and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have points from the E cell and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have points from the E cell and they
+have lines that enter the E cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lines that enter the E cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lines that enter the E cell.
+There also are incidences involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There also are incidences involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There also are incidences involving the
+wall. So add the incidences from X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall. So add the incidences from X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall. So add the incidences from X
+intersected with the wall at L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now we apply our double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now we apply our double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now we apply our double counting
+LMA to estimate each of these things. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA to estimate each of these things. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA to estimate each of these things. So
+that's less than um the sum on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than um the sum on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than um the sum on I
+X I L I to the 12 plus LI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And for the wall, well, each line only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for the wall, well, each line only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for the wall, well, each line only
+hits the wall s times. So we have s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the wall s times. So we have s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the wall s times. So we have s
+times the number of lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now from this point on, we just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now from this point on, we just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now from this point on, we just do
+a little bit of algebra. We just have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of algebra. We just have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of algebra. We just have an
+expression involving these numbers x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression involving these numbers x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression involving these numbers x i
+and li. And we know a few inequalities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and li. And we know a few inequalities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and li. And we know a few inequalities
+about x i and li. and we'll just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x i and li. and we'll just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x i and li. and we'll just put
+them together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+here, uh it's reasonable to Koshy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, uh it's reasonable to Koshy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, uh it's reasonable to Koshy
+Schwarz because I know information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz because I know information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwarz because I know information about
+Xi and Li separately. So that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi and Li separately. So that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xi and Li separately. So that will
+disentangle this sum on i Xi 2 to the 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle this sum on i Xi 2 to the 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disentangle this sum on i Xi 2 to the 12
+sum on i li to the 12. This sum on li I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum on i li to the 12. This sum on li I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum on i li to the 12. This sum on li I
+just read that off and that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read that off and that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read that off and that can be
+grouped with that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, and now what do I do with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and now what do I do with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, and now what do I do with this
+sum of squares? Well, I know that each x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares? Well, I know that each x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares? Well, I know that each x
+i is bounded by something. So, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is bounded by something. So, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i is bounded by something. So, I can
+pull that out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull that out.
+So, I'll have x over s^2. And I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'll have x over s^2. And I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'll have x over s^2. And I'll have
+left the sum of x i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the sum of x i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the sum of x i.
+This sum of li is just here. So it's S L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This sum of li is just here. So it's S L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This sum of li is just here. So it's S L
+to the 12 and I copy this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12 and I copy this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 12 and I copy this.
+Okay, this sum of X I is bounded by X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this sum of X I is bounded by X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this sum of X I is bounded by X.
+And so then I'll do a little algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then I'll do a little algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then I'll do a little algebra
+here. This is the important term. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the important term. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the important term. I'll
+have an X^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an X^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an X^
+squared to the 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to the 12.
+So X and X. I'll have an L to the 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So X and X. I'll have an L to the 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So X and X. I'll have an L to the 12.
+And I'll have some powers of S. There'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll have some powers of S. There'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'll have some powers of S. There'll
+be a 1 over s coming from here and an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 1 over s coming from here and an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 1 over s coming from here and an s
+to the 1/2 coming from there. So al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/2 coming from there. So al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 1/2 coming from there. So al
+together I have an s to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I have an s to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I have an s to the negative
+one2 and this I'll copy over.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's pause there for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's pause there for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's pause there for a second
+after the algebra.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let's take stock of the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's take stock of the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's take stock of the bound
+that we got and how it compares to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got and how it compares to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got and how it compares to the
+double counting argument.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting argument.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double counting argument.
+If you compare this to the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you compare this to the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you compare this to the double
+counting argument, the terms sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting argument, the terms sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting argument, the terms sort of
+match up. So in the double counting we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up. So in the double counting we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match up. So in the double counting we
+have x l to the 1/2 and that first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x l to the 1/2 and that first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x l to the 1/2 and that first term
+gets decreased by s to the minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets decreased by s to the minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets decreased by s to the minus a half
+when we when we uh introduce our cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we uh introduce our cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we when we uh introduce our cutting
+and then the second term of l gets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second term of l gets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second term of l gets in
+increased by a factor of s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by a factor of s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased by a factor of s.
+So if originally the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if originally the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if originally the first term
+dominated then life will get better when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated then life will get better when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated then life will get better when
+we uh do this decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh do this decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh do this decomposition
+and if originally the L dominated then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if originally the L dominated then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if originally the L dominated then
+life will not get better when we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life will not get better when we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life will not get better when we do this
+decomposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition.
+Okay. So at the at the end here we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So at the at the end here we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So at the at the end here we just
+choose S greater than or equal to one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose S greater than or equal to one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose S greater than or equal to one to
+minimize the right hand side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, and if you do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and if you do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and if you do a little bit of
+algebra, you'll get out the summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra, you'll get out the summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra, you'll get out the summary
+trout bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I remember spending some time trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I remember spending some time trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I remember spending some time trying
+to digest why things were getting better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest why things were getting better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest why things were getting better
+when we subdivided.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we subdivided.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we subdivided.
+And here was one thought I had about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here was one thought I had about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here was one thought I had about it.
+If you look at the double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at the double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at the double counting
+bound, there are these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound, there are these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound, there are these different
+regimes. So there's a regime where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes. So there's a regime where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regimes. So there's a regime where the
+left term dominates and in that regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left term dominates and in that regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left term dominates and in that regime
+the double counting bound is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double counting bound is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double counting bound is bigger than
+the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth
+and there's a regime where the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a regime where the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a regime where the right
+term dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term dominates
+and you can always have L incidences so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can always have L incidences so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can always have L incidences so
+that's not that when the right term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that when the right term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not that when the right term
+dominates it's the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and so what are the regimes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what are the regimes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so what are the regimes the the
+right term that the L dominates if L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right term that the L dominates if L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right term that the L dominates if L is
+bigger than X square.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than X square.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than X square.
+So we have a lot of lines compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a lot of lines compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a lot of lines compared to
+the number of points then um then double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of points then um then double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of points then um then double
+counting already gives a sharp bound.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting already gives a sharp bound.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting already gives a sharp bound.
+Okay. So suppose originally that L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose originally that L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose originally that L is
+not bigger than X squ. So if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bigger than X squ. So if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bigger than X squ. So if I just
+apply double counting out of the box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply double counting out of the box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply double counting out of the box the
+the X L to the half would dominate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X L to the half would dominate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X L to the half would dominate which
+I'm not so happy with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so happy with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not so happy with.
+Then I try cutting things up into cells.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I try cutting things up into cells.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then I try cutting things up into cells.
+I count the incidences in each cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I count the incidences in each cell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I count the incidences in each cell.
+Is life any better?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is life any better?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is life any better?
+Well, I have S squared cells. So, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I have S squared cells. So, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I have S squared cells. So, if I
+if I look and and the points are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look and and the points are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I look and and the points are kind of
+evenly distributed. So, if I look inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed. So, if I look inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed. So, if I look inside
+one cell, the number of points goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell, the number of points goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell, the number of points goes down
+by S^ squ, which is quite a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by S^ squ, which is quite a lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by S^ squ, which is quite a lot.
+How about lines? Well, not every line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How about lines? Well, not every line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How about lines? Well, not every line
+goes through this cell. So, the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this cell. So, the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through this cell. So, the number
+of lines also goes down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines also goes down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines also goes down.
+But because each line goes through many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because each line goes through many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But because each line goes through many
+cells, each line goes through S cells,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, each line goes through S cells,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells, each line goes through S cells,
+the fraction of lines that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of lines that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction of lines that I would
+expect to go through this cell is 1 / s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to go through this cell is 1 / s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to go through this cell is 1 / s
+of all the lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the lines.
+So the number of points goes down a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of points goes down a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the number of points goes down a lot
+and the number of lines only goes down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of lines only goes down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of lines only goes down a
+little.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little.
+By doing that, I'm tilting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By doing that, I'm tilting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+By doing that, I'm tilting things
+towards having a lot of lines and few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards having a lot of lines and few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards having a lot of lines and few
+points. And if you think about if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And if you think about if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. And if you think about if you if
+you track you know what is the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you track you know what is the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you track you know what is the best
+value of this S. What happens is the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this S. What happens is the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this S. What happens is the S
+is best when we cut it in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best when we cut it in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best when we cut it in such a way
+that inside of each cell the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside of each cell the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inside of each cell the number of
+lines is the number of points squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is the number of points squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is the number of points squared.
+And that means the double counting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means the double counting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means the double counting is
+giving the correct bound inside of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the correct bound inside of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the correct bound inside of each
+cell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh, questions or comments.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, let's talk about how to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's talk about how to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, let's talk about how to prove
+the cell decomposition LMA, which uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell decomposition LMA, which uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell decomposition LMA, which uses a
+little bit of topology.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of topology.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of topology.
+Um so in our cell decomposition lema we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in our cell decomposition lema we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in our cell decomposition lema we
+want to take our points and kind of cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take our points and kind of cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take our points and kind of cut
+them up in evenly in some way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up in evenly in some way and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up in evenly in some way and that
+is reminiscent of a classical thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reminiscent of a classical thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reminiscent of a classical thing in
+topology called the ham sandwich theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology called the ham sandwich theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology called the ham sandwich theorem
+and the cell decomposition lama is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cell decomposition lama is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cell decomposition lama is like
+a like a cause a variant of the ham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a cause a variant of the ham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a cause a variant of the ham
+sandwich theorem. So I will first recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich theorem. So I will first recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sandwich theorem. So I will first recall
+the ham sandwich theorem and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ham sandwich theorem and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ham sandwich theorem and how to
+prove that and then we'll we'll uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that and then we'll we'll uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that and then we'll we'll uh work
+up to this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to this.
+All right. So our our starting point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So our our starting point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So our our starting point in
+topology is going to be the Borsuk ulong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology is going to be the Borsuk ulong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology is going to be the Borsuk ulong
+theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll I'll recall that. I'll state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll I'll recall that. I'll state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll I'll recall that. I'll state
+that and then we'll try to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we'll try to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then we'll try to prove
+everything else from from Borsukan.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the borsak gulam theorem says that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the borsak gulam theorem says that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the borsak gulam theorem says that if
+you have a function from the n sphere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function from the n sphere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a function from the n sphere to
+rn which is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn which is continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rn which is continuous
+and it's antipodal. So that means f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's antipodal. So that means f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's antipodal. So that means f of
+negative theta is negative f of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative theta is negative f of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative theta is negative f of theta
+for every theta in the sphere. Um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every theta in the sphere. Um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every theta in the sphere. Um then
+the conclusion is that 0 is in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion is that 0 is in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion is that 0 is in the image
+of f. There is some some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f. There is some some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f. There is some some point in the
+sphere that got mapped to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so as a correlary of that, we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a correlary of that, we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as a correlary of that, we're gonna
+do the ham sandwich theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So one version of the ham sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one version of the ham sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one version of the ham sandwich
+theorem says that if 01 up to O N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if 01 up to O N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if 01 up to O N
+contained in Rn are bounded open sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in Rn are bounded open sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in Rn are bounded open sets
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+then there exists a hyper plane H that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a hyper plane H that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there exists a hyper plane H that
+bisects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for instance, if I had two bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for instance, if I had two bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for instance, if I had two bounded
+open sets in the plane, there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets in the plane, there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets in the plane, there would be a
+line somewhere that bisects both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line somewhere that bisects both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line somewhere that bisects both of
+these sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so proof. Um, so first we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so proof. Um, so first we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so proof. Um, so first we need to
+sort of parameterize our choice of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parameterize our choice of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of parameterize our choice of all
+the hyperplanes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperplanes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperplanes.
+And a good way to think about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a good way to think about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a good way to think about that is
+that a hyper plane is related to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a hyper plane is related to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a hyper plane is related to a
+linear function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear function.
+So this is a hyper plane. I also I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a hyper plane. I also I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a hyper plane. I also I'm
+going to have one a hyper plane and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have one a hyper plane and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have one a hyper plane and one
+side of it. or pay attention to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of it. or pay attention to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of it. or pay attention to which
+side is which. So this shaded region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is which. So this shaded region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is which. So this shaded region
+would be the region um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the region um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the region um
+a1 x1 plus a n xn is bigger than b. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 x1 plus a n xn is bigger than b. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 x1 plus a n xn is bigger than b. So
+one side of a hyper plane can always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of a hyper plane can always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of a hyper plane can always be
+described that way and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described that way and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described that way and we have the
+freedom to scale a. Um so let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to scale a. Um so let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to scale a. Um so let's say that
+theta is a1 up to a n comma b that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is a1 up to a n comma b that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is a1 up to a n comma b that could
+be in the n sphere by scaling theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the n sphere by scaling theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the n sphere by scaling theta
+which doesn't change the hyper plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't change the hyper plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't change the hyper plane.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so those are my hyperplanes. And now f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my hyperplanes. And now f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my hyperplanes. And now f
+of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+let me say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say
+here let me say it this way. This guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me say it this way. This guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let me say it this way. This guy
+plus b is bigger than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b is bigger than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b is bigger than zero.
+And uh this thing here I will call l sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh this thing here I will call l sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh this thing here I will call l sub
+theta of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So f of theta is f subi of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So f of theta is f subi of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So f of theta is f subi of theta
+is the volume of oi intersect l theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume of oi intersect l theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volume of oi intersect l theta is
+bigger than zero. That's the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero. That's the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero. That's the volume of
+oi on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oi on this side
+minus the volume of oi and l l sub theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the volume of oi and l l sub theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the volume of oi and l l sub theta
+is smaller than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So f_subi of theta is the volume of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f_subi of theta is the volume of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f_subi of theta is the volume of this
+part of oi minus the volume of that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of oi minus the volume of that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of oi minus the volume of that part
+of oi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So notice that fi of theta is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So notice that fi of theta is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So notice that fi of theta is zero
+if and only if the hyper plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the hyper plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if the hyper plane
+associated to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated to theta
+biseects oi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um also
+f_si is antipotal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_si is antipotal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_si is antipotal
+f_subi of minus theta is negative f_subi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_subi of minus theta is negative f_subi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_subi of minus theta is negative f_subi
+of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta
+because if I replace theta by minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I replace theta by minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I replace theta by minus
+theta I take the minus of all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I take the minus of all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta I take the minus of all these
+coefficients and I'm replacing l of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I'm replacing l of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and I'm replacing l of
+theta by negative l of theta and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta by negative l of theta and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta by negative l of theta and so that
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+uh who so I so I'll have the same zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who so I so I'll have the same zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who so I so I'll have the same zero
+set the same hyper plane but now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the same hyper plane but now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the same hyper plane but now this
+one will be positive and that one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be positive and that one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be positive and that one will
+be negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative.
+So I'll switch these two things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll switch these two things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll switch these two things which
+reverses the sign of fi of theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+f_subi is also continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_subi is also continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_subi is also continuous.
+So if I adjust theta then I'll make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I adjust theta then I'll make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I adjust theta then I'll make a
+small motion of this plane and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small motion of this plane and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small motion of this plane and that will
+change these volumes but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these volumes but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these volumes but only
+continuously because the sets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously because the sets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously because the sets are
+bounded and open.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and open.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded and open.
+Okay, so finally I'll make f by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so finally I'll make f by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so finally I'll make f by just
+putting together all these fns. And so f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together all these fns. And so f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together all these fns. And so f
+is a function from the n sphere to rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function from the n sphere to rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function from the n sphere to rn
+and it's continuous and it's antipodal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So the conclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the conclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the conclusion is
+so then Borsagulam tells me that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then Borsagulam tells me that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then Borsagulam tells me that there
+exists some theta. So that f of theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some theta. So that f of theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some theta. So that f of theta is
+zero and that means that h theta bisects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that means that h theta bisects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that means that h theta bisects
+all these sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+all right. Now this by itself is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Now this by itself is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. Now this by itself is not
+going to be super helpful for us. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super helpful for us. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be super helpful for us. Um we
+have a set that lives in the plane. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set that lives in the plane. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set that lives in the plane. So
+the theorem says you know I can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem says you know I can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theorem says you know I can find a
+line that bisects any two things. Um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that bisects any two things. Um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that bisects any two things. Um I'm
+hoping to take a complicated set and cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to take a complicated set and cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to take a complicated set and cut
+it into many even pieces. And so a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into many even pieces. And so a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into many even pieces. And so a more
+relevant warm-up is some way of bicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant warm-up is some way of bicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant warm-up is some way of bicting
+many sets not just two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sets not just two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sets not just two.
+Um okay. So if I put more open sets here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. So if I put more open sets here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. So if I put more open sets here
+then there will not be a hyper plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will not be a hyper plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there will not be a hyper plane
+that bisects all of them but I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bisects all of them but I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bisects all of them but I could be
+more flexible about what sort of cut I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible about what sort of cut I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more flexible about what sort of cut I
+would allow. So it can't be a hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow. So it can't be a hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would allow. So it can't be a hyper
+plane. It has to be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. It has to be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. It has to be a little bit more
+complicated. And it turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. And it turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. And it turns out to be a
+reasonable idea to consider cuts by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable idea to consider cuts by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable idea to consider cuts by
+polomials of some degree. And there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials of some degree. And there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials of some degree. And there's a
+so there's a natural generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a natural generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a natural generalization of
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this.
+Uh you could do really any class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you could do really any class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you could do really any class of
+functions but but for this application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but but for this application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but but for this application
+polomials are useful and it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials are useful and it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials are useful and it's called the
+polomial ham sandwich theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So here's
+here's a more general version polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more general version polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a more general version polomial
+hand sandwich.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sandwich.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand sandwich.
+Okay. So let's say polomials of degree D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say polomials of degree D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's say polomials of degree D
+in Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Rn
+that is the set of polomials so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the set of polomials so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the set of polomials so
+polomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials
+in n variables over R so that the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n variables over R so that the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in n variables over R so that the degree
+is at most D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most D
+and so this is a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it has dimension approximately d to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has dimension approximately d to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has dimension approximately d to
+the n. If you if if the dimension n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n. If you if if the dimension n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n. If you if if the dimension n is
+fixed and the degree is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and the degree is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and the degree is going to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u the dimension is not hard to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the dimension is not hard to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u the dimension is not hard to figure
+out. You count how many monomials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. You count how many monomials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. You count how many monomials are
+there of degree at most d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um so the proposition says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the proposition says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so the proposition says
+that if capital n is strictly less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if capital n is strictly less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if capital n is strictly less than
+the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension
+of this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this space
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists a polomial p the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a polomial p the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a polomial p the space of
+polomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials
+which is non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is non zero
+and the polomial bisects each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the polomial bisects each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the polomial bisects each of the
+open sets. So let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets. So let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets. So let's say
+fi of p is defined to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi of p is defined to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi of p is defined to be um
+the volume of oi intersect p is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of oi intersect p is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of oi intersect p is positive
+minus the volume of oi intersect p is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the volume of oi intersect p is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the volume of oi intersect p is
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative
+and uh fi of p equals zero for all i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh fi of p equals zero for all i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh fi of p equals zero for all i
+from one up to Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the statement of the
+proposition. Instead of using a hyper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Instead of using a hyper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Instead of using a hyper
+plane, we use a degree D the zero set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, we use a degree D the zero set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane, we use a degree D the zero set of
+a degree D polinomial to bisect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree D polinomial to bisect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree D polinomial to bisect our
+sets. And then we can bict many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. And then we can bict many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. And then we can bict many more
+sets. And this is exactly how many. As D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. And this is exactly how many. As D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. And this is exactly how many. As D
+increases, we have more uh degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, we have more uh degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases, we have more uh degrees of
+freedom, bigger dimension, and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom, bigger dimension, and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom, bigger dimension, and we can
+bisect more things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so at the level of intuition you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so at the level of intuition you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so at the level of intuition you can
+think of this in terms of degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this in terms of degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this in terms of degrees of
+freedom.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the dimension of this space tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension of this space tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension of this space tells us
+sort of how many degrees of freedom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how many degrees of freedom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of how many degrees of freedom we
+have to play with. Each one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play with. Each one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play with. Each one of these is
+a constraint. And if the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint. And if the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constraint. And if the number of
+degrees of freedom is at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom is at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom is at least the
+number of constraints then the then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of constraints then the then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of constraints then the then the
+theorem says we can actually find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says we can actually find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says we can actually find a
+solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, the proof is essentially the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the proof is essentially the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the proof is essentially the same as
+this. So, proof, what do I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, proof, what do I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So, proof, what do I need to
+check? Um, well, fi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check? Um, well, fi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check? Um, well, fi.
+So I I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I just need to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that fi are continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fi are continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fi are continuous
+and fi of negative theta is negative fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fi of negative theta is negative fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fi of negative theta is negative fi
+of theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So why is it continuous? I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So why is it continuous? I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So why is it continuous? I won't
+do a full proof but if you adjust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a full proof but if you adjust the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a full proof but if you adjust the
+coefficients of this polomial a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of this polomial a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of this polomial a little
+bit then the set where it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit then the set where it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit then the set where it's positive
+changes but only a little bit and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but only a little bit and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but only a little bit and so
+this volume should only change a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this volume should only change a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this volume should only change a little
+bit that's continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's continuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit that's continuity
+and why is it antipotal well if I switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it antipotal well if I switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is it antipotal well if I switch
+P to negative P um actually yeah let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to negative P um actually yeah let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P to negative P um actually yeah let me
+put P's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I switch P to negative P then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I switch P to negative P then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I switch P to negative P then it
+interchanges these two sets and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges these two sets and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchanges these two sets and so it
+swi switches the sign of fi of p.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swi switches the sign of fi of p.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swi switches the sign of fi of p.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+All right. And now f is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now f is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And now f is going to be
+f_sub_1 up to fn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_1 up to fn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_1 up to fn.
+Now f is a map from where to where. F is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now f is a map from where to where. F is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now f is a map from where to where. F is
+a map from polomials of degree D on Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from polomials of degree D on Rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from polomials of degree D on Rn
+take away zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away zero
+to RN.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is that?
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+I was waving my hands a little bit when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was waving my hands a little bit when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was waving my hands a little bit when
+I said that f is fi is continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that f is fi is continuous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said that f is fi is continuous.
+um and uh fi is is not continuous at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh fi is is not continuous at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh fi is is not continuous at
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+If you know if the polinomial is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you know if the polinomial is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you know if the polinomial is zero
+then both of these sets are empty. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both of these sets are empty. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then both of these sets are empty. So I
+guess by the definition fi of zero would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess by the definition fi of zero would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess by the definition fi of zero would
+be zero. Um but um uh then if I move p a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero. Um but um uh then if I move p a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero. Um but um uh then if I move p a
+tiny bit so it's not zero then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit so it's not zero then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit so it's not zero then these
+sets are these sets will appear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are these sets will appear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets are these sets will appear and
+they're they take up most of space. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they take up most of space. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they take up most of space. So
+there would be sort of a jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be sort of a jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be sort of a jump
+discontinuity in those sets. Um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in those sets. Um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity in those sets. Um so the
+reason we had to do this is that fi is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we had to do this is that fi is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we had to do this is that fi is
+only continuous on the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only continuous on the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only continuous on the space of
+polinomials without zero. So if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials without zero. So if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomials without zero. So if I take a
+nonzero polinomial and I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero polinomial and I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero polinomial and I change the
+coefficients a little bit then this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a little bit then this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a little bit then this set
+will only change a little bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that. So actually I should say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So actually I should say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. So actually I should say that
+that's not completely trivial that fact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not completely trivial that fact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not completely trivial that fact.
+Um it takes a little a little proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it takes a little a little proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it takes a little a little proving
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's related to the fact that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to the fact that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to the fact that if you
+have a nonzero polomial then any of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nonzero polomial then any of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nonzero polomial then any of its
+level sets like cannot have positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level sets like cannot have positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level sets like cannot have positive
+volume.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume.
+If you have like polomial equals 3 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have like polomial equals 3 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you have like polomial equals 3 that
+defines a hypersurface and it cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a hypersurface and it cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a hypersurface and it cannot
+happen that that hypersurface has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that that hypersurface has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that that hypersurface has
+positive volume and that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive volume and that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive volume and that's basically
+what you need to check that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to check that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need to check that this is
+continuous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is a space from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is a space from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is a space from here to
+here and to apply borsk ulam I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to apply borsk ulam I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and to apply borsk ulam I need to
+have a sphere for my domain. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sphere for my domain. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a sphere for my domain. So this
+sphere is sitting in here as long as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is sitting in here as long as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is sitting in here as long as n
+is strictly less than the dimension of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than the dimension of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly less than the dimension of
+this space. So this is this is where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space. So this is this is where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this space. So this is this is where we
+use this hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And then Borsulam says that zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then Borsulam says that zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then Borsulam says that zero
+is in the image of f which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the image of f which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the image of f which is what we're
+trying to prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool.
+All right, so we're getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so we're getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, so we're getting close to
+having a tool that we can use to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a tool that we can use to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a tool that we can use to do this
+decomposition. And now we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition. And now we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition. And now we have a little
+technical issue or a little mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issue or a little mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical issue or a little mismatch
+because in what we want is to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in what we want is to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in what we want is to start with
+a finite set and have a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite set and have a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a finite set and have a cell
+decomposition that kind of cuts it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that kind of cuts it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition that kind of cuts it into
+into even pieces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into even pieces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into even pieces.
+And um this proposition is about open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um this proposition is about open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um this proposition is about open
+sets. If we have a bunch of open sets,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. If we have a bunch of open sets,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. If we have a bunch of open sets,
+we can simultaneously cut them each in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can simultaneously cut them each in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can simultaneously cut them each in
+half. So we need a version where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. So we need a version where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half. So we need a version where the
+open sets are replaced by finite sets.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets are replaced by finite sets.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open sets are replaced by finite sets.
+And that's not difficult to do. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not difficult to do. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's not difficult to do. It's
+just a technical thing. Oh, that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a technical thing. Oh, that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a technical thing. Oh, that's how
+it works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So proposition
+um if SI contained in R2 or Rn I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if SI contained in R2 or Rn I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if SI contained in R2 or Rn I guess
+is okay are finite sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I = 1 up to N and N is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I = 1 up to N and N is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I = 1 up to N and N is less than the
+dimension of poly D of Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of poly D of Rn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of poly D of Rn
+um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then
+there exists a nonzero polomial poly D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a nonzero polomial poly D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a nonzero polomial poly D
+of Rn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that
+um what does it mean? So in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does it mean? So in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what does it mean? So in some sense
+we'd like this polomial to bisect these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like this polomial to bisect these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like this polomial to bisect these
+sets. Um but we have to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. Um but we have to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets. Um but we have to say something
+slightly weaker and I'll explain why. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly weaker and I'll explain why. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly weaker and I'll explain why. So
+that SI intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SI intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SI intersect
+P positive is less than or equal to SI /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P positive is less than or equal to SI /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P positive is less than or equal to SI /
+2 and SI intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and SI intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and SI intersect
+P negative is less than SI / 2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Okay. So you know this set could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So you know this set could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Okay. So you know this set could
+be a set of three points. So it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set of three points. So it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set of three points. So it's not
+possible that half of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that half of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that half of them will be
+positive and half of them will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and half of them will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and half of them will be
+negative. So the best we could hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So the best we could hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. So the best we could hope to
+is that one would be positive, one would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one would be positive, one would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that one would be positive, one would
+be negative and one would be zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um Okay. So proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Okay. So proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um Okay. So proof
+for any epsilon bigger than zero, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any epsilon bigger than zero, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any epsilon bigger than zero, let's
+say O epsilon I is the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say O epsilon I is the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say O epsilon I is the epsilon
+neighborhood of SI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of SI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood of SI.
+So that's an open set. And so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an open set. And so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an open set. And so we can
+apply our proposition to that set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our proposition to that set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply our proposition to that set.
+apply polomial ham sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply polomial ham sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply polomial ham sandwich
+to O epsilon I and we output a polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to O epsilon I and we output a polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to O epsilon I and we output a polomial
+pepsilon which is in the unit sphere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsilon which is in the unit sphere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsilon which is in the unit sphere in
+the space of polomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of polomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of polomials
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and it bisects them. So we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it bisects them. So we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it bisects them. So we know that
+the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume
+of oepsilon I intersect P bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oepsilon I intersect P bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oepsilon I intersect P bigger than
+zero is half of the volume of oepilon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we have this for every epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this for every epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have this for every epsilon
+and now we want to take some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to take some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to take some kind of
+limit as epsilon goes to zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as epsilon goes to zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit as epsilon goes to zero and the
+sphere is compact so the sphere sn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is compact so the sphere sn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sphere is compact so the sphere sn is
+compact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact.
+So we have a subsequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a subsequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have a subsequence
+uh pepsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pepsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh pepsilon
+some subsequence of them converges to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subsequence of them converges to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some subsequence of them converges to a
+limit p which is a polomial in sn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the claim is that the p does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the claim is that the p does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the claim is that the p does
+the job.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+let's say this is the zero set of P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is the zero set of P.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is the zero set of P.
+Over here P is positive and down here P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over here P is positive and down here P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Over here P is positive and down here P
+is negative. And suppose a particular SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative. And suppose a particular SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative. And suppose a particular SI
+was not split up evenly like this. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not split up evenly like this. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not split up evenly like this. It's
+more than half of that on that side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um here let me do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yellow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There's SI. So why can't that happen?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's SI. So why can't that happen?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's SI. So why can't that happen?
+Well, think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, think about what
+the eps pepsilon would be doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eps pepsilon would be doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eps pepsilon would be doing.
+So oepsilon i would look like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And what would pepsilon look like? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what would pepsilon look like? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what would pepsilon look like? Well,
+it's a little perturbation of p. We take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little perturbation of p. We take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little perturbation of p. We take
+uh you know we have some convergence. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we have some convergence. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we have some convergence. So
+so that would be the zero set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be the zero set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be the zero set of
+pepsilon here's pepsilon is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsilon here's pepsilon is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pepsilon here's pepsilon is positive
+here is pepsilon is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is pepsilon is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is pepsilon is negative
+and that violates this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if SI intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if SI intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if SI intersect
+P is positive was strictly greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is positive was strictly greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is positive was strictly greater than
+12 of SI um then we'd have O epsilon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of SI um then we'd have O epsilon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 of SI um then we'd have O epsilon I
+intersect Pepsilon positive would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect Pepsilon positive would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect Pepsilon positive would be
+strictly greater than 12 of OI epsilon I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than 12 of OI epsilon I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly greater than 12 of OI epsilon I
+contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now let's prove the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's prove the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's prove the cell
+decomposition lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we improve the cell decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we improve the cell decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we improve the cell decomposition
+lama by using the polomial by using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lama by using the polomial by using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lama by using the polomial by using this
+proposition many times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we have some set of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x
+and first we use our uh proposition with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first we use our uh proposition with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and first we use our uh proposition with
+um n equals 1 and so d equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um n equals 1 and so d equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um n equals 1 and so d equals 1.
+So we're only so actually easy case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're only so actually easy case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're only so actually easy case of
+our proposition we're only bicting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proposition we're only bicting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our proposition we're only bicting this
+one set of points. So here's p1 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of points. So here's p1 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of points. So here's p1 equals
+z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z.
+So the output is a polomial P1 of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the output is a polomial P1 of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the output is a polomial P1 of degree
+D1 = 1 and it bisects the set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 = 1 and it bisects the set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D1 = 1 and it bisects the set.
+So we have X plus is the set of X and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have X plus is the set of X and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we have X plus is the set of X and X
+where P1 of X is positive etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where P1 of X is positive etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where P1 of X is positive etc.
+Okay. Then we use our proposition with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then we use our proposition with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then we use our proposition with
+n= 2 and we get a polomial P2 of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n= 2 and we get a polomial P2 of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n= 2 and we get a polomial P2 of degree
+D2. D2 would probably also be one, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2. D2 would probably also be one, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2. D2 would probably also be one, but
+it let me just put sort of the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me just put sort of the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me just put sort of the general
+thing. So it would be less than our N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So it would be less than our N2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So it would be less than our N2
+uh to the 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay. And P2 P2 bisects X plus and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. And P2 P2 bisects X plus and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay. And P2 P2 bisects X plus and X
+minus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's the zero set of P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the zero set of P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's the zero set of P2
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and it bisects each half. So now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bisects each half. So now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bisects each half. So now I've
+divided X into quarters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided X into quarters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided X into quarters.
+Okay. And we keep going. So at step K,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we keep going. So at step K,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we keep going. So at step K,
+I use my proposition and I have N K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use my proposition and I have N K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use my proposition and I have N K
+which is 2 K and DK which is less than N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 K and DK which is less than N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 2 K and DK which is less than N
+K to the 12. So that's like 2 to the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the 12. So that's like 2 to the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K to the 12. So that's like 2 to the k
+over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two
+and uh and I I output a polinomial pk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and I I output a polinomial pk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and I I output a polinomial pk
+and it bisects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bisects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it bisects
+the 2 to the k minus one previous guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 to the k minus one previous guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2 to the k minus one previous guys
+or two to the k previous guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll draw one more. I have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll draw one more. I have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll draw one more. I have four
+pieces and I find a new polomial and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I find a new polomial and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and I find a new polomial and I
+bict all four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now uh when do I stop? I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh when do I stop? I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now uh when do I stop? I choose
+the final K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final K.
+So 2 to the K is S squared.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 2 to the K is S squared.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 2 to the K is S squared.
+And that means the final DK around 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means the final DK around 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that means the final DK around 2 the
+K / two is around S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So since I bisect at every stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I get x intersect o y smaller than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I get x intersect o y smaller than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I get x intersect o y smaller than x
+/ 2 k which is like x s^2. So that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 k which is like x s^2. So that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ 2 k which is like x s^2. So that's my
+third bullet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm trying to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm trying to prove
+each cell has only a 1 over s^ squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell has only a 1 over s^ squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each cell has only a 1 over s^ squ
+fraction of the original points. We have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the original points. We have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the original points. We have
+that. And then I'm trying to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then I'm trying to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then I'm trying to think about
+uh how each how the lines intersect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how each how the lines intersect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how each how the lines intersect the
+cells and how the line intersects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and how the line intersects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and how the line intersects the
+walls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So these are the different cells and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are the different cells and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So these are the different cells and the
+red stuff is the walls. So if I draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red stuff is the walls. So if I draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red stuff is the walls. So if I draw a
+line here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here,
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the line intersected with the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line intersected with the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line intersected with the wall
+is smaller than d1 + dot dot dot plus dk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than d1 + dot dot dot plus dk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than d1 + dot dot dot plus dk
+because you know how how many times does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know how how many times does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know how how many times does
+a line intersect the zero set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line intersect the zero set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line intersect the zero set of a
+polomial?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial?
+It's at most the degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so these degrees are bounded by 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these degrees are bounded by 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these degrees are bounded by 2 to the
+2 to the k / 2. So this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the k / 2. So this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the k / 2. So this this is a
+geometric series.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series.
+It's bounded by its last term 2 the k /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's bounded by its last term 2 the k /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's bounded by its last term 2 the k /
+2 which is around s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is around s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is around s.
+So that's the second bullet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the second bullet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the second bullet.
+Okay. And every time this pol this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And every time this pol this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And every time this pol this line
+moves from one cell to another, it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from one cell to another, it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves from one cell to another, it has
+to cross the wall. So that also bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross the wall. So that also bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cross the wall. So that also bounds
+the number of cells that the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells that the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells that the line
+intersects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that ends this the proof or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that ends this the proof or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that ends this the proof or
+proof sketch of the cell decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof sketch of the cell decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof sketch of the cell decomposition
+lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema.
+Um any questions or comments?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3zJI3dYB7gc.txt b/3zJI3dYB7gc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..997d5ee9c49dee0aecceedd2828993789ee45a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3zJI3dYB7gc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7195 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um our next uh class of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um our next uh class of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um our next uh class of um of
+biomolecule that we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecule that we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomolecule that we're going to talk
+about uh our nucleic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh our nucleic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh our nucleic
+acids and we can for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describe their properties by considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe their properties by considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe their properties by considering
+just calent bonds and hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calent bonds and hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just calent bonds and hydrogen bonds
+although uh that's a bit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although uh that's a bit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although uh that's a bit of an
+oversimplification but anyway these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification but anyway these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification but anyway these are
+again polymers so this is DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again polymers so this is DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again polymers so this is DNA
+and RNA terms you've undoubtedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RNA terms you've undoubtedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and RNA terms you've undoubtedly
+heard and these are made by splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard and these are made by splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard and these are made by splitting
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water this and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water this and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water this and in this case the
+monomeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+units are given the special term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nucleotide and a nucleotide consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and a nucleotide consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide and a nucleotide consists
+of a sugar with something called a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sugar with something called a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sugar with something called a base
+on it it's got a phosphate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+group at one end and a hydroxy group one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at one end and a hydroxy group one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group at one end and a hydroxy group one
+of the sugar hydroxy that we saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sugar hydroxy that we saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sugar hydroxy that we saw the
+other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day
+um at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end so b stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+and the way the bond is formed as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way the bond is formed as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way the bond is formed as I said
+is by splitting out water uh like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by splitting out water uh like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by splitting out water uh like that
+to form what's known as a phosphodiester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form what's known as a phosphodiester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to form what's known as a phosphodiester
+bond and we'll be talking a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and we'll be talking a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and we'll be talking a lot about
+those when we talk about DNA and RNA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when we talk about DNA and RNA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those when we talk about DNA and RNA in
+more detail later on in the course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail later on in the course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail later on in the course the
+sugars are pentoses where n equals 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are pentoses where n equals 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugars are pentoses where n equals 5
+when we were talking about these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were talking about these the
+other day the base whether uh goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day the base whether uh goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other day the base whether uh goes in
+this position that's the one position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position that's the one position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position that's the one position of
+the carbon this is the five position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon this is the five position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon this is the five position of
+the carbon and this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon and this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carbon and this is where the
+phosphate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate is
+located that's this is this this sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located that's this is this this sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located that's this is this this sugar
+is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called
+ribos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribos and
+then RNA which is the polymer of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then RNA which is the polymer of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then RNA which is the polymer of of uh
+nucleotides that have riboses of sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that have riboses of sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides that have riboses of sugar
+is ribonucleic acid or RNA as you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ribonucleic acid or RNA as you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ribonucleic acid or RNA as you've
+you've known it if uh if this hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've known it if uh if this hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've known it if uh if this hydroxy
+here is replaced by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrogen and the rest of it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same this is De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this is De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this is De
+oxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxy
+ribonucleotide and if you polymerize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide and if you polymerize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleotide and if you polymerize
+that together then you get DNA or deoxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together then you get DNA or deoxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together then you get DNA or deoxy
+ribonucleic acid um there are the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleic acid um there are the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribonucleic acid um there are the basic
+come in in two flavors um and this be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in in two flavors um and this be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in in two flavors um and this be in
+your hand ones that either have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand ones that either have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand ones that either have two
+rings uh the Adine or guanine or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings uh the Adine or guanine or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rings uh the Adine or guanine or one
+that's general term of those is purine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's general term of those is purine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's general term of those is purine
+or they have uh one ring or peridine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they have uh one ring or peridine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they have uh one ring or peridine and
+in DNA one finds citadine and thyine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNA one finds citadine and thyine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNA one finds citadine and thyine
+abbreviated as CNT or in RNA uh instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated as CNT or in RNA uh instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated as CNT or in RNA uh instead
+of finding thyine you find uracil which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding thyine you find uracil which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding thyine you find uracil which
+is the same except that it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same except that it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same except that it doesn't have
+the methyl group that's present at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group that's present at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the methyl group that's present at this
+position on thyine and the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on thyine and the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position on thyine and the important
+thing about these particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about these particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about these particular uh
+nucleotide nucleotide bases is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide nucleotide bases is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide nucleotide bases is that they
+can form hydrogen bonds in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form hydrogen bonds in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form hydrogen bonds in a very
+special way it's diagrammed on here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way it's diagrammed on here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special way it's diagrammed on here that
+this is an uh a guanine pairing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an uh a guanine pairing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an uh a guanine pairing with a
+citadine so a g pairing with a c and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citadine so a g pairing with a c and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citadine so a g pairing with a c and you
+can form three hydrogen bonds or between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form three hydrogen bonds or between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can form three hydrogen bonds or between
+an a an edine and a thymine you can form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a an edine and a thymine you can form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a an edine and a thymine you can form
+two hydrogen bonds those are just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen bonds those are just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogen bonds those are just the
+things we were diagramming on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were diagramming on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were diagramming on the board
+the other day and those are the forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day and those are the forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day and those are the forces
+that hold the strands of DNA together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hold the strands of DNA together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hold the strands of DNA together so
+that a DNA is the double helix as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a DNA is the double helix as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a DNA is the double helix as you
+know is basically a backbone with sugars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is basically a backbone with sugars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is basically a backbone with sugars
+and phosphates and then there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphates and then there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and phosphates and then there'll be some
+sequence of bases down this and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bases down this and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of bases down this and then on
+the other strand you'll have the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other strand you'll have the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other strand you'll have the base
+that can form hydrogen bonds with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can form hydrogen bonds with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can form hydrogen bonds with this
+so C and there would be three hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C and there would be three hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so C and there would be three hydrogen
+bonds here this would be a g on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds here this would be a g on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds here this would be a g on this
+side again three hydrogen bonds if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side again three hydrogen bonds if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side again three hydrogen bonds if
+there's an a here there will be a t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a here there will be a t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an a here there will be a t
+there two hydrogen bonds and and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two hydrogen bonds and and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two hydrogen bonds and and so on
+down and we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and we'll talk about the
+implications of this uh um later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this uh um later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this uh um later in the
+course we talk about DNA replication but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we talk about DNA replication but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we talk about DNA replication but
+for the moment maybe I think your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment maybe I think your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment maybe I think your eye
+can see you can probably see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you can probably see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you can probably see that the
+geometric arrangement of these is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric arrangement of these is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric arrangement of these is just
+exactly the same whether it's a GC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same whether it's a GC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same whether it's a GC or
+it's an at base pair you can superimpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an at base pair you can superimpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an at base pair you can superimpose
+them and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and they have
+just exactly the same molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exactly the same molecular
+structure and that's really crucial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that's really crucial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that's really crucial for
+a lot of things having to do with DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things having to do with DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things having to do with DNA so
+the as you know it's not just sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as you know it's not just sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the as you know it's not just sort of a
+ladder with hydrogen bonds it's twisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder with hydrogen bonds it's twisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ladder with hydrogen bonds it's twisted
+in three-dimensional space that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three-dimensional space that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three-dimensional space that's the
+double helix and in that little movie I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double helix and in that little movie I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double helix and in that little movie I
+showed you the the nitrogen atoms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the the nitrogen atoms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you the the nitrogen atoms in the
+bases are blue so you can pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases are blue so you can pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases are blue so you can pretty much
+pick it out that there's a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it out that there's a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick it out that there's a series of
+hydrogen bonds going right down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds going right down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds going right down the
+middle of a DNA molecule with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a DNA molecule with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of a DNA molecule with the
+phosphor ribo backbone on the outside so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor ribo backbone on the outside so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphor ribo backbone on the outside so
+in your every one of your cells since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your every one of your cells since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your every one of your cells since
+you have about three billion base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about three billion base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about three billion base pairs
+you have uh two 2 point something times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh two 2 point something times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh two 2 point something times
+that many hydrogen bonds holding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many hydrogen bonds holding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many hydrogen bonds holding your
+your DNA together and thing to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNA together and thing to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your DNA together and thing to remember
+uh but the strength of the hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the strength of the hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the strength of the hydrogen bond
+it's about a 20th of a calent bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a 20th of a calent bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about a 20th of a calent bond and
+so you're able to pull those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're able to pull those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're able to pull those things
+apart and and then put them back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and and then put them back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and and then put them back
+together at physiological temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at physiological temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at physiological temperature
+while leaving all the Cove valent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while leaving all the Cove valent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while leaving all the Cove valent bonds
+that make up each strand of the DNA uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up each strand of the DNA uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up each strand of the DNA uh
+leaving those intact it's also possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving those intact it's also possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving those intact it's also possible
+since rnas are usually uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since rnas are usually uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since rnas are usually uh single
+stranded that if you have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded that if you have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stranded that if you have a little
+sequence here that has the complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here that has the complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here that has the complimentary
+sequence over there then these these can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over there then these these can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence over there then these these can
+pair like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forming a hair pin or some little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a hair pin or some little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a hair pin or some little
+structure like that and again we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like that and again we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure like that and again we'll talk
+about transfer arnas which play a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transfer arnas which play a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about transfer arnas which play a really
+key role in in um protein synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role in in um protein synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key role in in um protein synthesis
+they're the little translators that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the little translators that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the little translators that go
+back and forth between the nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the nucleic acid
+code the genetic code and the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the genetic code and the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code the genetic code and the protein
+code which is written in amino acids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code which is written in amino acids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code which is written in amino acids and
+this just shows the making an RNA copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows the making an RNA copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just shows the making an RNA copy
+for a TRNA Gene from the DNA but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a TRNA Gene from the DNA but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a TRNA Gene from the DNA but then
+these are the the relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the the relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the the relationships between
+the uh complimentary sequences right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh complimentary sequences right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh complimentary sequences right in
+that strand so this thing is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strand so this thing is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strand so this thing is able to
+fold up into a sort of clover leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold up into a sort of clover leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold up into a sort of clover leaf
+structure that some of you certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that some of you certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that some of you certainly
+probably seen at some point it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen at some point it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen at some point it's a
+little bit twisted here because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit twisted here because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit twisted here because you can
+see how the compliment sequences have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the compliment sequences have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how the compliment sequences have
+found found each other and even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found found each other and even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found found each other and even though
+this is just a single strand of RNA by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a single strand of RNA by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a single strand of RNA by
+forming hydrogen bonds to complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming hydrogen bonds to complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming hydrogen bonds to complimentary
+sequences within itself it can take up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences within itself it can take up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences within itself it can take up a
+structure and I'll show you it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I'll show you it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and I'll show you it actually
+goes on there's some other forces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on there's some other forces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on there's some other forces that
+come in and this will fold up into a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and this will fold up into a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and this will fold up into a a
+three-dimensional structure that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure that goes
+even beyond what I've shown you but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even beyond what I've shown you but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even beyond what I've shown you but we
+won't need to talk about that for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need to talk about that for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't need to talk about that for for
+just a little bit okay so then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+class of molecules that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of molecules that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of molecules that we're going to
+spend a lot of the of this course on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of the of this course on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of the of this course on our
+our proteins and now these are polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again made by splitting out water so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again made by splitting out water so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again made by splitting out water so
+that's been true of polysaccharides it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been true of polysaccharides it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been true of polysaccharides it's
+true of uh nucleic acids it's true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of uh nucleic acids it's true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of uh nucleic acids it's true of
+proteins in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in this
+case the monomer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the monomer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the monomer um
+monomers are structures known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are structures known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monomers are structures known
+as amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as amino
+acids and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an amino
+group and then it's joined to a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then it's joined to a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and then it's joined to a carbon
+known as the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the alpha
+carbon and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and then there's a
+carboxy group so this is why they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group so this is why they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group so this is why they're
+called amino acids because the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called amino acids because the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called amino acids because the our
+carboxy group um is is an acid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group um is is an acid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group um is is an acid and the
+way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form give these different side chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form give these different side chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form give these different side chains
+here I'll tell you about these side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll tell you about these side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll tell you about these side
+chains in just in just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in just in just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains in just in just a
+minute the way these form a bond is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the way these form a bond is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute the way these form a bond is by
+splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting
+out water here and then this will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this very important bond in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature which is known as the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature which is known as the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature which is known as the peptide
+bond and there's a chemical property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and there's a chemical property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and there's a chemical property of
+this that that's important um someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that that's important um someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that that's important um someone
+was bemoaning the fact that I had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bemoaning the fact that I had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bemoaning the fact that I had to go
+over a bunch of chemistry and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a bunch of chemistry and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a bunch of chemistry and they
+hadn't liked 511 my apologies but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't liked 511 my apologies but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't liked 511 my apologies but we
+won't be spending all all course doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be spending all all course doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be spending all all course doing
+chemistry but if you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but if you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry but if you want to understand
+how these things work you do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things work you do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things work you do need to
+understand uh some of the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh some of the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand uh some of the chemical
+principles that understand them and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that understand them and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that understand them and this
+is a case where it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case where it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a case where it's really important
+because this uh although it's written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this uh although it's written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this uh although it's written
+this way with a double bond here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way with a double bond here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way with a double bond here and a
+single Bond there this bond this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Bond there this bond this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Bond there this bond this double
+bond actually sort of spends part of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond actually sort of spends part of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond actually sort of spends part of its
+time over here so this is actually sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over here so this is actually sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time over here so this is actually sort
+of a partial double bond and that has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a partial double bond and that has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a partial double bond and that has an
+important consequence because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequence because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consequence because if you're
+a single Bond if you remember a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single Bond if you remember a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single Bond if you remember a single
+Bond can bend and St Str but it can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond can bend and St Str but it can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond can bend and St Str but it can also
+rotate but if you're a double bond you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate but if you're a double bond you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate but if you're a double bond you
+can't you can't uh rotate so the peptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't uh rotate so the peptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you can't uh rotate so the peptide
+bond in you make a lot of these when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in you make a lot of these when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond in you make a lot of these when
+you're when you're polymerizing amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're polymerizing amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're when you're polymerizing amino
+acids together to make proteins those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids together to make proteins those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids together to make proteins those
+bonds have a very special character that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds have a very special character that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds have a very special character that
+they can't um it can't rotate now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't um it can't rotate now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't um it can't rotate now let me
+say I'll come back and show you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll come back and show you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'll come back and show you why
+that's important in just a moment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important in just a moment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important in just a moment but
+let me just say a word about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say a word about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say a word about the the
+side chains um they're 20 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains um they're 20 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains um they're 20 different
+amino acids and they have side chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and they have side chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and they have side chains
+that have very different chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very different chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have very different chemical
+properties and when we start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and when we start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and when we start thinking
+about how a chain of of um amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a chain of of um amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how a chain of of um amino acids
+take up the properties that make it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the properties that make it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up the properties that make it into
+an enzyme or part of a motor or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme or part of a motor or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme or part of a motor or a
+structural protein or into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural protein or into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural protein or into your
+fingernails or your hair or skin they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernails or your hair or skin they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingernails or your hair or skin they
+have to have very special properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have very special properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have very special properties and
+it's the the sequence of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the sequence of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the sequence of these different
+amino acids with their different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids with their different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids with their different
+chemical properties that are eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical properties that are eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical properties that are eventually
+going to let each protein form up to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let each protein form up to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let each protein form up to one
+particular three-dimensional structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular three-dimensional structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular three-dimensional structure
+that will give it its character istics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give it its character istics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give it its character istics
+so the different types of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the different types of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the different types of amino acids
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+again you won't have to uh you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you won't have to uh you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you won't have to uh you won't
+have to memorize these but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize these but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to memorize these but
+uh but here they are uh up here but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but here they are uh up here but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but here they are uh up here but let
+me just point out what they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just point out what they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just point out what they the
+important classes because think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important classes because think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important classes because think of the
+thing you really want to do this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you really want to do this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you really want to do this one is
+remember how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how they're
+um the types of amino acids we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the types of amino acids we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the types of amino acids we find
+there's negatively charged amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's negatively charged amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's negatively charged amino acids
+an example of this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of this would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+sparate under physiological conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparate under physiological conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparate under physiological conditions
+although this is an acid it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is an acid it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is an acid it will
+dissociate so it will have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate so it will have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociate so it will have a negative
+charge and that's abbreviated as ASP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and that's abbreviated as ASP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and that's abbreviated as ASP
+glutamine is another one um that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine is another one um that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine is another one um that has a
+uh has a negative charge there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a negative charge there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has a negative charge there are also
+amino acids that have positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charges on the side chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the side chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges on the side chain
+example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of
+this would be lysine which has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be lysine which has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be lysine which has four
+methylene groups then it has an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene groups then it has an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene groups then it has an amino
+group but again under physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but again under physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group but again under physiological
+conditions around ph7 that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions around ph7 that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions around ph7 that will be
+protonated so it will have a plus charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated so it will have a plus charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated so it will have a plus charge
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line or Lys and uh Arginine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or Lys and uh Arginine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or Lys and uh Arginine and
+histadine are two other amino acids that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histadine are two other amino acids that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histadine are two other amino acids that
+have positive charge or can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive charge or can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive charge or can have a
+positive charge then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge then there's a
+set of amino acids that have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of amino acids that have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of amino acids that have a
+polar uh character they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar uh character they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar uh character they don't have a
+full charge and as you might guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full charge and as you might guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full charge and as you might guess they
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+um uh they have one of the bonds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they have one of the bonds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh they have one of the bonds that
+we've talked about uh that are polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about uh that are polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about uh that are polar
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Serene sering there's another one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serene sering there's another one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serene sering there's another one that
+has a hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a hydroxy
+that's known as thine and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as thine and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's known as thine and then there's
+glutamine and asparagine both of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine and asparagine both of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamine and asparagine both of which
+have an NH Bond so just through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NH Bond so just through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an NH Bond so just through what
+I've told you here we haven't even been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you here we haven't even been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you here we haven't even been
+through the set you can see how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the set you can see how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the set you can see how you can
+begin to decorate an amino acid change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to decorate an amino acid change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to decorate an amino acid change
+there's a plus charge a minus charge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus charge a minus charge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a plus charge a minus charge a
+polar charge there's a tremendous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar charge there's a tremendous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar charge there's a tremendous amount
+of diversity because at every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diversity because at every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diversity because at every single
+thing you have choice of 20 things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have choice of 20 things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have choice of 20 things you
+can put in so they not only have size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in so they not only have size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in so they not only have size
+characterist and shape characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterist and shape characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterist and shape characteristics
+but they have particular charges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have particular charges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they have particular charges and
+other properties then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there as always there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+special uh excuse me actually before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special uh excuse me actually before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special uh excuse me actually before we
+do that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrophobic or you could think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic or you could think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic or you could think of these
+as greasy or water hating these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as greasy or water hating these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as greasy or water hating these are the
+ones that are sort of I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are sort of I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are sort of I was talking
+about trying to dissolve butter in into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to dissolve butter in into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to dissolve butter in into
+into water these are things that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into water these are things that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into water these are things that don't
+like to interact with water or can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to interact with water or can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to interact with water or can't
+interact with water and so they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with water and so they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with water and so they can't
+form hydrogen bonds you can't get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form hydrogen bonds you can't get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form hydrogen bonds you can't get them
+to go into water easily and they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into water easily and they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go into water easily and they come
+from very simple ones that have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very simple ones that have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very simple ones that have just a
+methyl Group which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alanine or Alla or some uh one that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine or Alla or some uh one that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine or Alla or some uh one that like
+this which would be ch2 CH a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which would be ch2 CH a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which would be ch2 CH a couple of
+methyl groups this is even more water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl groups this is even more water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methyl groups this is even more water
+heating that would be Lucine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l or uh here's one that you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l or uh here's one that you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l or uh here's one that you probably
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+guess really doesn't interact with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess really doesn't interact with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess really doesn't interact with water
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+is pheny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pheny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pheny
+alanine a fe what you can see you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine a fe what you can see you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine a fe what you can see you can
+see what this side chain is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this side chain is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this side chain is it's a
+methylene group and what's dangling off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene group and what's dangling off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylene group and what's dangling off
+it but a Benzene ring and I think most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but a Benzene ring and I think most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but a Benzene ring and I think most
+of you remember from probably beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you remember from probably beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you remember from probably beginning
+chemistry that Benzene is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that Benzene is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry that Benzene is something that
+you can't dissolve sugar in or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't dissolve sugar in or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't dissolve sugar in or something
+it's it's an organic solvent it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an organic solvent it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's an organic solvent it will
+only dissolve things that are have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dissolve things that are have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only dissolve things that are have a
+have a very hydrophobic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very hydrophobic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very hydrophobic uh
+character then there are some special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases gine is one because in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases gine is one because in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases gine is one because in this case
+the side chain is simply a hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side chain is simply a hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side chain is simply a hydrogen atom
+and as a consequence of that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a consequence of that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a consequence of that this is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+flexible amino acid so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible amino acid so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible amino acid so if you want to
+build if nature wants to build a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build if nature wants to build a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build if nature wants to build a loop
+into a into a protein it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a protein it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a into a protein it's going to
+undergo a tight turn you often find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a tight turn you often find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo a tight turn you often find
+glycines there because there's not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycines there because there's not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glycines there because there's not a big
+side chain to get in the way if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chain to get in the way if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chain to get in the way if you're
+going to be bending the the chain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bending the the chain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bending the the chain in
+three-dimensional space um another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space um another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space um another one
+is cysteine which looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like Serene over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there but it has a a th group instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it has a a th group instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but it has a a th group instead of
+a hydroxy group and that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydroxy group and that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydroxy group and that's important
+because that allows for the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows for the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that allows for the formation of
+another special type of bond that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another special type of bond that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another special type of bond that if you
+have one chain of protein that has a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one chain of protein that has a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one chain of protein that has a uh
+cysteine on it and another polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine on it and another polypeptide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine on it and another polypeptide
+chain that has a cysteine on it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that has a cysteine on it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain that has a cysteine on it and
+they're close together in space what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close together in space what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close together in space what can
+happen is you can form a calent bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is you can form a calent bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is you can form a calent bond
+between these under oxidative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions this is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this is known as a
+disulfide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disulfide
+bond that's Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valent so those two chains are now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent so those two chains are now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valent so those two chains are now if
+that Bond occurs are now sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond occurs are now sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Bond occurs are now sort of
+semi-permanently locked together they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-permanently locked together they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-permanently locked together they're
+locked together in a very very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked together in a very very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked together in a very very strong
+way so this is a a feature of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this is a a feature of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so this is a a feature of this is
+the only Co intrastrand calent bond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only Co intrastrand calent bond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only Co intrastrand calent bond that
+you characteristically find in proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you characteristically find in proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you characteristically find in proteins
+all the rest of them we're going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of them we're going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest of them we're going to show
+you when they fold up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when they fold up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when they fold up in
+three-dimensional space depend on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space depend on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space depend on other
+kinds of interactions and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interactions and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of interactions and finally
+there's one last case which is Proline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one last case which is Proline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one last case which is Proline
+and this one's a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one's a little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one's a little a little
+different because in the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because in the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because in the amino
+acid the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid the side
+chain bends around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain bends around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain bends around like
+this and joins here so it's actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and joins here so it's actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and joins here so it's actually uh
+forming um a little circle here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming um a little circle here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming um a little circle here between
+the nitrogen the amino group and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen the amino group and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitrogen the amino group and the
+boxal group and the consequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxal group and the consequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxal group and the consequence of this
+is this Bond can't can't rotate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Bond can't can't rotate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this Bond can't can't rotate the the
+bond uh that would normally be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond uh that would normally be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond uh that would normally be able to
+rotate is not able to to do that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate is not able to to do that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate is not able to to do that and so
+this is sort of a a protein you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a a protein you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a a protein you find
+that when there's some of these regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when there's some of these regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when there's some of these regular
+structures I'm going to show you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I'm going to show you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures I'm going to show you in a
+minute like huses and things um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute like huses and things um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute like huses and things um this
+protein won't this amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein won't this amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein won't this amino acid
+particularly won't fit into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly won't fit into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly won't fit into those
+structur so you tend to if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structur so you tend to if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structur so you tend to if you want to
+if nature wants to interrupt a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nature wants to interrupt a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nature wants to interrupt a a
+particular regular structure it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular regular structure it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular regular structure it's coming
+it'll often you'll find a ProLine right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll often you'll find a ProLine right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll often you'll find a ProLine right
+at that particular uh that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that particular uh that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that particular uh that particular
+Point okay so what we've talked about up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so what we've talked about up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point okay so what we've talked about up
+till now is sort of just the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now is sort of just the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till now is sort of just the very very
+basic piece of of uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure it's What's called the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's What's called the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure it's What's called the primary
+structure which is nothing more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence of amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+however here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a piece of uh of um little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of uh of um little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of uh of um little piece of
+protein these this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein these this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein these this is
+polyalanine one thing you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyalanine one thing you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyalanine one thing you can sort of
+see is if I was trying to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if I was trying to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is if I was trying to figure out how
+to fold this up into a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold this up into a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fold this up into a three-dimensional
+confirmation and if let's say this had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation and if let's say this had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation and if let's say this had
+300 amino acids or something there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 amino acids or something there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 amino acids or something there are
+essentially an infinite number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially an infinite number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially an infinite number of of
+confirmations and so one of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations and so one of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmations and so one of the real
+holy Grails still in biology is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy Grails still in biology is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy Grails still in biology is trying
+to understand if you see the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand if you see the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand if you see the linear
+sequence of an amino acid which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of an amino acid which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of an amino acid which we can
+now deduce from the uh excuse me of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now deduce from the uh excuse me of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now deduce from the uh excuse me of a
+protein of amino if you see the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of amino if you see the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of amino if you see the linear
+sequence of amino acids in a protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids in a protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of amino acids in a protein and
+we can deduce those from analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can deduce those from analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can deduce those from analyzing
+genomes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes and so on
+how do we go from a thing that says a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we go from a thing that says a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we go from a thing that says a
+tryptophane ayine a serine a serine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophane ayine a serine a serine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tryptophane ayine a serine a serine a
+thine whatever down the chain defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thine whatever down the chain defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thine whatever down the chain defining
+its three-dimensional structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its three-dimensional structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its three-dimensional structure and
+ultimately its role and you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately its role and you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately its role and you can sort of
+hopefully you can get a sense from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can get a sense from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you can get a sense from this
+of why it's important so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why it's important so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why it's important so there are
+levels this goes the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+level is what's known as secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is what's known as secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level is what's known as secondary
+structure these are regions of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure these are regions of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure these are regions of local
+secondary structure and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure and they're
+determined by hydrogen bonds and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by hydrogen bonds and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by hydrogen bonds and I'll
+show you how these go in just a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how these go in just a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how these go in just a second
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then um can think about proteins in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um can think about proteins in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um can think about proteins in the
+tertiary structure so once we've done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary structure so once we've done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary structure so once we've done is
+sort of taken a chain and then found out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken a chain and then found out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of taken a chain and then found out
+that how a little region U might take up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how a little region U might take up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how a little region U might take up
+a particular for example here's here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular for example here's here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular for example here's here's a
+portion that's in a helix this is fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion that's in a helix this is fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion that's in a helix this is fairly
+fairly rigid right now because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly rigid right now because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly rigid right now because of the
+way it's held together and we'll then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's held together and we'll then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's held together and we'll then
+find maybe another region like a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find maybe another region like a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find maybe another region like a beta
+sheet I'm going to show you in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet I'm going to show you in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet I'm going to show you in a minute
+ultimately we have to figure how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to figure how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately we have to figure how these
+units fold up into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units fold up into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units fold up into a
+three-dimensional uh threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional uh threedimensional
+structure and what we get there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and what we get there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and what we get there is
+called the tertiary structure and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the tertiary structure and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the tertiary structure and this
+has some other forces we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some other forces we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some other forces we're going to
+talk about besides calent bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about besides calent bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about besides calent bonds and
+hydrogen bonds that determine that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then as I've tried to to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as I've tried to to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as I've tried to to tell you
+quaternary uh you can see that proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary uh you can see that proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary uh you can see that proteins
+play a lot of roles in in nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a lot of roles in in nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a lot of roles in in nature and
+they're not all single protein prot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all single protein prot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not all single protein prot
+running around being an enzyme or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around being an enzyme or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running around being an enzyme or
+something like that many of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that many of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that many of them are
+parts of machines so they've made to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of machines so they've made to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of machines so they've made to fit
+together in absolutely beautiful ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in absolutely beautiful ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in absolutely beautiful ways
+some of them have this point 50 hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have this point 50 hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them have this point 50 hundreds
+hundred parts that all go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred parts that all go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred parts that all go together
+fitting shapes and interacting uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting shapes and interacting uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting shapes and interacting uh with
+these shapes on the principles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shapes on the principles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shapes on the principles that
+we've been talk we'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talk we'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talk we'll be talking about
+here the different forces that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the different forces that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the different forces that make
+things happen uh in nature um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen uh in nature um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen uh in nature um and so
+quaternary means the structure when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary means the structure when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quaternary means the structure when
+there's more than one polypeptide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chain so getting a handle on protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so getting a handle on protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain so getting a handle on protein
+structural that was very important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural that was very important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural that was very important uh
+was kind of an intractable problem for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of an intractable problem for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of an intractable problem for a
+long time because just too hard a nut to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because just too hard a nut to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time because just too hard a nut to
+crack but in the 30s 1930s and 1940s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack but in the 30s 1930s and 1940s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crack but in the 30s 1930s and 1940s
+x-ray crystallography started to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray crystallography started to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray crystallography started to come
+into the uh into usage where basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh into usage where basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the uh into usage where basically
+you bounce uh elect um x-ray off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bounce uh elect um x-ray off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bounce uh elect um x-ray off of a
+crystal and then they would defract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and then they would defract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and then they would defract and
+you'd see characteristic Reflections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see characteristic Reflections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see characteristic Reflections and
+you could work backwards to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could work backwards to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could work backwards to figure out
+what the structure of the crystal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure of the crystal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the structure of the crystal was
+this had been applied to minerals and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had been applied to minerals and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this had been applied to minerals and a
+lot of structures but it hadn't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of structures but it hadn't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of structures but it hadn't been
+applied to proteins when people started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to proteins when people started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to proteins when people started
+to look they found there were certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look they found there were certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look they found there were certain
+proteins that gave characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that gave characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that gave characteristic
+Reflections uh keratin for example your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections uh keratin for example your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections uh keratin for example your
+hair gives a characteristic reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair gives a characteristic reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair gives a characteristic reflection
+around uh 5.4 angstroms so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh 5.4 angstroms so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh 5.4 angstroms so that
+suggested that there was a repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that there was a repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that there was a repeating
+units somewhere in Keratin that had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units somewhere in Keratin that had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units somewhere in Keratin that had this
+and again with artificial peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again with artificial peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again with artificial peptides
+sometimes they were able to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they were able to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they were able to see these
+Reflections and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reflections and
+so that was where things stood for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was where things stood for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was where things stood for a
+while and then uh one of these secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then uh one of these secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then uh one of these secondary
+structures a very very important one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a very very important one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures a very very important one
+known as the alpha Helix was deduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the alpha Helix was deduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the alpha Helix was deduced by
+lonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lonus
+Pauling some of you have heard of him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling some of you have heard of him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pauling some of you have heard of him he
+was a famous chemist at Caltech got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a famous chemist at Caltech got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a famous chemist at Caltech got the
+Nobel Prize he also that famous later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize he also that famous later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize he also that famous later in
+his career because he championed the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career because he championed the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his career because he championed the use
+of vitamin C to cure every ill known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vitamin C to cure every ill known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vitamin C to cure every ill known to
+mankind including the common cold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind including the common cold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mankind including the common cold and
+know there's some Merit to what uh lus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some Merit to what uh lus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's some Merit to what uh lus
+said he probably overstated some of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he probably overstated some of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he probably overstated some of his
+uh some of those later um findings but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of those later um findings but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of those later um findings but
+his contributions the chemistry of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his contributions the chemistry of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his contributions the chemistry of uh
+underlying chemistry and biochemistry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying chemistry and biochemistry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying chemistry and biochemistry of
+proteins was amazing and he was the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins was amazing and he was the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins was amazing and he was the one
+that figured out this structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that figured out this structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that figured out this structure that
+explained the 5.4 angstrom repeat and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained the 5.4 angstrom repeat and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained the 5.4 angstrom repeat and it
+was kind of an interesting story he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of an interesting story he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of an interesting story he was
+in Oxford England and he got sick I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Oxford England and he got sick I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Oxford England and he got sick I
+think it was sometime in the winter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was sometime in the winter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was sometime in the winter and
+he got bored reading detective uh books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got bored reading detective uh books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got bored reading detective uh books
+after a while so he thought he'd try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while so he thought he'd try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while so he thought he'd try and
+figure out the structure of of uh of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the structure of of uh of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the structure of of uh of um
+of proteins that gave rise to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins that gave rise to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins that gave rise to this
+characteristic repeat so he made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic repeat so he made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic repeat so he made a
+simplifying assumption he decided he'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption he decided he'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying assumption he decided he'd
+forget all the side chains he' just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget all the side chains he' just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget all the side chains he' just
+focus on this um uh peptide backbone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this um uh peptide backbone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this um uh peptide backbone
+just with the peptide bond and he was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with the peptide bond and he was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with the peptide bond and he was a
+chemist and he knew what I just told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist and he knew what I just told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist and he knew what I just told you
+that this had a partial double bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this had a partial double bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this had a partial double bond
+character so it couldn't rotate and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so it couldn't rotate and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character so it couldn't rotate and he
+reasoned that this was held together by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned that this was held together by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned that this was held together by
+since these things could form hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these things could form hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since these things could form hydrogen
+bonds that this was probably forming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that this was probably forming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that this was probably forming a
+hydrogen bond with a carboxy group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond with a carboxy group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond with a carboxy group of
+some other amino acid and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other amino acid and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other amino acid and this was
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+forming a hydrogen bond with an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a hydrogen bond with an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a hydrogen bond with an amino
+group of a different uh of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of a different uh of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of a different uh of a different
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um amino acid and so what he did was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um amino acid and so what he did was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um amino acid and so what he did was he
+made a sort of chain like this and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a sort of chain like this and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a sort of chain like this and he
+started to to plead it at the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to plead it at the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to to plead it at the alpha
+carbon which is the one that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon which is the one that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon which is the one that has the
+side chain on it was trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chain on it was trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chain on it was trying to figure
+out a structure that would let him do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a structure that would let him do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a structure that would let him do
+this and basically what he found was if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and basically what he found was if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and basically what he found was if
+he made a helix that looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made a helix that looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made a helix that looks something
+like this right-handed Helix and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right-handed Helix and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right-handed Helix and he
+could get a repeat structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a repeat structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get a repeat structure that
+allowed him to form a hydrogen bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed him to form a hydrogen bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed him to form a hydrogen bond and
+the the repeating unit was 5.4 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the repeating unit was 5.4 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the repeating unit was 5.4 angstroms
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+3.7 um excuse me amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acids per turn and it's a right-handed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids per turn and it's a right-handed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids per turn and it's a right-handed
+Helix it's the same sort of thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix it's the same sort of thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix it's the same sort of thing if
+you're trying to turn in a screw it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to turn in a screw it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to turn in a screw it's
+got that kind of structure and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that kind of structure and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that kind of structure and this
+shows you a little movie of a of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you a little movie of a of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you a little movie of a of an
+alpha Helix you can see this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Helix you can see this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha Helix you can see this is just
+showing the backbone so this is the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the backbone so this is the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the backbone so this is the part
+you can look right down the end of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look right down the end of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look right down the end of it
+see how you can look right through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can look right through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can look right through and
+you can see how how the hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how how the hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how how the hydrogen bonds
+are formed by turning this thing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed by turning this thing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are formed by turning this thing into
+this regular structure and the ne the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular structure and the ne the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regular structure and the ne the
+neat thing about this then is if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing about this then is if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat thing about this then is if you put
+on the side chains and you can put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side chains and you can put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side chains and you can put them
+on in uh in any order you can build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in uh in any order you can build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in uh in any order you can build an
+tremendous amount of diversity even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of diversity even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of diversity even
+within that helical structure I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that helical structure I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that helical structure I think I
+can stop this let me just want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop this let me just want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stop this let me just want to show
+you one thing if I can manage to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one thing if I can manage to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one thing if I can manage to uh to
+do this when it comes around again stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this when it comes around again stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this when it comes around again stop
+it there so one of the things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so one of the things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there so one of the things you can
+see now we're looking down the Helix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now we're looking down the Helix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see now we're looking down the Helix and
+although you won't recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you won't recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you won't recognize the
+structures of uh all the amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of uh all the amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of uh all the amino acids
+right away you may be able to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you may be able to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away you may be able to see in
+this particular one here's uh here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular one here's uh here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular one here's uh here are a
+couple of aromatic rings off in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of aromatic rings off in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of aromatic rings off in this
+side so this side of the Helix wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this side of the Helix wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this side of the Helix wouldn't
+like to see water and over here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see water and over here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to see water and over here are a
+bunch of charged and polar amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of charged and polar amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of charged and polar amino acids
+so you could see how you could build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could see how you could build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could see how you could build
+into a helix like that a surface that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a helix like that a surface that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a helix like that a surface that
+wouldn't one one part that wouldn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't one one part that wouldn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't one one part that wouldn't like
+to interact with water and another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interact with water and another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interact with water and another part
+that would so that's uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would so that's uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would so that's uh that was
+extremely important contribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important contribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important contribution and
+their alah helices in almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their alah helices in almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their alah helices in almost all
+proteins they'll be in little chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins they'll be in little chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins they'll be in little chunks
+coming down an amino acid chain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down an amino acid chain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down an amino acid chain but
+they'll take up that structure and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take up that structure and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll take up that structure and as
+you can see it's driven by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's driven by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it's driven by these
+hydrogen bonds that we've been that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds that we've been that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds that we've been that
+we've been talking about there turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about there turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking about there turns out
+then to be a second type of secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to be a second type of secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to be a second type of secondary
+structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's
+important it's called a beta sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in this case you can either line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you can either line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case you can either line up
+two polypeptide chains running in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two polypeptide chains running in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two polypeptide chains running in the
+same orientation Amino to carboxy Amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same orientation Amino to carboxy Amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same orientation Amino to carboxy Amino
+to carboxy or you can run them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carboxy or you can run them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carboxy or you can run them in
+opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite
+orientations uh Amino to carboxy Amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations uh Amino to carboxy Amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientations uh Amino to carboxy Amino
+to carboxy in the other way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carboxy in the other way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carboxy in the other way that the
+latter one is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anti-parallel beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel beta
+sheet and if you line things up this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and if you line things up this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and if you line things up this way
+you'll see you can form hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you can form hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see you can form hydrogen
+bonds between the chains like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds between the chains like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds between the chains like that so
+this uh allows two things to form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh allows two things to form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh allows two things to form in
+this way and gives a sort of sheetlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and gives a sort of sheetlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and gives a sort of sheetlike
+structure where where's whereas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where where's whereas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure where where's whereas that
+Alpha Helix has this tight uh tight coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Helix has this tight uh tight coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Helix has this tight uh tight coil
+like this so over here I think we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so over here I think we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so over here I think we have a
+movie of a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of a beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of a beta
+sheet and see again you can build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and see again you can build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and see again you can build up
+more than one because if you look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one because if you look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one because if you look up
+here you can see how you all set up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see how you all set up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see how you all set up to
+form more hydrogen bonds out in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form more hydrogen bonds out in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form more hydrogen bonds out in that
+kind of uh in that kind of way and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh in that kind of way and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh in that kind of way and as I
+said you can do this same trick putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can do this same trick putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you can do this same trick putting
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um uh the side the polypeptide chains so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the side the polypeptide chains so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the side the polypeptide chains so
+they have the same uh polarity and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same uh polarity and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same uh polarity and so
+you can approximate uh look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approximate uh look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approximate uh look at the
+structure of most proteins then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of most proteins then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of most proteins then by
+depicting them either as Alpha FES which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicting them either as Alpha FES which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicting them either as Alpha FES which
+you'll see in these diagrams you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in these diagrams you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see in these diagrams you've
+already seen a few in the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen a few in the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen a few in the examples that
+give them they'll look like this or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them they'll look like this or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them they'll look like this or a
+beta sheet which is are indicated is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta sheet which is are indicated is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta sheet which is are indicated is
+these flat arrows so here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flat arrows so here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these flat arrows so here's a little
+piece of a protein made up of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a protein made up of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of a protein made up of alpha
+Helix these beta sheets this what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix these beta sheets this what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Helix these beta sheets this what this
+is actually is a piece of the the braa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is a piece of the the braa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually is a piece of the the braa
+one gene that's the the familial Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gene that's the the familial Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gene that's the the familial Su
+susceptibility to breast cancer the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility to breast cancer the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility to breast cancer the gene
+that causes that is is called braa one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes that is is called braa one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes that is is called braa one
+and it has a special interaction domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a special interaction domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a special interaction domain
+uh that called The brct Domain this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that called The brct Domain this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that called The brct Domain this is
+the structure and the only point I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and the only point I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure and the only point I'm
+trying to make it's of a of a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it's of a of a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it's of a of a um a
+protein that's involved in preventing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's involved in preventing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's involved in preventing uh
+you from getting breast cancer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from getting breast cancer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you from getting breast cancer if you
+get a mutation in it or in particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a mutation in it or in particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a mutation in it or in particularly
+in this region for example you can end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region for example you can end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region for example you can end
+up with a increased susceptibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a increased susceptibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a increased susceptibility to
+breast cancer but what is it it's Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer but what is it it's Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer but what is it it's Alpha
+helices Beta sheet there's green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helices Beta sheet there's green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helices Beta sheet there's green
+fluorescent protein you've seen that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein you've seen that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent protein you've seen that a
+few times maybe now you'll recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times maybe now you'll recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few times maybe now you'll recognize
+it's mostly made of beta sheets there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly made of beta sheets there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's mostly made of beta sheets there's
+a littleit of alpha hel Helix down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a littleit of alpha hel Helix down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a littleit of alpha hel Helix down there
+a little bit right there and that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit right there and that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit right there and that has
+the property that we've talked about of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that we've talked about of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that we've talked about of
+fluorescing this is a protein I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing this is a protein I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescing this is a protein I'll tell
+you later on that recognizes mismatches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you later on that recognizes mismatches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you later on that recognizes mismatches
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+DNA uh and you get a susceptibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh and you get a susceptibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA uh and you get a susceptibility to
+cancer if it breaks the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer if it breaks the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer if it breaks the only thing you
+notice here a lot of alpha helices in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here a lot of alpha helices in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here a lot of alpha helices in it
+you can hopefully already your eye can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hopefully already your eye can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hopefully already your eye can
+begin to pick these out this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to pick these out this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to pick these out this is an
+enzyme what it does is it's a it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme what it does is it's a it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme what it does is it's a it's got a
+catalytic ability to cleave other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic ability to cleave other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalytic ability to cleave other
+polypeptide chains the function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chains the function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide chains the function of these
+don't matter but but you can see once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter but but you can see once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter but but you can see once
+again Alpha Heil ises beta sheets here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Alpha Heil ises beta sheets here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again Alpha Heil ises beta sheets here's
+another one looks just about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one looks just about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one looks just about the same
+Alpha hel ises beta sheets except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha hel ises beta sheets except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha hel ises beta sheets except in
+this case this is the gene human gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is the gene human gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this is the gene human gene
+known as or the protein encoded uh by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as or the protein encoded uh by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as or the protein encoded uh by a
+human gene is called Ras that's an the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human gene is called Ras that's an the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human gene is called Ras that's an the
+an enco Gene that's a gene that if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enco Gene that's a gene that if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enco Gene that's a gene that if it
+mutates in a particular way will cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates in a particular way will cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutates in a particular way will cause
+you the cell that has that to move a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the cell that has that to move a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the cell that has that to move a
+step down the the uh the pathway to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step down the the uh the pathway to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step down the the uh the pathway to
+cancer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer so
+what I've done is put up a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is put up a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is put up a whole lot of
+structures that have some Alpha hoses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that have some Alpha hoses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures that have some Alpha hoses
+some beta sheets but you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beta sheets but you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some beta sheets but you can get the
+idea that you can get very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can get very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you can get very very
+different biological activities from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biological activities from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different biological activities from
+just uh depending on on uh how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh depending on on uh how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh depending on on uh how you
+arrange those okay so um there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange those okay so um there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange those okay so um there are a
+couple of other then forces that I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other then forces that I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other then forces that I need
+to tell you about if we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about if we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you about if we're going to go
+all the way to understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to understanding the
+three-dimensional structure of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional structure of proteins
+what we can get to from the from that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can get to from the from that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can get to from the from that is
+uh Alpha hel ises beta sheets but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha hel ises beta sheets but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha hel ises beta sheets but when
+you saw there were Loops there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw there were Loops there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw there were Loops there were
+other interactions that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interactions that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interactions that I haven't
+accounted for in in showing you those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in in showing you those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounted for in in showing you those
+three dimensional structures so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional structures so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional structures so one of
+them uh are ionic bonds this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh are ionic bonds this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh are ionic bonds this is the
+third class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third class of
+force this is an extreme case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this is an extreme case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force this is an extreme case of
+electron sharing where one one atom gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron sharing where one one atom gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron sharing where one one atom gets
+all of the electrons so a sparate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the electrons so a sparate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the electrons so a sparate which
+I had up on the board spartic acid looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had up on the board spartic acid looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had up on the board spartic acid looks
+like that but under phys ological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions the oxygen will get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the oxygen will get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions the oxygen will get all the
+electrons and you'll have a hydrogen ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you'll have a hydrogen ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and you'll have a hydrogen ion
+and a consequence of of that then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a consequence of of that then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a consequence of of that then is
+that if you have a a polypeptide chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a a polypeptide chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a a polypeptide chain
+that over here has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aspartate and over here has a lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and over here has a lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate and over here has a lysine
+which is the four methylene groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the four methylene groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the four methylene groups and
+the positively charged thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+get an ionic bond between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an ionic bond between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an ionic bond between those two
+amino acids that can be very far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids that can be very far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids that can be very far apart
+on the polypeptide chain there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the polypeptide chain there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the polypeptide chain there may be a
+lot of amino acids in between but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of amino acids in between but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of amino acids in between but what
+they then do is bring the two these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then do is bring the two these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they then do is bring the two these two
+points together and hold them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points together and hold them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points together and hold them like
+that and next class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and next class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and next class of
+force is this is kind of tricky you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is this is kind of tricky you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force is this is kind of tricky you may
+have heard of it in chemistry uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of it in chemistry uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of it in chemistry uh it's
+called referred to as a vendor vander's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called referred to as a vendor vander's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called referred to as a vendor vander's
+interaction and the basis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the basis of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and the basis of this
+without going into it too much is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into it too much is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without going into it too much is an
+even a non-polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bond can have a transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarity and this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a Transit polarity in a nearby Bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Transit polarity in a nearby Bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Transit polarity in a nearby Bond and
+it has to be a really nearby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bond so about 0.2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.4 nanometers remember Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 nanometers remember Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4 nanometers remember Cove valent
+bonds are roughly half that distance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are roughly half that distance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are roughly half that distance or
+something so it's got to be a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it's got to be a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so it's got to be a very very
+close interaction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close interaction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close interaction it's
+weak it's only 1/3 to one4 of a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak it's only 1/3 to one4 of a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak it's only 1/3 to one4 of a hydrogen
+bond which you may recall is about 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond which you may recall is about 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond which you may recall is about 12th
+of a of a u calent Bond but there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a u calent Bond but there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a of a u calent Bond but there can be
+many many of them if the surfaces fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many of them if the surfaces fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many of them if the surfaces fit
+together really really tightly so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together really really tightly so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together really really tightly so if you
+have a protein fold so there's a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a protein fold so there's a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a protein fold so there's a surface
+here and then it folds up in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it folds up in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then it folds up in such a way
+that there's this a surface here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this a surface here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's this a surface here then
+you can get a lot of vender Vols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of vender Vols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a lot of vender Vols
+interactions down here now I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions down here now I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions down here now I've never
+had a really good way of explaining this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really good way of explaining this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really good way of explaining this
+but today I'm part of these activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I'm part of these activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but today I'm part of these activities
+of this Hugh professorship I'm I've set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Hugh professorship I'm I've set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this Hugh professorship I'm I've set
+up some seminars on teaching and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some seminars on teaching and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some seminars on teaching and I've
+invited a guy from from Berkeley named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited a guy from from Berkeley named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited a guy from from Berkeley named
+Robert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+full who's talking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full who's talking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full who's talking in
+68 180 at 4 P.M and I borrowed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 180 at 4 P.M and I borrowed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68 180 at 4 P.M and I borrowed some
+things from him this morning and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from him this morning and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from him this morning and I'm
+just going to we're just going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to we're just going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to we're just going to take a
+quick tour because I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tour because I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tour because I want to show you
+this uh he works on uh on well he does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh he works on uh on well he does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh he works on uh on well he does a
+lot of things he works on biomotion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things he works on biomotion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things he works on biomotion and
+how things um animals work but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things um animals work but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things um animals work but one of
+the things he works on let's see if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things he works on let's see if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things he works on let's see if we
+can get this guy to uh to go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this guy to uh to go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get this guy to uh to go here
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+uh how do I figure out how to get it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do I figure out how to get it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how do I figure out how to get it to
+play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here urge hang on a sec trying to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here urge hang on a sec trying to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here urge hang on a sec trying to do the
+I just discovered that the PowerPoint is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just discovered that the PowerPoint is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just discovered that the PowerPoint is
+not really uh terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really uh terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really uh terribly
+uh effective so this isn't working as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effective so this isn't working as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh effective so this isn't working as as
+nicely as I would like okay let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just a minute where are we we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just a minute where are we we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just a minute where are we we go
+okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's
+see get this to go so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see get this to go so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see get this to go so he
+studies a bunch of things but he did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies a bunch of things but he did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies a bunch of things but he did an
+undergrad project lab where he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad project lab where he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrad project lab where he was
+studying geckos and here this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying geckos and here this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying geckos and here this is a a
+transparent surface and he's studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent surface and he's studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent surface and he's studying
+how the the geckos climb up and down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the geckos climb up and down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the geckos climb up and down on
+the thing and they were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing and they were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing and they were making
+measurements and they found they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and they found they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and they found they
+couldn't account for why this was such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't account for why this was such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't account for why this was such
+an efficient uh organism used much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient uh organism used much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient uh organism used much less
+energy than most things so they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than most things so they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy than most things so they started
+looking into how it adhered to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into how it adhered to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking into how it adhered to the
+surface it can go up a vertical wall as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it can go up a vertical wall as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface it can go up a vertical wall as
+you can see here and so they were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here and so they were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here and so they were able
+to look underneath and they could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look underneath and they could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look underneath and they could see
+see how it sort of peels off the off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it sort of peels off the off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it sort of peels off the off the
+surface and this was a robot they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and this was a robot they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and this was a robot they
+eventually built that's not using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually built that's not using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually built that's not using the
+same molecular bases but uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same molecular bases but uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same molecular bases but uses this
+peeling thing and they can get a a robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeling thing and they can get a a robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeling thing and they can get a a robot
+that climbs up a wall but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that climbs up a wall but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that climbs up a wall but that's not
+what we're going to uh talk about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to uh talk about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to uh talk about here
+we're going to instead I hope go to back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to instead I hope go to back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to instead I hope go to back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and you can see that the all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can see that the all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can see that the all of the
+geckos have these uh sort of bizarre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geckos have these uh sort of bizarre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geckos have these uh sort of bizarre
+toes and so they started looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes and so they started looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes and so they started looking to
+under see what the underlying principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under see what the underlying principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under see what the underlying principle
+of this was and they saw it had these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was and they saw it had these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this was and they saw it had these
+Lami and they got looking in Greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lami and they got looking in Greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lami and they got looking in Greater
+detail and blew it up and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and blew it up and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail and blew it up and then they
+found that there were if they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that there were if they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that there were if they started
+looking there were these little hairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking there were these little hairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking there were these little hairs
+and that's a 900 fold magnification and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a 900 fold magnification and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a 900 fold magnification and
+once they uh got looking in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they uh got looking in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they uh got looking in more detail
+they found the ends were uh split so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the ends were uh split so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found the ends were uh split so
+that they were the very ends are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were the very ends are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were the very ends are about
+200 nanometers roughly at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 nanometers roughly at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 nanometers roughly at the end of
+this and so there gecko has about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so there gecko has about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so there gecko has about a
+billion of these on its feet and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of these on its feet and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of these on its feet and what it
+turns out it does and just to see here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it does and just to see here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it does and just to see here's
+a human hair you see how it splits down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human hair you see how it splits down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a human hair you see how it splits down
+now this is made of keratin the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is made of keratin the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is made of keratin the molecule
+I just mentioned that has was used Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just mentioned that has was used Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just mentioned that has was used Alpha
+Hiles but it's very very fine and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiles but it's very very fine and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hiles but it's very very fine and what
+it can do it can make Vander vs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do it can make Vander vs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can do it can make Vander vs
+interactions this is uh an animal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this is uh an animal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this is uh an animal that
+sticks to the wall by Vander valves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the wall by Vander valves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks to the wall by Vander valves
+interactions and the peeling away allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and the peeling away allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and the peeling away allows
+it to break those bonds but as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to break those bonds but as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to break those bonds but as you can
+see they're enormously uh um important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're enormously uh um important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're enormously uh um important
+he's got here a micrograph they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got here a micrograph they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got here a micrograph they're
+measuring the force and the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the force and the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the force and the force is
+just huge this is this is the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just huge this is this is the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just huge this is this is the end of the
+the thing the freight ends sticking to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the freight ends sticking to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing the freight ends sticking to a
+surface and for those of you who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and for those of you who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and for those of you who didn't
+think biology any re relevance to you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think biology any re relevance to you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think biology any re relevance to you um
+Bob was telling me about this they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob was telling me about this they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob was telling me about this they
+followed up this he's an engineer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed up this he's an engineer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed up this he's an engineer as
+well who builds interdisciplinary teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who builds interdisciplinary teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who builds interdisciplinary teams
+and they've measured this stuff but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've measured this stuff but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've measured this stuff but this
+is turning into what appears to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turning into what appears to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turning into what appears to look
+like it's going to be a 30 to 50 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to be a 30 to 50 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to be a 30 to 50 billion
+industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry
+as all sorts of things are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all sorts of things are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as all sorts of things are they're
+beginning to realize uh it can hold car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to realize uh it can hold car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to realize uh it can hold car
+parts together it can go in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts together it can go in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts together it can go in space
+shuttles Post-it notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttles Post-it notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuttles Post-it notes
+uh and here's here's a a little Band-Aid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here's here's a a little Band-Aid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and here's here's a a little Band-Aid
+they made they they own a patent on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made they they own a patent on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made they they own a patent on this
+this self-cleaning dry adhesive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this self-cleaning dry adhesive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this self-cleaning dry adhesive it
+doesn't have to be made out of gecko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be made out of gecko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be made out of gecko
+stuff it could be made out of all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it could be made out of all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it could be made out of all sorts
+of things but anyway here's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things but anyway here's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things but anyway here's an example
+of where not only are vander's uh forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where not only are vander's uh forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where not only are vander's uh forces
+very important but where somebody who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important but where somebody who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important but where somebody who
+started out a very simple aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out a very simple aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out a very simple aspect of
+biology worrying about the efficiency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology worrying about the efficiency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology worrying about the efficiency of
+how geckos ran pushed it all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how geckos ran pushed it all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how geckos ran pushed it all the way
+down to the molecular level understood a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the molecular level understood a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the molecular level understood a
+principle that's going to make somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that's going to make somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that's going to make somebody
+a a very large amount of uh very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very large amount of uh very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a very large amount of uh very large
+amount of money okay the last and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money okay the last and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money okay the last and if
+anybody wants to come he's an amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to come he's an amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to come he's an amazing
+speaker perhaps the most exciting one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker perhaps the most exciting one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker perhaps the most exciting one of
+the most exciting speakers I've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most exciting speakers I've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most exciting speakers I've ever
+heard 68184 o00 if you want to go he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard 68184 o00 if you want to go he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard 68184 o00 if you want to go he
+he'll have more of that sort of stuff to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have more of that sort of stuff to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll have more of that sort of stuff to
+show you then okay so um the last Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you then okay so um the last Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you then okay so um the last Force
+here it's not really a force but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not really a force but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's not really a force but what
+we'll call hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects and what I mean by this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and what I mean by this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and what I mean by this is this
+is the principle of this is that amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the principle of this is that amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the principle of this is that amino
+acids that don't like to interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that don't like to interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids that don't like to interact with
+water uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so hydrophobic amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acids these are ones like Lucine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids these are ones like Lucine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids these are ones like Lucine and
+phen alanine well I showed you the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phen alanine well I showed you the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phen alanine well I showed you the water
+the other day and how it was forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day and how it was forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day and how it was forming
+hydrogen bonds between the the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds between the the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds between the the molecules
+so if you're going to stick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to stick another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're going to stick another
+molecule in there you're going to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in there you're going to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule in there you're going to break
+a bunch of bonds and if you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of bonds and if you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of bonds and if you're not
+charged or polar you can't make new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged or polar you can't make new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged or polar you can't make new
+bonds with the water and so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with the water and so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds with the water and so what happens
+if you put these together just like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put these together just like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put these together just like if
+you put oil together it'll all bundle up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put oil together it'll all bundle up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put oil together it'll all bundle up
+and it'll minimize its interactions with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll minimize its interactions with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll minimize its interactions with
+water and that's what proteins do here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that's what proteins do here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and that's what proteins do here's
+the structure of a protein all folded up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of a protein all folded up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of a protein all folded up
+in three-dimensional space you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three-dimensional space you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in three-dimensional space you can see
+at the core of the protein how there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the core of the protein how there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the core of the protein how there are
+these many um hydrophobic amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many um hydrophobic amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many um hydrophobic amino acids
+that are interacting now let me just I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interacting now let me just I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are interacting now let me just I'm
+going to close by showing you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close by showing you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to close by showing you one more
+little movie and power the new version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movie and power the new version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little movie and power the new version
+of PowerPoint doesn't do this well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PowerPoint doesn't do this well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of PowerPoint doesn't do this well so
+I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going
+to to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to um
+get out of this for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this is a really cool movie I saw I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a really cool movie I saw I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is a really cool movie I saw I
+want to show you a DNA repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protein sticking to a piece of Helix can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sticking to a piece of Helix can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein sticking to a piece of Helix can
+you hit the lights somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the lights somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit the lights somebody
+there so this is this is a lesion on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is this is a lesion on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so this is this is a lesion on a
+piece of double see the double helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of double see the double helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of double see the double helix
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I especially like about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I especially like about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I especially like about this
+this is sort of a Star Wars movie you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a Star Wars movie you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of a Star Wars movie you're
+going to fly down the major groove of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly down the major groove of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fly down the major groove of a
+of a double helix and you can see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a double helix and you can see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a double helix and you can see where
+this particular protein folded up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular protein folded up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular protein folded up in
+three-dimensional space is reaching down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is reaching down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is reaching down
+into that down into that Helix so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that down into that Helix so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that down into that Helix so this
+is sort of putting together the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of putting together the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of putting together the two
+things that I've been telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I've been telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I've been telling you about
+this blue is is a a DNA repair protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue is is a a DNA repair protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blue is is a a DNA repair protein
+oops it Daisy DNA repair Protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops it Daisy DNA repair Protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops it Daisy DNA repair Protein
+that's that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's uh
+seeing able to find Aion in the DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing able to find Aion in the DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing able to find Aion in the DNA and
+here's the double helix that's the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the double helix that's the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the double helix that's the two
+chains held together by hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains held together by hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains held together by hydrogen bonds
+and then as you can see there's a groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you can see there's a groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you can see there's a groove
+on each side and the protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side and the protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each side and the protein is
+searching down in that Groove look
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/47W1ApSRUqs.txt b/47W1ApSRUqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9a242510ffcf7605a2da4020ac4b01189e95154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/47W1ApSRUqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we will talk about sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will talk about sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will talk about sets
+I am pretty sure that most of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am pretty sure that most of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am pretty sure that most of what we
+are you will say is material that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you will say is material that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you will say is material that you
+have seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen before
+nevertheless it is useful to do a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it is useful to do a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless it is useful to do a review
+of some of the concepts the definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the concepts the definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of the concepts the definitions
+and also of the notation that we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of the notation that we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also of the notation that we will be
+using so what is a set a set is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so what is a set a set is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so what is a set a set is just a
+collection of distinct elements so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of distinct elements so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of distinct elements so we
+have some elements and we put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some elements and we put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some elements and we put them
+together and this collection we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this collection we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and this collection we call it
+the set s more formally how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set s more formally how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set s more formally how do we
+specify a set we could specify it set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a set we could specify it set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify a set we could specify it set by
+listing its elements and putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing its elements and putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing its elements and putting them
+inside braces so this is a set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside braces so this is a set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside braces so this is a set that
+consists of our elements the letters a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of our elements the letters a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of our elements the letters a b
+c d another set could be the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d another set could be the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c d another set could be the set of all
+real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers
+notice a distinction here the first set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a distinction here the first set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a distinction here the first set
+is a finite set it has a finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite set it has a finite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a finite set it has a finite number
+of elements whereas the second set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements whereas the second set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements whereas the second set is
+infinite and in general sets are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and in general sets are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and in general sets are of
+these two kinds either their finite or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two kinds either their finite or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two kinds either their finite or
+their infinite a piece of notation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their infinite a piece of notation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their infinite a piece of notation now
+we use this notation to indicate that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this notation to indicate that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this notation to indicate that a
+certain object X is an element of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain object X is an element of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain object X is an element of a set
+s we read that as X belongs to s if X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we read that as X belongs to s if X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we read that as X belongs to s if X is
+not an element of s then we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element of s then we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an element of s then we use this
+notation to indicate it and we read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to indicate it and we read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation to indicate it and we read it
+as X does not belong to s now one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X does not belong to s now one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as X does not belong to s now one way of
+specifying sets is as follows we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying sets is as follows we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying sets is as follows we start
+with a bigger set for example the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bigger set for example the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bigger set for example the set of
+real numbers and we consider all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and we consider all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers and we consider all those
+X's that belong to that big set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's that belong to that big set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X's that belong to that big set that
+have a certain property for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain property for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain property for example that
+the cosine of this number is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of this number is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine of this number is let's say
+bigger than 1/2 this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1/2 this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than 1/2 this is a way of
+specifying a set we start with a big set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a set we start with a big set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifying a set we start with a big set
+but we then restrict to those elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we then restrict to those elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we then restrict to those elements
+of that set that satisfy a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set that satisfy a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set that satisfy a particular
+property one set of particular interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one set of particular interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property one set of particular interest
+is the following sometimes in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following sometimes in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following sometimes in some
+context we want to fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we want to fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we want to fix
+a collection of all possible objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of all possible objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of all possible objects
+that we might ever want to consider and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might ever want to consider and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we might ever want to consider and
+that collection will be a set we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collection will be a set we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that collection will be a set we denote
+it usually by Omega and we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually by Omega and we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually by Omega and we call it the
+universal set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal set
+so having fixed a universal set we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having fixed a universal set we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so having fixed a universal set we will
+only consider smaller sets that lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only consider smaller sets that lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only consider smaller sets that lie
+inside that big Universal set and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that big Universal set and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that big Universal set and once
+we have a universal set we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a universal set we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a universal set we can talk
+about the collection of all objects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the collection of all objects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the collection of all objects or
+elements that belong to our Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that belong to our Universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that belong to our Universal
+set but do not belong to the set s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but do not belong to the set s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but do not belong to the set s so
+that would be everything outside the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be everything outside the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be everything outside the set
+s everything outside the set s we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s everything outside the set s we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s everything outside the set s we denote
+it this way and we call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and we call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this way and we call it the
+complement of the set s and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the set s and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the set s and it is
+defined formally as follows an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined formally as follows an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined formally as follows an element
+belongs to the complement of s if X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the complement of s if X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the complement of s if X is
+an element of our universal set and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of our universal set and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of our universal set and also
+X does not belong to s notice that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X does not belong to s notice that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X does not belong to s notice that if we
+take the complement of the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the complement of the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the complement of the complement
+that is anything that does not belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is anything that does not belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is anything that does not belong to
+the green set we get back the red set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green set we get back the red set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the green set we get back the red set so
+what this is saying is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is saying is that the
+complement of the complement of a set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the complement of a set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the complement of a set is
+the set itself another set of particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set itself another set of particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set itself another set of particular
+interest is the so-called empty set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is the so-called empty set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is the so-called empty set the
+empty set is a set that contains no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set is a set that contains no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set is a set that contains no
+elements in particular if we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in particular if we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in particular if we take the
+complement of the universal set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the universal set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the universal set
+well since the universal set contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since the universal set contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well since the universal set contains
+everything there is nothing in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there is nothing in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything there is nothing in its
+complement so its complement is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so its complement is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement so its complement is going to
+be the empty set finally one more piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the empty set finally one more piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the empty set finally one more piece
+of notation suppose that we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation suppose that we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of notation suppose that we have two
+sets and one set is bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and one set is bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and one set is bigger than the
+other so s is the small set here and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so s is the small set here and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so s is the small set here and T
+is the bigger set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bigger set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bigger set
+we denote this relation by writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote this relation by writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we denote this relation by writing this
+expression which we read as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which we read as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which we read as follows
+s is a subset of the set T and what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is a subset of the set T and what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is a subset of the set T and what that
+means is that if X is an element of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if X is an element of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that if X is an element of s
+then such an X must be also an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then such an X must be also an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then such an X must be also an element
+of T note that when s is a subset of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T note that when s is a subset of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T note that when s is a subset of T
+there is also the possibility that s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also the possibility that s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is also the possibility that s is
+equal to T one word of caution here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T one word of caution here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to T one word of caution here the
+notation that we are using here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we are using here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we are using here is the
+same as what in some textbooks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as what in some textbooks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as what in some textbooks is
+written this way that is s is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way that is s is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written this way that is s is a subset
+of T but can also be equal to T we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T but can also be equal to T we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T but can also be equal to T we do
+not use this notation but that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use this notation but that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not use this notation but that's how we
+understand it that is we allow for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that is we allow for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it that is we allow for the
+possibility that the subset is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the subset is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that the subset is equal to
+the larger set now when we have two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger set now when we have two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the larger set now when we have two sets
+we can talk about their Union and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about their Union and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about their Union and their
+intersection let's say that this is set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection let's say that this is set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection let's say that this is set
+s and this is set T the union of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is set T the union of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and this is set T the union of the two
+sets consists of all elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets consists of all elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets consists of all elements that
+belong to one set or the other or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to one set or the other or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to one set or the other or in
+both the union is denoted this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the union is denoted this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the union is denoted this way and
+the formal definition is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal definition is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formal definition is that some
+element belongs to the Union if and only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element belongs to the Union if and only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element belongs to the Union if and only
+if this element belongs to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this element belongs to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this element belongs to one of the
+sets or it belongs to the other one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or it belongs to the other one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets or it belongs to the other one of
+the sets we can also form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets we can also form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets we can also form the
+intersection of two sets which we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two sets which we denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two sets which we denote
+this way and which stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and which stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and which stands for the
+collection of elements that belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of elements that belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of elements that belong to
+both of the sets so formally an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the sets so formally an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the sets so formally an element
+belongs to the intersection of two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the intersection of two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the intersection of two sets
+if and only if that element belongs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if that element belongs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if and only if that element belongs to
+both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them
+so X must be an element of s and it must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X must be an element of s and it must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X must be an element of s and it must
+also be an element of T by the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be an element of T by the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be an element of T by the way we
+can also define unions and intersections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also define unions and intersections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also define unions and intersections
+of more than two sets even of infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than two sets even of infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more than two sets even of infinitely
+many sets so suppose that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sets so suppose that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sets so suppose that we have an
+infinite collection of sets let's denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite collection of sets let's denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite collection of sets let's denote
+them by SN so n ranges over let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by SN so n ranges over let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by SN so n ranges over let's say
+all the positive integers so pictorially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positive integers so pictorially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positive integers so pictorially
+you might think of having one set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of having one set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of having one set
+another set third set the fourth set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set third set the fourth set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set third set the fourth set and
+so on and we have an infinite collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and we have an infinite collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and we have an infinite collection
+of such sets given this infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such sets given this infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such sets given this infinite
+collection we can still define their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection we can still define their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection we can still define their
+Union to be the set of all elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union to be the set of all elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union to be the set of all elements that
+belong to one of those sets s and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to one of those sets s and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to one of those sets s and that
+we started with that is an element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with that is an element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with that is an element is
+going to belong to that Union if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to belong to that Union if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to belong to that Union if and
+only if this element belongs to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this element belongs to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if this element belongs to some of
+the sets that we started with we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets that we started with we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sets that we started with we can
+also define the intersection of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also define the intersection of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also define the intersection of an
+infinite collection of sets we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite collection of sets we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite collection of sets we say that
+an element X belongs to the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element X belongs to the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element X belongs to the intersection
+of all these sets if and only if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these sets if and only if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these sets if and only if X
+belongs to s n for all n so if X belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to s n for all n so if X belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to s n for all n so if X belongs
+to each one of those s ends then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each one of those s ends then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each one of those s ends then we say
+that X belongs to their intersection set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X belongs to their intersection set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X belongs to their intersection set
+operations satisfy certain basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations satisfy certain basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations satisfy certain basic
+properties one of these we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties one of these we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties one of these we already
+discussed this property for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this property for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this property for example is
+pretty clear the union of a set with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear the union of a set with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear the union of a set with
+another set is the same as the Union if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set is the same as the Union if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set is the same as the Union if
+you'd consider the two sets in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd consider the two sets in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd consider the two sets in different
+orders if you take the union of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders if you take the union of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders if you take the union of three
+sets you can do it by forming first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets you can do it by forming first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets you can do it by forming first the
+union of these two sets and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these two sets and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union of these two sets and then the
+union with this one or do it in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union with this one or do it in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union with this one or do it in any
+alternative order both expressions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative order both expressions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative order both expressions are
+equal because of this we do not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal because of this we do not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal because of this we do not really
+need the parentheses and we often write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the parentheses and we often write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the parentheses and we often write
+just this expression here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this expression here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this expression here which is the
+same as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this one
+and the same would be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same would be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the same would be true for
+intersections that is the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections that is the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections that is the intersection
+of three sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three sets
+is the same no matter how you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same no matter how you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same no matter how you put
+parentheses around the different sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you take a union of a set with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you take a union of a set with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you take a union of a set with
+the universal set you cannot get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal set you cannot get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal set you cannot get
+anything bigger than the universal set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bigger than the universal set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bigger than the universal set
+so you just get the universal set on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just get the universal set on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just get the universal set on the
+other hand if you take the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you take the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if you take the intersection
+of a set with the universal set what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set with the universal set what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set with the universal set what is
+left is just the set itself perhaps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is just the set itself perhaps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is just the set itself perhaps the
+more complicated properties out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated properties out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated properties out of this
+list is this one and this one which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is this one and this one which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is this one and this one which are
+sort of a distributive property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a distributive property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a distributive property of
+intersections and unions and I will let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections and unions and I will let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections and unions and I will let
+you convince yourselves that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you convince yourselves that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you convince yourselves that these are
+true the way that they you verify them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the way that they you verify them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true the way that they you verify them
+is by proceeding logically if X is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by proceeding logically if X is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by proceeding logically if X is an
+element of this then X must be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this then X must be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this then X must be an
+element of s and it must also be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of s and it must also be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of s and it must also be an
+element of either T or u therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of either T or u therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of either T or u therefore it's
+going to be long either to this set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be long either to this set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be long either to this set it
+belongs to s and it also belongs to T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to s and it also belongs to T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to s and it also belongs to T or
+it's going to be an element of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an element of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an element of that set
+it belongs to s and it belongs to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs to s and it belongs to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it belongs to s and it belongs to you so
+this argument shows that this set here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument shows that this set here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument shows that this set here
+is a subset of that set anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of that set anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of that set anything that
+belongs here belongs there then you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs here belongs there then you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs here belongs there then you need
+to reverse the argument to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse the argument to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse the argument to convince
+yourselves that anything that belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves that anything that belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves that anything that belongs
+here belongs also to the first set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here belongs also to the first set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here belongs also to the first set and
+therefore the two sets are equal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the two sets are equal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the two sets are equal here
+I'm using the following fact that if s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using the following fact that if s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using the following fact that if s
+is a subset of T and T is a subset of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of T and T is a subset of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of T and T is a subset of s
+this implies that the two sets are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the two sets are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the two sets are equal
+and then you can use a similar argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use a similar argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use a similar argument
+to convince yourselves about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince yourselves about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince yourselves about this
+equality as well so this is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality as well so this is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality as well so this is it about
+basic properties of sets we will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties of sets we will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic properties of sets we will be
+using some of these properties all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these properties all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some of these properties all of
+the time without making any special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time without making any special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time without making any special
+comment about them
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4K539RaRDXU.txt b/4K539RaRDXU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..303d1624064750450c16e6f771e8f307be3e8ee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4K539RaRDXU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Newton's third law states that forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's third law states that forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's third law states that forces
+always come in equal and opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always come in equal and opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always come in equal and opposite
+pairs one way we can write that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one way we can write that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs one way we can write that is if
+you imagine two objects object one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine two objects object one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine two objects object one and
+object two the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object two the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object two the force
+exerted by object one on object two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by object one on object two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by object one on object two is
+equal and opposite to the force exerted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite to the force exerted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and opposite to the force exerted
+by object two on object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by object two on object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by object two on object
+one this makes explicit that real Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this makes explicit that real Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this makes explicit that real Force
+forces always arise from a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces always arise from a physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces always arise from a physical
+interaction for any force in a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction for any force in a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction for any force in a problem
+you should always be able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always be able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always be able to identify
+the other member of the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pair Newton's third law is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Newton's third law is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair Newton's third law is the most
+subtle and sometimes the most confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and sometimes the most confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and sometimes the most confusing
+of his three laws of motion so I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his three laws of motion so I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his three laws of motion so I'd like
+to do an example that will help uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an example that will help uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an example that will help uh
+clarify how to think about it so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify how to think about it so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify how to think about it so I'm
+going to pick a very extreme example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick a very extreme example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick a very extreme example
+let's imagine the collision between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine the collision between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine the collision between a
+marble moving this way and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+train moving that way and so we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train moving that way and so we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train moving that way and so we'll say
+that the mass of the train I'll write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass of the train I'll write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mass of the train I'll write
+that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as
+M subtrain and the mass of the marble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M subtrain and the mass of the marble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M subtrain and the mass of the marble is
+M subm marble and obviously the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M subm marble and obviously the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M subm marble and obviously the mass of
+the train is much larger I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train is much larger I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train is much larger I'm going to
+write that as several greater than signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as several greater than signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as several greater than signs
+much much larger than the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+marble okay and so the question I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble okay and so the question I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble okay and so the question I want
+to consider is at the instant that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider is at the instant that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider is at the instant that these
+two objects Collide Which experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects Collide Which experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two objects Collide Which experiences
+the greater force so think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater force so think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater force so think about that
+yourself for a moment in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for a moment in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself for a moment in terms of
+outcomes clearly the marble will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes clearly the marble will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes clearly the marble will be
+smashed by the train whereas the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smashed by the train whereas the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smashed by the train whereas the train
+will not be noticeably affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be noticeably affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not be noticeably affected by the
+marble so your intuition might therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble so your intuition might therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble so your intuition might therefore
+suggest that it's the marble that feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that it's the marble that feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that it's the marble that feels
+the greater force but that's incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater force but that's incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater force but that's incorrect
+because Newton's third law tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Newton's third law tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Newton's third law tells us that
+forces come in equal and opposite Pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces come in equal and opposite Pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces come in equal and opposite Pairs
+and what that tells us is that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that tells us is that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what that tells us is that each
+object will exert an equal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object will exert an equal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object will exert an equal but
+oppositely directed force on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely directed force on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely directed force on the other
+now I chose a very extreme example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I chose a very extreme example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I chose a very extreme example to
+capture your attention but that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture your attention but that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture your attention but that might
+seem like a surprising result but Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a surprising result but Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like a surprising result but Newton
+Third Law tells us that the forces on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third Law tells us that the forces on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third Law tells us that the forces on
+each object are going to be equal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each object are going to be equal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each object are going to be equal and
+opposite but just because the forces are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite but just because the forces are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite but just because the forces are
+equal doesn't mean that the motion will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal doesn't mean that the motion will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal doesn't mean that the motion will
+be equal the accelerations of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal the accelerations of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal the accelerations of the two
+objects are vastly different because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are vastly different because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects are vastly different because of
+their different masses and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different masses and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different masses and the
+accelerations and the forces are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations and the forces are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations and the forces are related
+by Newton's Second Law f equals Ma so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Newton's Second Law f equals Ma so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Newton's Second Law f equals Ma so if
+I write that in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write that in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write that in terms of the
+acceleration the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the acceleration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration the acceleration of the
+marble a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble a
+marble is equal to the force divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble is equal to the force divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble is equal to the force divided by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass of the marble whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the marble whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the marble whereas the
+acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of
+the train is equal to so since I wrote f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train is equal to so since I wrote f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the train is equal to so since I wrote f
+for the force acting on the marble I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the force acting on the marble I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the force acting on the marble I'm
+going to write minus f for the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write minus f for the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write minus f for the force
+acting on the train so that's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the train so that's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the train so that's minus
+F divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F divided by the
+mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the
+train and so if I want to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and so if I want to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and so if I want to look at the
+ratio how big is the acceleration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marble divided by the acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble divided by the acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marble divided by the acceleration of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+train and let's take the absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and let's take the absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train and let's take the absolute value
+so we don't we're just talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we're just talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we don't we're just talking about
+magnitudes here that's going to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes here that's going to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes here that's going to be equal
+to the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mass of the
+train divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train divided by the
+mass of the marble but the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the marble but the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the marble but the mass of the
+train is much much much larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train is much much much larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train is much much much larger than the
+mass of the marble so the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the marble so the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the marble so the right hand
+side here is a very very big number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here is a very very big number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here is a very very big number and
+that tells us that relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that relative to the
+acceleration of the Train the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the Train the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the Train the
+acceleration of the marble is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the marble is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the marble is going to
+be enormous even though the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enormous even though the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enormous even though the force
+experienced by each object is identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced by each object is identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced by each object is identical
+because of their different masses their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their different masses their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of their different masses their
+accelerations will be very different so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations will be very different so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerations will be very different so
+that gives us an example of what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us an example of what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us an example of what we mean
+by Newton Z law in terms of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Newton Z law in terms of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Newton Z law in terms of the the
+interaction pair and equal and opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair and equal and opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair and equal and opposite
+forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acting I want to reiterate that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting I want to reiterate that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting I want to reiterate that for any
+force in a problem you should always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in a problem you should always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in a problem you should always be
+able to identify the other member of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify the other member of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify the other member of the
+interaction pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair
+so forces always come in pairs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forces always come in pairs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forces always come in pairs it's
+important to keep in mind that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep in mind that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep in mind that these
+Force pairs don't both act on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force pairs don't both act on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force pairs don't both act on the same
+object they never act on the same object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they never act on the same object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they never act on the same object
+the interaction pair always involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction pair always involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction pair always involves a
+pair of objects two different objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of objects two different objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of objects two different objects
+and let me just make That explicit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just make That explicit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me just make That explicit with
+an example the example I'll consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example the example I'll consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example the example I'll consider is
+imagine a person standing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ground what are the forces acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground what are the forces acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground what are the forces acting on
+this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person
+I'll draw the force diagram here say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw the force diagram here say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll draw the force diagram here say uh
+there's gravity mg acting downwards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gravity mg acting downwards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gravity mg acting downwards and
+there's the a normal force upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the a normal force upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the a normal force upward
+exerted by the ground and those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the ground and those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the ground and those two
+balance to give a net force of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance to give a net force of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance to give a net force of zero
+which is why the person is standing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why the person is standing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why the person is standing on
+the ground and not uh you know sinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and not uh you know sinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground and not uh you know sinking
+down into the ground for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the ground for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the ground for
+example now you might look at gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now you might look at gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now you might look at gravity
+and the Force I wonder if those are an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Force I wonder if those are an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Force I wonder if those are an
+interaction pair and they're not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair and they're not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction pair and they're not because
+notice that these two forces are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these two forces are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that these two forces are both
+acting on the same object the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the same object the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the same object the
+person the interaction pair always comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the interaction pair always comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the interaction pair always comes
+from realizing what is exerting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from realizing what is exerting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from realizing what is exerting the
+force on the object so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the object so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the object so let's look at
+each of these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these in
+turn gravity is exerted by the Earth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn gravity is exerted by the Earth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn gravity is exerted by the Earth so
+if the Earth and this means really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Earth and this means really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the Earth and this means really the
+entire Earth exerts a force mg on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Earth exerts a force mg on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Earth exerts a force mg on the
+person Newton's third law tells us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Newton's third law tells us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person Newton's third law tells us that
+the person exert exerts a gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person exert exerts a gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person exert exerts a gravitational
+force on the entire Earth of mg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the entire Earth of mg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force on the entire Earth of mg
+upwards now that might seem remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards now that might seem remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards now that might seem remarkable
+to you if you're just standing around on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you if you're just standing around on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you if you're just standing around on
+the floor that you are exerting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor that you are exerting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor that you are exerting a
+gravitational force on the planet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force on the planet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational force on the planet but
+you are however this is like the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are however this is like the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are however this is like the example
+we just talked about a moment ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about a moment ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talked about a moment ago the
+masses are extremely different even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are extremely different even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are extremely different even
+though the forces are the same so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the forces are the same so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the forces are the same so the
+acceleration of the earth due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the earth due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of the earth due to this
+person's mass is negligible because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's mass is negligible because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's mass is negligible because the
+Earth is so much more massive than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is so much more massive than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth is so much more massive than the
+person but Newton Third Law tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but Newton Third Law tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but Newton Third Law tells us
+that there is a tiny acceleration on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a tiny acceleration on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is a tiny acceleration on the
+earth due to the person that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth due to the person that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth due to the person that is the
+third law pair for Gravity mg downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law pair for Gravity mg downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third law pair for Gravity mg downward
+exerted by the Earth on the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the Earth on the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the Earth on the person is
+paired with mg upward on the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with mg upward on the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired with mg upward on the earth
+exerted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted by the
+person now for the normal force acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person now for the normal force acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person now for the normal force acting
+on the person that force is exerted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the person that force is exerted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the person that force is exerted by
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ground so the ground exerts an upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so the ground exerts an upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground so the ground exerts an upward
+Force n on the person Newton's third law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force n on the person Newton's third law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force n on the person Newton's third law
+tells us that that means that the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that that means that the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that that means that the person
+must exert a downward Force n on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exert a downward Force n on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must exert a downward Force n on the
+ground that is the interaction law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that is the interaction law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground that is the interaction law is
+the interaction pair for Newton Ser law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction pair for Newton Ser law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction pair for Newton Ser law
+for the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+force
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4KkQ_hICRUs.txt b/4KkQ_hICRUs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8e7d627ab2fdc58ac0ec5e15f09c806afbd773d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4KkQ_hICRUs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the only
+slide left from the previous talk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide left from the previous talk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide left from the previous talk so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the one you've gotten today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one you've gotten today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one you've gotten today
+i just want to finish this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to finish this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want to finish this from the
+previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous
+lecture we were talking about autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we were talking about autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we were talking about autonomic
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we described
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+sympathetic and parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sympathetic and parasympathetic
+innervation of the intestinal tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+work in the last decade especially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the last decade especially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the last decade especially on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+innervation of the intestinal tract has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation of the intestinal tract has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervation of the intestinal tract has
+uncovered some surprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more than just
+parasympathetic innervation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic innervation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parasympathetic innervation of
+postganglionic neurons that release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postganglionic neurons that release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postganglionic neurons that release
+acetylcholine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine and
+increase peristalsis there's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase peristalsis there's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase peristalsis there's in fact
+interconnected neurons that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected neurons that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected neurons that basically
+function as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+that's modulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's modulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's modulated by
+inputs from the brain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from the brain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs from the brain but
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+it amounts to a little nervous system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it amounts to a little nervous system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it amounts to a little nervous system in
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+uh with synaptic connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with synaptic connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with synaptic connections
+interconnections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be
+this is an estimate there may be as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an estimate there may be as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an estimate there may be as many
+neurons in the enteric nervous system as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the enteric nervous system as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in the enteric nervous system as
+in the whole spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole spinal cord
+i don't know how those counts have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how those counts have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how those counts have been
+made i've not checked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but anyway in the wall of the intestine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway in the wall of the intestine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway in the wall of the intestine
+you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have these
+plexuses of fibers and neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexuses of fibers and neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plexuses of fibers and neurons
+interconnected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnected
+they are innervated by the vagus nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are innervated by the vagus nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are innervated by the vagus nerve
+and the way we describe for autonomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we describe for autonomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we describe for autonomic
+nervous system but they they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system but they they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system but they they also have
+their own activity and they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own activity and they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own activity and they get their
+own inputs they can function without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own inputs they can function without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own inputs they can function without the
+nervous system without the brain without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system without the brain without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system without the brain without
+the central nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's also been discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also been discovered that
+something similar is true for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is true for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar is true for the
+cardiac ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cardiac ganglion
+okay there are interconnections there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are interconnections there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there are interconnections there
+you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically
+there's a possibility that your heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility that your heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a possibility that your heart
+has a little brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little brain
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so that's still an area of active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's still an area of active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's still an area of active
+investigation there are various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation there are various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation there are various
+neurotransmitters involved not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters involved not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitters involved not only
+acetylcholine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylcholine
+in that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+this lecture and the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture and the next time
+still devoted to a survey of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of an introduction to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an introduction to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of an introduction to a
+neuroanatomy of the various parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy of the various parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroanatomy of the various parts of the
+nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous system
+we're going to talk about the brain now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the brain now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about the brain now
+we've talked about the spinal cord in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the spinal cord in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about the spinal cord in
+the autonomic nervous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic nervous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the autonomic nervous system
+today we'll talk about hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk about hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk about hindbrain
+we may get to some of the midbrain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may get to some of the midbrain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may get to some of the midbrain but
+we'll do that next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next time
+where we will discuss the forebrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we will discuss the forebrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we will discuss the forebrain and
+then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will
+talk about development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's our picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's our picture
+of the embryonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embryonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the embryonic
+mammalian nervous system with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian nervous system with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian nervous system with the
+expanded neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded neural tube
+with the expanded hindbrain midbrain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expanded hindbrain midbrain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expanded hindbrain midbrain and
+forebrain with the end brain bulging out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain with the end brain bulging out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forebrain with the end brain bulging out
+from the forebrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we'll talk first about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk first about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we'll talk first about
+this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level
+behind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain
+which looks this way in cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see that it's basic organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that it's basic organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that it's basic organization
+is very similar to the spinal cord so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to the spinal cord so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very similar to the spinal cord so i
+call it a glamorized spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a glamorized spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it a glamorized spinal cord
+we'll go over its basic functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go over its basic functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go over its basic functions and
+cell groupings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groupings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell groupings
+then we'll talk about the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about the sensory
+channels for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels for
+the sensory input from the face that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory input from the face that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensory input from the face that
+comes directly into the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes directly into the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes directly into the hindbrain
+through the fifth cranial nerve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the fifth cranial nerve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the fifth cranial nerve the
+trigeminal nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to talk about
+some distortions in the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distortions in the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some distortions in the basic
+organization that happen with the growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that happen with the growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization that happen with the growth
+of cerebellum and primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cerebellum and primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cerebellum and primarily
+we saw some of the distortions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw some of the distortions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw some of the distortions in the
+hindbrain that happen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the development of certain sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of certain sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of certain sensory
+systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in
+fish so now we'll see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish so now we'll see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish so now we'll see what the
+distortions are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortions are in
+in in the human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the embryonic spinal cord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the embryonic spinal cord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the embryonic spinal cord and
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+have a very close relationship we this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very close relationship we this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very close relationship we this
+is the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the spinal
+cord the neural tube at the spinal level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord the neural tube at the spinal level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord the neural tube at the spinal level
+we talked about the aileron basal plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the aileron basal plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about the aileron basal plates
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in early development you have a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early development you have a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early development you have a layer of
+cells around the ventricular ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells around the ventricular ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells around the ventricular ventricle
+and that's where cells are born we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where cells are born we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where cells are born we're
+going to be talking about development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking about development
+and the mitosis that happen there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mitosis that happen there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mitosis that happen there in the
+process of migration from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of migration from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of migration from the
+ventricular zone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular zone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventricular zone
+intermediate zone and the is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate zone and the is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate zone and the is where the
+cells then end up they migrate into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then end up they migrate into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells then end up they migrate into that
+region and then the very outer layer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then the very outer layer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and then the very outer layer we
+call the marginal zone has mainly fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the marginal zone has mainly fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the marginal zone has mainly fibers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now you have the same organization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have the same organization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have the same organization the
+embryonic hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryonic hindbrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but there's a difference in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a difference in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a difference in that the
+roof plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roof plate
+which is just very similar to the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just very similar to the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is just very similar to the floor
+plate in the spinal level in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate in the spinal level in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate in the spinal level in the
+hindbrain level the roof plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain level the roof plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain level the roof plate
+expands it's like you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pull this open so what happens then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this open so what happens then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull this open so what happens then is
+that the inner plate ends up more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inner plate ends up more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inner plate ends up more
+lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral
+the basal plate more medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise it's a similar organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+secondary sensory cells though become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells though become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells though become
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+clumped together than in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together than in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together than in the spinal cord
+so we end up with different cell groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with different cell groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we end up with different cell groups
+or we often call them nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we often call them nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we often call them nuclei
+like the cochlear nuclei representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cochlear nuclei representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the cochlear nuclei representing
+getting the auditory input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the auditory input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the auditory input
+from the primary sensory neurons of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the primary sensory neurons of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the primary sensory neurons of the
+in the cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cochlea
+so they form in the ailer plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they form in the ailer plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they form in the ailer plate and
+similarly in the basal plate you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in the basal plate you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly in the basal plate you have
+groupings of motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings of motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings of motor neurons
+you have those in the spinal cord but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have those in the spinal cord but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have those in the spinal cord but
+they don't form these compact nuclei the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't form these compact nuclei the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't form these compact nuclei the
+way they do in the hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the spinal cord we thought we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spinal cord we thought we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spinal cord we thought we know
+there was a dorsal root in a ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a dorsal root in a ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a dorsal root in a ventral
+root at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root at each
+segment of the cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the cord
+what about the hindbrain well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the hindbrain well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the hindbrain well
+there are inputs and outputs there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inputs and outputs there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are inputs and outputs there too
+but the law of roots doesn't hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the law of roots doesn't hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the law of roots doesn't hold
+anymore there are some nerves that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there are some nerves that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there are some nerves that are
+just like ventral roots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like ventral roots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like ventral roots
+that are some like the auditory nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are some like the auditory nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are some like the auditory nerve
+that are just like dorsal roots but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just like dorsal roots but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are just like dorsal roots but
+there are other mixed nerves inspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other mixed nerves inspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other mixed nerves inspect
+some of them penetrate right through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them penetrate right through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them penetrate right through the
+side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's go over this a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what i just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's go through the functions a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go through the functions a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go through the functions a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit
+and then we'll come back to the anatomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mostly we think of hindbrain in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we think of hindbrain in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly we think of hindbrain in terms of
+what i call the routine maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i call the routine maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i call the routine maintenance
+functions the janitorial service area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the janitorial service area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the janitorial service area of
+the central nervous system vital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central nervous system vital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central nervous system vital
+functions control of breathing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions control of breathing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions control of breathing
+blood pressure heart rate other visceral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure heart rate other visceral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood pressure heart rate other visceral
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+remember the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the main
+cns cell groups of the parasympathetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns cell groups of the parasympathetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cns cell groups of the parasympathetic
+nervous system or in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know that many fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that many fixed action patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that many fixed action patterns
+are organized and controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are organized and controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are organized and controlled by
+organized neural circuitry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized neural circuitry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized neural circuitry in the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our smiling is a fixed action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our smiling is a fixed action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our smiling is a fixed action pattern
+humans that would be controlled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that would be controlled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans that would be controlled by
+not just the motor neuron organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the motor neuron organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the motor neuron organization
+but the interneurons that connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interneurons that connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the interneurons that connect to
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and basically form a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically form a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically form a program
+of control so when it's triggered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control so when it's triggered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control so when it's triggered by
+some adequate stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adequate stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adequate stimulus
+then you get the action pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the action pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get the action pattern
+what are the action patterns would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the action patterns would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the action patterns would you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+in hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hind brain
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+facial muscles are controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial muscles are controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial muscles are controlled
+from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there
+uh one would be uh and we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one would be uh and we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one would be uh and we'll see the
+circuit for it when we in a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit for it when we in a later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit for it when we in a later
+diagram for the eye blink you say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the eye blink you say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for the eye blink you say but
+that's just a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a reflex
+but actually it isn't it's also a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it isn't it's also a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually it isn't it's also a fixed
+action pattern because it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern because it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action pattern because it has a
+motivational component the longer you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational component the longer you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivational component the longer you go
+without blinking your eyes the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without blinking your eyes the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without blinking your eyes the more
+you have a tendency to blink your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a tendency to blink your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a tendency to blink your eyes
+you develop a stronger and stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a stronger and stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop a stronger and stronger
+motivation that's what staring contests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that's what staring contests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation that's what staring contests
+are all about you see how long you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about you see how long you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all about you see how long you can
+keep from blinking your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep from blinking your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep from blinking your eyes
+it's harder and harder to stop it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder and harder to stop it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's harder and harder to stop it which
+is typical of fixed action patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when they don't get executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they don't get executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they don't get executed
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+a kind of something builds up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of something builds up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of something builds up and
+excitation builds up in the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation builds up in the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation builds up in the nervous
+system and makes the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and makes the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and makes the probability of
+their execution more and more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+behind brain is important in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain is important in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind brain is important in higher
+functions not it can't do these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions not it can't do these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions not it can't do these things
+by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by itself
+but in fact on the output side for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact on the output side for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact on the output side for
+speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech
+our tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tongue
+our lip tone control lip control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lip tone control lip control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lip tone control lip control and
+breath control is done through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath control is done through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath control is done through the
+primarily through the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+so critical for speech our emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical for speech our emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so critical for speech our emotional
+displays obviously very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays obviously very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displays obviously very important in
+higher social activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for our facial expressions at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our facial expressions at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our facial expressions at least
+that's controlled through the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's controlled through the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's controlled through the hindbrain
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that
+is eye movement control which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eye movement control which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is eye movement control which is very
+important for a number of things our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a number of things our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a number of things our
+orienting movements um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting movements um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orienting movements um
+also is controlled by the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is controlled by the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is controlled by the hindbrain
+and also but also by the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also but also by the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also but also by the midbrain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so now it gets a little complex i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it gets a little complex i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now it gets a little complex i don't
+expect you to memorize all this at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to memorize all this at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you to memorize all this at least
+not at this point although after you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at this point although after you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at this point although after you you
+study nervous system for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study nervous system for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study nervous system for a long time
+this becomes sort of automatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes sort of automatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes sort of automatic
+but now i remember we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i remember we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now i remember we talked about the
+groupings in the ailer plate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings in the ailer plate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings in the ailer plate and the
+groupings in the basal plates so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings in the basal plates so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings in the basal plates so let's
+just see what these groupings are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what these groupings are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what these groupings are so
+here would be the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the cochlear nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cochlear nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cochlear nucleus
+similarly it would be the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly it would be the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly it would be the position of
+vestibular nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vestibular nuclei
+so input comes in through a nerve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so input comes in through a nerve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so input comes in through a nerve a
+cranial nerve that's just like a dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve that's just like a dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve that's just like a dorsal
+root okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root okay
+and the secondary sensory cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the secondary sensory cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the secondary sensory cells that
+receive that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive that input
+from the primary sensory neurons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the primary sensory neurons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the primary sensory neurons in the
+cochlea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cochlea
+are located in that position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located in that position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located in that position of the
+hindbrain now they're not all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain now they're not all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain now they're not all the way up
+and down the hindbrain they're just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the hindbrain they're just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down the hindbrain they're just at
+one level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly there the input from the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there the input from the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly there the input from the face
+comes in contact sixth century secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in contact sixth century secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in contact sixth century secondary
+sensory neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+located in a different position okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in a different position okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located in a different position okay and
+we that's the trigeminal nerve and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that's the trigeminal nerve and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that's the trigeminal nerve and i'm
+going to go over that in more detail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over that in more detail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go over that in more detail in
+a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition they're secondary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition they're secondary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition they're secondary sensory
+cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so
+visceral system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral system
+visceral sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visceral sensory
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so those would be the main three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would be the main three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those would be the main three
+groupings of secondary sensory cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings of secondary sensory cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groupings of secondary sensory cells in
+the hindbrain and then among the motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain and then among the motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain and then among the motor
+neurons we have motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons we have motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons we have motor neurons
+innervating muscles in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervating muscles in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervating muscles in the face
+for example swallowing and vocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example swallowing and vocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example swallowing and vocalization
+is controlled by a group of motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled by a group of motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled by a group of motor
+neurons in this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons in this level
+more rasterially we have motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rasterially we have motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more rasterially we have motor neurons
+related to control of the jaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+also control all of our facial muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also control all of our facial muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also control all of our facial muscles
+the facial nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial nucleus
+facial nucleus is cranial nerve seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial nucleus is cranial nerve seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial nucleus is cranial nerve seven
+chewing movements are part of cranial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing movements are part of cranial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chewing movements are part of cranial
+nerve five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve five
+whereas the swallowing and vocalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the swallowing and vocalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas the swallowing and vocalization
+depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on
+control of the tongue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the tongue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of the tongue
+ninth and tenth cranial nerves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth and tenth cranial nerves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninth and tenth cranial nerves
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+12 in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 in addition
+somatic motor column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+located right here and this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located right here and this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located right here and this group of
+neurons the motor neurons has output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the motor neurons has output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons the motor neurons has output
+very similar to a ventral root they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to a ventral root they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to a ventral root they
+always go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about in the same position as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the same position as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the same position as the
+ventral root would be in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral root would be in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral root would be in the spinal cord
+and that's how the neurons controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how the neurons controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's how the neurons controlling
+our eye movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eye movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our eye movements
+there's three different cell groups that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different cell groups that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different cell groups that
+do that two in the midbrain one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that two in the midbrain one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that two in the midbrain one in the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+and also the control of tongue movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the control of tongue movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the control of tongue movements
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+cloud almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud almost
+cranial nerve nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cranial nerve nucleus
+okay so those are the secondary the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the secondary the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the secondary the
+motor neurons and secondary sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons and secondary sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons and secondary sensory
+cells and then in addition whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and then in addition whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and then in addition whenever you
+look at brain stem you're seeing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at brain stem you're seeing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at brain stem you're seeing a lot
+of axons going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axons going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of axons going through
+so the axons that we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the axons that we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the axons that we talked about before
+what would we what did we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we what did we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would we what did we talk about
+before we talk about spinothalamic tract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk about spinothalamic tract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we talk about spinothalamic tract
+and we talked about the medial lemniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about the medial lemniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about the medial lemniscus
+so here they are here's the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they are here's the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here they are here's the spinal
+thalamic tract position spinothalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract position spinothalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract position spinothalamic
+tract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and
+over at the medial side there the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at the medial side there the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at the medial side there the medial
+lemniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscus
+that's the way they travel through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way they travel through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way they travel through the
+hindbrain in that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we have various descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have various descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have various descending
+tracks as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks as well
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and i've indicated those here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just look at this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at this one
+big group of neurons here uh exons here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big group of neurons here uh exons here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big group of neurons here uh exons here
+at the base it's much larger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base it's much larger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base it's much larger and
+primates as the corticospinal fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates as the corticospinal fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates as the corticospinal fibers
+it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called
+a synonym for the corticospinal tract in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synonym for the corticospinal tract in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synonym for the corticospinal tract in
+the hindbrain is the pyramidal tract and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is the pyramidal tract and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hindbrain is the pyramidal tract and
+it's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because of the
+sort of pyramidal shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pyramidal shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pyramidal shape
+of the cross section there of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cross section there of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cross section there of the
+corticospinal fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's talk about the sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about the sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's talk about the sensory
+channels in the hindbrain by talking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels in the hindbrain by talking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels in the hindbrain by talking now
+in more detail about the trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail about the trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more detail about the trigeminal
+nerve i'm sorry the next picture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve i'm sorry the next picture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve i'm sorry the next picture is a
+little small in your hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little small in your hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little small in your hand out
+but it is on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is on the web
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at the figure and let's follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the figure and let's follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the figure and let's follow the
+pathway for the eye blink now here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway for the eye blink now here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway for the eye blink now here's the
+somewhat in large view there of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat in large view there of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat in large view there of the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+of the brain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the brain of the
+upper part of the brain the nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part of the brain the nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part of the brain the nervous
+system and here's the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here's the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here's the hindbrain
+showing some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing some of these
+motor neuron groups medially and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron groups medially and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neuron groups medially and the
+secondary sensory cells laterally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells laterally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells laterally but
+look first at this cross section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look first at this cross section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look first at this cross section
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+here's the fifth nerve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fifth nerve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the fifth nerve
+uh nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nucleus
+input comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input comes in
+uh you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you see
+and joins a little tract in the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joins a little tract in the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and joins a little tract in the side
+goes up and down the hind brain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and down the hind brain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and down the hind brain and
+terminates in that nucleus at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates in that nucleus at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminates in that nucleus at various
+levels okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels okay
+now that input if we look over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that input if we look over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that input if we look over here you
+can see how it comes in here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how it comes in here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how it comes in here's the
+trigeminal ganglion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal ganglion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal ganglion
+coming from the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the face
+now you can see why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see why it's called
+trigeminal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigeminal because
+there are three main branches that go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main branches that go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three main branches that go to
+different parts of the face okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the face okay one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the face okay one
+branch goes from the upper eyelid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch goes from the upper eyelid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch goes from the upper eyelid
+up to the beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the beginning of the
+spinal can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal can
+input which is in the back of your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is in the back of your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input which is in the back of your head
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and then that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first of the three branches and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the three branches and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the three branches and then
+there's the middle branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the middle branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the middle branch
+okay the maxillary branch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the maxillary branch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the maxillary branch that
+innervates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innervates
+the upper lip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the lower branch the mandibular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the lower branch the mandibular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the lower branch the mandibular
+branch okay the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch okay the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch okay the lower
+part of the the lower lip the jaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the lower lip the jaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the the lower lip the jaw
+and part of the neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the neck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the neck
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the distribution of the crane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the distribution of the crane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the distribution of the crane
+of the trigeminal nerve and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trigeminal nerve and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trigeminal nerve and then these
+are primary sensory neurons they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are primary sensory neurons they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are primary sensory neurons they're just
+like dorsal this is just like a dorsal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dorsal this is just like a dorsal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dorsal this is just like a dorsal
+root ganglion but it's at the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root ganglion but it's at the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root ganglion but it's at the in the
+head okay it sits right under the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head okay it sits right under the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head okay it sits right under the brain
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so if you if you are just doing a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you are just doing a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you if you are just doing a brain
+dissection of say the sheep brain in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection of say the sheep brain in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissection of say the sheep brain in a
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+you know and you you will find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you you will find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and you you will find that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+basically it's when they lift the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's when they lift the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's when they lift the brain
+up there it sits and sometimes they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there it sits and sometimes they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there it sits and sometimes they get
+it usually they end up cutting it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually they end up cutting it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it usually they end up cutting it about
+here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay
+it's possible to get it in brain removal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to get it in brain removal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to get it in brain removal
+so here come the axons they penetrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here come the axons they penetrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here come the axons they penetrate
+right into the rostral the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the rostral the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right into the rostral the side of the
+rostral part of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral part of the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral part of the hindbrain
+and they terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they terminate
+in the principal nucleus the trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the principal nucleus the trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the principal nucleus the trigeminal
+nerve but some of them terminate further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve but some of them terminate further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve but some of them terminate further
+down because that nucleus has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because that nucleus has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because that nucleus has a
+descending component that goes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending component that goes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending component that goes all the
+way down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down
+in fact into the upper part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact into the upper part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact into the upper part of the
+spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord
+so that's why that's so elongated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why that's so elongated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why that's so elongated
+okay so if we take a cross section right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we take a cross section right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we take a cross section right
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+we're going through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going through the
+secondary sensory cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary sensory cells
+and that's what i show here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what i show here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what i show here
+okay and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there are
+reflex connections from there's a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections from there's a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflex connections from there's a reflex
+pathway from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from
+those cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cells
+that by way of interneurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by way of interneurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by way of interneurons
+go into the this motor nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the this motor nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into the this motor nucleus
+the facial nerve the facial motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial nerve the facial motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial nerve the facial motor
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+has axons that take this peculiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has axons that take this peculiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has axons that take this peculiar
+looping route and then go out the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping route and then go out the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looping route and then go out the side
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+to innervate the facial muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innervate the facial muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innervate the facial muscles
+and some of those would go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those would go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of those would go to the
+eyelids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyelids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyelids
+so you could get reflex contraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get reflex contraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could get reflex contraction of
+the eyelid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just
+eye blink as a reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye blink as a reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye blink as a reflex
+triggered by sensory input okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered by sensory input okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered by sensory input okay
+and it will be triggered that way but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be triggered that way but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will be triggered that way but
+then in addition it gets endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition it gets endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in addition it gets endogenous
+input so we blink spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the local reflex channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the local reflex channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the local reflex channel
+just one example of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one example of it
+uh let's now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's now look at the
+lemniscle pathways and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscle pathways and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscle pathways and here
+they're very much like the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much like the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very much like the spinal
+thalamic tract and the dorsal column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract and the dorsal column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract and the dorsal column
+medial aniscus systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial aniscus systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medial aniscus systems
+okay and they go up to that same nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they go up to that same nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they go up to that same nucleus
+in the thalamus that the spinothalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus that the spinothalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thalamus that the spinothalamic
+tract and the medial lemoniscus where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and the medial lemoniscus where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract and the medial lemoniscus where
+the those two tracks from the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those two tracks from the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the those two tracks from the spinal
+cord terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cord terminate
+but they go to the more medial part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then trout the ventral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trout the ventral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then trout the ventral
+posturomedial nucleus we generally wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posturomedial nucleus we generally wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posturomedial nucleus we generally wrote
+that in latin and the abbreviations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in latin and the abbreviations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in latin and the abbreviations that
+you'll find in any textbook are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find in any textbook are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find in any textbook are always
+given this way vpm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this way vpm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this way vpm
+okay because it's from the latin nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's from the latin nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's from the latin nucleus
+ventralis posture posterior medialis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventralis posture posterior medialis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventralis posture posterior medialis
+okay the ventral posture the medial part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the ventral posture the medial part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the ventral posture the medial part
+of the ventral posterior nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ventral posterior nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ventral posterior nucleus
+in this class we can just call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we can just call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we can just call it the
+whole thing the ventral basal nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing the ventral basal nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing the ventral basal nucleus
+because it's positioned eventually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's positioned eventually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's positioned eventually and
+basally in the thalamus but remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basally in the thalamus but remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basally in the thalamus but remember the
+sensory part is the caudal the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory part is the caudal the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory part is the caudal the posterior
+part of that nucleus now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that nucleus now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that nucleus now let's look at
+it in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to start with the secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start with the secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start with the secondary
+sensory neurons and the trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neurons and the trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory neurons and the trigeminal
+nucleus and we see where their axons go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and we see where their axons go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and we see where their axons go
+i talked about the ones that form reflex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked about the ones that form reflex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i talked about the ones that form reflex
+pathways but now what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways but now what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways but now what about the
+luminisco pathways so we see some here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminisco pathways so we see some here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminisco pathways so we see some here
+in the principal nucleus that simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the principal nucleus that simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the principal nucleus that simply
+send their axon across the midline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their axon across the midline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send their axon across the midline and
+ascend right up to the ventral basal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascend right up to the ventral basal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascend right up to the ventral basal
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like
+spinophilamic tract okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they also arise in the descending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also arise in the descending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also arise in the descending
+nucleus at various levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus at various levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus at various levels
+where again the secondary sent the axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again the secondary sent the axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where again the secondary sent the axon
+of the secondary sensory cell crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the secondary sensory cell crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the secondary sensory cell crosses
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+and ascends so this forms then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ascends so this forms then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ascends so this forms then what we
+call often called the trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call often called the trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call often called the trigeminal
+lemniscus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscus
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we think of the axons arising in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of the axons arising in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think of the axons arising in the
+rostral part as being more like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral part as being more like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral part as being more like the
+dorsal column system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal column system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorsal column system
+whereas those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas those
+descending nucleus more like the spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending nucleus more like the spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descending nucleus more like the spinal
+thalamic tract because of the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract because of the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thalamic tract because of the functions
+of those axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you can think of it as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of it as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can think of it as a single
+pathway that originates at all levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that originates at all levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that originates at all levels of
+the trigeminal nucleus and ascends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal nucleus and ascends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trigeminal nucleus and ascends to
+the ventral base nucleus there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral base nucleus there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ventral base nucleus there are
+branches just like for spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches just like for spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches just like for spinal thalamic
+tract there's some branches that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract there's some branches that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract there's some branches that
+terminate along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminate along the way
+especially in the midbrain tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i do show a few other things on this i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do show a few other things on this i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do show a few other things on this i
+show for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+several motor nuclei including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several motor nuclei including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several motor nuclei including
+salivatory nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivatory nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salivatory nuclei
+i show both the masticatory nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show both the masticatory nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i show both the masticatory nucleus and
+the facial motor nucleus here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial motor nucleus here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facial motor nucleus here in the
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+and i show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i show this
+little nucleus that's very long that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nucleus that's very long that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little nucleus that's very long that
+controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the
+swallowing of localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing of localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowing of localization
+it also gets input from the trigeminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gets input from the trigeminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also gets input from the trigeminal
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i showed
+this basic plan of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and now i want to talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i want to talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i want to talk about what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+why in the adult especially the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the adult especially the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in the adult especially the human
+that is true for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true for other
+primates especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates especially
+it's very hard to recognize that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to recognize that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard to recognize that in a
+cross-section especially in the rostral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section especially in the rostral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section especially in the rostral
+part behind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that
+basic embryonic organization becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic embryonic organization becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic embryonic organization becomes
+very distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember other species that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember other species that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember other species that have
+different kinds of distortions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of distortions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of distortions they
+we saw the picture of the freshwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the picture of the freshwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw the picture of the freshwater
+buffalo fish with a huge bagel lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffalo fish with a huge bagel lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffalo fish with a huge bagel lobe
+uh similarly the catfish with bagel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly the catfish with bagel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh similarly the catfish with bagel and
+facial lobes which we expanded we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial lobes which we expanded we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial lobes which we expanded we know
+that the cerebellum in electric fish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cerebellum in electric fish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cerebellum in electric fish is
+enormous it's very specialized for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous it's very specialized for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous it's very specialized for
+electric it's real it has a role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric it's real it has a role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric it's real it has a role in the
+electro reception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well in mammals especially in humans the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in mammals especially in humans the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in mammals especially in humans the
+cerebellum is also very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is also very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerebellum is also very large
+because of its role in motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its role in motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its role in motor
+coordination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination
+especially the coordination of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the coordination of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the coordination of the most
+distal muscles control of our hands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distal muscles control of our hands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distal muscles control of our hands and
+feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition to the cerebellum itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the cerebellum itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the cerebellum itself
+there are cell groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cell groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are cell groups
+that provide input to the cerebellum we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide input to the cerebellum we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provide input to the cerebellum we
+call them the pre-cerebellar cell groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the pre-cerebellar cell groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the pre-cerebellar cell groups
+for example the so-called pontine gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the so-called pontine gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the so-called pontine gray
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just take a look at one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look at one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look at one of these
+at a cross-section of the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a cross-section of the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a cross-section of the human
+hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hindbrain
+this is from the rostral hindbrain now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the rostral hindbrain now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is from the rostral hindbrain now a
+caudal hindbrain would not look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal hindbrain would not look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal hindbrain would not look so
+different from my diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from my diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from my diagrams
+but if we saw this entire section here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we saw this entire section here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we saw this entire section here
+here would be the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be the ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here would be the ventricle
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+it would be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be about
+this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+they've cut it there so they can see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've cut it there so they can see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've cut it there so they can see you
+can see the core of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the core of the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the core of the hindbrain
+now what i've been diagramming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i've been diagramming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what i've been diagramming
+is basically here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically here
+below the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the ventricle
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+huge structure that's appeared with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge structure that's appeared with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge structure that's appeared with the
+development of this enormous cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this enormous cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of this enormous cerebellum
+in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we can think of that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think of that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think of that as the
+distortion it's much smaller in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion it's much smaller in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion it's much smaller in other
+mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammals
+so it's easier to recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easier to recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easier to recognize the
+hindbrain organization and the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even in human if you look very early in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in human if you look very early in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in human if you look very early in
+development you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development you see that
+the plan that i was outlining very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan that i was outlining very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan that i was outlining very
+clearly is the cerebellum then develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is the cerebellum then develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly is the cerebellum then develops
+late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late
+and distorts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's the ventricle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the ventricle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the ventricle
+this would be the ailer plate region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the ailer plate region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the ailer plate region
+and there are secondary sensory cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are secondary sensory cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are secondary sensory cell
+groups in here there are motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in here there are motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups in here there are motor neurons
+here in fact here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact here you see
+some myelinated axons one of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some myelinated axons one of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some myelinated axons one of some of
+those motor neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those motor neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those motor neurons
+but then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what
+has happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has happened here
+is that you have movement of cells from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have movement of cells from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have movement of cells from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+healer plate region that have migrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healer plate region that have migrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healer plate region that have migrated
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+these are cells that receive connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cells that receive connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are cells that receive connections
+from various parts of the brain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various parts of the brain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from various parts of the brain but
+especially from the neocortex and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially from the neocortex and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially from the neocortex and they
+send their axon up to the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in addition you have huge bundles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition you have huge bundles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition you have huge bundles of
+axons passing through that region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons passing through that region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons passing through that region
+these are the corticospinal axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the corticospinal axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the corticospinal axons
+okay which in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which in human
+are very very numerous they form just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very very numerous they form just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very very numerous they form just
+caudal to this they form the pyramidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal to this they form the pyramidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caudal to this they form the pyramidal
+tract at the base of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if we look at this picture this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we look at this picture this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we look at this picture this is
+where the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cerebellum
+oh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my
+i drew it in the wrong place sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew it in the wrong place sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i drew it in the wrong place sorry
+must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have been
+under the influence of that champagne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the influence of that champagne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the influence of that champagne
+for rutledge's thesis defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rutledge's thesis defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rutledge's thesis defense
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+sorry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that
+i can see it immediately here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can see it immediately here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can see it immediately here these
+just take your pen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take your pen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take your pen and
+move them right down there i put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them right down there i put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move them right down there i put them in
+the midbrain they go in the rostral part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain they go in the rostral part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain they go in the rostral part
+of the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hindbrain
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i will change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will change that
+after the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the class
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i've shown i see i've drawn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've shown i see i've drawn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've shown i see i've drawn this
+without the cerebellum so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the cerebellum so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the cerebellum so that you can
+see the basic plan more readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the basic plan more readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the basic plan more readily
+i just want you to know that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to know that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just want you to know that in the
+rostral part of the hindbrain in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral part of the hindbrain in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rostral part of the hindbrain in the
+ehler plate region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ehler plate region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ehler plate region
+there you have this enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have this enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you have this enormous
+proliferation of cells in development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of cells in development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of cells in development
+they migrate up to the roof plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they migrate up to the roof plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they migrate up to the roof plate and
+form the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they migrate also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they migrate also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they migrate also
+down and form the pontine gray and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and form the pontine gray and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and form the pontine gray and also
+other cell groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cell groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cell groups
+i'm not going to name them all it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to name them all it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not going to name them all it gets
+too confusing at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too confusing at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too confusing at this point
+and it distorts the basic organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it distorts the basic organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it distorts the basic organization
+but once you know and if you follow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you know and if you follow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you know and if you follow it
+in early development it doesn't become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early development it doesn't become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in early development it doesn't become
+it's you can see this basic plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you can see this basic plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you can see this basic plan
+the more caudal part of the hind brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more caudal part of the hind brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more caudal part of the hind brain
+remains pretty similar to this except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains pretty similar to this except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains pretty similar to this except
+you have huge numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have huge numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have huge numbers of
+pyramidal track fibers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal track fibers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pyramidal track fibers like
+corticospinal tract fibers at the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract fibers at the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corticospinal tract fibers at the base
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+which will distort that somewhat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will distort that somewhat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will distort that somewhat but
+it's much easier to see the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to see the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much easier to see the basic
+organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization
+and of course the spinal cord that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the spinal cord that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the spinal cord that looks
+like this early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this early on
+it changes too because the ventric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes too because the ventric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it changes too because the ventric it's
+the walls the neural tube get thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls the neural tube get thicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls the neural tube get thicker
+and thicker and it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thicker and it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thicker and it basically
+balloons out like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons out like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balloons out like this okay
+so you end up with a little ventricle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up with a little ventricle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you end up with a little ventricle in
+the middle with a big spinal cord around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle with a big spinal cord around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle with a big spinal cord around
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it's a little easier to understand than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little easier to understand than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little easier to understand than
+what happens in the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i know we're almost through i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i know we're almost through i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i know we're almost through i just
+introduced here the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced here the midbrain
+i want you to go look at those pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to go look at those pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to go look at those pictures
+i know when you first get this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know when you first get this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know when you first get this kind of
+anatomy can be very confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy can be very confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomy can be very confusing
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+and the only way to rescue yourself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way to rescue yourself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only way to rescue yourself is
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+go over it a number of times i will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it a number of times i will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over it a number of times i will go
+over it in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it in class
+in different ways when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different ways when we talk about
+different functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions
+okay and it sort of grows on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it sort of grows on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it sort of grows on you
+until finally it you don't have so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until finally it you don't have so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until finally it you don't have so much
+trouble with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with it
+the midbrain will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain will be
+a little easier to deal with again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little easier to deal with again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little easier to deal with again we
+have the ventricle again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ventricle again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the ventricle again we have
+thickened walls of the neural tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickened walls of the neural tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickened walls of the neural tube
+the way it develops is quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it develops is quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it develops is quite different
+it's an important area of correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important area of correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an important area of correlation
+centers especially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers especially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers especially the
+the colliculi they get auditory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculi they get auditory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the colliculi they get auditory and
+visual inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs
+there's also particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also particular
+long axon output systems that originate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long axon output systems that originate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long axon output systems that originate
+there i'm going to just show a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i'm going to just show a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i'm going to just show a couple of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+and show you what happens in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you what happens in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and show you what happens in different
+species to change the whole shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to change the whole shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to change the whole shape of the
+midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just like we had for the hindbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like we had for the hindbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like we had for the hindbrain
+we have to deal with these long tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with these long tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to deal with these long tracks
+passing through okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just summarizing these so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just summarizing these so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just summarizing these so-called
+correlation centers the colliculus which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation centers the colliculus which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation centers the colliculus which
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+refer to various times in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to various times in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to various times in the course
+in the class it's best known for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class it's best known for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class it's best known for its
+visual inputs that come into the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs that come into the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual inputs that come into the surface
+layers but it also gets auditory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers but it also gets auditory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers but it also gets auditory and
+some other sensory input it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sensory input it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sensory input it's important
+in these functions of orientation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these functions of orientation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these functions of orientation and
+anti-predator responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-predator responses
+and it gets major modulating inputs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets major modulating inputs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gets major modulating inputs from
+the forebrain as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forebrain as well
+as well as from some of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as from some of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as from some of the more
+diffusely projecting axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusely projecting axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusely projecting axons
+inferior colliculus is similar it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus is similar it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior colliculus is similar it's more
+related to the auditory system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the auditory system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the auditory system
+both of these structures send accents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these structures send accents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these structures send accents
+forward into the thalamus it's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward into the thalamus it's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward into the thalamus it's a major
+relay for sensory information to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay for sensory information to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay for sensory information to the
+thalamus for both visual and auditory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even though both of those systems also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though both of those systems also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though both of those systems also
+have more direct access that bypass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more direct access that bypass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more direct access that bypass
+the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain
+on the way into the thalamus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+we'll talk more about these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about these the
+multimodal regions the more primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal regions the more primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multimodal regions the more primitive
+parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the
+midbrain particular formation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain particular formation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain particular formation and
+central gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central gray
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then the this output system for sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the this output system for sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the this output system for sensory
+motor control of the limbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the one we'll end with i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one we'll end with i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one we'll end with i'm just
+showing this basic outline of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this basic outline of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this basic outline of the of the
+midbrain in an adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain in an adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midbrain in an adult
+rodent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodent
+the human would be similar except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human would be similar except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human would be similar except the
+axons here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons here would be
+much much larger it'd be amazing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger it'd be amazing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much larger it'd be amazing at
+quantitative differences in species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative differences in species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative differences in species
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i'm showing here where the fibers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing here where the fibers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm showing here where the fibers are
+coming in from the retina here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the retina here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in from the retina here's a
+auditory pathway coming from the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory pathway coming from the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory pathway coming from the more
+cuddly located part of the midbrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuddly located part of the midbrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuddly located part of the midbrain
+and here we see our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we see our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we see our
+axons coming through the medial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons coming through the medial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons coming through the medial
+lemniscus fibers and spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscus fibers and spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemniscus fibers and spinal thalamic
+tract they form a band coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract they form a band coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract they form a band coming through
+the midbrain and the spinal thalamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain and the spinal thalamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midbrain and the spinal thalamic
+tract fibers some of them terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract fibers some of them terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tract fibers some of them terminate
+right in the deeper parts of the tectum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the deeper parts of the tectum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the deeper parts of the tectum
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the output side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the output side
+we have two major pathways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two major pathways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two major pathways that
+originate in the midbrain one is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate in the midbrain one is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate in the midbrain one is in the
+tectum controlling head and eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum controlling head and eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectum controlling head and eye
+movements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements
+where large neurons in the deeper part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where large neurons in the deeper part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where large neurons in the deeper part
+of that structure send accents as most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that structure send accents as most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that structure send accents as most
+systems do across the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do across the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems do across the midline
+and then they descend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they descend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they descend
+to the hindbrain primarily also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hindbrain primarily also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hindbrain primarily also the
+upper spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper spinal cord
+but there's also neurons that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also neurons that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also neurons that this is
+controlling head and eye movements there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling head and eye movements there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling head and eye movements there
+are also neurons here concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also neurons here concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also neurons here concerned with
+limb control okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb control okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limb control okay
+this is the so-called red nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the so-called red nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the so-called red nucleus
+because of the pink red pigment there in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pink red pigment there in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the pink red pigment there in
+human brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain
+again the axons are sent across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the axons are sent across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the axons are sent across the
+midline where they then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline where they then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midline where they then
+descend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descend
+in a more lateral position than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more lateral position than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more lateral position than the
+tectospinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectospinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tectospinal
+fibers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers
+notice i've only underlined those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice i've only underlined those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice i've only underlined those two
+for you on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you on this
+so that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's
+i want that to begin to stick in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want that to begin to stick in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want that to begin to stick in your
+mind i know you won't memorize it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind i know you won't memorize it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind i know you won't memorize it right
+away but we'll talk about that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but we'll talk about that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but we'll talk about that later
+when we talk about motor control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about motor control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about motor control
+two out motor output pathways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out motor output pathways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out motor output pathways that
+originate and attack them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate and attack them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate and attack them
+all right so that's where we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's where we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's where we'll start
+next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4XFvqOSRsa8.txt b/4XFvqOSRsa8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6980931358f831cfbe6770b51e2a0d4f51551bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4XFvqOSRsa8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu Campbell director of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Campbell director of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu Campbell director of the MIT
+news office and this is uh also being uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news office and this is uh also being uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news office and this is uh also being uh
+broadcast via vivx because CNN wanted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast via vivx because CNN wanted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast via vivx because CNN wanted a
+uh direct uh line and they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct uh line and they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direct uh line and they will be
+talking through uh interactively here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking through uh interactively here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking through uh interactively here
+also um this has just been arranged all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um this has just been arranged all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also um this has just been arranged all
+in the past couple of hours so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past couple of hours so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past couple of hours so uh we
+just got the um the signal got a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got the um the signal got a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got the um the signal got a film
+crew based here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew based here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew based here in
+aost well we'll call them up Leslie easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aost well we'll call them up Leslie easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aost well we'll call them up Leslie easy
+to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from
+Brooklyn this is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn this is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn this is on the
+record no comment on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record no comment on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record no comment on that
+so the uh the cast uh here is Chuck vest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the cast uh here is Chuck vest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh the cast uh here is Chuck vest
+the president of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president of
+MIT uh Steve lurman who is the chairman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh Steve lurman who is the chairman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT uh Steve lurman who is the chairman
+of the faculty professor lurman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the faculty professor lurman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the faculty professor lurman
+professor Al Abelson electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Al Abelson electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Al Abelson electrical
+engineering computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering computer
+science uh who is uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh who is uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science uh who is uh one of the
+leading uh luminaries on this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading uh luminaries on this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading uh luminaries on this particular
+Venture and Dick U the associate dean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture and Dick U the associate dean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture and Dick U the associate dean of
+engineering and professor of ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and professor of ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and professor of ocean
+engineering uh who has been one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh who has been one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh who has been one of the
+uh uh key people in thinking this up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh key people in thinking this up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh key people in thinking this up uh
+Steve lman by the way is civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve lman by the way is civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve lman by the way is civil
+engineering and Dr vest is mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and Dr vest is mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and Dr vest is mechanical
+engineering just to complete the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering just to complete the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering just to complete the cycle
+uh so I'll turn it over to Dr vest thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you thank you all for um joining us here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you all for um joining us here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you all for um joining us here
+today as president of MIT I've come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as president of MIT I've come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today as president of MIT I've come to
+expect top level Innovative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect top level Innovative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect top level Innovative and
+intellectually entrepreneurial ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually entrepreneurial ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually entrepreneurial ideas
+from the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the MIT
+Community when we established several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community when we established several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community when we established several
+months ago the Council on educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago the Council on educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago the Council on educational
+technology at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology at
+MIT we charged a subgroup with coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT we charged a subgroup with coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT we charged a subgroup with coming up
+with a project that would reach beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a project that would reach beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a project that would reach beyond
+the boundaries of our campus beyond our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries of our campus beyond our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundaries of our campus beyond our
+classrooms and I have to tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms and I have to tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classrooms and I have to tell you that
+we went into this expecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went into this expecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went into this expecting that
+something creative and cuttingedge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something creative and cuttingedge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something creative and cuttingedge and
+challenging would emerge something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging would emerge something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging would emerge something that
+would be consistent with mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be consistent with mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be consistent with mit's
+Mission but frankly I assumed and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission but frankly I assumed and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission but frankly I assumed and I
+think most people assumed that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most people assumed that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think most people assumed that it would
+also be something that would be based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be something that would be based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be something that would be based on
+a revenue producing model a project or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a revenue producing model a project or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a revenue producing model a project or
+program that would somehow take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that would somehow take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that would somehow take into
+account the power of the Imp of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the power of the Imp of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the power of the Imp of the
+internet and its potential for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and its potential for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and its potential for new
+applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and
+education but I must admit that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but I must admit that open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education but I must admit that open
+courseware is not exactly what I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware is not exactly what I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware is not exactly what I had
+expected and it's not what anybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and it's not what anybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected and it's not what anybody else
+expected either but it is very typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected either but it is very typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected either but it is very typical
+of our faculty to come up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our faculty to come up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our faculty to come up with with
+something truly creative and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something truly creative and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something truly creative and different
+let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain
+it open courseware is a web-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it open courseware is a web-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it open courseware is a web-based
+program that will provide free access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that will provide free access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that will provide free access to
+primary materials for virtually every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary materials for virtually every
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary materials for virtually every
+course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+MIT over the next 10 years detailed
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+lecture notes course outlines problem
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes course outlines problem
+sets exams and so forth for over 2,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets exams and so forth for over 2,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets exams and so forth for over 2,000
+MIT courses will be posted on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses will be posted on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT courses will be posted on the web
+and made accessible to everybody
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+ align:start position:0%
+and made accessible to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made accessible to everybody
+worldwide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide for
+free open course Weare may seem a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free open course Weare may seem a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free open course Weare may seem a bit
+counterintuitive in a market driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive in a market driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive in a market driven
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but it really is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world but it really is consistent with
+what I believe is the very best in MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I believe is the very best in MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I believe is the very best in MIT
+its great service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its great service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its great service
+orientation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation it's
+Innovative it expresses our belief in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative it expresses our belief in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovative it expresses our belief in
+the way that education can be Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that education can be Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that education can be Advanced
+by constantly widen access to knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by constantly widen access to knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by constantly widen access to knowledge
+and information and by inspiring others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and information and by inspiring others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and information and by inspiring others
+to participate simply put open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to participate simply put open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to participate simply put open course
+Weare is a natural marriage of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare is a natural marriage of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare is a natural marriage of American
+higher education and the capabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education and the capabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education and the capabilities of
+the worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worldwide
+web it's also very much an MIT kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it's also very much an MIT kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web it's also very much an MIT kind of
+thing let me make just a few summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let me make just a few summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let me make just a few summary
+statements about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements about its
+nature open course where or ocw as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature open course where or ocw as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature open course where or ocw as we
+call it combines two things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it combines two things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it combines two things the
+traditional openness and Outreach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional openness and Outreach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional openness and Outreach and
+democratizing influence of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratizing influence of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democratizing influence of American
+education and the ability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the ability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and the ability of the
+worldwide web the internet to make vast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web the internet to make vast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web the internet to make vast
+amounts of information instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of information instantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of information instantly
+available ocw is firmly at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available ocw is firmly at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available ocw is firmly at the heart of
+mit's educational Mission MIT faculty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's educational Mission MIT faculty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's educational Mission MIT faculty of
+a deeply ingrained sense of service and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeply ingrained sense of service and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deeply ingrained sense of service and
+Mission they like to work on big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission they like to work on big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission they like to work on big
+problems and frankly they like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and frankly they like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and frankly they like to
+influence the world they're really is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the world they're really is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the world they're really is an
+incredible idealism in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible idealism in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible idealism in this
+faculty ocw will have strong impact We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty ocw will have strong impact We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty ocw will have strong impact We
+Believe on residential learning here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believe on residential learning here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believe on residential learning here at
+MIT as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT as well as
+elsewhere we be very clear we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere we be very clear we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere we be very clear we are not
+providing an MIT education on the web we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing an MIT education on the web we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing an MIT education on the web we
+are however providing core materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are however providing core materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are however providing core materials
+that are the infrastructure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the infrastructure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the infrastructure that
+undergirds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergirds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergirds that
+education real education in our view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education real education in our view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education real education in our view
+involves interaction between people it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves interaction between people it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves interaction between people it's
+the interaction between faculty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between faculty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction between faculty and
+students in our classrooms in our Liv in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in our classrooms in our Liv in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in our classrooms in our Liv in
+our living groups in our Laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our living groups in our Laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our living groups in our Laboratories
+that is the heart the real essence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the heart the real essence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the heart the real essence of an
+MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+education we think that actually open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education we think that actually open
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+education we think that actually open
+courseware will make it possible for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware will make it possible for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware will make it possible for our
+faculty and faculty and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and faculty and other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential universities to concentrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential universities to concentrate
+even more on the actual human process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more on the actual human process of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and the interactions between
+faculties and students that as I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties and students that as I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties and students that as I've said
+are the real core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the real core of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the real core of
+learning question that I've been asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning question that I've been asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning question that I've been asked
+most today is am I worried that the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most today is am I worried that the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most today is am I worried that the open
+courseware program will hurt mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware program will hurt mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware program will hurt mit's
+enrollment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrollment I
+absolutely I'm confident the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I'm confident the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I'm confident the answer to
+that is no in fact I think by producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is no in fact I think by producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is no in fact I think by producing
+this worldwide window on mit's education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worldwide window on mit's education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worldwide window on mit's education
+what we teach the way we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we teach the way we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we teach the way we think about
+them is a terrific magnet a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a terrific magnet a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is a terrific magnet a good thing
+giving P perspective students some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving P perspective students some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving P perspective students some
+insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into
+MIT how will ocw relate to revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT how will ocw relate to revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT how will ocw relate to revenue
+generating educational projects at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating educational projects at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating educational projects at
+MIT I do believe that Revenue generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I do believe that Revenue generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT I do believe that Revenue generating
+distance education will have a role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance education will have a role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance education will have a role in
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+the world and will probably have some
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+role here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role here at
+MIT it's clear to me that Revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT it's clear to me that Revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT it's clear to me that Revenue
+generating areas are out there uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating areas are out there uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating areas are out there uh for
+example uh educating and training people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh educating and training people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh educating and training people
+and professions who have to keep updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and professions who have to keep updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and professions who have to keep updated
+in a very detailed way I suspect there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very detailed way I suspect there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very detailed way I suspect there's
+a market for some institutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a market for some institutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+provide uh courses uh in areas like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide uh courses uh in areas like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide uh courses uh in areas like the
+Arts and Humanity to retirees who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts and Humanity to retirees who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts and Humanity to retirees who are
+interested in going back thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in going back thinking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in going back thinking
+learning about new things so I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about new things so I think in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly in the long term to make
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly in the long term to make
+money but I want to be absolutely clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but I want to be absolutely clear
+that there is no commercially available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no commercially available
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is no commercially available
+MIT degree this is about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT degree this is about something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT degree this is about something
+bigger what about other universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger what about other universities
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger what about other universities
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will their role likely be I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will their role likely be I very
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hope that MIT will be seen as a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hope that MIT will be seen as a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+hope that in the long run what we do
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in fact Inspire and draw other
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+institutions to do the same we'd be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+delighted if over time we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted if over time we have a
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted if over time we have a
+worldwide web of knowledge that raises
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+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web of knowledge that raises
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of life all around the globe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of life all around the globe
+thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+questions uh from any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh from any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh from any of the
+panelists um we might just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists um we might just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists um we might just talk about
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+they expertise lends them to sure um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expertise lends them to sure um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they expertise lends them to sure um to
+my immediate left is Steve lman as Ken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my immediate left is Steve lman as Ken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my immediate left is Steve lman as Ken
+said a professor in civil engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+who is the elected uh chairman of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the elected uh chairman of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is the elected uh chairman of the
+MIT faculty Steve has been very engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT faculty Steve has been very engaged
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT faculty Steve has been very engaged
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in uh the conceiving of open
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only in uh the conceiving of open
+courseware he's been a very key element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware he's been a very key element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware he's been a very key element
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building consensus uh behind this
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the around uh the faculty and has
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+a lot of experience in various forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experience in various forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of experience in various forms of
+the use of the internet in learning Hal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the internet in learning Hal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of the internet in learning Hal
+ablon is a computer scientist and uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablon is a computer scientist and uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ablon is a computer scientist and uh if
+I might say so really a world renowned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might say so really a world renowned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might say so really a world renowned
+educator and a very extremely Innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator and a very extremely Innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator and a very extremely Innovative
+person he in essence taught the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he in essence taught the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he in essence taught the world
+how to teach basic computer science but
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+other end dick U uh dick is a professor
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+ align:start position:0%
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+of ocean Engineering also the associate
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+ align:start position:0%
+of ocean Engineering also the associate
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+ align:start position:0%
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+dean of the School of
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+ align:start position:0%
+dean of the School of
+Engineering and dick was the chair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering and dick was the chair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering and dick was the chair of
+the subgroup that really went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subgroup that really went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subgroup that really went through
+the very detailed study that ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very detailed study that ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very detailed study that ultimately
+led to the idea of ocw and I so I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the idea of ocw and I so I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to the idea of ocw and I so I'm sure
+they all have uh lots to say and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have uh lots to say and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all have uh lots to say and if they
+run out I'll say some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out I'll say some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out I'll say some more
+I that's just reaction by The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's just reaction by The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that's just reaction by The
+Faculty when you first conceived of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faculty when you first conceived of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faculty when you first conceived of this
+idea as a group and the word got out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea as a group and the word got out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea as a group and the word got out to
+the faculty what was their reaction um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty what was their reaction um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty what was their reaction um
+when we first came up with the idea none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first came up with the idea none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first came up with the idea none
+of us were sure what the reaction might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us were sure what the reaction might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us were sure what the reaction might
+be uh since that time we've gone around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh since that time we've gone around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh since that time we've gone around
+and had numerous for where we had shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had numerous for where we had shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had numerous for where we had shared
+the idea received questions and concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea received questions and concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea received questions and concerns
+and I must say that as you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I must say that as you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I must say that as you would expect
+with a diverse faculty of ours we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a diverse faculty of ours we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a diverse faculty of ours we had a
+fair number of Faculty who had embraced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair number of Faculty who had embraced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair number of Faculty who had embraced
+it uh with enthusiasm uh others who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh with enthusiasm uh others who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh with enthusiasm uh others who uh
+are rather cautious but but accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rather cautious but but accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rather cautious but but accepting
+and and and some minority I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and some minority I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and some minority I would say
+our faculty who are concerned about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our faculty who are concerned about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our faculty who are concerned about what
+we are doing whether we have indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing whether we have indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are doing whether we have indeed
+thought through all the Angles and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought through all the Angles and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought through all the Angles and and
+possibly negative impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly negative impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly negative impact
+on a whole number of aspects I mean Prof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a whole number of aspects I mean Prof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a whole number of aspects I mean Prof
+uh Chuck vest mentioned about recruiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Chuck vest mentioned about recruiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Chuck vest mentioned about recruiting
+is one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of them
+uh giving away something that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving away something that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh giving away something that might be
+profit generating another one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit generating another one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit generating another one and so
+forth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right
+I I think uh and any the rest of you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think uh and any the rest of you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think uh and any the rest of you can
+can hop in there were some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hop in there were some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can hop in there were some very
+interesting things to me as this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to me as this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things to me as this group
+spread out and they held I think on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out and they held I think on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out and they held I think on the
+order of 25 meetings uh around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 25 meetings uh around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 25 meetings uh around the
+campus to be sure that all faculty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus to be sure that all faculty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus to be sure that all faculty and
+uh some representative student groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some representative student groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some representative student groups
+had an opportunity to comment biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an opportunity to comment biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an opportunity to comment biggest
+surprise to me was that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to me was that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to me was that the problem
+everybody anticipated arguments over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody anticipated arguments over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody anticipated arguments over
+intellectual property were just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property were just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual property were just kind of
+in the noise level there were a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the noise level there were a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the noise level there were a few
+people who were concerned about that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were concerned about that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were concerned about that it
+was not the major concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the major concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not the major concern
+the concerns were actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concerns were actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concerns were actually quite
+wonderful things they wanted to be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things they wanted to be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful things they wanted to be sure
+that we were going to be able to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to be able to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to be able to do this
+at a quality level that MIT would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a quality level that MIT would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a quality level that MIT would be
+proud of on on uh on this scale and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of on on uh on this scale and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of on on uh on this scale and they
+also wanted to be sure that uh we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to be sure that uh we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wanted to be sure that uh we were
+going to be successful in providing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful in providing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be successful in providing the
+kind of Hands-On services to individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Hands-On services to individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Hands-On services to individual
+faculty members that would make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members that would make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members that would make this a
+rather transparent and uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather transparent and uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather transparent and uh simple
+translation of their teaching materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of their teaching materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation of their teaching materials
+uh to an appropriate platform the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to an appropriate platform the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to an appropriate platform the web
+Steve you want to comment this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve you want to comment this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve you want to comment this was
+extensively discuss discussed in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively discuss discussed in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively discuss discussed in many
+places one of which was mit's uh faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places one of which was mit's uh faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places one of which was mit's uh faculty
+policy committee I chair that committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy committee I chair that committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy committee I chair that committee
+as chair of the faculty and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chair of the faculty and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chair of the faculty and I think
+while everybody has some different views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while everybody has some different views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while everybody has some different views
+and takes on the details I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes on the details I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and takes on the details I think what
+really excited the group and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited the group and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really excited the group and I would say
+with virtually unanimous support from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with virtually unanimous support from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with virtually unanimous support from
+that body which is the senior faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that body which is the senior faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that body which is the senior faculty
+governance committee uh came from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance committee uh came from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governance committee uh came from the
+the broader Vision that this resonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader Vision that this resonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the broader Vision that this resonated
+with what many of us believe is the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what many of us believe is the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what many of us believe is the core
+mission of the university the university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission of the university the university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission of the university the university
+isn't about selling courses for profit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't about selling courses for profit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't about selling courses for profit I
+mean that's not what we exist for that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's not what we exist for that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's not what we exist for that's
+not why we were created and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not why we were created and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not why we were created and that's not
+why most of the faculty virtually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why most of the faculty virtually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why most of the faculty virtually all
+the faculty have decided to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty have decided to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty have decided to become
+professors it's very much about how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors it's very much about how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors it's very much about how do
+you disseminate and create human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disseminate and create human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you disseminate and create human
+knowledge and that sort of fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and that sort of fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and that sort of fundamental
+value aligned incredibly well with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value aligned incredibly well with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value aligned incredibly well with the
+concept of Distributing this globally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of Distributing this globally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of Distributing this globally
+for free and that alignment forgetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free and that alignment forgetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free and that alignment forgetting
+all the details for a second which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details for a second which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the details for a second which are
+serious and important was why there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious and important was why there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious and important was why there was
+tremendous enthusiasm in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous enthusiasm in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous enthusiasm in that
+group yeah and I think the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group yeah and I think the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group yeah and I think the other the
+other issue that people think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issue that people think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issue that people think about is
+this stimulates real reflection about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stimulates real reflection about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stimulates real reflection about
+what it is you're doing in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you're doing in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is you're doing in the classroom
+if I think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think about the
+materials the materials that I teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the materials that I teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials the materials that I teach
+from the raw materials as Chuck said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the raw materials as Chuck said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the raw materials as Chuck said
+being available on the web forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being available on the web forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being available on the web forget about
+the rest of the world to the students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world to the students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the world to the students in
+my class then what is it that I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class then what is it that I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my class then what is it that I'm doing
+with the time I spend with students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the time I spend with students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the time I spend with students in
+the class how do I I think about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class how do I I think about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class how do I I think about having
+a real personal interactive experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real personal interactive experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real personal interactive experience
+once I get beyond the idea that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I get beyond the idea that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I get beyond the idea that this
+stuff that's on the web page is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's on the web page is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's on the web page is what
+education's about and you realize it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education's about and you realize it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education's about and you realize it's
+the raw materials but it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw materials but it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw materials but it's not the
+education I I just want to also add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I I just want to also add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I I just want to also add that
+uh a very thoughtful line of uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very thoughtful line of uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very thoughtful line of uh uh
+discussion from faculty uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion from faculty uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion from faculty uh there are a
+lot of Faculty concerned that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Faculty concerned that open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Faculty concerned that open
+course whereare will uh take energy away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare will uh take energy away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course whereare will uh take energy away
+from many of the Innovative things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from many of the Innovative things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from many of the Innovative things that
+they are already doing plan to do and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are already doing plan to do and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are already doing plan to do and uh
+open course Weare is not displacing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare is not displacing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare is not displacing any
+of that activity in fact MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that activity in fact MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that activity in fact MIT is
+committed to uh continue to be a leader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to uh continue to be a leader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to uh continue to be a leader
+in educational Innovations which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educational Innovations which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in educational Innovations which are
+above and beyond open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and beyond open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and beyond open course
+sare Ken maybe you ought to call on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare Ken maybe you ought to call on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare Ken maybe you ought to call on
+people um what do you say to a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um what do you say to a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um what do you say to a parent
+who happens to have a 20-year-old the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who happens to have a 20-year-old the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who happens to have a 20-year-old the
+tuition at the school was announced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition at the school was announced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tuition at the school was announced
+going up last year last month I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up last year last month I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up last year last month I think it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+3.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5%
+3.2% uh with room and Bo September it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.2% uh with room and Bo September it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.2% uh with room and Bo September it's
+going to be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be about
+$33,000 smallest increase since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1970 absolutely however this is free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 absolutely however this is free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 absolutely however this is free
+wear at $33,000 a year that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear at $33,000 a year that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear at $33,000 a year that's
+considerably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably
+less you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you
+know suppose that you ask a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose that you ask a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose that you ask a similar
+question uh why don't we ban students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh why don't we ban students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh why don't we ban students
+from our libraries do we we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our libraries do we we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our libraries do we we really want
+them in walking around looking at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in walking around looking at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in walking around looking at all
+these textbooks and things shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these textbooks and things shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these textbooks and things shouldn't
+they wait till they pay their tuition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait till they pay their tuition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wait till they pay their tuition in
+order to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to gain
+access uh I really want to state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access uh I really want to state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access uh I really want to state that
+again that an MIT education really comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that an MIT education really comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that an MIT education really comes
+from the interactions of Faculty with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the interactions of Faculty with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the interactions of Faculty with
+students it comes from the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students it comes from the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students it comes from the interaction
+of students among themselves learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students among themselves learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students among themselves learning
+from each other it comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other it comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each other it comes from the
+intensity of the classroom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the classroom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the classroom and
+Laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Laboratory
+experience it comes from particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it comes from particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it comes from particularly
+here at MIT from a deep dedication to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT from a deep dedication to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT from a deep dedication to a
+lot of handson kind of learning that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of handson kind of learning that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of handson kind of learning that's
+the essence of our education we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of our education we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essence of our education we've
+always proudly shared course notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always proudly shared course notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always proudly shared course notes
+mailing them around to colleagues in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing them around to colleagues in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mailing them around to colleagues in the
+country we publish textbooks and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we publish textbooks and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country we publish textbooks and I just
+think of this as kind of speeding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as kind of speeding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as kind of speeding that
+process up to internet time and if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process up to internet time and if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process up to internet time and if I can
+speak just a little bit personally uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak just a little bit personally uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak just a little bit personally uh I
+did not not go to MIT I was uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not not go to MIT I was uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not not go to MIT I was uh an
+undergraduate at West Virginia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate at West Virginia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate at West Virginia
+University I did my graduate work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University I did my graduate work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University I did my graduate work at the
+University of Michigan in an arbor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Michigan in an arbor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Michigan in an arbor and
+in both of those venues in the 60s I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of those venues in the 60s I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both of those venues in the 60s I
+benefited enormously from what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefited enormously from what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefited enormously from what was going
+on here what is now known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here what is now known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here what is now known
+retrospectively as the engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospectively as the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrospectively as the engineering
+science Revolution where the MIT faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Revolution where the MIT faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science Revolution where the MIT faculty
+really conceived a new way of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really conceived a new way of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really conceived a new way of both
+conducting engineering education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting engineering education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting engineering education and
+practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice
+and the kind of textbooks the teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of textbooks the teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the kind of textbooks the teachers
+that I had who had earned their PHD here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had who had earned their PHD here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had who had earned their PHD here
+and then took these kinds of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then took these kinds of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then took these kinds of material
+syllabi problem sets course notes took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabi problem sets course notes took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabi problem sets course notes took
+them to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to those
+institutions tailored them and shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions tailored them and shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions tailored them and shaped
+them to their own use and uh Ed them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to their own use and uh Ed them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to their own use and uh Ed them to
+teach people like me uh this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach people like me uh this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach people like me uh this really
+raised the level of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the level of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the level of engineering
+education all around the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education all around the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education all around the United States
+and I just see this as a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just see this as a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just see this as a grand
+continuation of that uh tradition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of that uh tradition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuation of that uh tradition and
+I've heard dick make some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard dick make some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've heard dick make some very
+interesting comments uh he didn't grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting comments uh he didn't grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting comments uh he didn't grow
+up in West Virginia but you might just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in West Virginia but you might just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in West Virginia but you might just
+say a bit about how you got introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a bit about how you got introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a bit about how you got introduced
+to the world I had the fortune of coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the world I had the fortune of coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the world I had the fortune of coming
+to MIT as an undergraduate student uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT as an undergraduate student uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to MIT as an undergraduate student uh
+but mit's influence on my life started a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mit's influence on my life started a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mit's influence on my life started a
+lot earlier than that I grew up uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot earlier than that I grew up uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot earlier than that I grew up uh in
+Hong Kong in middle school and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong in middle school and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hong Kong in middle school and I
+remember uh I had I was a precocious kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh I had I was a precocious kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember uh I had I was a precocious kid
+and I've exhausted most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've exhausted most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've exhausted most of the
+interesting books in my local library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting books in my local library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting books in my local library
+and my father was an engineer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my father was an engineer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my father was an engineer and
+uh when I was about 10 years old he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I was about 10 years old he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I was about 10 years old he
+brought home some in fact secondhand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought home some in fact secondhand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought home some in fact secondhand
+books uh in electrical engineering I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books uh in electrical engineering I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books uh in electrical engineering I
+still remember vaguely the how the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember vaguely the how the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still remember vaguely the how the book
+looks and um I was too young really to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and um I was too young really to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks and um I was too young really to
+appreciate the the content of the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the the content of the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the the content of the books
+but I remember looking at them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remember looking at them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remember looking at them with
+admiration recognizing the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration recognizing the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration recognizing the names of the
+professors from MIT and to make a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors from MIT and to make a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors from MIT and to make a long
+story short here I am and I think mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story short here I am and I think mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story short here I am and I think mit's
+Mission and goal is not just to students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and goal is not just to students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and goal is not just to students
+within its walls but MIT has a role to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within its walls but MIT has a role to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within its walls but MIT has a role to
+uh students everywhere perhaps Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh students everywhere perhaps Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh students everywhere perhaps Beyond
+National boundaries and globally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National boundaries and globally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National boundaries and globally I
+follow sure has been out for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow sure has been out for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow sure has been out for a couple of
+weeks now um in the chronicles of higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks now um in the chronicles of higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks now um in the chronicles of higher
+education I understand so has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I understand so has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I understand so has that
+wonderful school at a square um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful school at a square um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful school at a square um and
+Caltech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caltech
+and Stanford and dare I say Wharton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Stanford and dare I say Wharton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Stanford and dare I say Wharton
+perhaps since you're also do Sloan um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps since you're also do Sloan um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps since you're also do Sloan um
+have they responded at all have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they responded at all have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have they responded at all have you
+heard from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from your
+colleagues I haven't actually had any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues I haven't actually had any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues I haven't actually had any
+conversations with anyone at those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with anyone at those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations with anyone at those uh
+those institutions yet and uh I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those institutions yet and uh I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those institutions yet and uh I don't
+know whether they read the chronicle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether they read the chronicle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether they read the chronicle or
+or what has anybody else talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what has anybody else talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what has anybody else talked to
+others at this point only at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others at this point only at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others at this point only at the
+Grassroots level not at the the senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grassroots level not at the the senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grassroots level not at the the senior
+Administration level uh I was out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration level uh I was out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration level uh I was out at
+Princeton for example and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton for example and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Princeton for example and one of the
+faculty there actually a well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty there actually a well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty there actually a well-known
+faculty member in economics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member in economics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty member in economics was
+incredibly excited uh about this idea uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly excited uh about this idea uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly excited uh about this idea uh
+now will Princeton ully do that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now will Princeton ully do that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now will Princeton ully do that that's a
+separate question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate question
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+question and the answer is I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the answer is I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the answer is I don't know
+uh and and at some level I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and at some level I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and at some level I think the
+hope is that there will be in the longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that there will be in the longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope is that there will be in the longer
+run uh a growing Trend in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh a growing Trend in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh a growing Trend in this direction
+I think it's way too soon to know uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's way too soon to know uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's way too soon to know uh I
+would not expect an Institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not expect an Institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not expect an Institutional
+response from any of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response from any of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response from any of the other
+universities in a short time frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities in a short time frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities in a short time frame this
+is something that's going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that's going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that's going to have to
+grow on people they will have to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on people they will have to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow on people they will have to discuss
+it among their faculty with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it among their faculty with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it among their faculty with their
+Administration and come to their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and come to their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration and come to their own
+decision on whether this is a strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on whether this is a strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision on whether this is a strategy
+they want to follow you know just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to follow you know just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to follow you know just to
+follow up a little bit on that uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up a little bit on that uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow up a little bit on that uh first
+of all I'd like to say that uh since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I'd like to say that uh since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I'd like to say that uh since
+this hit the the front pages this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hit the the front pages this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hit the the front pages this
+morning uh my emails just been clogged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning uh my emails just been clogged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning uh my emails just been clogged
+and so far we haven't received a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far we haven't received a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so far we haven't received a single
+negative there have just been wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there have just been wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative there have just been wonderful
+wonderful positive reactions some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful positive reactions some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful positive reactions some of
+those have been from Individual faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have been from Individual faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those have been from Individual faculty
+but just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just saying
+congratulations great idea appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations great idea appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congratulations great idea appreciate
+your sharing wonderful thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sharing wonderful thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sharing wonderful thing for the
+institution to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution to do
+um we are very much wanting to be first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are very much wanting to be first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we are very much wanting to be first
+out of the box on this we hope there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the box on this we hope there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the box on this we hope there are
+going to be followers but we very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be followers but we very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be followers but we very much
+wanted to be in the lead and even today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be in the lead and even today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be in the lead and even today
+at MIT I think Hal estimated maybe 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT I think Hal estimated maybe 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT I think Hal estimated maybe 20%
+of the faculty already make many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the faculty already make many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the faculty already make many of the
+materials from their courses available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from their courses available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from their courses available
+that goes on at a lot of universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on at a lot of universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on at a lot of universities
+what has really set this apart is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has really set this apart is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what has really set this apart is its
+scope and scale its breadth its depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and scale its breadth its depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and scale its breadth its depth
+that it's going to cover everything we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to cover everything we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to cover everything we
+do in the institution from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the institution from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the institution from the
+humanities and arts and architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities and arts and architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities and arts and architecture
+through science and engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through science and engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through science and engineering and
+Humanities and and management it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities and and management it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanities and and management it's kind
+of that scope and institutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that scope and institutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that scope and institutional
+dedication to this that uh that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedication to this that uh that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedication to this that uh that is uh
+quite unique at the moment and while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unique at the moment and while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unique at the moment and while we
+don't want to get any into any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get any into any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to get any into any of the
+technology of all this this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of all this this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of all this this is also
+going to require that we do some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require that we do some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to require that we do some very
+clever work in producing the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever work in producing the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever work in producing the kind of
+platforms that will index all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that will index all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms that will index all this
+material allow people to move through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material allow people to move through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material allow people to move through it
+freely easily so there's a job to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely easily so there's a job to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely easily so there's a job to be
+done on a level that nobody else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on a level that nobody else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done on a level that nobody else is
+doing yet but I'd be awful disappointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yet but I'd be awful disappointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing yet but I'd be awful disappointed
+if we didn't get uh some uh followers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't get uh some uh followers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we didn't get uh some uh followers in
+the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long
+run tell what the timeable is for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run tell what the timeable is for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run tell what the timeable is for uh for
+posting it and will there be a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting it and will there be a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting it and will there be a prototype
+soon how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon how you
+want I I don't want to promise I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I I don't want to promise I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I I don't want to promise I'm
+guessing late next fall or early next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing late next fall or early next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing late next fall or early next
+spring you'd see the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring you'd see the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring you'd see the first couple of
+courses up but we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses up but we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses up but we're going to be
+experimenting at a at a wild rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting at a at a wild rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting at a at a wild rate at
+that point we do have a goal of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point we do have a goal of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point we do have a goal of getting
+500 subjects up over two years the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 subjects up over two years the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 subjects up over two years the I
+think the other thing is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other thing is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the other thing is one of the
+things we want to learn is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to learn is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to learn is what is the
+effective way to get highquality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to get highquality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective way to get highquality
+materials in an economically efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in an economically efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials in an economically efficient
+way one of the central issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one of the central issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way one of the central issues about
+whether other universities will follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether other universities will follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether other universities will follow
+is what's the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's the cost
+if this is always un prohibitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is always un prohibitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is always un prohibitively
+expensive then you won't see many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive then you won't see many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive then you won't see many
+followers we believe that in its initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers we believe that in its initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followers we believe that in its initial
+phase it will be relatively expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it will be relatively expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it will be relatively expensive
+because part of what we need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of what we need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because part of what we need to do is
+create an infrastructure these tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an infrastructure these tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an infrastructure these tools
+indexing systems uh and processes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing systems uh and processes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing systems uh and processes for
+creating these sites in large numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these sites in large numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these sites in large numbers
+but the other goal is to create a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other goal is to create a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other goal is to create a much
+you know over time to evolve a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over time to evolve a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over time to evolve a very
+efficient way of doing this so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way of doing this so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way of doing this so that we
+can do this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this without
+uh continuing very large influxes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continuing very large influxes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh continuing very large influxes of
+money now with that said this will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now with that said this will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money now with that said this will in
+the long run become uh something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run become uh something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long run become uh something that
+will take money even in a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take money even in a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take money even in a steady state
+uh in the long run we see that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the long run we see that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the long run we see that as an
+Institutional commitment The Faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutional commitment The Faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutional commitment The Faculty
+eventually sees that as something the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually sees that as something the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually sees that as something the
+institution will take responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution will take responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution will take responsibility
+for but again it needs to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but again it needs to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but again it needs to be done
+effectively and efficiently we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and efficiently we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively and efficiently we need to
+learn how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to do
+that at the moment has there been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the moment has there been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the moment has there been
+funding pledged to the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding pledged to the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding pledged to the project
+we're in discussions with various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in discussions with various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in discussions with various
+private sources but uh we do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sources but uh we do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private sources but uh we do not have
+firm commitments yet how much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm commitments yet how much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm commitments yet how much it
+cost well as as Steve said there a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost well as as Steve said there a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost well as as Steve said there a lot
+of uncertainty and fuzziness yet in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty and fuzziness yet in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty and fuzziness yet in the
+cost uh we estimate that during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh we estimate that during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost uh we estimate that during this
+initial two-year period of putting up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial two-year period of putting up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial two-year period of putting up a
+minimum of 500 subjects developing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of 500 subjects developing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum of 500 subjects developing the
+infrastructure providing the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure providing the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure providing the service
+space and so forth we're guessing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so forth we're guessing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so forth we're guessing that
+somewhere around 7.5 million to $10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 7.5 million to $10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 7.5 million to $10
+million a year but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a year but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a year but there's a lot of
+uncertainty in those and part of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in those and part of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in those and part of the uh
+the work of the pilot project will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the pilot project will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the pilot project will be to
+to refine those costs and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refine those costs and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refine those costs and understand
+what it will really take to complete uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it will really take to complete uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it will really take to complete uh
+the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+project just to follow up on that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project just to follow up on that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project just to follow up on that if the
+university can't find Outside funding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university can't find Outside funding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university can't find Outside funding is
+it going to um pursue the project anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to um pursue the project anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to um pursue the project anyway
+using internal funds we're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using internal funds we're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using internal funds we're going to find
+Outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outside
+funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will there be advertising on the site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there be advertising on the site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there be advertising on the site
+no the private funders will do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the private funders will do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the private funders will do it for
+anything in return We believe that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in return We believe that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in return We believe that this
+uh will be funded in a philanthropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be funded in a philanthropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be funded in a philanthropic
+manner uh you know I was thinking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh you know I was thinking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner uh you know I was thinking a
+little bit about this this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about this this morning
+and thinking back into history that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking back into history that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thinking back into history that when
+Andrew carnegi decided he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew carnegi decided he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew carnegi decided he wanted to
+improve learning and quality of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve learning and quality of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve learning and quality of life
+across the United States he didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States he didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the United States he didn't go
+out and found a uh for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and found a uh for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and found a uh for-profit
+correspondence school he created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence school he created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondence school he created a
+system of libraries and I think that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of libraries and I think that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of libraries and I think that I'd
+like to believe there's still enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to believe there's still enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to believe there's still enough
+idealism and enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism and enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism and enough
+recognition that this really ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that this really ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that this really ought to be
+the bed the the Bedrock use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed the the Bedrock use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed the the Bedrock use of the
+capability of the internet and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of the internet and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of the internet and the
+worldwide web and education that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web and education that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web and education that I think
+it's an idea that we'll find uh patrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an idea that we'll find uh patrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an idea that we'll find uh patrons
+and we're very confident about that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're very confident about that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're very confident about that is
+there a naming opportunity here boy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a naming opportunity here boy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a naming opportunity here boy I
+had even thought about that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had even thought about that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had even thought about that the
+worldwide web has already been named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web has already been named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web has already been named
+so we you know seriously we we like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we you know seriously we we like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we you know seriously we we like this
+ocw open course whereare it it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw open course whereare it it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw open course whereare it it really
+gives the spirit of it and we've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the spirit of it and we've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the spirit of it and we've had a
+lot of discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of discussion about
+the uh analogies between the early days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh analogies between the early days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh analogies between the early days
+in the development of uh of uh br ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of uh of uh br ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the development of uh of uh br ly
+dispersed Computing and the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed Computing and the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersed Computing and the internet
+when everybody tried to keep all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody tried to keep all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when everybody tried to keep all of
+their knowledge close at hand and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their knowledge close at hand and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their knowledge close at hand and we had
+very tight proprietary systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight proprietary systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight proprietary systems and
+pretty soon people learned that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon people learned that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty soon people learned that isn't
+what makes the world work you open this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the world work you open this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes the world work you open this
+infrastructure up and then lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure up and then lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure up and then lots of
+bright creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bright creative
+people uh write their own software for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh write their own software for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh write their own software for
+it and so forth and we think that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so forth and we think that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so forth and we think that's the
+kind of thing that that should happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that that should happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that that should happen in
+education I don't know if this analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I don't know if this analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I don't know if this analogy
+makes complete sense to you but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes complete sense to you but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes complete sense to you but I think
+there's a little bit of the flavor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of the flavor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of the flavor of
+what we observe in electronic Commerce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observe in electronic Commerce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we observe in electronic Commerce
+what the public mostly talks about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the public mostly talks about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the public mostly talks about is
+the so-called busines to Consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called busines to Consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called busines to Consumer
+e-commerce selling things directly uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce selling things directly uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce selling things directly uh on
+the web and that's growing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web and that's growing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web and that's growing but it's
+really still a very very minor part at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really still a very very minor part at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really still a very very minor part at
+this point in time of of Commerce but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time of of Commerce but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point in time of of Commerce but
+the what has really transformed business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what has really transformed business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what has really transformed business
+and industry has been the businesses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and industry has been the businesses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and industry has been the businesses to
+business use where people share their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business use where people share their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business use where people share their
+capabilities uh around uh Around the Net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities uh around uh Around the Net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities uh around uh Around the Net
+and I think that's much more the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's much more the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's much more the model
+that's going to develop in in higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to develop in in higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to develop in in higher
+education in a sense we're we're betting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in a sense we're we're betting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education in a sense we're we're betting
+on that so do you see other schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so do you see other schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so do you see other schools
+offering the MIT introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering the MIT introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering the MIT introduction to
+engineering course for example well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering course for example well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering course for example well
+again I want to be very clear that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want to be very clear that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I want to be very clear that it's
+not courses per se that we are putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not courses per se that we are putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not courses per se that we are putting
+up I think much more likely is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think much more likely is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up I think much more likely is that
+Professor X at school y will like part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor X at school y will like part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor X at school y will like part
+of the way that Hal abbl has structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way that Hal abbl has structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way that Hal abbl has structured
+his introduction to uh computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his introduction to uh computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his introduction to uh computer
+programming and may use directly parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and may use directly parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and may use directly parts
+of his notes or may like half of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his notes or may like half of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his notes or may like half of his
+syllabus and not the other half add his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and not the other half add his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus and not the other half add his
+or her own materials to it I think it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her own materials to it I think it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her own materials to it I think it'll
+be a much more organic and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a much more organic and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a much more organic and dynamic
+activity and just if I could add to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and just if I could add to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and just if I could add to that
+I think the best way to think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the best way to think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the best way to think of it is
+we hope people I hope people will adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope people I hope people will adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope people I hope people will adapt
+I don't expect many people to adopt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect many people to adopt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't expect many people to adopt
+wholesale every University is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale every University is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wholesale every University is different
+one of the places we hope to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the places we hope to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the places we hope to see
+adaptation of these materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation of these materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation of these materials
+particularly is in developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly is in developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly is in developing countries
+many countries uh have populations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries uh have populations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many countries uh have populations that
+are much younger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much younger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much younger than
+ours uh they have large numbers of young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours uh they have large numbers of young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ours uh they have large numbers of young
+people they are trying very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they are trying very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they are trying very hard to
+expand their higher education systems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand their higher education systems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand their higher education systems so
+as to build a more technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to build a more technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to build a more technologically
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+Workforce in order to do that they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce in order to do that they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Workforce in order to do that they need
+to add faculty and and whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add faculty and and whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add faculty and and whole
+institutions very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions very quickly
+we hope that these materials can inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that these materials can inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope that these materials can inform
+their curricula many of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their curricula many of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their curricula many of these people
+have not had the opportunity of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not had the opportunity of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not had the opportunity of uh
+higher education in a topf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education in a topf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education in a topf
+flight uh either Top Flight University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight uh either Top Flight University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight uh either Top Flight University
+in the developed World they they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developed World they they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the developed World they they can
+find these materials very useful we hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these materials very useful we hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find these materials very useful we hope
+some of it will be translated that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will be translated that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it will be translated that would
+be a wonderful thing if universities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a wonderful thing if universities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a wonderful thing if universities in
+other countries where they need to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries where they need to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other countries where they need to teach
+in other languages take our materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other languages take our materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other languages take our materials
+translate them and make them available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate them and make them available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate them and make them available
+for the students as they see appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the students as they see appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the students as they see appropriate
+there are tremendous opportunities for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tremendous opportunities for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tremendous opportunities for
+for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing
+good around the world in helping these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good around the world in helping these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good around the world in helping these
+universities and I personally would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and I personally would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and I personally would be
+very excited about that does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about that does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very excited about that does that mean
+you're not retaining the copyright or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not retaining the copyright or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not retaining the copyright or is
+it public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it public
+domain our intent is to retain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain our intent is to retain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain our intent is to retain the
+copyright but that's quite different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright but that's quite different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright but that's quite different
+from not from allowing anyone to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not from allowing anyone to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from not from allowing anyone to use it
+one can retain the copyright and simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can retain the copyright and simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can retain the copyright and simply
+say this is MIT copyrighted but you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is MIT copyrighted but you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is MIT copyrighted but you are
+free to use it for all non-commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to use it for all non-commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to use it for all non-commercial
+research and education purposes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and education purposes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and education purposes you can
+translate it and you can translate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it and you can translate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate it and you can translate it
+and so that's at least currently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's at least currently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's at least currently the
+current thinking is that's what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current thinking is that's what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current thinking is that's what we would
+do we would not relinquish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we would not relinquish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we would not relinquish the
+copyrights but we would simply Grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights but we would simply Grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrights but we would simply Grant
+effective use rights to everybody we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective use rights to everybody we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective use rights to everybody we
+have done that in the past with software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that in the past with software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that in the past with software
+there's a number of precedents at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of precedents at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of precedents at MIT
+for releasing software for worldwide use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for releasing software for worldwide use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for releasing software for worldwide use
+but retaining the copyright are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but retaining the copyright are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but retaining the copyright are there
+faculty members that are concerned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members that are concerned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members that are concerned that
+if there if their intellectual property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there if their intellectual property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there if their intellectual property
+is available for public use and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is available for public use and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is available for public use and they
+they have less of an income stream for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have less of an income stream for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have less of an income stream for
+example writing a text book book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example writing a text book book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example writing a text book book and
+selling it on the market we've heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it on the market we've heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it on the market we've heard
+that and dck you the others people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and dck you the others people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and dck you the others people want
+to comment on that the truth is as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment on that the truth is as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to comment on that the truth is as an
+economic Enterprise very few textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic Enterprise very few textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic Enterprise very few textbooks
+are in fact worth doing if people only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact worth doing if people only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact worth doing if people only
+wrote textbooks financially financially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote textbooks financially financially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote textbooks financially financially
+as an economic Enterprise if you looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an economic Enterprise if you looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an economic Enterprise if you looked
+at the hourly wage rates of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hourly wage rates of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the hourly wage rates of most
+texbooks there are exceptions and we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texbooks there are exceptions and we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texbooks there are exceptions and we all
+you know know of the the Striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know of the the Striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know of the the Striking
+exceptions but frankly faculty for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions but frankly faculty for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions but frankly faculty for the
+most part don't write textbooks for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part don't write textbooks for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most part don't write textbooks for the
+income stream they do it for the glory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income stream they do it for the glory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income stream they do it for the glory
+and for the good to the institution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the good to the institution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the good to the institution and
+their own personal reputation that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal reputation that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own personal reputation that won't
+change we certainly do expect that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we certainly do expect that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change we certainly do expect that some
+faculty will not put their most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty will not put their most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty will not put their most recent
+materials on this site because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on this site because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on this site because they're
+writing a textbook so I've taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a textbook so I've taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a textbook so I've taught
+courses where I distribute manuscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses where I distribute manuscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses where I distribute manuscript
+versions of my t chapters of a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of my t chapters of a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of my t chapters of a textbook
+I'm writing to my students but I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing to my students but I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm writing to my students but I have a
+contract with a publisher and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract with a publisher and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract with a publisher and eventually
+I'm going to publish it and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to publish it and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to publish it and those
+probably would not show up in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not show up in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not show up in most cases
+you know there have been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there have been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there have been some
+experiments in which uh various presses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in which uh various presses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments in which uh various presses
+including our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including our own
+have put uh the content of newly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put uh the content of newly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put uh the content of newly
+published books on the web for free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published books on the web for free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published books on the web for free and
+sold the print book and the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold the print book and the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold the print book and the general
+assessment is that the sales of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment is that the sales of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment is that the sales of the
+print book go up not down so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print book go up not down so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print book go up not down so you know
+these we're not too worried about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we're not too worried about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we're not too worried about that
+but there are some individuals who will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some individuals who will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some individuals who will
+uh feel that way and may choose not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feel that way and may choose not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feel that way and may choose not to
+participate in a particular um course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in a particular um course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in a particular um course
+speaking as a faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as a faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as a faculty
+person all I want would be for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person all I want would be for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person all I want would be for my
+material to be broadly used by lots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to be broadly used by lots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material to be broadly used by lots and
+lots of people and be cited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people and be cited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people and be cited and
+attributed broadly nationally I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed broadly nationally I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed broadly nationally I mean it
+it would be a I think most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a I think most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a I think most of the
+faculties dreamed that this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties dreamed that this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculties dreamed that this would be the
+case any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question new kinds of attribu if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question new kinds of attribu if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question new kinds of attribu if they
+take half of uh Professor aon's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take half of uh Professor aon's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take half of uh Professor aon's you know
+introduction to Computing 101
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Computing 101
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to Computing 101
+and and dump the other half when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and dump the other half when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and dump the other half when you
+somebody well that I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody well that I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody well that I mean that's a
+terrible problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible problem
+with everything that's going on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything that's going on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything that's going on the web
+you're seeing the fragmentation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the fragmentation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing the fragmentation of
+materials and uh I don't know that open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and uh I don't know that open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and uh I don't know that open
+courseware has that problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware has that problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware has that problem in
+particular but eventually the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular but eventually the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular but eventually the uh the
+publishing world is going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing world is going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing world is going to have to
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+that by offering these courses for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by offering these courses for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by offering these courses for free
+are you essentially giving up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you essentially giving up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you essentially giving up on the
+model that many universities are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that many universities are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that many universities are trying
+to make money off uh online you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money off uh online you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make money off uh online you know
+distance learning courses I I I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning courses I I I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning courses I I I I think
+it's really important to to say the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to to say the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really important to to say the way
+we the way we think of this is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the way we think of this is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we the way we think of this is as a
+publication we really don't think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication we really don't think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication we really don't think of it
+as dist as distance learning or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dist as distance learning or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dist as distance learning or
+instruction uh MIT you know will do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction uh MIT you know will do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction uh MIT you know will do some
+actual distance learning experiments as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual distance learning experiments as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual distance learning experiments as
+Chuck said probably around professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck said probably around professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuck said probably around professional
+education we don't see MIT doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education we don't see MIT doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education we don't see MIT doing
+distance learning on a large scale at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning on a large scale at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance learning on a large scale at
+all because it it's just not part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because it it's just not part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all because it it's just not part of our
+Charter but open course where really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charter but open course where really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charter but open course where really you
+should think of as publication rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of as publication rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of as publication rather
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+instruction it's a major investment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it's a major investment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction it's a major investment for
+purely altruistic purposes I mean do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely altruistic purposes I mean do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely altruistic purposes I mean do you
+see the school benefiting in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the school benefiting in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the school benefiting in ways that
+maybe aren't purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe aren't purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe aren't purely
+altruistic I don't uh see any kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic I don't uh see any kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altruistic I don't uh see any kind of uh
+Financial benefits coming to us I very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial benefits coming to us I very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial benefits coming to us I very
+much hope that this will be a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hope that this will be a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much hope that this will be a great
+success and that there will be a uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and that there will be a uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success and that there will be a uh a
+positive reputational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive reputational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive reputational
+reflection uh as I said in my opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection uh as I said in my opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection uh as I said in my opening
+statement uh there is both a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh there is both a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement uh there is both a lot of
+idealism in this fact day and also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism in this fact day and also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealism in this fact day and also a
+desire to to influence the world and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to to influence the world and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to to influence the world and uh
+I I think that that's really at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that that's really at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think that that's really at the
+heart of why the vast majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of why the vast majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart of why the vast majority of the
+faculty uh have uh concluded that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh have uh concluded that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh have uh concluded that this
+is a good thing to do we want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing to do we want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good thing to do we want to have a
+positive influence it is in in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive influence it is in in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive influence it is in in most
+Dimensions an altruistic action but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions an altruistic action but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions an altruistic action but I
+think it's also true there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's also true there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's also true there there are
+real benefits to MIT not Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real benefits to MIT not Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real benefits to MIT not Financial
+benefits but in terms of strengthening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but in terms of strengthening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but in terms of strengthening
+our educational Community you we we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our educational Community you we we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our educational Community you we we went
+around and gave presentations in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and gave presentations in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and gave presentations in in
+every department at MIT and people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every department at MIT and people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every department at MIT and people would
+say things like gee I would really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like gee I would really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say things like gee I would really like
+to to be able to see in detail what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be able to see in detail what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be able to see in detail what my
+colleagues right here in this department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues right here in this department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues right here in this department
+are doing and students are saying gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing and students are saying gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing and students are saying gee
+before I I go major in a subject I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I I go major in a subject I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I I go major in a subject I would
+really like to be able to see what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to be able to see what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to be able to see what's in
+those courses so there's a real uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses so there's a real uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those courses so there's a real uh
+there's a real benefit having this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real benefit having this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a real benefit having this
+material available even openly across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material available even openly across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material available even openly across
+the MIT community and part of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT community and part of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT community and part of what we
+hope open course where will do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope open course where will do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope open course where will do is is
+strengthen MIT itself as an educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen MIT itself as an educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen MIT itself as an educational
+community in in conceiving of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in in conceiving of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community in in conceiving of open
+courseware as a concept the idea that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware as a concept the idea that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware as a concept the idea that it
+might very positively impact how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might very positively impact how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might very positively impact how we do
+our intellectual work on campus and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intellectual work on campus and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our intellectual work on campus and how
+we might impact our students the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might impact our students the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might impact our students the way
+they learn uh is very much an aspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn uh is very much an aspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they learn uh is very much an aspiration
+that's driving an idea like that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driving an idea like that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's driving an idea like that so it's
+it's not purely altruistic it is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not purely altruistic it is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not purely altruistic it is it is
+an advance we hope in the way University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advance we hope in the way University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advance we hope in the way University
+does intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does intellectual
+business other questions we're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business other questions we're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business other questions we're running
+close to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to our
+anticipated 145
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated 145
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated 145
+ending um are Monica is there going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending um are Monica is there going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending um are Monica is there going to
+be a two tiered system and that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a two tiered system and that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a two tiered system and that some of
+the materials will only be available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials will only be available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the materials will only be available
+online to enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to enrolled
+students I think there has to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I think there has to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students I think there has to be there
+are a couple of things that we can't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of things that we can't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a couple of things that we can't put
+up so one thing that we cannot put up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so one thing that we cannot put up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up so one thing that we cannot put up is
+anything that would infringe students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that would infringe students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that would infringe students
+privacy so things like class lists or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy so things like class lists or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy so things like class lists or
+names of students or places where their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of students or places where their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of students or places where their
+student work where we don't have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student work where we don't have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student work where we don't have their
+permission that could not be part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission that could not be part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission that could not be part of
+open course Weare another thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare another thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare another thing that we
+could not put up are third-party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not put up are third-party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could not put up are third-party
+materials where we have permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials where we have permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials where we have permission to
+distribute them on the MIT campus or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute them on the MIT campus or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute them on the MIT campus or the
+MIT web uh those are the two main things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT web uh those are the two main things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT web uh those are the two main things
+that that itself requires a two-tier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that itself requires a two-tier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that itself requires a two-tier
+system as far as what else and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as far as what else and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as far as what else and the
+details well that's part of what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details well that's part of what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details well that's part of what we have
+to work at I think the only and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at I think the only and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work at I think the only and I
+absolutely agree the third thing I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely agree the third thing I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely agree the third thing I heard
+when as among the group that went around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when as among the group that went around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when as among the group that went around
+many faculty change their internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many faculty change their internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many faculty change their internal
+website for their own students extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for their own students extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website for their own students extremely
+rapidly they might do it three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly they might do it three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly they might do it three four five
+times a week that's probably not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a week that's probably not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a week that's probably not what we
+want to have happen at ocw and most ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have happen at ocw and most ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have happen at ocw and most ocw
+users aren't going to want to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users aren't going to want to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users aren't going to want to know that
+the due date for problem set six changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the due date for problem set six changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the due date for problem set six changed
+from Wednesday to Friday I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Wednesday to Friday I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Wednesday to Friday I mean they
+just they don't care uh and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they don't care uh and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just they don't care uh and so there's
+lots of reasons and the two that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of reasons and the two that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of reasons and the two that how
+more probably the more significant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probably the more significant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probably the more significant but
+we heard many faculty who said we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard many faculty who said we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard many faculty who said we really
+need an internal and external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an internal and external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an internal and external
+site other questions are there question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site other questions are there question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site other questions are there question
+questions from uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from uh any
+links no okay well thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links no okay well thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links no okay well thank you very much
+appreciate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate your
+coming
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/4bfrkd8_zPo.txt b/4bfrkd8_zPo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8aeda4da3b85cc4d686443c6382d1f67a005a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/4bfrkd8_zPo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we're now well underway into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're now well underway into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're now well underway into
+quantum mechanics so a lot of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so a lot of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics so a lot of the the
+important stuff goes by very fast so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stuff goes by very fast so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important stuff goes by very fast so we
+represent a quantum mechanical operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a quantum mechanical operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a quantum mechanical operator
+with a little hat and it means do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little hat and it means do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little hat and it means do
+something to the thing on its right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the thing on its right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the thing on its right and
+it has to be a linear operator and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be a linear operator and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be a linear operator and you
+want to be sure you know what a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sure you know what a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be sure you know what a linear
+operator it does and what is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it does and what is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator it does and what is not a
+linear operator this is an eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator this is an eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator this is an eigenvalue
+equation so we have some function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we have some function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we have some function which
+when the operator operates on it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the operator operates on it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the operator operates on it gives
+back a constant time that's function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a constant time that's function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a constant time that's function
+think the constant is the eigenvalue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the constant is the eigenvalue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the constant is the eigenvalue and
+the function is an eigenfunction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is an eigenfunction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function is an eigenfunction of the
+operator that belongs to this eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that belongs to this eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that belongs to this eigenvalue
+and all of quantum mechanics can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of quantum mechanics can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of quantum mechanics can be
+expressed in terms of eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of eigenvalue
+equations it's very important and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's very important and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations it's very important and you
+sort of take it for granted now one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take it for granted now one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of take it for granted now one of
+the important things about quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things about quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things about quantum
+mechanics is that we have to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is that we have to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is that we have to find a
+linear operator that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator that corresponds to the
+classically observable quantities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically observable quantities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically observable quantities and
+for X the linear operator is X and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X the linear operator is X and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for X the linear operator is X and for
+the momentum the linear operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum the linear operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum the linear operator is
+minus IH bar partial with respect to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar partial with respect to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus IH bar partial with respect to X
+that should bother you two ways one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should bother you two ways one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should bother you two ways one is
+the I and the other is the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I and the other is the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I and the other is the partial
+derivative but when you apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but when you apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative but when you apply this
+operator to functions you discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to functions you discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to functions you discover that
+out pops something that has the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pops something that has the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pops something that has the expected
+behavior of momentum and so this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of momentum and so this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of momentum and so this is in
+fact the operator that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the operator that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the operator that we're going to
+use for for momentum and then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for for momentum and then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for for momentum and then there is a
+commutation rule this commutation rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rule this commutation rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rule this commutation rule
+that they kind of XP minus px is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they kind of XP minus px is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they kind of XP minus px is equal
+to this this is really the foundation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this is really the foundation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this this is really the foundation of
+quantum mechanics and Alma and there as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and Alma and there as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and Alma and there as
+I've said before many people derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said before many people derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said before many people derive
+everything from a few commutation rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from a few commutation rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from a few commutation rules
+it's really scary but you should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really scary but you should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really scary but you should be able
+to work out this commutation rule by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out this commutation rule by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out this commutation rule by
+applying X P minus px to some arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying X P minus px to some arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying X P minus px to some arbitrary
+function and going through the symbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and going through the symbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and going through the symbolic
+s-- should take you about 30 seconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-- should take you about 30 seconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s-- should take you about 30 seconds or
+maybe you shouldn't maybe you go faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you shouldn't maybe you go faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you shouldn't maybe you go faster
+okay we have an operator and we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have an operator and we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have an operator and we often
+want to know what is the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what is the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know what is the expectation
+value of the particular function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the particular function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the particular function which
+we could symbolize here but it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could symbolize here but it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could symbolize here but it's never
+done that way so we have some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that way so we have some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that way so we have some function
+and we want to calculate its expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to calculate its expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to calculate its expectation
+value of operator a and this is it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of operator a and this is it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of operator a and this is it and
+so this is a normalization integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a normalization integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a normalization integral and
+this normalization integral is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normalization integral is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normalization integral is usually
+taken for granted because we almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken for granted because we almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken for granted because we almost
+always work with sets of functions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work with sets of functions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always work with sets of functions which
+are normalized and so if you convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normalized and so if you convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are normalized and so if you convince
+yourself that it is in fact they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that it is in fact they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that it is in fact they are
+normalized fine and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized fine and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized fine and then this is the
+thing that you normally would calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we went to our first problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to our first problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we went to our first problem in
+quantum mechanics which is the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics which is the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics which is the free
+particle and the free particle has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the free particle has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and the free particle has some
+idiosyncrasies the wavefunction for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncrasies the wavefunction for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idiosyncrasies the wavefunction for the
+free particle has the form e to the I KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle has the form e to the I KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free particle has the form e to the I KX
+plus e to the minus ikx and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the minus ikx and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus e to the minus ikx and the
+Hamiltonian is minus h-bar over 2 M with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is minus h-bar over 2 M with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is minus h-bar over 2 M with
+respect to X second partial with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X second partial with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X second partial with respect
+to X plus v-0 so those know v-0 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X plus v-0 so those know v-0 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X plus v-0 so those know v-0 here and
+we have two different Exponential's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so oh is this really going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oh is this really going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oh is this really going to be an
+eigen function of the Hamiltonian this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function of the Hamiltonian this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function of the Hamiltonian this
+is really P squared and so this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really P squared and so this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really P squared and so this is going
+to be an eigen function of P Square -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's draw a little picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's draw a little picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's draw a little picture
+here here is energy and this is v-0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is energy and this is v-0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here is energy and this is v-0 and
+let's say this is the zero of energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the eigen values of this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigen values of this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the eigen values of this what
+what does the Hamiltonian do to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the Hamiltonian do to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the Hamiltonian do to this
+function well in order to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well in order to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well in order to do that you
+you have to calculate something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to calculate something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to calculate something like
+where you have to calculate the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to calculate the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to calculate the second
+derivative of each of these terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of each of these terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of each of these terms and
+the second derivative of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of this term
+brings down a minus K squared and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down a minus K squared and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings down a minus K squared and the
+second derivative of this term brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of this term brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of this term brings
+down a minus K squared and so the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a minus K squared and so the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a minus K squared and so the energy
+eigenvalues are going to be given by H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are going to be given by H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues are going to be given by H
+bar squared a squared or 2m 0 so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared a squared or 2m 0 so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar squared a squared or 2m 0 so these
+are the eigen values eigen functions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigen values eigen functions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the eigen values eigen functions the
+energies of a free particle and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of a free particle and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of a free particle and they're
+not quantized now there's a V 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quantized now there's a V 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quantized now there's a V 0 is
+something that we'll often trip you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll often trip you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll often trip you up
+because it's it's it's hidden here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's it's hidden here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's it's it's hidden here it's
+not in here ok I want to torture you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in here ok I want to torture you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in here ok I want to torture you
+with something so why are these two K's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something so why are these two K's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something so why are these two K's
+the same what would happen if the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same what would happen if the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same what would happen if the decay
+for the positive term were different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the positive term were different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the positive term were different
+from the K for the negative term simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the K for the negative term simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the K for the negative term simple
+answer yeah it would that's right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah it would that's right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah it would that's right they
+it wouldn't be an eigen function value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be an eigen function value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be an eigen function value
+it wouldn't be an eigen function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be an eigen function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be an eigen function of the
+Hamiltonian it's a mixture of two eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it's a mixture of two eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian it's a mixture of two eigen
+values and so that's simple but often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so that's simple but often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and so that's simple but often we
+would we might be dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we might be dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we might be dealing with a
+potential that's not simple like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's not simple like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that's not simple like this
+but is God complain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is God complain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is God complain
+city so suppose we had a potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so suppose we had a potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city so suppose we had a potential that
+did this the energy is the V the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this the energy is the V the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this the energy is the V the
+potential is constant piecewise and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is constant piecewise and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is constant piecewise and so
+what do we do yes and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do yes and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do yes and that's that's
+exactly right you do want to break it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right you do want to break it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right you do want to break it up
+but one of the things I'm stressing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things I'm stressing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the things I'm stressing here
+is that you want to be able to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want to be able to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want to be able to draw
+cartoons and and so we know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and and so we know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons and and so we know that if we
+choose an energy here there is a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an energy here there is a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose an energy here there is a certain
+momentum or certain kinetic energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or certain kinetic energy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or certain kinetic energy here
+and a different kinetic energy here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different kinetic energy here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different kinetic energy here and
+and so somehow what you what you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow what you what you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so somehow what you what you write
+for the wave function will reflect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function will reflect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function will reflect that
+but now qualitatively pictorially if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now qualitatively pictorially if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now qualitatively pictorially if we
+have a wave function in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a wave function in this region
+which is oscillating like this and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oscillating like this and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is oscillating like this and it'll
+be oscillating it's the same spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oscillating it's the same spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be oscillating it's the same spatial
+frequency over here well what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency over here well what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency over here well what's going to
+be happening here is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening here is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happening here is it going to be
+oscillating faster or slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely and so and is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and so and is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely and so and is it going to
+have amplitude smaller or a larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amplitude smaller or a larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amplitude smaller or a larger than
+here you could answer yes well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could answer yes well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you could answer yes well let me
+just let me do a thought experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me do a thought experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me do a thought experiment so
+I'm gonna walk from one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna walk from one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna walk from one side of the
+blackboard to the other and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard to the other and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard to the other and I'm gonna
+walk in at constant velocity then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in at constant velocity then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk in at constant velocity then I'm
+going to walk faster and then back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk faster and then back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk faster and then back to
+this original velocity so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original velocity so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this original velocity so what's the
+probability of seeing me in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of seeing me in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of seeing me in the middle
+region relative to the edge regions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right the probability local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right the probability local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right the probability local
+probability is proportional to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is proportional to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is proportional to one over
+the velocity and the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity and the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity and the wave function is
+proportional to one over the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to one over the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to one over the square root
+of the velocity and the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the velocity and the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the velocity and the velocity is
+related to the momentum and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the momentum and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the momentum and so we have
+everything so we we know that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so we we know that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so we we know that the wave
+here will be oscillating faster and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be oscillating faster and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will be oscillating faster and with
+lower amplitude this is what I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower amplitude this is what I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower amplitude this is what I want you
+to know and you'll be able to use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and you'll be able to use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and you'll be able to use that
+cartoon to solve problems if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon to solve problems if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon to solve problems if you
+understand the what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the what's going on here
+these pictures will be equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures will be equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures will be equivalent to
+global understanding and these pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global understanding and these pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global understanding and these pictures
+are also part of what it semi-classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also part of what it semi-classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also part of what it semi-classical
+quantum mechanics I believe you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics I believe you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics I believe you all know
+classical mechanics at least a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics at least a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics at least a little
+enough to be useful and what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be useful and what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be useful and what we want to
+be able to do in order to draw pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do in order to draw pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do in order to draw pictures
+and to understand stuff is to insert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand stuff is to insert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to understand stuff is to insert
+just enough quantum mechanics into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough quantum mechanics into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just enough quantum mechanics into
+classical mechanics so that it's correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics so that it's correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics so that it's correct
+and then all of a sudden it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all of a sudden it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then all of a sudden it starts to
+make a lot more sense ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the product in the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product in the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the product in the box
+well we have this sort of situation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have this sort of situation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have this sort of situation and
+we have zero and a so the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have zero and a so the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have zero and a so the length of the
+box is zero is is a and the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is zero is is a and the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is zero is is a and the bottom of
+the box V zero is zero for this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box V zero is zero for this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box V zero is zero for this picture
+now one of the things that I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things that I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things that I want you to
+think about is okay I understand I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is okay I understand I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is okay I understand I've
+solved this problem I know how to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem I know how to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem I know how to solve
+this problem I know how to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I know how to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem I know how to get the
+eigenvalues and I know how to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and I know how to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and I know how to get the
+eigenfunctions I know how to normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions I know how to normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenfunctions I know how to normalize
+them well suppose I move the box to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well suppose I move the box to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them well suppose I move the box to the
+side so I move it from say B to a plus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I move it from say B to a plus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so I move it from say B to a plus B
+so it's the same width but it's just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same width but it's just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the same width but it's just in
+a different place well anything change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the only thing that changes is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that changes is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing that changes is the wave
+function because you have to shift you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because you have to shift you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function because you have to shift you
+shift the coordinates what happens if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the coordinates what happens if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the coordinates what happens if I
+raise the box or lower the box will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the box or lower the box will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the box or lower the box will
+anything change your hot summer James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I'm if I move the box so that V 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm if I move the box so that V 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm if I move the box so that V 0
+is not 0 but V 0 is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoa No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you've moved the box up in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've moved the box up in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you've moved the box up in energy
+the wave function is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is going to look
+exactly the same but the energies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same but the energies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same but the energies are
+going to be different by the amount you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different by the amount you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different by the amount you
+move the box up or down and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the box up or down and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the box up or down and this is
+really important to me it may seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to me it may seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to me it may seem
+trivial to some of you and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to some of you and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial to some of you and really
+obscure to others but you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure to others but you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obscure to others but you really want to
+be able to take these things apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take these things apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to take these things apart
+because that will enable you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will enable you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that will enable you to
+understand them in a permanent way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them in a permanent way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand them in a permanent way and
+the cartoons are really important so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoons are really important so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartoons are really important so you
+know if you have the solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have the solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have the solution to the
+particle in a box then it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box then it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box then it doesn't matter
+where the box is you know the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the box is you know the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the box is you know the solution
+to any particle in a box okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any particle in a box okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any particle in a box okay there's
+something that I meant to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I meant to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I meant to talk about
+briefly but when we write the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but when we write the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly but when we write the these
+solutions other blackboard go alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions other blackboard go alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions other blackboard go alright so
+when we have solutions like e to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have solutions like e to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we have solutions like e to the I
+KX and e to the minus I K X so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and e to the minus I K X so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and e to the minus I K X so we have
+say a here and B here when we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a here and B here when we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a here and B here when we go to
+normalize a function like this here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize a function like this here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize a function like this here then
+we might we write psystar sorry Y X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might we write psystar sorry Y X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might we write psystar sorry Y X so
+so I star would make this go a star and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I star would make this go a star and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I star would make this go a star and
+this go to either by as I can and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this go to either by as I can and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this go to either by as I can and this
+goes B star either the plus ikx so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes B star either the plus ikx so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes B star either the plus ikx so now
+we multiply things together we get an a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply things together we get an a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply things together we get an a
+a star which is square modulus of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star which is square modulus of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a star which is square modulus of a and
+we get e the ikx and e to the minus ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get e the ikx and e to the minus ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get e the ikx and e to the minus ikx
+it's one this is why we use this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one this is why we use this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one this is why we use this form
+the integrals for things involving e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals for things involving e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrals for things involving e to
+the ikx are you one or zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you took either the chi ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you took either the chi ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you took either the chi ikx
+this term and multiplied it by this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and multiplied it by this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term and multiplied it by this term
+you'd get it a b star either the to ikx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get it a b star either the to ikx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd get it a b star either the to ikx
+integrated over a finite region that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over a finite region that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated over a finite region that's
+zero so we really like this exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we really like this exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we really like this exponential
+notation even if you've been brought up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation even if you've been brought up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation even if you've been brought up
+on sines and cosines and you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sines and cosines and you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sines and cosines and you use the
+sines and cosines to impose the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines to impose the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sines and cosines to impose the boundary
+conditions okay another challenge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay another challenge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay another challenge so
+this is v zero and the only problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is v zero and the only problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is v zero and the only problem is
+this V zero well this it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V zero well this it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V zero well this it looks like this
+so this is V 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is V 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is V 1
+okay so we have now a particle in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have now a particle in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have now a particle in this
+strong strange it's a it's a hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong strange it's a it's a hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong strange it's a it's a hybrid
+between the free particle and a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the free particle and a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the free particle and a particle
+in a box so suppose we're at an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box so suppose we're at an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box so suppose we're at an energy
+like this what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this what's going to happen
+well everything that's outside with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everything that's outside with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well everything that's outside with
+everything that's in the classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's in the classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's in the classically
+allowed region we understand we know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed region we understand we know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed region we understand we know how
+to do it deal with it but in here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it deal with it but in here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it deal with it but in here well
+that's okay too but inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay too but inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay too but inside this
+classically forbidden region the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically forbidden region the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically forbidden region the wave
+function is going to behave differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to behave differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to behave differently
+now I'm going to assert something it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to assert something it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to assert something it
+doesn't have nodes it doesn't oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have nodes it doesn't oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have nodes it doesn't oscillate
+it's either exponentially decreasing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either exponentially decreasing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either exponentially decreasing or
+exponentially increasing and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially increasing and it will
+never cross zero never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now if we're solving a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if we're solving a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now if we're solving a problem
+involving any kind of 1d potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of nodes so for 1d bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes so for 1d bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of nodes so for 1d bound
+particles but bound problems the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but bound problems the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but bound problems the number
+of nodes starts with zero and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodes starts with zero and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodes starts with zero and it
+corresponds to the lowest energy state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the lowest energy state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the lowest energy state
+the next state up has one node and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next state up has one node and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next state up has one node and the
+next state has two nodes so by counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next state has two nodes so by counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next state has two nodes so by counting
+the nodes you know what the energy order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes you know what the energy order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodes you know what the energy order
+is of these eigenvalues which is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of these eigenvalues which is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of these eigenvalues which is also an
+extremely useful thing if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful thing if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful thing if you're
+thinking about it or telling your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it or telling your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it or telling your
+computer to find the 33rd eigenvalue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to find the 33rd eigenvalue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to find the 33rd eigenvalue of
+something because you just run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you just run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something because you just run a
+calculation it count solves for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it count solves for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it count solves for
+approximate wave function and the 33rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate wave function and the 33rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate wave function and the 33rd
+it needs 32 32 nodes and so you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs 32 32 nodes and so you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs 32 32 nodes and so you find the
+computer says oh thank you master and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer says oh thank you master and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer says oh thank you master and
+here is your wave function but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your wave function but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your wave function but you have
+to find the right thing okay now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the right thing okay now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the right thing okay now here's
+the picture that you use to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that you use to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture that you use to remember
+everything about a particle in a box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about a particle in a box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about a particle in a box and
+the wave function looks like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function looks like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function looks like this and
+the next wave function looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wave function looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wave function looks like that
+the next wave function looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wave function looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next wave function looks like this
+and so no nodes one node two nodes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so no nodes one node two nodes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so no nodes one node two nodes the
+nodes are symmetrically arranged in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are symmetrically arranged in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes are symmetrically arranged in the
+space available and the lobes on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space available and the lobes on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space available and the lobes on one
+side of the node and the other side have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the node and the other side have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the node and the other side have
+the same amplitude different sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amplitude different sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amplitude different sign
+and they're all normalized and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all normalized and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all normalized and so the
+maximum value for each of these guys is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value for each of these guys is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value for each of these guys is
+two or a where this is 0 day so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or a where this is 0 day so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or a where this is 0 day so that's a
+fantastic simplification and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic simplification and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic simplification and it also
+reminds you of mr. du Brey he said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds you of mr. du Brey he said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminds you of mr. du Brey he said you
+have to have an integer number of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an integer number of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an integer number of half
+wavelengths a hat buffer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths a hat buffer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths a hat buffer for the
+hydrogen an integer number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen an integer number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen an integer number of
+wavelengths around a path and for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths around a path and for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths around a path and for here
+you need an integer number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need an integer number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need an integer number of
+wavelengths for that round-trip which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths for that round-trip which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths for that round-trip which is
+the same thing or an integer number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing or an integer number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing or an integer number of
+half wavelengths that's the price idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half wavelengths that's the price idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half wavelengths that's the price idea
+and and it enables you to say oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it enables you to say oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it enables you to say oh well
+let's let's see if we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see if we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see if we can use this
+concept of wavelength to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of wavelength to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of wavelength to approach
+general problems okay well if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problems okay well if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general problems okay well if you do
+something to the potential by putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the potential by putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the potential by putting a
+little thing in it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing in it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing in it well
+the wave function will oscillate more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function will oscillate more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function will oscillate more
+slowly in that region and that causes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly in that region and that causes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly in that region and that causes it
+to be at a higher or a lower energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at a higher or a lower energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at a higher or a lower energy I
+mean if it's oscillating more slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if it's oscillating more slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if it's oscillating more slowly
+here it has to make it to an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it has to make it to an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it has to make it to an integer
+number of half wavelengths and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of half wavelengths and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of half wavelengths and so that
+means it pushes it up and if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it pushes it up and if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it pushes it up and if you do this
+it'll push it down and you can do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll push it down and you can do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll push it down and you can do you
+can you can do terrible things you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can do terrible things you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can do terrible things you can
+put a delta function there and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a delta function there and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a delta function there and now you
+know everything qualitatively that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything qualitatively that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything qualitatively that can
+happen in a 1d box okay one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a 1d box okay one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in a 1d box okay one of the
+things that bothers people a lot is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that bothers people a lot is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that bothers people a lot is okay
+so we have some wave function it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some wave function it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some wave function it's got
+lots of nodes and the particle starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nodes and the particle starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nodes and the particle starts
+out over here how did it get across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over here how did it get across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over here how did it get across the
+node how does it move across the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node how does it move across the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node how does it move across the node
+well the answer is it's not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is it's not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is it's not moving
+it's here it's here it's here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here it's here it's here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's here it's here it's here it's
+everywhere and this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and this is just the
+probability amplitude there is no motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude there is no motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability amplitude there is no motion
+through a node no motion at all we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a node no motion at all we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a node no motion at all we are
+going to do time-dependent quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do time-dependent quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do time-dependent quantum
+mechanics before too long and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before too long and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics before too long and then there
+will be motion but that motion is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be motion but that motion is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be motion but that motion is is
+encoded in a different way okay another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in a different way okay another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in a different way okay another
+thing suppose you have a particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing suppose you have a particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing suppose you have a particle in a
+box and it's in some state and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and it's in some state and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and it's in some state and I'm going
+to draw something like this again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw something like this again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw something like this again okay
+first of all one two three four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all one two three four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all one two three four or five
+which one is what's which state is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is what's which state is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is what's which state is that
+I got I got it the hands are right six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I got it the hands are right six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I got it the hands are right six
+it's the sixth eigenstate okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sixth eigenstate okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the sixth eigenstate okay now
+suppose nothing is moving right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose nothing is moving right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose nothing is moving right this is
+a stationary state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stationary state
+how would you experimental in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you experimental in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you experimental in principle
+determine that the particle is in this N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that the particle is in this N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that the particle is in this N
+equals six state now this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals six state now this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals six state now this can be a
+completely fanciful experiment what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fanciful experiment what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fanciful experiment what you
+would never do but you could still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never do but you could still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never do but you could still
+describe how you would do it and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how you would do it and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how you would do it and what it
+would tell you and so yes okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you and so yes okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you and so yes okay that's
+that's the quantum mechanical I I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the quantum mechanical I I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the quantum mechanical I I mean I
+I agree spectroscopy wins always but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree spectroscopy wins always but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I agree spectroscopy wins always but if
+you want to observe the wavefunction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to observe the wavefunction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to observe the wavefunction or
+something related to the wavefunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to the wavefunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something related to the wavefunction
+like the number of nodes what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of nodes what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of nodes what would you
+do and the reason I'm I'm being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the reason I'm I'm being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and the reason I'm I'm being very
+apologetic about this is because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologetic about this is because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologetic about this is because it's a
+crazy idea but this is a one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy idea but this is a one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy idea but this is a one-dimensional
+the system right it's in the blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system right it's in the blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system right it's in the blackboard
+and so you could sit out here and shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could sit out here and shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you could sit out here and shoot
+particles at it from the perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at it from the perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles at it from the perpendicular
+direction and collect the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and collect the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and collect the number of
+times you have a hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you have a hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times you have a hit
+and so you would discover that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would discover that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you would discover that you would
+measure a probability distribution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a probability distribution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a probability distribution which
+had had the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I can't draw this properly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't draw this properly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can't draw this properly it's
+going to have one two three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have one two three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have one two three four five
+six six regions separated by a gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six six regions separated by a gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six six regions separated by a gap and
+what it's measuring is size six squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's measuring is size six squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's measuring is size six squared
+well you can't measure you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can't measure you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can't measure you cannot
+observe a wave function but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a wave function but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a wave function but you can
+observe a probability distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a probability distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe a probability distribution the
+wave function squared you can also do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function squared you can also do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function squared you can also do a
+spectroscopic experiment and and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic experiment and and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopic experiment and and find
+out what is the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the nature of the
+Hamiltonian and if you know the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and if you know the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and if you know the nature
+of the Hamiltonian you can can scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hamiltonian you can can scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Hamiltonian you can can scale
+callate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+callate
+the wave function but you can't observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function but you can't observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function but you can't observe
+it okay another thing this harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay another thing this harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay another thing this harmonic
+oscillator this particle in a box has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator this particle in a box has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator this particle in a box has a
+minimum energy which is not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy which is not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy which is not at the
+bottom of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we have something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have something called the
+uncertainty principle now I just pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle now I just pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle now I just pulling
+this out of my pocket but I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xp8 bar not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xp8 bar not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xp8 bar not zero
+and one can derive some uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one can derive some uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one can derive some uncertainty
+principle by doing a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle by doing a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle by doing a little bit more
+mathematics but basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics but basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics but basically that
+uncertainty principle is where Sigma X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle is where Sigma X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle is where Sigma X
+is expectation value of x squared that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expectation value of x squared that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expectation value of x squared that's
+expectation value of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of x squared
+so if we can calculate this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we can calculate this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we can calculate this and
+calculate that we can calculate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that we can calculate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that we can calculate the the
+variance in X and you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in X and you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in X and you can calculate the
+variance in P that's that's exact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in P that's that's exact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance in P that's that's exact and
+that's what you can derive from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you can derive from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you can derive from the
+commutation rule but for our purposes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rule but for our purposes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutation rule but for our purposes we
+can be really crude and so if I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be really crude and so if I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be really crude and so if I'm in
+this state what is Delta X what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state what is Delta X what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state what is Delta X what is the
+range of possibilities for X yeah hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possibilities for X yeah hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possibilities for X yeah hey
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and what is the possibility what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the possibility what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is the possibility what is the
+uncertainty in peace of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got in an eigenstate we got equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got in an eigenstate we got equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got in an eigenstate we got equal
+amplitudes of going this way and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes of going this way and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes of going this way and going
+that way so we could just say P sub X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so we could just say P sub X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so we could just say P sub X
+positive minus P sub X negative which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive minus P sub X negative which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive minus P sub X negative which is
+2p that's the uncertainty and if we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p that's the uncertainty and if we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p that's the uncertainty and if we know
+what quantum number we're in we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantum number we're in we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what quantum number we're in we know
+what the expectation value for P or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectation value for P or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the expectation value for P or the
+momentum is and what we derive is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is and what we derive is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is and what we derive is that
+Delta X Delta P is equal to H and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X Delta P is equal to H and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X Delta P is equal to H and you
+can do that and maybe I should ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that and maybe I should ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that and maybe I should ask you
+to really be sure you can do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really be sure you can do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really be sure you can do that in
+seconds because you really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because you really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because you really know what
+what what the possible values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the possible values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the possible values of
+momentum or momentum squared are for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or momentum squared are for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum or momentum squared are for a
+particle a box okay so why is there zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a box okay so why is there zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a box okay so why is there zero
+point energy because if you said I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point energy because if you said I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point energy because if you said I had a
+level at the bottom of the box we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at the bottom of the box we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at the bottom of the box we would
+have the momentum zero the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the momentum zero the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the momentum zero the uncertainty
+in the momentum is zero and the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the momentum is zero and the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the momentum is zero and the product
+of the uncertainty of the momentum times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uncertainty of the momentum times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uncertainty of the momentum times
+a product of the uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of the uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of the uncertainty in the
+position has to be some finite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has to be some finite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position has to be some finite number
+and can't do that here and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can't do that here and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can't do that here and so this is a
+simple illustration of the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple illustration of the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple illustration of the uncertainty
+principle that you have to have eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that you have to have eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that you have to have eight
+nine zero zero point energy that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine zero zero point energy that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine zero zero point energy that's true
+for all one-dimensional problems okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all one-dimensional problems okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all one-dimensional problems okay
+yeah that's a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the beautiful things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the beautiful things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the beautiful things about
+quantum mechanics is that if you solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is that if you solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is that if you solved
+one problem you can solve a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem you can solve a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem you can solve a whole bunch
+of problems and so for that for the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems and so for that for the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems and so for that for the to
+illustrate that let's consider the 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that let's consider the 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that let's consider the 3d
+particle in a box so for the 3d particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box so for the 3d particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a box so for the 3d particle
+in a box the Hamiltonian can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box the Hamiltonian can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a box the Hamiltonian can be written
+as a little Hamiltonian for the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a little Hamiltonian for the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a little Hamiltonian for the extra
+freedom Y Z okay so we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom Y Z okay so we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom Y Z okay so we have three
+independent motions of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent motions of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent motions of the particle
+they're not coupled they could be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not coupled they could be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not coupled they could be and
+we're interested in letting them be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in letting them be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in letting them be
+coupled but that's that's where we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled but that's that's where we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled but that's that's where we start
+asking questions about reality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about reality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking questions about reality and
+that's when we bring in perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we bring in perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when we bring in perturbation
+theory but for this Louis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but for this Louis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory but for this Louis that's
+fantastic because I know the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic because I know the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic because I know the eigenvalues
+of this operator and of this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this operator and of this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this operator and of this operator
+and eigenfunctions they have this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenfunctions they have this happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigenfunctions they have this happen
+so the problem is basically solved once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is basically solved once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem is basically solved once
+you solve the 1d box now one proviso
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the 1d box now one proviso
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve the 1d box now one proviso
+what you can do this separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do this separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do this separation
+completely formally as long as HX hy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely formally as long as HX hy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely formally as long as HX hy
+commute and basically we say the x y&z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and basically we say the x y&z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and basically we say the x y&z
+directions don't interact with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions don't interact with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions don't interact with each
+other there's there's the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's there's the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's there's the particle is
+free inside the box it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free inside the box it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free inside the box it's just
+encountering walls there are no Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering walls there are no Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountering walls there are no Springs
+or any anything expressing the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any anything expressing the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or any anything expressing the network
+agrees of freedom and okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees of freedom and okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees of freedom and okay so we have
+now a wave function which is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a wave function which is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a wave function which is a function
+of XY and Z but we can always write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY and Z but we can always write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of XY and Z but we can always write it
+as Phi X of X Phi Y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a product of three wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a product of three wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a product of three wave
+functions that we know and the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we know and the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that we know and the energy is
+going to be expressed as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be expressed as a function of
+three quantum numbers where the box says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers where the box says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three quantum numbers where the box says
+let edge likes a B and C you didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let edge likes a B and C you didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let edge likes a B and C you didn't see
+me looking at notes I mean I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looking at notes I mean I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me looking at notes I mean I'm just
+taking the solution to a 1d box and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the solution to a 1d box and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the solution to a 1d box and I'm
+multiplying it and so now we have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it and so now we have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it and so now we have a big
+particle in a 3d box and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a 3d box and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle in a 3d box and this is where
+the ideal gas law comes from but not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal gas law comes from but not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal gas law comes from but not in
+this course so anyway this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so anyway this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course so anyway this is a simple
+thing and the wave functions are simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the wave functions are simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and the wave functions are simple
+as well and you can do all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and you can do all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and you can do all these
+fantastic things so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic things so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic things so there are many
+problems like a polyatomic molecule in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like a polyatomic molecule in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems like a polyatomic molecule in a
+polyatomic molecule if you have n atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule if you have n atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyatomic molecule if you have n atoms
+you have three and minus six vibrational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three and minus six vibrational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three and minus six vibrational
+modes you might ask what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you might ask what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes you might ask what is the
+vibrational mode well they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational mode well they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational mode well they're
+independent motions of the atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent motions of the atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent motions of the atoms that
+satisfy the harmonic oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the harmonic oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the harmonic oscillator
+Hamiltonian which we'll come to next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which we'll come to next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which we'll come to next
+time and so we have three 3n minus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so we have three 3n minus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so we have three 3n minus 6
+exactly solve problems all cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solve problems all cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly solve problems all cold
+cohabiting in one amyl tonyia and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabiting in one amyl tonyia and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohabiting in one amyl tonyia and then
+we can say oh yeah we got these awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say oh yeah we got these awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say oh yeah we got these awesome
+and if I stretch a particular bond my it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I stretch a particular bond my it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I stretch a particular bond my it
+might affect the the force constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect the the force constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might affect the the force constant for
+the bending and so we can introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending and so we can introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bending and so we can introduce
+couplings between the oscillators in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings between the oscillators in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings between the oscillators in
+fact that's what we do with perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's what we do with perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's what we do with perturbation
+theory that's a pole purpose and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that's a pole purpose and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that's a pole purpose and with
+that we can describe both the spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can describe both the spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can describe both the spectrum
+and how the spectrum encodes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the spectrum encodes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the spectrum encodes the
+couplings between the modes and also we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings between the modes and also we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couplings between the modes and also we
+can describe what's called intra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe what's called intra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can describe what's called intra
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular vibrational redistribution
+which happens when you have a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens when you have a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which happens when you have a very high
+density of vibrational States energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of vibrational States energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of vibrational States energy
+moves around because all the modes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves around because all the modes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves around because all the modes are
+coupled and so even if you plucked one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled and so even if you plucked one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled and so even if you plucked one
+it wouldn't the excitation would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't the excitation would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't the excitation would go to
+others and we can understand that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and we can understand that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and we can understand that all
+using the same formalism that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same formalism that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the same formalism that we're
+we're about to develop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to develop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about to develop okay
+so alright I'm I'm not using my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright I'm I'm not using my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so alright I'm I'm not using my notes
+this time because I think there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time because I think there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time because I think there's just
+so much insight so I have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much insight so I have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much insight so I have to keep
+checking to see with it what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking to see with it what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking to see with it what I've
+skipped alright so what I've been saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped alright so what I've been saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skipped alright so what I've been saying
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whenever the hamiltonian can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the hamiltonian can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever the hamiltonian can be
+expressed as a sum of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a sum of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed as a sum of individual
+hamiltonians whenever we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians whenever we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonians whenever we can write the
+Hamiltonian this way we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian this way we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian this way we can write the
+wave function as a product of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function as a product of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function as a product of wave
+functions for coordinates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for coordinates and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for coordinates and the
+energies will be the sum n sub I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies will be the sum n sub I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies will be the sum n sub I I
+equals 1 to M so this is really easy if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to M so this is really easy if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to M so this is really easy if
+if we have simply a Hamiltonian which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have simply a Hamiltonian which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have simply a Hamiltonian which is
+a sum of individual particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of individual particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of individual particle
+Hamiltonians we don't even have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonians we don't even have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonians we don't even have to stop
+to think we know the wave functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think we know the wave functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think we know the wave functions and
+the eigenvalues okay now suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues okay now suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues okay now suppose the
+Hamiltonian is this plus so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is this plus so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is this plus so here we have
+a Hamiltonian and this is the simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Hamiltonian and this is the simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Hamiltonian and this is the simply
+coupled simply the uncoupled Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled simply the uncoupled Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled simply the uncoupled Hamiltonian
+this is what we'd like nature to be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we'd like nature to be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we'd like nature to be but
+nature isn't so kind and there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature isn't so kind and there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature isn't so kind and there are some
+coupling terms and so we know the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms and so we know the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling terms and so we know the eigen
+functions and eigen values for of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and eigen values for of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and eigen values for of this
+Hamiltonian we call them the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian we call them the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian we call them the basis
+functions and the zero order energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the zero order energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the zero order energies
+and then there's this thing that couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this thing that couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this thing that couples
+them and leads to complications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and leads to complications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and leads to complications and
+that's perturbation theory we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perturbation theory we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perturbation theory we're going
+to do that ok so now let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say on page 9 of the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on page 9 of the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on page 9 of the notes
+there's the words next time and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the words next time and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the words next time and and
+those are going to be replaced by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be replaced by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are going to be replaced by you
+should there's a whole bunch of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should there's a whole bunch of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should there's a whole bunch of things
+that I wanted to consider and I I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to consider and I I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wanted to consider and I I was
+planning on talking about them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on talking about them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning on talking about them but
+they're all pretty trivial and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all pretty trivial and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all pretty trivial and so there
+are a whole bunch of things you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a whole bunch of things you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a whole bunch of things you should
+study because I will ask you questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study because I will ask you questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study because I will ask you questions
+about them and greatest importance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and greatest importance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and greatest importance is
+the ability to calculate things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to calculate things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to calculate things like
+that ok now I'm going to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok now I'm going to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ok now I'm going to give you a
+whole bunch of facts which I may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of facts which I may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of facts which I may not
+have derived but you're going to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derived but you're going to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derived but you're going to live
+with them ok and you can ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them ok and you can ask me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them ok and you can ask me
+questions we can some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we can some of these things
+our theorems that we can prove but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theorems that we can prove but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our theorems that we can prove but the
+proof of the theorem is really boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the theorem is really boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the theorem is really boring
+understanding what it is is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what it is is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding what it is is really
+wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful
+so all eigen functions that any long you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all eigen functions that any long you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all eigen functions that any long you
+different eigen values of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigen values of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different eigen values of whatever
+operator we want the Hamiltonian some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we want the Hamiltonian some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator we want the Hamiltonian some
+other operator that's a fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other operator that's a fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other operator that's a fantastic
+simplification so if you have two eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification so if you have two eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification so if you have two eigen
+functions of the Hamiltonian of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the Hamiltonian of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the Hamiltonian of the
+position operator anything the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator anything the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position operator anything the eigen
+those eigen functions are orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eigen functions are orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those eigen functions are orthogonal
+they're integral is zero very very used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're integral is zero very very used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're integral is zero very very used
+so then one of the one of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then one of the one of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then one of the one of the initial
+postulates about quantum mechanics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates about quantum mechanics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates about quantum mechanics is
+this idea that the wave functions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that the wave functions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that the wave functions are
+well behaved well if I were to stated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved well if I were to stated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behaved well if I were to stated at
+the beginning you wouldn't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning you wouldn't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning you wouldn't know that
+what's well-behaved it'll behave but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's well-behaved it'll behave but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's well-behaved it'll behave but now
+I can tell you one of the things is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you one of the things is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can tell you one of the things is that
+the wave function is continuous no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is continuous no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function is continuous no
+matter what the potential does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the potential does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the potential does the
+derivative is continuous except at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is continuous except at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is continuous except at an
+infinite barrier so you come along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite barrier so you come along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite barrier so you come along and
+you hit an infinite barrier and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit an infinite barrier and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit an infinite barrier and you've
+already seen that with the particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen that with the particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen that with the particle in a
+box the derivative of the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box the derivative of the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box the derivative of the wave function
+is continuous at the edge of the box but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous at the edge of the box but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous at the edge of the box but
+the derivative is discontinuous and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is discontinuous and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is discontinuous and it's
+because it's an infinite wall that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an infinite wall that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's an infinite wall that's a
+pretty violent thing to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty violent thing to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty violent thing to make the
+derivative first derivative be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative first derivative be
+discontinuous the second derivative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous except at any sudden change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous except at any sudden change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous except at any sudden change
+in the potential so when you're solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the potential so when you're solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the potential so when you're solving
+1d problems and you've got a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d problems and you've got a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d problems and you've got a solution
+that works in in the various regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works in in the various regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works in in the various regions and
+you want to connect them together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to connect them together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to connect them together that
+these provide some rules about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these provide some rules about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these provide some rules about the
+boundary conditions so now most real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so now most real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions so now most real
+systems don't have incident walls or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems don't have incident walls or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems don't have incident walls or
+infinite steps infinitely sharp steps so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite steps infinitely sharp steps so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite steps infinitely sharp steps so
+for calculation of physically reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculation of physically reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for calculation of physically reasonable
+things wave function the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wave function the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things wave function the first
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+they are continuous but for solving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are continuous but for solving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are continuous but for solving a
+problem we like these steps because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we like these steps because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we like these steps because then
+we know how to impose boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to impose boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to impose boundary
+conditions and that gets us a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and that gets us a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions and that gets us a much
+easier thing to calculate okay now now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier thing to calculate okay now now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier thing to calculate okay now now
+that's wet okay semi mechanics we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wet okay semi mechanics we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's wet okay semi mechanics we know
+that the energy classically is P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy classically is P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy classically is P squared
+or 2l it's one-half MV squared but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2l it's one-half MV squared but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2l it's one-half MV squared but
+that's the same thing as P squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as P squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing as P squared over
+2m in quantum mechanics when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m in quantum mechanics when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2m in quantum mechanics when we talk
+about Hamiltonians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hamiltonians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Hamiltonians
+the variables are X and P naught X and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are X and P naught X and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variables are X and P naught X and V
+so that seems like a picky thing but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems like a picky thing but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that seems like a picky thing but it
+turns out to be very important and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be very important and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be very important and so we
+can we can say well the momentum can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can say well the momentum can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can say well the momentum can be
+a function of X classically so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X classically so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of X classically so I just
+solved this problem and if the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem and if the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved this problem and if the potential
+is not constant then the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not constant then the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not constant then the momentum
+classical momentum is not constant but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical momentum is not constant but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical momentum is not constant but
+we know what it is everywhere and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what it is everywhere and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what it is everywhere and we
+also know that the wavelength is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that the wavelength is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also know that the wavelength is equal
+to H over P so we could make a step into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H over P so we could make a step into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to H over P so we could make a step into
+the unknown saying well the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown saying well the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown saying well the wavelength
+for our non constant potential is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our non constant potential is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our non constant potential is a
+function of coordinate and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of coordinate and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of coordinate and it's going to
+be equal to H over P max that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to H over P max that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to H over P max that's
+semi-classical corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical corner
+mechanics everything you could possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics everything you could possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics everything you could possibly
+want now for one-dimensional problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now for one-dimensional problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want now for one-dimensional problems
+you can Express you can solve in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Express you can solve in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Express you can solve in terms
+of this coordinate dependent wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coordinate dependent wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coordinate dependent wavelength
+which is related to the local momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the local momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is related to the local momentum
+and so the bat doesn't matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the bat doesn't matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the bat doesn't matter how
+complicated the problem is you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the problem is you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated the problem is you know that
+you can calculate the spatial modulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the spatial modulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the spatial modulation
+frequency you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency you can calculate the
+amplitude as it is a big or small based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as it is a big or small based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as it is a big or small based
+on these ideas of the classical momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these ideas of the classical momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these ideas of the classical momentum
+function so this demonstration of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this demonstration of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so this demonstration of my
+walking cross room slow fast slow tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking cross room slow fast slow tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking cross room slow fast slow tells
+you about probability and and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about probability and and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about probability and and so you
+know if you use this formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you use this formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you use this formula
+you know the node spacings and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the node spacings and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the node spacings and you know
+the amplitudes now what you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes now what you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitudes now what you don't know
+is where are the notes you know how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where are the notes you know how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where are the notes you know how how
+they're far far they are part but you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far far they are part but you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're far far they are part but you I
+have to be humble about this in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be humble about this in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be humble about this in order to
+calculate where the nodes are I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate where the nodes are I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate where the nodes are I have to
+do a little bit more in order to pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more in order to pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little bit more in order to pin
+them down but mostly when you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down but mostly when you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down but mostly when you're trying
+to understand how something works you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how something works you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how something works you
+want to know the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the amplitude of the
+envelope and that's a probability and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and that's a probability and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and that's a probability and so
+it's related to one over the square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to one over the square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's related to one over the square root
+of the momentum I'm sorry the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum I'm sorry the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the momentum I'm sorry the amplitude
+is one over the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over the square root of the
+moment and the node spacings those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and the node spacings those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and the node spacings those are
+the things you want to do and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you want to do and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things you want to do and you want
+to know them immediately and a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know them immediately and a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know them immediately and a couple of
+other facts I told you earlier but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other facts I told you earlier but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other facts I told you earlier but I
+think I want to emphasize them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to emphasize them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I want to emphasize them the
+energy order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number of notes number of internal nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for 1d problems you never skip a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1d problems you never skip a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 1d problems you never skip a number
+of so the there is no way for you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so the there is no way for you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so the there is no way for you can't
+say there is no wave function with 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there is no wave function with 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there is no wave function with 13
+nodes even if you don't like being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes even if you don't like being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes even if you don't like being
+unlucky then it's there and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky then it's there and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlucky then it's there and so if you
+want the the the 13th energy level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the the the 13th energy level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the the the 13th energy level you
+want something with 12 nodes and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something with 12 nodes and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something with 12 nodes and that
+also focuses things so these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also focuses things so these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also focuses things so these are these
+are amazingly wonderful things because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are amazingly wonderful things because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are amazingly wonderful things because
+you can get them from what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get them from what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get them from what you know
+about classical mechanics and it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classical mechanics and it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about classical mechanics and it's easy
+to embed them into a kind of half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embed them into a kind of half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embed them into a kind of half
+quantum mechanics and since I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and since I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics and since I told you
+this course is for use and insight not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is for use and insight not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is for use and insight not
+admiration of philosophy or historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration of philosophy or historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration of philosophy or historical
+developments and this is what you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and this is what you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments and this is what you wanted
+you wanna look at a problem and sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna look at a problem and sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanna look at a problem and sketch
+what how is the wavefunction going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how is the wavefunction going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how is the wavefunction going to
+behave and perhaps how a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and perhaps how a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave and perhaps how a particular
+thing at some place the potential is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at some place the potential is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing at some place the potential is
+going to affect the energy levels or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect the energy levels or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect the energy levels or any
+other observable property and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observable property and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other observable property and so the
+cartoons are really your guide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons are really your guide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons are really your guide to
+getting things right but you really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting things right but you really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting things right but you really have
+to invest in these in developing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in these in developing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest in these in developing the the
+sense of how to build these cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how to build these cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how to build these cartoons
+okay I'm finished early again does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm finished early again does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm finished early again does
+anybody have any questions okay we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any questions okay we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have any questions okay we start
+the harmonic oscillator next time okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator next time okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the harmonic oscillator next time okay
+so I can say a couple of things the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can say a couple of things the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can say a couple of things the way
+for their wave functions the solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their wave functions the solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their wave functions the solution to
+the 1d box in the free particle they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1d box in the free particle they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1d box in the free particle they're
+really simple the solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple the solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple the solution to the
+harmonic oscillator involves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator involves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic oscillator involves a
+complicated differential equation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated differential equation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated differential equation which
+is a mathematicians have solved to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mathematicians have solved to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mathematicians have solved to work
+out all the problem properties but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the problem properties but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the problem properties but there
+is a really important simplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really important simplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really important simplification
+that enables us to proceed with even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to proceed with even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to proceed with even
+greater velocity in the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater velocity in the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater velocity in the harmonic
+oscillator than we would in a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator than we would in a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator than we would in a particle
+box and they are these things called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and they are these things called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and they are these things called a
+and a dagger creation and annihilation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dagger creation and annihilation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dagger creation and annihilation
+operators where when we operate on say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators where when we operate on say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators where when we operate on say
+the with this creation operator it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with this creation operator it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with this creation operator it
+converts it to square root of the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts it to square root of the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts it to square root of the plus
+one side the plus one these things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side the plus one these things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side the plus one these things we
+don't ever have to do an integral what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever have to do an integral what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't ever have to do an integral what's
+your in harmonic oscillator land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in harmonic oscillator land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your in harmonic oscillator land
+everything you can do you need comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can do you need comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you can do you need comes
+from these wonderful oscillate operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these wonderful oscillate operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these wonderful oscillate operators
+and so even though the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so even though the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so even though the differential
+equation is a little bit scary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a little bit scary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is a little bit scary for
+chemists these things make everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists these things make everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemists these things make everything
+trivial and so we use the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and so we use the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial and so we use the harmonic
+oscillator and the product in a box to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and the product in a box to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and the product in a box to
+illustrate time-dependent quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate time-dependent quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate time-dependent quantum
+mechanics they each have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics they each have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics they each have their own
+special advantages for simplifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special advantages for simplifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special advantages for simplifications
+but it's wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's wonderful
+because you know we can go to we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we can go to we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we can go to we can use
+something we barely understand for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we barely understand for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we barely understand for the
+first time and actually reach the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and actually reach the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time and actually reach the level
+of yeah I can understand macroscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah I can understand macroscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah I can understand macroscopic
+behaviors to and and how they relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors to and and how they relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors to and and how they relate to
+quantum mechanical behavior of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical behavior of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical behavior of simple
+systems okay so that's where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay so that's where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems okay so that's where we're going
+we're going to have two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have two or three
+lectures on harmonic oscillator
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5A_H1eHbOCY.txt b/5A_H1eHbOCY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78e6820e43a9456644285b17eeee0dfdcc49395b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5A_H1eHbOCY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1563 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we will discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will discuss the
+multinomial model and the multinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial model and the multinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial model and the multinomial
+probabilities which are at nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities which are at nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities which are at nice
+generalization of the binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization of the binomial
+probabilities the setting is as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the setting is as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities the setting is as follows
+we're dealing with balls and balls come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with balls and balls come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with balls and balls come
+in two different colors there are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different colors there are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different colors there are our
+possible different colors we pick a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible different colors we pick a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible different colors we pick a ball
+at random and when we do that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and when we do that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random and when we do that there is a
+certain probability P I that the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability P I that the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability P I that the ball
+that we picked has the eighth color now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we picked has the eighth color now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we picked has the eighth color now
+we repeat this process and times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeat this process and times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we repeat this process and times
+independently each time we get a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently each time we get a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently each time we get a ball
+that has a random color and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a random color and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a random color and we're
+interested in the following kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the following kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the following kind of
+question somebody fixes for us certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somebody fixes for us certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question somebody fixes for us certain
+numbers and 1 & 2 up to n R that adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and 1 & 2 up to n R that adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and 1 & 2 up to n R that adapt
+when and asks us what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and asks us what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and asks us what is the probability
+that when you carry out the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you carry out the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you carry out the experiment
+you get exactly n1 balls of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get exactly n1 balls of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get exactly n1 balls of the first
+color exactly and two balls of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color exactly and two balls of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color exactly and two balls of the
+second color and so on so the numbers n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second color and so on so the numbers n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second color and so on so the numbers n
+1 & 2 and up to n R are fixed given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 and up to n R are fixed given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 & 2 and up to n R are fixed given
+numbers for a particular choice of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for a particular choice of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for a particular choice of those
+numbers we want to calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we want to calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers we want to calculate this
+probability now of course this is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now of course this is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability now of course this is a more
+general model doesn't necessarily deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general model doesn't necessarily deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general model doesn't necessarily deal
+with balls of different colors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with balls of different colors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with balls of different colors for
+example we might have an experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we might have an experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we might have an experiment that
+gives us random numbers where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us random numbers where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us random numbers where the
+numbers range from 1 up to R and at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers range from 1 up to R and at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers range from 1 up to R and at each
+time we get a random number with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we get a random number with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we get a random number with
+probability P I we get a number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P I we get a number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability P I we get a number which is
+equal to I so we could use this to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I so we could use this to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I so we could use this to model
+die rolls for example and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die rolls for example and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die rolls for example and there is
+actually a special case of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a special case of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a special case of this problem
+which should be familiar suppose that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be familiar suppose that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be familiar suppose that we
+have only two colors and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only two colors and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only two colors and instead of
+thinking of colors let us think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of colors let us think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of colors let us think of the
+two possibilities as being heads or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities as being heads or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities as being heads or
+tails and we can make the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails and we can make the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails and we can make the following
+analogy somebody gives us numbers n1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy somebody gives us numbers n1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy somebody gives us numbers n1 and
+n2 that add up to end and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 that add up to end and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n2 that add up to end and we're
+interested in the probability that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the probability that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the probability that we
+get n1 of the first color and n2 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n1 of the first color and n2 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get n1 of the first color and n2 of the
+second color well we could think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second color well we could think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second color well we could think of this
+as a setting in which were asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a setting in which were asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a setting in which were asking for
+the probability that we obtain K heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we obtain K heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we obtain K heads
+and n minus K tails so the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n minus K tails so the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n minus K tails so the question of
+what is the probability that we obtain K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we obtain K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that we obtain K
+heads and n minus K tails ifs of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and n minus K tails ifs of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and n minus K tails ifs of the
+same kind ask what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind ask what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind ask what is the probability
+that we get n1 of the first color and n2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get n1 of the first color and n2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get n1 of the first color and n2
+of the second color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second color
+now if heads have a probability P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if heads have a probability P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if heads have a probability P of
+occurring and tails has a probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and tails has a probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring and tails has a probability of
+1 minus P of occurring then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P of occurring then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus P of occurring then we would
+have the following analogy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following analogy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following analogy the
+probability of obtaining the first color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining the first color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining the first color
+which correspond to heads that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which correspond to heads that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which correspond to heads that would be
+equal to P the probability of obtaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P the probability of obtaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to P the probability of obtaining
+the second color which correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second color which correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second color which correspond to
+tails this would be 1 minus P now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails this would be 1 minus P now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails this would be 1 minus P now the
+probability of obtaining K heads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining K heads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining K heads in
+those n independent trials we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those n independent trials we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those n independent trials we know what
+it is by the binomial probabilities it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is by the binomial probabilities it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is by the binomial probabilities it
+is n choose K times P to the K times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n choose K times P to the K times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n choose K times P to the K times 1
+minus P to the power n minus K now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P to the power n minus K now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus P to the power n minus K now we
+can translate this answer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can translate this answer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can translate this answer to the
+multinomial case where we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial case where we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multinomial case where we're dealing
+with colors and we do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colors and we do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with colors and we do these
+substitutions so n choose K is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions so n choose K is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions so n choose K is n
+factorial divided by K factorial in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided by K factorial in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial divided by K factorial in this
+case K is the same as and 1 so we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case K is the same as and 1 so we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case K is the same as and 1 so we get an
+N 1 factorial and then we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 1 factorial and then we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N 1 factorial and then we are going to
+have here n minus K factorial but n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here n minus K factorial but n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here n minus K factorial but n
+minus K corresponds to n 2 so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K corresponds to n 2 so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K corresponds to n 2 so here we
+get an N 2 factorial and then P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an N 2 factorial and then P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an N 2 factorial and then P
+corresponds to P 1 and P 2 corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to P 1 and P 2 corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to P 1 and P 2 corresponds
+to 1 minus P so we get here P 1 times P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 minus P so we get here P 1 times P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 minus P so we get here P 1 times P
+2 and the power and minus K again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the power and minus K again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and the power and minus K again by
+analogy is n 2 so this is the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is n 2 so this is the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is n 2 so this is the form of
+the multinomial probabilities for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multinomial probabilities for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multinomial probabilities for the
+special case where we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case where we're dealing with
+two colors let us now look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two colors let us now look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two colors let us now look at the
+general case let us start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case let us start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case let us start with an
+example to be concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to be concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to be concrete
+suppose that the number of colors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the number of colors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that the number of colors is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+three and that we're going to pick n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that we're going to pick n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that we're going to pick n
+equal to seven balls we carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to seven balls we carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to seven balls we carry out the
+experiments and we might obtain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and we might obtain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and we might obtain an
+outcome which would be a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome which would be a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome which would be a sequence of
+this type so the first ball had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type so the first ball had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type so the first ball had the
+color one the second ball had the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one the second ball had the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one the second ball had the first
+color the third ball had the third color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the third ball had the third color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the third ball had the third color
+the fourth ball had the first color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth ball had the first color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth ball had the first color and
+so on and suppose that this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and suppose that this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and suppose that this was the
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+one way of summarizing what happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of summarizing what happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way of summarizing what happened in
+this outcome would be to say that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outcome would be to say that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this outcome would be to say that we had
+four once we had two twos and we had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four once we had two twos and we had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four once we had two twos and we had one
+three we could say that this is the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we could say that this is the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we could say that this is the type
+of the outcome it's of type four to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outcome it's of type four to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the outcome it's of type four to one
+but is we obtained for of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is we obtained for of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is we obtained for of the first
+color two of the second color and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color two of the second color and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color two of the second color and one of
+the third color this is one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third color this is one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third color this is one possible
+outcome what is the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome what is the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome what is the probability of
+obtaining this particular outcome the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining this particular outcome the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining this particular outcome the
+probability of obtaining this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining this particular
+outcome is using independence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is using independence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is using independence the
+probability that we obtain color one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we obtain color one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we obtain color one in
+the first trial color one in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first trial color one in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first trial color one in the second
+trial color three in the third trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial color three in the third trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial color three in the third trial
+color one in the fourth trial color tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one in the fourth trial color tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color one in the fourth trial color tool
+in the next trial color two in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next trial color two in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next trial color two in the next
+trial color one in the last trial and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial color one in the last trial and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial color one in the last trial and we
+put all the factors together and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the factors together and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all the factors together and we
+notice that this is P 1 to the fourth P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is P 1 to the fourth P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is P 1 to the fourth P
+two to the second times P 3 it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the second times P 3 it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two to the second times P 3 it's not a
+coincidence that the exponents that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that the exponents that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that the exponents that we
+have up here are exactly the counts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up here are exactly the counts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have up here are exactly the counts that
+we have when we specified the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have when we specified the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have when we specified the type of
+this particular outcome generalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular outcome generalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular outcome generalizing
+from this example we realize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this example we realize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this example we realize that the
+probability of obtaining a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of obtaining a particular
+sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick
+of a certain type that probability is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain type that probability is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain type that probability is of
+this form for each color we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form for each color we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form for each color we have the
+probability of that color raised to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that color raised to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that color raised to the
+power of how many times that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of how many times that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of how many times that particular
+color appears in a sequence so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color appears in a sequence so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color appears in a sequence so any
+particular sequence of this type has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence of this type has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence of this type has
+this probability what we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability what we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability what we're interested
+in is to find the total probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is to find the total probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is to find the total probability of
+obtaining some sequence of this type how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining some sequence of this type how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining some sequence of this type how
+can we find this probability well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find this probability well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find this probability well we
+will take the probability of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the probability of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take the probability of each
+sequence of this type which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of this type which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of this type which is this
+match and it's the same for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and it's the same for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and it's the same for any
+particular sequence and multiplied with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence and multiplied with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sequence and multiplied with
+the number of sequences of this type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of sequences of this type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of sequences of this type so
+how many sequences are there of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sequences are there of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many sequences are there of a
+certain type let us look back at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type let us look back at our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type let us look back at our
+example we had seven trials so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had seven trials so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we had seven trials so let us
+number here the different trials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here the different trials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here the different trials and
+when I tell you that a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you that a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I tell you that a particular
+sequence was obtained that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was obtained that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence was obtained that's the same as
+telling you that in this set of trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that in this set of trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that in this set of trials
+we had the first color in this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the first color in this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the first color in this set of
+trials the fifth and the sixth trial we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials the fifth and the sixth trial we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials the fifth and the sixth trial we
+had the second color and in this trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the second color and in this trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the second color and in this trial
+the third trial we had the third color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third trial we had the third color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third trial we had the third color
+this is an alternative way of telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an alternative way of telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an alternative way of telling
+you what sequence we obtained I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what sequence we obtained I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what sequence we obtained I tell you
+at which trials we had the first color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which trials we had the first color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which trials we had the first color
+at witch trials who had the second at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at witch trials who had the second at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at witch trials who had the second at
+witch trials we had the third but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch trials we had the third but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witch trials we had the third but what
+do we have here here we have a partition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have here here we have a partition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have here here we have a partition
+of the set of numbers from 1 up to 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set of numbers from 1 up to 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set of numbers from 1 up to 7
+into 3 sub sets and the cardinalities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 3 sub sets and the cardinalities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 3 sub sets and the cardinalities of
+those subsets are the numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subsets are the numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those subsets are the numbers that
+appear here in the type of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear here in the type of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear here in the type of the
+sequence the conclusion is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the conclusion is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence the conclusion is that a
+sequence of a certain type is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of a certain type is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of a certain type is equivalent
+or can be alternatively specified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be alternatively specified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be alternatively specified by
+giving you a partition of the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a partition of the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a partition of the set of
+tosses which is the set from 1 up to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses which is the set from 1 up to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tosses which is the set from 1 up to n
+how many trials we've had a partition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many trials we've had a partition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many trials we've had a partition in
+two subsets of certain sizes so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two subsets of certain sizes so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two subsets of certain sizes so this
+allows us now to count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us now to count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us now to count the number of
+sequences of a certain type it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of a certain type it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of a certain type it's exactly
+the same as the number of partitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the number of partitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the number of partitions and
+we know what this is and putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what this is and putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know what this is and putting
+everything together the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together the probability of
+obtaining a sequence of a certain type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining a sequence of a certain type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining a sequence of a certain type
+is equal to the count of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the count of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the count of how many
+sequences do we have of the certain type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences do we have of the certain type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences do we have of the certain type
+which is the same as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the same as the number of
+partitions of a certain type times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of a certain type times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions of a certain type times the
+probability of any particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any particular sequence
+of that type that we're interested in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that type that we're interested in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that type that we're interested in so
+this is a formula that generalizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a formula that generalizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a formula that generalizes the
+one that we saw before for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we saw before for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we saw before for the case
+where we have only two colors and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have only two colors and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have only two colors and which
+correspond it to the coin tossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond it to the coin tossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond it to the coin tossing
+setting and it is a useful model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and it is a useful model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting and it is a useful model because
+you can think of many situations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of many situations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of many situations in
+which you have repeated trials and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have repeated trials and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you have repeated trials and at
+each trial you obtain one out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trial you obtain one out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each trial you obtain one out of a
+finite set of possible results there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of possible results there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of possible results there are
+are different possible results you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different possible results you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different possible results you
+repeat those trials independently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat those trials independently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat those trials independently and
+you may be interested in the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be interested in the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be interested in the question of
+how many results of the first kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many results of the first kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many results of the first kind of
+the second kind and so on there will be
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5WhcMXP5yEU.txt b/5WhcMXP5yEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90d4b5a04071ed4b2b873d924263bea84ffa2cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5WhcMXP5yEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1575 @@
+Good morning.  Welcome back.  So, the Red Sox won, it's pretty  
+
+convincing, yeah,  very good.  Yay Red Sox.   
+
+So, as you can also tell,  I have something of a cold,   
+
+so I'll see if I, if my voice makes it through, but what I wanted to do  
+
+today, if the voice allows,  was to talk about genomics.   
+
+Now, this is a little bit different than what we normally do in the  
+
+class because,  I work on genomics,   
+
+it's something I'm extremely interested in.   
+
+And so, what I wanted to do today,  and I'll do it one more time before  
+
+the end of the term,  is to talk about research that's  
+
+going on in genomics,  give you a sense of what's really  
+
+going on.  I can assure you that what I say is not going to be in the  
+
+text book, or any other text book.  And, I'm not entirely sure how this  
+
+might appear on an exam,  so don't ask, because I'm really  
+
+just going to talk about research that's going on today.   
+
+And part of the purpose in doing that is to a, show you that it's  
+
+possible for you to understand the kind of research that's going on in  
+
+this field, and b,  to excite you about what's going on  
+
+in this field.  So each year I pick different  
+
+things to talk about,  and I've picked a few things,   
+
+and we'll see.  So feel free to interrupt and to ask  
+
+questions, and all of that,  but this is very much more, sort of  
+
+the edge of genomics,  including stuff that's going on,   
+
+you know, right now as we speak.  So,  we'll fire away.   
+
+So a little introductory stuff.  I call this, we can actually keep  
+
+the lights up,  I think people,   
+
+can people read that?  Yeah, it's fine, good,   
+
+so we'll leave the lights up and I can see people.   
+
+So, I think the thing that sets apart this revolution of biology  
+
+that we're looking through right now,  is the transformation of biology,   
+
+not just from being the study of living organisms,   
+
+to the study of chemicals and enzymes, to the study of molecules,   
+
+but to the study of biology as information.  That is what's  
+
+distinctive about this decade,  is the idea that the information  
+
+sciences have begun to merge with biology, or biology merged with  
+
+information sciences,  and that it's having a profound  
+
+effect on driving biomedicine.  In both of the two talks I'll give,   
+
+this one and near the end of the term, that will be the common theme,   
+
+because I think that's the most important thing that's going on  
+
+right now.  Now,  just to remind you,   
+
+of course, the idea that biology is about information is an old one,   
+
+it goes back to my hero, Gregor Mendel, with the recognition that  
+
+information was passed from parent to offspring, according to rules.   
+
+And, as you know,  the history of biology in the 20th  
+
+century can be read as the development of biology's information.   
+
+The first quarter of the 20th century was the development of the  
+
+idea that the information lives in chromosomes.  The next quarter of  
+
+the 20th century,  the idea that the information of the  
+
+chromosomes resides in the DNA double-helix, and that information  
+
+was contained in this molecule,  and somehow in it's sequence, and  
+
+you know all of this.  And the next quarter of the 20th  
+
+century, basically from 1950 to 1975,  understanding how it is that the  
+
+cell reads out that information,  from DNA to RNA to protein, how it  
+
+uses a genetic code to translate RNA's into proteins,   
+
+and the development of the tools of recombinant DNA that made it  
+
+possible for us to read out the information that the cell reads out.   
+
+So that brought us ¾ of the way through the 20th century,   
+
+with the ability to read out genetic information, at least in little ways,   
+
+but they were little ways.  You could write a PhD thesis,   
+
+around that time, for sequencing 200 letters of DNA.   
+
+That would be, you know,  considered amazingly exciting PhD  
+
+thesis.  The next quarter of the 20th century, the last quarter of  
+
+the 20th century,  was characterized by a veracious  
+
+appetite to read as much of this information as possible.   
+
+It started, first, with trying to read out the sequence of individual  
+
+genes, then sets of genes,  then genomes of small organisms'  
+
+bacteria, medium-sized organisms.  And then, you know,   
+
+in a wonderful closure to the 20th century, the reading out of the  
+
+nearly complete genetic information of the human being in the closing  
+
+weeks of the 20th century.  When you remember that, that Mendel  
+
+was rediscovered in January of 1900,  that's when the papers rediscovering  
+
+Mendel came out,  and you figure you've got perfect  
+
+bookends from the rediscovery of Mendel in January of 1900,   
+
+to the sequencing of the human genome in around 2000.   
+
+You realize what a century can do.  It's not bad, as centuries go, you  
+
+know, to accomplish all that,  and it gives you know, as students,   
+
+you get a point estimate in time of what science knows,   
+
+but you guys aren't old enough yet and haven't lived long enough yet,   
+
+to measure the derivative, and see how rapidly it's changing.   
+
+But just look at what happened over the course of that century,   
+
+and then just project forward to what that can mean for  
+
+the next century.  So what that's done is it's brought  
+
+us to the next picture.  I have a picture in my head,   
+
+of biology as a vast library of information, a library of  
+
+information in which evolution has been taking patient notes.   
+
+Evolution is a very good experimentalist,   
+
+and it's a very patient note taker.  It's notes, of course, are written  
+
+in the genomes,  and everyday evolution wakes up,   
+
+changes a few nucleotides, sees how the organism works,   
+
+if it was an improvement,  evolution keeps the notes,   
+
+if it was disadvantageous, evolution discards the notes.   
+
+That, by the way,  for those of you working in labs,   
+
+is no longer considered appropriate laboratory practice.   
+
+You're obliged to keep your laboratory notes from failed  
+
+experiments, as well,  but evolution got into this before  
+
+those rules were codified,  and so it discards the notes from  
+
+unsuccessful experiments,  and keeps the notes from the  
+
+successful experiments.  But nonetheless, we have all the  
+
+notes from the successful experiments, and we can learn a  
+
+tremendous amount from it.  There's a volume on the shelf  
+
+corresponding to each species on the planet.  There's a volume on the  
+
+shelf corresponding to each individual within each species,   
+
+to each tissue within each individual within each species,   
+
+and there's information there about the DNA sequence,   
+
+about the RNA readouts,  about the protein expression levels,   
+
+and in principle, even if not yet in practice, we can pull down any  
+
+volume we want,  and interrogate it,   
+
+and compare it for related species,  for individuals within a species,   
+
+some of whom might have a disease,  some of whom might not, for  
+
+different kinds of tissues treated in different ways.   
+
+That is, I think,  going to be a tremendous theme of  
+
+biology going forward,  and that's why it's a particular  
+
+pleasure to teach biology at MIT,  where you guys understand what that  
+
+could mean, that fusion could mean.  Now, this idea of extracting  
+
+genomic information in large-scale,  is a relatively new one.  In the  
+
+mid-1980's, the scientific community began debating what was a pretty  
+
+radical idea, sequencing the human genome.   
+
+This was floated in a couple of places, in 1984 at one meeting,   
+
+somebody raised the idea, you've got to realize that sequencing itself,   
+
+that sequencing DNA, only came from the late 70's,   
+
+so within six, seven years of being able to sequence anything,   
+
+people were now saying, let's sequence everything.   
+
+That was a reasonably audacious thing to do, and it was  
+
+controversial.  There were many people who felt  
+
+that the human genome project was a terrible idea,   
+
+and with good reason,  because the initial version of the  
+
+human genome project was,  kind of, a blunderbuss approach.   
+
+It was, let's immediately mount a massive factory and start sequencing  
+
+the human genome with the just horrible technologies of the  
+
+mid-80's, with radioactive sequencing gels,   
+
+and you know, lots and lots of people doing stuff.   
+
+And so, you know, many people in science were, were concerned that an  
+
+entire generation of students would need to be chained to the  
+
+bench, sequencing DNA.  Sydney Brenner,   
+
+a great molecular biologist,  proposed the whole thing be done at  
+
+institutions [LAUGHTER],  because you know, people could be  
+
+sentenced to, 20 million bases,  with time off for accuracy, or  
+
+things like that [LAUGHTER].  And so what happened was, the  
+
+scientific community came together well, in it's best form.   
+
+Group, a group was put together by the National Academy of Sciences,   
+
+who said, well look, this is a really good idea,   
+
+but we also need a carefully thought-through program to do it.   
+
+We need intermediate goals that will get us things that will advance the  
+
+science along the way,  we need to improve the technologies,   
+
+and laid out a plan.  The goals of that plan, to develop a genetic map,   
+
+a map showing the locations of DNA polymorphisms,   
+
+sites of variation,  genetic markers, just like Sturdiman  
+
+did with fruit flies,  but to do it with humans,   
+
+and with DNA sequence differences,  to be used to trace inheritance.   
+
+That, that genetic map could be used to map human diseases,   
+
+and if all you accomplish was,  got a human map of the human being,   
+
+that would be a good thing.  Then you could get a physical map of  
+
+the human being,  all the pieces of DNA overlapping  
+
+each other, so that you would know if you had a genetic marker linked  
+
+to cystic fibrosis,  you would be able to get the piece  
+
+of DNA that contains the gene.  Then, if we managed to pull that  
+
+off, we could get a sequence of the human genome, all three billion  
+
+nucleotides, on the web,  so that you could go to just any  
+
+place on the genome,  double-click, and up would pop the  
+
+sequence.  Now, you guys of course,   
+
+don't laugh at that, but about eight years ago, when I would give talks  
+
+about this, I would speak about,  oh you'll be able to go double-click  
+
+and up will pop the sequence,  and of course, everybody thought  
+
+that was really funny,  and that, that was something people  
+
+laughed at.  But of course,  you can just do that today, if  
+
+anybody has a wireless you can just double-click, and up will pop the  
+
+sequence.  And then,  of course, a complete inventory of  
+
+all the genes within that sequence.  And a very importantly, and from  
+
+the very beginning,  the notion that all this information  
+
+should be completely,  freely available to anybody,   
+
+regardless of where they were,  whether in academia, or industry,   
+
+in first world, third world countries, that everybody should  
+
+have free and unrestricted access to that information.   
+
+So a plan was laid out,  I won't go into the details here,   
+
+but the plan was laid out that involved work constructing genetic  
+
+maps, physical maps,  sequence maps, in the human,   
+
+the mouse, and some model organisms,  including the bacteria yeast, fruit  
+
+flies, worms.  And,  quite remarkably, it largely went  
+
+according to plan,  over the course of about 15 years.   
+
+A lot of people in the scientific community came together and took up  
+
+different tasks.  I should say, with some pride,   
+
+that MIT was by far, one of the leading contributors to this effort,   
+
+having been involved in essentially every stage of this,   
+
+the genetic mapping of human and mouse, the physical mapping of human  
+
+and mouse, and the sequencing of human and mouse,   
+
+and having been the leading contributor to the latter,   
+
+and it's not an accident because MIT's a marvelous environment in  
+
+which to undertake this kind of research.   
+
+It involved changing the way we do biology.  Back in the mid-80's,   
+
+when we sequenced DNA, we did it with radioactivity,   
+
+remember I taught you how to sequence using radioactive label of  
+
+a gel, and all that.  That's how we did it,   
+
+stood behind this plastic shield,  and you loaded the gels.  Of course,   
+
+now it's done in a highly automated fashion.  This is the production  
+
+floor at the Broad Institute,  which is here at MIT, where robots  
+
+prepare all the DNA samples,  so E. coli's grown up, and then you  
+
+have to crack open the cells,  purify the DNA, purify the plasmid,   
+
+do a sequencing reaction, etc., etc.  it's all done robotically there,   
+
+and this is capable of processing,  and does process, in a given day,   
+
+about 200,000 samples per day.  They then go, and this is all  
+
+equipment designed by people here at MIT, and then commercially built for  
+
+us.  They then go to the back room where, actually,   
+
+these are the previous generation of DNA sequencers,   
+
+commercial detectors,  those capillary detectors that have  
+
+little lasers on them,  there's a whole farm of them that  
+
+sit there, and are able to get data out.   
+
+In the course of a single day,  we can now generate about 40 billion  
+
+bases, I'm sorry,  in the course of a single year we  
+
+can generate about 40 billion bases of DNA sequence.   
+
+The genome project itself,  was a collaboration involving 20  
+
+different groups around the world,  groups in the United States, United  
+
+Kingdom, France,  Germany, and Japan,   
+
+and China.  They were of different sizes, they used different  
+
+approaches, but everybody was committed to one common cause of  
+
+producing this information,  and making it freely available,   
+
+and everybody worked together.  And for the rest of my life,   
+
+when it comes to Friday, at 11 o'clock, I will always think genome  
+
+project, because we had a weekly conference call of all the groups in  
+
+the world working on this Fridays,  at eleven, and it was a fascinating  
+
+experience, there were many,  many years of that.  So a draft  
+
+sequence, a rough draft sequence of the human genome,   
+
+was published in the year,  in February of 2001, it was  
+
+announced with some fanfare in June of 2000, but the real scientific  
+
+paper came out in February of 2001.   
+
+This was not a perfect sequence of the human genome,   
+
+by any means.  We discovered about 90% of the sequence of the human  
+
+genome.  It still had about 150,  00 gaps in it, it had errors.  But,   
+
+it still did have 90% of the sequence of the human genome.   
+
+For the next three years, people worked very hard,   
+
+and, as of last April,  a finished sequence of the human  
+
+genome was produced,  and was published a couple weeks ago,   
+
+and it contains,  our best guess, about 99.   
+
+% of the human genome, and it still has about 343 gaps,   
+
+they're, we know what they are,  we know where they are, but they're  
+
+not sequence able with current technology.   
+
+That's the “finished human genome”.  What is it like?  Well, this is a  
+
+picture of the genome,  do we have a pointer, yes,   
+
+I see here we do have a pointer.  This is your genome here, this is  
+
+chromosome number 11,  and I'll call attention to some  
+
+interesting bits.  So these colored lines here,   
+
+represent genes, or gene-predictions,  based on both,   
+
+sequencing of the DNA,  and mapping them back to the genome,   
+
+as well as computer programs that analyze the genome.   
+
+And, right here,  you have a big pileup of lots of  
+
+genes, very few genes of here.  Lots of genes, few genes.  Notice  
+
+the places where there are lots of genes, match up with these  
+
+light-grey bands,  which are the light-grey bands of  
+
+the microscope,  on chromosomes.  The places with  
+
+very few genes match up with the dark bands in the chromosome.   
+
+Do you know why that is,  that the gene-rich regions are these  
+
+light bands, and the gene-poor regions are the chromosome dark  
+
+bands?  Me neither.  Nobody has a clue.  It's really,   
+
+it's really just one of these things.  We had no reason to expect that  
+
+we'd see these striking patterns,  and other genomes, e-coli, doesn't  
+
+have this dense,  urban cluster, and these big,   
+
+rural plains that are gene-poor.  This is very weird, and it's  
+
+distinctive to mammals.  You'll also notice that the  
+
+gene-rich regions,  here, are rich in G's and C's,   
+
+they have different distributions of some repeat elements,   
+
+it's all sorts of weirdness that comes from just looking at the  
+
+genome.  The biggest weirdness was the number of genes,   
+
+the count of genes is,  our best guess, about 22,   
+
+00 genes, if I had to pick a number today, it would be our count of  
+
+genes, and of course,  that's down from the 100,   
+
+00 that was in some textbooks,  and it's down from even 30 to 40,   
+
+00 that was in the genome paper of February, 2001.   
+
+Our best guess is that it's really just about that range.   
+
+Genes, themselves,  are very interesting.   
+
+When you look at, you know,  if we only have 22,000 genes we know  
+
+of, how do we manage to run a human being with so few genes?   
+
+It is, by the way, probably fewer genes than the mustard weed,   
+
+or Arabidopsis thaliana.  So,  what do we do?  Well, humans, one  
+
+thing we may take comfort in,  is that we, although we only have  
+
+about 22,000 genes,  there's a lot of alternative  
+
+splicing, on average the typical gene, on average,   
+
+has about two alternative splice products.   
+
+Some have many,  some have few, but probably,   
+
+when you're all done, those 22,  00 genes may encode 70-80,000  
+
+different proteins,  and it could be more than that  
+
+because we don't know all the alternative splice products,   
+
+and what they do.  But, if you ask,  humans get credit for being really  
+
+inventive or creative,  for having lots of new genes that  
+
+make us human,  the answer is, no.   
+
+Not only are humans not different in their gene complement from other  
+
+mammals, mammals,  as a group, really haven't invented  
+
+that much, when you get down to it.  Most of the recognizable sub-domains  
+
+of proteins, proteins are built up of sub-domains,   
+
+recognizable sequences that have certain motifs that fold up in  
+
+certain ways, or carry out certain enzymatic functions.   
+
+And it looks like our genomes,  our genes, are mixed-and-matched  
+
+combinations of many domains that were invented a long time ago,   
+
+in invertebrates and before, and that most of evolutionary innovation  
+
+in the more complex,  multi-cellular animals,   
+
+has simply been mixing-and-matching these domains in new ways,   
+
+to get slightly different functions.    
+
+You don't get a lot of points for creativity, but it does seem to work.   
+
+By far, the most derivative of all,  and what characterizes our genome  
+
+tremendously is,  when a gene works,   
+
+make extra copies of it,  and let it diverge slightly,   
+
+and take up new functions.  Really,  your genome is just characterized by  
+
+large expansions of families,  immunoglobulin-like genes,   
+
+intermediate filament proteins holding together the cytoskeleton.   
+
+There are 111 different keratin-like genes in your genome.   
+
+They're all different,  they do different things,   
+
+but they all came from one gene that was copied, copied,   
+
+copied, at random, randomly duplicated, and then diverged to  
+
+take up new functions.  Growth factors, flies and worms  
+
+managed to get by just fine,  thank you, with two growth factors  
+
+of the TGF beta-class,  whatever that is.  You have 42  
+
+growth factors of this TGF beta-class, all of which help  
+
+communicate, cells communicate,  in different ways.   
+
+And then, of course,  all the olfactory receptors.   
+
+In your genome, you have about 1,  00 genes for olfactory, for smell  
+
+receptors.  This is what Richard Axel and Linda Buck won a Nobel  
+
+Prize for this year,  was their work on the olfactory  
+
+receptors.  Sad to say though,  out of all your olfactory receptors,   
+
+genes, most of them are broken.  They're most pseudo-genes.   
+
+It's not true in dogs and mice,  who keep their olfactory receptor  
+
+genes in pretty fine-working order,  but it's very clear that in primates  
+
+with color vision,  our olfactory receptor genes have  
+
+been going to seed.  They've been piling up mutations,   
+
+and there's no selective pressure to keep many of them.   
+
+And, in fact, we've now shown,  in a paper that will come out soon,   
+
+that this process is accelerating dramatically in the last 7 million  
+
+years since we diverged from chimps.  And so, humans have almost  
+
+completely lost interest in smell,  that's not totally true, some of  
+
+these olfactory receptors surely matter for various processes,   
+
+but most of them are probably irrelevant right now.   
+
+And so, anyway, that's the nature of the genes there.   
+
+Anyway, another interesting fact that's worth mentioning about your  
+
+genome is half of your genome consists of transposable elements,   
+
+elements that simply duplicate themselves, and hop around the  
+
+genome.  Elements that are like viruses, they make a copy,   
+
+sometimes in RNA, the RNA is copied back into DNA and slammed elsewhere  
+
+in your genome.  These elements,   
+
+well the, there are four classes.    
+
+Alo elements, Line elements,  Retro-Virus like elements, all these  
+
+go through RNA intermediates,  and use reverse transcription.   
+
+And then there's certain DNA transposons, that go through DNA  
+
+intermediate.  The number of copies of the aloe element,   
+
+the aloe element that's hopped around your genome,   
+
+you have about a million,  you have a million fossils of this  
+
+element.  You say,  why is it there, and the answer is,   
+
+because it's there.  Because anything that knows how to make a  
+
+copy of itself,  and insert it itself in it's genome,   
+
+you can't get rid of.  You can consider it,   
+
+if you wish, an infection,  but half of your genome consists of  
+
+an infection, with these kinds of transposable elements.   
+
+Now that's it, yes?    
+
+Well, it's very interesting,  what's the effect?  Well, they do,   
+
+some of them are transcribed and,  it's very interesting.   
+
+Sometimes it's bad, one of them will hop into a gene and mutate it,   
+
+and that's bad, that person will have a lethal mutation,   
+
+but the genome has probably begun to use them, and count on their being  
+
+there.  So, when a bunch,  when a transposable goes in,   
+
+and creates a spacing, if you,  for example, if an engineering  
+
+committee came in and cleaned up the genome by getting rid of all the  
+
+transposable elements,  it would surely not work.   
+
+Because we have evolutionarily come to count on the spacing there.   
+
+It's sort of like, if in some very,  some very messy attic, you put a cup  
+
+of coffee down on top of a stack of papers, those papers may be utterly  
+
+irrelevant, but now they're holding up that cup of coffee that you put  
+
+down on it.  And if you were to just,  poof, magically get rid of them,   
+
+the cup of coffee would come crashing to the ground.   
+
+So, you know it,  they're just there,   
+
+taking up space.  Now sometimes,  even more than that, a few of them  
+
+have actually been co-opted into being human genes.   
+
+We know that a few of these transposable elements have mutated  
+
+into being our genes that do something for us.   
+
+And others of them may do things in affecting the general neighborhood  
+
+with regard to transcription,  and so, instead of it being a  
+
+parasite, think of them as a symbiont, that's a genomic  symbiont,   
+
+which takes some advantage of us,  and we may, you know, have worked  
+
+out a compromise to take some advantage of it.   
+
+Every time a copy is made of these,  and it hops in the genome, some  
+
+mutations may happen in the master element, but when it lands in the  
+
+new place, we have a record of that hop.  And if you reconstruct the  
+
+sequence of the million AluI elements, you can see which ones are  
+
+very close relatives of each other,  and had to have hopped recently, and  
+
+which ones are somewhat more distant relatives.   
+
+And you can build an evolutionary tree connecting all of the repeat  
+
+elements that have hopped around your genome, and thereby attaching a  
+
+date to each of them,  as to when they hopped.   
+
+So it really is a fossil record,  and you can figure out how many of  
+
+them have been hopping at different times over history.   
+
+And we can even make a plot of that,  this is long ago,   
+
+sometime here, some 30 million years ago, there was a huge explosion and  
+
+in transposion,  transposons, in our genome.   
+
+We don't know why that happened,  but it's very interesting, it does  
+
+correspond to very interesting periods of primate evolution.   
+
+And then, interestingly,  there's been a huge crash,   
+
+and transposition has dropped dramatically.  We have no clue why  
+
+this is, but we have a whole fossil record here of the rate of  
+
+transposition of different kinds of repeat elements around our genome,   
+
+and people are now starting to try to figure out what in the world this  
+
+means.  So all this is sort of there,  inherent in the sequence,   
+
+and if you want the sequence,  as I say, you can go to the web and  
+
+pull all this stuff now.  So how do we understand the  
+
+sequence?  Well,  I've told you a little bit about it,   
+
+from the simple things that we've done, but there's a lot more that  
+
+needs to be learned about the sequence, so what I really want to  
+
+turn to, is how we're extracting information out of this sequence.   
+
+So, DNA sequence is long and boring,  it's only marginally more  
+
+interesting than reading your hard disk, because it has four letters,   
+
+instead of ones and zeros, but it's,  you know, well, it's pretty really  
+
+boring if you take a look at it.  How do you attach meaning to all  
+
+this stuff?  One of the most powerful ways is by comparison with  
+
+other genomes.  And so, comparing the human genome  
+
+to the mouse genome is very informative in many ways.   
+
+So, as soon as the human genome was far along, a portion of the  
+
+international consortium,  set to work getting a sequence of  
+
+the mouse genome.  And that was published in December  
+
+of 2002.  We have a nice map of the mouse genome, with all these things,   
+
+it, too, shows these gene-rich regions, gene-poor regions,   
+
+all sorts of funny things.  And if we look closely at a portion of the  
+
+human genome over here,  I've picked about a million bases of  
+
+the human genome,  and we take any little spot in that  
+
+million bases of the human genome,  let's say over here.   
+
+And we take half the DNA sequence corresponding to this spot,   
+
+and we run it in the computer against the mouse genome,   
+
+and ask where in the mouse genome do we get the best match for this,   
+
+the best match to this is here.  Now let's do it for this piece,   
+
+here.  The best match anywhere in the mouse genome lands in the same  
+
+million bases here as the mouse genome.  In fact,   
+
+for every single sequence that we pull out from this million bases in  
+
+the human genome,  the best match is in this million  
+
+bases of the mouse genome.  That's very interesting.  Why is  
+
+that?  Sorry?  No, people do know.   
+
+It, it was a good try, though.  [LAUGHTER].  This million bases in  
+
+the mouse genome,  and this million bases in the human  
+
+genome, represent the evolutionary descendents of a common million  
+
+bases that occurred in our common ancestor 75-million years ago.   
+
+This is a clear evidence of the evolution here,   
+
+because we can see that this is a segment of DNA from our common  
+
+ancestor that really hasn't undergone much rearrangement,   
+
+and we can just line up the sequences and see.   
+
+ In fact, we can build a whole map across the mouse genome like this.   
+
+For any bit of the mouse genome, I don't know, here's a bit on mouse  
+
+chromosome 17,  this whole stretch corresponds to a  
+
+portion of human chromosome number eight.  This stretch here,   
+
+I don't know, this green color here on chromosome number six,   
+
+corresponds to chromosome four in the human.  And so,   
+
+we can build a look-up table that says, for any portion of the human  
+
+genome, what's the corresponding portion of the mouse genome that  
+
+came from the same ancestor,  has basically the same complement of  
+
+genes in it.  And there's only about 330 such  
+
+regions that we need to cut-and-paste the human genome order  
+
+to the mouse genome order,  roughly speaking.  There's a lot of  
+
+little local rearrangements,  but at this gross level.  So now,   
+
+if we go back more closely and we look at this, and we say,   
+
+OK, so now we look at this region,  we now know these two regions  
+
+descend from a common ancestor,  if we do a careful evolutionary  
+
+analysis, lining up all the sequences, and see how  
+
+well-preserved the sequences are,  some are much better preserved than  
+
+others.  Evolution has been much more  
+
+lovingly conserving other sequences than others, and so,   
+
+so let's now zoom-in on a gene,  this is a gene that goes by the name,   
+
+PP-Gama, I'm fond of this gene but,  it doesn't matter.  If we look, I've  
+
+indicated all the regions here,  in which there's a heightened degree  
+
+of conservation.  The sequence is well-conserved here,   
+
+here, here, here,  here, here, here, and here,   
+
+here, here, here, here, here.  These correspond to the exons of  
+
+the PPR-Gama gene,  they encode the protein of the gene,   
+
+then the splicing goes like this, OK?  These things here do not correspond  
+
+to the exons.  People have no idea what they are,   
+
+in fact, this is not supposed to be here.  The official textbook picture  
+
+says, the vast majority of what matters for a gene,   
+
+what evolution should preserve,  is the exons plus the promoter.   
+
+Here's the promoter.  But in fact, what we found is that  
+
+an awful lot more is being preserved.  In fact, across the genome,   
+
+our best estimate is there are about 500,000 conserved elements across  
+
+the genome, and only 1/3 of them are protein-coding exons.   
+
+That means 2/3 of the stuff evolution has been interested in,   
+
+is not protein-coding exons, and the truth is, we do not know what it is,   
+
+this was a very radical finding,  when this mouse paper came out,   
+
+about a year and a half, about two years ago now.   
+
+What it must be,  I think, but we're guessing,   
+
+are regulatory signals, the structural elements in chromosomes,   
+
+RNA genes, but there's an awful lot more of it than we had imagined.   
+
+And we've, now we're in this fascinating situation,   
+
+where computational analysis has told us what's on evolution's mind,   
+
+and now we have to go to the lab and figure out what in the world it does.   
+
+But there's no doubt that it must do something, because evolution has  
+
+preserved it quite well.  Now, I oversimplified greatly in  
+
+this discussion,  let me first say,   
+
+and I'll come back to that.  We do know, if we take some of those  
+
+elements, here's one,  there's a 481 base-pair elements  
+
+that's 84% identical between human and mouse.  You could write yourself  
+
+a little statistical model to say that's way unusual to have something  
+
+that's so well preserved.  When Eddie Ruben and his colleagues  
+
+from Berkley made a knockout mouse that deleted that segment,   
+
+this knockout mouse loses regulation of three different genes in the  
+
+neighborhood, saying that this must be a regulatory sequence that  
+
+affects multiple genes in the neighborhood. That,   
+
+that's one, with about 300,  00 such elements to go, in order to  
+
+attach meaning to them.  So doing this entirely by knocking  
+
+out mice will be a slow process,  one's going to need other ways to be  
+
+able to attach meaning,  but there's no doubt.  Now,   
+
+there's some other interesting papers where people have knocked  
+
+some of these things out,  and they've seen no effect on the  
+
+mouse.  They get a totally viable mouse.  Can you conclude from that,   
+
+that they have no function?  Why not?  The knockout mouse is viable.   
+
+Could be redundant, it could even not be redundant,   
+
+but yes, it could be redundant,  but you couldn't knock out both of  
+
+two things.  It turns out, suppose knocking it  
+
+out affected the mouse's viability by part, ten to the third,   
+
+it was only 99.9% as fertile,  would you be able to see that in the  
+
+laboratory?  No.  Would that matter to evolution?   
+
+It would be lethal, in an evolutionary sense.   
+
+Such mutation could never propagate through a population.   
+
+One part, and ten to the third,  is massive selection against, from  
+
+an evolutionary point of view,  but almost undetectable in a  
+
+laboratory batch.  Evolution has a far more sensitive  
+
+assay than we do.  Now, I won't go into detail,   
+
+but for the mathematically inclined here, showing that there really were  
+
+about 5% of the human genome under,  under evolutionary selection, it was  
+
+a complicated affair,  because with only two genomes,   
+
+what we really had to do, and if this doesn't make sense, ignore it.   
+
+We looked at the background distribution of conservation of the  
+
+genome in unimportant elements,  in those repeat elements that we  
+
+knew to be functionally broken.  We looked at the overall  
+
+conservation of the genome,  and found that the overall genome  
+
+has this rightward tail,  by subtracting the distributions we  
+
+were able to see how much excess conservation there was.   
+
+That's because we only had two genomes, we had to draw inferences.   
+
+If we had more genomes, like the mouse and the rat,   
+
+and the dog and the-this-and-the-that,   
+
+we would be able to extract signal from noise.   
+
+We would be able to see right away,  which bits were well-conserved, and  
+
+we wouldn't have to do this as a sensitive statistical analysis.   
+
+So, in fact, we need more mammalian genomes, so, so right now there's  
+
+been a sequence of the rat genome in the past year or so,   
+
+there's a sequence of the dog genome,  we're writing up that paper now,   
+
+but it's on the web already.  There's a sequence of the chimpanzee  
+
+genome we're writing up a paper on that, in collaboration with our  
+
+friends in the genome-sequencing community.   
+
+We're currently sequencing a variety of other organisms,   
+
+as well.  And if you had enough organisms, you ought to be able to  
+
+just line it up and say,  what has evolution preserved,   
+
+and figure out exactly which nucleotides matter,   
+
+and which nucleotides don't,  are allowed to drift freely, at the  
+
+background rate.  How far could you go with this?   
+
+Well, we decided to try an interesting experiment.   
+
+We said, since mammals are very big,  then we're going to need a lot of  
+
+genome sequences,  how about we try a small organism,   
+
+like yeast?  What if we were to try to do this,   
+
+this kind of evolutionary, genomic analysis on something like the yeast  
+
+genome?  And so,  this is work that I'll describe,   
+
+that was between a bunch of people here at MIT who do genome-sequencing,   
+
+and a student in computer science,  Manolis Kellis, was PhD student in  
+
+computer science,  he now just joined the faculty here  
+
+at MIT in computer science.  But it was a really great example of  
+
+how biology and computer science could come together.   
+
+So, the genome-sequencing folks sequenced three related species,   
+
+through our friend, the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,   
+
+workhorse of geneticist.  These three different species are  
+
+separated by different evolutionary distances, from Saccharomyces  
+
+cerevisiae.  When you line up their genomes, just like with human and  
+
+mouse, you find the genes occur largely in the same order,   
+
+and it's not hard to pick out,  oh there's this gene there, there,   
+
+it's all lined up, you've got these evolutionary segments,   
+
+and very few rearrangements have occurred across these species,   
+
+despite the fact that they're about 20 million years apart in history.   
+
+But here's an interesting thing.  When the yeast genome,   
+
+Saccharomyces cerevisiae,  was first published in 1995,   
+
+the paper describing it reported 6,  00 genes.  Now, how did they know  
+
+there were 6,200 genes?  They ran a computer program looking  
+
+for open reading frames.  Any open reading frame, consecutive  
+
+codons without a stop sufficiently long, was called a gene.   
+
+But statistically,  you could, by chance,   
+
+just have a long stretch of codons without a stop codon.   
+
+And so, if I saw 100 codons in a row, without a stop,   
+
+they called it a gene,  but it might just be chance.   
+
+And they knew that, of course,  they wrote that in the paper, but  
+
+for many years,  people then had 6,   
+
+00 open reading frames,  which were the yeast's genes.   
+
+Could evolution now tell us which one of them were real and which  
+
+weren't?  Well,  it turns out that evolution was  
+
+tremendously powerful in doing that.   
+
+If you take something that's a well-known gene that has been  
+
+extensively studied by yeast geneticists, you line it up across  
+
+all four species,  you almost never see deletions.   
+
+And when you do see the lesions,  here in grey, they're always a  
+
+multiple of three.  Why are they a multiple of three?   
+
+They preserve the reading frame.  By contrast, if I take some clear,   
+
+intergenetic DNA, that's not protein-coding,   
+
+and I compare it across these four species, I see lots and lots of  
+
+frame shifting deletions that occur,   
+
+Evolution tolerates frame shifting deletions, and if I juts write down  
+
+the rates, frame shifting deletions are 75x more common in intergenic  
+
+DNA, than genic DNA.  This provides a very powerful test.   
+
+Run this test across the genome,  looking for the density of frame  
+
+shifting deletions,  any place that doesn't tolerate  
+
+frame shifting deletions is probably a real gene, anything that does  
+
+tolerate it is probably not.  When you sorted through all this,   
+
+it turned out that 528 of the official yeast genes were clearly  
+
+not real, not real genes.  They were just chock-a-block full  
+
+of these frame shifting deletions.  And, and a bunch of others could be  
+
+confirmed.  So the yeast gene count,  and I won't tell you all the  
+
+experimental and other that shows this is right,   
+
+but the yeast genome has now been revised downward to 5,   
+
+00 genes, and we have great confidence that almost all of those  
+
+are real genes,  there are 20 whose origins that  
+
+we're not sure of,  and new genes could be found in this  
+
+way.  Here's a really audacious thing.   
+
+This graduate student in computer science said, I think,   
+
+based on these other species,  there was a mistake made in the  
+
+sequencing of the first yeast,  and that the reason these things are  
+
+called two separate genes,  is that somebody made a sequencing  
+
+error that got a stop codon here,  but I think these are really part of  
+
+one gene.  And so,  somebody went back and re-sequenced  
+
+some of these,  and sure enough,   
+
+he had correctly predicted that there had been a mistake made at  
+
+that letter, and that these were in fact, a single gene.   
+
+The computational analysis was incredibly powerful in this regard,   
+
+it could go further than this, you could ask, could I also figure out  
+
+the way genes are regulated in this fashion, could I work out the  
+
+intergenic signals in the promoter regions?  Remember that lac  
+
+repressor to a certain operator site,  well, all of these regulatory  
+
+proteins bind to different sequences,  could we figure out what the  
+
+sequences were, computational?  Well, if we look closely at a genic,   
+
+intergenic region, here's one where there's two genes being transcribed  
+
+in opposite directions,  gal-1 and gal-10, both involved in  
+
+galactose metabolism,  and there's a particular protein,   
+
+a transcription factor here, called Gal-4, in this region,   
+
+and it has a particular sequence that it likes,   
+
+CCG, 11 bases, GGC.  So, that Gal-4 we see,   
+
+is very well preserved across all of the species.   
+
+So, in no regulatory sequence is well-preserved,   
+
+now let's look at that closely.  This Gal-4 binding site is a measly,   
+
+crummy, six nucleotides of information.  At random,   
+
+it's going to occur in many places in the yeast genome,   
+
+but not be a real, important Gal-4,  right?  Some of them matter, some of  
+
+them don't.  How do we figure out which of these occurrences are real  
+
+Gal-4, well, if we look across all four species, what we find is that  
+
+those occurrences that occur in promoter regions,   
+
+are much more likely to be conserved by evolution than those  
+
+that don't.  So there's a special property here,   
+
+conservation of the motif and the motor regions.   
+
+In fact, this particular sequence is four times more likely to be  
+
+preserved when it occurs in a promoter region,   
+
+than when it occurs in a coded region.  And for a typical control  
+
+region, the opposite is true.  Since genes, since coding sequences  
+
+are better preserved in general,  for a randomly chosen sequence, I  
+
+don't know, ATGGCAT,  it's more likely to be preserved in  
+
+coding regions than non-coding regions.   
+
+So this Gal-4 motif has a very funky property that,   
+
+on average, it's 12x more likely than background,   
+
+to be preserved when it occurs in a promoter.  Now,   
+
+that's a test you apply to another motif, and another motif.   
+
+In fact, you could, by computer,  test all possible motifs, and ask  
+
+which ones have that property?  Make a scatter plot, most motifs  
+
+are better conserved when they occur in promoter regions,   
+
+than when they occur in coding regions, some however,   
+
+are better preserved in promoter regions than in coding regions.   
+
+Our friend, Gal-4,  is up there, but there are a lot  
+
+more things like it,  that are better preserved by  
+
+evolution than promoters are.  You can make a list of them.  You  
+
+can get about 72 well-conserved,  regulatory motifs and it turns out  
+
+that 20 years of yeast work produced knowledge about things like the  
+
+Gal-4 site, and other sites.  Almost all the known regulatory  
+
+sites that had been discovered over the course of 20 years of  
+
+experimental work appear on this list that falls out of the computer  
+
+analysis of evolutionary comparison of genomes.   
+
+You can actually go a step further,  I'll hesitate to tell you, but I'll  
+
+try anyway.  If you wanted to find out, without knowing in advance,   
+
+what these motifs were doing, what their biological function was,   
+
+you can do that informationally,  too.  It turns out that if I take my  
+
+motif, Gal-4, and I ask,  which chains does it occur in front  
+
+of?  Well, across Saccharomyces cerevisiae, you find this crummy  
+
+little motif in many,  many places because, as I said,   
+
+most of it's just noise.  But if I ask, which genes have this  
+
+motif in all four species,  these genes, there's a huge overlap  
+
+with a class of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.   
+
+So, if I didn't know in advance that the Gal-4 motif was involved in  
+
+regulating genes in carbohydrate metabolism, I could tell,   
+
+just from the fact that the genes that'd conserved it,   
+
+are genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.   
+
+You can do that using all sorts of tricks, expression of genes,   
+
+protein mass spec, blah, blah,  blah, and the short answer is, for  
+
+almost all of those motifs that you can find in the computer,   
+
+by consulting public data bases of sets of genes that are co-expressed,   
+
+or have similar properties and all that, the computer can also offer  
+
+you a pretty good hypothesis about what that motif is associated with.   
+
+You can even go a step further than that.  You can begin to look at  
+
+pairs of motifs,  you can say, if I have a certain  
+
+regulatory sequence,  number one, and a second regulatory  
+
+sequence, number two,  do they tend to be preserved in  
+
+front of the same genes as each other?  Is their conservation  
+
+correlated?  And you can build a map of these two  
+
+guys tend, when this guy's correlated, this guy tends to be  
+
+correlated.  And you can say,  oh those proteins must be talking to  
+
+each other, and you can read that off from the patterns of evolution,   
+
+as well.  There are two regulators,  one called Sterile 12,   
+
+one called Tec1.  This computational analysis shows that they tend to  
+
+co-occur in a conserved fashion,  far more often then you'd expect by  
+
+chance.  And when you do the analysis, you find that those genes  
+
+that just have a conserved Sterile 12, those genes tend to  
+
+be involved in mating.  Genes that just have a conserved  
+
+instance of Tec1 tend to be involved in the budding of the yeast,   
+
+and those genes that have conserved the occurrences of both tend to be  
+
+involved in fillamentation.  Now all that can be read out,   
+
+which is way cool, this is not the way we used to do biology.   
+
+Now don't get me wrong, there's a ton of experiments that underlay  
+
+creating these databases,  and there's a ton of experiments  
+
+that have to be done to check any of these things.  But what we have is  
+
+one of the most powerful hypothesis generators that's ever  
+
+been seen here.  Evolution, by telling us what to  
+
+focus on, is giving us,  on a silver platter, hundreds of  
+
+hypothesis about who's interacting with whom, and sending us back to  
+
+the lab then, to test these hypotheses.  Now,   
+
+what are the implications of all of this for the human genome?   
+
+Could we do this for the human genome?  Well,   
+
+these species, Saccharomyces cerevisiase, S.   
+
+paradoxus, S. mikatae and S.  bayanus, are they a good model for  
+
+mammals?  Well it turns out that their  
+
+evolutionary distance from each other is the same as the distance of  
+
+human to lemur,  to dog, to mouse.   
+
+So they were chosen with a purpose.  Those are actually fairly good  
+
+models for the human.  So could we do exactly the same  
+
+analysis for the human,  for the entire human genome?   
+
+If we had, human, lemur, dog,  and mouse, are basically four  
+
+species, human, mouse,  rat, and dog.   
+
+Well, there's one little fly in the ointment.  The human genome is 20x  
+
+bigger than the yeast genome.  If I want to analyze the whole  
+
+human genome, I have a problem of signal-to-noise.   
+
+The genome is 20x bigger,  I've got 20x as much noise to get  
+
+rid of.  I won't walk you through it,  but I need more evolutionary  
+
+information to get rid of all that noise. And, you can do a simple  
+
+calculation that says,  my evolutionary tree needs to be  
+
+bigger, it's branch length needs to be bigger by about the natural log  
+
+of 20, to get rid of 20 fold more noise.   
+
+And that would mean I'd need more species, I'd need about 16 species,   
+
+or something like that to be able to do that.  But if I built an  
+
+evolutionary tree that had a branch length of four,   
+
+that is, four substitutions per base across this evolutionary tree,   
+
+as indicated by these colored lines here, I should have enough power to  
+
+analyze the entire human genome,  the way we just did the yeast genome.   
+
+So we currently have human,  chimp, mouse, rat, dog.  As of this  
+
+fall, during in fact,  right at the beginning of this term,   
+
+the National Institute of Health signed off on the sequencing of  
+
+these additional eight mammals.  These mammals are now in process,   
+
+and in fact, the elephant is done,  and the armadillo is in process,   
+
+and the tree shrew, I think, is being caught at the moment.   
+
+[LAUGHTER].  The ten-, don't talk about the tree  
+
+shrews.  The tenrec is actually being tested right now,   
+
+etc, and all this is going on right now, as we speak,   
+
+and I think that by next summer,  we should have much of, and by  
+
+certainly, by a year from now,  we should have all this information  
+
+to do such an analysis.  That said, we're of course,   
+
+very impatient people, you could just take the human,   
+
+the mouse, the rat, and the dog.  And I said that's not enough if you  
+
+wanted to analyze the whole genome,  but suppose you just wanted to  
+
+analyze a portion of the genome,  maybe about a yeast-size piece of  
+
+the genome, well let's see,  at 20,000 genes, I don't know,   
+
+suppose I take, I don't know, two kilo bases around each 20,   
+
+00 genes, well that's you know,  40 mega bases of DNA, it's only a  
+
+couple-fold more than yeast.  Maybe, if I just focus on a limited  
+
+region around each promoter,  I could start reading out these  
+
+regulatory signals, with just four species.   
+
+So in fact, the post-doctorate fellow is, has been working on this  
+
+problem over the summer,  and a little bit, too, through the  
+
+spring and summer,  together with Manolis Kellis,   
+
+who's now in the computer science department.  And I think we have a  
+
+preliminary list for the human genome that's fallen out over the  
+
+course of the past couple of months,  and we're in the process, right now,   
+
+of finishing up a paper that we're hoping to get submitted by Friday,   
+
+with a preliminary list of regulatory signals in the human  
+
+genome, read out from evolution of human, mouse, rat, and dog.   
+
+It won't be everything,  we don't have full power to pick up  
+
+all possible signals,  but we're picking up a lot of the  
+
+signals, we're picking up a very large fraction of previously  
+
+discovered signals,  and lots more new signals,   
+
+as well, are falling out of that analysis.  So anyway,   
+
+I can assure you that that's not in the textbooks because,   
+
+actually, it hasn't been submitted yet.  This other stuff I've  
+
+described about the yeast analysis,  this, you do want to look it up,   
+
+there's a paper in nature about a year and change ago,   
+
+Kellis et. al. describes this yeast work.  This is what's going on.   
+
+This is what's fun about teaching at MIT, as I can tell you this stuff,   
+
+and you guys have a sense for the convergence that's going on in our  
+
+field.  Much of what  I've tried to make the biology,   
+
+you know, in making the biology clear, I've talked about how the  
+
+different directions,  genetics, biochemistry,   
+
+have converged together.  What we're really seeing now is  
+
+information sciences converging with that as well, and I've got to say,   
+
+it's a tremendous amount of fun.  See you on Monday, good  
+
+luck on the quiz.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5ejPI6QqKBU.txt b/5ejPI6QqKBU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fd0cff174ca933a11eda9049e3d9aeb5fbe65b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5ejPI6QqKBU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I want to talk today about one small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to talk today about one small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to talk today about one small
+thing before we move on to signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before we move on to signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before we move on to signaling
+because it really kind of completes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really kind of completes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really kind of completes the
+work that we talked about with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we talked about with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we talked about with respect
+to trafficking so I popped this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trafficking so I popped this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trafficking so I popped this question
+up last time and if it seemed like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up last time and if it seemed like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up last time and if it seemed like there
+weren't quite enough sort of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't quite enough sort of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't quite enough sort of people
+leaping to give me an answer but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaping to give me an answer but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaping to give me an answer but let's
+just take a look at the big picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look at the big picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take a look at the big picture of
+things as it's always good to do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as it's always good to do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things as it's always good to do because
+this will also get me to one other topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will also get me to one other topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will also get me to one other topic
+which is protein misfolding so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is protein misfolding so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is protein misfolding so at the
+end of the day what really defines where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day what really defines where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the day what really defines where
+a protein is what it does is defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein is what it does is defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protein is what it does is defined by
+its sequence but you always want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sequence but you always want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its sequence but you always want to
+remember that a protein sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a protein sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that a protein sequence is
+defined by its messenger the messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by its messenger the messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by its messenger the messenger
+is defined by the pre messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined by the pre messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined by the pre messenger
+yes there may be splicing events that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there may be splicing events that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there may be splicing events that
+really cause changes in localization but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cause changes in localization but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cause changes in localization but
+the pre messenger includes the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre messenger includes the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pre messenger includes the content
+and then what defines that is the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what defines that is the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what defines that is the DNA
+there's certain aspects of regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain aspects of regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's certain aspects of regulation
+the epigenetic level that we don't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epigenetic level that we don't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epigenetic level that we don't talk
+about barely in this course but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about barely in this course but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about barely in this course but I want
+you to make to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make to make sure that you
+realize at the end of the day what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize at the end of the day what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize at the end of the day what the
+protein is how its faults is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is how its faults is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is how its faults is defined
+originally by the sequence of the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally by the sequence of the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally by the sequence of the DNA
+although a long way along here the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a long way along here the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a long way along here the post
+translational modifications that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modifications that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational modifications that we
+started talking about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about last time
+are defined by the protein sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined by the protein sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined by the protein sequence
+which all the way is defined by the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all the way is defined by the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which all the way is defined by the DNA
+so so much of protein function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so much of protein function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so much of protein function and
+there's one more aspect of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more aspect of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more aspect of proteins
+that's defined by the DNA sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by the DNA sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by the DNA sequence and
+that's whether a protein folds well or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's whether a protein folds well or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's whether a protein folds well or
+perhaps in MIT in some cases Mis folds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in MIT in some cases Mis folds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps in MIT in some cases Mis folds
+and that's the thing I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thing I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the thing I want to talk
+about very briefly today because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very briefly today because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about very briefly today because I think
+that this captures the picture so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this captures the picture so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this captures the picture so let's
+just go over here and write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go over here and write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go over here and write in this
+folded proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which just like everything else largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just like everything else largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just like everything else largely
+end up being dictated by the DNA because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being dictated by the DNA because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being dictated by the DNA because
+whether a protein folds faithfully into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a protein folds faithfully into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether a protein folds faithfully into
+a good structure or Mis folds can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good structure or Mis folds can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good structure or Mis folds can be a
+function of the protein sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the protein sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the protein sequence so
+there could be mutations in the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be mutations in the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be mutations in the protein
+that ultimately end up that the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately end up that the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ultimately end up that the protein
+miss fold and forms either a misfolded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss fold and forms either a misfolded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss fold and forms either a misfolded
+tertiary structure or even worse adopts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary structure or even worse adopts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary structure or even worse adopts
+an aggregated form that causes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggregated form that causes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggregated form that causes a lot of
+damage within cells and outsides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage within cells and outsides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage within cells and outsides of
+cells so I want to talk just briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so I want to talk just briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so I want to talk just briefly
+about the processes that we have it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the processes that we have it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the processes that we have it's
+just one slide to deal with miss folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one slide to deal with miss folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one slide to deal with miss folded
+proteins so when a protein is translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so when a protein is translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins so when a protein is translated
+it almost starts folding straight away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost starts folding straight away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it almost starts folding straight away
+especially large proteins a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially large proteins a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially large proteins a fair amount
+of a protein may have already emerged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a protein may have already emerged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a protein may have already emerged
+from the ribosome and started folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome and started folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ribosome and started folding
+even when the whole protein isn't made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the whole protein isn't made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when the whole protein isn't made
+the sequence ultimately ends you up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence ultimately ends you up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence ultimately ends you up with
+a well folded protein but if the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well folded protein but if the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well folded protein but if the protein
+does not fold fast enough or there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not fold fast enough or there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not fold fast enough or there is a
+mistake in this which might be caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in this which might be caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in this which might be caused
+intrinsically by the primary sequence if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically by the primary sequence if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsically by the primary sequence if
+there's a mistake in that so slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mistake in that so slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mistake in that so slow
+folding or incorrect folding then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding or incorrect folding then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding or incorrect folding then you
+will end up with a protein that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up with a protein that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up with a protein that's
+partially folded within the context of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially folded within the context of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially folded within the context of a
+cell we especially encounter miss folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we especially encounter miss folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we especially encounter miss folded
+proteins when we are over expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins when we are over expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins when we are over expressing
+proteins in cells because you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in cells because you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in cells because you're just
+making one of a type of protein really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one of a type of protein really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one of a type of protein really
+quickly and it doesn't have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and it doesn't have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and it doesn't have a chance to
+adopt its faithful structure so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt its faithful structure so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt its faithful structure so there
+are proteins within the cell that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proteins within the cell that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are proteins within the cell that help
+sort of protect the folding process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protect the folding process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of protect the folding process
+early on to allow the protein to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on to allow the protein to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on to allow the protein to have
+enough time in singular not with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time in singular not with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time in singular not with a lot
+of copies of itself around that a miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copies of itself around that a miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copies of itself around that a miss
+folded to adopt a folded structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded to adopt a folded structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded to adopt a folded structure and
+these proteins are called chaperones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins are called chaperones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins are called chaperones
+I don't know what if you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what if you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what if you guys are
+familiar with the term chaperone it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the term chaperone it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the term chaperone it was
+a term that was heavily used in the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that was heavily used in the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term that was heavily used in the sort
+of 18th and 19th century a chaperone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 18th and 19th century a chaperone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 18th and 19th century a chaperone
+used to be an aunt or someone who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be an aunt or someone who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be an aunt or someone who you
+would send out with your beautiful young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send out with your beautiful young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would send out with your beautiful young
+daughter to chaperone her to protect her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter to chaperone her to protect her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter to chaperone her to protect her
+so she didn't get bothered by those mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she didn't get bothered by those mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she didn't get bothered by those mean
+men out there so chaperones were that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men out there so chaperones were that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men out there so chaperones were that
+was the original definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the original definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the original definition of the
+chaperone and it's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone and it's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaperone and it's kind of interesting
+that the chaperones are now proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chaperones are now proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chaperones are now proteins
+that help folding or protect against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help folding or protect against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that help folding or protect against
+miss folding how do they do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss folding how do they do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss folding how do they do this
+generally a protein will fold poorly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a protein will fold poorly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a protein will fold poorly if
+it's very very if it's quite hydrophobic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very if it's quite hydrophobic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very if it's quite hydrophobic
+and hydrophobic patches are exposed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrophobic patches are exposed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrophobic patches are exposed and
+aggregate so let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate so let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate so let's say you have a
+protein and there's a lot of copies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and there's a lot of copies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and there's a lot of copies but
+they're not salted if you have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not salted if you have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not salted if you have things
+that are hydrophobic that would normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hydrophobic that would normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hydrophobic that would normally
+end up tucked inside the protein if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up tucked inside the protein if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up tucked inside the protein if the
+protein hasn't folded in its good time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein hasn't folded in its good time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein hasn't folded in its good time
+these will just start to form aggregates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will just start to form aggregates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these will just start to form aggregates
+sort of associating with each other it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of associating with each other it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of associating with each other it's
+just a physical phenomenon if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a physical phenomenon if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a physical phenomenon if you put
+something that's got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's got a lot of
+hydrophobic faces on the outside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic faces on the outside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic faces on the outside this
+will start forming an aggregated bundle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start forming an aggregated bundle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start forming an aggregated bundle
+and not a nicely folded protein at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a nicely folded protein at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a nicely folded protein at all
+what the chaperones may do is in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chaperones may do is in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the chaperones may do is in part
+hold the partially folded protein so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the partially folded protein so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the partially folded protein so
+let's just think of this big jelly bean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think of this big jelly bean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just think of this big jelly bean
+as a chaperone until things start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chaperone until things start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a chaperone until things start to
+adopt a favorable state but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt a favorable state but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adopt a favorable state but sometimes
+it's just too much the chaperone cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too much the chaperone cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just too much the chaperone cannot
+handle the flux of protein so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the flux of protein so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the flux of protein so the
+protein ends up being recognized as miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein ends up being recognized as miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein ends up being recognized as miss
+folded and then it gets tagged as a Miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded and then it gets tagged as a Miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded and then it gets tagged as a Miss
+folded protein and it gets taken to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded protein and it gets taken to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded protein and it gets taken to a
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+and the cell for disposal so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cell for disposal so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cell for disposal so if you're
+unable to fold there is a tagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to fold there is a tagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to fold there is a tagging
+process and I mentioned it last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I mentioned it last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and I mentioned it last time
+it's a process known as ubiquitination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is also a post translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a post translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a post translational
+modification but it's one that occurs on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification but it's one that occurs on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification but it's one that occurs on
+poorly folded proteins and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly folded proteins and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly folded proteins and I'm going to
+describe to you that system because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to you that system because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe to you that system because the
+ubiquitination is the flag the signal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitination is the flag the signal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitination is the flag the signal or
+the tag to take this protein to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag to take this protein to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tag to take this protein to the
+great shredder basically and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great shredder basically and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great shredder basically and so what
+does the once a paper shredder think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the once a paper shredder think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the once a paper shredder think I
+like the analogy with a paper shredder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the analogy with a paper shredder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the analogy with a paper shredder
+so here's a fellow he's got too much on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a fellow he's got too much on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a fellow he's got too much on
+his in his inbox so he just sends it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his in his inbox so he just sends it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his in his inbox so he just sends it
+straight to the shredder it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the shredder it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the shredder it's a little
+bit about too much misfolded protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about too much misfolded protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about too much misfolded protein
+being made so you instead of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made so you instead of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being made so you instead of sort of
+waiting to deal with the paperwork you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to deal with the paperwork you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to deal with the paperwork you
+just send it straight to the shredder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send it straight to the shredder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send it straight to the shredder
+and the proteasome is the cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proteasome is the cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proteasome is the cellular
+shredder that actually breaks proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredder that actually breaks proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredder that actually breaks proteins
+up into small chunks and then digests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into small chunks and then digests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into small chunks and then digests
+them out so think of the proteasome is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out so think of the proteasome is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out so think of the proteasome is a
+shredder which chops up proteins into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredder which chops up proteins into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredder which chops up proteins into
+small pieces mostly into short peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces mostly into short peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces mostly into short peptides
+that are eight to fourteen amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are eight to fourteen amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are eight to fourteen amino acids
+in length fairly small short peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in length fairly small short peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in length fairly small short peptides
+won't cause a problem in aggregation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cause a problem in aggregation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cause a problem in aggregation and
+will then be further digested now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be further digested now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be further digested now if
+you've got this shredder sitting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this shredder sitting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got this shredder sitting around
+in the cell it's like having you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell it's like having you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell it's like having you know a
+paper shredder on all the time you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper shredder on all the time you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper shredder on all the time you got
+it there's a risk things may end up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's a risk things may end up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's a risk things may end up in
+there without meaning to be so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without meaning to be so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there without meaning to be so for
+things to be tagged for shredding they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be tagged for shredding they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to be tagged for shredding they
+go through what's known as the ubiquitin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through what's known as the ubiquitin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through what's known as the ubiquitin
+systems so the first thing to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so the first thing to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so the first thing to get into
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's only then that proteins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only then that proteins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's only then that proteins are
+tagged for shredding up or chopping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged for shredding up or chopping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged for shredding up or chopping up
+by the proteasome so as you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the proteasome so as you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the proteasome so as you can sort of
+tell by its name it's not protease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell by its name it's not protease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell by its name it's not protease
+function but it's a large macromolecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but it's a large macromolecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but it's a large macromolecular
+protease with lots and lots of subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease with lots and lots of subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protease with lots and lots of subunits
+that are important to cut that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important to cut that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are important to cut that
+polypeptide into smaller pieces but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide into smaller pieces but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polypeptide into smaller pieces but but
+because many of your proteins may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of your proteins may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because many of your proteins may be
+partially folded or mis folded they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially folded or mis folded they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially folded or mis folded they
+first have to be unfolded so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first have to be unfolded so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first have to be unfolded so the
+ubiquitin is the signal to send proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is the signal to send proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is the signal to send proteins
+to the proteasome where the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proteasome where the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the proteasome where the second
+action is protease activity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is protease activity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is protease activity and the
+first action is unfolding so what I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first action is unfolding so what I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first action is unfolding so what I show
+you on this picture is the the Barrell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this picture is the the Barrell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this picture is the the Barrell
+structure of a protease own let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a protease own let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of a protease own let me
+explain the components of it the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the components of it the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the components of it the red
+component of the proteasome is a multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the proteasome is a multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the proteasome is a multi
+Marik ring that uses ATP and starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marik ring that uses ATP and starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marik ring that uses ATP and starts
+tugging apart the protein the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tugging apart the protein the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tugging apart the protein the protein
+that you need to destroy but it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to destroy but it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to destroy but it will
+only do that if the protein becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do that if the protein becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do that if the protein becomes
+labeled for destruction by the ubiquitin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled for destruction by the ubiquitin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled for destruction by the ubiquitin
+system and I am showing you here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I am showing you here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and I am showing you here a
+massively simplified version let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively simplified version let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massively simplified version let's say
+this is a mis folded protein it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mis folded protein it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a mis folded protein it gets
+tagged with another protein it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged with another protein it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged with another protein it's a
+really little protein known as ubiquitin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really little protein known as ubiquitin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really little protein known as ubiquitin
+I've shown you the three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you the three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've shown you the three-dimensional
+structure here and using ATP you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and using ATP you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure here and using ATP you end up
+managing to put a ubiquitin chain on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing to put a ubiquitin chain on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing to put a ubiquitin chain on the
+protein that's going to be destroyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's going to be destroyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's going to be destroyed
+that is a post translational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a post translational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a post translational
+modification that is a tagging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification that is a tagging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification that is a tagging for
+destruction if the protein is not tagged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction if the protein is not tagged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction if the protein is not tagged
+then it's not going to be chewed up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to be chewed up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not going to be chewed up that
+makes sense you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense you don't want to
+desperately be chopping up proteins in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately be chopping up proteins in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperately be chopping up proteins in a
+Cell with with wild abandon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cell with with wild abandon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cell with with wild abandon
+once the ubiquitin chain is on here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the ubiquitin chain is on here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the ubiquitin chain is on here the
+protein will bind to the unfold days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein will bind to the unfold days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein will bind to the unfold days
+part of the proteasome and with ATP was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the proteasome and with ATP was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the proteasome and with ATP was
+just start tugging the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start tugging the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just start tugging the rest of the
+residual structure apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual structure apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual structure apart
+to thread the protein down into the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thread the protein down into the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to thread the protein down into the blue
+part of the barrel it's a little hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the barrel it's a little hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the barrel it's a little hard to
+see it like this but it's literally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it like this but it's literally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it like this but it's literally the
+proteasome are four concentric rings let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome are four concentric rings let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteasome are four concentric rings let
+me see my artwork is gonna be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see my artwork is gonna be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see my artwork is gonna be good
+enough well that's an unfolding and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough well that's an unfolding and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough well that's an unfolding and so
+is that and then in the center there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and then in the center there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that and then in the center there is
+a protease and each of these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protease and each of these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protease and each of these components
+is multimeric having six or seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multimeric having six or seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multimeric having six or seven
+subunits so it's a huge structure it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits so it's a huge structure it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits so it's a huge structure it is
+has a sedimentation coefficient of 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sedimentation coefficient of 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sedimentation coefficient of 20s
+that entire structure I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire structure I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that entire structure I don't know if
+you remember when I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember when I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember when I talked about
+ribosomes they were so big we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes they were so big we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes they were so big we didn't
+tend to talk about them by size we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to talk about them by size we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to talk about them by size we could
+talked about them by sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them by sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about them by sedimentation
+coefficient and the large and small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the large and small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the large and small
+subunits of the ribosome the eukaryotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits of the ribosome the eukaryotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subunits of the ribosome the eukaryotic
+one just to remind you before T s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just to remind you before T s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one just to remind you before T s and
+60s so just remember that S stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s so just remember that S stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s so just remember that S stands for
+sped works sped burg it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sped works sped burg it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sped works sped burg it's a
+sedimentation coefficient unit it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation coefficient unit it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation coefficient unit it is
+describes how fast a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how fast a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how fast a protein
+precipitates so once the protein has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates so once the protein has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitates so once the protein has
+been labeled with ubiquitin it binds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been labeled with ubiquitin it binds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been labeled with ubiquitin it binds to
+the unfold ace and then the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfold ace and then the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unfold ace and then the single
+strand feeds into the center core which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand feeds into the center core which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand feeds into the center core which
+is two sections of protease so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two sections of protease so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two sections of protease so it's
+feeding in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeding in here
+it sees the protease activity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees the protease activity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees the protease activity and then
+it's just short pieces of protein spit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just short pieces of protein spit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just short pieces of protein spit
+out of the proteasome once these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the proteasome once these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the proteasome once these are
+really little pieces of peptide they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really little pieces of peptide they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really little pieces of peptide they're
+readily digested by proteases within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily digested by proteases within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily digested by proteases within the
+cell and you can recycle the amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and you can recycle the amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and you can recycle the amino acids
+or you can do other things with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do other things with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do other things with these
+small pieces of peptide they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces of peptide they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces of peptide they actually
+end up sometimes being sent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up sometimes being sent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up sometimes being sent for
+presentation on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on this
+Offices of the cell by the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Offices of the cell by the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Offices of the cell by the immune system
+and you may hear a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may hear a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may hear a little bit more about
+that later so the the proteasome I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later so the the proteasome I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that later so the the proteasome I
+apologize this should have been 26 has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize this should have been 26 has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize this should have been 26 has a
+molecular weight that's very large 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight that's very large 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight that's very large 2000
+kilo daltons that's why we refer it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo daltons that's why we refer it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilo daltons that's why we refer it to
+it by its sedimentation coefficient so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by its sedimentation coefficient so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by its sedimentation coefficient so
+this machinery is very important to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machinery is very important to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machinery is very important to get
+rid of miss folded or aggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of miss folded or aggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of miss folded or aggregated
+proteins to destroy them now there's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins to destroy them now there's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins to destroy them now there's n
+isn't a people aware of the sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a people aware of the sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a people aware of the sorts of
+diseases that can result from miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that can result from miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that can result from miss
+folded proteins it's anyone been reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded proteins it's anyone been reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded proteins it's anyone been reading
+the news much about certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news much about certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news much about certain types of
+diseases particularly in neurobiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases particularly in neurobiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases particularly in neurobiology
+anyone aware of those yeah which one yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone aware of those yeah which one yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone aware of those yeah which one yes
+mad cows so there are a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad cows so there are a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad cows so there are a variety of
+neurological disorders a mad cow is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological disorders a mad cow is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurological disorders a mad cow is one
+of them right New Jersey spelled Jakob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right New Jersey spelled Jakob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them right New Jersey spelled Jakob
+but Alzheimer's disease is another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picks disease is another there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks disease is another there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks disease is another there are a
+wide variety of neurological disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of neurological disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide variety of neurological disorders
+the results from misfolded proteins both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results from misfolded proteins both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results from misfolded proteins both
+inside the cell and in the extracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell and in the extracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell and in the extracellular
+matrix forming these tangles that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix forming these tangles that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix forming these tangles that are
+toxic to the neurons causing them to no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic to the neurons causing them to no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic to the neurons causing them to no
+longer function and then resulting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer function and then resulting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer function and then resulting in
+many of these neurological disorders the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these neurological disorders the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these neurological disorders the
+ones I've described to you I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've described to you I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've described to you I've
+mentioned to you here I know many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you here I know many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned to you here I know many of you
+are familiar with Alzheimer's disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with Alzheimer's disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with Alzheimer's disease
+mad cow disease is a variant of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad cow disease is a variant of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad cow disease is a variant of a
+particular protein misfolding disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein misfolding disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein misfolding disease
+that was first noted in cattle and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was first noted in cattle and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was first noted in cattle and they
+basically just fell down dropped down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just fell down dropped down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just fell down dropped down
+and it was in some cases ascribed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was in some cases ascribed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was in some cases ascribed to the
+contagion with the disease is ascribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contagion with the disease is ascribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contagion with the disease is ascribed
+not to a virus or to a microorganism but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to a virus or to a microorganism but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to a virus or to a microorganism but
+literally to misfolded proteins causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally to misfolded proteins causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally to misfolded proteins causing
+the formation of more misfolded proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of more misfolded proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of more misfolded proteins
+so these are all collectively designated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all collectively designated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all collectively designated
+it as prion diseases I think y'all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as prion diseases I think y'all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as prion diseases I think y'all have
+read that term and it's a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that term and it's a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that term and it's a particular
+kind of disease that the infectious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disease that the infectious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of disease that the infectious
+agent isn't a living system not a virus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent isn't a living system not a virus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent isn't a living system not a virus
+not a microbe a fungus a protozoan but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a microbe a fungus a protozoan but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a microbe a fungus a protozoan but
+rather a protein where it's miss folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather a protein where it's miss folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather a protein where it's miss folded
+structure nucleates the formation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure nucleates the formation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure nucleates the formation of
+more miss folded structure that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more miss folded structure that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more miss folded structure that leads to
+the disease so I grew up in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease so I grew up in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease so I grew up in England
+during the years where there was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the years where there was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the years where there was a lot
+of mad cow disease in England and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mad cow disease in England and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mad cow disease in England and even
+though I'm a vegetarian in the US for 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm a vegetarian in the US for 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I'm a vegetarian in the US for 30
+years I can't give blood in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I can't give blood in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years I can't give blood in the US
+because I lived in England during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I lived in England during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I lived in England during the
+time when there was a lot of mad cow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when there was a lot of mad cow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when there was a lot of mad cow
+disease and this can be dormant for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and this can be dormant for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease and this can be dormant for a
+long long time before it suddenly takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time before it suddenly takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time before it suddenly takes
+over so there's a restrictions on blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so there's a restrictions on blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so there's a restrictions on blood
+donation in certain cases and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation in certain cases and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donation in certain cases and it's
+because it's not something you can treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not something you can treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's not something you can treat
+with an antibiotic you can treat with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an antibiotic you can treat with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an antibiotic you can treat with an
+antiviral it's literally traces of badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiviral it's literally traces of badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiviral it's literally traces of badly
+folded protein that can you create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded protein that can you create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded protein that can you create the
+formation of more badly folded protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of more badly folded protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of more badly folded protein
+that can lead to the disease's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to the disease's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can lead to the disease's okay
+these were there's particular instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were there's particular instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these were there's particular instances
+of some of these diseases in in tribes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these diseases in in tribes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of these diseases in in tribes
+where there's pretty serious cannibalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's pretty serious cannibalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's pretty serious cannibalism
+and the eating you're sort of senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eating you're sort of senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the eating you're sort of senior
+relatives brains was considered to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives brains was considered to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives brains was considered to be
+something an important act of respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something an important act of respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something an important act of respect
+and there was this transfer of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was this transfer of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was this transfer of some of
+these prion type diseases through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prion type diseases through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prion type diseases through
+cannibalism as well so eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalism as well so eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannibalism as well so eating
+contaminated meat be it a cow be it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated meat be it a cow be it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contaminated meat be it a cow be it you
+know your grandparents whatever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your grandparents whatever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your grandparents whatever it's
+something that actually is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that actually is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that actually is it's a
+serious transmissible disease and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious transmissible disease and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious transmissible disease and it's
+really in the situations where it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the situations where it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in the situations where it can be
+sort of related back to contaminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of related back to contaminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of related back to contaminated
+meat or one thing but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat or one thing but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meat or one thing but they are
+variations in the case of Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the case of Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations in the case of Alzheimer's
+where the sequence of proteins may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sequence of proteins may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sequence of proteins may
+dictate that they don't fold well or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate that they don't fold well or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictate that they don't fold well or
+they're not post translationally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not post translationally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not post translationally
+modified properly so they end up as miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified properly so they end up as miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified properly so they end up as miss
+folded proteins so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded proteins so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folded proteins so the
+are often genetically linked disorders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often genetically linked disorders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are often genetically linked disorders
+some of the things like Alzheimer's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things like Alzheimer's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things like Alzheimer's and
+once again remember that goes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again remember that goes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again remember that goes all the
+way back to the DNA which might in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to the DNA which might in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back to the DNA which might in some
+cases trigger the misfolded disease so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases trigger the misfolded disease so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases trigger the misfolded disease so
+it's a fascinating area and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fascinating area and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a fascinating area and there's a
+tremendous amount to be studied because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount to be studied because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount to be studied because
+of the aging population these diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aging population these diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the aging population these diseases
+are piling up and that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are piling up and that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are piling up and that we need to
+mitigate the the causes of the disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the the causes of the disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate the the causes of the disease
+and find ways for example to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find ways for example to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find ways for example to slow down
+if there are these fibrils of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are these fibrils of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are these fibrils of protein
+that are misfolded can we maybe inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are misfolded can we maybe inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are misfolded can we maybe inhibit
+that formation with some kind of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formation with some kind of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formation with some kind of small
+molecule inhibitor to mitigate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule inhibitor to mitigate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule inhibitor to mitigate the
+symptoms of the disease so it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms of the disease so it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms of the disease so it's a very
+very active area because almost you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active area because almost you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very active area because almost you know
+many many neurological disorders seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many neurological disorders seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many neurological disorders seem to
+be coming down to misfolded proteins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming down to misfolded proteins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be coming down to misfolded proteins so
+let's move on now to signal so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on now to signal so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move on now to signal so we're
+gonna spend two lectures on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend two lectures on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna spend two lectures on the
+remainder of this lecture plus the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of this lecture plus the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder of this lecture plus the next
+lecture and what I want to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and what I want to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and what I want to do in this
+lecture is introduce you to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is introduce you to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is introduce you to some of the
+paradigms the nuts and bolts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms the nuts and bolts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigms the nuts and bolts the
+mechanics of protein signaling and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of protein signaling and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of protein signaling and then
+in the next lecture I'm gonna show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture I'm gonna show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture I'm gonna show you
+examples of how all the characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how all the characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of how all the characteristics
+that we define signaling by get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we define signaling by get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we define signaling by get
+represented in signaling pathways within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in signaling pathways within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in signaling pathways within
+cells I'm gonna give you all the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells I'm gonna give you all the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells I'm gonna give you all the moving
+parts and then we'll move forward to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and then we'll move forward to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and then we'll move forward to see
+how the moving parts might function in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the moving parts might function in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the moving parts might function in a
+physiological action such as a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological action such as a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological action such as a response
+to something particularly scary or as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something particularly scary or as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something particularly scary or as a
+trigger to do for the cells to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger to do for the cells to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger to do for the cells to do
+something different so let me take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so let me take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different so let me take you
+first of all to a cartoon like image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to a cartoon like image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all to a cartoon like image of
+a cell and we're going to just take from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell and we're going to just take from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cell and we're going to just take from
+the very simplest beginning but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very simplest beginning but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very simplest beginning but then
+this topic will get quite quite complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic will get quite quite complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic will get quite quite complex
+as you see but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you see but I
+that's why I think it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think it's important to
+reduce the process of protein signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the process of protein signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the process of protein signaling
+down to simple aspects of it that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to simple aspects of it that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to simple aspects of it that we can
+really recognize even in much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really recognize even in much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really recognize even in much more
+complicated pathways so in protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pathways so in protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pathways so in protein
+cellular signaling this is a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular signaling this is a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular signaling this is a complex
+system of communication that governs all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of communication that governs all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of communication that governs all
+basic activities of the cell there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic activities of the cell there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic activities of the cell there are
+no cells that don't do signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cells that don't do signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cells that don't do signaling
+bacterial and eukaryotic cells may do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial and eukaryotic cells may do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial and eukaryotic cells may do
+signaling sites slightly differently but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling sites slightly differently but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling sites slightly differently but
+they still do have an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still do have an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they still do have an integrated
+correlated system that's responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated system that's responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated system that's responsible for
+triggering functions of the cell through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering functions of the cell through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggering functions of the cell through
+a series of discrete steps so protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of discrete steps so protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of discrete steps so protein
+signaling can be dissected into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling can be dissected into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling can be dissected into three
+basic steps where you first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic steps where you first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic steps where you first of all
+receive a signal and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a signal and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a signal and we're going to talk
+about what that signal is what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that signal is what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what that signal is what's the
+nature of that signal is small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of that signal is small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of that signal is small molecule
+large molecule where is the signal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large molecule where is the signal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large molecule where is the signal where
+does it hacked then the next step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it hacked then the next step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it hacked then the next step is to
+transduce the signal and finally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduce the signal and finally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduce the signal and finally you
+have an outcome which is a response so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an outcome which is a response so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an outcome which is a response so
+we're going to talk about each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about each of these
+components in order to understand flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in order to understand flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in order to understand flux
+through segment cellular signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through segment cellular signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through segment cellular signaling
+pathways and how they work to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and how they work to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and how they work to give you a
+rapid response to a necessary signal all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid response to a necessary signal all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid response to a necessary signal all
+right so in this cartoon that's just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this cartoon that's just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in this cartoon that's just for
+example think about what if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example think about what if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example think about what if we want to
+trigger cell division we might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger cell division we might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger cell division we might have a
+signal which is the yellow molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which is the yellow molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which is the yellow molecule
+small molecule large molecule we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule large molecule we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule large molecule we'll get
+to that later there's a cell here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later there's a cell here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that later there's a cell here where
+on the surface of the cell is a receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the cell is a receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the cell is a receptor
+and that would be the entity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be the entity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be the entity that
+receives the signal so in the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the signal so in the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the signal so in the first step
+in the process there's a buildup of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process there's a buildup of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process there's a buildup of a
+concentration of a signal and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a signal and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of a signal and it
+occupies the receptors on the surface of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies the receptors on the surface of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupies the receptors on the surface of
+the cell and in some cases inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and in some cases inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell and in some cases inside the
+cell we'll talk about a bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we'll talk about a bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell we'll talk about a bifurcation
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+really a lot of cellular signaling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lot of cellular signaling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a lot of cellular signaling is
+dominated by cells coming by signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by cells coming by signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by cells coming by signals
+coming from outside the cell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from outside the cell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from outside the cell what
+happens upon this binding event is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens upon this binding event is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens upon this binding event is the
+transduction if you bind to something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction if you bind to something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction if you bind to something on
+the outside the cell as a consequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside the cell as a consequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside the cell as a consequence
+you might have a change on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a change on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have a change on that
+structure if it crosses the membrane you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if it crosses the membrane you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure if it crosses the membrane you
+might have a change on the same molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a change on the same molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a change on the same molecule
+structure that's on the inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's on the inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that's on the inside of the
+cell so that's why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so that's why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so that's why it's called
+transduction your transducing a soluble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction your transducing a soluble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction your transducing a soluble
+signal from outside binding that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from outside binding that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from outside binding that signal
+to the cell surface receptor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cell surface receptor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the cell surface receptor and the
+cell surface receptor is responding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell surface receptor is responding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell surface receptor is responding in
+some way and there are two principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and there are two principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and there are two principal
+ways in which we respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which we respond to
+extracellular signals and we'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular signals and we'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular signals and we'll cover
+them both the next event that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both the next event that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them both the next event that might
+happen is through the change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is through the change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is through the change that
+happens to the intracellular component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the intracellular component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the intracellular component
+of the receptor there might be a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the receptor there might be a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the receptor there might be a change
+a binding event another step occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binding event another step occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a binding event another step occur
+within the cell and as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell and as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the cell and as a function of
+that you get a response all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a response all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get a response all right so
+it's really thinking it in these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really thinking it in these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really thinking it in these three
+components is a good way to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is a good way to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is a good way to kind of
+dissect out the beginnings of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissect out the beginnings of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissect out the beginnings of the
+complication and then what we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication and then what we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication and then what we'll be able
+to do is really start to see what kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is really start to see what kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is really start to see what kinds
+of molecules come in how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules come in how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules come in how are they
+received how is the signal transduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received how is the signal transduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received how is the signal transduced
+and what's the ultimate outcome with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the ultimate outcome with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's the ultimate outcome with
+respect to to a response okay everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to to a response okay everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to to a response okay everyone
+okay with that all right now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that all right now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with that all right now this is
+what you have to look forward to so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to look forward to so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to look forward to so we
+give you something with three moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something with three moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you something with three moving
+parts and suddenly we show you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and suddenly we show you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and suddenly we show you something
+with sort of you know a hundred moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of you know a hundred moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sort of you know a hundred moving
+parts and cell biologists very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and cell biologists very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and cell biologists very very
+frequently look at these maps of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently look at these maps of cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently look at these maps of cells
+where what they're looking at with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what they're looking at with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what they're looking at with each
+of these sort of little acronyms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sort of little acronyms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these sort of little acronyms or
+names all of these are proteins where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names all of these are proteins where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names all of these are proteins where
+they have been mapped out through cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been mapped out through cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been mapped out through cell
+biology and cellular biochemistry to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and cellular biochemistry to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and cellular biochemistry to be
+existing in certain components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in certain components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing in certain components of the
+cell and what has also been mapped out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and what has also been mapped out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and what has also been mapped out
+very frequently is who talks to who so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently is who talks to who so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently is who talks to who so
+the fact that Jack s might interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Jack s might interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that Jack s might interact with
+stat 3 5 and so on so much of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat 3 5 and so on so much of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stat 3 5 and so on so much of this was
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+out through cell biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through cell biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out through cell biology and
+biochemistry and also by genetics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and also by genetics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry and also by genetics so
+professor Martin has talked to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Martin has talked to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Martin has talked to you about
+identifying a player in a complex system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying a player in a complex system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying a player in a complex system
+by genetics let's say you have a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by genetics let's say you have a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by genetics let's say you have a cell
+that fails to divide you might perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fails to divide you might perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fails to divide you might perhaps
+screen or divides unevenly or has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or divides unevenly or has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen or divides unevenly or has some
+defect in cell division you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in cell division you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defect in cell division you might be
+able to pick out a particular player now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick out a particular player now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to pick out a particular player now
+the key thing I want to point out to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing I want to point out to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing I want to point out to you
+with this cell is what's on the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this cell is what's on the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this cell is what's on the outside
+of the cell across and runs across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell across and runs across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell across and runs across the
+membrane and might have the chance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and might have the chance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and might have the chance the
+opportunity to have both an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to have both an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to have both an extra
+cellular receptor and an intracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular receptor and an intracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular receptor and an intracellular
+function and those key proteins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and those key proteins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and those key proteins are
+things like receptor tyrosine kinases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like receptor tyrosine kinases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like receptor tyrosine kinases
+we're going to talk about all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about all of these
+in a moment g-protein coupled receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment g-protein coupled receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment g-protein coupled receptors
+and various other cell surface receptors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various other cell surface receptors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and various other cell surface receptors
+so all of these anything that spans a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these anything that spans a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of these anything that spans a
+membrane has the opportunity to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane has the opportunity to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane has the opportunity to be an
+important component of a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important component of a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important component of a signaling
+pathway because what you're routinely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway because what you're routinely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway because what you're routinely
+trying to do is have your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is have your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is have your signal
+recognized on the outside of the cell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized on the outside of the cell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized on the outside of the cell by
+something that spans the membrane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that spans the membrane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that spans the membrane the
+signal will back bind to that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal will back bind to that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal will back bind to that and then
+when you will have an intracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you will have an intracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you will have an intracellular
+response so that's breaking it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so that's breaking it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response so that's breaking it down
+that's why proteins that are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why proteins that are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why proteins that are made
+through the secretory pathway that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the secretory pathway that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the secretory pathway that we
+talked about in the last lecture the go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the last lecture the go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the last lecture the go
+through that endomembrane system and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that endomembrane system and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that endomembrane system and end
+up being parked in the plasma membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being parked in the plasma membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being parked in the plasma membrane
+are so important other proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so important other proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so important other proteins that
+actually gets secreted through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets secreted through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually gets secreted through that
+pathway are also important what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway are also important what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway are also important what do you
+think they may be important for let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they may be important for let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they may be important for let's
+say you've made a protein within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've made a protein within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you've made a protein within the
+cell it goes through all a system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it goes through all a system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell it goes through all a system it
+doesn't stay parked in the cell cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stay parked in the cell cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't stay parked in the cell cell
+membrane it actually gets released from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it actually gets released from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane it actually gets released from
+the cell what might that be doing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell what might that be doing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell what might that be doing yeah
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+so that endomembrane system that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that endomembrane system that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that endomembrane system that i
+described to you that pathway is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you that pathway is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you that pathway is great
+for making receivers and it's great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making receivers and it's great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for making receivers and it's great for
+making sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sick
+and that's really what can sort of fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what can sort of fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's really what can sort of fuel
+all the functions of cells okay so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the functions of cells okay so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the functions of cells okay so in
+systems biology you may have heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology you may have heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology you may have heard this
+term quite frequently systems biology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term quite frequently systems biology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term quite frequently systems biology is
+research that helps underline us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that helps underline us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that helps underline us
+understand the underlying structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the underlying structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the underlying structure of
+signaling networks so a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling networks so a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling networks so a lot of people
+who have common interests in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have common interests in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have common interests in engineering
+computational analysis and cell biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational analysis and cell biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational analysis and cell biology
+might bring in data to allow them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bring in data to allow them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bring in data to allow them to
+make models of cellular systems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make models of cellular systems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make models of cellular systems to
+understand flux through signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand flux through signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand flux through signaling
+pathways so they may make fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so they may make fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so they may make fundamental
+measurements about the concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements about the concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements about the concentrations of
+some components within the cell and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some components within the cell and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some components within the cell and then
+try to say okay I know based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say okay I know based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say okay I know based on
+everything I've measured that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I've measured that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I've measured that this is a
+dominant pathway for gene regulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant pathway for gene regulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant pathway for gene regulation and
+I could control this pathway by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could control this pathway by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could control this pathway by
+different by sort of different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by sort of different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by sort of different types of
+interactions in this cellular system I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in this cellular system I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in this cellular system I
+also show you another component which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show you another component which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also show you another component which is
+the nucleus and when we discuss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and when we discuss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and when we discuss and
+describe specific cell signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe specific cell signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe specific cell signaling
+networks in some cases the signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks in some cases the signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks in some cases the signaling
+network may involved receiving a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network may involved receiving a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network may involved receiving a signal
+undergoing a variety of changes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a variety of changes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing a variety of changes in the
+cytoplasm but then a change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm but then a change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm but then a change that
+eventually results in a protein going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually results in a protein going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually results in a protein going to
+the nucleus and oftentimes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and oftentimes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and oftentimes those
+proteins that run into the nucleus are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that run into the nucleus are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that run into the nucleus are
+transcription factors that then trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that then trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that then trigger
+DNA replication or transcription and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication or transcription and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA replication or transcription and
+then promote activities so this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then promote activities so this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then promote activities so this is how
+you think about it when you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it when you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it when you think of
+cellular signaling it's really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular signaling it's really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cellular signaling it's really about
+what does the signal need to do and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the signal need to do and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does the signal need to do and what
+are the what's the pathway that I follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the what's the pathway that I follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the what's the pathway that I follow
+to get there so all of those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there so all of those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there so all of those are
+membrane proteins so now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins so now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane proteins so now let's look at
+the canonical aspects of signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical aspects of signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the canonical aspects of signal
+transduction so the first and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction so the first and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transduction so the first and I'm going
+to rely on these little cartoons but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on these little cartoons but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rely on these little cartoons but I
+want both in this lecture and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want both in this lecture and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want both in this lecture and the next
+to really show you where these recur in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really show you where these recur in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really show you where these recur in
+so many systems so so that purpose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many systems so so that purpose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many systems so so that purpose I
+want to talk about the characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first critical characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first critical characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first critical characteristic
+this is a signal and it's specificity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a signal and it's specificity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a signal and it's specificity so
+a signal will be something that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal will be something that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal will be something that comes
+from outside of the cell it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of the cell it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from outside of the cell it could be a
+hormone that's produced in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone that's produced in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone that's produced in the
+hypothalamus and sent to another organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and sent to another organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothalamus and sent to another organ
+but the most important thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most important thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the most important thing about the
+signal is that that signal which binds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is that that signal which binds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is that that signal which binds
+to a receptor in a cell membrane is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a receptor in a cell membrane is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a receptor in a cell membrane is
+specific for a particular receptor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for a particular receptor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific for a particular receptor and
+the thing and a different signal won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing and a different signal won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing and a different signal won't
+bind to the same receptor you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to the same receptor you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind to the same receptor you have to
+have faithful signal specificity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have faithful signal specificity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have faithful signal specificity to
+trigger the right function so if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the right function so if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger the right function so if it's a
+hormone it's got to be the hormone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone it's got to be the hormone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone it's got to be the hormone that
+you want to trigger the receptor not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to trigger the receptor not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to trigger the receptor not a
+related but different looking structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but different looking structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related but different looking structure
+if it's a small protein you want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a small protein you want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a small protein you want it to
+be the exact one the binds with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the exact one the binds with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the exact one the binds with high
+specificity to receptor so what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity to receptor so what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity to receptor so what that
+means is if something is binding if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if something is binding if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is if something is binding if a
+small molecule is binding to a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule is binding to a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small molecule is binding to a protein
+on the surface of a cell with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of a cell with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of a cell with high
+specificity and high affinity it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity and high affinity it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity and high affinity it means
+that even at a low concentration it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even at a low concentration it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even at a low concentration it will
+make that binding contact but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that binding contact but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that binding contact but all the
+other small molecules that are around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other small molecules that are around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other small molecules that are around
+won't cross talk into that triggering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cross talk into that triggering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't cross talk into that triggering
+that interaction so we have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction so we have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction so we have high
+specificity and we gain that specificity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity and we gain that specificity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity and we gain that specificity
+through macro molecular interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through macro molecular interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through macro molecular interactions
+just like the ones we talked about with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the ones we talked about with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the ones we talked about with
+in biochemistry so if we have a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biochemistry so if we have a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in biochemistry so if we have a small
+molecule or a protein bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or a protein bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or a protein bind to the
+receptor it's making all those hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor it's making all those hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor it's making all those hydrogen
+bonding electrostatic non covalent types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrostatic non covalent types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding electrostatic non covalent types
+of interactions with high specificity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interactions with high specificity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interactions with high specificity so
+that a low concentration of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a low concentration of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a low concentration of the signal
+molecule is efficient for binding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is efficient for binding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is efficient for binding to the
+receptor to trigger the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor to trigger the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor to trigger the function
+the next characteristic is amplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's some lines between these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now with all the signaling pathways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with all the signaling pathways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with all the signaling pathways that
+you're going to see we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see we're going to be
+looking where in a path where you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking where in a path where you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking where in a path where you get
+amplification very commonly you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification very commonly you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification very commonly you might
+have a response that's just the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a response that's just the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a response that's just the result
+of a single molecule binding a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single molecule binding a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single molecule binding a single
+receptor but at the end of the day you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor but at the end of the day you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor but at the end of the day you
+might want a large response you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want a large response you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want a large response you might
+want to make a lot of ATP or you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a lot of ATP or you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a lot of ATP or you might
+want to replicate all of the genomes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replicate all of the genomes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to replicate all of the genomes so
+you need some kind of application where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some kind of application where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some kind of application where
+in a sense you're turning up the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you're turning up the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sense you're turning up the volume
+on your signal and you need to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your signal and you need to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your signal and you need to do that
+rapidly so frequently in signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so frequently in signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly so frequently in signaling
+pathways you go through a cascade of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways you go through a cascade of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways you go through a cascade of
+reactions where the signal might affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions where the signal might affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions where the signal might affect
+an enzyme once you make that enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme once you make that enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme once you make that enzyme
+active it might work on many many copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active it might work on many many copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active it might work on many many copies
+of another enzyme and then each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another enzyme and then each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of another enzyme and then each of those
+may work on even more copies so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may work on even more copies so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may work on even more copies so that's
+what I mean by amplification we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by amplification we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by amplification we're at
+some stage you've generated a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stage you've generated a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stage you've generated a molecule
+that can result in the Cascade of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can result in the Cascade of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can result in the Cascade of a
+reaction so we often refer to these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we often refer to these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we often refer to these as
+cascade Cascades so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade Cascades so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cascade Cascades so if you're
+spanish-speaking cascada you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanish-speaking cascada you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spanish-speaking cascada you want to
+think about a waterfall coming from just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a waterfall coming from just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a waterfall coming from just
+a single molecule of water you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single molecule of water you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single molecule of water you're
+getting a large increase in your signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a large increase in your signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a large increase in your signal
+as a result of amplification the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of amplification the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of amplification the next
+feature or characteristic of signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature or characteristic of signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature or characteristic of signaling
+is feedback at the end of the day if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is feedback at the end of the day if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is feedback at the end of the day if
+you're signaling I got to make some ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're signaling I got to make some ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're signaling I got to make some ATP
+I got a run out of the the woods I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a run out of the the woods I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got a run out of the the woods I'm
+getting chased at a certain stage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting chased at a certain stage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting chased at a certain stage you
+need to stop all of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to stop all of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to stop all of the process
+occurring right so feedback is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring right so feedback is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring right so feedback is just a
+negative feedback loop that might slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback loop that might slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback loop that might slow
+down some of those steps that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some of those steps that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down some of those steps that are
+involved in amplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in amplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in amplification
+so for a pathway you only want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a pathway you only want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a pathway you only want the
+pathway turned on for a prescribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway turned on for a prescribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway turned on for a prescribed
+amount of time and then you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time and then you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time and then you want to be
+able to say I'm done with that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say I'm done with that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say I'm done with that whole
+part I don't need to keep churning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I don't need to keep churning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I don't need to keep churning
+through all those enzymes it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those enzymes it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those enzymes it's time to
+stop that and that usually occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that and that usually occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop that and that usually occurs
+through negative feedback and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through negative feedback and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through negative feedback and remember
+we talked about negative feedback when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about negative feedback when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about negative feedback when
+we were talking about enzyme catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about enzyme catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about enzyme catalyzed
+pathways so feedback is very often some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so feedback is very often some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways so feedback is very often some
+kind of negative feedback which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppresses a series of transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppresses a series of transformations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppresses a series of transformations
+perhaps through a product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps through a product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps through a product of those
+transformations acting as an inhibitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations acting as an inhibitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations acting as an inhibitor
+on an early stem and then finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an early stem and then finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an early stem and then finally the
+other component of a signaling Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other component of a signaling Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other component of a signaling Network
+if you think of signaling networks as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of signaling networks as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think of signaling networks as
+electronic structures you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structures you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structures you have
+integrations so that's a loss the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrations so that's a loss the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrations so that's a loss the last
+characteristic feature let me go back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic feature let me go back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic feature let me go back so
+that big circuit diagram quickly to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big circuit diagram quickly to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big circuit diagram quickly to show
+you an example of integration so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of integration so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example of integration so if you
+look at this signaling pathway all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this signaling pathway all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this signaling pathway all these
+signaling steps are not single you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling steps are not single you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling steps are not single you just
+have a signal come in and you end up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a signal come in and you end up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a signal come in and you end up for
+example in the nucleus but rather other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the nucleus but rather other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the nucleus but rather other
+components may have crosstalk within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components may have crosstalk within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components may have crosstalk within one
+pathway and start either amplifying or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and start either amplifying or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway and start either amplifying or
+turning down a particular signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning down a particular signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning down a particular signaling
+pathway so these are networks they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so these are networks they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway so these are networks they're
+not pathways they're networks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pathways they're networks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pathways they're networks that
+interact and communicate all to amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and communicate all to amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and communicate all to amplify
+signals or turn down signals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or turn down signals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals or turn down signals so
+integration is an important part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is an important part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is an important part of
+signaling because you're often dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling because you're often dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling because you're often dealing
+with the integrated function of a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the integrated function of a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the integrated function of a number
+of pathways to get a particular response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pathways to get a particular response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pathways to get a particular response
+and that actually ends up being one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually ends up being one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually ends up being one of
+the situations where sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situations where sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situations where sometimes a
+particular enzyme may look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme may look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular enzyme may look like a
+perfect target for a therapeutic agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect target for a therapeutic agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect target for a therapeutic agent
+but if you don't take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you don't take into account the
+integration steps you may be trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration steps you may be trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration steps you may be trying to
+deal with a sink you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a sink you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with a sink you're dealing with
+your pathway but you're rather dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pathway but you're rather dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pathway but you're rather dealing
+with cross talk with a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cross talk with a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cross talk with a lot of other
+pathways and what often happens in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and what often happens in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways and what often happens in a
+cell is there's compensation from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is there's compensation from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is there's compensation from other
+pathways is everybody following any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways is everybody following any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways is everybody following any
+questions here about this so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here about this so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions here about this so what I want
+you to think about is that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about is that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to think about is that it's just
+amazing what is orchestrated to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing what is orchestrated to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing what is orchestrated to have
+even the simplest functions in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the simplest functions in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the simplest functions in the cell
+how many interacting components there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many interacting components there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many interacting components there
+may be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be okay
+specificity amplification feedback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity amplification feedback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity amplification feedback and
+integration all right so let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration all right so let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration all right so let's talk
+briefly about types of signals and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about types of signals and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly about types of signals and how
+we name them where they come from in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name them where they come from in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we name them where they come from in
+order to make sure we're all on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make sure we're all on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make sure we're all on the same
+page with respect to the language that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page with respect to the language that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page with respect to the language that's
+used so now signals may take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so now signals may take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used so now signals may take different
+molecular forms they may be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular forms they may be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular forms they may be small
+molecules for example an amino acid or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules for example an amino acid or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules for example an amino acid or a
+phospholipid just something little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid just something little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phospholipid just something little
+alternatively they may be proteins they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively they may be proteins they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively they may be proteins they
+may be carbohydrates they might take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be carbohydrates they might take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be carbohydrates they might take
+different forms in terms of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms in terms of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms in terms of their
+molecular structure but we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structure but we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structure but we tend to
+describe signals by where they come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe signals by where they come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe signals by where they come from
+so what I've shown you here is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I've shown you here is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I've shown you here is a picture
+from the book that just describes how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the book that just describes how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the book that just describes how we
+refer to certain signals so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to certain signals so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to certain signals so there are
+four different terms also crying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different terms also crying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different terms also crying
+Chuckster crying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuckster crying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chuckster crying and
+I'm gonna just give you a little hint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna just give you a little hint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna just give you a little hint of
+how it's to remember these terms okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's to remember these terms okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's to remember these terms okay so
+these don't tell you anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't tell you anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these don't tell you anything about the
+molecule they tell you about where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule they tell you about where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule they tell you about where it's
+come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from
+all right so an autocrine signal is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an autocrine signal is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so an autocrine signal is a
+signal that may come from a cell but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that may come from a cell but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that may come from a cell but
+it's signaling to itself so it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's signaling to itself so it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's signaling to itself so it may
+produce a component that's released
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a component that's released
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a component that's released
+there so it's producing this through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's producing this through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so it's producing this through a
+secretory pathway it's a release that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretory pathway it's a release that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretory pathway it's a release that it
+stays in the vicinity of the cell so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in the vicinity of the cell so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays in the vicinity of the cell so the
+self is self signaling so whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self is self signaling so whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self is self signaling so whenever you
+see something auto you just want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something auto you just want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something auto you just want to say
+oh that means it's coming from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that means it's coming from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that means it's coming from the same
+cell where the signal occurs let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell where the signal occurs let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell where the signal occurs let's move
+to the next one which is paracrine I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one which is paracrine I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one which is paracrine I'm
+going to talk about chugs and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about chugs and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about chugs and that's
+usually from a nearby cell not a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually from a nearby cell not a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually from a nearby cell not a cell
+that's in contact definitely a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in contact definitely a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in contact definitely a different
+cells so paracrine is we would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so paracrine is we would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so paracrine is we would always
+call nearby an endocrine is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call nearby an endocrine is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call nearby an endocrine is completely
+from somewhere else so perhaps coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere else so perhaps coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere else so perhaps coming
+through the circulatory system one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the circulatory system one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the circulatory system one cell
+may release release an endocrine signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may release release an endocrine signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may release release an endocrine signal
+it may weave its way through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may weave its way through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may weave its way through the
+vascular system and then target a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular system and then target a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vascular system and then target a cell
+so endocrine is always from a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and juxtacrine is the only one that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and juxtacrine is the only one that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and juxtacrine is the only one that's a
+little odd it's really from cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd it's really from cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little odd it's really from cells that
+actually are in contact with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are in contact with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are in contact with each other
+so it's not self signaling within a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not self signaling within a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not self signaling within a cell
+it's not a cell that's nearby but pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a cell that's nearby but pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a cell that's nearby but pretty
+close it's actually physically making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it's actually physically making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close it's actually physically making a
+contact and so that's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and so that's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact and so that's the last
+terminology there so hopefully I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology there so hopefully I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology there so hopefully I can get
+this calcium wave to show you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calcium wave to show you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calcium wave to show you this is
+just a video of a of juxtacrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a video of a of juxtacrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a video of a of juxtacrine
+signaling I just want you to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling I just want you to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling I just want you to sort of
+keep an eye on things it's usually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an eye on things it's usually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an eye on things it's usually a
+cell what you're observing here is a dye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell what you're observing here is a dye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell what you're observing here is a dye
+that lights up in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lights up in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lights up in the presence of
+calcium flux it's called Fuhrer - and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium flux it's called Fuhrer - and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium flux it's called Fuhrer - and so
+when you when you stare at these for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you stare at these for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you stare at these for
+long enough what you can notice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough what you can notice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough what you can notice is that
+when one signal will often come from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one signal will often come from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one signal will often come from an
+adjacent cell right near it so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent cell right near it so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent cell right near it so there are
+long prosthesis you're not looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long prosthesis you're not looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long prosthesis you're not looking at
+the entire cell but they're definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cell but they're definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire cell but they're definitely
+for example this little duo down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this little duo down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this little duo down here
+they keep signaling to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep signaling to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep signaling to each other and
+that's a juxtacrine signaling because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a juxtacrine signaling because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a juxtacrine signaling because
+the cells are in the contact okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are in the contact okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells are in the contact okay so
+that just shows you the difference there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just shows you the difference there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just shows you the difference there
+if it was water crying you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was water crying you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was water crying you just have a
+single cell responding if it's para
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell responding if it's para
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell responding if it's para
+crying they would be at more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying they would be at more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crying they would be at more of a
+distance to each other all right I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to each other all right I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to each other all right I hope
+that cut that imagery this is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cut that imagery this is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cut that imagery this is from a
+website by the in the Smith lab at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website by the in the Smith lab at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website by the in the Smith lab at
+Stanford okay and then the last thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford okay and then the last thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford okay and then the last thing I
+want to give you an example there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you an example there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you an example there are
+many many hormones in the body that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hormones in the body that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many hormones in the body that
+undergo endocrine signaling and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo endocrine signaling and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo endocrine signaling and so one
+example I thought I would tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I thought I would tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I thought I would tell you about
+you all know the insulin is made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know the insulin is made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know the insulin is made in the
+pancreas it's an important hormone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas it's an important hormone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas it's an important hormone for
+regulating glucose levels and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating glucose levels and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating glucose levels and it's
+actually functions at the muscle level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually functions at the muscle level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually functions at the muscle level
+so insulin is an example of an endocrine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insulin is an example of an endocrine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so insulin is an example of an endocrine
+signal because it travels a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal because it travels a distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal because it travels a distance
+from where it's made in the body to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where it's made in the body to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where it's made in the body to
+where it functions in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it functions in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it functions in the body
+alright now so we've talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now so we've talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now so we've talked about the
+types of signals let's now move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of signals let's now move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of signals let's now move the
+types of receptors now we cover both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of receptors now we cover both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of receptors now we cover both the
+intracellular and the cell surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular and the cell surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular and the cell surface
+receptors but we really will focus a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors but we really will focus a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors but we really will focus a lot
+on the cell surface receptors I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell surface receptors I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cell surface receptors I just
+want to give you a clue that not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a clue that not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a clue that not all
+signaling is cell surface so what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling is cell surface so what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling is cell surface so what I've
+shown you here is a cartoon where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you here is a cartoon where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown you here is a cartoon where you
+see signaling where a signal comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see signaling where a signal comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see signaling where a signal comes from
+outside the cell it goes into the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell it goes into the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell it goes into the cell
+and triggers a change and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and triggers a change and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and triggers a change and then the
+majority of the time we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the time we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of the time we'll talk about
+these receptors that are in the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptors that are in the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these receptors that are in the plasma
+membrane and they have an outside place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and they have an outside place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane and they have an outside place
+where the signal binds and they trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the signal binds and they trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the signal binds and they trigger
+a response inside and it's only very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response inside and it's only very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response inside and it's only very
+specific signals that are able to signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific signals that are able to signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific signals that are able to signal
+interest in intracellularly that is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in intracellularly that is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in intracellularly that is to
+cross the membrane to get inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the membrane to get inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross the membrane to get inside the
+cytoplasm to do the triggering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm to do the triggering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm to do the triggering what
+kinds of molecules can cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of molecules can cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of molecules can cross the
+membrane easily you we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane easily you we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membrane easily you we talked about that
+before when we talked about getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we talked about getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before when we talked about getting
+across that barrier yeah nonpolar okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that barrier yeah nonpolar okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that barrier yeah nonpolar okay
+so you can look at a you can stare at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at a you can stare at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can look at a you can stare at a
+molecule and if it's very polar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and if it's very polar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and if it's very polar or
+pretty large it's not going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large it's not going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large it's not going to be able
+to sneak through a membrane so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sneak through a membrane so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sneak through a membrane so something
+like a steroid molecule a large greasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a steroid molecule a large greasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a steroid molecule a large greasy
+molecule can definitely make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can definitely make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule can definitely make that
+transition and so those are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and so those are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and so those are the only
+types of signals that we can really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of signals that we can really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of signals that we can really do
+inside the cell because they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell because they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell because they can get
+across the cell many many other signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the cell many many other signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the cell many many other signals
+have to go through this bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through this bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through this bind to the
+outside of a cell and transduce a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a cell and transduce a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of a cell and transduce a signal
+to the inside of the cell so one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inside of the cell so one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the inside of the cell so one very
+typical signal that can that can bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical signal that can that can bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical signal that can that can bind to
+an intracellular receptor is a steroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intracellular receptor is a steroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intracellular receptor is a steroid
+so remember when I talked to you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember when I talked to you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember when I talked to you about
+these lipid ik molecules things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lipid ik molecules things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lipid ik molecules things like
+testosterone and cortisol these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone and cortisol these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testosterone and cortisol these are very
+hydrophobic molecules so they literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic molecules so they literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrophobic molecules so they literally
+can cross from the outside of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross from the outside of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cross from the outside of the cell
+without a transporter so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a transporter so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a transporter so for example the
+hormone cortisol and when that functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone cortisol and when that functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hormone cortisol and when that functions
+it just there's an amount of it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just there's an amount of it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just there's an amount of it becomes
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+for example in the bloodstream it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the bloodstream it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the bloodstream it
+crosses the cell and it binds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the cell and it binds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the cell and it binds to an
+intracellular receptor once it binds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular receptor once it binds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular receptor once it binds to
+that intracellular receptor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intracellular receptor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intracellular receptor this
+disengages a different kind of chaperone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disengages a different kind of chaperone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disengages a different kind of chaperone
+protein that's keeping it stable once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's keeping it stable once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that's keeping it stable once
+it's bound it can then go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bound it can then go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bound it can then go into the
+nucleus and trigger trans transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and trigger trans transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and trigger trans transcription
+so this is the one example of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the one example of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the one example of an
+intracellular receptor that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular receptor that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intracellular receptor that we'll talk
+about I just wanted to show you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I just wanted to show you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I just wanted to show you a little
+bit about the steroid receptors these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the steroid receptors these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about the steroid receptors these
+are molecules that are very these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecules that are very these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are molecules that are very these are
+macromolecules proteins that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules proteins that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macromolecules proteins that are very
+have a quite a complex structure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quite a complex structure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quite a complex structure but
+they can literally and I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can literally and I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can literally and I'll show you the
+picture at the beginning of the talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture at the beginning of the talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture at the beginning of the talk
+next time they can literally engulf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time they can literally engulf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time they can literally engulf
+these proteins so once the steroid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins so once the steroid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proteins so once the steroid is
+bound to that it completely changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to that it completely changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to that it completely changes
+shape and that's what enables the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and that's what enables the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape and that's what enables the change
+for it to be triggered and sent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be triggered and sent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to be triggered and sent to the
+site to the nucleus now the key types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site to the nucleus now the key types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site to the nucleus now the key types of
+receptors that we'll focus on though are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that we'll focus on though are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors that we'll focus on though are
+the cell surface receptors and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell surface receptors and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell surface receptors and there are
+three basic classes and molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic classes and molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three basic classes and molecules that
+occur in the plasma membrane that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the plasma membrane that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in the plasma membrane that are
+critical for cellular signaling they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for cellular signaling they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical for cellular signaling they are
+the g-protein coupled receptors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g-protein coupled receptors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g-protein coupled receptors the
+receptor tyrosine kinases and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor tyrosine kinases and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor tyrosine kinases and then you
+will talk in the lecture 22 about ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk in the lecture 22 about ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk in the lecture 22 about ion
+channels and how they perform a receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and how they perform a receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and how they perform a receptor
+function so the membrane proteins first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the membrane proteins first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the membrane proteins first
+of all I want to underscore their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I want to underscore their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all I want to underscore their
+importance 50 percent there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance 50 percent there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance 50 percent there they
+comprise 50% of drug targets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise 50% of drug targets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise 50% of drug targets the
+receptor tyrosine kinases and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor tyrosine kinases and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor tyrosine kinases and the
+g-protein coupled receptors a g-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein coupled receptors a g-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein coupled receptors a g-protein
+coupled receptors have this 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled receptors have this 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled receptors have this 7
+transmembrane helix structure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix structure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix structure which
+spans a membrane this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans a membrane this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans a membrane this would be the
+outside of the cell and on the inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell and on the inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the cell and on the inside of
+the cell so there's signals going across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so there's signals going across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell so there's signals going across
+there the receptor tyrosine kinase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the receptor tyrosine kinase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the receptor tyrosine kinase is
+our another important type of receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our another important type of receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our another important type of receptor
+they are dimeric proteins that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are dimeric proteins that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are dimeric proteins that in the
+presence of a ligand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a ligand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a ligand
+dimerize and then cause intracellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize and then cause intracellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimerize and then cause intracellular
+signaling once again they cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling once again they cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling once again they cross the
+plasma membrane from the outside to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane from the outside to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane from the outside to the
+cytosol and then lastly there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol and then lastly there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytosol and then lastly there are the
+ion channels which also may cross the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels which also may cross the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion channels which also may cross the
+plasma membrane and when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane and when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma membrane and when you think about
+these classes of proteins there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes of proteins there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes of proteins there's a
+tremendous amount to be learned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount to be learned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount to be learned with
+respect to their functions and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to their functions and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to their functions and they are
+so important to understand their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important to understand their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important to understand their their
+their physical functions in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their physical functions in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their physical functions in the body
+because they really represent the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really represent the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they really represent the place
+the Nexus where signaling happens in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nexus where signaling happens in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nexus where signaling happens in the
+cell so I want to briefly show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so I want to briefly show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so I want to briefly show you a
+picture of a gpcr it's a seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a gpcr it's a seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a gpcr it's a seven
+transmembrane helix structure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix structure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix structure you can
+see it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here
+there are about 30% of modern drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 30% of modern drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are about 30% of modern drugs
+actually target the GPCRs and here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually target the GPCRs and here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually target the GPCRs and here I'm
+just going to show you the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to show you the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to show you the structure of
+a gpcr those are the seven transmembrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gpcr those are the seven transmembrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gpcr those are the seven transmembrane
+helix YZ if you stretch them out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix YZ if you stretch them out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helix YZ if you stretch them out that's
+about the width of a membrane that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the width of a membrane that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the width of a membrane that's
+typical of a signal that would bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of a signal that would bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical of a signal that would bind to
+or that kind of receptor this is a Kino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that kind of receptor this is a Kino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that kind of receptor this is a Kino
+chemokine it's a small protein receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemokine it's a small protein receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemokine it's a small protein receptor
+so you can see that structure and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that structure and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that structure and how it
+would go from one side of the membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go from one side of the membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go from one side of the membrane
+to the other in its bound state the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other in its bound state the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other in its bound state the
+chemokine bounce binds to the seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemokine bounce binds to the seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemokine bounce binds to the seven
+transmembrane helix receptor through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix receptor through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmembrane helix receptor through
+kind of a clamping action the magenta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a clamping action the magenta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a clamping action the magenta is
+the chemokine the blue and the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemokine the blue and the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemokine the blue and the green
+space filled parts are actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space filled parts are actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space filled parts are actually what
+holds the chemokine and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the chemokine and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the chemokine and if you look at
+it where the membrane would be you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where the membrane would be you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where the membrane would be you can
+see how you can transduce a signal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can transduce a signal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can transduce a signal from
+one side of the membrane to the other by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the membrane to the other by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side of the membrane to the other by
+the binding of the magenta molecule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding of the magenta molecule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding of the magenta molecule to
+the outside of the cell to those loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell to those loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside of the cell to those loops
+outside the cell that would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell that would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the cell that would have a
+significant perturbation to the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant perturbation to the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant perturbation to the biology
+and chemistry of what's going on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry of what's going on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chemistry of what's going on on the
+inside so next class we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so next class we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside so next class we'll talk about
+pathways that are initiated by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that are initiated by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways that are initiated by these
+g-protein coupled receptors and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein coupled receptors and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g-protein coupled receptors and what
+that terminology means okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5sLFTc10kg8.txt b/5sLFTc10kg8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f504b83bb107f0f0c900cf33dd61b23cf149468f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5sLFTc10kg8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3513 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today I want to
+start a new topic, circuits.
+
+No, that's good.
+
+That's good.
+
+Circuits are good.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yay.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thank
+you, thank you.
+
+Much better.
+
+So just to provide some
+perspective, I want to remind
+
+you where we are, how we got
+here, and where we're going.
+
+So at the beginning of the
+course, we promised that there
+
+were several intellectual
+themes that
+
+we would talk about.
+
+Probably the most important
+one there is
+
+designing complex systems.
+
+That's what we're
+really about.
+
+We would like you to
+be able to make
+
+very complicated systems.
+
+How do you think about parts?
+
+How do you think about
+connecting them?
+
+How do you think about things
+when you want to make
+
+something that's very
+complicated?
+
+Part of that is modeling.
+
+We just finished a module
+on modeling.
+
+So in order to make a complex
+system, we'd like to be able
+
+to predict how it will behave
+before we completely build it.
+
+Sometimes it's impossible
+to build the
+
+entire system before.
+
+Sometimes it's impossible
+to build prototypes.
+
+Sometimes you're stuck with
+going with the design at
+
+launch, and figuring
+out how it works.
+
+In those cases in specific, it's
+very important to be able
+
+to model it, to have some
+confidence that the thing's
+
+going to work.
+
+We're going to talk about
+augmenting physical systems
+
+with computation.
+
+That's the module we're
+about to begin.
+
+And we'll conclude by talking
+about how to build systems
+
+that are robust to change.
+
+So we started with the idea
+of, how do you make
+
+complicated systems?
+
+And we introduced this notion
+of primitives, combination,
+
+abstraction, and pattern in
+terms of software engineering.
+
+We did that because that's the
+simplest possible way of
+
+getting started.
+
+It provided a very good
+illustration of PCAP at the
+
+low level by thinking about
+Python, by thinking about the
+
+primitive structures that Python
+gives you, how those
+
+can be combined, how you can
+abstract, how you can
+
+recognize patterns.
+
+But then we also built a higher
+level abstraction,
+
+which was the state
+machine idea.
+
+There the idea was you didn't
+have to have state machines in
+
+order to build the brain for a
+robot, but it actually turns
+
+out to be easy if you
+do because there's
+
+a modularity there.
+
+You can figure out if each part
+works independent of the
+
+other parts.
+
+And then you can be pretty sure
+when you put it together
+
+the whole thing's
+going to work.
+
+So that was kind of our
+introduction to
+
+this notion of PCAP.
+
+Then we went on to think about
+signals and systems.
+
+And that was kind of our
+introduction to modeling.
+
+How do you make a model
+of something
+
+that predicts behavior?
+
+So we transitioned from thinking
+about, how do you
+
+structure a design to how do
+you think about behavior.
+
+Today we're going to start
+to think about circuits.
+
+Circuits are really going to a
+more primitive physical layer.
+
+How do you think about actually
+making a device?
+
+So the device that we'll think
+about is a thing to augment
+
+the capabilities --
+
+the sensor capabilities
+of the robot.
+
+We'll think about making a
+light tracking system.
+
+And the idea is going to be
+that you'll build a head.
+
+The head has a neck, so you'll
+have to control the neck.
+
+The head has eyes.
+
+It will mount on top of the
+robot, and that'll let you
+
+drive the robot around
+looking for light.
+
+And you'll do that by
+designing a circuit.
+
+So that's kind of the game plan
+for the next three weeks.
+
+So today, what I want to do
+is introduce the notion of
+
+circuits, introduce
+the theory for how
+
+we think about circuits.
+
+And then in the two labs this
+week, the idea will be to
+
+become familiar with the
+practice of circuits.
+
+How do you actually
+build something?
+
+How do you actually make
+something work?
+
+So today's the theory.
+
+So the theory, the idea in
+circuits is to think about a
+
+physical system as the
+interconnection of parts and
+
+rules that connect them.
+
+In fact, the rules fall
+into two categories.
+
+We're going to think about the
+currents that go through parts
+
+and the voltage that develops
+across parts.
+
+And we'll see that there's a
+way of thinking about the
+
+behavior of the entire circuit
+that integrates all of those
+
+three pieces.
+
+How does the part work?
+
+How do the currents that go
+through the part work?
+
+And how do the voltages
+that are produced
+
+across the part --
+
+how do they work?
+
+So I'll just start with two
+very simple examples.
+
+The first is the most trivial
+example you can think about.
+
+You can think about a flashlight
+as a circuit.
+
+You close the switch,
+current flows.
+
+Very simple idea.
+
+We will make a model of that
+that looks like this.
+
+We'll think about the battery
+being a source.
+
+In this case, a voltage
+source.
+
+We'll think about the light
+bulb being a resistor.
+
+We'll have two parts.
+
+We'll have to know the
+current-voltage relationships
+
+for both of the parts.
+
+And we'll have to know the
+ramifications for those
+
+currents and voltages when
+you put them together.
+
+Very, very simple.
+
+The other simple example that
+I want to illustrate is this
+
+idea of a leaky tank.
+
+Here the idea that I want to get
+across is that the circuit
+
+idea is quite general.
+
+When we talk about circuits,
+we almost always talk about
+
+electronic circuits.
+
+But the theory is by no means
+limited to electronics.
+
+So for example, if we think
+about a leaky tank, we think
+
+about a pipe spewing water
+into a reservoir.
+
+Maybe that's the Cambridge
+Reservoir.
+
+Maybe that's the water coming
+out of the Woburn Reservoir.
+
+Maybe that's the demand put on
+by the Cambridge people trying
+
+to take showers in
+the morning --
+
+I don't know.
+
+So we think about flow
+into a tank, a
+
+reservoir, and flow out.
+
+And we can make a model for that
+in terms of a circuit.
+
+In the circuit there
+are through
+
+variables and across variables.
+
+In an electronic circuit, the
+through variable is current.
+
+Here the through variable
+is the flow rate.
+
+So it's the flow of water in
+and the flow of water out,
+
+represented here
+by these things
+
+that look like currents.
+
+And the across variable for an
+electronic device is voltage.
+
+The across variable for this
+kind of a fluidic device, the
+
+across variable is pressure.
+
+So we think as this thing gets
+ahead of that thing, as
+
+there's more stuff coming in
+than going out, the height
+
+goes up and the pressure
+builds.
+
+Same idea.
+
+So the point is that we'll
+develop the theory for
+
+circuits in terms
+of electronics.
+
+But you should keep in the back
+of your mind that it's a
+
+lot more general idea than
+just electronics.
+
+In fact, there are two
+completely distinct reasons
+
+why we even bother
+with circuits.
+
+One is that they're very
+important to physical systems.
+
+If you're designing a power
+network, of course you have to
+
+think about the way the power
+network, the power grid works
+
+as a circuit.
+
+That's obvious.
+
+In electronics, of course, if
+you're going to build a cell
+
+phone, you have to know how
+the parts interconnect
+
+electronically.
+
+That's obvious.
+
+But probably the biggest use for
+circuits these days is not
+
+those applications, although
+those are very important.
+
+Circuits are also used
+as models of things.
+
+So many models for complex
+behaviors are in
+
+fact circuit models.
+
+So in terms of electronics, the
+idea is that we want to
+
+get on top of electronics.
+
+We want to understand how
+circuits work, so we can
+
+understand things like that.
+
+If you look at how complex
+processors have got over my
+
+professional life, we start with
+my professional life down
+
+at about 1,000 transistors
+per processor.
+
+And today, we're up at
+about a billion.
+
+That's enormous.
+
+Even in the stone ages when we
+were designing things that had
+
+a thousand parts, we still had
+trouble thinking about those
+
+thousands parts all at once.
+
+We still need PCAP.
+
+We still needed ways of
+combining the activities of
+
+many things into a conceptual
+unit that was bigger.
+
+Here, it's just impossible
+if you don't have that.
+
+So that's one of the reasons
+we study circuits.
+
+And the other reason is here.
+
+So here I'm showing a
+model for the way
+
+a nerve cell works.
+
+This model is taken
+from 6.021.
+
+The idea, this comes from the
+study of the Hodgkin-Huxley
+
+model for neural conduction,
+arguably the most successful
+
+mathematical theory
+in biophysics.
+
+Which explains the completely
+non-trivial relationship
+
+between how the parts from
+biology works and the behavior
+
+in terms of propagated action
+potentials works.
+
+So the idea is that we
+understand how this biological
+
+system works because
+we think about it
+
+in terms of a circuit.
+
+That's the only successful way
+we have to think about that.
+
+So what I want to do then is
+spend today figuring out
+
+circuits At the very most
+primitive level.
+
+The level that I'm going to
+talk about in terms of
+
+circuits is roughly analogous
+to the level that we talked
+
+about with Python when we were
+thinking about how Python
+
+provides utilities for
+primitives, combinations,
+
+abstractions, and patterns.
+
+So I'm going to start at the
+very lowest level and think
+
+about, what are the basic
+primitives, the smallest units
+
+we'll ever think about
+in terms of circuits?
+
+And what are the rules by
+which we combine them?
+
+So I'll start with the very
+simplest ideas, the very
+
+simplest elements.
+
+We will oversimplify things
+and think about the very
+
+simplest kind of electronic
+elements as resistors that
+
+obey Ohm's Law, V equals iR.
+
+Voltage sources, things that
+maintain a constant voltage
+
+regardless of what you do.
+
+And current sources, things
+that maintain a constant
+
+current regardless
+of what you do.
+
+These things are, as I said,
+analogous to the primitive
+
+things that we looked
+at in Python.
+
+They're also analogous to the
+primitive things that we
+
+looked at in system functions.
+
+Can somebody think of, when
+we were doing difference
+
+equations, what were the
+primitives that we
+
+started with --
+
+when we started to study
+difference equations?
+
+What's the most primitive
+elements
+
+that we thought about?
+
+AUDIENCE: Delay.
+
+PROFESSOR: Delay, yeah.
+
+So we thought about
+things like--
+
+so we had delay.
+
+Anything else?
+
+AUDIENCE: Gain.
+
+PROFESSOR: Gain.
+
+Anything else?
+
+Add.
+
+So we had exactly three
+primitives.
+
+And we got pretty far with
+those three primitives.
+
+We learned the rules for
+interconnection.
+
+We didn't really make a
+big deal out of it.
+
+We didn't formalize it, but the
+rules for interconnection
+
+were something like
+every node has to
+
+have exactly one generator.
+
+You can't connect the
+output of this to
+
+this, that's illegal.
+
+Every node has to
+have one source.
+
+And every node can source
+lots of inputs.
+
+That was kind of the rules
+of the interconnect.
+
+The interconnects here will be a
+little bit more complicated.
+
+So those are the elements
+that we'll think about.
+
+And the first step's going to be
+to think about, how do they
+
+interconnect?
+
+The simplest possible
+interconnections are trivial.
+
+In the case of the battery, you
+hook up the voltage source
+
+to the resistor.
+
+The voltage source makes
+the voltage across
+
+this resistor 1 Volt.
+
+If we say the resistor is 1
+Ohm, then there's 1 Amp
+
+current period.
+
+Done.
+
+Easy.
+
+Similarly, if we were to hook
+up the resistor to a current
+
+source, we would get something
+equally easy.
+
+Except now the current source
+would guarantee that the
+
+current through the resistor
+is an amp.
+
+Therefore, the voltage across
+the resistor, by Ohm's law,
+
+would be a Volt.
+
+So we would end up with the same
+solution for a completely
+
+different reason.
+
+Here the voltage
+is constrained.
+
+Here the current's
+constrained.
+
+Just to make sure everybody's
+with me, figure out, what's
+
+the current i that goes
+through this resistor?
+
+Slightly more complicated
+system.
+
+Take 20 seconds, talk to your
+neighbor, figure out a number
+
+between (1) and (5).
+
+OK, so what's the answer?
+
+Everybody raise your hand with
+a number (1) through (5).
+
+Come on, everybody vote.
+
+Come on.
+
+You can blame it on your
+neighbor, that's the rules.
+
+You talk to your neighbor,
+then you can blame dumb
+
+answers on your neighbor.
+
+OK, about 80% correct I'd say.
+
+So how do you think
+about this?
+
+What's going to be
+the current?
+
+How would you calculate
+the current?
+
+What do I do first?
+
+Shout.
+
+If you shout, and especially
+if my head's turned away I
+
+don't know who you are.
+
+AUDIENCE: Kirchhoff's law.
+
+PROFESSOR: Kirchoff's
+law, wonderful.
+
+Which one?
+
+There's two of them.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+What loop do you want to use?
+
+AUDIENCE: Left.
+
+PROFESSOR: Left side.
+
+So if we use the left side loop,
+we would conclude that
+
+there's a volt across
+the resistor.
+
+So the current would be?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1 Amp.
+
+PROFESSOR: An amp.
+
+Where's the current come from?
+
+AUDIENCE: The voltage.
+
+PROFESSOR: The voltage source
+just like before.
+
+So not quite.
+
+So the voltage source
+establishes this
+
+voltage would be 1.
+
+That makes this current be 1.
+
+That would be consistent with
+the current coming out of
+
+here, except we have to also
+think about that 1 Amp source.
+
+So the question is, what's
+does the 1 Amp source do?
+
+Nothing?
+
+It's just there sort of
+for decoration or for
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] so that we
+can make an interesting
+
+question to ask in lecture?
+
+Maybe.
+
+So where's the current?
+
+Where's the 1 Amp that
+goes through the
+
+resistor come from?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+on the right.
+
+PROFESSOR: It comes
+from the right.
+
+It comes from the current
+over here.
+
+So the idea is that if this
+current, ignore the voltage
+
+over here for the moment.
+
+If this current flowed through
+the resistor, then you'd have
+
+1 Amp going through there, and
+you'd have 1 Volt generated by
+
+that current which just happens
+to be exactly the
+
+right voltage to match
+the voltage
+
+from the voltage source.
+
+So if you think about this, the
+voltage guarantees that
+
+this is 1 Volt, but so
+does the current.
+
+In order to simultaneously
+satisfy everything, all you
+
+need to do is have all of this
+current go around and come
+
+down through that resistor.
+
+That will generate the volt, so
+there's no propensity for
+
+more current to flow out of the
+source because the source
+
+is 1 Volt and it's facing a
+circuit that's already 1 Volt.
+
+So the idea was to try to give
+you something that's
+
+relatively simple that you can
+think through on your own, but
+
+not trivial.
+
+So the answer was 1 Amp.
+
+But the 1 Amp was not for
+the trivial reason.
+
+The 1 Amp is because the current
+from the right flows
+
+through the resistor and
+makes the voltage be 1.
+
+So the right answer is 1.
+
+But for the reason that
+you might not
+
+have originally thought.
+
+But more importantly, I wanted
+to use that as a motivation
+
+for thinking about, how do we
+think about bigger circuits?
+
+So when the simple circuit,
+like two parts, it's no
+
+problem figuring out what the
+answer's going to be.
+
+But when the circuit has even
+three parts, it may require
+
+more thinking.
+
+And you may want to have a
+more structured way of
+
+thinking about the solution.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: What would have
+occurred if the current
+
+provider on the right
+side was 2 Amps?
+
+PROFESSOR: Great question.
+
+Had this been 2 Amps, you can't
+violate this voltage.
+
+So that would have
+been 1 Volt.
+
+So that would have been 1 Amp
+through the resistor.
+
+So then you're left with the
+problem with this guy's
+
+pushing 2 and that guy's
+only eating 1.
+
+But the rules for the voltage
+source say eat or source
+
+however much current is
+necessary in order to make the
+
+voltage equal to 1.
+
+So the excess amp goes through
+the voltage source.
+
+So the voltage source is, in
+fact, being supplied power
+
+rather than supplying
+power itself.
+
+Had this been 2 Amps, some of
+the power from this source
+
+would have gone into
+the resistor.
+
+And some of the power from
+this source would have
+
+actually gone into the
+voltage source.
+
+So if the voltage source were,
+for example, a model for a
+
+rechargeable battery,
+that rechargeable
+
+battery would be charging.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So if there had been a mismatch
+in the conditions,
+
+you still have to satisfy all
+the relationships from all of
+
+the sources.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if the
+voltage was larger?
+
+PROFESSOR: The same thing
+would have happened.
+
+Except now the flowing
+current would be in
+
+the opposite direction.
+
+Let's say that if the voltage
+here had been 2 Volts, then
+
+the voltage would have required
+that there is 2 Amps
+
+flowing here.
+
+1 Amp would come from here,
+but another Amp
+
+would come from here.
+
+This voltage source will supply
+whatever current is
+
+necessary to make its
+voltage law real.
+
+Ok.
+
+In fact, what we'll do now is
+turn toward a discussion of
+
+more complicated systems that
+will let you go back and in
+
+retrospect, analyze all those
+cases that we just did.
+
+And you'll be able to see
+trivially how that has to be
+
+the right answer.
+
+So what I want to do now is
+generate a formal structure
+
+for how you would
+solve circuits.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: So did we know of
+anything that could generate a
+
+current without generating a
+voltage, like in real life?
+
+PROFESSOR: Can anything generate
+a current without
+
+generating a voltage?
+
+That's a tricky question.
+
+If you think about something as
+generating a current, then
+
+the voltage is not necessarily
+determined by that part.
+
+So that's kind of illustrated
+here.
+
+If this guy is generating a
+current, this guy is not
+
+actually the element that is
+controlling its own voltage.
+
+In general, if you want to speak
+simultaneously about the
+
+current and voltage across the
+device, you have to know what
+
+it was connected to.
+
+Each part--
+
+we'll get to this in a moment
+in case some of you are
+
+worried about launching ahead.
+
+We will cover this.
+
+This is very good motivation for
+figuring out what's going
+
+to happen in the next
+three slides.
+
+So each part gets to tell you
+one relationship between
+
+voltage and current.
+
+Generally speaking, that's not
+enough to solve for voltage
+
+and current.
+
+Voltage and current is
+like two unknowns.
+
+Each element relationship
+is one equation.
+
+So the current source gets to
+say current equals x, current
+
+equals 1 Amp.
+
+It doesn't get to tell you
+what the voltage is.
+
+So being a little more physical
+to try to address
+
+your question more physically,
+there are processes that can
+
+be extremely well modeled
+as current generators.
+
+In fact, many electronic
+semiconductor parts, like
+
+transistors, work more like
+a current source than like
+
+anything else.
+
+So there are devices that behave
+as though they were
+
+current sources, but they don't
+simultaneously get to
+
+tell you what is their current
+and what is their voltage.
+
+They only get to tell you
+what is their current.
+
+So let's think about now, if
+you had a more complicated
+
+system, how could you
+systematically go about
+
+finding the solution?
+
+As was mentioned earlier,
+there's something called
+
+Kirchhoff's law.
+
+And in fact, there's
+two of them.
+
+Kirchhoff's voltage law and
+Kirchhoff's current law.
+
+Kirchhoff's voltage law, in its
+most elementary form, says
+
+that if you trace the path
+around any closed path in a
+
+circuit, regardless of
+what the path is--
+
+every closed path--
+
+the sum of the voltages going
+around that closed path is 0.
+
+So for example in this
+circuit, the red path
+
+illustrates one closed path
+through the circuit.
+
+It goes up through the voltage
+source, down through this
+
+resistor, and then down
+through that resistor.
+
+Kirchhoff's voltage law says the
+sum of the voltages around
+
+that loop is 0.
+
+That's written mathematically
+here, minus v1 for here, plus
+
+v2 for here, plus v4
+for here is 0.
+
+OK, where do the signs
+come from?
+
+The signs came from the
+reference directions that we
+
+assigned arbitrarily
+to the elements.
+
+Before I ever do a circuits
+question, I always assign a
+
+reference direction.
+
+Every voltage has a
+positive terminal
+
+and a negative terminal.
+
+And I must be consistent in
+order to apply these rules.
+
+These rules only work if I
+declare a reference direction
+
+and stick with it.
+
+If midway through a problem
+I flip it, I'll
+
+get the wrong answer.
+
+So the minus sign has to do with
+the fact that as I trace
+
+this path, I enter the minus
+part of this guy, but the plus
+
+part of that guy and that guy.
+
+So the sign of v1 is negated
+relative to the others.
+
+A different way to think about
+that is here, we can think
+
+that v1 is the sum
+of v2 and v4.
+
+That's sometimes more intuitive
+because if you
+
+started here, going through
+this path you would end up
+
+with a voltage that is v1 higher
+than where you started.
+
+Whereas starting here, you would
+end up with a voltage
+
+here that's v4 higher than
+where you started.
+
+And then by the time you got to
+here, it would be v2 plus
+
+v4 higher than where
+you started.
+
+You start one place and on one
+route, you end up v1 higher.
+
+And in the other route, you
+get v4 plus v2 higher.
+
+So it must be the case that v1
+is the same as v2 plus v4.
+
+Those are absolutely
+equivalent ways of
+
+thinking about it.
+
+So those laws are equivalent.
+
+If you think about it
+a path, you think
+
+about some of the paths--
+
+no.
+
+The path coinciding with the
+negative direction of some of
+
+the elements and the positive
+direction of others.
+
+OK, how many other
+paths are there?
+
+Take 20 seconds, talk
+to your neighbor.
+
+Figure out all of the
+possible paths for
+
+which KVL has to apply.
+
+OK, so everybody raise your
+hand and show a number of
+
+fingers equal to the number
+of KVL equations less two.
+
+Oh, very good.
+
+Virtually 100% correct.
+
+Why do you all say (5)?
+
+Which is to say 7.
+
+Why do you all say 7?
+
+So there's 3 obvious ones.
+
+I was expecting a
+couple of 3's.
+
+This was supposed to be--
+
+OK, yeah, I do plot
+against you.
+
+I was expecting some 3's.
+
+So there's 3 obvious paths
+that are analogous to the
+
+first one we looked at.
+
+If I call the first path A, then
+there's B and C which are
+
+the excursions around here.
+
+And you can write the equations
+just the same.
+
+They each involve
+three voltages.
+
+And they each go through, some
+starting at the negative side
+
+and some starting at
+the positive side.
+
+So those are in some sense,
+the obvious ones.
+
+But there are others too.
+
+So one way to think about it,
+what I'd like you to do is
+
+enumerate all the paths
+through the circuit.
+
+I should have said all the paths
+through the circuit that
+
+go through each element
+one or fewer times.
+
+I don't want you to go through
+the same element twice.
+
+So here's another path that
+would go through elements at
+
+most one time.
+
+So up through here, over through
+here, which didn't go
+
+through any elements.
+
+Down through that element,
+across that, down through
+
+here, et cetera.
+
+And you get an equation
+for that.
+
+Here's another.
+
+Here's another.
+
+Here's another.
+
+And if you try to think about a
+general rule, a general rule
+
+is something like, how many of
+those panels can you make and
+
+piece together where the loop
+goes through the perimeter?
+
+You're not allowed to go through
+an inner place because
+
+if you went through an inner
+node, you'd have to
+
+go through it twice.
+
+If you wanted the path to go
+through an inner element,
+
+you'd have to go through
+that element twice.
+
+So in fact, the answer is 7.
+
+There are 7 different paths
+according to Kirchhoff's
+
+voltage law, all of which the
+sum of the voltages around
+
+those paths has to be 0.
+
+The problem is, of course, that
+those equations are not
+
+all linearly independent.
+
+So if you just had a general
+purpose equation solver-- and
+
+by the way, we'll write
+one of those in week
+
+8 for solving circuits.
+
+If you just passed those 7
+equations into a general
+
+purpose equation solver, it
+would tell you there's
+
+something awry with your
+equations because they're not
+
+linearly independent.
+
+So you can, however, think about
+linearly independent in
+
+particularly simple cases.
+
+This network is a particular
+kind of network that we call a
+
+planar network.
+
+A planar network is one that I
+can draw on a sheet of paper
+
+without crossing wires.
+
+So I can draw this network
+without crossing wires.
+
+I'll call it planar.
+
+And it turns out that
+Kirchhoff's voltage laws for
+
+the innermost loops are always
+independent of each other.
+
+That's kind of obvious because
+as you go to a --
+
+so each loop contains at least
+one element that some other
+
+loop didn't have.
+
+So that's kind of the reasoning
+for why it works.
+
+So if you think about this
+particular loop, which we
+
+included in the 7, you can think
+about that as being the
+
+sum of the loops this way, the
+A loop and the B loop.
+
+Because if you write KVL for the
+A loop and KVL for the B
+
+loop and add them, you end up
+deriving KVL for the more
+
+complicated path.
+
+And if you think about what's
+going on, it's not anything
+
+terribly magical.
+
+This path is the same as the A
+path added to that path, where
+
+I went through this element down
+when I did the A path and
+
+up when I did the B path.
+
+So those parts canceled out.
+
+That was the rule that I was
+talking about how I don't
+
+really want to go through the
+same element twice when I'm
+
+applying KVL.
+
+So the idea then is that there's
+a systematic way, an
+
+easy way to figure out
+all the KVL loops.
+
+You just think about
+all the possible
+
+paths through the circuit.
+
+You do have to worry about
+linearly independent.
+
+In the case of planar networks,
+that's pretty
+
+straightforward.
+
+Planar networks, you can always
+figure out the linearly
+
+independent KVL equations by
+looking at the smallest
+
+possible loops.
+
+The loops with small area.
+
+OK, so that's half of it.
+
+That's KVL.
+
+The other Kirchhoff's law is
+KCL, Kirchhoff's Current Law.
+
+There we are thinking of
+the flow of current.
+
+So the flow of current is
+analogous to the flow of
+
+incompressible fluid.
+
+Water, for example.
+
+If you trace the amount of water
+that flows through a
+
+pipe that goes into a Y, then
+the sum of the flows out has
+
+to equal the flow in.
+
+If that weren't true, the water
+would be building up.
+
+So we think about pipes as
+transporting the flow of water
+
+without allowing it to
+build up anywhere.
+
+That's precisely how we
+think about wires
+
+in electrical circuits.
+
+The wires allow the transport
+of electrons but don't allow
+
+the buildup of electrons.
+
+OK, do electrons build up?
+
+Sure.
+
+But in our idealized world, we
+say they don't build up in the
+
+wires, they build
+up in a part.
+
+And we'll have a special
+part that allows the
+
+electrons to build up.
+
+So we're not excluding the
+possibility that they build
+
+up, we're just saying that in
+this formalism, we don't allow
+
+the electrons to build
+up in the wires.
+
+So for the purpose of the wires,
+current in is equal to
+
+the current out.
+
+The net current in is 0.
+
+So we will think then, about
+the circuit having nodes.
+
+The nodes are the places where
+more than one element meets,
+
+two or more elements meet.
+
+And we will apply KCL
+at each node.
+
+So for example, in this simple
+circuit where I would have
+
+three parts connected in what
+we would call parallel, they
+
+share a node at the
+top and they share
+
+a node at the bottom.
+
+So even though it looks like
+there's multiple interconnects
+
+up here, we say that's
+one node.
+
+And we would say that the sum of
+the currents into the node
+
+is equal to the sum of
+the currents out.
+
+So if I lab all of the possible
+currents that come
+
+out of that node, I would
+have i1, i2, i3.
+
+i1 goes through the first
+one, the second one
+
+and the third one.
+
+And so I would conclude from
+Kirchhoff's current law that
+
+the sum of i1, i2,
+and i3 is 0.
+
+OK.
+
+Easy, right?
+
+As I said, we're going to make
+an abstraction where the
+
+electrons don't build
+up in the wires.
+
+They don't even build
+up in the parts.
+
+They do get stored
+in the parts.
+
+That's a little confusing,
+we'll come back to that.
+
+If they don't build up in the
+parts, then the current that
+
+goes in this leg has to
+come out that leg.
+
+If that's true, then i1 is i4,
+i2 is i5, i3 is i6, and we end
+
+up with another equation down
+here, which turns out to be
+
+precisely the same as
+the one at the top.
+
+Everybody's happy with that?
+
+So we're thinking about this
+just the way we would think
+
+about water flow.
+
+If there's water flow into a
+part, it better be coming out.
+
+If there's water flow in a pipe,
+the water that goes into
+
+the pipe better come out
+of the pipe someplace.
+
+So here is an arbitrary network
+
+made out of four parts.
+
+How many linearly independent
+KCL equations are there?
+
+So how many linearly independent
+KCL equations are
+
+in that network?
+
+Everyone raise your hand, some
+number of KCL equations.
+
+OK, I'm seeing a
+bigger variety.
+
+I see (1)'s, (2)'s, and (3)'s.
+
+I don't see any (4)'s.
+
+That's probably good.
+
+So how do you think about the
+number of linearly independent
+
+KCL equations?
+
+So the first thing to do
+is to label things.
+
+So you have to have reference
+directions before you can sort
+
+of think about things.
+
+So we have four elements.
+
+We would be expecting to see
+four element currents.
+
+The same current that goes
+into an element has
+
+to come out of it.
+
+So there's element current
+1, 2, 3, and 4.
+
+There are three nodes,
+so we might be
+
+expecting three KCL equations.
+
+Here's one node from which you
+would conclude that the sum of
+
+i1 and i2 better be 0.
+
+Here's a node from which you
+would conclude that the
+
+current in i2 better
+be i3 plus i4.
+
+And here is a node from which
+you would conclude that i1
+
+plus i3 plus i4 is 0.
+
+So I can write one KCL equation
+for every node,
+
+that's not surprising.
+
+But if you look at those
+equations, you'll see that
+
+they're not linearly
+independent.
+
+In fact, if you solve
+this one for i2--
+
+it's already solved for i2.
+
+Stick that answer up here, you
+get i3 plus i4 added to i1 is
+
+0, which is just the same
+as that equation.
+
+So of those three equations,
+only two of them are linearly
+
+independent.
+
+The answer to that
+problem was (2).
+
+And there's a pattern.
+
+So think about the pattern in
+terms of figuring out the
+
+number of linearly independent
+KCL equations that are in a
+
+slightly more complicated
+network.
+
+So what's the answer
+here, how many KCL
+
+equations are in this network?
+
+Wow.
+
+Well, I'm not getting any of the
+answers I would have said.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+Ah, I'm forgetting to add 2.
+
+That's my problem.
+
+OK, now I'm getting some of
+the answers that I would
+
+expect to get.
+
+OK, got it.
+
+I confused myself.
+
+OK, the vast majority say (1).
+
+How do you get that?
+
+Which is 3.
+
+So again, you think of how in
+this circuit there are four
+
+nodes, A, B, C, D. So we can
+think about writing a KCL
+
+equation for each one.
+
+If we go to A, A has three
+currents coming out of it --
+
+1, 2, 3.
+
+So the sum of those has
+to be 0, et cetera.
+
+And if you think about those
+equations, they're not
+
+linearly independent either.
+
+If you work through the math,
+you see that there's exactly
+
+one of those equations that
+you can eliminate.
+
+So you're left with
+three linearly
+
+independent KCL equations.
+
+And so there's a pattern
+emerging here.
+
+Somebody see the pattern?
+
+1 minus.
+
+Can somebody prove
+the pattern?
+
+So there's a pattern here.
+
+The pattern is take the number
+of nodes and the number of
+
+independent KCL equations
+as one less.
+
+So the challenge is,
+can you prove it?
+
+And by the theory
+of lectures--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+And by a corollary of the theory
+of lectures, the way
+
+you would prove it is?
+
+AUDIENCE: On the next slide.
+
+PROFESSOR: On the next slide.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So how do I prove it?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Whenever you take
+minus 1, you just add all the
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] together
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So there's something special
+about the last one.
+
+Why should there be something
+special about the last one.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because the
+circuit's closed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Because the
+circuit's closed.
+
+That's right.
+
+So the idea is to sort
+of generalize the way
+
+we think about KCL.
+
+So we start with a circuit.
+
+We think about having
+four nodes here.
+
+It's certainly the case that
+KCL holds for each node.
+
+So here's KCL for that node.
+
+But now if you think about KCL
+for this node, and then add
+
+them, that looks like
+a KCL equation.
+
+But it applies to
+a super node.
+
+Imagine the node defined by the
+black box, and think about
+
+the net currents into or
+out of the black node.
+
+This current i2, which leaves
+the red node, enters the green
+
+node, but doesn't go through
+the surface of the
+
+black node at all.
+
+That's exactly the current
+that's subtracted out when we
+
+added the red equation to
+the green equation.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+So KCL says, oh, if all the
+currents at a node have to sum
+
+to 0, and if elements have the
+same current coming out and
+
+going in, then if you draw a
+box around an element, what
+
+goes into the element
+is the same as what
+
+comes out of the element.
+
+It doesn't change the net
+current through the surface.
+
+So the generalization of the KCL
+equation, KCL says the sum
+
+of the currents into
+a node is 0.
+
+The generalization says take any
+closed path in a circuit,
+
+the sum of the currents going
+across that closed path is 0.
+
+So if we apply that rule again,
+think about node 3.
+
+If we add the result of node 3
+to the black node, which was
+
+the sum of 1 and 2, we get
+the new green curve.
+
+We get the new green equation.
+
+And what that says is the sum
+of the currents going across
+
+the green super node--
+
+OK, so what's going on? i1 is
+coming out of it, i4 is coming
+
+out of it, i5 is coming
+out of it.
+
+So the sum of i1, i4,
+and i5 has to be 0.
+
+Well, KCL says the sum of the
+currents coming out of a
+
+node must be 0.
+
+The super KCL says the sum of
+the currents coming out of any
+
+closed region is also 0.
+
+But the interesting thing about
+this closed region is
+
+that it encloses all but
+one of the nodes.
+
+That's always true.
+
+Regardless of the system,
+regardless of the circuit, you
+
+can always draw a line that will
+isolate one node from all
+
+the others.
+
+So what that proves is that you
+can always write KCL for
+
+this node in terms of
+KCL for those nodes.
+
+Ok.
+
+So there's a generalization then
+that says that you can
+
+always write KCL
+for every node.
+
+They will always be linearly
+dependent.
+
+So you can always
+throw away one.
+
+So in some sense now,
+we're done.
+
+We've just finished
+circuit theory.
+
+We talked about how every
+element has to have a law.
+
+A resistor is Ohm's Law.
+
+A voltage source says that the
+voltage across the terminals
+
+is always a constant.
+
+A current source says that the
+current through the current
+
+source is always a constant.
+
+So every element tells
+you one law.
+
+We know how to think
+about KVL.
+
+So we know the rule for how the
+across variables behave.
+
+What's the aggregate behavior
+of all the across variables?
+
+Well, KVL has to be satisfied
+for every possible loop.
+
+The loops don't have
+to be independent.
+
+You have to worry about whether
+they're independent.
+
+The only simple rule we came up
+with-- we'll come up with
+
+another one in a moment.
+
+The only simple rule that we
+came up with was for planar
+
+circuits, where the innermost
+loops were linearly
+
+independent of each other.
+
+And you have to write KCL for
+all the nodes, except one.
+
+One of them never matters.
+
+So in some sense, we're done.
+
+What we would do to
+solve the circuit,
+
+think about every element.
+
+For every element assign a
+voltage, a reference voltage.
+
+For every element,
+assign a current.
+
+Make sure they go in the
+right direction.
+
+We always define currents
+to go down
+
+the potential gradient.
+
+They always go in the directions
+through the element
+
+from the positive
+to the negative.
+
+So for every element, assign
+a current and a voltage.
+
+We have 6 elements, that's
+12 unknowns.
+
+Now we dig and we find
+12 equations.
+
+In this particular circuit, we
+found those 12 equations.
+
+There were three KCL equations,
+one for each of the
+
+inner loops.
+
+There were three KCL equations,
+one for each node
+
+except one.
+
+There were 5 Ohm's law
+equations, one for each one of
+
+the resistors.
+
+There was one source equation
+for the voltage source.
+
+12 equations, 12 unknowns,
+we're done.
+
+The only problem is a
+lot of equations.
+
+It's not a very complicated
+circuit.
+
+We've only got 6 elements.
+
+I tried to motivate this in
+terms of studying networks
+
+that had 10 to the 9 elements.
+
+This technique is not
+particularly great
+
+at 10 to the 9.
+
+It would probably work.
+
+But we would probably
+be interested in
+
+finding simpler ways.
+
+So there are simpler ways you
+might imagine, and we'll
+
+discuss two of them
+just very briefly.
+
+The dumb way that I just talked
+about is what we call
+
+primitive variables,
+element variables.
+
+If you write all the element
+variables, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5
+
+v6, all of the element currents,
+i1, i2, i3, i4, i5,
+
+i6, write all the equations,
+you can solve it.
+
+However, if you're judicious,
+you can figure out a smaller
+
+number of unknowns and a
+correspondingly smaller number
+
+of equations.
+
+One method is called
+the node method.
+
+When we're thinking about the
+individual elements, the thing
+
+that matters is the voltage
+across the element.
+
+However, that's not
+the easy way to
+
+write the circuit equations.
+
+A much easier way is not to tell
+me the voltage across an
+
+element, but instead tell me
+the voltage associated with
+
+each of the nodes.
+
+If I tell you the voltage
+associated with every node,
+
+the important thing about that
+way of defining the variables
+
+is that you're guaranteed that
+from those variables, you can
+
+tell me the voltage
+across every part.
+
+So for example, in this circuit,
+this voltage source--
+
+so if I call this one ground,
+we'll always have a magic node
+
+called ground.
+
+It is not special
+in the least.
+
+It's just the reference
+voltage.
+
+I'll come back to that.
+
+I'll say words in a minute about
+what the reference is.
+
+We always get to declare
+one node to be ground.
+
+We get one free node.
+
+It's a node whose voltage we
+don't care about because it's
+
+the reference for
+all voltages.
+
+It's a node whose current we
+don't care about because we
+
+get to throw away one node when
+we do current equations.
+
+So we have one special mode
+called ground, about which we
+
+don't care too much.
+
+Except that it's the most
+important node in the circuit.
+
+Except for that, we don't
+care about it.
+
+So this guy's ground.
+
+We think about its
+voltage being 0.
+
+Then this voltage supply
+makes that node be v0.
+
+I don't know what that is,
+so I'll call it e1.
+
+And I don't know what that
+is, so I'll call it e2.
+
+So if I tell you the voltage on
+all of those nodes, ground
+
+voltage is 0, the top voltage is
+v0, the left voltage is e1,
+
+the right voltage is e2.
+
+From those four numbers, 0 and
+3 nontrivial numbers, you can
+
+find all of the component
+voltages.
+
+So for example, the voltage v6,
+the voltage across R6 is
+
+e2 minus e1.
+
+The voltage v4, the voltage
+across the R4
+
+resistor is e1 minus 0.
+
+So if I tell you all the node
+voltages, you can tell me all
+
+of the element voltages.
+
+And in general, there's fewer
+nodes than there are
+
+components.
+
+OK, that's great.
+
+So instead of naming the volts
+across the elements, we'll
+
+name the voltages at the nodes
+because there's fewer of them.
+
+Then, all we need to do in the
+node method is write the
+
+minimum number of
+KCL equations.
+
+We know we only have two
+unknowns, e1 and e2.
+
+And it turns out-- and you
+can prove this, but I
+
+won't prove it today.
+
+It turns out that you need
+two KCL equations.
+
+Two unknowns, e1, e2,
+two KCL equations.
+
+And it turns out those two KCL
+equations are exactly the KCL
+
+equations associated
+with the two nodes.
+
+So the current leaving
+e1, so KCL at e1 --
+
+well, there's a current
+that goes that way.
+
+Well, that's the voltage drop
+in going from e1 to v0, e1
+
+minus v0, divided by R2.
+
+That's Ohm's law.
+
+So this term represents the
+current going up that leg plus
+
+the current that goes through
+this leg, which is e1
+
+minus e2 over R6.
+
+Plus the current going in
+that leg, which is e1
+
+minus 0 over R4.
+
+The sum of those three
+currents better be 0.
+
+Analogously, the sum of the
+currents at this node must be
+
+0, and the equation looks
+virtually the same.
+
+Because v0 is known, so it
+didn't add an unknown.
+
+v0 was set by the voltage,
+by the voltage source.
+
+So I have two equations,
+two unknowns, solved.
+
+Done.
+
+So rather than solving 12
+equations and 12 unknowns, I
+
+can do it with two equations
+and two unknowns.
+
+That's called the node method.
+
+One of the most interesting
+theories about circuits is
+
+that every simplification that
+you can think about for
+
+voltage has an analogous
+simplification that you can
+
+think about in current.
+
+That's called duality.
+
+We won't do that because it's
+kind of complicated.
+
+But it's kind of
+a cute result.
+
+If you can think of a
+simplification that works in
+
+voltage, then there is
+an analogous one, and
+
+you can prove it.
+
+In fact, you can formally derive
+what it must have been.
+
+This is a rule for how you can
+simplify things by thinking
+
+about voltages in aggregate.
+
+Rather than thinking about the
+element voltages, think about
+
+the node voltages.
+
+The analogous current law is
+rather than thinking about the
+
+currents through the elements,
+the element currents, think
+
+about loop currents.
+
+OK, that's a little bizarre.
+
+So we name the loop, the current
+that flows in this
+
+loop, IA, the current that flows
+in this loop, IB, and
+
+the current hat flows
+in this loop, IC.
+
+What on earth is he doing?
+
+Well, the element voltages are
+some linear combination of
+
+those loop currents.
+
+And in fact, the coefficients in
+the linear combination are
+
+one and minus one.
+
+So the element current I4, the
+current that flows through the
+
+R4 resistor is the sum of
+IA coming down minus IC,
+
+which is going up.
+
+So there's a way of thinking
+about each element current as
+
+a sum or difference of
+the loop currents.
+
+Everybody get that?
+
+So instead of thinking about
+the individual element
+
+currents, I think about
+the loop currents.
+
+And now, I need to write
+three KVL equations.
+
+So in the node method, I named
+the nodes and had to write two
+
+KCL equations.
+
+Here, I named the loop currents
+and I have to write
+
+three KVL equations,
+one for each loop.
+
+It's completely analogous.
+
+If you write out a sentence,
+what did you do?
+
+I assigned a voltage to every
+node, and I wrote
+
+KCL of all the nodes.
+
+Then if you turn the word
+"current" into the word
+
+"voltage," the word "node"
+into the word "loop," you
+
+derive this new method.
+
+So this says that if I write KVL
+at the A loop, think about
+
+spinning around this loop, as
+I go up through the voltage
+
+source, so I go in the negative
+terminal here.
+
+So that's minus v0.
+
+As I go down through this
+resistor, I have to use Ohm's
+
+law, so that's R2 times
+the down current.
+
+Well, the down current is
+IA down minus IB up.
+
+So I went up through here,
+down through here.
+
+Now I go down through
+this one.
+
+When I go down through that one,
+according to Ohm's law,
+
+that's R4 times the current
+through that element.
+
+That current-- well, it's
+IA down and it's IC up.
+
+So this is the KVL equation
+for that loop.
+
+I write two more of them, and I
+end up with three equations
+
+and three unknowns.
+
+Both the node method and the
+loop method resulted in a lot
+
+fewer equations than
+the primitives did.
+
+I had 12 primitive unknowns,
+6 voltages and 6 currents.
+
+In the node method, I get the
+number of independent nodes as
+
+the number of equations and
+unknowns, which is less than
+
+the number of primitive
+variables.
+
+In the loop method, I have the
+number of independent loops.
+
+Which is again, smaller.
+
+So the idea then is that we have
+a couple of ways to think
+
+about solving circuits.
+
+Fundamentally, all we have are
+the element relationships and
+
+the rules for combination.
+
+Oh, this is starting to sound
+like PCAP, primitives and
+
+combinations.
+
+So the primitives are, how does
+the element constrain the
+
+voltages and currents?
+
+We know three of those,
+Ohm's law, voltage
+
+source, current source.
+
+And what are the rules
+for combination?
+
+Well, the currents add to the
+node, and the voltages add
+
+around loops.
+
+OK, just to make sure you've
+absorb all that, figure out
+
+the current I for
+this circuit.
+
+OK, what's a good
+way to start?
+
+What should I do to start
+thinking about calculating I?
+
+OK, bad way.
+
+Assign voltages and currents
+to everything.
+
+4 elements, that's 4 voltages,
+4 currents.
+
+That's 8 unknowns.
+
+Find 8 equations, solve.
+
+That'll work.
+
+Bad way.
+
+What's a better way?
+
+OK, [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It was on
+the previous sheet.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+AUDIENCE: KVL [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: KVL for where?
+
+AUDIENCE: Loops.
+
+PROFESSOR: Which loop?
+
+AUDIENCE: Left loop.
+
+PROFESSOR: So do KVL
+on the left loop?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, that's good.
+
+But you have to tell me how
+to assign variables.
+
+Do you want 8 primitive
+variables?
+
+8 primitive variables are v1,
+i1, v2, i2, v3, i3, v4, i4.
+
+So that's what I mean by
+primitive variables.
+
+Or element variables is
+another word for it.
+
+What's a better way than using
+element variables?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Create 2
+loop equations.
+
+PROFESSOR: Create 2 loop
+equations, that's fantastic.
+
+AUDIENCE: I1 for the first loop,
+I2 for the second loop.
+
+PROFESSOR: So if you do I1 going
+around here, then I1 is
+
+actually I. And if you do I2
+going around here, what's I2?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So if I think about
+I2 spinning around this loop,
+
+so the sum of I1 and I2
+goes through that box.
+
+But the only current that goes
+through this box is?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: So the suggestion
+is that I think about--
+
+so if I have I1 here, but I know
+that's I. Then I can see
+
+immediately that since
+the only current that
+
+goes through here--
+
+so if I have I1 and I2.
+
+That was a very clever idea.
+
+If you have I1 and I2, the only
+current that goes through
+
+here is I. So I1
+must've been I.
+
+The only current that
+goes over here
+
+must've been this guy.
+
+So this must be minus 10.
+
+So I could redo that this way.
+
+I could say I've got
+10 going that way.
+
+That make sense?
+
+So now I only have one unknown
+which is I. So that's a very
+
+clever way of doing it.
+
+So what I could do
+is showed here.
+
+I have I going around one
+loop and I have 10
+
+going around that loop.
+
+That completely specifies
+all the currents.
+
+So now all I need to
+do is write KVL for
+
+these different cases.
+
+So if I write KVL for the left
+loop, then I get going up
+
+through here, that's minus 15,
+and going down through here,
+
+going to the right through
+this guy is 3I.
+
+Going down through this guy
+is 2 times I plus 10.
+
+Both of these are going down,
+so you have to add them.
+
+So I get one equation
+and one unknown.
+
+And when I solve it,
+I get minus one.
+
+That make sense?
+
+There's an analogous
+way you could have
+
+done it with one node.
+
+You could have said that the
+circuit has a single node and
+
+figured out KCL for
+that one node.
+
+KCL would be the sum of
+the currents here.
+
+There's a current that
+goes that way, that
+
+way, and that way.
+
+And again, you end up with
+1 equation and 1 unknown.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Correct.
+
+If I thought about this current
+going this way, it
+
+would be minus 10.
+
+If I flipped the direction,
+then it's plus 10.
+
+So the loop current has the
+property that it's the only
+
+current through this element.
+
+So that has to match.
+
+It's one of two currents that
+go through this element.
+
+AUDIENCE: You said that
+everything that
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: This loop is
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So why is the
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Correct.
+
+I want to have this
+picture now.
+
+So if I'm doing it with loops,
+I have two loops.
+
+The current through this element
+is just I. The current
+
+through this element is just
+I. The current through this
+
+element is just 10.
+
+The current through this
+element-- well, the sum of
+
+these two currents go through
+that element.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: This loop current
+is just a fraction of the
+
+current in the whole system.
+
+So this loop current goes
+through this element and
+
+contributes to this element.
+
+But so does that one.
+
+OK, if you're still confused,
+you should try to get it
+
+straightened out in one of the
+software labs or the hardware
+
+lab, or talk to me
+after lecture.
+
+But the idea is to
+decompose in the
+
+case of the node voltages.
+
+Think about the element
+voltages in terms of
+
+differences in the
+node voltages.
+
+In the case of the loop
+currents, think about the
+
+element currents in terms of
+a sum of loop currents.
+
+OK, so the answer is minus 1
+regardless of how you do it.
+
+Ok.
+
+The remaining thing I want to
+do today is think about
+
+abstraction.
+
+We've talked about the
+primitives, which are things
+
+like resistors, voltage sources,
+and current sources.
+
+Means of combinations,
+that's KVL and KCL.
+
+Now we want to think
+about abstraction.
+
+And the first abstraction that
+we'll talk about is, how do
+
+you think about one element
+that represents
+
+more than one element?
+
+This is the same thing that we
+did when we thought about
+
+linear systems, when we did
+signals and systems.
+
+We started with R's and K's and
+pluses, and we made single
+
+boxes that had lots of R's and
+pluses and gains in them.
+
+What was the name of the thing
+that was inside the box?
+
+If we combined lots of R's,
+gains, and pluses into a
+
+single box, what would we call
+the thing that's in the box?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Shout again.
+
+AUDIENCE: System function.
+
+PROFESSOR: System function.
+
+Right?
+
+So we started with boxes
+that only had
+
+things like R's in them.
+
+But eventually, we got boxes
+that looked like much more
+
+complicated things like that.
+
+We thought about a system
+function which was a
+
+generalized box, that could have
+lots of R's, or lots of
+
+gains, or lots of
+pluses in it.
+
+And that was a way of
+abstracting complicated
+
+systems so they looked
+like simple systems.
+
+What we want to do here is the
+same thing for circuits.
+
+We want to have a single
+element, a single circuit
+
+element, that represents
+many circuit elements.
+
+And the simplest case of that
+is for series in parallel
+
+combinations of resistors.
+
+It's very simple to think about
+how if you had two Ohm's
+
+law devices connected in series,
+you could replace
+
+those two with a single
+resistor.
+
+And the voltage-current
+relationships measured at the
+
+outside of the box would
+be the same.
+
+That's how we think about an
+abstraction in circuits.
+
+When is it that you can draw
+a box around a piece of a
+
+circuit and think about
+that as one element?
+
+The very simplest cases, the
+series combination of two
+
+resistors, same sort of thing
+happens for the parallel
+
+combination.
+
+And that simple abstraction
+makes some things very easy.
+
+What would be the equivalent
+resistance for a complicated
+
+system like that?
+
+Well, that's easy.
+
+All you need to do is think
+about successively reducing
+
+the pieces.
+
+Here I'm thinking about that
+having four resistors.
+
+I can just successively apply
+series and parallel in order
+
+to reduce that, make it
+less complicated.
+
+So I can think about combining
+these two in series to get,
+
+instead of two 1 Ohm resistors,
+one 2 Ohm resistor.
+
+Then I can think about these
+two 2 Ohm resistors being
+
+equivalently one parallel
+1 Ohm resistor.
+
+And so this whole thing looks
+as though it's just 2 Ohms
+
+from the outside world.
+
+That's what we mean
+by an abstraction.
+
+What we're trying to do and what
+we will do over the next
+
+two weeks, is we'll think
+about ways of combining
+
+circuits so that we can reduce
+the complexity this way.
+
+Another convenient way of
+thinking about reducing the
+
+work that you need to do is to
+think about common patterns
+
+that result.
+
+PCAP, Primitives, Combinations,
+Abstractions.
+
+So the series of parallel
+idea was an abstraction.
+
+A pattern, here's a
+common pattern.
+
+If you've got two resistors in
+series, if the same current
+
+flows through two resistors,
+then there's a way of very
+
+simply calculating the voltage
+that falls across each.
+
+So you can think about the sum
+resistor, R1 plus R2 since
+
+they're in series.
+
+So that allows you then
+to compute the
+
+current from the voltage.
+
+Then the voltage that falls
+across this guy is by Ohm's
+
+law, just the current
+times its resistor,
+
+which is like that.
+
+And similarly with this one.
+
+So you can see that some
+fraction of this voltage v
+
+occurs across the v1 terminal.
+
+And some different fraction
+appears across the v2
+
+terminal, such that the sum of
+the fractions is, of course,
+
+v. That's what has to
+happen for the two.
+
+And there's a proportional
+drop.
+
+The bigger R1, the bigger is the
+proportion of the voltage
+
+that falls across R1.
+
+So it's a simple way of thinking
+about how voltage
+
+drops across two resistors.
+
+There's a completely analogous
+way of thinking about how
+
+current splits between
+two resistors.
+
+Here the result looks virtually
+the same, except it
+
+has kind of the unintuitive
+property that most of the
+
+current goes through the
+resistor that is the smallest.
+
+So you get a bigger current in
+i1 in proportion to the R2.
+
+So it works very much like the
+voltage case, except that it
+
+has this inversion in it, that
+the current likes to go
+
+through the smaller resistor.
+
+OK, so last problem.
+
+Using those kinds of ideas,
+think about how you could
+
+compute the voltage v0 and
+determine what's the answer.
+
+So what's the easy way to
+think about this answer?
+
+What do I do first?
+
+AUDIENCE: Superposition.
+
+PROFESSOR: So superposition?
+
+That's one thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Simplify
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Simplify.
+
+So what's a good
+simplification?
+
+Collapse?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can put the two
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] in series and
+
+treat them as one.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you can treat this
+as a series combination,
+
+and you can replace the series
+of 1 and 3 with a?
+
+AUDIENCE:
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE].
+
+AUDIENCE: 4..
+
+PROFESSOR: 4.
+
+So this can be replaced by
+four [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+resistor.
+
+Now what?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can do the same
+on the parallel one.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you can replace
+the parallel of the 6
+
+and a 12 with a?
+
+AUDIENCE: 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: Amazing
+-- with a 4.
+
+So there's a 4 there and
+there's a 4 there.
+
+And the answer is?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's half.
+
+PROFESSOR: Half of whatever
+it was by voltage
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] relationship.
+
+So you think about this
+becoming that.
+
+You think about the parallel
+becoming that.
+
+You get a simple divide
+by 2 voltage divider.
+
+So the answer is 7 and 1/2,
+which was the middle answer.
+
+And so what we did today was
+basically a whirlwind tour of
+
+the theory of circuits.
+
+And the goal for the rest of the
+week is to go to the lab
+
+and do the same sort of thing
+with practical where you build
+
+a circuit, and try to use some
+of these ideas to understand
+
+what it does.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5wfP3GUGeWM.txt b/5wfP3GUGeWM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bde0b130de0674cc38ca16c46ef25c0b0a99ce6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5wfP3GUGeWM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1424 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu field of a square pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu field of a square pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu field of a square pair of
+coils can be found by using the boo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils can be found by using the boo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils can be found by using the boo
+Savar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pair is often called a Helm Holz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair is often called a Helm Holz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair is often called a Helm Holz
+coil when the windings are connected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil when the windings are connected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil when the windings are connected so
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currents produce axial fields that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents produce axial fields that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents produce axial fields that
+reinforce it can then be used to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce it can then be used to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforce it can then be used to make a
+relatively uniform field in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uniform field in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively uniform field in the mid
+region which is accessible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiments the bavar superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the bavar superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments the bavar superposition
+integral can be used to find the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can be used to find the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral can be used to find the field
+at the observa coordinate R its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the observa coordinate R its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the observa coordinate R its
+evaluation amounts to a summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation amounts to a summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation amounts to a summation of the
+field contributions from each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field contributions from each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field contributions from each of the
+differential size current elements at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential size current elements at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential size current elements at
+the source coordinate R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime our Square coils are composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime our Square coils are composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime our Square coils are composed of
+connected straight line current segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected straight line current segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected straight line current segments
+or current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or current
+sticks the bosar law is used to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks the bosar law is used to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks the bosar law is used to find the
+field at an arbitrary Observer position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at an arbitrary Observer position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field at an arbitrary Observer position
+r associated with each current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r associated with each current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r associated with each current
+stick because the individual current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick because the individual current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick because the individual current
+sticks do not represent the solenoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks do not represent the solenoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticks do not represent the solenoidal
+current density at its ends the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current density at its ends the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current density at its ends the magnetic
+field derived is a physical significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field derived is a physical significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field derived is a physical significance
+only if used in conjunction with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if used in conjunction with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if used in conjunction with other
+current sticks that together form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sticks that together form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sticks that together form a
+continuous current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution each of our Square coils is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution each of our Square coils is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution each of our Square coils is
+composed of four connected current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the magnetic field at Point p is found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field at Point p is found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field at Point p is found
+by a summation of fields from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a summation of fields from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a summation of fields from each
+stick each coil has n turns carrying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick each coil has n turns carrying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick each coil has n turns carrying a
+current I with sides of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I with sides of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I with sides of length
+2D the current I in each coil is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D the current I in each coil is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D the current I in each coil is in the
+same direction so that the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction so that the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction so that the magnetic
+field induced by each coil reinforc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field induced by each coil reinforc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field induced by each coil reinforc
+along the minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the minus Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the minus Z
+AIS for the direction of current shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS for the direction of current shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS for the direction of current shown
+the right hand rule shows that the axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand rule shows that the axial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand rule shows that the axial
+magnetic field is in the minus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction because of the axial symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction because of the axial symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction because of the axial symmetry
+the fields along the z- axis induced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields along the z- axis induced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fields along the z- axis induced by
+each of the sides of the coil at Z equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the sides of the coil at Z equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the sides of the coil at Z equal
+D are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same evaluation of the bosar law for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same evaluation of the bosar law for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same evaluation of the bosar law for
+both Square coils therefore gives this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Square coils therefore gives this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Square coils therefore gives this
+variation of the axial magnetic field as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the axial magnetic field as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the axial magnetic field as
+a function of axial position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of axial position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of axial position
+Z the first term is due to the coil at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the first term is due to the coil at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the first term is due to the coil at Z
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+D the coil at Z equal minus D makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D the coil at Z equal minus D makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D the coil at Z equal minus D makes a
+similar contribution except that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar contribution except that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar contribution except that the
+term 1 minus Z overd is replaced by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 1 minus Z overd is replaced by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term 1 minus Z overd is replaced by 1
+plus Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overd in the experiment the axial field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overd in the experiment the axial field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overd in the experiment the axial field
+produced by currents in the two square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by currents in the two square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by currents in the two square
+coils is probed by means of a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils is probed by means of a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils is probed by means of a whole
+magnetometer the output is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetometer the output is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetometer the output is connected to
+the vertical trace of a high persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical trace of a high persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical trace of a high persistent
+scope the probe is mounted on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope the probe is mounted on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope the probe is mounted on a
+motor-driven carriage that is attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor-driven carriage that is attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor-driven carriage that is attached
+to a potentiometer in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a potentiometer in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a potentiometer in such a way that
+there is an output voltage proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an output voltage proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an output voltage proportional
+to the horizontal position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the horizontal position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the horizontal position of the
+probe this is used to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this is used to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe this is used to control the
+horizontal scope deflection the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal scope deflection the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal scope deflection the result
+is a trace that follows the predicted Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trace that follows the predicted Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trace that follows the predicted Z
+dependence of the magnetic field along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the magnetic field along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the magnetic field along
+the Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis here are our Square coils each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis here are our Square coils each with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis here are our Square coils each with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns inside SES of length 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns inside SES of length 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns inside SES of length 45
+cm the Axiom magnetometer probe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm the Axiom magnetometer probe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm the Axiom magnetometer probe is
+mounted on this Carriage to record the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on this Carriage to record the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on this Carriage to record the Z
+component of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of magnetic
+field before we apply current to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field before we apply current to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field before we apply current to the
+coils we have compensated for the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils we have compensated for the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils we have compensated for the small
+part of the Earth's magnetic field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Earth's magnetic field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the Earth's magnetic field that
+is in the horizontal Direction by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the horizontal Direction by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the horizontal Direction by
+zeroing the magnetometer the Earth's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroing the magnetometer the Earth's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroing the magnetometer the Earth's
+magnetic field is essentially vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is essentially vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is essentially vertical
+with a strength of about a half a gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a strength of about a half a gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a strength of about a half a gal
+and could contribute a slight error to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could contribute a slight error to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and could contribute a slight error to
+the measurement if not accounted for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement if not accounted for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measurement if not accounted for a
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current
+of 2 and2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 and2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2 and2
+Amp is applied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coils we have placed the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils we have placed the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils we have placed the theoretical
+variation of the magnetic field versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the magnetic field versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of the magnetic field versus
+position Z as a solid line directly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z as a solid line directly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z as a solid line directly on
+the oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscilloscope
+screen let's see if the scope Trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen let's see if the scope Trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen let's see if the scope Trace
+follows this theoretical curve we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this theoretical curve we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows this theoretical curve we have
+adjusted the scope vertical gain so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted the scope vertical gain so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted the scope vertical gain so that
+the display matches the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display matches the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the display matches the theoretical
+waveform at one position we'll see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform at one position we'll see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform at one position we'll see if
+the scope Trace follows the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope Trace follows the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope Trace follows the shape of
+this theoretical curve we'll check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theoretical curve we'll check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theoretical curve we'll check the
+field magnitude later the probe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field magnitude later the probe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field magnitude later the probe is
+initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially
+here we now turn on the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we now turn on the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we now turn on the probe
+Carriage the scope horizontal gain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carriage the scope horizontal gain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carriage the scope horizontal gain has
+been adjusted so that the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted so that the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been adjusted so that the horizontal
+deflection of the scope matches the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the scope matches the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection of the scope matches the Z
+position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe the magnetic field is largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the magnetic field is largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe the magnetic field is largest
+directly under a coil now the left one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly under a coil now the left one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly under a coil now the left one
+at zal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and is fairly uniform in the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and is fairly uniform in the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and is fairly uniform in the central
+region between coils with a minimum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region between coils with a minimum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region between coils with a minimum at
+the center Z equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the field increases again to a maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field increases again to a maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field increases again to a maximum
+under the right coil at Z equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and decreases in the region outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and decreases in the region outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and decreases in the region outside
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coils let's compare the theoretical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils let's compare the theoretical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coils let's compare the theoretical and
+measured field magnitude at Z equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured field magnitude at Z equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured field magnitude at Z equal 0
+midway between the coils we bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midway between the coils we bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midway between the coils we bring the
+carriage back to the center Z equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage back to the center Z equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage back to the center Z equal
+0 full scale deflection is 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gals we measure a magnetic field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gals we measure a magnetic field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gals we measure a magnetic field of
+about 2.4 G let's compare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2.4 G let's compare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2.4 G let's compare to the
+predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value with 50 ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with 50 ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value with 50 ter
+turns a current of 2 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a current of 2 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns a current of 2 1/2
+amp and a halfside dimension of 22 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp and a halfside dimension of 22 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp and a halfside dimension of 22 1.2
+CM the predicted magnetic flux density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM the predicted magnetic flux density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM the predicted magnetic flux density
+is 2.6 Gus to convert from Teslas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2.6 Gus to convert from Teslas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2.6 Gus to convert from Teslas to
+gaus we have multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus we have multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaus we have multiplied by
+10,000 we measured 2.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gal in our Holts coil experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gal in our Holts coil experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gal in our Holts coil experiment the
+current in each coil was in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in each coil was in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in each coil was in the same
+direction so that the axial magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so that the axial magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so that the axial magnetic
+fields from each coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from each coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields from each coil
+reinforced with the current reversed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced with the current reversed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinforced with the current reversed in
+the left coil the axom magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left coil the axom magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left coil the axom magnetic fields
+of each coil are oppositely directed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each coil are oppositely directed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each coil are oppositely directed and
+cancel in the center this results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel in the center this results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel in the center this results in a
+sign reversal for the field contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign reversal for the field contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign reversal for the field contribution
+from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil now the magnetic field is an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil now the magnetic field is an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil now the magnetic field is an odd
+function around Z equals 0 it is zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function around Z equals 0 it is zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function around Z equals 0 it is zero in
+the center as expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center as expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center as expected
+this reversing switch reverses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reversing switch reverses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reversing switch reverses the
+direction of current in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil let's see how the measured field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil let's see how the measured field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil let's see how the measured field
+Compares with the prediction we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares with the prediction we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compares with the prediction we have
+aligned the zero field lines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned the zero field lines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligned the zero field lines and
+adjusted the vertical gain to match the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted the vertical gain to match the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted the vertical gain to match the
+waveform at one point we now turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform at one point we now turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform at one point we now turn on the
+probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Carriage the field is a negative mag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carriage the field is a negative mag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carriage the field is a negative mag
+maximum under the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil is zero at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and reaches a positive maximum under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaches a positive maximum under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reaches a positive maximum under the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coil using a pair of square coils we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil using a pair of square coils we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil using a pair of square coils we
+have demonstrated the power of the bosar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have demonstrated the power of the bosar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have demonstrated the power of the bosar
+law in predicting the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in predicting the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law in predicting the magnetic field
+distribution given the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution given the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution given the distribution of
+current and given that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and given that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and given that there are no
+effects of magnetizable materials this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of magnetizable materials this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of magnetizable materials this
+law gives precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predictions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/60e4hdCi1D4.txt b/60e4hdCi1D4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f533b8cccc7e8f92434ee42da8ee18ec4f07cba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/60e4hdCi1D4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8191 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+so yesterday we saw how to define double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yesterday we saw how to define double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yesterday we saw how to define double
+integrals and how to start computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and how to start computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and how to start computing
+them in terms of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in terms of X and Y
+coordinates Okay so we've defined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates Okay so we've defined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates Okay so we've defined the
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double
+integral of a region in plane of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a region in plane of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a region in plane of a
+function f of XY da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a ah you can't hear me okay uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ah you can't hear me okay uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ah you can't hear me okay uh is the
+sound working can you hear me at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound working can you hear me at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound working can you hear me at the
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+now can we make the sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can we make the sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can we make the sound
+louder does this work and people are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder does this work and people are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder does this work and people are not
+hearing me the back is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+better okay people are still saying make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay people are still saying make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better okay people are still saying make
+it louder uh is it better okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it louder uh is it better okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it louder uh is it better okay great
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+so okay that's not an excuse to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay that's not an excuse to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay that's not an excuse to start
+you know chatting with your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um okay so when we have a region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so when we have a region in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so when we have a region in the
+XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY
+plane and we have a function of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we have a function of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and we have a function of X and Y
+we are defining the double integral of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are defining the double integral of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are defining the double integral of f
+over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this
+region by taking basically the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region by taking basically the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region by taking basically the sum of
+values of a function everywhere in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a function everywhere in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a function everywhere in here
+times the area element and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area element and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area element and the
+definition actually is we split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition actually is we split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition actually is we split the
+region into lots of tiny little pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region into lots of tiny little pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region into lots of tiny little pieces
+we multiply the value of the function at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply the value of the function at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply the value of the function at
+that point times the area of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point times the area of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point times the area of a little
+piece and we sum that everywhere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and we sum that everywhere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and we sum that everywhere and
+we've seen actually how to compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen actually how to compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen actually how to compute these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as iterated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so
+first integrating over Dy then over DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integrating over Dy then over DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integrating over Dy then over DX
+or the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other way
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one example that we did in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example that we did in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one example that we did in particular
+was to compute the double integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to compute the double integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to compute the double integral over
+a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis quarter of a unit dis so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis quarter of a unit dis so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis quarter of a unit dis so that was
+the region where X2 + y sare is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where X2 + y sare is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region where X2 + y sare is less
+than 1 and X and Y are positive of 1 - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 and X and Y are positive of 1 - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 1 and X and Y are positive of 1 - x
+2us y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2us y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2us y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Da and well hopefully I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Da and well hopefully I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Da and well hopefully I kind of
+convinced you that we can do it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced you that we can do it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced you that we can do it using
+enough trig and substitutions and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough trig and substitutions and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough trig and substitutions and so on
+but it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not very
+pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasant
+and the reason for that is that using X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is that using X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for that is that using X
+and Y coordinates here doesn't seem very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y coordinates here doesn't seem very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y coordinates here doesn't seem very
+appropriate so in fact we can use polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate so in fact we can use polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate so in fact we can use polar
+coordinates instead to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates instead to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates instead to compute this
+double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+so remember that polar coordinates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that polar coordinates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember that polar coordinates are
+about replacing X and Y as coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about replacing X and Y as coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about replacing X and Y as coordinates
+for a point in the plane by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a point in the plane by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a point in the plane by
+instead R which is the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead R which is the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead R which is the distance from the
+origin to our point and Theta which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to our point and Theta which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to our point and Theta which is
+the angle measured counterclockwise from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle measured counterclockwise from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle measured counterclockwise from
+the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive
+x-axis okay so in terms of R and Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis okay so in terms of R and Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis okay so in terms of R and Theta
+you have xal R cosine Theta y equal R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have xal R cosine Theta y equal R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have xal R cosine Theta y equal R
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+thet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet
+so the claim is we are able actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claim is we are able actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the claim is we are able actually to
+do double integrals in polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do double integrals in polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do double integrals in polar coordinates
+we just have to learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have to learn how
+two okay so just to draw a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture when we were integrating in XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when we were integrating in XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when we were integrating in XY
+coordinates in rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in rectangular
+coordinates we were slicing our region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we were slicing our region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates we were slicing our region
+by grid lines that were either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by grid lines that were either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by grid lines that were either
+horizontal or vertical and we used that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical and we used that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical and we used that
+to set up the iterated integral and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up the iterated integral and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set up the iterated integral and we
+said da became DX Dy or Dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said da became DX Dy or Dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said da became DX Dy or Dy
+DX so now we are going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so now we are going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so now we are going to actually
+integrate in terms of the Polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate in terms of the Polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate in terms of the Polar
+coordinates R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates R and
+Theta so let's say we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrate in the order well R first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate in the order well R first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate in the order well R first and
+then Theta that's the order that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Theta that's the order that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Theta that's the order that makes
+the most sense usually when you do polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sense usually when you do polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most sense usually when you do polar
+coordinates so what does that mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so what does that mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so what does that mean it
+means that we will first focus on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we will first focus on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we will first focus on a
+slice where we fix the value of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice where we fix the value of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice where we fix the value of theta
+and we'll let R vary so that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll let R vary so that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll let R vary so that means we
+fix a direction we fix a ray out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a direction we fix a ray out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix a direction we fix a ray out from
+the origin in a certain direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin in a certain direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin in a certain direction and
+we'll travel along this R and see which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll travel along this R and see which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll travel along this R and see which
+part of it which values of R are in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it which values of R are in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it which values of R are in our
+region okay so here it will be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so here it will be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so here it will be actually
+pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy
+because R will just well start at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R will just well start at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because R will just well start at zero
+and you'll have to stop when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have to stop when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll have to stop when you
+actually exit this quarter dis well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exit this quarter dis well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually exit this quarter dis well
+what's the equation of this Circle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equation of this Circle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the equation of this Circle in
+polar coordinates it's just Ral 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates it's just Ral 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates it's just Ral 1 so
+we'll stop when R reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop when R reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll stop when R reaches
+one okay what about Theta well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay what about Theta well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay what about Theta well the first
+array that we might want to consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that we might want to consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array that we might want to consider is
+the one that goes along the xaxis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that goes along the xaxis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one that goes along the xaxis that's
+when theta equals zero and we'll stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta equals zero and we'll stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when theta equals zero and we'll stop
+when Theta reaches pi/ 2 because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta reaches pi/ 2 because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta reaches pi/ 2 because we
+don't care about the rest of the disc we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the rest of the disc we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the rest of the disc we
+only care about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only care about the first
+quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrant
+okay so we'll stop at pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll stop at pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we'll stop at pi/
+two now there's a there's a catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now there's a there's a catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two now there's a there's a catch
+FL which is that da is not drd Theta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL which is that da is not drd Theta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FL which is that da is not drd Theta so
+let me explain to you why okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain to you why okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me explain to you why okay so let's
+say that we are slicing you know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we are slicing you know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that we are slicing you know what it
+means really is that we are cutting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means really is that we are cutting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means really is that we are cutting our
+region into little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region into little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region into little
+pieces that are the elementary you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are the elementary you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces that are the elementary you know
+what corresponds to a small rectangle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what corresponds to a small rectangle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what corresponds to a small rectangle in
+the XY coordinate system here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY coordinate system here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY coordinate system here would be
+actually a little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a little piece of
+circle between a given radius R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle between a given radius R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle between a given radius R
+and R plus Delta R and given an between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R plus Delta R and given an between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R plus Delta R and given an between
+an angle Theta and theta plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle Theta and theta plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle Theta and theta plus Delta
+Theta okay so I need to draw actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so I need to draw actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so I need to draw actually a
+bigger picture of it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger picture of it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger picture of it because it
+makes really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes really hard to
+read so let's say that I fix an angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so let's say that I fix an angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so let's say that I fix an angle
+Theta and a slightly different one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and a slightly different one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and a slightly different one where
+I've added the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've added the Delta
+thet and let's say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet and let's say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thet and let's say that I
+have a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a radius
+R and I add Delta R to it so then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and I add Delta R to it so then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and I add Delta R to it so then you
+know I'll have a little piece of XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'll have a little piece of XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'll have a little piece of XY
+plane that's in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane that's in here
+and I have to figure out what is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to figure out what is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to figure out what is its
+area what is Delta a for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area what is Delta a for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area what is Delta a for this
+guy well let's see this guy actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well let's see this guy actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy well let's see this guy actually if
+you know my Delta R and Delta Theta are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my Delta R and Delta Theta are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my Delta R and Delta Theta are
+small enough it will almost look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough it will almost look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough it will almost look like a
+rectangle it's rotated but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle it's rotated but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle it's rotated but it's
+basically a rectangle I mean these sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a rectangle I mean these sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a rectangle I mean these sides
+of course are curvy but you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are curvy but you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are curvy but you know if
+they're short enough it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're short enough it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're short enough it's almost
+straight so the area here should be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so the area here should be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight so the area here should be this
+length times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length times that
+length well what's this length that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length well what's this length that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length well what's this length that one
+is easy it's Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy it's Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is easy it's Delta
+R okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay
+what about that length well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about that length well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about that length well it's not
+Delta Theta it's something slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta it's something slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta it's something slightly
+different it's a piece of a circle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's a piece of a circle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's a piece of a circle of
+radius R corresponding to angle Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R corresponding to angle Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R corresponding to angle Delta
+Theta so it's R Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta so times R Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so times R Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so times R Delta
+Theta okay so that means now even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so that means now even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so that means now even if we
+shrink things and take smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink things and take smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink things and take smaller and
+smaller Rion da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Rion da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller Rion da
+is going to be r d r d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be r d r d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be r d r d
+Theta okay so that's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so that's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so that's very important
+thing to remember when you integrate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember when you integrate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember when you integrate in
+polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar
+coordinates you just set up your bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you just set up your bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates you just set up your bounds
+in terms of R and Theta but you replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of R and Theta but you replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of R and Theta but you replace
+da by Rd D Theta not just d d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta and then of course we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then of course we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and then of course we have some
+function that we're integrating let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we're integrating let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we're integrating let's
+say that I called that thing f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then it's the same F that I put up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so concretely how do I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so concretely how do I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so concretely how do I do it
+here well my function f was given as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well my function f was given as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well my function f was given as you
+know 1 - x - y^ 2 and I like to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1 - x - y^ 2 and I like to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 1 - x - y^ 2 and I like to switch
+that to Polar coordinates I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to Polar coordinates I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to Polar coordinates I want to put
+R and Theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and Theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and Theta in
+there well I have formulas for x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well I have formulas for x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well I have formulas for x and y
+in polar coordinates so I could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates so I could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in polar coordinates so I could just
+replace you know x 2 r² cosine sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace you know x 2 r² cosine sare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace you know x 2 r² cosine sare
+Theta y^ 2 r² sin sare Theta and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta y^ 2 r² sin sare Theta and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta y^ 2 r² sin sare Theta and that
+works just fine but maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just fine but maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works just fine but maybe you can
+observe that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that this is
+actually you know this is X2 + y^2 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know this is X2 + y^2 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know this is X2 + y^2 it's
+just the square of a distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the square of a distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the square of a distance from the
+origin so that's just R squ okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that's just R squ okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that's just R squ okay that's
+a useful thing you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful thing you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful thing you know you don't
+strictly need it but it's much faster if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly need it but it's much faster if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly need it but it's much faster if
+you see this right away saves you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this right away saves you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see this right away saves you you
+know writing down a sign and a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we just end up with the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we just end up with the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we just end up with the integral
+from 0 to Pi / 2 integral from 0 to 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to Pi / 2 integral from 0 to 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 to Pi / 2 integral from 0 to 1 of
+1- R 2 r d r d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1- R 2 r d r d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1- R 2 r d r d
+Theta now if I want to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta now if I want to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta now if I want to compute this
+integral so let's first do the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let's first do the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so let's first do the inner
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+so if I integrate r - R Cub I will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I integrate r - R Cub I will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I integrate r - R Cub I will get
+r^ 2 / 2 - R 2 sorry R 4 four between Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r^ 2 / 2 - R 2 sorry R 4 four between Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r^ 2 / 2 - R 2 sorry R 4 four between Z
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+one then I will integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I will integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then I will integrate the
+Theta so what is this equal to well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so what is this equal to well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so what is this equal to well for
+Ral 1 you get 12 minus a quarter that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 1 you get 12 minus a quarter that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ral 1 you get 12 minus a quarter that's
+going to be just a quarter and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just a quarter and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be just a quarter and when you
+plug zero you get zero so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug zero you get zero so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug zero you get zero so it's the
+integral from 0 to Pi / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to Pi / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to Pi / 2
+of 1 qu D Theta and that just integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 qu D Theta and that just integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 qu D Theta and that just integrates
+to a quarter of Pi / 2 which is pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a quarter of Pi / 2 which is pi/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a quarter of Pi / 2 which is pi/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a lot easier than the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a lot easier than the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a lot easier than the way
+we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesterday now well here we were lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday now well here we were lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday now well here we were lucky
+okay I mean usually you will switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean usually you will switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I mean usually you will switch to
+Polar coordinates either because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar coordinates either because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar coordinates either because the
+region is easier to set up here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is easier to set up here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is easier to set up here it's
+indeed easier to set up because see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed easier to set up because see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed easier to set up because see the
+balance became very simple we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance became very simple we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance became very simple we don't have
+that square root of 1- X anymore or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square root of 1- X anymore or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square root of 1- X anymore or
+because the integrant becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the integrant becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the integrant becomes much
+simpler here our function while it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler here our function while it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler here our function while it's not
+very complicated in X Y coordinates but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated in X Y coordinates but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated in X Y coordinates but
+it's even simpler in our feta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even simpler in our feta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even simpler in our feta
+coordinates so here we were very lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so here we were very lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so here we were very lucky
+um in general you know there's maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general you know there's maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in general you know there's maybe a
+trade-off maybe it will be easier to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off maybe it will be easier to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off maybe it will be easier to set
+up the bounds but maybe the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the bounds but maybe the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the bounds but maybe the function
+will become harder because it will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become harder because it will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become harder because it will have
+all these signs and cosines in it if our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these signs and cosines in it if our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these signs and cosines in it if our
+function had been just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function had been just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function had been just
+x x is very easy in XY coordinates here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x is very easy in XY coordinates here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x x is very easy in XY coordinates here
+it becomes R cosine Theta that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes R cosine Theta that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes R cosine Theta that means you
+will have a little bit of trick to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a little bit of trick to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a little bit of trick to do in
+the integral not a very big one but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral not a very big one but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral not a very big one but you
+know you know not a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know not a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know not a very complicated
+integral but imagine you know it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but imagine you know it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but imagine you know it could
+get potentially much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harder okay so anyway that's double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder okay so anyway that's double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder okay so anyway that's double
+integrals in polar coordinates and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals in polar coordinates and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals in polar coordinates and the
+way that you set up bounds in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you in so in 99% of the cases you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you in so in 99% of the cases you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you in so in 99% of the cases you
+will integrate over R first so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will integrate over R first so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will integrate over R first so what you
+will do is you will look for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is you will look for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do is you will look for a given
+Theta what are the bounds for R to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta what are the bounds for R to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta what are the bounds for R to be in
+the region what is the portion of myay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region what is the portion of myay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region what is the portion of myay
+that's in the given region and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the given region and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the given region and then you
+will put the bounce for Theta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put the bounce for Theta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put the bounce for Theta but
+conceptually it's the same as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually it's the same as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually it's the same as before
+just instead of slicing horizontally or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of slicing horizontally or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just instead of slicing horizontally or
+vertically we slice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically we slice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically we slice
+radially okay so we'll do more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially okay so we'll do more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radially okay so we'll do more examples
+in a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit
+uh any questions about this of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any questions about this of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any questions about this of the
+general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+method yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say ah yes so that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ah yes so that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ah yes so that's a very good
+question okay yes why do I measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay yes why do I measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay yes why do I measure the
+length inside instead of outside uh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length inside instead of outside uh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length inside instead of outside uh oops
+which one which one do I want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one which one do I want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one which one do I want this
+one so here I I said this side is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here I I said this side is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so here I I said this side is R
+Delta Theta I could have said actually R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta I could have said actually R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta I could have said actually R
+Delta Theta is the length here here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta is the length here here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta is the length here here it's
+slightly more it's r r plus Delta R *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more it's r r plus Delta R *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more it's r r plus Delta R *
+Delta Theta but you know if Delta R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta but you know if Delta R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Theta but you know if Delta R is
+very small compared to R then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small compared to R then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small compared to R then that's
+almost the same thing and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same thing and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same thing and this is an
+approximation anyway so I took this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation anyway so I took this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation anyway so I took this one
+because it gives me the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives me the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it gives me the simpler
+formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula
+um if you want if you take the limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want if you take the limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want if you take the limit as
+Delta R tends to zero then the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R tends to zero then the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta R tends to zero then the two
+things become the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things become the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things become the same
+anyway okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay the
+length you know whether you put r or R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you know whether you put r or R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length you know whether you put r or R
+plus Delta R in here doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta R in here doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta R in here doesn't matter
+anymore if you imagine that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore if you imagine that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore if you imagine that you know
+this guy is infinitely small then really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is infinitely small then really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is infinitely small then really
+the lengths become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same okay we'll also see another another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay we'll also see another another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay we'll also see another another
+proof of this formula using changes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this formula using changes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of this formula using changes of
+variables uh next week but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh next week but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables uh next week but I mean
+hopefully this is at least slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convincing okay more question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing okay more question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing okay more question
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+no okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see so we've seen how to compute double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we've seen how to compute double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so we've seen how to compute double
+integrals I have to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I have to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals I have to tell you what
+they're good for as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so the definition we saw yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the definition we saw yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so the definition we saw yesterday
+and motivation was in terms of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motivation was in terms of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and motivation was in terms of finding
+volumes okay but that's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes okay but that's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes okay but that's not going to be
+our main preoccupation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main preoccupation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main preoccupation because
+you know Finding volumes is fun but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Finding volumes is fun but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Finding volumes is fun but it's
+not all varies to life and you know now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all varies to life and you know now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all varies to life and you know now
+I mean you know you're doing single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know you're doing single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know you're doing single
+integrals when you do single integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals when you do single integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals when you do single integrals
+it's usually not to find the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually not to find the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's usually not to find the area of
+some region of a plane it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region of a plane it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region of a plane it's for
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+usually okay so the way we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually okay so the way we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually okay so the way we actually
+think of a double integral is really as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a double integral is really as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a double integral is really as
+summing the values of a function all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the values of a function all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing the values of a function all
+over this region so we can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this region so we can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this region so we can use that to
+get information about maybe the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information about maybe the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get information about maybe the region
+or about the average value of a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about the average value of a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or about the average value of a function
+in that region and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region and so on so
+let's think about various uses of double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integrals so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so the first
+one that I will mention is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I will mention is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I will mention is actually
+something you thought maybe you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you thought maybe you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you thought maybe you could do
+with the simple integral with a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simple integral with a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simple integral with a single
+integral but it's useful very often to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but it's useful very often to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but it's useful very often to
+do it as a double integral it's to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as a double integral it's to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as a double integral it's to find
+the area of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region Okay so give you you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region Okay so give you you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region Okay so give you you know some
+region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the
+plane and you want to know just its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you want to know just its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and you want to know just its
+area so in various cases you could set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so in various cases you could set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area so in various cases you could set
+this up as a simple as a single integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up as a simple as a single integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up as a simple as a single integral
+but often it could be useful to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often it could be useful to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but often it could be useful to set it
+up as a double integral so how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a double integral so how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up as a double integral so how do you
+express the area as a double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the area as a double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the area as a double integral
+well the area of this region is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the area of this region is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the area of this region is the sum
+of the areas of all the little pieces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the areas of all the little pieces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the areas of all the little pieces so
+it means you want to sum one da over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means you want to sum one da over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means you want to sum one da over the
+entire region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire region
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+area of R is the double integral over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of R is the double integral over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of R is the double integral over R
+of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+so one way to think about it if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about it if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about it if you're
+really still attached to the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really still attached to the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really still attached to the idea of
+double integral the volume you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral the volume you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double integral the volume you know what
+this measures is the volume below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measures is the volume below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measures is the volume below the
+graph of a function one the graph of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a function one the graph of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of a function one the graph of a
+function one is just a horizontal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one is just a horizontal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one is just a horizontal plane
+at height one so what you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at height one so what you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at height one so what you'll be
+measuring would be the volume of a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring would be the volume of a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring would be the volume of a prism
+or uh with base R and height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and the volume of that of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the volume of that of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the volume of that of course
+would be base times height so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be base times height so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be base times height so it would
+just be the area of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the area of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the area of R
+again but we don't actually even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but we don't actually even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but we don't actually even need to
+think about it that way really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it that way really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it that way really what
+we're doing is we're summing da over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're summing da over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing is we're summing da over the
+entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region okay a related thing we can do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay a related thing we can do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay a related thing we can do so
+imagine that Lally this is you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that Lally this is you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that Lally this is you know uh
+some object some physical object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some object some physical object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some object some physical object and
+it's got to be a flat object because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be a flat object because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be a flat object because
+we're just dealing with things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just dealing with things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just dealing with things in the
+plane so far but you know you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so far but you know you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so far but you know you have a
+flat metal plate or something and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat metal plate or something and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat metal plate or something and you
+would like to know it's its mass well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know it's its mass well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to know it's its mass well
+its mass is the sum of the masses of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass is the sum of the masses of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass is the sum of the masses of
+everything every single little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every single little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every single little
+piece and so you would get that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and so you would get that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and so you would get that by
+integrating the density the density for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the density the density for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating the density the density for
+a flat object would be the area sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat object would be the area sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat object would be the area sorry
+the mass per unit area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we can get the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can get the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can get the mass
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat object with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density so let's use Delta for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so let's use Delta for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so let's use Delta for
+density which is the mass per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+so each little piece of your object will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each little piece of your object will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each little piece of your object will
+have a mass which will be just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mass which will be just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mass which will be just the
+density times its ARA for each small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times its ARA for each small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times its ARA for each small
+piece and you will get the total mass by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and you will get the total mass by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and you will get the total mass by
+summing these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the mass will be the double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mass will be the double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mass will be the double integral
+of the density times the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density times the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the density times the area
+element now if it has constant density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element now if it has constant density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element now if it has constant density
+you know if it's always the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's always the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's always the same
+material then of course you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material then of course you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material then of course you could just
+take the density out and you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the density out and you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the density out and you will get
+density times the total area you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times the total area you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times the total area you if you
+know that it's always the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's always the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's always the same
+material but if actually it has varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but if actually it has varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but if actually it has varying
+density maybe because it's some metallic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density maybe because it's some metallic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density maybe because it's some metallic
+thing but with various metal so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but with various metal so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but with various metal so with
+varying thickness or something then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying thickness or something then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying thickness or something then you
+can still get the mass by integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still get the mass by integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still get the mass by integrating
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+okay so I me of course looking at flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I me of course looking at flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I me of course looking at flat
+objects might be a little bit strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects might be a little bit strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects might be a little bit strange
+that's because we're only doing double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we're only doing double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because we're only doing double
+integrals so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals so far
+in a few weeks we'll be doing triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few weeks we'll be doing triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few weeks we'll be doing triple
+integrals and then we'll be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and then we'll be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and then we'll be able to do
+solids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids in
+space uh but you know one thing at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay another useful application is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay another useful application is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay another useful application is to
+find the average value of some quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the average value of some quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the average value of some quantity
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+so what does it mean to take the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to take the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to take the average
+value of some function f in this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of some function f in this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of some function f in this region
+R well you know what's the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well you know what's the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well you know what's the average of
+you know a finite set of data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a finite set of data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a finite set of data for
+example if I ask you to compute your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I ask you to compute your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I ask you to compute your
+average score on 1802 problem sets you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average score on 1802 problem sets you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average score on 1802 problem sets you
+would just take the scores add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just take the scores add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just take the scores add them up
+and divide by the number of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by the number of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide by the number of problem
+sets uh what if there's infinitely many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets uh what if there's infinitely many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets uh what if there's infinitely many
+things because you know say ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you know say ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because you know say ask you to
+find the average temperature in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the average temperature in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the average temperature in this
+room well you would have to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room well you would have to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room well you would have to measure the
+temperature everywhere and then add all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature everywhere and then add all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature everywhere and then add all
+of these together and divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these together and divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these together and divide by the
+number of data points but depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data points but depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data points but depending on
+how careful you are actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how careful you are actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how careful you are actually there's
+potentially infinitely many points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinitely many points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinitely many points to
+look at so the mathematical way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so the mathematical way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at so the mathematical way to
+define the average over a continuous set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the average over a continuous set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the average over a continuous set
+of data is that you actually integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data is that you actually integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data is that you actually integrate
+the function of the entire set set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the entire set set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function of the entire set set of
+data and then you divide by the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then you divide by the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and then you divide by the size of
+the sample which is just the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample which is just the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sample which is just the area of the
+region okay so in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so in fact the
+average of f so the notation we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of f so the notation we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of f so the notation we'll use
+usually for that is f with a bar on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for that is f with a bar on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for that is f with a bar on top
+okay to tell us the average F that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to tell us the average F that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to tell us the average F that would
+be so we said we'll take the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we said we'll take the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so we said we'll take the integral of
+f and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and will
+divide by the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region okay you can really think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay you can really think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay you can really think of it
+as the sum of the values of f everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of the values of f everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of the values of f everywhere
+divided by the number of points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everywhere and so that's an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and so that's an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and so that's an average
+where everything is actually equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is actually equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everything is actually equally
+likely you know that's a uniform average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you know that's a uniform average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely you know that's a uniform average
+where all the points in the region all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the points in the region all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where all the points in the region all
+the little pieces of the Orion are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little pieces of the Orion are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little pieces of the Orion are
+equally likely but maybe if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely but maybe if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely but maybe if you want to
+do say an average over some solid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do say an average over some solid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do say an average over some solid with
+variable density or if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable density or if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable density or if you want to
+somehow give more importance to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow give more importance to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow give more importance to certain
+parts than two others then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts than two others then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts than two others then you could
+actually do a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a weighted
+average so what's a weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well you know in the case of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know in the case of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know in the case of taking the
+average of your problem sets if I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of your problem sets if I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of your problem sets if I tell
+you while problem set one is worth twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you while problem set one is worth twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you while problem set one is worth twice
+as much as the others then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as the others then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as the others then you would
+count twice that score in the sum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count twice that score in the sum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count twice that score in the sum and
+then you would divide you would count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would divide you would count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would divide you would count it
+as two of course when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two of course when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two of course when you
+divide so the weighted average is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so the weighted average is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so the weighted average is the
+sum of the values but each weighted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the values but each weighted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the values but each weighted by a
+certain coefficient and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain coefficient and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain coefficient and then you will
+divide by the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the sum of the
+weight so it's a bit the same idea as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so it's a bit the same idea as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight so it's a bit the same idea as
+when we you know replace area by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we you know replace area by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we you know replace area by some
+mass that tells you how important a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that tells you how important a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that tells you how important a
+given piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given piece
+is so we'll actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+density let's call it again that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density let's call it again that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density let's call it again that would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+now well we'll see what we divide by but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well we'll see what we divide by but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well we'll see what we divide by but
+what we will take is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will take is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we will take is the
+integral times of a function time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral times of a function time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral times of a function time the
+density time the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density time the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density time the area
+element because this would correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element because this would correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element because this would correspond to
+the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass
+element telling us how to weight the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element telling us how to weight the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element telling us how to weight the
+various points of our region and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points of our region and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various points of our region and then we
+would divide by the total weight which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would divide by the total weight which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would divide by the total weight which
+is the mass of the region so as defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of the region so as defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of the region so as defined
+up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you know if a density is uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if a density is uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know if a density is uniform
+then of course the density gets out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the density gets out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course the density gets out and
+you know you can simplify and reduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can simplify and reduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can simplify and reduce to
+that if all the points are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+likely okay so why is that important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely okay so why is that important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely okay so why is that important
+well that's important for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's important for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's important for various
+applications but one that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but one that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications but one that you might have
+seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in
+physics we care about maybe where is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics we care about maybe where is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics we care about maybe where is the
+center of mass of a given object okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of a given object okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass of a given object okay so
+the center of mass is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass is basically the
+point you know you would call that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know you would call that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know you would call that point
+to be you know you would say that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know you would say that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know you would say that point
+is right in the middle of the object but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right in the middle of the object but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right in the middle of the object but
+of course if the object has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if the object has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if the object has a very
+strange shape or if somehow part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange shape or if somehow part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange shape or if somehow part of it
+is heavier than the rest then that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heavier than the rest then that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heavier than the rest then that takes
+a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different
+meaning so strictly speaking the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so strictly speaking the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning so strictly speaking the center
+of mass of a solid is the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of a solid is the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass of a solid is the point where
+you would have to concentrate all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to concentrate all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to concentrate all the
+mass if you wanted it to behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass if you wanted it to behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass if you wanted it to behave
+equivalently from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently from the point of view of
+mechanics if you are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics if you are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics if you are trying to do
+translations of that object you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations of that object you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations of that object you know if
+you are going to push that object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to push that object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to push that object that
+would be really where you know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really where you know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really where you know where the
+equivalent Point Mass would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lie the other way to think about it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie the other way to think about it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lie the other way to think about it you
+know if I have a flat object then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have a flat object then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I have a flat object then the
+center of mass is basically the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is basically the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass is basically the point
+where I would need to hold it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would need to hold it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I would need to hold it so that
+it's perfectly balanced you know and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly balanced you know and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's perfectly balanced you know and of
+course I can't do this because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can't do this because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can't do this because I'm not
+well whatever but you get the feeling I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever but you get the feeling I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well whatever but you get the feeling I
+mean the center of mass of this eraser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the center of mass of this eraser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the center of mass of this eraser
+is somewhere in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhere in the middle
+and so in principle that's where I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in principle that's where I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in principle that's where I would
+have to put my finger for it to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put my finger for it to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put my finger for it to stay
+well and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay that's but that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay that's but that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay that's but that's where the
+center of mass should be I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass should be I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass should be I think it's
+should be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so well maybe I shouldn't call this fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well maybe I shouldn't call this fre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well maybe I shouldn't call this fre
+I should call this maybe you know 2 a or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call this maybe you know 2 a or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should call this maybe you know 2 a or
+whatever it's CU it's really a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's CU it's really a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's CU it's really a special
+case of the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the average
+value so how do we find the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so how do we find the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so how do we find the center of
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flat
+object with density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Delta well so if you have your object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta well so if you have your object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta well so if you have your object in
+the XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the XY
+plane then it's Center of mass will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then it's Center of mass will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane then it's Center of mass will be
+at positions that are actually just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at positions that are actually just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at positions that are actually just the
+coordinates of the center of mass will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the center of mass will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of the center of mass will
+just be the weighted aages of X and Y on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the weighted aages of X and Y on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be the weighted aages of X and Y on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+solid okay so the center of mass will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay so the center of mass will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay so the center of mass will be
+at a position that I will call xar Y Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a position that I will call xar Y Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a position that I will call xar Y Bar
+and these are really just the averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are really just the averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are really just the averages
+the average values of X and of Y in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average values of X and of Y in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average values of X and of Y in the
+solid so just to give a formulas again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so just to give a formulas again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so just to give a formulas again
+xar would be one over the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar would be one over the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xar would be one over the mass
+time the double integral of x time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the double integral of x time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the double integral of x time
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+D and same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y y y
+bar is the weighted average of the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is the weighted average of the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is the weighted average of the y
+coordinate in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region okay so you see if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so you see if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region okay so you see if you take a
+region that's symmetric and has uni from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's symmetric and has uni from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that's symmetric and has uni from
+density that will just give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that will just give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that will just give you the
+center of the region but if the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the region but if the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the region but if the region
+has a strange shape or if a density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a strange shape or if a density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a strange shape or if a density is
+not homogeneous if parts of it are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not homogeneous if parts of it are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not homogeneous if parts of it are
+heavier then you know you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier then you know you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier then you know you will get
+whatever the weighted average will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the weighted average will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the weighted average will
+be and that would be the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and that would be the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and that would be the point where
+this think would be balanced if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this think would be balanced if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this think would be balanced if you were
+trying to you know balance it on a pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you know balance it on a pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to you know balance it on a pole
+or on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions so far
+NOP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes uh no sorry no no so when you do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh no sorry no no so when you do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh no sorry no no so when you do I
+mean so here I I set up this I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so here I I set up this I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so here I I set up this I didn't
+set this up as an iterated integral yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this up as an iterated integral yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this up as an iterated integral yet
+okay so here the function that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here the function that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here the function that I'm
+integrating is x * Delta where Delta you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating is x * Delta where Delta you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating is x * Delta where Delta you
+know the density will be given to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the density will be given to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the density will be given to me
+maybe as a function of X and Y and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as a function of X and Y and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe as a function of X and Y and then
+I will integrate this da and da could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will integrate this da and da could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will integrate this da and da could
+mean DX Dy could mean Dy DX could mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean DX Dy could mean Dy DX could mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean DX Dy could mean Dy DX could mean
+Rd Rd Theta I will choose how to set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd Rd Theta I will choose how to set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rd Rd Theta I will choose how to set it
+up depending maybe on the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up depending maybe on the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up depending maybe on the shape of the
+region you know if my solid is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you know if my solid is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region you know if my solid is actually
+just you know going to be round then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know going to be round then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know going to be round then I
+might want to use polar coordinates if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use polar coordinates if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to use polar coordinates if
+it's a square I might want to use XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a square I might want to use XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a square I might want to use XY
+coordinates if it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates if it's more complicated
+well I will choose depending on how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I will choose depending on how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I will choose depending on how I
+feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about
+it yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yes so Delta Delta is the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so Delta Delta is the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes so Delta Delta is the density
+it's in general it's a function of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in general it's a function of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in general it's a function of X and
+Y if you imagine that your solid you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if you imagine that your solid you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if you imagine that your solid you
+know is not homogeneous then its density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is not homogeneous then its density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is not homogeneous then its density
+will depend on which piece of it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on which piece of it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will depend on which piece of it you're
+looking at of course to compute this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at of course to compute this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at of course to compute this you
+need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know the
+density uh if you have a problem asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh if you have a problem asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh if you have a problem asking
+you to find the center of mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the center of mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the center of mass of
+something and you have no information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you have no information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you have no information
+about the density assume it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the density assume it's uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the density assume it's uniform
+you know take the density to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take the density to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take the density to be a
+constant even take it to be one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant even take it to be one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant even take it to be one that's
+even easier if you want I me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier if you want I me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier if you want I me you know
+it's a general fact of math we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a general fact of math we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a general fact of math we don't
+care about units so density you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about units so density you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about units so density you know if
+density is constant we might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is constant we might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is constant we might as well
+take it to be one and that just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to be one and that just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to be one and that just means
+that our mass unit becomes the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our mass unit becomes the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our mass unit becomes the area
+unit yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have that's a good question no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's a good question no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that's a good question no I don't
+think we could actually find the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could actually find the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we could actually find the center
+of mass in polar coordinates by finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass in polar coordinates by finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mass in polar coordinates by finding
+the average of r or the average of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of r or the average of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of r or the average of theta
+see for example take a disk centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example take a disk centered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for example take a disk centered at
+the origin okay well you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay well you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin okay well you know that the
+center of mass should be at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass should be at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass should be at the origin
+right but the average of R is certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the average of R is certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the average of R is certainly
+not zero because R is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero because R is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero because R is positive
+everywhere so that doesn't work you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so that doesn't work you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere so that doesn't work you
+cannot get the polar coordinates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get the polar coordinates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get the polar coordinates of the
+center of mass just by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass just by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass just by taking the
+average of R and the average of theta by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of R and the average of theta by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of R and the average of theta by
+the way what's the average of theta you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way what's the average of theta you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way what's the average of theta you
+know if you take Theta to go from 0 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you take Theta to go from 0 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you take Theta to go from 0 to 2
+pi the average Theta will be Pi if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the average Theta will be Pi if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi the average Theta will be Pi if you
+take it to go fromus pi Pi the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to go fromus pi Pi the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to go fromus pi Pi the average
+Theta will be zero so there's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta will be zero so there's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta will be zero so there's a problem
+there so that that actually just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that that actually just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that that actually just doesn't
+work um so we really have to compute xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um so we really have to compute xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um so we really have to compute xar
+and Y bar but still we could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y bar but still we could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y bar but still we could compute
+them you know we could set this up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know we could set this up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you know we could set this up and
+then switch to Polar coordinates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then switch to Polar coordinates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then switch to Polar coordinates to
+evaluate this integral but we still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this integral but we still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this integral but we still be
+Computing the average values of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+so next thing so we're basically re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next thing so we're basically re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so next thing so we're basically re
+exploring you know mechanics and motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring you know mechanics and motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring you know mechanics and motion
+of solids here so the next thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids here so the next thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids here so the next thing is
+moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia so just to remind you or in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so just to remind you or in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so just to remind you or in case
+you somehow haven't seen it in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow haven't seen it in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you somehow haven't seen it in physics
+yet so the moment of inertia is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so the moment of inertia is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so the moment of inertia is
+basically to rotation of a solid what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to rotation of a solid what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to rotation of a solid what
+the mass is to translation okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass is to translation okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass is to translation okay in the
+following sense Mass the mass of a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sense Mass the mass of a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following sense Mass the mass of a solid
+is what makes it hard to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes it hard to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what makes it hard to push
+it you know how hard it is to throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know how hard it is to throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you know how hard it is to throw
+something is related to its mass how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is related to its mass how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is related to its mass how
+hard it is to spin something on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is to spin something on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard it is to spin something on the
+other hand is given by its moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia maybe I should write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia maybe I should write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia maybe I should write this down
+so mass is how hard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to impart a translation motion to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to impart a translation motion to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to impart a translation motion to a
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+so I'm using fancy words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm using fancy words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm using fancy words
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+and the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia so the difference with the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so the difference with the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia so the difference with the mass
+is that moment of inertia is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that moment of inertia is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that moment of inertia is defined
+about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some
+AIS okay so you choose an axis then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS okay so you choose an axis then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS okay so you choose an axis then you
+will try to measure how hard it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to measure how hard it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to measure how hard it is to
+spin your object around that axis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin your object around that axis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin your object around that axis for
+example I can try to measure how hard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can try to measure how hard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I can try to measure how hard it
+is to spin this sheet of paper about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to spin this sheet of paper about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to spin this sheet of paper about an
+axis that's in the center of it so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis that's in the center of it so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis that's in the center of it so I
+would try to spin like that and see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to spin like that and see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to spin like that and see how
+much effort I have to make well for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much effort I have to make well for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much effort I have to make well for a
+sheet of paper not very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of paper not very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet of paper not very much
+but so that would measure the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that would measure the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that would measure the same thing
+but it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would be
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation
+motion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vexes so maybe some of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vexes so maybe some of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vexes so maybe some of you know the
+definition if not I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if not I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition if not I'm going to try to
+derive it again I'm sorry that it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it again I'm sorry that it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive it again I'm sorry that it won't
+be quite as detailed as the way you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite as detailed as the way you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite as detailed as the way you've
+probably seen it in physics but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen it in physics but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen it in physics but you know
+I'm not trying to replace your physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to replace your physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trying to replace your physics
+teachers I'm sure they're doing a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers I'm sure they're doing a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers I'm sure they're doing a great
+job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so you know what's the idea for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what's the idea for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know what's the idea for the
+definition to to find a formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to to find a formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to to find a formula for
+moment of inertia so the idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia so the idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia so the idea is to
+think about kinetic energy kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about kinetic energy kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about kinetic energy kinetic
+energy is really what you know um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is really what you know um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is really what you know um you
+know when you push something or when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you push something or when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when you push something or when you
+try to make it move you have to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it move you have to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it move you have to provide
+some energy to it and then it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy to it and then it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some energy to it and then it has
+kinetic energy and if you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and if you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and if you have the right
+device then you can convert back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device then you can convert back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device then you can convert back that
+kinetic energy into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy into something
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+so if you try to look at the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you try to look at the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you try to look at the kinetic
+energy of a point Mass so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a point Mass so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a point Mass so you have
+something with mass m going at velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with mass m going at velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with mass m going at velocity
+V well that will be 12 of the masstimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V well that will be 12 of the masstimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V well that will be 12 of the masstimes
+the square of the speed okay hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the speed okay hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the speed okay hopefully
+you've all seen that formula some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen that formula some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen that formula some time
+before now let's say that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now let's say that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before now let's say that instead of
+just trying to push this Mass I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to push this Mass I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just trying to push this Mass I'm going
+to make it spin around something okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it spin around something okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it spin around something okay so
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+just somewhere maybe you know I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just somewhere maybe you know I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just somewhere maybe you know I will
+have here the origin and I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here the origin and I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here the origin and I'm trying to
+actually make it go around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it go around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make it go around the
+origin at a certain you know in a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at a certain you know in a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin at a certain you know in a circle
+at a certain angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity so for a mass m at distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so for a mass m at distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so for a mass m at distance
+R let's call R this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+and angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity let's called the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity let's called the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity let's called the angular
+velocity Omega I think that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Omega I think that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Omega I think that's what
+physicists call it so remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists call it so remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists call it so remember the
+angular velocity is just the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity is just the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity is just the rate of
+change of the angle over time okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the angle over time okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the angle over time okay it's
+def DT if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def DT if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def DT if you
+want well what's theine energy now well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well what's theine energy now well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want well what's theine energy now well
+first we have to find out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to find out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we have to find out what's the
+speed what's the speed well if we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed what's the speed well if we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed what's the speed well if we are
+going on a circle of radius r at angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a circle of radius r at angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on a circle of radius r at angular
+velocity Omega that means that in unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Omega that means that in unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Omega that means that in unit
+time we rotate by Omega and we go by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we rotate by Omega and we go by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we rotate by Omega and we go by a
+distance of R * Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of R * Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of R * Omega okay
+so the the actual speed is the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the actual speed is the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the actual speed is the radius
+times the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the angular
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+and so the kinetic energy is 12 m v^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the kinetic energy is 12 m v^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the kinetic energy is 12 m v^ 2
+which is 12 m r 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 12 m r 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 12 m r 2 Omega
+s and so see by similarity with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and so see by similarity with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and so see by similarity with that
+formula we can think of so here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we can think of so here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we can think of so here the
+coefficient of v s is the mass and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of v s is the mass and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of v s is the mass and here
+we'll say the co efficient of Omega squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say the co efficient of Omega squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say the co efficient of Omega squ
+so this thing is the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing is the moment of
+inertia that's how we def moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia okay now that's only for a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia okay now that's only for a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia okay now that's only for a point
+mass and you know it's kind of fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and you know it's kind of fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and you know it's kind of fun to
+spin just you know a small bowl but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin just you know a small bowl but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin just you know a small bowl but
+maybe you'd like to spin actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'd like to spin actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you'd like to spin actually a
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+solid and try Define this moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and try Define this moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and try Define this moment of
+inertia well the moment of inertia of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia well the moment of inertia of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia well the moment of inertia of a
+solid will be just the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid will be just the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid will be just the sum of the
+moments of inertia of all the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia of all the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia of all the little
+pieces so what we'll do is we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so what we'll do is we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces so what we'll do is we'll just
+cut our solid into little chunks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut our solid into little chunks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut our solid into little chunks and
+we'll sum this thing for each little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a
+solid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid with
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+Delta so each little piece has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass which is the density times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is the density times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is the density times the
+amount of area because it's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of area because it's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of area because it's equal
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+what and the moment of inertia of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and the moment of inertia of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what and the moment of inertia of that
+small portion of the solid will be Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small portion of the solid will be Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small portion of the solid will be Delta
+M the small masstimes r s the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the small masstimes r s the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M the small masstimes r s the square of
+a distance to the center to the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance to the center to the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance to the center to the axis
+around which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around which I'm
+spinning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning
+so that means if I sum this these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if I sum this these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means if I sum this these things
+together well so has moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inertia Delta M * R 2 which is R 2 * for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Delta M * R 2 which is R 2 * for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia Delta M * R 2 which is R 2 * for
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+* Delta a and so I will be summing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Delta a and so I will be summing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Delta a and so I will be summing these
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+together and so the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and so the moment of
+inertia about the origin will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about the origin will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia about the origin will be the
+double integral of r² * time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+da Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da Okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+final formula for the moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final formula for the moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final formula for the moment of
+inertia about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin is the double integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is the double integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin is the double integral of the
+region of r² density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of r² density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of r² density
+da or if you prefer if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da or if you prefer if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da or if you prefer if you're going to
+do it in XY coordinates of course R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in XY coordinates of course R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in XY coordinates of course R
+square becomes x square plus y^ s it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square becomes x square plus y^ s it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square becomes x square plus y^ s it's
+the square of the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance from the
+origin okay so when you integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay so when you integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin okay so when you integrate this
+that tells you how hard it is to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you how hard it is to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you how hard it is to spin
+that solid about the origin so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid about the origin so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solid about the origin so the
+motion that we try to do is we keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that we try to do is we keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that we try to do is we keep this
+fixed and then we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and then we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and then we just
+rotate around the origin well sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around the origin well sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate around the origin well sorry
+that's a pretty bad picture but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty bad picture but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pretty bad picture but
+hopefully you get what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you get what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you get what I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then the rotational energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the rotational energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the rotational energy so
+the name we use for that is is i z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name we use for that is is i z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name we use for that is is i z and
+then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotational kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy is 12 time this moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is 12 time this moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is 12 time this moment of inertia
+time the square of the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the square of the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the square of the angular
+velocity so it's in this sense that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so it's in this sense that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so it's in this sense that this
+replaces the mass for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motions okay what about other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotations so in particular here we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations so in particular here we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations so in particular here we've
+been rotating things about just a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rotating things about just a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rotating things about just a point
+in the plane what you could imagine also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane what you could imagine also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane what you could imagine also
+is instead you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid so what I've done so far is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so what I've done so far is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so what I've done so far is I've
+skewered it this way and I'm rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewered it this way and I'm rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewered it this way and I'm rotating
+around V AIS instead I could skewer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around V AIS instead I could skewer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around V AIS instead I could skewer it
+through say the horizontal axis and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say the horizontal axis and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through say the horizontal axis and and
+then I could try to spin about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could try to spin about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I could try to spin about the
+horizontal axis so then it would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis so then it would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis so then it would you
+know rotate in space in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rotate in space in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know rotate in space in that direction
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say we do rotation about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we do rotation about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we do rotation about the
+xaxis well the idea would still be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis well the idea would still be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis well the idea would still be the
+same okay the moment of inertia for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay the moment of inertia for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay the moment of inertia for any
+small piece of the solid would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of the solid would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of the solid would
+its mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass
+element the square of the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element the square of the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element the square of the distance to
+the axis because that will be the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis because that will be the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axis because that will be the radius
+of a trajectory if you take this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trajectory if you take this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a trajectory if you take this point
+here it's going to go on a circle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to go on a circle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to go on a circle like
+that centered on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that centered on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that centered on the
+x-axis so the radius will just be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis so the radius will just be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis so the radius will just be this
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+here well what's this distance it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well what's this distance it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well what's this distance it's just
+y or maybe absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y or maybe absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y or maybe absolute value of
+y Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to
+xais is absolute value of y and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xais is absolute value of y and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xais is absolute value of y and what we
+actually care about is the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about is the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about is the square of the
+distance so that will just be y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so that will just be y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so that will just be y^
+squ so the moment of inertia about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so the moment of inertia about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ so the moment of inertia about the
+x-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-
+axis is going to be obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is going to be obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is going to be obtained by
+integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating
+y^2 times the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element okay it's slightly strange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay it's slightly strange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element okay it's slightly strange that
+I have y in the inertia about the xaxis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have y in the inertia about the xaxis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have y in the inertia about the xaxis
+but if you think about it y tells me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about it y tells me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about it y tells me how
+far I am from the x-axis so how hard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I am from the x-axis so how hard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I am from the x-axis so how hard it
+will be to spin around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to spin around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be to spin around the
+x-axis okay and I could do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis okay and I could do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis okay and I could do the same
+about any other axis that I want just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any other axis that I want just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about any other axis that I want just I
+would have to sum the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to sum the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to sum the square of the
+distance to the axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation okay so maybe I should do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay so maybe I should do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay so maybe I should do an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh sorry same thing as above this TS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh sorry same thing as above this TS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh sorry same thing as above this TS
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x-axis because that's what we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis because that's what we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis because that's what we care about
+right for the moment of inertia we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the moment of inertia we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for the moment of inertia we want
+the square of the distance to the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance to the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the distance to the axis
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rotation okay so let's do an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay so let's do an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation okay so let's do an example
+let's try to figure out if we have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to figure out if we have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to figure out if we have just
+a uniform disc how hard it is to spin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform disc how hard it is to spin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform disc how hard it is to spin it
+around its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Center okay so that shouldn't be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center okay so that shouldn't be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center okay so that shouldn't be very
+hard to comp to figure out say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to comp to figure out say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to comp to figure out say that we
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis
+of radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a and we want to rotate it about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we want to rotate it about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and we want to rotate it about its
+Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let's say that it's of uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that it's of uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that it's of uniform
+density and let's take just the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and let's take just the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and let's take just the density
+to be one so that you we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one so that you we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be one so that you we don't really
+care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the
+density so what's the moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so what's the moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so what's the moment of inertia
+of that well we have to integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that well we have to integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that well we have to integrate over
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+disk R 2 time the density which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk R 2 time the density which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk R 2 time the density which is 1
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+da okay what's R squ so you have here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da okay what's R squ so you have here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da okay what's R squ so you have here to
+resist the urge to say oh the radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the urge to say oh the radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist the urge to say oh the radius is
+just a we know the radius is a uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a we know the radius is a uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a we know the radius is a uh no
+it's not a because we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a because we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a because we're looking at
+rotation of you know any point inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of you know any point inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of you know any point inside
+this disc and when you're inside the dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disc and when you're inside the dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disc and when you're inside the dis
+the distance to the origin is not a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to the origin is not a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to the origin is not a it's
+less than a it's actually anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a it's actually anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a it's actually anything
+between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+a okay so just you know point out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so just you know point out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so just you know point out a
+pitfall R here is really a function on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfall R here is really a function on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfall R here is really a function on
+this dis and we're going to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dis and we're going to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dis and we're going to integrate
+that function don't plug I equals a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet okay what coordinates do we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay what coordinates do we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay what coordinates do we used to
+compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this
+integral we yeah probably polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we yeah probably polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we yeah probably polar
+coordinates I mean unless you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates I mean unless you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates I mean unless you want to
+repeat of what happened already with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of what happened already with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of what happened already with you
+know X and Y so that will tell us we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X and Y so that will tell us we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know X and Y so that will tell us we
+want to integrate R stimes Rd D Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to integrate R stimes Rd D Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to integrate R stimes Rd D Theta
+and the bounce for R well R will go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bounce for R well R will go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bounce for R well R will go from
+0 to a no matter in which direction I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to a no matter in which direction I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to a no matter in which direction I go
+from the origin if I fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin if I fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the origin if I fix
+Theta R goes from Z to Ral a the part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R goes from Z to Ral a the part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta R goes from Z to Ral a the part of
+this Ray that lives inside the disc is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ray that lives inside the disc is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Ray that lives inside the disc is
+always from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always from 0 to
+a and Theta goes from well 0 to 2 pi for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay and now you can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay and now you can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay and now you can compute
+this integral well I'll let you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral well I'll let you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral well I'll let you figure
+it out but the inner integral becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out but the inner integral becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out but the inner integral becomes a
+4 4 and the outer multiplies things by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 4 and the outer multiplies things by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 4 and the outer multiplies things by 2
+pi so you get Pi a 4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so you get Pi a 4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi so you get Pi a 4 over
+two no yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's how hard it is to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how hard it is to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how hard it is to spin
+this disc now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disc now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disc now what
+about instead of spinning it about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead of spinning it about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead of spinning it about the
+center we decide actually to spin it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center we decide actually to spin it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center we decide actually to spin it
+about a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a point on the
+circumference so you know for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference so you know for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference so you know for example
+think of a frisbee you know frisbee you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a frisbee you know frisbee you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a frisbee you know frisbee you
+know it has this rim and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has this rim and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it has this rim and so you can
+actually try to make it rotate around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to make it rotate around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to make it rotate around
+the point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point on the
+circumference by holding it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference by holding it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference by holding it you know
+near the r and spinning it there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the r and spinning it there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the r and spinning it there how
+much harder is that than around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder is that than around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder is that than around the
+center well we'll try to compute now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center well we'll try to compute now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center well we'll try to compute now the
+moment of inertia about this point so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia about this point so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of inertia about this point so we
+have two options one is we keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two options one is we keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two options one is we keep the
+system of coordinates centered here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of coordinates centered here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of coordinates centered here but
+then the formula for distance to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the formula for distance to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the formula for distance to this
+point becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point becomes
+harder the other option which is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder the other option which is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder the other option which is the one
+I will choose is to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will choose is to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will choose is to change the
+coordinates so that this point becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that this point becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that this point becomes
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+origin okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so about a
+point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what I would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do maybe is set up my region like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do maybe is set up my region like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do maybe is set up my region like
+that you know now I I've moved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know now I I've moved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know now I I've moved the
+origin so that it's on the circumference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that it's on the circumference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so that it's on the circumference
+of the disc and I will again try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disc and I will again try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the disc and I will again try to find
+the moment of inertia of this disc about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia of this disc about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment of inertia of this disc about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+origin so it's still the double integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so it's still the double integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so it's still the double integral
+of R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R2
+da but now I want to find out how to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da but now I want to find out how to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da but now I want to find out how to set
+up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral so I could try to use XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so I could try to use XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so I could try to use XY
+coordinates and it would work or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and it would work or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and it would work or I can
+use polar coordinates and actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use polar coordinates and actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use polar coordinates and actually it
+works a little bit better that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a little bit better that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works a little bit better that
+way but both both are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but both both are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but both both are
+doable so let's say I do it this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable so let's say I do it this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable so let's say I do it this way so
+I have to figure out how to set up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to figure out how to set up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to figure out how to set up my
+bounds right so what have bounds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds right so what have bounds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds right so what have bounds for
+R well if I fix a value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta so it means I chose an angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so it means I chose an angle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so it means I chose an angle here
+and now I'm shooting a ray from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm shooting a ray from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm shooting a ray from the
+origin in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin in that
+direction so I enter my region at Ral Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so I enter my region at Ral Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so I enter my region at Ral Z
+but hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hasn't
+changed question is where do I exit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed question is where do I exit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed question is where do I exit the
+region so what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so what is that
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+okay so maybe you've seen it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe you've seen it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe you've seen it in
+recitation maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation maybe
+not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um
+so let's see well actually I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see well actually I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see well actually I should have
+written down the radius of the circle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down the radius of the circle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down the radius of the circle is
+a so this distance here is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this distance here is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this distance here is 2
+a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you draw this segment in here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you draw this segment in here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you draw this segment in here you
+know that here you have a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that here you have a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that here you have a right
+angle so you have a right triangle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so you have a right triangle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so you have a right triangle the
+hypotenuse here has length 2 a this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse here has length 2 a this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotenuse here has length 2 a this
+angle is Theta well this length is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is Theta well this length is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle is Theta well this length is 2
+a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta okay so the polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so the polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay so the polar coordinates
+equation of this circle passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of this circle passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of this circle passing through
+the origin is Ral 2 a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta so R will go from 0 to 2 a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so R will go from 0 to 2 a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta so R will go from 0 to 2 a cosine
+F okay that's the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay that's the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F okay that's the distance
+here now what are the bounds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what are the bounds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now what are the bounds for
+Theta it's not quite 0 to 2 pi because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta it's not quite 0 to 2 pi because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta it's not quite 0 to 2 pi because
+actually you see in this direction if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you see in this direction if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you see in this direction if I
+shoot a in this direction I will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a in this direction I will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot a in this direction I will never
+meet my region so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet my region so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet my region so I have to
+actually think a bit more well the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think a bit more well the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think a bit more well the the
+directions in which I will actually hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in which I will actually hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions in which I will actually hit
+my circle are all the directions in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circle are all the directions in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circle are all the directions in the
+right half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half of the
+plane okay I mean of course if I shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay I mean of course if I shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay I mean of course if I shoot
+very close to the axis you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the axis you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the axis you might think
+oh I won't be in there but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I won't be in there but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I won't be in there but actually
+that's not true because here the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true because here the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true because here the circle
+is tangent to the axis so okay no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangent to the axis so okay no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tangent to the axis so okay no matter
+which direction I take I will still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction I take I will still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which direction I take I will still have
+a little tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tiny
+piece so the angle actually goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so the angle actually goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece so the angle actually goes from
+minus Pi / 2 to Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Pi / 2 to Pi /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Pi / 2 to Pi /
+2 so now if you compute that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so now if you compute that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so now if you compute that you will
+get well the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get well the inner
+integral will be R 4 4 between 0 and 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be R 4 4 between 0 and 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral will be R 4 4 between 0 and 2 a
+cosine Theta which will turn out to be 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta which will turn out to be 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta which will turn out to be 4
+a 4 cosine 4 Theta and now you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4 cosine 4 Theta and now you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 4 cosine 4 Theta and now you will
+integrate that from minus pi/ 2 to Pi /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 and well that's again the evil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and well that's again the evil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and well that's again the evil
+integral that we had yesterday so either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we had yesterday so either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that we had yesterday so either
+we remember the method from yesterday or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember the method from yesterday or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember the method from yesterday or
+we remember from yesterday that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember from yesterday that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember from yesterday that actually
+there's formulas in the notes to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's formulas in the notes to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's formulas in the notes to help
+you so on home homework you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so on home homework you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so on home homework you can use
+these formulas in the notes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas in the notes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these formulas in the notes at the
+beginning of section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3B there's formulas for these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B there's formulas for these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3B there's formulas for these particular
+kinds of integrals and that will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of integrals and that will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of integrals and that will end up
+being three halves of Pi a to 4 so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being three halves of Pi a to 4 so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being three halves of Pi a to 4 so in
+case you wanted to know it's three times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you wanted to know it's three times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you wanted to know it's three times
+harder to spin a frisbe about a point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to spin a frisbe about a point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to spin a frisbe about a point on
+circumference than around the center see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference than around the center see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumference than around the center see
+we got three times the moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three times the moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got three times the moment of inertia
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center okay that's it have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay that's it have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center okay that's it have a nice
+weekend
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6gffCYK1_nk.txt b/6gffCYK1_nk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d96263d337508201f4d1f9f02758c83d8e48f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6gffCYK1_nk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're talking today with j m xao and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking today with j m xao and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking today with j m xao and
+Ryder pierce the co-founders of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ryder pierce the co-founders of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ryder pierce the co-founders of a very
+interesting organization called Sherpa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting organization called Sherpa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting organization called Sherpa
+share it works in the ride service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it works in the ride service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share it works in the ride service
+business and it provides services both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it provides services both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it provides services both
+to drivers and to uh other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drivers and to uh other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drivers and to uh other people
+companies interested in this business so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies interested in this business so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies interested in this business so
+we're very interested in learning more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very interested in learning more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very interested in learning more
+about what you do why you founded your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you do why you founded your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you do why you founded your
+organization and where it's going so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and where it's going so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization and where it's going so
+welcome thank you for joining us today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome thank you for joining us today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome thank you for joining us today
+thank you thanks for having us so tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thanks for having us so tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thanks for having us so tell
+me what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what is
+sherpashare what is it that you do yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sherpashare what is it that you do yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sherpashare what is it that you do yeah
+so um share is a financial management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um share is a financial management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um share is a financial management
+and a communication platform for on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a communication platform for on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a communication platform for on
+demand workers and uh we basically offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand workers and uh we basically offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand workers and uh we basically offer
+them um to access uh basically offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um to access uh basically offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um to access uh basically offer
+them uh independent ual platform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh independent ual platform to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh independent ual platform to
+access information utility and the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access information utility and the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access information utility and the work
+opportunities to maximize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to maximize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to maximize their
+work and tell me a little bit about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and tell me a little bit about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and tell me a little bit about why
+you formed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you formed this
+organization what uh what led you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what uh what led you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization what uh what led you to do
+it um the fundamental reason is we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the fundamental reason is we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um the fundamental reason is we see
+uh there's a you know fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a you know fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a you know fundamental
+conflict between on demand services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between on demand services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict between on demand services and
+the workers and workers typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers and workers typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers and workers typically
+working for multiple services and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for multiple services and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for multiple services and they
+have growing challenges to manage their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have growing challenges to manage their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have growing challenges to manage their
+work and understand that they all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and understand that they all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and understand that they all the
+working options and uh they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working options and uh they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working options and uh they don't have
+loyalty to any services um at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty to any services um at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loyalty to any services um at the same
+time company are competing for the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time company are competing for the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time company are competing for the same
+Supply pool and they have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply pool and they have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply pool and they have very high
+acquisition cost and uh so we think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition cost and uh so we think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition cost and uh so we think uh
+30 uh party buffer layer in between can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 uh party buffer layer in between can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 uh party buffer layer in between can
+benefit both side so that's why uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit both side so that's why uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit both side so that's why uh we
+position us to serve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position us to serve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position us to serve that
+need and so who do you define as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and so who do you define as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and so who do you define as your
+customers for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers for your
+services so typically it's been uh ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so typically it's been uh ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so typically it's been uh ride
+share drivers is who we've started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share drivers is who we've started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share drivers is who we've started with
+um and those typically Uber lift um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those typically Uber lift um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those typically Uber lift um
+formerly sidecar and and delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly sidecar and and delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly sidecar and and delivery
+companies as well although we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies as well although we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies as well although we'd like to
+expand to other Independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand to other Independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand to other Independent
+Drivers and do the uh companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drivers and do the uh companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drivers and do the uh companies
+themselves come to you with ideas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves come to you with ideas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves come to you with ideas for
+your services or ask you for uh either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your services or ask you for uh either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your services or ask you for uh either
+information on uh that's helpful to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on uh that's helpful to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on uh that's helpful to them
+as well um some yeah especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um some yeah especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um some yeah especially for
+smaller players so basically they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller players so basically they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller players so basically they're
+looking for a channel to acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a channel to acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a channel to acquire
+supplies um but for the actually for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies um but for the actually for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplies um but for the actually for the
+workers they also looking for a thir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers they also looking for a thir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers they also looking for a thir
+party channel to exchange information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party channel to exchange information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party channel to exchange information as
+well yeah yeah what I find fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah yeah what I find fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah yeah what I find fascinating
+is you characterize sherpashare as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you characterize sherpashare as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you characterize sherpashare as an
+intermediary not as a representative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary not as a representative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary not as a representative or
+an advocate for one party or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advocate for one party or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advocate for one party or the other
+tell me more about how that works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me more about how that works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me more about how that works and
+why you're positioning uh uh sherpashare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're positioning uh uh sherpashare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're positioning uh uh sherpashare
+in this kind of middle category category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of middle category category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of middle category category
+what do each of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do each of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do each of the different
+stakeholders get uh from your services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders get uh from your services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stakeholders get uh from your services
+yeah so um as I said like most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um as I said like most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um as I said like most the
+workers actually working for multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers actually working for multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers actually working for multiple
+services so because they are working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so because they are working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so because they are working for
+multiple Services they need tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Services they need tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Services they need tools to
+manage their earnings from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage their earnings from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage their earnings from different
+sources uh check their personal expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh check their personal expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources uh check their personal expenses
+understand their tax liability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their tax liability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand their tax liability right
+Navigator increasingly more uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navigator increasingly more uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navigator increasingly more uh more
+working options and uh no single anous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working options and uh no single anous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working options and uh no single anous
+servic can actually provide it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servic can actually provide it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servic can actually provide it you know
+necessary tools to help them um and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary tools to help them um and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary tools to help them um and on
+other side is on service are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side is on service are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side is on service are very
+powerful and workers actually on a Weck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and workers actually on a Weck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and workers actually on a Weck
+side and they don't they are forced into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and they don't they are forced into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and they don't they are forced into
+a silo situation so that's why we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silo situation so that's why we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silo situation so that's why we think
+like uh sh share uh as a 30 party can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh sh share uh as a 30 party can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh sh share uh as a 30 party can
+provide a value on both side make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a value on both side make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a value on both side make the
+transaction more smooth and efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction more smooth and efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction more smooth and efficient
+good yeah for example so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah for example so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah for example so the the the
+workers um don't have loyalty as Jay-Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers um don't have loyalty as Jay-Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers um don't have loyalty as Jay-Z
+said and so um workers need a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and so um workers need a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and so um workers need a place
+where they can manage their multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can manage their multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can manage their multiple
+work options and also communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work options and also communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work options and also communicate with
+each other and exchange information um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and exchange information um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and exchange information um
+and the problem that companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem that companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem that companies are
+having is they basically don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having is they basically don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having is they basically don't have a
+good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way
+to uh demand loyalty or command loyalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh demand loyalty or command loyalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh demand loyalty or command loyalty
+and that's that's one of the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's one of the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that's one of the things we
+see they're struggling with quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're struggling with quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see they're struggling with quite a bit
+how do they actually convince a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they actually convince a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they actually convince a driver
+driver who has multiple options to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver who has multiple options to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver who has multiple options to work
+for them mhm and that's in many ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them mhm and that's in many ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them mhm and that's in many ways the
+challenge of the ond demand economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of the ond demand economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of the ond demand economy
+where you don't have a direct employer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have a direct employer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you don't have a direct employer
+and employee relationship uh in place uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employee relationship uh in place uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and employee relationship uh in place uh
+so that the the interaction is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the the interaction is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the the interaction is a little
+bit uh more fluid so I think that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh more fluid so I think that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh more fluid so I think that's a a
+very interesting point so your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting point so your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting point so your uh your
+servic has come via an app take me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servic has come via an app take me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servic has come via an app take me
+through the app if I'm a driver what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the app if I'm a driver what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the app if I'm a driver what do
+I do how do I get access to it what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do how do I get access to it what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do how do I get access to it what will
+I learn by uh using your app yeah so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learn by uh using your app yeah so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I learn by uh using your app yeah so our
+service actually uh have a mobile app we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service actually uh have a mobile app we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service actually uh have a mobile app we
+also have a website so uh we provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a website so uh we provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have a website so uh we provide a
+tool to help you to Consolidated all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to help you to Consolidated all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to help you to Consolidated all
+your earnings into one place we also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your earnings into one place we also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your earnings into one place we also use
+a mobile app to track your expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mobile app to track your expense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mobile app to track your expense
+automatically now since currently we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically now since currently we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically now since currently we're
+focus on the drivers so the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the drivers so the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the drivers so the biggest
+expense for them actually is a mileage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense for them actually is a mileage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense for them actually is a mileage
+so we track the mileage for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we track the mileage for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we track the mileage for them
+automatically we all also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically we all also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically we all also have a
+so-called heat map which is a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called heat map which is a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called heat map which is a cross
+sourced uh map show where the Hotpot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourced uh map show where the Hotpot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourced uh map show where the Hotpot for
+the drivers in real time so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drivers in real time so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drivers in real time so they can
+based on he map decide when and where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on he map decide when and where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on he map decide when and where to
+work for which service and uh uh we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for which service and uh uh we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for which service and uh uh we also
+have a so called a chat feature it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so called a chat feature it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a so called a chat feature it's a
+kind of chat room so drivers can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chat room so drivers can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of chat room so drivers can you
+know get help get support from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know get help get support from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know get help get support from other
+drivers um yeah that's basically what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers um yeah that's basically what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers um yeah that's basically what we
+have now um actually we are launching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now um actually we are launching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now um actually we are launching a
+new app uh of last week we launched a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new app uh of last week we launched a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new app uh of last week we launched a
+brand new app that basically took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new app that basically took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brand new app that basically took the
+chat feature and gave it its own home um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat feature and gave it its own home um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat feature and gave it its own home um
+so when we launched the chat in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we launched the chat in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we launched the chat in our
+existing app and we found that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing app and we found that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing app and we found that uh
+drivers it was a strong need for drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers it was a strong need for drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers it was a strong need for drivers
+to communicate with each other to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate with each other to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to communicate with each other to ask
+questions uh to give status updates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh to give status updates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions uh to give status updates
+what's it like downtown right now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it like downtown right now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it like downtown right now for
+example when does the game get out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when does the game get out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when does the game get out and
+so last week we launched a new app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last week we launched a new app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last week we launched a new app
+dedicated to basically allowing drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to basically allowing drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to basically allowing drivers
+to exchange information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchange information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchange information
+yeah called a house real time exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah called a house real time exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah called a house real time exchange
+where was for example when when I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was for example when when I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where was for example when when I came
+in this morning I posted something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this morning I posted something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this morning I posted something
+saying hey we're going to be in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey we're going to be in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hey we're going to be in Boston
+talking about driver issues anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about driver issues anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about driver issues anything you
+want us to talk about and we had several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to talk about and we had several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to talk about and we had several
+drivers right away respond couple couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers right away respond couple couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers right away respond couple couple
+of the points were you know let repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the points were you know let repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the points were you know let repeat
+add Uber should add tips for drivers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Uber should add tips for drivers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add Uber should add tips for drivers so
+that was that was one that drivers yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was one that drivers yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that was one that drivers yeah
+tips was the one and a few others um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips was the one and a few others um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips was the one and a few others um
+basically saying that drivers want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying that drivers want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying that drivers want to
+communicate more so like if companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate more so like if companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate more so like if companies
+can do more or if we can do more to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do more or if we can do more to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do more or if we can do more to help
+drivers communicate it's a strong need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers communicate it's a strong need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers communicate it's a strong need
+that's very interesting that drivers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very interesting that drivers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very interesting that drivers are
+they operate independently separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate independently separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate independently separately
+they're all in their own vehicle and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in their own vehicle and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in their own vehicle and so
+on but they're looking for some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but they're looking for some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but they're looking for some sense of
+community and Communications that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and Communications that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community and Communications that's uh
+and that's a service that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a service that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a service that you can
+provide that's very interesting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide that's very interesting yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide that's very interesting yeah
+there are like a two fundamental need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like a two fundamental need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are like a two fundamental need
+drivers need the number one is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers need the number one is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers need the number one is always
+Financial need the second need actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial need the second need actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial need the second need actually
+we call social need so basically they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call social need so basically they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call social need so basically they
+need a channel to talk about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a channel to talk about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a channel to talk about their
+career and so basically they talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and so basically they talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and so basically they talk to
+passengers every day but they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers every day but they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers every day but they need to
+talk to other drivers talk about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to other drivers talk about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to other drivers talk about their
+company talk about their you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company talk about their you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company talk about their you know
+so-called career in some way um so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called career in some way um so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called career in some way um so we we
+want to become that channel yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to become that channel yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to become that channel yeah well
+that's a fascinating uh opportunity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fascinating uh opportunity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fascinating uh opportunity for
+people to do it in a modern way do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do it in a modern way do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do it in a modern way do you
+know if this creates any social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this creates any social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this creates any social
+networking where people drivers actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking where people drivers actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking where people drivers actually
+physically get together and form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically get together and form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically get together and form
+community or is it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community or is it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community or is it all
+online it both actually yeah there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online it both actually yeah there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online it both actually yeah there is
+some offline we see more um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some offline we see more um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some offline we see more um I mean
+online is the big one because everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online is the big one because everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online is the big one because everyone
+has different schedules and so it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different schedules and so it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different schedules and so it's hard
+to align but traditional employment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align but traditional employment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to align but traditional employment of
+course had lunch break the break room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course had lunch break the break room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course had lunch break the break room
+the water cooler which doesn't exist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water cooler which doesn't exist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water cooler which doesn't exist for
+the drivers and so the I mean we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drivers and so the I mean we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drivers and so the I mean we would
+like to replicate the online chat as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to replicate the online chat as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to replicate the online chat as the
+that the water cooler area we do see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the water cooler area we do see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the water cooler area we do see in
+some cities where there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cities where there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cities where there are a lot of
+drivers the drivers will coordinate hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers the drivers will coordinate hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers the drivers will coordinate hey
+I'm taking a break um at this coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking a break um at this coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm taking a break um at this coffee
+shop now and and try to get a few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop now and and try to get a few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop now and and try to get a few people
+together so we so it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we so it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so we so it's kind of the
+beauty of our platform drivers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of our platform drivers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty of our platform drivers can
+organize um whatever they want whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize um whatever they want whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize um whatever they want whether
+that's discussions or offline meetups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discussions or offline meetups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's discussions or offline meetups
+another name another name for on demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name another name for on demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name another name for on demand
+industry some people call o2o which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry some people call o2o which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry some people call o2o which is
+online to offline or offline to online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to offline or offline to online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online to offline or offline to online
+actually our community is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our community is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually our community is very
+interesting we develop a community from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we develop a community from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting we develop a community from
+offline to online but eventually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline to online but eventually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline to online but eventually also
+want to bring online to offline in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring online to offline in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring online to offline in some
+way yeahh well there all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeahh well there all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way yeahh well there all kinds of
+opportunities for that kind of kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for that kind of kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for that kind of kind of
+interaction well let's let's talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction well let's let's talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction well let's let's talk more
+specifically about the drivers and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about the drivers and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about the drivers and how
+they are doing financially uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing financially uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are doing financially uh you're
+providing both information for helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing both information for helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing both information for helping
+them build a social network but also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them build a social network but also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them build a social network but also to
+assess their own Financial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess their own Financial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess their own Financial uh
+situation uh what are you hearing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh what are you hearing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation uh what are you hearing from
+drivers what what can you say about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers what what can you say about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers what what can you say about uh
+how they are doing uh financi now over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they are doing uh financi now over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they are doing uh financi now over
+time mhm yeah the biggest thing we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time mhm yeah the biggest thing we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time mhm yeah the biggest thing we found
+um at a fundamental level was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a fundamental level was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at a fundamental level was a lot of
+these drivers are firsttime independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drivers are firsttime independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these drivers are firsttime independent
+workers and so understanding expenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and so understanding expenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers and so understanding expenses
+mileage tracking uh wasn't really there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mileage tracking uh wasn't really there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mileage tracking uh wasn't really there
+so they didn't have a basis for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they didn't have a basis for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they didn't have a basis for that and
+so what that meant was whatever Uber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that meant was whatever Uber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that meant was whatever Uber and
+Lyft and other companies marketed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyft and other companies marketed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyft and other companies marketed to
+them if they say $35 an hour um drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they say $35 an hour um drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they say $35 an hour um drivers
+didn't have a good sense of what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a good sense of what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a good sense of what their
+actual net earnings was and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual net earnings was and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual net earnings was and that's why
+we started that's how we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started that's how we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started that's how we started
+basically showing them here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically showing them here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically showing them here's what
+you're actually making um another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually making um another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually making um another uh
+issue we saw was um yeah that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue we saw was um yeah that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue we saw was um yeah that basically
+drivers didn't know how to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers didn't know how to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers didn't know how to optimize
+their work and um so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and um so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and um so those are the
+couple things we've helped them with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things we've helped them with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things we've helped them with and
+so we put out reports every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put out reports every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put out reports every once in a
+while that show Trends in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that show Trends in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while that show Trends in different
+cities um and we do see that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um and we do see that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities um and we do see that you know
+earnings per trip I mean they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings per trip I mean they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings per trip I mean they do
+fluctuate in some cities they go up some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate in some cities they go up some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate in some cities they go up some
+they go down of course people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down of course people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go down of course people's
+schedules are vastly different so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules are vastly different so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules are vastly different so it's
+um it's always been very difficult to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's always been very difficult to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's always been very difficult to to
+point to a trend in in either direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to a trend in in either direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to a trend in in either direction
+MH um but but what I will say is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH um but but what I will say is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH um but but what I will say is that uh
+we we notice that the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we notice that the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we notice that the vast majority of
+these workers are doing this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these workers are doing this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these workers are doing this for
+supplemental income and so this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental income and so this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplemental income and so this might be
+10 hours a week or 20 hours a week um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 hours a week or 20 hours a week um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 hours a week or 20 hours a week um
+and that's in the range of they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in the range of they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in the range of they might
+make a couple hundred dollars more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple hundred dollars more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple hundred dollars more in
+addition to full-time work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to full-time work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to full-time work
+what do you hear from the drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you hear from the drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you hear from the drivers
+themselves what would they like sherp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves what would they like sherp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves what would they like sherp
+aare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aare to
+do um they they definitely like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um they they definitely like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um they they definitely like uh
+always want to make more money yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to make more money yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to make more money yeah and
+uh so whatever we do can increase their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so whatever we do can increase their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so whatever we do can increase their
+uh income uh they they will love it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh income uh they they will love it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh income uh they they will love it so
+we basically organize our servicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically organize our servicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically organize our servicing
+three bucket right the first one is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bucket right the first one is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three bucket right the first one is um
+help them to sort of like a manage count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them to sort of like a manage count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them to sort of like a manage count
+their money right manage their money uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money right manage their money uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money right manage their money uh
+second is basically how to help them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is basically how to help them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second is basically how to help them to
+optimize their income the third bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize their income the third bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize their income the third bucket
+is basically how to help them make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically how to help them make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically how to help them make more
+money so uh if you look at our services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so uh if you look at our services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so uh if you look at our services
+basically we provideed some personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we provideed some personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we provideed some personal
+utility tools so help them to count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility tools so help them to count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility tools so help them to count
+their money then we'll build a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money then we'll build a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money then we'll build a community
+so uh with some cross Source information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with some cross Source information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh with some cross Source information
+so they can make better decisions every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can make better decisions every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can make better decisions every
+day hopefully they can optimize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day hopefully they can optimize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day hopefully they can optimize their
+work and maximize income the third thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and maximize income the third thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and maximize income the third thing
+we eventually will will do is is connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eventually will will do is is connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we eventually will will do is is connect
+them with new working opportunities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with new working opportunities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with new working opportunities so
+we can they can make more money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can they can make more money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can they can make more money
+yeah and so that's how what the drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's how what the drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so that's how what the drivers
+get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from
+you uh what's your Revenue model how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what's your Revenue model how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what's your Revenue model how do
+you uh survive and and and uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh survive and and and uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh survive and and and uh you have
+investors now uh as a startup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors now uh as a startup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors now uh as a startup
+organization but you are a for-profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but you are a for-profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization but you are a for-profit
+business so what's the the model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so what's the the model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so what's the the model for
+generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating
+Revenue yeah so um we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue yeah so um we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Revenue yeah so um we are
+intermediate layer between the Ana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate layer between the Ana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate layer between the Ana
+services and the workers and uh so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and the workers and uh so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services and the workers and uh so we we
+also a a layer between workers and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a a layer between workers and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a a layer between workers and uh
+other worker related services and worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other worker related services and worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other worker related services and worker
+and consumer right so we eventually will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumer right so we eventually will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consumer right so we eventually will
+make money from every relationship so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from every relationship so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money from every relationship so we
+will start with uh some Premier Services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start with uh some Premier Services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start with uh some Premier Services
+on the worker side uh then try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the worker side uh then try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the worker side uh then try to make
+up some money uh on the company side uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some money uh on the company side uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up some money uh on the company side uh
+through some marketing and uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some marketing and uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some marketing and uh kind of
+things yeah so marketing opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah so marketing opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things yeah so marketing opportunities
+for companies and pay for services from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies and pay for services from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for companies and pay for services from
+drivers for more premium kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers for more premium kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers for more premium kind of
+information and and material exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and and material exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and and material exactly so
+an example of that would be um what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that would be um what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of that would be um what's
+most valuable to drivers now is tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most valuable to drivers now is tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most valuable to drivers now is tracking
+mileage because that's a direct number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mileage because that's a direct number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mileage because that's a direct number
+they can look at and use for tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can look at and use for tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can look at and use for tax
+deduction and so that's something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction and so that's something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduction and so that's something where
+a lot of other Utility Services charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other Utility Services charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other Utility Services charge
+for and drivers are willing to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and drivers are willing to pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and drivers are willing to pay for
+um so that's one example on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's one example on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's one example on the the
+worker side they'll pay for that utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker side they'll pay for that utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker side they'll pay for that utility
+and the the company side they'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the company side they'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the company side they'll see
+that there's a network of drivers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a network of drivers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a network of drivers who
+have a certain level of experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain level of experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain level of experience in
+the space and of course those are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and of course those are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space and of course those are um
+potential uh drivers that they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh drivers that they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh drivers that they want to
+Target so that's of course they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target so that's of course they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target so that's of course they're
+interested in both acquiring those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in both acquiring those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in both acquiring those
+drivers and then once they've acquired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and then once they've acquired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers and then once they've acquired
+them convincing them to work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them convincing them to work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them convincing them to work on a
+certain day yeah so so in some respects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain day yeah so so in some respects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain day yeah so so in some respects
+you can be a recruit recuiting agency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a recruit recuiting agency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be a recruit recuiting agency or
+help them to identify the pool of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them to identify the pool of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them to identify the pool of
+potential uh drivers for them so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh drivers for them so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential uh drivers for them so that's
+that's a really important service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really important service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really important service
+because that must be very difficult what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that must be very difficult what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that must be very difficult what
+what do you find as how stable are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you find as how stable are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you find as how stable are these
+drivers how long do they stay do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers how long do they stay do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers how long do they stay do they
+turn over a lot uh what's what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn over a lot uh what's what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn over a lot uh what's what's your
+experience telling you there's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience telling you there's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience telling you there's quite
+there's a natural turn for this industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a natural turn for this industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a natural turn for this industry
+yeah and uh um sometimes we use a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh um sometimes we use a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and uh um sometimes we use a metal
+for uh travel industry so more more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh travel industry so more more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh travel industry so more more like
+for like a travel industry like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a travel industry like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like a travel industry like like
+every family they might travel two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every family they might travel two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every family they might travel two to
+three times a year something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a year something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times a year something like that
+but for this industry more like people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this industry more like people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this industry more like people
+will on and off uh kind of thing um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will on and off uh kind of thing um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will on and off uh kind of thing um so
+for us it's more like we provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's more like we provide a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us it's more like we provide a
+platform with data and information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform with data and information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform with data and information that
+whenever they decide to you know do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they decide to you know do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they decide to you know do
+something in this industry they will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in this industry they will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in this industry they will go
+to superare um and uh and uh hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to superare um and uh and uh hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to superare um and uh and uh hopefully
+you know with uh the industry become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with uh the industry become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know with uh the industry become
+more mature the out higher I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mature the out higher I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more mature the out higher I think the
+people people will find that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people will find that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people will find that this is
+more a legit viable work option for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a legit viable work option for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a legit viable work option for them
+make a living yeah yeah so an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a living yeah yeah so an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a living yeah yeah so an example of
+that would be um someone who on boards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be um someone who on boards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be um someone who on boards
+with Uber for example might only really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Uber for example might only really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Uber for example might only really
+want that income for a month or a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that income for a month or a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that income for a month or a week
+even to to have some supp income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to to have some supp income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even to to have some supp income and
+then leave for 6 months and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then leave for 6 months and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then leave for 6 months and that's a
+pattern we see where people really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern we see where people really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern we see where people really want
+supp income for a fixed period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supp income for a fixed period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supp income for a fixed period of time
+and then they might leave and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they might leave and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they might leave and the
+question that we're always wondering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're always wondering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we're always wondering is
+at and we believe at some point they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and we believe at some point they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and we believe at some point they'll
+come back because they want extra income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back because they want extra income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back because they want extra income
+it's a question of like when when's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a question of like when when's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a question of like when when's the
+next phase of their of their life where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next phase of their of their life where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next phase of their of their life where
+they'll need supplemental income so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll need supplemental income so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll need supplemental income so
+could be students is a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be students is a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be students is a good example
+where students will um on on our way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students will um on on our way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where students will um on on our way
+over here we had an Uber driver who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we had an Uber driver who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we had an Uber driver who was
+also a full-time student and a full-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a full-time student and a full-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a full-time student and a full-time
+driver and he fits in his driving when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver and he fits in his driving when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver and he fits in his driving when
+he's a student but after he's done after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a student but after he's done after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a student but after he's done after
+he graduates he'll probably find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he graduates he'll probably find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he graduates he'll probably find a
+full-time job and scale back on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time job and scale back on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-time job and scale back on the
+driving so you fit it into sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving so you fit it into sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving so you fit it into sort of the
+life course as people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life course as people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life course as people's
+uh life changes and and responsibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh life changes and and responsibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh life changes and and responsibilities
+change and time allocations change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and time allocations change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and time allocations change right
+and the the other end is when people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the other end is when people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the other end is when people are
+um older and they have more free time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um older and they have more free time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um older and they have more free time
+they'll also become drivers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll also become drivers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll also become drivers as
+well there are a lot of controversies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are a lot of controversies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there are a lot of controversies in
+this industry as you know uh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry as you know uh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this industry as you know uh questions
+about whether drivers should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether drivers should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether drivers should be
+independent contractors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent contractors or
+employees concerns uh on some chat uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees concerns uh on some chat uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees concerns uh on some chat uh
+rooms and and uh various online uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and and uh various online uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooms and and uh various online uh uh uh
+link linking mechanisms that uh Uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link linking mechanisms that uh Uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link linking mechanisms that uh Uber
+doesn't really care about the drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really care about the drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really care about the drivers
+what are you hearing where where are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you hearing where where are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you hearing where where are you
+positioned do you hear these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned do you hear these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned do you hear these kinds of
+things do you see them as credible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do you see them as credible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things do you see them as credible
+what's your view of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your view of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your view of some of the
+critiques of this industry at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques of this industry at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critiques of this industry at the
+moment I I think some concerns are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I I think some concerns are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I I think some concerns are are
+true in some degree um and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in some degree um and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in some degree um and uh you know
+we are kind of happy that we see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are kind of happy that we see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are kind of happy that we see some
+other groups uh supporting workers as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups uh supporting workers as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other groups uh supporting workers as
+well and we are very honored to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we are very honored to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and we are very honored to be a
+very important channel for dver to voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important channel for dver to voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important channel for dver to voice
+up their concerns um we actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their concerns um we actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up their concerns um we actually want to
+take a new to Independent position I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a new to Independent position I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a new to Independent position I
+think the entire on industry need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the entire on industry need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the entire on industry need
+protection right so basically we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection right so basically we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection right so basically we
+definitely need to protect workers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need to protect workers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need to protect workers but
+we also need to protect the the service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need to protect the the service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also need to protect the the service
+side uh so I think the the better way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh so I think the the better way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side uh so I think the the better way is
+you know collect data um build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know collect data um build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know collect data um build some
+channels allow them to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels allow them to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels allow them to communicate
+uh I think eventually they will find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think eventually they will find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think eventually they will find a
+balance somewhere yeah good well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance somewhere yeah good well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance somewhere yeah good well I think
+this this role of providing information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this role of providing information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this role of providing information
+as a as a basis for fostering more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a basis for fostering more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a basis for fostering more
+Communications uh between all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications uh between all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications uh between all of the
+parties who have a stake in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties who have a stake in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties who have a stake in this
+industry is as an important service that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is as an important service that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry is as an important service that
+you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're
+providing so help me uh Envision where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing so help me uh Envision where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing so help me uh Envision where
+you will be five years from now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be five years from now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be five years from now what
+will sherp aare look like if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sherp aare look like if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sherp aare look like if you are
+successful um we want to become the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um we want to become the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful um we want to become the
+number one support platform for on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one support platform for on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one support platform for on
+workers uh around the globe and So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers uh around the globe and So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers uh around the globe and So
+currently we are only focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently we are only focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently we are only focus on the
+driver driver vertical only in the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver driver vertical only in the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver driver vertical only in the US
+market uh but we want to expand to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh but we want to expand to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh but we want to expand to other
+vertical and other regions as well um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and other regions as well um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and other regions as well um so
+that's that's that's we Our Hope in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's we Our Hope in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's that's we Our Hope in the
+next five yes yeah so basically all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five yes yeah so basically all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next five yes yeah so basically all
+those workers will be exchanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those workers will be exchanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those workers will be exchanging
+information on our platform and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on our platform and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on our platform and so
+whatever whatever service they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever service they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever whatever service they want to
+work for whatever opinion they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for whatever opinion they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work for whatever opinion they have
+they'll use sherp share as like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll use sherp share as like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll use sherp share as like their
+the exchange for that information so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange for that information so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange for that information so the
+the the your point earlier about giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the your point earlier about giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the your point earlier about giving
+them a voice is something we really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a voice is something we really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a voice is something we really want
+to emphasize so we don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize so we don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize so we don't necessarily
+care what the voice is but we give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what the voice is but we give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what the voice is but we give you
+the channel to basically express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel to basically express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel to basically express
+yourself yeah the ultimate Vision I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself yeah the ultimate Vision I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself yeah the ultimate Vision I'm
+thinking is it's more like a a driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is it's more like a a driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is it's more like a a driver
+say I have eight hours to work and uh sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have eight hours to work and uh sh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have eight hours to work and uh sh
+can put up a working portfolio for him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put up a working portfolio for him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put up a working portfolio for him
+so he can hit his financial goal on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he can hit his financial goal on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he can hit his financial goal on the
+daily basis so they can look at where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily basis so they can look at where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily basis so they can look at where
+their optimal opportunities are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their optimal opportunities are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their optimal opportunities are what
+times of day what days of the week and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of day what days of the week and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of day what days of the week and
+how to balance that with all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to balance that with all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to balance that with all of their
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+responsibilities and be efficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and be efficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities and be efficient in
+making those choices well it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those choices well it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making those choices well it's very
+interesting it's a very creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's a very creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it's a very creative
+organization we appreciate your sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we appreciate your sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we appreciate your sharing
+your insights with you with us for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your insights with you with us for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your insights with you with us for this
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+uh we wish you all the best and uh thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we wish you all the best and uh thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we wish you all the best and uh thank
+you very much for taking the time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much for taking the time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you very much for taking the time to
+come across the country you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across the country you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across the country you don't have
+an Uber service in the air yet so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Uber service in the air yet so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Uber service in the air yet so I
+guess you had to um go by commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you had to um go by commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess you had to um go by commercial
+airline until you land and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline until you land and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline until you land and then you
+could right we didn't take Uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could right we didn't take Uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could right we didn't take Uber
+helicopter you didn't take Uber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter you didn't take Uber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter you didn't take Uber
+helicopter well maybe someday that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter well maybe someday that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter well maybe someday that uh
+that'll be part of all of our future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be part of all of our future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be part of all of our future so
+thank you very much thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much thank you
+thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7EKztFcTiUU.txt b/7EKztFcTiUU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28881a3f1148cfa5521c3fb05c04df586cd21f31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7EKztFcTiUU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation I have
+here a little bit of a a strange problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit of a a strange problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a little bit of a a strange problem
+for you um so let me just tell it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um so let me just tell it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you um so let me just tell it to you
+and then I'll and then I'll give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll and then I'll give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll and then I'll give you
+some time to work on it so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to work on it so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time to work on it so I want to
+define a function G of X and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function G of X and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function G of X and I want to
+Define it piecewise so when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it piecewise so when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define it piecewise so when X is
+positive I just want G of x to be 1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I just want G of x to be 1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive I just want G of x to be 1 /x
+but when X is negative I want G of x to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when X is negative I want G of x to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when X is negative I want G of x to
+be 1/x plus two so I've got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1/x plus two so I've got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 1/x plus two so I've got a little
+graph here of the of the function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here of the of the function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph here of the of the function so
+you've got you know when X is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know when X is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got you know when X is positive
+it's just your usual yal 1/x but when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just your usual yal 1/x but when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just your usual yal 1/x but when X
+is negative I I've taken that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative I I've taken that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative I I've taken that I've
+shifted it up by two so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted it up by two so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted it up by two so this is a
+perfectly good function it's not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good function it's not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good function it's not defined
+as zero okay so what I would like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zero okay so what I would like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as zero okay so what I would like you to
+do is to compute the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to compute the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to compute the derivative of this
+function wherever it's defined um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wherever it's defined um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function wherever it's defined um and
+you'll notice when you get there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice when you get there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice when you get there that
+you'll have some uh you'll you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some uh you'll you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some uh you'll you'll get
+some answer and maybe you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some answer and maybe you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some answer and maybe you'll notice
+something a little weird about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little weird about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little weird about that
+answer um so if you notice something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um so if you notice something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer um so if you notice something
+weird about it what I want you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird about it what I want you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird about it what I want you to do is
+is try and explain why this is true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try and explain why this is true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try and explain why this is true and
+if you don't noce something weird then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't noce something weird then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't noce something weird then
+you know come back and and we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know come back and and we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know come back and and we'll we'll
+talk about it together so so why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it together so so why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it together so so why don't
+you pause the video go do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video go do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video go do that
+computation and and think about what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and and think about what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation and and think about what if
+there's something strange going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something strange going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something strange going on here
+um and then come back and we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then come back and we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then come back and we can talk
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together welcome back hopefully you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back hopefully you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back hopefully you had
+some fun working on this problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun working on this problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun working on this problem and
+thinking about it so let's let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it so let's let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it so let's let's do the
+the first part which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part which is just the
+computational part let's let's have a go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational part let's let's have a go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational part let's let's have a go
+at it um so because this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it um so because this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it um so because this function is
+defined piecewise when we compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined piecewise when we compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined piecewise when we compute a
+derivative we can just compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we can just compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we can just compute the
+derivative on the different pieces so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative on the different pieces so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative on the different pieces so
+the function isn't defined at zero so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function isn't defined at zero so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function isn't defined at zero so of
+course it doesn't have a derivative at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't have a derivative at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it doesn't have a derivative at
+zero and so but then we can compute a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so but then we can compute a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so but then we can compute a
+derivative when X is positive and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when X is positive and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative when X is positive and we can
+compute a derivative when X is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a derivative when X is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a derivative when X is negative
+so so when X is bigger than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G Prime of X well that's just D over DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime of X well that's just D over DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G Prime of X well that's just D over DX
+of 1 /x so that's something we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 /x so that's something we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 /x so that's something we're
+familiar with it's min-1 /x^2 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it's min-1 /x^2 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with it's min-1 /x^2 so that's
+for X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+positive when X is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when X is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when X is less than
+zero g Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero g Prime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero g Prime of
+X is d/ DX of 1 /x + 2 because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is d/ DX of 1 /x + 2 because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is d/ DX of 1 /x + 2 because that's
+what G of X is and okay and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what G of X is and okay and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what G of X is and okay and so this is
+well the plus two gets killed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the plus two gets killed and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the plus two gets killed and so
+then we have the derivative of 1 /x so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the derivative of 1 /x so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have the derivative of 1 /x so
+that's -1 /x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's -1 /x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's -1 /x^2
+um so one thing you've noticed is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one thing you've noticed is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one thing you've noticed is is
+that this is min -1 overx 2 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is min -1 overx 2 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is min -1 overx 2 here and
+it's -1 overx s here so although we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1 overx s here so although we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's -1 overx s here so although we
+defined this piecewise we could we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this piecewise we could we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined this piecewise we could we can
+summarize this by by saying that so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+derivative is -1 /x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is -1 /x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is -1 /x^2
+always so so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X not you know it doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X not you know it doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X not you know it doesn't have a
+derivative at x equals z it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at x equals z it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative at x equals z it's not
+defined as zero it can't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as zero it can't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as zero it can't have a
+derivative there so so but we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative there so so but we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative there so so but we don't need
+the peie wise definition anymore now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peie wise definition anymore now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peie wise definition anymore now
+okay so that was kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that was kind of interesting
+that that we get that we can summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we get that we can summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we get that we can summarize
+this the derivative of this pie wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the derivative of this pie wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the derivative of this pie wise
+function in a in a non- piecewise way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now the thing is we've learned what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the thing is we've learned what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now the thing is we've learned what
+the anti-derivative of this function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative of this function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti-derivative of this function is
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we know
+that the anti-derivative of -1 /x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DX is 1 /x plus a constant so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is 1 /x plus a constant so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is 1 /x plus a constant so we know
+that the functions whose derivative is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the functions whose derivative is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the functions whose derivative is -
+1x^2 are of the form 1 /x plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x^2 are of the form 1 /x plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1x^2 are of the form 1 /x plus a
+constant the thing is this function G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the thing is this function G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the thing is this function G
+that we just talked about this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just talked about this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just talked about this function
+G isn't of that form right you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G isn't of that form right you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G isn't of that form right you don't get
+this function by taking the the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function by taking the the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function by taking the the function
+one /x and just shifting it upward down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one /x and just shifting it upward down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one /x and just shifting it upward down
+you you something weird happens you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you something weird happens you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you something weird happens you've
+shifted it up on one piece and not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted it up on one piece and not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted it up on one piece and not on
+the other piece and yet it's still true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other piece and yet it's still true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other piece and yet it's still true
+that the derivative of of G is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of of G is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the derivative of of G is equal to
+minus 1x^2 so this is a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1x^2 so this is a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1x^2 so this is a little bit of a
+head scratcher um and I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head scratcher um and I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head scratcher um and I want to talk
+about why this happens and and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this happens and and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why this happens and and the the
+the thing is that there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that there's a there's a
+sort of theoretical reason for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theoretical reason for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of theoretical reason for this
+which is that you remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you remember that the
+reason that we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we know that
+anti-derivatives have this form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives have this form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives have this form a
+function plus a constant is because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plus a constant is because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function plus a constant is because we
+know that constants are the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that constants are the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that constants are the functions
+with derivative zero and so we were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with derivative zero and so we were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with derivative zero and so we were able
+to apply the mean value theorem in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the mean value theorem in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply the mean value theorem in order
+to to to show that if two functions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to show that if two functions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to show that if two functions have
+the same derivative then they differ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same derivative then they differ by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same derivative then they differ by
+each other differ from each other by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other differ from each other by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other differ from each other by a
+constant if two functions have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if two functions have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if two functions have the same
+derivative they differ by a constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative they differ by a constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative they differ by a constant and
+we and and we used as a really crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and and we used as a really crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and and we used as a really crucial
+uh step in that in that proof the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh step in that in that proof the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh step in that in that proof the mean
+value theorem now the thing is the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem now the thing is the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem now the thing is the mean
+value theorem has as one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem has as one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem has as one of its
+assumptions as one of its hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions as one of its hypotheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions as one of its hypotheses
+that the functions that you're working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the functions that you're working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the functions that you're working
+with are are continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are are continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with are are continuous and
+differentiable in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable in some
+interval okay so what what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay so what what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval okay so what what's happened
+here is that the functions that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the functions that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the functions that we're
+talking about the the function 1 overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the the function 1 overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the the function 1 overx
+and the function minus one overx s those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function minus one overx s those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function minus one overx s those
+functions are continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are continuous and
+differentiable on certain intervals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable on certain intervals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable on certain intervals so
+if we look if we go back to this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look if we go back to this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look if we go back to this picture
+here we see that this function G ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that this function G ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we see that this function G ofx
+just like the function 1 /x it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the function 1 /x it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the function 1 /x it's
+continuous and differentiable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and differentiable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and differentiable for
+positive X it's continuous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X it's continuous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive X it's continuous and
+differentiable for Negative X but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable for Negative X but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable for Negative X but at
+zero there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero there's a there's a
+discontinuity so there's no interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity so there's no interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity so there's no interval
+that crosses zero on which this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crosses zero on which this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crosses zero on which this function
+is is continuous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is continuous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is continuous or
+differentiable as a result the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable as a result the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable as a result the mean
+value theorem can't tell us anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem can't tell us anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value theorem can't tell us anything
+about intervals that cross zero so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intervals that cross zero so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about intervals that cross zero so if
+the mean value theorem doesn't doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean value theorem doesn't doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean value theorem doesn't doesn't
+tell us anything in that case it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us anything in that case it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us anything in that case it means
+the conclusion isn't true and we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion isn't true and we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conclusion isn't true and we get a
+situation like or sorry I I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like or sorry I I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like or sorry I I should
+rephrase that it means the conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase that it means the conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rephrase that it means the conclusion
+doesn't have to be true our proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be true our proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be true our proof
+doesn't work in in a case where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work in in a case where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work in in a case where we have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+discontinuity and what happens in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity and what happens in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity and what happens in fact
+is right what we have here which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right what we have here which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right what we have here which is that
+when you have a a function that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a a function that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a a function that has a
+discontinuity and you look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity and you look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity and you look at its
+anti-derivatives what you what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives what you what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivatives what you what you can
+do is that in addition to Shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that in addition to Shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is that in addition to Shifting the
+whole thing up and down you can shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing up and down you can shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing up and down you can shift
+the pieces on either side of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces on either side of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces on either side of the of the
+discontinuity separately just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity separately just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity separately just like in
+this case we can shift the the piece to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we can shift the the piece to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we can shift the the piece to
+the left of zero separately from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of zero separately from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left of zero separately from the
+piece to the right of zero and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to the right of zero and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to the right of zero and get a
+function whose derivative is still what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose derivative is still what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function whose derivative is still what
+we started with so this function G ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with so this function G ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with so this function G ofx
+we get by shifting part of 1 /x up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get by shifting part of 1 /x up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get by shifting part of 1 /x up and
+it gives us a function whose derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us a function whose derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us a function whose derivative
+is still minus 1x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still minus 1x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still minus 1x^2
+okay so this is true anytime you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is true anytime you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is true anytime you have a
+function with a discontinuity so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a discontinuity so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function with a discontinuity so one
+consequence of this I'm going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this I'm going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this I'm going to go back
+over over here and just and just write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over here and just and just write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over here and just and just write
+down one special case of this is that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say we say that the anti-derivative of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we say that the anti-derivative of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we say that the anti-derivative of 1
+/x DX is equal to Ln of the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x DX is equal to Ln of the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x DX is equal to Ln of the absolute
+value of x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of x plus
+C what this really means is that when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what this really means is that when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C what this really means is that when X
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+positive we have a single kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we have a single kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive we have a single kind of
+anti-derivative and they're of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative and they're of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative and they're of the form
+lnx plus a constant and when X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx plus a constant and when X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lnx plus a constant and when X is
+negative we have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative we have a single
+anti-derivative that's of the or single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative that's of the or single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative that's of the or single
+family of anti-derivatives of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of anti-derivatives of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family of anti-derivatives of the form
+Ln of minus X remember absolute value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of minus X remember absolute value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ln of minus X remember absolute value of
+x is minus X when X is negative plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is minus X when X is negative plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is minus X when X is negative plus C
+but if we consider X to be positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we consider X to be positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we consider X to be positive and
+negative at the same time the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative at the same time the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative at the same time the two
+constants don't necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants don't necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants don't necessarily have to
+agree you can have the same situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree you can have the same situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree you can have the same situation
+that you had before where one side can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had before where one side can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had before where one side can
+shift up and down independently of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift up and down independently of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift up and down independently of the
+other because there's that discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because there's that discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because there's that discontinuity
+at zero there so this is just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero there so this is just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero there so this is just something
+to keep in mind um it also means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind um it also means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind um it also means you
+have to be careful with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful with certain
+substitutions you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions you don't want to do
+substitutions that have discontinuities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions that have discontinuities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions that have discontinuities
+if you do substitutions that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do substitutions that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do substitutions that have
+discontinuities you might accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities you might accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities you might accidentally
+introduce a discontinuity and and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a discontinuity and and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a discontinuity and and bad
+things can happen that I won't go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen that I won't go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can happen that I won't go into
+now you could you can you can make end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could you can you can make end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could you can you can make end
+up with statements that don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with statements that don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with statements that don't make any
+sense by making a a substitution where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense by making a a substitution where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense by making a a substitution where
+the where the function that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the function that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where the function that you're
+substituting has has a discontinuity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting has has a discontinuity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituting has has a discontinuity in
+it so you or another way of saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you or another way of saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you or another way of saying that
+is you have to restrict to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to restrict to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have to restrict to some
+piece some interval on which it on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece some interval on which it on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece some interval on which it on which
+it really is continuous and then on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is continuous and then on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really is continuous and then on each
+of those intervals it makes sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those intervals it makes sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those intervals it makes sense but
+but bad things could happen when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bad things could happen when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but bad things could happen when you
+cross those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross those
+discontinuities so this is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities so this is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuities so this is a little bit
+theoretical but I think it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but I think it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical but I think it's a nice
+thing to be aware of a nice thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be aware of a nice thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to be aware of a nice thing to
+keep in mind when you're when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind when you're when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind when you're when you're
+working uh with with some of these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh with with some of these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working uh with with some of these these
+Expressions so I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7ufoYYj15cU.txt b/7ufoYYj15cU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8bb96116c99d9e3f4a7845ed9df4953d25e210f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7ufoYYj15cU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the next section we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next section we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next section we're going to start
+a discussion on how to actually engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion on how to actually engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discussion on how to actually engineer
+the bitten coatings we'll use in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitten coatings we'll use in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bitten coatings we'll use in our
+circuitry but first we'll need a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry but first we'll need a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry but first we'll need a way to
+evaluate the efficacy of an encoding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the efficacy of an encoding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the efficacy of an encoding the
+entropy of a random variable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a random variable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of a random variable is the
+average amount of information received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of information received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average amount of information received
+when learning the value of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when learning the value of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when learning the value of the random
+variable the mathematicians name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the mathematicians name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the mathematicians name for
+average is the expected value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is the expected value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is the expected value that's
+what the capital e means we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the capital e means we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the capital e means we compute the
+average in the obvious way we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the obvious way we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average in the obvious way we take the
+weighted sum where the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum where the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum where the amount of
+information received when learning if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information received when learning if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information received when learning if a
+particular choice I that's the log base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice I that's the log base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular choice I that's the log base
+2 of 1 over P sub I is weighted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of 1 over P sub I is weighted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 of 1 over P sub I is weighted by the
+probability of that choice actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that choice actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that choice actually
+happening here's an example we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here's an example we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here's an example we have a
+random variable that can take on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that can take on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that can take on one of
+four values a B C or D the probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values a B C or D the probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values a B C or D the probabilities
+of each choice are shown in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each choice are shown in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each choice are shown in the table
+along with the associated information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the associated information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with the associated information
+content now we'll compute the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content now we'll compute the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content now we'll compute the entropy
+using the probabilities and information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the probabilities and information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the probabilities and information
+content so we have the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so we have the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so we have the probability of a
+1/3 times its associated information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 times its associated information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 times its associated information
+content 1.5 8 bits plus the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content 1.5 8 bits plus the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content 1.5 8 bits plus the probability
+of B times its associated information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B times its associated information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B times its associated information
+content and so on the result is 1 point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and so on the result is 1 point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and so on the result is 1 point
+6 2 6 bits this is telling us that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 2 6 bits this is telling us that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 2 6 bits this is telling us that a
+clever encoding scheme should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever encoding scheme should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever encoding scheme should be able to
+do better than simply encoding each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than simply encoding each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better than simply encoding each
+symbol using 2 bits to represent which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol using 2 bits to represent which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol using 2 bits to represent which
+of the 4 possible values is next food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 4 possible values is next food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 4 possible values is next food
+for thought we'll discuss this further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thought we'll discuss this further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thought we'll discuss this further
+in the third section of this chapter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third section of this chapter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the third section of this chapter so
+what is the entropy telling us suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the entropy telling us suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the entropy telling us suppose
+we have a sequence of data describing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence of data describing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a sequence of data describing a
+sequence of values of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of values of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of values of the random
+variable X if on the average we use less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X if on the average we use less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable X if on the average we use less
+than H of X bits to transmit each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than H of X bits to transmit each piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than H of X bits to transmit each piece
+of information in the sequence we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information in the sequence we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information in the sequence we will
+not be sending enough information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be sending enough information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be sending enough information to
+resolve the uncertainty about the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the uncertainty about the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve the uncertainty about the values
+in other words the entropy is a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the entropy is a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the entropy is a lower
+bound on the number of bits we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the number of bits we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound on the number of bits we need to
+transmit getting less than this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit getting less than this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit getting less than this number
+of bits wouldn't be good if the goal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits wouldn't be good if the goal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits wouldn't be good if the goal was
+to unambiguously describe the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unambiguously describe the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unambiguously describe the sequence
+of values we'd have failed at our job on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values we'd have failed at our job on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of values we'd have failed at our job on
+the other hand if we send on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if we send on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand if we send on the average
+more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than
+H of X bits to describe the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of X bits to describe the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of X bits to describe the sequence of
+values we will not be making the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we will not be making the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values we will not be making the most
+effective use of our resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective use of our resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective use of our resources
+since the same information might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the same information might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the same information might have
+been able to be represented with fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to be represented with fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been able to be represented with fewer
+bits this is okay but perhaps with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits this is okay but perhaps with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits this is okay but perhaps with some
+insights we could do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights we could do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights we could do better
+finally if we sent on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if we sent on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally if we sent on the average
+exactly H of X bits then we'd have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly H of X bits then we'd have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly H of X bits then we'd have the
+perfect encoding alas perfection is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect encoding alas perfection is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect encoding alas perfection is as
+always a tough goal so most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a tough goal so most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a tough goal so most of the time
+we'll have to settle for getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to settle for getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have to settle for getting close
+in the final set of exercises for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final set of exercises for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the final set of exercises for this
+section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section
+try computing the entropy for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try computing the entropy for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try computing the entropy for various
+scenarios
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8hvDT6zKp98.txt b/8hvDT6zKp98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c231ed70b521f3c359f497ea327a4f2597395b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8hvDT6zKp98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+We are trying to make our way through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We are trying to make our way through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We are trying to make our way through
+these four as yet intractable dilemmas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four as yet intractable dilemmas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four as yet intractable dilemmas.
+Um the last time we met we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the last time we met we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the last time we met we talked about
+the curse of the familiar, the edtech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curse of the familiar, the edtech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curse of the familiar, the edtech
+Matthew effect. Um today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew effect. Um today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew effect. Um today we're going to
+be looking at the trap of routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at the trap of routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at the trap of routine
+assessment. Um the anybody want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment. Um the anybody want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment. Um the anybody want to try
+to articulate the sort of the the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to articulate the sort of the the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to articulate the sort of the the core
+puzzle that's at the that's at the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle that's at the that's at the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle that's at the that's at the heart
+of the trap of routine assessment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What do you got Dana? um kind of along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you got Dana? um kind of along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you got Dana? um kind of along
+the lines of, you know, teachers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of, you know, teachers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines of, you know, teachers are
+teaching students a subject and they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students a subject and they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students a subject and they um
+schools have like such an emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools have like such an emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools have like such an emphasis on
+like final exams and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like final exams and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like final exams and what they're
+preparing for these standardized tests.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for these standardized tests.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing for these standardized tests.
+Um but we're also fighting with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we're also fighting with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but we're also fighting with the idea
+of like what a computer can grade. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what a computer can grade. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what a computer can grade. So if
+you're trying to standardize some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to standardize some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to standardize some sort
+of way of grading something, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way of grading something, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of way of grading something, you can
+only really focus on teaching students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really focus on teaching students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only really focus on teaching students
+things that computers can do. But if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that computers can do. But if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that computers can do. But if a
+computer can already do it, then why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can already do it, then why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can already do it, then why why
+is that the emphasis of what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the emphasis of what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the emphasis of what we're
+teaching students? So, it's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students? So, it's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching students? So, it's kind of the
+idea that like if you look at the ven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that like if you look at the ven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that like if you look at the ven
+diagram, there's like this whole other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, there's like this whole other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram, there's like this whole other
+half of the subject that ultimately we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the subject that ultimately we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the subject that ultimately we
+probably should be focusing on. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should be focusing on. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should be focusing on. Um, but
+we are really only talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are really only talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are really only talking about that
+overlapping aspect of what students were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping aspect of what students were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping aspect of what students were
+saying should learn because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying should learn because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying should learn because we can
+assess it. Good that that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess it. Good that that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess it. Good that that that the
+technologies we have for assessment sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we have for assessment sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies we have for assessment sort
+of constrain what it is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constrain what it is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of constrain what it is that we can
+assess at any kind of scale. Anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess at any kind of scale. Anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess at any kind of scale. Anybody
+want to add what what else seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add what what else seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add what what else seems
+important to Dana's um initial offering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to Dana's um initial offering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to Dana's um initial offering
+there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think something you brought up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think something you brought up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think something you brought up in the
+reading as well is that there's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading as well is that there's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading as well is that there's like a
+connection to the labor markets, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the labor markets, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the labor markets, right?
+So schools are supposed to help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So schools are supposed to help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So schools are supposed to help us
+prepare us for the labor market, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare us for the labor market, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare us for the labor market, but
+we're learning these routine things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning these routine things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're learning these routine things that
+are being taken over by automation. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being taken over by automation. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being taken over by automation. And
+how is that actually doing what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that actually doing what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is that actually doing what the
+school is supposed to function for?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is supposed to function for?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is supposed to function for?
+Okay, good. So, so, so schools operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, so, so schools operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, so, so schools operate
+in in between a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in between a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in between a couple of different
+things. One is like like what do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One is like like what do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One is like like what do we need
+kids to do changes over time as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to do changes over time as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids to do changes over time as we
+develop new technologies. Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop new technologies. Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop new technologies. Um there's
+some you know like like none of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know like like none of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know like like none of you
+should teach your stu well I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should teach your stu well I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should teach your stu well I mean you
+shouldn't teach your students to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't teach your students to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't teach your students to operate
+a loom on the basis that will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loom on the basis that will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a loom on the basis that will be a
+source of gainful employment for them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of gainful employment for them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of gainful employment for them.
+Although there probably are a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although there probably are a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Although there probably are a small
+number of people who are like very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are like very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are like very
+profitable, you know, small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable, you know, small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable, you know, small business
+loom operators and particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loom operators and particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loom operators and particular kind of
+thing, but like generally speaking, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but like generally speaking, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but like generally speaking, like
+not a good bet. Um uh and so, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good bet. Um uh and so, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good bet. Um uh and so, you know,
+it makes sense that as technologies come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense that as technologies come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes sense that as technologies come
+along, we change the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along, we change the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along, we change the kinds of things
+that we teach to young people. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we teach to young people. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we teach to young people. Um and
+and computers uh you know over the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers uh you know over the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computers uh you know over the you
+know in various ways once a decade over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in various ways once a decade over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in various ways once a decade over
+the last 10 years like cause new kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 years like cause new kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 years like cause new kinds
+of problems for us to as as computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems for us to as as computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems for us to as as computers
+capacities expand what we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities expand what we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities expand what we think about
+teaching people um changes at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people um changes at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching people um changes at the same
+time as computers technologies expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as computers technologies expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as computers technologies expand
+there's maybe new or different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe new or different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's maybe new or different kinds of
+ways that we can use them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can use them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can use them for
+assessment. Um and so those two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment. Um and so those two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment. Um and so those two things
+are kind of interplaying with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of interplaying with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of interplaying with each other
+uh all the time. Um any any We got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the time. Um any any We got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the time. Um any any We got some
+seats up here. There's plenty plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats up here. There's plenty plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seats up here. There's plenty plenty of
+room. Kadus, nice to see you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. Kadus, nice to see you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room. Kadus, nice to see you.
+Um other other introductory things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um other other introductory things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um other other introductory things that
+seem important, Omar. Yeah, that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem important, Omar. Yeah, that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem important, Omar. Yeah, that's like
+that's not to say that and you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not to say that and you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not to say that and you mentioned
+this in in the reading. Um like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in the reading. Um like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in in the reading. Um like we're
+not trying to say don't teach like time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to say don't teach like time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to say don't teach like time
+tables and stuff like that where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and stuff like that where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables and stuff like that where it's
+like stuff that's uh yes, computers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stuff that's uh yes, computers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stuff that's uh yes, computers can
+assess that, but stuff that students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess that, but stuff that students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess that, but stuff that students
+need fundamentally to build on for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need fundamentally to build on for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need fundamentally to build on for other
+more complex tasks that they will learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex tasks that they will learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex tasks that they will learn
+now more. Good. that makes this even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more. Good. that makes this even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now more. Good. that makes this even the
+the whole conversation even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole conversation even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole conversation even more
+complicated because there's stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because there's stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because there's stuff that
+we need people to be able to do in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need people to be able to do in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need people to be able to do in their
+lives. We there also might be a class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives. We there also might be a class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives. We there also might be a class of
+things that's called like stuff that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's called like stuff that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's called like stuff that you
+need to learn in order to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn in order to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn in order to be able to do
+those complex things like even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complex things like even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complex things like even though
+computers can do those simpler things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can do those simpler things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can do those simpler things
+there. So there's there's some class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So there's there's some class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So there's there's some class
+there's some class of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some class of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some class of things that
+computers can do that we just don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can do that we just don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers can do that we just don't need
+humans to ever do anymore. Um, I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans to ever do anymore. Um, I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans to ever do anymore. Um, I think I
+joked with you all that one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joked with you all that one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joked with you all that one of the first
+times I talked with my students at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I talked with my students at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I talked with my students at MIT
+about large language models, somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about large language models, somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about large language models, somebody
+said, uh, I'm using large language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, uh, I'm using large language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, uh, I'm using large language
+models to do the latte formatting of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to do the latte formatting of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models to do the latte formatting of our
+of my papers. It's like great. Never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my papers. It's like great. Never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my papers. It's like great. Never
+think about that again. Like if no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that again. Like if no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that again. Like if no
+student ever thinks about that again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student ever thinks about that again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student ever thinks about that again for
+the rest of their lives, we're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of their lives, we're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of their lives, we're probably
+fine as a civilization. Um, but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as a civilization. Um, but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine as a civilization. Um, but like
+single different single digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single different single digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single different single digit
+multiplication is not like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is not like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is not like that.
+Singledigit multiplication can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singledigit multiplication can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singledigit multiplication can be
+trivially done by computers, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially done by computers, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivially done by computers, but it's
+actually quite important for human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important for human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite important for human
+beings to learn. So there's sort of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings to learn. So there's sort of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings to learn. So there's sort of some
+complexity in those kinds of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in those kinds of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in those kinds of things.
+Um, anything else that people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, anything else that people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, anything else that people want to
+add to just the like the initial framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to just the like the initial framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add to just the like the initial framing
+of the trap of routine assessment?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trap of routine assessment?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trap of routine assessment?
+I guess just to add on even more, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess just to add on even more, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess just to add on even more, there
+is this aspect that our society values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this aspect that our society values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this aspect that our society values
+these routine assessments. Um, so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routine assessments. Um, so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these routine assessments. Um, so that
+like even though you're trying to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even though you're trying to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like even though you're trying to change
+this and branch out and expand what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and branch out and expand what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and branch out and expand what we
+teach students, they're still always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach students, they're still always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach students, they're still always
+constrained by the market itself. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by the market itself. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained by the market itself. Um,
+and ultimately like teachers have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately like teachers have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ultimately like teachers have to
+fight against that and let your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against that and let your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight against that and let your own
+independent wishes. So as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent wishes. So as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent wishes. So as much as we
+think, you know, you can just do it, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, you know, you can just do it, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think, you know, you can just do it, you
+can't actually. Good. So, so I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually. Good. So, so I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually. Good. So, so I mean I
+think you could go to almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could go to almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you could go to almost any
+educator and say something along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator and say something along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educator and say something along the
+lines of like are standardized tests a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of like are standardized tests a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of like are standardized tests a
+good mechanism for capturing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good mechanism for capturing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good mechanism for capturing all of the
+important things that students should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that students should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things that students should
+know. And the answer is like clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. And the answer is like clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. And the answer is like clearly
+not. There's almost no educator in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. There's almost no educator in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not. There's almost no educator in the
+world who believes that to be the case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who believes that to be the case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world who believes that to be the case.
+Um there's more debate over the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's more debate over the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um there's more debate over the question
+of do standardized tests capture some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do standardized tests capture some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of do standardized tests capture some of
+the important things that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important things that we want
+students to know. Um how and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to know. Um how and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to know. Um how and then and
+then a sort of follow-on problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a sort of follow-on problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a sort of follow-on problem that
+there's then this class of stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's then this class of stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's then this class of stuff which
+is like pretty important for students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like pretty important for students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like pretty important for students to
+know but we're not very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we're not very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but we're not very good at
+assessing. Um, and it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing. Um, and it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing. Um, and it's hard to
+prioritize those things in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize those things in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prioritize those things in education
+systems because it's hard to reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because it's hard to reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because it's hard to reward
+students and reward educators for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and reward educators for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and reward educators for
+teaching things that we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching things that we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching things that we don't know how
+to measure um or don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure um or don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure um or don't know how to
+measure in some kind of systemic way. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in some kind of systemic way. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in some kind of systemic way. We
+don't know how to how to measure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to how to measure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to how to measure with
+the kind of of of fairness that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of of of fairness that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of of of fairness that we would
+want to use for high stakes assessments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use for high stakes assessments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use for high stakes assessments
+for things like graduation exams or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things like graduation exams or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for things like graduation exams or
+college entrance exams or other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college entrance exams or other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college entrance exams or other kinds of
+things like that. So the so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So the so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. So the so all of these
+are parts of systems that get wrestled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parts of systems that get wrestled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parts of systems that get wrestled
+with every day by educators at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with every day by educators at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with every day by educators at all
+different kinds of levels. Um in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of levels. Um in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of levels. Um in in in
+the United States, teachers are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States, teachers are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States, teachers are are
+unusually responsible for wrestling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually responsible for wrestling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually responsible for wrestling with
+these issues because we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues because we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues because we don't have
+something like a national curriculum. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a national curriculum. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a national curriculum. We
+don't even really have something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even really have something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even really have something like
+national entry exams or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national entry exams or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national entry exams or something like
+that. Um where you know where like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um where you know where like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um where you know where like the
+whole system kind of has to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system kind of has to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system kind of has to work
+together to respond to some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to respond to some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to respond to some of these
+things. Teachers in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Teachers in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Teachers in the United States
+have sort of unusual discretion. um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of unusual discretion. um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of unusual discretion. um for
+for thinking about these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about these kinds of
+challenges. Uh I thought the place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. Uh I thought the place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges. Uh I thought the place that
+I would start with you all um is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would start with you all um is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would start with you all um is uh a
+little bit towards what Tai suggested um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit towards what Tai suggested um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit towards what Tai suggested um
+and and we're probably going back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we're probably going back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we're probably going back um
+20-ish years to the last to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-ish years to the last to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20-ish years to the last to one of the
+last times computers really got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last times computers really got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last times computers really got
+educators and labor economists quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators and labor economists quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators and labor economists quite
+upset. Um, so we're in another one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset. Um, so we're in another one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset. Um, so we're in another one of
+these moments right now with LLMs where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moments right now with LLMs where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these moments right now with LLMs where
+people are pretty stressed out like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pretty stressed out like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are pretty stressed out like like
+how is this going to change the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this going to change the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is this going to change the labor
+market? How is this going to change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market? How is this going to change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market? How is this going to change what
+we expect of our students? How should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect of our students? How should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect of our students? How should
+this change school systems and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change school systems and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this change school systems and things
+like that? And to me it's always helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that? And to me it's always helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that? And to me it's always helpful
+to remember like oh we've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember like oh we've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember like oh we've done this
+before you know like the introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know like the introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know like the introduction of
+personal computers into most households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computers into most households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computers into most households
+in the United States that was a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States that was a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States that was a big
+deal. It was a big change in the capac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. It was a big change in the capac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal. It was a big change in the capac
+like the introduc introduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the introduc introduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the introduc introduction of
+personal computers into workplaces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computers into workplaces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computers into workplaces that
+was a big deal. the introduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big deal. the introduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a big deal. the introduction of the
+internet um you know broadband internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet um you know broadband internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet um you know broadband internet
+connection in these spaces like that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection in these spaces like that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection in these spaces like that was
+a big deal that that evoked all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal that that evoked all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big deal that that evoked all of these
+questions in the past. Um and uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the past. Um and uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in the past. Um and uh one of
+the best summary pieces to read from for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best summary pieces to read from for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best summary pieces to read from for
+probably what was like the sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what was like the sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what was like the sort of like
+2015 summary from this debate is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 summary from this debate is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 summary from this debate is a paper
+called dancing with robots um by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dancing with robots um by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dancing with robots um by two
+economists. One who is here Frank Levy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists. One who is here Frank Levy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists. One who is here Frank Levy
+um and another who was at Harvard who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and another who was at Harvard who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and another who was at Harvard who is
+actually my adviser Richard Mine. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my adviser Richard Mine. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my adviser Richard Mine. Um,
+this was based on another book they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was based on another book they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was based on another book they
+wrote called The New Division of Labor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote called The New Division of Labor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote called The New Division of Labor.
+Um, and the original research for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and the original research for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and the original research for the
+new division of labor is like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new division of labor is like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new division of labor is like kind of
+right when personal computers are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when personal computers are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when personal computers are really
+starting to widely spread in workplaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to widely spread in workplaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to widely spread in workplaces
+and people's homes and things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people's homes and things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people's homes and things like that.
+Um, an early bet that economists made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, an early bet that economists made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, an early bet that economists made
+was something like e one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something like e one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something like e one of the things
+economists think about all the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about all the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists think about all the time is
+like what do jobs require? And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do jobs require? And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what do jobs require? And um
+education economists then start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education economists then start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education economists then start thinking
+about like okay what do jobs require and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like okay what do jobs require and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like okay what do jobs require and
+how do you teach people the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you teach people the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you teach people the things that
+the jobs that we actually have require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs that we actually have require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jobs that we actually have require
+um that you know um computers are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know um computers are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that you know um computers are going
+to complement highwage workers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complement highwage workers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complement highwage workers and
+they're going to replace lowwage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to replace lowwage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to replace lowwage
+workers. That was like a pretty early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers. That was like a pretty early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers. That was like a pretty early
+bet that a bunch of economists had had.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet that a bunch of economists had had.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet that a bunch of economists had had.
+Um and there was something about that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there was something about that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and there was something about that to
+Frank Levy and Richard Maneine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Levy and Richard Maneine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frank Levy and Richard Maneine that
+didn't smell right. They were like h I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't smell right. They were like h I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't smell right. They were like h I
+think it's going to end up being more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to end up being more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's going to end up being more
+complicated than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that.
+Um so they thought a lot about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so they thought a lot about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so they thought a lot about the
+specific kinds of things that people did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kinds of things that people did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kinds of things that people did
+in jobs and how those jobs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jobs and how those jobs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jobs and how those jobs were
+changing. Um how many of you have ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. Um how many of you have ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing. Um how many of you have ever
+checked in to get on a flight by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked in to get on a flight by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checked in to get on a flight by talking
+directly to a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to a human
+being? Okay. So it looks like people how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being? Okay. So it looks like people how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being? Okay. So it looks like people how
+how many of you the majority of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you the majority of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you the majority of times
+you get on a flight you check in with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on a flight you check in with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get on a flight you check in with a
+machine. Okay. So we so so look this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Okay. So we so so look this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine. Okay. So we so so look this
+actually surprised I'm surprised that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprised I'm surprised that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually surprised I'm surprised that
+almost everyone in the room who raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone in the room who raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everyone in the room who raised
+their hand said that at least once. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand said that at least once. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand said that at least once. Um
+you know when I first put together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I first put together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I first put together this
+slide like 15 years ago something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide like 15 years ago something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide like 15 years ago something like
+that like this was a pretty novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this was a pretty novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like this was a pretty novel
+experience. So you know when I when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience. So you know when I when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience. So you know when I when I
+was in college you would you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in college you would you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in college you would you would not
+interact with a machine at all to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with a machine at all to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with a machine at all to get
+onto a flight. Um you would have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a flight. Um you would have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a flight. Um you would have like
+called the airline or called a travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the airline or called a travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the airline or called a travel
+agent to buy a ticket. You would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent to buy a ticket. You would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agent to buy a ticket. You would have
+like a physical ticket. You would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a physical ticket. You would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a physical ticket. You would take
+that physical ticket. You would show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physical ticket. You would show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that physical ticket. You would show it
+to a human being. Um now the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human being. Um now the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a human being. Um now the interesting
+thing about those conversations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about those conversations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about those conversations with
+human beings was that they were highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings was that they were highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings was that they were highly
+standardized. They were highly routine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized. They were highly routine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized. They were highly routine.
+So post 911 it would be uh you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So post 911 it would be uh you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So post 911 it would be uh you know like
+who are you? This is my ID. Like where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you? This is my ID. Like where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are you? This is my ID. Like where
+are you going? This is my ticket. Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going? This is my ticket. Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going? This is my ticket. Do you
+have a ticket? Yeah, this is my ticket.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ticket? Yeah, this is my ticket.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a ticket? Yeah, this is my ticket.
+Where are you going? This is where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where are you going? This is where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where are you going? This is where I'm
+going. Um uh do you have any bags with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. Um uh do you have any bags with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going. Um uh do you have any bags with
+you? Yes. Did you pack your bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Yes. Did you pack your bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? Yes. Did you pack your bags
+yourself? Have they been in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself? Have they been in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself? Have they been in your
+possession the whole time? Yes. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession the whole time? Yes. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possession the whole time? Yes. Um and
+then off you go. So the like over, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then off you go. So the like over, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then off you go. So the like over, you
+know, the vast majority of times that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the vast majority of times that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the vast majority of times that a
+person went to a ticketing agent to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person went to a ticketing agent to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person went to a ticketing agent to have
+a conversation with them like highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation with them like highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation with them like highly
+structured, highly routined, we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured, highly routined, we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured, highly routined, we know
+what kinds of questions we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of questions we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of questions we're going to
+get as passengers, we know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as passengers, we know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as passengers, we know what kind of
+inputs we need, we have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs we need, we have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs we need, we have the the
+conversation successfully, we move on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation successfully, we move on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation successfully, we move on.
+Um, and so as computers, you know, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so as computers, you know, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so as computers, you know, as
+computing technology becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing technology becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing technology becomes more
+sophisticated, as user interface becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated, as user interface becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated, as user interface becomes
+more sophisticated, as all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated, as all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated, as all these things
+become less expensive, someone's like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become less expensive, someone's like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become less expensive, someone's like,
+"Hey, we can just program those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, we can just program those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Hey, we can just program those
+conversations into a machine." Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations into a machine." Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations into a machine." Um, and
+so now overwhelmingly you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now overwhelmingly you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now overwhelmingly you have that
+exact same conversation. You just push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same conversation. You just push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same conversation. You just push
+the buttons to say like, "Yes, I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buttons to say like, "Yes, I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buttons to say like, "Yes, I have a
+ticket. Yes, this is me. Yes, my bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket. Yes, this is me. Yes, my bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket. Yes, this is me. Yes, my bags
+have been in my possession the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in my possession the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been in my possession the whole
+time." Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time." Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time." Um,
+however, there, you know, for as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however, there, you know, for as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however, there, you know, for as long as
+we've had kiosks, there has always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had kiosks, there has always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had kiosks, there has always been
+a number of cases in which the kiosks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of cases in which the kiosks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of cases in which the kiosks
+can't respond to the demands of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't respond to the demands of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't respond to the demands of the
+moment. Um, so there's something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Um, so there's something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment. Um, so there's something really
+weird about your ticket. there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird about your ticket. there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird about your ticket. there's some
+problem that's gone on with your booking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's gone on with your booking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's gone on with your booking
+that the machine hasn't anticipated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine hasn't anticipated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the machine hasn't anticipated or
+can't understand. Um, or you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand. Um, or you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't understand. Um, or you have some
+kind of communication issue. Um, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of communication issue. Um, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of communication issue. Um, for
+some reason a human being can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason a human being can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason a human being can't
+communicate with the kiosk. Maybe their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the kiosk. Maybe their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the kiosk. Maybe their
+glasses are broken that day. Maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses are broken that day. Maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses are broken that day. Maybe they
+are like trying to travel, they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like trying to travel, they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like trying to travel, they don't
+speak the language that the kiosk is in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the language that the kiosk is in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the language that the kiosk is in.
+You know, they're like so angry at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, they're like so angry at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, they're like so angry at the
+airline for what they've messed up they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline for what they've messed up they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline for what they've messed up they
+just go banging on the kiosk. And then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go banging on the kiosk. And then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go banging on the kiosk. And then,
+you know, so you got to think a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so you got to think a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, so you got to think a lot like
+there's one person behind this row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one person behind this row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one person behind this row of
+kiosks whose um whose job it is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiosks whose um whose job it is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kiosks whose um whose job it is to have
+all the conversations that the kiosk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the conversations that the kiosk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the conversations that the kiosk
+can't have. Um if you're a labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have. Um if you're a labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have. Um if you're a labor
+economist, like that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist, like that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist, like that's a pretty
+interesting question. Like what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question. Like what is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question. Like what is that
+human being doing that we couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being doing that we couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being doing that we couldn't
+program into all of those machines? That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program into all of those machines? That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program into all of those machines? That
+that was the kind of question that Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the kind of question that Frank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the kind of question that Frank
+Levy and Richard Main were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levy and Richard Main were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levy and Richard Main were kind of
+asking. Like like in a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking. Like like in a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking. Like like in a world where
+there's lots of kind of work that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of kind of work that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of kind of work that we can
+put on computers, what is it that humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on computers, what is it that humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on computers, what is it that humans
+are still good at? um in economist term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still good at? um in economist term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still good at? um in economist term
+like what is it that humans still have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is it that humans still have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is it that humans still have a
+comparative advantage over computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage over computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative advantage over computers
+around um here is another funny example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um here is another funny example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around um here is another funny example
+of which I think I wrote about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I think I wrote about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I think I wrote about in the
+book about how some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book about how some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book about how some of these things
+change. Um so in something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Um so in something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Um so in something like
+1987 my parents bought a cabin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 my parents bought a cabin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 my parents bought a cabin in
+Vermont um which had an old boiler in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont um which had an old boiler in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont um which had an old boiler in it
+um like a hot water heater that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a hot water heater that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like a hot water heater that was
+attached to a tank um and my mom passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a tank um and my mom passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a tank um and my mom passed
+away. I inherited the house. So sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. I inherited the house. So sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. I inherited the house. So sometime
+around 2007 um about 20 years later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2007 um about 20 years later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2007 um about 20 years later this
+boiler dies and I'm responsible for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler dies and I'm responsible for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiler dies and I'm responsible for it.
+Um the original boiler was inst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the original boiler was inst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the original boiler was inst
+installed by this guy named Dan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed by this guy named Dan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installed by this guy named Dan
+Mastersonson who lived on Masterson Lane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mastersonson who lived on Masterson Lane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mastersonson who lived on Masterson Lane
+um in Bethl Vermont. Um and I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Bethl Vermont. Um and I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in Bethl Vermont. Um and I was like
+trying to find a plumber to replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a plumber to replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find a plumber to replace this
+hot water heater and the guy I found was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot water heater and the guy I found was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot water heater and the guy I found was
+Dan Mastersonson who lived on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Mastersonson who lived on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan Mastersonson who lived on
+Mastersonson Lane in uh Bethl Vermont.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mastersonson Lane in uh Bethl Vermont.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mastersonson Lane in uh Bethl Vermont.
+So a guy had been a plumber for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a guy had been a plumber for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a guy had been a plumber for 20
+years. Um and we decided that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Um and we decided that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Um and we decided that instead of
+doing an old school hot water boiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an old school hot water boiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an old school hot water boiler
+we're going to install one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to install one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to install one of these uh
+on demand systems. Um, so this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on demand systems. Um, so this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on demand systems. Um, so this is like a
+very beautiful picture to me. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful picture to me. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very beautiful picture to me. Um,
+because there's no hot water tank that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no hot water tank that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no hot water tank that
+can freeze. Like it just like heats up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can freeze. Like it just like heats up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can freeze. Like it just like heats up
+the water exactly when you need it. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water exactly when you need it. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water exactly when you need it. Like
+you can see how nicely all these pipes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how nicely all these pipes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how nicely all these pipes
+are. The last building had pipes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. The last building had pipes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. The last building had pipes all
+over the place, things like that. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place, things like that. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the place, things like that. Um, so
+Dan installs this system. Dan, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan installs this system. Dan, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan installs this system. Dan, as you
+can imagine, now is like getting towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine, now is like getting towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine, now is like getting towards
+the end of his career as a plumber. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of his career as a plumber. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of his career as a plumber. Um,
+and I say, "Great, Dan, like show me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say, "Great, Dan, like show me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say, "Great, Dan, like show me how
+to use this system." He's like, "Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this system." He's like, "Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this system." He's like, "Well,
+you walk in here and you open this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk in here and you open this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk in here and you open this
+little door. Um, and when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little door. Um, and when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little door. Um, and when you look at
+the system, it should say good."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system, it should say good."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system, it should say good."
+I was like, "All right, Dan, what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like, "All right, Dan, what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like, "All right, Dan, what do I
+do if it doesn't say good? You guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if it doesn't say good? You guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if it doesn't say good? You guys
+can't see this?" Well, he's like, "See
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see this?" Well, he's like, "See
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see this?" Well, he's like, "See
+this little button that says R? Push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little button that says R? Push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little button that says R? Push
+that." Um, so that's the reset button. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." Um, so that's the reset button. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that." Um, so that's the reset button. I
+was like, "All right, I can push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, "All right, I can push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, "All right, I can push the
+reset button." Like, "Well, what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset button." Like, "Well, what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset button." Like, "Well, what do I do
+if that doesn't work?" He's like, "You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't work?" He's like, "You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that doesn't work?" He's like, "You
+see this electrical outlet up here? Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this electrical outlet up here? Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this electrical outlet up here? Just
+like unplug it and plug it back in." I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unplug it and plug it back in." I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like unplug it and plug it back in." I
+was like, "All right, I will recycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, "All right, I will recycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like, "All right, I will recycle the
+power in my hot water heater if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in my hot water heater if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in my hot water heater if that
+doesn't work." And I was like, "Okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work." And I was like, "Okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work." And I was like, "Okay, so
+it doesn't say good. I've hit R. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say good. I've hit R. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't say good. I've hit R. I've
+unplugged it. It's still not working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplugged it. It's still not working.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unplugged it. It's still not working.
+Then what do I do?" He says, um, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what do I do?" He says, um, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then what do I do?" He says, um, there's
+one guy in the upper river valley of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy in the upper river valley of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one guy in the upper river valley of
+Vermont who has flown to Scandinavia,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont who has flown to Scandinavia,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vermont who has flown to Scandinavia,
+um, to get the training on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, to get the training on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, to get the training on how to
+reprogram these systems. And so, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprogram these systems. And so, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprogram these systems. And so, if
+those two things don't work, go find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things don't work, go find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two things don't work, go find
+that guy. Um, and I tried to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy. Um, and I tried to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy. Um, and I tried to imagine
+like Dan Masterson probably in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dan Masterson probably in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Dan Masterson probably in like
+1970, 1975, something like that, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970, 1975, something like that, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970, 1975, something like that, like
+going through his plumbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through his plumbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through his plumbing
+apprenticeship training. Um, and like he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship training. Um, and like he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apprenticeship training. Um, and like he
+learned how to solder pipes together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to solder pipes together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to solder pipes together and
+how to do some basic electrical stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do some basic electrical stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do some basic electrical stuff
+and things like that. like if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. like if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that. like if you like
+if he went to the same training now like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he went to the same training now like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he went to the same training now like
+you have to be an apprentice computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be an apprentice computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be an apprentice computer
+programmer to be a plumber. And not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer to be a plumber. And not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmer to be a plumber. And not only
+that, um the systems are designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, um the systems are designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, um the systems are designed to
+solve all of the easy problems. Like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all of the easy problems. Like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all of the easy problems. Like if
+a problem is easy, it'll just like solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is easy, it'll just like solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem is easy, it'll just like solve
+it itself on reboot. The things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it itself on reboot. The things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it itself on reboot. The things that you
+have to be able to solve as a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to solve as a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to solve as a computer
+programming plumber are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming plumber are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming plumber are the the
+illststructured problems like when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illststructured problems like when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illststructured problems like when the
+system can't figure out what's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can't figure out what's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can't figure out what's wrong
+with itself and can't correct itself. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and can't correct itself. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself and can't correct itself. Um
+and those kinds of things. So, so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those kinds of things. So, so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those kinds of things. So, so not
+all I mean the reason I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I mean the reason I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I mean the reason I'm trying to
+bring these two cases to your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring these two cases to your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring these two cases to your attention
+is we could say all right um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could say all right um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we could say all right um there are
+some classes of jobs that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes of jobs that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some classes of jobs that are going to
+disappear and be replaced by computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and be replaced by computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and be replaced by computers
+like there used to be I mean the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there used to be I mean the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there used to be I mean the other
+thing about these people if you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about these people if you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about these people if you're just
+think about this in a broader social you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in a broader social you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in a broader social you
+know there used to be six people behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there used to be six people behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there used to be six people behind
+this desk um and they wore uniforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this desk um and they wore uniforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this desk um and they wore uniforms
+maybe they had a college degree maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they had a college degree maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they had a college degree maybe
+they had associates degree they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had associates degree they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had associates degree they probably
+made a middle class living like you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a middle class living like you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a middle class living like you like
+you could make a decent living as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make a decent living as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make a decent living as a
+person who checked people into airlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who checked people into airlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who checked people into airlines
+and most of those jobs are gone Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of those jobs are gone Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of those jobs are gone Um and
+even in places where jobs remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in places where jobs remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in places where jobs remained
+they're being transformed by you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being transformed by you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being transformed by you know
+what the capacities computer offer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the capacities computer offer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the capacities computer offer in
+these systems. Um so one of the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems. Um so one of the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems. Um so one of the cool
+things about the research in uh the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the research in uh the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the research in uh the new
+division of labor is that they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of labor is that they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of labor is that they basically
+go the department of labor collects all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the department of labor collects all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the department of labor collects all
+of these uh uh names of jobs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh uh names of jobs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these uh uh names of jobs and the
+description of jobs. Um and they do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of jobs. Um and they do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of jobs. Um and they do an
+analysis of those descriptions to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of those descriptions to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of those descriptions to see
+how they're changing over time. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're changing over time. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they're changing over time. Uh and
+what they find is that you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find is that you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they find is that you can you can
+break jobs down into maybe four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break jobs down into maybe four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break jobs down into maybe four
+categories. Um one of those categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. Um one of those categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. Um one of those categories
+would be routine manual jobs. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be routine manual jobs. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be routine manual jobs. So that
+involves jobs that are like lifting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves jobs that are like lifting,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves jobs that are like lifting,
+moving things around, stuff like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around, stuff like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving things around, stuff like that.
+Routine cognitive work. Um so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Routine cognitive work. Um so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Routine cognitive work. Um so that would
+be things like filing and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things like filing and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be things like filing and stuff like
+that. That would be things like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That would be things like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. That would be things like having
+standardized conversations to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized conversations to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized conversations to check
+people into a airline.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into a airline.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people into a airline.
+Um, two others are what they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, two others are what they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, two others are what they call
+illststructured problem solving. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illststructured problem solving. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illststructured problem solving. So,
+solving any kind of problem where like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving any kind of problem where like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving any kind of problem where like
+you don't know what inputs you need, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what inputs you need, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what inputs you need, you
+don't know what the outputs look like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the outputs look like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the outputs look like,
+you don't know what the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what the correct answer
+with, you're sort of solving that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, you're sort of solving that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, you're sort of solving that as
+you're figuring out the problem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're figuring out the problem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're figuring out the problem or
+complex communication tasks that require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex communication tasks that require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex communication tasks that require
+um like figuring out like any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like figuring out like any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like figuring out like any kind of
+solving the problem requires talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem requires talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the problem requires talking to
+people. Some of that could be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Some of that could be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people. Some of that could be like
+marketing and sales kind of thing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales kind of thing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing and sales kind of thing,
+figuring out what people want, but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what people want, but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what people want, but other
+that could be like a home health aid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be like a home health aid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be like a home health aid um
+does a ton of complex communication. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a ton of complex communication. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a ton of complex communication. Uh
+and their and their basic thesis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their and their basic thesis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their and their basic thesis was
+that things that are routine are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things that are routine are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things that are routine are
+disappearing from the American labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing from the American labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing from the American labor
+market. Um this is a huge problem if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. Um this is a huge problem if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. Um this is a huge problem if you
+want to have a stable society. Um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a stable society. Um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have a stable society. Um like
+in the 20th century there were many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 20th century there were many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 20th century there were many many
+people who performed routine labor for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who performed routine labor for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who performed routine labor for a
+reasonable middle class wage and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable middle class wage and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable middle class wage and like
+had a perfectly suitable life doing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a perfectly suitable life doing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a perfectly suitable life doing it.
+Um some of the kinds of jobs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um some of the kinds of jobs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um some of the kinds of jobs that are
+growing are like service jobs that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing are like service jobs that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing are like service jobs that don't
+really require rout like they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really require rout like they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really require rout like they're a
+little bit of routine manual work, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of routine manual work, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of routine manual work, a
+little bit of routine cognitive work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of routine cognitive work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of routine cognitive work and
+they pay like the absolute minimum wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay like the absolute minimum wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pay like the absolute minimum wage
+possible. um that's a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. um that's a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. um that's a little bit less
+concerning today where you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning today where you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning today where you know you can
+get jobs doing um doing service work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get jobs doing um doing service work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get jobs doing um doing service work
+that pay you know you can work at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pay you know you can work at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pay you know you can work at some
+place in McDonald's and make $15 an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in McDonald's and make $15 an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in McDonald's and make $15 an hour
+$17 an hour things like that um but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$17 an hour things like that um but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$17 an hour things like that um but when
+there was a surplus in the labor market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a surplus in the labor market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a surplus in the labor market
+10 years ago 12 years ago like all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago 12 years ago like all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago 12 years ago like all those
+people would have been paid $725 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would have been paid $725 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would have been paid $725 or
+whatever the federal minimum wage was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the federal minimum wage was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the federal minimum wage was at
+the time um but the two kinds of jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time um but the two kinds of jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time um but the two kinds of jobs
+that were growing were things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were growing were things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were growing were things that
+required non-rine analytical skills um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required non-rine analytical skills um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required non-rine analytical skills um
+and social skills some of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social skills some of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social skills some of this was
+updated by this guy David Atur who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated by this guy David Atur who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated by this guy David Atur who's
+economist uh who's here now as well. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist uh who's here now as well. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist uh who's here now as well. Um
+so if you're if you're an educator, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're if you're an educator, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're if you're an educator, the
+thing you got to be thinking is like man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got to be thinking is like man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got to be thinking is like man
+um we have a we have a different job in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a we have a different job in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have a we have a different job in
+front of us. Like it's not sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of us. Like it's not sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of us. Like it's not sufficient to
+prepare people to do jobs that require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare people to do jobs that require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare people to do jobs that require
+routine cognitive work or routine um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine cognitive work or routine um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine cognitive work or routine um uh
+uh manual work because those jobs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manual work because those jobs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh manual work because those jobs are
+disappearing as a part of the labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing as a part of the labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing as a part of the labor
+market. And even when the same job title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. And even when the same job title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market. And even when the same job title
+exists, even when like they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists, even when like they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists, even when like they're still
+plumbers, but plumbers are increasingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbers, but plumbers are increasingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plumbers, but plumbers are increasingly
+called upon to do ill ststructured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called upon to do ill ststructured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called upon to do ill ststructured
+problem solving and to do um complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving and to do um complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving and to do um complex
+communication. This was an update of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. This was an update of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. This was an update of
+this, I guess, from 2012. This is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I guess, from 2012. This is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, I guess, from 2012. This is just
+another like, you know, um here's a 2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another like, you know, um here's a 2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another like, you know, um here's a 2 by
+two where jobs that require social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where jobs that require social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two where jobs that require social
+skills are here. Jobs that require math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are here. Jobs that require math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are here. Jobs that require math
+skills are here. Um these are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are here. Um these are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are here. Um these are the the
+jobs that are in green are the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that are in green are the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs that are in green are the ones that
+are growing. The jobs that are in red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing. The jobs that are in red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are growing. The jobs that are in red
+are the ones that are disappearing. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that are disappearing. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the ones that are disappearing. And
+you can see that they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they're sort of
+clustered in the in the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered in the in the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered in the in the things that
+require social skills are growing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require social skills are growing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require social skills are growing and
+the things that require fewer social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that require fewer social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that require fewer social
+skills are disappearing. Um truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are disappearing. Um truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills are disappearing. Um truck
+drivers is one that that uh people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers is one that that uh people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drivers is one that that uh people are
+often particularly at the time people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often particularly at the time people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often particularly at the time people
+were pretty this was like 2015 2017. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty this was like 2015 2017. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were pretty this was like 2015 2017. You
+know there 3.5 million truck drivers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there 3.5 million truck drivers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there 3.5 million truck drivers in
+the United States. That's about one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. That's about one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States. That's about one in
+every hundred Americans is a truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hundred Americans is a truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every hundred Americans is a truck
+driver. Um and uh pro probably 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver. Um and uh pro probably 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver. Um and uh pro probably 10 years
+ago was was some of the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was was some of the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was was some of the like the
+headiest time where computer scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headiest time where computer scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headiest time where computer scientists
+believe that like it was reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that like it was reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe that like it was reasonably
+possible to replace all of those people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to replace all of those people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to replace all of those people.
+Um that you would be able to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that you would be able to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um that you would be able to develop
+artificially intelligent systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially intelligent systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificially intelligent systems that
+would be able to drive trucks. So like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to drive trucks. So like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to drive trucks. So like
+um Uber went to Carnegie Melon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Uber went to Carnegie Melon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Uber went to Carnegie Melon and
+bought their whole robotics department.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought their whole robotics department.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought their whole robotics department.
+They didn't actually pay for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They didn't actually pay for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They didn't actually pay for the
+robotics department. You just pay each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics department. You just pay each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotics department. You just pay each
+individual faculty member um to go leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual faculty member um to go leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual faculty member um to go leave
+and and join your company. Um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and join your company. Um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and join your company. Um and and
+this didn't you know that like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't you know that like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't you know that like there's
+still 3.7 million truck drivers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 3.7 million truck drivers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still 3.7 million truck drivers in the
+United States or however many there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States or however many there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States or however many there are
+because we this turned out to be a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we this turned out to be a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we this turned out to be a much
+harder problem than we thought. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problem than we thought. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder problem than we thought. Um but
+this is the kind of angst that exists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of angst that exists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the kind of angst that exists in
+society when these new systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society when these new systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society when these new systems are
+developed. Like what would it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed. Like what would it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed. Like what would it you know
+what would it be like um if uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be like um if uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be like um if uh you know
+there's all like what if every kid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all like what if every kid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all like what if every kid in
+school today who's destined to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school today who's destined to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school today who's destined to become a
+truck driver we have to find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck driver we have to find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck driver we have to find something
+else for them to do? Like that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for them to do? Like that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else for them to do? Like that's pretty
+challenging thing to think about. Um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging thing to think about. Um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging thing to think about. Um uh
+this was another 2017 example. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was another 2017 example. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was another 2017 example. I don't
+know. I was glad to go back and revisit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. I was glad to go back and revisit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. I was glad to go back and revisit
+this um because you know there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um because you know there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um because you know there's lots of
+things that are going on today about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going on today about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going on today about
+like man LLMs are going to like replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like man LLMs are going to like replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like man LLMs are going to like replace
+all this work that people are doing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work that people are doing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this work that people are doing like
+but for the last two decades we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the last two decades we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the last two decades we've been
+building software that replaces the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building software that replaces the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building software that replaces the work
+that people is doing. Like there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people is doing. Like there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people is doing. Like there's all
+kinds of machine learning based systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of machine learning based systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of machine learning based systems
+that can do what lawyers do and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do what lawyers do and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can do what lawyers do and things
+like that. You don't necessarily need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. You don't necessarily need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. You don't necessarily need
+LLMs to do it although maybe it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLMs to do it although maybe it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLMs to do it although maybe it will
+sort of accelerate uh some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of accelerate uh some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of accelerate uh some of these
+kinds of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things.
+Um, so when I when I was giving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so when I when I was giving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so when I when I was giving this
+talk to educators seven or eight years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to educators seven or eight years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to educators seven or eight years
+ago or something like that, uh, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or something like that, uh, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago or something like that, uh, this
+would be the point where I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the point where I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the point where I would say
+like, imagine you could go into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, imagine you could go into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, imagine you could go into your
+school today, imagine going to the any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school today, imagine going to the any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school today, imagine going to the any
+of the Cambridge public schools,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Cambridge public schools,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Cambridge public schools,
+Somerville public schools, whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville public schools, whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Somerville public schools, whatever it
+is, and grab every homework assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, and grab every homework assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is, and grab every homework assignment
+that had been given out that day. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been given out that day. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had been given out that day. Um, so
+go to all the classrooms, collect every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to all the classrooms, collect every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to all the classrooms, collect every
+single assignment that was given out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single assignment that was given out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single assignment that was given out and
+put them in a big pile and start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a big pile and start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a big pile and start going
+through them. um start classifying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them. um start classifying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them. um start classifying those
+homework assignments like how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignments like how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignments like how many of
+them require some kind of ill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them require some kind of ill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them require some kind of ill
+ststructured problem solving or expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ststructured problem solving or expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ststructured problem solving or expert
+thinking? How many of them require some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking? How many of them require some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking? How many of them require some
+kind of complex communication? And how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complex communication? And how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complex communication? And how
+many of those homework assignments ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those homework assignments ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of those homework assignments ask
+people to do the kinds of routine work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do the kinds of routine work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do the kinds of routine work
+that we no longer need human beings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we no longer need human beings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we no longer need human beings to
+do? Um and my like most educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Um and my like most educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Um and my like most educators
+confronted with that question be like ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with that question be like ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confronted with that question be like ah
+I think we're doing a whole lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're doing a whole lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're doing a whole lot of the
+routine stuff. Um and conceivably those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine stuff. Um and conceivably those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine stuff. Um and conceivably those
+you know that's something that we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's something that we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's something that we should
+be uh that we should be revisiting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that we should be revisiting as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh that we should be revisiting as
+the world is changing. Um how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is changing. Um how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is changing. Um how many of
+you encountered the idea anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encountered the idea anywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you encountered the idea anywhere in
+your study of education of 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your study of education of 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your study of education of 21st century
+skills? Is that a thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills? Is that a thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills? Is that a thing that people
+still discuss or I Courtney when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still discuss or I Courtney when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still discuss or I Courtney when you
+were ever working on products did people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ever working on products did people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were ever working on products did people
+talk about 21st century skills in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about 21st century skills in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about 21st century skills in your
+um no I was most in like ELA and medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I was most in like ELA and medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no I was most in like ELA and medical
+so yeah you might have had some where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you might have had some where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah you might have had some where
+where did you encounter so um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did you encounter so um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did you encounter so um in the
+nonprofit space in India for education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit space in India for education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit space in India for education
+there's a lot of people that are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people that are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people that are trying
+to do 21st century skills it was a buzz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do 21st century skills it was a buzz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do 21st century skills it was a buzz
+word I think a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I think a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word I think a while ago
+yeah once you're like 25 years into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once you're like 25 years into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah once you're like 25 years into a
+century the idea of 21st centur skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the idea of 21st centur skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the idea of 21st centur skills
+becomes like it was it was it felt more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes like it was it was it felt more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes like it was it was it felt more
+urgent in 2004 2005 what were you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent in 2004 2005 what were you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urgent in 2004 2005 what were you gonna
+say just stem in general I think came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just stem in general I think came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say just stem in general I think came
+out of that yeah there there was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that yeah there there was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that yeah there there was sort of
+this notion that like okay now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that like okay now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion that like okay now that we
+have computers saturating our workforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computers saturating our workforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have computers saturating our workforce
+there's some new set of skills that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some new set of skills that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some new set of skills that
+we're going to have to teach um young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to teach um young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to teach um young
+people how to do um and uh it it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how to do um and uh it it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people how to do um and uh it it was
+kind of interesting because if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting because if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting because if you like
+there I don't know there were probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't know there were probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I don't know there were probably
+like a dozen different organizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dozen different organizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a dozen different organizations
+that came up with lists of 21st century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up with lists of 21st century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came up with lists of 21st century
+skills. Um, for a while there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills. Um, for a while there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills. Um, for a while there was this
+thing called the five Cs like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the five Cs like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called the five Cs like uh
+communication, collaboration,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication, collaboration,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication, collaboration,
+creativity, critical thinking. There was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity, critical thinking. There was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity, critical thinking. There was
+a fifth one, maybe it was the four C's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fifth one, maybe it was the four C's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fifth one, maybe it was the four C's.
+Maybe I four C's, five C's, some H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I four C's, five C's, some H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I four C's, five C's, some H
+four the the four C's, something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the the four C's, something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four the the four C's, something like
+that. almost it was interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. almost it was interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. almost it was interesting because
+actually if almost all of those lists at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if almost all of those lists at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if almost all of those lists at
+some point cite me and Levy's work like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point cite me and Levy's work like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point cite me and Levy's work like
+the only people that did sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only people that did sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only people that did sort of like
+original empirical analysis were these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original empirical analysis were these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original empirical analysis were these
+two economists and then everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two economists and then everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two economists and then everyone else
+kind of freestyled on top of that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of freestyled on top of that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of freestyled on top of that. Um,
+but there was, you know, I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was, you know, I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was, you know, I think there
+was something s significant there. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something s significant there. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something s significant there. Um,
+that you could kind of tell by I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could kind of tell by I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could kind of tell by I mean
+these this I think the new division of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this I think the new division of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this I think the new division of
+labor is 2005 or something like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is 2005 or something like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor is 2005 or something like that,
+but like 20 years ago, you could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like 20 years ago, you could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like 20 years ago, you could have a
+sense that like, man, um, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that like, man, um, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that like, man, um, we're going to
+need uh, you know, we're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh, you know, we're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh, you know, we're going to need
+many, many more people with far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many, many more people with far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many, many more people with far more
+cognitive skills than we've ever needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive skills than we've ever needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive skills than we've ever needed
+before to to fill our labor market. like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to to fill our labor market. like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to to fill our labor market. like
+we're just going to need more people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to need more people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to need more people who
+can do expert thinking, ill structured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do expert thinking, ill structured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do expert thinking, ill structured
+problem solving, complex communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving, complex communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solving, complex communication
+than we've ever needed before in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we've ever needed before in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we've ever needed before in the
+history of the American education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the American education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the American education
+system. Um, and that's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um, and that's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Um, and that's a sort of
+stressful thing to contemplate. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful thing to contemplate. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressful thing to contemplate. So
+that's like one set of fundamental ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like one set of fundamental ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like one set of fundamental ideas
+like like a way of thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a way of thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like a way of thinking about what
+do we want people to know? Um a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want people to know? Um a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want people to know? Um a kind of
+analysis that uh um people will be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that uh um people will be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that uh um people will be doing
+in the labor market, you know, education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labor market, you know, education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labor market, you know, education
+economists, labor market economists in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists, labor market economists in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists, labor market economists in
+the next 5 years is something like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 5 years is something like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 5 years is something like well
+okay how do LLMs change this equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do LLMs change this equation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do LLMs change this equation?
+Um how does generative AI change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um how does generative AI change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um how does generative AI change this
+equation? Does it simply accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? Does it simply accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation? Does it simply accelerate
+trends that have already been existing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends that have already been existing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends that have already been existing?
+Is there some kind of like new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there some kind of like new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there some kind of like new set of
+answers to these questions? You know are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these questions? You know are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these questions? You know are
+there like are there further are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like are there further are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like are there further are there
+different classes of skills? um this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of skills? um this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different classes of skills? um this uh
+um David Atur who's one of the people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um David Atur who's one of the people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um David Atur who's one of the people I
+just mentioned just wrote a I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned just wrote a I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned just wrote a I don't know
+what he I think he wrote a I think he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he I think he wrote a I think he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he I think he wrote a I think he
+wrote a working paper that was then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a working paper that was then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a working paper that was then
+quoted in the New York Times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted in the New York Times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted in the New York Times or
+something like that. Um he's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um he's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um he's actually
+he's he's been a person who for decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's been a person who for decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's been a person who for decades
+has been saying like oh computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been saying like oh computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been saying like oh computers are
+like pretty bad for the middle class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty bad for the middle class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like pretty bad for the middle class.
+Like a figure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like a figure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like a figure like
+this this is a bad figure for the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a bad figure for the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a bad figure for the middle
+class. Like this is where the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Like this is where the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Like this is where the middle
+class existed. Um these people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class existed. Um these people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class existed. Um these people are
+disappearing. These are like either rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing. These are like either rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappearing. These are like either rich
+folks getting rich or poor folk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks getting rich or poor folk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks getting rich or poor folk the
+service line is poor folks getting poor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service line is poor folks getting poor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service line is poor folks getting poor.
+Um but um he just recently came out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but um he just recently came out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um but um he just recently came out with
+something which is like actually um LLMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is like actually um LLMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is like actually um LLMs
+are going to be good for the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be good for the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be good for the middle
+class. Generative AI is going to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Generative AI is going to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Generative AI is going to be good
+for the middle class because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the middle class because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the middle class because there's
+going to be a whole class of jobs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a whole class of jobs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a whole class of jobs that
+people can do with AI support um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can do with AI support um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can do with AI support um that
+they wouldn't have been able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't have been able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wouldn't have been able to do
+without like graduate training or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without like graduate training or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without like graduate training or
+something like that and now they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and now they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and now they're
+going to be able to do it with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do it with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to do it with these
+sort of systems that are helping them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of systems that are helping them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of systems that are helping them.
+Um and then there's another economist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then there's another economist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then there's another economist
+here Darren Asameloo um who was like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Darren Asameloo um who was like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Darren Asameloo um who was like I
+don't know David I think in the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know David I think in the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know David I think in the New York
+Times article he's like oh that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times article he's like oh that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times article he's like oh that's pretty
+optimistic I'm not sure that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic I'm not sure that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic I'm not sure that's going to
+work out. Um but these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out. Um but these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out. Um but these are the kinds of
+things that people are wrestling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people are wrestling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that people are wrestling with
+now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now.
+Um the the heart of the trap of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the the heart of the trap of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the the heart of the trap of the
+routine assessment um is that the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine assessment um is that the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routine assessment um is that the kinds
+of things that computers are good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that computers are good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that computers are good at
+assessing it almost exactly overlap with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing it almost exactly overlap with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing it almost exactly overlap with
+the kinds of things that computers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that computers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of things that computers are
+good at doing. Um and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at doing. Um and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at doing. Um and those are the
+kinds of things that we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we don't need
+people to do anymore. um the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do anymore. um the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to do anymore. um the kinds of
+things that we can build tools that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can build tools that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we can build tools that are
+good at assessing human performance are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at assessing human performance are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at assessing human performance are
+almost always very closely overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always very closely overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always very closely overlapping
+with uh the kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh the kinds of things that
+computers are good at, the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are good at, the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers are good at, the kinds of
+things you don't need them to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you don't need them to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you don't need them to do
+anymore. So here are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. So here are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore. So here are a couple of
+examples. Um here's a framework um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. Um here's a framework um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples. Um here's a framework um for
+mathematical modeling. So one of the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical modeling. So one of the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical modeling. So one of the big
+changes in the common core state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the common core state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the common core state
+standards that came about 15 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that came about 15 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards that came about 15 years ago
+or something like that um was that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um was that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that um was that we
+wanted to teach students not just to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to teach students not just to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to teach students not just to do
+procedural kinds of things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural kinds of things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedural kinds of things in
+mathematics but to be able to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics but to be able to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics but to be able to conduct
+exercises in mathematical modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in mathematical modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises in mathematical modeling and
+that those exercises in mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those exercises in mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those exercises in mathematical
+modeling um you can think of it having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling um you can think of it having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling um you can think of it having
+kind of five steps like first you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of five steps like first you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of five steps like first you have
+to find some problem in the world um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some problem in the world um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find some problem in the world um
+what is an interesting thing to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an interesting thing to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is an interesting thing to view
+then you have to set that up as a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to set that up as a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to set that up as a model
+you have to you know whether that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you know whether that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you know whether that's an
+equation or a schematic or a table or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a schematic or a table or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation or a schematic or a table or
+whatever it is you have to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you have to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you have to take a
+problem and they have to frame it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they have to frame it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and they have to frame it in
+some kind of way. Then probably once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way. Then probably once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of way. Then probably once
+you've developed that model, you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've developed that model, you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've developed that model, you have to
+compute some kind of solution inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute some kind of solution inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute some kind of solution inside
+that model. Then you have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model. Then you have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model. Then you have to sort of
+explain your solution in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain your solution in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain your solution in terms of the
+real world. So was it 27 board feet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world. So was it 27 board feet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world. So was it 27 board feet or
+was it 27 kittens or was it you know 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it 27 kittens or was it you know 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it 27 kittens or was it you know 27
+acres? Um and then you have to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acres? Um and then you have to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acres? Um and then you have to be able
+to sort of explain why your solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of explain why your solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of explain why your solution
+makes sense. Like why did you follow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. Like why did you follow a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. Like why did you follow a
+series of reasonable mathematical steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of reasonable mathematical steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of reasonable mathematical steps
+to come up with that solution? Um, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with that solution? Um, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with that solution? Um, of
+those roughly five steps, um, what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those roughly five steps, um, what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those roughly five steps, um, what what
+do we have technologies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluate? What what have you of of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate? What what have you of of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate? What what have you of of those
+five things, what have you ever been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things, what have you ever been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five things, what have you ever been
+tested on? I want to say three. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on? I want to say three. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested on? I want to say three. Yeah.
+Computing the solution. The only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the solution. The only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the solution. The only thing
+the only thing of those five steps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing of those five steps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing of those five steps that
+we can like reliably get computers to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can like reliably get computers to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can like reliably get computers to do
+is evaluate whether or not you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evaluate whether or not you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is evaluate whether or not you can
+compute a solution. If you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a solution. If you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute a solution. If you use
+mathematics in your profession, which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics in your profession, which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics in your profession, which of
+those five steps will you almost never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five steps will you almost never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those five steps will you almost never
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+do? Computing the solution. Um, like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Computing the solution. Um, like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do? Computing the solution. Um, like a
+computer can't tell you which problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can't tell you which problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer can't tell you which problems
+are interesting. A computer can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting. A computer can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interesting. A computer can't tell
+you like, oh, this would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like, oh, this would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like, oh, this would be a good
+problem to think about through this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to think about through this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to think about through this kind
+of equation or through this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equation or through this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equation or through this kind of
+formula or through this kind of framing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or through this kind of framing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or through this kind of framing.
+Um, a computer like is not that good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a computer like is not that good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a computer like is not that good at
+taking the outputs and being like, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the outputs and being like, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the outputs and being like, okay,
+this is what it means for the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it means for the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what it means for the real
+world. And computers are really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And computers are really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And computers are really not
+particularly good at explaining to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good at explaining to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly good at explaining to you
+why what just happened mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what just happened mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why what just happened mathematically
+makes sense. But the one thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. But the one thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense. But the one thing that you
+will assuredly do if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assuredly do if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will assuredly do if you're a
+professional mathematician is have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional mathematician is have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional mathematician is have the
+computer do the math. Um the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer do the math. Um the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer do the math. Um the computers
+are like significantly more reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like significantly more reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like significantly more reliable
+than you are at those kinds of steps. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are at those kinds of steps. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you are at those kinds of steps. Um
+so there's there's if if you go and sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's if if you go and sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's if if you go and sit
+down for any mathematics exam that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for any mathematics exam that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for any mathematics exam that's
+given in a standardized way at any level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in a standardized way at any level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given in a standardized way at any level
+um you will spend the vast majority of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will spend the vast majority of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will spend the vast majority of
+your time computing. Um, if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time computing. Um, if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your time computing. Um, if you're a
+mathematician, you'll spend almost not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician, you'll spend almost not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician, you'll spend almost not
+really a mathematician, but if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a mathematician, but if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a mathematician, but if you're a
+person who uses mathematics in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who uses mathematics in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who uses mathematics in their
+work, you will spend almost none of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, you will spend almost none of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work, you will spend almost none of your
+time computing. You will spend almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time computing. You will spend almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time computing. You will spend almost
+all of your time doing those other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your time doing those other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of your time doing those other kinds
+of things. Um, that's a real problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. Um, that's a real problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things. Um, that's a real problem.
+That's a real problem. Um, a a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a real problem. Um, a a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a real problem. Um, a a useful
+concept to um that uh that people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept to um that uh that people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept to um that uh that people who
+study, psychometricians, people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study, psychometricians, people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study, psychometricians, people who
+study testing, um they have a they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study testing, um they have a they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study testing, um they have a they have
+a term for how we misunderstand math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term for how we misunderstand math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term for how we misunderstand math
+tests and it's called or tests in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and it's called or tests in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and it's called or tests in
+general. It's called the reification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. It's called the reification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. It's called the reification
+fallacy. Um, reification means sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy. Um, reification means sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy. Um, reification means sort of
+the naming of something. Um, if you call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naming of something. Um, if you call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the naming of something. Um, if you call
+something a math test, people will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a math test, people will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a math test, people will think
+it's a math test. But calling something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a math test. But calling something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a math test. But calling something
+a math test doesn't make it a math test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math test doesn't make it a math test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math test doesn't make it a math test.
+Um, so for instance, every time you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so for instance, every time you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so for instance, every time you take
+a math test, you need to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math test, you need to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math test, you need to know something
+about language. You probably need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about language. You probably need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about language. You probably need to
+know something about test taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about test taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about test taking
+strategies. Um, there's probably a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies. Um, there's probably a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies. Um, there's probably a whole
+bunch of other like cultural things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other like cultural things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of other like cultural things that
+you need to know to function at a test.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to function at a test.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know to function at a test.
+And the test is effectively evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the test is effectively evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the test is effectively evaluating
+all those things. Um, the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things. Um, the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things. Um, the other thing is
+a test can like there's no test that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test can like there's no test that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test can like there's no test that can
+say that you know all of eighth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know all of eighth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know all of eighth grade
+algebra. Um, the way we take that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. Um, the way we take that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra. Um, the way we take that would
+take you forever. Um, instead what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you forever. Um, instead what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you forever. Um, instead what we do
+is we sample out of a domain. We say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we sample out of a domain. We say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we sample out of a domain. We say
+here's all the stuff that might fit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's all the stuff that might fit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's all the stuff that might fit in
+eighth grade algebra and like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth grade algebra and like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth grade algebra and like we're
+going to pick some of this stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick some of this stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to pick some of this stuff and
+some of this stuff and some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff and some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this stuff and some of this
+stuff. Um, a way you could think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Um, a way you could think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. Um, a way you could think about
+this problem is that we over sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is that we over sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is that we over sample
+computing and we under sample all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and we under sample all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing and we under sample all of
+these other kinds of things. Um, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other kinds of things. Um, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other kinds of things. Um, now
+what? Um, well, maybe let's do let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Um, well, maybe let's do let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? Um, well, maybe let's do let's do
+one more that's like this. Um, here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more that's like this. Um, here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more that's like this. Um, here's
+here's one of my very favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of my very favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one of my very favorite
+paragraphs that's ever been written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs that's ever been written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs that's ever been written
+about computer programming by Hal Abson,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer programming by Hal Abson,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computer programming by Hal Abson,
+who's here, and some of his colleagues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's here, and some of his colleagues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's here, and some of his colleagues.
+Um, this is from a a computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is from a a computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is from a a computer science
+textbook. Um, first we want to establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook. Um, first we want to establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook. Um, first we want to establish
+the idea that computer language is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that computer language is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that computer language is not
+just a way of getting computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way of getting computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way of getting computer to
+perform operations, but rather that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform operations, but rather that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform operations, but rather that is a
+novel formal medium for expressing ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel formal medium for expressing ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel formal medium for expressing ideas
+about methodology. Thus, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about methodology. Thus, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about methodology. Thus, this is
+probably the key sentence. Thus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the key sentence. Thus,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the key sentence. Thus,
+programs must be written for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs must be written for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs must be written for people to
+read and only incidentally for machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and only incidentally for machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read and only incidentally for machines
+to execute. Second, we believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute. Second, we believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to execute. Second, we believe that the
+essential material to be addressed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential material to be addressed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential material to be addressed by a
+subject at this level is not the syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject at this level is not the syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject at this level is not the syntax
+of particular programming language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particular programming language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particular programming language
+constructs, nor clever algorithms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs, nor clever algorithms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs, nor clever algorithms for
+computing particular functions, nor even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing particular functions, nor even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing particular functions, nor even
+the mathematical analysis of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical analysis of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mathematical analysis of algorithms
+and foundations of computing, but rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foundations of computing, but rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and foundations of computing, but rather
+the techniques used to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques used to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the techniques used to control the
+intellectual complexity of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual complexity of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual complexity of large
+software systems. Um why would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software systems. Um why would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software systems. Um why would it be
+important for programs to be written for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for programs to be written for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for programs to be written for
+people to read and only incidentally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to read and only incidentally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to read and only incidentally for
+machines to run? People are the ones who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines to run? People are the ones who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines to run? People are the ones who
+are maintaining the code. Can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maintaining the code. Can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maintaining the code. Can't
+understand it. And how are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. And how are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it. And how are they going to
+maintain it? People have to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it? People have to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it? People have to be able to
+maintain it. What else? What might folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it. What else? What might folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain it. What else? What might folks
+say?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. The way you add new features, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The way you add new features, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The way you add new features, the
+way you collaborate, the way you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you collaborate, the way you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you collaborate, the way you build
+large complex systems is that you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large complex systems is that you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large complex systems is that you build
+a system that people can read and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that people can read and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that people can read and
+understand what it's doing. um uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it's doing. um uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what it's doing. um uh when
+you can't read and can't understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read and can't understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't read and can't understand what
+it's doing. Um now when you when you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing. Um now when you when you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing. Um now when you when you all
+take introductory computing classes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take introductory computing classes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take introductory computing classes um
+and you submit your homework assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you submit your homework assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you submit your homework assignments
+and they're automatically graded, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're automatically graded, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're automatically graded, what
+are the kind of characteristics of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of characteristics of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the kind of characteristics of your
+programming that those systems are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming that those systems are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming that those systems are good
+at grading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at grading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at grading
+sort of the output of whatever occurs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the output of whatever occurs?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the output of whatever occurs?
+Okay. So, um the the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um the the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um the the assignment
+presupposes some kind of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposes some kind of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presupposes some kind of engineering
+test and figures out whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and figures out whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test and figures out whether or not you
+pass that test, like but did your spell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that test, like but did your spell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that test, like but did your spell
+check dictionary detect the misspelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check dictionary detect the misspelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check dictionary detect the misspelled
+words or not? Um uh if it passed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words or not? Um uh if it passed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words or not? Um uh if it passed a
+series of randomized test cases from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of randomized test cases from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of randomized test cases from
+input to output. Okay, good. So, similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to output. Okay, good. So, similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to output. Okay, good. So, similar
+kind of thing like we we throw a b we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing like we we throw a b we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing like we we throw a b we
+throw a bunch of possible inputs in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a bunch of possible inputs in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw a bunch of possible inputs in this
+system. Does it all come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Does it all come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Does it all come up with the
+outputs that it's supposed to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that it's supposed to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs that it's supposed to come up
+with? Other kinds of engineering tests.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with? Other kinds of engineering tests.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with? Other kinds of engineering tests.
+Dana just going to say like sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dana just going to say like sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dana just going to say like sometimes
+they'll implement like a time like does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll implement like a time like does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll implement like a time like does
+your code does your code run fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code does your code run fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your code does your code run fast
+enough? Good. So there could be a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough? Good. So there could be a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough? Good. So there could be a you
+know that's one kind of efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one kind of efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's one kind of efficiency
+metric. I think there are other kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric. I think there are other kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metric. I think there are other kind of
+efficiency metrics that maybe have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency metrics that maybe have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency metrics that maybe have you
+ever done things where you like you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done things where you like you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done things where you like you only
+have a certain number of lines or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain number of lines or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a certain number of lines or a
+certain number of characters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of characters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of characters or
+something like that to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that to try to
+generate some parsimony or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some parsimony or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some parsimony or something
+like that. Some classes here do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Some classes here do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Some classes here do have
+like these like style checkers. I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these like style checkers. I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these like style checkers. I'm not
+too sure what they check exactly, but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too sure what they check exactly, but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too sure what they check exactly, but um
+they check for certain like stylistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they check for certain like stylistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they check for certain like stylistic
+choices you made in your coding, but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you made in your coding, but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices you made in your coding, but a
+lot of them also depend on you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them also depend on you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them also depend on you to have
+like to have like correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have like correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have like correct
+computationally code to then give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally code to then give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computationally code to then give you
+the style point. Yeah, good. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style point. Yeah, good. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style point. Yeah, good. You know,
+and I think the style starts getting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the style starts getting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the style starts getting at
+the sort of programs must be written for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of programs must be written for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of programs must be written for
+people to read. Now, they probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to read. Now, they probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to read. Now, they probably don't
+check things like did you name your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check things like did you name your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check things like did you name your
+variables and your functions something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and your functions something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and your functions something
+sensible that somebody else would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible that somebody else would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible that somebody else would be
+able to to understand later on or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to understand later on or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to understand later on or other
+kinds of things like that. Um, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Um, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like that. Um, but you
+could think of those style guides as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of those style guides as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think of those style guides as
+like like initial, you know, like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like initial, you know, like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like initial, you know, like we
+have pretty good tests for the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pretty good tests for the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pretty good tests for the kind of
+incidentally for machines to execute.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally for machines to execute.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally for machines to execute.
+That's kind of our like our efficacy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of our like our efficacy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of our like our efficacy,
+our efficiency evaluations. um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our efficiency evaluations. um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our efficiency evaluations. um you know
+in some in some ways like the style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some in some ways like the style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some in some ways like the style
+checkers you're describing also they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers you're describing also they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers you're describing also they
+might be kind of silly but like another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of silly but like another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be kind of silly but like another
+way to think of them is like as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of them is like as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of them is like as a as a
+reasonable first step towards these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable first step towards these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable first step towards these
+kinds of things like what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things like what are all the
+machine readable parts of style um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine readable parts of style um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine readable parts of style um that
+we can get a computer to evaluate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a computer to evaluate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get a computer to evaluate and
+how over time would we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how over time would we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how over time would we build
+increasingly sophisticated um style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly sophisticated um style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly sophisticated um style
+checkers, computer assessors that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers, computer assessors that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkers, computer assessors that would
+just do a better and better job year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a better and better job year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do a better and better job year
+after year of pull of evaluating more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year of pull of evaluating more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after year of pull of evaluating more
+and more features of code that have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more features of code that have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more features of code that have to
+do with humans understanding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with humans understanding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with humans understanding and
+communicating with each other rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating with each other rather
+than just machines. What were you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just machines. What were you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just machines. What were you going
+to say? Uh I was just going to add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say? Uh I was just going to add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say? Uh I was just going to add that
+uh basically I've been a part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically I've been a part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh basically I've been a part of a
+course where they also do like design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where they also do like design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course where they also do like design
+checks for the code on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks for the code on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks for the code on
+top. So they're checking like are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. So they're checking like are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top. So they're checking like are you
+writing good efficient loops? are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing good efficient loops? are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing good efficient loops? are you
+writing redundant code? But even so, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing redundant code? But even so, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing redundant code? But even so, I
+really feel that within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel that within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really feel that within this
+introductory like programming space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory like programming space,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory like programming space,
+they're mostly checking for how well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mostly checking for how well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mostly checking for how well the
+students are overfitting to the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are overfitting to the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are overfitting to the given
+problem space already. Like what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem space already. Like what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem space already. Like what they
+want to test for is problem solving, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to test for is problem solving, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to test for is problem solving, but
+that's just really hard to do. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just really hard to do. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just really hard to do. I think
+good. So that you that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So that you that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So that you that it's very
+difficult. So a in the solution of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. So a in the solution of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult. So a in the solution of any
+given problem, it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given problem, it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given problem, it's very difficult to
+detect for something that would be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect for something that would be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect for something that would be sort
+of like generalizable problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like generalizable problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like generalizable problem solving
+skills. And even worse, it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills. And even worse, it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills. And even worse, it's essentially
+like so far it's proven more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so far it's proven more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so far it's proven more or less
+impossible to design assessment machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to design assessment machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to design assessment machines
+that can detect something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can detect something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can detect something like
+generalized problem solving skills. Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized problem solving skills. Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized problem solving skills. Like
+to some extent like anytime we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent like anytime we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some extent like anytime we build
+these things, you know, the our most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things, you know, the our most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things, you know, the our most
+sophisticated assessment tools sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated assessment tools sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated assessment tools sort of
+like work best on particular problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like work best on particular problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like work best on particular problems
+that you've like fit them to work on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've like fit them to work on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've like fit them to work on and
+other kinds of things like that and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things like that and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of things like that and they
+work less well um on more generalizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less well um on more generalizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less well um on more generalizable
+kinds of things. Um what are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Um what are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things. Um what are what are
+some other domains that we could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other domains that we could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other domains that we could think
+of that are sort of maybe I'll have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are sort of maybe I'll have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that are sort of maybe I'll have you
+chat with each other for a minute. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with each other for a minute. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat with each other for a minute. Um
+talk about talk about two things. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about talk about two things. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about talk about two things. Um
+what what are what are just other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are what are just other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are what are just other
+domains that you can think of that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that you can think of that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that you can think of that are
+like this where computers can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where computers can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where computers can sort of
+test something in the domain but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test something in the domain but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test something in the domain but they
+may not be able to capture like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be able to capture like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be able to capture like the most
+important or like big important classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or like big important classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important or like big important classes
+of things in that domain. Um think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in that domain. Um think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things in that domain. Um think about
+that for a few minutes. That might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a few minutes. That might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a few minutes. That might be
+like the sort of putting a pessimist's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sort of putting a pessimist's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sort of putting a pessimist's
+hat on to think about that. Um, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat on to think about that. Um, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat on to think about that. Um, and then
+put on your optimist hat for a minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on your optimist hat for a minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on your optimist hat for a minute or
+two and say like in the next 5 years,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and say like in the next 5 years,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and say like in the next 5 years,
+where do you think we're most likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think we're most likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you think we're most likely to
+see the most progress um in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the most progress um in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the most progress um in sort of
+thwarting the trap of routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwarting the trap of routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thwarting the trap of routine
+assessment? Like where are we most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment? Like where are we most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment? Like where are we most
+likely to develop um assessment tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to develop um assessment tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to develop um assessment tools
+that actually evaluate people on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually evaluate people on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually evaluate people on things
+that we really care about and want human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really care about and want human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really care about and want human
+beings to be able to do? Um turn to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings to be able to do? Um turn to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings to be able to do? Um turn to the
+person uh next to you or a couple people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh next to you or a couple people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person uh next to you or a couple people
+and talk about those two things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about those two things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk about those two things for
+three or four minutes. Ready? Go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four minutes. Ready? Go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four minutes. Ready? Go.
+Let's do let's do the let's do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do let's do the let's do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's do let's do the let's do the first
+one first. Um what are what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first. Um what are what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one first. Um what are what are some
+domains that you could think of where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that you could think of where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains that you could think of where it
+seemed like ah we were like we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like ah we were like we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed like ah we were like we really
+are having a hard time using computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having a hard time using computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are having a hard time using computers
+to get at the important stuff here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at the important stuff here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at the important stuff here
+like essay writing or short stories or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essay writing or short stories or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like essay writing or short stories or
+anything to do with like writing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with like writing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything to do with like writing in
+literature. Great. And that's pro like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature. Great. And that's pro like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature. Great. And that's pro like
+that's probably one of the most studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably one of the most studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably one of the most studied
+most examined domains. Um and again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most examined domains. Um and again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most examined domains. Um and again it's
+a place where like we have a like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where like we have a like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place where like we have a like at
+least the baseline in that field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the baseline in that field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the baseline in that field is
+pretty well understood. Um so some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well understood. Um so some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well understood. Um so some of
+the very worst assessment like just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very worst assessment like just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very worst assessment like just like
+the most disappointing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most disappointing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most disappointing kind of
+assessments we do is people's long form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments we do is people's long form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessments we do is people's long form
+essay writing on standardized tests. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay writing on standardized tests. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay writing on standardized tests. Um
+there's a guy here named Les Pearlman um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy here named Les Pearlman um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy here named Les Pearlman um
+who used to um joke about the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who used to um joke about the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who used to um joke about the quality of
+standardized writing assess assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized writing assess assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized writing assess assessment
+by noting that that he could pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by noting that that he could pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by noting that that he could pretty
+reliably score essays from across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably score essays from across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably score essays from across the
+room um because you just hold them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um because you just hold them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um because you just hold them up
+and see how long they are. Um and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how long they are. Um and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see how long they are. Um and just
+by glancing them he could be like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by glancing them he could be like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by glancing them he could be like oh
+that's two that's a three that's a five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two that's a three that's a five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's two that's a three that's a five.
+Um he also wrote pretty early on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um he also wrote pretty early on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um he also wrote pretty early on a
+pretty fun piece of software. um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun piece of software. um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fun piece of software. um there
+are all these companies that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all these companies that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all these companies that were
+creating automated essay graders. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating automated essay graders. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating automated essay graders. And so
+he got a group of MIT students to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got a group of MIT students to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he got a group of MIT students to make
+software that generated nonsense text um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that generated nonsense text um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that generated nonsense text um
+that did really well on these automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did really well on these automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did really well on these automated
+essay scorers. Um which was just it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay scorers. Um which was just it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay scorers. Um which was just it it
+was pretty fun to read these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty fun to read these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was pretty fun to read these things
+which just were like complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just were like complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just were like complete
+hallucinations of madness and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations of madness and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallucinations of madness and then you
+know some system would be like five. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some system would be like five. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some system would be like five. Um
+but uh um we we we actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um we we we actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh um we we we actually have
+developed software tools. Um so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed software tools. Um so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed software tools. Um so think
+you know when like the GRE essays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when like the GRE essays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when like the GRE essays are
+scored or things like that. So humans go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored or things like that. So humans go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scored or things like that. So humans go
+and score them. It's incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and score them. It's incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and score them. It's incredibly
+disappointing how they do that. Um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing how they do that. Um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappointing how they do that. Um they
+read them all very quickly. They score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them all very quickly. They score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them all very quickly. They score
+them holistically. The people who do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them holistically. The people who do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them holistically. The people who do the
+scoring are like not particularly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring are like not particularly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scoring are like not particularly well
+paid, not particularly well trained. As
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid, not particularly well trained. As
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid, not particularly well trained. As
+you might imagine, like it's enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine, like it's enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine, like it's enormously
+boring to read essays over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring to read essays over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring to read essays over and over
+again about like, you know, who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about like, you know, who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again about like, you know, who is the
+person in your life that inspired you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in your life that inspired you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person in your life that inspired you
+the most or, you know, I don't whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most or, you know, I don't whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most or, you know, I don't whatever
+other ridiculous questions they ask. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ridiculous questions they ask. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ridiculous questions they ask. Um,
+and and but anyway, you can train those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and but anyway, you can train those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and but anyway, you can train those
+people to be reasonably uh similar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be reasonably uh similar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to be reasonably uh similar in
+their scoring to one another. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scoring to one another. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scoring to one another. Um, and
+not only that, but for a given question,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that, but for a given question,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that, but for a given question,
+like if we ask people over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we ask people over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we ask people over and over
+again, who is the, you know, person that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, who is the, you know, person that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, who is the, you know, person that
+inspired you the most? you have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired you the most? you have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired you the most? you have a bunch
+of humans evaluate it. You feed all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans evaluate it. You feed all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of humans evaluate it. You feed all of
+those essays into some kind of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those essays into some kind of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those essays into some kind of machine
+learning algorithm. We can build um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm. We can build um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning algorithm. We can build um
+machines that are roughly as reliable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are roughly as reliable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that are roughly as reliable as
+those humans. Um so um we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those humans. Um so um we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those humans. Um so um we can we can
+create automated essay scoring tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create automated essay scoring tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create automated essay scoring tools
+that do a reasonably good job that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do a reasonably good job that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do a reasonably good job that that
+predict what a human would score an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what a human would score an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what a human would score an
+essay about as reliably as two humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay about as reliably as two humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay about as reliably as two humans
+would would predict what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would predict what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would would predict what the other
+person would score the essay. Like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would score the essay. Like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person would score the essay. Like about
+as reliable as two people are. um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reliable as two people are. um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as reliable as two people are. um it
+doesn't those systems don't work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't those systems don't work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't those systems don't work for
+shorter answer things. Um so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter answer things. Um so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter answer things. Um so you have to
+you have to be in the realm of a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be in the realm of a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to be in the realm of a few
+hundred words before these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred words before these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred words before these systems
+become reliable. They're also not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become reliable. They're also not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become reliable. They're also not very
+useful for novel questions. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for novel questions. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for novel questions. If you
+invent a new essay question you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a new essay question you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent a new essay question you want to
+give someone, you can't take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give someone, you can't take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give someone, you can't take one of
+these algorithms off the shelf and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms off the shelf and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these algorithms off the shelf and run
+it against the system and have it work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it against the system and have it work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it against the system and have it work.
+you have to like you know have which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to like you know have which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to like you know have which is
+which is why like I don't know I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why like I don't know I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why like I don't know I don't
+know how they do it exactly with essays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they do it exactly with essays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they do it exactly with essays
+but these standardized test companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these standardized test companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these standardized test companies
+like you know some fraction of the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some fraction of the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some fraction of the test
+that you take every time you take it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take every time you take it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take every time you take it um
+is not scored and it's just used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not scored and it's just used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not scored and it's just used for
+development for these kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for these kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development for these kinds of things
+like that you know so you're somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know so you're somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know so you're somehow
+like we've convinced you to pay $75 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've convinced you to pay $75 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've convinced you to pay $75 to
+do voluntary work for giant test making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do voluntary work for giant test making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do voluntary work for giant test making
+companies and things like that um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and things like that um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and things like that um but
+yeah that's a that's a you know um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a you know um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a that's a you know um that
+is a domain in which pe People will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a domain in which pe People will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a domain in which pe People will also
+disagree. Some people will be like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree. Some people will be like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree. Some people will be like,
+"Man, it's great that we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Man, it's great that we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Man, it's great that we have these
+systems because if you have tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because if you have tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because if you have tools that
+can automatically score essays, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can automatically score essays, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can automatically score essays, then you
+can encourage people to write more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can encourage people to write more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can encourage people to write more
+essays." Like, if we didn't have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays." Like, if we didn't have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays." Like, if we didn't have these
+machines that could score essays, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that could score essays, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines that could score essays, like
+we uh they wouldn't be on standardized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh they wouldn't be on standardized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh they wouldn't be on standardized
+tests. And if they wouldn't be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests. And if they wouldn't be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests. And if they wouldn't be on
+standardized tests, then teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests, then teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized tests, then teachers
+wouldn't assign them, and then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't assign them, and then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't assign them, and then we would
+teach less writing. And so, like, even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach less writing. And so, like, even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach less writing. And so, like, even
+as crappy as they, you know, maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as crappy as they, you know, maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as crappy as they, you know, maybe there
+are some critiques about their concern,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some critiques about their concern,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some critiques about their concern,
+maybe there are some concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there are some concerns about
+their quality, but they're still good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their quality, but they're still good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their quality, but they're still good
+for the system. Um but uh but yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the system. Um but uh but yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the system. Um but uh but yeah,
+clearly not everything that is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not everything that is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly not everything that is important
+about writing is captured in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing is captured in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing is captured in those
+things. Like sort of closely related is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Like sort of closely related is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Like sort of closely related is
+like language learning. You can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like language learning. You can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like language learning. You can very
+easily assess whether someone knows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily assess whether someone knows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily assess whether someone knows a
+lot of vocab or verb conjugations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of vocab or verb conjugations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of vocab or verb conjugations or
+grammar or whatever by by a computer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar or whatever by by a computer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar or whatever by by a computer.
+But like that's not really the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But like that's not really the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But like that's not really the point of
+language learning. Like language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learning. Like language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learning. Like language
+learning is a lot of it's about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is a lot of it's about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is a lot of it's about like
+speaking and listening and and writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and listening and and writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and listening and and writing
+and stuff. And like especially like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff. And like especially like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff. And like especially like the
+speaking and listening part like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and listening part like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking and listening part like you
+probably it's probably going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it's probably going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it's probably going to take a
+long time for computers to do that well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time for computers to do that well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time for computers to do that well.
+Especially like when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Especially like when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Especially like when you have
+variability due to like accents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability due to like accents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability due to like accents and
+regional stuff like it would be hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional stuff like it would be hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regional stuff like it would be hard to
+assess whether or not someone really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether or not someone really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether or not someone really is
+fluent in a language by simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent in a language by simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluent in a language by simply
+interacting with good. And you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with good. And you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with good. And you know
+language learning is such an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learning is such an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learning is such an interesting
+subject in general uh because it shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in general uh because it shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in general uh because it shifts
+so much in the middle of it. Um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the middle of it. Um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much in the middle of it. Um there
+there aren't that many things that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't that many things that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't that many things that like
+like you know the kinds of things you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the kinds of things you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the kinds of things you do
+when you teach social studies to third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you teach social studies to third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you teach social studies to third
+graders is not that different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders is not that different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders is not that different from the
+kinds of things that you do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that you do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that you do when you
+teach social studies to 12th graders. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach social studies to 12th graders. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach social studies to 12th graders. I
+guess it's more complicated but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's more complicated but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's more complicated but it's
+along the same lines but the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the same lines but the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the same lines but the initial
+learning of a language sort of more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning of a language sort of more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning of a language sort of more like
+a math or a science and then the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math or a science and then the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a math or a science and then the later
+parts of a language is more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a language is more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of a language is more like a
+humanities or a social science or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities or a social science or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities or a social science or
+something like that which is cool. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that which is cool. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that which is cool. Um,
+in the book I write a bunch about um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book I write a bunch about um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book I write a bunch about um,
+automated automated pronunciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated automated pronunciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated automated pronunciation
+detectors. Um, which to me I think are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors. Um, which to me I think are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors. Um, which to me I think are a
+great example of advances in language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of advances in language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great example of advances in language
+learning, especially when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, especially when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning, especially when you think
+about the classroom contexts in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the classroom contexts in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the classroom contexts in which
+people learn to pronounce things. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn to pronounce things. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learn to pronounce things. So,
+like take yourself back to your middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take yourself back to your middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like take yourself back to your middle
+school Spanish class or whatever. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Spanish class or whatever. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school Spanish class or whatever. Um,
+and there's 26 kids in the room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 26 kids in the room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's 26 kids in the room and
+there's one teacher and the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one teacher and the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one teacher and the teacher
+walks up to you and goes, "Hola, kumo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks up to you and goes, "Hola, kumo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks up to you and goes, "Hola, kumo
+estas." And then you respond and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estas." And then you respond and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estas." And then you respond and and
+maybe the teacher gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the teacher gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the teacher gives you some
+feedback about their pronunciation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about their pronunciation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about their pronunciation.
+Maybe they're just whipping around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they're just whipping around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they're just whipping around the
+room, but you're getting at best like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room, but you're getting at best like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room, but you're getting at best like
+126th of that teacher's attention for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126th of that teacher's attention for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+126th of that teacher's attention for
+that pronunciation evaluation exercise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pronunciation evaluation exercise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pronunciation evaluation exercise.
+It's extraordinarily inefficient. Um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's extraordinarily inefficient. Um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's extraordinarily inefficient. Um I
+als I remember this a lot because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+als I remember this a lot because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+als I remember this a lot because I'm
+both bad at language learning and bad at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bad at language learning and bad at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both bad at language learning and bad at
+pronouncing things. Um and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing things. Um and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronouncing things. Um and you know so
+teacher like I would say stuff and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher like I would say stuff and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher like I would say stuff and the
+teacher would just like nod at me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher would just like nod at me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher would just like nod at me like
+okay go on to the next word like clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay go on to the next word like clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay go on to the next word like clearly
+I'm not learning this. Um but it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not learning this. Um but it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not learning this. Um but it like
+you know I can open up a computer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can open up a computer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I can open up a computer that
+has an automated pronunciation detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an automated pronunciation detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an automated pronunciation detection
+and I can just you know mispronounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just you know mispronounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can just you know mispronounce
+poor favore over and over and over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor favore over and over and over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor favore over and over and over and
+over again. And this thing doesn't care.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again. And this thing doesn't care.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again. And this thing doesn't care.
+It'll listen to me say it as many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'll listen to me say it as many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It'll listen to me say it as many times
+as it want. you know, as they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it want. you know, as they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it want. you know, as they get
+better, they might be able to find they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, they might be able to find they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, they might be able to find they
+can at least give me examples of correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least give me examples of correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least give me examples of correct
+pronunciation. They might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation. They might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation. They might be able to
+fine-tune my pronunciation. Like, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune my pronunciation. Like, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine-tune my pronunciation. Like, that
+seems like, you know, a place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like, you know, a place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like, you know, a place where
+computational assessment might really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational assessment might really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational assessment might really be
+a whole lot better um than human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot better um than human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot better um than human
+assessment, like in a domain that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment, like in a domain that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment, like in a domain that's
+pretty important. What was your example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important. What was your example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important. What was your example,
+Sabrina? I was going to say using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina? I was going to say using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sabrina? I was going to say using
+computers to analyze art. like it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to analyze art. like it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers to analyze art. like it can
+tell you about the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about the color
+compositions, time period that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions, time period that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositions, time period that it's
+from, um what makes it objectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from, um what makes it objectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from, um what makes it objectively
+appealing to look at, but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to look at, but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to look at, but it doesn't
+necessarily go into the artist's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go into the artist's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go into the artist's
+background or like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or like the
+emotional message behind it or um why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional message behind it or um why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional message behind it or um why it
+was created in the way that it was. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created in the way that it was. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created in the way that it was. I
+think with art there's like it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with art there's like it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with art there's like it's usually
+not like the surface level which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the surface level which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the surface level which I think
+that the computer is like really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computer is like really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the computer is like really good at
+hitting. Um but maybe the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting. Um but maybe the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting. Um but maybe the overall
+meaning message is missed entirely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning message is missed entirely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning message is missed entirely.
+Yeah. I it's it you know I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I it's it you know I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. I it's it you know I mean there
+are AP studio art classes and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are AP studio art classes and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are AP studio art classes and things
+like that where you can submit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where you can submit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that where you can submit a
+portfolio and I don't I've never I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and I don't I've never I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and I don't I've never I never
+thought about it before you brought it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it before you brought it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it before you brought it
+up. Um, but to my knowledge, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Um, but to my knowledge, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. Um, but to my knowledge, there's no
+application of software in evaluating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of software in evaluating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of software in evaluating a
+student's art portfolio. But it's a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's art portfolio. But it's a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student's art portfolio. But it's a kind
+of fun exercise to start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun exercise to start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun exercise to start thinking about
+like what could you assign an AP studio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what could you assign an AP studio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what could you assign an AP studio
+art student that could be graded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art student that could be graded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art student that could be graded by a
+computer that people would generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that people would generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer that people would generally
+think is fair. Um, now clearly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is fair. Um, now clearly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is fair. Um, now clearly like
+abstract painting or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract painting or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract painting or something like
+that, like probably no one will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, like probably no one will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, like probably no one will think
+that's fair. um certain kinds of still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair. um certain kinds of still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fair. um certain kinds of still
+life like where the where the task is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life like where the where the task is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life like where the where the task is
+like like reproduce this bowl of fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like reproduce this bowl of fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like reproduce this bowl of fruit
+as closely as possible to what the bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as closely as possible to what the bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as closely as possible to what the bowl
+of fruit actually looked like I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fruit actually looked like I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fruit actually looked like I would
+imagine I would trust a computer to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I would trust a computer to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I would trust a computer to do
+that as well or better than a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well or better than a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as well or better than a human
+would you know but I'm not an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know but I'm not an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know but I'm not an artist
+maybe there's something about still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something about still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something about still
+lives I don't understand but the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives I don't understand but the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives I don't understand but the only
+application I can think of and I am very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application I can think of and I am very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application I can think of and I am very
+biased because I do a lot of photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased because I do a lot of photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biased because I do a lot of photography
+is detecting and even then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is detecting and even then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is detecting and even then it's
+difficult detecting if something's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult detecting if something's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult detecting if something's been
+like altered in any sort of after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like altered in any sort of after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like altered in any sort of after the
+um like Photoshop and I know Adobee's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like Photoshop and I know Adobee's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like Photoshop and I know Adobee's
+working on like their own thing to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on like their own thing to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on like their own thing to like
+detect. What would what would what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect. What would what would what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect. What would what would what would
+be a thing that you would want a novice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a thing that you would want a novice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a thing that you would want a novice
+photographer to be able to do pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer to be able to do pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer to be able to do pretty
+well that a computer could tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that a computer could tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that a computer could tell whether
+or not they could do it well? Whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they could do it well? Whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not they could do it well? Whether or
+not a photo is I think the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a photo is I think the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a photo is I think the most
+fundamental thing is like whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing is like whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental thing is like whether or not
+a photo is exposed properly without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo is exposed properly without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo is exposed properly without
+having to do any digital alterations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do any digital alterations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do any digital alterations.
+Yeah. Yeah. No, it's and again, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. No, it's and again, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. No, it's and again, you
+know, if you can get a computer that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you can get a computer that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you can get a computer that can
+do that evaluation, then you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that evaluation, then you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that evaluation, then you can then
+you can have all of the photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have all of the photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have all of the photography
+students get more formative feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get more formative feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students get more formative feedback.
+Um, maybe you can get them to have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, maybe you can get them to have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, maybe you can get them to have more
+high stakes feedback. Maybe, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high stakes feedback. Maybe, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high stakes feedback. Maybe, you know,
+we could admit students into arts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could admit students into arts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could admit students into arts
+colleges based on their photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges based on their photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges based on their photography
+portfolio or we can just ask them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or we can just ask them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio or we can just ask them more
+questions in their portfolio. We can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in their portfolio. We can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in their portfolio. We can say
+like, humans, go see like whether their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, humans, go see like whether their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, humans, go see like whether their
+intimate portraits like evoke the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate portraits like evoke the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate portraits like evoke the
+character of the person. Um, and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of the person. Um, and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of the person. Um, and don't
+waste your time figuring out whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste your time figuring out whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste your time figuring out whether or
+not they can expose photos correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they can expose photos correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they can expose photos correctly
+because like we got machines that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like we got machines that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like we got machines that can do
+that. Um, yeah, that's a that's a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, yeah, that's a that's a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um, yeah, that's a that's a neat
+example. Um, so where were you most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Um, so where were you most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. Um, so where were you most
+optimistic? Where do you feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic? Where do you feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic? Where do you feel like
+there's going to be the most improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be the most improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be the most improvement
+in the next five years and where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next five years and where are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next five years and where are
+those improvements going to come from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those improvements going to come from?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those improvements going to come from?
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I sort of have a followup. Oh, sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of have a followup. Oh, sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of have a followup. Oh, sure.
+Yeah. Yeah. Um, sorry. I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Um, sorry. I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. Um, sorry. I was just
+thinking that if if the photo photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that if if the photo photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that if if the photo photos
+exposure level is detectable by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure level is detectable by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure level is detectable by a
+computer and then so you begin to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then so you begin to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and then so you begin to not
+have humans evaluate that on admission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have humans evaluate that on admission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have humans evaluate that on admission
+tests anymore then soon you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests anymore then soon you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests anymore then soon you'd have to
+drop that right from the test like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that right from the test like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop that right from the test like that
+portion of the value because students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the value because students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the value because students
+would then have access to these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then have access to these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would then have access to these kinds of
+softwares as well which means they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softwares as well which means they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softwares as well which means they would
+never submit a photo that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never submit a photo that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never submit a photo that was not
+exposed. That is a great description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed. That is a great description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed. That is a great description of
+the trap of routine assessment. um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trap of routine assessment. um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trap of routine assessment. um that
+if if computers can detect performance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if computers can detect performance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if computers can detect performance,
+then computers can probably do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then computers can probably do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then computers can probably do that
+performance. Um if we if we can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Um if we if we can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance. Um if we if we can build a
+machine which tells whether or not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which tells whether or not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine which tells whether or not a
+photograph was taken with the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph was taken with the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photograph was taken with the correct
+exposure, then we can just build cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure, then we can just build cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure, then we can just build cameras
+that will only take photographs with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will only take photographs with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will only take photographs with the
+correct exposure and then we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct exposure and then we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct exposure and then we don't need
+to teach humans how to do correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach humans how to do correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach humans how to do correct
+exposures anymore. And so that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures anymore. And so that is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposures anymore. And so that is like
+part of this loop that educators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this loop that educators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this loop that educators are
+sort of constantly wrestling with,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constantly wrestling with,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of constantly wrestling with,
+constantly thinking about. Um, and a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly thinking about. Um, and a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly thinking about. Um, and a and
+a thing that makes this so hard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that makes this so hard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing that makes this so hard for
+educators is it's really hard to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators is it's really hard to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators is it's really hard to predict
+um when your old high school friends are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when your old high school friends are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when your old high school friends are
+going to call you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call you.
+Um, it's it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's it's really
+hard. I won't say anymore. um uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. I won't say anymore. um uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. I won't say anymore. um uh it's
+it's really hard to predict um like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to predict um like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to predict um like in
+what ways these kinds of disciplines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ways these kinds of disciplines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ways these kinds of disciplines
+will change like like how will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change like like how will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change like like how will
+photography change over the next five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography change over the next five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography change over the next five
+years um is a really hard thing for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um is a really hard thing for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years um is a really hard thing for for
+photography educators to guess right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography educators to guess right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography educators to guess right
+now. So um I was think I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So um I was think I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. So um I was think I've been
+thinking about this a lot because we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this a lot because we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this a lot because we I
+shared this paper that we published with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared this paper that we published with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared this paper that we published with
+you um that's called that was generative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um that's called that was generative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um that's called that was generative
+AI and K12 and MIT perspective. I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and K12 and MIT perspective. I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and K12 and MIT perspective. I didn't
+share with you all. I shared it with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you all. I shared it with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share with you all. I shared it with my
+students. Um, and uh, one of the claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. Um, and uh, one of the claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students. Um, and uh, one of the claims
+that we make in there is like we can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make in there is like we can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make in there is like we can be
+pretty sure that computer programming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that computer programming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure that computer programming is
+going to change and that co-pilots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change and that co-pilots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change and that co-pilots are
+going to be a really sort of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a really sort of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a really sort of central
+part of computer programming and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of computer programming and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of computer programming and so
+computer science teachers should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science teachers should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science teachers should
+probably start thinking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start thinking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably start thinking about how
+they're going to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to change their
+instruction. But I was just at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction. But I was just at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction. But I was just at a
+conference the other day um, where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference the other day um, where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference the other day um, where
+someone from Cornell Tech stood up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from Cornell Tech stood up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone from Cornell Tech stood up and
+was like and the whole premise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like and the whole premise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like and the whole premise of the
+conference was how should what guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference was how should what guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference was how should what guidance
+should we give to computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we give to computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we give to computer science
+teachers to change their instruction?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers to change their instruction?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers to change their instruction?
+And this woman stood up and was like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this woman stood up and was like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this woman stood up and was like do
+not do that. you have no idea how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do that. you have no idea how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do that. you have no idea how
+computer science you how computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you how computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science you how computer
+programming is going to change. You have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is going to change. You have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is going to change. You have
+there's no reason to give any new advice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to give any new advice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no reason to give any new advice
+to teachers right now because we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teachers right now because we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teachers right now because we have no
+idea what that would be. Um and uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what that would be. Um and uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what that would be. Um and uh I
+started thinking more and more like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking more and more like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started thinking more and more like well
+yeah like in part because I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like in part because I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like in part because I've been
+hearing from people who teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing from people who teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing from people who teach
+introduction to computer programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computer programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to computer programming
+that their early efforts to incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their early efforts to incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their early efforts to incorporate
+co-pilots in instruction were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilots in instruction were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-pilots in instruction were going
+pretty poorly. um that basically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty poorly. um that basically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty poorly. um that basically like
+people like students were using them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like students were using them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like students were using them and
+then like week four, week five would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like week four, week five would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then like week four, week five would
+roll around and they're like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll around and they're like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll around and they're like these
+students are totally confused. Like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are totally confused. Like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students are totally confused. Like they
+haven't learned fundamental things they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't learned fundamental things they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't learned fundamental things they
+need to learn and that I talked to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn and that I talked to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to learn and that I talked to other
+software engineers who are saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineers who are saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineers who are saying things
+like every hour you save programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every hour you save programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every hour you save programming
+with a co-pilot will cost you an hour in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a co-pilot will cost you an hour in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a co-pilot will cost you an hour in
+quality assurance later. Um that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality assurance later. Um that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality assurance later. Um that the
+things like like you solve little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like like you solve little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like like you solve little
+problems but you end up creating bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but you end up creating bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but you end up creating bigger
+runs for some of the reasons that Hal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs for some of the reasons that Hal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs for some of the reasons that Hal
+has on the screen right here. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the screen right here. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has on the screen right here. And so
+then you start saying like, man, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start saying like, man, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start saying like, man, maybe
+we don't know like may like it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know like may like it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know like may like it's pretty
+it's pretty hard to think about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to think about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hard to think about how you
+should change um you know the like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change um you know the like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change um you know the like some
+people might say like why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might say like why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might say like why are we
+assessing computer programming at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing computer programming at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessing computer programming at all
+anymore like the bots are just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore like the bots are just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore like the bots are just going to
+do it for us and then other people be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for us and then other people be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for us and then other people be
+like I'm not so sure about that like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not so sure about that like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm not so sure about that like we
+might actually need people doing this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually need people doing this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually need people doing this or
+doing parts of this. Um it's a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing parts of this. Um it's a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing parts of this. Um it's a you know
+the other thing I think about a lot um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I think about a lot um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing I think about a lot um
+is that his like historically educators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that his like historically educators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that his like historically educators
+are not very good at this. Um, so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very good at this. Um, so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not very good at this. Um, so if you
+read like in the 19th century, the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read like in the 19th century, the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read like in the 19th century, the 20th
+century, like in you know, in the 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, like in you know, in the 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, like in you know, in the 19th
+century, there were a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, there were a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century, there were a whole bunch of
+people who were like fervent believers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were like fervent believers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were like fervent believers
+in diagramming sentences. Did any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagramming sentences. Did any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in diagramming sentences. Did any of you
+have to diagram sentences when you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagram sentences when you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to diagram sentences when you're in
+elementary school? You know, subject,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school? You know, subject,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school? You know, subject,
+predicate, adverb, all these kind. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate, adverb, all these kind. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate, adverb, all these kind. I
+mean, there are people who went to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, there are people who went to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, there are people who went to their
+graves believing that like if we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graves believing that like if we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graves believing that like if we didn't
+teach young people what the pl perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach young people what the pl perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach young people what the pl perfect
+was, like then, you know, society was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, like then, you know, society was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was, like then, you know, society was
+going to collapse. And they were totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to collapse. And they were totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to collapse. And they were totally
+wrong. They laugh at them today. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. They laugh at them today. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong. They laugh at them today. But
+there's all kinds of stuff that you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of stuff that you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all kinds of stuff that you and
+I would sit down with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would sit down with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would sit down with a bunch of
+curriculum developers and be like, "Man,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum developers and be like, "Man,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum developers and be like, "Man,
+it's incredibly important that kids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly important that kids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's incredibly important that kids in
+2024 learn X." And some fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 learn X." And some fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2024 learn X." And some fraction of
+those things are absolutely going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are absolutely going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are absolutely going to be
+vital in 20, you know, 75. And some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital in 20, you know, 75. And some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vital in 20, you know, 75. And some of
+those things that we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that we would like
+passionately defend right now, people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionately defend right now, people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionately defend right now, people in
+2075 would be like, "Can you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2075 would be like, "Can you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2075 would be like, "Can you believe
+those folks 50 years ago thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks 50 years ago thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those folks 50 years ago thought that
+people needed to learn X?" Like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people needed to learn X?" Like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people needed to learn X?" Like what
+kind of mor, you know, those like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mor, you know, those like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mor, you know, those like the
+knuckleheads who believed in the Plue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knuckleheads who believed in the Plue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knuckleheads who believed in the Plue
+perfect in the 19th century or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect in the 19th century or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect in the 19th century or something
+like that. Um these are they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um these are they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um these are they're very
+difficult things to predict. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult things to predict. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult things to predict. All right,
+let's talk about more optimistic things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about more optimistic things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about more optimistic things.
+What are other things, Dana, that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are other things, Dana, that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are other things, Dana, that um we
+had a really interesting conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really interesting conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really interesting conversation
+where we were saying if you go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were saying if you go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were saying if you go back to
+what you were talking about earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were talking about earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were talking about earlier in
+how AI can help teachers inspire or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how AI can help teachers inspire or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how AI can help teachers inspire or I
+get AI can inspire teachers um with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get AI can inspire teachers um with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get AI can inspire teachers um with new
+homework assignments. Um but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignments. Um but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework assignments. Um but then we
+brought up this weird like edtech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up this weird like edtech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up this weird like edtech
+Matthew effect where um AI only pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew effect where um AI only pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matthew effect where um AI only pulls
+like specifically like say Chad GBT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like specifically like say Chad GBT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like specifically like say Chad GBT is
+only pulling from existing literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pulling from existing literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pulling from existing literature on
+the subject um other than the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject um other than the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject um other than the initial
+time that it like maybe accidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it like maybe accidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that it like maybe accidentally
+puts in a random word and starts going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts in a random word and starts going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts in a random word and starts going
+off the walls and makes something crazy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the walls and makes something crazy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the walls and makes something crazy.
+It's really only pulling from what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really only pulling from what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's really only pulling from what is
+already out there. So in the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already out there. So in the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already out there. So in the idea of
+bringing up um the middle class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up um the middle class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing up um the middle class and the
+teachers with new inspiration, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers with new inspiration, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers with new inspiration, you
+almost have to pull ahead the elites to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost have to pull ahead the elites to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost have to pull ahead the elites to
+then produce the literature that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then produce the literature that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then produce the literature that is
+necessary to then inspire AI with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to then inspire AI with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to then inspire AI with new
+things that will then trickle trickle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that will then trickle trickle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that will then trickle trickle
+down to the middle class um for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the middle class um for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the middle class um for them to
+use. So it was almost like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. So it was almost like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. So it was almost like this
+interesting idea that AI can be useful,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea that AI can be useful,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea that AI can be useful,
+but it needs to have the right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs to have the right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it needs to have the right like
+literature to back it up. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to back it up. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature to back it up. Um, and
+there's like this that interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like this that interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like this that interesting
+dilemma of like who is going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma of like who is going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma of like who is going to create
+that and how do you inspire people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how do you inspire people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and how do you inspire people to
+push them ahead in that sense to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them ahead in that sense to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push them ahead in that sense to help
+the the little guy? Yeah. What what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little guy? Yeah. What what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the little guy? Yeah. What what kind
+of training data gets used is enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of training data gets used is enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of training data gets used is enormously
+important. We were talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. We were talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. We were talking about this
+with one of our guests from WPI who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of our guests from WPI who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of our guests from WPI who was
+saying that uh maybe whoever was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that uh maybe whoever was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that uh maybe whoever was doing
+that presentation can explain it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presentation can explain it better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presentation can explain it better
+than I can, but that uh um uh like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can, but that uh um uh like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can, but that uh um uh like as
+LLMs generate more code and that code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLMs generate more code and that code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LLMs generate more code and that code
+has problems with it um then future LLMs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has problems with it um then future LLMs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has problems with it um then future LLMs
+will pull in all that buggy code and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull in all that buggy code and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull in all that buggy code and
+suggest more bad code like you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest more bad code like you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest more bad code like you know like
+me. Yeah. Do you want do you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Yeah. Do you want do you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Yeah. Do you want do you want to say
+more about what the what the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what the what the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about what the what the problem is
+there? So uh I used it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? So uh I used it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? So uh I used it
+to anyway so it was that LLMs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyway so it was that LLMs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anyway so it was that LLMs are
+trained on copilot uh on GitHub code. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on copilot uh on GitHub code. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on copilot uh on GitHub code. So
+they essentially get all of uh the badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially get all of uh the badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they essentially get all of uh the badly
+written code that copilot generates. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written code that copilot generates. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written code that copilot generates. So
+when students are generating that code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when students are generating that code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when students are generating that code
+uh they are essentially going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are essentially going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are essentially going to
+generate the same bad code and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the same bad code and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the same bad code and they're
+not going to fulfill the needs of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to fulfill the needs of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to fulfill the needs of what
+is required from the question as in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required from the question as in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is required from the question as in uh
+when you uh give someone an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh give someone an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh give someone an assignment
+uh there the ways to test it is to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there the ways to test it is to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there the ways to test it is to give
+them uh some test cases but those test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh some test cases but those test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh some test cases but those test
+cases essentially do not solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases essentially do not solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases essentially do not solve the
+entire problem. Uh so teaching students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire problem. Uh so teaching students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire problem. Uh so teaching students
+uh how to build those test cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to build those test cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to build those test cases that
+covers the entire input space is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the entire input space is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers the entire input space is more
+important than for them to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than for them to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than for them to be able to
+write code. Good. Yeah. And so um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write code. Good. Yeah. And so um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write code. Good. Yeah. And so um uh
+that was a I mean who knows if if what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a I mean who knows if if what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a I mean who knows if if what
+Shay just said is true, but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shay just said is true, but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shay just said is true, but that's a
+great kind of claim about the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great kind of claim about the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great kind of claim about the future.
+you know, building certain kind of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, building certain kind of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, building certain kind of test
+cases is going to be more important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases is going to be more important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases is going to be more important to
+the future of computer science than um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of computer science than um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of computer science than um
+you know, being able to write certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, being able to write certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, being able to write certain
+lines of codes or or knowing certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of codes or or knowing certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of codes or or knowing certain
+other programming principles or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programming principles or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programming principles or things
+like that. Like this is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Like this is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Like this is exactly what
+educators are wrestling with every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators are wrestling with every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educators are wrestling with every time
+there's some new technological change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some new technological change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some new technological change.
+Um you know, do we still teach kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know, do we still teach kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you know, do we still teach kids
+spelling in an age when we have spellch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling in an age when we have spellch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spelling in an age when we have spellch
+check? Do we still teach kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check? Do we still teach kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check? Do we still teach kids
+computation in an age where there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in an age where there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation in an age where there are
+computers? These kinds of things come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers? These kinds of things come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers? These kinds of things come up
+over and over again. um or avo um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again. um or avo um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again. um or avo um
+something that maybe could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe could be an
+optimistic outcome is that like software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic outcome is that like software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic outcome is that like software
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+languageoriented I mean discipline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languageoriented I mean discipline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languageoriented I mean discipline and
+that's kind of why like top language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of why like top language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of why like top language
+based model is so good at doing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based model is so good at doing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based model is so good at doing it but
+there are things that aren't like analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that aren't like analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are things that aren't like analog
+circuit design is very visual and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit design is very visual and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit design is very visual and right
+now signal processing like training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now signal processing like training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now signal processing like training
+machine learning models with like images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning models with like images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning models with like images
+and things is a lot more difficult so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things is a lot more difficult so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things is a lot more difficult so
+for at least a few decades hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least a few decades hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for at least a few decades hopefully
+analog circuit design and other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog circuit design and other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog circuit design and other things
+that are related to hardware will be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related to hardware will be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are related to hardware will be um
+good skills probably to teach kids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good skills probably to teach kids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good skills probably to teach kids and
+to build like decent fields to work in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build like decent fields to work in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build like decent fields to work in.
+Also, even though there are co-pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, even though there are co-pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, even though there are co-pilot
+things for things like cadence that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for things like cadence that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things for things like cadence that does
+like um layout for like semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um layout for like semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um layout for like semiconductor
+chips or whatever, I don't think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips or whatever, I don't think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips or whatever, I don't think they're
+good. I also don't know how they work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. I also don't know how they work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. I also don't know how they work.
+So a more strong emphasis on teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a more strong emphasis on teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So a more strong emphasis on teaching
+kids kind of like the basics of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids kind of like the basics of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids kind of like the basics of how the
+things that they are I guess catering to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they are I guess catering to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they are I guess catering to
+if tattoo actually work. What I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if tattoo actually work. What I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if tattoo actually work. What I'm trying
+to say is that I hope that people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that I hope that people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that I hope that people like
+have this shift towards understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this shift towards understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this shift towards understanding
+how things work from the bottom instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things work from the bottom instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how things work from the bottom instead
+of the top which is good because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top which is good because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the top which is good because then
+you can build things from ground up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build things from ground up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can build things from ground up.
+Wow. Great. Yeah, I like that. What were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow. Great. Yeah, I like that. What were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow. Great. Yeah, I like that. What were
+you gonna say? I don't know. I'm just I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gonna say? I don't know. I'm just I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gonna say? I don't know. I'm just I
+have a I have a disagreement with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I have a disagreement with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a I have a disagreement with the
+analog circuit design, but that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog circuit design, but that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog circuit design, but that's just
+purely because anything because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely because anything because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely because anything because it's
+still a visual software that's doing it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a visual software that's doing it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a visual software that's doing it.
+So there is some translation that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is some translation that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there is some translation that could
+be considered. It's like probably I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered. It's like probably I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered. It's like probably I do
+know a couple of analog circuit design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple of analog circuit design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a couple of analog circuit design
+softwares that just translate down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softwares that just translate down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softwares that just translate down to
+XML and you can just stick that XML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML and you can just stick that XML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XML and you can just stick that XML
+which is a structured object oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a structured object oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a structured object oriented
+language into chat GP get new XML back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into chat GP get new XML back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into chat GP get new XML back
+validate that it's correct see it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate that it's correct see it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate that it's correct see it and
+it'll probably produce a correct circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll probably produce a correct circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll probably produce a correct circuit
+in some capacity. But can you like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some capacity. But can you like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some capacity. But can you like I
+mean where are you starting when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean where are you starting when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean where are you starting when you get
+like designing the amplifier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like designing the amplifier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like designing the amplifier or
+something?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something?
+Um it's it's starting from you have well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's it's starting from you have well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it's it's starting from you have well
+the same thing when you started now. Not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing when you started now. Not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing when you started now. Not
+nobody had code when it first started.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had code when it first started.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody had code when it first started.
+You would have whatever data set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would have whatever data set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would have whatever data set of
+people has all their amplifier files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has all their amplifier files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has all their amplifier files
+that are all lined up whatever it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all lined up whatever it is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are all lined up whatever it is.
+Then you would ha then you would decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you would ha then you would decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you would ha then you would decide
+okay let's get the let's get the textual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get the let's get the textual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get the let's get the textual
+representation of this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of this in some
+syntactical language which XML was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactical language which XML was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactical language which XML was just
+one that came to my head but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that came to my head but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that came to my head but it could be
+anything that can represent the image in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that can represent the image in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that can represent the image in
+text form since that's all the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form since that's all the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form since that's all the software
+is doing since it's just the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing since it's just the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing since it's just the inputs and
+outputs where you connect from wire a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs where you connect from wire a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs where you connect from wire a to
+wire wherever it is and that can usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire wherever it is and that can usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire wherever it is and that can usually
+be limited and then you take that text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be limited and then you take that text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be limited and then you take that text
+train the LM on it you run it through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the LM on it you run it through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train the LM on it you run it through it
+you get some out you then say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some out you then say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some out you then say okay
+generate me an amplifier and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate me an amplifier and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate me an amplifier and it will
+generate you an amplifier with that XML,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate you an amplifier with that XML,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate you an amplifier with that XML,
+you put it back into the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it back into the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it back into the visual
+software. Now, look, you now have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software. Now, look, you now have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software. Now, look, you now have an
+amplifier. Okay. My new hope is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. Okay. My new hope is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier. Okay. My new hope is that all
+of this becomes proprietary and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this becomes proprietary and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this becomes proprietary and they
+don't like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know, and I think what's what to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and I think what's what to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, and I think what's what to me
+what from an educator's point of view,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what from an educator's point of view,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what from an educator's point of view,
+what's so sort of challenging about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so sort of challenging about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so sort of challenging about
+these kinds of questions is like I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of questions is like I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of questions is like I know
+nothing about your domain and so both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about your domain and so both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about your domain and so both of
+the cases that you just made seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases that you just made seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cases that you just made seem
+totally plausible to me. um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally plausible to me. um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally plausible to me. um and that
+it's really hard pe people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard pe people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard pe people seem to be
+really bad at predicting the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at predicting the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad at predicting the kinds of
+things um that AI are going to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um that AI are going to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um that AI are going to be useful
+for in the future like which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the future like which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for in the future like which of these
+problems are solvable and which are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are solvable and which are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are solvable and which are they
+not um so you can imagine somewhere out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um so you can imagine somewhere out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um so you can imagine somewhere out
+there there are people who like run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are people who like run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are people who like run the
+you know AET engineering um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know AET engineering um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know AET engineering um uh
+curriculum certification kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum certification kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum certification kinds of things
+or people who are department heads or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people who are department heads or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or people who are department heads or or
+people who are writing textbooks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are writing textbooks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are writing textbooks or
+things like that like which of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that like which of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that like which of this
+stuff do we want to keep because human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff do we want to keep because human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff do we want to keep because human
+beings we'll still need human beings to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings we'll still need human beings to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings we'll still need human beings to
+So you know for the three categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know for the three categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know for the three categories
+which of the stuff is like nah like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the stuff is like nah like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of the stuff is like nah like in
+the future just AI will build the c like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future just AI will build the c like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future just AI will build the c like
+it'll just tell the a you know you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just tell the a you know you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just tell the a you know you'll
+tell some machine learning system AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell some machine learning system AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell some machine learning system AI
+system the kind of circuit that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the kind of circuit that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the kind of circuit that you want
+and it'll print it out and so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll print it out and so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll print it out and so you don't
+really know that need to know that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know that need to know that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know that need to know that much
+about it. B um yeah an AI will probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. B um yeah an AI will probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. B um yeah an AI will probably
+print out most of these things but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out most of these things but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out most of these things but it's
+still useful for humans to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still useful for humans to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still useful for humans to be able to
+understand this thing um because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this thing um because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this thing um because that
+gives you some kind of insight about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some kind of insight about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some kind of insight about how
+you would build other technology other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would build other technology other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would build other technology other
+things like that. Um or no there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um or no there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. Um or no there's no
+way computers are going to be good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way computers are going to be good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way computers are going to be good at
+this stuff. We still need human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff. We still need human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff. We still need human beings
+kind of primarily to do it. like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of primarily to do it. like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of primarily to do it. like those
+are at least three categories of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least three categories of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at least three categories of things.
+Um, and it's really hard to predict sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it's really hard to predict sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and it's really hard to predict sort
+of which things move into which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which things move into which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which things move into which
+categories. And it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. And it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories. And it's very difficult to
+get education systems to be good um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get education systems to be good um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get education systems to be good um at
+doing new kinds of things, which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing new kinds of things, which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing new kinds of things, which is why
+like most of the schools that you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the schools that you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most of the schools that you went
+to um you know had very little computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you know had very little computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um you know had very little computer
+science education and stuff like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science education and stuff like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science education and stuff like that,
+you know, because in the 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, because in the 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, because in the 19th century
+when we designed high schools, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we designed high schools, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we designed high schools, there
+wasn't computer science and so we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't computer science and so we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't computer science and so we didn't
+put it in the curriculum. Um and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the curriculum. Um and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the curriculum. Um and uh and
+we're a lot better at doing the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a lot better at doing the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're a lot better at doing the kinds of
+things we've done before than doing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done before than doing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've done before than doing new
+kinds of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things.
+Um all right good. Were there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right good. Were there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um all right good. Were there other
+observations or thoughts about that? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations or thoughts about that? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations or thoughts about that? I
+think it can technology can u bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can technology can u bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it can technology can u bring
+about change in the legal system. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about change in the legal system. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about change in the legal system. So a
+lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people
+um lawyers spend a lot of time reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lawyers spend a lot of time reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lawyers spend a lot of time reading
+stuff and building upon that uh for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and building upon that uh for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and building upon that uh for a
+specific case. So and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case. So and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific case. So and that's what
+determines their career. How big you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines their career. How big you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines their career. How big you get
+and is depends on how much you've read,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is depends on how much you've read,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is depends on how much you've read,
+how much you've experienced. So if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you've experienced. So if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you've experienced. So if all
+this knowledge is really available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knowledge is really available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this knowledge is really available to
+them uh for a specific test case then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh for a specific test case then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh for a specific test case then
+probably it's going to make their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it's going to make their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably it's going to make their lives
+much more easier. Yeah. You know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more easier. Yeah. You know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more easier. Yeah. You know I think
+some of the sort of framework that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sort of framework that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the sort of framework that that
+Levy and Maine offer also help us think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levy and Maine offer also help us think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Levy and Maine offer also help us think
+about like what kinds of things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what kinds of things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what kinds of things will
+lawyers need to be good at in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers need to be good at in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers need to be good at in the
+future. Like to me it strikes me as very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Like to me it strikes me as very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. Like to me it strikes me as very
+unlikely that computers will have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that computers will have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that computers will have much
+impact on the part of trial lawyer work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the part of trial lawyer work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the part of trial lawyer work.
+Um which is convincing juries of things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um which is convincing juries of things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um which is convincing juries of things.
+Um like like the people who actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like like the people who actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like like the people who actually
+like get in front of juries and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like get in front of juries and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like get in front of juries and try
+cases and things like that. Um like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and things like that. Um like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and things like that. Um like it's
+very unlikely that we'll have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely that we'll have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very unlikely that we'll have you know
+AI machines that generate scripts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI machines that generate scripts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI machines that generate scripts for
+them or things like that because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or things like that because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or things like that because that
+kind of persuasive complex communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of persuasive complex communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of persuasive complex communication
+seems to be the domain in which human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the domain in which human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the domain in which human
+beings are most specialized at. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are most specialized at. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings are most specialized at. Um we
+probably like you know expert thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like you know expert thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably like you know expert thinking
+seems to be the domain in which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the domain in which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be the domain in which you know
+um like I'm sure you know like like are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like I'm sure you know like like are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like I'm sure you know like like are
+people going to write AI software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going to write AI software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people going to write AI software that
+detects tax loopholes? Um absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects tax loopholes? Um absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detects tax loopholes? Um absolutely
+like somebody is going to you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody is going to you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like somebody is going to you know um
+you know come up with all kinds of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know come up with all kinds of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know come up with all kinds of new
+ways that you know they're much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you know they're much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you know they're much faster
+at humans at finding ways to defeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at humans at finding ways to defeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at humans at finding ways to defeat the
+tax code. Um but there probably still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax code. Um but there probably still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax code. Um but there probably still be
+human beings um who for instance recogni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings um who for instance recogni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings um who for instance recogni
+like who who are much better at machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who who are much better at machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like who who are much better at machines
+at recognizing like oh well like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at recognizing like oh well like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at recognizing like oh well like this
+part might be like stri slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part might be like stri slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part might be like stri slightly
+strictly illegal but because of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly illegal but because of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly illegal but because of the way
+or like like like un like its legality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like like like un like its legality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like like like un like its legality
+is not tested but I happen to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not tested but I happen to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not tested but I happen to know
+because of everything that I know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of everything that I know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of everything that I know about
+like the functioning of society that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the functioning of society that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the functioning of society that
+like this is a particularly weak point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is a particularly weak point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is a particularly weak point
+in the tax code and would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tax code and would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tax code and would be a good
+place to um you know uh uh shelter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to um you know uh uh shelter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to um you know uh uh shelter or
+profits and those kinds of things. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and those kinds of things. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits and those kinds of things. Um,
+and then there does seem to be some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there does seem to be some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there does seem to be some kind
+like the more the more a legal task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the more the more a legal task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the more the more a legal task
+veers into the routine category um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veers into the routine category um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veers into the routine category um the
+more it's it's uh hey we just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's it's uh hey we just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's it's uh hey we just need to
+you know know how many times in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know how many times in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know how many times in these
+documents these things are said or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents these things are said or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents these things are said or
+something like that. Um but it is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um but it is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um but it is I mean
+to me it's useful to recognize that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's useful to recognize that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me it's useful to recognize that like
+I mean people were people were stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean people were people were stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean people were people were stressed
+about that in in 2017
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in in 2017
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in in 2017
+um you know with the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know with the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know with the machine learning
+techn so like like there's still lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techn so like like there's still lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techn so like like there's still lawyers
+in the United States there's still law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States there's still law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States there's still law
+schools like our legal system has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools like our legal system has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools like our legal system has not
+you know profoundly changed from um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know profoundly changed from um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know profoundly changed from um from
+what machine learning offered in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what machine learning offered in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what machine learning offered in fact I
+think like legal education has probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like legal education has probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like legal education has probably
+barely changed at all um on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely changed at all um on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely changed at all um on the basis of
+these things except maybe you could like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things except maybe you could like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things except maybe you could like
+take it I don't know this for sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it I don't know this for sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it I don't know this for sure I
+have no expertise in this but I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no expertise in this but I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no expertise in this but I assume
+you could like take an elective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could like take an elective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could like take an elective in
+computers in the law or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in the law or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers in the law or something like
+that or machine learning and the law now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or machine learning and the law now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that or machine learning and the law now
+that you wouldn't be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you wouldn't be able to do
+before. Do you guys some thoughts? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Do you guys some thoughts? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Do you guys some thoughts? Yeah.
+Uh in terms of the first in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in terms of the first in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh in terms of the first in terms of
+when you initially say back about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you initially say back about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you initially say back about
+lawyers and being a and not being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers and being a and not being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers and being a and not being able
+to generate scripts. Yeah, I would very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate scripts. Yeah, I would very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate scripts. Yeah, I would very
+much agree. There was actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much agree. There was actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much agree. There was actually um
+there's actually a case where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a case where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a case where I think
+two lawyers got heavily sanctioned. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lawyers got heavily sanctioned. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lawyers got heavily sanctioned. I
+think it was with the airport where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was with the airport where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it was with the airport where they
+pretty much just tried to generate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much just tried to generate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much just tried to generate an
+entire script purely through tax. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire script purely through tax. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire script purely through tax. I
+think it I think it was a filing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it I think it was a filing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it I think it was a filing and I
+think the filing included uh like fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the filing included uh like fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the filing included uh like fake
+citations and stuff like that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations and stuff like that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations and stuff like that which is
+really not the best.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not the best.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not the best.
+Yeah, and you could definitely see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, and you could definitely see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, and you could definitely see it
+where basically if you give it you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically if you give it you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically if you give it you could
+basically make a much better search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make a much better search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically make a much better search
+database using if you happen to stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database using if you happen to stick in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database using if you happen to stick in
+all these thousands of cases where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these thousands of cases where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these thousands of cases where all
+the where all the lawyers are where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where all the lawyers are where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the where all the lawyers are where all
+these lawyers are pretty much having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lawyers are pretty much having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lawyers are pretty much having
+decisions that change and ones and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that change and ones and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that change and ones and maybe
+one that benefits your benefits your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that benefits your benefits your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that benefits your benefits your
+stance could have been ruled on earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance could have been ruled on earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stance could have been ruled on earlier
+on earlier on in that year. Maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earlier on in that year. Maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on earlier on in that year. Maybe it's
+for the specific county there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific county there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the specific county there something
+different. You can definitely I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. You can definitely I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. You can definitely I
+definitely see that in the future. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see that in the future. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see that in the future. I
+don't know even if within that five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know even if within that five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know even if within that five
+years. Yeah. Being a being able to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Yeah. Being a being able to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years. Yeah. Being a being able to like
+being able to do scans of precedents for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do scans of precedents for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to do scans of precedents for
+a case or something like that. Um maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case or something like that. Um maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case or something like that. Um maybe
+one other domain we should talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other domain we should talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other domain we should talk about
+before we head out is just um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we head out is just um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we head out is just um you know
+one of one of the biggest places in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of one of the biggest places in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of one of the biggest places in
+which we will see pushes in the K12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will see pushes in the K12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will see pushes in the K12
+education system with new tools will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system with new tools will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education system with new tools will be
+in formative feedback for writing. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formative feedback for writing. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in formative feedback for writing. Um
+there going to be many there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be many there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be many there are many
+many people right now who are building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people right now who are building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people right now who are building
+systems so that like you assign students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so that like you assign students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so that like you assign students
+to write an essay they turn in the essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write an essay they turn in the essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write an essay they turn in the essay
+to you and or before they turn in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and or before they turn in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and or before they turn in the
+essay to you um you offer a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay to you um you offer a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay to you um you offer a bunch of
+formative feedback um and I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formative feedback um and I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formative feedback um and I'm very
+interested in the development of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the development of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the development of these
+systems I was talking with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I was talking with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I was talking with the
+um someone who's building one at UC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um someone who's building one at UC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um someone who's building one at UC
+Irvine and I guess I was reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irvine and I guess I was reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Irvine and I guess I was reading about
+some others too. Um it struck me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others too. Um it struck me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some others too. Um it struck me that
+one of the things that these systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that these systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that these systems
+have the capacity of doing um is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the capacity of doing um is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the capacity of doing um is saying
+something like here are 10 or 15 or 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like here are 10 or 15 or 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like here are 10 or 15 or 100
+things that I want you to check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I want you to check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I want you to check for
+every essay. Um does it you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every essay. Um does it you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every essay. Um does it you know does
+the does a paragraph start with a topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the does a paragraph start with a topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the does a paragraph start with a topic
+sentence? Um is there a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence? Um is there a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence? Um is there a transition
+sentence between does the paragraph seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence between does the paragraph seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence between does the paragraph seem
+like it has evidence? Does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has evidence? Does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it has evidence? Does the
+introduction appear to have a thesis?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction appear to have a thesis?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction appear to have a thesis?
+Um, does the conclusion tie? You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, does the conclusion tie? You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, does the conclusion tie? You know,
+you can think about all the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about all the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about all the things that
+you've been ever been taught to write.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been ever been taught to write.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been ever been taught to write.
+Um, a thing that I'm really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a thing that I'm really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, a thing that I'm really interested
+in is that I my hunch is I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is that I my hunch is I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is that I my hunch is I mean I
+thought about these a lot because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these a lot because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about these a lot because a lot
+of what I do is grade writing um give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I do is grade writing um give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I do is grade writing um give
+feedback on writing is that like some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on writing is that like some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on writing is that like some of
+this sort of seems intuitively helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of seems intuitively helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of seems intuitively helpful
+to me like oh it would be great if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like oh it would be great if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me like oh it would be great if I
+could just tell students like hey before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just tell students like hey before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just tell students like hey before
+you turn in your your assignment like go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn in your your assignment like go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn in your your assignment like go
+run it through this thing and make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it through this thing and make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it through this thing and make sure
+that the beginning of every paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beginning of every paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the beginning of every paragraph
+has a topic sentence even better than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a topic sentence even better than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a topic sentence even better than a
+topic sentence some kind of mini thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic sentence some kind of mini thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic sentence some kind of mini thesis
+something that presents the argument of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that presents the argument of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that presents the argument of
+the paragraph. Um, but I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paragraph. Um, but I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paragraph. Um, but I was thinking
+too like probably the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too like probably the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too like probably the most important
+thing that I do when I give feedback to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I do when I give feedback to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I do when I give feedback to
+someone, um, is figure out of the dozens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone, um, is figure out of the dozens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone, um, is figure out of the dozens
+of things I could comment on, which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I could comment on, which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things I could comment on, which one
+I will choose to comment on. Like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will choose to comment on. Like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will choose to comment on. Like one of
+the things I've learned about as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've learned about as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things I've learned about as a
+writing teacher over the years is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing teacher over the years is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing teacher over the years is like
+it is really not helpful to tell someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really not helpful to tell someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is really not helpful to tell someone
+everything they've gotten, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they've gotten, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything they've gotten, you know,
+they can improve in their essay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can improve in their essay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can improve in their essay because
+that's just too much stuff to work on. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just too much stuff to work on. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just too much stuff to work on. I
+mean, you guys note that like I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you guys note that like I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, you guys note that like I don't I
+mean, I I used to have people turn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I I used to have people turn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean, I I used to have people turn in
+printed essays and I used to like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed essays and I used to like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed essays and I used to like make
+marks on them and things like that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks on them and things like that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks on them and things like that. Um,
+but I found over the years like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I found over the years like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I found over the years like really
+what I want to do is be like these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is be like these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to do is be like these are
+the two things that you want to work on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that you want to work on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two things that you want to work on.
+Um, and how do I decide what those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and how do I decide what those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and how do I decide what those two
+things are? Like I sort of have in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are? Like I sort of have in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are? Like I sort of have in my
+head a model of people's developmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head a model of people's developmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head a model of people's developmental
+trajectory and some of that model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and some of that model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory and some of that model is
+based on like all MIT students ever. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on like all MIT students ever. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on like all MIT students ever. Um,
+like you know when I see an essay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know when I see an essay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know when I see an essay that
+looks like this, I'm pretty sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this, I'm pretty sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this, I'm pretty sure the
+next thing they should work on is blank.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing they should work on is blank.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing they should work on is blank.
+And then as soon as I've gotten like two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as soon as I've gotten like two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as soon as I've gotten like two
+pieces of writing from someone, then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of writing from someone, then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of writing from someone, then I
+can be like, "Well, the thing you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like, "Well, the thing you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like, "Well, the thing you were
+working on last time was this. Why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on last time was this. Why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on last time was this. Why don't
+you work on it more? Here's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on it more? Here's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work on it more? Here's like the
+next thing after that to work on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing after that to work on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing after that to work on or
+something like that." Um, that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that." Um, that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that." Um, that seems
+like the kind of discernment. It seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kind of discernment. It seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the kind of discernment. It seems
+way way easier to me to program a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way easier to me to program a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way easier to me to program a
+machine that can like find every kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that can like find every kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine that can like find every kind of
+problem than it is to program a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than it is to program a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem than it is to program a machine
+that can figure out like what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can figure out like what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can figure out like what are the
+next two problems you should be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two problems you should be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two problems you should be working
+on as a learner. um based on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as a learner. um based on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as a learner. um based on you know
+who you are or where I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are or where I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are or where I think you're
+heading or what's important for my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading or what's important for my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading or what's important for my class
+or other things like that. I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things like that. I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or other things like that. I feel like
+that opens up the idea of um breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opens up the idea of um breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that opens up the idea of um breaking
+out of the trap of routine assessment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the trap of routine assessment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the trap of routine assessment.
+Um if a computer can do those type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if a computer can do those type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um if a computer can do those type of
+things, then maybe teachers can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, then maybe teachers can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, then maybe teachers can now
+focus more on what does revision look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus more on what does revision look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus more on what does revision look
+like? Um, so like a student, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Um, so like a student, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like? Um, so like a student, you know,
+goes through an essay or writes an essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through an essay or writes an essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through an essay or writes an essay
+and then puts it through this machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then puts it through this machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then puts it through this machine
+and the machine tells you like, oh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the machine tells you like, oh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the machine tells you like, oh, and
+these introduction sentences like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these introduction sentences like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these introduction sentences like they
+could be stronger in X, Y, and Z ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be stronger in X, Y, and Z ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be stronger in X, Y, and Z ways
+and how do you develop those critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you develop those critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do you develop those critical
+thinking skills to take something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills to take something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking skills to take something and
+feedback and perform it or like change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and perform it or like change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and perform it or like change
+it in some way? Like you were always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some way? Like you were always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in some way? Like you were always
+saying like anything that you published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like anything that you published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like anything that you published
+was never your first draft. You said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never your first draft. You said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was never your first draft. You said
+like on day one, one of your good skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on day one, one of your good skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on day one, one of your good skills
+was being able to just like get down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being able to just like get down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being able to just like get down a
+first draft, right? CHBT can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first draft, right? CHBT can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first draft, right? CHBT can do the same
+for you. But how do we teach people in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. But how do we teach people in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you. But how do we teach people in a
+world where AI can give you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where AI can give you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world where AI can give you that
+baseline? How do we elevate it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline? How do we elevate it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline? How do we elevate it to a
+status that like is like acceptable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status that like is like acceptable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status that like is like acceptable for
+like a human? Like I feel like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human? Like I feel like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human? Like I feel like there's
+like AI can give us a baseline, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like AI can give us a baseline, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like AI can give us a baseline, but
+humans take that imagination and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans take that imagination and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans take that imagination and
+creativity to that next step. And so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to that next step. And so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity to that next step. And so you
+can kind of take the idea of like here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of take the idea of like here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of take the idea of like here's
+an essay. How would you change it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essay. How would you change it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essay. How would you change it to
+make it even better? Yeah. I you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it even better? Yeah. I you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it even better? Yeah. I you know
+for for these writing software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for these writing software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for these writing software
+developers I I mean a big well when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers I I mean a big well when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers I I mean a big well when I
+talk to them I think about like what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them I think about like what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to them I think about like what is
+the whole system that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system that you're
+constructing like not every capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing like not every capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing like not every capacity
+that you build will end up being useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you build will end up being useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you build will end up being useful
+not just because it doesn't work but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because it doesn't work but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just because it doesn't work but
+because like using it is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like using it is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like using it is not that
+helpful you start thinking things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful you start thinking things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful you start thinking things like
+all right what if there is a what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what if there is a what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what if there is a what if
+there are these sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these sort of you know
+formative feedback systems um where I as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formative feedback systems um where I as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formative feedback systems um where I as
+an instructor can say like okay um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor can say like okay um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an instructor can say like okay um you
+know start this package of uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know start this package of uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know start this package of uh um
+machines or something like that or or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines or something like that or or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines or something like that or or uh
+I select in advance that I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I select in advance that I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I select in advance that I want the
+machine to give you know to give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to give you know to give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine to give you know to give to
+automatically give you formative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically give you formative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically give you formative
+feedback on these things and then on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on these things and then on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on these things and then on
+this other class of things I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other class of things I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other class of things I want you to
+show me the feedback that you would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me the feedback that you would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show me the feedback that you would give
+to a student but I will pick from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a student but I will pick from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a student but I will pick from those
+things and then there'll be some way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then there'll be some way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then there'll be some way for
+me to sort of add to it like some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to sort of add to it like some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to sort of add to it like some of
+those sort of human machine combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of human machine combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those sort of human machine combinations
+seem pretty exciting to me good um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem pretty exciting to me good um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem pretty exciting to me good um well
+why don't we wrap there for the Okay.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8s0d87sjy1A.txt b/8s0d87sjy1A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb2e6ca202cfdd80aafffc26bb8f34d5659cd451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8s0d87sjy1A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so I have
+here first part is just the top part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first part is just the top part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first part is just the top part so
+I have some some blank line and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some some blank line and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some some blank line and then I'm
+defining uh a method named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining uh a method named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining uh a method named
+speak so write a line to replace blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak so write a line to replace blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak so write a line to replace blank
+that creates a class for dog that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates a class for dog that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates a class for dog that
+inherits from animal okay so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherits from animal okay so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherits from animal okay so the first
+thing I notice is that I need to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I notice is that I need to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I notice is that I need to write a
+a definition for a class whose name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition for a class whose name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a definition for a class whose name is
+dog so my choices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog so my choices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog so my choices are
+these so I can I can tell it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so I can I can tell it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so I can I can tell it's either
+the first or the third one and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first or the third one and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first or the third one and then I
+want to inherit from animal so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inherit from animal so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inherit from animal so I don't
+want to inherit from object but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inherit from object but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to inherit from object but I want
+to from animal right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to from animal right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to from animal right so that's
+perfect next question says with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect next question says with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect next question says with this
+definition of dog you run a a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of dog you run a a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of dog you run a a program
+with those three lines what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those three lines what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those three lines what
+happens okay so this is my definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so this is my definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so this is my definition
+and I have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have these three
+lines let's go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines let's go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines let's go down
+here nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so with these three lines it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with these three lines it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so with these three lines it says
+this first line says D is equal to dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first line says D is equal to dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first line says D is equal to dog
+seven so I'm creating a dog object with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so I'm creating a dog object with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so I'm creating a dog object with
+age seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age seven
+is this is this line going to throw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this line going to throw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is this line going to throw an
+error well this line actually looks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error well this line actually looks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error well this line actually looks for
+an inip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inip
+method this particular class definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this particular class definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this particular class definition
+doesn't have an in it method but hey I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an in it method but hey I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have an in it method but hey I'm
+inheriting from someone I'm inheriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheriting from someone I'm inheriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheriting from someone I'm inheriting
+from animal does animal have an init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal does animal have an init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from animal does animal have an init
+method and it does um as we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slides okay so we're creating a new dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay so we're creating a new dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides okay so we're creating a new dog
+with age seven and name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with age seven and name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with age seven and name
+none next so that line doesn't throw an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none next so that line doesn't throw an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none next so that line doesn't throw an
+error the next line sets the name to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error the next line sets the name to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error the next line sets the name to
+Ruffles and again I don't have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ruffles and again I don't have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ruffles and again I don't have a set
+name method inside this particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name method inside this particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name method inside this particular uh
+class but does my animal class my parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but does my animal class my parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but does my animal class my parent
+class have a set name method and yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class have a set name method and yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class have a set name method and yes it
+does right here so I call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right here so I call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right here so I call that
+one so that line does not throw an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that line does not throw an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that line does not throw an error
+and the third line says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third line says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third line says
+D.E which which is going to cause python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D.E which which is going to cause python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D.E which which is going to cause python
+to look in this current class definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look in this current class definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look in this current class definition
+and it says hey I have a method here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says hey I have a method here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it says hey I have a method here
+named speak so I'm going to use this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named speak so I'm going to use this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named speak so I'm going to use this one
+and it's going to print ruff ruff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to print ruff ruff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to print ruff ruff
+because it's a method so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can yeah so you can just it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can yeah so you can just it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can yeah so you can just it's like a
+function you can just print things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can just print things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can just print things you
+don't need to return anything okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to return anything okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to return anything okay so
+perfect most of you are getting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect most of you are getting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect most of you are getting that
+right
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9Mw24zosTyo.txt b/9Mw24zosTyo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b0dcb6209c6c430aa2f7dc9e74e92dc0cc75655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9Mw24zosTyo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+PA and I'm the learning technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA and I'm the learning technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PA and I'm the learning technology
+initiatives director at the Sloan School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives director at the Sloan School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiatives director at the Sloan School
+of Management I'm part of the Executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Management I'm part of the Executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Management I'm part of the Executive
+Education Department but I also report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education Department but I also report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education Department but I also report
+to the deputy Dean here at the Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the deputy Dean here at the Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the deputy Dean here at the Sloan
+School of Management what I'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Management what I'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Management what I'd like to do
+is really talk about three things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really talk about three things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really talk about three things in
+this brief time we have together first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brief time we have together first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brief time we have together first
+I'd like to explore two dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to explore two dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to explore two dimensions of
+education and and I'm thinking in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and and I'm thinking in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and and I'm thinking in terms
+of not only the classroom education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not only the classroom education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not only the classroom education
+we're familiar with but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're familiar with but also the
+distance education which is so prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance education which is so prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance education which is so prominent
+uh in the developments today second I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the developments today second I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the developments today second I'd
+like to identify two key questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to identify two key questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to identify two key questions that
+I really feel are important for us to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel are important for us to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel are important for us to be
+thinking about and addressing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and addressing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about and addressing in the
+area of new technologies and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of new technologies and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of new technologies and education
+and third I'd like to answer those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third I'd like to answer those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third I'd like to answer those
+questions from Stone's point of view and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from Stone's point of view and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions from Stone's point of view and
+tell you a little bit about what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you a little bit about what we're
+doing and how we're doing it finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and how we're doing it finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing and how we're doing it finally I
+want toose a challenge to you and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want toose a challenge to you and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want toose a challenge to you and ask
+you a question so let's get started when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question so let's get started when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a question so let's get started when
+we think about these two Dimensions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about these two Dimensions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about these two Dimensions that
+I'd like to explore at first I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to explore at first I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to explore at first I'd like to
+think about for a while the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for a while the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about for a while the purpose of
+Education now if we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education now if we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Education now if we think about the
+purpose of Education I'd like to invoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of Education I'd like to invoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of Education I'd like to invoke
+Professor Russell aov's point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Russell aov's point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Russell aov's point of view
+he's a great thinker as a systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a great thinker as a systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a great thinker as a systems
+thinker and as a strategic planner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker and as a strategic planner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker and as a strategic planner and
+he asked companies and organizations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he asked companies and organizations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he asked companies and organizations to
+think about not only the explicit per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about not only the explicit per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about not only the explicit per
+purpose for which they exist but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose for which they exist but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose for which they exist but also
+the implicit purpose if we were to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit purpose if we were to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implicit purpose if we were to think
+about education from an explicit point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about education from an explicit point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about education from an explicit point
+of view and we think about the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view and we think about the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view and we think about the school
+age or the youngster population there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age or the youngster population there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age or the youngster population there's
+no doubt that content is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt that content is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt that content is very very
+important clearly important information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important clearly important information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important clearly important information
+needs to be conveyed to students from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be conveyed to students from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be conveyed to students from
+people who've studied in the fields uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've studied in the fields uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who've studied in the fields uh
+for a long period of time second purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long period of time second purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long period of time second purpose
+for the explicit purpose of educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the explicit purpose of educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the explicit purpose of educational
+institutions is to allow students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions is to allow students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions is to allow students to
+practice and to apply what they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and to apply what they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice and to apply what they've
+learned a third explicit purpose I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a third explicit purpose I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a third explicit purpose I think
+we'd probably all agree is that school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd probably all agree is that school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd probably all agree is that school
+environments create a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments create a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments create a situation where
+students can learn together where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can learn together where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students can learn together where they
+can learn from each other so it creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn from each other so it creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can learn from each other so it creates
+a community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a community of
+Learners if you compare the explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners if you compare the explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners if you compare the explicit
+purposes for adult education I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes for adult education I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes for adult education I think
+we'd agree that they're all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd agree that they're all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd agree that they're all the same
+again content has to be conveyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again content has to be conveyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again content has to be conveyed
+practice or application of what is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice or application of what is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice or application of what is being
+learned is very important and thirdly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is very important and thirdly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is very important and thirdly
+it's an opportunity to learn together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an opportunity to learn together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an opportunity to learn together
+and to learn from your peers now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to learn from your peers now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to learn from your peers now let's
+think about the implicit purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the implicit purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the implicit purpose of
+educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+institutions from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions from the point of view of
+the school age or youngster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school age or youngster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school age or youngster
+population there are really I think two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there are really I think two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population there are really I think two
+implicit purposes first there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit purposes first there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit purposes first there's the
+issue of socialization I think we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of socialization I think we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of socialization I think we all
+understand the importance of children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the importance of children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the importance of children
+growing up together and having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up together and having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up together and having an
+opportunity to work together to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to work together to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to work together to become
+friends to learn how to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to learn how to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends to learn how to resolve
+conflicts um and to basically interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts um and to basically interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflicts um and to basically interact
+in a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a social
+environment a second implicit purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment a second implicit purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment a second implicit purpose
+for the youngster aged group is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the youngster aged group is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the youngster aged group is a
+babysitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babysitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babysitting
+purpose and I think you can test that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and I think you can test that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose and I think you can test that
+theory by asking the question if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by asking the question if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by asking the question if you
+could educate a child by the age of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could educate a child by the age of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could educate a child by the age of six
+as completely as was possible and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as completely as was possible and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as completely as was possible and as
+necessary would you choose to do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary would you choose to do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary would you choose to do it I
+think the answer is no as young children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer is no as young children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the answer is no as young children
+come along they need a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along they need a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along they need a period of
+gestation where they in a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestation where they in a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestation where they in a control
+environment grow up now let's compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment grow up now let's compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment grow up now let's compare
+that to the adult learner the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the adult learner the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the adult learner the adult
+learner gets tremendous value if an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner gets tremendous value if an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner gets tremendous value if an
+educational institution is able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institution is able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institution is able to
+provide an environment where networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an environment where networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide an environment where networking
+takes place where friendships are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place where friendships are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes place where friendships are made
+where connections are made that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where connections are made that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where connections are made that can be
+used outside and later beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used outside and later beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used outside and later beyond the
+confines of the educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confines of the educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confines of the educational
+environment babysitting however is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment babysitting however is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment babysitting however is not
+an issue for the adult Learner in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue for the adult Learner in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue for the adult Learner in fact
+it's really just the opposite the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just the opposite the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really just the opposite the adult
+learner has enormous pressures on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner has enormous pressures on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner has enormous pressures on them
+to to uh not take time out to learn but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh not take time out to learn but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh not take time out to learn but
+instead to continue working in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead to continue working in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead to continue working in their
+work environment in the context that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work environment in the context that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work environment in the context that
+they are in on a day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in on a day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in on a day-to-day
+environment so I think the comparable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so I think the comparable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so I think the comparable or
+the the the parallel structure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the parallel structure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the parallel structure for the
+babysitting for the younger children is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babysitting for the younger children is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+babysitting for the younger children is
+that adults need time out they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adults need time out they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adults need time out they don't
+need uh they need time out from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh they need time out from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need uh they need time out from their
+work environment so that they can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work environment so that they can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work environment so that they can take
+time to learn so I think it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to learn so I think it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to learn so I think it's very
+important to keep this in mind and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep this in mind and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep this in mind and I'm
+going to be coming back to this a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be coming back to this a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be coming back to this a number
+of times as we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times as we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times as we talk about the
+experiments that we're doing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we're doing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that we're doing at the
+Salone School of Management i' like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salone School of Management i' like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salone School of Management i' like you
+to keep in mind the fact that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind the fact that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep in mind the fact that these two
+uh categories of purpose both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh categories of purpose both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh categories of purpose both the
+explicit and the implicit are something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and the implicit are something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and the implicit are something
+that we need to be responsible for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to be responsible for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to be responsible for in
+whatever we do as designers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we do as designers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever we do as designers of
+educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+situations now I'd like to shift gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations now I'd like to shift gears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations now I'd like to shift gears
+another dimension to keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension to keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dimension to keep in mind
+throughout this discussion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this discussion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this discussion is the
+dimension of Technology we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of Technology we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of Technology we have a
+dizzying array of choices that are U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dizzying array of choices that are U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dizzying array of choices that are U
+available to us as we think about new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us as we think about new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to us as we think about new
+ways of providing education and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of providing education and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of providing education and they
+fall along axis so for instance we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall along axis so for instance we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall along axis so for instance we can
+think about do we want an educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about do we want an educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about do we want an educational
+experience to be facilitated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to be facilitated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to be facilitated or
+non-facilitated do we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-facilitated do we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-facilitated do we want it to be
+synchronous or asynchronous do we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous or asynchronous do we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous or asynchronous do we want
+it be electronically delivered or do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be electronically delivered or do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be electronically delivered or do we
+want it to have a face-to-face component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to have a face-to-face component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to have a face-to-face component
+should it be customized or and in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be customized or and in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it be customized or and in other
+words uh made specific for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh made specific for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh made specific for the
+particular audience or can we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular audience or can we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular audience or can we create
+something that is an off-the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is an off-the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is an off-the-shelf
+product that people can use in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that people can use in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that people can use in many
+different environments should it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments should it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments should it be
+interactive or should it be one way now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive or should it be one way now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive or should it be one way now
+these are not just academic choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not just academic choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not just academic choices
+there's technology that's available now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's technology that's available now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's technology that's available now
+in this wonderful congruence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this wonderful congruence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this wonderful congruence of
+developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments
+that let us do all of these things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let us do all of these things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let us do all of these things so
+the challenge then comes back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge then comes back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenge then comes back to the
+instructional designer where do you fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designer where do you fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designer where do you fall
+on these different axes what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these different axes what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these different axes what are the
+choices that you're going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that you're going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices that you're going to make
+technology is there you as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is there you as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is there you as an
+instructional designer have to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designer have to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructional designer have to think of
+it from the point of view of fulfilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the point of view of fulfilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from the point of view of fulfilling
+both the explicit and the implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the explicit and the implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the explicit and the implicit
+purposes of the educational experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the educational experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the educational experience
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+creating so if you think of the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so if you think of the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so if you think of the effect
+of technology on the two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology on the two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technology on the two different
+populations the Young age and the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations the Young age and the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations the Young age and the adult
+uh age learners for the school Age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh age learners for the school Age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh age learners for the school Age
+Technology provides just extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology provides just extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology provides just extraordinary
+opportunities for enriching what goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for enriching what goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities for enriching what goes on
+in the classroom and I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classroom and I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the classroom and I think that the
+conversation that we had with Bonnie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that we had with Bonnie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation that we had with Bonnie
+bracie was perfect for that she talks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracie was perfect for that she talks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracie was perfect for that she talks so
+beautifully about how can you engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully about how can you engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully about how can you engage
+students however um the teachers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students however um the teachers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students however um the teachers have
+the luxury of the students remaining in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luxury of the students remaining in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luxury of the students remaining in
+the classroom because of the babysitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom because of the babysitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom because of the babysitting
+function they will not empty the schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they will not empty the schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function they will not empty the schools
+so the teacher can create this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the teacher can create this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the teacher can create this system
+which is multi-dimensional in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is multi-dimensional in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is multi-dimensional in its
+purposes and take full advantage of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and take full advantage of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and take full advantage of the
+technology without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology without
+jeopardizing all of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardizing all of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jeopardizing all of the different
+dimensions of learning for the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of learning for the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of learning for the adult
+learner the technology has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner the technology has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner the technology has the
+capability of freeing Us in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of freeing Us in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of freeing Us in terms of
+time and space if we do that we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space if we do that we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and space if we do that we are in
+great risk of jeopardizing the implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great risk of jeopardizing the implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great risk of jeopardizing the implicit
+purposes of Education the socialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of Education the socialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of Education the socialization
+where they get to know each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they get to know each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they get to know each other and
+create bonds and relationships and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create bonds and relationships and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create bonds and relationships and also
+that time out that time to learn you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time out that time to learn you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time out that time to learn you put
+them into a work environment and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a work environment and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a work environment and say
+here go and learn and uh get back to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go and learn and uh get back to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here go and learn and uh get back to us
+when you finished this is very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you finished this is very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you finished this is very difficult
+because there's no Hiatus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Hiatus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no Hiatus and the
+pressures of the daytoday work get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of the daytoday work get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures of the daytoday work get very
+much in the way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the way of
+learning so I think these are aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so I think these are aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning so I think these are aspects
+that we're going to be thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be thinking about
+and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talking
+about and they lead me to my two key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and they lead me to my two key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and they lead me to my two key
+questions I think the questions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I think the questions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I think the questions that we
+need to be asking ourselves in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be asking ourselves in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be asking ourselves in the area
+of management education for the adult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of management education for the adult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of management education for the adult
+learner is do we face a period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner is do we face a period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner is do we face a period of
+disruptive technology this is the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive technology this is the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disruptive technology this is the notion
+that technology comes along which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology comes along which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technology comes along which
+changes the game changes the whole way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the game changes the whole way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes the game changes the whole way
+in which you're doing business if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you're doing business if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you're doing business if that's
+the case then we as a business School
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case then we as a business School
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case then we as a business School
+need to be thinking about in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be thinking about in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be thinking about in fact
+changing the entire way in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the entire way in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the entire way in which we
+proceed to do business so first question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to do business so first question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed to do business so first question
+are we facing a period of disruptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we facing a period of disruptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we facing a period of disruptive
+technology the second question is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the second question is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology the second question is from a
+pedagogical perspective not from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical perspective not from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical perspective not from a
+business perspective but from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business perspective but from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business perspective but from a
+pedagogical perspective do we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical perspective do we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedagogical perspective do we know what
+the Learning System is all about do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Learning System is all about do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Learning System is all about do we
+really know how people learn and are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how people learn and are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how people learn and are we
+competent therefore to decompose and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent therefore to decompose and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent therefore to decompose and
+recompose these elements of learning so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompose these elements of learning so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompose these elements of learning so
+that we are still consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are still consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are still consistent with
+fulfilling all the purposes both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilling all the purposes both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fulfilling all the purposes both
+explicit and implicit of an educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and implicit of an educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and implicit of an educational
+environment so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so those are the two
+questions that we're struggling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're struggling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're struggling with
+those are the two questions that Sloan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two questions that Sloan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two questions that Sloan
+asked itself and I'd like to go on then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked itself and I'd like to go on then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked itself and I'd like to go on then
+to my third area where we really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my third area where we really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my third area where we really talk
+about what is Sloan doing how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is Sloan doing how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is Sloan doing how do we
+answer those questions and what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer those questions and what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer those questions and what have we
+done as a result of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done as a result of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done as a result of those
+answers if you ran a business School how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers if you ran a business School how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers if you ran a business School how
+would you answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you answer
+them it's challenging so let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's challenging so let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's challenging so let me give you
+Sloan's answers and then tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan's answers and then tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sloan's answers and then tell you a
+little bit about what we've done Sloan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what we've done Sloan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what we've done Sloan's
+answer to those two questions is to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to those two questions is to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to those two questions is to both
+of them we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we don't
+know we don't know and therefore we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't know and therefore we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we don't know and therefore we need
+to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some
+experiments and in those experiments we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and in those experiments we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and in those experiments we
+not only need to learn what there is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only need to learn what there is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only need to learn what there is to
+be learned but we also have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be learned but we also have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be learned but we also have to learn
+what it is that we don't know so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we don't know so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that we don't know so that
+was really the design for the ACT ity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really the design for the ACT ity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really the design for the ACT ity
+that we've been pursuing since uh Dean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been pursuing since uh Dean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been pursuing since uh Dean
+donard convened the educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donard convened the educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donard convened the educational
+technology task force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology task force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology task force in
+1999 so let me move then to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 so let me move then to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 so let me move then to the third
+area of what I'd like to talk to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of what I'd like to talk to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of what I'd like to talk to you
+about which is what has flown done and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is what has flown done and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is what has flown done and
+how have we done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how have we done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how have we done
+it if we think about content as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we think about content as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we think about content as the the
+first explicit purpose of Education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explicit purpose of Education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explicit purpose of Education
+there are a couple of things that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of things that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of things that we've
+done and I've mentioned these before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and I've mentioned these before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and I've mentioned these before
+we've done the work with unex where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the work with unex where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the work with unex where we
+took a pre-mba package preparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a pre-mba package preparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a pre-mba package preparation
+package from their uh list of available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package from their uh list of available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package from their uh list of available
+titles if you will and made it available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles if you will and made it available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titles if you will and made it available
+to our incoming MBA students this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our incoming MBA students this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our incoming MBA students this was
+very successful in that it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful in that it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful in that it was an
+enrichment it gave the students an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment it gave the students an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrichment it gave the students an
+opportunity to do rust removal and self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do rust removal and self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to do rust removal and self
+assessment on the topics that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment on the topics that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment on the topics that they were
+going to be studying when they came onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be studying when they came onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be studying when they came onto
+campus so it was an opportunity for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus so it was an opportunity for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus so it was an opportunity for them
+to challenge themselves in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to challenge themselves in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to challenge themselves in a a
+comfortable environment really preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable environment really preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable environment really preparing
+for the time they come on campus so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time they come on campus so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the time they come on campus so this
+was an experiment of using uh an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an experiment of using uh an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an experiment of using uh an online
+distanced product to enrich what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distanced product to enrich what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distanced product to enrich what it was
+from a Content standpoint that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Content standpoint that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a Content standpoint that our
+students would get now another content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would get now another content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would get now another content
+experiment that we're doing are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we're doing are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that we're doing are the
+knowledge updates and we spent some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge updates and we spent some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge updates and we spent some time
+talking about this this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this this is an
+opportunity for us to see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for us to see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for us to see if we can
+electronically package and deliver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically package and deliver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically package and deliver the
+results of current research in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of current research in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of current research in a way
+that's really engaging to the the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really engaging to the the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really engaging to the the person
+that's that's looking at it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's looking at it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's looking at it and the
+challenge we've G given to ourselves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge we've G given to ourselves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge we've G given to ourselves is
+can we do that packaging in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do that packaging in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we do that packaging in such a way
+that it lays the groundwork for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it lays the groundwork for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it lays the groundwork for
+Community Learning coming out of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Learning coming out of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community Learning coming out of people
+who've who've gotten involved in looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've who've gotten involved in looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've who've gotten involved in looking
+at these Frontier topic knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these Frontier topic knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these Frontier topic knowledge
+updates so those are two experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates so those are two experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updates so those are two experiments
+we've done in the content area in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in the content area in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done in the content area in the
+area of learning communities where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of learning communities where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of learning communities where we
+have technology facilitating people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have technology facilitating people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have technology facilitating people
+learning from each other we've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from each other we've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from each other we've done the
+development of a learning platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a learning platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of a learning platform
+called slon space you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slon space you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called slon space you're going to have
+an opportunity to try it so I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to try it so I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opportunity to try it so I'm looking
+forward to that but let me just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to that but let me just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward to that but let me just give you
+uh the the sort of overall picture of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the sort of overall picture of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the sort of overall picture of it
+which is that it is a student Centric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it is a student Centric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that it is a student Centric
+portal that allows the students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portal that allows the students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portal that allows the students to
+customize for themselves which portlets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customize for themselves which portlets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customize for themselves which portlets
+they want to have uh uh open when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have uh uh open when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have uh uh open when they
+come to their their area and slone space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to their their area and slone space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to their their area and slone space
+and some of the portlets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the portlets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the portlets that are
+available to them are announcements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to them are announcements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to them are announcements
+schedules class discussions class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules class discussions class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedules class discussions class
+material distribution membership in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material distribution membership in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material distribution membership in the
+various communities and classes in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various communities and classes in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various communities and classes in which
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+participate so this is an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate so this is an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate so this is an experiment
+that we're doing in developing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing in developing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing in developing and
+refining our ability to provide a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining our ability to provide a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining our ability to provide a a
+learning community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community
+platform but as you can see and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform but as you can see and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform but as you can see and and the
+way I'm talking about this they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm talking about this they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm talking about this they really
+only are experiments in a couple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are experiments in a couple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are experiments in a couple of the
+dimensions of the educational purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the educational purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the educational purposes
+that we talked about in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about in the very
+beginning so now I'd like to shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so now I'd like to shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning so now I'd like to shift to
+talking about the miral Lynch Andrew Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the miral Lynch Andrew Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+take them in turn if we think about
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+take them in turn if we think about
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+content the Investments course uh picked
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+content the Investments course uh picked
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+live and then converted them to CDs and
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+was playing it wasn't particularly High
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+was playing it wasn't particularly High
+touch uh technology we didn't allow for
+
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+touch uh technology we didn't allow for
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+touch uh technology we didn't allow for
+indexing but we did by putting it on CD
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+indexing but we did by putting it on CD
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+indexing but we did by putting it on CD
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+notebook where they would have all of
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+notebook where they would have all of
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+language of math and it would be very
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+equations that he used in his
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+stored it electron Ally there were 12
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+stored it electron Ally there were 12
+lectures six of which were uh added that
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+lectures six of which were uh added that
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+theory into practice in order to do that
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+the world so we made a great effort in
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+in the selection of the student groups
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+that we put together and we set up the
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+that we put together and we set up the
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+the project in three phases the first
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+
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+phase required them to identify a
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+phase required them to identify a
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+customer that was not well served by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer that was not well served by
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+maril Lynch or perhaps a new customer
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+maril Lynch or perhaps a new customer
+and to profile those customers in turn
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+and to profile those customers in turn
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+and to profile those customers in turn
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+terms of their risk and investment
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+terms of their risk and investment
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+preferences part two was that they had
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+preferences part two was that they had
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+to design a new product to service that
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+
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+maril Lynch had never offered before
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+that was specifically appropriate to
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+meet the needs of this this customer
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+meet the needs of this this customer
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+group and third they were required to
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+where they did the cost benefit analysis
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+where they did the cost benefit analysis
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+to Mara Lynch for offering this new
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+product or
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+product or
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+
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+service these were very sophisticated
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+service these were very sophisticated
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+projects that were developed they shared
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+their projects with each other as they
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+were preparing them in fact we had an
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+interesting situation where the project
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+great solution for the product of
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+another uh group of students um and then
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+another uh group of students um and then
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+in the end of the course they presented
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+their projects not only to Professor low
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+their projects not only to Professor low
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+but also to senior managers at Merl
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+but also to senior managers at Merl
+Lynch this is how we address that that
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+
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+what they've learned so we've talked
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+about content application practice third
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+about content application practice third
+explicit uh purpose of an educational
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+explicit uh purpose of an educational
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+community this we did um we set up a
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+community this we did um we set up a
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+exchange with each lecture we put
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+together pre-lecture questions and
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+another student so this this is one of
+the things that we changed Midway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we changed Midway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we changed Midway
+through so understand we didn't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so understand we didn't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so understand we didn't get it
+right first off we were experimenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first off we were experimenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right first off we were experimenting
+throughout the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the the
+project another venue for Community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project another venue for Community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project another venue for Community
+Learning we set up to have office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning we set up to have office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learning we set up to have office hours
+synchronous office hours with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous office hours with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronous office hours with the
+students and the professor where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and the professor where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and the professor where uh
+using a text chat room uh text based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a text chat room uh text based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a text chat room uh text based
+chat room they were able to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat room they were able to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat room they were able to communicate
+with Professor low to ask questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Professor low to ask questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Professor low to ask questions and
+to exchange views and to have his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchange views and to have his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exchange views and to have his
+feedback on their projects so we devised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on their projects so we devised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback on their projects so we devised
+a number of different ways for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different ways for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of different ways for them to
+learn from each other and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from each other and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from each other and from the
+experts so those are really the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts so those are really the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts so those are really the three
+explicit purposes that we identified at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit purposes that we identified at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit purposes that we identified at
+the beginning now let me switch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning now let me switch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning now let me switch to the
+implicit purposes of socialization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit purposes of socialization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit purposes of socialization and
+timeout for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout for
+socialization we designed the course so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization we designed the course so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization we designed the course so
+that at the beginning of the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning of the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the beginning of the course and
+at the end of the course the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the course the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the course the students
+were brought literally from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were brought literally from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were brought literally from all over the
+world to New York and they spent a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to New York and they spent a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world to New York and they spent a day
+uh with Professor low and with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with Professor low and with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with Professor low and with each
+other during the lunch of the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other during the lunch of the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other during the lunch of the first day
+their project groups were assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project groups were assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their project groups were assigned
+seatings so we asked them to sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seatings so we asked them to sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seatings so we asked them to sit
+together over lunch and begin to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together over lunch and begin to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together over lunch and begin to develop
+the Rapport get to know each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rapport get to know each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rapport get to know each other
+because after that first day all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after that first day all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after that first day all they
+would be doing is communicating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing is communicating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be doing is communicating through
+technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological
+means um we um asked them to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means um we um asked them to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means um we um asked them to identify
+themselves and identify themselves not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and identify themselves not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and identify themselves not
+only in terms of the work that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in terms of the work that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in terms of the work that they were
+doing but the capabilities that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but the capabilities that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing but the capabilities that they
+might bring to the group as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bring to the group as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might bring to the group as a
+whole from a socialization standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole from a socialization standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole from a socialization standpoint
+again at the end of the course after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at the end of the course after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at the end of the course after the
+final day we had a very nice graduation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final day we had a very nice graduation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final day we had a very nice graduation
+party which was attended by Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party which was attended by Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party which was attended by Professor
+Low by the head of the global debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Low by the head of the global debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Low by the head of the global debt
+Market group and Senior membership uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market group and Senior membership uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market group and Senior membership uh
+senior sponsors from the top management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior sponsors from the top management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior sponsors from the top management
+team very not fancy but having a chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team very not fancy but having a chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team very not fancy but having a chance
+to have a beer together sitting down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a beer together sitting down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a beer together sitting down
+down around the table be presented with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down around the table be presented with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down around the table be presented with
+graduation certificates be congratulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation certificates be congratulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation certificates be congratulated
+individually it was a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually it was a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually it was a very very
+important part of cementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of cementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of cementing the
+Friendship bonds that it started at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friendship bonds that it started at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friendship bonds that it started at the
+beginning of this 12we course and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this 12we course and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of this 12we course and that
+would take them going forward an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take them going forward an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take them going forward an
+interesting piece of data is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece of data is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting piece of data is that the
+students reported that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students reported that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students reported that one of the
+primary values they got out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary values they got out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary values they got out of the
+course was the opportunity to learn uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was the opportunity to learn uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was the opportunity to learn uh
+get to know people throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know people throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know people throughout the
+company that it would have taken them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that it would have taken them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company that it would have taken them
+years to uh get to know on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to uh get to know on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to uh get to know on their own
+that was how we addressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was how we addressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was how we addressed the
+socialization issue now how did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization issue now how did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization issue now how did we
+address the timeout what we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the timeout what we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the timeout what we did with
+this course because we made it time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course because we made it time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course because we made it time and
+space dependent was we in fact violated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space dependent was we in fact violated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space dependent was we in fact violated
+the timeout rule we plunged them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeout rule we plunged them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeout rule we plunged them into
+this intense learning experience in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intense learning experience in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intense learning experience in the
+context of their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of their own
+work um let me tell you the way we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um let me tell you the way we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um let me tell you the way we solve
+that problem we solved it by focusing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem we solved it by focusing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem we solved it by focusing a
+great deal on motivating the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal on motivating the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great deal on motivating the students
+why because these are students that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because these are students that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because these are students that
+don't know how to spell time out they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to spell time out they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to spell time out they're
+very aggressive type A people who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aggressive type A people who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very aggressive type A people who just
+um simply made two extra hours out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simply made two extra hours out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simply made two extra hours out of
+their 24-hour day so it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 24-hour day so it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their 24-hour day so it was very
+important that we keep their motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we keep their motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we keep their motivation
+high so that they would not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so that they would not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high so that they would not in the
+compression of time and the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression of time and the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression of time and the requirements
+of their very high stress jobs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their very high stress jobs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their very high stress jobs uh
+collapse under the weight how did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse under the weight how did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse under the weight how did we do
+this we started we had the Good Fortune
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we started we had the Good Fortune
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we started we had the Good Fortune
+of starting with the very top person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting with the very top person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting with the very top person in
+the global debt Market group feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global debt Market group feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the global debt Market group feeling
+this was a very important initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a very important initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a very important initiative
+within the within his organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within his organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the within his organization
+why did he feel that way first of all he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did he feel that way first of all he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why did he feel that way first of all he
+wanted to embed in his upand cominging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to embed in his upand cominging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to embed in his upand cominging
+um High potentials the the use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um High potentials the the use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um High potentials the the use and
+application of really Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of really Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of really Advanced
+investment Theory so he wanted to imw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Theory so he wanted to imw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment Theory so he wanted to imw
+them with a new way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a new way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a new way of thinking about
+how they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they did
+business secondly he was very interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business secondly he was very interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business secondly he was very interested
+in treating them as a group to a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treating them as a group to a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in treating them as a group to a a
+particularly um significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly um significant
+communication from him and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication from him and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication from him and from
+management that they were a valued part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management that they were a valued part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management that they were a valued part
+of the team the students that were were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team the students that were were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the team the students that were were
+brought into this course were in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought into this course were in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought into this course were in that
+interesting Gap in the professions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Gap in the professions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Gap in the professions where
+they have been with the company for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been with the company for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have been with the company for a
+couple of years but it will probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years but it will probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years but it will probably be
+four more years before they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more years before they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more years before they're
+considered for the big leap for the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered for the big leap for the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered for the big leap for the big
+uh advancement High potentials during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advancement High potentials during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh advancement High potentials during
+this period of time are very likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of time are very likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this period of time are very likely to
+leave and what uh the head of the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and what uh the head of the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave and what uh the head of the global
+debt Market group wanted to do was send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt Market group wanted to do was send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt Market group wanted to do was send
+a signal that these people were high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal that these people were high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signal that these people were high
+potentials were recognized as such and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials were recognized as such and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials were recognized as such and
+that meil Lynch was willing to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meil Lynch was willing to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that meil Lynch was willing to invest in
+them in order to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in order to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in order to increase the
+retention so we had the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention so we had the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retention so we had the head of the
+group having it a very high priority he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group having it a very high priority he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group having it a very high priority he
+then asked his direct reports to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then asked his direct reports to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then asked his direct reports to work
+with their direct reports to nominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their direct reports to nominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their direct reports to nominate
+the correct people 70 people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct people 70 people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct people 70 people were
+identified 30 were selected for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified 30 were selected for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified 30 were selected for the
+course with five alternates so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with five alternates so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with five alternates so you can
+see right away that these students knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right away that these students knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see right away that these students knew
+that they were being selected as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were being selected as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were being selected as a very
+honored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honored
+pool throughout the course the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool throughout the course the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pool throughout the course the people
+who had nominated the students were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had nominated the students were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had nominated the students were
+encouraged to be good sponsors and to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to be good sponsors and to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged to be good sponsors and to to
+take an interest in their studies we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an interest in their studies we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an interest in their studies we had
+uh senior Executives from the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh senior Executives from the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh senior Executives from the group
+sponsoring the group projects might or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsoring the group projects might or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsoring the group projects might or
+might not have been somebody who uh had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have been somebody who uh had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not have been somebody who uh had
+sponsored a student but it was somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored a student but it was somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored a student but it was somebody
+who was very interested in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was very interested in the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was very interested in the business
+that project might be integrated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project might be integrated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that project might be integrated into
+and finally we had when the project was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we had when the project was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally we had when the project was
+presented not only the sponsors but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented not only the sponsors but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented not only the sponsors but also
+the business heads that would be the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business heads that would be the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business heads that would be the top
+two layers of the organization listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two layers of the organization listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two layers of the organization listen to
+the projects evaluate them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects evaluate them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projects evaluate them and then
+feedback whether or not they would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback whether or not they would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback whether or not they would be
+taking them forward and putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them forward and putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them forward and putting them
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+practice this kept the students highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this kept the students highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this kept the students highly
+motivated as you can imagine this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated as you can imagine this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated as you can imagine this was a
+degree of exposure that was very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of exposure that was very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of exposure that was very very
+unusual for people at their age and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual for people at their age and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual for people at their age and
+stage and I think it was successful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and I think it was successful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and I think it was successful in
+terms of creating motivation as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of creating motivation as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of creating motivation as a way to
+simulate the time out that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the time out that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the time out that was not
+allowed to them in the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to them in the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to them in the design of the
+course so I've gone through all these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so I've gone through all these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so I've gone through all these uh
+Dimensions because I wanted to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions because I wanted to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions because I wanted to make sure
+that you could understand that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could understand that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could understand that when
+you're creating an entire course or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating an entire course or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating an entire course or an
+entire educational engagement it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire educational engagement it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire educational engagement it's very
+important to think about both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to think about both the
+explicit and the implicit purposes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and the implicit purposes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit and the implicit purposes and
+it's at your peril that you ignore any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at your peril that you ignore any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's at your peril that you ignore any
+one of these Dimensions it is a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these Dimensions it is a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these Dimensions it is a system
+and the there are interdependencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the there are interdependencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the there are interdependencies
+among the system if you don't account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the system if you don't account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among the system if you don't account
+for all of them in your design uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them in your design uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of them in your design uh the
+system may not work that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system may not work that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system may not work that gives you a
+little bit of an of an exposure to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an of an exposure to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an of an exposure to what
+we've done so let me just tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so let me just tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so let me just tell you what
+we're doing next we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing next we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing next we're going to take
+what we've learned and run the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned and run the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've learned and run the course
+again at Mara Lynch and then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at Mara Lynch and then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at Mara Lynch and then we want to
+take it further and take what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it further and take what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it further and take what we've
+learned and see if we can be developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and see if we can be developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned and see if we can be developing
+additional educational experiences with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional educational experiences with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional educational experiences with
+new components um and and see if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new components um and and see if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new components um and and see if this
+isn't a a way that we can have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a a way that we can have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't a a way that we can have have
+learned how to do education taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to do education taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned how to do education taking
+advantage of tech technology and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of tech technology and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of tech technology and not
+having technology get in the way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having technology get in the way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having technology get in the way of the
+ultimate learning experience of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate learning experience of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate learning experience of the
+student so this really wraps up uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so this really wraps up uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student so this really wraps up uh the
+material that I'd like to cover in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I'd like to cover in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that I'd like to cover in this
+this brief conversation with you and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brief conversation with you and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this brief conversation with you and I'd
+like to lead you with a challenge and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to lead you with a challenge and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to lead you with a challenge and a
+question the challenge is for the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the challenge is for the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the challenge is for the work
+that you're going to be doing and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be doing and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be doing and the
+class time we'll spend together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class time we'll spend together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class time we'll spend together that
+what we're talking about is not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about is not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about is not about
+creating fancy uh technologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating fancy uh technologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating fancy uh technologically
+composed content it's not about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed content it's not about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composed content it's not about making
+the material relevant and easy to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material relevant and easy to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material relevant and easy to apply
+and giving opportunities to do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving opportunities to do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving opportunities to do that it's
+not about creating interaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about creating interaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about creating interaction and
+Community it's not about providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community it's not about providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community it's not about providing
+operate uh opportunities for people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate uh opportunities for people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operate uh opportunities for people to
+get to know each other and to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know each other and to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to know each other and to build
+friendships and it's not about giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships and it's not about giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships and it's not about giving
+either uh time out or motivation to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh time out or motivation to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either uh time out or motivation to keep
+people engaged the challeng is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people engaged the challeng is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people engaged the challeng is it's
+about all of them it's about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of them it's about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of them it's about all of
+them so as you think about uh Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so as you think about uh Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so as you think about uh Professor
+miwa's class when he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miwa's class when he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miwa's class when he talks about
+education and media and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and media and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and media and the
+marketplace I'd like to suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace I'd like to suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace I'd like to suggest that
+your jobs our jobs are to figure out as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your jobs our jobs are to figure out as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your jobs our jobs are to figure out as
+we produce anything and work on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce anything and work on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce anything and work on anything
+we need to put in the hands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to put in the hands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to put in the hands of
+Educators a a comprehensive product a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators a a comprehensive product a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Educators a a comprehensive product a
+product that helps teachers know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that helps teachers know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that helps teachers know not
+only how to convey content in a new way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only how to convey content in a new way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only how to convey content in a new way
+or create U interaction among your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or create U interaction among your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or create U interaction among your
+students in a new way but how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in a new way but how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students in a new way but how does it
+fit into the other dimensions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into the other dimensions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit into the other dimensions of the
+educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational
+experience what I'd like to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience what I'd like to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience what I'd like to at least
+introduce to you is the exercise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you is the exercise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce to you is the exercise that
+we're going to be doing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be doing together
+homework will be posted I'll be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework will be posted I'll be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework will be posted I'll be giving
+you a write up about it what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a write up about it what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a write up about it what I'm going
+to be asking you to do is help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asking you to do is help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asking you to do is help me
+develop ways to improve the Andrew low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop ways to improve the Andrew low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop ways to improve the Andrew low
+course and the dimension that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and the dimension that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and the dimension that we're
+going to be focusing on is the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing on is the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be focusing on is the dimension
+of building a learning community this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building a learning community this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building a learning community this is
+an area we've identified for ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area we've identified for ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an area we've identified for ourselves
+we need need to do a better job with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need need to do a better job with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need need to do a better job with and
+I think that you're a good brain trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that you're a good brain trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that you're a good brain trust
+that uh will be good opportunity for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh will be good opportunity for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh will be good opportunity for us
+to tap so I'm going to be asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap so I'm going to be asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap so I'm going to be asking you to
+experience not only the lecture but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience not only the lecture but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience not only the lecture but also
+the Learning Community I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Learning Community I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Learning Community I'm going to be
+asking you to read the evaluation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to read the evaluation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you to read the evaluation that
+that we did of our own work I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did of our own work I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we did of our own work I'm going to
+be asking you to find resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking you to find resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asking you to find resources that
+help inform your opinions about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help inform your opinions about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help inform your opinions about how we
+can do a better job at building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a better job at building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a better job at building a
+learning community and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning community and then I'm going to
+ask you to begin to design an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to begin to design an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to begin to design an approach
+give me some recommendations that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some recommendations that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some recommendations that we can
+take forward and put into the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take forward and put into the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take forward and put into the new
+courses that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses that we're going to be
+developing look forward to working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing look forward to working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing look forward to working with
+you on this I appreciate the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this I appreciate the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on this I appreciate the time that
+you spent uh watching this video if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent uh watching this video if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent uh watching this video if you
+have any feedback on this video as a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any feedback on this video as a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any feedback on this video as a way
+of communicating to you uh from me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communicating to you uh from me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of communicating to you uh from me to
+you I'd very much appreciate hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'd very much appreciate hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'd very much appreciate hearing
+from you look forward to seeing you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you look forward to seeing you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you look forward to seeing you at
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/9fL2zRnkDdQ.txt b/9fL2zRnkDdQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b80938e2a463eaf2ea1212ced8b91a43a13b2f2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/9fL2zRnkDdQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4138 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high-quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last
+time, we talked
+
+about the responses of
+auditory nerve fibers
+
+and we talked about tonotopic
+organization and frequency
+
+tuning and response areas
+of auditory nerve fibers.
+
+So any questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+So this time, today's
+lecture was going to go on.
+
+And the auditory
+nerve, of course,
+
+leads up into the brain.
+
+So we're going to talk
+about the auditory central
+
+nervous system, starting with
+the first nucleus in the CNS
+
+for the auditory pathway,
+which is the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And this nucleus gets its name
+because the auditory nerve
+
+is sometimes called
+the cochlear nerve.
+
+Right?
+
+It's coming from the cochlea.
+
+And so this is the
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+So can anybody give
+me a definition
+
+of a nucleus in terms
+of a central pathway?
+
+Not a cell nucleus.
+
+This is a nucleus in the brain.
+
+Just a collection of neurons.
+
+Right?
+
+So a nucleus is a collection of
+neurons in the central pathway.
+
+A ganglion is a collection of
+neurons out in the periphery.
+
+So you have the spiral
+ganglion in the cochlea,
+
+being where the cell bodies
+of the auditory nerve fibers--
+
+it's called the ganglion there
+because it's in the periphery.
+
+And that nerve goes into
+the central nervous system
+
+and it ends on
+neurons-- a collection
+
+of neurons in the
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+In the part of the brain
+called the cochlear nucleus.
+
+We're going to talk in
+the cochlear nucleus
+
+about the various types
+of cells that are there.
+
+And instead of just having one
+or two types of auditory nerve
+
+fibers, as we had
+in the periphery,
+
+there's going to be a whole
+bunch of types of cells.
+
+And they have really
+fanciful names
+
+like octopus cells
+and pyramidal cells.
+
+So we'll talk about those.
+
+When we go into the
+cochlear nucleus and record
+
+with microelectrodes,
+we get single units.
+
+And there's a way of classifying
+those single units, which
+
+was developed here
+in the 1960s at MIT,
+
+and it was one of the first
+applications of computers
+
+to the study of neuroscience.
+
+Looking at the action potentials
+as a function of time,
+
+right after you turn
+the sound stimulus on.
+
+And by looking at
+those patterns,
+
+you can classify the
+units into various types.
+
+And now we know a
+good correspondence
+
+between the physiology
+and the anatomy,
+
+so we'll go over how we
+establish that correspondence.
+
+And because these are
+these various types,
+
+we really have one type of
+auditory neurofiber coming in
+
+from the periphery, and now
+we have a bunch of types.
+
+We're now going to
+think of the system
+
+as having multiple
+parallel pathways
+
+for the sense of hearing in
+the central nervous system.
+
+And perhaps one pathway helps
+you with one aspect of hearing,
+
+and another pathway helps
+you with another aspect.
+
+And maybe we'll end
+up at the end of today
+
+with a little bit
+of discussion--
+
+advanced discussion--
+of implants.
+
+So we're going to talk about
+cochlear implants next week.
+
+There is a kind of an implant
+called the auditory brainstem
+
+implant that's put in
+the cochlear nucleus.
+
+But here, things
+are so complicated.
+
+You have a variety of
+cell and unit types,
+
+each doing a different function.
+
+You can imagine
+how hard it would
+
+be to wire up a prosthesis to
+stimulate each one of those
+
+correctly.
+
+So just let's keep
+in mind the challenge
+
+of putting a prosthesis
+into the cochlear nucleus,
+
+which is required of people
+who lack an auditory nerve.
+
+They can't get a
+prosthesis in the cochlea
+
+because the message wouldn't
+be sent to the brain.
+
+They need to get a prosthesis
+into the cochlear nucleus.
+
+But it's very complicated here.
+
+And maybe it's as
+complicated processing
+
+as you have in the retina.
+
+Right?
+
+In the retina, you have
+the retinal ganglion cells
+
+being very complicated.
+
+Some have center
+surround fields.
+
+Right?
+
+There's not just turning
+on and turning off.
+
+There's turning on,
+there's inhibiting the
+
+on, and so on and so forth.
+
+So the cochlear nucleus
+I think of a little bit
+
+as like the retina equivalent
+in the visual system.
+
+OK, so let's look at the
+auditory central nervous system
+
+in terms of a block
+diagram on the top
+
+and in terms of what it looks
+like when you cut sections
+
+through the brain.
+
+So here's the block diagram.
+
+And we've been talking
+about the cochlea here,
+
+and the spiral ganglion
+is where the cell
+
+bodies of the auditory
+nerve fibers are.
+
+This would be the arrow of
+the auditory nerve coming
+
+from the spiral ganglion into
+the CN, the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And of course you have one
+of those on the left side,
+
+and another on the right side.
+
+So this diagram is showing both
+sides of the central pathway.
+
+From the cochlear nucleus, the
+neurons of the cochlear nucleus
+
+send axons to a
+variety of places.
+
+One of them is in the region
+of the brain called the pons.
+
+And in the pons
+there is a complex
+
+called the superior
+olivary complex.
+
+And it's abbreviated SOC here.
+
+So what's a complex?
+
+Now, we've had a ganglion,
+a nucleus, and a complex.
+
+Well, as we'll see
+in a couple of weeks
+
+in the course, when
+we talk about the SOC,
+
+it has a whole bunch of nuclei
+very closely spaced within it.
+
+Maybe a dozen or so
+different nuclei.
+
+Each of which is a different
+collection of cells.
+
+So the whole thing is called
+a superior olivary complex.
+
+And superior olive?
+
+What's that part of the name?
+
+So has anybody heard
+about the olive?
+
+Or the inferior olive?
+
+What's the olive?
+
+We should talk about it.
+
+Nothing?
+
+Anybody?
+
+Any ideas?
+
+So it's involved in
+the motor system.
+
+And if you cut a
+section of the brain--
+
+it's not illustrated
+here, but if you
+
+look at a section of the brain
+in transverse sections, which
+
+are the kind of sections
+that we have here--
+
+you find a structure that's
+kind of gotten wrinkled edges
+
+and sort of has a central pit,
+and it looks like an olive.
+
+At least it did to the first
+neuro-anatomists, maybe
+
+who had their eye on the
+clock, and were waiting
+
+for the 5 o'clock dinner call.
+
+They said, hey, that
+looks like an olive.
+
+And they probably didn't
+have very good microscopes,
+
+so they were looking at
+things at very low power.
+
+And what happened later
+is somebody discovered
+
+another complex over here that
+was nearby but didn't look
+
+anything like an olive,
+but it was near the olive.
+
+And it was a little bit
+rostral in the brain,
+
+and things that are rostral
+are called superior.
+
+So they called this
+the superior olive,
+
+and this has become known
+as the inferior olive.
+
+And after they got even
+higher power magnification,
+
+they could see this was
+really a complex of nuclei,
+
+so they called it the
+superior olivary complex.
+
+OK, so this is motor.
+
+And this is auditory.
+
+And they just happen to be
+located near one another
+
+in the brainstem, in the area of
+the brainstem called the pons,
+
+down here.
+
+So these are sections
+of the human brain.
+
+So why do we cut sections?
+
+Anybody?
+
+AUDIENCE: To look
+at the anatomy?
+
+PROFESSOR: To look
+at the anatomy.
+
+Right.
+
+So a compound microscope
+that we usually
+
+use to look at the anatomy can't
+look at a big hunk of tissue.
+
+You have to cut sections.
+
+And the thinner section you cut,
+the better resolution you get.
+
+Because you can bring a
+very high-powered objective
+
+and look at very
+fine cellular detail.
+
+So cutting sections is what
+neuro-anatomists love to do.
+
+An example thickness
+of a section
+
+might be 10 micrometers.
+
+100 micrometers is a
+very thick section.
+
+So you can imagine
+how many sections
+
+you'd have to
+chunk through to go
+
+through the whole
+human brainstem.
+
+That's why it's nice to work
+with small animals like mice.
+
+They don't have
+as many sections.
+
+Right?
+
+So, but these are sections
+of the human brainstem.
+
+And here, this word
+says spiral ganglion,
+
+so this is the auditory
+nerve coming in.
+
+And this is the
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+And I've heard it
+described that by the time
+
+the sense of hearing came
+along, the brain was formed.
+
+Primitive animals had the brain,
+and all the other functions
+
+like motor.
+
+So there wasn't any
+room in the middle.
+
+So it was stuck on the outside.
+
+The sense of hearing--
+the cochlear nucleus,
+
+at least, was put on
+the outside of the brain
+
+because there wasn't any
+room for it in the inside.
+
+Cochlear nucleus
+structures tend to be
+
+superficial in the brainstem.
+
+This is the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And these are the
+axons crossing.
+
+Because some of the
+cochlear nucleus axons
+
+cross from the left
+side to the right side.
+
+And the superior olivary complex
+is deep within the brainstem.
+
+But some of the
+cochlear nucleus axons
+
+don't go to the superior olive.
+
+They bypass it
+and go all the way
+
+to the IC, the
+inferior colliculus.
+
+That's at the level
+of the mid-brain.
+
+So this is the
+inferior colliculus.
+
+So you've studied a
+collicular structure before.
+
+What was it?
+
+Right?
+
+In the first half
+of this course.
+
+The superior colliculus, right?
+
+So why is it superior?
+
+Is it better?
+
+No.
+
+It's just a little
+rostral in the brain.
+
+So if you cut
+sections from caudal--
+
+so this is the spinal cord
+down, and your microtome's
+
+chunking through the
+medulla, and the pons,
+
+and you get to the midbrain.
+
+And then you cut through the
+inferior colliculus, which
+
+is right here, and then a
+little bit more rostral,
+
+you cut through the
+superior colliculi,
+
+which are right here.
+
+And they tend to be
+a little flatter.
+
+These inferior colliculi
+are more dome-like shaped.
+
+So what does colliculus mean?
+
+Anybody know French?
+
+Who knows French?
+
+Come on, somebody knows.
+
+OK, who knows Latin?
+
+OK, well, that's
+the expected result.
+
+Colliculus means a little hill.
+
+And this lives up to its name.
+
+These are little hills right
+on the top of the brainstem.
+
+The Inferior colliculi
+are here, left and right,
+
+and the superior
+colliculi are here.
+
+So what is the
+superior colliculus--
+
+what does the
+superior colliculi do?
+
+What happens when you stimulate
+in the superior colliculus?
+
+Your eyeballs move, right?
+
+So the superior
+colliculus is intimately
+
+involved in saccadic
+eye movements.
+
+Right?
+
+You guys must have
+talked a lot about that
+
+in the first part of the course.
+
+And the inferior
+colliculus, what does it do?
+
+Well, I've heard people who
+have spent their whole research
+
+career studying the
+inferior colliculus,
+
+and they say, well, I
+don't know what it does!
+
+That's not an uncommon statement
+in the sense of hearing.
+
+So the inferior
+colliculus certainly
+
+is a meeting place for
+lots of axons coming up
+
+from the cochlear nuclei, from
+the superior olivary complex.
+
+It's a midbrain meeting center.
+
+It's certainly involved
+with many parts
+
+of the sense of
+hearing, but we don't
+
+know exactly what role it plays.
+
+Certainly not as simple
+as it moves ears, OK?
+
+Whereas the superior
+colliculus moves eyes.
+
+All right, coming up the
+pathway even further,
+
+the next level is the
+thalamus, where you have,
+
+for the auditory system,
+the medial geniculate.
+
+And what was the analog
+in the visual pathway?
+
+A lateral geniculate, right?
+
+OK, so in the brain, medial is
+toward the middle and lateral
+
+is a little bit toward
+the lateral part.
+
+You don't have the lateral
+geniculate in this section,
+
+but it would be a
+little bit lateral
+
+to the medial geniculate.
+
+And what does geniculate mean?
+
+AUDIENCE: Knee.
+
+PROFESSOR: Knee.
+
+Right.
+
+A genu is a knee.
+
+And the lateral geniculate--
+if you use your imagination
+
+and if you were an
+early neuro-anatomists
+
+with a low-power lens
+on your microscope,
+
+it looked like a bent knee.
+
+It's sort of bent.
+
+The medial geniculate
+is not that at all.
+
+It doesn't look at
+all like a knee.
+
+But it's just medial to
+the lateral geniculate,
+
+so that's how it got its name.
+
+OK, very good answer.
+
+What is to genuflect?
+
+AUDIENCE: To bend.
+
+AUDIENCE: Kneel.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+To kneel down, bend your knees.
+
+Ah, king!
+
+Ruler!
+
+All right.
+
+And then finally we have
+the auditory cortex, the AC,
+
+in those boxes at the top.
+
+And the auditory
+cortical fields are
+
+in the temporal cortex
+on the sides of the head.
+
+So I'm pointing to my
+left temporal cortex
+
+if I could go through my skull.
+
+It's behind the temporal bone.
+
+OK, where were the visual areas?
+
+Back here.
+
+This is called the
+occipital cortex, right?
+
+In a completely different
+part of the cortex.
+
+And in the primate--
+of course, humans
+
+are primates-- you have a big
+temporal lobe of the brain.
+
+And that's this lobe here.
+
+And the auditory cortical
+fields, for the most part,
+
+are on the dorsal
+surface of that.
+
+And you have to go down
+inside the temporal gyrus--
+
+this big gyrus-- to
+look and see them,
+
+because they're
+not on the surface
+
+of the brain in the primate.
+
+They're down inside
+the temporal gyrus.
+
+Well, how does this look
+compared to the visual pathway?
+
+Let's say this is
+the retina here.
+
+OK?
+
+Where does the retina project?
+
+That's a great exam question!
+
+Where does the retina project?
+
+That's not a one
+answer question, right?
+
+In large parts of the LGM.
+
+That's right.
+
+Where else does it project?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+know about that.
+
+Certainly projects to the
+superior colliculus, right?
+
+Aren't the x and
+y cells projecting
+
+to the superior colliculus?
+
+A few of the retinal
+ganglion cells
+
+project to the
+superior colliculus.
+
+You better ask Peter for sure.
+
+Obviously, I don't know much
+about the visual pathway.
+
+But so how does that look here?
+
+We have the cochlea, and
+even the cochlear nucleus.
+
+Does it project
+to the geniculate?
+
+No, not at all.
+
+Between the periphery
+and the thalamic level
+
+for the auditory pathway, you
+have the cochlear nucleus.
+
+You have the superior
+olivary complex.
+
+And you have the
+inferior colliculus.
+
+And these structures are on the
+main highway up to the cortex.
+
+It's not as if the
+main pathway bypasses
+
+the inferior colliculus.
+
+This little side arrow
+is just a few axons.
+
+The main pathway
+is cochlear nucleus
+
+to superior olivary complex.
+
+And, to a certain extent,
+cochlear nucleus to IC.
+
+Superior olivary complex to IC.
+
+And then to medial geniculate.
+
+So it's a big difference
+
+What about the
+somatosensory system?
+
+You have a dorsal root ganglia
+in the somatosensory system,
+
+and they project
+actually all the way
+
+to the somatosensory
+regions of the thalamus.
+
+So that's more like
+the visual system.
+
+There's something
+different going on here
+
+in the auditory system.
+
+There's a whole bunch of
+brainstem and midbrain nuclei
+
+in the auditory
+pathway that you don't
+
+have represented in
+these other systems.
+
+So we're going to learn,
+in about two weeks,
+
+about the superior
+olivary complex
+
+and the inferior colliculus.
+
+These extra brainstem
+nuclei are very involved
+
+in the process of
+sound localization.
+
+And that's because for
+the auditory system
+
+to figure out where a sound
+is coming from, in best case
+
+we use the two ears.
+
+And we use cues like the
+difference in time of arrival
+
+of a sound at the two ears, and
+the difference in sound level
+
+at the two ears, to figure out
+where a sound is coming from.
+
+Certainly in the
+azimuthal plane.
+
+And in the visual system, and
+in the somatosensory system,
+
+the localization of where
+the stimulus is coming from
+
+is mapped right
+at the periphery.
+
+So you know that
+a spot of light is
+
+coming from over to
+your right because it
+
+hits your nasal retina
+in your right eye,
+
+and your temporal
+retina in your left eye.
+
+So that position
+information is already
+
+available in the periphery.
+
+In the sense of hearing,
+what does the periphery map?
+
+It maps sound frequency, right?
+
+So obviously, sound
+frequency is a very important
+
+characteristic.
+
+It allows you to
+identify the sound.
+
+But it doesn't help you to tell
+where the sound is coming from.
+
+And if you're a mouse
+running away from a cat,
+
+and it's night time, and
+you can't see the cat,
+
+you need to know where the
+cat sound is coming from.
+
+Is it coming from your right,
+or is it coming from your left?
+
+And it takes a lot of
+brainstem processing,
+
+comparing the inputs
+from the two sides,
+
+to reconstruct where the
+sound was coming from.
+
+Especially if you're doing
+it by intra-aural time
+
+and intra-aural
+level differences.
+
+So all of this brain stem
+processing-- or much of it--
+
+is devoted to figuring out
+where the sound is coming from.
+
+It's figuring out the
+location of the sound.
+
+So we'll spend a good
+week or more on that,
+
+in a couple weeks in our course.
+
+Because that's one
+of the things you
+
+can really sink your teeth
+in, in the auditory system.
+
+The thing it does
+is to figure out
+
+where the location of
+the sound source is.
+
+OK, now we're going to spend
+the rest of the lecture
+
+today on the cochlear nucleus.
+
+The very first nucleus
+in the auditory pathway.
+
+And we're first going to
+talk about basic things
+
+like the anatomy of the cochlear
+nucleus and its tonotopy.
+
+So this is a drawing
+of the cochlear nucleus
+
+in the so-called sagittal plane.
+
+We should all know what
+the sagittal plane is.
+
+Can anybody explain it to me?
+
+Or can anybody explain?
+
+Yeah?
+
+Right like this.
+
+So I like to think of it as the
+zodiac character Sagittarius.
+
+Right?
+
+Who was Sagittarius?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: He was the what?
+
+AUDIENCE: He was an archer.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes,
+he was an archer.
+
+Happened to have a
+horse behind him.
+
+Or for his behind.
+
+So he shot the arrow, and
+if he shot it effectively,
+
+he'd hit me right in
+the center of my head,
+
+and my two halves of my
+brain would fall apart.
+
+And if you picked one
+half up and looked at it,
+
+you would a sagittal section.
+
+OK?
+
+Of my brain.
+
+And the cochlear nucleus,
+as we saw before,
+
+is hanging off the
+side of the brain.
+
+But if that archer
+shot-- instead of right
+
+at the midline, shot
+a little off-center,
+
+and the cochlear
+nucleus half fell away,
+
+you'd get this sagittal section
+of the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And so the cochlea is down
+here and the auditory nerve
+
+is coming up into
+the cochlear nucleus.
+
+So what is up on this section?
+
+Well, it's going
+dorsal, going higher.
+
+So here's your compass.
+
+The cochlear nucleus is ventral.
+
+The auditory nerve
+climbs up dorsally
+
+into the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And that compass
+gives you two clues
+
+about the two big divisions
+of the cochlear nucleus.
+
+This biggest part of
+the cochlear nucleus
+
+is called the ventral
+cochlear nucleus,
+
+because it's down ventral.
+
+The VCN is the ventral
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+And the other part is the DCN.
+
+That's the dorsal
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+This is the part that
+comes up dorsally.
+
+And they look different.
+
+If you look at the VCN, it looks
+like sort of a homogeneous mass
+
+of cells without a huge
+amount of organization.
+
+But as you can see by
+these dash lines here,
+
+the DCN has layers in it.
+
+And people have pushed
+the idea that the DCN
+
+is like a mini-cerebellum.
+
+| know, the cerebellum is
+at the back of your brain.
+
+Cerebellum means it's
+a part of your brain
+
+that deals with motor functions.
+
+And has these beautiful layers.
+
+Certain kinds of cells
+are in each layer.
+
+And there is an analogy between
+the DCN and the cerebellum.
+
+It certainly works as
+far as the layers goes.
+
+Some of the cell
+types are the same.
+
+You have lots of
+little granule cells
+
+in the cerebellum and the
+dorsal cochlear nucleus.
+
+You have pyramidal
+cells in layer two.
+
+The ventral cochlear nucleus, by
+contrast, is very homogeneous.
+
+Now this slide shows you,
+in sagittal view, not only
+
+the cochlear nucleus
+and the subdivisions,
+
+but it shows you some labeled
+auditory nerve fibers coming
+
+in, in the auditory nerve.
+
+So we talked about
+labeling before.
+
+We talked about how you can
+put a microelectrode filled
+
+with neural tracer
+in the auditory nerve
+
+and get the tuning curve and
+the characteristic frequency,
+
+or CF, way down at the
+tip of the tuning cure.
+
+And then you can
+inject a neural tracer.
+
+And the last time, we talked
+about labeling and tracing
+
+the auditory nerve fibers in the
+cochlea to the inner hair cell
+
+that it contacted.
+
+But you can just as easily
+go the other direction.
+
+Neural tracers fill
+the entire neuron.
+
+So these fibers were
+labeled, and now we're
+
+looking at their
+central trajectory
+
+into the central part
+of the auditory nerve
+
+and into the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And it's pretty hard to read,
+but if you could read them,
+
+these arrows and the
+numbers following them
+
+indicate the
+characteristic frequency
+
+of each of four different
+labeled auditory nerve fibers.
+
+This one way down here has
+a CF of 0.17 kilohertz.
+
+This one is a CF of 2.7.
+
+This is a CF of 10.3.
+
+And the top one, I think,
+is a CF of 36 kilohertz.
+
+And you can easily see
+a progression from low
+
+CF's to mid CF's to high CF's.
+
+So 36 kilohertz is way
+beyond the upper limit
+
+of human hearing, but in this
+experimental animal, which
+
+was a cat-- cats hear up to 50
+kilohertz, at least an octave
+
+above the upper
+limit of our hearing.
+
+And they have auditory
+trainer fibers
+
+that respond quite
+well at 36 kilohertz.
+
+So you can see that
+there is a organization,
+
+and this organization
+could be called
+
+a tonotopic organization--
+for the projection
+
+of the auditory nerve
+onto the cochlear nucleus
+
+and you can bet, than, that
+if you were to explore around
+
+here-- in the DCN that
+we've been talking about--
+
+if you were to record here with
+an electrode that's sampled not
+
+from the auditory nerve
+fibers but from the cell
+
+bodies of the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And you can design
+electrodes to record
+
+from either fibers
+and no neurons,
+
+or neurons and no fibers.
+
+If you were to use the latter,
+and sample from the neurons
+
+here, you would expect them
+to respond to low frequencies.
+
+Whereas if you were to
+record from way up there,
+
+you'd expect the neurons
+to record and respond
+
+to high frequencies.
+
+And in fact, that's
+what happens.
+
+And these kinds of electrode
+mappings of the cochlear
+
+nucleus have been
+done for many years.
+
+These are data from the
+'50s from the University
+
+of Wisconsin.
+
+So what's done here
+is an electrode is
+
+put through the cochlear nucleus
+and each 100 micrometers or so,
+
+it's stopped to record from,
+in this case, cochlear nucleus
+
+cells.
+
+And their CF's are indicated
+by the many numbers
+
+here above the recording track.
+
+And the CF, it looks
+like, started at 0.5
+
+and quickly went
+up to 4 and went
+
+higher and higher and higher.
+
+And then went through a
+region of the cochlear nucleus
+
+where they didn't
+sample any neurons.
+
+And then they went through high
+CF's and went back down to low
+
+CF's.
+
+OK?
+
+Because they went into a part
+of the ventral cochlear nucleus
+
+here, where the
+tonotopic mapping
+
+was a little bit different.
+
+And you can see how
+an electrode might
+
+record from a different
+projection of frequencies,
+
+if you had the angle right,
+going from the dorsal cochlear
+
+nucleus into the ventral
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+Because, as you can see, the
+branches of the auditory nerve
+
+fibers are quite
+complicated here.
+
+They all come up and
+they do a bifurcation.
+
+One part goes into
+the VCN over here.
+
+Another part goes through
+the VCN over here.
+
+And then finally
+up into the DCN.
+
+OK, so the tonotopy of
+the cochlear nucleus
+
+is quite complicated.
+
+There isn't just
+one tonotopic axis.
+
+DCN has one, and in the PVCN
+you can have at least one.
+
+But this tonotopic organization
+means the cochlear nucleus
+
+neurons are also
+tonotopically organized.
+
+So we've transferred
+tonotopy from the periphery
+
+through the auditory nerve
+and entered the brain
+
+in the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And if you go back to the
+block diagram we just had,
+
+cochlear nucleus projects onto
+the superior olivary complex
+
+nuclei in an organized fashion.
+
+So you have such tonotopic
+mappings in the SOC.
+
+The SOC and cochlear
+nucleus project
+
+to the inferior colliculus, and
+it's tonotopically organized.
+
+Inferior colliculus
+projects to the thalamus
+
+and the medial geniculate,
+they have beautiful tonotopy.
+
+The thalamus projects
+to the auditory cortex.
+
+And you have at least a
+half a dozen cortical fields
+
+that have beautiful
+tonotopy organization.
+
+So this tonotopic organization
+is a fundamental organizing
+
+pathway for the auditory
+central nervous system.
+
+And it means,
+basically, that you're
+
+going to process certain
+frequencies of sound over here
+
+and other frequencies
+of sound over here.
+
+Keep the processing of
+different frequencies separate.
+
+And so why would
+we want to do that?
+
+Well, it's a matter
+of debate, actually.
+
+There's speculation on that.
+
+But as we'll talk about
+during sound localization,
+
+you have different
+frequency ranges
+
+for the cues that are involved
+in timing between the two ears
+
+and level differences
+between the two ears.
+
+Some work best at
+low frequencies,
+
+and others work best
+at high frequencies.
+
+So maybe that is
+the idea, that you
+
+want to process those cues
+for the location of sound
+
+in different places
+in the brain.
+
+So tonotopic organization is
+typical of almost all nuclei
+
+in the auditory pathway.
+
+So you could ask
+the idea, are there
+
+other mappings in
+the other directions?
+
+And it's not clear, in
+general, whether there are.
+
+Along the cochlear
+nucleus in this dimension
+
+there are different types
+of cells that we'll talk to.
+
+But we should
+remember that there's
+
+a third dimension coming in
+and out of the screen here.
+
+What dimension would that be?
+
+That would be medial- lateral.
+
+So lateral might
+be close to you,
+
+and medial would be far away.
+
+So that actually
+brings up the idea
+
+that we're looking at
+two-dimensional pictures
+
+of three-dimensional structures.
+
+And so I just brought in this
+reconstruction, or this model,
+
+of the cochlear nucleus
+to remind us of that.
+
+This is the cochlear
+nucleus on the left side.
+
+And I believe this
+is from a cat.
+
+This is many years old.
+
+And you can see, in black,
+some nice little cells here
+
+that are lined up in the layers
+of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
+
+So right here are the layers
+of the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
+
+And much of this is
+up dorsally here,
+
+so I should explain to
+you what plane of section
+
+we're looking at here.
+
+This is the left
+cochlear nucleus,
+
+so it would be on my left side.
+
+And now, these are
+horizontal sections.
+
+OK?
+
+So for the compass for
+horizontal sections,
+
+dorsal is up.
+
+Ventral is down.
+
+Rostral is this way,
+forward in the model.
+
+And caudal is back.
+
+Lateral is to the left.
+
+And medial, where
+the rest of the brain
+
+is, on the right side, would
+be over the right here.
+
+The cochlea is ventral
+to the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And this is the auditory
+nerve coming up.
+
+And the colors are
+meant to represent
+
+the different CF's of
+the auditory nerve.
+
+So down here ventrally, we
+have the orange, low CF's.
+
+In the middle we
+have green, which
+
+is the middle CF's right here.
+
+And very dorsally, which
+would be way up in the top
+
+of the screen in the
+DCN, you have yellow,
+
+so that's the high CF's.
+
+And so that's the model.
+
+So that's the DCN right here.
+
+And down here would be the VCN.
+
+And so this is a
+model where there's
+
+20 or 25 sections or so,
+but many have been skipped.
+
+In a typical cochlear
+nucleus, if you
+
+were to cut it 50
+micrometers you
+
+might have a couple
+hundred sections.
+
+So I'll just pass this around.
+
+But there are two other
+colors besides the three
+
+that represented the
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+I think-- what did I talk about?
+
+Red, green, and yellow.
+
+Right?
+
+So there are two other colors.
+
+There's orange, and
+there's blue on there.
+
+OK, so what's that?
+
+Well, the auditory nerve
+is not the only thing
+
+that's providing input
+to the cochlear nucleus.
+
+Now you say, oh, this
+guy made a mistake,
+
+because on the block
+diagram it showed
+
+the only arrow going
+into the cochlear nucleus
+
+is from the spiral ganglion,
+the auditory nerve.
+
+All these other
+arrows are coming out
+
+of the cochlear nucleus.
+
+So what are the
+three other colors
+
+that are not the auditory nerve?
+
+Well, this is a diagram of the
+so-called "ascending" auditory
+
+system, from low to high.
+
+Right?
+
+The cochlea is the lowest.
+
+The cochlear
+nucleus is the next.
+
+And then we went up-- chung,
+chung, chung-- all way
+
+to the auditory cortex.
+
+Well, it turns out,
+in all sensory systems
+
+and all pathways there are
+some direction and information
+
+processing that goes
+the opposite way.
+
+Sometimes that's called the
+descending auditory system.
+
+So there's, for
+example, information
+
+that starts in the
+cortex and goes down
+
+to the medial geniculate.
+
+And those other colors
+in the cochlear nucleus
+
+represent inputs coming into
+the cochlear nucleus that
+
+are coming from higher
+centers and going down
+
+to this lowest level of
+the auditory pathway.
+
+So those are so-called
+"descending" inputs.
+
+And those are not
+very well explored.
+
+Obviously, we know what
+ascending input is doing.
+
+It's telling the brain there's a
+sound and it's processing that.
+
+But why would the brain want
+to send information down
+
+to the lower levels?
+
+Well, there are
+lots of theories.
+
+We'll talk about them toward
+the end of our course.
+
+But it has to do with the
+brain controlling inputs coming
+
+into it.
+
+And there even inputs
+from the brain going out
+
+as far as the cochlea out
+to the auditory periphery.
+
+So those are what those other
+colors are in the model.
+
+Now we get to the
+part of the lecture
+
+where the cochlear nucleus
+becomes very, very complicated.
+
+The anatomical cell types.
+
+And this is where Dorothy
+might say to Toto,
+
+"I don't think we're
+in Kansas anymore."
+
+OK?
+
+Everything was really
+simple in Kansas.
+
+In the auditory nerve-- sorry
+if somebody's from Kansas,
+
+here-- but the auditory
+nerve is very simple
+
+and the cochlear nucleus
+becomes infinitely more complex.
+
+And so here is an example
+of how complex it is.
+
+This is the auditory
+nerve coming in and making
+
+its bifurcation to go into
+the VCN and into the DCN.
+
+And those drawings we
+had before were just
+
+sort of stick figures.
+
+And they didn't show all
+these nice little endings
+
+onto this whole variety of
+cochlear nucleus neurons here.
+
+So how many cochlear
+nucleus types are there?
+
+There's about 10 of them.
+
+So that brings me
+to today's reading.
+
+I guess I'm developing
+this tradition here
+
+of bringing a different
+book every lecture
+
+and reading from it.
+
+So this won't take long.
+
+This book is called The
+Primary Acoustic Nuclei.
+
+So that's another word
+for the cochlear nuclei.
+
+And it's by Raphael
+Lorente De No,
+
+who was a Spanish
+neuro-anatomist at first,
+
+and did a lot of work
+on the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And then during the
+Spanish Civil War,
+
+he said, well, I
+better get out of here.
+
+So he came to United States
+and did a lot of work
+
+on axonal conduction and
+physiological measures.
+
+And it says in the
+introduction that he put away
+
+his anatomical drawings
+ever after maybe
+
+publishing one or two papers.
+
+And he had a whole
+big file of them
+
+in a manuscript, ready to
+go, and he stuck it away
+
+in a closet for about 30 years.
+
+He dug it out, and
+finally published this.
+
+So a lot of this stuff was
+done in the 1920s and '30s
+
+and later published.
+
+In fact, the copyright
+date for this book is 1981.
+
+And the inscription in
+the front of the book
+
+says December
+20-something, 1980.
+
+So this is important,
+because this
+
+is a book owned by Nelson
+Yuan-Sheng Kiang, who
+
+started this course,
+904, with Dr. Schiller
+
+back in the 1980s and '90s.
+
+Nelson was very good friends
+with the author, here,
+
+and when the author
+published the book
+
+he promised Nelson to give
+him the very first copy that
+
+came off the printing press.
+
+So this is the first
+copy in the original run.
+
+It's not only a
+first edition, it's
+
+the first of the first edition.
+
+And the inscription here--
+Nelson put December 1980--
+
+is actually a year before--
+a month before the copyright
+
+date.
+
+So this really,
+really a special book.
+
+So these pictures
+here, as you can
+
+see-- you can judge
+this book by its cover.
+
+These pictures are the
+beautifully complex
+
+incoming auditory
+nerve fibers-- which
+
+are drawn in orange here--
+bifurcating and showing
+
+the many, many types of endings
+on the cochlear nucleus cells.
+
+And that's summarized
+by the reading here.
+
+This is the very first
+sentence of the book.
+
+"Each neuron in the
+ganglion of Corti"--
+
+that's the spiral ganglion--
+"gives rise to two nerve
+
+fibers, which, according
+to their destination,
+
+are either called peripheral"--
+those are the ones that are
+
+contacting the hair cells
+we talked about last time--
+
+"or central"-- which we were
+talking about right here.
+
+"The peripheral fibers,
+at times called dendrites,
+
+penetrate the organ of Corti.
+
+They form sensory
+or afferent endings
+
+in contact with the hair cells.
+
+The central fibers, after a
+relatively long trajectory
+
+in the cochlear nerve, enter
+the primary cochlear nuclei,
+
+where they form elaborate
+sets of endings."
+
+OK, that's the reading for
+today, and we pass it around.
+
+You can enjoy the
+pretty pictures.
+
+So these are the
+elaborate sets of endings
+
+on the elaborate variety
+of cochlear nucleus cells.
+
+And one of this type
+of elaborate endings
+
+is called a large end bulb.
+
+That's the very top one there.
+
+And the other name
+for an end bulb--
+
+so, it's large end bulb--
+it is the end ball of Held.
+
+Because Held was the early
+German neuro-anatomist
+
+who first noticed
+this huge ending.
+
+So this ending is so
+big that you can hardly
+
+see the cochlear nucleus
+cell that it envelops.
+
+Here's another drawing
+of the large end bulb,
+
+and there's a scale bar.
+
+The cochlear nucleus cell is
+20 micrometers in diameter.
+
+OK?
+
+So you could say that's the
+largest ending in the cochlear
+
+nucleus.
+
+Or you could say
+that's the largest
+
+ending in the auditory pathway.
+
+Or you could say that's the
+largest ending in the brain.
+
+And you'd be right
+with all those claims.
+
+So this is a huge ending
+from the auditory nerve fiber
+
+onto the cochlear nucleus
+cell, way at the tip.
+
+And we can just go back
+to the previous drawing.
+
+These are stick figures
+where most of the endings
+
+are dropped off for the
+purposes of clarity.
+
+But way out of the tip of
+the auditory nerve fiber
+
+these end bolts of Held are so
+big that you can see them even
+
+with this really
+low-magnification picture
+
+of the auditory nerve fibers.
+
+OK And they go onto a particular
+type of cochlear nucleus
+
+cell, called a spherical cell.
+
+And in parentheses, that type
+of cell is called a bushy cell.
+
+Why are there two names?
+
+Well, this is kind
+of a long story,
+
+but there are two main
+techniques to look at--
+
+or there were, in
+the 1950s and '60s--
+
+to look at cells in the brain.
+
+And one of them was
+to use a Nissl stain.
+
+You can cut your
+section of the brain,
+
+cut your section of
+cochlear nucleus,
+
+put your Nissl
+stain on it, and you
+
+can see very beautiful
+staining of all the neurons
+
+in the cochlear nucleus.
+
+Some of them look round.
+
+The central nucleus.
+
+And they were called spherical
+cells because they're so nice
+
+and round.
+
+And this work was done by a
+pioneering neuroscientist who
+
+everybody before-- didn't draw
+this very well-- everybody
+
+before thought all the
+cochlear nucleus cells just
+
+look like one type.
+
+They look about the same.
+
+This neuroscientist, whose
+name is Kirsten Osen,
+
+was the first
+person in the 1950s
+
+to look at sections of
+the cochlear nucleus
+
+and say, oh, those actually
+don't look exactly the same!
+
+Some are spherical.
+
+Some look like octopus.
+
+Here's a cell Kirsten called
+the octopus cell, because it
+
+was sort of eccentric, and
+these little appendages
+
+coming off of it-- which were
+the dendrites-- all came off
+
+from one side, like the
+tentacles of the octopus come
+
+off from one side
+of the octopus.
+
+And this big nucleus,
+right in the center, to her
+
+looked like the
+eye of the octopus.
+
+Right?
+
+Some of the cochlear nucleus
+cells were multipolar.
+
+Here's one called the giant
+multipolar cell of the DCN.
+
+And a pole just means that
+something came off the cell,
+
+and those are the dendrites.
+
+OK?
+
+The Nissl stain doesn't stay
+in the dendrites very well.
+
+If it did, the whole
+cochlear nucleus
+
+would be black because there
+are dendrites everywhere.
+
+But it stains the
+cell body very nicely.
+
+So what does the
+Nissl stain stain?
+
+It stains DNA, RNA,
+and some protein.
+
+Which are, of
+course, found mostly
+
+in the cell body of the cell.
+
+So it gives you a good look
+at the cell body of the cell.
+
+Not a good look
+at the dendrites,
+
+because they don't have
+as much DNA and RNA.
+
+And hardly any look at the axon.
+
+The axons are invisible.
+
+But for classifying
+cells, it's really great,
+
+because you have every
+single cell stained,
+
+and you can look at them.
+
+Here's a cell called
+the globular cell.
+
+And that is a little bit
+like a spherical cell,
+
+but it's more oblong.
+
+Here are some other
+multipolar cells.
+
+Here's a cell called
+the pyramidal cell.
+
+So I should have said
+that the Nissl designation
+
+of these cells is given
+non-parenthetically.
+
+OK?
+
+So you have, by Nissl, spherical
+cells, multipolar cells--
+
+here's another kind of
+multipolar cell-- globular
+
+cell, octopus cell,
+and pyramidal cells.
+
+So those are the cells I
+would like you to know.
+
+Those of the important
+types of cells.
+
+Let me write that down.
+
+The view graph is
+a little bit more--
+
+it makes more distinctions than
+I care to make for this class.
+
+So you have spherical.
+
+These are cells in
+the cochlear nucleus.
+
+Spherical cells.
+
+You have multipolar cells.
+
+You have globular.
+
+You have octopus.
+
+And you have pyramidal.
+
+Right?
+
+I mean, since scientists
+are classifiers,
+
+you have sub-types
+of each of these.
+
+OK, you could just
+keep sub-typing
+
+as much as you want to.
+
+But these are the
+main types that we
+
+want to pay attention
+to for our course.
+
+And these are Nissl stained.
+
+Now along comes another
+person and wants
+
+to make his mark on
+science, and says,
+
+I'm going to use a
+different type of stain
+
+and look at the cochlear
+nucleus in a different way.
+
+And his name was-- his
+name is-- Kent Morest.
+
+And he worked at Harvard
+for quite a while,
+
+and then went to the
+University of Connecticut.
+
+And so his stain that he used
+was called the Golgi stain.
+
+And many of the pictures
+in the book I passed around
+
+were Golgi stains of fibers.
+
+He wanted to look at Golgi
+stains of cochlear nucleus
+
+cells and compare them
+to the Nissl stain.
+
+So what does the Golgi stain do?
+
+Does anybody know?
+
+Or who was Golgi?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Golgi
+stains the whole cell,
+
+but it doesn't stain all cells.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's correct.
+
+In fact, in the
+ultimate case, you
+
+can put your brain
+in the Golgi solution
+
+and come back a
+couple months later
+
+and you could just have one
+neuron in the entire brain
+
+stained.
+
+But the good thing about
+that is that the neuron cell
+
+body, it's dendrites, and
+a good portion of its axon
+
+pick up the stain and
+they stain it jet black.
+
+So the Golgi stain
+takes a spherical cell
+
+and transforms it into something
+that's really beautiful.
+
+The cell body is
+completely filled.
+
+It's black.
+
+I should be using black.
+
+This is a black stain.
+
+And you can see, coming
+from the spherical cell, one
+
+major dendrite.
+
+It's a big one.
+
+And it, very close
+to the cell body,
+
+ramifies into thousands
+of little bitty dendrites.
+
+Like this.
+
+Where this scale might
+be 20 micrometers.
+
+And so the dendrite is sticking
+very close to the cell body.
+
+To Kent Morest, this
+looked like-- he
+
+must've been planting
+stuff in his yard,
+
+because this looked like a bush.
+
+You go to the nursery,
+and you pick up a bush.
+
+Here's the top of the bush.
+
+This is the trunk.
+
+And this is the root ball
+the nursery people bundle up
+
+for you, or this is in a pot.
+
+So this looked like a bush.
+
+So he called it a bushy cell.
+
+And so in parentheses
+on the view graph
+
+there are the designations
+that are given to these cells
+
+in the Golgi stain, which
+is all in parentheses there.
+
+It looks completely
+different, because you're
+
+staining different
+parts of the cell.
+
+So let's make our little chart.
+
+Spherical cells in the
+Golgi stain are called bush.
+
+We'll put these in parentheses.
+
+Bushy cells.
+
+Multipolar cells are usually
+called stellate because now,
+
+instead of just the beginning
+of the dendrite coming off,
+
+you have long
+expanses of dendrites
+
+that go for 500
+micrometers from the cell.
+
+They can go across
+the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And they look like
+beautiful, twinkling stars.
+
+At least they did
+to Kent Morest.
+
+Globular cells look exactly like
+spherical cells in the Golgi
+
+stain, and they were
+given the same name.
+
+Bushy cells.
+
+Octopus cells are so
+clear, what they are,
+
+they're given the same name.
+
+Pyramidal cells are
+sometimes called fusiform.
+
+Fusiform means sort
+of spindle-shaped.
+
+They just look different
+in the Golgi stain.
+
+Now, this is sort of old stuff.
+
+And so now, when somebody talks
+about a certain type of cell
+
+in the cochlear nucleus, they
+use a hybrid terminology.
+
+They'll say, "I was recording
+from spherical bushy cells."
+
+So they use both names.
+
+Or, "I think I was recording
+from globular bushy cells."
+
+Or, "My study is on
+multipolar stellate cells."
+
+OK?
+
+Or, "These cells in the DCN
+are pyramidal fusiform cells."
+
+So they use a hybrid
+terminology and they
+
+concatenate, if
+you will, the two.
+
+OK, so these are the
+cell types, if you will.
+
+Now let's go into the
+cochlear nucleus and record,
+
+with recording electrodes,
+a sample not from fibers
+
+but from cell bodies.
+
+And see what we get.
+
+I think that's what's next here.
+
+Yes.
+
+OK.
+
+Where are these data from?
+
+From Pfeiffer.
+
+So Pfeiffer worked with Nelson
+Kiang, who owns that book.
+
+And they worked at MIT during
+the 19-late-50s and 1960s.
+
+And these were, again, some
+of the first applications
+
+of computers to neuroscience.
+
+They said, well, what we
+want to do from these cells
+
+to classify them--
+well, maybe they
+
+used a whole bunch of different
+schemes and all of them
+
+didn't work out very
+well, except this one.
+
+They said, for this
+one, what we're
+
+going to look at for these
+units in the cochlear nucleus,
+
+is not the tuning curves,
+not their responses to this
+
+or that.
+
+We're going to look,
+very shortly after we
+
+turn the tone burst
+on-- the tone burst
+
+is the stimulation--
+we're going to look
+
+at the timing of spikes.
+
+And so these are in the order
+of millisecond intervals.
+
+In fact, some of the bins have
+width less than a millisecond.
+
+OK?
+
+They want to look very precisely
+at the time pattern of spikes
+
+after you turn a sound on.
+
+So tone burst.
+
+What is a tone burst?
+
+I've used that term.
+
+So it's just-- I think we had,
+earlier in the course, a tone
+
+pip.
+
+So a tone burst is just
+sounds that to do this.
+
+So it's a burst of tone.
+
+Burst of a pure tone.
+
+And it looks like the duration
+here is 25 milliseconds.
+
+OK.
+
+And all these neurons
+are tuned, so you
+
+want to use your sound
+frequency at the CF.
+
+So within the tone,
+versus the CF.
+
+You want to get spikes
+coming from the neurons.
+
+So you want to be at CF.
+
+You want to above threshold.
+
+You turn your tone
+burst on, and then you
+
+have your computer
+look at the spikes
+
+and say when they occur in time.
+
+OK, so this is pretty important.
+
+So I have a pointer here.
+
+So how did this experiment work?
+
+Well, here's data from one, two,
+three, four different cochlear
+
+nucleus neurons.
+
+And from each neuron there
+are two types of displays.
+
+This display on the top is
+called a dot raster display.
+
+And each little dot
+signifies the time
+
+of occurrence of a
+spike, an impulse,
+
+from the recorded neuron.
+
+And on the Y-- down the
+X-axis is the time axis.
+
+So starting at zero is when
+the tone burst went on.
+
+Tone burst goes off at, looks
+like, 40 milliseconds here.
+
+And then there's an off
+time when there's just
+
+silence for the last
+40 milliseconds.
+
+And the important
+thing about this
+
+is that this column
+here shows you
+
+that there wasn't just
+one tone burst presented,
+
+but there were many.
+
+And these experiments can use
+600 or even 1,000 tone bursts.
+
+Each time the
+stimulus is turned on,
+
+you give it a stimulus number.
+
+So the very first tone burst
+is stimulus number one.
+
+And that's the first
+dot raster here.
+
+And the neuron fired a dozen
+or so action potentials
+
+at those times.
+
+And then it stopped firing,
+except for a little bit
+
+of spontaneous activity.
+
+Then tone burst number
+two was presented.
+
+And the neuron's dot
+raster for number two
+
+is the next line down.
+
+Then you go through
+your silent period,
+
+and go back to the beginning.
+
+Tone burst number
+three was presented.
+
+And you get this
+pattern of spikes.
+
+It's a little bit different.
+
+Each one looks like it's
+a little bit different.
+
+Down here is tone
+verse number 15.
+
+OK?
+
+And you get that dot
+raster of spikes.
+
+And then you go through your
+hundreds of tone bursts.
+
+And this might be tone burst
+number 999 down at the bottom,
+
+and you get that raster.
+
+And you keep track
+of all those dots.
+
+And you have the computer
+put them into bins here.
+
+And this histogram
+shows you the bins
+
+where the number of action
+potentials is along the Y-axis
+
+now.
+
+And the X-axis is
+still displaying time.
+
+And this horizontal line shows
+you when the tone burst was on.
+
+So this type of histogram, which
+is compiled from many stimulus
+
+presentations and
+many dot rasters,
+
+are sometimes called
+the PST histograms.
+
+And that stands for post-
+or peristimulus time.
+
+Obviously, it's
+a time histogram.
+
+Obviously, there's a stimulus.
+
+Why is this a post?
+
+Well, the terminology
+started up when
+
+you, instead of having a long
+tone burst, have a click.
+
+So that when the click goes
+on, it goes off real quickly
+
+and everything is
+post- stimulus.
+
+So it's really, in
+this case, a peri--
+
+around the stimulus--
+time histogram.
+
+Does everybody
+explain-- Does everybody
+
+know what I'm
+talking about here?
+
+About what this display is?
+
+OK.
+
+So you can think
+of this PST, then,
+
+as reflecting the
+average firing rate
+
+as a function of
+time for the neuron.
+
+And quickly, you're not turning
+the tone on for many seconds.
+
+It's within a few milliseconds.
+
+Within the first 40
+milliseconds of when
+
+the tone burst is turned on.
+
+And it's an average response.
+
+And here's data from one unit.
+
+Here's data from another unit.
+
+Now, even in the
+dot raster you don't
+
+need to worry about
+averaging here.
+
+This type of firing
+is fundamentally
+
+different from the type of
+firing we just talked about.
+
+It looked like on
+every single tone burst
+
+there was a kind of a
+different firing pattern.
+
+Sort of random.
+
+As if you took your
+pepper shaker and just
+
+spread out some salt
+and pepper here.
+
+There wasn't a real
+organization to it.
+
+Sure, there's a higher
+firing during the tone burst,
+
+after a little latency.
+
+But over here, there's a
+real nice pattern to it.
+
+And it looks like in this unit,
+which was called the Chopper
+
+unit, even from the very
+first stimulus number, it went
+
+"pop, pop, pop, pop, pop, pop,
+pop" if you slowed way down.
+
+Same for the second.
+
+Same for the 15th.
+
+Same for the 999th.
+
+This Chopper unit has a
+very organized and precise
+
+temporal pattern of firing.
+
+When you do the averaging
+and get the PST,
+
+you can see this very nice
+so-called chopping peaks
+
+in the PST histogram
+for this Chopper unit
+
+as compared to this other unit.
+
+Here is a unit where you can
+also see, from the dot raster
+
+display, that this unit
+fired a spike and took
+
+a substantial pause--
+which gives it
+
+a name, the Pauser unit--
+before it started firing again.
+
+And here is the PST histogram
+from a so-called Pauser
+
+unit, where the pause
+is a substantial pause.
+
+It's 10 milliseconds or so.
+
+And finally, here's a unit
+called an Onset unit, which
+
+fires only one spike
+at the onset of each
+
+and every sound stimulus.
+
+Each and every tone burst.
+
+And obviously gets
+its name, Onset unit.
+
+Now, let's go back
+to this first unit.
+
+Why?
+
+I glossed over the name.
+
+Why is it called the
+Primarylike unit?
+
+Well, if you go and record from
+primary auditory nerve fibers--
+
+and where does that
+terminology come from?
+
+Well, in the auditory system
+you have the hair cell,
+
+you have the nerve
+fiber-- so the nerve fiber
+
+is the very first,
+or primary neuron.
+
+Then you go into
+the cochlear nucleus
+
+and you have the
+secondary neuron.
+
+So really, this is
+a secondary neuron.
+
+But the pattern,
+the PST pattern,
+
+that you get in some of these
+cochlear nucleus neurons
+
+looks just like primary
+auditory nerve fibers.
+
+Except they have a little
+bit longer in latency.
+
+So this one is called
+Primarylike unit.
+
+It's not a primary.
+
+It's a secondary
+neuron, but it's like.
+
+Primarylike pattern.
+
+OK.
+
+So in the cochlear nucleus,
+you have these different types
+
+of firing patterns.
+
+And let's make a list of them.
+
+Maybe I'll make
+the list over here.
+
+So these are the unit types.
+
+Primarylike.
+
+Chopper.
+
+Pauser.
+
+And Onset.
+
+Those are the four basic types.
+
+Now, again, scientists
+are classifiers,
+
+so you-- if you read the
+literature-- you will find
+
+some units called
+Primarylike with notch.
+
+So those are Primarylike units,
+but right after the first peak
+
+they have a little notch.
+
+Don't worry about that.
+
+It's basically a
+Primarylike unit.
+
+Now, we have two interesting
+classification schemes here.
+
+One is how the unit
+responds to sound.
+
+One is how the neuron
+looks in the microscope.
+
+Can we make a correspondence
+between the two?
+
+Now, one possible
+outcome could be,
+
+"There is no correspondence."
+
+Right?
+
+Could be that spherical
+cells can produce
+
+any of those kind of
+responses to sound.
+
+Well, obviously, I wouldn't
+be devoting a whole lecture
+
+to this if that
+were the outcome.
+
+And in fact, the
+cochlear nucleus
+
+is a place where we can really
+correlate anatomy of the cells
+
+with their physiological
+unit types.
+
+And how is that done?
+
+Well, there are
+several different ways.
+
+And this graph
+shows you one way.
+
+That is by going to different
+parts of the cochlear nucleus.
+
+Where the cell types are
+not equally distributed,
+
+you find that the unit types
+are not equally distributed.
+
+And this works very well for
+certain areas of the cochlear
+
+nucleus.
+
+For example, this area
+right here called OC.
+
+That's the area called
+the octopus cell area.
+
+What's found there?
+
+That's basically where you
+have all the octopus cells.
+
+They're found in a particular
+part of the ventral cochlear
+
+nucleus.
+
+OK, let's go record there
+with our electrodes.
+
+And what kind of PST
+pattern do you get there?
+
+Well these are numbered types.
+
+Where number one is Primarylike.
+
+Number two is Chopper.
+
+And these are sub-types of
+Onset-- three, four, and five.
+
+And number six is Pauser.
+
+In the octopus cell area
+you get Onset responses.
+
+OK, so let's start
+drawing some lines.
+
+Octopus cells then
+produce Onset patterns.
+
+Now, that's true.
+
+You can really sink
+your hat on it.
+
+How about going the other way?
+
+Do you always get Onset response
+from just octopus cells?
+
+Or how about some of
+these other types?
+
+Well, going the other way, you
+do have a few multipolar cells
+
+that can produce the Onset type.
+
+And how is that shown?
+
+Well, octopus cells
+are just there,
+
+but you can get
+some Onset responses
+
+in various places in
+the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And I'll tell you
+how this dashed arrow
+
+was drawn in a minute.
+
+So Onset units are not
+only octopus cells.
+
+Octopus cells are only
+producing the Onset pattern.
+
+That's the correct
+way to say it.
+
+Right here.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, elsewhere in
+the cochlear nucleus,
+
+the cells tend to be mixed up.
+
+And you can't make very
+good regional distinctions--
+
+in spite of what's said here--
+with one other exception.
+
+In the dorsal
+cochlear nucleus there
+
+is a layer called the
+fusiform cell layer.
+
+And so it has the
+pyramidal fusiform cells.
+
+And there you get Pausers.
+
+And that's pretty
+much the only place--
+
+well, not completely
+the only place--
+
+you get some deeper in the DCN.
+
+But that's very good evidence
+that the pyramidal cells
+
+produce a Pauser
+type of response.
+
+You get no Pauser
+responses anywhere
+
+in the ventral cochlear nucleus.
+
+Now, why am I messing around
+with these messy data when,
+
+to a certain extent, most of
+the cochlear nucleus cells
+
+are all mixed up together?
+
+Well, you can
+build up these data
+
+from thousands of
+recordings, and you
+
+can look at hundreds
+of cochlear nuclei.
+
+You can assure yourself
+this is the only place
+
+that octopus cells are found.
+
+You can record from
+thousands of units
+
+and not find too many
+Onset responses elsewhere
+
+in the cochlear nucleus.
+
+So you have the strength
+of numbers behind you
+
+if you use this
+type of approach.
+
+We talked last time about
+single unit labeling.
+
+Why not apply that to the
+cochlear nucleus neurons?
+
+OK.
+
+The way you do that is
+you fill your electrode
+
+with neural tracer.
+
+You go in.
+
+You record the CF
+from the tuning curve.
+
+Then you turn a tone on
+and you get the unit type.
+
+Is it a Primarylike
+or is it a Chopper?
+
+That's a very elegant way
+to answer this question,
+
+and it's been done, but it's
+also extremely difficult.
+
+For some reason, recording
+from the cochlear nucleus
+
+neurons with the type of
+pipette [? electrode ?] that's
+
+necessary to have your
+neural tracer in it,
+
+it's very difficult.
+
+You get the recording and
+then you go inside the cell
+
+to inject it, and it tears
+a big hole in the membrane.
+
+And so the neuron
+stops responding.
+
+Have you lost the neuron?
+
+Are you still in it?
+
+You don't know.
+
+OK, so that's very
+difficult to do,
+
+but it has been done on
+this certain select number
+
+of neurons.
+
+And here's some data from
+single unit labeling.
+
+So here is from a study--
+this is from a study
+
+by Bill Rhode et al at the
+University of Wisconsin,
+
+in which he recorded
+from cochlear
+
+nucleus, Primarylike neurons.
+
+That's clearly a
+Primarylike PST.
+
+He injected and
+labeled the neuron
+
+and recovered in the
+ventral cochlear nucleus.
+
+And there's what the
+labeled neuron looks like.
+
+There's a big cell with
+one primary dendrite,
+
+with lots of ramifications
+close by the cell.
+
+It's not as clear as the bushy
+cell I drew on the board,
+
+but clearly this
+is a bushy cell,
+
+because all the
+dendrites are close by.
+
+Now, I'm using the nomenclature
+from the Golgi stain
+
+because, clearly, that cell
+is stained in its entirety.
+
+The cell body is black.
+
+The dendrites, every little
+type of dendrite ramification
+
+is filled black.
+
+That big thread-like thing
+going right underneath the title
+
+labeled neuron is the axon.
+
+You can trace the axon
+wherever you want to.
+
+This is Golgi-like
+labeling that you
+
+get from filling these
+cells with neural tracer.
+
+Clearly, that's a bushy cell.
+
+And it had a
+Primarylike pattern.
+
+Now, if you look in
+all the literature,
+
+maybe you get about eight
+or 10 filled bushy cells.
+
+And people have spent many
+years trying to do this.
+
+You see papers published
+with just a half a dozen
+
+labeled neurons.
+
+It's very difficult to do.
+
+But clearly, that
+Primarylike pattern
+
+came from that bushy cell.
+
+This Chopper pattern-- this
+is a subtype of Chopper--
+
+came from the stellate cell.
+
+Clearly, rather than
+one primary dendrite,
+
+it had a half a dozen.
+
+And the dendrites went forever.
+
+Here's a neuron that
+sent its dendrites
+
+all across the cochlear nucleus.
+
+Clearly a different type
+of cell-- a stellate cell.
+
+OK, so let's draw an arrow
+there for those two neurons.
+
+Bushy cells.
+
+Spherical bushy cells.
+
+We actually don't know
+that it's spherical-- can
+
+produce Primarylike.
+
+Stellates can produce
+Chopping patterns.
+
+And these other
+correlations-- octopus
+
+cells correlated with Onset,
+we already established.
+
+And Pauser types correlated
+with pyramidal fusiform cells,
+
+we already established.
+
+So we here have a nice
+chart of correlations
+
+between the anatomy
+and the physiology.
+
+And probably, this can be done
+much better in cochlear nucleus
+
+than any other
+center in the brain.
+
+Auditory system or non-auditory.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, you should be a
+little bit skeptical of me,
+
+as scientists, when I
+give you these really
+
+nice classification schemes.
+
+So what is really the difference
+between a globular bushy
+
+cell and a spherical bushy cell?
+
+You should be thinking,
+"Can that guy really
+
+make that distinction?"
+
+OK, sure, some
+things are spheres,
+
+and some things are oblong.
+
+But what about
+something in between?
+
+Are there intermediates in
+this classification scheme?
+
+So let me give you just an
+arbitrary-- we classify people
+
+by the color of
+their hair, right?
+
+There are blondes.
+
+There black-haired people.
+
+There are brown-haired people.
+
+There are red-head.
+
+But then you have a lot
+of intermediates, right?
+
+You have dirty blondes.
+
+You have people who
+have darkish brown hair,
+
+not quite black,
+but not quite brown.
+
+What are you going to do
+with all those intermediates?
+
+What are you going
+to do with people
+
+who are losing their hair?
+
+Problems with
+classification schemes
+
+are if you have a
+lot of intermediates.
+
+And then these
+things break down.
+
+Instead of being a
+nice, firm category
+
+they become really
+squishy, with a lot
+
+of intermediates
+between the two.
+
+It turns out, here, that
+that's not a huge problem,
+
+although it is
+sometimes a problem.
+
+The aficionados who
+do this for a living
+
+have metrics where
+you can measure
+
+the sphericity of a cell or
+the oblateness of a cell.
+
+You can measure things in
+the physiological response.
+
+Like if it's a pause longer
+than two milliseconds,
+
+it's a Pauser unit.
+
+But if the pause is less
+than two milliseconds,
+
+then it's a notch,
+or something else.
+
+OK.
+
+So it turns out that there
+aren't very many intermediates
+
+or things that are hard
+to classify in these two
+
+kinds of classification scheme,
+which is very important.
+
+Another important thing is what
+do these classifications then
+
+predict?
+
+If you're recording
+from a Primarylike unit,
+
+and you say it's one of
+these kinds of bushy cells,
+
+what does it predict?
+
+Well, one thing it predicts
+is where the cells project to.
+
+Now, that's given to you a
+little bit on this diagram
+
+here, by this category.
+
+That says acoustic stria
+for the efferent axon.
+
+And so now we're
+using terminology
+
+that is centric to
+the cochlear nucleus.
+
+Efferent means going out
+of the cochlear nucleus.
+
+And there are three
+major pathways
+
+going out of the
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+The ventral,
+intermediate, and dorsal.
+
+And different types
+of cells project
+
+in one or another, but not all
+three of these output pathways.
+
+So knowing the type of cell,
+knowing its response pattern,
+
+I can predict where
+the axon is going.
+
+So the predictability of
+the classification scheme,
+
+if it predicts things
+very well, means
+
+that it's a good
+classification scheme.
+
+But when somebody gives you
+a classification scheme,
+
+you should always
+be thinking, "Now,
+
+is it a good
+classification scheme?
+
+Or it is just
+something cooked up?"
+
+Meaning, are there
+lots of intermediates?
+
+So speaking of
+projections of the axons.
+
+This is what I want
+to end up with today.
+
+Especially in terms
+of the parallel
+
+pathways that we talked
+about at the beginning
+
+of today's lecture.
+
+So here's another
+even different type
+
+of diagram of the
+cochlear nucleus.
+
+This is the cochlear
+nucleus on the left side.
+
+This is a little
+bit of the cochlear
+
+nucleus on the right side.
+
+And so we have a whole bunch
+of the auditory pathway,
+
+the superior olivary complex,
+and the inferior colliculus
+
+more in the center of the brain.
+
+And now you can
+get a sense of why
+
+the superior olive
+is really a complex.
+
+Here are parts of it.
+
+Lateral superior olive.
+
+Medial superior olive.
+
+Medial nucleus of
+the trapezoid body.
+
+Lateral nucleus of
+the trapezoid body.
+
+And that's just part of the
+superior olivary complex.
+
+It's really a whole
+bunch of different nuclei
+
+all glommed together.
+
+The point of this slide,
+though, is the projections
+
+of the cochlear nucleus
+neurons, in terms
+
+of where they send axons to.
+
+So here are the spherical
+bushy cells, right here.
+
+That's its diagram here.
+
+And this little
+lending is supposed
+
+to be the giant end bulb
+of Held that they receive.
+
+The spherical bushy cell on
+the left cochlear nucleus
+
+projects up here into the
+left superior olivary complex.
+
+And one of its most
+important places to end up
+
+is in the medial superior olive.
+
+Part of the superior
+olivary complex.
+
+And it continues on and
+goes across the midline
+
+and also projects into the
+right medial superior olive.
+
+It's not diagrammed here, but
+analogous spherical bushy cells
+
+on the right side come
+in and do the same thing.
+
+The medial superior
+olive is the place--
+
+that we'll study in about a
+week-- that receives input
+
+from the two sides from
+the spherical bushy cells.
+
+And it compares the timing of
+the inputs from the two sides.
+
+It says, oh, if I heard
+the sound on the left side
+
+a little bit earlier,
+then that sound source
+
+was located to the
+left side of my body.
+
+But if the MSO gets input
+from the right side first,
+
+it's almost certainly the
+case that the sound source
+
+was located on the
+right side of the body.
+
+And it'd activate the right
+ear and the right cochlear
+
+nucleus and its axons first.
+
+And by the time the sound leaked
+around to the left ear-- it
+
+a longer time to travel,
+here-- and started
+
+to activate the left pathway,
+it was a lagging signal
+
+and came into the MSO
+a little bit later.
+
+So the MSO, then,
+receiving input
+
+from these two spherical bushy
+cells from the two cochlear
+
+nuclei, does an
+interesting comparison
+
+and helps us localize the
+sound using timing differences.
+
+There's probably
+a pathway in here
+
+that begins with the
+globular bushy cells,
+
+where you use the differences
+in level at the two ears
+
+to localize sounds.
+
+That's two out of maybe 10
+different types of cells
+
+that we really
+know what they do.
+
+So the other eight or
+so-- the pyramidal cells,
+
+the small cells, the octopus
+cells, the stellate cells--
+
+we have no idea what they do.
+
+OK?
+
+So all the rest of these
+other parallel pathways,
+
+the function are unknown.
+
+We think they do something
+in the sense of hearing,
+
+but we're not sure what they do.
+
+So there's a lot of
+interesting information left
+
+to be gleaned from these
+parallel pathways coming out
+
+of the cochlear nucleus.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's what I
+want to end up with.
+
+If there are any questions,
+I'll take them now.
+
+I also want to remind you
+guys that next week, Monday
+
+is a holiday, so there
+won't be any class.
+
+So the next time we meet is a
+week from today, on Wednesday.
+
+And in that lecture,
+we're going to talk
+
+about deafness and hearing
+loss, and toward the end we'll
+
+have our demonstrator come in
+to demonstrate her cochlear
+
+implants.
+
+So that's an important
+class, not to be missed.
+
+OK, have a good mini-vacation.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AVL5AwJrrEU.txt b/AVL5AwJrrEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..558756dab4e69dd1e544df2e62ef2dea02751258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AVL5AwJrrEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7403 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so uh problem set five was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh problem set five was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh problem set five was
+due now and problem set six is due next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due now and problem set six is due next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due now and problem set six is due next
+week it'll be posted later today welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it'll be posted later today welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week it'll be posted later today welcome
+to the parents we will have clickers too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parents we will have clickers too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parents we will have clickers too
+thank you for coming um so today's topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for coming um so today's topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for coming um so today's topic
+we're continuing with chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're continuing with chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're continuing with chemical
+equilibrium and depending on when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and depending on when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and depending on when the
+clickers come the fun video may be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers come the fun video may be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers come the fun video may be at
+the top of the lecture but before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the lecture but before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the lecture but before that
+um today is going to be a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today is going to be a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um today is going to be a clicker
+competition and hopefully uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and hopefully uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and hopefully uh for the
+parents in the room um your uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents in the room um your uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents in the room um your uh your
+child has told you um what these clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child has told you um what these clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child has told you um what these clicker
+competition are the parents will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition are the parents will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition are the parents will be in
+their own recitation um if you win I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own recitation um if you win I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own recitation um if you win I
+think you have to come back next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to come back next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you have to come back next week
+for snacks at recitation um so uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for snacks at recitation um so uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for snacks at recitation um so uh we'll
+we'll explain that but some recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain that but some recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain that but some recitations
+have been doing very well in the clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing very well in the clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been doing very well in the clicker
+competition but they have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition but they have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition but they have not
+won so I just want to share with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won so I just want to share with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won so I just want to share with you
+another extra credit clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another extra credit clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another extra credit clicker
+assignment and this extra credit Clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and this extra credit Clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment and this extra credit Clicker
+assignment is something you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is something you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is something you can do this
+weekend with your parents so so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend with your parents so so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend with your parents so so again
+this is optional this is to win um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is optional this is to win um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is optional this is to win um for
+your recitation extra credit points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recitation extra credit points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your recitation extra credit points to
+get into the championship at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the championship at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the championship at the end of
+the semester to win the geeky t-shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester to win the geeky t-shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester to win the geeky t-shirt
+the geeky t-shirt is itself a prize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geeky t-shirt is itself a prize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geeky t-shirt is itself a prize uh
+or a extra credit thing to get in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a extra credit thing to get in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a extra credit thing to get in um
+okay so in class I have been showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in class I have been showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in class I have been showing
+science videos and these are the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos and these are the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science videos and these are the stars
+of the science videos their MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the science videos their MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the science videos their MIT
+undergrads graduate students postdocs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads graduate students postdocs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergrads graduate students postdocs
+and faculty and they have been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faculty and they have been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and faculty and they have been talking
+about how they use basic chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they use basic chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they use basic chemical
+principles in their research and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in their research and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles in their research and how
+that research is important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research is important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that research is important for
+addressing a real world problem so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing a real world problem so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing a real world problem so the
+extra credit assignment is that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit assignment is that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit assignment is that each of
+these individuals also has a two to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these individuals also has a two to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these individuals also has a two to I
+think the longest one is about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the longest one is about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the longest one is about five
+minute personal video um and and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute personal video um and and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute personal video um and and so the
+extra credit assignment is to watch one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit assignment is to watch one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra credit assignment is to watch one
+or all as many as you want um of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all as many as you want um of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or all as many as you want um of these
+personal videos and then send uh Elena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal videos and then send uh Elena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal videos and then send uh Elena
+an email with your recitation number in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email with your recitation number in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email with your recitation number in
+the subject line saying one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject line saying one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subject line saying one thing that
+surprised you in a personal video or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised you in a personal video or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised you in a personal video or one
+thing to which you could really relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to which you could really relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to which you could really relate
+that someone said in their personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone said in their personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone said in their personal
+video so it can just be one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so it can just be one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so it can just be one or two
+sentences it doesn't have to be long um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences it doesn't have to be long um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences it doesn't have to be long um
+when I gave this assignment before I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I gave this assignment before I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I gave this assignment before I'll
+give you a little help in where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little help in where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a little help in where you
+might want to start um we had the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to start um we had the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to start um we had the most
+comments about uh Ben's personal video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about uh Ben's personal video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about uh Ben's personal video
+and Samuel's personal video and uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Samuel's personal video and uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Samuel's personal video and uh some
+people also commented on my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also commented on my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also commented on my personal
+video so these are personal videos that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so these are personal videos that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so these are personal videos that
+kind of tell people's path to science or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell people's path to science or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell people's path to science or
+people's path to chemistry so I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's path to chemistry so I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's path to chemistry so I thought
+this might be a fun thing to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be a fun thing to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be a fun thing to do it's
+available online here you could watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available online here you could watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available online here you could watch
+some of these again two to five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these again two to five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these again two to five minutes
+with your parents and uh and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your parents and uh and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your parents and uh and that might
+also help your parents understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help your parents understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help your parents understand a
+little about the people who are here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about the people who are here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little about the people who are here at
+MIT um so this is something and it's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um so this is something and it's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT um so this is something and it's due
+November 3D but I thought it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 3D but I thought it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+November 3D but I thought it might be a
+fun thing uh do homework with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun thing uh do homework with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun thing uh do homework with your
+parents on visiting weekend that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents on visiting weekend that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents on visiting weekend that's an
+awesome thing to be able to do all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome thing to be able to do all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome thing to be able to do all right
+so clicker competition recitation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clicker competition recitation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clicker competition recitation um
+seven Dan must unseat him um here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven Dan must unseat him um here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven Dan must unseat him um here's one
+that parents might know the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parents might know the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parents might know the answer to
+we'll see and again you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see and again you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see and again you can you can
+share but remember your parents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share but remember your parents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share but remember your parents are
+competing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right
+let's just try 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so that's the
+answer so that was yesterday and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so that was yesterday and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so that was yesterday and so this
+every year it's National chemistry week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year it's National chemistry week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year it's National chemistry week
+on the week of mold day so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the week of mold day so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the week of mold day so this is
+National chemistry week so if I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National chemistry week so if I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National chemistry week so if I can get
+most the way through lecture I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the way through lecture I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the way through lecture I'm going
+to share with you a fun video at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you a fun video at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to share with you a fun video at the end
+that celebrates uh National chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that celebrates uh National chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that celebrates uh National chemistry
+week so hopefully we'll get there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so hopefully we'll get there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week so hopefully we'll get there but
+first um let's talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um let's talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first um let's talk a little bit about
+chemical equilibrium the subject for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium the subject for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical equilibrium the subject for
+today so chemical equilibrium it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so chemical equilibrium it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so chemical equilibrium it's all
+about staying calm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about staying calm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about staying calm
+so we want the rate in to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want the rate in to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want the rate in to be equal to
+the rate out we like to be at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate out we like to be at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate out we like to be at this
+equilibrium place but sometimes often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium place but sometimes often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium place but sometimes often
+all the time frankly all the time stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time frankly all the time stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time frankly all the time stress
+is applied to our equilibrium situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied to our equilibrium situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied to our equilibrium situation
+and systems must respond in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems must respond in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and systems must respond in such a way
+to alleviate that stress so lat Leer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alleviate that stress so lat Leer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alleviate that stress so lat Leer's
+principle suggests that when a stress is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle suggests that when a stress is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle suggests that when a stress is
+applied to the system the system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the system the system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to the system the system will
+respond in such a way to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in such a way to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in such a way to minimize the
+stress again this is about keeping calm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress again this is about keeping calm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress again this is about keeping calm
+minimizing stress and if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing stress and if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing stress and if you think about
+what direction the reaction will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction the reaction will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction the reaction will go to
+minimize the stress You can predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the stress You can predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the stress You can predict the
+direction of the reaction So today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the reaction So today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the reaction So today we're
+going to talk about some of the stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some of the stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about some of the stresses
+to the system last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the system last time we talked about
+adding and removing reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding and removing reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding and removing reactants and
+products this time we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products this time we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products this time we're going to talk
+about gases and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gases and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about gases and we're going to talk
+about changing the volume that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about changing the volume that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about changing the volume that's our
+first stress to the system so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stress to the system so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first stress to the system so if you
+decrease the volume of gaseous system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the volume of gaseous system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the volume of gaseous system
+it'll cause an increase in the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll cause an increase in the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll cause an increase in the total
+pressure and we know this from the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and we know this from the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure and we know this from the ideal
+gas law and other relationships also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas law and other relationships also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas law and other relationships also
+between pressure and volume so the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pressure and volume so the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pressure and volume so the ideal
+gas law is something most MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas law is something most MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas law is something most MIT students
+are familiar with because it is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with because it is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with because it is in fact
+the T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T in
+MIT so PV equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so PV equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so PV equals
+nrt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nrt
+where p is pressure V is volume T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where p is pressure V is volume T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where p is pressure V is volume T is
+temperature n is the number of moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature n is the number of moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature n is the number of moles of
+that ideal gas and R is our ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideal gas and R is our ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ideal gas and R is our ideal gas
+constant so this relates pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this relates pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so this relates pressure to
+volume at a constant temperature um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume at a constant temperature um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume at a constant temperature um and
+relates pressure volume and temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates pressure volume and temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relates pressure volume and temperature
+and also number of moles to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also number of moles to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also number of moles to each other
+so this is a very important expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very important expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very important expression
+and we won't actually be talking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we won't actually be talking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we won't actually be talking very
+much about the ideal gas law but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the ideal gas law but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much about the ideal gas law but you
+need it in this unit because in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it in this unit because in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it in this unit because in this
+unit we're thinking about stresses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit we're thinking about stresses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit we're thinking about stresses to
+equilibrium situations and how reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium situations and how reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium situations and how reactions
+are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to
+respond so if you decrease the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond so if you decrease the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond so if you decrease the volume of
+a gaseous system causing an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaseous system causing an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gaseous system causing an increase in
+total pressure the system's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure the system's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure the system's going to
+respond in such a way to De minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in such a way to De minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in such a way to De minimize the
+stress or decrease the uh total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress or decrease the uh total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress or decrease the uh total pressure
+and so theater's principle would predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so theater's principle would predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so theater's principle would predict
+that if possible that systems going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if possible that systems going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if possible that systems going to
+respond in such a way to reduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in such a way to reduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond in such a way to reduce that
+total pressure so you incre increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure so you incre increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure so you incre increase the
+pressure reduce the pressure minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure reduce the pressure minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure reduce the pressure minimize
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+stress so let's look at a reaction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so let's look at a reaction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so let's look at a reaction of a
+a gas to another gas so here we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gas to another gas so here we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gas to another gas so here we have two
+molecules of a gas P2 going to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of a gas P2 going to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of a gas P2 going to one
+molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule of
+P4 and if we had a container with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P4 and if we had a container with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P4 and if we had a container with a
+particular volume and we compress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular volume and we compress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular volume and we compress that
+volume the reaction that is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume the reaction that is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume the reaction that is at
+equilibrium is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is going to
+respond and here a decrease in volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and here a decrease in volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and here a decrease in volume is
+going to shift the reaction toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift the reaction toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift the reaction toward
+product so why is this why is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so why is this why is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so why is this why is it going
+to shift it toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift it toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shift it toward
+product and it's because for every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and it's because for every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and it's because for every two
+molecules of P2 that are consumed only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of P2 that are consumed only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of P2 that are consumed only
+one molecule of P4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule of P4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule of P4 is
+formed and thus you this shift toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed and thus you this shift toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed and thus you this shift toward
+product shift toward P4 is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product shift toward P4 is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product shift toward P4 is going to
+reduce the total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the total pressure
+because you have fewer molecules of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have fewer molecules of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have fewer molecules of gas
+so each of them is a little bit happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of them is a little bit happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of them is a little bit happier
+in this now decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this now decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this now decreased
+volume so you can also just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so you can also just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so you can also just think about
+what direction where are the moles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction where are the moles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what direction where are the moles and
+how this is Shifting but you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is Shifting but you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is Shifting but you can also
+think about this in terms of Q and K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in terms of Q and K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this in terms of Q and K and
+I highly recommend this I'm a big fan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly recommend this I'm a big fan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly recommend this I'm a big fan of
+thinking about the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the relationship between
+q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and
+K so let's think about this now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so let's think about this now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so let's think about this now let's
+just suppose that the volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just suppose that the volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just suppose that the volume is
+decreased by a factor of two so Q was we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased by a factor of two so Q was we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreased by a factor of two so Q was we
+were at equilibrium Q was equal to k k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at equilibrium Q was equal to k k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were at equilibrium Q was equal to k k
+is the equilibrium constant or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium constant or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the equilibrium constant or the
+reaction quotient at equilibrium but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction quotient at equilibrium but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction quotient at equilibrium but now
+we have changed the volume by two so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have changed the volume by two so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have changed the volume by two so we
+can think about what has happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what has happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what has happened to
+Q so Q is products over reactant at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so Q is products over reactant at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so Q is products over reactant at any
+time Point product is the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Point product is the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Point product is the partial
+pressure of gas P4 that's our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of gas P4 that's our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of gas P4 that's our product
+over the partial pressure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the partial pressure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the partial pressure of the
+reactants the partial pressure of P2 gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants the partial pressure of P2 gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants the partial pressure of P2 gas
+but they're two of them so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're two of them so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're two of them so we have to
+remember the stochiometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the stochiometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the stochiometry of the
+reaction so both of these are affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so both of these are affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so both of these are affected
+but because of the stochiometry of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of the stochiometry of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of the stochiometry of the
+reaction Q is now a half so Q has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Q is now a half so Q has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Q is now a half so Q has
+changed we have um decreased Q by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed we have um decreased Q by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed we have um decreased Q by a
+factor of two so Q is now less than K so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two so Q is now less than K so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two so Q is now less than K so
+tell me what happens to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what happens to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what happens to Delta
+G in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation let's try just 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so it is a negative value and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so it is a negative value and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so it is a negative value and let's
+take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+why so Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so Delta G is
+negative and we recall this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and we recall this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and we recall this relationship
+that Delta G RT natural log of Q over K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta G RT natural log of Q over K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta G RT natural log of Q over K
+so when Q is less than K you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Q is less than K you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Q is less than K you get a
+negative value for Delta G and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value for Delta G and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value for Delta G and when you
+have a negative value for Delta G the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative value for Delta G the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative value for Delta G the
+reaction goes in the forward Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction goes in the forward Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction goes in the forward Direction
+so a negative value for Delta g means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a negative value for Delta g means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a negative value for Delta g means
+it's spontaneous in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spontaneous in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's spontaneous in the forward
+Direction the forward direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the forward direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction the forward direction is
+toward products and this will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward products and this will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward products and this will happen
+until Q equals K again so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Q equals K again so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until Q equals K again so you can think
+about this based on the equation always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this based on the equation always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this based on the equation always
+ask yourself is Q changing is q less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself is Q changing is q less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself is Q changing is q less
+than K or greater than K and that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K or greater than K and that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K or greater than K and that'll
+predict the direction to which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the direction to which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the direction to which the
+reaction will um switch so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will um switch so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction will um switch so it's going to
+go in the forward direction if Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the forward direction if Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in the forward direction if Delta G
+is negative all right now let's increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative all right now let's increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is negative all right now let's increase
+the volume and think about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and think about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume and think about what happens
+in the container so we have a container
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the container so we have a container
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the container so we have a container
+here we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we increase the
+volume so now we're going to shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so now we're going to shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so now we're going to shift the
+reaction toward our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction toward our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction toward our
+reactants so the increase in volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so the increase in volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so the increase in volume is
+going to lower that total pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower that total pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lower that total pressure and
+we can think about this switch we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this switch we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about this switch we have
+one molecule of P4 on on the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule of P4 on on the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule of P4 on on the products
+two molecules of P2 here so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of P2 here so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules of P2 here so for every
+one molecule consumed in the backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule consumed in the backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule consumed in the backward
+Direction two molecules of P2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction two molecules of P2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction two molecules of P2 are
+formed so the shift then will um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed so the shift then will um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed so the shift then will um the
+shift will compensate for this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift will compensate for this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift will compensate for this change
+and we're going to increase the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to increase the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to increase the total
+pressure which was decreased before by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which was decreased before by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure which was decreased before by
+this increase in volume so again you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increase in volume so again you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this increase in volume so again you're
+shifting it in such a way to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it in such a way to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting it in such a way to minimize
+the stress even if the stress is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress even if the stress is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress even if the stress is uh a
+decrease in pressure you want to be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in pressure you want to be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease in pressure you want to be back
+at your equilibrium place so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your equilibrium place so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your equilibrium place so you'll
+shift to then increase the pressure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to then increase the pressure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift to then increase the pressure uh
+the total pressure when uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total pressure when uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total pressure when uh just to
+compensate in any way minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate in any way minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate in any way minimize the
+stress whatever the stress is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress whatever the stress is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress whatever the stress is you want
+to minimize it all right let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize it all right let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize it all right let's do
+something slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something slightly
+trickier let's add an inert gas to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier let's add an inert gas to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier let's add an inert gas to this
+reaction so we're going to add an inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we're going to add an inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we're going to add an inert
+gas to a container increasing the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to a container increasing the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas to a container increasing the total
+pressure at constant temperature why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at constant temperature why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure at constant temperature why
+don't you predict what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds yes this is a tricky one since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yes this is a tricky one since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yes this is a tricky one since
+it's a clicker competition we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a clicker competition we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a clicker competition we won't
+repole we'll put up the answer oo by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repole we'll put up the answer oo by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repole we'll put up the answer oo by a
+slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Edge so this seems very counterintuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so this seems very counterintuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so this seems very counterintuitive
+so let's discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's discuss
+it so nothing happens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so nothing happens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so nothing happens but
+why so Q depends on the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so Q depends on the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so Q depends on the partial pressure
+of these gases and under the scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gases and under the scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these gases and under the scenario
+described here the partial pressures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described here the partial pressures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described here the partial pressures
+were actually not changing so Q was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually not changing so Q was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually not changing so Q was not
+changing and therefore there was no Shi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and therefore there was no Shi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and therefore there was no Shi
+shift so to understand this we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so to understand this we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift so to understand this we have to
+do a little partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little partial pressure
+review so partial pressure of gases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so partial pressure of gases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review so partial pressure of gases the
+partial pressure is the pressure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure is the pressure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure is the pressure that
+each gas would exert if it were by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gas would exert if it were by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gas would exert if it were by
+itself that's the definition of partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's the definition of partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that's the definition of partial
+pressure so if we have oxygen at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so if we have oxygen at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure so if we have oxygen at one
+atmosphere and nitrogen at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and nitrogen at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and nitrogen at one
+atmosphere and you add them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and you add them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and you add them together and
+now you have a total pressure of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a total pressure of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have a total pressure of two
+atmospheres 1+ 1 equals 2 but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres 1+ 1 equals 2 but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres 1+ 1 equals 2 but the
+partial pressure of o2 here is identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of o2 here is identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of o2 here is identical
+to the to its partial pressure here its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to its partial pressure here its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to its partial pressure here its
+partial pressure as if it was there by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure as if it was there by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure as if it was there by
+itself it has no interest in this inert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it has no interest in this inert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it has no interest in this inert
+gas it ignores it and feels no different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it ignores it and feels no different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas it ignores it and feels no different
+as a result of it very just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of it very just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of it very just sort of
+isolationist uh with uh these ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolationist uh with uh these ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolationist uh with uh these ideal
+gases so the partial pressure of o2 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases so the partial pressure of o2 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases so the partial pressure of o2 here
+is the same and so we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and so we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and so we can look
+mathematically at this expression so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically at this expression so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically at this expression so the
+partial pressure of gas a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of gas a is equal to
+the number of moles of that gas um RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of moles of that gas um RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of moles of that gas um RT
+over volume the total pressure is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over volume the total pressure is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over volume the total pressure is equal
+to the partial pressure of gas a b c how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the partial pressure of gas a b c how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the partial pressure of gas a b c how
+many ever gases there are but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ever gases there are but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ever gases there are but the
+partial pressure of each gas like O2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of each gas like O2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure of each gas like O2
+here just depends on the number of moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just depends on the number of moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just depends on the number of moles
+of that gas and the volume of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gas and the volume of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that gas and the volume of that
+container assuming constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container assuming constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container assuming constant
+temperature so if the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so if the partial pressure
+isn't going to change so if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to change so if you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to change so if you add
+inert gases increasing the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert gases increasing the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert gases increasing the total
+pressure the partial pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the partial pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure the partial pressure is
+unchanged and when the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged and when the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged and when the partial pressure
+is unchanged Q is unchanged remember Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unchanged Q is unchanged remember Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unchanged Q is unchanged remember Q
+equals the partial pressure of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the partial pressure of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the partial pressure of the gas
+products over the partial pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over the partial pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products over the partial pressure of
+the gas reactants so if partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas reactants so if partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas reactants so if partial
+pressures don't change Q does not change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures don't change Q does not change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures don't change Q does not change
+and if Q doesn't change then Q is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if Q doesn't change then Q is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if Q doesn't change then Q is the
+same as K and there is no shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as K and there is no shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as K and there is no shift
+so we have to always ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to always ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to always ask
+ourselves what's happened to The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what's happened to The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves what's happened to The
+Container what's the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Container what's the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Container what's the partial pressure
+did the partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the partial pressure
+change all right let's try another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right let's try another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change all right let's try another
+example let's add another inert gas but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's add another inert gas but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's add another inert gas but
+this time we're going to add it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we're going to add it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we're going to add it to a
+container um and the total pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container um and the total pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container um and the total pressure and
+the and the temperature are kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the temperature are kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the temperature are kept
+constant in this case so this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in this case so this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in this case so this is another
+clicker question why don't you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question why don't you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker question why don't you see what
+you think is going to happen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's do 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right this is a good clicker day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a good clicker day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a good clicker day
+sometimes you know whenever the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you know whenever the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you know whenever the answers
+are all 90% then uh then uh it's decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all 90% then uh then uh it's decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all 90% then uh then uh it's decided
+that this this will uh these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this will uh these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this will uh these questions
+will determine it all right so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine it all right so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will determine it all right so let's
+let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at
+this so we're going to shift toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're going to shift toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we're going to shift toward
+reactant again let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant again let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant again let's consider
+why all right so in this problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why all right so in this problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why all right so in this problem we're
+adding AER gas total pressure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding AER gas total pressure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding AER gas total pressure and
+temperature are constant well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are constant well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are constant well
+temperature was constant before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was constant before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature was constant before but
+total pressure wasn't in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure wasn't in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total pressure wasn't in the last
+example so let's go back to um our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's go back to um our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so let's go back to um our
+picture here so if the total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here so if the total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here so if the total pressure
+was to stay constant and normally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to stay constant and normally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to stay constant and normally if you
+add one atmosphere of o2 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one atmosphere of o2 and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one atmosphere of o2 and one
+atmosphere of N2 the total pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere of N2 the total pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere of N2 the total pressure is
+two atmospheres because total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atmospheres because total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two atmospheres because total pressure
+equals partial pressure of one gas plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals partial pressure of one gas plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals partial pressure of one gas plus
+the partial pressure of the other gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of the other gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the partial pressure of the other gas so
+if the total pressure is constant what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the total pressure is constant what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the total pressure is constant what
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+happen tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happened so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened so the
+volume must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume must have
+changed so if the temperature stayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so if the temperature stayed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so if the temperature stayed the
+same the volume of the container must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the volume of the container must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the volume of the container must
+have increased because otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have increased because otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have increased because otherwise the
+part the pressure the total pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the pressure the total pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the pressure the total pressure
+should have um changed and it didn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have um changed and it didn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have um changed and it didn't so
+the system was manipulated the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was manipulated the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system was manipulated the volume
+must have increased so now let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have increased so now let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have increased so now let's think
+about what happens when the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when the volume
+increases when the volume increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases when the volume increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases when the volume increases the
+partial pressures decrease um and and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures decrease um and and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures decrease um and and uh
+because they're now in a bigger volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're now in a bigger volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're now in a bigger volume
+because partial pressure depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partial pressure depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because partial pressure depends on
+number of moles it depends on volume at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles it depends on volume at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moles it depends on volume at
+constant temperature and so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature and so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature and so if the
+partial pressures decrease then Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures decrease then Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressures decrease then Q is
+also going to change and when Q changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to change and when Q changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to change and when Q changes
+the reaction is going to respond and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is going to respond and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction is going to respond and in
+this way it's going to respond in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it's going to respond in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it's going to respond in such a
+way way that you want to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way that you want to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way way that you want to increase the
+pressure because we have this decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because we have this decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure because we have this decrease
+so now we want to increase and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to increase and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we want to increase and so we're
+going to switch from one mole to two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch from one mole to two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch from one mole to two and
+so the reaction is going to shift toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction is going to shift toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reaction is going to shift toward
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+reactants so in doing these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so in doing these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants so in doing these problems
+with V with uh partial pressures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with V with uh partial pressures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with V with uh partial pressures and
+gases you always have to ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases you always have to ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases you always have to ask yourself
+did Q change um and whether Q changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Q change um and whether Q changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Q change um and whether Q changed
+it's whether the partial pressure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whether the partial pressure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's whether the partial pressure is
+changed and partial pressure will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and partial pressure will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and partial pressure will
+definitely change if you change moles or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely change if you change moles or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely change if you change moles or
+if you change the volume so often in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the volume so often in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change the volume so often in
+these problems you're saying did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you're saying did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems you're saying did the
+volume change volume change partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume change volume change partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume change volume change partial
+pressure change Q is different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure change Q is different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure change Q is different the
+reaction is going to shift so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to shift so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is going to shift so there's
+lots of examples on this in problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples on this in problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of examples on this in problem set
+six so you can uh you can go work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so you can uh you can go work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so you can uh you can go work on
+those all right so that is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all right so that is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all right so that is about
+volume we've had temperature constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume we've had temperature constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume we've had temperature constant
+can't do that forever now it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that forever now it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do that forever now it's time to
+change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the
+temperature all right right so changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right right so changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right right so changing
+the temperature of an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of an equilibrium
+mixture by adding heat is going to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture by adding heat is going to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture by adding heat is going to shift
+the reaction in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction in such a
+way that some of that heat is absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that some of that heat is absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that some of that heat is absorbed
+so again this is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again this is consistent with
+lattier minimize the stress add heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattier minimize the stress add heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattier minimize the stress add heat
+absorb heat remove heat create more heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb heat remove heat create more heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb heat remove heat create more heat
+again you're minimizing the stress to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're minimizing the stress to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're minimizing the stress to
+the system so now let's think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so now let's think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system so now let's think of
+different types of reactions we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of reactions we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of reactions we have
+endothermic and exothermic reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic and exothermic reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic and exothermic reactions and
+let's think about the effect of changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the effect of changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the effect of changing
+the temperature on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature on those
+reactions so let's think about raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so let's think about raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions so let's think about raising
+the temperature of an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of an exothermic
+reaction is that going to shift a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is that going to shift a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is that going to shift a
+formation of reactants or products what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of reactants or products what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of reactants or products what
+do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+reactants all right let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why so for an exothermic reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so for an exothermic reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why so for an exothermic reaction that
+means that the reaction in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the reaction in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the reaction in the forward
+direction is exothermic which also means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is exothermic which also means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is exothermic which also means
+that the reaction in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reaction in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reaction in the reverse
+direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is
+endothermic so for an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic so for an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic so for an exothermic
+reaction exothermic in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction exothermic in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction exothermic in the forward
+Direction heat is produced when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction heat is produced when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction heat is produced when you go
+from reactants to products and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reactants to products and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reactants to products and in the
+endothermic Direction heat is absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic Direction heat is absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic Direction heat is absorbed
+so if you raise the temperature you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you raise the temperature you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you raise the temperature you're
+going to want to minimize the stress so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to minimize the stress so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to minimize the stress so
+you want to shift it in the endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to shift it in the endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to shift it in the endothermic
+Direction you want to shift it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you want to shift it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you want to shift it in the
+dire action that heat is absorbed which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dire action that heat is absorbed which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dire action that heat is absorbed which
+in this case is toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactants now let's think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants now let's think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants now let's think about an
+endothermic reaction raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction raising the
+temperature of an endothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of an endothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of an endothermic reaction
+is going to shift toward products and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to shift toward products and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to shift toward products and if
+we put our pictures again an endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put our pictures again an endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put our pictures again an endothermic
+reaction is endothermic in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is endothermic in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is endothermic in the forward
+Direction so heat is absorbed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so heat is absorbed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so heat is absorbed from
+reactants to products and in the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to products and in the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants to products and in the reverse
+direction of an endothermic reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of an endothermic reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of an endothermic reaction is
+the exothermic direction in which heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exothermic direction in which heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exothermic direction in which heat
+is produced so if you raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced so if you raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is produced so if you raise the
+temperature then you're going to want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you're going to want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then you're going to want to
+shift in such a direction to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in such a direction to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift in such a direction to minimize
+that stress in a direction to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress in a direction to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stress in a direction to absorb
+heat which in this case sends you toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat which in this case sends you toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat which in this case sends you toward
+products so here the predictive tool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so here the predictive tool is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so here the predictive tool is
+our friend Delta H so Delta H tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend Delta H so Delta H tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend Delta H so Delta H tells us
+whether reactions are exothermic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether reactions are exothermic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether reactions are exothermic or
+endothermic whether Delta H is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic whether Delta H is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic whether Delta H is negative
+or positive so for some things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positive so for some things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or positive so for some things the
+predictive the prediction is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive the prediction is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive the prediction is what's
+happening to Delta G here our protective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to Delta G here our protective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening to Delta G here our protective
+tool is the sign of Delta H so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool is the sign of Delta H so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool is the sign of Delta H so let's do
+a clicker question and tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clicker question and tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clicker question and tell me what
+direction you think this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you think this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you think this particular
+reaction is going to go if you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat all right 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so is this an EXO or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so is this an EXO or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so is this an EXO or
+endothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic
+reaction exothermic we have the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction exothermic we have the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction exothermic we have the negative
+sign and so then we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and so then we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and so then we can think about
+what's going to happen so you add heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen so you add heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen so you add heat
+you're going to want to shift it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to shift it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to shift it in the
+direction to absorb the heat so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to absorb the heat so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to absorb the heat so you're
+going to shift it toward reactants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift it toward reactants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shift it toward reactants in
+the endothermic Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endothermic Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endothermic Direction
+absorb the heat so again Delta H is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the heat so again Delta H is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the heat so again Delta H is the
+predictive tool you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive tool you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive tool you have to remember
+negative Delta H exothermic positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta H exothermic positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta H exothermic positive
+Delta H endothermic and then just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H endothermic and then just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H endothermic and then just think
+about shifting to minimize the stress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shifting to minimize the stress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shifting to minimize the stress
+always minimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always minimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always minimizing the
+stress all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so our equilibrium constant K it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our equilibrium constant K it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so our equilibrium constant K it's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+constant except that it changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant except that it changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant except that it changes with
+temperature so the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so the equilibrium constant
+has a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a temperature
+dependence so big K the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence so big K the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence so big K the equilibrium
+constant can change with temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant can change with temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant can change with temperature
+reaction rates can also change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates can also change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction rates can also change with
+temperature so when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so when we talk about
+kinetics we're going to have little KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics we're going to have little KS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics we're going to have little KS
+which are reaction rates and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are reaction rates and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are reaction rates and they're
+going to change with temperature as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change with temperature as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change with temperature as well
+so how does the equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does the equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does the equilibrium constant
+change with temperature and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with temperature and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with temperature and you might
+feel a derivation coming on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a derivation coming on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a derivation coming on and you
+would be right so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be right so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be right so let's think about
+about what we know equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we know equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what we know equations that
+involve the equilibrium constant we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the equilibrium constant we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the equilibrium constant we saw
+before that Delta g equals minus RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that Delta g equals minus RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that Delta g equals minus RT
+natural log of K what else do we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of K what else do we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of K what else do we know
+about Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Delta G
+equations what else does Delta G KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what else does Delta G KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what else does Delta G KN
+equal it equals our friend Delta H knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal it equals our friend Delta H knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal it equals our friend Delta H knot
+minus t Delta s knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t Delta s knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t Delta s knot
+and we can rearrange this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can rearrange this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can rearrange this expression
+solving for the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for the natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for the natural log of
+K and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and if we
+assume and it's a good assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and it's a good assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume and it's a good assumption that
+Delta H and Delta s knot are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and Delta s knot are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and Delta s knot are independent
+of temperature that means that K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature that means that K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature that means that K is
+going to change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to change with
+temperature and we can think about two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we can think about two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and we can think about two
+different temperatures and uh come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures and uh come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures and uh come up
+with a unified equation so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a unified equation so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a unified equation so if we
+consider a reaction carried out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a reaction carried out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a reaction carried out at
+temperature T1 and temperature T2 we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T1 and temperature T2 we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T1 and temperature T2 we we
+would have natural log of K2 equal minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have natural log of K2 equal minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have natural log of K2 equal minus
+Delta h/ R um and over temperature 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h/ R um and over temperature 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta h/ R um and over temperature 2
+plus Delta s over R and we have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta s over R and we have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Delta s over R and we have the same
+thing now but for equilibrium constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now but for equilibrium constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now but for equilibrium constant
+one and temperature one so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and temperature one so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and temperature one so we can
+combine these and things will cancel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these and things will cancel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these and things will cancel so
+subtracting those two equations gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting those two equations gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting those two equations gives
+you this and it's a named equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this and it's a named equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this and it's a named equation in
+chemistry which means that it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry which means that it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry which means that it's probably
+pretty important because a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important because a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty important because a lot of things
+don't have names so we have the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have names so we have the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have names so we have the natural
+log of the equilibrium constant K2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the equilibrium constant K2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the equilibrium constant K2 over
+equilibrium constant K1 equals minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant K1 equals minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant K1 equals minus
+Delta H knot over r g over R which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H knot over r g over R which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H knot over r g over R which is a
+constant um in Brackets one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um in Brackets one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant um in Brackets one over
+temperature 2 minus one over temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature 2 minus one over temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature 2 minus one over temperature
+1 Vanhoff equation and later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Vanhoff equation and later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Vanhoff equation and later in the
+semester I'm going to ask you to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I'm going to ask you to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I'm going to ask you to recall
+this equation and I'll have a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and I'll have a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation and I'll have a special
+prize for the first person who comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize for the first person who comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize for the first person who comes up
+with the Vanhoff equation equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Vanhoff equation equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Vanhoff equation equation so
+you can keep that in mind I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep that in mind I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can keep that in mind I think it's
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+34 so we have a ways to go all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 so we have a ways to go all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+34 so we have a ways to go all right so
+let's think about what is true then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what is true then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about what is true then if
+Delta H KN is less than zero first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H KN is less than zero first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H KN is less than zero first of
+all is that exothermic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is that exothermic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is that exothermic or
+endothermic exothermic all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic exothermic all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic exothermic all right so now
+we're going to think about increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to think about increasing
+the temperature of an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of an exothermic
+reaction so temperature two is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so temperature two is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so temperature two is going to
+be greater than temperature one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than temperature one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than temperature one
+and we already thought about what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already thought about what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already thought about what was
+going to happen but let's make sure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen but let's make sure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen but let's make sure this
+equation is valid and works um for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is valid and works um for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is valid and works um for what
+we just saw so if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw so if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just saw so if we increase the
+temperature here what's true about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here what's true about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature here what's true about this
+equation well what's true is you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well what's true is you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation well what's true is you have a
+minus sign here Delta H is negative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here Delta H is negative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here Delta H is negative for
+exothermic and if your temperature two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic and if your temperature two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic and if your temperature two
+is greater than temperature one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than temperature one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than temperature one that's
+also a negative so overall you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a negative so overall you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a negative so overall you're going
+to have a negative value and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a negative value and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a negative value and if you have
+a negative value here that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative value here that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative value here that's going to
+mean that k one is greater than K2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that k one is greater than K2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that k one is greater than K2 which
+means that at your new equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at your new equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at your new equilibrium
+there'll be fewer products all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be fewer products all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be fewer products all right
+well this works with what we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this works with what we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this works with what we were just
+talking about if you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about if you increase the
+temperature of an exothermic reaction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of an exothermic reaction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of an exothermic reaction it
+shifts it toward reactants to absorb the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts it toward reactants to absorb the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts it toward reactants to absorb the
+heat so there would be less products at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so there would be less products at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so there would be less products at
+that new we've shifted toward reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new we've shifted toward reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new we've shifted toward reactants
+so you can think about this um this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about this um this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think about this um this you
+can just think about what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think about what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just think about what's happening
+and moving in the direction to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving in the direction to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving in the direction to minimize
+the stress and you can also look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress and you can also look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress and you can also look at the
+equation and mathematically figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and mathematically figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and mathematically figure out
+what's going to be true about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be true about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be true about the
+equilibrium constants it's great to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants it's great to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constants it's great to have
+a backup plan all right so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backup plan all right so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a backup plan all right so if we
+decrease the temperature T2 is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the temperature T2 is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the temperature T2 is less than
+T1 so now we still have we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so now we still have we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so now we still have we have our
+minus we have a minus but now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we have a minus but now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus we have a minus but now this is a
+plus term and so that's going to mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus term and so that's going to mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus term and so that's going to mean
+our K1 is less than K2 we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K1 is less than K2 we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our K1 is less than K2 we have more
+products here so if we decrease the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products here so if we decrease the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products here so if we decrease the
+temperature of an exothermic reaction re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of an exothermic reaction re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of an exothermic reaction re
+responds in such a way to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds in such a way to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds in such a way to minimize the
+stress add more heat so you switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress add more heat so you switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress add more heat so you switch to
+the exothermic Direction um and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exothermic Direction um and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exothermic Direction um and so you
+should have more products at this new um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have more products at this new um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have more products at this new um
+this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+equilibrium all right so now why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so now why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so now why don't
+you tell me what should happen for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me what should happen for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me what should happen for the
+scenario where Delta H knot is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where Delta H knot is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where Delta H knot is greater
+than zero which of the following should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero which of the following should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero which of the following should
+be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so most people are right in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so most people are right in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so most people are right in that
+yeah it Al turn I think this is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it Al turn I think this is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it Al turn I think this is a good
+example of how when things are expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how when things are expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how when things are expressed
+different ways sometimes it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways sometimes it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways sometimes it's hard to
+see that it all is consistent with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it all is consistent with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it all is consistent with each
+other um so uh yeah all of those turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um so uh yeah all of those turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other um so uh yeah all of those turn
+out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be
+true all right so let's look at it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right so let's look at it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true all right so let's look at it over
+here so this is an endothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is an endothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is an endothermic reaction
+um when we increase the temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we increase the temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when we increase the temperature of
+an endothermic reaction you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endothermic reaction you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an endothermic reaction you still have
+this minus sign but now this is plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign but now this is plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this minus sign but now this is plus u
+but when we've increased the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we've increased the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when we've increased the temperature
+this is minus so you get an overall plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus so you get an overall plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is minus so you get an overall plus
+and signs which means that K1 is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signs which means that K1 is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and signs which means that K1 is less
+than K2 increasing the temperature of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K2 increasing the temperature of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K2 increasing the temperature of an
+endothermic D reaction shifts it toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic D reaction shifts it toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic D reaction shifts it toward
+products if we decrease the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products if we decrease the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products if we decrease the temperature
+the net sign is negative here so K1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net sign is negative here so K1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net sign is negative here so K1 is
+going to be greater than K2 we decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than K2 we decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be greater than K2 we decrease
+the temperature it shifts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature it shifts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature it shifts in the
+exothermic back backwards Direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic back backwards Direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic back backwards Direction and
+we have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have less
+products all right so K changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right so K changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products all right so K changes with
+temperature you can see this equation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can see this equation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can see this equation on
+your equation sheet or just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation sheet or just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your equation sheet or just think about
+minimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the
+stress so what is this useful for well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so what is this useful for well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so what is this useful for well
+figuring out how to maximize the yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to maximize the yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out how to maximize the yield
+of a reaction can be very important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reaction can be very important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a reaction can be very important in
+Industry one process that is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry one process that is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry one process that is an
+important industrial process is the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important industrial process is the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important industrial process is the H
+BOS process C where you take nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOS process C where you take nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOS process C where you take nitrogen
+gas and hydrogen gas and make ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and hydrogen gas and make ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and hydrogen gas and make ammonia
+this process which was developed a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process which was developed a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process which was developed a long
+time ago is still used today and uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago is still used today and uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago is still used today and uh each
+year you make 1.6 time 10 to the 10th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you make 1.6 time 10 to the 10th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year you make 1.6 time 10 to the 10th
+kilograms of ammonia which you use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of ammonia which you use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms of ammonia which you use for
+fertilizer and other things do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer and other things do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer and other things do you know
+what other things ammonia is often used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other things ammonia is often used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other things ammonia is often used
+for besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for besides
+fertilizer explosives yeah so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer explosives yeah so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilizer explosives yeah so if you
+kind of look at the dates of these prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look at the dates of these prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look at the dates of these prod
+process development um and the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process development um and the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process development um and the names of
+these people they're German and uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people they're German and uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people they're German and uh so we
+have you know World War I and World War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know World War I and World War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know World War I and World War
+II um I'm thinking that the push to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II um I'm thinking that the push to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II um I'm thinking that the push to come
+up with this process was probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this process was probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with this process was probably not
+for uh for fertilizer and the farmers at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for fertilizer and the farmers at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh for fertilizer and the farmers at
+this time um this was an important part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time um this was an important part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time um this was an important part
+of the war effort um to get this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war effort um to get this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the war effort um to get this process
+to work to make explosives so um Harbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work to make explosives so um Harbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work to make explosives so um Harbor
+over here um also is considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here um also is considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here um also is considered the
+father of chemical weapons he came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of chemical weapons he came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father of chemical weapons he came up
+with Gases such as fos Gene um and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Gases such as fos Gene um and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Gases such as fos Gene um and he
+would uh study the effects of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh study the effects of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh study the effects of how they
+killed people um and one of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed people um and one of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed people um and one of the kind of
+ironies is that he was Jewish and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironies is that he was Jewish and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ironies is that he was Jewish and so a
+lot of his discoveries were used and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of his discoveries were used and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of his discoveries were used and
+resulted in his relatives dying um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in his relatives dying um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulted in his relatives dying um uh
+but so he he was uh he an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so he he was uh he an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so he he was uh he an interesting
+figure in history um Carl Bosch on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in history um Carl Bosch on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure in history um Carl Bosch on the
+other hand uh disapproved strongly of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand uh disapproved strongly of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand uh disapproved strongly of
+Hitler and uh was fired from his post he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler and uh was fired from his post he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitler and uh was fired from his post he
+didn't lose his life but his career um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't lose his life but his career um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't lose his life but his career um
+was ended but he still had his Nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ended but he still had his Nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ended but he still had his Nobel
+Prize so maybe it was okay um so this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize so maybe it was okay um so this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prize so maybe it was okay um so this uh
+this is a interesting uh little history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a interesting uh little history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a interesting uh little history
+about chemistry um but this process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemistry um but this process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about chemistry um but this process is
+still used now no one has come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used now no one has come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still used now no one has come up with
+anything better and it's um and we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything better and it's um and we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything better and it's um and we could
+think about what are the challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what are the challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what are the challenges of
+making this this reaction go so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this this reaction go so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this this reaction go so it's an
+exothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction
+So What temperature would you would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So What temperature would you would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So What temperature would you would you
+want to use to get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use to get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use to get more
+products right you want to use low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products right you want to use low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products right you want to use low
+temperature because that would favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because that would favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because that would favor
+your products but low temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your products but low temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your products but low temperature is
+also sometimes not great because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes not great because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sometimes not great because it
+slows the rate which is bad so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows the rate which is bad so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows the rate which is bad so the
+compromis temperature that's used um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromis temperature that's used um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromis temperature that's used um in
+this process is 500 degrees Celsius so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is 500 degrees Celsius so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process is 500 degrees Celsius so
+it's pretty hot so this works again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hot so this works again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty hot so this works again
+maximizing the yield of products so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the yield of products so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the yield of products so what
+are other ways um to drive this toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other ways um to drive this toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other ways um to drive this toward
+products so can someone suggest another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so can someone suggest another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so can someone suggest another
+another way maybe we have I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way maybe we have I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way maybe we have I don't think
+I have two you can uh if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two you can uh if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two you can uh if you have a
+parents here they might want this lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents here they might want this lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents here they might want this lovely
+uh residential water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh residential water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh residential water
+bottle what what are other ways to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle what what are other ways to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle what what are other ways to drive
+this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to
+CR okay maybe someone can run run run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR okay maybe someone can run run run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CR okay maybe someone can run run run
+the mic there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this yeah it's gone uh you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this yeah it's gone uh you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this yeah it's gone uh you could
+decrease the volume yep yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so um there's a couple things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so um there's a couple things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so um there's a couple things that
+you can do um one is you right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do um one is you right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do um one is you right you
+compress the volume and the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress the volume and the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress the volume and the reason why
+this works is that if you note you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is that if you note you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is that if you note you have
+four molecules over here 1 + three going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four molecules over here 1 + three going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four molecules over here 1 + three going
+to two so if you compress that volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two so if you compress that volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two so if you compress that volume
+down you're going to shift it toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're going to shift it toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you're going to shift it toward the
+fewer number of molecules which is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer number of molecules which is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer number of molecules which is two
+so that shifts it toward products the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shifts it toward products the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that shifts it toward products the
+other thing that they do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that they do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that they do is they
+actually remove products from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remove products from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remove products from the
+reaction so they liquefy out the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so they liquefy out the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so they liquefy out the product
+at some point and when you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point and when you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point and when you remove the
+product that also shifts the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that also shifts the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that also shifts the reaction
+toward more products to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward more products to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward more products to minimize the
+stress so these are two of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so these are two of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so these are two of the things
+that are done so this creates you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done so this creates you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are done so this creates you have a
+lot of you have to have high pressure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you have to have high pressure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of you have to have high pressure to
+compress that volume down and high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress that volume down and high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compress that volume down and high
+temperatures so this process costs a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so this process costs a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so this process costs a lot
+of energy so this we we uh we spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy so this we we uh we spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy so this we we uh we spend a
+lot of energy in this country doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy in this country doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of energy in this country doing this
+reaction and the reason why is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the reason why is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and the reason why is because
+nitrogen it's really hard to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen it's really hard to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen it's really hard to split
+nitrogen so what kind of bond does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so what kind of bond does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen so what kind of bond does
+nitrogen have and two have triple bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen have and two have triple bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen have and two have triple bond
+right it's very hard as a high bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's very hard as a high bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's very hard as a high bond
+order it's very hard to break that Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it's very hard to break that Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order it's very hard to break that Bond
+and so you really have to work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you really have to work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you really have to work at
+breaking it so if you're an in if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it so if you're an in if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it so if you're an in if you're
+doing industry there's lots of nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing industry there's lots of nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing industry there's lots of nitrogen
+in the air so a lot of it is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air so a lot of it is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the air so a lot of it is available
+but it's just very hard to utilize it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just very hard to utilize it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just very hard to utilize it to
+fix that nitrogen into another form so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that nitrogen into another form so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix that nitrogen into another form so
+lots of nitrogen in the air um nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nitrogen in the air um nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of nitrogen in the air um nitrogen
+is needed by all living things but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed by all living things but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is needed by all living things but it's
+really hard to break that triple bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to break that triple bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to break that triple bond
+but if you're a bacteria you have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're a bacteria you have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you're a bacteria you have a much
+easier time doing this than if you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time doing this than if you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time doing this than if you are a
+person um and bacteria have an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um and bacteria have an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person um and bacteria have an enzyme
+called nitrogen Ace the adding the ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called nitrogen Ace the adding the ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called nitrogen Ace the adding the ace
+means it's an enzyme so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's an enzyme so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's an enzyme so this is an
+enzyme that works on nitrogen most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that works on nitrogen most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that works on nitrogen most
+people call it nitrogenase but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it nitrogenase but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it nitrogenase but it's
+really nitrogenase um and it splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nitrogenase um and it splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nitrogenase um and it splits
+nitrogen and it does this by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and it does this by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and it does this by these
+really complex Metallo co-actors lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex Metallo co-actors lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex Metallo co-actors lots of
+metals in here you have iron and malinam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals in here you have iron and malinam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals in here you have iron and malinam
+you also have inorganic sulfur and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have inorganic sulfur and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have inorganic sulfur and it's
+those D orbitals that let you do this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those D orbitals that let you do this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those D orbitals that let you do this so
+you know you can use high temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can use high temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can use high temperatures
+high pressure or you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure or you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure or you can get a
+transition metal with beautiful D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metal with beautiful D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metal with beautiful D
+orbitals to do your work for you and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals to do your work for you and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals to do your work for you and a
+lot of people are trying to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are trying to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are trying to come up with
+their own Catalyst inspire ired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own Catalyst inspire ired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own Catalyst inspire ired by
+nature to get this to work so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to get this to work so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature to get this to work so this is an
+ongoing area of research and I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing area of research and I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ongoing area of research and I just want
+to mention one of the leaders in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention one of the leaders in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention one of the leaders in the
+field um this is a husband and wife team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um this is a husband and wife team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field um this is a husband and wife team
+actually and uh Marcus riby is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and uh Marcus riby is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and uh Marcus riby is a a
+German with a very heavy German accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German with a very heavy German accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German with a very heavy German accent
+and so Germans have been dominating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Germans have been dominating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Germans have been dominating this
+nitrogen flicking field for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen flicking field for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen flicking field for a very long
+time but Marcus riby is like the nicest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but Marcus riby is like the nicest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but Marcus riby is like the nicest
+person you would ever meet in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you would ever meet in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person you would ever meet in your
+entire life and he's trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire life and he's trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire life and he's trying to figure
+out environmentally friendly ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out environmentally friendly ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out environmentally friendly ways to do
+it so again chemistry is is a powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so again chemistry is is a powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so again chemistry is is a powerful
+tool to change the world but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to change the world but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool to change the world but let's
+change it for the better please um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it for the better please um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it for the better please um and
+try to come up with ways to protect our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with ways to protect our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to come up with ways to protect our
+environment all right so there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment all right so there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment all right so there's one
+application of later's principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of later's principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of later's principle
+maximizing the yield of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the yield of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the yield of a
+reaction um another example comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction um another example comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction um another example comes in
+medicine and lat's principle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and lat's principle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine and lat's principle with
+respect to another Metallo protein which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to another Metallo protein which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to another Metallo protein which
+is hemoglobin so hemoglobin has a heem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hemoglobin so hemoglobin has a heem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is hemoglobin so hemoglobin has a heem
+which is iron more de orbitals you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is iron more de orbitals you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is iron more de orbitals you can
+tell how if you I'm this excited now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how if you I'm this excited now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell how if you I'm this excited now
+wait till I get to D orbitals that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till I get to D orbitals that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till I get to D orbitals that's
+very exciting I can't wait I love I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting I can't wait I love I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very exciting I can't wait I love I love
+transition metals um so anyway so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals um so anyway so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition metals um so anyway so we
+have hemoglobin so hemoglobin HB plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hemoglobin so hemoglobin HB plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have hemoglobin so hemoglobin HB plus
+oxygen yields oxyhemoglobin it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen yields oxyhemoglobin it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen yields oxyhemoglobin it's
+hemoglobin with oxygen bound and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin with oxygen bound and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin with oxygen bound and this is
+an incredibly important reaction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly important reaction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly important reaction because
+otherwise your air your O2 would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise your air your O2 would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise your air your O2 would be in
+your lungs and wouldn't leave but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lungs and wouldn't leave but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lungs and wouldn't leave but
+hemoglobin carries it to the body where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin carries it to the body where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin carries it to the body where
+it can be used to make energy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used to make energy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be used to make energy so we
+really need the reaction we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need the reaction we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need the reaction we want to
+maximize the product of that reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the product of that reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize the product of that reaction so
+this equilibrium can be shifted if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium can be shifted if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equilibrium can be shifted if you
+have less O2 around a lower partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less O2 around a lower partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less O2 around a lower partial
+pressure of o2 and this can happen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of o2 and this can happen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of o2 and this can happen as
+you go up in altitude the partial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up in altitude the partial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go up in altitude the partial the
+pressure of oxygen decreases and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of oxygen decreases and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure of oxygen decreases and that's
+a real problem so how many of you any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problem so how many of you any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real problem so how many of you any of
+you like real serious mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like real serious mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like real serious mountain
+climbers at least one how about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbers at least one how about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbers at least one how about like
+somewhat serious climb to Mountain maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat serious climb to Mountain maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat serious climb to Mountain maybe
+worried about your hemoglobin levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about your hemoglobin levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about your hemoglobin levels
+altitude sickness a few okay so what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude sickness a few okay so what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude sickness a few okay so what can
+happen here is when you have again Lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here is when you have again Lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here is when you have again Lower
+pressure then the reaction shifts in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then the reaction shifts in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure then the reaction shifts in the
+opposite direction it's like you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction it's like you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction it's like you have a
+lower amount of reactant so you shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower amount of reactant so you shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower amount of reactant so you shift to
+make more reactant and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more reactant and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make more reactant and this is what
+happens you have less oxygenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you have less oxygenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens you have less oxygenated
+hemoglobin and that can make you pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin and that can make you pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemoglobin and that can make you pretty
+sick so for some of if you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick so for some of if you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick so for some of if you want to say
+what what what can you do about this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what can you do about this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what can you do about this how
+can you shift the reaction back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you shift the reaction back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you shift the reaction back the
+other way do you know what your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way do you know what your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way do you know what your body
+does your body is very clever what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your body is very clever what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does your body is very clever what does
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do yeah so it makes more hemoglobin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so it makes more hemoglobin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yeah so it makes more hemoglobin so
+that's why you need to give your body a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you need to give your body a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you need to give your body a
+little time to adjust uh can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time to adjust uh can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little time to adjust uh can't do it
+immediately you have to give it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you have to give it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately you have to give it a little
+time to make more protein but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to make more protein but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to make more protein but when you
+increase the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the amount of
+reactant it'll shift toward products so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant it'll shift toward products so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant it'll shift toward products so
+when you increase the reactants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you increase the reactants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you increase the reactants to
+minimize the stress it shifts to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the stress it shifts to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the stress it shifts to make
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products
+so this is uh this is how the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this is how the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this is how the body
+compensates so I uh I wanted to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates so I uh I wanted to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensates so I uh I wanted to tell you
+I'm going to tell you very briefly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you very briefly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you very briefly about
+significant figures and then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures and then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant figures and then I'm going
+to have time to show you a mold Day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have time to show you a mold Day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have time to show you a mold Day
+video and it's actually from UC Irvine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and it's actually from UC Irvine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and it's actually from UC Irvine
+with where Marcus riby is from So today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where Marcus riby is from So today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with where Marcus riby is from So today
+we're celebrating UC Irvine uh chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're celebrating UC Irvine uh chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're celebrating UC Irvine uh chemistry
+department anyway I just want to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department anyway I just want to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department anyway I just want to mention
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant
+figures I have a confession to make I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I have a confession to make I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures I have a confession to make I
+didn't know the rules of significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the rules of significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the rules of significant
+figures for logs when I started teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures for logs when I started teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures for logs when I started teaching
+this course um and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course um and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course um and this will be
+information that I think now I'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I think now I'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I think now I'll have
+to you know Purge from my my brain uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know Purge from my my brain uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know Purge from my my brain uh on
+my deathbed um but pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my deathbed um but pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my deathbed um but pay attention to
+these and we'll have some clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and we'll have some clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and we'll have some clicker
+questions on them so that'll be fun okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on them so that'll be fun okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions on them so that'll be fun okay
+so um let's look at these two la of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's look at these two la of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um let's look at these two la of two
+different numbers note the three here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers note the three here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers note the three here is
+the three over here the 23 10 to the 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three over here the 23 10 to the 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three over here the 23 10 to the 23
+10 to the 23 mold day um is the 23 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 23 mold day um is the 23 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 23 mold day um is the 23 here
+but these those are not significant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these those are not significant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these those are not significant that
+three and that 23 are not significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that 23 are not significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that 23 are not significant
+figures these are the significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures these are the significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures these are the significant
+figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures
+7.31 0 so there are four significant F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.31 0 so there are four significant F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.31 0 so there are four significant F
+figures here those four significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures here those four significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures here those four significant
+figures end up after the decimal point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures end up after the decimal point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures end up after the decimal point
+so those are the significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the significant figures
+after the decimal point and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the decimal point and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the decimal point and if you go
+the other direction if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction if you have a
+389 here that has three significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+389 here that has three significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+389 here that has three significant
+figures so three significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures so three significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures so three significant figures
+here but if you have 12 point 389 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you have 12 point 389 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if you have 12 point 389 you
+still have three significant figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have three significant figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have three significant figures
+because that 12 ends up over here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that 12 ends up over here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that 12 ends up over here all
+right with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with
+that give it a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this could be for the clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be for the clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be for the clicker
+championship of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today all right let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right let's just do 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all right let's just do 10 more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should I show my video first or do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I show my video first or do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I show my video first or do you
+want to do the winner first winner first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the winner first winner first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the winner first winner first
+winner first okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner first okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winner first okay all
+right okay so three after the decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so three after the decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so three after the decimal
+place and let's look at the winner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and let's look at the winner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and let's look at the winner and
+then we're going to end with a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to end with a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to end with a short
+video oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video oh
+man all right Dan whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so we're going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we're going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so we're going to end
+with a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short
+video and here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is snow looks white cuz it's scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is snow looks white cuz it's scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is snow looks white cuz it's scattering
+light elastically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms are everywhere I look none of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are everywhere I look none of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are everywhere I look none of them
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+seen molecules have always been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen molecules have always been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen molecules have always been a
+challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge to
+resolve like microscopes don't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve like microscopes don't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolve like microscopes don't work
+heaven knows we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try do they exist can they be seen maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try do they exist can they be seen maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try do they exist can they be seen maybe
+using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some
+spectroscopy for centuries we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know well now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know well now we
+know can s CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can s CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can s CH
+s what makes water freeze and flow CH s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what makes water freeze and flow CH s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s what makes water freeze and flow CH s
+chemist know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist know
+whylies can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whylies can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whylies can
+glow a chem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know or 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or 10 to
+23 the M never bothered me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway Ang measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway Ang measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway Ang measure
+distance hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance hard to
+say but we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say but we are
+macroscopic we always find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic we always find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic we always find a
+way we love to see what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we love to see what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we love to see what we can do
+synthesizing novel my mules from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing novel my mules from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing novel my mules from
+exclusion principle of poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion principle of poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion principle of poly
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liiv this chemistry to be found from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liiv this chemistry to be found from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liiv this chemistry to be found from the
+down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+the we make these compounds form in fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we make these compounds form in fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we make these compounds form in fast
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+botles we hope they crystallize cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botles we hope they crystallize cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+botles we hope they crystallize cuz
+are the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the way
+still we strive to do all this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we strive to do all this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still we strive to do all this for the
+chance to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where
+going need to know every sing way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+never bothered me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never bothered me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never bothered me
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+anyway all right have a great weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right have a great weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway all right have a great weekend
+please return any borrowed Clickers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AxCavqjfy6w.txt b/AxCavqjfy6w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b13e97367302aa8c88090a2e272dfaf85d9dad6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AxCavqjfy6w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4389 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Let's get started.
+
+So we have a fun lecture today
+about efficient origami design.
+
+Last Monday, we did
+inefficient origami design,
+
+but it was universal.
+
+We could fold anything.
+
+And let's see,
+Thursday, we talked
+
+about some basic
+foldability, crease patterns,
+
+what make the valid.
+
+That'll ground us
+a little bit today
+
+when designing some
+crease patterns.
+
+Although, we're going to
+stay fairly high level today
+
+because there are two big
+methods I want to talk about.
+
+One is tree method
+which is hit it pretty
+
+big in the impractical
+origami design.
+
+Lot of modern complex
+origami designers
+
+use it either in their head
+or occasionally on a computer.
+
+I demoed it quickly last time.
+
+So we are going to see some
+level of detail how that works.
+
+And then, I want to
+talk about Orgamizer
+
+which is one of the latest
+techniques for designing
+
+crazy, arbitrary,
+three-dimensional shapes that
+
+seems to be pretty efficient.
+
+Although we don't have a formal
+sense in which it is efficient,
+
+it has some nice properties.
+
+And it's pretty cool,
+and I can also demo it.
+
+It's also freely downloadable
+software for Windows.
+
+Good.
+
+So just to get you
+motivated a little bit,
+
+I brought a bunch of examples.
+
+I'll show you more later.
+
+But this is the
+sort of thing you
+
+can do with the tree method.
+
+It's not going to be the tree
+method as I presented here.
+
+This is a variation
+on it called box
+
+pleating which
+you can read about
+
+in Origami Design Secrets.
+
+And I don't think Jason
+will talk about that either.
+
+But it's a variation on
+what we'll be talking about.
+
+It lets you do crazy things like
+these two praying mantises, one
+
+eating the other.
+
+This is a design by Robert Lang.
+
+Fairly new.
+
+I don't have a year
+here, but I think
+
+it's last year or something.
+
+And that's the sort
+of thing you can
+
+do getting all the limbs, all
+the right proportions, even
+
+multiple characters
+by representing
+
+your model as a stick figure.
+
+And that's what
+the tree method is
+
+all about and doing
+that efficiently.
+
+So this is a statement
+last time of the theorem.
+
+There's some catches to this.
+
+It's an algorithm.
+
+Find a folding of
+the smallest square
+
+possible into and origami
+base with the desired
+
+tree as a shadow
+or as a projection.
+
+So you remember,
+this kind of picture.
+
+You want to make a lizard.
+
+You specify the lengths
+of each of these limbs
+
+and how they're connected
+together into a tree.
+
+And then, you want to build an
+origami model on top of that,
+
+so to speak.
+
+So that it looks
+something like this.
+
+And you want to find a square
+the folds into such a shape.
+
+This projection is
+exactly that tree.
+
+Now, say it's an algorithm, and
+it finds the smallest square.
+
+But to do that, essentially
+requires exponential time.
+
+We'll prove in the next class
+that this problem, in general,
+
+is NP-complete.
+
+So it's really hard.
+
+But there is an
+exponential time algorithm,
+
+and I didn't say efficient here.
+
+It's efficient in terms
+of design, quality,
+
+or in terms of algorithm.
+
+But you have to
+pick one of the two.
+
+So in TreeMaker the
+program, there's
+
+an efficient
+algorithm, which finds
+
+a reasonably good-sized square.
+
+But it's not guaranteed
+to be optimal.
+
+It's just a local optimum.
+
+In principle, you could
+spend exponential time here.
+
+So slow algorithm and
+get the smallest square.
+
+So it depends.
+
+The other catch is this folding.
+
+We're still working on proving
+that this does not actually
+
+self-intersect in
+the folded state.
+
+I checked the dates.
+
+We've been working on
+that for six years.
+
+But it's closing in.
+
+Maybe next year we'll have
+a draft of this proof.
+
+It's quite-- it's
+many, many pages.
+
+Good.
+
+So those are the catches.
+
+Now, let me tell you
+about this term uniaxial.
+
+Essentially, it just
+means tree shapes.
+
+But I'd like to be a little
+bit more formal about that.
+
+And last time, I showed you
+the standard origami bases.
+
+All of these are
+uniaxial, I think,
+
+except the pinwheel
+which we folded.
+
+So the pinwheel-- so let
+me tell you intuitively
+
+what uniaxial means.
+
+It means you can take
+all these flaps of paper
+
+and lie them, place
+them along a line.
+
+And the hinges
+between those flaps
+
+are all perpendicular
+to that line.
+
+So this is the axis.
+
+Whereas something like
+this, essentially there
+
+are four axes.
+
+The flaps are here,
+or two axes I guess.
+
+But definitely not one.
+
+So these cannot be
+lined up along a line,
+
+even if you've flapped
+them around some other way.
+
+That's intuitive definition.
+
+Multiaxial is not a
+formally defined thing.
+
+But uniaxial we can
+formally define.
+
+And it will capture things
+like this water bomb base,
+
+all the other bases there,
+as well as bases like this.
+
+And it's defined
+by Robert Lang, I
+
+think probably around '94
+was the first publication.
+
+And it's just a
+bunch of conditions.
+
+And a bunch of them are just
+technical to make things work
+
+out mathematically.
+
+First thing I'd like to say
+is that the entire base-- base
+
+just means origami
+for our purposes.
+
+It's sort of
+practical distinction
+
+not a mathematical one.
+
+Is that everything
+lies above the floor.
+
+So the floor is equal
+to zero, and we'll just
+
+say everything's above that.
+
+And the action is going
+to be in the floor.
+
+That's where I've
+drawn it that way.
+
+Here, there's a floor.
+
+And the tree is going
+to lie on the floor,
+
+and everything
+else is above that.
+
+Second property.
+
+Sort of a shadow property.
+
+If I look at where
+the base meets
+
+the floor is equals to
+zero, that's the same thing
+
+as if I look at the
+shadow onto the floor.
+
+This is essentially saying
+that this base does not
+
+have any overhang.
+
+So if it had, for
+example, some feature
+
+like this that hung over
+its shadow-- was more--
+
+went out here.
+
+The shadow goes out here,
+but the base does not.
+
+That's not allowed.
+
+So I want everything--
+actually want
+
+things to get smaller
+as you go up in z.
+
+This is a stronger
+statement of property two.
+
+And then, I want to
+define this notion flaps.
+
+And the basic idea
+is that you have
+
+faces of the crease pattern.
+
+so the faces are
+just the regions
+
+we get out of the creases, all
+these triangles for example.
+
+I can divide them,
+partition them
+
+into groups which I call flaps.
+
+So for example, these two
+guys over here form one flap.
+
+They fold together.
+
+They're going to be
+manipulated together.
+
+And so in this case,
+I'll get four flaps.
+
+Anything I want to say here?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Each flap is going to
+project to a line segment.
+
+It's going to be one of
+the edges of the tree.
+
+So then, there's the
+notion of a hinge crease.
+
+And these are just creases
+shared by two flaps.
+
+So they're the creases that
+separate one flap from another.
+
+These will always require
+that they projects to a point.
+
+So this is equivalent to saying
+the hinge crease is vertical.
+
+It's perpendicular to the floor.
+
+I'm always projecting
+straight down onto the floor
+
+orthographically, just
+setting z to zero.
+
+And so that's saying
+these are the hinges.
+
+They should be vertical.
+
+So projection is a point.
+
+And then from those
+two properties,
+
+I can define a graph
+which I want to be a tree.
+
+So each flap I want to
+make an edge of my graph.
+
+And that edge is going
+to be the line segment
+
+that the flap projects,
+each flat projects to.
+
+And I'm going to connect
+those edges together
+
+at vertices when the flaps
+share the hinge crease.
+
+All right.
+
+That's a graph which
+you can define.
+
+And that graph is a tree.
+
+That's the constraint.
+
+And I think I have even more.
+
+I've got one more property.
+
+I think I actually
+want projects here.
+
+Let's try that.
+
+All right.
+
+This is a bunch of formalism to
+state what's pretty intuitive.
+
+I want all the flaps of
+paper to be vertical,
+
+so they project
+to a line segment.
+
+When I look from the-- when
+I look at the projection,
+
+I can define a
+graph where there's
+
+an edge for each flap,
+where it's projecting.
+
+And I join those edges together.
+
+Here, I'm joinging
+four them at a vertex.
+
+Because if you unfold it,
+they all share hinge creases.
+
+Hinge creases in this case
+are the perpendicular.
+
+These four guys.
+
+So because-- it's
+hard to manipulate.
+
+I've got a flap over here.
+
+A flap over here.
+
+They share a hinge, so I connect
+them together in the graph.
+
+It's just a formal way to
+make the graph correct.
+
+It may seem tedious,
+but this definition
+
+sidesteps some issues which
+would occur if you defined it
+
+in the more obvious way which
+is just take the projection,
+
+call it a tree.
+
+But I don't want
+to get into why you
+
+need to do it this way exactly.
+
+Maybe, we'll see
+it at some point.
+
+Essentially, some flaps can
+be hidden inside others,
+
+so you need this definition
+for it to really work.
+
+And then, there's
+this extra constraint
+
+which is that my base
+is pointy at the leaves.
+
+Leaves are the
+vertices of the tree
+
+to have only one incident edge.
+
+And so I want there
+to be only one
+
+point that lives at the leaf.
+
+Obviously, elsewhere
+in the tree,
+
+there's a whole bunch of points,
+a whole vertical segment,
+
+that all projects to that point.
+
+Here, I just want one.
+
+That's important
+because I want to think
+
+about where the leaves are.
+
+And the whole idea
+in the tree method
+
+is to think about how to
+place the leaves on your piece
+
+of paper so that
+this folding exists.
+
+So that's what
+we're going to do.
+
+The tree method is kind of
+surprising in its simplicity.
+
+There's a bunch of
+details to make it work.
+
+But the idea is
+actually very simple.
+
+Let's suppose you want
+ability uniaxial base.
+
+I'll tell you something
+that must be satisfied
+
+by your uniaxial base,
+a necessary condition.
+
+Assuming you're starting from
+a convex piece of paper, which
+
+is the case we
+usually care about.
+
+Actually, we're starting
+from a square, a rectangle,
+
+or something convex.
+
+Here's what has to be true.
+
+I didn't give a
+name, but this graph
+
+that's supposed
+to be a tree, I'm
+
+going to call the shadow
+tree for obvious reasons.
+
+And now, I want to take two
+points in the shadow tree,
+
+measure their distance
+in a tree sense.
+
+So I have some tree like this.
+
+I have two points like, say,
+this point and that point.
+
+The distance between
+them is the distance as
+
+measured if you had to walk
+in the tree, how far is it
+
+to go from here to here.
+
+And because our tree
+is a metric tree,
+
+because we specified
+all the edge lengths,
+
+we can just add up those
+lengths, measure them.
+
+And that's the distance
+between two points in the tree.
+
+That must be less than
+or equal to the distance
+
+between those two points
+on the piece of paper.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+So on piece of paper
+that's convex--
+
+so it might not be a square, but
+square's easier picture draw.
+
+The distance between
+them is that.
+
+Pretty simple.
+
+So what does this mean?
+
+I'm taking this square.
+
+Somehow, I'm folding
+it into a base
+
+whose projection is the tree.
+
+So I look at these
+two points, p and q,
+
+I fold them somewhere
+in the 3D picture
+
+which is not drawn up here.
+
+Those points-- so maybe there's
+a p up here and a q up here.
+
+I project those points
+down onto the floor which
+
+is going to fall on the
+tree by this definition.
+
+Call that, let's say, p prime
+for the projected version of p,
+
+q prime.
+
+I measure the distance here.
+
+That has to be-- the
+distance between p prime
+
+and q prime in
+the tree should be
+
+less than or equal to the
+distance between p and q
+
+in the piece of paper, for
+every pair points p and q.
+
+That's the condition.
+
+It's almost trivial
+to show because when
+
+I take this segment of paper,
+I fold the piece of paper.
+
+But in particular, I
+fold p and q somehow.
+
+I can't get p and q farther
+away from each other
+
+because folding only
+makes things closer.
+
+There, I'm assuming that the
+piece of paper is convex.
+
+There's no way to
+fold and stretch pq
+
+because that's a
+segment of paper.
+
+It can only contract.
+
+I mean, you can fold the
+segment something like this.
+
+Then, the distance
+between p and q
+
+gets smaller than the
+length of this segment.
+
+Because if I took this-- this
+line segment of paper that got
+
+folded.
+
+If I project it
+onto the line here,
+
+it's only going to get shorter.
+
+So I fold p and q.
+
+They get closer in three-space.
+
+And then, I project
+them down to the floor.
+
+They can also only get
+closer when I do that.
+
+So that's essentially the proof.
+
+Do I need to spell that out?
+
+So you have the line
+segment on the paper.
+
+You fold it.
+
+It gets shorter.
+
+You project it onto the floor.
+
+It also get shorter.
+
+Therefore, whatever
+this distance
+
+is on the tree has to be less
+than or equal to the distance
+
+you started with.
+
+So this may seem
+kind of trivial.
+
+But the surprising thing is it
+this is really all you need.
+
+So this is true between any
+two points in the shadow tree.
+
+In fact, we're going
+to focus on the leaves.
+
+We'll say, all right,
+so in particular, I've
+
+got a place this leaf, and
+each of these six leaves here,
+
+I have to place them somewhere
+on the piece of paper.
+
+I better do it so that that
+condition is satisfied.
+
+I have to place these two
+leaves and the piece of paper--
+
+let's say this distance is
+one, and this distance is one.
+
+These two leaves have to be
+placed on the piece of paper
+
+such that their distance
+is at least two.
+
+And the distance between these
+two guys has to be at least two
+
+and between these two guys
+has to be at least two.
+
+And same over here.
+
+Let's say all the
+edge lengths are one.
+
+And the distance between,
+say, this leaf and this leaf
+
+has to be at least three
+because the distance in the tree
+
+is three.
+
+So at the very least, we should
+place the points on the paper
+
+so that those conditions
+are satisfied,
+
+and it turns out,
+that's enough as long
+
+as you find a placement of the
+points such as those conditions
+
+are satisfied.
+
+There will be a folding where
+those leaves actually come
+
+from those points of paper.
+
+That's the crazy part.
+
+But this idea is actually
+kind of obvious in some sense.
+
+I mean, once you know
+it, it's really obvious.
+
+But what's surprising is it this
+is all you need to worry about.
+
+There's a lot of details that
+make that work, but you can.
+
+So let me just
+mention one detail
+
+which is the scale factor.
+
+If you fix the size,
+the edge lengths
+
+on the tree which
+is the usual, which
+
+is one way to think
+about it, and you
+
+start with some square--
+like if I start with a one
+
+by one square, there's no way
+I'm going to fold that tree.
+
+There's just not enough
+distance in the square.
+
+So what I'd like to do is
+find the smallest square
+
+that can fold into this thing.
+
+Or equivalently find--
+you can think of scaling
+
+the piece of paper, or
+you can think of scaling
+
+the tree with a
+fixed piece of paper.
+
+Doesn't really matter.
+
+In general, you get
+this problem which
+
+I'll call scale optimization.
+
+This is the hard problem.
+
+So let's say-- just
+defining some variables.
+
+So P i, I'm going to
+maybe number the leaves
+
+or label label them
+somehow, various letters.
+
+And then, P i is going
+to be the point where
+
+that-- of paper
+that actually forms
+
+that leaf in the folded state.
+
+That leaf which corresponds
+to a single point of paper
+
+projects to that leaf.
+
+And then, my goal is
+to maximize some scale
+
+factor which I'll call lambda.
+
+Subject to a bunch of
+constraints which are just
+
+those constraints, except
+that I add a scale factor.
+
+So for every pair
+of leaves, i and j,
+
+I'm going to
+measure the distance
+
+between those
+leaves in the tree.
+
+This as a tree distance.
+
+Compare that to the
+distance and the piece
+
+of paper between those two
+points, the Euclidean distance.
+
+And instead of
+requiring that this
+
+is greater than or equal to
+this, which is the usual one,
+
+I'm going to add in
+the scale factor which
+
+you can think of as shrinking
+this or expanding that.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+But I want to-- because here I'm
+sort of shrinking this amount.
+
+I want to maximize
+that factor, so I
+
+shrink it the least possible.
+
+You can formulate it this way
+or maybe a more intuitive way.
+
+But this is the standard set up.
+
+And this is something-- this is
+called a nonlinear optimization
+
+problem.
+
+It's something that lots
+of people think about.
+
+There are heuristics
+to solve it.
+
+You can solve in an
+exponential time.
+
+In general, it's
+NP-complete, and we'll
+
+see next class that actually
+this problem of origami design
+
+is NP-complete.
+
+So there's not going to be
+anything better than heuristics
+
+and and slow algorithms.
+
+So the idea is, you solve that.
+
+Now, you have your leaves on
+your piece of paper somewhere.
+
+Now what?
+
+Now, you have to figure
+out how everything folds.
+
+That's where we get to
+some real combinatorial,
+
+some discrete geometry.
+
+Fun stuff.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I have one extra
+motivation here.
+
+Origami design is
+fun, but here's
+
+a puzzle you can solve, too.
+
+Which we can already see.
+
+Margulis napkin problem.
+
+Origin of this problem
+is not entirely clear,
+
+but I think it came
+from Russia originally.
+
+And the problem, the puzzle
+is usually stated as follows.
+
+Prove that if you take
+a unit square paper--
+
+so it has perimeter
+four that you can,
+
+no matter how you fold it, the
+perimeter always gets smaller.
+
+Never bigger than four.
+
+We used a very
+similar thing here.
+
+We said, if you have
+two points, they're
+
+distance can only get smaller.
+
+That's true.
+
+Margulis napkin
+puzzle is not true.
+
+That's the difference.
+
+Perimeter is different
+from distance.
+
+And in fact, you can
+fold a piece of paper
+
+to make the perimeter
+arbitrarily large,
+
+which is pretty crazy.
+
+And this is something
+that Robert Lang
+
+proved few years ago, using--
+
+It's sort of easy once
+you have the fact-- which
+
+I haven't quite written down
+here, but I've been saying.
+
+As long as you place your
+points subject to this property,
+
+there is a folding that
+has that shadow tree.
+
+And so the idea with the
+Margulis napkin problem
+
+is let's make a really
+spiky tree, a star.
+
+I want to fold the
+smallest square possible,
+
+so that projection
+is this thing.
+
+Let's say that it has-- I won't
+say how many limbs it has.
+
+But the idea is, if you're using
+paper efficiently, in fact,
+
+the folding will be very narrow.
+
+It'll be a pretty efficient
+use of paper, hopefully.
+
+And so the actual
+3D state will just
+
+be a little bit
+taller than that tree.
+
+And then, you just wash it.
+
+And the idea is that then
+the perimeter is really big.
+
+You've got a-- the
+perimeter as you
+
+walk around the
+edges of that tree.
+
+So how big a tree can I get?
+
+I'd like to somehow
+place these leaves-- now,
+
+what's the constraint
+on the leaves?
+
+Let's say all of
+these are length one.
+
+Then, this says it
+every pair of leaves
+
+must be at least distance
+two way from each other.
+
+So I got to place these
+dots in the square
+
+so that every pair has
+distance at least two.
+
+This is like saying--
+here's my square.
+
+--I'd like to place dots
+so their distance is
+
+at least distance two.
+
+That's like saying
+if, I drew a unit
+
+disk around two points--
+I got to remember.
+
+You should always draw the
+disk first and then the center.
+
+Much easier.
+
+Those disks should
+not be overlapping.
+
+If this is length one,
+and this is length one,
+
+the disks will be
+overlapping if and only
+
+if this distance is
+smaller than two.
+
+I want it always to be
+greater than or equal to two.
+
+So I just have to place a whole
+bunch of disks in the square
+
+so that they're not overlapping.
+
+So how big a square
+do I need to do that?
+
+This is a well-studied problem,
+is the disk packing problem.
+
+A lot of results known about it.
+
+It's quite difficult.
+
+But we don't need to be super
+smart here to get a good bound.
+
+Let's put a point-- let's
+put points along a grid.
+
+I'm going to regret
+making such a big grid.
+
+Let's say, an n by n grid.
+
+And I'm going to set
+the size of my disks
+
+right so that these
+guys just barely touch.
+
+This is actually not a
+terribly good packing.
+
+You should do a triangular
+grid instead of a square grid.
+
+But it'll be good
+enough asymptotically.
+
+You get the idea.
+
+If I set the size of
+my paper to be n by n,
+
+I can fit about n squared
+unit disks in there.
+
+N by n paper folds something
+like n plus 1 squared.
+
+But let's just say,
+approximately n squared disks.
+
+So that means I can make a star
+with about n squared limbs.
+
+It's insane.
+
+It's like super efficient.
+
+Each of these little
+portions of paper
+
+ends up being one
+of these segments.
+
+That's the claim is,
+you could fold that.
+
+So once you fold this thing,
+I have an n by n square.
+
+You started with
+perimeter about four n
+
+And now, I have perimeter
+about n squared.
+
+That's huge with
+respect to four n.
+
+So this is much bigger than four
+n, for n sufficiently large.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+about the length flaps.
+
+PROFESSOR: Here, I was assuming
+all the flaps are length one.
+
+So the disks are size one,
+and so it's an n by n square.
+
+Clear?
+
+So this is more
+motivation for why
+
+this theorem is interesting.
+
+It lets you solve
+this fun math puzzle
+
+and show not only does a
+perimeter not go-- not only
+
+does the perimeter
+not only go down,
+
+but it can go arbitrarily high.
+
+It just takes a lot of folding.
+
+So let's say
+something about how we
+
+prove that once you have a
+valid placement of the points,
+
+you can actually fill in
+the creases, find folding.
+
+Let me bring up an example.
+
+So this is actually
+the example I
+
+keep using which is, you
+want to make a lizard
+
+or some generic four-legged
+tail and head kind of creature.
+
+This is the output
+from TreeMaker,
+
+complete with crease
+pattern and everything.
+
+But here, I've labeled
+all the-- or actually
+
+Robert Lang, I think, has
+labeled all of-- this a figure
+
+from our book.
+
+--all the vertices of
+the tree and the shadow.
+
+And then, we're
+labeling where they
+
+come from on the piece of paper.
+
+So in particular, you see
+something like a leaf h.
+
+And it comes from this
+one point on the paper.
+
+This leaf d comes
+from this point,
+
+and g comes from that point.
+
+It's actually kind of
+similarly oriented to this guy.
+
+The interior vertices, they
+come from several points.
+
+It's a little messy.
+
+But let's-- one of the things
+is to try to locate where those
+
+points ought to be.
+
+s So there's this idea
+of an active path which
+
+is a path in the tree
+between two leaves.
+
+I'll call them
+shadow leaves to say
+
+that they're in the shadow tree.
+
+And the length of
+that path equals
+
+the distance in the paper.
+
+So in the case of
+making a star graph,
+
+this is exactly
+when the disks kiss,
+
+when the just touch each
+other on the boundary.
+
+So in other words, we
+have this inequality,
+
+saying the distance
+between in the paper should
+
+be greater than or equal
+to distance in the tree.
+
+If that inequality is
+actually an equality,
+
+if they're the same thing,
+then it's kind of critical.
+
+I can't get those points
+any closer in the paper.
+
+Those things I
+call active paths.
+
+And that is some of
+the lines up here.
+
+I guess the black
+dashed line, actually,
+
+in a lot of the dash lines.
+
+All of the dash lines, I think.
+
+So for example, d to h, that's
+a distance between two leaves.
+
+And if you measure the
+distance here, it's two.
+
+And just imagine,
+this example has
+
+been set up so this
+is exactly two.
+
+So this is tight.
+
+I can't move h any closer
+to d or vice versa.
+
+And also from h to
+a, a is actually
+
+in the middle of the paper
+and corresponds to that flap.
+
+That's all of those
+green, actually
+
+it's just the green lines,
+green dashed lines are active.
+
+They're kind of critical.
+
+And what's nice is that
+subdivides my piece of paper
+
+into a bunch of smaller shapes.
+
+So I have a little
+triangle out here.
+
+That turns out to be junk.
+
+We're not going to need
+it because the sort
+
+of outside the diagram.
+
+You could folder underneath.
+
+Get rid of it.
+
+You've got a quadrilateral
+here between the green lines.
+
+We've got a triangle
+up here, a triangle
+
+at the top, triangle
+on the left.
+
+All we need to do is fill
+in those little parts.
+
+Fill in that triangle.
+
+Fill in that quadrilateral.
+
+Of course, in general, there
+might not be any active paths,
+
+and we haven't simplified
+the diagram at all.
+
+But if there are
+no active paths,
+
+you're really probably
+not very efficient.
+
+That means none of these
+constraints are tight.
+
+That means you could increase
+the scale factor lambda,
+
+make a better model.
+
+You can increase lambda
+at least a little bit.
+
+If all of these are
+strictly greater,
+
+you can increase lambda until
+one of them becomes equal.
+
+So you should have at
+least one active path.
+
+And in fact if
+you're efficient, you
+
+should have lots
+of active paths.
+
+I don't think I need to
+be too formal about that.
+
+But it's true.
+
+And here's one thing you
+can show about active paths.
+
+So what would be really
+nice, in this example,
+
+I have triangles
+and quadrilaterals.
+
+In general, I'm going
+to have a whole bunch
+
+of different shapes.
+
+Some of them could
+even be non-convex
+
+which would be annoying.
+
+I would really just like
+to deal with triangles
+
+because I like
+triangles-- geometer.
+
+And triangles are simple.
+
+And it looks like the
+crease pattern in a triangle
+
+is pretty simple.
+
+In fact, it's just
+angular bisectors
+
+of the triangle plus a few
+extra perpendicular folds.
+
+So that would be
+kind of nice if I
+
+could get everything triangles.
+
+To do that, I need
+lots of active paths.
+
+So how can I guarantee that
+there's lots of active paths?
+
+I'm going wave my hands a little
+bit about how this is done.
+
+But the idea is to
+augment the tree.
+
+So I have some tree that
+I actually want to make,
+
+like lizard.
+
+And I'm going to add
+some extra stuff.
+
+Like maybe I'll add a branch
+here and a branch here
+
+or whatever.
+
+Whatever it takes.
+
+I got to do so carefully.
+
+So let me say what that means.
+
+So I'm going to add extra
+leaves to the shadow tree.
+
+My goal is to make the active
+paths triangulate the paper
+
+without changing
+the scale factor.
+
+So this is kind of a cheat.
+
+And most of the time, you
+don't actually need this cheat.
+
+But for proving things, it
+makes life a little easier.
+
+So we want to show that
+it's enough to place
+
+the vertices subject
+to this, the leaves
+
+subject to this constraint.
+
+So ideally, we make our tree.
+
+But if we make an even
+more complicated tree,
+
+like with these extra little
+limbs, we can get rid of them
+
+at the end.
+
+You just fold them
+over and collapse
+
+this flap against
+an adjacent flap.
+
+So if we make our life
+harder, that's OK, too.
+
+If we could fold a
+more complicated tree,
+
+in particular we folded
+the tree we wanted.
+
+If we can do that without
+changing the scale factor,
+
+then great.
+
+Then, we did what
+we wanted to do.
+
+We folded our piece of paper
+with the desired scale factor.
+
+In reality, we're actually
+going to move the leaves
+
+around a little bit
+so that we have to do.
+
+We're going to move
+around the leaves
+
+that you already placed
+in order to make room
+
+for the new leaves.
+
+But here's the idea.
+
+We have these leaves.
+
+There's some active
+paths, these green lines.
+
+And we'd really-- we have this
+quadrilateral in the center.
+
+We'd really like
+to subdivide it.
+
+Like this black line is
+kind of asking for it.
+
+It would be really
+nice if we could just
+
+add in an active paths there.
+
+And you can do it.
+
+Let's see if I can identify
+what we're talking about here.
+
+So a fun thing
+about active paths,
+
+you look at two leaves like
+g d here, which corresponds
+
+to this path g d here,
+because it's active,
+
+you know this length is exactly
+the length traced right here.
+
+So that means, this
+segment has to be
+
+folded right along
+the tree here.
+
+You know that this
+segment is that.
+
+And so in particular, you know
+where c is on that segment.
+
+C actually comes from multiple
+points in this diagram.
+
+But you know that this point
+right here must fold to c.
+
+And you know this point
+must fold here and so on.
+
+These guys correspond.
+
+So that's good.
+
+So if I look at
+this quadrilateral,
+
+it corresponds so g to c to d
+to c to h to c to b to a back
+
+to b back to c.
+
+And so my guess is if you
+add a little limb in here--
+
+I think I can draw on this.
+
+That would be nice.
+
+Should really tell you
+about-- is this going to work?
+
+Yes.
+
+It's kind of white,
+but there we go.
+
+So great.
+
+Draw a fun diagram here.
+
+This is how I make my lecture
+notes if you're curious.
+
+This is a tablet PC.
+
+Now, I've got
+some-- Tell me if I
+
+make a mistake, those who
+know what I'm drawing.
+
+What the hell is this?
+
+I think it goes there.
+
+There.
+
+There.
+
+I'll explain what I'm
+drawing once I've drawn it.
+
+It's easier.
+
+Something like that.
+
+This is a bunch of disks
+and a bunch of other things,
+
+there's only one
+here called rivers.
+
+And this is a geometric way to
+think about the constraints.
+
+If you look at this structure--
+so I have a disk down
+
+here corresponding to d.
+
+I have a disk corresponding
+to h, a disk corresponding
+
+to g, a river corresponding
+to the segment b c.
+
+The reason I only
+have one river is
+
+there's only one interior
+edge in this tree.
+
+Everything else is a leaf edge.
+
+So leaf edges are
+going to be disks.
+
+All non leaf edges are
+going to be rivers.
+
+And the structure, the way
+that those things connect
+
+to each other is the same as
+the structure in this tree.
+
+So you've got the
+three disks down here,
+
+which corresponds
+to these leaf edges.
+
+They all touch a common river
+because all of those edges
+
+are incident to that
+edge in the center.
+
+And there's three
+disks on the top that
+
+correspond to the three
+leaf edges up here.
+
+This is really just
+the same thing.
+
+It's saying that if
+you want to look, say,
+
+at the distance
+between h and a here.
+
+The distance between h and
+a should be length three.
+
+And those three
+lengths are represented
+
+by the size of
+this disk, followed
+
+by the width of
+this river, followed
+
+by the size of the a disk.
+
+It's say exactly the same
+constraints, just represented
+
+geometrically.
+
+Now, if I'm lucky,
+these regions actually
+
+kiss, they touch at points.
+
+That's when things are active.
+
+And you could draw straight
+across from a to h and never go
+
+in these outside regions.
+
+If you're not lucky,
+they won't touch.
+
+If they don't touch,
+make them touch.
+
+That's all I want to do.
+
+And so I just want to
+blow up these regions,
+
+make them longer, for
+example, until things touch.
+
+When they touch enough,
+if you do it right,
+
+you can actually get
+them to triangulate.
+
+That's my very
+hand wavy argument.
+
+It's proved formally
+in the book,
+
+and it's a little bit technical.
+
+So I think I will
+move on and tell you
+
+what to do with triangles.
+
+So suppose you
+have some triangle.
+
+And each of these edges
+is an active path.
+
+So there's some leaf here.
+
+We'll call them a, b, and c.
+
+And this segment we know will
+map right along the floor
+
+to make up that path, that
+active path in the tree.
+
+Like I said, we're going to
+follow along angular bisectors.
+
+You may know the angular
+bisectors of a triangle
+
+meet at a single point.
+
+And then, we're going to
+make some perpendicular
+
+folds like that.
+
+Where the
+perpendicular folds go,
+
+well, they go whenever
+there's a shadow
+
+vertex along this segment.
+
+Remember this edge,
+b c corresponds
+
+to some path between b
+and c in the tree which
+
+looks like whatever.
+
+And so for each
+of these branching
+
+points that we visit along
+that, we can just measure.
+
+As we move along here, we get to
+some vertex then another vertex
+
+then another vertex then c,
+except I did it backwards.
+
+And so for each of
+these guys, I know
+
+that I need to be able
+to articulate there.
+
+I need a hinge crease.
+
+And so I just put in a
+hinge grace perpendicular
+
+to the floor,
+essentially, because we
+
+know this is mapping
+to the floor.
+
+And conveniently,
+those will all line up.
+
+So if I have some vertex
+here-- let's call it d.
+
+--d will be here.
+
+But d will also be here.
+
+Because if I follow
+the path from b to a,
+
+a is some other
+guy, maybe this one,
+
+I also have to go through d.
+
+And so these things will
+conveniently line up perfectly.
+
+I'm not going to
+prove that again.
+
+But it's true.
+
+And you just get this really
+nice simple to fold thing.
+
+Shoot, I'll fold
+one if you haven't.
+
+This is a standard rabbit ear
+molecule in making origami.
+
+You have a little triangle.
+
+You want to make it an ear.
+
+You squeeze along the
+angular bisectors,
+
+and it makes a cute rabbit ear.
+
+And you can see it also,
+the crease pattern,
+
+in here like in this
+triangle in the upper right.
+
+You've got the red lines which
+are the angular bisectors.
+
+And then, you've got all
+those perpendicular folds.
+
+And they go exactly
+where those letters go.
+
+And the triangle at
+the top is similar.
+
+It's a little different because
+the very top edge of the paper
+
+is not actually active.
+
+So there's really a
+special case there.
+
+Upper right is also not active.
+
+Oh, that's annoying.
+
+Yeah.
+
+There's a little
+bit of extra stuff
+
+that happens at the
+boundary of the paper
+
+where you don't
+have active paths.
+
+But it's, as you can see
+from the crease pattern,
+
+it's basically the same.
+
+In fact, I could
+call it the same.
+
+It's a little bit less pretty
+because this is not green.
+
+And so you don't actually
+know that c is here.
+
+And you don't know
+that b is there.
+
+But you know about
+all the other edges.
+
+There's just one edge
+you might not know about.
+
+And so you can figure
+out what the right edge
+
+is based on the other edges
+of the triangle, the other two
+
+edges.
+
+That's just a feature.
+
+You can triangulate everything
+except the boundary.
+
+You may not be able to get
+active paths in this step.
+
+That kind of does
+the tree method
+
+in a super abbreviated version.
+
+I showed you a demo last
+time, just in case you forgot.
+
+You draw your favorite tree.
+
+See if I can get it
+to do the same one.
+
+And you optimize,
+generate a crease pattern.
+
+Oh, it's a different one.
+
+Fun.
+
+There it is.
+
+And here, TreeMaker knows
+how to draw the disks.
+
+It doesn't currently know how
+to draw the rivers because it's
+
+kind of tricky to make a snakey
+path in a computer program.
+
+But you see the three disks down
+here, the three disks up there,
+
+and you can imagine
+the one river
+
+in the middle representing the
+central segment of your tree.
+
+And one of the problems
+on the problems set,
+
+problem set one is
+released, is to just make
+
+something using TreeMaker.
+
+I would encourage
+you to start simple
+
+unless you know
+what you're doing.
+
+You don't have to
+use the program.
+
+You could do it by
+hand, placing disks.
+
+That's how most
+origamists actually do it.
+
+I'm sure Jason will
+do it that way.
+
+You can use the program,
+print out a crease pattern,
+
+see what it looks like.
+
+Next thing.
+
+If you want to do
+this in reality--
+
+and what TreeMaker is doing
+is not this triangulation.
+
+Doing a triangulation
+is a bit of a pain,
+
+but you could keep
+modifying your tree
+
+until it triangulates.
+
+The alternative is you
+just deal with polygons
+
+that are bigger than triangles.
+
+And there's this thing
+called the universal molecule
+
+by Robert Lang.
+
+Here it is for a quadrilateral.
+
+And it makes it-- this works
+for any convex polygon.
+
+Now sometimes, you're
+active paths don't decompose
+
+your shape into convex polygons.
+
+And this still doesn't work.
+
+You still have to
+do something here.
+
+You need to add some
+extra leaf edges
+
+to the tree to just
+fill things up.
+
+But you don't have to stop.
+
+You have to go all the way to
+the point of triangulation.
+
+You can stop at the point which
+happens most the time when
+
+all of the faces are convex.
+
+And then, it's a slightly more
+general picture what happens.
+
+Intuitively, what
+you want to do is,
+
+this is the tree you want
+to make among those leaves.
+
+All the boundary edges
+here are active paths.
+
+You have g d h a.
+
+Those are active
+paths, so you know
+
+where all of those branching
+points are in the middle.
+
+You'd like to build that.
+
+And so what we're going to
+do is build it bottom up
+
+in the literal sense from z
+equals zero, increasing z.
+
+And what that corresponds
+to in this picture
+
+is shrinking or offsetting
+these edges inward.
+
+So you offset these
+all by the same amount.
+
+That's like traveling
+up over here.
+
+So you see the red
+lines here correspond
+
+to the red cross sections.
+
+So I just see what happens
+in cross section is
+
+I shrink things in.
+
+And the first thing that happens
+at this first critical red
+
+drawing is that the path
+from d to a becomes critical,
+
+becomes active.
+
+Before it was
+inactive that-- that
+
+was kind of annoying for me.
+
+I wanted it to be
+triangulated, but it wasn't.
+
+The distance from a to
+d in the piece of paper
+
+was bigger than the distance
+between the leaves in the tree.
+
+I wanted them to be equal.
+
+Well, it turns out, if
+you shrink this thing,
+
+eventually they
+might become equal.
+
+And that's what happens.
+
+And that's what
+TreeMaker computes.
+
+And what you should
+do if you're building
+
+the universal molecule.
+
+If you discover, oh,
+now a d is active,
+
+now, I subdivide
+into two triangles.
+
+And then, I do the thing
+in the two triangles.
+
+And generally, you start
+with some convex polygon.
+
+You shrink it.
+
+At some point, some diagonal
+might become active.
+
+You split it into two,
+just keep going in the two.
+
+And there's one other
+thing which can happen,
+
+which is what's happening
+at the end of a triangle.
+
+You shrink.
+
+And then, it could be two
+vertices actually collide
+
+with each other.
+
+And then, you just think
+of them as one vertex
+
+and keep shrinking.
+
+So that's the general universal
+molecule construction.
+
+You see in a sort of-- these are
+the cross sections from above.
+
+You see that as you go up,
+things are getting smaller.
+
+That is one of the statements of
+the uniaxial base as you go up.
+
+Cross sections get tinier.
+
+And that gives you
+the crease pattern.
+
+If you follow along
+where the vertices go
+
+during this process,
+and you draw in
+
+and all the active path that
+you create along the way,
+
+that's your crease pattern.
+
+So that's how you do
+it more practically is
+
+you use the universal molecule.
+
+But to prove it, you
+don't actually need that.
+
+All right.
+
+I have now some more real
+examples by Robert Lang
+
+and by Jason Ku.
+
+So here is Roosevelt elk.
+
+And Rob is all about
+getting very realistic form.
+
+So all of the branching
+measurements and-- I'm
+
+sure if you knew
+a lot about elks,
+
+you could recognizes
+this a Roosevelt
+
+elk not some other elk.
+
+And you can achieve that
+level of detail and realism
+
+using the tree
+method because you
+
+can control all of the relative
+lengths of those segments
+
+and get perfect
+branching structure
+
+and get the right proportions
+for the legs and tail
+
+and so on.
+
+And you can see
+here, the-- and you
+
+can go to Robert Lang's webpage,
+landorigami.com and print this
+
+out.
+
+And try it out if you want.
+
+This will fold not this but
+the base for that model.
+
+And you could see the disks.
+
+And you can see some
+approximation of the rivers
+
+here.
+
+But they're not quite drawn
+in in this particular diagram.
+
+But a lot of detail.
+
+And if you look
+carefully, you can really
+
+read off what the tree is here.
+
+You can see how these
+things are separated,
+
+and it will correspond to the
+branching structure over there.
+
+Here's a more complicated one.
+
+Scorpion varleg
+which you can also
+
+fold at lifesize if
+you're really crazy.
+
+And you can also see from
+these kinds of diagrams
+
+that paper usage is super
+efficient in these designs.
+
+And presumably that's
+how Robert design them.
+
+The only paper we're
+wasting in some sense
+
+is the little regions between
+the disks and the rivers
+
+which is quite small.
+
+Most of the papers getting
+absorbed into the flaps.
+
+Here's one of the first
+models by Jason Ku that I saw,
+
+the Nazgul from
+Lord of the Rings.
+
+And pretty complicated.
+
+So here, the bold lines
+show you essentially
+
+where the disks and the
+rivers are that have been--
+
+AUDIENCE: Those are
+actually the hinge creases.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, those
+are hinge creases.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Good.
+
+And the top is the
+actual crease pattern.
+
+And it's pretty awesome.
+
+You've got a horse and rider
+out of one square paper.
+
+Here's a shrimp.
+
+He's super complicated
+and super realistic.
+
+It looks very shrimpy.
+
+I know some people who
+are freaked out by shrimp.
+
+And so this should really
+elicit that similar response.
+
+Or other people get really
+hungry at this point, I guess.
+
+But you could see the
+tree is pretty dense here,
+
+lots of little features
+getting that branching right.
+
+And one last example
+is this butterfly
+
+which is pretty
+awesome in its realism.
+
+And I guess the tree
+is a lot simpler here.
+
+But there's a lot of
+extra creases here.
+
+You see just for getting
+the flaps nice and narrow.
+
+So in general, these
+kinds of constructions
+
+will make this guy
+rather pointy and tall.
+
+And you can just squash it back.
+
+And it's called a
+sync fold and make
+
+it tinier like-- you
+have something like this.
+
+The flaps are you
+think are too tall.
+
+You just fold here.
+
+Which, if you look at
+the crease pattern,
+
+makes just an offset
+version of the original.
+
+And hey, now your
+flaps are half is tall.
+
+And if you're a
+proper origamist,
+
+you-- I shouldn't do this live.
+
+You change the mountain valley
+assignment a little bit,
+
+and you sync everything
+on the inside
+
+instead of just folding it over.
+
+It's not going to
+look super pretty.
+
+But same tree structure, just
+the flaps are half as tall.
+
+So that's all this
+pleating here.
+
+And I think that's it
+for my little tour.
+
+And Jason Ku next.
+
+Next Monday we'll
+be talking more
+
+about the artistic side,
+history of origami design,
+
+and what it takes to
+really make something
+
+real by these approaches.
+
+That should be lots of fun.
+
+I want to move on to other kinds
+of efficient origami design.
+
+Less directly applicable
+to real origami design
+
+so to speak, at least currently.
+
+But mathematically
+more powerful.
+
+Uniaxial bases are
+nice, but it's not
+
+everything you
+might want to fold.
+
+So what if we want
+to fold other stuff.
+
+And to a geometer,
+most natural version
+
+of folding other stuff
+or folding anything
+
+is a polyhedron.
+
+You have a bunch of
+polygons, flat panels in 3D,
+
+somehow joined together
+to make some surface.
+
+How do I fold that?
+
+And let's start with a super
+simple example which is I
+
+want to fold a
+square into a cube.
+
+How big a square do I
+need to fold a unit cube?
+
+Or how big cube can I
+fold for a unit square?
+
+Either way.
+
+And I'm going to make
+it a one by one square.
+
+And I'm going to fold it
+into a cube of dimension x.
+
+And I want to know--
+it looks funny.
+
+It's the quintuple x cubed.
+
+It's the x-coordinate.
+
+That's my motivation.
+
+So we talked-- one
+thing we can think about
+
+is what makes the
+corners of the cubes
+
+and how far away should they be.
+
+So if I want to fold
+this cube, I look at,
+
+let's say, the opposite
+corners of the cube.
+
+They're pretty far
+away on the cube.
+
+And I know that by
+folding I could only
+
+make distance is smaller.
+
+So somehow, if I measure the
+shortest path on the cube,
+
+from this point to
+this point, it's
+
+that if you believe-- when
+you unfold this thing,
+
+it should be flat.
+
+If I unfolds to just
+those two squares,
+
+it's a straight line
+between the two.
+
+And so that goes to the
+midpoint of this edge
+
+and then over there.
+
+And you measure that length.
+
+And oh, trigonometry.
+
+Root five, that's
+not what I wanted.
+
+So we have x here, 2x here.
+
+So this distance
+is-- yeah, I see.
+
+Why is that different from
+what I have written down?
+
+Because that was not the
+diameter of the cube.
+
+I see.
+
+AUDIENCE: You want
+them equidistant.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+I do want this but,
+I think if I go
+
+from the center of this
+square-- this is hard to draw.
+
+--to the center of the back
+square, which is back here,
+
+that distance is going
+to be wrapping around.
+
+Which is just going
+to be like 2x.
+
+Is that bigger or
+smaller than root 5x?
+
+AUDIENCE: It's smaller.
+
+PROFESSOR: Smaller.
+
+Interesting.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+What did I do wrong?
+
+Oh, I see.
+
+OK.
+
+Here's a fun fact.
+
+This is actually the
+smallest antipodal distance.
+
+Get this right.
+
+So if you take some
+point on the cube,
+
+and you look at the
+point farthest away
+
+from it on the other
+side of the cube,
+
+it will always be
+at least 2x away.
+
+So here, it's bigger.
+
+This is probably the diameter.
+
+It's bigger than 2x, but it
+will always be at least 2x away.
+
+This is actually the smallest
+situation you can get.
+
+And so I want to think
+about the point that
+
+corresponds to the
+center of the square.
+
+Right?
+
+Yes.
+
+Now maybe that maps to
+the center like this.
+
+And the antipodal points is
+2x away, or maybe it's bigger.
+
+But at least I know that this
+length is greater than or equal
+
+to 2x because that's-- the
+antipodal point has to be made
+
+from that.
+
+I need to think
+about all situation
+
+because I really want to think
+about the center of the square.
+
+Once that is at
+least 2x, then I know
+
+that the side of the square
+is at least 2 root 2x.
+
+Yes.
+
+And so I know that this is one.
+
+And you work it out.
+
+And x is root 2 over 4.
+
+Or it's at most that.
+
+And so that gives you some
+bound on what it takes.
+
+So this is actually
+really the only technique
+
+we know to prove lower
+bounds on how much-- how big
+
+a square you need
+to make something.
+
+It's this kind of distance
+increasing argument.
+
+And it turns out you can
+actually achieve x equals this.
+
+So this is what I
+call lower bound.
+
+It says, you can't do
+any better than this.
+
+But there's also a matching
+upper bound which achieves this
+
+and not going to
+draw it perfectly.
+
+So there are the six
+sides of the cube.
+
+You've got one, two,
+three, four, five.
+
+And the sixth one is
+split into quarters.
+
+And you can see, you just
+actually fold here, here,
+
+here, and here to get
+rid of that excess.
+
+And it will come
+together as a cube.
+
+You also fold along
+the edges of the cube.
+
+And it perfectly
+achieves this property.
+
+That from the
+center of the paper,
+
+you have exactly one
+this distance 2 root
+
+2x to the antipodal
+point which is
+
+the center of the opposite face.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+Can you explain where the
+2x came from [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I wave my hands.
+
+So I'm thinking
+about an arbitrary
+
+point on the
+surface of the cube.
+
+Here, it should
+be clear it's 2x.
+
+There's x right here.
+
+And there's 1/2x here.
+
+And there's 1/2x on the back.
+
+And I looked at
+another situation
+
+which is when it was at a
+corner that bigger than 2x.
+
+And I claim if you
+interpolate in the middle,
+
+you'll get something
+in the middle,
+
+in between 2x and root 5x.
+
+For example, if
+take a point here
+
+that's closer to the
+corner, then that
+
+point-- you should probably
+also think about the edge case.
+
+But you check all of them,
+and they're at least 2x.
+
+That's what I'm claiming.
+
+So I didn't really
+prove that formally.
+
+But claim is 2x is the smallest
+antepodal pair you could get.
+
+AUDIENCE: What does
+antipodal mean?
+
+PROFESSOR: Antipodal simple
+means on the other side.
+
+The anti pode, the opposite
+pole, like from North Pole
+
+to South Pole.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right
+now, we know we're
+
+taking whatever point is
+the center of the square.
+
+It maps somewhere in the cube.
+
+I take the antipode from there.
+
+I know that has to
+be at least 2x away.
+
+And if you look at
+the distance map here,
+
+the farthest away point in
+the squared from the center
+
+is the corner point.
+
+So I know that that distance
+can only get smaller.
+
+And other distances
+only get smaller.
+
+So if I have to make a
+2x distance from there,
+
+this is my best
+chance for doing it.
+
+And that gives
+you a lower bound.
+
+Doesn't mean it can be achieved.
+
+But this shows you that
+you can achieve it.
+
+This is a result by Catalano,
+Johnson, and Lobe in 2001.
+
+It's like the only optimality
+result we have for folding 3D
+
+shapes.
+
+That's why I mention it.
+
+Tons of fun open
+problems like you
+
+don't want to make
+a square-- a cube.
+
+Maybe you want to
+make a triangle.
+
+If you want to cover a
+triangle on both sides,
+
+that's probably open.
+
+If you want to make
+regular tetrahedron,
+
+that's probably open.
+
+Pretty much any problem
+you pose here is open.
+
+It would make fun project.
+
+You can also think
+about, instead
+
+of starting from
+square, you start
+
+with a rectangle of
+some given aspect ratio.
+
+What's the biggest
+cube you can make?
+
+That's kind of fun
+because in the limit
+
+for a super long rectangle,
+you should do strip wrapping.
+
+For a square, we have
+the right answer.
+
+What's the right
+answer in between?
+
+Who knows.
+
+The next thing I wanted to
+talk about where there's
+
+been some recent progress
+is checkerboard folding.
+
+In lecture one, I showed
+you this model which I never
+
+go anywhere without,
+the four by four
+
+checkerboard folded from one
+square paper, white on one side
+
+and red on the other.
+
+And so I think this is
+probably the most efficient way
+
+to fold a four by
+four checkerboard.
+
+You start with a
+square of one size,
+
+and you shrink both
+dimensions by two.
+
+And you get a four
+by four checkerboard.
+
+But we don't know
+if this is the best
+
+way to fold a checkerboard.
+
+Be nice to know.
+
+And this has been
+studied for a while.
+
+And this is not
+the standard method
+
+for folding a checkerboard.
+
+But it's actually
+pretty efficient
+
+which is kind of crazy.
+
+So you take a
+square, white on one
+
+side and brown on the other.
+
+You do this accordion pleat.
+
+You get a bunch of nice color
+reversals, bunch of squares.
+
+And then, you just need to make
+a square of squares from that.
+
+So general problem is, I want
+to fold an n by n checkerboard
+
+from the smallest
+possible square.
+
+How big does it have to
+be as a function of n?
+
+And the standard
+approach is-- well,
+
+this is the first
+method that does it
+
+for all n in a
+general simple way.
+
+But the practical
+foldings people
+
+have designed, like four by four
+and there are a bunch of eight
+
+by eights out there, are little
+more efficient than this.
+
+But they have the
+same asymptotics
+
+which is the perimeter
+of the square you start
+
+with has to be about
+twice n squared
+
+to make an n by n checkerboard.
+
+And the reason
+that is, is if you
+
+look at the
+checkerboard pattern,
+
+we're trying to get
+color reversals along all
+
+of these lines between the red
+and the white, brown and white.
+
+And the way we're doing
+that here is we're
+
+taking the boundary
+of the paper,
+
+and we're mapping it along
+all the color reversals.
+
+And if you work out how
+much color reversal is there
+
+in an n by n thing, it's
+about twice n squared.
+
+And so either your perimeter
+has to be at least that large
+
+if you're going to cover the
+color reversals with perimeter.
+
+And for a long time, we thought
+that was the best we could do
+
+was to cover color reversals
+with a perimeter of paper.
+
+Of course, know that you
+can take a square of paper
+
+make the perimeter
+arbitrarily large.
+
+So this was never
+really a lower bound.
+
+We never really knew that
+you needed 2n squared.
+
+The four by four
+achieves 2n squared.
+
+We think it's the
+best for four by four,
+
+but we proved last
+year-- this is
+
+with Marty and [INAUDIBLE]
+and Robert Lang--
+
+that you can do better and
+get perimeter about n squared.
+
+Now, there are some lower order
+terms there, the order n parts.
+
+So this is really only
+practical for large n.
+
+I think-- I'll elaborate on
+that a little more in a moment.
+
+But here's the idea.
+
+Instead of visiting
+all the boundaries
+
+between red and
+white squares, I just
+
+want to visit the
+squares themselves.
+
+So if I could fold
+a, in this case
+
+a rectangle paper
+into this shape
+
+which has slits down
+the sides, and it
+
+has these flaps hanging out.
+
+Now, you've seen how to make
+flaps super efficiently.
+
+You really don't need
+to shrink the paper
+
+by very much to
+make this pattern.
+
+Then, you take these guys-- and
+everything is white side up.
+
+You take these flaps,
+fold them over.
+
+They become brown.
+
+And these guys fall over.
+
+These fall down.
+
+These guys fall up.
+
+You can actually make any
+two color pixel pattern
+
+from this idea.
+
+And it will make white squares
+on top of the brown surface
+
+that you folded.
+
+So this is the starting point.
+
+You just fold everything over.
+
+And you get your checkerboard.
+
+And now, essentially, you're
+visiting each square only once
+
+instead of the boundary
+edge for all the squares.
+
+And so you end up
+using only n squared
+
+instead of twice n squared.
+
+And you can do it if you
+start from a square also.
+
+You just need more flaps.
+
+And there's a bunch of
+tabs sticking up here,
+
+and a bunch of tabs
+sticking up there.
+
+You can fold this again
+super efficiently,
+
+using all these
+standard techniques.
+
+And then, you make a
+checkerboard twice as
+
+efficient for large n as we've
+previously thought possible.
+
+Now, we still don't know
+whether this is optimal.
+
+We think it is.
+
+But we thought so before also.
+
+Who knows?
+
+So big open problem is
+[INAUDIBLE] for anything.
+
+In terms of actual values
+of n, for n bigger than 16,
+
+this method is better than
+the standard approach.
+
+Although if you look just
+at seamless-- so seamless,
+
+I didn't mention,
+but we're going
+
+to talk about it
+more in a moment.
+
+When I make a square
+of a checkerboard,
+
+I'd really like this to
+be a single panel of paper
+
+not divided into little panels.
+
+And like in this checkerboard,
+this white square
+
+has a bunch of seems on it.
+
+It's made out of three
+smaller triangles.
+
+And that's not so nice.
+
+This method is seamless.
+
+You get whole panels making
+each of your squares,
+
+so it looks a little prettier.
+
+If you look at the best eight
+by eight seamless folding,
+
+this beats the best seamless
+eight by eight folding.
+
+Although it's rather
+difficult to fold.
+
+Hasn't yet been folded.
+
+That would be a
+good project also.
+
+Build an actual checkerboard
+with this method.
+
+Questions?
+
+Now, I want to move
+to the general case.
+
+So I talked a little bit about
+checkerboards and about cubes.
+
+Let's think about
+arbitrary polyhedra.
+
+And this is the Origamizer.
+
+So Origamizer's
+actually two things.
+
+It's a computer program for
+Windows that you can download,
+
+and it's an algorithm.
+
+And they're not quite the same.
+
+So there's original
+computer program
+
+and Tomohiro Tachi wrote
+a couple papers about it.
+
+That program does
+not always work.
+
+Doesn't make every polyhedron.
+
+It need some finesse to make it
+work, but it's super efficient.
+
+And it's practical.
+
+He's made lots of models
+with it like the bunny
+
+you've seen on the poster.
+
+There's the algorithm,
+which we developed together.
+
+And we know it's similar.
+
+And we know it always works.
+
+But it's a little
+bit less practical.
+
+So it's-- theory's always
+a little behind practice,
+
+let's say.
+
+So there's a
+practical thing here.
+
+There's also a theoretically
+guaranteed thing here.
+
+They're not quite the same,
+but they're very similar.
+
+I'm going to tell you a little.
+
+I'll show you both, basically.
+
+But the idea is, a
+practical algorithm
+
+to fold any polyhedron.
+
+And practical here
+is a bit vague.
+
+We don't-- that's not a theorem.
+
+We don't know how to define
+practical in mathematics
+
+anyway.
+
+It has some fun features,
+though, mathematically.
+
+One is that it's seamless.
+
+So for it to be seamless, I
+need to assume convex faces.
+
+So faces are the sides
+of the polyhedron.
+
+So like in a cube,
+every face is a square.
+
+Those are convex.
+
+And provided all the faces
+are convex, if they're not,
+
+you have to cut them
+up into convex pieces.
+
+My folding will be
+seamless in that
+
+it will be covered by an
+entire piece of paper.
+
+There maybe other things
+hidden underneath.
+
+But there won't be any
+visible seems on the top side.
+
+So that's nice.
+
+It's also water tight.
+
+And for this, I have
+an illustration.
+
+This is a feature missed
+by the strip method.
+
+And if you've always
+felt like the strip
+
+method of making
+anything is cheating,
+
+here's a nice formal sense
+in which it's cheating.
+
+We didn't realize it until we
+start talking about Origamizer
+
+which does not have
+this cheating sense.
+
+So here I'm trying to
+make a 3D surface, looks
+
+like a saddle
+surface, by a strip.
+
+If I just visited the guys in
+this nice zigzag order, which
+
+I know is possible, I get all
+these slits down the sides.
+
+This thing would not hold water.
+
+If you poured water
+on it, it would
+
+fall through all the cracks.
+
+And if I fold it right,
+like in this picture,
+
+there should be
+no seems in here.
+
+The square, the boundary of the
+squares is what's drawn in red.
+
+So here the boundary
+of your piece of paper
+
+gets mapped all over the place.
+
+So it's lots of holes.
+
+Here, I want the
+boundary of the paper
+
+to be the same as the
+boundary of the surface.
+
+So the only place the water
+to run off is at the edge.
+
+I mean, obviously, this
+thing is not a closed solid.
+
+But if you actually
+made a cube, you're
+
+still going to get some
+edge because the boundary
+
+paper has to go somewhere.
+
+But if you then
+sewed up the edge,
+
+it would totally hold water.
+
+So that is the informal
+version of watertight.
+
+The formal version
+is the boundary
+
+of the paper maps within
+some tiny distance
+
+epsilon of the boundary
+of the surface, boundary
+
+of the polyhedron.
+
+And here, when I say
+polyhedron, I really
+
+means something that's
+topologically a disk.
+
+Brief topology.
+
+This is a disk.
+
+This is a disk.
+
+This is not a disk.
+
+Cube is not a disk.
+
+It's a sphere.
+
+This is a disk.
+
+A piece of paper is a disk.
+
+So really the only things
+you could fold topologically
+
+in a pure sense in a water
+tight sense are disks.
+
+You can't glue things together.
+
+That's not in the rules.
+
+So I can't make--
+I could fold this.
+
+But I'd have to have
+an extra seem somewhere
+
+in order to make this
+thing just be a disk.
+
+I could fold a cube.
+
+But I have to have
+some seem somewhere.
+
+Here-- the top-- a square
+gets cut into four pieces
+
+in order to make it into a disk.
+
+Any higher topology can be
+cut down and made a disk.
+
+So this is still universal.
+
+But in terms of the
+water tightness,
+
+you have to think
+about the disk version.
+
+AUDIENCE: Erik?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Even when you go
+back and forth with the script
+
+method, you could argue that
+that was topologically a disk.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+Anything, any folding you make
+is still topologically a disk.
+
+This is making a disk.
+
+But it's doesn't
+preserve the boundary.
+
+AUDIENCE: It what?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's not
+preserving the boundary.
+
+So yeah.
+
+Any origami, you're
+still disk like,
+
+and you're watertight
+for some disk surface.
+
+But I want to make this disk
+surface with that boundary.
+
+And watertightness is supposed
+to match the given boundary.
+
+But that boundary
+must form a disk.
+
+That's the point.
+
+I can't say, oh, there's
+no boundary in a cube.
+
+So you have-- so the boundary
+of paper goes nowhere.
+
+That's not allowed.
+
+So you get to specify it,
+but it has to be a disk.
+
+I'm going to wave
+my hand some more.
+
+There's another feature which
+you can see in this picture.
+
+This is a schematic of what
+Origamizer would produce which
+
+is that there's some
+extra stuff underneath.
+
+It's slightly lighter because
+it's on the bottom side there.
+
+But you can see
+along every edge,
+
+these are the edges of
+the actual polyhedron.
+
+And then, there's these
+extra little tabs,
+
+extra flaps on the underside.
+
+This is actually necessary.
+
+If you want
+watertightness, you can't
+
+fold exactly that polyhedron.
+
+You fold a slightly
+thickened version.
+
+But you can keep all
+those flaps on one side.
+
+So if you're making
+something like a cube,
+
+you can put all the
+garbage on the inside
+
+where no one can see it.
+
+So there's another feature
+here is we get a little extra.
+
+And that's necessary if
+you want watertightness.
+
+And it's sort of
+the trick that makes
+
+all of this possible
+and efficient and so on.
+
+So the high level
+idea of Origamizer
+
+is we're going to say,
+there's all these faces
+
+that we need to make.
+
+So just plop them down on
+the piece of paper somewhere.
+
+And then, fold away the excess.
+
+Get rid of it by tucking.
+
+And that excess
+paper is going to get
+
+mapped into these
+little chunks here.
+
+And maybe I'll show you a demo.
+
+So you takes
+something like-- this
+
+is similar to the
+thing I was showing.
+
+And I forgot a mouse.
+
+There are all the
+faces in the plane.
+
+And they've conveniently
+already been arranged.
+
+I can't zoom out because
+I lack scroll wheel.
+
+But there's a square
+that makes the-- yeah,
+
+or a multi-touch trackpad.
+
+Sorry.
+
+And all the faces
+are just there.
+
+And then there's
+this extra stuff.
+
+And now I say-- I should
+probably do this, too.
+
+Maybe not.
+
+Well, all right.
+
+And then I say, crease pattern.
+
+Boom.
+
+That folds away the excess.
+
+And then, just the
+white faces, these guys
+
+which correspond faces
+over there, are used.
+
+And then, you just fold
+away the extra junk.
+
+Easy.
+
+You want to make a bunny.
+
+This is actually
+an example where
+
+it will not work by itself.
+
+Because as I said,
+this algorithm
+
+is not quite guaranteed to work.
+
+So I'm going to change
+the boundary little bit
+
+by cutting to the ears.
+
+And so this is still--
+it was a disk before.
+
+It's a disk after because
+there's this boundary here.
+
+But it turns out,
+now the algorithm
+
+will work, assuming
+I didn't mess up.
+
+It's bouncing
+around a little bit.
+
+You can see it's
+pretty efficient here.
+
+There's very tiny gaps
+between the triangles.
+
+There's actually a little
+bit a violation here.
+
+What's happening, which you
+can see here, is, on the inside
+
+are all this extra
+structure, these flaps.
+
+And sometimes they're so
+big that they actually
+
+penetrate the surface.
+
+But that can be dealt with by
+just a little bit of cutting,
+
+maybe a little more cutting.
+
+Not cutting in
+the literal sense.
+
+But we just subdivided
+these panels
+
+into lots of smaller panels.
+
+And now, it is valid.
+
+This not the design that
+you've seen on the poster.
+
+The design on poster's
+little more efficient.
+
+I'm not so expert.
+
+I'm not so pro that I can
+make exactly that design.
+
+So it's a little inefficient
+on the sides here.
+
+But you can use this tool
+to make super complicated 3D
+
+models.
+
+Let me quickly tell you what
+goes into the algorithm.
+
+So the first part
+is to figure out
+
+where all these tucks
+are going to go.
+
+They lie essentially
+along angular bisectors
+
+on one side of every edge.
+
+But at the vertices, things
+are super complicated.
+
+And in general, if you have a
+non-convex surface with tons
+
+of material coming together,
+what I'd like to do
+
+is add lots of little
+flaps on the side.
+
+So that when I
+open it up-- so let
+
+me draw you a generic picture.
+
+So we have two faces
+coming together.
+
+What I'd like to do
+is add a flap here
+
+and a corresponding
+one just behind it.
+
+So that's sort of a tab.
+
+And I can unfold that and
+think of some other surface
+
+that I'm trying to fold.
+
+So I really wanted just
+those two polygons.
+
+But now, I've made some other
+thing which is still a disk.
+
+You can add those faces in
+such a way that you will have,
+
+at most, 360 degrees
+of material everywhere.
+
+So even though in
+the original thing,
+
+you had maybe tons of material
+coming together which you
+
+cannot make with real paper,
+you add in a bunch of tabs along
+
+the edges and a few
+more at the vertices.
+
+You can fix things so
+that the thing is actually
+
+makeable from one
+sheet of paper.
+
+That's the high level idea.
+
+Doing that is a bit detailed.
+
+The paper isn't even published.
+
+These are some figures from it.
+
+But this is some--
+way this is how
+
+you resolve a vertex with
+some triangulation stuff.
+
+Each of these corresponds to
+a flap in the original thing.
+
+And then, this is where
+we're a little impractical.
+
+It doesn't quite
+match what we do
+
+in practice in the
+computer program.
+
+But the idea is, you imagine,
+you have your faces which
+
+you want to bring
+together somehow.
+
+They're distributed in the
+piece of paper somewhere.
+
+But you'd really like
+to connect them together
+
+when they have matching edges.
+
+So this edge might
+be glued to some edge
+
+of some other triangle.
+
+And I need to just navigate
+these little river-like strips
+
+to visit one edge
+from the other.
+
+And we proved that if these
+guys are sufficiently tiny,
+
+you can always do that.
+
+And of course, in reality,
+you want to arrange things,
+
+so you can do it efficiently
+with little wastage.
+
+But we proved at least it's
+possible with this kind
+
+of wiggly path stuff.
+
+So now our picture, the
+thing we're trying to make
+
+looks something like that.
+
+Where we have-- originally
+it was four triangles,
+
+the gray triangles.
+
+We added in these extra
+flaps so that it's
+
+nice and well-behaved.
+
+And each of those flaps we're
+covering from both sides.
+
+And if you think the red
+diagram-- I'll get this right.
+
+The red diagram
+corresponds to that.
+
+It's just been kind of squashed.
+
+So there are four
+triangles, which
+
+correspond to the
+four top flaps.
+
+And there's this outer chunk
+which corresponds to that flap.
+
+And then, you look at the dual
+which is the blue diagram.
+
+You take that
+picture, and that's
+
+how you set up the crease
+pattern essentially.
+
+So these are the
+original four triangles.
+
+And then.
+
+There's all this
+stuff that represents
+
+the structure of that
+thing that we want to make.
+
+And then, you just have to fill
+in the creases in the middle.
+
+And you do that just
+with something--
+
+this is how you do it
+guaranteed correct.
+
+And we saw I had to do
+lots of subdivision here.
+
+What I called,
+accidentally, cutting.
+
+But just lots of pleats there.
+
+Because, essentially,
+this is the edge.
+
+And we want that edge to
+lie in a tiny little tab.
+
+So it's got to go up
+and down and up and down
+
+and up and down,
+accordion style.
+
+And if you do it
+right, all those things
+
+will collapse down to
+a little tab attached
+
+to that edge which is
+also attach that edge.
+
+And they will get joined up.
+
+Then, you've got to get rid of
+all this stuff in the middle.
+
+And rough idea is,
+if you pack it with--
+
+or I guess you
+cover it with disks
+
+so that everything
+is again very tiny.
+
+And you fold what's called the
+[INAUDIBLE] with those points.
+
+And it works.
+
+It's a complicated
+but very cool.
+
+And the paper hopefully will
+be released later this year
+
+finally.
+
+And that's Origamizer.
+
+And that's efficient
+origami design.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ay6wUNvEqxs.txt b/Ay6wUNvEqxs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..854614f6dd1e7bb98d0641dd0752ae5c455f5f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ay6wUNvEqxs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice to see you all again so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to see you all again so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice to see you all again so we're going
+to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about
+um the family so I'm going to today talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the family so I'm going to today talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the family so I'm going to today talk
+about basic intra household bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about basic intra household bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about basic intra household bargaining
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models
+um sort of building in some sense kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of building in some sense kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of building in some sense kind
+of building us up to the udri reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building us up to the udri reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of building us up to the udri reading
+that you guys did today for today on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys did today for today on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys did today for today on
+sort of testing for sort of Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of testing for sort of Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of testing for sort of Pareto
+efficiency in the household and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the household and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency in the household and then
+Esser is going to come back and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esser is going to come back and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esser is going to come back and talk
+about other sort of gender and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other sort of gender and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other sort of gender and within
+the family issues next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family issues next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the family issues next time
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just by way of background right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by way of background right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by way of background right so in
+some sense so far we've extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense so far we've extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense so far we've extract
+abstracted from households right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted from households right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracted from households right so what
+I meant by what we mean by that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant by what we mean by that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant by what we mean by that is you
+know we sort of assumed right that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we sort of assumed right that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we sort of assumed right that a
+household had like a single utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household had like a single utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household had like a single utility
+function U of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function U of x
+you know where X is like everything they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where X is like everything they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know where X is like everything they
+could be consumed we had some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be consumed we had some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be consumed we had some you know
+some wealth or whatever and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wealth or whatever and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wealth or whatever and we have the
+price of the you know PX is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the you know PX is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the you know PX is less than
+W's and budget constraints right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and budget constraints right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's and budget constraints right so
+that's the unitary household model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unitary household model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the unitary household model
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but of course as we know the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course as we know the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course as we know the real world
+is more complicated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more complicated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more complicated than that
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+households consists you know typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households consists you know typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households consists you know typically
+you know many households are there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many households are there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many households are there there
+are spouses right often people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spouses right often people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spouses right often people are
+married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married
+um and those spouses need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those spouses need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and those spouses need to make
+decisions together about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions together about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions together about their
+consumption choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption choices
+okay and that can be both statically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that can be both statically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that can be both statically and
+dynamically I'm going to mostly talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically I'm going to mostly talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamically I'm going to mostly talk
+about static choices today but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about static choices today but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about static choices today but I'll
+mention at least hopefully at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention at least hopefully at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention at least hopefully at the very
+end a example of a dynamic choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end a example of a dynamic choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end a example of a dynamic choice
+and also you may imagine that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you may imagine that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you may imagine that different
+spouses may have different control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses may have different control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouses may have different control over
+different types of assets or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of assets or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of assets or different
+consumption decisions and this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decisions and this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decisions and this may be
+relevant uh you know for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh you know for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant uh you know for some
+development issues okay so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development issues okay so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development issues okay so that's this
+is the friend this is The Benchmark and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the friend this is The Benchmark and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the friend this is The Benchmark and
+the question is is that kind of a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is that kind of a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is is that kind of a useful
+Benchmark and when do we actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark and when do we actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benchmark and when do we actually need
+to take into account the fact that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account the fact that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take into account the fact that sort
+of actually there are different decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually there are different decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually there are different decision
+makers in the household and they may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers in the household and they may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers in the household and they may be
+sort of interacting in kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interacting in kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interacting in kind of different
+ways or when it's simplification kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or when it's simplification kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways or when it's simplification kind of
+a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good one
+okay so you know there's sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know there's sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know there's sort of a a
+long literature that sort of started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long literature that sort of started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long literature that sort of started
+with these papers by chiapori Browning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these papers by chiapori Browning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these papers by chiapori Browning
+and boring young which were about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boring young which were about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boring young which were about sort
+of testing this unitary model and trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing this unitary model and trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing this unitary model and trying
+to see if we can accept it or reject it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we can accept it or reject it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if we can accept it or reject it
+okay and the paper you guys read for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the paper you guys read for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the paper you guys read for
+today is one example of one the third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is one example of one the third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is one example of one the third of
+about an example of sort of testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an example of sort of testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an example of sort of testing the
+unitary model but there are others okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary model but there are others okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary model but there are others okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here's a model they're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a model they're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a model they're going to start
+with they're going to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they're going to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they're going to start with a
+um or here's how you sort of build this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or here's how you sort of build this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or here's how you sort of build this
+up right so how would you build this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so how would you build this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right so how would you build this up
+you'd imagine basically that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd imagine basically that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd imagine basically that there's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Luke I'll show you this in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke I'll show you this in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Luke I'll show you this in a second
+we're going to have a joint utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a joint utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a joint utility
+function that's going to be a way some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to be a way some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's going to be a way some
+weighted sum of individual utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of individual utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of individual utility
+functions right and that can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right and that can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions right and that can be very
+general like I can care about my spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general like I can care about my spouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general like I can care about my spouse
+or my spouse and care about me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my spouse and care about me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or my spouse and care about me or
+whatever but it's individual utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but it's individual utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever but it's individual utility
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+and there are going to be some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are going to be some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are going to be some kind of
+Weights between those two utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights between those two utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights between those two utility
+functions okay and those are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and those are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions okay and those are going to be
+determined by bargaining or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by bargaining or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by bargaining or something
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what we're going to see is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to see is that we're
+going to see that basically households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that basically households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see that basically households
+are going to be maximizing this sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be maximizing this sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be maximizing this sum of
+wheat in this model the way actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat in this model the way actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat in this model the way actually is
+going to sum of weight utility and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum of weight utility and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sum of weight utility and
+that's going to imply Pareto efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to imply Pareto efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to imply Pareto efficiency
+right the pro efficiency means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the pro efficiency means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the pro efficiency means that
+we're if you can think about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're if you can think about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're if you can think about sort of
+like the the the there shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the the there shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the the there shouldn't be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know for example as a test us on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example as a test us on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example as a test us on the
+YouTube paper the particular allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube paper the particular allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube paper the particular allocation
+of control over certain types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control over certain types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of control over certain types of
+production in the household that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the household that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production in the household that
+shouldn't sort of change the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't sort of change the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't sort of change the total
+amount sort of produced in the household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount sort of produced in the household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount sort of produced in the household
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+okay but let's let's just show what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's let's just show what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's let's just show what this
+means okay so imagine that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay so imagine that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means okay so imagine that basically
+there's two household members a man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two household members a man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two household members a man and
+a woman just as a as an example right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman just as a as an example right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a woman just as a as an example right to
+so the utility of each is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utility of each is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utility of each is going to be
+um and UF right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and UF right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and UF right
+um where q m and qf are the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where q m and qf are the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where q m and qf are the private
+consumption of the the the man and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the the the man and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of the the the man and the
+woman and Q is public consumption okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and Q is public consumption okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and Q is public consumption okay
+so note for example this is very general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so note for example this is very general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so note for example this is very general
+right this can this can allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this can this can allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this can this can allow me to
+carry my wife's utility my web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry my wife's utility my web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry my wife's utility my web
+consumption and vice versa okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and vice versa okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption and vice versa okay but
+these are only individual utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are only individual utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are only individual utility
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+so we have some Vector of consumption q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some Vector of consumption q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have some Vector of consumption q
+and some Vector of price is p we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some Vector of price is p we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some Vector of price is p we also
+can allow the prices paid to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can allow the prices paid to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can allow the prices paid to be
+different Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Maybe
+we set up some bargaining weights Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up some bargaining weights Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we set up some bargaining weights Lambda
+Lambda by the way if I'm going too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda by the way if I'm going too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda by the way if I'm going too fast
+let me know and also the the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know and also the the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me know and also the the slides
+should all be posted on campus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be posted on campus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be posted on campus you
+should probably be able to have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably be able to have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably be able to have them
+okay so um we have some bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um we have some bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um we have some bargaining
+weights Lambda M and Lambda f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights Lambda M and Lambda f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights Lambda M and Lambda f
+so the household's utility is just given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the household's utility is just given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the household's utility is just given
+by the sum of the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sum of the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the sum of the utilities
+right so the household together is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the household together is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the household together is going
+to maximize some of these utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize some of these utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize some of these utilities
+subject to this um joint budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to this um joint budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to this um joint budget
+constraint okay where and the joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay where and the joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint okay where and the joint
+budget constraint we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint we're going to have
+the the total consumption is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the total consumption is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the total consumption is equal to
+the total incomes so note a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total incomes so note a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total incomes so note a couple of
+things that are that are important about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are that are important about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are that are important about
+this very simple setup right one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple setup right one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very simple setup right one is the
+incomes just add together here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes just add together here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes just add together here
+on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side
+right there's nothing special about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nothing special about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nothing special about
+husbands income or wife's income they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husbands income or wife's income they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husbands income or wife's income they're
+all just it goes into this Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just it goes into this Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all just it goes into this Collective
+income right and then they bargain over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income right and then they bargain over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income right and then they bargain over
+it right but so so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but so so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right but so so this is going to be
+this is going to be one of the tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be one of the tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be one of the tests
+that we're going to look for that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to look for that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to look for that's
+going to be a test of income pooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a test of income pooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a test of income pooling
+okay the other thing that you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing that you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other thing that you should
+note is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this point
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+if we hold the bargaining weights fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we hold the bargaining weights fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we hold the bargaining weights fixed
+that actually even though this model had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually even though this model had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually even though this model had
+two different individuals who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different individuals who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different individuals who were
+making their their decisions separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making their their decisions separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making their their decisions separately
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this is actually going to look just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to look just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to look just like
+the unitary household again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary household again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unitary household again
+right why because if I hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why because if I hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why because if I hold the
+bargaining weights fixed right Lambda M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights fixed right Lambda M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights fixed right Lambda M
+and Lambda F Lambda M Lambda F I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda F Lambda M Lambda F I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lambda F Lambda M Lambda F I can
+just Define a new utility function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define a new utility function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define a new utility function which
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+the sum of the weighted sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the weighted sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the weighted sum of these
+utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+this is actually sort of a can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually sort of a can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually sort of a can be a
+challenge right uh for sort of testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right uh for sort of testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge right uh for sort of testing
+these things in the data right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in the data right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in the data right it's
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they actually end up looking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually end up looking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually end up looking very
+similar they can look very similar in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they can look very similar in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar they can look very similar in a
+lot of contexts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of contexts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of contexts
+right so even though here we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even though here we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even though here we might have
+sort of you know in different individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know in different individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know in different individual
+utilities and and people care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and and people care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and and people care about
+caring for different things if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring for different things if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring for different things if the
+bargaining weights are fixed then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights are fixed then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights are fixed then then
+it ends up looking a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up looking a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ends up looking a lot like the
+unitary household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary household
+so what do we do with this okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do with this okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do with this okay so um
+so we basically this is going to lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we basically this is going to lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we basically this is going to lead to
+two types of tests uh for sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of tests uh for sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two types of tests uh for sort of
+whether or not we should be thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we should be thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not we should be thinking of
+kind of a unitary Health Organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a unitary Health Organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a unitary Health Organization
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+the first kind of test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first kind of test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first kind of test
+is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to come
+from this income pooling idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this income pooling idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this income pooling idea
+which is to say does income from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say does income from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say does income from
+different like it does you know if a man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like it does you know if a man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different like it does you know if a man
+gets a woman if say the the man or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a woman if say the the man or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a woman if say the the man or the
+spout you know one spouse the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spout you know one spouse the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spout you know one spouse the other
+spouse gets it gets gets um gets income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse gets it gets gets um gets income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spouse gets it gets gets um gets income
+does that affect the patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect the patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect the patterns of
+consumption right and the income pooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption right and the income pooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption right and the income pooling
+test says it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test says it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test says it shouldn't
+second thing that we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing that we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing that we're going to come
+from is we're going to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is we're going to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from is we're going to say well
+maybe we can think about something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can think about something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can think about something that
+affects the bargaining weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the bargaining weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the bargaining weights
+and if I can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I can think about
+um different types of interventions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different types of interventions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different types of interventions or
+policies or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies or things like that
+are gonna affect the Lambda M's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna affect the Lambda M's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna affect the Lambda M's and
+Lambda F's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda F's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda F's
+and I say well if I change something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say well if I change something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say well if I change something
+that looks like it's going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like it's going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like it's going to sort of
+increase the the say the wife's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the the say the wife's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the the say the wife's
+programming power in a variety of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming power in a variety of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming power in a variety of ways
+does that change the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that change the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that change the pattern of
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+okay and that's also going to be a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's also going to be a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's also going to be a test
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+okay so those are going to be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are going to be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are going to be kind of
+two those are going to be two classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two those are going to be two classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two those are going to be two classes of
+tests the third class of tests is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests the third class of tests is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests the third class of tests is going
+to be like the one the one in the udri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like the one the one in the udri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be like the one the one in the udri
+example which is about going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is about going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is about going to be a
+Pareto efficiency which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto efficiency which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pareto efficiency which we'll talk about
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+okay so that's just like the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just like the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's just like the basic
+setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup
+is that I kind of went through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I kind of went through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I kind of went through that
+really fast I think but is that clear do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast I think but is that clear do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast I think but is that clear do
+you guys have questions you should stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have questions you should stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have questions you should stop
+me if I'm going too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm going too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm going too fast
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so okay so I think this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so I think this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so I think this is basically
+what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just said
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here are some examples of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples of um uh
+so I said we're not going to observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said we're not going to observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said we're not going to observe the
+bargaining weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights
+we're going to make we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make we're gonna
+um we're going to uh to make assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to uh to make assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to uh to make assumptions
+about them and this is sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and this is sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and this is sort of the
+incomplete test I already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete test I already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete test I already talked about
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh the other thing which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the other thing which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the other thing which is going to be
+useful relevant for sort of making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful relevant for sort of making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful relevant for sort of making these
+tests for the empirical test we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests for the empirical test we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests for the empirical test we're going
+to talk about is we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about is we're going to have to
+go back to these cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had like
+qf and qm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf and qm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qf and qm
+technically if you just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically if you just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically if you just look at this
+model the identity of what is a qf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the identity of what is a qf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the identity of what is a qf and
+what is a qm is irrelevant if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a qm is irrelevant if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a qm is irrelevant if I want to
+test imagine I had a good exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test imagine I had a good exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test imagine I had a good exogenous
+shock and bargaining weights I'm you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock and bargaining weights I'm you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock and bargaining weights I'm you
+know anything if that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything if that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything if that changes the
+distribution of the qfs and the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the qfs and the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the qfs and the and the
+qms I can already kind of reject kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qms I can already kind of reject kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qms I can already kind of reject kind of
+a single unitary house model right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single unitary house model right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single unitary house model right it
+doesn't matter what the what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what the what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what the what the what
+the what the different cues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the different cues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the different cues are
+but it might be nice to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be nice to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it might be nice to be a little more
+precise about our predictions right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise about our predictions right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise about our predictions right if
+we had certain ideas that sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had certain ideas that sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had certain ideas that sort of like
+you know there were quote women's Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were quote women's Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were quote women's Goods
+or quote men's Goods right then we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quote men's Goods right then we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quote men's Goods right then we might
+be able to generate sort of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to generate sort of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to generate sort of a more
+specific test right sort of a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific test right sort of a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific test right sort of a more
+directional test which is to say like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional test which is to say like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional test which is to say like oh
+if we have something to increase bargain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have something to increase bargain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have something to increase bargain
+power and we know that women like Dustin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and we know that women like Dustin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and we know that women like Dustin
+such you know we can look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such you know we can look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such you know we can look at these
+particular types of goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular types of goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular types of goods
+and I say actually there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say actually there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I say actually there's a there's a
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+they're sort of identifying that is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of identifying that is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of identifying that is hard
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um You you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um You you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um You you can
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+people make assumptions sometimes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make assumptions sometimes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make assumptions sometimes of
+what are some Goods that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some Goods that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some Goods that look like
+um men's Goods but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um men's Goods but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um men's Goods but actually
+there are many types of goods that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many types of goods that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many types of goods that we
+may have like similar uh different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have like similar uh different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have like similar uh different
+preferences on that men or women may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences on that men or women may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences on that men or women may
+have different preferences on a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different preferences on a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different preferences on a lot of
+it has to be like that if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be like that if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be like that if you want to
+look at the number of the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the number of the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the number of the amount of
+goods that are sort of strictly consumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that are sort of strictly consumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that are sort of strictly consumed
+by men are strictly consumed by women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by men are strictly consumed by women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by men are strictly consumed by women
+for example that can actually be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that can actually be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that can actually be pretty
+small right there's there are examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right there's there are examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small right there's there are examples
+like that that people have used but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that people have used but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that people have used but
+there's not a huge set that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a huge set that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a huge set that looks like
+that plus you know it also can be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus you know it also can be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plus you know it also can be tricky
+if you have kind of a you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have kind of a you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have kind of a you know the the
+uh you know the the altruistic utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the altruistic utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know the the altruistic utility
+right you might say for example maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might say for example maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you might say for example maybe
+maybe women in the house will wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe women in the house will wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe women in the house will wear
+jewelry and men tend not to wear jewelry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewelry and men tend not to wear jewelry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jewelry and men tend not to wear jewelry
+but of course you know we all know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you know we all know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course you know we all know that
+that men can sometimes give jewelry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that men can sometimes give jewelry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that men can sometimes give jewelry to
+their wives so Universe you know so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wives so Universe you know so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their wives so Universe you know so it
+can be complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be complicated
+but but if we do have kind of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if we do have kind of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but if we do have kind of these
+these more specific tests sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more specific tests sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more specific tests sometimes
+people take the view of like oh I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take the view of like oh I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people take the view of like oh I can
+identify the following as Goods that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the following as Goods that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the following as Goods that are
+associated with particular types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with particular types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with particular types of
+household members and I can generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household members and I can generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household members and I can generate a
+directional test like if the income of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional test like if the income of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional test like if the income of
+that person increases do we get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person increases do we get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person increases do we get kind of
+more of their consumption that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of their consumption that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of their consumption that's kind of
+a a joint test of both income pooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a joint test of both income pooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a joint test of both income pooling
+and kind of of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of of this uh
+uh a different a different consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so here are some examples by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some examples by the way
+that people have used in the in the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have used in the in the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have used in the in the um
+in the literature to sort of think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature to sort of think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the literature to sort of think about
+some of these issues right so and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these issues right so and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these issues right so and I'm
+curious actually maybe we can pause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious actually maybe we can pause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious actually maybe we can pause for
+that so here are different things people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here are different things people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here are different things people
+have used as sort of either sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used as sort of either sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have used as sort of either sources of
+variation in the bargaining power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the bargaining power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the bargaining power of the
+household so like different amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so like different amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so like different amounts of
+earned income from different household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income from different household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income from different household
+members say maybe the age Gap resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members say maybe the age Gap resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members say maybe the age Gap resources
+brought to the marriage uh unearned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to the marriage uh unearned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought to the marriage uh unearned
+income divorce laws there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income divorce laws there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income divorce laws there's a whole
+literature actually you started I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature actually you started I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature actually you started I think
+in the U.S on sort of changing from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S on sort of changing from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the U.S on sort of changing from uh
+making divorce easier right as sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making divorce easier right as sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making divorce easier right as sort of a
+change in bargaining power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in bargaining power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in bargaining power
+um where one is about the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where one is about the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where one is about the sort of
+scarcity in the marriage market so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity in the marriage market so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarcity in the marriage market so what
+do you guys think of these as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys think of these as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you guys think of these as sort of
+like as a as examples of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as a as examples of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as a as examples of things that you
+use test for bargaining power too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use test for bargaining power too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use test for bargaining power too many
+thoughtfulness it seems sensible not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtfulness it seems sensible not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtfulness it seems sensible not
+sensible or other ones you'd put on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible or other ones you'd put on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible or other ones you'd put on this
+list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list
+first of all do you understand why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all do you understand why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all do you understand why these
+things are might be like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are might be like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are might be like why
+you might think of these so someone give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of these so someone give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of these so someone give
+me an example of how you might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an example of how you might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me an example of how you might think of
+one of these as being related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these as being related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these as being related to
+bargaining power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power
+in the in the K in the example I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the K in the example I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the K in the example I just
+set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somebody yeah right remember your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody yeah right remember your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody yeah right remember your name
+sorry Whitney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Whitney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Whitney
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+with the divorce law example maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the divorce law example maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the divorce law example maybe you
+could think that if there's a law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think that if there's a law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think that if there's a law that
+makes it easier for women to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier for women to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it easier for women to get a
+divorce then right have increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce then right have increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce then right have increased
+bargaining power in the household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power in the household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power in the household
+because they can say if they don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can say if they don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they can say if they don't like
+the way that things are going they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that things are going they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that things are going they'll
+just leave right change the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave right change the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave right change the land
+exactly so if you think about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you think about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if you think about how many
+of you guys have seen like uh bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys have seen like uh bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys have seen like uh bargaining
+models in in Game Theory or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in in Game Theory or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in in Game Theory or in
+in micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in micro
+some of you only some of you so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you only some of you so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you only some of you so right
+the way a typical bargaining model might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a typical bargaining model might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a typical bargaining model might
+work is to say like you know we each get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is to say like you know we each get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is to say like you know we each get
+our outside option and some share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our outside option and some share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our outside option and some share of the
+Surplus that's kind of the standard Nash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus that's kind of the standard Nash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus that's kind of the standard Nash
+bargaining solution right so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining solution right so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining solution right so imagine
+that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically
+um uh if divorce basically says my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if divorce basically says my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh if divorce basically says my
+outside option has changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option has changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option has changed
+right if my if it's giving me a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if my if it's giving me a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if my if it's giving me a better
+outside option like if we don't agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option like if we don't agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option like if we don't agree on
+how we're going to share resources in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to share resources in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to share resources in
+this marriage I can leave right if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marriage I can leave right if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this marriage I can leave right if that
+differentially increases the outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially increases the outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially increases the outside
+option of one side versus the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of one side versus the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of one side versus the other side
+that could you could think of that as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could you could think of that as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could you could think of that as an
+increase in bargaining power right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in bargaining power right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in bargaining power right but
+you'd have to it would have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to it would have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to it would have to be a
+divorce law that sort of so that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce law that sort of so that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorce law that sort of so that sort of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's complicated is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's complicated is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's complicated is that you know
+you've make you think of it as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've make you think of it as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've make you think of it as sort of
+from the model's perspective it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model's perspective it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model's perspective it's you
+know if you're both stuck in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're both stuck in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're both stuck in this
+marriage right it's not totally obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage right it's not totally obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage right it's not totally obvious
+how sort of moving from say uh moving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sort of moving from say uh moving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sort of moving from say uh moving to
+unilateral divorce necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unilateral divorce necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unilateral divorce necessarily
+um increases I mean it definitely means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um increases I mean it definitely means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um increases I mean it definitely means
+that both sides outside option become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both sides outside option become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that both sides outside option become
+more relevant but you know you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relevant but you know you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relevant but you know you think
+it's not obviously signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obviously signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not obviously signed
+I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think
+is an empirical matter I think it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an empirical matter I think it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an empirical matter I think it does
+turn out to increase the women's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to increase the women's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to increase the women's uh
+bargaining power but I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power but I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power but I think you know
+from a model perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+it's not entirely clear to me like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not entirely clear to me like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not entirely clear to me like which
+direction you would expect that to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you would expect that to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you would expect that to go
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you would expect that like a larger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that like a larger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that like a larger in
+each graph has and uh causes an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each graph has and uh causes an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each graph has and uh causes an increase
+in The Barking power of a younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Barking power of a younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in The Barking power of a younger
+individual in some circumstances maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in some circumstances maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual in some circumstances maybe
+you'll be older individuals in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be older individuals in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be older individuals in other
+circumstances what what sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances what what sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances what what sort of like
+that take that I guess the age Gap paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take that I guess the age Gap paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take that I guess the age Gap paper
+or literature to try to pitch it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or literature to try to pitch it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or literature to try to pitch it's a
+good that's a good example I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's a good example I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's a good example I actually
+don't it's a good example I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's a good example I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't it's a good example I'm trying to
+think of one off the top of my head you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of one off the top of my head you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of one off the top of my head you
+know you might imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you might imagine that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you might imagine I think that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine I think that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might imagine I think that in a
+bigger age a bigger age gap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger age a bigger age gap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger age a bigger age gap between
+particularly if spouses are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if spouses are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if spouses are getting
+married where sort of the the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married where sort of the the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+married where sort of the the you know
+one of them is very young you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is very young you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is very young you might
+imagine that they're sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they're sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that they're sort of not
+as good bargainers or as in a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good bargainers or as in a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good bargainers or as in a strong
+kind of a bargaining position uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bargaining position uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a bargaining position uh their
+outside option may not be as good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option may not be as good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option may not be as good if
+they can't if they can't leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't if they can't leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't if they can't leave
+um or you may just imagine that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you may just imagine that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or you may just imagine that sort of
+it's yeah I think that's probably what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah I think that's probably what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's yeah I think that's probably what I
+would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other comments other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments other thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other comments other thoughts
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+we don't know the or can we say can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know the or can we say can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know the or can we say can we
+find the professional Asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the professional Asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the professional Asia
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+either way so what so give me an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so what so give me an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either way so what so give me an example
+of a story where it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a story where it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a story where it goes
+where a larger age get so give me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a larger age get so give me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a larger age get so give me what
+do you mean like I will so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean like I will so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you mean like I will so I would
+assume say if it's at 30 year old horse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume say if it's at 30 year old horse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume say if it's at 30 year old horse
+than 18 year old I would assume that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 18 year old I would assume that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 18 year old I would assume that to
+have a job to be in favor of 30 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a job to be in favor of 30 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a job to be in favor of 30 year old
+but if it's a 30 year old or a 75 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a 30 year old or a 75 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's a 30 year old or a 75 year
+old I would assume that at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old I would assume that at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old I would assume that at some point it
+should go I don't know yeah so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go I don't know yeah so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go I don't know yeah so actually
+so here's my my basic takeaway from all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my my basic takeaway from all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my my basic takeaway from all
+this like the way I would want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like the way I would want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like the way I would want to think
+about all of this is to say like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of this is to say like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of this is to say like let's
+set up a bargaining model and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a bargaining model and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up a bargaining model and let's
+think about how these things affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how these things affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how these things affect
+would affect kind of your bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would affect kind of your bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would affect kind of your bargaining
+position like you know simple simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position like you know simple simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position like you know simple simple
+bargaining model where each get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining model where each get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining model where each get our
+outside option plus some share of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option plus some share of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option plus some share of the
+Surplus right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus right that's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+not necessarily formally the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily formally the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily formally the same but
+that's kind of how I would think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of how I would think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of how I would think about
+sort of changing this and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of changing this and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of changing this and I think
+um the question is how would you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is how would you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the question is how would you think
+about each of these like which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these like which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about each of these like which of these
+are really clear in that and I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really clear in that and I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really clear in that and I agree
+with you it's not totally obvious maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you it's not totally obvious maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you it's not totally obvious maybe
+the 75 year old you're saying has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 75 year old you're saying has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 75 year old you're saying has no
+outset option right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset option right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset option right
+um but um which of these do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um which of these do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but um which of these do you think
+actually like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like really
+does map very clearly into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does map very clearly into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does map very clearly into that
+threshold yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold yeah
+which one earn the income earned income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one earn the income earned income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one earn the income earned income
+doesn't say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but but try to put that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but try to put that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but but try to put that into the
+bargaining perspective so like imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining perspective so like imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining perspective so like imagine
+what how do you think about that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do you think about that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do you think about that from
+the bargaining perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bargaining perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bargaining perspective
+so why is it the case if you earn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it the case if you earn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is it the case if you earn the
+money you were in the shops okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you were in the shops okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money you were in the shops okay so if I
+will pull my money or if I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull my money or if I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pull my money or if I started
+bargaining with my money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining with my money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining with my money
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected
+utility out of this bargain model or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility out of this bargain model or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility out of this bargain model or you
+know having like or giving in some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having like or giving in some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know having like or giving in some of
+that into the pooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into the pooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into the pooling
+comes with a higher opportunity cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with a higher opportunity cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with a higher opportunity cost
+yeah so but let's try to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but let's try to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but let's try to be a little
+more precise right so imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise right so imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precise right so imagine that
+basically like the we have the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like the we have the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like the we have the you know
+let's call it the outside option uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it the outside option uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it the outside option uh of
+the man and the outside option of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man and the outside option of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man and the outside option of the of
+the woman and we have for example and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman and we have for example and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman and we have for example and so
+the and we have some let's imagine we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and we have some let's imagine we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and we have some let's imagine we're
+gonna you know have some in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you know have some in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you know have some in this case
+fixed bargaining weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed bargaining weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed bargaining weight
+um Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Alpha
+right so what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what's going to happen is
+they're going to and and if they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to and and if they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to and and if they can
+agree on on everything together they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on on everything together they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on on everything together they get
+some joint Surplus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some joint Surplus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some joint Surplus s
+right so the the man's outcome is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the man's outcome is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the man's outcome is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+s minus o m minus o f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus o m minus o f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s minus o m minus o f
+times Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Alpha
+plus om
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus om
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus om
+and the woman's outcome is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the woman's outcome is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the woman's outcome is going to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+1 minus Theta s minus o m minus o f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Theta s minus o m minus o f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus Theta s minus o m minus o f
+plus of right so this is the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of right so this is the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus of right so this is the standard
+Nash bargaining solution with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash bargaining solution with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nash bargaining solution with like a
+constant with the with simple simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with the with simple simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with the with simple simple
+simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple case
+um like constant fixed bargaining weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like constant fixed bargaining weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like constant fixed bargaining weight
+uh Alpha and kind of a surplus from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha and kind of a surplus from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Alpha and kind of a surplus from
+agreement that's just sort of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that's just sort of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement that's just sort of um uh
+fixed or whatever okay so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed or whatever okay so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed or whatever okay so this is a
+simple setup I was just describing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple setup I was just describing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple setup I was just describing that
+basically says if we if we disagree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if we if we disagree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says if we if we disagree and
+don't you know can't agree on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know can't agree on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you know can't agree on anything
+the man gets o f the woman gets of sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man gets o f the woman gets of sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man gets o f the woman gets of sorry
+man gets om the woman gets o f if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man gets om the woman gets o f if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man gets om the woman gets o f if we
+agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree
+then they each get their outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they each get their outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they each get their outside option
+omnof respectively and then they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnof respectively and then they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omnof respectively and then they just
+share the Surplus from agreement is s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the Surplus from agreement is s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share the Surplus from agreement is s
+minus each of their outside options and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus each of their outside options and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus each of their outside options and
+they just share that Alpha One minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just share that Alpha One minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just share that Alpha One minus
+Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's the simple bargaining setup so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the simple bargaining setup so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the simple bargaining setup so
+Patrick so going back to your example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick so going back to your example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick so going back to your example
+how do you think about earned income in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about earned income in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you think about earned income in
+this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry we're going to speak up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're going to speak up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we're going to speak up because
+the math I can't start from you hear you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math I can't start from you hear you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math I can't start from you hear you
+the mail has a higher income right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mail has a higher income right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mail has a higher income right all
+of a sudden or what one spouse we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden or what one spouse we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden or what one spouse we could
+call it okay one spouse has yeah om is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it okay one spouse has yeah om is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it okay one spouse has yeah om is
+much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if om is much larger than the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if om is much larger than the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if om is much larger than the left
+side of that would be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not being told let me just say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not being told let me just say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not being told let me just say I'm
+not being totally precise here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being totally precise here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being totally precise here because
+in the model I had over there I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model I had over there I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model I had over there I had
+fixed bargaining weights over the over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed bargaining weights over the over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed bargaining weights over the over I
+had fixed bargaining weights over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had fixed bargaining weights over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had fixed bargaining weights over the
+utilities and here I'm actually having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and here I'm actually having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities and here I'm actually having
+fixed bargain weight instead of sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed bargain weight instead of sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed bargain weight instead of sharing
+the Surplus so this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Surplus so this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Surplus so this is not
+a precise mapping one-to-one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precise mapping one-to-one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a precise mapping one-to-one and
+um if I had thought this through more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I had thought this through more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if I had thought this through more
+clearly in advance I probably would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in advance I probably would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly in advance I probably would have
+could come up with a microphone to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with a microphone to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come up with a microphone to that
+model over there with this one but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model over there with this one but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model over there with this one but I
+didn't think it threw in advance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think it threw in advance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think it threw in advance uh
+clearly enough so my apologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly enough so my apologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly enough so my apologies
+um but anyway what you can see is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway what you can see is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but anyway what you can see is yes
+exactly so imagine you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so imagine you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so imagine you have more
+unearned income uh more earned income om
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income uh more earned income om
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income uh more earned income om
+what does that basically mean it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that basically mean it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that basically mean it means
+that in the event of the world in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the event of the world in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the event of the world in which
+we can't agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't agree
+right I can go take my earned income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can go take my earned income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I can go take my earned income and
+live you know kind of a rich life and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live you know kind of a rich life and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live you know kind of a rich life and if
+my spouse has like a lower under lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my spouse has like a lower under lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my spouse has like a lower under lower
+earned income you know my spouse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income you know my spouse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income you know my spouse is
+going to go off and kind of be poor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go off and kind of be poor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go off and kind of be poor that
+basically means that like I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means that like I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means that like I'm going to
+be able to extract you know more from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to extract you know more from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to extract you know more from
+the from the from the joint from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the from the joint from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the from the joint from the
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know more from the from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more from the from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more from the from the from the
+relationship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and
+in this very simple model right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very simple model right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very simple model right this is
+not an income pooling model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an income pooling model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an income pooling model
+right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the
+amount imagine you know imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount imagine you know imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount imagine you know imagine that
+basically the this is the amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the this is the amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the this is the amount that
+the man you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man you know the the
+the the utility that's that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the utility that's that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the utility that's that's going to
+be received by the man is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be received by the man is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be received by the man is going to
+depend on what fraction of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what fraction of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what fraction of the total
+income the man is bringing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the man is bringing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income the man is bringing to the
+marriage and vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I guess when so I guess my my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess when so I guess my my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I guess when so I guess my my my
+point in having you think through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in having you think through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in having you think through this
+is when you see this kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you see this kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you see this kind of stuff
+like I agree this one is I think pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I agree this one is I think pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I agree this one is I think pretty
+clear uh earned income also well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh earned income also well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh earned income also well
+actually you know so earn income is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know so earn income is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know so earn income is very
+clear right because if we disagree I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear right because if we disagree I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear right because if we disagree I can
+go off in the labor market and continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off in the labor market and continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off in the labor market and continue
+earning that income separately so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning that income separately so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning that income separately so it's
+very that very easily maps to kind of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that very easily maps to kind of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very that very easily maps to kind of my
+outside option how do you even think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option how do you even think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option how do you even think
+about unearned income what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unearned income what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about unearned income what do we mean by
+unearned income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but like what do you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but like what do you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but like what do you mean
+first state huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first state huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first state huh
+you're a state yeah like me like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a state yeah like me like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a state yeah like me like what
+you inherit for example yeah so Matt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inherit for example yeah so Matt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inherit for example yeah so Matt so
+that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so
+okay Someday my computer will come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Someday my computer will come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Someday my computer will come back
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what do you mean by by uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you mean by by uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do you mean by by uh it
+would depend on what the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whether you're on an earned income like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're on an earned income like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're on an earned income like
+not going to be split between two of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be split between two of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be split between two of you
+and then there's divorce exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's divorce exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's divorce exactly right
+so divorce law for example differs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so divorce law for example differs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so divorce law for example differs in
+some like in the US for example in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like in the US for example in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like in the US for example in some
+states and there's certainly also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and there's certainly also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and there's certainly also
+different by country we have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by country we have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different by country we have what's
+called community property which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called community property which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called community property which
+basically means everything you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means everything you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means everything you you know
+once you're everything is shared equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're everything is shared equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you're everything is shared equally
+regardless of who who of kind of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of who who of kind of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of who who of kind of where
+it came from but in other places they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came from but in other places they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came from but in other places they
+sort of keep track and sort of say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of keep track and sort of say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of keep track and sort of say if
+you were divorced like you would get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were divorced like you would get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were divorced like you would get the
+you know but I came to the marriage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but I came to the marriage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but I came to the marriage a
+lot more than my spouse did then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than my spouse did then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more than my spouse did then I would
+get more kind of in the in I would kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more kind of in the in I would kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more kind of in the in I would kind
+of get that back so I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get that back so I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get that back so I think this
+unearned income has you have to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income has you have to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income has you have to think of
+it if you want to use it from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you want to use it from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you want to use it from this
+perspective you have to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you have to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you have to understand what
+would actually happen kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually happen kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually happen kind of in the
+event of a of a divorce how that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of a of a divorce how that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of a of a divorce how that kind of
+would affect your barking power right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would affect your barking power right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would affect your barking power right
+and it's not obvious it would it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not obvious it would it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not obvious it would it would
+if you're in a world where kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a world where kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're in a world where kind of the
+states possessive equally then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states possessive equally then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states possessive equally then it's not
+necessarily clear what matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily clear what matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily clear what matter
+so we're going to look at a paper in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to look at a paper in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to look at a paper in a
+second that looks at unearned income as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that looks at unearned income as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that looks at unearned income as
+opposed to earned income why might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to earned income why might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to earned income why might you
+look at under why might you prefer to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at under why might you prefer to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at under why might you prefer to do
+unearned income rather than earn income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income rather than earn income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income rather than earn income
+like if the empirical test is clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the empirical test is clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the empirical test is clearer
+for earned income why do these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for earned income why do these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for earned income why do these papers
+might look at unearned income instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay exactly right so certainly you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay exactly right so certainly you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay exactly right so certainly you can
+drop a cash transfer and if I get to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a cash transfer and if I get to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop a cash transfer and if I get to all
+the slides here there's a there's I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides here there's a there's I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slides here there's a there's I have
+at least one paper on dropping cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one paper on dropping cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one paper on dropping cash
+transfers so yes exactly but suppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so yes exactly but suppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers so yes exactly but suppose it
+was it was wealth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was wealth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was wealth right
+it was like the wealthy brink of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like the wealthy brink of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was like the wealthy brink of
+marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's right foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so right so this is actually right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so right so this is actually right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so right so this is actually right
+so as you as I think you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you as I think you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you as I think you were saying
+this is this is totally endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is totally endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is totally endogenous
+earned income is endogenous what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income is endogenous what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income is endogenous what you
+actually need is a measure of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need is a measure of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need is a measure of your
+earning power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning power
+right so for example you know I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example you know I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example you know I could be
+I could have great earning power as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have great earning power as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have great earning power as like
+an MIT Professor but you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT Professor but you know be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MIT Professor but you know be
+choosing not to work for example what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing not to work for example what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing not to work for example what we
+actually want to know is what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to know is what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to know is what's my
+outside option if I were to go back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option if I were to go back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside option if I were to go back in
+the labor market like what would my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market like what would my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market like what would my
+earned income be right so you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income be right so you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned income be right so you don't want
+actual earned income but you want some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual earned income but you want some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual earned income but you want some
+like proxy for kind of uh earn income uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like proxy for kind of uh earn income uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like proxy for kind of uh earn income uh
+for unearned income what's the pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unearned income what's the pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for unearned income what's the pro
+what's the problem with with this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with with this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem with with this stuff
+with like resources brought to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like resources brought to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like resources brought to the
+marriage for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage for example
+what's that what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that what's the what's the
+empirical challenge if you want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical challenge if you want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical challenge if you want to look
+at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have data
+that's definitely true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's definitely true
+but suppose you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it seems exogenous right I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems exogenous right I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it seems exogenous right I don't
+control what I inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ance absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so like exactly so we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like exactly so we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like exactly so we're not going
+to talk a lot about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a lot about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk a lot about like
+um marriage markets with prices but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um marriage markets with prices but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um marriage markets with prices but
+certainly there are certainly lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are certainly lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there are certainly lots of
+marriage markets in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage markets in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage markets in the world
+particularly the developing World there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the developing World there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly the developing World there
+were explicitly there are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were explicitly there are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were explicitly there are kind of
+dowries and bride prices right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowries and bride prices right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dowries and bride prices right and so
+there's an explicit kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an explicit kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an explicit kind of like
+um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um marriage Market that looks like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um marriage Market that looks like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um marriage Market that looks like that
+even without that like the marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without that like the marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without that like the marriage
+Market the matching Market is is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the matching Market is is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market the matching Market is is pretty
+complicated and people may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and people may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and people may have
+different preferences in terms of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferences in terms of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different preferences in terms of who
+they're going to match with and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to match with and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to match with and those
+things may be related to kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things may be related to kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things may be related to kind of things
+that look like your determinants that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like your determinants that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like your determinants that
+look like your consumption preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like your consumption preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like your consumption preferences
+yeah so the concern here would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the concern here would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the concern here would be for
+instance that if you had uh for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that if you had uh for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance that if you had uh for instance
+like a disability of some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a disability of some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a disability of some sort of
+athletic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+athletic
+your Market your parents might give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Market your parents might give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Market your parents might give you
+give you higher Dowry no that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you higher Dowry no that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you higher Dowry no that's not what
+I'm thinking I'm thinking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking I'm thinking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking I'm thinking about like
+imagine I'm thinking a much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm thinking a much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine I'm thinking a much simpler
+thing I mean uh sorry that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mean uh sorry that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mean uh sorry that could be
+certainly true yes that certainly could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true yes that certainly could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly true yes that certainly could
+be I was thinking more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I was thinking more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I was thinking more
+um you know who are the types of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know who are the types of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know who are the types of people
+who might say want to marry a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might say want to marry a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who might say want to marry a really
+rich spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich spouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich spouse
+right and who are people who don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and who are people who don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and who are people who don't care
+so much about marrying a rich spouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about marrying a rich spouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much about marrying a rich spouse
+they may have different consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have different consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have different consumption
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+so if I want to estimate a model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to estimate a model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want to estimate a model where
+I'm going to like what's the test right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to like what's the test right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to like what's the test right
+the empirical test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empirical test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the empirical test
+was going to be something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be something like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know I'm gonna regress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+uh it's not really on the board but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not really on the board but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not really on the board but I'm
+going to regret something about like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to regret something about like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to regret something about like the
+cues of the uh I'll go back here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues of the uh I'll go back here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues of the uh I'll go back here let's
+throw it on the board but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it on the board but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it on the board but I'm going to
+regret say the Q like the the man's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret say the Q like the the man's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regret say the Q like the the man's
+consumption versus the women's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption versus the women's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption versus the women's
+consumption as a function of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption as a function of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption as a function of how much
+bargaining power they have right or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power they have right or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power they have right or how
+much under like what fraction is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much under like what fraction is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much under like what fraction is for
+example I'm going to run a regression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm going to run a regression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'm going to run a regression of
+you know uh things that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh things that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh things that look like
+women's consumption on how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's consumption on how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's consumption on how much
+resources the woman brought to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources the woman brought to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources the woman brought to the
+marriage role for the man for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage role for the man for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage role for the man for example
+but imagine that people's preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine that people's preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine that people's preferences
+over consumption are correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over consumption are correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over consumption are correlated with
+their preferences for who they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for who they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their preferences for who they're going
+to match with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to match with
+right like I want like a really fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I want like a really fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I want like a really fancy
+life you know maybe I marry a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you know maybe I marry a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life you know maybe I marry a really
+rich partner for example right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich partner for example right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich partner for example right that
+could be an example where sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an example where sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be an example where sort of the
+endogenous composition of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous composition of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous composition of the of the
+marriage could be related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage could be related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage could be related to the
+preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences
+you see what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes yes it is not necessarily like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it is not necessarily like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes it is not necessarily like
+better for running intercom yes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for running intercom yes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better for running intercom yes it's
+probably foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yes that's also also gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes that's also also gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes that's also also gonna be a
+problem too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem too
+yes yes correct if those things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes correct if those things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes correct if those things were
+required too I could be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required too I could be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required too I could be a problem
+so I want to go I'm going to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to go I'm going to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to go I'm going to show you a
+couple examples of some specific papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples of some specific papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples of some specific papers
+we can talk about this in specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about this in specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about this in specific
+contexts actually the main point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts actually the main point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts actually the main point I
+wanted you to take away from this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to take away from this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted you to take away from this from
+putting this on the board is to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this on the board is to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this on the board is to start
+thinking about it from this perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it from this perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about it from this perspective
+sort of like you know when we say these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like you know when we say these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like you know when we say these
+things in fact bargaining power what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact bargaining power what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in fact bargaining power what do
+we mean you know the simplest version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean you know the simplest version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean you know the simplest version of
+that is kind of what am I going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is kind of what am I going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is kind of what am I going to get
+in the outside option and so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside option and so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the outside option and so we should
+whenever you see something like that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see something like that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see something like that you
+should be sort of thinking through what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be sort of thinking through what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be sort of thinking through what
+is the outside option how do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the outside option how do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the outside option how do these
+things kind of map to the outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things kind of map to the outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things kind of map to the outside option
+that was actually kind of my main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah sorry how should we think of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry how should we think of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry how should we think of alpha
+in this model like he said so I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model like he said so I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model like he said so I said it
+was exogenous yeah but like where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exogenous yeah but like where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exogenous yeah but like where does
+it come from yeah so I don't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come from yeah so I don't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it come from yeah so I don't have a good
+theory of alpha in this model in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of alpha in this model in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of alpha in this model in some
+bargaining models it comes from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining models it comes from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining models it comes from your
+discount rate so some this is so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate so some this is so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate so some this is so this is
+the standard Nash bargaining model some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard Nash bargaining model some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard Nash bargaining model some
+models micro found this with like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models micro found this with like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models micro found this with like a
+series of alternating offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of alternating offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of alternating offers
+so like you know I make you an offer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know I make you an offer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like you know I make you an offer and
+you can choose to accept it or make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose to accept it or make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can choose to accept it or make
+counter offer we go back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter offer we go back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter offer we go back and forth and
+back and forth so we agree and in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth so we agree and in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth so we agree and in those
+models I think that the if I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models I think that the if I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models I think that the if I remember
+correctly the the differences in the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly the the differences in the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly the the differences in the bar
+in the discount rates between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discount rates between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the discount rates between the two
+parties are going to determine the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that may not have been a good clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not have been a good clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may not have been a good clear
+maybe not the answer you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the answer you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the answer you're looking for
+but but we treat it from the national
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we treat it from the national
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but we treat it from the national
+perspective we treat it as exogenous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective we treat it as exogenous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective we treat it as exogenous and
+I think there are some models that micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are some models that micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are some models that micro
+found it and I know that's example of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it and I know that's example of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it and I know that's example of I
+think that's the Rubinstein uh model I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the Rubinstein uh model I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's the Rubinstein uh model I
+believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay someone is nodding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone is nodding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay someone is nodding so
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I already said that okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I already said that okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I already said that okay so here's
+the first paper I wanted to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first paper I wanted to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first paper I wanted to talk about
+in a bit of detail this is from by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit of detail this is from by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bit of detail this is from by
+Duncan Thomas 1990.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan Thomas 1990.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan Thomas 1990.
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+Thomas is going to be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas is going to be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thomas is going to be an example of
+looking at mothers and fathers income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at mothers and fathers income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at mothers and fathers income
+on child health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on child health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on child health
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you can interpret this in two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can interpret this in two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can interpret this in two ways
+either moms care more about kids right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either moms care more about kids right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either moms care more about kids right
+that would be like the X anti-way maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like the X anti-way maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be like the X anti-way maybe
+like moms care about more kids we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like moms care about more kids we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like moms care about more kids we're
+gonna sort of say that child's health is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sort of say that child's health is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna sort of say that child's health is
+Mom's good or maybe we could just say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom's good or maybe we could just say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mom's good or maybe we could just say we
+don't actually know a priority of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know a priority of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know a priority of those
+that what's a mom's gonna what's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's a mom's gonna what's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what's a mom's gonna what's it
+what's dad's good but we can just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's dad's good but we can just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's dad's good but we can just sort
+of look at like differences in the cues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at like differences in the cues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of look at like differences in the cues
+okay as a tested income Pooler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and he's going to focus on non-labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to focus on non-labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to focus on non-labor
+income for the reason that we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income for the reason that we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income for the reason that we talked
+about which is that at least he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is that at least he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is that at least he doesn't
+have to deal with the fact that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the fact that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with the fact that sort of
+the labor income is endogenous that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor income is endogenous that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor income is endogenous that's
+sort of you know the labor Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know the labor Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know the labor Leisure
+decision is itself a choice we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is itself a choice we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision is itself a choice we don't
+want that in there we want sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that in there we want sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that in there we want sort of the
+unearned income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unearned income
+so he's going to run a regression which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's going to run a regression which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's going to run a regression which
+is going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like
+um you know the you know some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the you know some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know the you know some some
+outcome variable as a function of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable as a function of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome variable as a function of you
+know the the woman's under an income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the woman's under an income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the woman's under an income and
+the man's under an income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man's under an income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man's under an income
+okay and I think we sort of talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think we sort of talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I think we sort of talked about
+some of the challenges with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the challenges with this
+regression but are there other like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but are there other like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression but are there other like so
+if I were to show you this what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to show you this what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to show you this what do you
+think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this
+so we talked about marriage Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about marriage Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about marriage Market
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+um matching matching issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um matching matching issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um matching matching issues
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what else might you be worried about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else might you be worried about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else might you be worried about in
+this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm assuming this child is a common good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming this child is a common good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming this child is a common good
+about the marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the marriage
+this is a test of the pool income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a test of the pool income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a test of the pool income
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+okay so this is not this is a test which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is not this is a test which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is not this is a test which
+basically says this is a it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says this is a it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically says this is a it's a it's a
+so yes yes in two respect yes yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes yes in two respect yes yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yes yes in two respect yes yes okay
+sorry yes it is a test of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes it is a test of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yes it is a test of that
+the strict test it is of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strict test it is of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strict test it is of this is
+a test of the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test of the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a test of the prediction
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or I'll just showed up in slides it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'll just showed up in slides it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'll just showed up in slides it's a
+test of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of
+this prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prediction
+that if we fix the bargaining fixing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we fix the bargaining fixing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we fix the bargaining fixing the
+bargaining weights the identity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights the identity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights the identity of the
+income doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income doesn't matter
+okay so it's a test of that right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a test of that right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a test of that right it's
+testing that that do we get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing that that do we get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing that that do we get different
+responses from ym or YF why why frym
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses from ym or YF why why frym
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses from ym or YF why why frym
+and yes number number two in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes number number two in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes number number two in terms of
+the outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside option
+um like what would be the alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like what would be the alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like what would be the alternative
+hypothesis yes it's this idea over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis yes it's this idea over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis yes it's this idea over here
+exactly that like my outside option is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that like my outside option is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that like my outside option is
+going to depend on sort of how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on sort of how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to depend on sort of how much the
+income this month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it still feels like for some reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still feels like for some reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it still feels like for some reason the
+income to the age of the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to the age of the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to the age of the higher
+bargaining power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power
+could have a different effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a different effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a different effect
+on the common good like are we assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the common good like are we assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the common good like are we assuming
+the common good is the equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common good is the equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the common good is the equally
+valued by agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued by agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued by agents
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay but this is a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay but this is a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay but this is a great question
+okay actually I was just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I was just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually I was just thinking about
+this this is a great question okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a great question okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a great question okay so
+you're good let's go back to this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good let's go back to this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good let's go back to this very
+big setup okay so in this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big setup okay so in this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big setup okay so in this setup
+what happens if I shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I shock
+if I if I change the fraction of Y if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I change the fraction of Y if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I change the fraction of Y if I
+change the fraction of unknown income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the fraction of unknown income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the fraction of unknown income
+that goes from the man to woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it said doesn't change not nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it said doesn't change not nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it said doesn't change not nothing
+yeah so if the bargaining weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if the bargaining weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so if the bargaining weights are
+fixed so it's not in a world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so it's not in a world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so it's not in a world where
+they're sort of determined endogenously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of determined endogenously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of determined endogenously
+like that if the bargaining weights are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if the bargaining weights are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if the bargaining weights are
+fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed
+then nothing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nothing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then nothing happens
+right that's the test they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the test they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the test they want to
+reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject
+okay and then we can reject that one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can reject that one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we can reject that one way
+we can reject it is the bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reject it is the bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can reject it is the bargaining
+weights changed I should have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights changed I should have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights changed I should have actually
+stopped and paused for the other for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and paused for the other for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped and paused for the other for
+other questions are there other ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions are there other ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions are there other ways in
+which like we could kind of project this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like we could kind of project this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which like we could kind of project this
+besides the bargaining weights like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the bargaining weights like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides the bargaining weights like I
+said all at some level it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all at some level it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all at some level it's called the
+bargaining weights changing but like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights changing but like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining weights changing but like you
+you seem to have something else in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seem to have something else in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seem to have something else in mind
+for some other way you could reject this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other way you could reject this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other way you could reject this
+beside the bargain weights changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside the bargain weights changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beside the bargain weights changing
+can also be bargained over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and say like say there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say like say there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say like say there are three
+different consumptions right consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumptions right consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different consumptions right consumption
+individual consumption and marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual consumption and marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual consumption and marriage
+consumption their mind my borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption their mind my borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption their mind my borrowing
+power in the marriage can determine say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in the marriage can determine say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power in the marriage can determine say
+how much of the income of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the income of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of the income of the other
+person I can get for the couple of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I can get for the couple of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I can get for the couple of good
+and for myself as well perhaps if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for myself as well perhaps if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for myself as well perhaps if I have
+to say I don't care about my child I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I don't care about my child I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I don't care about my child I
+have out of my body and power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have out of my body and power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have out of my body and power
+um but those are all it's always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but those are all it's always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but those are all it's always the
+vector of consumption Goods it's X1 to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of consumption Goods it's X1 to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of consumption Goods it's X1 to X
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll have to think more about this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to think more about this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have to think more about this yeah
+I don't think it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it matters
+the other another thing by the way which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other another thing by the way which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other another thing by the way which
+you know this is one micro Foundation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is one micro Foundation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is one micro Foundation by
+the way for why it might fail another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way for why it might fail another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way for why it might fail another
+micro foundation for why I might fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro foundation for why I might fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro foundation for why I might fail
+might have to do with control rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do with control rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to do with control rights
+maybe like if we actually think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like if we actually think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like if we actually think about
+sort of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the the the
+mechanics of decision making right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of decision making right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics of decision making right it
+might be that actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be that actually like
+um maybe we're not bargaining like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we're not bargaining like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe we're not bargaining like this
+but maybe you know like whoever like has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you know like whoever like has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe you know like whoever like has
+the cash like actually kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash like actually kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash like actually kind of makes
+decisions and kind of presents the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and kind of presents the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and kind of presents the the
+the spouse with the kind of affair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spouse with the kind of affair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spouse with the kind of affair
+complete right um you know we've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete right um you know we've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete right um you know we've all
+heard you know I feel like literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard you know I feel like literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard you know I feel like literature is
+like you know filled with examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know filled with examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know filled with examples of
+this sort of thing happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing happening
+um as is real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as is real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as is real life
+um but I think uh that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think uh that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think uh that would be a
+slightly different microfoundation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different microfoundation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different microfoundation I
+don't think it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it would
+um that also you could think about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that also you could think about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that also you could think about as
+sort of uh ways in which this model can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh ways in which this model can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh ways in which this model can
+fail yeah right there's a change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail yeah right there's a change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail yeah right there's a change of
+controllers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a change in controller is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a change in controller is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a change in controller is different
+that are changing parameters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are changing parameters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are changing parameters in the
+marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing
+yes so in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so in this example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so I haven't written down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I haven't written down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so I haven't written down the
+changing the control rights uh version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the control rights uh version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the control rights uh version
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deposited into a bank account that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited into a bank account that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited into a bank account that is
+managed by demands and and she needs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by demands and and she needs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed by demands and and she needs it
+in her outside option that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her outside option that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her outside option that would
+similarly be the case in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly be the case in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly be the case in another
+marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage
+right yeah yeah so I'm trying to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah so I'm trying to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah so I'm trying to think
+through like exactly how you write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like exactly how you write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through like exactly how you write that
+down it looks very it could end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it looks very it could end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it looks very it could end up
+looking kind of similar right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking kind of similar right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking kind of similar right because
+basically in the outside option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the outside option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the outside option
+I have control over the money I just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have control over the money I just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have control over the money I just do
+whatever I'm going to want so maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I'm going to want so maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I'm going to want so maybe it
+actually is it is going to come look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is it is going to come look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is it is going to come look
+very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yeah right it's basically like if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right it's basically like if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right it's basically like if we
+don't agree I just get to issue I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree I just get to issue I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't agree I just get to issue I think
+this will look very similar if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will look very similar if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will look very similar if we if we
+if we disagree then you know I get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we disagree then you know I get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we disagree then you know I get to
+consume my stuff and you get I get to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume my stuff and you get I get to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consume my stuff and you get I get to I
+get to decide how to spend my money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to decide how to spend my money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to decide how to spend my money you
+need to spend how to spend your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to spend how to spend your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to spend how to spend your money
+and those are our outside options so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are our outside options so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are our outside options so
+actually in sometimes I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in sometimes I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in sometimes I think it
+actually is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is that
+it's a slightly different micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly different micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly different micro
+foundation in the sense of in that one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation in the sense of in that one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation in the sense of in that one I
+in this one in the example I gave before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one in the example I gave before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one in the example I gave before
+I was thinking if the marrow splits up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking if the marrow splits up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking if the marrow splits up
+but the other one is like we don't agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other one is like we don't agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other one is like we don't agree
+on how to spend the money and I just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to spend the money and I just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to spend the money and I just go
+spend my money and you spend your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend my money and you spend your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend my money and you spend your money
+right that's another example but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's another example but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's another example but it's
+going to look very similar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what I want to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I want to say okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um other challenges with this regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other challenges with this regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um other challenges with this regression
+I think you want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so we talked about like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so we talked about like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so we talked about like this
+could be there could be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be there could be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be there could be sort of
+individual level emitted variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level emitted variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual level emitted variables we
+could talk so for example you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk so for example you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk so for example you know
+another thing about this regression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities
+may be related and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be related and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be related and this is a
+cross-sectional regression so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional regression so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional regression so the
+utilities may be related to the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities may be related to the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities may be related to the income
+these income shocks right so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these income shocks right so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these income shocks right so imagine
+that someone who grows up really rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone who grows up really rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone who grows up really rich
+because they have like you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have like you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have like you know they're
+expecting and they're expecting to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and they're expecting to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting and they're expecting to kind
+of inherit a lot of money or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inherit a lot of money or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inherit a lot of money or whatever
+they may have different preferences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have different preferences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may have different preferences in
+someone who doesn't grow up rich and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who doesn't grow up rich and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who doesn't grow up rich and
+that may affect their consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may affect their consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may affect their consumption
+choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so we so the ideal examples will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we so the ideal examples will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we so the ideal examples will
+have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like
+um uh better variation than this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh better variation than this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh better variation than this and
+just cross-sectional because you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cross-sectional because you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cross-sectional because you want to
+hold you need to hold the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold you need to hold the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold you need to hold the utility
+function the right test is we're holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the right test is we're holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the right test is we're holding
+a utility function constant and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility function constant and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a utility function constant and just
+shocking the wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking the wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking the wise
+yeah Patrick so in this case do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Patrick so in this case do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Patrick so in this case do you have
+a shot in the fraction of shared income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shot in the fraction of shared income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shot in the fraction of shared income
+from each property or do you have a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each property or do you have a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each property or do you have a shot
+of total income too this one they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total income too this one they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of total income too this one they don't
+really have a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a shock
+um they have so this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have so this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they have so this is the first
+version of this they don't have a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this they don't have a shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this they don't have a shock
+it's just cross-sectional I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just cross-sectional I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just cross-sectional I'll show you
+a shock in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shock in a second
+okay so this one they don't have a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one they don't have a shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this one they don't have a shock
+right so this is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is just going to be
+cross-sectional and that's what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional and that's what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional and that's what I was
+saying the problems of endogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the problems of endogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the problems of endogenous
+marriage formation and the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage formation and the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage formation and the problems that
+the utilities may be correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities may be correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities may be correlated with the
+with the income shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+so I was going to start by saying yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was going to start by saying yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was going to start by saying yes so
+this is kind of the first paper that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the first paper that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of the first paper that did
+this if this form uh at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this form uh at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this if this form uh at least in
+development development that I know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development development that I know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development development that I know of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know he does find that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he does find that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he does find that basically
+they're sort of very they're a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of very they're a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of very they're a different
+kind of income effect so you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of income effect so you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of income effect so you look at the
+ratio of the income effects for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the income effects for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the income effects for for
+man's income versus women's income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's income versus women's income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man's income versus women's income and
+fines kind of very very substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fines kind of very very substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fines kind of very very substantial
+differences in in those incomes but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in in those incomes but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in in those incomes but we
+talk but as you were saying as you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but as you were saying as you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk but as you were saying as you were
+saying what you'd like to do is you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what you'd like to do is you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what you'd like to do is you'd
+like to have better identified kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have better identified kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have better identified kind of
+shocks to the different kinds of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks to the different kinds of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks to the different kinds of income
+that are not going to be correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not going to be correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not going to be correlated with
+kind of the utility shocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the utility shocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the utility shocks
+with the utility with the preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the utility with the preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the utility with the preference
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let me not go through the results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not go through the results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me not go through the results in
+this in detail let me go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail let me go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in detail let me go to the next
+paper which was uh Esther actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which was uh Esther actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper which was uh Esther actually a
+paper by Esther which she wrote in 2003
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Esther which she wrote in 2003
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Esther which she wrote in 2003
+which looks at grandparent spending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks at grandparent spending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks at grandparent spending on
+their grandchildren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grandchildren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their grandchildren
+and the reason for this I think not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this I think not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason for this I think not that
+grandparents and grandchildren are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents and grandchildren are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents and grandchildren are
+particularly of Interest although they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly of Interest although they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly of Interest although they
+of course are interesting like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are interesting like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course are interesting like you could
+have equally written this paper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have equally written this paper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have equally written this paper with
+moms and and fathers and their kids but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms and and fathers and their kids but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moms and and fathers and their kids but
+she had a policy change she could she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had a policy change she could she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she had a policy change she could she
+could look at which was a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at which was a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at which was a large
+unexpected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+change in people's unearned incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in people's unearned incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in people's unearned incomes
+okay so in particular at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular at the end of
+Apartheid South Africa kind of expands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apartheid South Africa kind of expands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apartheid South Africa kind of expands
+their pension programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pension programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their pension programs
+um to include blacks and uh there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to include blacks and uh there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to include blacks and uh there are a
+lot of kids 17 of kids who are living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of kids 17 of kids who are living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of kids 17 of kids who are living in
+sort of multi-generational households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-generational households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of multi-generational households
+that have kind of a a pension earner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have kind of a a pension earner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have kind of a a pension earner
+okay and she Compares living with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and she Compares living with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and she Compares living with an
+elder children who are living with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elder children who are living with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elder children who are living with a
+eligible grandparent so age 60 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible grandparent so age 60 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible grandparent so age 60 for
+females or age 65 for males that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females or age 65 for males that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females or age 65 for males that's the
+eligibility rule to people who are lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility rule to people who are lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility rule to people who are lit
+who are living with a grandparent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are living with a grandparent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are living with a grandparent but
+who are just but the grandparent is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are just but the grandparent is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are just but the grandparent is just
+younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+younger
+right yeah Patrick the comparison takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah Patrick the comparison takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah Patrick the comparison takes
+place before they actually get the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place before they actually get the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place before they actually get the money
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+I thought it was after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wouldn't you be concerned about income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you be concerned about income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't you be concerned about income
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+correct so she's going to compare what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so she's going to compare what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so she's going to compare what
+happens if the grandmother gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the grandmother gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the grandmother gets the
+pension versus the grandfather gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension versus the grandfather gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pension versus the grandfather gets
+attention okay okay so it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay okay so it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention okay okay so it's gonna be
+like sorry if they find out they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorry if they find out they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sorry if they find out they were
+going to be earning this income could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be earning this income could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be earning this income could
+you look at before they got the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at before they got the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at before they got the actual
+that would also be cool as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would also be cool as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would also be cool as sort of
+anticipated thing but I think the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated thing but I think the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated thing but I think the key
+thing is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is going to be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comparing just like what she wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing just like what she wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing just like what she wants to
+compare what is the treatment effect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what is the treatment effect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare what is the treatment effect so
+so there's two things going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two things going on in this
+regression right you have a like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression right you have a like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression right you have a like you
+have um say 60 year old female Grandmom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um say 60 year old female Grandmom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um say 60 year old female Grandmom
+grandmothers and 59 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmothers and 59 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmothers and 59 year old
+grandmothers and you have 65 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmothers and you have 65 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmothers and you have 65 year old
+grandfathers and 64 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers and 64 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers and 64 year old
+grandfathers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers so
+we want to restrict ourselves to kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to restrict ourselves to kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to restrict ourselves to kids
+who are living with a grandparent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are living with a grandparent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are living with a grandparent
+because obviously kids who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously kids who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because obviously kids who are not
+living with their grandparents those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living with their grandparents those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living with their grandparents those are
+in different kinds of households the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different kinds of households the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different kinds of households the
+treatment effect of living with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect of living with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect of living with a
+grandmother is gonna you should get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother is gonna you should get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother is gonna you should get that
+by comparing 65 or 64 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by comparing 65 or 64 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by comparing 65 or 64 year old
+grandmothers right just eligible you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmothers right just eligible you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmothers right just eligible you're
+just not eligible kids living with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not eligible kids living with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not eligible kids living with and
+the treatment effect of living with her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect of living with her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treatment effect of living with her
+grandfather is true is 65 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather is true is 65 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather is true is 65 year old
+grandfathers versus 64 year old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers versus 64 year old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers versus 64 year old
+grandfathers right so those are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers right so those are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfathers right so those are the two
+different treatment effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatment effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different treatment effects
+both of those capture the income effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those capture the income effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those capture the income effect
+then the next the thing she wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next the thing she wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the next the thing she wants to
+look at from the perspective of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at from the perspective of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at from the perspective of this
+topic is does it matter if the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is does it matter if the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic is does it matter if the money
+goes to the grandmother or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the grandmother or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the grandmother or the
+grandfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the kind of unitary that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of unitary that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the kind of unitary that's the
+kind of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+decision points here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision points here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision points here
+so my okay question does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my okay question does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my okay question does that
+like first of all does that seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first of all does that seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like first of all does that seem
+sensible and does that kind of map into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible and does that kind of map into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible and does that kind of map into
+the into the framework I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the framework I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the framework I was just
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+yeah remind me your name sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um sometimes Norms around whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes Norms around whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sometimes Norms around whether or not
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait what sorry Norm from whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what sorry Norm from whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait what sorry Norm from whether a
+grandparent can come through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparent can come through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparent can come through
+a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+for like your children depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like your children depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like your children depends on the
+gender above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know at least in like India we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know at least in like India we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know at least in like India we're
+seeing that with something we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that with something we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that with something we did with
+elderly females who are more likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly females who are more likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly females who are more likely to
+live alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live alone
+um exactly right so what we'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly right so what we'd like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um exactly right so what we'd like to do
+so I think that the cleanest test I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that the cleanest test I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that the cleanest test I just
+think think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think think about this
+I think the cleanest test of this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the cleanest test of this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the cleanest test of this would
+be kids who are living with both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kids who are living with both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kids who are living with both
+grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents
+right so we're going to hold all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to hold all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're going to hold all those
+household composition things the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household composition things the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household composition things the same
+and we exogenously vary like which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we exogenously vary like which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we exogenously vary like which
+grandparent is just eligible so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparent is just eligible so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparent is just eligible so the the
+the and she includes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and she includes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and she includes a lot of
+demographics and I think this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics and I think this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographics and I think this is in
+there but we can double check the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we can double check the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we can double check the the
+cleanest test is households with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest test is households with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest test is households with
+grandparents of both genders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents of both genders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandparents of both genders
+right comparing the case when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right comparing the case when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right comparing the case when the
+grandfather is just eligible to the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather is just eligible to the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather is just eligible to the case
+where the grandmother is just eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the grandmother is just eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the grandmother is just eligible
+that would be the cleanest test yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the cleanest test yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the cleanest test yeah the
+concern with that would be that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern with that would be that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern with that would be that there
+might be some like specific dynamic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some like specific dynamic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some like specific dynamic in
+their relationship if like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relationship if like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their relationship if like the
+grandmother is older than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother is older than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother is older than the
+grandfather potentially well they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather potentially well they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandfather potentially well they don't
+have to be because of the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be because of the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be because of the differential
+Aid rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but yes it could be an issue but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yes it could be an issue but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but yes it could be an issue but I'm
+saying the fact that the grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the fact that the grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the fact that the grandmother
+became eligible before the grandfather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became eligible before the grandfather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became eligible before the grandfather
+implies that they're in the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that they're in the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that they're in the type of
+marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage
+no because the age difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because the age difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because the age difference the
+eligibility of the women are eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility of the women are eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligibility of the women are eligible
+five years younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years younger
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um and by the way you are right to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by the way you are right to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and by the way you are right to think
+that there could be discontinuities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there could be discontinuities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there could be discontinuities and
+that sort of thing there's a paper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing there's a paper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing there's a paper in
+the U.S for example about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S for example about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U.S for example about
+um uh earnings of spouses that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh earnings of spouses that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh earnings of spouses that sort of
+seems to suggest that sort of there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to suggest that sort of there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to suggest that sort of there is
+an important discontinuity at 50 50. so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important discontinuity at 50 50. so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important discontinuity at 50 50. so
+like there could be a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there could be a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there could be a discontinuity
+exactly older exactly younger so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly older exactly younger so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly older exactly younger so you're
+right to think about that but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to think about that but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to think about that but it's not a
+context in this it's not a concern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five years is probably not I think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years is probably not I think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years is probably not I think uh
+particularly salient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly salient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly salient
+this continuity right it technically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuity right it technically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuity right it technically is
+but I think in practice it probably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think in practice it probably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think in practice it probably is
+not a Salient one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a Salient one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a Salient one yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right so um so yeah so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um so yeah so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um so yeah so this is what
+she's doing she's she's going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing she's she's going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's doing she's she's going to look at
+sort of in particular like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in particular like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in particular like you know
+she's going to control for sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to control for sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to control for sort of um
+these household composition things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these household composition things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these household composition things for
+the reason we talked about so we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we talked about so we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we talked about so we're not
+included in the logical but yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the logical but yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the logical but yes that's
+the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea
+so what she finds so by the way so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what she finds so by the way so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what she finds so by the way so why
+is this better than the the pre why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this better than the the pre why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this better than the the pre why is
+this in advance on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in advance on the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in advance on the previous
+literature it's because now we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature it's because now we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature it's because now we have an
+Exogen a plausible exogenous shock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exogen a plausible exogenous shock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exogen a plausible exogenous shock to
+income right and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income right and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income right and um
+so uh she's going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh she's going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh she's going to look at
+um sort of the wait for height for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of the wait for height for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of the wait for height for the
+kids as sort of a measure of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids as sort of a measure of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids as sort of a measure of sort of
+kids nutrition and she's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids nutrition and she's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids nutrition and she's going to look
+at it for girls and boys and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it for girls and boys and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it for girls and boys and so what
+she's going to find is that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to find is that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's going to find is that basically
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Sushi's going to compare households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sushi's going to compare households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sushi's going to compare households
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+um the the woman is eligible to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the woman is eligible to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the woman is eligible to the one
+case where the man's eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the man's eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where the man's eligible
+and what she finds is she finds impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what she finds is she finds impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what she finds is she finds impacts
+of a woman being eligible on girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a woman being eligible on girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a woman being eligible on girls
+um nutrition but right she finds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nutrition but right she finds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um nutrition but right she finds this
+this impact of sort of women being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impact of sort of women being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this impact of sort of women being
+eligible on girls nutrition and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible on girls nutrition and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eligible on girls nutrition and no
+impact of a man being eligible in girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a man being eligible in girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of a man being eligible in girls
+nutrition she actually finds although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition she actually finds although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition she actually finds although
+he's not really sort of the focus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really sort of the focus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not really sort of the focus of the
+paper in some specifications I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in some specifications I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in some specifications I don't
+know if she test this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if she test this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if she test this in some
+specifications it looks like the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications it looks like the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications it looks like the sort of
+the woman versus the man being eligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman versus the man being eligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the woman versus the man being eligible
+may also have neither of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also have neither of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may also have neither of them is
+individually significant for the boys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually significant for the boys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually significant for the boys
+although if I wonder if you test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although if I wonder if you test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although if I wonder if you test the
+difference of these coefficients that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these coefficients that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of these coefficients that
+the the difference between them might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference between them might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the difference between them might be
+significant I'm not I'm not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant I'm not I'm not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant I'm not I'm not actually
+sure maybe not actually given the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure maybe not actually given the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure maybe not actually given the size
+of standard errors but certainly she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard errors but certainly she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of standard errors but certainly she
+finds that this this differential effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds that this this differential effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds that this this differential effect
+of men versus women on um on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of men versus women on um on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of men versus women on um on uh
+on on girls nutrition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on girls nutrition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on girls nutrition
+okay so that also suggests that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that also suggests that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that also suggests that so so
+there's something going on where sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on where sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something going on where sort of
+who you give the income to is affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you give the income to is affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you give the income to is affecting
+kind of the the patterns of consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the patterns of consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the patterns of consumption
+in the household yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a test
+so the test the the key test so going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the test the the key test so going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the test the the key test so going
+back to I think what somebody said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to I think what somebody said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to I think what somebody said that
+we don't want just income effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want just income effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want just income effects of
+someone being eligible we want to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone being eligible we want to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone being eligible we want to test
+whether there's a difference of whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a difference of whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a difference of whether
+the man's eligible versus the woman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man's eligible versus the woman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man's eligible versus the woman's
+eligible so it's odd that that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes maybe it's in the paper and I missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe it's in the paper and I missed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes maybe it's in the paper and I missed
+it uh but yes if I was if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but yes if I was if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh but yes if I was if I was
+presenting this table I would include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting this table I would include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting this table I would include
+p-value test man man coefficient equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value test man man coefficient equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-value test man man coefficient equals
+one coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that each side coefficient this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I don't think this paper is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think this paper is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think this paper is written
+as an RD in the sense of you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an RD in the sense of you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an RD in the sense of you know we're
+going to talk about RDS a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about RDS a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about RDS a little bit
+later actually I think the plan is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later actually I think the plan is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later actually I think the plan is for
+edu to talk about RTS on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu to talk about RTS on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edu to talk about RTS on Friday
+interstation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstation
+um as far as I remember and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as far as I remember and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as far as I remember and you can
+correct me if I'm wrong you can go check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if I'm wrong you can go check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct me if I'm wrong you can go check
+and correct if I'm wrong or Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correct if I'm wrong or Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correct if I'm wrong or Professor
+was here she could correct me if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here she could correct me if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here she could correct me if I was
+wrong you can ask her on on uh Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can ask her on on uh Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you can ask her on on uh Wednesday
+I don't think this paper is written as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think this paper is written as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think this paper is written as
+an RD with kind of a continuous running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RD with kind of a continuous running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RD with kind of a continuous running
+variable in age I think she doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in age I think she doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in age I think she doesn't have
+enough observations for example to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough observations for example to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough observations for example to do
+that right so there's only like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so there's only like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so there's only like you know
+1500 observations here so I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 observations here so I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1500 observations here so I think it's
+just dummies for being eligible the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dummies for being eligible the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dummies for being eligible the
+thought experiment is a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment is a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment is a hundred percent
+an RD but I don't think this paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RD but I don't think this paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an RD but I don't think this paper is
+set up as an RD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up as an RD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up as an RD
+but it could have been with more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yes if if you had infinite data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes if if you had infinite data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes if if you had infinite data and
+you were writing this paper today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were writing this paper today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were writing this paper today I
+think you would set this up as you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would set this up as you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you would set this up as you know
+a running variable you I think if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running variable you I think if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a running variable you I think if I was
+writing this paper today I would set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this paper today I would set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this paper today I would set
+this up and I had infinite data I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up and I had infinite data I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up and I had infinite data I would
+I would restrict myself to households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would restrict myself to households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would restrict myself to households
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+um both a grandfather and a grandmother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both a grandfather and a grandmother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um both a grandfather and a grandmother
+and I would put in running variables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would put in running variables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would put in running variables for
+sort of you know near near the cutoff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know near near the cutoff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know near near the cutoff of
+age I would put in linear running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age I would put in linear running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age I would put in linear running
+variables for sort of uh being on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for sort of uh being on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables for sort of uh being on both
+sides of discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides of discontinuity
+um and uh for for birthday for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh for for birthday for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh for for birthday for example
+and I would have a discontinuous break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would have a discontinuous break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would have a discontinuous break
+at eligibility at the age cutoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and maybe that's that would be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's that would be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's that would be actually
+a good example to talk about on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example to talk about on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example to talk about on Friday
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+sorry is everyone follow does everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is everyone follow does everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is everyone follow does everyone
+follow what I just said about regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow what I just said about regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow what I just said about regression
+discontinuity has everyone seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity has everyone seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity has everyone seen this
+before and at least one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and at least one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and at least one of their
+contexts yes yes okay great we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts yes yes okay great we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts yes yes okay great we'll go
+through we'll still go through it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we'll still go through it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we'll still go through it more
+detail in our station on Friday but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in our station on Friday but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in our station on Friday but but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that's what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I mean
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+given this kind of finding you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this kind of finding you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this kind of finding you might say
+well maybe policymakers may want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe policymakers may want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe policymakers may want to
+think about there might be policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about there might be policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about there might be policy
+implications of this in terms of giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this in terms of giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of this in terms of giving
+resources differentially to men versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources differentially to men versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources differentially to men versus
+women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know for example there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example there are lots of
+transfer programs in the world which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer programs in the world which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer programs in the world which
+sort of give resources to households to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give resources to households to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of give resources to households to
+help them with a variety of things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them with a variety of things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them with a variety of things I'm
+going to talk about a bunch of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a bunch of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a bunch of them in
+sort of the PF section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the PF section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the PF section
+if you believe a if you reject the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you believe a if you reject the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you believe a if you reject the
+unitary model and B if you believe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary model and B if you believe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary model and B if you believe some
+of these findings that women may be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these findings that women may be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these findings that women may be sort
+of have their kit on average you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have their kit on average you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have their kit on average you know
+Channel more of the resources to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel more of the resources to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel more of the resources to their
+kids and see if you're a paternalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and see if you're a paternalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids and see if you're a paternalistic
+decision maker a policy maker whose goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker a policy maker whose goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker a policy maker whose goal
+is actually to sort of help the kids in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually to sort of help the kids in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually to sort of help the kids in
+the household which you could be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household which you could be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the household which you could be for
+reasons that we'll talk about in a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that we'll talk about in a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that we'll talk about in a few
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+then all that suggests you might care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all that suggests you might care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all that suggests you might care
+about whether you give the transfer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you give the transfer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether you give the transfer to
+the man or the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man or the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man or the woman
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so here's an example of a recent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's an example of a recent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's an example of a recent um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh randomized trial that looked at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomized trial that looked at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh randomized trial that looked at this
+so this is in the context of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in the context of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is in the context of the the
+give directly trial which was a trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give directly trial which was a trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give directly trial which was a trial
+that gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gave
+um transfers to households this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um transfers to households this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um transfers to households this is going
+to be a 400 one-time transfer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a 400 one-time transfer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a 400 one-time transfer to
+households in Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+households in Kenya
+and they they did a bunch of things some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they did a bunch of things some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they did a bunch of things some
+of which I'll talk about later but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I'll talk about later but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which I'll talk about later but one
+of the things they did is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things they did is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things they did is they
+randomized whether the transfer went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized whether the transfer went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized whether the transfer went to
+the man or the woman in the household in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man or the woman in the household in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man or the woman in the household in
+in the case of a married household with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a married household with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a married household with
+a man and a woman okay so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a man and a woman okay so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a man and a woman okay so this is the
+there's a there's a bunch of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a bunch of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a bunch of stuff
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+different outcome variables in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcome variables in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different outcome variables in the
+column and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and this is the
+additional effect of giving the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional effect of giving the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional effect of giving the of
+randomizing who the recipient is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing who the recipient is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomizing who the recipient is to the
+woman and in general they you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and in general they you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman and in general they you know that
+they get a joint p-value of 0.11 on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a joint p-value of 0.11 on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a joint p-value of 0.11 on a
+lot of things like you know food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things like you know food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things like you know food
+security uh Health uh education they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh Health uh education they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security uh Health uh education they see
+kind of nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nothing
+um on on a bunch of these now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on a bunch of these now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on on a bunch of these now
+yeah they see nothing on a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they see nothing on a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they see nothing on a bunch of
+these they do see some they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they do see some they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they do see some they have a
+psychological well-being index which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological well-being index which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological well-being index which I
+think is like a measure measured in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is like a measure measured in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is like a measure measured in a
+survey and they have some questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey and they have some questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survey and they have some questions on
+female empowerment both of those seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female empowerment both of those seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female empowerment both of those seem to
+go up if we give the transfer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up if we give the transfer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up if we give the transfer to the
+women but the sort of other stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women but the sort of other stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women but the sort of other stuff like
+health and education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health and education
+um don't seem to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't seem to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't seem to change
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+it is also worth noting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also worth noting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also worth noting
+that these don't seem to change from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these don't seem to change from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these don't seem to change from the
+treatment effect either of just giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect either of just giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect either of just giving
+this transfer so maybe this was a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer so maybe this was a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer so maybe this was a case
+where sort of the transfer didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the transfer didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where sort of the transfer didn't have
+kind of differential effects on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of differential effects on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of differential effects on these
+incomes to begin with and maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes to begin with and maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes to begin with and maybe it's
+there for example Museum comes to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for example Museum comes to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for example Museum comes to begin
+with so maybe it's not so surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so maybe it's not so surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so maybe it's not so surprising
+they didn't have differential effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have differential effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have differential effects
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+um but it's certainly like if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's certainly like if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it's certainly like if you if you
+had just seen kind of the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just seen kind of the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just seen kind of the previous
+papers you know which the Thomas paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you know which the Thomas paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you know which the Thomas paper
+senator says that the women go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator says that the women go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senator says that the women go the
+income going to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income going to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income going to the to the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+to the to the uh woman in the household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the uh woman in the household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the to the uh woman in the household
+yields substantially better kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields substantially better kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields substantially better kind of
+nutritional outcomes for the kids and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional outcomes for the kids and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritional outcomes for the kids and
+likewise kind of the the grandmother the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise kind of the the grandmother the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise kind of the the grandmother the
+grandmother's paper you might have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother's paper you might have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother's paper you might have like
+a reasonable hypothesis might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable hypothesis might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable hypothesis might have been
+that even if you don't get much on on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you don't get much on on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you don't get much on on it
+on average or when you give it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average or when you give it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average or when you give it to the
+men you get big effects if you give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men you get big effects if you give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men you get big effects if you give it
+to the woman they're not seeing that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman they're not seeing that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman they're not seeing that in
+this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper
+so I think it's also just worth pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's also just worth pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's also just worth pointing
+out you know it could be that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know it could be that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you know it could be that there are
+it could be this program didn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be this program didn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be this program didn't what
+didn't have effects on health education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have effects on health education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have effects on health education
+for a variety of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a variety of reasons
+um it could just be a different example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could just be a different example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it could just be a different example
+um I think kind of you know more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think kind of you know more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think kind of you know more work
+could be done on this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done on this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be done on this question
+yeah Patrick they talk about takeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Patrick they talk about takeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Patrick they talk about takeoff
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+take up rates between males and females
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up rates between males and females
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take up rates between males and females
+yep oh do they I think the pickup rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep oh do they I think the pickup rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep oh do they I think the pickup rate
+is I think the tamper is 100 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think the tamper is 100 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think the tamper is 100 in this
+example like I think this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like I think this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example like I think this is all
+conditional on I don't I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on I don't I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional on I don't I don't remember
+this but I thought I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I thought I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I thought I don't think
+everyone I don't think the take-up rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I don't think the take-up rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone I don't think the take-up rates
+are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are
+are an issue in this context I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an issue in this context I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are an issue in this context I could be
+wrong but I don't remember that being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but I don't remember that being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but I don't remember that being an
+issue so everyone that got home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I don't remember for a fact I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't remember for a fact I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't remember for a fact I don't
+remember that low take-up is an issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that low take-up is an issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that low take-up is an issue in
+this paper but you're right sure if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper but you're right sure if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper but you're right sure if like
+the take-up rate was different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-up rate was different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the take-up rate was different
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're not seeing uh substantially lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not seeing uh substantially lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not seeing uh substantially lower
+kind of on the sort of like did I spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of on the sort of like did I spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of on the sort of like did I spend
+the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money
+right variables none of these look any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right variables none of these look any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right variables none of these look any
+different depending whether they give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending whether they give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different depending whether they give it
+to the woman or the man so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman or the man so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the woman or the man so if you
+thought the woman's takeaway was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the woman's takeaway was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought the woman's takeaway was a lot
+lower you'd expect negative coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower you'd expect negative coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower you'd expect negative coefficients
+here this is the additional effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the additional effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the additional effect of
+giving it to the woman over the man yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to the woman over the man yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to the woman over the man yeah
+would there be some sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there be some sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would there be some sort of like
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+control thing at play of like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control thing at play of like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control thing at play of like if you
+were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to
+um so in the previous example I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the previous example I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in the previous example I feel
+like part of the difference is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like part of the difference is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like part of the difference is that
+you're announcing the policy and even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're announcing the policy and even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're announcing the policy and even if
+it's the case that just women are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that just women are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the case that just women are just
+becoming eligible before the men would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming eligible before the men would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming eligible before the men would
+become eligible the men can expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become eligible the men can expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become eligible the men can expect that
+they'll receive this 17 bonus at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll receive this 17 bonus at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll receive this 17 bonus at the
+time in eligible so like I'm sorry I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in eligible so like I'm sorry I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in eligible so like I'm sorry I'm
+sorry say it against Ireland oh you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry say it against Ireland oh you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry say it against Ireland oh you went
+back to the previous example sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the previous example sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the previous example sorry
+previous example okay yes you had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example okay yes you had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous example okay yes you had an
+effect where um you were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect where um you were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect where um you were kind of
+announcing that you were going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing that you were going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announcing that you were going to give a
+transfer to both parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to both parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer to both parties
+yes uh the transfer arrived to the woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh the transfer arrived to the woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh the transfer arrived to the woman
+faster than it did to the man in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it did to the man in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it did to the man in the
+case where she became correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where she became correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where she became correct
+um and so there's sort of a notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there's sort of a notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so there's sort of a notion that
+like if the man Waits sufficiently long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the man Waits sufficiently long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the man Waits sufficiently long
+he'll get what's like owed to him yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll get what's like owed to him yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'll get what's like owed to him yes
+but in this particular example you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this particular example you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this particular example you have
+this sort of like exogenous body that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of like exogenous body that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of like exogenous body that's
+just like throwing money in a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like throwing money in a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like throwing money in a household
+like could you pick an argument that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like could you pick an argument that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like could you pick an argument that oh
+there's sort of a different control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a different control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a different control
+thing to play of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to play of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to play of like
+um this money if it's being given like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this money if it's being given like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this money if it's being given like
+totally randomly to one party or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally randomly to one party or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally randomly to one party or the
+other is going to be pulled or is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is going to be pulled or is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is going to be pulled or is going
+to be put in the hands of one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be put in the hands of one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be put in the hands of one person
+whereas like that was less in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas like that was less in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas like that was less in the case
+yes yes okay sorry yes I agree with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes okay sorry yes I agree with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes okay sorry yes I agree with you
+so that totally plausible so just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that totally plausible so just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that totally plausible so just to be
+just to be clear the argument was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear the argument was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clear the argument was
+um in the pension example we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the pension example we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the pension example we're all
+going to get a pension someday so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a pension someday so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a pension someday so maybe
+a reasonable bargaining solution is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable bargaining solution is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reasonable bargaining solution is you
+do what you want with your pension I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what you want with your pension I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what you want with your pension I'll
+do what I want with my pension it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I want with my pension it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what I want with my pension it's all
+going to kind of work out roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of work out roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of work out roughly
+because we're all going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're all going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're all going to get the
+pensions eventually whereas in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pensions eventually whereas in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pensions eventually whereas in this one
+it's like a one-time thing and either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a one-time thing and either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a one-time thing and either of
+us kind of only one of us got it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us kind of only one of us got it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us kind of only one of us got it and
+therefore we really have to kind of Duke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we really have to kind of Duke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we really have to kind of Duke
+this one out is that basically your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one out is that basically your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one out is that basically your
+argument yeah yeah it could be that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yeah yeah it could be that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument yeah yeah it could be that's
+interesting yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when they do the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do the experiments
+yeah are there possible that the female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are there possible that the female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah are there possible that the female
+or the milk because they are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the milk because they are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the milk because they are really
+helpful they think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful they think it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful they think it is
+so they are more likely to perform much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are more likely to perform much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are more likely to perform much
+better because it is not something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because it is not something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because it is not something
+really heard right I think it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heard right I think it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really heard right I think it's kind of
+a really yeah I think it's a related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really yeah I think it's a related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really yeah I think it's a related
+context what is the framing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context what is the framing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context what is the framing in some
+sense and how are they sort of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and how are they sort of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and how are they sort of setting
+this up right is that kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up right is that kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up right is that kind of a
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+yeah I'm just curious why they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm just curious why they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm just curious why they're like
+although it's given to a female so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's given to a female so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it's given to a female so this
+was actually I think the way it was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually I think the way it was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually I think the way it was done
+is it was done in through mobile money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it was done in through mobile money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it was done in through mobile money
+and so the question is literally like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is literally like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is literally like
+whose phone does it go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like your account or your husband's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your account or your husband's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like your account or your husband's
+account that's thinking like if I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that's thinking like if I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account that's thinking like if I this
+is my third income or is my pension I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my third income or is my pension I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my third income or is my pension I
+just cleared it to somebody from me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cleared it to somebody from me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cleared it to somebody from me but
+for this case if someone dropped some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case if someone dropped some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this case if someone dropped some
+money and they've met at the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and they've met at the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and they've met at the field and
+it's dropped the money oh I see yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dropped the money oh I see yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dropped the money oh I see yeah
+yeah no exactly it could be framed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no exactly it could be framed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no exactly it could be framed
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+that's related I think right that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related I think right that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related I think right that's what
+you're saying it could be framed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it could be framed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it could be framed
+differently it's sort of like I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently it's sort of like I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently it's sort of like I think
+what you're basically saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it depends on what on it depends so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends on what on it depends so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends on what on it depends so
+in the simplest bargaining model I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest bargaining model I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplest bargaining model I set
+up it's not different right it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's not different right it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's not different right it's clear
+like if you think think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you think think about the
+version of the bargaining model I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the bargaining model I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the bargaining model I talked
+about where basically it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where basically it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where basically it's like
+um I get to sort of just make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I get to sort of just make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I get to sort of just make the
+consumption decision myself you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decision myself you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption decision myself you know if
+we if we don't agree I guess we each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we don't agree I guess we each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we if we don't agree I guess we each
+have to spend our own money right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend our own money right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spend our own money right in
+that case it's it's clearly like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it's it's clearly like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case it's it's clearly like it's
+different because it went on my mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because it went on my mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because it went on my mobile
+money account versus your mobile money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money account versus your mobile money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money account versus your mobile money
+account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account
+right so in that in that version I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in that in that version I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in that in that version I think
+it's still very different or I do think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still very different or I do think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still very different or I do think
+you are right and both of these comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right and both of these comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are right and both of these comments
+I think are related sort of what is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are related sort of what is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think are related sort of what is like
+the framing of this stuff and how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framing of this stuff and how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framing of this stuff and how this
+stuff is presented to the households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is presented to the households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is presented to the households
+could matter in terms of how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could matter in terms of how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could matter in terms of how it's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+how it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's uh
+what the implications are that being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the implications are that being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the implications are that being
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+I do think that we should update like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do think that we should update like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do think that we should update like
+from this in the sense of you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this in the sense of you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this in the sense of you might have
+seen the previous results and drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the previous results and drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the previous results and drawn the
+totally reasonable policy inference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally reasonable policy inference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally reasonable policy inference that
+we should give the money to the kids if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should give the money to the kids if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should give the money to the kids if
+we to the moms if we care about the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to the moms if we care about the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to the moms if we care about the kids
+and this says actually no maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this says actually no maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this says actually no maybe it
+doesn't actually matter as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually matter as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually matter as much as you
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example
+no you disagree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you disagree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you disagree
+oh I'm sorry it's very hard to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry it's very hard to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm sorry it's very hard to read
+people's faces with the mask on I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's faces with the mask on I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's faces with the mask on I'm
+doing my best but you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my best but you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing my best but you know I
+interesting like comparison test where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like comparison test where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like comparison test where
+you took the same income and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took the same income and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took the same income and then
+delivered it to both parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered it to both parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered it to both parents
+individually and then like slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and then like slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and then like slightly
+change the proportion that you awarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the proportion that you awarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the proportion that you awarded
+to both parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who had like many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had like many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had like many many many
+yeah that would be a good test of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would be a good test of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that would be a good test of your
+theory that basically like that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that basically like that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that basically like that might be
+a good test of it but again it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good test of it but again it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good test of it but again it depends
+on the framing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the framing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the framing yeah
+and there are a variety of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are a variety of other
+I think Esther will talk about more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Esther will talk about more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think Esther will talk about more of
+these next time there are a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next time there are a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these next time there are a variety of
+other more subtle tests of like we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more subtle tests of like we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other more subtle tests of like we do we
+give you know slightly more of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you know slightly more of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you know slightly more of something
+you know we change the decision rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we change the decision rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we change the decision rights
+or we change whether we talk about it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we change whether we talk about it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we change whether we talk about it or
+sort of explicitly kind of going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explicitly kind of going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explicitly kind of going into
+the details of this bargaining question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of this bargaining question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of this bargaining question
+there is a bunch of additional work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bunch of additional work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bunch of additional work on
+that which I'm not going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which I'm not going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which I'm not going to talk about
+today but which we will I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but which we will I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but which we will I think that's
+what we'll talk about some of that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll talk about some of that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll talk about some of that kind
+of next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I want to get to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to get to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to get to the the
+paper you guys read for today which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you guys read for today which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you guys read for today which is
+about Pareto efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Pareto efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Pareto efficiency
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+the in in the Burkina Faso example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the Burkina Faso example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in in the Burkina Faso example that
+you got this sort of another sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this sort of another sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this sort of another sort of
+test of these models right is do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of these models right is do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test of these models right is do we get
+to sort of the efficient outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the efficient outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of the efficient outcome
+in this example over here the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example over here the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example over here the efficient
+outcome is somehow we managed to earn s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is somehow we managed to earn s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome is somehow we managed to earn s
+right and then share it as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then share it as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then share it as opposed to
+sort of each getting our own like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of each getting our own like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of each getting our own like
+individual bows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the Burkina Faso example that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Burkina Faso example that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Burkina Faso example that you
+guys read for today individuals control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys read for today individuals control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys read for today individuals control
+different plots and so the Pareto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots and so the Pareto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots and so the Pareto
+optimal behavior is going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal behavior is going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal behavior is going to be to
+maximize total out income and then share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize total out income and then share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize total out income and then share
+it according to some weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it according to some weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it according to some weights
+okay at least that's going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least that's going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay at least that's going to be the
+sort of the The Benchmark we should talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the The Benchmark we should talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the The Benchmark we should talk
+about whether or not you think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not you think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not you think that's a
+reasonable Benchmark or there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Benchmark or there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable Benchmark or there are other
+benchmarks you should think about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks you should think about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarks you should think about as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the the alternative is you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the alternative is you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the alternative is you know if I
+have control over my the income from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over my the income from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have control over my the income from my
+plot and you have the controller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and you have the controller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and you have the controller and
+contribute our plot we might not kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute our plot we might not kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute our plot we might not kind of
+like efficiently sort of share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like efficiently sort of share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like efficiently sort of share
+uh resources across the two and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resources across the two and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resources across the two and I have
+control over some resources and I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over some resources and I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over some resources and I might
+say well I'm gonna like over invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'm gonna like over invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'm gonna like over invest in
+my own plot because I want the resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own plot because I want the resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own plot because I want the resources
+from my own from my plot even if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own from my plot even if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my own from my plot even if it was
+more efficient to sort of put some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient to sort of put some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficient to sort of put some other
+source on someone else's plot so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source on someone else's plot so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source on someone else's plot so that's
+kind of the question is sort of are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the question is sort of are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the question is sort of are we
+sort of you know jointly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know jointly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know jointly kind of
+maximizing the the production or somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the the production or somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing the the production or somehow
+is the identity of who controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity of who controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the identity of who controls the
+income from the plot affect kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from the plot affect kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from the plot affect kind of the
+production choices on the plot that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production choices on the plot that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production choices on the plot that's
+the basic question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic question right
+okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh okay so so what's the setup we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so so what's the setup we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay so so what's the setup we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have Labor Supply we have consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Labor Supply we have consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have Labor Supply we have consumption
+decisions we have an area of each plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we have an area of each plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we have an area of each plot
+the um we have a production function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um we have a production function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um we have a production function
+right and we're going to assume this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're going to assume this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we're going to assume this
+production function is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function is going to be the
+same for all the individuals although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for all the individuals although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same for all the individuals although
+he's going to test that kind of later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to test that kind of later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to test that kind of later in
+the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper
+right this is I think a key assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is I think a key assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is I think a key assumption
+by the way and and we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way and and we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way and and we can talk about
+that I don't know I don't know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know I don't know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know I don't know what you
+guys thought of that to me it to me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys thought of that to me it to me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys thought of that to me it to me when
+I was rereading the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was rereading the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was rereading the paper
+um this morning like to me a lot of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this morning like to me a lot of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this morning like to me a lot of my
+questions had to do with sort of like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions had to do with sort of like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions had to do with sort of like is
+that assumption kind of uh reasonable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption kind of uh reasonable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assumption kind of uh reasonable or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh total kind of uh total uh laboring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total kind of uh total uh laboring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh total kind of uh total uh laboring
+total sort of Labor Supply and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sort of Labor Supply and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sort of Labor Supply and we have
+sort of some joint kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some joint kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of some joint kind of um
+uh joint decision making over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh joint decision making over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh joint decision making over
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+over consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over consumption
+so the Pareto efficient allocation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Pareto efficient allocation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Pareto efficient allocation is
+like we had before right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had before right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had before right we're going to
+solve some sort of like some we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some sort of like some we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some sort of like some we're going
+to maximize sort of some weighted sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize sort of some weighted sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize sort of some weighted sum of
+the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the utilities
+subject to the budget constraint and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the budget constraint and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to the budget constraint and the
+production functions and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production functions and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production functions and you know the
+the key point and this I'm going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point and this I'm going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point and this I'm going to come
+back to this idea the key point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea the key point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this idea the key point is that
+production decisions are independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions are independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions are independent of
+sort of preferences and so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of preferences and so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of preferences and so I'm going to
+actually talk about this in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about this in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about this in more detail
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+uh when I come when I talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I come when I talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when I come when I talk about the
+labor record like the labor lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor record like the labor lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor record like the labor lectures
+this idea that sort of our production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that sort of our production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that sort of our production
+and our consumption decision should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our consumption decision should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our consumption decision should be
+separable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separable
+um is kind of a a key test of sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is kind of a a key test of sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is kind of a a key test of sort of um
+a bunch of different models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different models
+but basically the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically the idea is
+um we're going to solve the sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to solve the sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to solve the sort of the
+the the we're going to maximize kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the we're going to maximize kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the we're going to maximize kind of
+the joint the total output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint the total output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the joint the total output
+right by sort of optimally allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by sort of optimally allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by sort of optimally allocating
+our resources across these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our resources across these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our resources across these two different
+uh plots to maximize outcome output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plots to maximize outcome output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plots to maximize outcome output and
+it and really the key idea is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and really the key idea is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and really the key idea is it
+shouldn't matter for the household whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter for the household whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't matter for the household whose
+plot is the man's plot and whose Plaza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is the man's plot and whose Plaza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is the man's plot and whose Plaza
+women's plot we should just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's plot we should just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's plot we should just be
+maximizing output over the two plots and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing output over the two plots and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing output over the two plots and
+then we should sort of get the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should sort of get the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should sort of get the income
+and sort of split it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of split it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of split it up
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreign
+so that's basically sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's basically sort of the the
+framework he's going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework he's going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework he's going to Define
+um the yield on a particular plot as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the yield on a particular plot as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the yield on a particular plot as a
+as the quantity divide as the the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the quantity divide as the the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the quantity divide as the the amount
+of output per area planted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output per area planted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output per area planted
+and he'll look at sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'll look at sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he'll look at sort of the the
+deviation on some particular plot k or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation on some particular plot k or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation on some particular plot k or a
+particular plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plot
+um I rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I rather
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+for crop K is going to be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crop K is going to be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for crop K is going to be the the
+they're going to look at the deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look at the deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to look at the deviation
+from the output per acre on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the output per acre on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the output per acre on that
+particular plot compared to the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plot compared to the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plot compared to the average
+across the kind of all their plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the kind of all their plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the kind of all their plots
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and they're gonna they're gonna do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're gonna they're gonna do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're gonna they're gonna do this
+kind of within crop right so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of within crop right so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of within crop right so they're
+gonna say like you know we plant six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say like you know we plant six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say like you know we plant six
+different crops but actually like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different crops but actually like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different crops but actually like I
+plant peanuts and you plant peanuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant peanuts and you plant peanuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant peanuts and you plant peanuts and
+I plant rice and you plant rice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plant rice and you plant rice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plant rice and you plant rice and
+we're gonna look at sort of my rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna look at sort of my rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna look at sort of my rice
+versus your rice it's gonna be the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your rice it's gonna be the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus your rice it's gonna be the key
+the Keith and we're okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Keith and we're okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Keith and we're okay
+okay and so um then they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so um then they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so um then they're basically
+going to run this regression where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this regression where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run this regression where
+they're going to run sort of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to run sort of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to run sort of the output
+on sort of whether it's a the woman's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of whether it's a the woman's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of whether it's a the woman's
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+um putting in putting in household times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um putting in putting in household times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um putting in putting in household times
+time times crop fix effects so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time times crop fix effects so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time times crop fix effects so in this
+year we produced this you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we produced this you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year we produced this you know we we
+both produced rice you both produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both produced rice you both produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both produced rice you both produce
+ground nuts whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground nuts whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground nuts whatever
+um and we both it was a good year or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we both it was a good year or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we both it was a good year or a
+bad year or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad year or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad year or whatever
+um but we're going to sort of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're going to sort of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're going to sort of look
+across our different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across our different plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across our different plots
+okay and the key test is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the key test is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the key test is going to be
+whether sort of the the open advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether sort of the the open advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether sort of the the open advanced
+spot is different than the woman's pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot is different than the woman's pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot is different than the woman's pop
+yeah so uh on the previous slide when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh on the previous slide when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh on the previous slide when
+you said why not use between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said why not use between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said why not use between
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+oh why not well if you measure G in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why not well if you measure G in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh why not well if you measure G in
+terms of like instead of like yield and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like instead of like yield and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of like instead of like yield and
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so that's a good question so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a good question so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's a good question so why
+not do it all per dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it all per dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not do it all per dollar
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good question actually do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question actually do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question actually do you
+have an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an answer
+well I was wondering if there was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I was wondering if there was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I was wondering if there was like a
+you don't want to focus strip the soil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to focus strip the soil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to focus strip the soil
+cords
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cords
+in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah actually it's a good question I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually it's a good question I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah actually it's a good question I was
+trying to think that through like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think that through like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think that through like you
+wanna I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why not do it yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for different crops between their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different crops between their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different crops between their own
+family rather than three days so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family rather than three days so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family rather than three days so that
+they really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really wanted
+to see prop time so it's like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see prop time so it's like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see prop time so it's like they
+really put their decision making into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put their decision making into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really put their decision making into
+once again let's share of this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again let's share of this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again let's share of this product
+they share of that problem so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share of that problem so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they share of that problem so that they
+try to see well you switch plus to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see well you switch plus to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to see well you switch plus to make
+a certain type of problem yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain type of problem yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain type of problem yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+the more I think about actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more I think about actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more I think about actually I'm
+having a harder time answering it than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a harder time answering it than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a harder time answering it than I
+thought so I was thinking well you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so I was thinking well you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought so I was thinking well you want
+to be able to sweep out fixed effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to sweep out fixed effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to sweep out fixed effects
+like you know for example it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know for example it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know for example it's like a
+bad year for like you know this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad year for like you know this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad year for like you know this kind of
+crop or a good year for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop or a good year for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop or a good year for this kind of
+crop but why would like one of them be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop but why would like one of them be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop but why would like one of them be
+systematically correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically correlated with the
+woman's crop for example so why like why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's crop for example so why like why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman's crop for example so why like why
+would we have the woman differentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have the woman differentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we have the woman differentially
+plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+well I mean one thing could be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean one thing could be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean one thing could be you know
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+no I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't
+know sorry I don't I don't have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sorry I don't I don't have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sorry I don't I don't have a look
+at that I don't have a good answer here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that I don't have a good answer here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that I don't have a good answer here
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+someone else will answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I I see your point you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I see your point you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I I see your point you should be
+able to dollarize it like it does seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dollarize it like it does seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to dollarize it like it does seem
+like you can sort of like sweet you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can sort of like sweet you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can sort of like sweet you know
+you're comparing more like to like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing more like to like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing more like to like in
+this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+under the model it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the model it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the model it's a good question
+like under the model I can see what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like under the model I can see what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like under the model I can see what you
+mean under the model we should like have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean under the model we should like have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean under the model we should like have
+no differences in average we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no differences in average we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no differences in average we should
+everything should be equalized up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything should be equalized up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything should be equalized up to
+sort of the margin we should and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the margin we should and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the margin we should and well
+if we had marginals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had marginals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we had marginals
+right so we don't have marginals we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we don't have marginals we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we don't have marginals we have
+averages so one reason it may be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so one reason it may be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages so one reason it may be that
+like that that could be related to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that could be related to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that could be related to it
+but if we had marginals you're right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had marginals you're right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we had marginals you're right I
+think we should we should be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should we should be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we should we should be sort of
+equalizing our output to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizing our output to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equalizing our output to the point where
+sort of the marginal return on every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the marginal return on every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the marginal return on every uh
+in dollar terms is the same on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dollar terms is the same on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dollar terms is the same on every
+plot so I think if we had marginals I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so I think if we had marginals I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so I think if we had marginals I
+think that would be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that would be right
+it certainly can't hurt to do this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly can't hurt to do this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly can't hurt to do this but I
+don't see a good reason not to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consolidation because it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally can we use averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so that's another good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so that's another good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so that's another good point
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay a couple points number one so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a couple points number one so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a couple points number one so in
+the misallocation literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the misallocation literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the misallocation literature
+they also end up looking at averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also end up looking at averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also end up looking at averages
+more often than you may think they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than you may think they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than you may think they write
+down a theory which is about marginals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a theory which is about marginals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a theory which is about marginals
+right but actually a lot of like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but actually a lot of like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but actually a lot of like you
+know but they have to assume a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they have to assume a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but they have to assume a
+functional form in order to but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form in order to but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form in order to but what
+they observe is just like output so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe is just like output so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe is just like output so you
+have to write down a functional form to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write down a functional form to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write down a functional form to
+get back to marginals from the averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to marginals from the averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to marginals from the averages
+so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think
+a general point I think all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general point I think all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general point I think all of your
+making which is totally right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making which is totally right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making which is totally right what
+you're making which is totally right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making which is totally right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're making which is totally right is
+both in that literature and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in that literature and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in that literature and in this
+literature the thing we really want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the thing we really want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature the thing we really want is
+randomly is to estimate the marginals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly is to estimate the marginals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly is to estimate the marginals
+and randomly shock kind of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and randomly shock kind of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and randomly shock kind of different
+things to estimate the marginal returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to estimate the marginal returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to estimate the marginal returns
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um the misallocation literature does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the misallocation literature does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the misallocation literature does
+that using functional form this paper I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using functional form this paper I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that using functional form this paper I
+think also essentially deals with it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also essentially deals with it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think also essentially deals with it in
+functional form right so what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form right so what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form right so what are they
+going to do they're going to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do they're going to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do they're going to do two
+things I think to answer what is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think to answer what is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I think to answer what is he
+going to do he's going to do two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do he's going to do two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do he's going to do two things
+to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that
+the first is he's going to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is he's going to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is he's going to estimate
+these production functions right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these production functions right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these production functions right and
+show they look kind of similar on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they look kind of similar on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show they look kind of similar on the
+two different things and that's I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things and that's I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different things and that's I think
+gonna you know unless there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you know unless there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna you know unless there's sort of
+some big unobserved term that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big unobserved term that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some big unobserved term that would
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know change the marginals in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know change the marginals in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know change the marginals in some
+way like the fact that product functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like the fact that product functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like the fact that product functions
+look similar May sort of help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look similar May sort of help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look similar May sort of help you
+the second thing though is he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing though is he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing though is he's going to
+directly look at inputs and he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly look at inputs and he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly look at inputs and he's going
+to make this argument that you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this argument that you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this argument that you know the
+inputs look way way less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs look way way less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs look way way less
+and the returns to the inputs at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the returns to the inputs at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the returns to the inputs at least
+estimated cross-sectionally look you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated cross-sectionally look you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated cross-sectionally look you
+know still high and concave you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still high and concave you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know still high and concave you know
+they look concave so he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look concave so he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look concave so he's going to
+basically say if we think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say if we think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically say if we think that the
+returns to these things are concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to these things are concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to these things are concave
+and we see much lower inputs on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see much lower inputs on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see much lower inputs on one
+versus the other is probably the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other is probably the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the other is probably the case
+that the marginals are not kind of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginals are not kind of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the marginals are not kind of being
+equated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equated
+that's basically the argument he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the argument he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the argument he's going
+to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make
+that is that a reasonable answer or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that a reasonable answer or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that a reasonable answer or is
+that they answer your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they answer your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they answer your question
+I was sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was sorry
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so I think that's what they're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's what they're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that's what they're gonna do
+but I think that I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think that I think you're
+absolutely right to to ask that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right to to ask that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right to to ask that question
+because I think lots of these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think lots of these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think lots of these papers
+um make arguments about equating things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make arguments about equating things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um make arguments about equating things
+which are which are true in marginals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are which are true in marginals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are which are true in marginals
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+unless you have kind of random shocks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have kind of random shocks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have kind of random shocks of
+things you don't necessarily actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you don't necessarily actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you don't necessarily actually
+estimate the marginals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the marginals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the marginals
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so okay so the key feature in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay so the key feature in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay so the key feature in this
+in this paper in this context is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper in this context is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper in this context is that
+men and women control different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women control different plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men and women control different plots
+right so that's by the way and he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's by the way and he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's by the way and he has
+data as at least one of you pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as at least one of you pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as at least one of you pointed out
+in the comments like the the data here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comments like the the data here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the comments like the the data here
+is incredibly Rich to both have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly Rich to both have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly Rich to both have multiple
+plots and have data on all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots and have data on all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots and have data on all these
+different plots is kind of really pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots is kind of really pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots is kind of really pretty
+remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he's going to focus on these half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to focus on these half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's going to focus on these half of
+the house half the households the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house half the households the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house half the households the man
+otherwise are harvesting the same crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise are harvesting the same crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise are harvesting the same crop
+on the different on different plots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the different on different plots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the different on different plots in
+the same year so that allows him to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same year so that allows him to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same year so that allows him to put
+in these fixed effects although I as per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these fixed effects although I as per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these fixed effects although I as per
+our previous point if you could do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous point if you could do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our previous point if you could do it in
+oh here's another reason by the way is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's another reason by the way is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here's another reason by the way is
+that to do that to do the thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do that to do the thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to do that to do the thing in
+dollars you need profits not so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you need profits not so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars you need profits not so the
+marginal the the thing you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal the the thing you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal the the thing you want to think
+about not only do you first of all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not only do you first of all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about not only do you first of all you
+do profits and you need marginal profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do profits and you need marginal profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do profits and you need marginal profits
+so the margin we already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the margin we already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the margin we already talked about
+the other thing which is tricky is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing which is tricky is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing which is tricky is
+profits you have to sort of track off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you have to sort of track off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits you have to sort of track off
+input costs and that's actually tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input costs and that's actually tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input costs and that's actually tricky
+so it's much easier to measure output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's much easier to measure output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's much easier to measure output
+than uh than profits and so you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh than profits and so you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than uh than profits and so you also
+need so put that in mind too because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so put that in mind too because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need so put that in mind too because you
+also need the inputs and the inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need the inputs and the inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need the inputs and the inputs and
+the input costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input costs
+so that's the other thing that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other thing that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the other thing that makes it
+easier to do it in output and so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do it in output and so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to do it in output and so in some
+sense you know what is the key result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know what is the key result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know what is the key result
+right the key result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the key result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the key result is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that in general that there's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general that there's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in general that there's a sort of
+negative coefficient on output uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative coefficient on output uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative coefficient on output uh for
+female plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female plots
+controlling very flexibly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling very flexibly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling very flexibly for
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+plot size and other kind of plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot size and other kind of plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot size and other kind of plot
+characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics
+right and I think another one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think another one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I think another one thing
+another something else you guys picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another something else you guys picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another something else you guys picked
+up on which I think is nice about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on which I think is nice about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up on which I think is nice about this
+paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know they're controlling for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're controlling for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're controlling for these
+kind of things very flexibly and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things very flexibly and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of things very flexibly and not
+parametrically right we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically right we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametrically right we don't really
+have a strong view of kind of like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong view of kind of like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a strong view of kind of like how
+soil type you know 12 versus 37 effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil type you know 12 versus 37 effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil type you know 12 versus 37 effects
+kind of output or whatever so he's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of output or whatever so he's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of output or whatever so he's going
+to control for all that pretty flexibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control for all that pretty flexibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control for all that pretty flexibly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um so let me pause here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me pause here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let me pause here
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so what did you guys think of this did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you guys think of this did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what did you guys think of this did
+you find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it
+convincing not convincing we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing not convincing we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing not convincing we talked
+about the marginals we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the marginals we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the marginals we talked about
+um the you know a couple other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you know a couple other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the you know a couple other issues
+what are some other issues what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some other issues what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some other issues what are some
+other thoughts you guys had about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thoughts you guys had about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thoughts you guys had about this
+paper and generally it seems like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and generally it seems like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and generally it seems like you
+guys more or less liked it but did other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys more or less liked it but did other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys more or less liked it but did other
+people have have uh other concerns about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have have uh other concerns about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have have uh other concerns about
+sort of from reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+come on you all sent in like comments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on you all sent in like comments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on you all sent in like comments so
+what are do you have any other concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are do you have any other concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are do you have any other concerns
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah Patrick's Day control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what what you have to believe is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what you have to believe is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what you have to believe is that
+the controls are I mean what he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls are I mean what he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the controls are I mean what he has
+is did I bring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I bring this no I didn't bring this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I bring this no I didn't bring this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I bring this no I didn't bring this
+slide but what he does is he um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but what he does is he um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but what he does is he um
+shows you that basically the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that basically the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you that basically the results
+look kind of pretty similar with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look kind of pretty similar with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look kind of pretty similar with and
+with actually I think they look I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually I think they look I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with actually I think they look I don't
+much look but he shows you results with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much look but he shows you results with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much look but he shows you results with
+and without kind of the controls right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without kind of the controls right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without kind of the controls right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think you'd have to believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'd have to believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'd have to believe that the
+results still go through with kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results still go through with kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results still go through with kind of
+the the really rich controls and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the really rich controls and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the really rich controls and you'd
+have to believe that there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to believe that there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to believe that there's sort of a
+lot of other unobservable stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other unobservable stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other unobservable stuff that's
+not correlated that's not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correlated that's not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not correlated that's not sort of
+captured by these controls but yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by these controls but yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by these controls but yes I
+think that's something you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's something you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's something you could think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it would have to be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would have to be that the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but the other thing is he also shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing is he also shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing is he also shows you
+these direct results on input use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these direct results on input use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these direct results on input use
+so you'd have to believe not just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have to believe not just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have to believe not just that
+the land was worse but the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land was worse but the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land was worse but the marginal
+returns to input use were a lot lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to input use were a lot lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns to input use were a lot lower
+which could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be
+right but that would be the thing you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that would be the thing you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that would be the thing you'd
+have to believe oh right sorry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to believe oh right sorry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to believe oh right sorry that's
+the other point actually basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other point actually basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other point actually basically the
+observable of the women have better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable of the women have better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable of the women have better
+quality plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality plots
+so you'd have to believe that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have to believe that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd have to believe that the
+women's plots have like some higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's plots have like some higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women's plots have like some higher
+quality but somehow the marginals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but somehow the marginals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality but somehow the marginals are
+super duper low and that's why I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper low and that's why I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper low and that's why I kind of
+they're not and the marginal returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and the marginal returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not and the marginal returns
+inputs are superior below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other thoughts or the comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+although like the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although like the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although like the morning
+yeah but the question is like why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the question is like why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but the question is like why does
+that explain like um this stuff where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explain like um this stuff where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explain like um this stuff where
+you're basically sort of using kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically sort of using kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically sort of using kind of
+less of like other inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of like other inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less of like other inputs
+right on the women's plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's more costly to travel there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more costly to travel there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more costly to travel there to
+travel business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel business
+to us the plots around the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so that could be I don't uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that could be I don't uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that could be I don't uh do
+these anyone remember if he controls for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anyone remember if he controls for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anyone remember if he controls for
+for distance to the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right let's deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's deal with that
+yeah wait I forgot how are the two plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wait I forgot how are the two plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah wait I forgot how are the two plots
+be like reality like switched reality or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like reality like switched reality or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like reality like switched reality or
+are they like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they like like
+so remember this came up in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this came up in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember this came up in some other
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I I think he was saying that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I think he was saying that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I I think he was saying that it was
+like allocated at America at the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like allocated at America at the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like allocated at America at the time of
+marriage exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage exactly
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and do we know if um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do we know if um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do we know if um
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+if you use a platform the quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a platform the quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a platform the quality
+goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down
+that is true so if you that is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true so if you that is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true so if you that is that well
+I think you need to at least like uh lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you need to at least like uh lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you need to at least like uh lay
+them fallow for some period of time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fallow for some period of time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them fallow for some period of time but
+there can be this notion of overuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be this notion of overuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be this notion of overuse
+right but would that be a problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but would that be a problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but would that be a problem for
+this well uh I guess I'm wondering if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well uh I guess I'm wondering if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this well uh I guess I'm wondering if
+the like notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like notion of
+if you're measuring that there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're measuring that there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're measuring that there's like
+higher quality at a given like time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher quality at a given like time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher quality at a given like time
+slice of the women's plot but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of the women's plot but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of the women's plot but that's
+just what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yeah so I right so like if but right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I right so like if but right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I right so like if but right so
+but that you'd have to tell some funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you'd have to tell some funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that you'd have to tell some funky
+story where basically like the year they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story where basically like the year they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story where basically like the year they
+happened to do the survey was the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to do the survey was the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to do the survey was the year
+that all the women decided to let their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the women decided to let their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the women decided to let their
+plots be follow or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots be follow or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots be follow or whatever
+right which if that wasn't there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which if that wasn't there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which if that wasn't there's no
+reason to think it would be particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think it would be particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason to think it would be particularly
+true in the survey here and so you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the survey here and so you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true in the survey here and so you think
+it should sort of average out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thoughts
+okay I'm almost out of time but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm almost out of time but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm almost out of time but um I
+think you guys had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you guys had a bunch of
+interesting comments on this so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting comments on this so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting comments on this so I would
+encourage you to I think there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to I think there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to I think there's lots of
+interesting uh things going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh things going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh things going on here
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um the last thing I wanted to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last thing I wanted to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the last thing I wanted to um
+um mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mention
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+was I just wanted to sort of talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I just wanted to sort of talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was I just wanted to sort of talk
+mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+um two things before because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two things before because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two things before because I think
+there's a lot of stuff here that I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff here that I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of stuff here that I won't
+be able to talk to because Esther has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk to because Esther has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to talk to because Esther has
+more gender stuff she can talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gender stuff she can talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gender stuff she can talk about in
+the next lecture I wanted to mention two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I wanted to mention two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture I wanted to mention two
+things number one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things number one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things number one is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I wanted to mention some of you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to mention some of you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to mention some of you sort of
+mentioned this idea of randomly dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this idea of randomly dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this idea of randomly dropping
+income on people sort of uh this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on people sort of uh this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income on people sort of uh this paper
+by Robinson I think is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Robinson I think is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Robinson I think is a little bit
+closer to some what some of you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to some what some of you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to some what some of you were
+talking about these would be the get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these would be the get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about these would be the get
+directly example so he's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly example so he's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly example so he's going to have
+um random both spouses have random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um random both spouses have random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um random both spouses have random
+chance of receiving kind of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of receiving kind of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of receiving kind of smaller
+income drops and sort of uh look at sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income drops and sort of uh look at sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income drops and sort of uh look at sort
+of the the uh whether these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh whether these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the uh whether these things are
+are different that's sort of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different that's sort of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different that's sort of another
+just another randomized example I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another randomized example I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just another randomized example I wanted
+to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention
+um and he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and he does
+um anyway so I just want to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so I just want to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um anyway so I just want to mention that
+that one is one as one example and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is one as one example and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is one as one example and the
+final thing I also wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I also wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final thing I also wanted to mention
+that although I'm not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although I'm not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that although I'm not going to talk
+about it is Dynamics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is Dynamics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is Dynamics so
+everything we've talked about has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've talked about has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything we've talked about has been
+static right I just wanted to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static right I just wanted to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static right I just wanted to mention
+there's a whole additional literature on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole additional literature on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole additional literature on
+it was a bit of an additional literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a bit of an additional literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a bit of an additional literature
+on sort of Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on sort of Dynamics
+um and you know both that I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know both that I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know both that I wanted to
+make sure to have an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to have an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure to have an opportunity to
+display my favorite cartoon on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display my favorite cartoon on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display my favorite cartoon on this
+subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject
+um which is uh which is uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is uh which is uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is uh which is uh you know
+about sort of dynamic kind of allocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of dynamic kind of allocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of dynamic kind of allocation
+between parents and kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parents and kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parents and kids
+um but more more seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but more more seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but more more seriously
+um there is this other idea about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is this other idea about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is this other idea about this
+Jensen and Miller paper which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen and Miller paper which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jensen and Miller paper which is about
+sort of whether or not I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of whether or not I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of whether or not I would
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+if parents and kids can't contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if parents and kids can't contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if parents and kids can't contract
+whether or not I want to do things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not I want to do things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not I want to do things to
+sort of like do things to my kids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like do things to my kids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like do things to my kids to
+make sure that later they'll kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that later they'll kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that later they'll kind of
+behave nicely to me when they're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave nicely to me when they're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave nicely to me when they're when
+they're kind of grown up and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of grown up and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're kind of grown up and sort of
+that you can think of that as about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of that as about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of that as about like
+intergenerational sort of failure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational sort of failure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergenerational sort of failure like
+uh friction where you know I might in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh friction where you know I might in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh friction where you know I might in
+particular the idea of this Jensen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the idea of this Jensen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the idea of this Jensen
+Miller paper is that I may sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller paper is that I may sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miller paper is that I may sort of
+differentially under invest in my kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially under invest in my kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentially under invest in my kids
+which because I want them to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which because I want them to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which because I want them to sort of
+stay on the farm and sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on the farm and sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay on the farm and sort of you know
+stay stay close to me and provide kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay stay close to me and provide kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay stay close to me and provide kind
+of old age support for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old age support for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old age support for me
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+I will prevent you know not invest in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will prevent you know not invest in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will prevent you know not invest in or
+give them the sort of ability to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the sort of ability to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them the sort of ability to kind of
+go off and move off to the city which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and move off to the city which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go off and move off to the city which
+might maximize our total kind of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might maximize our total kind of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might maximize our total kind of income
+as a collective multi-generational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a collective multi-generational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a collective multi-generational
+household but might mean that I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household but might mean that I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household but might mean that I might
+get less of it and so I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less of it and so I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get less of it and so I just wanted to
+sort of flag that that these issues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flag that that these issues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of flag that that these issues are
+not just static you know we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just static you know we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just static you know we've talked
+about them statically about you know man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them statically about you know man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them statically about you know man
+versus women's income and sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus women's income and sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus women's income and sort of how
+does that affect kind of the choice some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect kind of the choice some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that affect kind of the choice some
+choices but it could also be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but it could also be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices but it could also be about
+parents and kids and the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and kids and the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and kids and the sort of
+understanding that kind of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that kind of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding that kind of this this
+heterogeneity this uh Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity this uh Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneity this uh Dynamic
+um optimization frictions is sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um optimization frictions is sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um optimization frictions is sort of not
+some other interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other interesting about
+okay sorry there was a lot there I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry there was a lot there I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry there was a lot there I
+didn't get to kind of finish but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to kind of finish but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get to kind of finish but um
+Esther will take it over next time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther will take it over next time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther will take it over next time then
+I'll come back after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll come back after
+that thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BH64jOFmxuw.txt b/BH64jOFmxuw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40abd50bfce9c1f4685f971bb7a6afca82d7a0d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BH64jOFmxuw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so collaboration for me was great my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so collaboration for me was great my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so collaboration for me was great my
+partner and I lived on the same hall we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and I lived on the same hall we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner and I lived on the same hall we
+live right down the hall from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live right down the hall from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live right down the hall from each other
+so we could very easily pop over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could very easily pop over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could very easily pop over and
+talk to each other one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other one thing that I
+found helpful that we actually started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found helpful that we actually started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found helpful that we actually started
+messing up a bit later on throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up a bit later on throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messing up a bit later on throughout the
+semester was that your partner is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester was that your partner is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester was that your partner is very
+good as a sort of sanity check for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as a sort of sanity check for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good as a sort of sanity check for you
+which means that there's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that there's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that there's a bit of a
+danger for you and partner to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger for you and partner to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger for you and partner to start
+essentially operating as one person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially operating as one person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially operating as one person and
+just like you know taking what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you know taking what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like you know taking what your
+other partner says for granted and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other partner says for granted and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other partner says for granted and using
+that in your data because then you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your data because then you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in your data because then you lose
+that that sanity check that that double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sanity check that that double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that sanity check that that double
+checking of your data so it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking of your data so it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking of your data so it's important
+to work together with your partner but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work together with your partner but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work together with your partner but
+also sort of constantly be checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of constantly be checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sort of constantly be checking
+their work and and verifying that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and and verifying that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their work and and verifying that what
+they're doing is actually correct
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BRO7mVIFt08.txt b/BRO7mVIFt08.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..beebf7504ceeecab5e8ebb9a2c476d68cfaf9c3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BRO7mVIFt08.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2537 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: A trilogy,
+if you will, on hashing.
+
+We did a lot of
+cool hashing stuff.
+
+In some sense, we already have
+what we want with hashing.
+
+Hashing with chaining, we can
+do constant expected time,
+
+I should say, constant
+as long as-- yeah.
+
+If we're doing insert,
+delete, and exact search.
+
+Is this key in there?
+
+If so, return the item.
+
+Otherwise, say no.
+
+And we do that with
+hashing with chaining.
+
+Under the analysis we did was
+with simple uniform hashing.
+
+An alternative is to use
+universal hashing, which
+
+is not really in this class.
+
+But if you find this weird,
+then this is less weird.
+
+And hashing with
+chaining, the idea
+
+was we had this giant universe
+of all keys, could be actually
+
+all integers.
+
+So it's infinite.
+
+But then what we actually
+are storing in our structure
+
+is some finite set of n keys.
+
+Here, I'm labeling them
+k1 through k4, n is four.
+
+But in general, you don't
+know what they're going to be.
+
+We reduce that to
+a table of size m
+
+by this hash function
+h-- stuff drawn in red.
+
+And so here I have a
+three way collision.
+
+These three keys all
+map to one, and so I
+
+store a linked list
+of k1, k4 and k2.
+
+They're in no particular order.
+
+That's the point
+of that picture.
+
+Here k3 happens to
+map to its own slot.
+
+And the other slots
+are empty, so they just
+
+have a null saying there's
+an empty linked list there.
+
+Total size of this
+structure is n plus m.
+
+There's m to store the table.
+
+There's n to store the sum of
+the lengths of all the lists
+
+is going to be n.
+
+And then we said the
+expected chain length,
+
+if everything's uniform,
+then the probability
+
+of a particular key going
+to a particular slot is 1/m.
+
+And if everything's
+nice and independent
+
+or if you use
+universal hashing, you
+
+can show that the total
+expected chain length is n/m.
+
+n independent trials,
+each probability 1/m
+
+of falling here.
+
+And we call that
+alpha, the load factor.
+
+And we concluded that
+the operation time
+
+to do an insert, delete, or
+search was order 1 plus alpha.
+
+So that's n expectation.
+
+So that was hashing
+with chaining.
+
+This is good news.
+
+As long as alpha is a
+constant, we get constant time.
+
+And just for
+recollection, today we're
+
+not really going to be thinking
+too much about what the hash
+
+function is, but just
+remember two of them I talked
+
+about-- this one we actually
+will use today, where you just
+
+take the key and
+take it module m.
+
+That's one easy way of mapping
+all integers into the space
+
+zero through m minus 1.
+
+That's called the
+division method.
+
+Multiplication
+method is more fancy.
+
+You multiply by
+a random integer,
+
+and then you look at the
+middle of that multiplication.
+
+And that's where lots
+of copies of the key k
+
+get mixed up together and that's
+sort of the name of hashing.
+
+And that's a better hash
+function in the real world.
+
+So that's hashing with chaining.
+
+Cool?
+
+Now, it seemed like
+a complete picture,
+
+but there's one crucial thing
+that we're missing here.
+
+Any suggestions?
+
+If I went to go to implement
+this data structure,
+
+what don't I know how to do?
+
+And one answer could
+be the hash function,
+
+but we're going to ignore that.
+
+I know you know the answer.
+
+Does anyone else
+know the answer?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Grow the table.
+
+PROFESSOR: Grow the table.
+
+Yeah.
+
+The question is,
+what should m be?
+
+OK, we have to create
+a table size m,
+
+and we put our keys into it.
+
+We know we'd like m to
+be about the same as n.
+
+But the trouble
+is we don't really
+
+know n because
+insertions come along,
+
+and then we might have
+to grow the table.
+
+If n gets really
+big relative to m,
+
+we're in trouble because
+this factor will go up
+
+and it will be no
+longer constant time.
+
+The other hand, if we
+set m to be really big,
+
+we're also kind of wasteful.
+
+The whole point
+of this structure
+
+was to avoid having one
+slot for every possible key
+
+because that was giant.
+
+We want it to save space.
+
+So we want m to be big enough
+that our structure is fast,
+
+but small enough that it's
+not wasteful in space.
+
+And so that's the
+remaining question.
+
+We want m to be theta n.
+
+We want it to be omega n.
+
+So we want it to be at
+least some constant times n,
+
+in order to make
+alpha be a constant.
+
+And we want it to be
+big O of n in order
+
+to make the space linear.
+
+And the way we're going to
+do this, as we suggested,
+
+is to grow the table.
+
+We're going to start with
+m equals some constant.
+
+Pick your favorite constant.
+
+That's 20.
+
+My favorite constant's 7.
+
+Probably want it to be a power
+of two, but what the hell?
+
+And then we're going to grow
+and shrink as necessary.
+
+This is a pretty obvious idea.
+
+The interesting part
+is to get it to work.
+
+And it's going to introduce
+a whole new concept, which
+
+is amortization.
+
+So it's going to be cool.
+
+Trust me.
+
+Not only are we going to
+solve this problem of how
+
+to choose m, we're also going to
+figure out how the Python data
+
+structure called list, also
+known as array, is implemented.
+
+So it's the exactly
+the same problem.
+
+I'll get to that in a moment.
+
+So for example, let's
+say that we-- I said m
+
+should be theta n.
+
+Let's say we want m to be
+at least n at all times.
+
+So what happens, we
+start with m equals 8.
+
+And so, let's say we
+start with an empty hash
+
+table, an empty dictionary.
+
+And then I insert eight things.
+
+And then I go to
+insert the ninth thing.
+
+And I say, oh, now
+m is bigger than n.
+
+What should I do?
+
+So this would be like at the
+end of an insertion algorithm.
+
+After I insert something and
+say oh, if m is greater than n,
+
+then I'm getting worried that m
+is getting much bigger than n.
+
+So I'd like to grow the table.
+
+OK?
+
+Let's take a little diversion
+to what does grow a table mean.
+
+So maybe I have
+current size m and I'd
+
+like to go to a
+new size, m prime.
+
+This would actually work if
+you're growing or shrinking,
+
+but m could be bigger
+or smaller than m prime.
+
+What should I do--
+what do I need
+
+to do in order to build
+a new table of this size?
+
+Easy warm up.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Allocate the memory
+and then rehash [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Allocate the memory and rehash.
+
+So we have all these keys.
+
+They're stored with some
+hash function in here,
+
+in table size m.
+
+I need to build an
+entirely new table,
+
+size m prime, and then I
+need to rehash everything.
+
+One way to think of this is
+for each item in the old table,
+
+insert into the
+new table, T prime.
+
+I think that's worth a cushion.
+
+You got one?
+
+You don't want to get hit.
+
+It's fine.
+
+We're not burning through
+these questions fast enough,
+
+so answer more questions.
+
+OK.
+
+So how much time does this take?
+
+That's the main point
+of this exercise.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Order n.
+
+PROFESSOR: Order n.
+
+Yeah, I think as long as
+m and m prime are theta n,
+
+this is order n.
+
+In general, it's going to
+be n plus m plus m prime,
+
+but you're right.
+
+Most of the time
+that's-- I mean,
+
+in the situation we're
+going to construct,
+
+this will be theta n.
+
+But in general, there's this
+issue that, for example,
+
+to iterate over every
+item in the table you
+
+have to look at every slot.
+
+And so you have to
+pay order m just
+
+to visit every slot, order n
+to visit all those lists, m
+
+prime just to build the
+new table, size m prime.
+
+Initialize it all to nil.
+
+Good.
+
+I guess another
+main point here is
+
+that we have to build
+a new hash function.
+
+Why do we need to build
+a new hash function?
+
+Because the hash function--
+why did I call it f prime?
+
+Calling it h prime.
+
+The hash function is all about
+mapping the universe of keys
+
+to a table of size m.
+
+So if m changes, we definitely
+need a new hash function.
+
+If you use the
+old hash function,
+
+you would just use the
+beginning of the table.
+
+If you add more slots down here,
+you're not going to use them.
+
+For every key you've
+got to rehash it,
+
+figure out where it goes.
+
+I think I've drilled
+that home enough times.
+
+So the question becomes when we
+see that our table is too big,
+
+we need to make it bigger.
+
+But how much bigger?
+
+Suggestions?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: 2x.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2x.
+
+Twice m.
+
+Good suggestion.
+
+Any other suggestions?
+
+3x?
+
+OK.
+
+m prime equals 2 m is
+the correct answer.
+
+But for fun, or
+for pain I guess,
+
+let's think about the wrong
+answer, which would be,
+
+just make it one bigger.
+
+That'll make m equal
+to n again, so that
+
+seems-- it's at least safe.
+
+It will maintain my invariant
+that m is at least n.
+
+I get this wrong-- sorry,
+that's the wrong way.
+
+n is greater than m.
+
+I want m to be greater
+than or equal to n.
+
+So if we just incremented
+our table size,
+
+then the question becomes, what
+is the cost of n insertions?
+
+So say we start
+with an empty table
+
+and it has size
+eight or whatever,
+
+some constant, and
+we insert n times.
+
+Then after eight insertions
+when we insert we
+
+have to rebuild
+our entire table.
+
+That takes linear time.
+
+After we insert one
+more, we have to rebuild.
+
+That takes linear time.
+
+And so the cost is going
+to be something like,
+
+after you get to 8, it's going
+to be 1 plus 2 plus 3 plus 4.
+
+So a triangular number.
+
+Every time we insert, we
+have to rebuild everything.
+
+So this is quadratic,
+this is bad.
+
+Fortunately, if all we do
+is double m, we're golden.
+
+And this is sort
+of the point of why
+
+it's called table-- I call
+it table resizing there.
+
+Or to not give it
+away, but this is
+
+a technique called
+table doubling.
+
+And let's just think of
+the cost of n insertions.
+
+There's also deletions.
+
+But if we just, again,
+start with an empty table,
+
+and we repeatedly
+insert, then the cost
+
+we get-- if we double each
+time and we're inserting,
+
+after we get to 8, we
+insert, we double to 16.
+
+Then we insert eight more
+times, then we double to 32.
+
+Then we insert 16 times,
+then we double to 64.
+
+All these numbers
+are roughly the same.
+
+They're within a factor
+of two of each other.
+
+Every time we're
+rebuilding in linear time,
+
+but we're only doing
+it like log end times.
+
+If we're going from one to
+n, their log end growths--
+
+log end doublings
+that we're able to do.
+
+So you might think,
+oh, it's n log n.
+
+But we don't want n log n.
+
+That would be
+binary search trees.
+
+We want to do
+better than n log n.
+
+If you think about
+the costs here,
+
+the cost to rebuild the first
+time is concepts, like 8.
+
+And then the cost to
+rebuild the second time
+
+is 16, so twice that.
+
+The cost to build
+the next time is 64.
+
+So these go up geometrically.
+
+You've got to get from 1
+to n with log end steps.
+
+The natural way to
+do it is by doubling,
+
+and you can prove that
+indeed this is the case.
+
+So this is a geometric series.
+
+Didn't mean to
+cross it out there.
+
+And so this is theta n.
+
+Now, it's a little strange
+to be talking about theta n.
+
+This is a data
+structure supposed
+
+to be constant
+time per operation.
+
+This data structure is not
+constant time per operation.
+
+Even ignoring all
+the hashing business,
+
+all you're trying to
+do is grow a table.
+
+It takes more than constant
+time for some operations.
+
+Near the end, you have
+to rebuild the last time,
+
+you're restructuring
+the entire table.
+
+That take linear time
+for one operation.
+
+You might say that's bad.
+
+But the comforting
+thing is that there
+
+are only a few operations,
+log end of them,
+
+that are really expensive.
+
+The rest are all constant time.
+
+You don't do anything.
+
+You just add into the table.
+
+So this is an idea
+we call amortization.
+
+Maybe I should write here--
+we call this table doubling.
+
+So the idea with amortization,
+let me give you a definition.
+
+Actually, I'm going to be
+a little bit vague here
+
+and just say-- T of n.
+
+Let me see what it
+says in my notes.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I say T of n.
+
+So we're going to use
+a concept of-- usually
+
+we say running time is T of n.
+
+And we started saying
+the expected running time
+
+is some T of n plus
+alpha or whatever.
+
+Now, we're going to be able to
+say the amortized running time
+
+is T of n, or the running
+time is T of n amortized.
+
+That's what this is saying.
+
+And what that means
+is that it's not
+
+any statement about
+the individual running
+
+time of the operations.
+
+It's saying if you do a whole
+bunch of operations, k of them,
+
+then the total running time
+is, at most, k times T of n.
+
+This is a way to
+amortize, or to-- yeah,
+
+amortize-- this is in the
+economic sense of amortize,
+
+I guess.
+
+You spread out the high costs
+so that's it's cheap on average
+
+all the time.
+
+It's kind of like-- normally,
+we pay rent every month.
+
+But you could think of
+it instead as you're only
+
+paying $50 a day or something
+for your monthly rent.
+
+It's maybe-- if you want
+to smooth things out,
+
+that would be a nice way
+to think about paying rent,
+
+or every second you're
+paying a penny or something.
+
+It's close, actually.
+
+Little bit off, factor or two.
+
+Anyway, so that's the idea.
+
+So you can think
+of-- this is kind
+
+of like saying that the
+running time of an operation
+
+is T of n on average.
+
+But put that in quotes.
+
+We don't usually use
+that terminology.
+
+Maybe put a Tilda here.
+
+Where the average is taken
+over all the operations.
+
+So this is something
+that only makes
+
+sense for data structures.
+
+Data structures are things that
+have lots of operations on them
+
+over time.
+
+And if you just-- instead of
+counting individual operation
+
+times and then adding them up,
+if you add them up and then
+
+divide by the number
+of operations,
+
+that's your amortized
+running time.
+
+So the point is,
+in table doubling,
+
+the amortized running
+time is beta 1.
+
+Because it's n in
+total-- at this point
+
+we've only analyzed insertions.
+
+We haven't talked
+about deletions.
+
+So k inserts.
+
+If we're just doing insertions,
+take beta k time in total.
+
+So this means constant
+amortized per insert.
+
+OK, it's a simple
+idea, but a useful one
+
+because typically-- unless
+you're in like a real time
+
+system-- you typically only
+care about the overall running
+
+time of your algorithm,
+which might use a data
+
+structure as a sub routine.
+
+You don't care if
+individual operations are
+
+expensive as long as all the
+operations together are cheap.
+
+You're using hashing to
+solve some other problem,
+
+like counting duplicate
+words in doc dist.
+
+You just care about the running
+time of counting duplicate
+
+words.
+
+You don't care about how long
+each step of the for loop
+
+takes, just the aggregate.
+
+So this is good
+most of the time.
+
+And we've proved
+it for insertions.
+
+It's also true when
+you have deletions.
+
+You have k inserts and deletes.
+
+They certainly
+take order k time.
+
+Actually, this is easy
+to prove at this point
+
+because we haven't
+changed delete.
+
+So, what delete does is
+it just deletes something
+
+from the table, leaves
+the table the same size.
+
+And so it actually
+makes life better for us
+
+because if it decreases m,
+in order to make m big again,
+
+you have to do more insertions
+than you had to before.
+
+And the only extra cost
+we're thinking about here
+
+is the growing, the rebuild
+cost from inserting too big.
+
+And so this is still true.
+
+Deletions only help us.
+
+If you have k total inserts and
+deletes, then still be order k.
+
+So still get constant amortized.
+
+But this is not
+totally satisfying
+
+because of table
+might get big again.
+
+m might become
+much larger than n.
+
+For example, suppose
+I do n inserts
+
+and then I do n deletes.
+
+So now I have an empty
+table, n equals 0,
+
+but m is going to be around
+the original value of n,
+
+or the maximum value
+of n over time.
+
+So we can fix that.
+
+Suggestions on how to fix that?
+
+This is a little more subtle.
+
+There's two obvious answers.
+
+One is correct and the
+other is incorrect.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+So option one is if the
+table becomes half the size,
+
+then shrink-- to half the size?
+
+Sure.
+
+OK.
+
+That's on the right track.
+
+Anyone see a problem with that?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] when
+you're going from like 8 to 9,
+
+you can go from 8 to
+9, 9 to 8, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+So if you're sizing and say you
+have eight items in your table,
+
+you add a ninth item
+and so you double to 16.
+
+Then you delete that ninth
+item, you're back to eight.
+
+And then you say oh,
+now m equals n/2,
+
+so I'm going to shrink
+to half the size.
+
+And if I insert again--
+delete, insert, delete,
+
+insert-- I spend linear
+time for every operation.
+
+So that's the problem.
+
+This is slow.
+
+If we go from 2 to the
+k to 2 to the k plus 1,
+
+we go this way via-- oh
+sorry, 2 to the k plus 1.
+
+Then, I said it right,
+insert to go to the right,
+
+delete to go to the left.
+
+Then we'll get linear
+time for operation.
+
+That is that.
+
+So, how do we fix this?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe m
+equal m/3 or something?
+
+PROFESSOR: M equals n over 3.
+
+Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then still
+leave it [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+I'm going to do 4,
+if you don't mind.
+
+I'll keep it powers of 2.
+
+Any number bigger
+than 3 will work--
+
+or any number bigger
+than 2 will work here.
+
+But it's kind of nice to
+stick to powers of two.
+
+Just for fun.
+
+I mean, doesn't really
+matter because, as you say,
+
+we're still going to
+shrink to half the size,
+
+but we're only going to trigger
+it when we are 3/4 empty.
+
+We're only using a
+quarter of the space.
+
+Then, it turns
+out you can afford
+
+to shrink to half the
+size because in order
+
+to explode again, in order
+to need to grow again,
+
+you have to still insert
+n over m-- m over 2 items.
+
+Because it's half empty.
+
+So when you're only
+a quarter full,
+
+you shrink to become a half
+full because then to grow again
+
+requires a lot of insertions.
+
+I haven't proved anything
+here, but it turns out
+
+if you do this, the amortized
+time becomes constant.
+
+For k insertions and deletions,
+arbitrary combination,
+
+you'll maintain linear
+size because of these two--
+
+because you're
+maintaining the invariant
+
+that m is between n and 4n.
+
+You maintain that invariant.
+
+That's easy to check.
+
+So you always have linear size.
+
+And the amortized running
+time becomes constant.
+
+We don't really have time
+to prove that in the class.
+
+It's a little bit tricky.
+
+Read the textbook if
+you want to know it.
+
+That's table doubling.
+
+Questions?
+
+All right.
+
+Boring.
+
+No.
+
+It's cool because
+not only can we
+
+solve the hashing problem
+of how do we set m in order
+
+to keep alpha a constant, we
+can also solve Python lists.
+
+Python lists are also
+known as resizable arrays.
+
+You may have wondered
+how they work.
+
+Because they offer
+random access,
+
+we can go to the ith
+item in constant time
+
+and modify it or get the value.
+
+We can add a new item at
+the end in constant time.
+
+That's append.
+
+list.append.
+
+And we can delete the last
+item in constant time.
+
+One version is list.pop.
+
+It's also delete list,
+square bracket minus 1.
+
+You should know that
+deleting the first item
+
+is not constant time.
+
+That takes linear
+time because what
+
+it does is it copies
+all the values over.
+
+Python lists are
+implemented by arrays.
+
+But how do you support
+this dynamicness
+
+where you can increase the
+length and decrease the length,
+
+and still keep linear space?
+
+Well, you do table doubling.
+
+And I don't know
+whether Python uses
+
+two or some other
+constant, but any constant
+
+will do, as long as the
+deletion constant is
+
+smaller than the
+insertion constant.
+
+And that's how they work.
+
+So in fact, list.append
+and list.pop
+
+are constant amortized.
+
+Before, we just
+said for simplicity,
+
+they're constant time
+and for the most part
+
+you can just think of
+them as constant time.
+
+But in reality, they
+are constant amortized.
+
+Now for fun, just in
+case you're curious,
+
+you can do all of this
+stuff in constant worst case
+
+time per operation.
+
+May be a fun exercise.
+
+Do you want to know how?
+
+Yeah?
+
+Rough idea is when you
+realize that you're
+
+getting kind of full, you
+start building on the side
+
+a new table of twice the size.
+
+And every time you insert
+into the actual table,
+
+you move like five of the
+items over to the new table,
+
+or some constant-- it needs
+to be a big enough constant.
+
+So that by the time
+you're full, you just
+
+switch over immediately
+to the other structure.
+
+It's kind of cool.
+
+It's very tricky to
+actually get that to work.
+
+But if you're in a
+real time system,
+
+you might care to know that.
+
+For the most part, people
+don't implement those things
+
+because they're
+complicated, but it
+
+is possible to get rid
+of all these amortized.
+
+Cool.
+
+Let's move onto the next topic,
+which is more hashing related.
+
+This was sort of
+general data structures
+
+in order to implement
+hashing with chaining,
+
+but didn't really care
+about hashing per se.
+
+We assumed here that we can
+evaluate the hash function
+
+in constant time, that we can
+do insertion in constant time,
+
+but that's the name
+of the game here.
+
+But otherwise, we
+didn't really care--
+
+as long as the rebuilding
+was linear time,
+
+this technique works.
+
+Now we're going to look
+at a new problem that
+
+has lots of practical
+applications.
+
+I mentioned some
+of these problems
+
+in the last class, which
+is string matching.
+
+This is essentially the problem.
+
+How many people have
+used Grep in their life?
+
+OK, most of you.
+
+How many people have used
+Find in a text editor?
+
+OK, the rest of you.
+
+And so this are the
+same sorts of problems.
+
+You want to search for
+a pattern, which is just
+
+going to be a substring
+in some giant string which
+
+is your document, your
+file, if you will.
+
+So state this formally--
+given two strings, s and t,
+
+you want to know does s
+occur as a substring of t?
+
+So for example, maybe
+s is a string 6006
+
+and t is your entire--
+the mail that you've ever
+
+received in your life or
+your inbox, or something.
+
+So t is big, typically,
+and s is small.
+
+It's what you type usually.
+
+Maybe you're searching
+for all email from Piazza,
+
+so you put the Piazza
+from string or whatever.
+
+You're searching for
+that in this giant thing
+
+and you'd like to
+do that quickly.
+
+Another application, s is
+what you type in Google.
+
+t is the entire web.
+
+That's what Google does.
+
+It searches for the
+string in the entire web.
+
+I'm not joking.
+
+OK?
+
+Fine.
+
+So we'd like to do that.
+
+What's the obvious way
+to search for a substring
+
+in a giant string?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Check each
+substring of that length.
+
+PROFESSOR: Just check each
+substring of the right length.
+
+So it's got to be
+the length of s.
+
+And there's only a linear number
+of them, so check each one.
+
+Let's analyze that.
+
+So a simple
+algorithm-- actually,
+
+just for fun, I have
+pseudocode for it.
+
+I have Python code for it.
+
+Even more cool.
+
+OK.
+
+I don't know if you know
+all these Python features,
+
+but you should.
+
+They're super cool.
+
+This is string splicing.
+
+So we're looking in t--
+let me draw the picture.
+
+Here we have s, here we have t.
+
+Think of it as a big string.
+
+We'd like to
+compare s like that,
+
+and then we'd like to compare
+s shifted over one to see
+
+whether all of the
+characters match there.
+
+And then shifted over
+one more, and so on.
+
+And so we're looking at a
+substring of t from position
+
+i the position i
+plus the length of s,
+
+not including the last one.
+
+So that's of length
+exactly, length of s.
+
+This is s.
+
+This is t.
+
+And so each of these
+looks like that pattern.
+
+We compare s to t.
+
+What this comparison
+operation does
+
+in Python is it checks
+the first characters,
+
+see if they're equal.
+
+If they are, keep going
+until they find a mismatch.
+
+If there's no mismatch,
+then you return true.
+
+Otherwise, you return false.
+
+And then we do this
+roughly length of t times
+
+because that's how many shifts
+there are, except at the end
+
+we run out of room.
+
+We don't care if we
+shift beyond the right
+
+because that's clearly
+not going to match.
+
+And so it's actually length
+of t minus like of s.
+
+That's the number of iterations.
+
+Hopefully I got all the
+index arithmetic right.
+
+And there's no plus
+ones or minus ones.
+
+I think this is correct.
+
+We want to know whether
+any of these match.
+
+If so, the answer is yes, s
+occurs as a substring of t.
+
+Of course, in reality you want
+to know not just do any match,
+
+but show them to me,
+things like that.
+
+But you can change that.
+
+Same amount of time.
+
+So what's the running
+time of this algorithm?
+
+So my relevant things
+are the length of s
+
+and the length of t.
+
+What's the running time?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: T by-- t
+multiplied by s, yeah.
+
+Exactly.
+
+Technically, it's length of
+s times length of t minus s.
+
+But typically, this
+is just s times t.
+
+And it's always
+at most s times t,
+
+and it's usually the same thing
+because s is usually smaller--
+
+at least a constant
+factor than t.
+
+This is kind of slow.
+
+If you're searching for a big
+string, it's not so great.
+
+I mean, certainly
+you need s plus t.
+
+You've got to look
+at the strings.
+
+But s times t is kind of--
+it could be quadratic,
+
+if you're searching for a really
+long string in another string.
+
+So what we'd like
+to do today is use
+
+hashing to get this
+down to linear time.
+
+So, ideas?
+
+How could we do that?
+
+Using hashing.
+
+Subtle hint.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: If we take something
+into account [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so you want
+to decompose your string
+
+into words and use
+the fact that there
+
+are fewer words than characters.
+
+You could probably get
+something out of that,
+
+and old search engines
+used to do that.
+
+But it's not
+necessary, turns out.
+
+And it will also depend on what
+your average word length is.
+
+We are, in the end, today, we're
+not going to analyze it fully,
+
+but we are going to
+get an algorithm that
+
+runs in this time guaranteed.
+
+In expectation because
+of a randomized-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: If we were to hash
+[INAUDIBLE] size s, that would
+
+[INAUDIBLE] and then we would
+check the hash [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Good.
+
+So the idea is to--
+what we're looking
+
+at is a rolling window
+of t always of size s.
+
+And at each time we want to
+know, is it the same as s?
+
+Now, if somehow-- it's
+expensive to check
+
+whether a string is
+equal to a string.
+
+There's no way
+getting around that.
+
+Well, there are ways, but
+there isn't a way for just
+
+given two strings.
+
+But if somehow instead of
+checking the strings we
+
+could check a hash
+function of the strings,
+
+because strings are
+big, potentially.
+
+We don't know how big s is.
+
+And so the universe
+of strings of length s
+
+is potentially very big.
+
+It's expensive to
+compare things.
+
+If we could just hash it
+down to some reasonable size,
+
+to something that
+fits in a word,
+
+then we can compare whether
+those two words are equal,
+
+whether those two
+hash values are equal,
+
+whether there's a
+collision in the table.
+
+That would somehow-- that
+would make things go faster.
+
+We could do that in
+constant time per operation.
+
+How could we do that?
+
+That's the tricky part, but
+that is exactly the right idea.
+
+So-- make some space.
+
+I think I'm going to do
+things a little out of order
+
+from what I have in
+my notes, and tell you
+
+about something
+called rolling hashes.
+
+And then we'll see
+how they're used.
+
+So shelve that idea.
+
+We're going to come back to it.
+
+We need a data structure
+to help us do this.
+
+Because if we just compute the
+hash function of this thing,
+
+compare it to the hash
+function of this thing,
+
+and then compute the hash
+function of the shifted value
+
+of t and compare
+it, we don't have
+
+to recompute the hash of s.
+
+That's going to be free
+once you do it once.
+
+But computing the
+hash function of this
+
+and then the hash
+function of this
+
+and the hash function
+of this, usually
+
+to compute each of
+those hash function
+
+would take length of s time.
+
+And so we're not
+saving any time.
+
+Somehow, if we have the
+hash function of this,
+
+the first substring
+of length s, we'd
+
+like to very quickly
+compute the hash function
+
+of the next substring
+in constant time.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: You already
+have, like, s minus 1
+
+of the characters of the--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+If you look at this portion
+of s and this portion of s,
+
+they share s minus
+1 of the characters.
+
+Just one character different.
+
+First one gets deleted,
+last character gets added.
+
+So here's what we want.
+
+Given a hash value-- maybe
+I should call this r.
+
+It's not the hash function.
+
+Give it a rolling hash value.
+
+You might say, I'd like to be
+able to append a character.
+
+I should say, r
+maintains a string.
+
+There's some string,
+let's call it x.
+
+And what r.append
+of c does is add
+
+character c to the end of x.
+
+And then we also
+want an operation
+
+which is-- you might call
+it pop left in Python.
+
+I'm going to call it skip.
+
+Shorter.
+
+Delete the first character of x.
+
+And assuming it's c.
+
+So we can do this
+because over here,
+
+what we want to do is
+add this character, which
+
+is like t of length of s.
+
+And we want to
+delete this character
+
+from the front, which is t of 0.
+
+Then we will get
+the next strength.
+
+And at all times, r--
+what's the point of this r?
+
+You can say r-- let's
+say open paren, close
+
+paren-- this will
+give you a hash value
+
+of the current strength.
+
+So this is basically h of
+x for some hash function
+
+h, some reasonable
+hash function.
+
+If we could do this
+and we could do
+
+each of these operations
+in constant time,
+
+then we can do string matching.
+
+Let me tell you how.
+
+This is called the Karp-Rabin
+string matching algorithm.
+
+And if it's not clear
+exactly what's allowed here,
+
+you'll see it as we use it.
+
+First thing I'd like to do is
+compute the hash function of s.
+
+I only need to do that
+once, so I'll do it.
+
+In this data structure, the
+only thing you're allowed to do
+
+is add characters.
+
+Initially you have
+an empty string.
+
+And so for each character
+in s I'll just append it,
+
+and now rs gives me
+a hash value of s.
+
+OK?
+
+Now, I'd like to get
+started and compute
+
+the hash function of the
+first s characters of t.
+
+So this would be t
+up to length of s.
+
+And I'm going to call
+this thing rt, that's
+
+my rolling hash for t.
+
+And append those characters.
+
+So now rs is a
+rolling hash of s.
+
+rt is a rolling hash of the
+first s characters in t.
+
+So I should check
+whether they're equal.
+
+If they're not,
+shift over by one.
+
+Add one character at the
+end, delete character
+
+from the beginning.
+
+I'm going to have to
+do this many times.
+
+So I guess technically,
+I need to check
+
+whether these are equal first.
+
+If they're equal, then we'll
+talk about it in a moment.
+
+The main thing I
+need to do is this
+
+for loop, which checks
+all of the other.
+
+And all I need to do is throw
+away the first letter, which
+
+I know is t of i
+minus length of s.
+
+And add the next letter,
+which is going to be t of i.
+
+And then after I do
+that, I don't change hs
+
+because that's fixed.
+
+That's just-- or,
+sorry, I switched from h
+
+to-- in my notes I have h.
+
+I've been switching to r,
+so all those h's are r's.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+So then if rs equals rt, then
+potentially that substring of t
+
+matches s.
+
+But it's potentially
+because we're hashing.
+
+Things are only
+true in expectation.
+
+There's some
+probability of failure.
+
+Just because the hash function
+of two strings comes out equal
+
+doesn't mean the strings
+themselves are equal,
+
+because there are collisions.
+
+Even distinct strings may map
+to the same slot in the table.
+
+So what we do in this
+situation is check
+
+whether s equals t-- I did
+it slightly less conveniently
+
+than before-- it's like i minus
+length of s plus 1 to i plus 1.
+
+Oh well.
+
+It wasn't very
+beautiful but it works.
+
+So in this case, I'm going
+to check it character
+
+by character.
+
+OK?
+
+If they're equal,
+then we found a match.
+
+So it's kind of OK that I spent
+all this time to check them.
+
+In particular, if I'm just
+looking for the first match--
+
+like you're searching
+through a text document,
+
+you just care about the first
+match-- then you're done.
+
+So yeah, I spent order
+s time to do this,
+
+but if they're equal it's
+sort of worth that effort.
+
+I found the match.
+
+If they're not
+equal, we basically
+
+hope or we will
+engineer it so that this
+
+happens with
+probability at most 1/s.
+
+If we can do that, then the
+expected time here is constant.
+
+So that would be good because
+then, if skip and append
+
+take constant time and this
+sort of double checking
+
+only takes constant expected
+time-- except when we find
+
+matches and then
+we're OK with it--
+
+then this overall thing
+will take linear time.
+
+In fact, the proper thing would
+be this is you pay s plus t,
+
+then you also pay-- for each
+match that you want to report,
+
+you pay length of s.
+
+I'm not sure whether you
+can get rid of that term.
+
+But in particular, if you
+just care about one match,
+
+this is linear time.
+
+It's pretty cool.
+
+There's one remaining
+question, which
+
+is how do you build
+this data structure?
+
+Is the algorithm clear though?
+
+I mean, I wrote it
+out in gory detail
+
+so you can really
+see what's happening,
+
+also because you need to
+do it in your problem set
+
+so I give you as much code
+to work from as possible.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: What is rs?
+
+PROFESSOR: rs is going to
+represent a hash value of s.
+
+You could just say h of s.
+
+But what I like to show
+is that all you need
+
+are these operations.
+
+And so given a
+data structure that
+
+will compute a hash function,
+given the append operation,
+
+what I did up here was just
+append every letter of s
+
+into this thing, and
+then rs open paren,
+
+close paren gives me
+the hash function of s.
+
+AUDIENCE: You said you
+can do r.append over here,
+
+but then you said rs--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So there are two rolling hashes.
+
+One's called rs and
+one's called rt.
+
+This was an ADT and I didn't
+say it at the beginning-- line
+
+one I say rs equals a new
+rolling hash. rt equals
+
+a new rolling hash.
+
+Sorry, I should
+bind my variables.
+
+So I'm using two
+of them because I
+
+want to compare their
+values, like this.
+
+Other questions?
+
+It's actually a pretty big idea.
+
+This is an algorithm from the
+'90s, so it's fairly recent.
+
+And it's one of
+the first examples
+
+of really using randomization
+in a super cool way, other
+
+than just hashing
+as a data structure.
+
+All right.
+
+So the remaining thing
+to do is figure out
+
+how to build this ADT.
+
+What's the data
+structure that implements
+
+this, spending constant time
+for each of these operations.
+
+Now, to tell you
+the truth, doing
+
+it depends on which hashing
+method you use, which hash
+
+function you want to use.
+
+I just erased the
+multiplication method
+
+because it's a pain to use
+the multiplication method.
+
+Though I'll bet you
+could use it, actually.
+
+That's an exercise
+for you think about.
+
+I'm going to use
+the division method
+
+because it's the
+simplest hash function.
+
+And it turns out, in this
+setting it does work.
+
+We're not going to
+prove that this is true.
+
+This is going to be
+true in expectation.
+
+Expected time.
+
+But Karp and Rabin proved
+that this running time
+
+holds, even if you
+just use a simple hash
+
+function of the
+division method where
+
+m is chosen to be
+a random prime.
+
+Let's say about is big
+as-- let's say at least as
+
+big as length of s.
+
+The bigger you make it,
+the higher probability this
+
+is going to be true.
+
+But length of s will
+give you this on average.
+
+So we're not going to
+talk about in this class
+
+how to find a random
+prime, but the algorithm
+
+is choose a random number
+of about the right size
+
+and check whether it's prime.
+
+If it's not, do it again.
+
+And by the prime number
+theorem, after log end trials
+
+you will find a prime.
+
+And we're not going
+to talk about how
+
+to check whether a number's
+prime, but it can be done.
+
+All right.
+
+So we're basically done.
+
+The point is to look at-- if
+you look at an append operation
+
+and you think about how
+this hash function changes
+
+when you add a single character.
+
+Oh, I should tell you.
+
+We're going to treat the string
+x as a multi digit number.
+
+This is the sort of
+prehash function.
+
+And the base is the
+size of your alphabet.
+
+So if you're using
+Ascii, it's 256.
+
+If you're using some unique
+code, it might be larger.
+
+But whatever the size of your
+characters in your string,
+
+then when I add a character,
+this is like taking my number,
+
+shifting it over by one,
+and then adding a new value.
+
+So how do I shift over by one?
+
+I multiply by a.
+
+So if I have some value,
+some current hash value u,
+
+it changes to u
+times a-- or sorry,
+
+this is the number
+represented by the string.
+
+I multiply by a and then
+I add on the character.
+
+Or, in Python you'd write
+ord of the character.
+
+That's the number associated
+with that character.
+
+That gives me the new string.
+
+Very easy.
+
+If I want to do is skip,
+it's slightly more annoying.
+
+But skip means just
+annihilate this value.
+
+And so it's like u goes to u
+minus the character times a
+
+to the power size of u minus 1.
+
+I have to shift this character
+over to that position
+
+and then annihilated
+it with a minus sign.
+
+You could also do x or.
+
+And when I do this, I
+just think about how
+
+the hash function is changing.
+
+Everything is just modulo m.
+
+So if I have some
+hash value here, r,
+
+I take r times a plus
+ord of c and I just
+
+do that computation
+modulo m, and I'll
+
+get the new hash value.
+
+Do the same thing down here,
+I'll get the new hash value.
+
+So what r stores is
+the current hash value.
+
+And it stores a to the
+power length of u or length
+
+of x, whatever you
+want to call it.
+
+I guess that would
+be a little better.
+
+And then it can do these
+in constant a number
+
+of operations.
+
+Just compute
+everything modulo m,
+
+one multiplication,
+one addition.
+
+You can do append and
+skip, and then you
+
+have the hash value instantly.
+
+It's just stored.
+
+And then you can
+make all this work.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BX4QPdP7fT8.txt b/BX4QPdP7fT8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbd28eee838bad093e55e92d43fcfb1006ef6ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BX4QPdP7fT8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back everybody to this fun class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back everybody to this fun class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back everybody to this fun class
+l-3 so let's get started so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-3 so let's get started so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l-3 so let's get started so the first
+thing which we will do is to review a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we will do is to review a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we will do is to review a
+bit while we have learned last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit while we have learned last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit while we have learned last time and
+then we'll go to the next level to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go to the next level to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll go to the next level to start
+the coupled oscillators ok so last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupled oscillators ok so last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coupled oscillators ok so last time
+we have learned a lot on tempt driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned a lot on tempt driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned a lot on tempt driven
+oscillators so as far as the class thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators so as far as the class thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators so as far as the class thing
+going actually we only start the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going actually we only start the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going actually we only start the single
+object and then we introduce more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then we introduce more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then we introduce more and
+more force acting on this object with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more force acting on this object with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more force acting on this object with
+introduce damping force we introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce damping force we introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce damping force we introduce
+driving force last time and we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force last time and we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving force last time and we see that
+the the system become more more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the system become more more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the system become more more and more
+difficult to understand because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to understand because of the
+added component but after the class last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added component but after the class last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added component but after the class last
+time I hope that I convinced you that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I hope that I convinced you that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I hope that I convinced you that we
+as you can understand driven oscillators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can understand driven oscillators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can understand driven oscillators
+and there are two very important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two very important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two very important thing
+we learned last time the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned last time the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned last time the first one is
+the transient behavior which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transient behavior which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transient behavior which is actually
+a superposition of a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a superposition of a homogeneous
+solution and the steady-state solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the steady-state solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and the steady-state solution
+okay one very good news is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one very good news is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one very good news is that if you
+are patient enough you shake the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are patient enough you shake the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are patient enough you shake the system
+continuously and and if you wait long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and and if you wait long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously and and if you wait long
+enough then the homogeneous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then the homogeneous solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough then the homogeneous solution
+contribution will goes away and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution will goes away and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution will goes away and what is
+actually luck over is the steady-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually luck over is the steady-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually luck over is the steady-state
+solution which is actually much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is actually much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is actually much simpler
+than what we we saw beforehand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we we saw beforehand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what we we saw beforehand it's
+actually just harmonic oscillation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just harmonic oscillation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just harmonic oscillation at
+driving frequency also I hope that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving frequency also I hope that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving frequency also I hope that we
+also have learned a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have learned a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have learned a very interesting
+phenomena which is resonance when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which is resonance when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which is resonance when the
+driving frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving frequency
+it's close to the natural frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close to the natural frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's close to the natural frequency of
+the system okay then the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay then the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay then the system
+apparently like it okay then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently like it okay then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently like it okay then you would
+respond with like mp2 and oscillating up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with like mp2 and oscillating up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond with like mp2 and oscillating up
+and down at driving frequency so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down at driving frequency so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down at driving frequency so that we
+call it resonance okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it resonance okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it resonance okay so this is
+essentially the equation of motion which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equation of motion which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the equation of motion which
+we have learned last time you can see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned last time you can see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have learned last time you can see is
+a seated double dot plus gamma Zeta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seated double dot plus gamma Zeta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a seated double dot plus gamma Zeta dot
+is a contribution from the drag force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contribution from the drag force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a contribution from the drag force
+and omegas we were asked where Sita is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and omegas we were asked where Sita is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and omegas we were asked where Sita is
+as your contribution from the so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your contribution from the so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your contribution from the so called
+spring force and finally that this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force and finally that this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force and finally that this issue
+equal to f0 cosine Omega DT the driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f0 cosine Omega DT the driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to f0 cosine Omega DT the driving
+force and as we mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and as we mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and as we mentioned in the
+beginning if we prepare this system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning if we prepare this system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning if we prepare this system in
+the under damped situation okay then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under damped situation okay then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the under damped situation okay then the
+pore solution is a superposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pore solution is a superposition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pore solution is a superposition of the
+steady-state solution which is the Lapp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state solution which is the Lapp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady-state solution which is the Lapp
+inside the red singer pointing to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the red singer pointing to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the red singer pointing to this
+status layer solution there is no free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status layer solution there is no free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status layer solution there is no free
+parameter in the steady state solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in the steady state solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in the steady state solution
+right so a the amplitude is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a the amplitude is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a the amplitude is determined
+by Omega D Delta which is the phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Omega D Delta which is the phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Omega D Delta which is the phase is
+also determined by Omega D there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also determined by Omega D there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also determined by Omega D there's no
+free parameter okay and in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free parameter okay and in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free parameter okay and in order to make
+the solution for solution we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution for solution we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution for solution we actually
+have to add in this homogeneous solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add in this homogeneous solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add in this homogeneous solution
+back into this again and the basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into this again and the basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into this again and the basically
+you have P and alpha those are the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have P and alpha those are the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have P and alpha those are the free
+parameter which can be determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which can be determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which can be determined by the
+initial the given initial conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial the given initial conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial the given initial conditions
+okay so if we go ahead and approach some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we go ahead and approach some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if we go ahead and approach some
+of the example as a function of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the example as a function of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the example as a function of time so
+the y-axis is actually the amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis is actually the amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y-axis is actually the amplitude and
+x-axis is actually time and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is actually time and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is actually time and what this
+issue product here is a combination for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue product here is a combination for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue product here is a combination for
+the superposition of the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition of the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the superposition of the steady state
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+and homogeneous solution and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and homogeneous solution and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and homogeneous solution and you can see
+that there are individual components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are individual components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are individual components
+also shown in this slide you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shown in this slide you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also shown in this slide you can see the
+red thing oscillating up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red thing oscillating up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red thing oscillating up and down
+harmonically is a steady state solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically is a steady state solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonically is a steady state solution
+contribution and also you have the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and also you have the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution and also you have the red
+you have the blue curves which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the blue curves which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the blue curves which is
+decaying away as a function of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying away as a function of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying away as a function of time and
+you can see that if you add these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you add these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that if you add these two
+curves together you get something rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves together you get something rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves together you get something rather
+complicated you will get some some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you will get some some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you will get some some some
+kind of motion like ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motion like ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of motion like ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
+ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii then the
+homogeneous solution actually dies out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution actually dies out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution actually dies out
+then what is a shield up over it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is a shield up over it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is a shield up over it's just
+the steady state solution harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state solution harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state solution harmonic
+oscillation and in this case Omega T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and in this case Omega T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and in this case Omega T is
+actually ten times larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ten times larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ten times larger than the
+natural frequency okay and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency okay and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency okay and there is
+another example which is actually also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example which is actually also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another example which is actually also
+very interesting is that if I make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting is that if I make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting is that if I make the
+Omega D closer to Omega Omega zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D closer to Omega Omega zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D closer to Omega Omega zero okay
+in this case is actually Omega D equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is actually Omega D equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is actually Omega D equal
+to 2 times of Omega 0 then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 times of Omega 0 then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 times of Omega 0 then you can
+produce some kind of motion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some kind of motion which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce some kind of motion which is
+like this so you have the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you have the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you have the oscillation
+and you stay there for while that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stay there for while that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you stay there for while that goes
+back and oscillating and stay there stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and oscillating and stay there stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and oscillating and stay there stop
+welding and goes back ok as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding and goes back ok as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding and goes back ok as you can see
+from there the homogeneous solution part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there the homogeneous solution part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there the homogeneous solution part
+and the steady-state solution part as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the steady-state solution part as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the steady-state solution part as
+you work together and produce this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work together and produce this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work together and produce this kind
+of strange behavior ok and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange behavior ok and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strange behavior ok and that's
+actually just another example and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just another example and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just another example and if you
+wait long enough again what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait long enough again what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait long enough again what is actually
+lab over is the steady-state solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab over is the steady-state solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab over is the steady-state solution
+okay so what are we going to do today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are we going to do today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are we going to do today so
+today we are going to investigate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to investigate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to investigate what
+will happen if we try to put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if we try to put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if we try to put together
+multiple object and also allow them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple object and also allow them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple object and also allow them to
+talk to each other ok so if we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other ok so if we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other ok so if we have two
+object and they don't talk to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and they don't talk to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and they don't talk to each other
+then they are still like single object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are still like single object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they are still like single object
+they are still like simple harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are still like simple harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are still like simple harmonic
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+on their own but if you allow them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own but if you allow them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their own but if you allow them to
+talk to each other this is a so-called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other this is a so-called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other this is a so-called a
+kappahd oscillator then interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappahd oscillator then interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappahd oscillator then interesting
+thing will happen okay so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will happen okay so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will happen okay so in general
+kappahd systems are super super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappahd systems are super super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappahd systems are super super
+complicated okay so that may give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay so that may give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay so that may give you
+one example here this is actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pendulums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulums
+they are coupled to each other that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are coupled to each other that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are coupled to each other that I
+should connected to each other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should connected to each other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should connected to each other one
+pendulum the second ones here okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum the second ones here okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum the second ones here okay and
+for example I can actually give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can actually give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example I can actually give it
+initial velocity and see what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity and see what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity and see what is going
+to happen you can see that the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen you can see that the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen you can see that the resulting
+motion okay remember we are just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay remember we are just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay remember we are just talking
+about two pendulums they are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two pendulums they are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two pendulums they are connected
+to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other
+okay the resulting motion is super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the resulting motion is super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the resulting motion is super
+complicated okay this is a one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay this is a one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay this is a one of my
+favorite demonstration if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite demonstration if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite demonstration if you can
+actually steer at this machine whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually steer at this machine whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually steer at this machine whole
+time you can see that sometimes it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can see that sometimes it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can see that sometimes it does
+this rotation sometimes it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotation sometimes it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rotation sometimes it doesn't do
+that and and it's almost like a living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and it's almost like a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and it's almost like a living
+creature right so we are going to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature right so we are going to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creature right so we are going to solve
+this system no probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system no probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system no probably not
+you know it's but as I mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's but as I mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's but as I mentioned before
+you can always write down the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always write down the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always write down the equation
+of motion and you can actually solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and you can actually solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and you can actually solve it
+by computer okay maybe some of you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by computer okay maybe some of you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by computer okay maybe some of you look
+all six of people can actually try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all six of people can actually try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all six of people can actually try to
+might write the program to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write the program to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might write the program to solve this
+thing and to to simulate what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and to to simulate what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and to to simulate what is going
+to happen okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen okay
+so let's take a look at this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a look at this complicated
+motion again so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion again so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion again so you can see that the
+good news is that they are only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that they are only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news is that they are only two
+object and you can see okay look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and you can see okay look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and you can see okay look at the
+green the orange dot the orange dot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the orange dot the orange dot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green the orange dot the orange dot is
+actually always moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually always moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually always moving
+along a semicircle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a semicircle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a semicircle
+okay but the if you focus on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the if you focus on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but the if you focus on the the
+yellow dot ok the yellow dot is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow dot ok the yellow dot is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow dot ok the yellow dot is doing
+all kinds of different things okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different things okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different things okay it's
+very hard to predict what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to predict what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to predict what is going to
+happen okay so what I want to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so what I want to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay so what I want to say is
+those are very interesting examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are very interesting examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are very interesting examples of
+kappahd system but they are actually far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappahd system but they are actually far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kappahd system but they are actually far
+more complicated than what we sought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than what we sought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than what we sought
+because they are not actually small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are not actually small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are not actually small
+oscillation run equilibrium position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation run equilibrium position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation run equilibrium position
+okay so you can see that now if I stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that now if I stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that now if I stop
+this machine and just perturb it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine and just perturb it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this machine and just perturb it
+slightly giving it a small angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly giving it a small angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly giving it a small angle
+displacement then you can see that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement then you can see that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement then you can see that now
+the motion is much more easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion is much more easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion is much more easier to
+understand you see you can you as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you see you can you as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you see you can you as you
+get even get one of this question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even get one of this question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get even get one of this question in
+your pset okay that's the good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pset okay that's the good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pset okay that's the good news
+so our job today is to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our job today is to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our job today is to understand what
+is going to happen to those coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to those coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to happen to those coupled
+oscillators let me give you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators let me give you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators let me give you a few
+examples before we start to work on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples before we start to work on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples before we start to work on a
+specific question the second example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific question the second example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific question the second example I
+would like to show you is a is a sore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to show you is a is a sore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to show you is a is a sore
+and you actually connect it to two as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually connect it to two as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually connect it to two as
+you ruler a metal ruler which you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ruler a metal ruler which you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ruler a metal ruler which you say
+you connected to a two massive object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connected to a two massive object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connected to a two massive object
+okay okay now I can actually give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I can actually give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay now I can actually give it a
+initial velocity and see what happen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity and see what happen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity and see what happen and
+you can see that they to talk to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they to talk to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that they to talk to each
+other through this duder this metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through this duder this metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other through this duder this metal
+loser can you see I hope you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loser can you see I hope you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loser can you see I hope you can see it
+okay it's a bit small but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a bit small but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a bit small but it's very
+interesting that you can see originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that you can see originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that you can see originally
+I am just actually introducing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am just actually introducing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am just actually introducing some
+displacement you know in your life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement you know in your life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement you know in your life and
+sigh math and the lap incising start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh math and the lap incising start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh math and the lap incising start to
+move also I hopped a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move also I hopped a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move also I hopped a while
+there are two more examples which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two more examples which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two more examples which I
+would like to give you introduce to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to give you introduce to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to give you introduce to you
+there are two kinds of pendants which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of pendants which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of pendants which I
+prepared here the first one is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared here the first one is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared here the first one is there are
+two pendulums okay they are connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pendulums okay they are connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pendulums okay they are connected to
+each other by a spring okay and if I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other by a spring okay and if I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other by a spring okay and if I try
+to actually introduce displacement I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually introduce displacement I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually introduce displacement I
+move the Post Master Society and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the Post Master Society and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the Post Master Society and see
+what is going to happen then we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen then we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen then we see that
+the motion is still complicated although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion is still complicated although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion is still complicated although
+if you stare on one of the objects it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stare on one of the objects it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stare on one of the objects it
+looks more like harmonic oscillation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more like harmonic oscillation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks more like harmonic oscillation but
+not quietly for example this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quietly for example this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quietly for example this guy is
+slowing down and this is moving faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down and this is moving faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowing down and this is moving faster
+and now the right-hand side guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the right-hand side guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the right-hand side guys are
+moving faster motion seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving faster motion seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving faster motion seems to be
+complicated also you can also look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated also you can also look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated also you can also look at
+this one those are the two pendulums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one those are the two pendulums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one those are the two pendulums
+actually they are connected to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they are connected to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they are connected to each
+other by this rod here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by this rod here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other by this rod here okay
+and of course you can displace the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can displace the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you can displace the mass
+from the equilibrium position oh not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equilibrium position oh not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the equilibrium position oh not not
+going to hate them not hitting each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hate them not hitting each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hate them not hitting each
+other so you can displace the mass from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you can displace the mass from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so you can displace the mass from
+each other and you can see that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and you can see that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and you can see that have the
+two complicated things as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complicated things as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two complicated things as a function
+with time okay how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time okay how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time okay how are we going to
+understand this and I hope that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this and I hope that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this and I hope that by the
+end of this lecture you are convinced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture you are convinced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture you are convinced
+that you can actually solve this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually solve this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually solve this really
+easy following a fixed up procedure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy following a fixed up procedure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy following a fixed up procedure okay
+in those examples we have two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those examples we have two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those examples we have two objects
+they are connected to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are connected to each other and
+therefore they talk to each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they talk to each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they talk to each other and
+produce coupled motion okay those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce coupled motion okay those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce coupled motion okay those are
+coupled oscillators examples there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillators examples there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled oscillators examples there
+there's another very interesting example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very interesting example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very interesting example
+which is called Wilberforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called Wilberforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called Wilberforce
+a pendulum okay so this is your pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pendulum okay so this is your pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pendulum okay so this is your pendulum
+okay you can let it rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can let it rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can let it rotate
+this and you can also move up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can also move up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you can also move up and down
+it's connected to a spring okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to a spring okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to a spring okay
+the interesting thing is that if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is that if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing is that if I just
+start with some rotation okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some rotation okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with some rotation okay you can
+see that it stopped too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it stopped too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it stopped too
+also as they up and down you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as they up and down you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also as they up and down you see so
+initially I just introduced a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I just introduced a rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially I just introduced a rotation
+okay now now it's actually fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now it's actually fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now it's actually fully
+rotating and now start to move up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and now start to move up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating and now start to move up and
+down and you can see that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you can see that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and you can see that the energy
+stored in the pendulum is actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the pendulum is actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in the pendulum is actually going
+back and forth between the gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth between the gravitational
+and computation of potential between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computation of potential between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and computation of potential between the
+potential of the spring and also between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the spring and also between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential of the spring and also between
+the kinetic energy of upside down up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of upside down up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of upside down up and
+down motion and the Lord patient okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down motion and the Lord patient okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down motion and the Lord patient okay
+they are actually doing all those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are actually doing all those you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are actually doing all those you
+know transition all the time right so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know transition all the time right so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know transition all the time right so as
+you can see so initially is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see so initially is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see so initially is actually
+just rotating and then you start to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotating and then you start to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rotating and then you start to move
+up and down and this this this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and this this this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and this this this one is
+also very similar but now the the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very similar but now the the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very similar but now the the mass
+is much more displaced and if I if I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more displaced and if I if I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much more displaced and if I if I try
+to rotate this system without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate this system without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rotate this system without
+introducing a horrendo Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a horrendo Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a horrendo Direction
+displacement it still does this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement it still does this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement it still does this up
+inside up up and down motion like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside up up and down motion like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside up up and down motion like a
+simple experiment system so why cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple experiment system so why cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple experiment system so why cause
+this kind of motion that is because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of motion that is because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of motion that is because when
+we move this pendulum up and down we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move this pendulum up and down we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move this pendulum up and down we
+also slide the wind the spring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also slide the wind the spring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also slide the wind the spring that
+actually can generate some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can generate some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can generate some kind of
+torque to this mass and produce rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to this mass and produce rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque to this mass and produce rotation
+behavior okay and and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay and and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior okay and and you can see that
+this is you involving just one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you involving just one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you involving just one single
+object but the cup that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but the cup that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object but the cup that there's a
+coupling between the rotation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between the rotation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between the rotation and the
+horizontal direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal direction
+motion okay so that's actually also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay so that's actually also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay so that's actually also a
+special kind of coupled oscillator okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of coupled oscillator okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of coupled oscillator okay
+so after all this before we get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after all this before we get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after all this before we get started
+I would like to say that what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to say that what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to say that what we are
+going to do is to assume all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is to assume all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is to assume all those
+things are ideal okay without damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are ideal okay without damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are ideal okay without damping
+force with our driving force we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force with our driving force we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force with our driving force we may
+introduce that later in the class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that later in the class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce that later in the class but
+for simplicity we just stay with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity we just stay with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for simplicity we just stay with this
+ideal case okay before the mess become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal case okay before the mess become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal case okay before the mess become
+super complicated to stop it in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super complicated to stop it in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super complicated to stop it in front of
+you and and also we can see that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and and also we can see that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and and also we can see that all
+those complicated motion are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complicated motion are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those complicated motion are just
+illusion okay actually the reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion okay actually the reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illusion okay actually the reality is
+that all those as a superposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those as a superposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all those as a superposition of
+harmonic motions okay you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motions okay you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motions okay you will see that
+by the end of this class okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of this class okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of this class okay so that's
+it she is really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it she is really amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it she is really amazing
+okay so that's immediately get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's immediately get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's immediately get started
+so does she take a look at system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does she take a look at system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does she take a look at system
+together and see if we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and see if we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and see if we can actually
+figure out the motion of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the motion of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the motion of the system
+together so I have a system with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I have a system with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so I have a system with three
+little mats so there are three little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mats so there are three little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mats so there are three little
+mass in this system they are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this system they are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this system they are connected
+to each other by spring those Springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other by spring those Springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other by spring those Springs
+are highly idealized Springs and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly idealized Springs and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly idealized Springs and they
+have spring constant K and the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spring constant K and the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spring constant K and the natural
+dance l0 okay and they appraise earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance l0 okay and they appraise earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance l0 okay and they appraise earth
+okay and I care for the design the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I care for the design the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I care for the design the lab
+so that there is no friction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is no friction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there is no friction between the
+the task and all those little mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task and all those little mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the task and all those little mess
+so once you get started and look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get started and look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you get started and look at this
+system you can imagine that there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can imagine that there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you can imagine that there can be
+all kinds of different complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of different complicated
+motions right you can actually resemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions right you can actually resemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions right you can actually resemble
+just move this mass and and put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move this mass and and put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just move this mass and and put all
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+the other to hope and they can oscillate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other to hope and they can oscillate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other to hope and they can oscillate
+that crazy they can issue to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crazy they can issue to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that crazy they can issue to very
+similar kind of motion there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of motion there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar kind of motion there are many
+many possibilities okay but if you stare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possibilities okay but if you stare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many possibilities okay but if you stare
+at this system long enough okay you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this system long enough okay you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this system long enough okay you will
+be able to identify special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to identify special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to identify special kind of
+motion which is actually easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is actually easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is actually easier to
+understand okay so what I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so what I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand okay so what I would like to
+introduce you is a special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you is a special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce you is a special kind of
+motion which you can actually identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which you can actually identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which you can actually identify
+from from from the symmetry of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from the symmetry of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from the symmetry of this
+system okay so daddy's issues so called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so daddy's issues so called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system okay so daddy's issues so called
+normal modes okay so what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes okay so what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal modes okay so what is actually
+normal mode a special kind of motion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode a special kind of motion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode a special kind of motion we
+are trying to identify that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to identify that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to identify that is actually
+the kind of motion which every part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the system okay is oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at the same frequency and the same face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that is issues so called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is issues so called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is issues so called the
+normal mode and essentially the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and essentially the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and essentially the kind of
+spatial kind of motion which I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial kind of motion which I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial kind of motion which I would
+like you to identify with me and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to identify with me and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to identify with me and we were
+later realize that those special kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later realize that those special kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later realize that those special kind of
+motion which is easier to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is easier to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion which is easier to understand
+actually help us to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help us to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually help us to understand the
+general motion of the system you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of the system you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general motion of the system you will
+realize data that the most general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize data that the most general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize data that the most general
+motion of the system is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the system is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the system is just a
+superposition of all the identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all the identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all the identified
+normal mode and we are done because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and we are done because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and we are done because we
+have a general solution already okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a general solution already okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a general solution already okay so
+that's actually a very good news that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a very good news that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually a very good news that
+actually tells us that we can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells us that we can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells us that we can understand
+the system systematically and step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system systematically and step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system systematically and step by
+step and over then we can actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and over then we can actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and over then we can actually write
+the general motion of the system as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general motion of the system as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general motion of the system as a
+superposition of all the normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all the normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition of all the normal modes
+okay so let's get started so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get started so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's get started so can you
+guess what are the possible normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what are the possible normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what are the possible normal modes
+of this system so that means each part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system so that means each part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system so that means each part
+of the system is oscillating at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is oscillating at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system is oscillating at the same
+frequency and as at the same phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and as at the same phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and as at the same phase
+can anybody and any one of you guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody and any one of you guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody and any one of you guess
+what can happen each part of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen each part of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can happen each part of the system
+oscillating at the same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good so so he was saying not now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so so he was saying not now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so so he was saying not now I
+dispraise the right-hand side to mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispraise the right-hand side to mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispraise the right-hand side to mass
+altogether by a fixed amount and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether by a fixed amount and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether by a fixed amount and also
+the lapin side right by a fixed amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapin side right by a fixed amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapin side right by a fixed amount
+and that goal okay so that's what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that goal okay so that's what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that goal okay so that's what are
+you are you're saying right okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you're saying right okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are you're saying right okay so the
+first mode we have identified it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode we have identified it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mode we have identified it's like
+this yo you have lapin side mass okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yo you have lapin side mass okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yo you have lapin side mass okay
+displaced by Delta X and the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced by Delta X and the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaced by Delta X and the right hand
+side to mass are also displaced by Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to mass are also displaced by Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side to mass are also displaced by Delta
+X okay so basically you hold this three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so basically you hold this three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so basically you hold this three
+little mass and stretch it okay by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass and stretch it okay by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass and stretch it okay by the
+same okay introduce the same amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay introduce the same amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay introduce the same amplitude
+to all those three little mess and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all those three little mess and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all those three little mess and let
+go okay so that is actually one possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay so that is actually one possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go okay so that is actually one possible
+mode and if if we do this okay okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and if if we do this okay okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and if if we do this okay okay then
+basically what you are going to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you are going to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you are going to see is
+that this is roughly equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is roughly equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is roughly equal to this
+system they are connected to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they are connected to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system they are connected to each other
+by two sprints and the lab right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two sprints and the lab right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two sprints and the lab right hand
+side part of the system since both mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side part of the system since both mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side part of the system since both mass
+are oscillating at the same amplitude in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillating at the same amplitude in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oscillating at the same amplitude in
+the same phase they look like us if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase they look like us if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase they look like us if they
+are us they are just one simple single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are us they are just one simple single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are us they are just one simple single
+mass with mass equal to 2m okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with mass equal to 2m okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass with mass equal to 2m okay and the
+if we introduce a displacement of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we introduce a displacement of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we introduce a displacement of Delta
+X then what is going to happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then what is going to happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X then what is going to happen is that
+if I take a look at the mass laughing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take a look at the mass laughing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take a look at the mass laughing
+happens at mass and the force acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at mass and the force acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at mass and the force acting on
+this mess the force will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mess the force will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mess the force will be equal to
+minus 2k times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2k times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2k times
+to Delta X right because that's a should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X right because that's a should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Delta X right because that's a should
+be the among of stretch you introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the among of stretch you introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the among of stretch you introduced
+to this spring right okay and now will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this spring right okay and now will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this spring right okay and now will
+give you minus 4 K Delta X okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you minus 4 K Delta X okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you minus 4 K Delta X okay and we
+have already solved this kind of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already solved this kind of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already solved this kind of problem
+in the first lecture right so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture right so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture right so therefore
+you can actually immediately identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually immediately identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually immediately identify
+Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay
+in this case Omega a square will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Omega a square will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case Omega a square will be
+equal to 4 K divided by 2 m right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4 K divided by 2 m right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 4 K divided by 2 m right this
+is actually the effective spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the effective spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the effective spring
+constant and this is a should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is a should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and this is a should be the
+mass right okay so that is with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right okay so that is with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass right okay so that is with the the
+the frequency of mode a okay can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of mode a okay can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of mode a okay can you
+identify a second kind of motion which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a second kind of motion which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a second kind of motion which
+does that so in this case what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so in this case what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that so in this case what is going
+to happen is that the three mass work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that the three mass work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that the three mass work
+okay this one two and three the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one two and three the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one two and three the three
+mass will do we isolate as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass will do we isolate as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass will do we isolate as a function of
+time that this with angular frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square root of four K over 12 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of four K over 12 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of four K over 12 what is
+actually a second possible motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a compass very good I'm very lucky that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compass very good I'm very lucky that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a compass very good I'm very lucky that
+I'm in front of such a smart cloud today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in front of such a smart cloud today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in front of such a smart cloud today
+and we have successfully identified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have successfully identified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have successfully identified the
+second mode mode P okay so what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode mode P okay so what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mode mode P okay so what is going
+to happen is that the left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that the left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen is that the left-hand side
+mass is unmoving right and you can press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the upper one side D and the uhd stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper one side D and the uhd stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper one side D and the uhd stretch
+the lower one the lower a little mass to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower one the lower a little mass to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower one the lower a little mass to
+the opposite direction okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite direction okay the
+displacement is Delta X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is Delta X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement is Delta X and the
+displacement of the 2nd mass is Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the 2nd mass is Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the 2nd mass is Delta X
+okay so what is going to happen what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is going to happen what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is going to happen what is
+going to happen is that the left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that the left-hand
+side mass will not move at all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side mass will not move at all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side mass will not move at all right
+because the force the spring force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the force the spring force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the force the spring force is
+going acting on this mass is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going acting on this mass is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going acting on this mass is going to
+cancel right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel right okay
+and apparently these two little mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently these two little mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apparently these two little mass is
+going to between harmonic motion okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to between harmonic motion okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to between harmonic motion okay
+but they are actually since this love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are actually since this love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they are actually since this love
+enzyme mass is actually not moving is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme mass is actually not moving is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme mass is actually not moving is as
+if this is a war and this was a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a war and this was a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is a war and this was a single
+spring cake and say she connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring cake and say she connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring cake and say she connected to a
+little mass and the HD cart is praised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass and the HD cart is praised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little mass and the HD cart is praised
+by the tanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the tanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the tanks
+okay so what will happen is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what will happen is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what will happen is that this
+mass will experience a spring force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass will experience a spring force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass will experience a spring force
+which is f equal to minus K Delta X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f equal to minus K Delta X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is f equal to minus K Delta X
+therefore we can actually immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can actually immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can actually immediately
+identify Omega B Square will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify Omega B Square will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify Omega B Square will be equal to
+K over m okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over m okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over m okay
+so you can as you see that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can as you see that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can as you see that we have
+identified two kinds of modes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified two kinds of modes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified two kinds of modes which
+every part of the system is oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of the system is oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part of the system is oscillating
+at the same frequency and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same frequency and at the same
+face everybody agree no not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face everybody agree no not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face everybody agree no not everybody
+agree look at this guy this guy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree look at this guy this guy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree look at this guy this guy is not
+moving right how could this be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right how could this be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving right how could this be this is
+actually not a normal mall right isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a normal mall right isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not a normal mall right isn't
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+I hope at love wakes you up a bit I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope at love wakes you up a bit I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope at love wakes you up a bit I can
+people chickie here I can say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people chickie here I can say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people chickie here I can say that this
+mass is actually also oscillating but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is actually also oscillating but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is actually also oscillating but
+with what amplitude zero amplitude right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what amplitude zero amplitude right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what amplitude zero amplitude right
+so so so the conclusion is that AHA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so the conclusion is that AHA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so the conclusion is that AHA
+everybody's actually oscillating at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's actually oscillating at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's actually oscillating at the
+same frequency but these guys with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but these guys with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but these guys with zero
+amplitude okay yeah oh very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude okay yeah oh very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude okay yeah oh very good
+question so so not the objection I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so not the objection I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so so not the objection I just
+sleep right old life is hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep right old life is hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep right old life is hard for me
+today hey this guy is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today hey this guy is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today hey this guy is actually
+oscillating Auto phase right these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating Auto phase right these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating Auto phase right these two
+guys are out of phase right but I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are out of phase right but I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are out of phase right but I can
+argue that the amplitude of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the amplitude of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the amplitude of the first
+mass is actually minus as you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is actually minus as you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass is actually minus as you have a
+minus sign compared to the second mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign compared to the second mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign compared to the second mass
+okay then they again in face okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they again in face okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then they again in face okay okay
+so very good I like those questions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very good I like those questions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very good I like those questions and
+I hope that I have convinced you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that I have convinced you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that I have convinced you that
+everybody is oscillating although you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is oscillating although you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is oscillating although you
+cannot see it because the amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see it because the amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot see it because the amplitude is
+small zero and they are all oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small zero and they are all oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small zero and they are all oscillating
+at the same phase okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same phase okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same phase okay
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+Oh the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh the right hand side
+oh yeah that is because the lamp inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that is because the lamp inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah that is because the lamp inside
+mask the to m1 is actually not moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask the to m1 is actually not moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask the to m1 is actually not moving
+right because they there there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they there there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they there there are two
+spring force one essentially pushing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force one essentially pushing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring force one essentially pushing the
+past the other ones forward in a max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the other ones forward in a max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the other ones forward in a max
+okay and they can so perfectly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they can so perfectly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they can so perfectly okay
+therefore is us if those two guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is us if those two guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is us if those two guys are
+not no they don't find each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no they don't find each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not no they don't find each other
+actually and the decide it's like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the decide it's like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually and the decide it's like okay
+there are just two mass connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just two mass connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just two mass connected to a
+wall along and they actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall along and they actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall along and they actually you can
+actually now identify what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now identify what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now identify what is actually
+the frequency okay very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency okay very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency okay very good
+okay so we make the data made a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we make the data made a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we make the data made a lot of
+progress from the discussion and all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress from the discussion and all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress from the discussion and all I
+would like to ask you for help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask you for help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to ask you for help
+what is issue the third oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very good that's very good so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good that's very good so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good that's very good so on the
+other hand you can also say I also take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you can also say I also take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand you can also say I also take
+the center of mass motion as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass motion as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass motion as one of the
+normal more yeah I think that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal more yeah I think that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal more yeah I think that's also
+fair okay to do that okay very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair okay to do that okay very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair okay to do that okay very good at
+the observation you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observation you can see that the
+whole system can move simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system can move simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole system can move simultaneously
+right and they are also can be I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they are also can be I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they are also can be I can
+also argue that they are oscillating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also argue that they are oscillating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also argue that they are oscillating at
+the same frequency and phase because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency and phase because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency and phase because
+they are all moving together so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are all moving together so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are all moving together so this is
+the two m92 s1 okay all then are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two m92 s1 okay all then are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two m92 s1 okay all then are moving
+at the same direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same direction okay
+so now I can calculate the force what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can calculate the force what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can calculate the force what is
+the force F is zero therefore Omega C is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force F is zero therefore Omega C is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force F is zero therefore Omega C is
+zero okay so you can actually take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so you can actually take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so you can actually take the
+smooth limit of Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth limit of Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth limit of Omega okay
+so of course I can pretend that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course I can pretend that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course I can pretend that those
+those those maths are connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those maths are connected to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those maths are connected to a
+really really small spring to the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really small spring to the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really small spring to the wall
+with spring constant k plan and I have K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spring constant k plan and I have K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with spring constant k plan and I have K
+prime goes to zero and they are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime goes to zero and they are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime goes to zero and they are actually
+going to a stirred a with Omega cos 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a stirred a with Omega cos 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a stirred a with Omega cos 2
+Omega C goes to zero okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega C goes to zero okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega C goes to zero okay so in this
+case the amplitude is going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the amplitude is going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the amplitude is going to increase
+forever right because you have basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever right because you have basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever right because you have basically
+a sine Omega C T right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine Omega C T right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine Omega C T right and the
+dispositions of the a Omega C and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions of the a Omega C and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions of the a Omega C and this
+is just pretty right so what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just pretty right so what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just pretty right so what this is
+what I want to argue is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to argue is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want to argue is that this is
+actually also oscillation but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also oscillation but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also oscillation but with
+good frequency zero and the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good frequency zero and the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good frequency zero and the general
+motion can be written as V P times C for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion can be written as V P times C for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion can be written as V P times C for
+example some constant okay any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to do next may amaze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do next may amaze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do next may amaze
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+very good so we have identified three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so we have identified three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good so we have identified three
+different kinds of modes we have mode a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of modes we have mode a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of modes we have mode a
+which is actually with Omega a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually with Omega a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually with Omega a square
+equal to Omega I square is omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega I square is omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Omega I square is omega squared
+there is for K over 2 N and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is for K over 2 N and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is for K over 2 N and also the
+motion is like this x1 equal to a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is like this x1 equal to a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is like this x1 equal to a cosine
+Omega T plus Phi a x2 is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus Phi a x2 is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T plus Phi a x2 is equal to a
+minus a I should it because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a I should it because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a I should it because there are
+actually having different sign right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having different sign right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually having different sign right so
+so if the if the motion is issuing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the if the motion is issuing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the if the motion is issuing the
+lap and say direction then the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap and say direction then the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap and say direction then the two
+messages should be oscillating in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages should be oscillating in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages should be oscillating in the
+opposite direction right so therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction right so therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction right so therefore I
+get a minus sign in front of a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus sign in front of a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a minus sign in front of a okay
+cosine Omega a ps5 a extreme will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega a ps5 a extreme will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega a ps5 a extreme will be
+also equal to minus a cosine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal to minus a cosine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also equal to minus a cosine Omega T
+plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi
+of course I need to define what is XY XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I need to define what is XY XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course I need to define what is XY XY
+entry right not I says you why most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry right not I says you why most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry right not I says you why most of
+you are cut cut super confused okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are cut cut super confused okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are cut cut super confused okay so
+the x1 what I mean is that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x1 what I mean is that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x1 what I mean is that is the
+displacement of the mass to n I call x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the mass to n I call x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement of the mass to n I call x1
+the displacement of the upper mass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of the upper mass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the displacement of the upper mass but
+the upper little mass I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper little mass I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the upper little mass I call it
+- and finally the displacement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and finally the displacement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and finally the displacement of the
+third mass I call it extreme right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third mass I call it extreme right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third mass I call it extreme right
+therefore you can see that mode a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can see that mode a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can see that mode a you
+have this kind of motion okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of motion okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this kind of motion okay the
+amplitude of the first mass is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the first mass is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the first mass is a
+therefore if I define that to be a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I define that to be a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I define that to be a then
+the second a certain one a template to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second a certain one a template to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second a certain one a template to
+work pretty fine this - a and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work pretty fine this - a and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work pretty fine this - a and you can
+see that all then are oscillating at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that all then are oscillating at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that all then are oscillating at
+fixed fixed angle frequency Omega a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed angle frequency Omega a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed fixed angle frequency Omega a
+Omega a Omega a and also fix the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a Omega a and also fix the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a Omega a and also fix the face
+okay Phi a Phi 5 okay of course we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Phi a Phi 5 okay of course we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Phi a Phi 5 okay of course we can
+also write down what we get for more P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write down what we get for more P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write down what we get for more P
+right from old feed the lab enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from old feed the lab enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right from old feed the lab enzyme
+masses are moving stay put and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are moving stay put and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses are moving stay put and the other
+tumors are oscillating at the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors are oscillating at the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tumors are oscillating at the frequency
+of Omega P and amplitude they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega P and amplitude they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega P and amplitude they actually
+differ by a minus sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a minus sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ by a minus sign okay
+Omega B square is equal to K over m from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega B square is equal to K over m from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega B square is equal to K over m from
+that logical argument and then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logical argument and then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that logical argument and then actually
+we get x1 equal to zero times cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get x1 equal to zero times cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get x1 equal to zero times cosine
+Omega a Omega PT plus pi p x2 I get P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a Omega PT plus pi p x2 I get P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega a Omega PT plus pi p x2 I get P
+cosine omega p t5 p x3 I get minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega p t5 p x3 I get minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega p t5 p x3 I get minus P
+cosine Omega P 2 plus 5p any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega P 2 plus 5p any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Omega P 2 plus 5p any questions
+here ok finally mode to see ok all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ok finally mode to see ok all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ok finally mode to see ok all the
+mass x1 is equal to x2 is equal to x3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass x1 is equal to x2 is equal to x3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass x1 is equal to x2 is equal to x3 is
+equal to C plus V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C plus V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C plus V
+okay so you can see that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see that we have
+identified three modes mode a mode B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified three modes mode a mode B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified three modes mode a mode B and
+the mode C okay and there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode C okay and there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mode C okay and there are three
+angular frequencies which we identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequencies which we identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequencies which we identified
+for all those normal modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those normal modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all those normal modes
+okay Omega a Omega P and Omega C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Omega a Omega P and Omega C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Omega a Omega P and Omega C okay
+and you can see that we also identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that we also identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that we also identified
+how many free parameters one free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many free parameters one free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many free parameters one free
+parameter two three four five and six so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter two three four five and six so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter two three four five and six so
+if you are careful you write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are careful you write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are careful you write down the
+equation of motion of this system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion of this system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion of this system you
+will have three coupled differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have three coupled differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have three coupled differential
+equations and those are second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and those are second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and those are second order
+differential equations if you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations if you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations if you have three
+variables three second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables three second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables three second-order
+differential equations if you manage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations if you manage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations if you manage it
+magically with a help one computer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically with a help one computer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically with a help one computer or
+from from math department people right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from math department people right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from math department people right
+how many pre parameter will you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pre parameter will you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many pre parameter will you expect
+in your general solution can anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your general solution can anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your general solution can anybody
+tell me well how many I have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me well how many I have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me well how many I have three
+second-order differential equations yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential equations yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential equations yes
+six right so look at what we have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six right so look at what we have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six right so look at what we have done
+we identified already one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identified already one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we identified already one two three
+three normal modes right and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three normal modes right and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three normal modes right and there are
+one two three four five six six three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six six three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three four five six six three
+parameters that tells me I am done right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that tells me I am done right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that tells me I am done right
+I'm done because what is issued a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done because what is issued a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done because what is issued a
+general solution the general solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution the general solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution the general solution is
+just a superposition of mode a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a superposition of mode a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a superposition of mode a
+mode B and the mode C you have six free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode B and the mode C you have six free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode B and the mode C you have six free
+parameters to be determined by six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to be determined by six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to be determined by six
+initial conditions which I would like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions which I would like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions which I would like I
+have to tell you what are those initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you what are those initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to tell you what are those initial
+conditions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions okay
+so isn't this amazing to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isn't this amazing to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isn't this amazing to you
+I didn't actually even solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually even solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't actually even solve the
+differential equation and I already get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and I already get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation and I already get
+the solution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution okay
+and you can see another lesson we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see another lesson we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see another lesson we learn
+from here is that although you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here is that although you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here is that although you can
+imagine that the motion of this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the motion of this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that the motion of this system
+can be super complicated this I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be super complicated this I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be super complicated this I was
+thinking to this all the crazy things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to this all the crazy things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking to this all the crazy things
+overpraise and the center of mass you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpraise and the center of mass you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpraise and the center of mass you
+can move as you said but the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move as you said but the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move as you said but the result is
+actually very easy to understand it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very easy to understand it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very easy to understand it's
+just three kinds of motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three kinds of motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three kinds of motion the
+displacement and two kinds of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and two kinds of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and two kinds of simple
+harmonic motion we add them together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion we add them together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic motion we add them together and
+then you will get the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get the general
+description of that system okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of that system okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of that system okay so
+everything is so nice right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is so nice right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is so nice right we
+understand the motion of that system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the motion of that system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the motion of that system but
+in general life is very hard okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general life is very hard okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general life is very hard okay for
+example now I do something crazy here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now I do something crazy here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example now I do something crazy here I
+change this to two three what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to two three what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this to two three what is
+actually the normal mode can anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the normal mode can anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the normal mode can anybody
+tell me it become very very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me it become very very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me it become very very difficult
+because there is no general symmetry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no general symmetry of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is no general symmetry of
+that kind of system right so we are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of system right so we are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of system right so we are in
+trouble okay one of the one of the mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble okay one of the one of the mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble okay one of the one of the mode
+may be still there which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be still there which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be still there which is actually
+mode B but the odd okay the the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode B but the odd okay the the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode B but the odd okay the the other
+modes are harder to actually guess right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are harder to actually guess right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are harder to actually guess right
+so you can see that that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that that actually
+already bring you a lot of trouble and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already bring you a lot of trouble and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already bring you a lot of trouble and
+you can see that I can now couple not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I can now couple not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that I can now couple not
+just to object I think about three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to object I think about three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to object I think about three
+objects for object file object 10 object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for object file object 10 object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for object file object 10 object
+maybe I'll put that in your pset and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put that in your pset and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll put that in your pset and see
+what happened and you can see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened and you can see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened and you can see that this
+become very difficult to manage right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very difficult to manage right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very difficult to manage right so
+what I'm going to do in the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do in the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do in the rest of the
+this lecture is to introduce you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is to introduce you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture is to introduce you a
+master which you can follow in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master which you can follow in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master which you can follow in general
+to to as you solve the equation and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to as you solve the equation and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to as you solve the equation and get
+the know more more frequencies in normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the know more more frequencies in normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the know more more frequencies in normal
+modes okay so we would take a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes okay so we would take a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes okay so we would take a four
+minute break and we'll come back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break and we'll come back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute break and we'll come back at
+12:30 so if you have any questions let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:30 so if you have any questions let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:30 so if you have any questions let
+me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we are going to do you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do you know in the
+following exercise is to actually try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following exercise is to actually try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following exercise is to actually try to
+understand a general strategy to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a general strategy to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a general strategy to solve
+the normal mode frequencies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal mode frequencies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal mode frequencies and the
+normal mode and produce okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and produce okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and produce okay
+so that actually you can apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually you can apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually you can apply this
+technique to all kinds of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to all kinds of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to all kinds of different
+system ok so what I am going to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ok so what I am going to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system ok so what I am going to do today
+is to take this 3 mass system and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take this 3 mass system and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take this 3 mass system and of
+course as usual I try to actually define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual I try to actually define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as usual I try to actually define
+what is the coordinate system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the coordinate system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the coordinate system the
+coordinate system I am going to use is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system I am going to use is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system I am going to use is
+x1 x2 and x3 describing the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 and x3 describing the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 and x3 describing the displacement
+of the all those mass from equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the all those mass from equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the all those mass from equilibrium
+position and the equilibrium means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the equilibrium means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and the equilibrium means that
+there is no stretch and the spring okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no stretch and the spring okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no stretch and the spring okay
+let's bring is actually unstretched it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring is actually unstretched it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring is actually unstretched it's
+actually add is their own natural length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add is their own natural length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually add is their own natural length
+l0 ok so I once I define that I can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 ok so I once I define that I can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 ok so I once I define that I can do a
+force diagram analysis and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force diagram analysis and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force diagram analysis and so that's
+start from the lapin side mass with mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the lapin side mass with mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from the lapin side mass with mass
+equal to 2n ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2n ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2n ok
+I can write down the equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write down the equation of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write down the equation of motion
+2 n x1 double dot ok and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n x1 double dot ok and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 n x1 double dot ok and this is going
+to be equal to K x2 minus x1 plus k x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to K x2 minus x1 plus k x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to K x2 minus x1 plus k x3
+minus x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x1
+ok so there are two spring force right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so there are two spring force right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so there are two spring force right
+acting on this mass the lap enzyme mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this mass the lap enzyme mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this mass the lap enzyme mass
+the first one is the upper spring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is the upper spring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is the upper spring the
+second one is for coming from the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is for coming from the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is for coming from the lowest
+low one okay and you can see that both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low one okay and you can see that both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low one okay and you can see that both
+of them are proportional to spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are proportional to spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are proportional to spring
+constant K and also proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K and also proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K and also proportional to the
+relative displacement and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative displacement and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative displacement and you can see
+that the two relative displacement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two relative displacement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the two relative displacement which
+is actually the among of stretch to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the among of stretch to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually the among of stretch to the
+spring okay it's actually x2 minus x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring okay it's actually x2 minus x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring okay it's actually x2 minus x1
+and x3 minus x1 okay we're not going too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x3 minus x1 okay we're not going too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x3 minus x1 okay we're not going too
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ok everybody's following and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok everybody's following and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok everybody's following and you can
+actually check the sign right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check the sign right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check the sign right
+you may not be sure maybe this is your X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be sure maybe this is your X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not be sure maybe this is your X
+1 minus X 2 right but you can check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus X 2 right but you can check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 minus X 2 right but you can check that
+because if you increase X 1 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you increase X 1 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you increase X 1 what is
+going to happen this term will become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen this term will become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen this term will become
+more negative right more negative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative right more negative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more negative right more negative in
+this coordinate system is pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate system is pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate system is pointing to
+the lapping side so that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapping side so that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapping side so that makes sense
+right because you have if I move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you have if I move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because you have if I move this
+mass to the right-hand side that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass to the right-hand side that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass to the right-hand side that I am
+compressing the street as the Sprint's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the street as the Sprint's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compressing the street as the Sprint's
+right therefore they are pushing it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore they are pushing it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore they are pushing it back
+therefore this is actually the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is actually the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this is actually the correct
+sign my x2 minus x1 okay the sensing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign my x2 minus x1 okay the sensing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign my x2 minus x1 okay the sensing
+also a prior to the second spring force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a prior to the second spring force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a prior to the second spring force
+okay so that's actually a way I double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually a way I double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually a way I double
+check if I make a mistake okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if I make a mistake okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check if I make a mistake okay all right
+now this is actually the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is actually the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is actually the first equation
+of motion and I can now also work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and I can now also work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion and I can now also work on the
+second mass now I focused on mass number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mass now I focused on mass number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second mass now I focused on mass number
+two does this phrase minus x2 therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two does this phrase minus x2 therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two does this phrase minus x2 therefore
+the left hand side of newton's law is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of newton's law is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side of newton's law is n
+x2 double dot okay and that is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 double dot okay and that is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 double dot okay and that is they
+should be equal to the spring force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to the spring force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to the spring force
+right the spring force they are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the spring force they are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the spring force they are there's
+only one force acting one spring force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one force acting one spring force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one force acting one spring force
+actually acting on the mass therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually acting on the mass therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually acting on the mass therefore
+what I am going to get is K x1 minus x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am going to get is K x1 minus x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I am going to get is K x1 minus x2
+okay everybody is following okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody is following okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody is following okay you can
+actually check the sign care 4d also and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check the sign care 4d also and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check the sign care 4d also and
+finally I have the third mass very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I have the third mass very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I have the third mass very
+similar to the mass number two I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the mass number two I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the mass number two I can
+write down the equation of motion which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the equation of motion which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the equation of motion which
+is actually K x1 minus x3 right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually K x1 minus x3 right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually K x1 minus x3 right so that
+is actually my top hold second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually my top hold second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually my top hold second-order
+differential equations there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations there are three
+equations and all then a second-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and all then a second-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and all then a second-order
+equation okay so this looks a bit messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so this looks a bit messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay so this looks a bit messy
+right so what I'm going to do there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to do there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what I'm going to do there's no
+magic I'm just collecting all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic I'm just collecting all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic I'm just collecting all the terms
+belonging to x1 and put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to x1 and put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonging to x1 and put them together
+all the turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the turns
+- x2 putting all together and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x2 putting all together and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x2 putting all together and just
+rearranging things okay so no magic so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging things okay so no magic so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging things okay so no magic so I
+copied this thing laughs and I - n x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied this thing laughs and I - n x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied this thing laughs and I - n x1
+double dot and that will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot and that will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot and that will be equal to
+minus two K x1 press I collect all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two K x1 press I collect all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus two K x1 press I collect all the
+times the 82 X 2 plus K X 2 this on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the 82 X 2 plus K X 2 this on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the 82 X 2 plus K X 2 this on it
+one tenth year right then plus K X 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tenth year right then plus K X 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one tenth year right then plus K X 3
+okay and just trying to organize my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just trying to organize my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and just trying to organize my
+equation okay okay so you can see that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay okay so you can see that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay okay so you can see that I
+call that all the terms related to X 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that all the terms related to X 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that all the terms related to X 1 2
+this 2 here minus K minus K I get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 here minus K minus K I get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 2 here minus K minus K I get minus
+2 K in the press K 4 X 2 plus K for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 K in the press K 4 X 2 plus K for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 K in the press K 4 X 2 plus K for the
+X 3 and now I can also do that for M X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 3 and now I can also do that for M X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X 3 and now I can also do that for M X 2
+double dot that will be equal to K X 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot that will be equal to K X 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot that will be equal to K X 1
+minus K X 2 plus 0 X 3 just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K X 2 plus 0 X 3 just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K X 2 plus 0 X 3 just for
+completeness okay I can also do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness okay I can also do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness okay I can also do the same
+thing for the third mass and X 3 double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the third mass and X 3 double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for the third mass and X 3 double
+dot this is equal to K X 1 plus 0 X 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot this is equal to K X 1 plus 0 X 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot this is equal to K X 1 plus 0 X 2
+right there's no dependence on X 2 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no dependence on X 2 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's no dependence on X 2 right
+because X 1 and X 2 X 3 and X 2 are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X 1 and X 2 X 3 and X 2 are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X 1 and X 2 X 3 and X 2 are not
+talking to each other directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to each other directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to each other directly
+finally I have the third term which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I have the third term which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I have the third term which is
+minus K extra ok so now our job is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K extra ok so now our job is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K extra ok so now our job is
+actually to solve those coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to solve those coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to solve those coupled
+equations ok of course you you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ok of course you you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations ok of course you you have the
+freedom if you know how to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom if you know how to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom if you know how to solve it
+yourself you can already go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can already go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself you can already go ahead and
+solve it but what I am going to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it but what I am going to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it but what I am going to do here
+is to introduce a technique which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to introduce a technique which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to introduce a technique which can be
+useful for you and make it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for you and make it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for you and make it easier to
+follow it's a fixed procedure ok so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it's a fixed procedure ok so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow it's a fixed procedure ok so what
+I can do is the following I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do is the following I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do is the following I can write
+everything in them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in them for
+of MAGIX how many of you heard the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MAGIX how many of you heard the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MAGIX how many of you heard the
+metrics for the first time one two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics for the first time one two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics for the first time one two okay
+okay only four right but if you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay only four right but if you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay only four right but if you are not
+very familiar with metrics let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with metrics let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very familiar with metrics let me know
+and I can help you that the tno and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can help you that the tno and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can help you that the tno and
+those so there's a spare as a section in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so there's a spare as a section in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so there's a spare as a section in
+the textbooks which i actually posted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks which i actually posted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the textbooks which i actually posted on
+the inner announcement which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner announcement which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner announcement which is actually
+very helpful to understand the metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful to understand the metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful to understand the metrics
+but but sorry for to this for students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but sorry for to this for students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but sorry for to this for students
+we are going to use that and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to use that and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to use that and maybe you
+already learn how it works from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already learn how it works from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already learn how it works from here
+okay so one trick which we will use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one trick which we will use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one trick which we will use in
+this class is to convert everything into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is to convert everything into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is to convert everything into
+metrics for men okay so what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics for men okay so what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics for men okay so what I'm going
+to do is to write everything in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to write everything in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to write everything in terms of
+and capital X capital n capital X double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital X capital n capital X double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capital X capital n capital X double
+dot equal to minus capital K capital X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equal to minus capital K capital X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot equal to minus capital K capital X
+capital n capital X and capital K those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n capital X and capital K those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital n capital X and capital K those
+are or metrics okay because I'd write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or metrics okay because I'd write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are or metrics okay because I'd write
+this thing really care for thee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing really care for thee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing really care for thee
+therefore we can already immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can already immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we can already immediately
+identify what will be m capital M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what will be m capital M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what will be m capital M and
+equitable X and okay okay so I can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable X and okay okay so I can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equitable X and okay okay so I can write
+down immediately n will be equal to 2m 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down immediately n will be equal to 2m 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down immediately n will be equal to 2m 0
+0 0 and 0 0 0 n right because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and 0 0 0 n right because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 and 0 0 0 n right because there's
+only 1 in each line you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 1 in each line you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 1 in each line you only have one
+time x1 double dot X to top for extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x1 double dot X to top for extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x1 double dot X to top for extra
+capital okay and okay also you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital okay and okay also you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital okay and okay also you can write
+down what the X this is actually vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what the X this is actually vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what the X this is actually vector
+X will be equal to x1 x2 x3 okay finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be equal to x1 x2 x3 okay finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X will be equal to x1 x2 x3 okay finally
+you have the K how do I read up K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the K how do I read up K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the K how do I read up K okay
+careful there's a minus sign here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful there's a minus sign here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful there's a minus sign here right
+because I would like to make this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would like to make this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I would like to make this matrix
+equation as if it is actually describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as if it is actually describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation as if it is actually describing
+a simple harmonic motion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple harmonic motion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple harmonic motion of a
+one-dimensional system right so it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional system right so it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional system right so it looks
+the same but they are different because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but they are different because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but they are different because
+those are su metrics okay but therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are su metrics okay but therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are su metrics okay but therefore
+I have you might come in my convention I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have you might come in my convention I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have you might come in my convention I
+have this minus sign there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this minus sign there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this minus sign there okay
+therefore when you read off the K you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when you read off the K you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore when you read off the K you
+have to be careful okay so what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful okay so what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful okay so what is a
+okay okay you say I should equal to 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay you say I should equal to 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay you say I should equal to 2k
+right now you have the minus 2k here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you have the minus 2k here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you have the minus 2k here in
+front of x1 but because I have a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of x1 but because I have a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of x1 but because I have a minus
+sign there therefore this one says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there therefore this one says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there therefore this one says you
+taken out okay so you have two K there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out okay so you have two K there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out okay so you have two K there
+okay then you have minus K minus K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you have minus K minus K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then you have minus K minus K okay
+- okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay
+okay zero minus K cross K deer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay zero minus K cross K deer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay zero minus K cross K deer right
+and finally you can also finish the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you can also finish the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you can also finish the last
+row you get minus K 0 K right K become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row you get minus K 0 K right K become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row you get minus K 0 K right K become
+minus K minus K become K okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K minus K become K okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K minus K become K okay so we have
+read of all those metrics successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read of all those metrics successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read of all those metrics successfully
+right so you may ask what do they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you may ask what do they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you may ask what do they mean
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+what to take at the meaning I am K X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to take at the meaning I am K X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to take at the meaning I am K X
+what were those okay and the capital n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were those okay and the capital n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what were those okay and the capital n
+matrix tells you the mass distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix tells you the mass distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix tells you the mass distribution
+inside the system so that's the meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the system so that's the meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the system so that's the meaning
+of this matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix okay
+X is actually a vector which tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is actually a vector which tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is actually a vector which tells you
+the position of individual components in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of individual components in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of individual components in
+the system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system okay
+finally what is k k is telling you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what is k k is telling you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what is k k is telling you how
+each component in the system talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component in the system talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each component in the system talked to
+the other components okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other components okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other components okay
+so k is actually tell you you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k is actually tell you you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k is actually tell you you the
+communication inside the system okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication inside the system okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication inside the system okay so
+now we understand a bit what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand a bit what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we understand a bit what is going on
+and us you Joe I will go to the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and us you Joe I will go to the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and us you Joe I will go to the complex
+notation okay so I have X J XJ the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay so I have X J XJ the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation okay so I have X J XJ the small
+X they are the position of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X they are the position of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X they are the position of the mass
+right X 1 X 2 and X 3 X a would be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X 1 X 2 and X 3 X a would be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right X 1 X 2 and X 3 X a would be real
+part of small Z J ok small XJ equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of small Z J ok small XJ equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of small Z J ok small XJ equal to
+real part of Z J ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of Z J ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of Z J ok
+therefore I can now write everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now write everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can now write everything in
+terms of POD matrix again so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of POD matrix again so now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of POD matrix again so now I can
+write the solution to be Z the capital Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the solution to be Z the capital Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the solution to be Z the capital Z
+is a matrix ok exponential I Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix ok exponential I Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix ok exponential I Omega T
+plus Phi this is a tester solution I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi this is a tester solution I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Phi this is a tester solution I
+have a 1 a 2 and a 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1 a 2 and a 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1 a 2 and a 3
+those are the amplitude amplitude a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the amplitude amplitude a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the amplitude amplitude a of
+the first mass amplitude of second mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mass amplitude of second mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first mass amplitude of second mass
+and Pt of the third mass ok in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pt of the third mass ok in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Pt of the third mass ok in the
+normal mode right and all the all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode right and all the all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode right and all the all of
+those are oscillating at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are oscillating at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are oscillating at the same
+frequency Omega at the same phase Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega at the same phase Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Omega at the same phase Phi
+does that actually actually tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that actually actually tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that actually actually tell you
+something which we actually learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we actually learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which we actually learned
+before oh that's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before oh that's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before oh that's the definition of the
+normal mode and using the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and using the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and using the definition of
+the normal mode every part of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal mode every part of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal mode every part of the system
+is oscillating at the same frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillating at the same frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillating at the same frequency in
+the same phase and we use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase and we use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same phase and we use that to
+construct my solution which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct my solution which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct my solution which is actually
+the complex version is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex version is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complex version is actually
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi
+oscillating at the same frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same frequency
+oscillating at the same phase and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same phase and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at the same phase and those
+are the amperage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the amperage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the amperage
+to which I always solve it that okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I always solve it that okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to which I always solve it that okay any
+questions and I go to I hope I am NOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I go to I hope I am NOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I go to I hope I am NOT
+going too fast okay if everybody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast okay if everybody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too fast okay if everybody can
+follow now I can go ahead and solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow now I can go ahead and solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow now I can go ahead and solve the
+equation in the metric format okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the metric format okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in the metric format okay so
+now I have now I go to the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have now I go to the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have now I go to the complex
+notation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation right
+so the equation NX equal to minus KX and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equation NX equal to minus KX and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equation NX equal to minus KX and
+X double dot equal to minus KX pecan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X double dot equal to minus KX pecan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X double dot equal to minus KX pecan and
+the double dot equal to minus KZ right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double dot equal to minus KZ right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double dot equal to minus KZ right
+and also I can immediately get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can immediately get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can immediately get three
+double dot will be equal to minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot will be equal to minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double dot will be equal to minus Omega
+square G right because I each time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square G right because I each time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square G right because I each time I
+actually to a differentiation I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to a differentiation I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to a differentiation I actually
+get I Omega out of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I Omega out of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get I Omega out of the exponential
+function right and I cannot hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and I cannot hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and I cannot hear that
+exponential function so it's still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function so it's still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function so it's still there
+right therefore I get minus Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore I get minus Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore I get minus Omega square
+in front of D I hope that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of D I hope that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of D I hope that doesn't
+surprise you okay so that's very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you okay so that's very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise you okay so that's very nice
+and very good news that means I can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very good news that means I can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very good news that means I can they
+should replace this the double prong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should replace this the double prong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should replace this the double prong is
+minus Omega square Z then I get minus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square Z then I get minus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square Z then I get minus n
+Omega squared Z and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared Z and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared Z and this is equal to
+minus K Z and I can cancel the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K Z and I can cancel the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K Z and I can cancel the minus
+sign that we can sow seed like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+I can now actually cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now actually cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can now actually cancel the
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi right
+because I have a Z in Latin side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a Z in Latin side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a Z in Latin side and
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I Omega T plus Phi is just a
+number right so therefore I can cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right so therefore I can cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number right so therefore I can cancel
+it okay so what is going to happen if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so what is going to happen if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so what is going to happen if I
+do that basically what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that basically what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that basically what I'm going to do
+get is I get an Omega square a equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is I get an Omega square a equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is I get an Omega square a equal to
+ka okay I'm trying to to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ka okay I'm trying to to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ka okay I'm trying to to go through the
+extremely slowly because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely slowly because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely slowly because this is the
+first time we go through MAGIX okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we go through MAGIX okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time we go through MAGIX okay so
+now you have this expression lapin side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this expression lapin side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have this expression lapin side
+is a matrix n times some constant Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix n times some constant Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a matrix n times some constant Omega
+square I can actually get the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square I can actually get the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square I can actually get the Omega
+square in front of it because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in front of it because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square in front of it because this is
+actually just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a number
+okay hey it's actually a vector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hey it's actually a vector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay hey it's actually a vector we
+should say a 1 a 2 and 3 ok also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say a 1 a 2 and 3 ok also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say a 1 a 2 and 3 ok also a
+matrix K is actually how the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K is actually how the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix K is actually how the this
+individual component talked to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual component talked to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual component talked to the other
+right so that's there times 8 okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's there times 8 okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's there times 8 okay now I
+would like to move everything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to move everything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to move everything to the
+right hand side all the metrics in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side all the metrics in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side all the metrics in front
+of air to the right hand side then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air to the right hand side then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of air to the right hand side then I
+multiply both side by M minus 1 okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both side by M minus 1 okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply both side by M minus 1 okay so
+I multiply M minus 1 to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply M minus 1 to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply M minus 1 to the whole
+equation ok n minus 1 what is a should M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ok n minus 1 what is a should M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation ok n minus 1 what is a should M
+minus 1 is actually the definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is actually the definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 is actually the definition is
+that the inverse of M is FN is called n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse of M is FN is called n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse of M is FN is called n
+minus 1 M minus 1 times M is equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 M minus 1 times M is equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 M minus 1 times M is equal to I
+would you say should be 1 1 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say should be 1 1 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you say should be 1 1 1 okay
+therefore if I do this I see and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I do this I see and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I do this I see and I would
+get omega square n minus 1 times n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get omega square n minus 1 times n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get omega square n minus 1 times n
+become I right because this unique back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become I right because this unique back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become I right because this unique back
+you need matrix a and this is equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need matrix a and this is equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need matrix a and this is equal to n
+minus 1 K okay and the big hair for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K okay and the big hair for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K okay and the big hair for I
+multiply M minus 1 the inverse of M from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply M minus 1 the inverse of M from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply M minus 1 the inverse of M from
+the lapin side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapin side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lapin side okay
+that matters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matters okay
+so now I can actually move everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can actually move everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I can actually move everything to
+the same side okay actually I move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side okay actually I move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same side okay actually I move the
+lap and side turn to the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap and side turn to the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lap and side turn to the right hand side
+therefore I get M minus 1 K minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get M minus 1 K minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get M minus 1 K minus Omega
+square hi okay this is actually those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square hi okay this is actually those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square hi okay this is actually those
+are all matrix okay kinds a this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all matrix okay kinds a this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all matrix okay kinds a this is
+equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions ok so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions ok so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions ok so a lot of
+manipulation but if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation but if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation but if you think about it
+if you are following me you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are following me you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are following me you will see
+that huh all those steps are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huh all those steps are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that huh all those steps are exactly
+identical to what we have been doing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we have been doing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we have been doing for
+a single harmonic oscillator right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single harmonic oscillator right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single harmonic oscillator right it
+tooks pretty familiar to you but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooks pretty familiar to you but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooks pretty familiar to you but the
+difference is that now we are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that now we are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that now we are actually
+dealing with matrix yes oh eh oh sorry a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with matrix yes oh eh oh sorry a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with matrix yes oh eh oh sorry a
+essentially this guy i define used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this guy i define used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this guy i define used to be
+a and that means Z will be exponential I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that means Z will be exponential I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and that means Z will be exponential I
+Omega P plus Phi times a okay I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega P plus Phi times a okay I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega P plus Phi times a okay I didn't
+actually write it explicitly but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write it explicitly but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write it explicitly but I
+that's actually what I mean okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what I mean okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what I mean okay any
+more questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so this whole process is shitty for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this whole process is shitty for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this whole process is shitty for
+not not really for mode 8 so it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not really for mode 8 so it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not really for mode 8 so it so that
+may be confusing but it's actually 4 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be confusing but it's actually 4 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be confusing but it's actually 4 but
+in general if I have a solution and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if I have a solution and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general if I have a solution and I
+assume that the amplitude can divot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the amplitude can divot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the amplitude can divot is
+quite by a matrix okay so it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite by a matrix okay so it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite by a matrix okay so it's in
+general and you see that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and you see that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and you see that we can actually
+derive the angular frequency of mode a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the angular frequency of mode a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the angular frequency of mode a
+won't be a most see afterward okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a most see afterward okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be a most see afterward okay I
+hope that answered your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that answered your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that answered your question
+okay so you see for in general so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see for in general so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see for in general so so
+what I have been doing is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have been doing is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have been doing is that now
+actually all those things are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all those things are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all those things are equivalent
+to the original equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original equation motion
+what I'm doing is purely cosmetic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is purely cosmetic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm doing is purely cosmetic you
+see make it beautiful right right so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see make it beautiful right right so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see make it beautiful right right so all
+those things this thing is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things this thing is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things this thing is exactly the
+equivalent to dancing up to there up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to dancing up to there up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to dancing up to there up to
+M X double dot equal to minus KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M X double dot equal to minus KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M X double dot equal to minus KX
+Cosmetics beautiful okay looks I like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmetics beautiful okay looks I like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cosmetics beautiful okay looks I like it
+all right then what I have been doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then what I have been doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then what I have been doing is
+that now I introduce different using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I introduce different using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I introduce different using the
+definition of normal more I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of normal more I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of normal more I guess the
+solution will have this functional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will have this functional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will have this functional form
+Z equals to exponential I Omega T plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals to exponential I Omega T plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equals to exponential I Omega T plus
+Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi
+everybody oscillating at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody oscillating at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody oscillating at the same
+frequency the same face frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the same face frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the same face frequency Omega
+phase Phi and but everybody can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Phi and but everybody can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Phi and but everybody can have
+different amplitude right you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amplitude right you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amplitude right you can see
+from this example of normal mode you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this example of normal mode you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this example of normal mode you see
+the heck a can have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck a can have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck a can have different
+temperature right okay the amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right okay the amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature right okay the amplitude is
+what I don't know yet but we will figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I don't know yet but we will figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I don't know yet but we will figure
+out okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay then
+that's my assumption the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my assumption the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my assumption the definition of
+normal mode and I practice to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and I practice to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mode and I practice to the
+equation of motion then this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion then this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion then this is what we
+are doing to simplify the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing to simplify the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing to simplify the equation of
+motion okay there's no magic here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay there's no magic here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion okay there's no magic here okay
+if I plug in the definition of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plug in the definition of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I plug in the definition of normal
+more to that equation this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to that equation this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to that equation this is actually
+going to bring you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring you to
+this equation okay metrics equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay metrics equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation okay metrics equation okay
+so if you have learned metrics before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have learned metrics before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have learned metrics before
+you have something some matrix times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something some matrix times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something some matrix times a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is equal to zero okay it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero okay it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero okay it's actually
+not zero right I hope if it is 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero right I hope if it is 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero right I hope if it is 0 then
+the hostess's is not moving then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hostess's is not moving then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hostess's is not moving then it's
+not fun right ok so a if a is not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fun right ok so a if a is not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fun right ok so a if a is not zero
+then this thing should be this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing should be this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this thing should be this thing
+times a should make this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a should make this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a should make this in this
+equation equal to zero right so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equal to zero right so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation equal to zero right so what is
+issue that require the condition okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that require the condition okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that require the condition okay I
+stochastic and of course again my friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic and of course again my friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic and of course again my friend
+from math department can to save me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from math department can to save me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from math department can to save me that
+means if this C okay have solution this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if this C okay have solution this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if this C okay have solution this
+equation have solution that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation have solution that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation have solution that means the
+determinant of M my n minus 1 K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of M my n minus 1 K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of M my n minus 1 K minus
+Omega square I has to be equal to 0 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square I has to be equal to 0 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square I has to be equal to 0 okay
+so that is actually the condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is actually the condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is actually the condition for
+this equation to satisfy this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation to satisfy this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation to satisfy this to be
+equal to zero okay and and just to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay and and just to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero okay and and just to make
+sure that I don't know what this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that I don't know what this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that I don't know what this says
+with the the angular frequency Omega yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the angular frequency Omega yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the angular frequency Omega yet
+I don't know what this actually fight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what this actually fight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what this actually fight
+yet okay actually we can let you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay actually we can let you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay actually we can let you solve
+the angular frequency Omega okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular frequency Omega okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular frequency Omega okay so now
+what we actually turn everything around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually turn everything around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually turn everything around
+and basically now using this normal more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically now using this normal more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically now using this normal more
+definition and some mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and some mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and some mathematical
+manipulation the condition we need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation the condition we need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulation the condition we need for
+this equation to certify equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation to certify equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation to certify equal to zero
+is determinant M minus 1 K minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determinant M minus 1 K minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determinant M minus 1 K minus Omega
+squared okay I can write down M minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay I can write down M minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared okay I can write down M minus 1
+K minus Omega square I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus Omega square I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus Omega square I
+explicitly okay just to help you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay just to help you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly okay just to help you with
+mathematics M minus 1 K is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics M minus 1 K is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics M minus 1 K is actually
+equal to 1 over 2 n 0 0 0 1 over 2 n 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 n 0 0 0 1 over 2 n 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over 2 n 0 0 0 1 over 2 n 0 0
+0 1 over m it's just the inverse matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 over m it's just the inverse matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 1 over m it's just the inverse matrix
+of the M matrix okay therefore now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the M matrix okay therefore now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the M matrix okay therefore now I can
+issue soft I can actually write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue soft I can actually write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue soft I can actually write down the
+explicit expression of M minus 1 K minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit expression of M minus 1 K minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit expression of M minus 1 K minus
+Omega square I okay this will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square I okay this will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square I okay this will be equal
+to K over N minus Omega square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus K over 2 m minus K over 2 m minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K over 2 m minus K over 2 m minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K over 2 m minus K over 2 m minus
+K over N K over N minus Omega square 0 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over N K over N minus Omega square 0 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K over N K over N minus Omega square 0 I
+will write down all the elements first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write down all the elements first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write down all the elements first
+then I will explain you how I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will explain you how I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will explain you how I should
+write the expression ok so this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expression ok so this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the expression ok so this is n
+minus 1 K the definition of a - why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K the definition of a - why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K the definition of a - why is
+there and the definition of K is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the definition of K is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the definition of K is in the
+upper right corner of the blackboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right corner of the blackboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right corner of the blackboard
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+therefore if you multiply M minus 1 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you multiply M minus 1 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you multiply M minus 1 K
+basically the first row so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the first row so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the first row so the first
+column will get a second T I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will get a second T I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column will get a second T I make a
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No okay so basically what you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No okay so basically what you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No okay so basically what you actually
+arrive is a K over m k over and K over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive is a K over m k over and K over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive is a K over m k over and K over N
+and and also the minus K over 2 n for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also the minus K over 2 n for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and also the minus K over 2 n for
+the for the rest of the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the rest of the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the rest of the part of the
+matrix and the minus Omega square I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the minus Omega square I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and the minus Omega square I
+actually will give you the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will give you the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually will give you the diagonal
+component okay that essentially this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay that essentially this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component okay that essentially this is
+actually matrix right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matrix right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matrix right so this is a
+matrix so the matrix times a would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so the matrix times a would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so the matrix times a would be
+equal to 0 the general condition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 the general condition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 the general condition for
+that to be satisfied is actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be satisfied is actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be satisfied is actually more
+general essentially the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general essentially the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general essentially the determinant of
+this matrix equal to 0 okay because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix equal to 0 okay because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix equal to 0 okay because this
+eight issue are multiplied by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight issue are multiplied by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight issue are multiplied by some
+vector a okay okay so so I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a okay okay so so I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a okay okay so so I think they're
+mathematical manipulation bases you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical manipulation bases you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical manipulation bases you just
+collect a turn and the calculate the MS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a turn and the calculate the MS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a turn and the calculate the MS
+1k first and the minus Omega square I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1k first and the minus Omega square I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1k first and the minus Omega square I
+will give you all the off-diagonal turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you all the off-diagonal turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you all the off-diagonal turn
+have a minus Omega square there okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus Omega square there okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a minus Omega square there okay and
+and that is issued the matrix and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is issued the matrix and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is issued the matrix and of
+course I can actually calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can actually calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I can actually calculate the
+determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant
+so if I calculate the determinant then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I calculate the determinant then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I calculate the determinant then
+basically I get this times that has that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get this times that has that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I get this times that has that
+right so basically what you get is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what you get is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically what you get is K
+over N minus Omega squared times K over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N minus Omega squared times K over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N minus Omega squared times K over
+N minus Omega square is K over m times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus Omega square is K over m times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N minus Omega square is K over m times
+Omega squared right so these off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared right so these off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squared right so these off
+diagonal turn and the minus 1 over 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal turn and the minus 1 over 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal turn and the minus 1 over 2k
+squared over N squared K squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over N squared
+okay okay old man sorry minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay old man sorry minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay old man sorry minus Omega
+square okay so that is a is this OP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so that is a is this OP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so that is a is this OP
+diagonal term this times this times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal term this times this times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal term this times this times that
+okay you give you the second term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you give you the second term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you give you the second term and
+the third one which survived because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one which survived because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one which survived because of
+those zeros right many many times is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those zeros right many many times is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those zeros right many many times is U
+equal to 0 and the third tank which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 and the third tank which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 and the third tank which
+ratio is not 0 is again minus 1 over 2 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is not 0 is again minus 1 over 2 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is not 0 is again minus 1 over 2 K
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+oh by n square K over m minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by n square K over m minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by n square K over m minus Omega
+squared and this is actually equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is actually equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and this is actually equal to 0
+because the determinant of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the determinant of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the determinant of this matrix
+is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0
+okay everybody following a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody following a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay everybody following a little bit of
+math because I have been doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math because I have been doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math because I have been doing something
+very challenging and solving a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging and solving a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very challenging and solving a three
+dimensional as well as actually a 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional as well as actually a 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional as well as actually a 3x3
+matrix problem in front of you right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem in front of you right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix problem in front of you right so
+the mass can be get a bit complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass can be get a bit complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass can be get a bit complicated
+but next time I think we are going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but next time I think we are going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but next time I think we are going to go
+through a second order 1 2 by 2 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a second order 1 2 by 2 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a second order 1 2 by 2 matrix
+and that I think that will be side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think that will be side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think that will be side the
+easier but the general approach is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but the general approach is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier but the general approach is the
+same okay so basically you calculate n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so basically you calculate n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay so basically you calculate n
+minus 1 K minus Omega square then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K minus Omega square then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 K minus Omega square then you
+get what is inside all the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what is inside all the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what is inside all the content
+inside this matrix then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this matrix then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this matrix then you will
+calculate the determinant okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the determinant okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the determinant okay and
+basically you can solve this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can solve this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can solve this equation
+right now I can easily find Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I can easily find Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I can easily find Omega 0
+square to be K over N and I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to be K over N and I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square to be K over N and I can actually
+make this expression much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this expression much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this expression much simpler
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+then basically what you are getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically what you are getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically what you are getting is
+Omega zero squared minus Omega squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero squared minus Omega squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega zero squared minus Omega squared
+to the third minus 1 over 2 Omega zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third minus 1 over 2 Omega zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the third minus 1 over 2 Omega zero
+to the 4 Omega 0 Square and this Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4 Omega 0 Square and this Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4 Omega 0 Square and this Omega
+square minus 1 over 2 Omega 0 to 4 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus 1 over 2 Omega 0 to 4 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square minus 1 over 2 Omega 0 to 4 Omega
+0 to square minus Omega square and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to square minus Omega square and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to square minus Omega square and this
+is equal to 0 ok and the actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 ok and the actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 0 ok and the actually you
+can factor out the common components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor out the common components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor out the common components
+then basically what you are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically what you are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically what you are going to get
+is you can actually write this thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can actually write this thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can actually write this thing to
+be Omega 0 square minus Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Omega 0 square minus Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Omega 0 square minus Omega square
+Omega square right because of then half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square right because of then half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square right because of then half
+HDD Omega Square and Omega square minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDD Omega Square and Omega square minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HDD Omega Square and Omega square minus
+2 Omega 0 square now this equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega 0 square now this equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega 0 square now this equal to 0
+okay so I am skipping a lot of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I am skipping a lot of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I am skipping a lot of steps
+from this one to that one but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one to that one but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this one to that one but in general
+issues you can solve the third order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you can solve the third order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues you can solve the third order
+equation and actually I can first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and actually I can first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and actually I can first
+actually combine all those turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually combine all those turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually combine all those turns
+together right and the thing i factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right and the thing i factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right and the thing i factor
+out the common components then basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the common components then basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the common components then basically
+what you are going to arrive is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are going to arrive is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you are going to arrive is
+something like this ok a lot of mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this ok a lot of mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this ok a lot of mess
+here but we are close to the end right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we are close to the end right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we are close to the end right
+so you can see now what are the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see now what are the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see now what are the possible
+solutions of Omega not essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of Omega not essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of Omega not essentially the
+the the lo mega unknown angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lo mega unknown angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lo mega unknown angular
+frequency we are trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we are trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we are trying to figure out
+you can see the ha they are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the ha they are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the ha they are three
+possible omegas can make this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible omegas can make this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible omegas can make this equation
+equal to 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 right
+the first one is Omega equal to Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is Omega equal to Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is Omega equal to Omega 0
+the second one is square root of Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is square root of Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is square root of Omega 0
+right coming from this expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coming from this expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coming from this expression that
+Omega square minus Omega 2 Omega 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square minus Omega 2 Omega 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square minus Omega 2 Omega 0
+square if omega equal to square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square if omega equal to square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square if omega equal to square root
+Omega 0 this will be equal to 0 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 this will be equal to 0 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 0 this will be equal to 0 and now
+we'll give you the whole expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you the whole expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you the whole expression
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+then finally I take this turn then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally I take this turn then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally I take this turn then you
+get zero right Omega square if Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero right Omega square if Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero right Omega square if Omega is
+equal to zero then the whole expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then the whole expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero then the whole expression
+is zero okay I have to find Omega zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero okay I have to find Omega zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero okay I have to find Omega zero
+squared to be equal to K over m right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to be equal to K over m right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared to be equal to K over m right
+therefore I can conclude that Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can conclude that Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I can conclude that Omega
+square is equal to K over m okay - K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is equal to K over m okay - K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is equal to K over m okay - K
+over m and zero look at what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m and zero look at what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m and zero look at what we have
+done a lot of mathematics but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of mathematics but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done a lot of mathematics but in the end
+after you solve the eigen eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you solve the eigen eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you solve the eigen eigen value
+problem or the determinant equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or the determinant equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or the determinant equal to zero
+poppin you arrive that there are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poppin you arrive that there are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poppin you arrive that there are only
+three possible values of Omega which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possible values of Omega which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three possible values of Omega which can
+make the determinant of M minus 1 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the determinant of M minus 1 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the determinant of M minus 1 K
+minus Omega square I equal to 0 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square I equal to 0 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega square I equal to 0 what
+others 3 K over m 2 K over m and 0 if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others 3 K over m 2 K over m and 0 if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others 3 K over m 2 K over m and 0 if we
+look at this value and we say ah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this value and we say ah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this value and we say ah this is
+actually what we actually argued before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we actually argued before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we actually argued before
+right Omega s square is equal to 4 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega s square is equal to 4 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right Omega s square is equal to 4 K
+over 2 m is 2 K over m wow we got it ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 m is 2 K over m wow we got it ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 m is 2 K over m wow we got it ok
+second one is wrong we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is wrong we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is wrong we think about
+reasonably straight question my head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably straight question my head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably straight question my head and
+understand this system ha the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this system ha the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this system ha the second
+identified no more is having Omega be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified no more is having Omega be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified no more is having Omega be
+equal to a square equal to K over m I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a square equal to K over m I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a square equal to K over m I
+got it also here magically right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it also here magically right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it also here magically right after
+all those metrics right and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those metrics right and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those metrics right and finally the
+third one the mass also no physics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one the mass also no physics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one the mass also no physics you
+also pretty that this one mode which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pretty that this one mode which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pretty that this one mode which
+have oscillation frequency of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oscillation frequency of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have oscillation frequency of 0
+isn't that amazing to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that also give us a sense of safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that also give us a sense of safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that also give us a sense of safety
+right because if I can now add 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if I can now add 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because if I can now add 10
+Pendleton or 10 a hot water system to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pendleton or 10 a hot water system to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pendleton or 10 a hot water system to
+your homework and you will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework and you will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework and you will be able to
+solve it right okay so very good so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it right okay so very good so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it right okay so very good so this
+example seems to be complicated but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example seems to be complicated but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example seems to be complicated but what
+I want to say I have one minute laughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say I have one minute laughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say I have one minute laughs
+is that what we have been doing is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what we have been doing is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that what we have been doing is to
+write this equation of motion based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation of motion based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this equation of motion based on
+force diagram then I'd convert that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force diagram then I'd convert that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force diagram then I'd convert that to
+matrix format and X double dot equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix format and X double dot equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix format and X double dot equal to
+minus KX then I found out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus KX then I found out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus KX then I found out the whole
+procedure solve the eigenvalue problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure solve the eigenvalue problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure solve the eigenvalue problem
+then I will be able to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will be able to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I will be able to figure out what
+are the possible Omega value okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possible Omega value okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the possible Omega value okay which
+can actually satisfy and this eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually satisfy and this eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually satisfy and this eigenvalue
+problem or this determinant and minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or this determinant and minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or this determinant and minus 1
+K minus Omega square I equal to 0 profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus Omega square I equal to 0 profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K minus Omega square I equal to 0 profit
+and after solving all those you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after solving all those you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after solving all those you will be
+able to solve the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to solve the corresponding
+so-called normal mode frequencies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called normal mode frequencies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called normal mode frequencies you
+can actually solve it and of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually solve it and of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually solve it and of course you
+can practice no more frequency back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can practice no more frequency back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can practice no more frequency back in
+then you will be able to derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be able to derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will be able to derive the
+relative amplitude ay-one ay-two ination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amplitude ay-one ay-two ination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative amplitude ay-one ay-two ination
+okay so what we have we learned today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we have we learned today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we have we learned today we
+have learned how to predict the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned how to predict the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned how to predict the motion
+of coupled oscillator okay that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coupled oscillator okay that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coupled oscillator okay that's really
+cool and the next time we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and the next time we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and the next time we are going to
+learn spatial kind of motion in coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn spatial kind of motion in coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn spatial kind of motion in coupled
+oscillator which is the feed phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator which is the feed phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator which is the feed phenomena
+and also what will happen if i start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what will happen if i start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what will happen if i start to
+drive the coupled oscillators so i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the coupled oscillators so i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive the coupled oscillators so i will
+be here if you have any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here if you have any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here if you have any questions about
+the lecture thank you very much
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BniJM-ireXQ.txt b/BniJM-ireXQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d1574d037ca3aa3ba4d35e904cdae566537a283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BniJM-ireXQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back so in this session we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back so in this session we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back so in this session we're
+going to look at laas transform and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at laas transform and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at laas transform and uh
+we'll start with asking you to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with asking you to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start with asking you to recall
+the definition that you saw in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition that you saw in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition that you saw in class
+then to use the definition to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to use the definition to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to use the definition to compute
+theas transform of the function one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theas transform of the function one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theas transform of the function one
+exponential a and the Delta function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a and the Delta function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a and the Delta function for
+each one of these give the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these give the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these give the domain of
+definition or convergence of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition or convergence of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition or convergence of the of the
+integral for the last question you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the last question you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral for the last question you're
+asked to use the results of question two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to use the results of question two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to use the results of question two
+to give the laas transform of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the laas transform of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give the laas transform of this
+linear combination of functions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of functions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of functions and the
+last part you're asked to compute laas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part you're asked to compute laas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part you're asked to compute laas
+transform of cosine and S so why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of cosine and S so why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of cosine and S so why don't
+you pause the video take a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video take a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video take a few minutes
+and work through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that welcome back so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that welcome back so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that welcome back so let's start with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+definition the plus transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the plus transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the plus transform of the
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s was
+defined as the integral from 0 minus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the integral from 0 minus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the integral from 0 minus to
+Infinity of the function f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of the function f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity of the function f of
+T exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T exponential minus
+St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St
+DT okay so note here that the inter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay so note here that the inter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT okay so note here that the inter the
+interval of integration is 0 minus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of integration is 0 minus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of integration is 0 minus to
+Infinity so using this definition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so using this definition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so using this definition you
+can go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go ahead and
+compute our first laass transform L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute our first laass transform L of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute our first laass transform L of
+one so so I'm just going to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so I'm just going to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so so I'm just going to substitute
+one in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in that
+integral which gives me basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which gives me basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which gives me basically
+exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT which is just the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is just the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT which is just the integral of the
+exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus
+St over minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St over minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St over minus
+s from 0 minus to infinity and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s from 0 minus to infinity and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s from 0 minus to infinity and if I
+expand this basically I end up with one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this basically I end up with one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand this basically I end up with one/
+s the minus reverse is the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the minus reverse is the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the minus reverse is the order of
+integration so I start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so I start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so I start with
+Z which is one minus the limit when T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is one minus the limit when T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z which is one minus the limit when T
+goes to Infinity exponential minus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity exponential minus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to Infinity exponential minus s
+t so here the sign of s becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so here the sign of s becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so here the sign of s becomes
+important if s was positive then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if s was positive then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if s was positive then this
+term would go to zero as T goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term would go to zero as T goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term would go to zero as T goes to
+Infinity if s is negative then this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity if s is negative then this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity if s is negative then this term
+diverges and so we're not anymore in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges and so we're not anymore in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges and so we're not anymore in
+domain of convergence of the laas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of convergence of the laas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of convergence of the laas
+integral but really s could be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but really s could be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral but really s could be also
+complex so the sign of s is really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so the sign of s is really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex so the sign of s is really what
+we are interested in is really the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in is really the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are interested in is really the sign
+of the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s so if the real part of s is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if the real part of s is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if the real part of s is positive
+these terms goes to zero and the llas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms goes to zero and the llas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these terms goes to zero and the llas
+transform of one is just one / s and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of one is just one / s and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of one is just one / s and if
+the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part of
+s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is
+negative then the laass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diverges so the domain of convergence on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges so the domain of convergence on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverges so the domain of convergence on
+which you want to be on is the one where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you want to be on is the one where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you want to be on is the one where
+the real part part of s is positive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part part of s is positive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part part of s is positive okay
+so let's move to the second one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move to the second one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move to the second one the
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one was the laass of exponential of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the laass of exponential of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was the laass of exponential of a so
+we can move a bit faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and just merge the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponentials exponential minus 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials exponential minus 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials exponential minus 0 to
+Infinity to Zer to Infinity of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to Zer to Infinity of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity to Zer to Infinity of this
+exponential clearly this is just again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case of exponential integration between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of exponential integration between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of exponential integration between
+the two bounds and here again we can to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two bounds and here again we can to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two bounds and here again we can to
+hit a problem with the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a problem with the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a problem with the domain of
+convergence where we need so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence where we need so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence where we need so let me just
+write this again so we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this again so we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this again so we going to
+have here A minus um so we have our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here A minus um so we have our a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here A minus um so we have our a
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s um so we have the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s um so we have the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s um so we have the limit
+again when T goes to Infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when T goes to Infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when T goes to Infinity of
+exponential minus s +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus s +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential minus s +
+a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capital
+T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 and here again we need to impose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here again we need to impose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and here again we need to impose the
+condition that the real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that the real part of
+a minus s be negative for to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus s be negative for to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus s be negative for to have the
+domain of convergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of convergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of convergence of the
+integral and then we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and then we're left
+with the laass integral being of 1 / s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laass integral being of 1 / s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laass integral being of 1 / s
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+a if the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if the real
+part is positive then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Divergence so the domain of convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so the domain of convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Divergence so the domain of convergence
+of this laass is the one defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this laass is the one defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this laass is the one defined by the
+real part of a less than the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of a less than the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of a less than the real part
+of s okay so let's do the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s okay so let's do the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s okay so let's do the last one
+the last one is the laas transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is the laas transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is the laas transform of
+the Delta function that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before so that's 0 minus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that's 0 minus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so that's 0 minus to
+Infinity Delta exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity Delta exponential minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity Delta exponential minus
+St DT so from the previous recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St DT so from the previous recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St DT so from the previous recitations
+we saw that on this domain from 0 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that on this domain from 0 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that on this domain from 0 minus
+to Infinity the Delta is zero everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity the Delta is zero everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity the Delta is zero everywhere
+except at zero where it would basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at zero where it would basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except at zero where it would basically
+assign the value of this function at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the value of this function at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assign the value of this function at the
+at T equals to zero and so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals to zero and so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at T equals to zero and so basically
+we're just left with exponential zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just left with exponential zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just left with exponential zero
+which is one and this computation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one and this computation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one and this computation was
+really easy due to the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy due to the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy due to the properties of the
+Delta function okay so that ends roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function okay so that ends roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function okay so that ends roughly
+this first part except that you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first part except that you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first part except that you can also
+notice here that the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here that the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice here that the domain of
+convergence for the Delta for the laas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for the Delta for the laas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence for the Delta for the laas
+for Delta is all s okay there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition so the last part next question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so the last part next question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so the last part next question
+asks us to compute the laas transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks us to compute the laas transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks us to compute the laas transform of
+a linear combination of functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear combination of functions so
+this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is
+7 + 8 exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2T +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T +
+9 exponential minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3T so here as you saw the laass is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T so here as you saw the laass is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3T so here as you saw the laass is an
+integral and so the laass transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so the laass transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so the laass transform of
+this long linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long linear combination of
+functions is the linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is the linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions is the linear combination of
+the laass transforms and the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laass transforms and the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laass transforms and the functions
+individually and so we can just rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and so we can just rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually and so we can just rewrite
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+as 7 La plus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 7 La plus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 7 La plus of
+one + 8 laas of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one + 8 laas of exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one + 8 laas of exponential
+2T +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T +
+9 laas of exponential minus 3T and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 laas of exponential minus 3T and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 laas of exponential minus 3T and here
+we can see how we can recycle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see how we can recycle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see how we can recycle the
+results from the previous part because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the previous part because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results from the previous part because
+we computed the laas Transformer one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed the laas Transformer one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed the laas Transformer one and
+we computed the laass transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed the laass transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed the laass transform
+exponential a which we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a which we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential a which we're going to be
+able to apply in these two cases so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apply in these two cases so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to apply in these two cases so we
+can write the results directly here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the results directly here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write the results directly here and
+I'm just going to not rewrite everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to not rewrite everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to not rewrite everything
+and just include it so the laass of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just include it so the laass of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just include it so the laass of one
+we found it earlier to be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s the laass of exponential 2T we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the laass of exponential 2T we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s the laass of exponential 2T we just
+found here and would be S minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 the laas of of exponential minus 3T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the laas of of exponential minus 3T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 the laas of of exponential minus 3T
+would be S - - 3 so it's s + 3 with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9 and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 and we're
+done so for the last part you're asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so for the last part you're asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so for the last part you're asked
+to compute the laas Transformer cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the laas Transformer cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the laas Transformer cosine
+and S and you should know these by heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S and you should know these by heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S and you should know these by heart
+but just a trick to remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I just want to remind you again of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just want to remind you again of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I just want to remind you again of
+the linearity and the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity and the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linearity and the fact that you
+could also use the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also use the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also use the air
+formula given that what we just derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula given that what we just derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula given that what we just derived
+you could also write this again due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also write this again due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also write this again due to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+linear linearity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linearity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linearity of the
+intervals as the linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals as the linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals as the linear combination of
+the laass of cosine and S here and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laass of cosine and S here and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laass of cosine and S here and we
+know that laass of the exponential a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that laass of the exponential a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that laass of the exponential a is
+just what we computed here so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we computed here so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what we computed here so that would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+S minus I Omega which you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S minus I Omega which you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S minus I Omega which you can just
+rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this and then identify just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then identify just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and then identify just the
+real part with the real part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part with the real part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part with the real part and
+imaginary part and imaginary part which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part and imaginary part which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part and imaginary part which
+finishes our problem and this is a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes our problem and this is a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes our problem and this is a quick
+way of checking that you have that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of checking that you have that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of checking that you have that right
+to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give
+you the laas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transforms of cosine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S so that ends the problem for today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so that ends the problem for today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S so that ends the problem for today the
+key point was just remembering how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point was just remembering how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key point was just remembering how how
+the definition of the laas transform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the laas transform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition of the laas transform and
+then learning how to use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then learning how to use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then learning how to use it for
+different cases and identify the domains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases and identify the domains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases and identify the domains
+of convergence
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/C5JjMP8m-4E.txt b/C5JjMP8m-4E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21c40de25a28d4052fcfdf44dcf656660165511e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/C5JjMP8m-4E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16016 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our last
+lecture we decided to do a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we decided to do a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we decided to do a sort of a
+very short introduction to visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short introduction to visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short introduction to visualizing
+deta uh because it's very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deta uh because it's very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deta uh because it's very important and
+uh in fact I don't think it's usually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact I don't think it's usually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact I don't think it's usually to
+we don't teach it formally to graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't teach it formally to graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't teach it formally to graduate
+students uh we don't teach it formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh we don't teach it formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students uh we don't teach it formally
+to ourselves in fact my first car is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ourselves in fact my first car is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ourselves in fact my first car is I'm
+not really a data visualizer I mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a data visualizer I mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a data visualizer I mean not
+any more than the fact that you know Mr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more than the fact that you know Mr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more than the fact that you know Mr
+Jordan doing POS because he's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan doing POS because he's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan doing POS because he's talking
+right we all do it as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we all do it as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we all do it as part of the
+scientific communication exercise but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communication exercise but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific communication exercise but
+I'm not trained as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trained as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not trained as
+one and one thing that I realized in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one thing that I realized in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and one thing that I realized in the
+process of preparing for this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of preparing for this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of preparing for this lecture is
+I I surely don't think hard enough about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I surely don't think hard enough about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I surely don't think hard enough about
+graphical representation of of my data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation of of my data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representation of of my data
+and yet A lot of people do think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet A lot of people do think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet A lot of people do think about
+these issues uh right now there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues uh right now there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues uh right now there are a
+lot of people who are thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who are thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people who are thinking about
+data visualizations there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data visualizations there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data visualizations there are a lot of
+uh resources on the internet in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resources on the internet in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh resources on the internet in fact
+there entire courses on data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there entire courses on data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there entire courses on data
+visualization as I Was preparing for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization as I Was preparing for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization as I Was preparing for an
+hour and a half I couldn't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and a half I couldn't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour and a half I couldn't figure out
+what they could be teaching for a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could be teaching for a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they could be teaching for a whole
+semester but that's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester but that's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester but that's a different
+story um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story um
+and and and there are many uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and there are many uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and there are many uh many
+resources that are available on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that are available on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources that are available on the
+internet and I'll I'll I'll point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and I'll I'll I'll point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and I'll I'll I'll point you
+toward the end of this lecture I'll and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of this lecture I'll and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the end of this lecture I'll and
+during the lecture and towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the lecture and towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the lecture and towards the end
+of the lecture I'll point you to the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture I'll point you to the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture I'll point you to the key
+things um so I I'll try to point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so I I'll try to point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so I I'll try to point you
+some useful resources there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some useful resources there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some useful resources there are
+a two three blogs that are really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two three blogs that are really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two three blogs that are really good
+and in particular there is a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular there is a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular there is a very good
+um blog it's more than a Blog it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um blog it's more than a Blog it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um blog it's more than a Blog it's like
+a a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a website
+where there is a lot of uh uh tutorials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a lot of uh uh tutorials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there is a lot of uh uh tutorials
+and uh examples of how to do it in R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh examples of how to do it in R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh examples of how to do it in R so
+the good news is that this is I it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is that this is I it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good news is that this is I it's a
+fairly recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly recent
+uh area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh area of
+excitement how to visualize data um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement how to visualize data um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement how to visualize data um and
+therefore a lot of the work is recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a lot of the work is recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore a lot of the work is recent
+and therefore a lot of the work gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a lot of the work gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore a lot of the work gets
+incorporated into R uh and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into R uh and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporated into R uh and so it's
+constantly getting better so Having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly getting better so Having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly getting better so Having
+learned R in this class having learn how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned R in this class having learn how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned R in this class having learn how
+to open it and do program with it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open it and do program with it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to open it and do program with it you're
+in the right place because I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right place because I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right place because I think this
+is where most of the development will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where most of the development will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where most of the development will
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+done um and I'll give you some example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um and I'll give you some example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um and I'll give you some example
+that are produced in R uh to to prove my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced in R uh to to prove my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are produced in R uh to to prove my
+point uh so there are really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh so there are really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh so there are really two
+different goals of data visualization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goals of data visualization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goals of data visualization uh
+and then within one the second goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within one the second goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then within one the second goal
+there are sub goals one is for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sub goals one is for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are sub goals one is for yourself
+so maybe what you started doing in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe what you started doing in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe what you started doing in your
+project once you get a data set is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project once you get a data set is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project once you get a data set is you
+know plotting some things to see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know plotting some things to see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know plotting some things to see how the
+data might look like uh so you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might look like uh so you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might look like uh so you would do
+an histogram you do some non-parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an histogram you do some non-parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an histogram you do some non-parametric
+regression you do some uh uh density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you do some uh uh density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression you do some uh uh density
+estimation and that's going to uh guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and that's going to uh guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation and that's going to uh guide
+you for future analysis and for that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for future analysis and for that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for future analysis and for that you
+might produce any number of graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce any number of graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might produce any number of graphs and
+uh and look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and look at it
+yourself then there is another goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself then there is another goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself then there is another goal
+that's uh telling a story about the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh telling a story about the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh telling a story about the data
+and your results to communicate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your results to communicate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your results to communicate your
+results to an audience and that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to an audience and that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results to an audience and that's what I
+want to talk about today and in what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about today and in what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about today and in what I
+could think on what I could see on data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think on what I could see on data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think on what I could see on data
+visualization course like actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization course like actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization course like actually I
+took one on corser and then I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one on corser and then I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took one on corser and then I realized
+this was all about the former after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was all about the former after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was all about the former after I
+have I was well into it I realized this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I was well into it I realized this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I was well into it I realized this
+was all about how to plot histograms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all about how to plot histograms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all about how to plot histograms and
+this kind of stuff uh so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff uh so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of stuff uh so there is
+sometimes a little bit of confusion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit of confusion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit of confusion on
+on the two things um but what I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the two things um but what I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the two things um but what I don't
+want to talk about today is how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about today is how we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about today is how we use
+data to tell a story or to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to tell a story or to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to tell a story or to communicate
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+results and why it's uh it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and why it's uh it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and why it's uh it's important
+so as I said it's not necessarily uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said it's not necessarily uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said it's not necessarily uh
+emphasized in academic settings uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in academic settings uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized in academic settings uh you
+don't necessarily spend a lot of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily spend a lot of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily spend a lot of time on
+how to represent the data in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to represent the data in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to represent the data in fact we
+spending just one lecture having spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending just one lecture having spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending just one lecture having spent
+the whole semester on how to produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole semester on how to produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole semester on how to produce the
+data um and yet it's essential as Angela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um and yet it's essential as Angela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um and yet it's essential as Angela
+and Ludo can tell you the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ludo can tell you the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Ludo can tell you the the
+communication of scientific results uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication of scientific results uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication of scientific results uh
+is critical to success in academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical to success in academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is critical to success in academic
+settings and non-academic settings so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and non-academic settings so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and non-academic settings so of
+course in non-academic setting I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in non-academic setting I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in non-academic setting I think
+it's plainly obvious that a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plainly obvious that a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plainly obvious that a lot of the
+work will be in meetings in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be in meetings in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work will be in meetings in you
+know Consultants prepare presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Consultants prepare presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Consultants prepare presentation
+and how good your deck of presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how good your deck of presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how good your deck of presentation
+is is essential because often that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essential because often that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is essential because often that's the
+only output that really you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only output that really you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only output that really you're going to
+have with your clients uh but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with your clients uh but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with your clients uh but what
+people don't realize or at least maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't realize or at least maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't realize or at least maybe I
+don't I didn't realize till reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I didn't realize till reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I didn't realize till reasonably
+recently partly because you just learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently partly because you just learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently partly because you just learn
+it as you go along is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you go along is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you go along is that in
+nonacademic in academic settings it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonacademic in academic settings it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonacademic in academic settings it's
+essential as well uh because uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential as well uh because uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential as well uh because uh the
+ability to present your result quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to present your result quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to present your result quickly
+and to present your result effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to present your result effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to present your result effectively
+orally and in written form are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orally and in written form are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orally and in written form are is
+essential and the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential and the graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential and the graphical
+representation of results is a key piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of results is a key piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of results is a key piece
+of that and what is uh particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and what is uh particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and what is uh particularly
+useful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is
+that tables usually need some work to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tables usually need some work to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tables usually need some work to go
+from what you're writing in the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you're writing in the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what you're writing in the papers
+to what is going to be in a presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is going to be in a presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is going to be in a presentation
+you're going to to reduce the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to to reduce the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to to reduce the size of
+your table because people cannot see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your table because people cannot see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your table because people cannot see all
+of the numbers at the same times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers at the same times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the numbers at the same times the
+text of course is for the written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text of course is for the written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text of course is for the written
+communication the oral presentation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication the oral presentation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication the oral presentation of
+course is for the oral presentation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is for the oral presentation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is for the oral presentation so
+are the slides but the graphs actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slides but the graphs actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the slides but the graphs actually
+usually good graphs will be the same or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually good graphs will be the same or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually good graphs will be the same or
+pretty much the same in the written form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same in the written form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same in the written form
+of the paper and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper and in the
+presentation um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation um
+so the the so your ability to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the so your ability to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the so your ability to produce
+this good graph is going to be Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this good graph is going to be Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this good graph is going to be Central
+so for example in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in science
+today um science used to only publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um science used to only publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um science used to only publish
+very very short article but the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very short article but the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very short article but the way they
+do it now is that they will allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now is that they will allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it now is that they will allow you
+actually to submit longer articles which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to submit longer articles which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to submit longer articles which
+will be online but then what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be online but then what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be online but then what is going to
+be published in the pre verion is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be published in the pre verion is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be published in the pre verion is one
+page and out of the one page about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and out of the one page about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page and out of the one page about
+onethird of it is going to be taken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird of it is going to be taken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onethird of it is going to be taken by
+one graph uh this is like to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one graph uh this is like to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one graph uh this is like to emphasize
+how important that one graph will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important that one graph will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how important that one graph will
+be so that's why sort of important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so that's why sort of important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so that's why sort of important to
+spend some some time on this and to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some some time on this and to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some some time on this and to try
+to sort of what I try to do is both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of what I try to do is both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of what I try to do is both from
+reading what people say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading what people say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading what people say about
+visualization and sort of introspecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and sort of introspecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization and sort of introspecting
+on what I would put in a graph myself I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what I would put in a graph myself I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what I would put in a graph myself I
+try to give you a sense of some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you a sense of some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to give you a sense of some you know
+mistakes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes to
+avoid so there is actually an emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid so there is actually an emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid so there is actually an emerging
+science of visualization with some RCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of visualization with some RCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science of visualization with some RCS
+and everything uh but in fact many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything uh but in fact many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything uh but in fact many of
+the principles we hear about are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles we hear about are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principles we hear about are more
+like Common Sense than based on any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Common Sense than based on any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Common Sense than based on any kind
+of Science and some of them are and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Science and some of them are and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Science and some of them are and it's
+more there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there
+more pretend science and science when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pretend science and science when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more pretend science and science when
+you when you you read this block they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you you read this block they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you you read this block they
+they are pretty clear that sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are pretty clear that sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are pretty clear that sometimes we
+we just don't really know so what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't really know so what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just don't really know so what I'll
+talk about today and also within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and also within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about today and also within
+communication for other there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication for other there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication for other there is another
+subdivision which is are you writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision which is are you writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subdivision which is are you writing a
+graph for the New York Times or are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for the New York Times or are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for the New York Times or are you
+writing a graph for scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a graph for scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a graph for scientific
+colleagues and those are also different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and those are also different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and those are also different
+because the audience is slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the audience is slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the audience is slightly
+different and the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and the level of
+sophistication of the audience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication of the audience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophistication of the audience is
+slightly different what they want from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different what they want from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different what they want from
+the graph is slightly different so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is slightly different so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is slightly different so I'll
+show you some I show you actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some I show you actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some I show you actually one
+graph what happened to the graph when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what happened to the graph when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph what happened to the graph when it
+moved from the scientific publication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from the scientific publication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved from the scientific publication to
+to to the New York Times and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the New York Times and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the New York Times and we can
+discuss on whether the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss on whether the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss on whether the New York Times
+version is Superior or not uh but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is Superior or not uh but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is Superior or not uh but for
+the most part I'm going to talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part I'm going to talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most part I'm going to talk today
+about publishing about scientific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about publishing about scientific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about publishing about scientific about
+publishing your result towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing your result towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing your result towards
+presenting in seminars and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting in seminars and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting in seminars and stuff like
+that and in fact it's not that different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact it's not that different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and in fact it's not that different
+uh but it's a little bit different maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's a little bit different maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's a little bit different maybe
+because aesthetic choices are might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because aesthetic choices are might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because aesthetic choices are might be
+somewhat somewhat different yep I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat somewhat different yep I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat somewhat different yep I also
+wanted to add that usually we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add that usually we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add that usually we also have
+discussions about visualizations um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about visualizations um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions about visualizations um
+within the scientific journals whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the scientific journals whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the scientific journals whether
+we're we're publishing in PNA as for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're publishing in PNA as for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're publishing in PNA as for
+example plus one or if it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example plus one or if it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example plus one or if it's going to be
+science in nature or what was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in nature or what was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in nature or what was more
+technical ones even in that one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical ones even in that one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical ones even in that one the
+visualization a little more artsy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization a little more artsy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization a little more artsy in
+some journals and a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some journals and a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some journals and a little bit more
+technical in others so evenin yeah even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical in others so evenin yeah even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical in others so evenin yeah even
+within there might also be a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within there might also be a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within there might also be a difference
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the what I would said though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what I would said though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what I would said though is that
+probably the objective of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the objective of a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the objective of a good
+visualization should be that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization should be that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization should be that it should
+be at least acceptable to the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least acceptable to the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at least acceptable to the range of
+scientific journals because you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journals because you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journals because you should
+have there's no point to go like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's no point to go like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's no point to go like it's
+not art and at the same time it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not art and at the same time it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not art and at the same time it has to
+be readable and aesthetically pleasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be readable and aesthetically pleasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be readable and aesthetically pleasing
+Etc then of course there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc then of course there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc then of course there will be some
+differences from place to place people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences from place to place people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences from place to place people
+have different journals have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different journals have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different journals have different
+codes Etc that they can help you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes Etc that they can help you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes Etc that they can help you with
+anywhere but when you go to say present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere but when you go to say present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere but when you go to say present
+an academic seminar for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic seminar for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an academic seminar for the first time
+nobody no Style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody no Style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody no Style
+new style uh figure specialist is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new style uh figure specialist is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new style uh figure specialist is going
+to help you to to guide you present your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you to to guide you present your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you to to guide you present your
+your your to do your presentation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your to do your presentation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your to do your presentation and
+there I'm going to try and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm going to try and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm going to try and we're going
+to try and discuss like what needs to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and discuss like what needs to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and discuss like what needs to go
+into these graphs what and What needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these graphs what and What needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these graphs what and What needs
+not to go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to go into this
+graph so uh one of the I think one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so uh one of the I think one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so uh one of the I think one of
+the there are really two uh guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are really two uh guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there are really two uh guys who
+seem to be very good in this field one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be very good in this field one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to be very good in this field one
+is I mean I'm sure there are very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean I'm sure there are very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean I'm sure there are very many
+but there are two that uh uh I was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two that uh uh I was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are two that uh uh I was very
+interested in reading their one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in reading their one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in reading their one is
+Robert Kara uh he has a Blog called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Kara uh he has a Blog called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Kara uh he has a Blog called
+eager eyes.org uh and one is uh F his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager eyes.org uh and one is uh F his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eager eyes.org uh and one is uh F his
+name is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is f
+um and uh his his uh uh website is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh his his uh uh website is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh his his uh uh website is
+called flowing data and I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called flowing data and I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called flowing data and I'll show you
+some some evidence of of boo so Kosar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some evidence of of boo so Kosar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some evidence of of boo so Kosar
+has a lot of more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of more like
+um very non nonsense discussion of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very non nonsense discussion of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very non nonsense discussion of what
+all of these things means and few has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things means and few has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these things means and few has a
+lot of tutorials on are and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of tutorials on are and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of tutorials on are and a lot of
+examples on are and so and both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on are and so and both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples on are and so and both of them
+point to some examples and uh and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to some examples and uh and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to some examples and uh and of
+course they have like a great deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have like a great deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they have like a great deal of
+examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of
+visualizations uh so here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations uh so here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations uh so here's this
+definition what's visualization seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what's visualization seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what's visualization seems
+bit obvious at a prior but it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit obvious at a prior but it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit obvious at a prior but it's good
+remembering what it is so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what it is so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering what it is so first of all
+it's based on data uh so the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on data uh so the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on data uh so the objective
+of visualization communication of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visualization communication of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visualization communication of data
+so it's transformed the invisible to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's transformed the invisible to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's transformed the invisible to the
+visible so a picture a photo is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible so a picture a photo is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible so a picture a photo is not a
+visualization uh even if it's it's a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization uh even if it's it's a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization uh even if it's it's a you
+know informative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know informative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know informative
+photo then it should produce an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo then it should produce an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo then it should produce an image
+that sounds obvious that but uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds obvious that but uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sounds obvious that but uh it's not
+necessarily the case so a table is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the case so a table is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the case so a table is not
+uh is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is not
+visualization um and it's it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization um and it's it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization um and it's it should be
+that the image is the is the prime like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the image is the is the prime like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the image is the is the prime like
+when we're talking about visualization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about visualization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about visualization
+it's like the image is the the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the image is the the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the image is the the prime
+means of communication so uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of communication so uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of communication so uh there is
+some text that that will go with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some text that that will go with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some text that that will go with it
+obviously but the text is is supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but the text is is supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously but the text is is supporting
+of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image
+and uh the result must be readable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the result must be readable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the result must be readable and
+recognizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable
+so uh we need to provide uh a clear way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we need to provide uh a clear way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we need to provide uh a clear way
+to learn something about data from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn something about data from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn something about data from the
+graph uh that means the data of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh that means the data of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh that means the data of course
+will be less Rich than what you have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less Rich than what you have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less Rich than what you have in
+the original data set but some aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original data set but some aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original data set but some aspect of
+the data should be left and uh and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data should be left and uh and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data should be left and uh and some
+and the the the data should be readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the data should be readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the the the data should be readable
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must the reader must be able to
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's in the data without um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what's in the data without um
+going back to the text so what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the text so what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the text so what comes out
+of this is that a graph needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is that a graph needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this is that a graph needs to be
+self-explanatory uh that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory uh that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory uh that is something
+that people tend to forget very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people tend to forget very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people tend to forget very quickly
+the graph is all doesn't come on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is all doesn't come on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is all doesn't come on its own
+it's part of a paper uh or it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of a paper uh or it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of a paper uh or it's part of
+an oral presentation so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oral presentation so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oral presentation so it's going to be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed but nonetheless it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that and that is true by the way for
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables as well that in scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+communication someone should be able to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication someone should be able to
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+
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+take your tables and your graph and read
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your tables and your graph and read
+them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in
+isolation uh and the reason why it has
+
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+isolation uh and the reason why it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation uh and the reason why it has
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+to be the case is that someone will take
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+your tables and graph and read them in
+ 
+
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+your tables and graph and read them in
+isolation so uh you so if they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so uh you so if they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so uh you so if they cannot
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+
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+
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+
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+and they going to stop reading your
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+
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+and they going to stop reading your
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+accepted might actually lose focus for
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+
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+image stays with them so the the image
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+
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+has to be readable on its own of course
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+has to be readable on its own of course
+there will be additional material coming
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+from the text from the commentary on the
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+ align:start position:0%
+from the text from the commentary on the
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+
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+image but the commentary on the image
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be uh must not be essential to the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be uh must not be essential to the
+understanding of the image and the image
+
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+understanding of the image and the image
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+
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+understanding of the image and the image
+must not must also not lie on its own uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not must also not lie on its own uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must not must also not lie on its own uh
+so I'll give you some example of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll give you some example of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll give you some example of data
+can lie so we we are trying to show the
+
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+can lie so we we are trying to show the
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+data we're trying to show the actual
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we're trying to show the actual
+data not lie about it inadvertently or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data not lie about it inadvertently or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+data not lie about it inadvertently or
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+
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+advertently um if you there is many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertently um if you there is many many
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+particular on television and so stuff
+
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+uh since we are not that's not what we
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+uh since we are not that's not what we
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in that's the uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested in that's the uh that's
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most important um when we are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the most important um when we are uh
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+when we are producing so another thing
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+
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+when we are producing so another thing
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in a paper you're not going to
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+is that in a paper you're not going to
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+have 150 graphs at least you shouldn't
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 150 graphs at least you shouldn't
+I'm an editor of a journal I will I send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm an editor of a journal I will I send
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+I'm an editor of a journal I will I send
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+promising papers to to auor to review I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising papers to to auor to review I
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say I don't want to see more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say I don't want to see more than
+eight tables and this is economics where
+
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+eight tables and this is economics where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are much longer I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are much longer I don't want to
+see more than eight Pap I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more than eight Pap I don't want to
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+
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+
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+see more than five figures so in
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+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journal of course it's going
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific journal of course it's going
+to reduced to two figures and one t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduced to two figures and one t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduced to two figures and one t
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+rule yes yeah I mean people are more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule yes yeah I mean people are more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule yes yeah I mean people are more or
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh it's not like a it's not usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh it's not like a it's not usually
+written in the style guide of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the style guide of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in the style guide of the
+journal but NN editors are more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal but NN editors are more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal but NN editors are more or less
+stringent but that's roughly what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent but that's roughly what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stringent but that's roughly what you
+think you should think about I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should think about I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should think about I was
+asking because I remembering like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking because I remembering like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking because I remembering like a lot
+of electrical engineering journals it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical engineering journals it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrical engineering journals it's
+about six figures usually and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about six figures usually and then like
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+
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+about six figures usually and then like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more than that yes so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more than that yes so this is
+something for for economics is like I
+
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+something for for economics is like I
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+
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+something for for economics is like I
+think five figures 10 tables is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think five figures 10 tables is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think five figures 10 tables is like
+what you should aim for that means that
+
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+what you should aim for that means that
+ 
+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make a lot of choices about
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+
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+you have to make a lot of choices about
+what the figures might be uh so why what
+
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+what the figures might be uh so why what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the figures might be uh so why what
+are the figures doing for you and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the figures doing for you and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the figures doing for you and in
+tables you can put a lot of numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables you can put a lot of numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables you can put a lot of numbers but
+in figures well you can too but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figures well you can too but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figures well you can too but uh
+generally then they will need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally then they will need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally then they will need to be
+disciplined in some sense too for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined in some sense too for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined in some sense too for the
+for the data to be readable so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the data to be readable so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the data to be readable so you have
+to be strategic about what the figure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strategic about what the figure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be strategic about what the figure is
+going to do for you uh and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for you uh and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for you uh and in particular
+it shouldn't replicate the table so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't replicate the table so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shouldn't replicate the table so it's
+not just like another way to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just like another way to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just like another way to see the
+data uh in that case the table if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh in that case the table if the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+data uh in that case the table if the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+table really replicates the figure the
+ 
+
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+table really replicates the figure the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables can go in an appendex if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables can go in an appendex if the
+figure really replicate a table that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure really replicate a table that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure really replicate a table that you
+want in the main text then PR presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the main text then PR presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want in the main text then PR presumably
+table is not needed in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is not needed in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is not needed in particular you
+don't need to put in in papers figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to put in in papers figures
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to put in in papers figures
+that are just going to present you have
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+ align:start position:0%
+that are just going to present you have
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+ align:start position:0%
+that are just going to present you have
+a table of means in your comparison of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table of means in your comparison of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+means and your table you don't need
+
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+means and your table you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and your table you don't need
+another uh with with three outcomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh with with three outcomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh with with three outcomes and
+treatment and control you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control you don't need
+another table that shows outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another table that shows outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another table that shows outcome
+treatment and control little B charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control little B charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment and control little B charts
+like people are not idiots like can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are not idiots like can read
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people are not idiots like can read
+the table so that's actually a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table so that's actually a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table so that's actually a very good
+uh um this guy that I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this guy that I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um this guy that I'll talk about
+Peter TIY is is a Edward sorry one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter TIY is is a Edward sorry one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter TIY is is a Edward sorry one of
+his one of his big advice is your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his one of his big advice is your your
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+his one of his big advice is your your
+audience is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience is uh is
+intelligent so gener
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+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent so gener
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent so gener
+keep that in mind uh in whenever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind uh in whenever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in mind uh in whenever you're
+doing your audience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your audience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your audience is
+intelligent that means that the graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent that means that the graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent that means that the graphs
+are not there to dump down the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there to dump down the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there to dump down the the
+tables to make it attractive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables to make it attractive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables to make it attractive or
+accessible to a d audience your graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to a d audience your graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to a d audience your graphs
+are there your any chart that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there your any chart that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there your any chart that you're
+putting are there to add meaning that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting are there to add meaning that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting are there to add meaning that is
+really not easily conveyable to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not easily conveyable to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not easily conveyable to an
+intelligent audience within uh by Tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent audience within uh by Tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent audience within uh by Tables
+by way of tabl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of tabl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by way of tabl
+so what do we do with the with the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do with the with the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do with the with the graph
+how do we choose the the graph we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we choose the the graph we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we choose the the graph we choose
+them so that they illustrate the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that they illustrate the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that they illustrate the story
+that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to
+tell in the graph so there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell in the graph so there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell in the graph so there is some
+amount of uh Marketing in producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh Marketing in producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uh Marketing in producing a
+graph uh in tables as well and in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh in tables as well and in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh in tables as well and in in
+text as well uh but in graphs even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text as well uh but in graphs even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text as well uh but in graphs even more
+because the graphs are attractive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the graphs are attractive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the graphs are attractive and
+that's what people are going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people are going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what people are going to go to
+First and what that's what they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and what that's what they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First and what that's what they might
+keep in mind so there is a a m of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind so there is a a m of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind so there is a a m of an
+element of Market which has to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of Market which has to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of Market which has to be of
+course true to the science that's behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course true to the science that's behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course true to the science that's behind
+but what are you trying to tell with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are you trying to tell with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are you trying to tell with
+that graph are you trying to say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph are you trying to say that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that graph are you trying to say that uh
+are you trying to show some basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you trying to show some basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you trying to show some basic
+pattern of the data for example some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the data for example some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of the data for example some
+distributions that would be easy more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that would be easy more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that would be easy more
+difficult to show otherwise are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to show otherwise are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to show otherwise are you
+trying to imply that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to imply that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to imply that there is a
+causality between two variables are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality between two variables are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality between two variables are you
+trying to show like interesting break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show like interesting break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to show like interesting break
+points are you trying to show that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are you trying to show that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points are you trying to show that some
+regions are different than others Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are different than others Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are different than others Etc so
+you have to make your decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make your decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to make your decisions about
+what is my graph trying to show before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my graph trying to show before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is my graph trying to show before
+you start constructing the graph so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start constructing the graph so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start constructing the graph so uh
+so you both need to convince the reader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you both need to convince the reader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you both need to convince the reader
+and to convey information so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to convey information so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to convey information so that's why
+it's very different to this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very different to this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very different to this type of
+graphs where which are meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where which are meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs where which are meant to
+illustrate your stories are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate your stories are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate your stories are very
+different from the type of graphs you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the type of graphs you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the type of graphs you're
+going to draw for yourself so a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw for yourself so a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw for yourself so a bad
+graph is one where you are from yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is one where you are from yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is one where you are from yourself
+and saying well I'm just going to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying well I'm just going to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying well I'm just going to put it
+and typically that's not the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically that's not the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically that's not the graph
+you're wanting because writing a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wanting because writing a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wanting because writing a paper
+is not telling what happened to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not telling what happened to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not telling what happened to you in
+your summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your summer
+vacation uh and how you you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation uh and how you you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation uh and how you you know you you
+progressively arrived at what the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively arrived at what the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively arrived at what the final
+form is writing a paper is like the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is writing a paper is like the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is writing a paper is like the most
+efficient concise way to uh to reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient concise way to uh to reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient concise way to uh to reveal
+what you found at the end at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you found at the end at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you found at the end at the end of
+the day so what I want to do first is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day so what I want to do first is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day so what I want to do first is to
+go over there is an article by uh guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over there is an article by uh guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over there is an article by uh guy
+called Schwab in the Journal of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Schwab in the Journal of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Schwab in the Journal of economic
+perspective a few years ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective a few years ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective a few years ago the
+reference is at the end of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is at the end of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference is at the end of the of the
+lecture called an economist G to guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture called an economist G to guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture called an economist G to guide
+to visualizing data he's actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualizing data he's actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualizing data he's actually an
+economist in government so uh it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist in government so uh it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist in government so uh it is
+important for him to he keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for him to he keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for him to he keeps
+visualizing data not only for academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing data not only for academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing data not only for academic
+audiences but also to show people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences but also to show people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences but also to show people
+convince policy makers Etc so gives a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince policy makers Etc so gives a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince policy makers Etc so gives a
+number of U of examples of not so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of U of examples of not so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of U of examples of not so good
+craft that he then then changes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craft that he then then changes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craft that he then then changes but
+before before I go to him here is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before I go to him here is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before before I go to him here is one
+graph that Sarah sent me this morning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that Sarah sent me this morning as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that Sarah sent me this morning as
+an example of a bad graph um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a bad graph um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a bad graph um
+and it's pretty remarkable it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty remarkable it's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's pretty remarkable it's a bit
+hard to see maybe for you but so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see maybe for you but so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to see maybe for you but so it's
+about band books and it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about band books and it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about band books and it's pretty
+remarkable because it shows that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable because it shows that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable because it shows that so this
+is the example of the ACT superseding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the example of the ACT superseding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the example of the ACT superseding
+the the the substance because it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the substance because it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the substance because it really
+means nothing uh because you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means nothing uh because you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means nothing uh because you have the
+books that are so in in colum you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that are so in in colum you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that are so in in colum you have
+reason why then title and writer where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why then title and writer where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why then title and writer where
+band and when band and for some whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and when band and for some whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and when band and for some whatever
+reason these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason these things are
+connected uh and then and they they and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected uh and then and they they and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected uh and then and they they and
+they flow as if like they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they flow as if like they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they flow as if like they had
+any um relationship with each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um relationship with each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any um relationship with each other so
+it's drawn as in some kind of chronology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawn as in some kind of chronology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's drawn as in some kind of chronology
+maybe but in fact these are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but in fact these are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but in fact these are different
+things um so it just really makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so it just really makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things um so it just really makes no
+sorts of sense whatsoever then the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of sense whatsoever then the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of sense whatsoever then the line
+go all over the place so this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all over the place so this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all over the place so this is an
+example and I think this was if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I think this was if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and I think this was if I
+understand properly this was an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand properly this was an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand properly this was an example
+of like how infographic is great so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like how infographic is great so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like how infographic is great so so
+this is an example of how you can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of how you can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an example of how you can really
+go too far when go in a privileging fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too far when go in a privileging fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go too far when go in a privileging fun
+form of a function you can study it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a function you can study it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of a function you can study it in
+details there is actually some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details there is actually some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details there is actually some
+interesting fact in that graph it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact in that graph it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact in that graph it's just
+that you can it's hard to find the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can it's hard to find the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can it's hard to find the fact
+you cannot detect them very easily are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot detect them very easily are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot detect them very easily are
+interesting they are very they are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they are very they are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting they are very they are very
+uh they are they are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are they are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they are they are very very
+efficiently disguised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently disguised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently disguised
+under um so here are more you know much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under um so here are more you know much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under um so here are more you know much
+much better graphs but still problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better graphs but still problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better graphs but still problematic
+ones and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and uh
+Al that schwabish gives us as examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al that schwabish gives us as examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al that schwabish gives us as examples
+and that we can maybe discuss a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we can maybe discuss a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we can maybe discuss a little
+bit see what seems right or wrong about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit see what seems right or wrong about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit see what seems right or wrong about
+them uh without I before me giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh without I before me giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh without I before me giving you
+any of the general principles and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the general principles and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the general principles and then
+we'll go back on how we fix them uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back on how we fix them uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go back on how we fix them uh with
+with the general principle so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the general principle so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the general principle so it's an
+interesting article because it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting article because it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting article because it gives you
+the the I mean many people do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the I mean many people do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the I mean many people do that in
+the different sites of giving you a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different sites of giving you a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different sites of giving you a bad
+graph and fixing it but this is the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and fixing it but this is the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and fixing it but this is the type
+of graphs that you will actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs that you will actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graphs that you will actually see
+very frequently in our profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently in our profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very frequently in our profession
+and that you might have to fix so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you might have to fix so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you might have to fix so this
+is um paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um paper
+about uh and this all from published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh and this all from published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh and this all from published
+paper this how the graph got published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this how the graph got published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper this how the graph got published
+so this is not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not like
+outlandish so this is a paper about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlandish so this is a paper about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlandish so this is a paper about um
+disability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what's what is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what is all about
+it yeah um for a lot of the there just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah um for a lot of the there just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah um for a lot of the there just a
+lot of Point space like under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Point space like under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Point space like under
+zero constrains your vision of like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero constrains your vision of like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero constrains your vision of like the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+information just out that you have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just out that you have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information just out that you have much
+better scale yeah so on the one hand we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better scale yeah so on the one hand we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better scale yeah so on the one hand we
+have that on the other hand sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that on the other hand sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that on the other hand sometimes
+the data is leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data is leaving the
+graph so we can't we don't actually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we can't we don't actually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so we can't we don't actually show
+actually all of our data so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of our data so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually all of our data so that's
+that's maybe one problem what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yes so this is not self-explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so this is not self-explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yes so this is not self-explanatory
+like you have no idea what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have no idea what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have no idea what is
+about uh uh and in particular you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh uh and in particular you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh uh and in particular you know
+good luck to you what's AO what's NC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck to you what's AO what's NC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck to you what's AO what's NC
+like North Carolina maybe but then AO is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like North Carolina maybe but then AO is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like North Carolina maybe but then AO is
+like Alaska and Oregon or probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Alaska and Oregon or probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Alaska and Oregon or probably not
+so we could try and guess uh but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could try and guess uh but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could try and guess uh but we have
+no idea what these what these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what these what these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what these what these things are
+so the the leveling is poor the dot with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the leveling is poor the dot with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the leveling is poor the dot with
+two is a little strange at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is a little strange at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is a little strange at the very
+beginning I don't know if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I don't know if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning I don't know if these are
+extrapolations you see the dot with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolations you see the dot with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolations you see the dot with the
+two Hy that's kind of unar the dot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Hy that's kind of unar the dot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Hy that's kind of unar the dot the
+dot with the two minus signs at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot with the two minus signs at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot with the two minus signs at the
+beginning yeah the tick marks in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning yeah the tick marks in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning yeah the tick marks in front
+of the the tick marks in front of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the tick marks in front of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the tick marks in front of the of
+the things are yeah what's other what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things are yeah what's other what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things are yeah what's other what
+other things that seems yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tit yes so the graphs like kind of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tit yes so the graphs like kind of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tit yes so the graphs like kind of is
+the there is that and then Al case load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there is that and then Al case load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there is that and then Al case load
+is repeated four times but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repeated four times but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repeated four times but at the same
+times we don't know what AO is but K Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we don't know what AO is but K Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we don't know what AO is but K Lo
+we really have a clear sense of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have a clear sense of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really have a clear sense of what it
+is because we we hear it many times um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we we hear it many times um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we we hear it many times um
+what else sounds a little bit not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else sounds a little bit not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else sounds a little bit not
+great yeah there are no tick marks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great yeah there are no tick marks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great yeah there are no tick marks on
+the x axis but then there are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis but then there are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x axis but then there are those
+other dots like along the zero axis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dots like along the zero axis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dots like along the zero axis I
+don't know if they're marking like half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they're marking like half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if they're marking like half
+like half one half year so the tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half one half year so the tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like half one half year so the tick
+marks are there are this kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks are there are this kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks are there are this kind of weird
+tick mark in the middle but no tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick mark in the middle but no tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick mark in the middle but no tick
+marks in the x-axis uh 2. maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks in the x-axis uh 2. maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks in the x-axis uh 2. maybe it's
+maybe that's what it's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's what it's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's what it's supposed to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um yep can just ask for your opinion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep can just ask for your opinion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep can just ask for your opinion for
+like the lines going this way like I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lines going this way like I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the lines going this way like I've
+had professors say they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had professors say they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had professors say they're really
+distracting and you should get with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting and you should get with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting and you should get with them
+but I actually kind of like them like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I actually kind of like them like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I actually kind of like them like
+they kind of help me okay those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of help me okay those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of help me okay those are
+called grid lines yeah the GD yeah those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called grid lines yeah the GD yeah those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called grid lines yeah the GD yeah those
+are called grid lines so it depends uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called grid lines so it depends uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called grid lines so it depends uh
+so in this case do you think do you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case do you think do you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case do you think do you are
+they doing something for you in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they doing something for you in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they doing something for you in this
+case not really but like I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case not really but like I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case not really but like I feel like
+sometimes they're helpful but I I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're helpful but I I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're helpful but I I've had
+like at least one Professor who was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least one Professor who was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at least one Professor who was like
+never put grid lines they're distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never put grid lines they're distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never put grid lines they're distracting
+so I I feel like it's an opinion thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I feel like it's an opinion thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I feel like it's an opinion thing I
+don't know unless you say that now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know unless you say that now not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know unless you say that now not
+well I I'll uh I'll tell you I I also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I'll uh I'll tell you I I also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I I'll uh I'll tell you I I also I
+don't think there is a there is a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there is a there is a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there is a there is a rule
+that you should never put grid line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should never put grid line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should never put grid line or
+you should always put grid lines uh uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always put grid lines uh uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should always put grid lines uh uh I
+think the rule that you know maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the rule that you know maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the rule that you know maybe the
+or the principle that maybe we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the principle that maybe we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the principle that maybe we should
+get to is or the question we should ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to is or the question we should ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to is or the question we should ask
+is are they helpful or are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are they helpful or are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are they helpful or are they
+distractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distractive
+are they enhancing your understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they enhancing your understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they enhancing your understanding of
+the graphs or not and so in this case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs or not and so in this case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs or not and so in this case in
+this case my sort of instinctive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case my sort of instinctive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case my sort of instinctive
+reaction is that they really are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is that they really are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is that they really are very
+many grid lines maybe a bit too many and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many grid lines maybe a bit too many and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many grid lines maybe a bit too many and
+another problem is that the the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that the the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem is that the the for
+whatever reason the the xaxis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason the the xaxis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever reason the the xaxis is the
+thicker line the thickest line in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker line the thickest line in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker line the thickest line in this
+entire graph is the xais is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire graph is the xais is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire graph is the xais is the
+xaxis it's not data I mean it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis it's not data I mean it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis it's not data I mean it's useful
+to know where the x-axis is but why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where the x-axis is but why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know where the x-axis is but why does
+it need to be the thickest thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it need to be the thickest thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it need to be the thickest thing that
+there's no information in there I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no information in there I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no information in there I would
+like the information to be uh I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the information to be uh I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the information to be uh I mean
+there is another x-axis but this is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another x-axis but this is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is another x-axis but this is zero
+this is a zero line so he might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a zero line so he might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a zero line so he might be
+interested in people crossing the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in people crossing the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in people crossing the zero
+line but what is it the why is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but what is it the why is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but what is it the why is it the
+thicker one it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker one it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicker one it's not very
+clear one part that isn't entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear one part that isn't entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear one part that isn't entirely
+self-explanatory is years since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory is years since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory is years since
+one yes so this is so actually I I there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yes so this is so actually I I there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yes so this is so actually I I there
+is a title that was a little bit unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a title that was a little bit unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a title that was a little bit unfair
+because there is a title to this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a title to this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there is a title to this graph
+which is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is somewhere
+uh which which says something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which which says something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which which says something like
+impulse response so basically after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response so basically after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response so basically after the
+after the shock what happens to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the shock what happens to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the shock what happens to the
+famous Cas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Cas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous Cas
+load so uh so you would know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load so uh so you would know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load so uh so you would know that this
+is you know zero year after the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know zero year after the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know zero year after the the
+moment of the shock and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the shock and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the shock and then what
+happens to the kids load several years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the kids load several years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the kids load several years
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+that would it be okay like if in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would it be okay like if in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would it be okay like if in the
+cont of the paper they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont of the paper they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cont of the paper they actually
+do and and all of that so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and all of that so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and and all of that so there
+certainly do so so in that sense that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly do so so in that sense that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly do so so in that sense that's
+uh that you if you read the paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you if you read the paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you if you read the paper and
+you read that you will see what is AO is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read that you will see what is AO is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read that you will see what is AO is
+but uh it violates the what we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it violates the what we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh it violates the what we just said
+at the beginning that the DAT the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning that the DAT the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning that the DAT the graph
+has to be self-explanatory so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be self-explanatory so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be self-explanatory so it would
+be okay I mean nothing like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay I mean nothing like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay I mean nothing like like
+nobody's going to go to jail for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to go to jail for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's going to go to jail for that
+graph remember it was published uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph remember it was published uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph remember it was published uh but
+uh and it's not there is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's not there is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's not there is something that
+is good about it one thing that is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good about it one thing that is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good about it one thing that is good
+about it is that it's four panels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that it's four panels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is that it's four panels
+instead of trying to put everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying to put everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of trying to put everyone in the
+same graph which would be very very busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same graph which would be very very busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same graph which would be very very busy
+uh so it's a nice think that is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a nice think that is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it's a nice think that is four
+panel so we can actually see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel so we can actually see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel so we can actually see the
+difference between those things whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those things whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those things whatever
+they are surely they are referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are surely they are referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are surely they are referring to
+these things so we know what AO and NC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so we know what AO and NC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so we know what AO and NC
+and W is in the text but you cannot go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W is in the text but you cannot go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and W is in the text but you cannot go
+back and refer to this you cannot just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and refer to this you cannot just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and refer to this you cannot just
+open the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the the
+paper uh start by the end if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh start by the end if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh start by the end if it's a
+working paper the tables and graph are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working paper the tables and graph are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working paper the tables and graph are
+usually at the end and try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at the end and try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually at the end and try to understand
+what the paper is about from the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the paper is about from the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the paper is about from the graph
+so it's it it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it it is not
+self-explanatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory
+um uh so then yeah generally I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so then yeah generally I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh so then yeah generally I find it
+quite busy there are lots of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite busy there are lots of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite busy there are lots of numbers
+that are kind of always the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are kind of always the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are kind of always the same so
+maybe we should find a way to not repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should find a way to not repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should find a way to not repeat
+the you know the percentage sign do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the percentage sign do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know the percentage sign do we
+really need to know every time that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+percentage so here is another one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so here is another one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage so here is another one that's
+actually a very popular it used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very popular it used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very popular it used to be
+very popular when grow regression were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular when grow regression were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular when grow regression were
+very popular although that's not one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular although that's not one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular although that's not one uh
+education and export of Office Machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and export of Office Machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and export of Office Machines
+um so what's the problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so what's the problem with this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so you don't show the data because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you don't show the data because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so you don't show the data because
+there is so much data that it's like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so much data that it's like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so much data that it's like all
+on top of each other so you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each other so you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each other so you can't really
+see the the point yeah think it's funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the point yeah think it's funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the the point yeah think it's funny
+that they have to add a label Point like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to add a label Point like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have to add a label Point like
+China pointing to a lab yes yes China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China pointing to a lab yes yes China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China pointing to a lab yes yes China
+China why do they do that you think why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China why do they do that you think why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China why do they do that you think why
+do they point china in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they point china in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they point china in
+China yeah so because they are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China yeah so because they are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China yeah so because they are in the
+text they are particularly interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text they are particularly interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text they are particularly interested in
+China so one of the thing they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China so one of the thing they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China so one of the thing they want to
+point out is that China is above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is that China is above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out is that China is above that
+regression line they tend to sell sell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line they tend to sell sell a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line they tend to sell sell a
+lot of office machine compared to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of office machine compared to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of office machine compared to their
+uh compared to their uh um their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compared to their uh um their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh compared to their uh um their their
+years of schooling yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of schooling yeah
+col so the colors is no not at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col so the colors is no not at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col so the colors is no not at all so
+colors are fine you have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are fine you have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors are fine you have to be careful
+because uh with colors for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh with colors for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh with colors for the for the
+the following reasons a lot of journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following reasons a lot of journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following reasons a lot of journals
+today have both colors and black black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have both colors and black black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today have both colors and black black
+and white in the sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white in the sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and white in the sense that the
+electronic version is and working paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic version is and working paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic version is and working paper
+is of course the same the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course the same the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course the same the electronic
+version will be in color and the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version will be in color and the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version will be in color and the paper
+will be uh printed but then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh printed but then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh printed but then when you
+print out it's going to be printed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out it's going to be printed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print out it's going to be printed on
+black and white so when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white so when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white so when you think about
+your graphs colors are fine absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graphs colors are fine absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your graphs colors are fine absolutely
+in fact in all presentations you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in all presentations you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in all presentations you will
+see people using Color effectively uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people using Color effectively uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see people using Color effectively uh
+but uh uh you have to think of the Black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh you have to think of the Black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh you have to think of the Black
+and White Version as well and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and White Version as well and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and White Version as well and not just
+think you know and think about how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know and think about how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know and think about how it's
+going to look in black and white and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in black and white and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in black and white and
+sometimes you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need
+you need especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need especially when
+it's you need the color to look good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you need the color to look good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you need the color to look good in
+black and white uh so the color is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white uh so the color is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white uh so the color is not
+an issue per se um uh yeah so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue per se um uh yeah so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue per se um uh yeah so here you
+have to add a label of China because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add a label of China because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add a label of China because
+China because the people want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China because the people want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China because the people want to show
+that China is above the regression line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that China is above the regression line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that China is above the regression line
+well if that's the point they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's the point they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's the point they were
+trying to make it's not clear that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it's not clear that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make it's not clear that we
+need to have every single do you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have every single do you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have every single do you know uh
+you know unless you know your all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unless you know your all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unless you know your all of
+your country code it's not clear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your country code it's not clear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your country code it's not clear it's
+going to help you that okay this one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you that okay this one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help you that okay this one I'm
+guessing is Kazakhstan and um Ukraine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing is Kazakhstan and um Ukraine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing is Kazakhstan and um Ukraine
+but some of them I just don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them I just don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of them I just don't know uh
+what do I not know M I don't know what m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I not know M I don't know what m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I not know M I don't know what m
+is co say Mongolia Mongolia maybe yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is co say Mongolia Mongolia maybe yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is co say Mongolia Mongolia maybe yes so
+in this case it's clear that starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's clear that starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it's clear that starting
+labels is very sort of counterproductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels is very sort of counterproductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels is very sort of counterproductive
+but if uh what could be the another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if uh what could be the another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if uh what could be the another way
+of let representing this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let representing this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of let representing this information
+where we don't add all labels but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't add all labels but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we don't add all labels but we
+still sort of communicate what we trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of communicate what we trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still sort of communicate what we trying
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+yes so I'll give you how he I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I'll give you how he I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so I'll give you how he I'll show
+you how he fixed it let's uh uh maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how he fixed it let's uh uh maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how he fixed it let's uh uh maybe I
+should have done it this way of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done it this way of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have done it this way of first
+showing the problems and I want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the problems and I want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing the problems and I want to go
+over the problems then give you a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the problems then give you a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the problems then give you a few
+principles and then see how we applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and then see how we applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and then see how we applied
+the principle to this uh but clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle to this uh but clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle to this uh but clearly
+it's like there's no point giving people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like there's no point giving people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like there's no point giving people
+all these codes that most of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these codes that most of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these codes that most of the people
+don't know the codes anyway so they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the codes anyway so they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the codes anyway so they they
+are not able to do anything about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not able to do anything about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not able to do anything about it uh
+by the way most CrossCountry growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way most CrossCountry growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way most CrossCountry growth
+regression used to have all these codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression used to have all these codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression used to have all these codes
+perhaps because you know if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because you know if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps because you know if you think
+that your audience is other people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your audience is other people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your audience is other people who
+run cross gross regression then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run cross gross regression then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run cross gross regression then they
+know the codes maybe that's fine but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the codes maybe that's fine but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the codes maybe that's fine but for
+the most of the people all the codes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the people all the codes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most of the people all the codes are
+not very helpful and you could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very helpful and you could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very helpful and you could say well
+someone might be interested in looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone might be interested in looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone might be interested in looking
+over all this data but then maybe there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all this data but then maybe there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all this data but then maybe there
+is another way for to present that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way for to present that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another way for to present that for
+someone who is interested in looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is interested in looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who is interested in looking at
+all the data and in addition here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data and in addition here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the data and in addition here it's
+too many because even if you knew all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many because even if you knew all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many because even if you knew all
+The Code by heart there is this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Code by heart there is this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Code by heart there is this big
+cloud over there to the top where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud over there to the top where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud over there to the top where
+clearly like even if you use the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly like even if you use the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly like even if you use the code
+there's nothing you can do with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing you can do with that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing you can do with that so
+it's just that not not at all not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that not not at all not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that not not at all not at all
+helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful
+on the other hand you want to insist May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you want to insist May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand you want to insist May
+there may be some of the data of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some of the data of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be some of the data of the
+names there that you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names there that you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names there that you are interested in
+that you want to make sure to this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to make sure to this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to make sure to this one
+he call a clutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he call a clutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he call a clutter
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+um here is another one that has a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is another one that has a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here is another one that has a that
+has an um some issues so this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an um some issues so this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an um some issues so this is about
+uh discounted expected lifetime earning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discounted expected lifetime earning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discounted expected lifetime earning
+by different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by different type of
+education so what are the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so what are the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education so what are the things that
+seems a little bit uh not great in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little bit uh not great in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a little bit uh not great in that
+graph you like it think it's a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you like it think it's a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you like it think it's a cool
+graph yeah two different metrics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph yeah two different metrics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph yeah two different metrics but
+they pled on the same graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pled on the same graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pled on the same graph and
+somehow like it's comparing GPA versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow like it's comparing GPA versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow like it's comparing GPA versus
+number of schools which appear to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of schools which appear to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of schools which appear to be to
+differents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differents
+but so I think it's fine actually uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I think it's fine actually uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so I think it's fine actually uh at
+least that I don't have a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that I don't have a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that I don't have a problem with
+that because it's saying this is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's saying this is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's saying this is uh the
+the expected lifetime running for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected lifetime running for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected lifetime running for
+someone with no schools with one year of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with no schools with one year of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone with no schools with one year of
+school with three years of schools is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school with three years of schools is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school with three years of schools is
+this is college like finish uh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is college like finish uh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is college like finish uh no
+College one year of college two years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College one year of college two years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College one year of college two years of
+college and then graduation but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and then graduation but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college and then graduation but with
+different um so this is this I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so this is this I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um so this is this I don't
+know if it's College of high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's College of high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's College of high school
+doesn't really matter but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter but it's it's
+different type of graduation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of graduation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of graduation with
+different GPS so maybe it's okay to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different GPS so maybe it's okay to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different GPS so maybe it's okay to put
+them can you have one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can you have one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them can you have one person
+that can you have someone that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you have someone that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can you have someone that that
+gradu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years h no I think you finished with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years h no I think you finished with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years h no I think you finished with
+four years like if you finish you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years like if you finish you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years like if you finish you have
+done four years so you've done you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done four years so you've done you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done four years so you've done you've
+dropped out you've done none you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out you've done none you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out you've done none you've
+dropped out after one year after three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out after one year after three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped out after one year after three
+years you graduated with a two three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you graduated with a two three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you graduated with a two three or
+3.75 GPA so I think the the actual data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.75 GPA so I think the the actual data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.75 GPA so I think the the actual data
+that he presents is is there's no issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he presents is is there's no issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he presents is is there's no issue
+with that yeah I think issue with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that yeah I think issue with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that yeah I think issue with the
+colors inside the bar grph I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors inside the bar grph I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors inside the bar grph I think
+they're a little too creative I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little too creative I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little too creative I think I
+think maybe I understand they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe I understand they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe I understand they wanted to
+do a legion maybe to smos the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a legion maybe to smos the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a legion maybe to smos the lines
+together so that you could compare them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that you could compare them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so that you could compare them
+more easily but if it were me I'd prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily but if it were me I'd prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily but if it were me I'd prefer
+breaking them out with the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them out with the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking them out with the labels
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+but black and white in color thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but black and white in color thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but black and white in color thing
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+behind and white the color is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and white the color is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind and white the color is really
+it's a pattern so this is this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pattern so this is this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pattern so this is this is I
+agree I agree with Leo this is Dreadful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree I agree with Leo this is Dreadful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree I agree with Leo this is Dreadful
+and people tend to agree with that so Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people tend to agree with that so Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people tend to agree with that so Mo
+little dashes Etc Inside by B charts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dashes Etc Inside by B charts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little dashes Etc Inside by B charts are
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+uh uh let's say recommended against you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let's say recommended against you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh let's say recommended against you
+can just not do don't do B chart don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just not do don't do B chart don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just not do don't do B chart don't
+do patterns uh it will look good you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do patterns uh it will look good you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do patterns uh it will look good you can
+bar charts can look perfectly well in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar charts can look perfectly well in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar charts can look perfectly well in in
+black and white in of different colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white in of different colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and white in of different colors
+is not clear to me that you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not clear to me that you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not clear to me that you really need
+the different colors as long as you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different colors as long as you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different colors as long as you you
+could do everything in one colors as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do everything in one colors as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do everything in one colors as
+long as you you separate them a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you you separate them a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as you you separate them a little
+bit and you put the because now it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and you put the because now it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and you put the because now it's a
+bit difficult because you have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difficult because you have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difficult because you have to go to
+the you have to go to the fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you have to go to the fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you have to go to the fortunately
+they are they are ranked but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are ranked but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they are ranked but otherwise
+you have to go from a legend to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go from a legend to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go from a legend to the
+bar take the legend title put it on take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar take the legend title put it on take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar take the legend title put it on take
+the legend put it under the bar and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legend put it under the bar and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the legend put it under the bar and then
+then people will immediately see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people will immediately see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then people will immediately see what
+they need to know now they need to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to know now they need to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to know now they need to like
+run from the legion to the coding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run from the legion to the coding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run from the legion to the coding and
+try to figure out and then plus you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out and then plus you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure out and then plus you have
+to deal with these kind of Shades and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these kind of Shades and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with these kind of Shades and
+little waves and stuff like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little waves and stuff like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little waves and stuff like that that
+are just you know hard to see or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just you know hard to see or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just you know hard to see or not so
+that's that's the first problem this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the first problem this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the first problem this is
+this is completely gratuitous to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely gratuitous to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is completely gratuitous to have
+the the Legion on this particular graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Legion on this particular graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Legion on this particular graph
+to have the legions on the side rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the legions on the side rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the legions on the side rather
+than to have them under and to have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to have them under and to have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to have them under and to have all
+the bars smed together and to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bars smed together and to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bars smed together and to have this
+kind of patterns is and uh is is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of patterns is and uh is is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of patterns is and uh is is not a
+good idea these are all by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea these are all by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea these are all by the way
+default in Excel so it's they're easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in Excel so it's they're easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in Excel so it's they're easy to
+find so that's so that's a first problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so that's so that's a first problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find so that's so that's a first problem
+what's another issue in this graph like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another issue in this graph like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another issue in this graph like
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+U it's actually something in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's actually something in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U it's actually something in this graph
+un likee the other one that we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un likee the other one that we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un likee the other one that we're just
+maybe not aesthetically pleasing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not aesthetically pleasing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not aesthetically pleasing that is
+profoundly misleading yeah the it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly misleading yeah the it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profoundly misleading yeah the it
+doesn't start at zero so you normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start at zero so you normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start at zero so you normally
+add as to zero yes this one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add as to zero yes this one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add as to zero yes this one doesn't
+start at zero and honestly start doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero and honestly start doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at zero and honestly start doing a
+bar chart if it's um when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar chart if it's um when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar chart if it's um when you have a
+graph a Time series Etc not starting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a Time series Etc not starting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a Time series Etc not starting at
+zero is fine because nothing is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is fine because nothing is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is fine because nothing is is
+supposed about the bar about the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed about the bar about the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed about the bar about the height
+of the point so the axis in a in um in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point so the axis in a in um in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the point so the axis in a in um in a
+in a graph that looks like this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph that looks like this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a graph that looks like this in a
+scatter plot you can start the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot you can start the axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter plot you can start the axis
+wherever you want because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you want because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you want because you're
+not assuming that the height really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming that the height really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assuming that the height really
+means something but with the bar chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something but with the bar chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something but with the bar chart
+you really do and it's very because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do and it's very because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really do and it's very because the
+basically the surface is used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the surface is used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the surface is used to
+represent the the the the height so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the the the the height so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the the the the height so the
+height means something here you implying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height means something here you implying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height means something here you implying
+something from the height and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the height and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the height and therefore
+that's pretty bad because this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty bad because this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty bad because this graph
+this one uh in if you look at the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh in if you look at the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one uh in if you look at the actual
+data on the graph uh the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on the graph uh the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on the graph uh the people who
+finish no schools make about let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish no schools make about let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish no schools make about let's say
+people who finish one year of school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who finish one year of school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who finish one year of school
+make about a little over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about a little over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make about a little over
+500 whatever it is 500,000 dollar over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 whatever it is 500,000 dollar over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 whatever it is 500,000 dollar over a
+lifetime and the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime and the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime and the people who
+finish uh with a 3.75 GPA make over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish uh with a 3.75 GPA make over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish uh with a 3.75 GPA make over
+almost um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost um
+1,00 so that means these guys sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,00 so that means these guys sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,00 so that means these guys sorry
+these guys make about twice as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys make about twice as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys make about twice as much
+which is a lot but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot but if you look at the
+graph they look like they are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph they look like they are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph they look like they are making
+like four times as much so that is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four times as much so that is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like four times as much so that is like
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+misleading like if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading like if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading like if you're going to
+present the the the graph like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the the the graph like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present the the the graph like
+you in a way that is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a way that is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in a way that is supposed to
+illustrate something you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate something you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate something you actually
+presing the graph in a way that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presing the graph in a way that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presing the graph in a way that people
+will be confused there they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be confused there they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be confused there they're going to
+come out of this thinking that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of this thinking that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out of this thinking that the
+people with who who who graduate college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with who who who graduate college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with who who who graduate college
+with 3.75 make five times more than four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3.75 make five times more than four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3.75 make five times more than four
+times more than people who who didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more than people who who didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more than people who who didn't
+finish which is incorrect go ahead I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish which is incorrect go ahead I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish which is incorrect go ahead I I
+do you but what what if in the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you but what what if in the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you but what what if in the cases
+where you have um large numbers and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have um large numbers and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have um large numbers and you
+want to you to like the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you to like the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you to like the differences
+between one and another where let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and another where let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one and another where let's say
+let's say it's thousands yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's thousands yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say it's thousands yeah and then
+the difference between one and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between one and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between one and another
+is only 100 can't be visible would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only 100 can't be visible would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only 100 can't be visible would you
+recommend for example joining the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend for example joining the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend for example joining the bar
+chart from zero and then maybe like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart from zero and then maybe like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart from zero and then maybe like
+zooming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in then I think the the the so I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then I think the the the so I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in then I think the the the so I read
+about that like to because I had exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that like to because I had exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that like to because I had exactly
+these questions and they are you people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions and they are you people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions and they are you people
+seem to debate about this point so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to debate about this point so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem to debate about this point so I
+think the bottom line we seem reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the bottom line we seem reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the bottom line we seem reasonable
+to me is maybe in that case the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is maybe in that case the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me is maybe in that case the bar
+chart is not the right is not the is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart is not the right is not the is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart is not the right is not the is not
+the right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh
+um tool to use it's just not the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tool to use it's just not the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tool to use it's just not the right
+item to use in that case if things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item to use in that case if things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item to use in that case if things are
+you know you want to start them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to start them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to start them from
+high up and you want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high up and you want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high up and you want to emphasize
+difference at the at the margin then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at the at the margin then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference at the at the margin then you
+want a line or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a line or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a line or something like that
+because with a line again you're not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with a line again you're not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with a line again you're not the
+implicit assumption is not that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit assumption is not that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit assumption is not that it's
+that the height really means something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the height really means something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the height really means something
+per se so you can uh you can emphas size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se so you can uh you can emphas size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per se so you can uh you can emphas size
+the differences and you can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences and you can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences and you can do something
+like Katherine talks about if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Katherine talks about if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Katherine talks about if you're
+worried that people might get mistaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that people might get mistaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that people might get mistaken
+you can even do something like make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even do something like make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even do something like make a
+squiggly line to start at zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly line to start at zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggly line to start at zero then
+start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at
+10,000 to further emphasize it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 to further emphasize it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 to further emphasize it but
+that's not even needed because in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not even needed because in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not even needed because in a in a
+scatter point or a line the range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter point or a line the range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter point or a line the range of the
+graph is going people are going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is going people are going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is going people are going to pay
+attention to it in a barart they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it in a barart they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to it in a barart they're not
+so I think Bart do need to start at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think Bart do need to start at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think Bart do need to start at zero
+I don't think that there is very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that there is very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that there is very many
+exceptions to that there are exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to that there are exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions to that there are exceptions
+to everything but I couldn't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything but I couldn't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything but I couldn't think of
+one clear as exception to that um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one clear as exception to that um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one clear as exception to that um in in
+that case you're just going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you're just going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case you're just going to use
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+different but here I think it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but here I think it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but here I think it would be
+the bar chart might be nice you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar chart might be nice you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar chart might be nice you just
+need to start it at zero so you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start it at zero so you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start it at zero so you're going
+to so people are going to get a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so people are going to get a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so people are going to get a real
+visual impression of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual impression of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual impression of the actual
+differences between uh between people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between uh between people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences between uh between people's
+earnings in proportions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings in proportions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earnings in proportions which are
+interesting uh but they need to but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh but they need to but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh but they need to but then
+it needs to start at zero if B charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to start at zero if B charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to start at zero if B charts
+are meant to emphasiz size proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are meant to emphasiz size proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are meant to emphasiz size proportion
+differences so if you mislead them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so if you mislead them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so if you mislead them by
+starting at zero you so uh there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at zero you so uh there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at zero you so uh there is a
+lot of a great very many examples of Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a great very many examples of Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of a great very many examples of Fox
+News and stuff like that over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+News and stuff like that over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+News and stuff like that over the
+internet using making great use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet using making great use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet using making great use of the
+not starting the bar chart at zero to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not starting the bar chart at zero to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not starting the bar chart at zero to uh
+to um uh to emphasize some points yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh to emphasize some points yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh to emphasize some points yeah
+you take when you want to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take when you want to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take when you want to do something
+like this that's relative to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's relative to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that's relative to other
+categories you take the lowest one as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you take the lowest one as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories you take the lowest one as a
+Baseline and do a percentage so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and do a percentage so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Baseline and do a percentage so take
+everything with respect to finish no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with respect to finish no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything with respect to finish no
+school say that basically the grad 3.75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school say that basically the grad 3.75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school say that basically the grad 3.75
+for example is 100% higher the also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is 100% higher the also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is 100% higher the also have
+a yeah you could do that in you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah you could do that in you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah you could do that in you could do
+you could do that in in bars or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that in in bars or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that in in bars or you
+could do you could you could represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you could you could represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do you could you could represent
+that in bars uh relative to and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in bars uh relative to and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in bars uh relative to and then you
+would things would start at zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would things would start at zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would things would start at zero if
+that's what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to
+emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize
+um so here's another one another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's another one another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's another one another type of
+B chart that's also very popular uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B chart that's also very popular uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B chart that's also very popular uh very
+popular Excel uh graphic again those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular Excel uh graphic again those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular Excel uh graphic again those are
+all published those were all published I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all published those were all published I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all published those were all published I
+think this has a little bit gone away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this has a little bit gone away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this has a little bit gone away so
+the tridimensional bar try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tridimensional bar try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tridimensional bar try the
+3D 3D has to be avoided I think unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D 3D has to be avoided I think unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D 3D has to be avoided I think unless
+it's needed I mean sometimes it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's needed I mean sometimes it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's needed I mean sometimes it is
+needed because you really have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed because you really have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed because you really have three
+dimension but three dimension for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but three dimension for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension but three dimension for the
+sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+like dep means nothing in this it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dep means nothing in this it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dep means nothing in this it's just
+aesthetic purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic purpose
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and you are laughing I've been to many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are laughing I've been to many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you are laughing I've been to many
+seminars where people have presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars where people have presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminars where people have presented
+like little like bar just at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little like bar just at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like little like bar just at some point
+people thought it would look good I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought it would look good I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought it would look good I mean
+and so I think we our view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think we our view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think we our view of
+implicitly or explicitly we all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly or explicitly we all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly or explicitly we all kind of
+already influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already influenced by
+having improved on the graph so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having improved on the graph so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having improved on the graph so maybe we
+think that that is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that is particularly
+unappealing uh but yes so so the tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unappealing uh but yes so so the tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unappealing uh but yes so so the tri
+Dimension is not spectacular it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is not spectacular it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension is not spectacular it's not
+really readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really readable
+the the blue and blue are the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue and blue are the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the blue and blue are the contrast
+is if you want to emphasize the contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you want to emphasize the contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you want to emphasize the contrast
+between blue and blue the blue and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between blue and blue the blue and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between blue and blue the blue and blue
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+um not maybe not the best the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not maybe not the best the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not maybe not the best the best
+choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice
+either y text placement so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either y text placement so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either y text placement so for example
+the percentag is 60% of the far right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentag is 60% of the far right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentag is 60% of the far right
+ceras is six yeah it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceras is six yeah it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceras is six yeah it's just
+shows the missing grid line for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the missing grid line for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the missing grid line for that
+experience is NOT capitalized for young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is NOT capitalized for young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is NOT capitalized for young
+I mean there's a lot of oh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a lot of oh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there's a lot of oh there was
+another one in this one which is which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one in this one which is which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one in this one which is which I
+wanted to notice which is these are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to notice which is these are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to notice which is these are more
+GD points than data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GD points than data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GD points than data
+points I mean again the grd point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I mean again the grd point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I mean again the grd point is to
+help you read but if you are more grd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you read but if you are more grd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you read but if you are more grd
+Point than data point you have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point than data point you have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point than data point you have too many
+G points uh so that is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G points uh so that is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G points uh so that is something that
+you can also take like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also take like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also take like for
+um um this one also has many great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this one also has many great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um this one also has many great
+points compared to the data point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points compared to the data point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points compared to the data point and
+then it also repeats them just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it also repeats them just in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it also repeats them just in case
+people haven't gotten them because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't gotten them because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people haven't gotten them because they
+got confused by the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes good so that one I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good so that one I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes good so that one I don't know what
+happened to it that one that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to it that one that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to it that one that one
+disappeared I think that was was was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared I think that was was was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappeared I think that was was was an
+error it should have been there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it should have been there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it should have been there it's
+also because the because of the 3D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the because of the 3D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also because the because of the 3D the
+grid line has to go you have to go a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid line has to go you have to go a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid line has to go you have to go a bit
+deeper so you have to have your inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper so you have to have your inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper so you have to have your inside
+grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid
+um the the the labels like young OES in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the labels like young OES in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the labels like young OES in
+the gra that's nice but they are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gra that's nice but they are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gra that's nice but they are sort of
+hidden hidden by the by the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden hidden by the by the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden hidden by the by the grid
+lines here I would say the grid lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here I would say the grid lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here I would say the grid lines
+don't do very much for you especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do very much for you especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do very much for you especially
+since he's repeating the graphs anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since he's repeating the graphs anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since he's repeating the graphs anyway
+is repeating the numbers anyway the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repeating the numbers anyway the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is repeating the numbers anyway the grid
+lines are supposed to help you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number here's the last one they call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here's the last one they call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here's the last one they call
+this type spaghetti charts this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type spaghetti charts this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type spaghetti charts this one is
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+less so this is um um initial di worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so this is um um initial di worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less so this is um um initial di worker
+by major cause of disability over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by major cause of disability over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by major cause of disability over
+different calendar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calendar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different calendar here
+uh so what's the what's good and bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what's the what's good and bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so what's the what's good and bad
+about this one oh so the there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one oh so the there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one oh so the there is a
+title though so you can sort of see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title though so you can sort of see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title though so you can sort of see it's
+like it says initial di worker award by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it says initial di worker award by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it says initial di worker award by
+major cause of disability so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major cause of disability so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major cause of disability so we know
+that I think we can infer that 32% say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we can infer that 32% say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think we can infer that 32% say
+circulatory problem uh 10% in 1975 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory problem uh 10% in 1975 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory problem uh 10% in 1975 10%
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancer I think it's actually like kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer I think it's actually like kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer I think it's actually like kind
+of nice there's different colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice there's different colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice there's different colors and
+different shapes and you kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes and you kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different shapes and you kind of like
+you can tell unlike the one with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell unlike the one with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell unlike the one with all the
+countries you can kind of tell follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can kind of tell follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries you can kind of tell follow
+which data is where but when I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which data is where but when I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which data is where but when I look at
+it I see like no Trend whatsoever it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I see like no Trend whatsoever it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I see like no Trend whatsoever it's
+just like what is happening yeah ex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what is happening yeah ex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like what is happening yeah ex and
+like a chart like the histogram where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a chart like the histogram where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a chart like the histogram where
+you have it up to adding up to 100% I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it up to adding up to 100% I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it up to adding up to 100% I
+don't know if that's histogram but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's histogram but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if that's histogram but then
+within each bar you can like color which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each bar you can like color which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each bar you can like color which
+disease because it's a present anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease because it's a present anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease because it's a present anyway
+like that would have just visually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that would have just visually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that would have just visually a lot
+easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier
+to yes so that that would be so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yes so that that would be so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yes so that that would be so one
+problem with this graph is that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this graph is that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this graph is that I think
+exactly what you're saying and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're saying and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're saying and then they
+are trying to counter it with the colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to counter it with the colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to counter it with the colors
+one problem is that there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem is that there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one problem is that there are many
+series that's why they call it spaghetti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's why they call it spaghetti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series that's why they call it spaghetti
+graph there are many many series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there are many many series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there are many many series so
+there many series are competing for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there many series are competing for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there many series are competing for our
+attention and at the end of the day it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and at the end of the day it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention and at the end of the day it's
+not clear what story is supposed to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear what story is supposed to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not clear what story is supposed to tell
+so the text is probably going to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the text is probably going to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the text is probably going to help
+you and say oh the circulatory has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and say oh the circulatory has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and say oh the circulatory has
+really gone down and muscular skeletal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gone down and muscular skeletal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gone down and muscular skeletal
+has G really gone up especially after uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has G really gone up especially after uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has G really gone up especially after uh
+1996 maybe you want to make the case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 maybe you want to make the case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 maybe you want to make the case I
+don't know what the paper is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the paper is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the paper is trying to
+to say but maybe you want to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but maybe you want to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say but maybe you want to make the
+case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that
+after you know mental and then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know mental and then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know mental and then you see
+the mental disability going up a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mental disability going up a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mental disability going up a lot and
+the you know back problem and mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know back problem and mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know back problem and mental
+disability are the big sources that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability are the big sources that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability are the big sources that are
+going up which are easy more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up which are easy more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up which are easy more difficult
+to uh rigorously assess let's say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh rigorously assess let's say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh rigorously assess let's say and
+this has led to an increase in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has led to an increase in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has led to an increase in the case
+load let's say that's the story that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load let's say that's the story that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load let's say that's the story that's
+quite plausible that it's story they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite plausible that it's story they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite plausible that it's story they
+want to say uh but uh the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say uh but uh the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say uh but uh the um
+there's so many things going on in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many things going on in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so many things going on in this
+graph that it's not clear that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that it's not clear that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that it's not clear that it's
+making the story extremely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the story extremely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the story extremely um
+explicitly the topic of colors not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly the topic of colors not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly the topic of colors not sure
+green and red is selection especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red is selection especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and red is selection especially
+color blindness yes so about 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color blindness yes so about 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color blindness yes so about 10% of
+people are color blind in the S have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are color blind in the S have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are color blind in the S have
+different type of uh color have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of uh color have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of uh color have
+different type of color blindness so red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of color blindness so red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of color blindness so red
+and green are difficult to say yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green are difficult to say yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and green are difficult to say yeah so
+I'm not sure if this is a thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if this is a thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure if this is a thing but
+would you want to order the legend for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to order the legend for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you want to order the legend for
+example in the same order that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the same order that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the same order that you see
+say on the left most talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on the left most talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say on the left most talking about
+that's a good point yes like here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point yes like here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good point yes like here there
+is no order whatsoever so one might one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no order whatsoever so one might one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no order whatsoever so one might one
+might order them by the end or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might order them by the end or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might order them by the end or something
+like that that might help a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that might help a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that might help a little bit
+color shapes as well sorry colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color shapes as well sorry colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color shapes as well sorry colors and
+shapes uh yeah they might I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes uh yeah they might I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes uh yeah they might I think the
+idea might be that it will it would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea might be that it will it would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea might be that it will it would look
+better in black and white uh but uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in black and white uh but uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better in black and white uh but uh this
+will not look good in black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not look good in black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not look good in black and white
+because uh the color will all be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the color will all be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the color will all be and
+even though we have the shapes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have the shapes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we have the shapes it's
+going to become confusing so in any case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become confusing so in any case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become confusing so in any case
+since it will not be good in black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it will not be good in black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it will not be good in black and
+white you might maybe just the shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white you might maybe just the shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white you might maybe just the shapes
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+redundant the using all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant the using all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant the using all of these
+different different shapes for the tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different shapes for the tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different shapes for the tick
+marks like contribute to graph looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks like contribute to graph looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks like contribute to graph looking
+very busy as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very busy as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very busy as
+well okay so these are sort of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so these are sort of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so these are sort of examples
+uh then you know they we had fun going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you know they we had fun going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you know they we had fun going
+to them but honestly I'm sure you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them but honestly I'm sure you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them but honestly I'm sure you know
+you take any of my graphs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any of my graphs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take any of my graphs or
+presentation you could do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation you could do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation you could do the same thing
+as well um so let's uh let's let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um so let's uh let's let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well um so let's uh let's let's see
+what people have to say uh so the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have to say uh so the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people have to say uh so the big
+sort of the sort of the pope of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the sort of the pope of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the sort of the pope of this
+field uh or sort of the funding father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh or sort of the funding father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field uh or sort of the funding father
+of this field is this uh um person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this field is this uh um person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this field is this uh um person
+eduward tap is five four very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eduward tap is five four very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eduward tap is five four very nicely
+produced books and he gives a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced books and he gives a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced books and he gives a lot of
+lectures on how to present things uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on how to present things uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures on how to present things uh a
+lot of the a lot of the blogs Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the a lot of the blogs Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the a lot of the blogs Etc
+essentially rehashed some of his basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rehashed some of his basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially rehashed some of his basic
+principles and there are a little bit I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and there are a little bit I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles and there are a little bit I
+mean some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean some
+of honestly I enjoyed reading the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of honestly I enjoyed reading the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of honestly I enjoyed reading the books
+but some of it's basically his views on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of it's basically his views on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of it's basically his views on
+things so everything has to be taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so everything has to be taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so everything has to be taken
+with some uh some grain of salt or a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some uh some grain of salt or a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some uh some grain of salt or a lot
+of grain of salts it's not based on very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grain of salts it's not based on very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of grain of salts it's not based on very
+recent science or anything um but he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent science or anything um but he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent science or anything um but he has
+a particular aesthetic about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular aesthetic about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular aesthetic about how to
+present things and uh you might agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present things and uh you might agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present things and uh you might agree
+disagree Etc but he has some there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree Etc but he has some there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree Etc but he has some there are
+some things that that he say that quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that that he say that quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that that he say that quite
+in general I think he he there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I think he he there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general I think he he there is a lot
+of common sense in there but I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sense in there but I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of common sense in there but I just want
+to say that anybody who has who uh who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that anybody who has who uh who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that anybody who has who uh who
+was who is thinking about this field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was who is thinking about this field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was who is thinking about this field has
+at least read this one book and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least read this one book and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least read this one book and then
+people have you know maybe moved on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have you know maybe moved on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have you know maybe moved on from
+this so at least would be the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so at least would be the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so at least would be the same for
+you you can read this one book and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can read this one book and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can read this one book and then
+uh feel free to move on from this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feel free to move on from this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh feel free to move on from this and
+add your own uh your own your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your own uh your own your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add your own uh your own your own
+thinking and the thinkings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and the thinkings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and the thinkings of
+others so his principles is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so his principles is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others so his principles is very
+reasonable show the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable show the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable show the data
+uh uh and in particular in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and in particular in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh and in particular in a way that
+people can read it and then maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can read it and then maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can read it and then maximize
+data ink ratio so what you what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink ratio so what you what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink ratio so what you what this
+means is um so how does that happen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is um so how does that happen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is um so how does that happen by
+erasing the non data ink as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erasing the non data ink as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erasing the non data ink as much as
+possible so this means grid lines Etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so this means grid lines Etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so this means grid lines Etc so
+your professor's view on grid lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professor's view on grid lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your professor's view on grid lines
+probably coming from from there uh grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably coming from from there uh grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably coming from from there uh grid
+line hash Etc it is redundant data in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line hash Etc it is redundant data in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line hash Etc it is redundant data in so
+for example we've seen a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we've seen a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we've seen a lot of
+percentages in the different cfts he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages in the different cfts he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages in the different cfts he
+would try to figure out such that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to figure out such that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would try to figure out such that you
+only write percentage once and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only write percentage once and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only write percentage once and it's it's
+good for the um AO what you call Char
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the um AO what you call Char
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for the um AO what you call Char
+junk so all the moir think he hates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk so all the moir think he hates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk so all the moir think he hates the
+hash like the this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash like the this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash like the this type of
+things uh uh and uh what you call Ducks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh uh and uh what you call Ducks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh uh and uh what you call Ducks
+which are things to look good in graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are things to look good in graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are things to look good in graph
+but have no use so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have no use so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have no use so in
+particular this type of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this type of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular this type of stuff
+three-dimensional when it's not needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional when it's not needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional when it's not needed
+Etc uh so his View and that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh so his View and that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc uh so his View and that I think
+people might disagree on that is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might disagree on that is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might disagree on that is that so
+you you want to has as little uh non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to has as little uh non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you want to has as little uh non
+data ink as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink as
+possible and you want to have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and you want to have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and you want to have a lot of
+data ink so his view is that charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink so his view is that charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink so his view is that charts
+graph should be dense very dense as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph should be dense very dense as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph should be dense very dense as of
+lots and lots of information these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of information these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots of information these are
+different views right you could these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views right you could these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different views right you could these
+are different points uh you could uh do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different points uh you could uh do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different points uh you could uh do
+the first thing try to make the graph as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing try to make the graph as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing try to make the graph as
+economical as possible I in term of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical as possible I in term of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economical as possible I in term of the
+non data ink and you could uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non data ink and you could uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non data ink and you could uh and you
+could on the other hand you could uh try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could on the other hand you could uh try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could on the other hand you could uh try
+not to put too much data in it so his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to put too much data in it so his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to put too much data in it so his
+view would be that you remove the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view would be that you remove the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view would be that you remove the data
+ink and then add a lot of remove the non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink and then add a lot of remove the non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ink and then add a lot of remove the non
+data ink and add a lot of data ink make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink and add a lot of data ink make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ink and add a lot of data ink make
+the graph very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph very very
+dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense
+uh something that actually makes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that actually makes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that actually makes a lot
+of sense I didn't realize but um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense I didn't realize but um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense I didn't realize but um is
+graphic tends to be horizontal it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic tends to be horizontal it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic tends to be horizontal it's
+easier for us to think when graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for us to think when graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for us to think when graphic
+tends to be graphic instead of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be graphic instead of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be graphic instead of being
+vertical should tend to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical should tend to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical should tend to go to the
+horizontal so the the scale of Graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal so the the scale of Graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal so the the scale of Graphics
+should in general things should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should in general things should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should in general things should be
+spread out uh and uh in looking at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out uh and uh in looking at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread out uh and uh in looking at other
+things after that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things after that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things after that I got
+um so all of this principle when applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of this principle when applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so all of this principle when applied
+leads him to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads him to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads him to some
+examples and before I go to the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and before I go to the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and before I go to the examples
+I want to say one other thing that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say one other thing that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to say one other thing that is a
+thing that Leo pointed out like a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Leo pointed out like a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that Leo pointed out like a word
+that Leo said that is useful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Leo said that is useful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Leo said that is useful is
+conventional is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional is also
+useful uh because and here it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh because and here it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh because and here it has to be
+a little bit field specific because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit field specific because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit field specific because the
+conventions are a little bit fi specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions are a little bit fi specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions are a little bit fi specific
+but people are coming at your graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are coming at your graph with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are coming at your graph with
+an expectation of what graph tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation of what graph tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expectation of what graph tends to
+look like so for example with the bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so for example with the bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like so for example with the bar
+charts that's something that we are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts that's something that we are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts that's something that we are just
+Hardware to to think of we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware to to think of we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware to to think of we're going to
+want to compare the height of the bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare the height of the bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare the height of the bars
+if we see bars therefore if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see bars therefore if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we see bars therefore if you don't
+put them at zero you're going to mislead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them at zero you're going to mislead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them at zero you're going to mislead
+the person but this principle is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person but this principle is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person but this principle is more
+General than that which is we are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than that which is we are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General than that which is we are all
+coming at graph with conventions and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at graph with conventions and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at graph with conventions and if
+the graphs are non-conventional that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs are non-conventional that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graphs are non-conventional that's
+going to take effort to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take effort to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take effort to your
+reader so the extreme version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader so the extreme version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader so the extreme version of that
+was of course the book example that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of course the book example that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was of course the book example that we
+started with which is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with which is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with which is highly
+non-conventional but in general in look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conventional but in general in look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-conventional but in general in look
+going at you know Aesthetics versus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at you know Aesthetics versus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going at you know Aesthetics versus uh
+versus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um information you have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information you have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um information you have to think about
+whether it's going to look very odd for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to look very odd for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's going to look very odd for
+someone so a lot of test principles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone so a lot of test principles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone so a lot of test principles and
+there there is Network externalities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is Network externalities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is Network externalities in
+the sense that if nobody adopts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that if nobody adopts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that if nobody adopts
+something even it would look great if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even it would look great if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something even it would look great if
+people adopt it if nobody has adopted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people adopt it if nobody has adopted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people adopt it if nobody has adopted it
+you really you don't really want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really you don't really want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really you don't really want to be
+the first one to stick your head out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to stick your head out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one to stick your head out uh
+because people that will create an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people that will create an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people that will create an issue
+and other people doing it so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people doing it so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other people doing it so it's like
+you know the quty keyboard is inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the quty keyboard is inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the quty keyboard is inferior
+but since everybody uses it the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since everybody uses it the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since everybody uses it the first
+person who introduces a better keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who introduces a better keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who introduces a better keyboard
+has no chance and we still are stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no chance and we still are stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no chance and we still are stuck
+with the quty keyboard that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quty keyboard that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quty keyboard that's a little
+bit the same with graph and I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the same with graph and I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit the same with graph and I think it's
+worth remembering when we look at T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth remembering when we look at T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth remembering when we look at T
+these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples
+because not very many of them has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not very many of them has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because not very many of them has
+actually C down in this particular form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually C down in this particular form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually C down in this particular form
+and shape and therefore it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape and therefore it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shape and therefore it's not clear
+that you should really use them yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should really use them yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should really use them yeah a
+lot of these points and like things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these points and like things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these points and like things
+we've commented on with P graphs just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've commented on with P graphs just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've commented on with P graphs just
+like aesthetic or Clarity kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like aesthetic or Clarity kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like aesthetic or Clarity kind of things
+but I mean bigger question is like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean bigger question is like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean bigger question is like what
+type of like graph should you be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of like graph should you be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of like graph should you be using
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+St to talk about no I mean not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St to talk about no I mean not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St to talk about no I mean not really
+because this has to become field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has to become field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this has to become field
+specific but I'm going to come to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific but I'm going to come to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific but I'm going to come to that
+and I'm going to go back to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go back to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to go back to some of the
+empirical techniques we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical techniques we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical techniques we're looking at
+and then tell you this is what you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tell you this is what you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tell you this is what you need
+to show for all of this so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show for all of this so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show for all of this so let's look at
+uh what what this leads to uh leads him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what what this leads to uh leads him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what what this leads to uh leads him
+to so here's one graph he likes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so here's one graph he likes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so here's one graph he likes for the
+scatter points you know take something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter points you know take something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter points you know take something
+like uh like that this is how we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh like that this is how we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh like that this is how we would
+plot it plot one of the four uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it plot one of the four uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it plot one of the four uh
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+he has erased the the axis because who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has erased the the axis because who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has erased the the axis because who
+needs the horizontal line he has erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs the horizontal line he has erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs the horizontal line he has erased
+the vertical line who needs the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical line who needs the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical line who needs the vertical
+line uh he the points are uh the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh he the points are uh the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line uh he the points are uh the points
+are uh you know nice and and clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you know nice and and clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh you know nice and and clearly
+labeled with the a graph going between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with the a graph going between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled with the a graph going between
+uh graph going between them here is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graph going between them here is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh graph going between them here is your
+thing on grid lines they are not gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on grid lines they are not gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing on grid lines they are not gone
+away but here is only the two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but here is only the two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but here is only the two that
+people people would uh people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people would uh people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people people would uh people would
+think particular particularly pertinent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think particular particularly pertinent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think particular particularly pertinent
+um so that would be that would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that would be that would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that would be that would be one
+example of like his minimal minimal plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of like his minimal minimal plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of like his minimal minimal plot
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+again for example with the vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for example with the vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for example with the vertical and
+uh putting the Axis or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting the Axis or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh putting the Axis or not
+conventionally we tend to put them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally we tend to put them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventionally we tend to put them here
+I don't think it's a big deal but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's a big deal but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think it's a big deal but you
+might want to want to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to want to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to want to think about it
+incidentally this is was done in R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally this is was done in R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally this is was done in R so
+someone has taken the trouble to code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has taken the trouble to code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has taken the trouble to code
+all of his uh nice graphic they all come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of his uh nice graphic they all come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of his uh nice graphic they all come
+from this book uh and the last chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this book uh and the last chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this book uh and the last chapter
+of his book where sort of it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his book where sort of it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his book where sort of it takes
+everything together to propose graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together to propose graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together to propose graph and
+someone has coded them and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has coded them and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has coded them and they're all
+on the web so it's also good kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web so it's also good kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web so it's also good kind of uh
+finger exercise for you with r you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger exercise for you with r you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger exercise for you with r you can
+in fact this person has plotted them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this person has plotted them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this person has plotted them in
+ggplot which is one of our graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot which is one of our graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ggplot which is one of our graphic
+package but also in our base which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package but also in our base which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+package but also in our base which is
+just the base and in latis which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the base and in latis which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the base and in latis which is
+another graphic package so which making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another graphic package so which making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another graphic package so which making
+the point that you can do pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that you can do pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that you can do pretty much
+anything you want in any of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want in any of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want in any of these three
+packages so uh I I have the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages so uh I I have the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packages so uh I I have the reference
+for this for this person's website at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for this person's website at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this for this person's website at
+the end so that's one so what one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so that's one so what one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end so that's one so what one idea
+minimum plotline I'm not showing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum plotline I'm not showing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum plotline I'm not showing this
+saying that you have to go through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you have to go through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you have to go through them
+I'm saying them that like this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying them that like this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying them that like this the
+extreme application of the principles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme application of the principles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme application of the principles
+would lead them to this kind of ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead them to this kind of ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead them to this kind of ideas
+and then we can you know revert back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can you know revert back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can you know revert back for
+type of graphs we would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show
+5% um so I don't know what that 5% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% um so I don't know what that 5% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% um so I don't know what that 5% is
+relevant but there is some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but there is some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant but there is some you know
+there's something that is trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that is trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that is trying to be
+said in the text or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the text or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in the text or something like that
+5% drop 5% drop between yeah exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% drop 5% drop between yeah exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% drop 5% drop between yeah exactly I
+don't know why it is relevant that why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it is relevant that why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know why it is relevant that why
+he wants to put to attract our attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to put to attract our attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wants to put to attract our attention
+for that maybe it's the biggest drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that maybe it's the biggest drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that maybe it's the biggest drop
+that we observe in the data from year to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we observe in the data from year to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we observe in the data from year to
+year could 5% 5% of 100 is 20 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year could 5% 5% of 100 is 20 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year could 5% 5% of 100 is 20 so that's
+both the WD it's the width of this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the WD it's the width of this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the WD it's the width of this it's
+the the 5% is the width of this band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 5% is the width of this band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the 5% is the width of this band and
+it's also the it's also the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the it's also the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also the it's also the the the the
+difference between the last two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the last two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the last two points
+so so that's telling us that the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's telling us that the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's telling us that the biggest
+drop in any two points is the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in any two points is the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop in any two points is the last one
+and uh uh but a lot of the other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh but a lot of the other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh but a lot of the other points
+a lot of the other fluctuation since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the other fluctuation since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the other fluctuation since
+1970s is between the is between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s is between the is between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970s is between the is between those
+two so in that sense that's it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so in that sense that's it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so in that sense that's it's nice
+there is a lot of information in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of information in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of information in this
+graph in a in a way that of course need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in a in a way that of course need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph in a in a way that of course need
+to complement the text but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complement the text but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complement the text but that is
+readable uh that's a kind of a funny one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable uh that's a kind of a funny one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable uh that's a kind of a funny one
+that's one that has really not caught up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one that has really not caught up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one that has really not caught up
+is about the scatter plot saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the scatter plot saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the scatter plot saying well
+suppose you want to show a scatter plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to show a scatter plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to show a scatter plot
+for for your data so that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for your data so that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for your data so that's something
+that Reg some um maybe you would want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Reg some um maybe you would want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Reg some um maybe you would want a
+regression line somewhere but you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line somewhere but you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression line somewhere but you show
+your data on miles of gas per gallon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data on miles of gas per gallon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your data on miles of gas per gallon of
+fuel against the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel against the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel against the weight of the
+car okay fine you show your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car okay fine you show your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car okay fine you show your
+plot so is he this is really about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so is he this is really about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so is he this is really about the
+what should you do with the exis axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you do with the exis axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should you do with the exis axis
+range so here you just got rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so here you just got rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so here you just got rid of it
+completely but here we saying well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but here we saying well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but here we saying well well
+you have those axis is they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have those axis is they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have those axis is they're sort of
+wasted like so let's do something useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted like so let's do something useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasted like so let's do something useful
+with them so the first thing he proposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so the first thing he proposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them so the first thing he proposes
+is to say let's indicate the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say let's indicate the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say let's indicate the range of
+the data so the axis don't go to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so the axis don't go to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data so the axis don't go to all the
+way to zero here or don't go to all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to zero here or don't go to all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to zero here or don't go to all the
+way to the origin they start at 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the origin they start at 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to the origin they start at 1.5
+which is the minimum value in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the minimum value in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the minimum value in the data
+set and they finish at 5.4 which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and they finish at 5.4 which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and they finish at 5.4 which is the
+maximum value in the data set therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value in the data set therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum value in the data set therefore
+you're not wasted any non data ink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not wasted any non data ink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not wasted any non data ink
+because the data you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the data you actually have
+information in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moreover uh here you see it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh here you see it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moreover uh here you see it's a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+elevated uh and so this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated uh and so this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated uh and so this is actually the
+interquartile range little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interquartile range little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interquartile range little bit
+above and this is uh uh the median and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and this is uh uh the median and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above and this is uh uh the median and
+the and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the
+mean uh so now you have you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh so now you have you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh so now you have you know you've
+not wasted any uh any non data ink you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wasted any uh any non data ink you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not wasted any uh any non data ink you
+have some representation of you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some representation of you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some representation of you know the
+axis is used to present that you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is used to present that you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is used to present that you have uh
+uh you have 25 75 25% of the data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have 25 75 25% of the data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have 25 75 25% of the data is
+there 75 is on this end Etc so it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 75 is on this end Etc so it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there 75 is on this end Etc so it's kind
+of this has not C on this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this has not C on this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this has not C on this is this is a
+cute idea but I don't know if it's uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute idea but I don't know if it's uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute idea but I don't know if it's uh if
+it's is this type of stuff that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's is this type of stuff that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's is this type of stuff that would be
+particularly informative until until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly informative until until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly informative until until it
+until it catches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it catches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it catches
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+um here's another version of that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another version of that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's another version of that which
+is dot dash which also has not goon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dot dash which also has not goon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dot dash which also has not goon
+which is uh more extreme version of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh more extreme version of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh more extreme version of it
+which is here you're representing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here you're representing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is here you're representing uh
+more uh percentiles of the data as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh percentiles of the data as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more uh percentiles of the data as you
+go along so again you have uh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along so again you have uh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along so again you have uh you have
+the minimum here and the maximum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum here and the maximum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum here and the maximum here
+and you present and the median here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you present and the median here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you present and the median here and
+different percentile at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different percentile at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different percentile at different
+points uh so that's another one that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh so that's another one that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points uh so that's another one that I I
+don't think is as as as C on but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is as as as C on but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is as as as C on but sort of
+the application of this principle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application of this principle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application of this principle so
+you're not wasting any information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not wasting any information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not wasting any information you
+have all the information you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the information you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the information you have a lot
+of information on the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information on the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information on the distribution of
+the of the car weight a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the car weight a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the car weight a lot of
+information of the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information of the distribution of the
+of the fuel and then some information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel and then some information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fuel and then some information on
+how these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these two
+distributions relate to each other from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions relate to each other from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions relate to each other from
+the scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scatter
+plot is one that that I actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is one that that I actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is one that that I actually quite
+like uh it's a redrafting of the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh it's a redrafting of the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh it's a redrafting of the box
+plot so you're familiar with the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so you're familiar with the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so you're familiar with the box
+plot which is usually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which is usually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which is usually like
+this and then like this and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then like this and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then like this and then like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh where we represent the median and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we represent the median and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we represent the median and
+then the interqual range and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interqual range and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the interqual range and then uh
+some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some um
+the uh that's 95 peral confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that's 95 peral confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh that's 95 peral confidence
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+here so he says well you know why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so he says well you know why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so he says well you know why do we
+need the box it's kind of wasted uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the box it's kind of wasted uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the box it's kind of wasted uh you
+know this is symmetrical so I don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is symmetrical so I don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is symmetrical so I don't get
+any more information from this side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more information from this side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more information from this side of
+it than this side of it so let's red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than this side of it so let's red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than this side of it so let's red
+Define that uh better we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that uh better we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define that uh better we are going to
+put um a point for the median then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um a point for the median then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put um a point for the median then
+instead of putting we raising the Box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting we raising the Box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting we raising the Box
+entirely and we are now putting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and we are now putting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely and we are now putting around
+from here to 95 person we have it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to 95 person we have it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here to 95 person we have it here
+so it's sort of I I I like that one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of I I I like that one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of I I I like that one it's
+not cotton either but it's nice and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cotton either but it's nice and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cotton either but it's nice and it's
+readable and it's clear so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable and it's clear so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable and it's clear so you can
+describe it uh and then the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it uh and then the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it uh and then the advantage of
+that is you could have when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you could have when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you could have when you have
+very many of those box plot in a in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many of those box plot in a in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very many of those box plot in a in in a
+in a sequence they look a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sequence they look a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sequence they look a little bit
+busy so here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy so here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+busy so here you can
+you can actually have a you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually have a you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually have a you can show
+several so this is shows the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several so this is shows the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several so this is shows the number of
+station this is not a Time series this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station this is not a Time series this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station this is not a Time series this
+shows the number of station repor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the number of station repor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the number of station repor
+reporting rest magnitude of Fiji
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting rest magnitude of Fiji
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting rest magnitude of Fiji
+earthquake at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earthquake at
+different uh for different values yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh for different values yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh for different values yeah
+how last don't have any lines attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how last don't have any lines attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how last don't have any lines attached
+to them this ones uh this ones yeah he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them this ones uh this ones yeah he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them this ones uh this ones yeah he's
+not representing that data I think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not representing that data I think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not representing that data I think he's
+just representing the 95% confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just representing the 95% confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just representing the 95% confidence
+interval but I like I don't even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval but I like I don't even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval but I like I don't even know
+where the 9 because there only a DOT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the 9 because there only a DOT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the 9 because there only a DOT for
+the 6.1 and 6 oh why do they why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6.1 and 6 oh why do they why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6.1 and 6 oh why do they why are
+they not I think it's because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not I think it's because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they not I think it's because there is
+only one data point oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah in that in that so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in that in that so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah in that in that so this is this is
+average over the year so there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over the year so there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over the year so there's only
+one data point in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data point in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data point in that
+yeah um and that's one that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um and that's one that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um and that's one that I think is
+is quite nice also answering your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite nice also answering your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite nice also answering your your
+bar chart uh your bar chart your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar chart uh your bar chart your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar chart uh your bar chart your
+gridline example sort of a a clean way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gridline example sort of a a clean way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gridline example sort of a a clean way
+of having grid lines in a b chart is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having grid lines in a b chart is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having grid lines in a b chart is to
+put them um inside uh put them just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them um inside uh put them just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them um inside uh put them just make
+them inside the bars uh so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them inside the bars uh so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them inside the bars uh so this is the
+an average score on uh negative emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average score on uh negative emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average score on uh negative emotion
+tra from about 4,000 participants you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tra from about 4,000 participants you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tra from about 4,000 participants you
+also have the you know a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the you know a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have the you know a good
+description of the sources of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the sources of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the sources of the data
+Etc then you have the labels uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc then you have the labels uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc then you have the labels uh right
+below and not on the side with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and not on the side with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and not on the side with a
+different Legend This prints very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Legend This prints very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Legend This prints very nice
+in very nicely in black and white of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very nicely in black and white of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very nicely in black and white of
+course uh you have you know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you have you know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh you have you know something
+that it doesn't like axes so the axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't like axes so the axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't like axes so the axes
+are not there but the the the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there but the the the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not there but the the the numbers
+are on the know from one to three on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the know from one to three on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the know from one to three on the
+x axis and you have the the thin grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis and you have the the thin grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x axis and you have the the thin grid
+line to help you through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to help you through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line to help you through the
+bar that's the vertical version and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's the vertical version and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar that's the vertical version and the
+horizontal version which can also be can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal version which can also be can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal version which can also be can
+also be useful depending what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be useful depending what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be useful depending what you're
+trying to uh to represent again with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh to represent again with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh to represent again with the
+idea that graphs are better going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that graphs are better going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that graphs are better going this
+way and that way if you have some long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that way if you have some long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and that way if you have some long
+lines it's you know here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's you know here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's you know here you have a
+difference between a very small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a very small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between a very small number
+and a very large number maybe it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very large number maybe it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very large number maybe it will be
+look better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+horizontally so that's sort of what of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally so that's sort of what of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally so that's sort of what of
+the big highlight of uh T's book in term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big highlight of uh T's book in term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big highlight of uh T's book in term
+of what at the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what at the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what at the end of the day
+practically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically is
+proposed uh some more chart rules from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed uh some more chart rules from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed uh some more chart rules from
+the flowing data person uh few uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flowing data person uh few uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flowing data person uh few uh not
+few rules that his name is few uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rules that his name is few uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few rules that his name is few uh that's
+the the bar charts must start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bar charts must start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bar charts must start at
+zero uh they have so this this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh they have so this this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh they have so this this field
+loves to talk about the the pie charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves to talk about the the pie charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves to talk about the the pie charts
+so tuy helps hates the pie charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tuy helps hates the pie charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so tuy helps hates the pie charts
+because uh uh we are not very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh we are not very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh uh we are not very good at
+comparing surfaces and angles so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing surfaces and angles so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing surfaces and angles so it's so
+it's it's very difficult to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very difficult to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very difficult to actually
+compare slices of of a pie so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare slices of of a pie so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare slices of of a pie so there is
+all debates about whether you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all debates about whether you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all debates about whether you should
+have pie chart or not I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pie chart or not I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pie chart or not I think in
+scientific article we just don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific article we just don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific article we just don't use
+them they look cheap uh so that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they look cheap uh so that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they look cheap uh so that's why I
+didn't discuss more but if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't discuss more but if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't discuss more but if you have to
+have them you should not have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them you should not have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them you should not have too many
+slices it's a very nice example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices it's a very nice example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices it's a very nice example that
+floats around the internet in Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats around the internet in Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floats around the internet in Wikipedia
+on the number of on something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of on something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of on something about
+countries where they have one pie chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where they have one pie chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries where they have one pie chart
+per country one slice per country that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per country one slice per country that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per country one slice per country that's
+really too many like you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really too many like you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really too many like you can't really
+see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the
+difference um show the data so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um show the data so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference um show the data so that
+means show the data in as uncluttered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means show the data in as uncluttered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means show the data in as uncluttered a
+way as possible it means that uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as possible it means that uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way as possible it means that uh for
+example we if you have too many points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we if you have too many points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we if you have too many points
+clutter together you can't see them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter together you can't see them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutter together you can't see them
+that's not helpful so you have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not helpful so you have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not helpful so you have to think
+about should I aggregate should I bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about should I aggregate should I bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about should I aggregate should I bin
+the data to see it more easily should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to see it more easily should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to see it more easily should I
+uh run say a nonparametric regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run say a nonparametric regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh run say a nonparametric regression
+line instead of showing all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line instead of showing all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line instead of showing all the points
+because that's uh that's what summarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's uh that's what summarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's uh that's what summarized
+the data effectively should I um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data effectively should I um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data effectively should I um uh
+maybe separate the data into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe separate the data into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe separate the data into different
+graphs so this is a small multiple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so this is a small multiple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so this is a small multiple idea
+that we had at the first graph they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had at the first graph they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had at the first graph they they
+had not they didn't have all the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not they didn't have all the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not they didn't have all the lines
+together they had different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they had different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they had different
+lines uh and then the chart must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh and then the chart must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh and then the chart must be
+self-explanatory that I could not repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory that I could not repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory that I could not repeat
+enough like nine out of 10 graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough like nine out of 10 graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough like nine out of 10 graphs are
+not self-explanatory that I see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not self-explanatory that I see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not self-explanatory that I see in
+journals so you have to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals so you have to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journals so you have to explain the
+encoding what means what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding what means what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding what means what you have to
+label the axes include the units include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the axes include the units include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label the axes include the units include
+the sources and circle the um um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources and circle the um um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sources and circle the um um that's
+this one is circle sized by area not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is circle sized by area not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is circle sized by area not
+diameters if you have if you have round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameters if you have if you have round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameters if you have if you have round
+to indicate populations or it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate populations or it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate populations or it has to be
+sized by areas not diameters because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized by areas not diameters because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized by areas not diameters because
+diameters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameters is
+misleading okay let's apply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading okay let's apply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading okay let's apply those
+principles to the graph we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to the graph we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to the graph we
+saw uh so this combination of uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw uh so this combination of uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw uh so this combination of uh this
+ideas and um and um and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and um and um and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and um and um and this
+ideas and some common sense in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and some common sense in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and some common sense in general
+so this is the original line chart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the original line chart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the original line chart and
+that's his redrafting so here I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his redrafting so here I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's his redrafting so here I decided
+that the the the grid line are still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the grid line are still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the grid line are still
+helpful the uh uh the zero line is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful the uh uh the zero line is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful the uh uh the zero line is still
+different because the zero line is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because the zero line is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because the zero line is a
+threshold doesn't go up and down we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold doesn't go up and down we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold doesn't go up and down we want
+to know so we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know so we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know so we keep
+that we keep the we have contrary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we keep the we have contrary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we keep the we have contrary to
+what you said we have actually increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said we have actually increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said we have actually increased
+a little bit the range because we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit the range because we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit the range because we want
+to make be able to show all of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make be able to show all of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make be able to show all of the data
+we've kept the scale the same because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kept the scale the same because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've kept the scale the same because we
+want to compare across charts that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare across charts that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compare across charts that means
+there is a lot of white space he likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of white space he likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a lot of white space he likes
+the grid line so he kept them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid line so he kept them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid line so he kept them but
+they're a little bit paler uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit paler uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little bit paler uh and then
+the thickest line is actually the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickest line is actually the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickest line is actually the line
+that shows the data you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the data you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows the data you want to
+show the the title is now there at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the the title is now there at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the the title is now there at the
+top that is not necessarily always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that is not necessarily always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top that is not necessarily always a
+choice that you have when you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that you have when you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice that you have when you actually
+publish but in presentations it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish but in presentations it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish but in presentations it makes
+more sense to have the title at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense to have the title at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sense to have the title at the top
+than at the bottom where we put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than at the bottom where we put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than at the bottom where we put it
+frequently because the title is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently because the title is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently because the title is actually
+because we tend to read from top to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we tend to read from top to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we tend to read from top to
+bottom left to right so it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom left to right so it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom left to right so it doesn't make
+sense to have the title at the top uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have the title at the top uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to have the title at the top uh
+what else and AO has become adult only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else and AO has become adult only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else and AO has become adult only
+no cash welfare cash assistance SSI cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cash welfare cash assistance SSI cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cash welfare cash assistance SSI cash
+assistant we remove K load because C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant we remove K load because C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant we remove K load because C
+load is in the title we explain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is in the title we explain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is in the title we explain that
+it's percentage change so we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's percentage change so we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's percentage change so we don't need
+to write all of the percentages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write all of the percentages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write all of the percentages and
+you've got the same data but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the same data but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the same data but
+readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable
+okay do you like this one still too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you like this one still too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you like this one still too many
+grid lines for my this but otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid lines for my this but otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid lines for my this but otherwise
+it's lines can like if I just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lines can like if I just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lines can like if I just look at
+that side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side
+I I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I feel like
+need yeah the the grd lines there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah the the grd lines there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need yeah the the grd lines there they
+sort of mix up the mix up the two graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mix up the mix up the two graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mix up the mix up the two graphs
+so either we put a bit more white space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either we put a bit more white space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either we put a bit more white space
+or maybe we remove some of the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe we remove some of the grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe we remove some of the grid
+lines it's not clear we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's not clear we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it's not clear we need the
+negative grid lines anyway maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative grid lines anyway maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative grid lines anyway maybe we
+could have done a tough test thing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done a tough test thing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done a tough test thing where
+we just put the relevant grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just put the relevant grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just put the relevant grid
+lines and you can note something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you can note something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and you can note something that is
+going to be useful in a lot of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful in a lot of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be useful in a lot of cases
+when you want to present coefficient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to present coefficient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to present coefficient in
+data analysis in scientific papers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis in scientific papers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis in scientific papers you
+typically want the standard error as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically want the standard error as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically want the standard error as
+well but you want them you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you want them you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but you want them you don't want
+them the same with the same importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the same with the same importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the same with the same importance
+because you want people to to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want people to to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want people to to to
+emphasize so here we have the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize so here we have the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize so here we have the standard
+error a little thinner alternatively you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error a little thinner alternatively you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error a little thinner alternatively you
+could use dash dash dash or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something he's our very our clutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he's our very our clutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something he's our very our clutter
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+friend and this is what it becomes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and this is what it becomes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend and this is what it becomes so
+this is not you know nothing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not you know nothing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not you know nothing very
+tricky uh but basically you remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky uh but basically you remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky uh but basically you remove the
+all the points that he doesn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points that he doesn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the points that he doesn't want to
+pay us to pay attention to there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay us to pay attention to there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay us to pay attention to there are
+four points that are five points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four points that are five points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four points that are five points that
+are mentioned in the in the paper as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mentioned in the in the paper as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mentioned in the in the paper as
+being above the regression line for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being above the regression line for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being above the regression line for a
+reason or another China Thailand costao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or another China Thailand costao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or another China Thailand costao
+Malaysia Philippines so he puts them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia Philippines so he puts them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia Philippines so he puts them in
+he doesn't put a threel codes he puts he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't put a threel codes he puts he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't put a threel codes he puts he
+writes them out fully and now we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes them out fully and now we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes them out fully and now we can see
+how the data we get from the graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the data we get from the graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the data we get from the graph that
+generally the number of machine exported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the number of machine exported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally the number of machine exported
+goes up with education but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up with education but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up with education but there are
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+outlier and the you know China Thailand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier and the you know China Thailand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlier and the you know China Thailand
+Costa Malaysia Filipina those outliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Costa Malaysia Filipina those outliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Costa Malaysia Filipina those outliers
+that we want to discuss something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to discuss something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to discuss something about
+I mean they're not outlier but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they're not outlier but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they're not outlier but they
+above the regression line in ways so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the regression line in ways so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the regression line in ways so he
+emphasize with the different color for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize with the different color for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize with the different color for
+the for the graph and uh and the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the graph and uh and the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the graph and uh and the labels
+so now we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the
+data um in a in a clearer way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um in a in a clearer way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um in a in a clearer way this is
+our friend the the graph the mo graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend the the graph the mo graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our friend the the graph the mo graph
+here's how he moved it so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how he moved it so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's how he moved it so we
+do uh we start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh we start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh we start at
+zero so now we see that it's not we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now we see that it's not we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now we see that it's not we see
+the doubling and not the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubling and not the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doubling and not the you know
+multiply by five uh we because there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by five uh we because there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by five uh we because there is
+quite a WID in this graph it will is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a WID in this graph it will is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a WID in this graph it will is
+quite a difference between no school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a difference between no school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a difference between no school and
+and we need the zeros and people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need the zeros and people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need the zeros and people and
+these guys you know do spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys you know do spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys you know do spend a lot of
+money it would be a very high graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it would be a very high graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money it would be a very high graph so
+he moved it he moved it sideways um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he moved it he moved it sideways um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he moved it he moved it sideways um and
+the moir disappeared and fact the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moir disappeared and fact the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moir disappeared and fact the the
+color was doing nothing to this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color was doing nothing to this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color was doing nothing to this graph
+because once it's properly labeled you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once it's properly labeled you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once it's properly labeled you
+can see it very clearly uh the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it very clearly uh the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it very clearly uh the the the
+color is quite strong grid line I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is quite strong grid line I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is quite strong grid line I think
+helps a lot here so we definitely would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps a lot here so we definitely would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps a lot here so we definitely would
+want to keep them because it does you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep them because it does you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep them because it does you
+know it does help to see that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it does help to see that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it does help to see that people are
+above 5,000 Etc so this is a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 5,000 Etc so this is a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above 5,000 Etc so this is a case where
+I think I would keep the grid lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I would keep the grid lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I would keep the grid lines
+maybe you wouldn't you don't need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you wouldn't you don't need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you wouldn't you don't need to put
+all of them you know following the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them you know following the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them you know following the
+following the the tuy example of insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the the tuy example of insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the the tuy example of insist
+on some of the grid line I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the grid line I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some of the grid line I don't think
+it would be shocking to have only some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be shocking to have only some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be shocking to have only some
+of them but they are nice and not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but they are nice and not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them but they are nice and not very
+thick so they are not like encumbering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick so they are not like encumbering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick so they are not like encumbering
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reading uh this one mainly needed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh this one mainly needed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh this one mainly needed some
+flattening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening
+out um and uh that's what it's uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um and uh that's what it's uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um and uh that's what it's uh it
+looks like I think it has still probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I think it has still probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like I think it has still probably
+too many tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many tick
+marks um on the side because I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks um on the side because I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks um on the side because I think we
+see I think the rule that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think the rule that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I think the rule that there
+shouldn't be more tick marks and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be more tick marks and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be more tick marks and data
+point is a good one and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a good one and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is a good one and here we have
+probably too many especially given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too many especially given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably too many especially given that
+he's adding the things anyway to uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's adding the things anyway to uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's adding the things anyway to uh but
+now so it's flattened out because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so it's flattened out because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so it's flattened out because it was
+doing nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing nothing in
+particular uh the the the legion is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh the the the legion is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh the the the legion is nice
+like that's something that instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's something that instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's something that instead of
+putting in the kind of default Excel box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the kind of default Excel box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in the kind of default Excel box
+uh the legion is now indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the legion is now indicated on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the legion is now indicated on the
+first graph so it's more directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first graph so it's more directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first graph so it's more directly
+visible and the color helps like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and the color helps like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible and the color helps like the
+color is it's quite contrasted so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is it's quite contrasted so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is it's quite contrasted so we can
+we can move uh move from from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can move uh move from from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can move uh move from from there to
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+easily and the zero line which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and the zero line which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and the zero line which is
+relevant here because we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here because we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant here because we compare
+everything to zero whether the young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to zero whether the young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to zero whether the young
+makes more money than the whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes more money than the whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes more money than the whether the
+the change in real weekly W has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in real weekly W has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in real weekly W has been
+positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or
+negative that's kind of relevant so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's kind of relevant so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative that's kind of relevant so the
+the zero line is emphasize and we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero line is emphasize and we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero line is emphasize and we see
+whether the bars are going down or up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the bars are going down or up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the bars are going down or up
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there I think this one very nice idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think this one very nice idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I think this one very nice idea of
+the spaghetti charts the idea of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaghetti charts the idea of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spaghetti charts the idea of there
+is just too much it's not that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just too much it's not that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just too much it's not that any
+choices was bad they sort of did what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices was bad they sort of did what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices was bad they sort of did what
+they could with what they were given but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could with what they were given but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could with what they were given but
+there are just too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just too many
+lines so here here is how we here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so here here is how we here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so here here is how we here we
+crafted by saying so it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafted by saying so it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafted by saying so it's kind of a
+radical choice because it's not a toughy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical choice because it's not a toughy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical choice because it's not a toughy
+choice because you can see that he kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because you can see that he kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice because you can see that he kind
+of replicate the same data four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replicate the same data four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of replicate the same data four
+times so it's uh you would see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so it's uh you would see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so it's uh you would see where
+it's very redundant there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very redundant there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very redundant there's a lot of
+redundant data in here but uh so just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant data in here but uh so just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant data in here but uh so just to
+say that these are kind of gu guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that these are kind of gu guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that these are kind of gu guidelines
+but that's not sufficient CU actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not sufficient CU actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not sufficient CU actually
+it's the same graph four times but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same graph four times but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same graph four times but with
+emphasize on on what you want to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize on on what you want to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize on on what you want to see and
+so now you can really see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can really see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can really see that the
+circulatory uh the as a source of C Lo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory uh the as a source of C Lo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory uh the as a source of C Lo
+circulatory reasons like being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory reasons like being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulatory reasons like being able to
+work has really G down uh and mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has really G down uh and mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has really G down uh and mental
+musculoskeletal have gone up have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musculoskeletal have gone up have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musculoskeletal have gone up have taken
+the bulk of it with cancer also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of it with cancer also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of it with cancer also
+increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing
+slightly so now I can you know if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so now I can you know if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly so now I can you know if that's
+say the first graph in the paper and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the first graph in the paper and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the first graph in the paper and
+it's all about it's very to assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about it's very to assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about it's very to assess
+people from mental disability we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from mental disability we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from mental disability we've
+learned we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something so one of the rule that DC is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so one of the rule that DC is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so one of the rule that DC is
+keep re revising keep editing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep re revising keep editing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep re revising keep editing and
+revising that's sort of a rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising that's sort of a rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising that's sort of a rule of
+everything of I think every writing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of I think every writing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of I think every writing but
+certainly scientific writing you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly scientific writing you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly scientific writing you need to
+uh edit and then edit again and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh edit and then edit again and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh edit and then edit again and then
+leave it for a week and then edit again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it for a week and then edit again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it for a week and then edit again
+and of course that applies to the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that applies to the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that applies to the graph
+and this is is how you're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is is how you're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is is how you're going to learn
+how to get better but I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get better but I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get better but I think it's a
+good idea to go over this list a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to go over this list a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea to go over this list a little
+bit between the toughest principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit between the toughest principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit between the toughest principle and
+the other principle I I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other principle I I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other principle I I showed you
+basically no clutter show the data don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no clutter show the data don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically no clutter show the data don't
+be misleading self-explanatory as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading self-explanatory as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be misleading self-explanatory as like
+did I tick these boxes do I tick these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I tick these boxes do I tick these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I tick these boxes do I tick these
+boxes I'm to finish by giving you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes I'm to finish by giving you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes I'm to finish by giving you some
+examples coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples coming from
+economics that's a very recent paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that's a very recent paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that's a very recent paper
+that did a had a huge amount of play in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did a had a huge amount of play in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that did a had a huge amount of play in
+um in blogs and articles Etc partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in blogs and articles Etc partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in blogs and articles Etc partly
+because what it has to say is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it has to say is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what it has to say is very
+important but also partly because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but also partly because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but also partly because all
+the stories can be told and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories can be told and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stories can be told and
+pictured uh this is a work by David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured uh this is a work by David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictured uh this is a work by David
+Cutler Raj Chetty and a bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutler Raj Chetty and a bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutler Raj Chetty and a bunch of other
+people um uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um uh on
+um um life expectancy by at 40 by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um life expectancy by at 40 by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um life expectancy by at 40 by by
+income uh and the reason why they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income uh and the reason why they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income uh and the reason why they can't
+do it just the background of reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just the background of reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it just the background of reason why
+they can't do it is because because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't do it is because because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't do it is because because the
+IRS it turns out when you fill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS it turns out when you fill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IRS it turns out when you fill your
+taxes you have to tell the IRS whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes you have to tell the IRS whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes you have to tell the IRS whether
+you're dead uh because when you're dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dead uh because when you're dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dead uh because when you're dead
+you still need to fill your taxes once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still need to fill your taxes once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still need to fill your taxes once
+but then after you're dead you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then after you're dead you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then after you're dead you don't
+need to do it anymore so that actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it anymore so that actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do it anymore so that actually a
+pretty useful box in the IRS form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful box in the IRS form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty useful box in the IRS form that
+tells you whether this person is dead or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you whether this person is dead or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you whether this person is dead or
+not so uh so they use that because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so uh so they use that because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so uh so they use that because they
+have access to all of the IRS microfile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to all of the IRS microfile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to all of the IRS microfile
+they use that to look at at different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use that to look at at different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use that to look at at different um
+in different place in the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different place in the country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different place in the country and
+then different income uh level uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then different income uh level uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then different income uh level uh what
+is people life expectancies and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people life expectancies and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people life expectancies and so this
+is the geographic variation so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the geographic variation so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the geographic variation so you can
+see that so here we're using the map so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that so here we're using the map so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that so here we're using the map so
+there's also a lot of debates on maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a lot of debates on maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a lot of debates on maps
+whether maps are useful not useful um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether maps are useful not useful um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether maps are useful not useful um a
+thing that is very good to know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is very good to know is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is very good to know is that
+there are maps in R so if you want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are maps in R so if you want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are maps in R so if you want to uh
+you can if you have data that Geographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you have data that Geographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can if you have data that Geographic
+by county or by state Etc and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by county or by state Etc and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by county or by state Etc and you want
+to put them in R you can uh people sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them in R you can uh people sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put them in R you can uh people sort
+of disagree on whether maps are good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disagree on whether maps are good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of disagree on whether maps are good or
+not because big territories are given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because big territories are given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because big territories are given a
+lot of importance visually but then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of importance visually but then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of importance visually but then they
+might not be that important in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be that important in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be that important in practice
+so there are also maps that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are also maps that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are also maps that um
+particular maps of the US where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular maps of the US where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular maps of the US where each
+state is actually the same square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is actually the same square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is actually the same square so
+they all the same size and those have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all the same size and those have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all the same size and those have
+become popular in 538 you see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become popular in 538 you see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become popular in 538 you see a lot of
+those maps of the US where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those maps of the US where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those maps of the US where things are
+geographically oriented so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically oriented so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographically oriented so we're
+learning something from the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something from the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning something from the the fact
+that states are the Eco States or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that states are the Eco States or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that states are the Eco States or the
+South States but nothing said about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South States but nothing said about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South States but nothing said about the
+size um and um schwabish on his Blog has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um and um schwabish on his Blog has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size um and um schwabish on his Blog has
+has a routine to do that in Excel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a routine to do that in Excel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a routine to do that in Excel
+actually nice little maps of the US with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nice little maps of the US with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually nice little maps of the US with
+square representing the the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square representing the the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square representing the the states
+anyway this is uh this is uh their graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is uh this is uh their graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway this is uh this is uh their graph
+here and you can see pretty clearly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can see pretty clearly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can see pretty clearly that
+uh you know people in the eastern coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people in the eastern coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know people in the eastern coast
+states live longer than and in fact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states live longer than and in fact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states live longer than and in fact on
+both Coast is longer than people right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Coast is longer than people right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both Coast is longer than people right
+in the then people right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the then people right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the then people right in the middle
+yeah I have two questions first is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have two questions first is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I have two questions first is so
+life expectancy at age4 is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy at age4 is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy at age4 is like
+estimated once they hit 40 like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated once they hit 40 like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated once they hit 40 like what
+does it I know at AG 40 at age 40 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it I know at AG 40 at age 40 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it I know at AG 40 at age 40 is
+exactly is moving forward once you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is moving forward once you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is moving forward once you reach
+40 moving forward how would you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 moving forward how would you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 moving forward how would you get that
+from like knowing what people done you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like knowing what people done you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like knowing what people done you
+just take the expectation you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the expectation you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the expectation you you you
+move up so you see someone at 40 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up so you see someone at 40 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up so you see someone at 40 you're
+looking for him when he was 41 42 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for him when he was 41 42 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for him when he was 41 42 43
+Etc is there some kind like looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc is there some kind like looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc is there some kind like looking at
+Florida because that's a retirement area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida because that's a retirement area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florida because that's a retirement area
+like the expectancy there is really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expectancy there is really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the expectancy there is really uh
+so this is people who wear in Florida at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is people who wear in Florida at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is people who wear in Florida at
+age 40 and move looking them up finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 40 and move looking them up finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 40 and move looking them up finding
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+up uh it's a bit more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh it's a bit more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh it's a bit more complicated than
+that I don't particular want to go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't particular want to go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't particular want to go into
+the detail of what they're doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail of what they're doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detail of what they're doing but
+that's the idea is like you want to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea is like you want to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea is like you want to the
+question you're asking yourself is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you're asking yourself is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you're asking yourself is if I
+observe someone at 40 the next year do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe someone at 40 the next year do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe someone at 40 the next year do I
+still see him at 41 Etc and what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see him at 41 Etc and what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still see him at 41 Etc and what's your
+probability of still being there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of still being there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of still being there and
+then recalculating the age from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recalculating the age from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recalculating the age from
+there so that's one graph they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's one graph they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's one graph they're doing
+another graph they are doing is by uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another graph they are doing is by uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another graph they are doing is by uh by
+income dile so they're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income dile so they're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income dile so they're looking for
+people uh there are so many people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh there are so many people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people uh there are so many people that
+for each desile they can for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each desile they can for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each desile they can for each
+actually Stile they still have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Stile they still have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Stile they still have enough
+people to look at them and say what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at them and say what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to look at them and say what's
+the what's the life expectancy that's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the life expectancy that's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the life expectancy that's of
+course the big headline graph uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the big headline graph uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the big headline graph uh which
+is that rich people live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that rich people live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that rich people live
+longer uh but what is striking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh but what is striking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer uh but what is striking in the
+graph is that is how much so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is that is how much so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is that is how much so that's the
+graph as it got published in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as it got published in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as it got published in
+JMA uh so you see that inside the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JMA uh so you see that inside the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JMA uh so you see that inside the graph
+they also put in some some actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also put in some some actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also put in some some actually
+textual information to put more richness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textual information to put more richness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textual information to put more richness
+to the data but the key point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data but the key point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the data but the key point is that
+someone who at 1% bottom 1% their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who at 1% bottom 1% their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who at 1% bottom 1% their life
+expectancy at 40 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy at 40 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancy at 40 is
+78.8 years someone in the top 1% their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78.8 years someone in the top 1% their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+78.8 years someone in the top 1% their
+life expectancy at 40 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy at 40 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy at 40 is
+88.9 so here is in a sense it's like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+88.9 so here is in a sense it's like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+88.9 so here is in a sense it's like uh
+we want to so it doesn't start at uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to so it doesn't start at uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to so it doesn't start at uh it
+doesn't start at zero uh but this are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start at zero uh but this are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start at zero uh but this are is
+fine because this is Dot but we want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because this is Dot but we want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine because this is Dot but we want you
+know you want to emphasize the the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to emphasize the the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you want to emphasize the the big
+vertical differences we knew that rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical differences we knew that rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical differences we knew that rich
+people live longer maybe we didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live longer maybe we didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live longer maybe we didn't know
+it was kind of uh um linear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of uh um linear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was kind of uh um linear in
+percentile and we may not have known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile and we may not have known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile and we may not have known
+that it was uh it was uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was uh it was uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was uh it was uh 10
+years uh interestingly here you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh interestingly here you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh interestingly here you were
+asking so choices matter because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so choices matter because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking so choices matter because it's
+linear in percentile but not in income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in percentile but not in income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in percentile but not in income
+because the per the difference in income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the per the difference in income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the per the difference in income
+at different percentile growing so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different percentile growing so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different percentile growing so in
+fact if you draw it in income it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you draw it in income it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you draw it in income it's much
+flatter it flattens out but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter it flattens out but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatter it flattens out but in
+percentile it looks linear so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile it looks linear so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile it looks linear so that's a
+choice of visualization that is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of visualization that is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of visualization that is pretty
+important as well yeah what's a hint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as well yeah what's a hint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as well yeah what's a hint
+that you might need to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might need to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might need to do that
+kind between one or the other like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind between one or the other like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind between one or the other like just
+outright values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outright values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outright values
+and so that's it depends what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's it depends what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's it depends what you want
+to emphasize I think here they probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize I think here they probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize I think here they probably
+felt that the linearity in percentile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that the linearity in percentile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that the linearity in percentile is
+quite striking and cool so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite striking and cool so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite striking and cool so that's what
+they want to that's what they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to that's what they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to that's what they want to
+show this is how how the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is how how the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show this is how how the New York Times
+uh uh run that article that graph so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh run that article that graph so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh run that article that graph so you
+see there is much more data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there is much more data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there is much more data and
+information in this one and this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in this one and this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in this one and this one is
+just like more you know aesthetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like more you know aesthetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like more you know aesthetically
+pleasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasing
+maybe uh but we are lacking kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh but we are lacking kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh but we are lacking kind of a
+lot of the data that we might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the data that we might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the data that we might want to
+know there is no confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is no confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there is no confidence interval
+anymore there is um but it looks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there is um but it looks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore there is um but it looks you
+know maybe it looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe it looks more
+accessible and then this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and then this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible and then this is sort of
+combining the two so that's sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the two so that's sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining the two so that's sort of an
+other interesting choice that one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting choice that one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other interesting choice that one that
+you might want to have is to say well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to have is to say well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to have is to say well we
+had the geographic information that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the geographic information that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the geographic information that I
+first showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first showed
+you and we have the uh uh income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we have the uh uh income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and we have the uh uh income
+information how do the two map together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how do the two map together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information how do the two map together
+and here you have to make some choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have to make some choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have to make some choices
+because you're not going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not going to be able to
+combine this entire map county by county
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this entire map county by county
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine this entire map county by county
+and this income variation so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this income variation so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this income variation so here you
+have to make a choice and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a choice and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a choice and say what
+should I show that is is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I show that is is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I show that is is going to
+illustrate my case so they pick um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate my case so they pick um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate my case so they pick um how
+many is it five four cities they pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many is it five four cities they pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many is it five four cities they pick
+four cities um New York San Francisco
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cities um New York San Francisco
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cities um New York San Francisco
+Dallas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dallas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dallas and
+Detroit to make the point and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit to make the point and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit to make the point and what is
+the key point is that that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point is that that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point is that that big
+differences that we see territorially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that we see territorially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences that we see territorially
+between places where people live longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between places where people live longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between places where people live longer
+and places where people live less long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places where people live less long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and places where people live less long
+it's actually really uh for the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really uh for the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually really uh for the the the
+poorest people that we that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest people that we that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest people that we that we are
+seeing it the top uh the bottom 10% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it the top uh the bottom 10% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it the top uh the bottom 10% of
+the of the population basically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the population basically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the population basically and
+after that for the rich it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that for the rich it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that for the rich it doesn't
+really matter where you live anymore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter where you live anymore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter where you live anymore so
+here again it's like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again it's like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again it's like there's
+no uh hard and fast rule that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh hard and fast rule that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh hard and fast rule that tells you
+you have to present how many line you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to present how many line you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to present how many line you
+have to present but it's the showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to present but it's the showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to present but it's the showing
+four lines that are uh that are uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lines that are uh that are uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lines that are uh that are uh first
+very ventilated and then we'll we'll um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ventilated and then we'll we'll um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very ventilated and then we'll we'll um
+uh get together is kind of a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get together is kind of a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get together is kind of a way of
+illustrating this point that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating this point that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrating this point that for the
+poor the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor the quality of
+the maybe the for the poor there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe the for the poor there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maybe the for the poor there might
+be a difference between the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a difference between the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a difference between the quality of
+the infrastructure Public Health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure Public Health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure Public Health
+hospital we don't know what it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital we don't know what it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital we don't know what it is that
+is underlying that and the rich men are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is underlying that and the rich men are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is underlying that and the rich men are
+able to as you become richer you're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to as you become richer you're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to as you become richer you're able
+to compensate with whatever you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate with whatever you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compensate with whatever you know
+maybe move for better hospitals or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe move for better hospitals or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe move for better hospitals or
+something like that or find the Better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that or find the Better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that or find the Better
+Health Care within the the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Care within the the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Health Care within the the system so
+here you have to kind of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have to kind of uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you have to kind of uh you know
+because this is a choice it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a choice it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a choice it's not a
+substitute for the actual analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for the actual analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute for the actual analysis that
+you would want to do something even at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want to do something even at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want to do something even at
+the purely descriptive level you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purely descriptive level you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purely descriptive level you would
+want to do something more systematic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something more systematic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do something more systematic uh
+but uh uh it's going to be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh it's going to be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh it's going to be this is
+really the point of like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the point of like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the point of like kind of
+conveying a story and illustrating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying a story and illustrating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveying a story and illustrating it
+quite differently from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite differently from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite differently from
+actually stating the the point that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stating the the point that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stating the the point that's
+kind of the an economical way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the an economical way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the an economical way of
+representing the uh the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the uh the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the uh the combination of
+the geographic data and income data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geographic data and income data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the geographic data and income data that
+is then going to be represented more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to be represented more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to be represented more
+systematically in the in the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in the in the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically in the in the regression
+I didn't get to what I promised to you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't get to what I promised to you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't get to what I promised to you I
+would do but you can look at it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do but you can look at it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do but you can look at it in
+the in the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the slides
+um which is for all of the methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is for all of the methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is for all of the methods that
+I I talked about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I talked about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I talked about about
+RCT uh difference in difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCT uh difference in difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCT uh difference in difference
+regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression
+discontinuity and IV I showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity and IV I showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity and IV I showed you
+example of what you'd like to show uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what you'd like to show uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of what you'd like to show uh in
+in this in all of these cases I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in all of these cases I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in all of these cases I was
+pretty convinced that I would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty convinced that I would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty convinced that I would not have
+enough material to for this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough material to for this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough material to for this entire
+lecture so I went to I went to slowly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I went to I went to slowly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so I went to I went to slowly so
+we are done teaching this class so thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are done teaching this class so thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are done teaching this class so thank
+you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's been
+a it's been a pretty great ride at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's been a pretty great ride at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's been a pretty great ride at least
+for Sarah and I so we hope you liked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sarah and I so we hope you liked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sarah and I so we hope you liked it
+and uh don't forget to F evaluation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh don't forget to F evaluation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh don't forget to F evaluation and
+good luck to all of you in what comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck to all of you in what comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good luck to all of you in what comes in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+future
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CgzHOo9NaOY.txt b/CgzHOo9NaOY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae90509de1756fea3b17b0196e74559824f9d0c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CgzHOo9NaOY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1762 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+I didn't quite get a chance to
+tell you a few things about
+
+photosystem II last time,
+so I am going to go ahead and
+
+finish up with that now before
+going onto the Cardiolite story.
+
+Photosystem II shares quite a
+lot in common with photosystem
+
+I, but there are a few major
+differences.
+
+Photosystem II is the first
+link in the chain of
+
+photosynthesis.
+It is really where all
+
+photosynthesis starts out on
+earth.
+
+And, as such,
+it is an extraordinarily
+
+important enzyme,
+this photosystem II.
+
+But it is such a large and
+complicated enzyme.
+
+And it is also a membrane
+enzyme.
+
+As I mentioned last time,
+these are difficult to isolate
+
+and purify and crystallize so
+that you can study their
+
+structures.
+And it was only in the last
+
+couple of years that photosystem
+II was actually
+
+crystallographically
+characterized,
+
+so there is really a lot of
+very recent science that is
+
+relevant to today's presentation
+on photosystem II.
+
+As you go through and read
+about it, you are going to learn
+
+about the molecules that harvest
+the light, and you are going to
+
+learn about where the electron
+goes and where the hole goes
+
+when light is absorbed by this
+amazing system.
+
+Here is a close up of part of
+the system called the reaction
+
+center, for obvious reasons.
+This where the reactions take
+
+place that are so integral to
+photosynthesis.
+
+Namely we have,
+up here at the top,
+
+a manganese-containing cluster,
+the structure of which is still
+
+a little bit ill-defined.
+As you can imagine,
+
+with a macromolecule of this
+size, it is difficult to say
+
+exactly where just each and
+every atom is in the structure.
+
+There are still some details of
+the structure,
+
+of the manganese cluster,
+here, that are not known.
+
+But, nonetheless,
+this is where two water
+
+molecules must be brought in and
+coordinated and ultimately where
+
+water, which is not a good
+reducing agent,
+
+serves as a source of electrons
+in this system.
+
+And what happens is this
+special pair of chlorophyll
+
+molecules at the heart of the
+reaction center absorbs a photon
+
+and goes into an excited state.
+And the electron is able to
+
+travel down through a series of
+pigment molecules,
+
+and it gets down onto this
+plastoquinone A.
+
+And it is able to jump over
+onto the plastoquinone B.
+
+And plastoquinone B then can
+dissociate from the reaction
+
+center and carry that electron
+onto the next link in the chain
+
+in photosynthesis.
+And, at the same time,
+
+the hole is stuck back over
+here and ends up accepting an
+
+electron by oxidation of a
+reduced tyrosine moiety here.
+
+This tyrosine has a phenoxy
+residue.
+
+It is connected to the amino
+acid polypeptide backbone of
+
+this protein and it is
+positioned right here between
+
+the manganese cluster and the
+special pair,
+
+so that once the electron is
+shuttled away down this redox
+
+cascade pathway,
+it is juxtaposed with this
+
+reduced tyrosine,
+which is getting its electrons
+
+from the water that is
+coordinated to the manganese
+
+complex.
+And somehow those two water
+
+molecules, after giving up their
+four electrons,
+
+become O two.
+And O two gas bubbles out,
+
+and that is the source of the
+oxygen that we breathe on this
+
+planet.
+So this is, needless to say,
+
+a very important enzyme to
+understand.
+
+And I won't have time to go
+through an exploration of the
+
+structure today,
+but I will lead you into it by
+
+showing you this picture.
+And in this picture,
+
+the sort of gray background
+that is mapped out here on the
+
+outside represents this
+polypeptide chain,
+
+all the amino acids that are
+linked together to form the
+
+protein container of photosystem
+II.
+
+And you can see that it looks
+like a dimeric structure where
+
+you have one reaction center
+over here, here is a special
+
+pair located over there.
+And then all embedded
+
+throughout this protein you find
+many, many cofactors which are
+
+like porphyrins,
+but contain magnesium.
+
+And there are these chlorophyll
+units.
+
+And then also,
+shown in sort of an orange
+
+color here, you see these long
+straight molecules.
+
+These are polyenes.
+These are carotenoid molecules,
+
+organic molecules that have
+strings of double bonds adjacent
+
+to one other so that they can
+conduct electricity and conduct
+
+energy.
+And this is a really key
+
+feature of this --
+-- because the point that is
+
+being made here is that the
+photosynthesis does not wait
+
+until a photon actually comes in
+and impinges right there on the
+
+special pair.
+A photon can come in anywhere
+
+on this big molecule or on these
+light harvesting proteins shown
+
+at top and at bottom that come
+up and dock next to photosystem
+
+II.
+And these light harvesting
+
+proteins are also just chalk
+full of light absorbing
+
+chromophores,
+chlorophylls,
+
+and carotenoid molecules.
+And, if a photon comes in and
+
+excites one of these molecules
+over here, the proton has a
+
+mechanism for transmitting the
+energy over to the special pair,
+
+so that water can be oxidized
+to O two.
+
+It is really quite a tremendous
+assembly of different kinds of
+
+molecules to perform function.
+And if you go on and take 5.03,
+
+for example,
+and then 5.04,
+
+you will learn about the rules
+that govern electron transfer
+
+between molecules and also in
+proteins.
+
+Let's see.
+Finally, on this subject,
+
+I will show you,
+here, a view of this reaction
+
+center.
+And this just a close-up to
+
+show you that these water
+molecules indeed must get in
+
+here.
+There is also a calcium ion
+
+present at this active site,
+where the water molecules are
+
+being oxidized and converted
+into dioxygen.
+
+And here is that tyrosine
+residue shown in more detail.
+
+That is very important for the
+hopping of the electron from
+
+water to the tyrosine.
+And then over here,
+
+after the hole has been
+generated through excitation of
+
+the special pair of chlorophyll
+molecules.
+
+And so that brings me to the
+end of my discussion of
+
+six-metaloenzyme systems that
+had quite a bit in common in
+
+terms of the ligands that are
+used to bind metals.
+
+We talked about heme last time
+and its employment of the
+
+porphyrin ligand in this regard.
+But then, you should also
+
+remember that sometimes you see
+clusters packed into protein
+
+molecules as cofactors.
+We saw last time some Fe four-S
+
+four clusters,
+and here, a manganese cluster.
+
+And so inorganic and organic
+molecules are all working
+
+together in a beautiful synergy
+to enable photosynthesis.
+
+And, having said that,
+I would like to now go onto my
+
+final topic, which has to do
+with the role that metals can
+
+play in medicine.
+Last time was metals in
+
+biology.
+Now, we will talk about metals
+
+in medicine.
+And there are different ways
+
+that metals can be used in
+medicine.
+
+For example,
+there are molecules like
+
+cisplatin that are used in
+therapeutic methods for treating
+
+cancer.
+Alternatively,
+
+metals can be used in a
+diagnostic manner.
+
+And that is what I will be
+talking about here today.
+
+And so what I did for today was
+I went directly to a couple of
+
+the Ph.D.
+theses that are in the MIT
+
+digital archive by two students
+who worked in the Chemistry
+
+Department here and earned their
+Ph.D.
+
+theses doing the chemistry of
+technetium.
+
+Now, I like technetium for a
+lot of reasons.
+
+One, it is a neighbor element
+to molybdenum in the periodic
+
+table.
+Number two, it is named after
+
+MIT, so that is wonderful.
+Number three,
+
+technetium is unique as an
+example, right in the center of
+
+the periodic table,
+as a manmade element.
+
+And it has been known for quite
+some time, and I am going to
+
+tell you a little bit how
+technetium chemistry has evolved
+
+in the MIT Chemistry Department.
+And so this first thesis is a
+
+1983 thesis of a fellow by the
+name of Mike Abrams,
+
+a very smart graduate student
+who was given a very difficult
+
+research problem indeed for his
+Ph.D.
+
+thesis.
+And that had to do with
+
+preparing compounds directly
+from the pertechnetate ion.
+
+And pertechnetate is the ion
+TcO four minus.
+
+And, if you look through this,
+you will see why Mike Abrams
+
+needed to prepare compounds
+directly from the pertechnetate
+
+ion.
+And it has to do with the idea
+
+that there is an isotope of
+technetium.
+
+An isotope known as
+technetium-99M,
+
+M for metastable,
+that has a six hour half-life.
+
+And, in that six hour time
+window that is the half-life of
+
+technetium-99M,
+it is dropping from a nuclear
+
+excited state into a nuclear
+ground state.
+
+And I will talk more about that
+in a moment.
+
+But as the nuclear excited
+state relaxes to the ground
+
+state, this nucleus emits a
+single gamma photon at about 140
+
+kiloelectron volts.
+And so that single gamma
+
+photon, high energy photon,
+that comes out when this
+
+nucleus decays from 99M to
+regular technetium-99,
+
+which has a much longer
+half-life on the order of 10^5
+
+years, is what is useful in a
+branch of medicine known as
+
+nuclear medicine.
+So radiologists will be
+
+interested in this.
+And, as you will see,
+
+cardiologists will be
+interested in this as well.
+
+And so, because of this,
+gamma camera images can be
+
+obtained at high-resolution to
+image organs that have taken up
+
+this radioisotope.
+Let's point out also,
+
+here, that the chemical form of
+technetium obtained from the
+
+generator that creates it is the
+pertechnetate ion,
+
+so all radiopharmaceuticals
+have to be prepared from TcO
+
+four minus because
+that is what you get.
+
+Molybdenum-99 is a product of
+nuclear fission.
+
+And so, when people are using
+nuclear reactors to make energy,
+
+they are accumulating a lot of
+molybdenum-99.
+
+And molybdenum-99 is an
+unstable isotope of molybdenum,
+
+and so it is right to the left
+of technetium on the periodic
+
+table.
+And molybdenum-99 itself
+
+undergoes a beta decay,
+in which a neutron turns into a
+
+proton and electron.
+And that beta decay converts
+
+molybdenum-99 into this
+metastable isotope of
+
+technetium.
+So what happens is that every
+
+morning at the hospital,
+the molybdenum-99 has been
+
+coated as MoO four onto
+an alumina column and is
+
+undergoing its own beta decay.
+And when that is done,
+
+you now have pertechnetate on
+the column.
+
+And you can elute that in very
+dilute solution,
+
+in isotonic saline solution.
+You then have a very small
+
+amount of time to do chemistry
+with it before you put it in the
+
+body.
+Therefore, Mike Abrams,
+
+and I will tell you about the
+professors involved in this in a
+
+little bit, was given the
+problem of finding a way to take
+
+an extremely dilute solution on
+the order of 10^-9 molar
+
+solution in saline and do a
+quantitative reaction from
+
+pertechnetate to make something
+that would go and localize in an
+
+organ that you want to image to
+find out about the patient's
+
+health.
+That is a tall order,
+
+but that didn't stop them from
+looking into this.
+
+In fact, I included this page
+in part, because Mike Abrams has
+
+some nice statements,
+here.
+
+He says the reason we carried
+out this research was to gain a
+
+better understanding of what
+kinds of coordination complexes
+
+can be prepared directly from
+TcO four minus with
+
+the hope that such information
+might lead to the development of
+
+new radiopharmaceutical agents
+and/or to a better understanding
+
+of the agents already in
+clinical use.
+
+This thesis was written in
+1983.
+
+Well, let me not get ahead of
+myself here.
+
+And let me just show you here
+one of the first technetium
+
+complexes that Mike Abrams was
+able to prepare.
+
+And this is a technetium
+hexacis thyourea species.
+
+You will see that he has this
+pertechnetate and was able to
+
+convert it into molecules that
+are octahedral at technetium.
+
+And, in fact,
+most of the applications of
+
+technetium in nuclear medicine
+do involve octahedral
+
+six-coordinate technetium,
+--
+
+-- harkening back to what we
+can understand based on the
+
+efforts and achievements of
+Alfred Werner.
+
+Here is the octahedron,
+pretty soon,
+
+going to go into a patient's
+body.
+
+Here he has chosen to use
+sulfur donor ligands,
+
+these thiourea ligands in
+making this.
+
+And he also made molecules in
+which phosphines and phosphites
+
+were able to bind to technetium.
+And later, as you will see,
+
+he also did work with
+isocyanides.
+
+This is 90 degrees rotated.
+Basically, the reason I am
+
+showing you this is that this is
+a nuclear magnetic resonance
+
+spectrum of a technetium-99
+compound.
+
+Let me just explain that
+initially, when doing these
+
+studies, Mike Abrams was working
+mostly with technetium-99 that
+
+has the real long half-life so
+you can actually make molecules
+
+on a scale sufficient for
+isolation and purification.
+
+But then those methods would be
+translated to working with the
+
+99M isotope.
+And the difference between 99
+
+and 99M, has to do with the spin
+of the nucleus.
+
+We have talked about electron
+spin.
+
+Well, different nuclei have
+themselves the property of spin.
+
+And technetium-99 has a spin
+one-half nuclear spin.
+
+And then when it decays from
+99M to 99, the 99 isotope has a
+
+spin nine-halves,
+actually.
+
+And that is the lower energy
+state that gives rise to this
+
+gamma photon emission.
+And so, in the nuclear magnetic
+
+resonance spectrum,
+observing the phosphorus 31
+
+nuclei that are connected to
+this hexakisphosphate of
+
+technetium 1,
+you see that there end up being
+
+ten lines.
+And that is because of the spin
+
+nine-halves ground state of the
+technetium-99 nucleus.
+
+You will see that back in the
+`80s, we were looking at
+
+technetium-coupled phosphorus
+NMR spectra, as well as,
+
+you saw X-ray crystallography a
+moment ago.
+
+This was real nice work.
+And let's see what I have here.
+
+After Mike had successfully
+synthesized some of these
+
+complexes they started
+wondering, well,
+
+can we image organs with these.
+The idea was that
+
+radiopharmaceuticals that had
+been in use prior to this time
+
+did not really have ligands on
+the metal.
+
+It was sort of the case that
+they would take the metal in
+
+whatever form they got it off a
+generator and just inject it
+
+directly into the patient.
+And, in that case,
+
+you don't have an ability to
+tune the properties of the metal
+
+to have it localize specifically
+at organs that you might want to
+
+image.
+And so they thought we are
+
+coordination chemists.
+Let's put ligands on there,
+
+and you can use different
+ligands.
+
+And then, the molecule will go
+to different parts of the body
+
+specifically.
+And, when we find the right
+
+ligand, we will be able to do
+something useful,
+
+like image the heart.
+And so here,
+
+they had an anesthetized dog
+that they had injected with a
+
+solution of one of these
+technetium complexes.
+
+This was a hexakis isobutyl
+isocyanide technetium-99M.
+
+And they were able to show that
+this stuff forms quantitatively,
+
+even at the tracer levels that
+they are using to 10^-9 molar.
+
+Very dilute solutions.
+And so you don't actually get
+
+much radioactivity put into you,
+but because of the high energy
+
+nature of the gamma photons that
+come out, you can easily image
+
+them with a gamma camera and you
+can reconstruct the position
+
+from which that radiation is
+originating.
+
+That is what allows you to
+image an organ.
+
+And so here is a little
+schematic of the ribcage of a
+
+dog.
+And you can see that he is
+
+telling us where the liver is.
+And then you are supposed to be
+
+able to see kind of a doughnut,
+which is the myocardium of the
+
+heart here.
+And you see it lighting up real
+
+nice, right here.
+So right away,
+
+with one of the first complexes
+that they made,
+
+they found that this stuff goes
+shortly after injection and
+
+localizes in the heart and gives
+you a pretty nice image of the
+
+heart.
+And there are different
+
+viewpoints that you can take
+when you image the heart using
+
+methods like this,
+but this was already pretty
+
+exciting that one of the first
+systems they made,
+
+these t-butyl groups on it,
+were very nice imaging agents
+
+for a dog.
+And then the basis for the
+
+nuclear cardiology application
+of this chemistry is that if a
+
+person has had a heart attack or
+is at-risk to suffer a heart
+
+attack, has some heart disease,
+then what happens is you look
+
+at the heart and it doesn't
+become very well-perfused with
+
+blood all the way around,
+as it should in a normal
+
+healthy heart.
+And so, if there is infarcted
+
+tissue, you see an image like
+this, where part of the doughnut
+
+is not lighting up.
+And that means that part of the
+
+heart is not getting suffused
+with blood.
+
+And so this kind of diagnostic
+test is called myocardial
+
+perfusion imaging,
+because you are looking at how
+
+the heart is taking up blood in
+all of its different parts
+
+because you can look at
+different angles of view.
+
+And one also tends to do this
+when the subject is at rest
+
+versus when the subject has been
+stressed.
+
+So you will hear the term
+stress test associated with this
+
+type of image.
+And so this is really the first
+
+complex that Mike Abrams made
+that they were actually testing
+
+in animals.
+Here was an infarcted dog
+
+heart.
+You see that there is blood not
+
+getting to this part of the
+heart, up here.
+
+And this image was to be
+compared with an image made
+
+using a different imaging agent
+which was the state of the art
+
+at the time, here,
+with just the first one.
+
+And there were so many choices
+you could make of what ligand to
+
+put on this metal.
+And the first one already works
+
+better than thallium-201 that is
+inserted just as an aqueous
+
+solution.
+So thallium-201 is also a
+
+popular isotope for applications
+in nuclear medicine,
+
+but with technetium,
+now, you have the ability to
+
+make coordination compounds
+where the ligands are very
+
+tightly bonded to the metal
+center.
+
+And then you can attach other
+residues to this system by
+
+virtue of how you build the
+ligands.
+
+That was really pretty amazing.
+And then a few years later,
+
+also in the research group of
+Alan Davison,
+
+Professor of Chemistry at MIT,
+comes along one James Frederick
+
+Carnegie.
+And what he decided to do for
+
+his thesis work was to go ahead
+and actually make molecules like
+
+the ones that Mike Abrams made,
+but to look at many different
+
+varieties with different
+peripheral substituents because
+
+there are certain organic
+functional groups that will be
+
+metabolized and chopped up by
+enzymes in the body.
+
+These include ester groups,
+for example.
+
+You can also attach to these
+isocyanide ligands things that
+
+look like little proteins.
+And you can see,
+
+then, how those react to being
+injected.
+
+And so his goal here was really
+to make something practical that
+
+would be useful as a
+radiopharmaceutical for imaging
+
+organs.
+And his discussion begins by
+
+just talking about the different
+groups that he was going to
+
+append to the surface of his
+coordination complex.
+
+And then, here is a little
+synthesis slide from his thesis.
+
+Mike Abram's thesis,
+the first one I showed you,
+
+was actually typed up by hand
+on a typewriter.
+
+But Jim Carnegie's thesis was
+prepared, he tells me,
+
+I was talking to him last night
+about this, using a very
+
+primitive word processor.
+One of the first-generation
+
+word processors.
+Anyway, that is a little bit
+
+beside the point.
+You just don't see as many nice
+
+graphics in these theses as you
+do nowadays, but you do see a
+
+lot of beautiful chemistry.
+Here is an isocyanide ligand.
+
+Look.
+We have talked a lot about
+
+carbon monoxide in this class as
+a ligand in its behavior to
+
+transition metals.
+And so if you just change the
+
+oxygen of carbon monoxide into a
+nitrogen, then you can have a
+
+substituent stuck to it.
+Here is an example of an
+
+isocyanide ligand where the
+metal is going to attach to the
+
+carbon.
+And then, Carnegie decided to
+
+put other groups out here.
+Here, he has a carboethoxy
+
+residue.
+And the idea was that enzymes
+
+called esterases in the body can
+clip off and metabolize the
+
+carboethoxy residue.
+And what that will do is it
+
+will affect the way that the
+technetium is bio-distributed in
+
+the body.
+It will affect the kinetics of
+
+how long the technetium takes to
+accumulate in an organ and how
+
+long it takes to then run out of
+that organ.
+
+And also, he looked at examples
+that have organic amide
+
+functional groups,
+all connected to the
+
+isocyanide.
+His thesis work was all about
+
+looking at different
+isocyanides, six of them on
+
+technetium in the +1 oxidation
+state.
+
+It is d^6 low-spin octahedral
+diamagnetic systems.
+
+It talks here about the
+radioactivity.
+
+It talks a little bit about the
+technetium generator issue.
+
+It mentions that he is doing a
+lot of this work in
+
+collaboration over at Harvard
+Medical School.
+
+They had a lab over there where
+they were cleared to use 99M.
+
+The 99 work was done here,
+at MIT.
+
+And this was because of the
+collaboration that I will tell
+
+you about shortly.
+Here is one that I won't bother
+
+to turn over.
+But this actually a pretty
+
+important slide.
+You will get this pdf file from
+
+our website, but you will see
+that he is taking pertechnetate
+
+and saline.
+The key feature,
+
+here, is that this synthesis is
+quantitative at these very low
+
+concentrations that are what
+used for nuclear medicine.
+
+Now, I showed you that Mike
+Abrams imaged part of a dog.
+
+And as they progressed toward
+doing human studies,
+
+they also imaged the rabbit.
+And in these early tests,
+
+you know, you have these
+chemistry Ph.D.
+
+students who don't really know
+which organ is which in a bunny.
+
+They had to get a diagram like
+this, out so they would have a
+
+map, so that when they started
+shooting these molecules into
+
+the bunny they would know which
+organ they were seeing light up
+
+by the gamma camera.
+And this does not hurt the
+
+bunny.
+The bunny is anesthetized and
+
+does not know,
+so this is a perfectly nice
+
+thing to do.
+And this one,
+
+I think the bunny is oriented
+this way, here is the liver.
+
+And resting atop the liver on
+the diaphragm is the heart of
+
+the bunny right here.
+He has a lot of different
+
+images.
+These, in the digital thesis
+
+archive, are a little bit fuzzy.
+If you want to see better
+
+images, you might want to refer
+directly to the thesis.
+
+But you will see that what he
+is doing here is he is looking
+
+as a function of time after
+injection, just the intensity of
+
+the gamma counts from the liver,
+from the kidney.
+
+Notice the heart starts out
+real high, and then it clears as
+
+the blood moves on into the
+kidney and the liver.
+
+And so you can actually take
+these images as a function of
+
+time and see where the
+technetium is going in this
+
+living bunny.
+And I thought I would mention
+
+that.
+But then, I thought I would
+
+also show you this picture.
+I have seen this in the real
+
+hard copy thesis,
+and it looks much better in
+
+terms of organs lighting up and
+so forth.
+
+It is very fuzzy in this image
+from Carnegie's Ph.D.
+
+thesis.
+This, in fact,
+
+is Professor Alan Davison,
+who was himself the first test
+
+subject for his technetium
+radiopharmaceutical.
+
+He just couldn't wait to have
+this stuff shot into him,
+
+so he could see what his organs
+looked like when imaged with a
+
+gamma camera.
+That is Professor Davison,
+
+first human test subject on his
+own chemistry.
+
+That was pretty remarkable.
+Let me tell you just a little
+
+bit more about Alan Davison.
+You can go and read about him
+
+at the MIT website,
+but this is Professor Davison.
+
+He is a colleague of mine in
+inorganic chemistry,
+
+here at MIT.
+He became an emeritus faculty
+
+member this past summer,
+but his research career spanned
+
+40 years here at MIT.
+He came in 1964.
+
+And he did research in a lot of
+different areas of inorganic
+
+chemistry, and did not get into
+technetium until 1980 because he
+
+struck up a collaboration with
+the fellow at Harvard Medical
+
+School, who I will show you
+next.
+
+He is a Welshman.
+He got his Ph.D.
+
+with the Nobel Laureate
+Geoffrey Wilkinson at Imperial
+
+College, London,
+after Jeff Wilkinson was denied
+
+tenure by Harvard,
+after which he got his Nobel
+
+Prize.
+They did not make a very good
+
+choice, there.
+But, in any event,
+
+Professor Davison learned and
+became one of the top inorganic
+
+and organometallic chemists of
+his generation.
+
+And, in fact,
+he is now a Fellow of the Royal
+
+Society, which is quite a
+special distinction.
+
+I went over there for the
+ceremony in London when he was
+
+being inducted into the Royal
+Society.
+
+And they pull out the book that
+is signed by all the new
+
+inductees into the Royal
+Society.
+
+And one of the early signatures
+in the book is that of Isaac
+
+Newton.
+So he signed the same book as
+
+Isaac Newton.
+You have to make sure your hand
+
+does not tremble and blot the
+page.
+
+It would be a big problem.
+They actually go ahead and
+
+teach them how to sign the book
+and practice in advance because
+
+they use a quill pen dipped into
+ink, just the way Isaac Newton
+
+did it.
+And this coming spring,
+
+Professor Davison is going to
+Atlanta, as many of us chemists
+
+are, for the American Chemical
+Society meeting there.
+
+But he is going for a special
+reason.
+
+He is winning the American
+Chemical Society Award for
+
+Creative Invention,
+which is a very prestigious
+
+award.
+And I believe he is the first
+
+from our department ever to win
+the Award for Creative
+
+Invention.
+And that can go to a person in
+
+any area of chemistry,
+in fact.
+
+That is a really nice thing.
+And Professor Davison was a
+
+great mentor of both
+undergraduate and graduate
+
+students here at MIT over the
+years.
+
+And next let me show you that
+it takes not one Welshman,
+
+but two, to make a drug.
+And here is the other one,
+
+Alan Jones, a very good
+personal friend of Alan Davison.
+
+He and Alan got together in the
+early `80s to see if they might
+
+not be able to bring inorganic
+chemistry and coordination
+
+chemistry to nuclear medicine in
+order to develop a diagnostic
+
+imaging agent.
+They got together,
+
+and their research was
+extremely successful.
+
+And they have done research in
+other areas, too,
+
+together over the years.
+And their students go back and
+
+forth between the labs here and
+Building 6 at MIT and over at
+
+Harvard Medical School to do the
+different kinds of studies that
+
+they do.
+It turns out that his
+
+chemistry, making these
+six-coordinate complexes of
+
+technetium-1,
+has led to the development of
+
+Cardiolite.
+This now is called Sestamibi.
+
+That is an abbreviation for
+this compound that has six of
+
+these isocyanide ligands on
+technetium.
+
+When you see Sestamibi,
+you will know what molecule
+
+that is.
+It is the one that actually
+
+became commercial and was
+approved by the FDA in 1990
+
+after extensive critical trials.
+I will show you the structure
+
+in a moment, but it is a
+variation on the t-butyl,
+
+where one of the methyl groups
+is replaced with a methoxy
+
+group.
+It is a methyl-ether species.
+
+And Cardiolite was originally
+manufactured and brought into
+
+being by DuPont Merck.
+And they sold it later to
+
+Bristol-Meyers Squibb.
+And so you will see that
+
+Bristol-Meyers Squibb has a
+section devoted to medical
+
+imaging.
+And this drug that was the
+
+brainchild of Davison and Jones
+is currently the most widely
+
+used diagnostic imaging agent
+for looking at myocardial
+
+perfusion.
+It is used in heart imaging
+
+tests all around the world,
+every day, so it is a very
+
+important molecule contributing
+to the health and welfare of
+
+people all over the world.
+And what you will see is there
+
+are here descriptions of the
+stress tests that people take.
+
+Let's see.
+Cardiolite imaging guide.
+
+You have education programs.
+Let's just check out the
+
+imaging guide for a moment.
+These companies have pretty
+
+good graphics on their websites.
+And remember the doughnut I was
+
+showing you, there it is right
+here.
+
+There are different ways to
+look at the heart using
+
+Cardiolite to see if the blood
+is perfusing the heart properly.
+
+That might be the short axis.
+You can view the scan images.
+
+This is how a normal healthy
+heart will differ when it has
+
+been stressed after exercise or
+at rest.
+
+That is why they call these
+stress tests.
+
+You are seeing how the blood is
+distributed in the heart using
+
+the property of the radionuclide
+technetium-99M.
+
+There is one.
+That is a different one.
+
+I am not going to spend too
+much time on this,
+
+but I am giving you the link to
+this website so you can go and
+
+look at how people actually use
+clinically technetium Sestamibi
+
+to image the heart.
+I want to show you just a few
+
+other things here,
+one of which is that,
+
+as you may be aware,
+the same molecule can have
+
+different names if it is used
+for different purposes.
+
+Cardiolite is one of the names
+given to Sestamibi,
+
+but another name given to
+Sestamibi, here it is,
+
+is Miraluma.
+And Miraluma,
+
+it turns out,
+is really quite useful at
+
+detecting breast cancer when
+breast lesions are not readily
+
+visible using mammography or
+ultrasound.
+
+If you go to this website and
+look at the information for
+
+healthcare professionals,
+as you all are sitting here,
+
+you will be able to see breast
+tumors that are detected very
+
+nicely using Sestamibi that were
+missed using ultrasound or
+
+mammography.
+And you might like this.
+
+If you try to go into that
+information, you're first
+
+confronted with a test.
+And you have to pass the test
+
+and know that the risk of breast
+cancer increases with age.
+
+If you get that right,
+then you can go on and actually
+
+look at the images that are made
+using this drug.
+
+Now, I also give you a link
+here to the Cardiolite story
+
+that is a nice article written
+in the MIT Undergraduate
+
+Research Journal about
+Professors Davison and Jones,
+
+their students,
+and the creation of this
+
+clinical tool.
+You can go there and read that.
+
+And it has some more
+information.
+
+And then, finally,
+I do give you a link to
+
+Sestamibi.
+You will probably be appalled
+
+at the way this website draws
+the isocyanide complex of
+
+technetium.
+We know very well that that is
+
+a linear bond angle at those
+carbon atoms,
+
+not bent like that,
+so that is not a very good
+
+representation in terms of
+structural fidelity.
+
+But if you want to know which
+isocyanide is used in vivo for
+
+imaging organs,
+it is this one with the methoxy
+
+group, instead of one of the
+methyl groups of the t-butyl
+
+group.
+It is very similar to the
+
+original one that Mike Abrams
+made first back in 1983 because
+
+they already had t-butyl
+isocyanide around from other
+
+things.
+It is a really remarkable
+
+story, a fantastic story.
+And having told it to you,
+
+I am now going to have to do
+something that I very much
+
+regret.
+Now you can go on and sample
+
+all the other exciting chemistry
+subjects at MIT in your future.
+
+I hope to interact with many of
+you again in that context.
+
+And I wish you good luck.
+I know that you all will do
+
+fantastic things.
+Having said that,
+
+I am going to have to close the
+book on this semester.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CipR1Jypkz0.txt b/CipR1Jypkz0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e2583752e8257df81b93f1fb9275bd4f79156e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CipR1Jypkz0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now continue our discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now continue our discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now continue our discussion of the
+model in which we obtain several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which we obtain several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model in which we obtain several
+measurements of an unknown random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of an unknown random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of an unknown random
+variable theta in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable theta in the presence of
+additive noise under the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive noise under the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additive noise under the same
+assumptions as before theta and WI are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions as before theta and WI are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions as before theta and WI are
+all independent random variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent random variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all independent random variables and
+they are also normal we have seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also normal we have seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are also normal we have seen that
+in this case the posterior distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the posterior distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the posterior distribution
+of theta is a normal distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta is a normal distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta is a normal distribution and
+takes this particular form we found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this particular form we found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes this particular form we found the
+mean of the posterior distribution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the posterior distribution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of the posterior distribution which
+is also the maximum posteriori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the maximum posteriori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also the maximum posteriori
+probability estimate and it is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability estimate and it is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability estimate and it is given by
+this expression now that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression now that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression now that we have an
+estimate in our hands we can ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate in our hands we can ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate in our hands we can ask how
+good is this estimate and for this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is this estimate and for this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is this estimate and for this we
+need an appropriate performance measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an appropriate performance measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need an appropriate performance measure
+for estimation problems a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for estimation problems a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for estimation problems a reasonable
+performance measure is to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measure is to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance measure is to look at the
+mean value of the squared error but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of the squared error but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of the squared error but
+given that we have already obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we have already obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we have already obtained
+observations what we're interested in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what we're interested in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations what we're interested in is
+the conditional mean squared error this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional mean squared error this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional mean squared error this
+is the error that's remaining after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the error that's remaining after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the error that's remaining after we
+have seen the observations now let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the observations now let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen the observations now let us
+notice something here if I tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice something here if I tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice something here if I tell you the
+value of the observations then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the observations then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the observations then my
+estimator is completely determined the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is completely determined the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is completely determined the
+estimator is a random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a random variable that
+processes the data and comes up with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes the data and comes up with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes the data and comes up with an
+estimate so although it is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so although it is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so although it is a random
+variable once I tell you the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable once I tell you the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable once I tell you the value of
+the observations the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations the value of this
+random variable has been completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable has been completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable has been completely
+determined and so we can replace it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined and so we can replace it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined and so we can replace it with
+its actual numerical value which is fete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its actual numerical value which is fete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its actual numerical value which is fete
+a heart and it is given by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart and it is given by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heart and it is given by this
+expression now remember also that theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now remember also that theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression now remember also that theta
+hat the estimate that we are using is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat the estimate that we are using is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat the estimate that we are using is
+the mean of the posterior distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the posterior distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of the posterior distribution
+in this conditional universe where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this conditional universe where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this conditional universe where we
+have conditioned on this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditioned on this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conditioned on this information
+theta hat is the mean of this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat is the mean of this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta hat is the mean of this random
+variable so we're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so we're dealing with the
+square distance from the mean and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square distance from the mean and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square distance from the mean and then
+we take the expected value but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the expected value but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the expected value but that's
+nothing but the variance of theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but the variance of theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but the variance of theta in
+conditional universe so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional universe so what we're
+looking for is the variance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is the variance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for is the variance of the
+posterior distribution of theta given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution of theta given
+the observations that we have obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations that we have obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the observations that we have obtained
+can we eyeball the variance by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we eyeball the variance by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we eyeball the variance by just
+looking at this formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this formula for the
+posterior distribution more or less we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution more or less we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posterior distribution more or less we
+can recall this earlier fact that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recall this earlier fact that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recall this earlier fact that if I
+give you a density of this form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a density of this form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a density of this form you
+recognize that it is normal and you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it is normal and you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it is normal and you also
+recognize that the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that the variance is
+determined by the coefficient that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the coefficient that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the coefficient that comes
+next to the term of the form x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the term of the form x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the term of the form x squared
+now this is a PDF involving a variable X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a PDF involving a variable X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is a PDF involving a variable X
+here we're talking about the PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're talking about the PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're talking about the PDF of
+theta so what we're looking for is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so what we're looking for is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta so what we're looking for is the
+constant that sits next to the theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that sits next to the theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant that sits next to the theta
+squared term there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared term there's going to be
+multiple theta squared terms so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple theta squared terms so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple theta squared terms so we need
+to collect all of them and so we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect all of them and so we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect all of them and so we find
+that the overall coefficient sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall coefficient sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall coefficient sitting
+next to theta squared terms is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to theta squared terms is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to theta squared terms is as
+follows from this we obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from this we obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from this we obtain a
+contribution of 1 over 2 Sigma 0 squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of 1 over 2 Sigma 0 squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of 1 over 2 Sigma 0 squared
+and similarly from here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly from here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly from here we're going to
+obtain a coefficient next to theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a coefficient next to theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain a coefficient next to theta
+squared of 1 over 2 Sigma 1 squared we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of 1 over 2 Sigma 1 squared we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared of 1 over 2 Sigma 1 squared we
+continue the same way and finally from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the same way and finally from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue the same way and finally from
+the last term we obtain a contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term we obtain a contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last term we obtain a contribution
+of this kind now we take this factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind now we take this factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this kind now we take this factor of
+2 move it to the other side so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 move it to the other side so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 move it to the other side so we know
+what 2 times alpha is and then we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 2 times alpha is and then we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 2 times alpha is and then we need
+to take the inverse of that so as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the inverse of that so as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the inverse of that so as to
+obtain 1 over 2 alpha and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain 1 over 2 alpha and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain 1 over 2 alpha and what we
+obtained is that 1 over 2 alpha when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained is that 1 over 2 alpha when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained is that 1 over 2 alpha when
+alpha is given by this expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is given by this expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is given by this expression is
+equal to this expression here and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this expression here and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to this expression here and so we
+have found the conditional variance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found the conditional variance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found the conditional variance the
+variance of the posterior distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the posterior distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the posterior distribution
+of theta given the data that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta given the data that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta given the data that we have
+available in our hands now this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in our hands now this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available in our hands now this is the
+mean squared error given that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error given that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean squared error given that you have
+seen some particular piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some particular piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen some particular piece of
+information what about the overall mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what about the overall mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what about the overall mean
+squared error this is the quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error this is the quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error this is the quantity that
+you care about before you go and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about before you go and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about before you go and make
+the actual measurements this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual measurements this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual measurements this tells you
+how well you expect to estimate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you expect to estimate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well you expect to estimate your
+random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable
+theta well we can use here the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta well we can use here the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta well we can use here the total
+expectation theorem and write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem and write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation theorem and write the
+expected value as a weighted average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value as a weighted average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value as a weighted average of
+the conditional expectations under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectations under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional expectations under
+different scenarios namely under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios namely under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios namely under
+different measurements of X and average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements of X and average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements of X and average
+those conditional expectations over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conditional expectations over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conditional expectations over the
+possible values of X now this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of X now this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible values of X now this quantity
+here is actually a constant it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually a constant it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is actually a constant it is this
+constant here so we can pull it outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here so we can pull it outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here so we can pull it outside
+the expectation what we're left is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation what we're left is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation what we're left is is
+the integral of a PDF over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of a PDF over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of a PDF over all possible
+values which has to be equal to 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values which has to be equal to 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values which has to be equal to 1 so
+what we're left with is just the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're left with is just the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're left with is just the value
+of this constant which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this constant which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this constant which is this
+particular number and so we conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number and so we conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular number and so we conclude
+that the overall unconditional mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall unconditional mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall unconditional mean
+squared error is also the same this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is also the same this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is also the same this
+makes perfect intuitive sense our mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes perfect intuitive sense our mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes perfect intuitive sense our mean
+squared error is going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is going to take this
+value no matter what I observe so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value no matter what I observe so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value no matter what I observe so on the
+average it will also take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it will also take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it will also take that
+particular value now this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value now this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value now this expression
+that we have derived is also quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have derived is also quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have derived is also quite
+intuitive in its content let us try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive in its content let us try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive in its content let us try to
+understand some special cases suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some special cases suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some special cases suppose
+that some of the variances of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the variances of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the variances of the noise
+terms is very small if one term is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is very small if one term is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms is very small if one term is small
+this means that the corresponding term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the corresponding term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this means that the corresponding term
+here is going to be big so the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be big so the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be big so the sum of
+those terms is going to be big as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms is going to be big as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms is going to be big as long
+as one term is big then the sum is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one term is big then the sum is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one term is big then the sum is also
+big and then one over that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and then one over that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big and then one over that is going to
+be small so in that case the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small so in that case the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small so in that case the mean
+squared error is small what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is small what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is small what this is
+saying is that if just one of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that if just one of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that if just one of their
+measurements has low noise then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements has low noise then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements has low noise then the
+uncertainty that remains for my random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that remains for my random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that remains for my random
+variable that I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that I'm trying to
+mate that uncertainty will be small I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate that uncertainty will be small I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mate that uncertainty will be small I'm
+going to have a small error on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a small error on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a small error on the other
+hand if all of the noise variances are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if all of the noise variances are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if all of the noise variances are
+large then this means that all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then this means that all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then this means that all of these
+terms here are going to be small I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here are going to be small I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms here are going to be small I'm
+adding small terms 1 over something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding small terms 1 over something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding small terms 1 over something
+small is something big and so the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is something big and so the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small is something big and so the mean
+squared error is going to be large that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is going to be large that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error is going to be large that
+is if all my measurements are very noisy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if all my measurements are very noisy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if all my measurements are very noisy
+then I do not expect to estimate my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do not expect to estimate my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I do not expect to estimate my
+random variable particularly well let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable particularly well let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable particularly well let us
+now look at one more special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at one more special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at one more special case
+suppose that all the variances are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that all the variances are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that all the variances are the
+same the noise variances as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the noise variances as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the noise variances as well as the
+variance of the prior distribution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the prior distribution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of the prior distribution in
+that case this expression here is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case this expression here is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case this expression here is going
+to become one over we have the sum of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become one over we have the sum of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to become one over we have the sum of n
+plus 1 terms and each one of those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 terms and each one of those terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 terms and each one of those terms
+is 1 over Sigma squared which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over Sigma squared which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over Sigma squared which is the
+same as Sigma squared over n plus 1 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Sigma squared over n plus 1 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Sigma squared over n plus 1 this
+expression makes quite a lot of sense it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression makes quite a lot of sense it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression makes quite a lot of sense it
+tells us that if we obtain more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that if we obtain more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that if we obtain more and more
+observations that is as n increases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that is as n increases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations that is as n increases we
+improve our performance the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve our performance the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve our performance the variance of
+the posterior distribution or the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior distribution or the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the posterior distribution or the mean
+squared error goes down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error goes down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error goes down in this
+particular way now perhaps the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way now perhaps the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way now perhaps the most
+interesting aspect of the facts that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspect of the facts that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting aspect of the facts that we
+have established is this equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have established is this equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have established is this equation here
+that tells us that no matter what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that no matter what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us that no matter what this
+value of little X is the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of little X is the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of little X is the conditional
+variance the variance of the posterior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the variance of the posterior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the variance of the posterior
+distribution of theta is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of theta is going to be the
+same in some sense it tells us that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in some sense it tells us that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in some sense it tells us that no
+particular value of x is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of x is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value of x is more
+informative or more desirable than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative or more desirable than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative or more desirable than any
+other value in order to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other value in order to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other value in order to really
+appreciate what that statement is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what that statement is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate what that statement is really
+saying it's better to look at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's better to look at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's better to look at a very
+concrete example so let us revisit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example so let us revisit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example so let us revisit the
+very first example that we studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first example that we studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first example that we studied in
+which case we only have one observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we only have one observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we only have one observation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we're theta and W are standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're theta and W are standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're theta and W are standard normal
+random variables we did go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables we did go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables we did go through that
+example and we found that the estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we found that the estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we found that the estimator
+the maximum posteriori probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum posteriori probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum posteriori probability
+estimator was one half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator was one half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator was one half of the
+observation and now we're in a position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and now we're in a position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation and now we're in a position
+to also calculate the conditional mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also calculate the conditional mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also calculate the conditional mean
+squared error given any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error given any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared error given any particular
+observation we apply this formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation we apply this formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation we apply this formula in
+fact we're dealing with this special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're dealing with this special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we're dealing with this special
+case with Sigma equal to one so we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with Sigma equal to one so we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case with Sigma equal to one so we use
+this expression here and we see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here and we see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression here and we see that it
+is one half so we started with the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one half so we started with the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one half so we started with the prior
+variance for theta which was one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance for theta which was one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance for theta which was one and
+after we obtained the observation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we obtained the observation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we obtained the observation or
+uncertainty gets reduced and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty gets reduced and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty gets reduced and the
+variance goes down to one half and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance goes down to one half and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance goes down to one half and this
+is true no matter what little X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true no matter what little X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true no matter what little X is
+pictorially here is what's happening we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially here is what's happening we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially here is what's happening we
+start with theta being a standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with theta being a standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with theta being a standard normal
+so it has a distribution of this form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a distribution of this form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a distribution of this form
+centered at zero this is a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at zero this is a plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at zero this is a plot of the
+density of theta the prior density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of theta the prior density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of theta the prior density
+suppose that we obtained a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we obtained a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that we obtained a measurement
+and that measurement happens to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that measurement happens to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that measurement happens to be equal
+to zero if the measurement is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if the measurement is equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero if the measurement is equal to 0
+then our estimate will also be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our estimate will also be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our estimate will also be equal to
+0 the posterior distribution of theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the posterior distribution of theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 the posterior distribution of theta is
+going to be a normal distribution whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a normal distribution whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a normal distribution whose
+mean is the estimate and whose variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the estimate and whose variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is the estimate and whose variance
+is this quantity that we have calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this quantity that we have calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this quantity that we have calculated
+which is 1/2 and therefore it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1/2 and therefore it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1/2 and therefore it is
+narrower than the original PDF that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower than the original PDF that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower than the original PDF that we
+started from so initially we had a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from so initially we had a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started from so initially we had a fair
+amount of uncertainty about theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uncertainty about theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of uncertainty about theta
+after we obtained a measurement of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we obtained a measurement of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we obtained a measurement of 0
+this kind of reinforces our belief that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of reinforces our belief that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of reinforces our belief that
+theta is somewhere near 0 and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is somewhere near 0 and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is somewhere near 0 and so we
+obtained an error distribution this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained an error distribution this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained an error distribution this is
+our updated belief about theta but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our updated belief about theta but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our updated belief about theta but what
+if I happen to obtain a measurement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I happen to obtain a measurement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I happen to obtain a measurement that
+somewhere out here in this case my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out here in this case my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere out here in this case my
+estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate
+is going to be one half of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one half of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one half of what I
+observed here and the posterior PDF of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed here and the posterior PDF of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed here and the posterior PDF of
+theta is going to be a normal PDF that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is going to be a normal PDF that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is going to be a normal PDF that's
+centered around this point and has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around this point and has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around this point and has the
+same variance one half so in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variance one half so in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same variance one half so in some sense
+this particular measurement would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular measurement would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular measurement would be
+thought of as a quite abnormal one we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a quite abnormal one we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as a quite abnormal one we're
+really surprised to obtain an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really surprised to obtain an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really surprised to obtain an
+observation which is so far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation which is so far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation which is so far away from
+zero because our prior distribution told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because our prior distribution told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because our prior distribution told
+us that theta is somewhere here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that theta is somewhere here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that theta is somewhere here so we
+have been surprised but after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been surprised but after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been surprised but after the
+surprise and after we form our estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise and after we form our estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise and after we form our estimate
+of theta our state of knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta our state of knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta our state of knowledge about
+theta is that theta is a random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is that theta is a random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is that theta is a random variable
+and it has a distribution that's normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a distribution that's normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a distribution that's normal
+centered around this point and whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around this point and whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around this point and whose
+width is the same no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width is the same no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+width is the same no matter what
+particular observation I happened to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observation I happened to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observation I happened to get
+so even though this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even though this particular
+observation value is unusual after it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation value is unusual after it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation value is unusual after it is
+obtained the remaining uncertainty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the remaining uncertainty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained the remaining uncertainty about
+theta is the same as if we had obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the same as if we had obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta is the same as if we had obtained
+any other particular value of x so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other particular value of x so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other particular value of x so this
+is a very remarkable property that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very remarkable property that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very remarkable property that's
+special to this type of estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to this type of estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special to this type of estimation
+problems involving normal random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involving normal random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involving normal random
+variables and linear relations it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and linear relations it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and linear relations it has a
+very nice side effect it means that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice side effect it means that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice side effect it means that we
+can report we can say anything there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report we can say anything there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report we can say anything there is
+to be said about the performance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said about the performance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be said about the performance of this
+maximum posteriori probability estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum posteriori probability estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum posteriori probability estimator
+by just giving a single number we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just giving a single number we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by just giving a single number we can
+characterize performance only in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize performance only in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize performance only in terms
+of this number as opposed to having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number as opposed to having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number as opposed to having to
+tell what this conditional mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what this conditional mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what this conditional mean squared
+error is for the different values of x
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Cx7eVOkFvKA.txt b/Cx7eVOkFvKA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9f72cca571a5a192dd81e06021e901867cc6e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cx7eVOkFvKA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello this morning we'd like to start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello this morning we'd like to start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello this morning we'd like to start a
+discussion of the Dynamics of feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the Dynamics of feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the Dynamics of feedback
+systems to this point we've been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to this point we've been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to this point we've been looking
+at feedback systems where the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at feedback systems where the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at feedback systems where the quantities
+in the loop in particular the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop in particular the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop in particular the forward
+path transmission a and the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path transmission a and the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path transmission a and the feedback
+path transmission F have been pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path transmission F have been pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path transmission F have been pure
+numbers they've been frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they've been frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they've been frequency
+independent and we've concentrated on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and we've concentrated on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and we've concentrated on
+modeling feedback systems using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling feedback systems using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling feedback systems using these
+quantities and on exploring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and on exploring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and on exploring the
+important properties associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important properties associated with the
+resultant systems in particular what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resultant systems in particular what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resultant systems in particular what we
+found out is that if the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out is that if the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out is that if the loop
+transmission magnitude in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude in particular in
+particular the AF product is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the AF product is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the AF product is large
+compared to one then in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one then in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one then in fact the
+properties of the system are uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the system are uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the system are uniquely
+determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined
+by the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the feedback
+path this is the important property of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path this is the important property of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path this is the important property of a
+feedback system in particular that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system in particular that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system in particular that if we
+have a large enough Loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large enough Loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a large enough Loop transmission
+magnitude we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we
+can virtually uniquely determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can virtually uniquely determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can virtually uniquely determine the
+behavior of the system via the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system via the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the system via the feedback
+path and in particular the closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and in particular the closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path and in particular the closed loop
+gain of the system is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the system is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the system is approximately
+equal to the reciprocal of the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the reciprocal of the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the reciprocal of the feedback
+path gain we also find out that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain we also find out that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain we also find out that as a
+consequence of having large loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of having large loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of having large loop
+transmission the system becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the system becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission the system becomes
+desensitized to changes in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitized to changes in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitized to changes in the forward
+path gain the exact magnitude of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain the exact magnitude of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path gain the exact magnitude of a is
+relatively unimportant provided the AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively unimportant provided the AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively unimportant provided the AF
+product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is
+large last time we also saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large last time we also saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large last time we also saw a
+demonstration which showed that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration which showed that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration which showed that even if
+the forward path gain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path gain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path gain is
+nonlinear provided the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear provided the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear provided the loop transmission
+magnitude is large we still get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is large we still get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is large we still get the
+advantage of feedback in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of feedback in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of feedback in particular the
+Clos Loop gain is very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop gain is very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop gain is very close to the
+reciprocal of the feedback path transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the feedback path transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the feedback path transfer
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+we'd now like to look at a some somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd now like to look at a some somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd now like to look at a some somewhat
+more complicated and certainly far more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and certainly far more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated and certainly far more
+realistic case in particular the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic case in particular the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic case in particular the case
+where the loop transmission itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the loop transmission itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the loop transmission itself is
+frequency dependent we recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent we recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent we recognize that
+because principally of energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because principally of energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because principally of energy storage
+the low pass nature of most physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low pass nature of most physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low pass nature of most physical
+elements that in any real feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that in any real feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that in any real feedback
+system we have to contend with Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have to contend with Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have to contend with Dynamics
+typically both in the feedback path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically both in the feedback path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically both in the feedback path and
+and in the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the forward
+path we'll have a great deal to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we'll have a great deal to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path we'll have a great deal to say
+about Dynamics throughout about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Dynamics throughout about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Dynamics throughout about the
+subject in fact this subject is really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in fact this subject is really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject in fact this subject is really a
+study of the Dynamics associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the Dynamics associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of the Dynamics associated with
+feedback systems and so today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems and so today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems and so today's lecture
+is really a first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a first look at
+Dynamics we assume that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics we assume that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics we assume that we have a
+feedback system in its standard form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system in its standard form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system in its standard form in
+particular a forward path transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a forward path transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a forward path transfer
+function a a feedback path transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a a feedback path transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a a feedback path transfer
+function f and here I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and here I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f and here I've indicated
+specifically that these can be functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically that these can be functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically that these can be functions
+of the complex variable s so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complex variable s so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complex variable s so we
+emphasize that by ly labeling a of S and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that by ly labeling a of S and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that by ly labeling a of S and
+F of s for the transfer functions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of s for the transfer functions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F of s for the transfer functions of the
+two boxes also I'd like to remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boxes also I'd like to remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two boxes also I'd like to remind you of
+the notation that we introduced where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation that we introduced where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation that we introduced where we
+associate the case of the variable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate the case of the variable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate the case of the variable in
+its subscript or use that combination to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its subscript or use that combination to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its subscript or use that combination to
+indicate the kind of a variable here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the kind of a variable here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the kind of a variable here we
+have a capital variable and a lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a capital variable and a lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a capital variable and a lowercase
+subscript and we remember that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript and we remember that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript and we remember that that's
+the notation that we use when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation that we use when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation that we use when we're
+interested in frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in frequency domain
+representations or complex amplitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations or complex amplitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations or complex amplitudes
+and so once again to emphasize the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once again to emphasize the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so once again to emphasize the fact
+that we're now concerned with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're now concerned with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're now concerned with the
+Dynamics of our system that the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of our system that the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of our system that the elements
+in the loop and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the loop and of course
+correspondingly the closed loop transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly the closed loop transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly the closed loop transfer
+function are now frequency dependent we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are now frequency dependent we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function are now frequency dependent we
+use the combination of the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the combination of the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the combination of the capital
+variable and the lowercase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the lowercase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and the lowercase
+subscript we can of course use exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript we can of course use exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript we can of course use exactly
+the same rules that we've used prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same rules that we've used prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same rules that we've used prior to
+this to write the closed loop transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to write the closed loop transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to write the closed loop transfer
+function the development wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the development wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the development wasn't
+dependent on a andf being constants so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on a andf being constants so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on a andf being constants so
+we can write that V out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write that V out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write that V out over
+VI the by definition capital A the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI the by definition capital A the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI the by definition capital A the
+closed loop gain of the system is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop gain of the system is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop gain of the system is equal
+to the forward path gain over one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the forward path gain over one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the forward path gain over one minus
+Loop transmission remember in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission remember in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission remember in our
+standard form the loop transmission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form the loop transmission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form the loop transmission is
+minus the AF product the minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the AF product the minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the AF product the minus sign
+coming at the summing Point uh so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at the summing Point uh so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming at the summing Point uh so one
+minus the loop transmission is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the loop transmission is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the loop transmission is the
+denominator expression in our closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator expression in our closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator expression in our closed
+loop gain here again if we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain here again if we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain here again if we're interested
+in for example frequency response we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example frequency response we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for example frequency response we
+recall we simply substitute JMA for S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we simply substitute JMA for S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall we simply substitute JMA for S
+and when we do that in both the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do that in both the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we do that in both the forward
+path transfer function and the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path transfer function and the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path transfer function and the loop
+transmission why we end up with the Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission why we end up with the Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission why we end up with the Clos
+Loop gain as a function of J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop gain as a function of J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop gain as a function of J Omega
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequency we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we
+can assume or or see one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume or or see one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assume or or see one important
+property that might come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that might come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that might come from the
+desensitivity associated with feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity associated with feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desensitivity associated with feedback
+systems suppose the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems suppose the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems suppose the forward path
+transfer function is in fact frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function is in fact frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function is in fact frequency
+dend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dend
+in other words the gain of the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the gain of the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the gain of the forward
+path changes with frequency that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path changes with frequency that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path changes with frequency that's
+essentially what we mean by having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we mean by having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we mean by having a
+frequency dependent transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent transfer
+function well we recognize that provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well we recognize that provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well we recognize that provided
+the loop transmission magnitude is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission magnitude is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission magnitude is large
+why the system is desensitized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the system is desensitized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the system is desensitized to
+changes in the forward path gain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the forward path gain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the forward path gain it
+doesn't matter whether those changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether those changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter whether those changes
+occur uh in a frequency independent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur uh in a frequency independent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur uh in a frequency independent way
+or whether they occur in a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they occur in a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whether they occur in a frequency
+dependent way providing the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent way providing the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent way providing the loop
+transmission magnitude is large we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is large we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is large we found
+that the system is in sensitive to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is in sensitive to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is in sensitive to the
+exact magnitude of the forward path gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact magnitude of the forward path gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact magnitude of the forward path gain
+and consequently even if the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently even if the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently even if the forward
+path is frequency dependent if the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is frequency dependent if the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is frequency dependent if the loop
+transmission magnitudes large we'd still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitudes large we'd still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitudes large we'd still
+assume that the closed loop transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the closed loop transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the closed loop transfer
+function of the system would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system would be
+determined primarily by the feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined primarily by the feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined primarily by the feedback
+element let's look at how that works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element let's look at how that works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element let's look at how that works for
+several fairly simple systems let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several fairly simple systems let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several fairly simple systems let's
+consider a forward path transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a forward path transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a forward path transfer
+function a or a of s which is first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a or a of s which is first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function a or a of s which is first
+order in other words there's some DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in other words there's some DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in other words there's some DC
+gain gain that we'll call a0 a not we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain gain that we'll call a0 a not we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain gain that we'll call a0 a not we'll
+use that notation throughout for the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that notation throughout for the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that notation throughout for the DC
+magnitude of the gain and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gain and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gain and then there's a
+first order poll with a time constant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order poll with a time constant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order poll with a time constant to
+sub a of course we recognize that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub a of course we recognize that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub a of course we recognize that to
+find the DC gain we allow s to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the DC gain we allow s to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the DC gain we allow s to go to
+zero uh we find of course that the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh we find of course that the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh we find of course that the DC
+gain is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain is simply a
+KN similarly let's assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN similarly let's assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KN similarly let's assume that the
+feedback path for our first system is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path for our first system is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback path for our first system is in
+fact frequency independent and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact frequency independent and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact frequency independent and we'll
+indicate that by Simply Having F equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that by Simply Having F equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that by Simply Having F equal
+to F not a function of s if we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F not a function of s if we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F not a function of s if we then
+write the closed loop gain expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the closed loop gain expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the closed loop gain expression
+for our system or the closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our system or the closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our system or the closed loop
+transfer function since we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function since we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function since we're now
+frequency dependent we find the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent we find the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency dependent we find the capital
+A of s the closed loop transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A of s the closed loop transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A of s the closed loop transfer function
+is equal to Simply the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Simply the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Simply the forward path
+transfer function a over to a s + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function a over to a s + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function a over to a s + 1
+divided once again by 1 minus the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided once again by 1 minus the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided once again by 1 minus the loop
+transmission looking at our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission looking at our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission looking at our original
+system we recognize that the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we recognize that the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we recognize that the loop
+transmission is minus a f consequently 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is minus a f consequently 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is minus a f consequently 1
+minus the loop transmission is 1 plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the loop transmission is 1 plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the loop transmission is 1 plus a
+f over to a s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f over to a s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f over to a s
++1 we can simplify this expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 we can simplify this expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++1 we can simplify this expression for
+the closed loop transfer function by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop transfer function by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop transfer function by
+multiplying through by the reciprocal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying through by the reciprocal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying through by the reciprocal of
+the second term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second term in the
+denominator and when we do that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and when we do that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and when we do that uh
+everything except the fnot cancels with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the fnot cancels with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except the fnot cancels with
+the numerator term so we get 1 over F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator term so we get 1 over F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator term so we get 1 over F
+knot out in out in front and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot out in out in front and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot out in out in front and the
+denominator then will break up uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator then will break up uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator then will break up uh the
+reciprocal of this term into a term to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of this term into a term to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of this term into a term to
+as over a f plus 1 over a f and then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as over a f plus 1 over a f and then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as over a f plus 1 over a f and then of
+course the constant term that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the constant term that results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the constant term that results
+when we multiply the second term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply the second term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we multiply the second term in the
+denominator by its reciprocal and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by its reciprocal and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator by its reciprocal and so we
+get this expansion for the closed loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this expansion for the closed loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this expansion for the closed loop
+transfer function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function of the
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+now in most cases of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in most cases of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in most cases of interest in
+feedback systems the aot fnot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems the aot fnot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems the aot fnot product is
+large in other words we have a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in other words we have a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in other words we have a system
+that at least at zero frequency has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least at zero frequency has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at least at zero frequency has
+large loop transmission magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large loop transmission magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large loop transmission magnitude
+something may happen to the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something may happen to the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something may happen to the loop
+transmission magnitude at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at higher
+frequencies but we'd hope that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but we'd hope that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies but we'd hope that at least
+at relatively low frequencies the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relatively low frequencies the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at relatively low frequencies the loop
+transmission magnitude is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is large
+consequently the a fnot product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the a fnot product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently the a fnot product
+hopefully is large if that's the case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully is large if that's the case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully is large if that's the case we
+should be able to ignore that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to ignore that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to ignore that term
+compared to one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one in the
+denominator and we can then with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and we can then with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and we can then with that
+degree of approximation write that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of approximation write that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of approximation write that the
+Clos Loop transfer function for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop transfer function for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop transfer function for our
+first order system A system that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system A system that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system A system that had a
+single pole in its forward path transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pole in its forward path transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single pole in its forward path transfer
+function and frequency independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and frequency independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and frequency independent
+feedback frequency independent feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback frequency independent feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback frequency independent feedback
+path is simply 1 over F KN time 1/ to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is simply 1 over F KN time 1/ to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is simply 1 over F KN time 1/ to S
++ 1 where we can identify too the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 where we can identify too the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 where we can identify too the
+location or the time constant associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location or the time constant associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location or the time constant associated
+with the closed loop pole as simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the closed loop pole as simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the closed loop pole as simply
+being equal to to a / a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to to a / a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to to a / a
+f so reasonably enough when we start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so reasonably enough when we start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f so reasonably enough when we start out
+with a system that has a single pole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a system that has a single pole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a system that has a single pole in
+its Loop Transmission in other words A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Loop Transmission in other words A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its Loop Transmission in other words A
+system that has one energy storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has one energy storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has one energy storage
+element why we end up with a Clos loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element why we end up with a Clos loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element why we end up with a Clos loop
+system that has a single pole however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has a single pole however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has a single pole however
+the location of the pole the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the pole the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the location of the pole the time
+constant associated with the pole or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with the pole or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant associated with the pole or the
+correspondingly the frequency uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly the frequency uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly the frequency uh at
+which the pole is located is changed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the pole is located is changed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the pole is located is changed as
+a consequence of feedback it's moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consequence of feedback it's moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consequence of feedback it's moved
+from its open loop location or its open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its open loop location or its open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from its open loop location or its open
+loop time constant of to a it's Modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop time constant of to a it's Modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop time constant of to a it's Modified
+by a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a not
+fnot throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot throughout
+the material that we're looking at we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that we're looking at we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that we're looking at we'll
+be interested in the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in the relationship
+between the transient response of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the transient response of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the transient response of our
+feedback systems and the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems and the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems and the frequency
+response of of such systems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of of such systems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of of such systems in
+particular a very useful indicator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a very useful indicator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular a very useful indicator of
+the performance of a feedback system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of a feedback system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of a feedback system is
+a step response that's easy to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step response that's easy to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a step response that's easy to determine
+experimentally remember that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally remember that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally remember that in order to
+measure a frequency response why we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a frequency response why we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure a frequency response why we have
+to get a sosal generator we have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sosal generator we have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sosal generator we have to make
+measurements at a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements at a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements at a large number of
+frequencies that's tiring and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that's tiring and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that's tiring and time
+consuming generally unproductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming generally unproductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming generally unproductive
+conversely if we get simply a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if we get simply a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if we get simply a square
+wave generator have a low enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave generator have a low enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave generator have a low enough
+frequency Square wave so that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Square wave so that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency Square wave so that the system
+thinks that it's being excited with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that it's being excited with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks that it's being excited with a
+sequence of steps we're able to readily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of steps we're able to readily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of steps we're able to readily
+measure the step response of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the step response of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the step response of the system
+so there's very real experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's very real experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's very real experimental
+advantages in evaluating many of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages in evaluating many of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages in evaluating many of our
+systems by by means of transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by by means of transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems by by means of transient
+response in particular step response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in particular step response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in particular step response and
+so throughout the material we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so throughout the material we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so throughout the material we'll be
+looking at the relationship between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the relationship between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the relationship between the
+time domain step response of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain step response of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain step response of a system
+and the corresponding frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corresponding frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the corresponding frequency response
+here in our simple first order system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in our simple first order system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in our simple first order system uh
+we of course have a first order closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we of course have a first order closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we of course have a first order closed
+loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+response if we looked at the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if we looked at the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response if we looked at the step
+response of that system it would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that system it would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that system it would be the
+familiar exponential it would have a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar exponential it would have a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar exponential it would have a one
+it would take a period tow to get to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take a period tow to get to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would take a period tow to get to 1
+minus 1/ E of its final value so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/ E of its final value so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/ E of its final value so that's
+a kind of response that we should all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of response that we should all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of response that we should all be
+familiar with we can look at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with we can look at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with we can look at the same
+thing in the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the frequency
+domain again we have um a very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain again we have um a very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain again we have um a very uh
+familiar sort of transfer function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar sort of transfer function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar sort of transfer function in
+the frequency domain but I show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain but I show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency domain but I show this
+just to get our notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get our notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get our notation
+consistent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent the
+U we will throughout the subject use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we will throughout the subject use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U we will throughout the subject use the
+usual B plot coordinates to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual B plot coordinates to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual B plot coordinates to represent
+the frequency response of a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response of a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response of a system in
+particular you recall in a b plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you recall in a b plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you recall in a b plot the
+two axes are frequency on a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two axes are frequency on a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two axes are frequency on a logarithmic
+axis usually uh in in terms of a mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis usually uh in in terms of a mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis usually uh in in terms of a mega
+the frequency in radians per second and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency in radians per second and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency in radians per second and
+magnitude once again on a logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude once again on a logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude once again on a logarithmic
+scale many people use DB or decibels as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale many people use DB or decibels as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale many people use DB or decibels as
+the unit of magnitude I choose not to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit of magnitude I choose not to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit of magnitude I choose not to do
+that primarily because some difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that primarily because some difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that primarily because some difficulty
+with units that crops up in a decibel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with units that crops up in a decibel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with units that crops up in a decibel
+scale at times decibels really are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale at times decibels really are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale at times decibels really are are
+should not be a dimension quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be a dimension quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not be a dimension quantity and
+and so there's a technical point that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a technical point that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a technical point that I
+prefer to avoid and the way we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to avoid and the way we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to avoid and the way we do that
+is to Simply indicate the magnitude on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply indicate the magnitude on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply indicate the magnitude on a
+logarithmic scale here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic scale here we have a
+magnitude of of 10us 2 10us 1st 10 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of of 10us 2 10us 1st 10 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of of 10us 2 10us 1st 10 0 and
+so forth so throughout the subject we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so throughout the subject we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so throughout the subject we'll
+use that sort of a magnitude axis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that sort of a magnitude axis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that sort of a magnitude axis for
+our bod plots so we do plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bod plots so we do plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our bod plots so we do plot the
+magnitude and we also simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and we also simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and we also simultaneously
+show the angle associated with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the angle associated with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the angle associated with our
+transfer function for of course sidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function for of course sidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function for of course sidal
+steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state
+exitation and here we have the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation and here we have the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation and here we have the angle
+scale over on the right hand side going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale over on the right hand side going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale over on the right hand side going
+from 0° to-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0° to-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0° to-
+90° the magnitude of our simple first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° the magnitude of our simple first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° the magnitude of our simple first
+order transfer function normalized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order transfer function normalized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order transfer function normalized to
+Unity this would assume in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity this would assume in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity this would assume in the
+expression that we had earlier that 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we had earlier that 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we had earlier that 1
+over f F KN was equal to one so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over f F KN was equal to one so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over f F KN was equal to one so we're
+plotting simply the magnitude of 1/ to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting simply the magnitude of 1/ to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting simply the magnitude of 1/ to S
++ one at sufficiently low frequencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one at sufficiently low frequencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ one at sufficiently low frequencies of
+course the to S term is is vanishingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the to S term is is vanishingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the to S term is is vanishingly
+small and what we find out is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and what we find out is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and what we find out is that the
+magnitude is simply one similarly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is simply one similarly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is simply one similarly at
+sufficiently high frequencies the to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high frequencies the to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high frequencies the to S
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+dominates and consequently at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and consequently at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates and consequently at high
+frequencies the magnitude falls off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the magnitude falls off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the magnitude falls off as
+one over frequency and so on a log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over frequency and so on a log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over frequency and so on a log log
+presentation that corresponds to a slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation that corresponds to a slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation that corresponds to a slope
+of minus1 going out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus1 going out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of minus1 going out in this
+direction and the actual magnitude drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the actual magnitude drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the actual magnitude drops
+below the so-called ASM totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the so-called ASM totic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the so-called ASM totic
+approximation in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in other words the
+intersection of two lines one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two lines one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of two lines one that's
+flat one with a slope of minus1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat one with a slope of minus1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat one with a slope of minus1 that
+intersect at Omega equals 1 over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect at Omega equals 1 over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect at Omega equals 1 over to the
+so-called Corner frequency the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Corner frequency the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Corner frequency the actual
+magnitude of the first order transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the first order transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the first order transfer
+function drops below that at the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function drops below that at the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function drops below that at the corner
+frequency uh by an amount equal to0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh by an amount equal to0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh by an amount equal to0
+707 and again if if you're more familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 and again if if you're more familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 and again if if you're more familiar
+with this in a decibel scale minus 3db
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in a decibel scale minus 3db
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this in a decibel scale minus 3db
+at the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner
+frequency the angle similarly goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the angle similarly goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the angle similarly goes from
+originally 0 degrees at frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally 0 degrees at frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally 0 degrees at frequencies
+where the S term in the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the S term in the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the S term in the denominator is
+is insignificant to eventually minus 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insignificant to eventually minus 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is insignificant to eventually minus 90°
+at sufficiently high frequencies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sufficiently high frequencies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at sufficiently high frequencies the
+denominator is dominated by the J Term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is dominated by the J Term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator is dominated by the J Term
+uh the angle of J is of course plus 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the angle of J is of course plus 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the angle of J is of course plus 90°
+since appears in the denominator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since appears in the denominator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since appears in the denominator that
+converts to minus 90° for the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to minus 90° for the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converts to minus 90° for the angle of
+the transfer function so we have a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function so we have a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function so we have a an
+angle which goes from effectively 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle which goes from effectively 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle which goes from effectively 0
+degrees at sufficiently low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees at sufficiently low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees at sufficiently low frequencies
+to minus 90° at sufficiently high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 90° at sufficiently high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus 90° at sufficiently high
+frequencies at the corner frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at the corner frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies at the corner frequency the
+real and the imaginary part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and the imaginary part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and the imaginary part of the
+denominator are equal consequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator are equal consequently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator are equal consequently the
+angle associated with the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle associated with the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle associated with the denominator is
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+45° therefore the angle of the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° therefore the angle of the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° therefore the angle of the transfer
+function is minus 45°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's certainly the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's certainly the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's certainly the uh the
+simplest kind of transfer function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest kind of transfer function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest kind of transfer function we
+can have where we have just a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have where we have just a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have where we have just a first
+order function a single pole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order function a single pole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order function a single pole in the
+forward path of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path of the
+system and the interesting point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the interesting point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and the interesting point that we
+should emphasize here that ties us back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should emphasize here that ties us back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should emphasize here that ties us back
+to our earlier material on feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our earlier material on feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our earlier material on feedback
+systems or on Dynamic L feedback systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or on Dynamic L feedback systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or on Dynamic L feedback systems
+is that assuming we have large loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that assuming we have large loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that assuming we have large loop
+transmission magnitude then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude then at
+sufficiently low frequencies in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low frequencies in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low frequencies in other
+words where the tow s term in the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words where the tow s term in the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words where the tow s term in the closed
+loop transfer function is unimportant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transfer function is unimportant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transfer function is unimportant
+the closed loop gain is effectively 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop gain is effectively 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop gain is effectively 1
+over F nod that's what we'd anticipate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over F nod that's what we'd anticipate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over F nod that's what we'd anticipate
+we said look at at sufficiently low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said look at at sufficiently low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said look at at sufficiently low
+frequencies uh the a fnot product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh the a fnot product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh the a fnot product is
+large the loop transmission magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the loop transmission magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the loop transmission magnitude is
+large we'd anticipate that the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we'd anticipate that the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large we'd anticipate that the closed
+loop gain was determined simply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain was determined simply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop gain was determined simply by the
+feedback element and this is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback element and this is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback element and this is how it
+shows up the closed loop gain at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up the closed loop gain at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up the closed loop gain at at
+sufficiently low frequencies is simply 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low frequencies is simply 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low frequencies is simply 1
+F KN we then get a pole associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F KN we then get a pole associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F KN we then get a pole associated with
+the closed loop gain at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop gain at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop gain at higher
+frequencies the gain begins to drop off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the gain begins to drop off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the gain begins to drop off
+it begins to drop off in fact when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins to drop off in fact when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it begins to drop off in fact when the
+magnitude of this term becomes one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this term becomes one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this term becomes one or
+correspondingly when the quantity to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly when the quantity to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly when the quantity to a
+times Omega recall will substitute Nal J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Omega recall will substitute Nal J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Omega recall will substitute Nal J
+Omega if we look simply at the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega if we look simply at the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega if we look simply at the magnitude
+of that term we get t a * Omega over a F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that term we get t a * Omega over a F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that term we get t a * Omega over a F
+when that magnitude is equal to one why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that magnitude is equal to one why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that magnitude is equal to one why
+that's the closed loop Corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closed loop Corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the closed loop Corner
+frequency uh we can take the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh we can take the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh we can take the inverse of
+that term and also recognize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and also recognize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that term and also recognize that the
+corter frequency occurs where a f over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corter frequency occurs where a f over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corter frequency occurs where a f over
+to a Omega is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Omega is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a Omega is equal to
+one and we have a good physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have a good physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have a good physical
+interpretation of that the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of that the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of that the loop
+transmission or the negative of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or the negative of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or the negative of the loop
+transmission of our system is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of our system is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of our system is of course
+the forward path trans transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path trans transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forward path trans transfer function
+a over to as + 1 times the feedback path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over to as + 1 times the feedback path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over to as + 1 times the feedback path
+transfer function which in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function which in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function which in this case is
+simply a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fnot assuming that we have a large a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot assuming that we have a large a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot assuming that we have a large a f
+product which is how we started this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is how we started this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product which is how we started this
+entire frequencies beyond the quter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire frequencies beyond the quter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire frequencies beyond the quter
+frequency of the loop Transmission in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the loop Transmission in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the loop Transmission in
+other words it frequencies large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it frequencies large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it frequencies large
+compared to one over t a why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one over t a why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one over t a why the
+magnitude of this Loop trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this Loop trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this Loop trans
+transmission is approximately a f over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is approximately a f over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is approximately a f over
+Ta A Time Omega in other words this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ta A Time Omega in other words this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ta A Time Omega in other words this term
+in the denominator is large compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator is large compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the denominator is large compared to
+one if we compare that expression with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we compare that expression with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if we compare that expression with
+the top one we've shown that the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top one we've shown that the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top one we've shown that the closed
+loop Corner frequency occurs when a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop Corner frequency occurs when a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop Corner frequency occurs when a f
+over ta a Omega equals 1 in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ta a Omega equals 1 in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over ta a Omega equals 1 in other words
+when the magnitude of a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the magnitude of a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the magnitude of a loop
+transmission is equal to one and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is equal to one and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is equal to one and again
+we see the same sort of behavior that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the same sort of behavior that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see the same sort of behavior that
+we've associated with feedback systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've associated with feedback systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've associated with feedback systems
+before in particular when we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in particular when we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in particular when we're at
+frequencies where the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies where the loop transmission
+magnitude is large compared to one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is large compared to one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is large compared to one in
+other words at frequencies uh where a f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words at frequencies uh where a f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words at frequencies uh where a f
+over to a Omega is large compared to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a Omega is large compared to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a Omega is large compared to one
+then in fact the closed loop transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact the closed loop transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact the closed loop transfer
+function of the system is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the system is approximately
+one over F we depart from that behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over F we depart from that behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over F we depart from that behavior
+at the frequency where the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency where the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the frequency where the loop
+transmission magnitude is one beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is one beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is one beyond
+that frequency when the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency when the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frequency when the loop
+transmission magnitude is small compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is small compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is small compared
+to one the closed loop transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one the closed loop transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one the closed loop transfer function
+drops off in fact becomes effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops off in fact becomes effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops off in fact becomes effectively
+identical to the forward path transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the forward path transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to the forward path transfer
+function so we should have been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we should have been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we should have been able to
+predict this kind of frequency behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict this kind of frequency behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict this kind of frequency behavior
+from our earlier discussion of dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our earlier discussion of dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our earlier discussion of dynamic
+less feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less feedback
+systems I'd now like to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'd now like to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems I'd now like to look at a
+slightly more complicated system let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated system let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more complicated system let's
+consider a system which has two poles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a system which has two poles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider a system which has two poles in
+its forward path transfer function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its forward path transfer function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its forward path transfer function we
+now have a of of S being equal to a KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a of of S being equal to a KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have a of of S being equal to a KN
+over to a s + one to b s + one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a s + one to b s + one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a s + one to b s + one
+and similarly f is equal to F this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly f is equal to F this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly f is equal to F this
+should actually be a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s if we continue the same sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if we continue the same sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s if we continue the same sort of a
+closed loop development as we did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop development as we did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop development as we did before
+we get the closed loop gain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the closed loop gain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the closed loop gain of the
+system is approximately equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is approximately equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is approximately equal to 1 over
+F KN and we now get a quadratic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F KN and we now get a quadratic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F KN and we now get a quadratic in the
+denominator uh the only approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator uh the only approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator uh the only approximation
+here is the same one that we had in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same one that we had in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the same one that we had in the
+previous first order example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous first order example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous first order example in
+particular we assume that a not F not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we assume that a not F not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we assume that a not F not is
+large compared to one if we make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to one if we make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large compared to one if we make that
+assumption we then find that the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we then find that the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption we then find that the closed
+loop transfer function is one again once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transfer function is one again once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transfer function is one again once
+again 1 over F at sufficiently low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 1 over F at sufficiently low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 1 over F at sufficiently low
+frequencies except now we get a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies except now we get a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies except now we get a second
+order denominator of course reflecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order denominator of course reflecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order denominator of course reflecting
+the fact that there are two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there are two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that there are two energy
+storage mechanisms in our system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage mechanisms in our system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage mechanisms in our system in
+particular two poles in the forward path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular two poles in the forward path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular two poles in the forward path
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+function for certain combinations of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for certain combinations of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for certain combinations of to
+a tow B aot and fnot it's clear that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tow B aot and fnot it's clear that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tow B aot and fnot it's clear that if
+may not be possible to factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be possible to factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be possible to factor the
+denominator transfer function into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator transfer function into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator transfer function into two
+real roots and under those conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real roots and under those conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real roots and under those conditions
+it's convenient to write our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient to write our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient to write our second
+order expression uh in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order expression uh in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order expression uh in the following
+standard form and we'll use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form and we'll use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form and we'll use this
+throughout the material 1 over f * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the material 1 over f * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the material 1 over f * 1
+over s^2 over a quantity called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s^2 over a quantity called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s^2 over a quantity called the
+natural frequency squared plus the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency squared plus the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency squared plus the S
+term with a coefficient twice a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with a coefficient twice a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with a coefficient twice a quantity
+called the damping ratio divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the damping ratio divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the damping ratio divided by the
+natural frequency C + one again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency C + one again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency C + one again our
+standard form as in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form as in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard form as in the case of the
+first order standard form has unity DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order standard form has unity DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order standard form has unity DC
+magnitude when the S terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude when the S terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude when the S terms are
+unimportant uh we then get the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant uh we then get the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unimportant uh we then get the behavior
+in that we'll see in a moment at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that we'll see in a moment at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that we'll see in a moment at higher
+frequencies and to say this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and to say this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and to say this particular
+representation will be used throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation will be used throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation will be used throughout
+it's convenient in the case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient in the case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient in the case where the
+denominator cannot be factored into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator cannot be factored into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator cannot be factored into two
+real roots in other words where we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real roots in other words where we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real roots in other words where we get a
+complex conjugate pair of roots under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate pair of roots under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate pair of roots under
+those conditions the Quant the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conditions the Quant the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those conditions the Quant the damping
+ratio is less than one and I have again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is less than one and I have again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is less than one and I have again
+a bod plot for that uh it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bod plot for that uh it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bod plot for that uh it's also
+interesting to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at
+the physical significance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical significance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical significance of the
+quantities damping ratio and natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities damping ratio and natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities damping ratio and natural
+frequency and we show that in the view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we show that in the view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we show that in the view
+graph that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that's that's
+up in particular the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in particular the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in particular the natural frequency
+is the distance of the complex conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance of the complex conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the distance of the complex conjugate
+pole pair from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole pair from the
+origin and the damping ratio indicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and the damping ratio indicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and the damping ratio indicates
+really how close to the imaginary axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how close to the imaginary axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how close to the imaginary axis
+the pole pair is located how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole pair is located how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole pair is located how much
+they're rotated toward the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rotated toward the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're rotated toward the imaginary
+axis and in particular this angle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and in particular this angle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and in particular this angle the
+angle between a radius drawn to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between a radius drawn to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between a radius drawn to one of
+the poles and the real axis in the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles and the real axis in the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles and the real axis in the S
+plane uh is such that Theta is the arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh is such that Theta is the arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh is such that Theta is the arc
+cosine of the uh damping ratio or or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the uh damping ratio or or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the uh damping ratio or or the
+damping the cosine of this angle Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the cosine of this angle Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping the cosine of this angle Theta
+is in fact equal to the damping ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact equal to the damping ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact equal to the damping ratio so
+these are the this is the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the this is the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the this is the physical
+significance of the two quantities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the two quantities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the two quantities in
+particular Omega n gives us the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Omega n gives us the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Omega n gives us the radial
+distance of the complex conjugate pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the complex conjugate pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the complex conjugate pole
+pair from the origin and effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair from the origin and effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair from the origin and effectively
+indicates the speed of response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the speed of response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the speed of response of the
+system recall that if we simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system recall that if we simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system recall that if we simply
+stretched the S plane but maintained all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched the S plane but maintained all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched the S plane but maintained all
+relative locations the same all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative locations the same all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative locations the same all the
+angles the same we'd simply alter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles the same we'd simply alter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles the same we'd simply alter the
+speed of the response of the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the response of the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of the response of the system and
+so the natural frequency gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the natural frequency gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the natural frequency gives us a
+measure of the speed of response of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the speed of response of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the speed of response of the
+system the damping ratio of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the damping ratio of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the damping ratio of course as
+the name implies tells us how well damp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name implies tells us how well damp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name implies tells us how well damp
+the system is a system with a damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is a system with a damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is a system with a damping
+ratio of one would have the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of one would have the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of one would have the poles
+coincident on the real axis we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident on the real axis we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident on the real axis we'd
+effectively have two first order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively have two first order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively have two first order terms
+located with identical time constants as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located with identical time constants as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located with identical time constants as
+we go then to damping ratios less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go then to damping ratios less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go then to damping ratios less than
+one which is of course the only case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is of course the only case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is of course the only case
+where we'll use this form we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll use this form we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we'll use this form we get a
+complex conjugate pole pair lying closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate pole pair lying closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugate pole pair lying closer
+and closer to the imaginary axis in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to the imaginary axis in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and closer to the imaginary axis in the
+in the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane we can also look at the B plot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we can also look at the B plot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we can also look at the B plot for
+those transfer functions or for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transfer functions or for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transfer functions or for the
+second order transfer function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer function and the
+magnitude one is presented first let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one is presented first let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one is presented first let's
+go back to our original expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our original expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to our original expression and
+let's evaluate the magnitude of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate the magnitude of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate the magnitude of our
+second order transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer
+function well recall that of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well recall that of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function well recall that of course the
+magnitude is the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is the square root of the
+square of the imaginary part plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the imaginary part plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the imaginary part plus the
+square of the real part and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the real part and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the real part and in this case
+we have two terms in the real part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two terms in the real part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two terms in the real part we
+have the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the constant
+term and when we substitute J Omega for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and when we substitute J Omega for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and when we substitute J Omega for
+S we Square the J and we get a minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S we Square the J and we get a minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S we Square the J and we get a minus one
+and so we get a term from this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get a term from this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we get a term from this part of
+the equation that's Omega squared over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that's Omega squared over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that's Omega squared over
+Omega n^2 with a minus sign so the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n^2 with a minus sign so the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n^2 with a minus sign so the real
+part of our expression is 1 minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our expression is 1 minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our expression is 1 minus Omega
+over Omega n quantity squared 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega n quantity squared 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega n quantity squared 1 minus
+Omega s over Omega n^ 2 we square that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s over Omega n^ 2 we square that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega s over Omega n^ 2 we square that
+quantity that's the square of the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that's the square of the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that's the square of the real
+part the square of the imaginary part uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the square of the imaginary part uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the square of the imaginary part uh
+again when we substitute J Omega for S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we substitute J Omega for S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again when we substitute J Omega for S
+the square of the imaginary part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the imaginary part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the imaginary part is
+simply 4 * the damping ratio squar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 4 * the damping ratio squar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply 4 * the damping ratio squar over
+Omega n^ 2 and we pick up an Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n^ 2 and we pick up an Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n^ 2 and we pick up an Omega
+squared from from the S term so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from from the S term so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared from from the S term so here's
+the square of the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the imaginary
+part at the natural frequency in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at the natural frequency in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part at the natural frequency in other
+words if we excited our system at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if we excited our system at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if we excited our system at its
+natural frequency the real term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency the real term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency the real term in the
+denominator would go to zero and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator would go to zero and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator would go to zero and in fact
+there's the possibility of a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the possibility of a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the possibility of a very large
+amplitude out of the term for systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude out of the term for systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude out of the term for systems
+with small dapping ratio when the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small dapping ratio when the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with small dapping ratio when the real
+term is zero we get simply one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero we get simply one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is zero we get simply one over
+twice the damping ratio for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the damping ratio for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the damping ratio for the
+magnitude of a second order system so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a second order system so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of a second order system so we
+have the possibility for Resonance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the possibility for Resonance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the possibility for Resonance of
+course with a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with a second order
+system and we see that behavior in our B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we see that behavior in our B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we see that behavior in our B
+plot here once again we have the ASM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot here once again we have the ASM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot here once again we have the ASM
+totic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totic
+approximation uh Unity normalized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh Unity normalized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation uh Unity normalized to
+Unity at low frequencies now dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity at low frequencies now dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity at low frequencies now dropping
+off as one over frequency squared uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as one over frequency squared uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off as one over frequency squared uh
+slope of minus two on log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of minus two on log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of minus two on log log
+coordinates and super imposed on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and super imposed on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates and super imposed on that
+ASM totic approximation are the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM totic approximation are the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASM totic approximation are the actual
+curves for a number of damping ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves for a number of damping ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves for a number of damping ratios
+for example a damping ratio of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a damping ratio of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a damping ratio of one
+corresponds to two coincident real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to two coincident real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to two coincident real axis
+poles the magnitude is simply uh 1/2 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles the magnitude is simply uh 1/2 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles the magnitude is simply uh 1/2 at
+the corner frequency as we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner frequency as we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner frequency as we go to
+progressively smaller values of damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller values of damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller values of damping
+ratio however the magnitude at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio however the magnitude at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio however the magnitude at the
+corner frequency uh becomes one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner frequency uh becomes one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner frequency uh becomes one over
+twice the damping ratio for example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the damping ratio for example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the damping ratio for example for
+a small damping ratio a damping ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small damping ratio a damping ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small damping ratio a damping ratio of
+005 for example the magnitude is 10 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+005 for example the magnitude is 10 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+005 for example the magnitude is 10 at
+the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corner
+frequency if you do this in considerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if you do this in considerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency if you do this in considerable
+detail you find out that uh there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail you find out that uh there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail you find out that uh there is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no emphasis of frequency response in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no emphasis of frequency response in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no emphasis of frequency response in
+other words we never get above a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we never get above a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we never get above a
+magnitude of one providing the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of one providing the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of one providing the damping
+ratio is less than 7 is greater than 707
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is less than 7 is greater than 707
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio is less than 7 is greater than 707
+if the damping ratio is less than 707
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the damping ratio is less than 707
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the damping ratio is less than 707
+there's some resonant Peak it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some resonant Peak it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some resonant Peak it doesn't
+occur necessarily at the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur necessarily at the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur necessarily at the natural
+frequency but the magnitude will go get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but the magnitude will go get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency but the magnitude will go get
+somewhat above one over some range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat above one over some range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat above one over some range of
+frequencies for any damping ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies for any damping ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies for any damping ratio
+smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than
+707 we can also look at the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 we can also look at the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 we can also look at the angle
+associated with this plot usually for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this plot usually for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this plot usually for
+bod plots we have the angle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plots we have the angle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plots we have the angle and the
+magnitude on on separate plots in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude on on separate plots in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude on on separate plots in the
+first order one we had them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order one we had them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order one we had them together
+that wasn't very confusing but on a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't very confusing but on a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't very confusing but on a plot
+that has this much detail we can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this much detail we can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has this much detail we can show
+things a little bit better if we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit better if we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a little bit better if we keep
+the magnitude and the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude and the angle
+separate and so here's the angle for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and so here's the angle for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and so here's the angle for our
+second order transfer function and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer function and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order transfer function and again
+we notice that for a dapping ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that for a dapping ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notice that for a dapping ratio of
+one we get an angle that goes from 0 to-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we get an angle that goes from 0 to-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we get an angle that goes from 0 to-
+90° at the corner frequency ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° at the corner frequency ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° at the corner frequency ultimately
+to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus
+180° that's simply again the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° that's simply again the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+180° that's simply again the uh
+combination of two first order terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two first order terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of two first order terms
+with equal break frequencies equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equal break frequencies equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with equal break frequencies equal
+Corner frequencies as we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner frequencies as we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corner frequencies as we go to
+progressively smaller damping ratios the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller damping ratios the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller damping ratios the
+curves become steeper and steeper in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves become steeper and steeper in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves become steeper and steeper in
+fact for a damping ratio of zero why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact for a damping ratio of zero why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact for a damping ratio of zero why we
+get a step change in angle at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a step change in angle at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a step change in angle at the
+natural frequency we go from 0 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency we go from 0 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency we go from 0 degrees
+to- 180° at the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to- 180° at the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to- 180° at the natural
+frequency we can also look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we can also look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we can also look at the
+transient response the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient response the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient response the step response
+that corresponds to this transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to this transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to this transfer
+function again I emphasize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function again I emphasize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function again I emphasize that
+throughout the material will be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the material will be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the material will be going
+back and forth looking at the tradeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth looking at the tradeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth looking at the tradeoff
+between time domain measured responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between time domain measured responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between time domain measured responses
+usually in the time domain and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the time domain and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in the time domain and frequency
+responses so this we've looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so this we've looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so this we've looked at the
+bod plot we've looked at the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plot we've looked at the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bod plot we've looked at the frequency
+response of the second order system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the second order system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the second order system now
+let's look at its transient response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at its transient response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at its transient response
+here's the step response for the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the step response for the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the step response for the system
+that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've
+described um again normalized uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um again normalized uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described um again normalized uh to
+Unity in other words this is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity in other words this is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity in other words this is simply the
+step response that corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response that corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response that corresponds to the
+one over the standard second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the standard second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the standard second order
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+function and here we we see again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here we we see again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and here we we see again the
+expected Behavior the fact that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected Behavior the fact that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected Behavior the fact that small
+values of damping ratio for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of damping ratio for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of damping ratio for example a
+damping ratio of 0.005 lead to highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio of 0.005 lead to highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio of 0.005 lead to highly
+oscillatory Behavior this thing goes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory Behavior this thing goes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillatory Behavior this thing goes for
+quite a period of time a very small rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a period of time a very small rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a period of time a very small rate
+of Decay conversely as we have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Decay conversely as we have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Decay conversely as we have a better
+damped response while the we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped response while the we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped response while the we get
+progressively smaller amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively smaller amounts of
+overshoot uh here's a damping ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot uh here's a damping ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot uh here's a damping ratio of
+707 notice in contrast to the quency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 notice in contrast to the quency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 notice in contrast to the quency
+domain representation even with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation even with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain representation even with a
+damping ratio of 707 there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio of 707 there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio of 707 there is some
+overshoot Beyond final value in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot Beyond final value in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot Beyond final value in fact
+that's true for any damping ratio less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for any damping ratio less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for any damping ratio less
+than one a damping ratio of one has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one a damping ratio of one has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one a damping ratio of one has a
+step response that never overshoots but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response that never overshoots but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response that never overshoots but
+any damping ratio smaller than one gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any damping ratio smaller than one gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any damping ratio smaller than one gives
+us some amount of overshoot in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some amount of overshoot in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some amount of overshoot in response
+to a step again this is normalized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a step again this is normalized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a step again this is normalized in
+terms of the natural frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the natural frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the natural frequency the
+natural frequency simply adjusts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency simply adjusts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency simply adjusts the
+time scale of of the step response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of of the step response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of of the step response of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+system I have another way of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I have another way of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I have another way of looking
+at at the step response of a system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the step response of a system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at the step response of a system we
+actually have built up a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have built up a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have built up a combination of
+operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational
+amplifiers in this box which simulate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers in this box which simulate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers in this box which simulate a
+second order system this is a technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order system this is a technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order system this is a technique
+that's used in analog computation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in analog computation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used in analog computation I
+discussed that in the book in chapter 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that in the book in chapter 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that in the book in chapter 11
+and we may have some examples later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we may have some examples later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we may have some examples later in
+the term that that deal with with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term that that deal with with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term that that deal with with this
+but here's a connection of operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a connection of operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's a connection of operational
+amplifiers that includes two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers that includes two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers that includes two energy
+storage elements in particular two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage elements in particular two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage elements in particular two
+operational amplifiers connected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers connected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers connected as
+integrators and that allows us to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators and that allows us to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators and that allows us to form a
+A system that provides a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A system that provides a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A system that provides a second order
+response and we're then able to vary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and we're then able to vary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and we're then able to vary for
+example a damping ratio of that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a damping ratio of that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a damping ratio of that system
+and look at the responses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscilloscope here we see a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope here we see a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope here we see a second order
+response uh again this if we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh again this if we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh again this if we compare
+this with the figure that we had up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the figure that we had up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with the figure that we had up
+earlier why this might be a damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier why this might be a damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier why this might be a damping
+ratio of I don't know 04 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of I don't know 04 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of I don't know 04 or something
+we'll find out in a minute uh what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out in a minute uh what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find out in a minute uh what we're
+able to do is vary the damping ratio by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is vary the damping ratio by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do is vary the damping ratio by
+turning this calibrated potentiometer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning this calibrated potentiometer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning this calibrated potentiometer on
+our second order system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second order system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second order system
+box and for example we can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and for example we can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box and for example we can go to
+progressively higher damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively higher damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressively higher damping
+ratios there there's a damping ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios there there's a damping ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios there there's a damping ratio of
+one we can back off notice as soon as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can back off notice as soon as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can back off notice as soon as I
+here again we're at a damping ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again we're at a damping ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again we're at a damping ratio of
+one notice as soon as I get to a damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one notice as soon as I get to a damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one notice as soon as I get to a damping
+ratio smaller than one we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio smaller than one we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio smaller than one we're going
+toward a damping ratio of zero as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a damping ratio of zero as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a damping ratio of zero as soon
+as I get to a damping ratio smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I get to a damping ratio smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I get to a damping ratio smaller than
+one where we begin to get some overshoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we begin to get some overshoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one where we begin to get some overshoot
+in the response we find that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the response we find that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the response we find that there's
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+peaking uh we can make that peaking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking uh we can make that peaking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking uh we can make that peaking very
+large in fact it gets to a maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in fact it gets to a maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in fact it gets to a maximum value
+equal to the magnitude of the step for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the magnitude of the step for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the magnitude of the step for
+sufficiently small damping ratios like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small damping ratios like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small damping ratios like
+so there's a a damping ratio of 0.005
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a a damping ratio of 0.005
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a a damping ratio of 0.005
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example and we can go even a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we can go even a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and we can go even a little bit
+further and here we have a a damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and here we have a a damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and here we have a a damping
+ratio of 0.003 or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of 0.003 or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of 0.003 or something like that
+the way we'll normally try to adjust our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'll normally try to adjust our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we'll normally try to adjust our
+systems or design our systems is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or design our systems is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems or design our systems is of
+course for better damping than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for better damping than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course for better damping than the
+highly oscillatory response we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory response we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly oscillatory response we might
+look for damping ratios uh of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for damping ratios uh of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for damping ratios uh of something
+like 0.5 and in order to see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.5 and in order to see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 0.5 and in order to see how that
+looks why we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks why we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks why we can
+adjust our potentiometer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust our potentiometer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust our potentiometer to
+0.5 and when we do that we get quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and when we do that we get quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and when we do that we get quite a
+well behave transient response we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behave transient response we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well behave transient response we notice
+that there's some overshoot a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some overshoot a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some overshoot a few
+percent overshoot in the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent overshoot in the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent overshoot in the step response
+but generally a fairly well behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally a fairly well behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally a fairly well behaved
+response that damps out fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly we might question why we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we might question why we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly we might question why we've
+spent seemingly a a long amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent seemingly a a long amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent seemingly a a long amount of time
+dealing with such simple systems here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with such simple systems here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with such simple systems here
+we've looked only at first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked only at first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked only at first and second
+order systems we started out assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order systems we started out assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order systems we started out assuming
+that the Dynamics of the system were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dynamics of the system were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Dynamics of the system were
+first of all all concentrated in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all all concentrated in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all all concentrated in the
+forward path but in particular there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path but in particular there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward path but in particular there was
+only one energy storage element for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one energy storage element for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one energy storage element for our
+first order system there were only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system there were only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order system there were only two
+energy storage elements in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage elements in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage elements in the system
+we've just discussed my question well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just discussed my question well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just discussed my question well
+certainly the the real world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the the real world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly the the real world is
+different from that there's there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that there's there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from that there's there's more
+energy storage there's more modes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage there's more modes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage there's more modes of of
+energy storage in in a typical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage in in a typical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy storage in in a typical system
+why do we concentrate on first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we concentrate on first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we concentrate on first and
+second order systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order systems
+well the answer is that many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is that many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the answer is that many many
+feedback systems in fact virtually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems in fact virtually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems in fact virtually all
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+systems exhibit responses that are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems exhibit responses that are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems exhibit responses that are well
+approximated by either first or second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by either first or second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by either first or second
+order transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order transfer
+functions and the reason for that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the reason for that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and the reason for that isn't
+particularly obvious I think we'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly obvious I think we'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly obvious I think we'll get a
+better feeling for it as time goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better feeling for it as time goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better feeling for it as time goes on
+but if you build a good feedback system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you build a good feedback system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you build a good feedback system
+it's virtually a certainty that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's virtually a certainty that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's virtually a certainty that its
+response will be well approximated its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response will be well approximated its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response will be well approximated its
+Clos Loop response will be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop response will be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clos Loop response will be well
+approximated by that of either a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by that of either a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated by that of either a first
+or a second order system and I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a second order system and I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a second order system and I'd like to
+look at that for one particular higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that for one particular higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that for one particular higher
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+system what we have here is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what we have here is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what we have here is a a
+demonstration that we'll actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that we'll actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that we'll actually use
+several times during the term so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times during the term so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times during the term so it has
+more in it than actually necessary here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in it than actually necessary here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in it than actually necessary here
+but uh in particular the part we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in particular the part we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh in particular the part we're
+going to focus on is one operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on is one operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on is one operational
+amplifier that's located right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that's located right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier that's located right here and
+that operational amplifier has a capacit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operational amplifier has a capacit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that operational amplifier has a capacit
+associated with it that can be connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it that can be connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with it that can be connected
+external to the amplifier via two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external to the amplifier via two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external to the amplifier via two
+terminal two pins on the amplifier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal two pins on the amplifier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal two pins on the amplifier and
+what we're doing is connecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is connecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing is connecting the
+operational amplifier simply to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier simply to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier simply to provide
+Unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity
+gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain
+and by way of background this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by way of background this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by way of background this
+operational amplifier happens to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier happens to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier happens to be a
+commercially available integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available integrated
+circuit it's an LM 301a type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit it's an LM 301a type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit it's an LM 301a type of
+amplifier if you look at the schematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier if you look at the schematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier if you look at the schematic
+for that amplifier there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that amplifier there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that amplifier there's something
+like 1 transistors in the forward gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 transistors in the forward gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 transistors in the forward gain
+path the uh consequently if we for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the uh consequently if we for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path the uh consequently if we for
+example investigated the amplifier using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example investigated the amplifier using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example investigated the amplifier using
+any of the common transistor models why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the common transistor models why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the common transistor models why
+we'd conclude that there were 26 energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd conclude that there were 26 energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd conclude that there were 26 energy
+storage elements two capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage elements two capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage elements two capacitors
+associated with each transistor there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each transistor there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each transistor there'd
+be 26 energy storage elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 26 energy storage elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 26 energy storage elements in the
+amplifier in the gain path uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier in the gain path uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier in the gain path uh
+furthermore even that's optimistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore even that's optimistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore even that's optimistic
+because when one makes an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when one makes an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when one makes an integrated
+circuit there are distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there are distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit there are distributed
+capacitances associ iated with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitances associ iated with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitances associ iated with all the
+resistors for example so there'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors for example so there'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors for example so there'd be
+considerably more degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more degrees of freedom
+considerably more modes of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more modes of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably more modes of energy
+storage than even the 26 and if we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage than even the 26 and if we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage than even the 26 and if we tried
+to write a complete transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a complete transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a complete transfer function
+we'd rapidly conclude that the thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd rapidly conclude that the thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd rapidly conclude that the thing was
+totally analytically intractable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally analytically intractable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally analytically intractable but
+what I'd like to do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like to do is look at the
+response of that amplifier under several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that amplifier under several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of that amplifier under several
+different conditions and show that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions and show that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions and show that in
+fact the statement that I made earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the statement that I made earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the statement that I made earlier
+holds that in particular it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that in particular it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds that in particular it's quite
+easily approximated by either either in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily approximated by either either in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily approximated by either either in
+one case A first order system and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case A first order system and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case A first order system and in
+another case a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system what we have here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what we have here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what we have here is the
+amplifier with a relatively large at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with a relatively large at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier with a relatively large at
+least for this amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for this amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least for this amplifier
+capacitor uh something like 100 paa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor uh something like 100 paa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor uh something like 100 paa
+farads across the so-called compensation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farads across the so-called compensation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farads across the so-called compensation
+Terminals and again we'll have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminals and again we'll have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Terminals and again we'll have a great
+deal more to say about this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more to say about this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more to say about this particular
+amplifier later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier later
+on uh if we look at the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh if we look at the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh if we look at the step response
+the results under those conditions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results under those conditions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results under those conditions here
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it and we notice to a very good degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we notice to a very good degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we notice to a very good degree
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+approximation A first order kind of Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation A first order kind of Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation A first order kind of Step
+response here we see something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here we see something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here we see something that
+looks very much like a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like a simple
+exponential we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential we can calculate the
+effective time constant of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective time constant of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective time constant of that
+exponential if we cared to and the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if we cared to and the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential if we cared to and the only
+possible difference comes right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible difference comes right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible difference comes right at the
+very very beginning there's a a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very beginning there's a a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very beginning there's a a little
+departure from Pure exponential Behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from Pure exponential Behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departure from Pure exponential Behavior
+right down at T equals zero for the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down at T equals zero for the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right down at T equals zero for the step
+response of our amplifier but by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our amplifier but by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our amplifier but by and
+large this is very very nearly a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this is very very nearly a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large this is very very nearly a first
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+response and as I say this is a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and as I say this is a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and as I say this is a response
+that's coming from an amplifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming from an amplifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming from an amplifier that
+even in the most optimistic of analyses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the most optimistic of analyses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in the most optimistic of analyses
+has 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 26
+capacitors um we can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors um we can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors um we can change the
+compensating capacitor and under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating capacitor and under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating capacitor and under those
+conditions we get a a somewhat different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we get a a somewhat different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we get a a somewhat different
+looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking
+response uh in particular we get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh in particular we get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response uh in particular we get one
+that looks very much like a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+response here and now the time scale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here and now the time scale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here and now the time scale the
+speed of response of the amplifier has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of response of the amplifier has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of response of the amplifier has
+gotten much faster so let's change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten much faster so let's change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten much faster so let's change the
+time scale on our osilloscope so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale on our osilloscope so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale on our osilloscope so that we
+can observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can observe
+it and there we have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there we have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and there we have something that
+looks very much like a second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like a second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like a second order
+response I think I can emphasize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response I think I can emphasize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response I think I can emphasize the
+good approximation that we can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation that we can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximation that we can get to
+this actual amplifier response by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual amplifier response by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actual amplifier response by a
+second order response by putting back on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order response by putting back on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order response by putting back on
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+screen the response associated with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen the response associated with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen the response associated with our
+second order system our collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order system our collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order system our collection of
+operational amplifiers that provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers that provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers that provides a
+second order kind of response so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order kind of response so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order kind of response so now
+I've got the response of our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the response of our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the response of our second
+order system is the top trace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system is the top trace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system is the top trace the
+response of our actual amplifier which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our actual amplifier which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of our actual amplifier which
+again optimistically is 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again optimistically is 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again optimistically is 26
+as the bottom trace and let's just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bottom trace and let's just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the bottom trace and let's just see
+how good a job we can do matching those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good a job we can do matching those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good a job we can do matching those
+two responses it looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two responses it looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two responses it looks like the
+amplifier is a little bit uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is a little bit uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is a little bit uh more
+lightly damped than the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damped than the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damped than the second order
+system right now so let's go toward a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right now so let's go toward a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right now so let's go toward a
+damping ratio somewhat lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.5 and I don't know there we're at 0 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and I don't know there we're at 0 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5 and I don't know there we're at 0 43
+or something like that for a damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that for a damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that for a damping
+ratio and now let's see how well we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and now let's see how well we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio and now let's see how well we're
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+matching H we're not quite there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching H we're not quite there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching H we're not quite there there
+are number of degrees of freedom as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are number of degrees of freedom as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are number of degrees of freedom as far
+as how we line up the various traces we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as how we line up the various traces we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as how we line up the various traces we
+can we can change the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scale by simply changing the time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale by simply changing the time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale by simply changing the time on the
+osilloscope that really corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osilloscope that really corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osilloscope that really corresponds to
+modifying Omega n or the picture changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying Omega n or the picture changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifying Omega n or the picture changes
+as though we were modifying Omega n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though we were modifying Omega n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as though we were modifying Omega n and
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+we change both time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change both time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change both time
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+and the damping ratio associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the damping ratio associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the damping ratio associated with
+our second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our second order
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and amplitude final value and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplitude final value and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and amplitude final value and so
+forth and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and the
+exact time location of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+traces we're able to get quite a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces we're able to get quite a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces we're able to get quite a good
+match between the second order system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match between the second order system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match between the second order system
+and the actual amplifier and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual amplifier and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the actual amplifier and just to
+show that I haven't cheated let me move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that I haven't cheated let me move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that I haven't cheated let me move
+this one back up and there we see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one back up and there we see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one back up and there we see the
+the two traces once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two traces once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two traces once
+again so we've shown at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we've shown at least in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so we've shown at least in this
+one particular case that we can get very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular case that we can get very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular case that we can get very
+good approximations to the behavior of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximations to the behavior of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good approximations to the behavior of a
+complicated feedback system as either a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated feedback system as either a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated feedback system as either a
+first or a second order system what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or a second order system what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first or a second order system what that
+allows us to do is again for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do is again for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to do is again for example
+translate between transient responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate between transient responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate between transient responses
+which we might measure and frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we might measure and frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we might measure and frequency
+responses which we might like to know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses which we might like to know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses which we might like to know as
+an aid to the design process by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aid to the design process by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aid to the design process by by
+really taking advantages of properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taking advantages of properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really taking advantages of properties
+of first and second order systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first and second order systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of first and second order systems
+there's a fair amount of this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fair amount of this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fair amount of this sort of
+material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the
+book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and
+the translation uh has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation uh has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the translation uh has to do with
+parameters measured in the time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters measured in the time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters measured in the time domain
+here we look at the output signal as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we look at the output signal as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we look at the output signal as a
+function of time for an input signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time for an input signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time for an input signal
+which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a
+step the so we look at the step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the so we look at the step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step the so we look at the step response
+of the system and we contrast that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system and we contrast that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the system and we contrast that with
+the frequency response in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency response in other words
+the magnitude of V out over VI as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of V out over VI as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of V out over VI as a
+function of of s or as a function of J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of s or as a function of J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of s or as a function of J
+Omega plotted versus frequency the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plotted versus frequency the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plotted versus frequency the usual
+B plot kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plot kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B plot kind of
+presentation and as you imagine there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and as you imagine there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and as you imagine there
+are relationships that have to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relationships that have to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relationships that have to do for
+example uh with the amount of overshoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh with the amount of overshoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh with the amount of overshoot
+and response to a step compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and response to a step compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and response to a step compared to the
+amount of peaking that occurs in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of peaking that occurs in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of peaking that occurs in the
+frequency response those two quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response those two quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response those two quantities
+are related in some way uh larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related in some way uh larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are related in some way uh larger
+overshoot indicating a more poorly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot indicating a more poorly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshoot indicating a more poorly
+damped system for step responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped system for step responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damped system for step responses
+greater resonant Peak indicating a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater resonant Peak indicating a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater resonant Peak indicating a more
+poorly damped system when we look at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly damped system when we look at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorly damped system when we look at its
+frequency response there's some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response there's some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response there's some sort of
+Correspondence between the time that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correspondence between the time that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Correspondence between the time that it
+takes for a step to reach final value or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for a step to reach final value or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes for a step to reach final value or
+some fraction of final value in com in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of final value in com in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fraction of final value in com in
+contrast to the frequency response of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to the frequency response of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to the frequency response of a
+system again A A Wider frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system again A A Wider frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system again A A Wider frequency
+response implying a faster time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response implying a faster time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response implying a faster time
+response and in particular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and in particular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and in particular that
+relationship is such a good one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is such a good one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship is such a good one that I
+think it's worth emphasizing even beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's worth emphasizing even beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's worth emphasizing even beyond
+the the material in the book uh again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the material in the book uh again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the material in the book uh again
+one of the things that's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that's very easy to
+measure as I indicated before is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure as I indicated before is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure as I indicated before is the
+step response and it turns out that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response and it turns out that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response and it turns out that if
+we Define a measure of the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define a measure of the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Define a measure of the speed of the
+step response the rise time in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response the rise time in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response the rise time in other
+words the time it takes to go from 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the time it takes to go from 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the time it takes to go from 10%
+of final value to 90% of final value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of final value to 90% of final value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of final value to 90% of final value
+we've normalized the step response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've normalized the step response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've normalized the step response to
+have a final value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a final value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a final value of
+unity uh if we Define the 10% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity uh if we Define the 10% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity uh if we Define the 10% to
+90% time as the rise time of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% time as the rise time of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% time as the rise time of the system
+TR and we compare that with a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR and we compare that with a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TR and we compare that with a measure of
+performance a measure of speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance a measure of speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance a measure of speed of
+response in the frequency domain uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the frequency domain uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in the frequency domain uh in
+particular Omega H the so-called half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Omega H the so-called half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Omega H the so-called half
+power frequency where the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power frequency where the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power frequency where the magnitude of
+the transfer function has dropped to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function has dropped to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function has dropped to 0
+707 of its low frequency value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 of its low frequency value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+707 of its low frequency value this
+frequency uh for virtually any system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh for virtually any system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency uh for virtually any system
+that has a frequency independent low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a frequency independent low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a frequency independent low
+frequency gain the product of the rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gain the product of the rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency gain the product of the rise
+time times the half power frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time times the half power frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time times the half power frequency is
+about equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about equal to
+2.2 this is really an approximately you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 this is really an approximately you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 this is really an approximately you
+can't prove this in general but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove this in general but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't prove this in general but if you
+look at at virtually any physical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at virtually any physical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at at virtually any physical system
+you find out the approximation holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out the approximation holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find out the approximation holds
+within a few percent similarly if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few percent similarly if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a few percent similarly if we
+calculate the product of the rise time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the product of the rise time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the product of the rise time
+times FH simply Omega h / 2 pi the half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times FH simply Omega h / 2 pi the half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times FH simply Omega h / 2 pi the half
+power frequency in in hertz we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power frequency in in hertz we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power frequency in in hertz we find out
+that product is is35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product is is35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that product is is35
+again what this does is allow us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what this does is allow us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what this does is allow us for
+example to make a simple step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to make a simple step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to make a simple step response
+measurement an experimentally simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement an experimentally simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement an experimentally simple
+step response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response
+measurement and by using information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and by using information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and by using information on
+the rise time estimate what Omega H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise time estimate what Omega H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rise time estimate what Omega H
+estimate what the frequency response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the frequency response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the frequency response of
+the system will be and that that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will be and that that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will be and that that gives
+us a a much more convenient way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a a much more convenient way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a a much more convenient way of
+estimating the frequency response than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the frequency response than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating the frequency response than
+actually making the detailed measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making the detailed measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making the detailed measurement
+which is is experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cumbersome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would like to just by way of review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to just by way of review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to just by way of review
+introduce one more uh experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce one more uh experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce one more uh experiment or
+technique that we'll use we've looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we'll use we've looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that we'll use we've looked at
+at B plots for a first and second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B plots for a first and second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at B plots for a first and second order
+system very frequently while the closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very frequently while the closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very frequently while the closed
+loop response of our system can be well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop response of our system can be well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop response of our system can be well
+approximated as either first or second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated as either first or second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximated as either first or second
+order we find out that the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we find out that the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we find out that the loop
+transmission is really much higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is really much higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is really much higher order
+for example again the loop Transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example again the loop Transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example again the loop Transmission
+in our operational amplifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our operational amplifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our operational amplifier is
+optimistically 26th order and we'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistically 26th order and we'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistically 26th order and we'll find
+out that we have to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that we have to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that we have to do a lot of
+manipulations that involve a bod plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that involve a bod plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations that involve a bod plot
+representation of the loop transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the loop transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of the loop transmission
+of an operational amplifier or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an operational amplifier or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an operational amplifier or another
+feedback system and so I'd like to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system and so I'd like to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system and so I'd like to very
+quickly simply review how we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly simply review how we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly simply review how we might
+construct a bod plot for a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a bod plot for a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a bod plot for a higher
+order system and here what I've assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system and here what I've assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order system and here what I've assumed
+is that we're trying to draw draw a bod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're trying to draw draw a bod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're trying to draw draw a bod
+plot which uh is a constant term 10 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which uh is a constant term 10 7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot which uh is a constant term 10 7th
+there's a pole at the origin in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pole at the origin in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pole at the origin in other
+words we have 10 7th over s at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have 10 7th over s at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we have 10 7th over s at
+sufficiently low frequency so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low frequency so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently low frequency so this is a
+system that includes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that includes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that includes an
+integration uh there is a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh there is a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh there is a first order
+pole on the negative real axis with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole on the negative real axis with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole on the negative real axis with a
+time constant of 1/1 100th of a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of 1/1 100th of a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant of 1/1 100th of a second
+the 0.01s + 1 there's a first order zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0.01s + 1 there's a first order zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0.01s + 1 there's a first order zero
+with a time constant of 10us 4th seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time constant of 10us 4th seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a time constant of 10us 4th seconds
+or correspondingly a corner frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correspondingly a corner frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or correspondingly a corner frequency of
+10 4 radians per second and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4 radians per second and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 4 radians per second and then there's
+a second order term a second order pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order term a second order pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second order term a second order pole
+with a natural frequency of 10 the 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a natural frequency of 10 the 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a natural frequency of 10 the 6
+remember the coefficient of the S squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the coefficient of the S squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the coefficient of the S squ
+term is 1 over Omega n^ 2 so 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is 1 over Omega n^ 2 so 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is 1 over Omega n^ 2 so 1 over
+Omega n^2 is 10 12th consequently Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n^2 is 10 12th consequently Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n^2 is 10 12th consequently Omega
+n is 10 6 this particular second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 10 6 this particular second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is 10 6 this particular second order
+term has a damping ratio of. 2 we have 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has a damping ratio of. 2 we have 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term has a damping ratio of. 2 we have 2
+* the damping ratio Time s divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the damping ratio Time s divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the damping ratio Time s divided by
+Omega n plus one so we have a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n plus one so we have a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega n plus one so we have a fairly
+complicated transfer function the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated transfer function the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated transfer function the way
+those terms are combined to determine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms are combined to determine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those terms are combined to determine an
+overall bod plot is probably most simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall bod plot is probably most simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall bod plot is probably most simply
+to First plot the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to First plot the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to First plot the individual
+factors up here I show the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors up here I show the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors up here I show the magnitude of
+the 1/s term we still have a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/s term we still have a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/s term we still have a factor of
+10 the 7th to take care of but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 7th to take care of but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 the 7th to take care of but that's
+fairly easy so we have the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy so we have the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly easy so we have the magnitude of
+the 1 /s term that simply has a slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 /s term that simply has a slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1 /s term that simply has a slope of
+minus one actually at all frequencies we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one actually at all frequencies we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one actually at all frequencies we
+have the magnitude of the the Pole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude of the the Pole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude of the the Pole
+located at 100 radians per second we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at 100 radians per second we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located at 100 radians per second we
+have the magnitude of the zero located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude of the zero located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the magnitude of the zero located
+at 10 4th radians per second and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second and we have
+the magnitude of the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of the second order
+transfer function like so located at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function like so located at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function like so located at 10
+6 radians per second that's this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 radians per second that's this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 radians per second that's this final
+curve similarly we can plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve similarly we can plot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve similarly we can plot the
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+angles uh the angle of 1 / s or 1 over J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles uh the angle of 1 / s or 1 over J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles uh the angle of 1 / s or 1 over J
+Omega is simply - 90 at all frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is simply - 90 at all frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is simply - 90 at all frequencies
+the angle associated with the pole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle associated with the pole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle associated with the pole is
+this one going from 0 to - 90° - 45 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one going from 0 to - 90° - 45 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one going from 0 to - 90° - 45 at
+at the corner frequency the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner frequency the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner frequency the angle
+associated with the zero is goes from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the zero is goes from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the zero is goes from 0
+to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plus
+90° uh the angle again associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° uh the angle again associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° uh the angle again associated with
+the second order term uh goes through-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order term uh goes through-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second order term uh goes through-
+90 eventually reaching minus 180° at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 eventually reaching minus 180° at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 eventually reaching minus 180° at
+sufficiently high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high
+frequencies what we can then do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what we can then do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies what we can then do is to
+recognize the the magnitude of a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the the magnitude of a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the the magnitude of a complex
+variable is simply equal to the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is simply equal to the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is simply equal to the product
+of the magnitudes of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitudes of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the magnitudes of the individual
+terms whereas the angle of a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms whereas the angle of a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms whereas the angle of a complex
+variable is simply equal to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is simply equal to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is simply equal to the sum of
+the angles of the various terms since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angles of the various terms since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angles of the various terms since
+we're doing a bod plot which uses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a bod plot which uses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a bod plot which uses a
+logarithmic magnitude presentation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic magnitude presentation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic magnitude presentation in
+order to get the product we simply add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the product we simply add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the product we simply add
+the individual terms they're plotted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual terms they're plotted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual terms they're plotted on
+a logarithmic scale and so adding logs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logarithmic scale and so adding logs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a logarithmic scale and so adding logs
+corresponds to multiplying magnitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to multiplying magnitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to multiplying magnitudes
+and so we can somehow go in and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can somehow go in and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can somehow go in and maybe
+graphically just use a pair of dividers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically just use a pair of dividers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically just use a pair of dividers
+or something to combine all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something to combine all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something to combine all of the
+magnitudes at any particular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes at any particular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes at any particular frequency
+if we wanted to know the magnitude at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to know the magnitude at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we wanted to know the magnitude at at
+10 to the second radians per second for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the second radians per second for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the second radians per second for
+example we'd take this magnitude plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we'd take this magnitude plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we'd take this magnitude plus
+that one these are effectively one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one these are effectively one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one these are effectively one and
+we combine that with the 10 the 7th term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine that with the 10 the 7th term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we combine that with the 10 the 7th term
+that we've left out similarly we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've left out similarly we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've left out similarly we we can
+do the same thing with the angle we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing with the angle we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing with the angle we can
+again graphically with a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again graphically with a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again graphically with a pair of
+dividers or something add up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividers or something add up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividers or something add up all the
+angular contributions recognizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular contributions recognizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular contributions recognizing the
+fact that the angle of our complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the angle of our complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the angle of our complex
+variable is the sum of the angles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is the sum of the angles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is the sum of the angles of the
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+terms and when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and when we do
+that we get the overall B plot for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the overall B plot for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the overall B plot for our
+system remember that at sufficiently low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remember that at sufficiently low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system remember that at sufficiently low
+frequencies the magnitude was going as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the magnitude was going as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the magnitude was going as
+10 7th over s or 10 7th over Omega so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 7th over s or 10 7th over Omega so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 7th over s or 10 7th over Omega so
+here at Omega equals 1 we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at Omega equals 1 we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at Omega equals 1 we have a
+magnitude of 10 the 7th uh the angle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of 10 the 7th uh the angle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of 10 the 7th uh the angle in
+the meantime is- 90° reflecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime is- 90° reflecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meantime is- 90° reflecting the
+angle associated with the uh 1/ s term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle associated with the uh 1/ s term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle associated with the uh 1/ s term
+we get the pole a zero the pole drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the pole a zero the pole drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the pole a zero the pole drives
+the angle down toward minus 180° the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle down toward minus 180° the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle down toward minus 180° the
+zero adds another plus 90° driving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero adds another plus 90° driving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero adds another plus 90° driving it
+back toward the original minus 90 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward the original minus 90 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back toward the original minus 90 then
+we get the angle and the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the angle and the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the angle and the magnitude
+associated with the second order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the second order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the second order
+transfer function so by drawing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function so by drawing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function so by drawing the
+individual terms and combining them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terms and combining them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual terms and combining them
+graphically we're able to quite rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically we're able to quite rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically we're able to quite rapidly
+sketch a bod plot that gives us a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch a bod plot that gives us a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch a bod plot that gives us a very
+very good indication over a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good indication over a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good indication over a very large
+frequency range and over a very wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range and over a very wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range and over a very wide
+dynamic range here we have an amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range here we have an amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic range here we have an amplitude
+range of 10 to the 8th to one plotted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 10 to the 8th to one plotted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of 10 to the 8th to one plotted a
+frequency range of over 10 to the 6th to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one that concludes our introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that concludes our introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that concludes our introduction to
+Dynamics as I say we'll have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics as I say we'll have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics as I say we'll have a great
+deal more to say about Dynamics during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more to say about Dynamics during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal more to say about Dynamics during
+the rest of the material we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the material we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the material we'll see that
+this really is only a first look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is only a first look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is only a first look at
+Dynamics thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CxgU2Gtg5ro.txt b/CxgU2Gtg5ro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6ebb1f1f72fa6088f3d5479ea35372aed8ec312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CxgU2Gtg5ro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3315 @@
+PROFESSOR: Today we finish
+up chapter 13.
+
+I think we are finished, but
+I'll take questions.
+
+We get into chapter 14, which
+starts to get into coding for
+
+bandwidth-limited channels.
+
+Here we're coding directly in
+terms of Euclidean space
+
+rather than in terms
+of Hamming space.
+
+And there's this wonderful
+quote from Neil Sloane.
+
+"Euclidean space coding is to
+Hamming space coding as
+
+classical music is to
+rock'n'roll." Meaning that, in
+
+the Euclidean space, things
+are continuous, whereas we
+
+were discrete back
+in Hamming space.
+
+Nonetheless, there are strong
+connections between the two,
+
+which in two lectures I'll
+basically only have a chance
+
+to hint at.
+
+You were supposed to hand in
+problem set nine last Friday,
+
+or today if you haven't
+already.
+
+Today, we'll hand out the
+solutions for nine, and then
+
+chapter 14 and its problems,
+which are problem set 10.
+
+These are not due.
+
+As always, I recommend
+you do them.
+
+The solutions will be handed
+out Wednesday.
+
+However, on the exam, the exam
+will not cover chapter 14.
+
+So everything we do this
+week is gravy.
+
+The exam is a week from tomorrow
+in the morning.
+
+Ashish will administer it
+because I won't be here.
+
+For this exam, it's closed book,
+except you're allowed to
+
+make five pages of notes,
+as you did three
+
+pages on the midterm.
+
+And I do recommend you bring a
+calculator, because for one of
+
+the problems the calculator
+will be helpful.
+
+And I was told that erasable
+memory should be cleared on
+
+the calculator, so point of
+honor if you do that.
+
+Any questions about the
+exam or chapter 13?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you including the
+midterm [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, oh, everything
+in the course up to
+
+chapter 13.
+
+The rule is everything that
+we covered in class.
+
+If we didn't cover it in
+class, then you're not
+
+responsible for it.
+
+Other questions?
+
+Any last questions
+on chapter 13?
+
+This is kind of the finale
+for binary codes.
+
+We found that, at least on the
+binary erasure channel, we had
+
+techniques that would allow us
+to design LDPC codes that
+
+would get us as close to
+capacity as we liked, or at
+
+least I made that assertion,
+directed you to where you
+
+could find that done
+in the literature.
+
+And I further asserted that, at
+least for binary symmetric
+
+input channels, like the binary
+additive white Gaussian
+
+noise channels, you could do
+much the same thing using
+
+techniques like density
+evolution or EXIT charts.
+
+Again, the issue is to design
+code, such as this iterative
+
+decoding, after many, many, many
+iterations, will, with
+
+probability one, converge to the
+correct solution (or with
+
+probably one minus epsilon).
+
+So that's the great conclusion
+to the story for binary codes,
+
+channels in which we want
+to have binary inputs.
+
+And way back in the beginning,
+we said that that was
+
+perfectly sufficient, really,
+for the general additive white
+
+Gaussian channel.
+
+When we were talking about
+binary code rates less than
+
+1/2, or nominal spectral
+efficiencies less than one bit
+
+per second per Hertz, which
+are equivalent statements.
+
+So what happens if we want to go
+over channels where we want
+
+to send at higher spectral
+efficiencies?
+
+We want to send four bits per
+second per Hertz, as we
+
+certainly do over, say,
+telephone line channels, which
+
+are 3,000, or 4,000-Hertz
+channels, over which we want
+
+to send tens of thousands
+of bits per second.
+
+Or many radio channels will
+support high numbers of bits
+
+per second per Hertz,
+and so forth.
+
+Well, obviously, you can't do
+that with binary codes.
+
+So, today and Wednesday in this
+chapter, we very quickly,
+
+of course, go through the series
+of techniques that have
+
+been developed to go over
+bandwidth-limited channels
+
+such as the bandwidth-limited
+additive white
+
+Gaussian noise channel.
+
+Clearly, you're going to need
+a non-binary constellation,
+
+and somehow code on that
+constellation.
+
+But what you'll see is that both
+the techniques and much
+
+of the development are
+very reminiscent
+
+of the binary case.
+
+Historically, the binary case
+was always done first, and
+
+then the generalizations
+to non-binary followed.
+
+And so we'll see --
+
+you can start off with very
+simple, hand-designed
+
+constellations, as we were
+doing back in the early
+
+chapters, four and five.
+
+We played around with little m
+equals eight constellations
+
+and tried to optimize them from
+the point of view of,
+
+say, minimizing power for a
+fixed minimum distance between
+
+points in a certain number of
+dimensions in Euclidean space.
+
+Now, we want to go up to
+considerably longer
+
+constellations.
+
+So that was kind of at the level
+of Hamming codes and
+
+single parity-check codes and
+very elementary binary coding
+
+techniques like that.
+
+So we want more complicated
+codes, let's say moderate
+
+complexity codes.
+
+We will find things that are
+analogous to block codes,
+
+linear block codes,
+namely lattices.
+
+These are structures in
+Euclidean space that have the
+
+group property, as linear
+block codes do.
+
+And then we'll find trellis
+codes, which are the Euclidean
+
+space analog of convolutional
+codes.
+
+And basically, our goal in the
+next two lectures is to get to
+
+the level of a union-bound
+estimate analysis of the
+
+performance of these kinds of
+coding techniques, which, like
+
+their binary analogs, sort of
+sit in a moderate complexity,
+
+pretty good performance, get up
+to 6 dB coding gain, can't
+
+get to capacity.
+
+So that's as far as we'll be
+able to go in chapter 14.
+
+In the last page or two of
+chapter 14, I briefly mention
+
+higher performance techniques.
+
+And it's generally accepted that
+you can get as close to
+
+capacity on these
+bandwidth-limited channels,
+
+additive white Gaussian noise
+channels as you can on the
+
+binary channels, in some cases
+just by adapting binary
+
+techniques in a kind of
+force-fit way, and others that
+
+are somewhat more principled,
+I might say.
+
+But in any case, by adapting the
+binary techniques, you can
+
+get turbo codes, low-density
+parity-check codes, capacity
+
+approaching codes of various
+types for the
+
+bandwidth-limited channel.
+
+But I just hint how that can
+be done in one page, and I
+
+can't include it
+in the course.
+
+So that's where we're going.
+
+So basically, we're trying to
+design a constellation set of
+
+signal points.
+
+Constellation c or signal
+set or alphabet,
+
+script c, if you like.
+
+And we're doing the kind of
+things we were doing back in
+
+chapter four and five.
+
+What are some of the things that
+the parameters we have--
+
+we're going to do this in
+n-dimensional space.
+
+We're going to be concerned
+with the size of the
+
+constellation, the log of the
+size, the number of log 2 of
+
+the size, the number of
+bits we can send.
+
+We call this m at one point.
+
+That will determine the number
+of bits we can send per n
+
+dimensions, or we can
+normalize it per two
+
+dimensions.
+
+Typically, I said, in
+bandwidth-limited regime,
+
+we'll normalize everything
+per two dimensions.
+
+We're going to have an average
+power of the constellation,
+
+which I'm just going
+to write like that.
+
+We're going to have a minimum
+squared distance between
+
+points in the constellation,
+which I'm going
+
+to write like that.
+
+And the idea is to optimize
+the trade-off
+
+between this and this.
+
+Clearly, if I take a given
+constellation and I scale it
+
+up, I'm going to get better
+minimum squared distance
+
+without the cost of
+increasing power.
+
+So I either fix the minimum
+squared distance between
+
+points and try to minimize the
+power, the average energy over
+
+the centroids of a bunch of
+spheres, or vice versa.
+
+So when we do this, this is kind
+of the game, we get into
+
+a classical problem called
+sphere-packing.
+
+If we say, hold the minimum
+squared distance constant,
+
+that means we want to have a
+certain minimum distance.
+
+Here I'll make it
+d_min over 2.
+
+That means that there's going to
+be a sphere of radius d_min
+
+over 2 around each point in this
+space, which must not be
+
+violated by the sphere
+of any other point.
+
+So basically, we're trying to
+pack spheres as closely
+
+together as we can.
+
+And we're maybe given
+the dimension.
+
+Here I have two dimensions
+to play with.
+
+We may be given the number, m.
+
+In general now, we're going
+to be thinking of m
+
+becoming very large.
+
+We want to go to arbitrarily
+large number of bits per
+
+second per Hertz.
+
+So think of schemes that will
+continue to work as we add
+
+more and more points.
+
+And if I do that in two
+dimensions, we get
+
+penny-packing.
+
+Take a bunch of seven pennies
+out of your pocket, and try to
+
+squeeze them together as
+tightly as you can.
+
+That's effectively what
+we're trying to do.
+
+They maintain their fixed
+radius, and you get something
+
+that quickly starts to look like
+what this is called, a
+
+hexagonal sphere-packing,
+because the centers line up on
+
+a hexagonal grid.
+
+And in fact, I forget
+exactly what we did.
+
+We did some of these back
+in the early chapters.
+
+And let me draw a 16-point
+constellation, which I
+
+remember we did draw.
+
+Here's a constellation
+consisting of 16 pennies.
+
+And subject to my drawing
+ability, it's packed as
+
+closely as possible for a fixed
+minimum distance between
+
+the points.
+
+And as far as anyone knows, this
+constellation, consisting
+
+a set of points on a hexagonal
+grid, is the most dense
+
+packing of 16 points in two
+dimensions, as measured by the
+
+average power of the centers.
+
+And it's not very symmetrical,
+but you can see it's based on
+
+a symmetrical packing.
+
+This hexagonal, this is
+basically a subset of 16
+
+points from the hexagonal
+lattice.
+
+If we extend these points
+in all directions--
+
+again, I haven't done
+it very well--
+
+but the hexagonal lattice
+is simply the
+
+underlying lattice here.
+
+Let me just draw a set of points
+that look like this.
+
+I'm going to fail again.
+
+Sorry, I'm better at rock'n'roll
+than I am at
+
+classical music.
+
+Anyway, this is the lattice,
+and it's called hexagonal
+
+because, if we draw the decision
+regions for this
+
+lattice, if we consider this
+as a set of points in a
+
+constellation and draw the
+decision regions, it looks
+
+like that, this little hexagon,
+defined by the six
+
+nearest neighbors.
+
+They define six sides
+of a hexagon.
+
+And so each lattice point has a
+little region of space that
+
+belongs to it, you can think
+of as its decision region.
+
+Now, what makes this
+a lattice?
+
+What's the definition
+of a lattice?
+
+We'll say an n-dimensional
+lattice.
+
+Very simple and elegant
+definition for a lattice.
+
+It's a discrete subset.
+
+That means a set of discrete
+points of Rn, sitting in
+
+Euclidean n-space, that has
+the group property.
+
+And you now all remember
+what that means.
+
+It means the group property,
+under ordinary addition of
+
+vectors in Euclidean n-space,
+addition or
+
+subtraction, of course.
+
+What are some of the
+implications of
+
+having a group property?
+
+That means that the sum of any
+two vectors is another vector
+
+in the lattice.
+
+Does the lattice have
+to include the
+
+0, the origin point?
+
+Anybody?
+
+Oh, good.
+
+I'm going to ask this
+on the final.
+
+Come on.
+
+Does it or doesn't it?
+
+AUDIENCE: It does.
+
+PROFESSOR: It does.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, that's
+one good answer.
+
+It has to be closed under
+addition and subtraction.
+
+Subtraction of the point from
+itself is going to give you 0.
+
+A more mathematically trained
+person would probably, say,
+
+well, it obviously has
+to have an identity.
+
+Every group has an
+identity element.
+
+And that means, if lambda is
+in the lattice, does minus
+
+lambda have to be
+in the lattice?
+
+Yeah, every element has
+to have an additive
+
+inverse, and so forth.
+
+Well, so if I have a lattice
+like this, that means that one
+
+of these points has to be the
+origin, say this one.
+
+Now, of course, you can have a
+translate of a lattice, and
+
+geometrically it has all the
+same properties as the lattice
+
+itself, at any fixed t to
+all the lattice points.
+
+In other words, make the
+origin somewhere else.
+
+But that's not itself a group.
+
+That's the co-set of a group.
+
+It would translate as
+a co-set operation.
+
+So lambda must be a group, and
+lambda plus t, any lambda
+
+translate is a co-set
+of lambda.
+
+So most of the things you say
+about lambda are also true for
+
+lambda plus t, but in order to
+fix a group, we need the
+
+origin to be part of
+the points set.
+
+OK, if it's a group, what
+does that mean?
+
+That means, if we take any
+particular point, say this
+
+one, regard it as a vector,
+then call this lambda_1 --
+
+or let me it g1, more
+suggestively.
+
+Does g1 plus g1 have
+to be in the group?
+
+Yes.
+
+So that forces this point
+to be in there,
+
+2g1, 3g1, so forth.
+
+All of these have to be in
+there, as well as minus g1,
+
+minus 2g1, and so forth.
+
+So basically, once we found a
+generator, all integers times
+
+that generator have to
+be in the lattice.
+
+So that means there's a
+cross-section along the axis
+
+defined by g1, such that these
+points are simply the
+
+integers, scaled by whatever
+the norm of g1 is.
+
+And of course, that holds for
+any of these neighbors here.
+
+You want to look for nearest
+neighbors of 0's.
+
+Take g2 and then, of course, all
+of its integer multiples
+
+have to be in the lattice.
+
+So we've got a set here that, in
+some sense, spans n-space.
+
+We have now two vectors,
+g1, g2, which are
+
+not linearly dependent.
+
+They're sitting in 2-space.
+
+So if we take all real linear
+combinations of these two
+
+vectors, we're going to
+get all of 2-space.
+
+If we take all integer linear
+combinations of these two
+
+vectors, they all must be
+in the lattice, right?
+
+By the group property?
+
+We've already proved that all
+the integer multiples of
+
+either of them is in the
+lattice, so any thing plus or
+
+minus those two.
+
+So certainly, the lattice
+includes the set of all
+
+integer multiples of a_i times
+gi, where i equals 1 to 2,
+
+where a1, a2 is in the
+two-dimensional integer,
+
+lattice Z-squared.
+
+Could there be any
+other points?
+
+There actually could, if you
+made a mistake and picked your
+
+initial vector to be 2g1,
+because then you wouldn't have
+
+taken account of g1.
+
+So you've got to take your two
+initial vectors to be two of
+
+the minimum norm points
+in the lattice.
+
+But if you do that, then you can
+easily prove that this is
+
+all of the lattice points.
+
+So in fact, a two-dimensional
+lattice is equal to a set of
+
+all integer linear combinations
+of two
+
+generators, which we can write
+as a little two-by-two
+
+generator matrix, G. Or very
+briefly, we could write lambda
+
+as G times Z-squared, and we
+can view it as just some
+
+linear transformation
+of Z-squared.
+
+So in this hexagonal lattice, we
+can view it as starting out
+
+with a square grid.
+
+Of course, Z-squared itself
+is a lattice.
+
+Z-squared is a group.
+
+This is just the square lattice
+in two dimensions.
+
+We have Z_n as a lattice in
+n dimensions, in general.
+
+So I take Z-squared, Z_n, more
+generally, and I distort it.
+
+I just run it through some
+g, which is a linear
+
+transformation, and slants some
+of the generator points.
+
+And that's a general way
+of getting a lattice.
+
+That's not the way we
+usually visualize
+
+the hexagonal lattice.
+
+We usually visualize it in such
+a way as to recognize
+
+that it has six-fold symmetry.
+
+But that's certainly
+a way to get it.
+
+And this has one interesting
+consequence.
+
+One of the measures we want for
+a lattice is the volume
+
+per lattice point.
+
+In here, the volume, you can
+divide this up into volumes
+
+that are all of equal size,
+and we call that
+
+the volume of A2.
+
+This lattice --
+
+hexagonal lattice, is called
+A2, and it's the volume of
+
+that hexagon.
+
+1 over the volume of that
+hexagon is the density of
+
+points in 2-space,
+if you like.
+
+So density is 1/volume.
+
+I mean, think of every point as
+having a unique volume, and
+
+if we basically consider the
+cells around each lattice
+
+point, they fill up 2-space,
+or the perfect tessellation
+
+tiling of 2-space.
+
+These hexagons will.
+
+One easy consequence of the
+group property is that all the
+
+decision regions have to be
+congruent, in fact, just
+
+translates of one another
+by lattice points.
+
+The decision region around this
+point is the same as the
+
+decision region about 0,
+translated by a lattice point,
+
+namely the center of that
+decision region.
+
+I won't prove that but it's
+true and easy to prove.
+
+So that's one way of finding
+what's the volume.
+
+The volume will mean
+the volume of
+
+2-space per lattice point.
+
+But what's another
+way to do that?
+
+Another way is just to take
+this little parallelotope,
+
+whose volume is easier
+to calculate.
+
+And we can see that we can
+equally well tile 2-space with
+
+these little parallelograms,
+just anchor --
+
+in this case, this is the one
+that's anchored in the lower
+
+left corner by the origin.
+
+Then we take another one that's
+anchored by this point.
+
+We take another one that's
+anchored by this point,
+
+another one that's anchored
+by this point.
+
+And it's clear that's another
+tiling of 2-space by regions,
+
+one for each lattice point that
+completely fills 2-space
+
+with overlaps only on the
+boundary, which don't count.
+
+So the volume of A2 is also
+the volume of that, what's
+
+called a fundamental
+parallelotope.
+
+And what's the volume of that
+fundamental parallelotope?
+
+Well, one way of calculating
+it is to take
+
+the volume of Z-squared.
+
+We can view this as the
+distortion of Z-squared, which
+
+looks like this.
+
+So if this is Z-squared, what's
+the fundamental volume
+
+of Z-squared?
+
+The volume of Z-squared
+per lattice point.
+
+This is (0,1,-1,1,
+so forth,1,1).
+
+What's the volume of
+Z-squared per--
+
+AUDIENCE: 1
+
+PROFESSOR: --1.
+
+Clearly.
+
+And we have this decision
+region.
+
+This is little square side 1, or
+this parallelotope is also
+
+little square side 1.
+
+It's volume is 1.
+
+General geometric principle, if
+we take this and distort it
+
+by G, then what's the volume
+of, say, this parallelotope
+
+going to be?
+
+This parallelotope goes by G
+into this one, and its volume
+
+is the Jacobian, which is
+the determinant of G.
+
+So the volume of a lattice
+is the determinant of any
+
+generator matrix for
+that lattice.
+
+Just a nice little side fact,
+but it's an example of the
+
+kind of things you get in
+Euclidean space that you don't
+
+get in Hamming space.
+
+Of course, there are various
+generator matrices that you
+
+could use to generate
+this lattice.
+
+But whichever one you choose,
+this is going to be true.
+
+So this is an invariant among
+all the generating matrices.
+
+So that's a lattice.
+
+I haven't mentioned what's the
+most important thing for us
+
+about a lattice.
+
+A lattice is a group.
+
+What's the fundamental property
+of a group, which I
+
+guess was embodied in
+the alternate set of
+
+axioms for the group?
+
+If I take the group plus
+any element of the
+
+group, what do I get?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: The group again.
+
+Let's interpret that
+geometrically.
+
+One of the nice things about
+this subject is you're
+
+constantly going back and forth
+
+between algebra and geometry.
+
+Geometrically, what
+does that mean?
+
+That means, if we take this
+lattice, say the origin is
+
+here, and we shift it, say, so
+that the origin is up here,
+
+then nothing changes.
+
+Everything is invariant
+to this shift.
+
+We can do this for any
+lattice point.
+
+That shows you that
+all the decision
+
+regions have to be congruent.
+
+It shows you that the number
+of nearest neighbors, the
+
+minimum distance from any point
+to its nearest neighbors
+
+is always the same for
+any lattice point.
+
+Basically --
+
+it's a lattice is geometrically
+uniform.
+
+That means you can stand on
+any of the points and the
+
+world around you looks the same,
+as if you stood on any
+
+of the other points.
+
+Think of these as stars in the
+universe, and somebody
+
+blindfolds you and drops you
+on one of these points.
+
+Can you tell which one of
+those points you've been
+
+dropped on if nobody's written
+anything on these points?
+
+No, you can't tell.
+
+The world looks the same from
+whichever one you drop on.
+
+So that means the minimum square
+distance from any point
+
+is the same as every other.
+
+So the number of nearest
+neighbors at minimum square
+
+distance is the same.
+
+It means the total distance
+profile, starting from any
+
+point, is the same.
+
+It means if we were to take one
+of these points and send
+
+it over a Gaussian channel from
+a very large set, and we
+
+take one of the points from the
+interior and send it over
+
+an additive white Gaussian noise
+channel, the probability
+
+of error is going to be the
+same, regardless of which
+
+point we send it from, because
+the probability of error is
+
+the probability of falling
+outside your decision region.
+
+And since the decision region
+always has the same shape,
+
+it's invariant to which
+point you send.
+
+So this geometrical uniformity
+property, which that's the
+
+general name for it and it
+has all these specific
+
+consequences that I just listed,
+is the principal
+
+geometrical property
+of a lattice.
+
+This just follows from
+its group property.
+
+You don't have to be a lattice
+to have this property.
+
+For instance, the translate of
+a lattice is not a group,
+
+technically, but it obviously
+has the same geometrical
+
+uniformity property.
+
+And there are more elaborate
+examples of things that look
+
+less like lattices that
+are nonetheless
+
+geometrically uniform.
+
+On the other hand, lattices
+definitely are
+
+geometrically uniform.
+
+So this seems to be a good thing
+to do, because what's
+
+our objective?
+
+We're trying to have
+d_min-squared be the same for
+
+every point in our
+constellation.
+
+We want to tack these pennies
+as close together as we can.
+
+That means we want to hold
+d_min-squared constant for
+
+every point that we're
+going to use.
+
+And so lattices have
+that property.
+
+So that seems like a good way
+to do sphere-packing.
+
+And in fact, sphere-packing, in
+n-dimensions, is a very old
+
+mathematical subject.
+
+How many spheres can you
+pack around a three
+
+sphere, is it 12 or 13?
+
+That was debated in the 18th
+and 19th centuries, and I
+
+think it's only finally just
+been resolved a few years ago.
+
+This turns out to be not
+an easy problem.
+
+The densest sphere-packing in
+four dimensions was found in
+
+the mid-19th century.
+
+In eight dimensions,
+I think around the
+
+turn of the 20th century.
+
+In 16 dimensions, it's the
+Barnes-Wall lattice, which
+
+we'll see a little later, which
+was found in '54, about
+
+the same time as Reed-Muller
+codes, or maybe it was '59,
+
+maybe a little later than
+Reed-Muller codes.
+
+The Leech lattice was certainly
+found a little
+
+earlier than that, but around
+the same time as the Golay
+
+code, to which it's a
+very close cousin.
+
+And so forth.
+
+So you might think that these
+questions had all been
+
+settled, but in fact they're
+still open for most specific
+
+dimensions, n.
+
+Conway and Sloane have the
+authoritative book on this,
+
+which basically lists what
+we know about the densest
+
+sphere-packings in
+all dimensions.
+
+So here's our idea.
+
+Our idea is we're going to go
+consult the mathematicians and
+
+find out what the densest
+sphere-packings that they
+
+found are in various
+dimensions.
+
+In two dimensions, it's
+the hexagonal lattice.
+
+In one dimension, it's the
+integer, and basically the
+
+integers are the only packing
+with regularity properties in
+
+one dimension.
+
+And two dimensions, you could
+consider Z-squared, or you can
+
+consider A2.
+
+These are the two obvious
+candidates, the square and the
+
+hexagonal packings.
+
+In three dimensions, you get
+face-centered cubic packing.
+
+And what's the BCC?
+
+The base-centered cubic
+packing, I guess.
+
+AUDIENCE: Body-centered.
+
+PROFESSOR: Say again.
+
+AUDIENCE: Body center.
+
+PROFESSOR: Body-centered,
+thank you.
+
+I'm sure you're right.
+
+So anyway, there's some things
+that are known about this from
+
+classical mathematics and
+current mathematics.
+
+So our idea is we're going to
+try to find the densest
+
+possible lattice in
+n dimensions.
+
+But for digital communications,
+for coding, we
+
+only want a finite number
+of points from that
+
+constellation.
+
+So what we're going to do is
+we're going to create our
+
+constellation based
+on a lattice and
+
+on a region of n-space.
+
+And the idea is simple.
+
+We're just going to intersect
+the lattice.
+
+Or maybe let me allow a
+translate of a lattice with
+
+the region.
+
+And make this a finite,
+compact region.
+
+And this will give us a certain
+finite subset of the
+
+points in the lattice.
+
+Now, when I draw a constellation
+like this one,
+
+of a size 16, that's
+what I've done.
+
+I've basically taken A2.
+
+Or it's actually a
+translate of A2.
+
+I think the origin is
+in here somewhere.
+
+And I draw a sphere
+around the origin.
+
+And I take the 16 points
+that happen to
+
+fall within that sphere.
+
+And I call that my
+constellation.
+
+So that's the idea in general.
+
+Think of the region, r,
+as a cookie cutter.
+
+We're going to take the cookie
+cutter and chop out a finite
+
+number of points from this nice,
+regular, infinite grid.
+
+And that will give us
+a constellation.
+
+So especially for large
+constellations, we'll be able
+
+to make some approximations that
+will allow us to analyze
+
+that kind of constellation
+very easily.
+
+And actually, the best
+constellations that we know
+
+are of this type.
+
+We've taken this baseline,
+m-PAM.
+
+Well, what's m-PAM?
+
+We take the lattice plus t,
+let's say to be Z plus 1/2.
+
+So that means we don't take the
+origin, but we take the
+
+points 1/2 minus 1/2, 3/2.
+
+They're equally spaced points,
+but we've shifted them so as
+
+to be symmetric about
+the origin.
+
+5/2 minus minus, so forth.
+
+So this is Z plus 1/2
+is our lattice.
+
+And then if we want 4-PAM,
+we take a cookie cutter
+
+consisting of this region.
+
+So this is the region going
+from minus 2 to 2.
+
+It's not unreasonable to expect
+that, if we take a
+
+region of length 4, we're going
+to get 4 points, if,
+
+again, it's symmetric around
+the corner, because each of
+
+these points takes up about one
+unit of space over here.
+
+So if we made it from minus 4 to
+plus 4, we'd have a region
+
+of length 8, and we'd
+get 8 points.
+
+And so forth.
+
+So that's how we do m-PAM, and
+then scale it if we want to.
+
+But this is the basic idea.
+
+Similarly, for m by m QAM, like
+everything else, it's
+
+just doing the same thing
+independently in two
+
+dimensions.
+
+Here we take our lattice to be
+Z plus 1/2 squared, which is
+
+just the offset Z-squared,
+offset so as to be four-way,
+
+to be roughly symmetrical
+to four-way
+
+rotations, 90-degree rotations.
+
+So here is Z-squared
+plus (1/2, 1/2).
+
+And then, again, here to get
+16-QAM, for instance, we might
+
+take the region to be what?
+
+(-2,2)-squared which,
+again, has area 16.
+
+You might think of this as just
+taking the little square
+
+around each of these.
+
+Each of these squares
+has area 1.
+
+So when we take the
+union of all those
+
+squares, we get the region.
+
+That's another way of
+characterizing this region.
+
+It's just the union of all the
+decision regions of the points
+
+that we want.
+
+If you had started from the
+points, you could certainly
+
+invent a region that
+is the union of
+
+those decision regions.
+
+It would have an area equal to
+the number of points times the
+
+volume of 2-space
+per each point.
+
+That's the kind of
+approximation
+
+we're going to use.
+
+The bounding region is clearly
+going to have something like
+
+the number of points in the
+constellation, times the
+
+fundamental volume
+as its volume.
+
+So this is our idea.
+
+This is what we're going to call
+a lattice constellation.
+
+And we're going to investigate
+the properties of lattice
+
+constellations, not the most
+general thing we could think
+
+of but good enough.
+
+Seem to have the right
+sort of property.
+
+And we're going to take it
+at least as far as the
+
+union-bound estimate, so we
+can get a good estimate of
+
+probability of error if
+we take one of these
+
+constellations, like m-by-m QAM,
+and use it to transmit
+
+over a Gaussian noise channel.
+
+And furthermore, for large
+constellations, meaning as we
+
+get well up into the
+bandwidth-limited regions of
+
+large nominal spectral
+densities, we're going to be
+
+able to separate the analysis
+into lattice properties and
+
+region properties.
+
+And we'll basically be able to
+just add these up to get the
+
+overall analysis, by making some
+judicious approximations
+
+that become exact in the large
+constellation limit.
+
+So let's now restrict ourselves
+to lattices, or
+
+translates of lattices, and
+start to analyze them.
+
+What are their key parameters
+for our application, which is
+
+digital communications?
+
+Well, one is the minimum squared
+distance between
+
+lattice points.
+
+We've seen that doesn't depend
+on the particular point.
+
+So this is the minimum
+squared distance
+
+from any lattice point.
+
+The number of nearest
+neighbors.
+
+The volume per lattice point.
+
+And is there anything else?
+
+It seems to me there's
+a fourth one.
+
+No.
+
+I guess that's all
+we need to know.
+
+So I want to combine these
+into a key figure
+
+of merit for coding.
+
+Again, we did this back in
+chapter four for a complete
+
+constellation.
+
+We found the figure of merit by
+holding the average power
+
+fixed for a fixed number of
+points, m, on a fixed
+
+dimension, n, and maximizing the
+minimum square distance,
+
+or, conversely, holding the
+minimum squared distance fixed
+
+and minimizing the
+average power.
+
+So we get some figure of merit
+that was kind of normalized,
+
+and we could just optimize
+that one thing.
+
+The key figure of merit was
+called by 19th-century
+
+mathematician, Hermite's
+parameter, but we are going to
+
+call it the nominal coding gain
+because that's what it's
+
+going to turn out to be.
+
+And it's just defined
+as follows.
+
+The nominal coding gain of a
+lattice is just this minimum
+
+squared distance, so
+it goes up as the
+
+minimum squared distance.
+
+But then we want to
+normalize this.
+
+And the obvious thing to
+normalize it by, we want
+
+something that's going
+to scale as a
+
+two-dimensional quantity.
+
+If the lattice was scaled by
+alpha, then this would go up
+
+as alpha squared.
+
+So we want something that'll
+scale in the same way.
+
+And what we choose to normalize
+it by is the volume
+
+of lambda per two dimensions,
+if you like.
+
+So you can see immediately, this
+is invariant to scaling,
+
+that the nominal coding gain of
+lambda is the same as the
+
+nominal coding gain
+of alpha lambda.
+
+Is alpha lambda a lattice,
+by the way?
+
+If lambda's a group, and we have
+any scale factor alpha
+
+greater than 0, then alpha times
+lambda is also a group.
+
+Everything's just multiplied
+by alpha.
+
+So alpha lambda is a lattice.
+
+And this is actually one of
+the homework problems.
+
+If you scale everything by
+alpha, d_min-squared goes up
+
+by alpha squared.
+
+The volume goes up by alpha
+to the n, for an
+
+n-dimensional lattice.
+
+But when we take 2 over n, we're
+going to get back to
+
+alpha squared.
+
+So alpha c of lambda is alpha
+c of alpha lambda.
+
+So this is what you want.
+
+You want a kind of scale-free
+version of a lattice, because,
+
+obviously, when we use this,
+we're going to feel free to
+
+amplify it or compress
+it any way we want,
+
+so we do with QAM.
+
+All right, so this is normalized
+in that way.
+
+We prove in the homework
+it's also
+
+invariant to other things.
+
+If you took, say, an orthogonal
+transformation of
+
+this lattice, a rotation,
+reflection, multiply it by a
+
+matrix that doesn't change
+the scale, think of it
+
+geometrically as an orthogonal
+transformation, is that going
+
+to be a lattice?
+
+It is going to be a lattice.
+
+Everything's just going to have
+some h out here, times G
+
+times Z-squared, and
+that's still of
+
+the form of a lattice.
+
+Or call it U for orthogonal,
+unitary.
+
+So we multiply it by some
+orthogonal matrix, U. It's
+
+still a lattice.
+
+If we look in here, orthogonal
+transformations don't change
+
+squared distances.
+
+We're not going to change this
+-- it doesn't matter.
+
+Actually, I might.
+
+No.
+
+It's a rigid rotation,
+I'm sorry.
+
+Everything here stays
+the same.
+
+Hexagonal lattice still is
+hexagonal lattice, because
+
+it's a rigid rotation or
+reflection geometrically.
+
+And the volume clearly stays
+the same, so none of these
+
+things changes.
+
+And orthogonal transformation
+isn't going to change this
+
+quantity either.
+
+So we can rotate this
+or do whatever.
+
+And then, finally, there's an
+even more interesting one,
+
+which is, if we take the
+lattice, lambda to the m, this
+
+is simply the Cartesian
+product.
+
+It's the set of all lambda_1,
+lambda_2, lambda_m, such that
+
+each of these lambda_k
+is in Lambda.
+
+So it's the set of all n-tuples
+
+of elements of Lambda.
+
+This clearly lives in dimension
+mn, so it's a much
+
+higher-dimensional lattice.
+
+The simplest case is Z to the m
+- it lives in m dimensions,
+
+whereas Z is down in
+one dimension.
+
+So it lives in dimension mn.
+
+It's a way of constructing
+high-dimensional lattices from
+
+low-dimensional lattices.
+
+It's something that, in
+communications, we consider to
+
+be almost a non-event.
+
+Sending a sequence of elements
+of lambda is the same as
+
+sending a sequence of elements
+of lambda_m.
+
+In fact, if we just send a
+sequence of things from here,
+
+and a sequence of things from
+lambda, there's no difference
+
+from a receiver's
+point of view.
+
+So we regard these two lattices
+as equivalent, from a
+
+communications point of view.
+
+Well, what happens
+to d_min-squared?
+
+d_min-squared doesn't change,
+because we can always--
+
+d_min-squared is, by the way,
+the weight of the smallest--
+
+should have said that.
+
+You can always do things
+relative to 0.
+
+d_min-squared, therefore, is
+the squared norm or lowest
+
+squared energy of any non-zero
+lattice point, same as we did
+
+with Hamming codes, just
+by the group property.
+
+K_min is the number
+of such lowest
+
+Euclidean weight points.
+
+OK, here, what's the lowest
+weight point?
+
+It would look something like
+this, where this is one of the
+
+lowest weight points
+in lambda.
+
+So d_min-squared
+doesn't change.
+
+This changes, but we're
+not considering that.
+
+The volume, what
+is the volume?
+
+It turns out that it's not hard
+to show that V(lambda to
+
+the m) is V(lambda) to the m.
+
+And therefore, you can show that
+this is figure of merit
+
+doesn't change, even if you
+take Cartesian products.
+
+So for instance, I chose that
+the nominal coding gain of to
+
+the m is equal to the nominal
+coding gain of Z. Which is
+
+what, by the way?
+
+I should have done this
+as the first example.
+
+What's the minimum squared
+distance of Z?
+
+1.
+
+What's the volume of Z?
+
+1.
+
+So this is 1, or 0 dB.
+
+We're going to measure nominal
+coding gain in dB, which,
+
+well, we're getting us
+into communications.
+
+What's the nominal coding gain
+of the hexagonal lattice?
+
+By asking this question, I'm
+basically asking, is the
+
+hexagonal lattice denser than
+Z-squared in two dimensions
+
+than the square lattice
+in two dimensions?
+
+And if so, quantitatively,
+how much denser is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, well, there's a
+root 3 in it, but that isn't
+
+exactly the answer,
+I don't think.
+
+There are various ways that you
+can do it, but one of the
+
+ways is to take, as a generator
+matrix, (1, 0; 1/2,
+
+root 3 over 2).
+
+You like that as a generator
+matrix for the--
+
+That's taking this and this
+as the two generators, and
+
+recognizing this as 1/2, and
+this as root 3 over 2.
+
+That makes the length of this
+equal to 1/4 plus 3/4, equals
+
+1 square root, and it's 1.
+
+So these are my two generators
+of length 1 in a hexagonal
+
+lattice of minimum squared
+distance 1.
+
+So based on that, I can say that
+the volume of A2 is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Root 3 over 2.
+
+Not hard to take the determinant
+of that, right?
+
+And what's the minimum squared
+distance in this scaling?
+
+What's the minimum non-zero
+weight --
+
+squared norm, it's 1.
+
+So this is equal to 1 over root
+3 over 2, which is equal
+
+to 2 over root 3.
+
+Which is equal to what?
+
+This is 3 dB.
+
+This is 4.8 dB, roughly.
+
+Square root is 2.4 dB.
+
+So this is about 0.6 dB.
+
+That's where it pays to
+be facile with dB's.
+
+This area, by the way, if you
+tried to compute the area of
+
+this little hexagon here,
+what would it be?
+
+If the area of this
+parallelotope is the square
+
+root of 3/2, what's the
+area of this hexagon?
+
+The same, right?
+
+They're both space filling when
+
+centered on lattice points.
+
+So they have to have
+the same area.
+
+So that's an easy way of
+computing the area of a
+
+hexagon, or of this particular
+hexagon anyway.
+
+But you would get the same
+result in either way.
+
+So comparing this with
+Z-squared, I now have a
+
+quantitative measure
+of how much
+
+denser A2 is than Z-squared.
+
+Put in one way, if I fix the
+minimum squared distance of
+
+each of them to be 1, if I'm
+doing penny-packing and I say
+
+I want pennies of a certain
+radius to be packed into
+
+two-dimensional space, then
+this is 1 over the volume,
+
+which is basically
+the density.
+
+The density of A2 is 2 over root
+3, times [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+as the density of points
+in z squared.
+
+I get more points per unit area
+with the same distance
+
+between them using A2 than
+I can with Z-squared.
+
+So that's the significance
+of this parameter.
+
+So it's an obvious thing for
+Hermite to have come up with.
+
+It's going to turn out to be
+equally fundamental for us.
+
+So that may be all we want
+to do on lattices
+
+for the time being.
+
+Yeah, seems to be.
+
+So we're talking about lattice
+constellations.
+
+The other thing we have
+to develop is the
+
+properties of regions.
+
+So let me talk about
+regions, R --
+
+I'm thinking of a compact
+region in an
+
+n-dimensional space.
+
+So again, let me fix
+the dimension to n.
+
+And we're going to have
+a certain volume.
+
+That's obviously an important
+characteristic of a region.
+
+And I'm going to assume
+that this is finite.
+
+And what's the other thing
+that we basically want?
+
+Well, when I pick a
+constellation like this, by
+
+intersecting a lattice with a
+region, eventually I'm going
+
+to let the points in this
+constellation be equiprobable,
+
+as I always do in digital
+communications.
+
+16 points.
+
+Say they all have probably 1/16,
+the uniform probability
+
+over the discrete points.
+
+One of the approximations I am
+going to make -- so what's the
+
+average power of that
+constellation?
+
+We could figure it out by taking
+1/16 times the energy.
+
+I should say the average
+energy, I'm sorry.
+
+We're not talking power here.
+
+We're talking energy, but I
+read it as P. What's the
+
+average energy?
+
+It's 1/16 times the L2
+norm of each of these
+
+points, if you like that.
+
+It's simply the Euclidean
+squared norm.
+
+And we get some average.
+
+But here's the key approximation
+principle.
+
+I'm going to say the average
+power of this constellation,
+
+especially as the constellations
+get large, is
+
+simply going to be approximated
+as the average
+
+energy of a uniform distribution
+over this
+
+bounding region.
+
+Suppose I simply put a uniform
+continuous distribution over
+
+this circle, this sphere, two
+sphere that I've used to be my
+
+cookie cutter.
+
+I'm going to say that's going to
+be a good approximation to
+
+the average energy of the 16
+discrete points, which are, by
+
+construction, they're spread
+uniformly over this region.
+
+The approximation is, I'm kind
+of approximating a unit
+
+impulse of weight there
+by distributed
+
+weight across its--
+
+well, actually across its
+whole little region.
+
+If we have a hexagon around each
+one, uniform distribution
+
+over the hexagon.
+
+And if that's a reasonable
+approximation, then it's
+
+reasonable to say that the
+average power of the whole
+
+constellation is just the
+average power of a uniform
+
+distribution over this region.
+
+It's good exercise to try it for
+some moderate size cases.
+
+And you'll find it is a very
+good approximation.
+
+In any case, it's the one
+we're going to use.
+
+So the other key parameter is
+going to be P(R), which is, in
+
+words, the average energy of
+uniform distribution over R.
+
+Sorry, script R. Now, when we
+write this out, this actually
+
+gets a little formidable.
+
+So I think it's better to
+remember what we're actually
+
+trying to compute.
+
+Oh, and one last thing,
+we're going to
+
+normalize it per dimension.
+
+So what do I mean?
+
+What's a uniform distribution
+over R?
+
+This is P(x equals 1) over
+the volume of R for
+
+x in R and 0 otherwise.
+
+Uniform within, 0 outside.
+
+And what does it
+have to equal?
+
+It has to be equal to 1 over
+V(R), because its integral has
+
+to be equal to 1 if it's a
+probability distribution.
+
+So to compute P(R), we basically
+take the integral
+
+from over R, of this probability
+distribution, 1
+
+over V(R), times what?
+
+The energy per dimension.
+
+The total energy of x is
+x-squared, the L2 norm of x.
+
+Normalize per dimension --
+we're going to put an
+
+n over there --
+
+dx.
+
+So that's an equation for what
+it is I wanted to compute.
+
+I think it's much harder to
+remember the terms in this
+
+than to remember this verbal
+description of what we want.
+
+But you may be more literate
+than I. Now, let's define --
+
+we want to normalize quantity
+comparable to Hermite or
+
+coding gain over here.
+
+The normalized quantity
+we're going to use --
+
+we want to take P(R) -- and what
+should we normalize it by
+
+to make it scale-invariant,
+let's say again?
+
+Again, if I take the region, I
+scale the region by alpha and
+
+get alpha_R.
+
+What's going to happen to the
+average energy of a uniform
+
+distribution over R?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It's going to
+go up as alpha squared.
+
+Energy scarce, goes as the
+square of the scale factor.
+
+So again, I want to normalize
+it by V(R) over 2 to the n,
+
+because this is also something
+that will go up as alpha
+
+squared if I scale R by alpha.
+
+So this is what's known as the
+dimension-less or normalized--
+
+it has both names--
+
+second moment.
+
+Another name for this is the
+second moment per dimension of
+
+a uniform distribution over
+R. This is a normalized or
+
+dimension-less second moment.
+
+I think I call it normalized in
+the notes, but it's always
+
+called G in the literature.
+
+And let me just introduce
+here--
+
+well, what's the normalized
+second moment of an interval?
+
+Say, a symmetric interval
+around the origin.
+
+G to the minus 1 to the 1, which
+is like the interval
+
+that we used to pull out the
+m-PAM signal structure.
+
+So let's take n to be equal to
+1, R just to be the interval
+
+from -1 to +1.
+
+And V(R) equals what?
+
+It's the length of
+R, which is 2.
+
+What's P(R)?
+
+The integral from -1 to 1, x
+squared, dx, which is 2/3.
+
+I think so.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, 1/2.
+
+Thank you.
+
+That's 1/3.
+
+All right, so what is G(R) going
+to be, or G going to be?
+
+This is going to be P(R)
+over V(R)-squared.
+
+And so this is going to be
+1/3 over 4, or 1/12.
+
+OK, that's not as nice as
+this over here, but
+
+it is what it is.
+
+There's a number that shows up
+in quantization, for instance,
+
+uniform scalar quantizer, you'll
+find a 1/12 in there.
+
+Why?
+
+It's because of this equation.
+
+If we ask again about the
+invariances of this--
+
+this is the last homework
+problem for this week--
+
+it's invariant not only to
+scaling, but, again, it's
+
+invariant to orthogonal
+transformations, because
+
+orthogonal transformations
+won't affect
+
+either of these things.
+
+A rigid rotation, about
+the origin, won't
+
+affect V(R) or P(R).
+
+And furthermore, it's invariant
+to Cartesian
+
+products, again.
+
+If we just have a series of
+regions, a region made up
+
+basically as the Cartesian
+product, like an n-cube is a
+
+Cartesian product.
+
+We just pick each of the
+dimensions independently from
+
+some set R. Then that's not
+going to affect the normalized
+
+second moment either.
+
+Exercise for the student.
+
+So from that result, I can say
+that G([-1 1]) to the m.
+
+Which is what?
+
+This is an m-cube of side 2.
+
+If I say each of the
+coordinates, x1, x2, x3, up to
+
+xm, has got to be xk n times
+[-1 1], then what I'm going to
+
+get, the region defined by that
+is an m-cubed, centered
+
+on the origin of side 2.
+
+So the normalized second
+moment of that
+
+is going to be 1/12.
+
+This is where the shortcut
+begins to help you.
+
+I guess I'm trying to put
+too much on one board.
+
+But the last thing I want
+to put up on here
+
+is the shaping gain.
+
+The shape gain of a region is
+defined as the shaping gain of
+
+the region is equal to 1/12.
+
+So we're kind of taking as a
+baseline, the m-cube, in any
+
+number of dimensions n,
+over G(the region).
+
+In other words, how much less
+is the dimension-less second
+
+moment, the normalized second
+moment, than what you would
+
+get for an m-cube?
+
+In every dimension except for
+one, a sphere is going to be a
+
+better region, from a second
+moment point of
+
+view, than an m-cube.
+
+An m-cube has corners.
+
+Really, it's pretty obvious
+that, if you want to minimize
+
+the normalized second moment in
+any number of dimensions,
+
+you would choose an m-sphere,
+because if you have any
+
+wrinkle that comes out of an
+m-sphere, anything that's not
+
+an m-sphere, you should try
+to squash it back in it.
+
+And that'll make
+it an m-sphere.
+
+You'll take higher energy and
+make it lower energy for the
+
+same little unit of Play-Doh
+or mass stuff.
+
+So a sphere will give you the
+best normalized second moment
+
+in any number of dimensions n,
+so you're always going to get
+
+a G(R) that's less than 1/12.
+
+That's good.
+
+And this measures the
+amount of gain.
+
+Again, you can measure
+this in dB.
+
+That's going to translate
+directly to dB.
+
+I suppose I could do an example
+for the sphere in two
+
+dimensions, but I won't.
+
+How are we doing on time?
+
+Let me see if I can do the
+union-bound estimate.
+
+That would be a trick, but I
+think it's doable, because
+
+this is where we're going.
+
+So the union-bound estimate,
+which is something we did way
+
+back in chapter five or
+something, is basically, given
+
+a constellation, which we're
+going to have a lattice
+
+constellation based
+on some lattice
+
+lambda and some region.
+
+So this is like our m-by-m QAM,
+or it might be this guy,
+
+which is better than 16-QAM,
+in some sense.
+
+In two senses, actually.
+
+The union-bound estimate,
+what is it?
+
+The probability of error is
+approximately equal to--
+
+let me do it per block.
+
+So I'll have the number of
+nearest neighbors per block of
+
+our constellation times Q
+to the square root of
+
+d_min-squared of our
+constellation,
+
+over what is it?
+
+4 sigma squared?
+
+4 sigma squared.
+
+And if you remember how we got
+this, we took the union-bound,
+
+we took all the pairwise error
+probabilities, and from that,
+
+we get contributions from kd at
+every kd contributions at
+
+distance d.
+
+We added them all up
+in the union-bound.
+
+We said, well, for moderate
+complexity and performance, at
+
+least this is going
+to be dominated
+
+by the minimum distance.
+
+So this is the minimum
+distance terms.
+
+This is the number of minimum
+distance terms.
+
+And this is error
+probability --
+
+the pairwise error probability
+we get for each minimum
+
+distance term.
+
+Now, to compute this, I'm
+going to use three
+
+approximations, but two
+important ones, this
+
+continuous approximation that
+I've already referred to.
+
+First, I'm going to say that
+the average power of my
+
+constellation is approximately
+equal to just the second
+
+moment of R. The average energy
+per dimension of R.
+
+And then I'm going to say,
+furthermore, how many points
+
+are there in the
+constellation?
+
+This will affect what
+rate I can go at.
+
+The average number of points
+in the constellation --
+
+also mention this--
+
+is going to be approximately
+equal to simply the volume of
+
+my bounding region, V(R), over
+the volume taken up by each
+
+point in my lattice.
+
+That makes sense, doesn't it?
+
+What I want to do here to get
+16 points is I take a sphere
+
+whose area is roughly 16 times
+the area of one of these
+
+little hexagons or one of these
+little parallelograms.
+
+And I'll get about 16 points,
+because that's
+
+the density of it.
+
+And there's a final little
+approximation, which is that
+
+I'm going to assume that we're
+somewhere in the interior of
+
+the lattice, so that the average
+number of nearest
+
+neighbors in the constellation
+is simply equal to the number
+
+of nearest neighbors
+in the lattice.
+
+So that's a reasonable
+approximation, and that's a
+
+very obvious one.
+
+If I take any constellation
+based on the hexagonal
+
+lattice, for a large enough
+constellation, the average
+
+number of nearest neighbors
+is going to be 6.
+
+If I take it on the square
+lattice, the average number of
+
+nearest neighbors is
+going to be 4.
+
+But we know we're not terribly
+interested in that either.
+
+Let me do a little manipulation
+here.
+
+I'm going to write this as Q of
+d_min-squared of c, which
+
+clearly I'm going to also assume
+that d_min-squared of c
+
+is equal to d_min-squared
+of the lattice.
+
+So I'll make that d_min-squared
+of the lattice.
+
+And I want to normalize that
+by v of lambda, to the 2/n,
+
+whatever dimension n I'm in,
+to get something that we're
+
+familiar with.
+
+So I need a V(n) over
+2 to the n.
+
+And anticipating a little,
+I'm going to put a V(R)
+
+over 2 to the n.
+
+And then over here, I'm going
+to put V(R) over--
+
+Is this going to come
+out right?--
+
+over 2 to the n, over--
+
+this seems upside-down.
+
+Ah, no, it isn't upside-down.
+
+Because I'm using this
+expression here, I
+
+do want 1 over G(R).
+
+So this is 1 over G(R).
+
+If I multiply this by 1/12, now
+I get 1 over G(R), so I
+
+need to put a 1/12 here.
+
+And then I have a P(R)
+over 4 sigma squared.
+
+So does everyone agree I
+can write it that way?
+
+This'll be good.
+
+Go out with a bang.
+
+So what are all these things?
+
+This is the coding
+gain of lambda.
+
+This, according to this, is the
+size of the constellation
+
+to the 2 over n,
+approximately.
+
+The rate of the constellation
+is log 2 times the size of
+
+lambda, R. So the rate
+is equal to just
+
+log 2 of this quantity.
+
+So I can say 2 to the R. This
+is 2 to the R equals this.
+
+So this would be 2 to the
+2 over n, 2R over n.
+
+Is that right?
+
+Again, I'm unsure if
+that's what I want.
+
+This is the shaping gain of the
+region, these three things
+
+together, times 3,
+times-- what's
+
+P(R) over sigma squared?
+
+That's the SNR.
+
+That's the average power
+per dimension.
+
+And this is the average noise
+power per dimension.
+
+I've used up these in that.
+
+So I've got a 1 over 1/12.
+
+That's 12 times that.
+
+So this is 3 times SNR.
+
+And let's see.
+
+This is 2R over n is
+just 2 to the--
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't that just 2R?
+
+Because [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+normalized by the dimension.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+And furthermore, it's minus,
+because it's upside-down.
+
+So it's 2 to the - 2R.
+
+Actually, what I want is the
+spectral efficiency.
+
+And the spectral efficiency is
+the rate per two dimensions.
+
+So this is just 2 to
+the minus rho.
+
+So with a little help for
+my friends, what's SNR
+
+over 2 to the rho?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It's approximately
+SNR norm.
+
+Certainly true as row
+becomes large.
+
+It's actually SNR over
+2 to the rho minus 1.
+
+So this is SNR norm.
+
+OK, so with a little hand waving
+and a few high SNR
+
+approximations, we get that, in
+summary, for the UBE, the
+
+probability of error is
+approximately K_min(lambda)
+
+times Q to the square root
+of the coding gain of the
+
+lattice, times the shaping
+gain of the
+
+region, times 3SNR norm.
+
+And that's a wonderful
+approximation.
+
+Let me just call out some of
+its properties to you, and
+
+then we'll talk about
+them next time.
+
+But first of all, there's
+nothing here--
+
+all these terms involve either
+lambda or R. So we have
+
+completely separated, in this
+analysis, the effects of the
+
+region from the effects
+of the lattice.
+
+We can choose the lattice and
+the region independently.
+
+And they independently affect
+how good a performance we get.
+
+For the baseline, which was
+either m-PAM or m-by-m QAM, we
+
+have, for the baseline PAM or
+QAM, we've set it up so that
+
+both the coding gain of the
+lattice and the shaping gain
+
+of the region are equal to 1.
+
+So for the baseline, this
+gives us what we already
+
+developed back in the
+early stages.
+
+I won't worry about this --
+
+Q-hat, but it does give you
+the right coefficient out
+
+here, too, depending on whether
+you normalize it per
+
+two dimensions or what.
+
+It just gives you Q to the
+square root of 3SNR norm,
+
+which I hope you remember
+from chapter five.
+
+So this is our baseline curve
+for m-PAM or m-by-m QAM.
+
+We just plotted versus SNR norm,
+the probability of error
+
+per two dimensions, which
+is what I recommended.
+
+And we got some curve.
+
+So this is the baseline.
+
+And now we've got everything
+separated out in a nice way,
+
+so that if somebody gives us a
+lattice with a certain coding
+
+gain and a region with a certain
+shaping gain, those
+
+both just add up as gains.
+
+If that's all we had, forget the
+coefficient, we would just
+
+move to the right here, and
+it would give us effective
+
+reductions and the required SNR
+norm by the coding gain of
+
+the lattice and the shaping
+gain of the region.
+
+And we'd get the same curve
+moved out over here.
+
+Again, as in the binary case,
+typically we're going to get a
+
+larger number of near neighbors,
+leading to a larger
+
+coefficient out here.
+
+We want to normalize this
+per two dimensions.
+
+Per two dimensions, it's only
+4 for the baseline.
+
+But in general, we're going to
+get a KS of lambda, the number
+
+of nearest neighbors per two
+dimensions, which is going to
+
+raise this a little.
+
+And that will lower
+the effective
+
+coding gain down here.
+
+But we've basically, by these
+large constellation, high SNR
+
+approximations, we've really
+reduced the analysis of
+
+lattice constellations to a
+very simple task, just to
+
+analyze what's the coding gain,
+what's the shaping gain,
+
+number of nearest neighbors,
+plot the performance curve,
+
+end of story.
+
+So we'll start there next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D_vUxa3tEGs.txt b/D_vUxa3tEGs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67c9a4afd9b110a64db50d797d66dbe3801ff0b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D_vUxa3tEGs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+For part E and F of the problem,
+we'll be introducing
+
+a new notion of convergence,
+so-called the convergence E
+
+mean squared sense.
+
+We say that xn converges to a
+number c in mean squared, if
+
+as we take and go to infinity,
+the expected value of xn minus
+
+c squared goes to 0.
+
+To get a sense of what this
+looks like, let's say we let c
+
+equal to the expected value of
+xn, and let's say the expected
+
+value of xn is always
+the same.
+
+So the sequence of random
+variables has the same mean.
+
+Well, if that is true, then mean
+square convergence simply
+
+says the limit of the
+variance of xn is 0.
+
+So as you can imagine, somehow
+as xn becomes big, the
+
+variance of xn is very small,
+so xn is basically highly
+
+concentrated around c.
+
+And by this I mean, the density
+function for xn.
+
+So that's the notion
+of convergence
+
+we'll be working with.
+
+Our first task here is to show
+that the mean square
+
+convergence is in some sense
+stronger than the convergence
+
+in probability that we have been
+working with from part A
+
+to part D. That is, if I know
+that xn converged to some
+
+number c in mean squared, then
+this must imply that xn
+
+converges to c in probability.
+
+And now, we'll go show
+that for part E.
+
+Well, let's start with a
+definition of convergence in
+
+probability.
+
+We want to show that for a fixed
+constant epsilon the
+
+probability that xn minus
+c, greater than epsilon,
+
+essentially goes to 0 as
+n goes to infinity.
+
+To do so, we look at the
+value of this term.
+
+Well, the probability of
+absolute value xn minus c
+
+greater than epsilon is equal
+to the case if we were to
+
+square both sides of
+the inequality.
+
+So that is equal to the
+probability that xn minus c
+
+squared greater than
+epsilon squared.
+
+We can do this because both
+sides are positive, hence this
+
+goes through.
+
+Now, to bound this equality,
+we'll invoke the Markov's
+
+Inequality, which it says this
+probability of xn, some random
+
+variable greater than epsilon
+squared, is no more than is
+
+less equal to the expected value
+of the random variable.
+
+In this case, the expected value
+of x minus c squared
+
+divided by the threshold that
+we're trying to cross.
+
+So that is Markov's
+Inequality.
+
+Now, since we know xn converges
+to c in mean
+
+squared, and by definition,
+mean square we know this
+
+precise expectation right
+here goes to 0.
+
+And therefore, the whole
+expression goes to 0 as n goes
+
+to infinity.
+
+Because the denominator here is
+a constant and the top, the
+
+numerator here, goes to 0.
+
+So now we have it.
+
+We know that the probability of
+xn minus c absolute value
+
+greater than epsilon goes to 0
+as n goes to infinity, for all
+
+fixed value of epsilons and
+this is the definition of
+
+convergence in probability.
+
+ 
+
+Now that we know if xn converges
+to c mean squared,
+
+it implies that xn converges
+to c in probability.
+
+One might wonder whether
+the reverse is true.
+
+Namely, if we know something
+converges in probability to a
+
+constant, does the same sequence
+of random variables
+
+converge to the same constant
+in mean squared?
+
+It turns out that is
+not quite the case.
+
+The notion of probability
+converges in probability is
+
+not as strong as a notion of
+convergence in mean squared.
+
+Again, to look for a counter
+example, we do not have to go
+
+further than the yn's we
+have been working with.
+
+So here we know that yn
+converges to 0 in probability.
+
+But it turns out it does
+not converge to
+
+0 in the mean squared.
+
+And to see why this is the case,
+we can take the expected
+
+value of yn minus 0 squared,
+and see how that goes.
+
+Well, the value of this can be
+computed easily, which is
+
+simply 0, if yn is equal to 0,
+with probability 1 minus n
+
+plus n squared when yn takes a
+value of n, and this happens
+
+with probability 1 over n.
+
+The whole expression evaluates
+to n, which blows up to
+
+infinity as n going
+to infinity.
+
+As a result, the limit n going
+to infinity of E of yn minus 0
+
+squared is infinity and
+is not equal to 0.
+
+And there we have it, even
+though yn converges to 0 in
+
+probability, because the
+variance of yn, in some sense,
+
+is too big, it does
+not converge in a
+
+mean squared sense.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Dy4KEXJsVIY.txt b/Dy4KEXJsVIY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18dc25318e247633d9465fb08030ae8a2a9e6a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Dy4KEXJsVIY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today i will
+present to you one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to you one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present to you one of the most
+interesting topics in my field of study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topics in my field of study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topics in my field of study
+which is a graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i know the topics might sound a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i know the topics might sound a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i know the topics might sound a
+little bit intimidating but what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intimidating but what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit intimidating but what you
+need to understand this presentation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand this presentation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand this presentation is
+quite simple so um if you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple so um if you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple so um if you can do the
+basic math like simple additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic math like simple additions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic math like simple additions
+or um simple modifications you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um simple modifications you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um simple modifications you are
+pretty good to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good to go
+and also what you'll need is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what you'll need is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also what you'll need is the
+observation skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation skills
+and that's probably all you need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably all you need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably all you need to have
+for understanding this presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um before i jump in um can i ask like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before i jump in um can i ask like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um before i jump in um can i ask like if
+any of you guys have been familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you guys have been familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you guys have been familiar with
+this topic before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a little bit a little bit okay um yeah i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit a little bit okay um yeah i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit a little bit okay um yeah i
+hope you get something out of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you get something out of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you get something out of today's
+presentation i hope it'd be useful okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation i hope it'd be useful okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation i hope it'd be useful okay
+uh okay about today's agenda uh first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay about today's agenda uh first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay about today's agenda uh first
+i'll go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll go over
+some definitions uh to see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definitions uh to see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some definitions uh to see what the
+graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is
+and next we are going to explore one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next we are going to explore one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next we are going to explore one of
+the uh most interesting questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most interesting questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh most interesting questions
+in graph theory which is the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory which is the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in graph theory which is the shortest
+path problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problems
+and then we are going to see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to see some
+examples and we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and we are going to
+recap it at the end all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap it at the end all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recap it at the end all right
+and also feel free to interrupt me any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also feel free to interrupt me any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also feel free to interrupt me any
+questions you may have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you may have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you may have just
+don't be shy okay all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be shy okay all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be shy okay all right let's
+dive in uh the question is uh what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive in uh the question is uh what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive in uh the question is uh what is a
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+uh if you have been dealing with data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have been dealing with data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have been dealing with data
+before you might have been familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you might have been familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you might have been familiar with
+the concept of graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of graph
+uh on the left one you have the graph on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left one you have the graph on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the left one you have the graph on
+the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis
+and y-axis and the right one you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y-axis and the right one you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y-axis and the right one you have a
+bar graph to represent some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar graph to represent some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar graph to represent some data
+and but uh this is not the graph we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but uh this is not the graph we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but uh this is not the graph we are
+going to talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today
+what we are going to talk about is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to talk about is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to talk about is quite
+a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit different
+and the definition of it is that graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of it is that graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the definition of it is that graph
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+collision of nodes and edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of nodes and edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of nodes and edges and
+by nodes here i will use the red circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nodes here i will use the red circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by nodes here i will use the red circle
+to represent a node and the edges will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a node and the edges will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a node and the edges will
+be it is just a straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it is just a straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it is just a straight line
+so basically nodes can represent any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically nodes can represent any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically nodes can represent any
+objects it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects it can be
+people it can be animals it can be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it can be animals it can be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it can be animals it can be just
+just anything and the areas will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just anything and the areas will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just anything and the areas will
+indicate some relationships between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate some relationships between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate some relationships between two
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes
+and that might not sound clear but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might not sound clear but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that might not sound clear but uh
+let's take a look at some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at some examples
+here okay uh here i have a note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay uh here i have a note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay uh here i have a note that
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents
+howard and i have a node that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard and i have a node that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+howard and i have a node that represents
+mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit
+and they both can be connected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both can be connected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both can be connected by the
+ish that says they are in the same city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish that says they are in the same city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ish that says they are in the same city
+of cambridge is it clear on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cambridge is it clear on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cambridge is it clear on this one
+yes all right and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right and uh
+i can have the notes of matt and ecs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can have the notes of matt and ecs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can have the notes of matt and ecs
+and both are the department at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both are the department at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both are the department at mit
+i have akin this is me who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have akin this is me who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have akin this is me who is the
+students at mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at mit
+and i study math and ecs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i study math and ecs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i study math and ecs
+i can have a list who love math and bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can have a list who love math and bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can have a list who love math and bob
+who hates math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hates math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who hates math
+and alison bob are rival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alison bob are rival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alison bob are rival
+is it good okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it good okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it good okay uh
+okay uh i would like to make some notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh i would like to make some notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh i would like to make some notes
+here that this graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this graph is
+actually quite messy it has like so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite messy it has like so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually quite messy it has like so many
+kind of notes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notes you have
+schools you have departments and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools you have departments and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools you have departments and you
+also have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have people
+and at the same time you also have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time you also have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the same time you also have so
+many kind of edges you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kind of edges you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many kind of edges you have the same
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+of department students and many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of department students and many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of department students and many more
+so um in theory um this is not wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in theory um this is not wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um in theory um this is not wrong
+uh in one graph you can have so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one graph you can have so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in one graph you can have so many
+kind of notes and so many kind of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notes and so many kind of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of notes and so many kind of edges
+but in practice we usually refer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice we usually refer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice we usually refer to a
+graph as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph as
+only having one kind of notes and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having one kind of notes and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having one kind of notes and one
+kind of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of edges
+and what it means by that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means by that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it means by that if you take a
+look at the right graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the right graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the right graph
+you can see this graph has nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this graph has nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see this graph has nodes that
+are the states in new england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the states in new england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the states in new england
+and the edges will is an indication if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges will is an indication if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges will is an indication if
+two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two states
+are neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already still on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is uh
+i also have some examples so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also have some examples so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also have some examples so you can
+probably have a better understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a better understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a better understanding
+uh the example i'm going to use is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the example i'm going to use is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the example i'm going to use is a new
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+and probably you guys have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably you guys have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably you guys have seen
+facebook before and what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook before and what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook before and what we are going to
+do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is
+uh facebook actually have a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facebook actually have a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh facebook actually have a very nice
+way to present the network as a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to present the network as a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to present the network as a graph
+and to do so he can have the node to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so he can have the node to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do so he can have the node to
+represent a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a user
+and h2 represents a friendship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h2 represents a friendship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h2 represents a friendship between
+any two users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two users
+for example this diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example this diagram here
+you can see list here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see list here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see list here has
+list has age that connects to emma shane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list has age that connects to emma shane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list has age that connects to emma shane
+and allen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and allen
+that means uh list has three friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh list has three friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh list has three friends
+which is emma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is emma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is emma
+shane is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shane is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shane is it
+is it okay is it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it okay is it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it okay is it yeah
+okay i just want to ask like to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i just want to ask like to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i just want to ask like to make
+sure just everybody is on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure just everybody is on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure just everybody is on the same page
+like um just a quick questions like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um just a quick questions like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um just a quick questions like uh
+how many friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many friends
+does john have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does john have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does john have
+four four yeah well they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there are four friends of john uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are four friends of john uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there are four friends of john uh
+bob uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob uh
+jill shane and leah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jill shane and leah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jill shane and leah
+okay still good okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still good okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay still good okay
+okay i have another question for you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have another question for you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have another question for you uh
+on the right i have a graph who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right i have a graph who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right i have a graph who's
+whose notes are some states in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose notes are some states in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose notes are some states in the u.s
+you can have many new hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have many new hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have many new hemisphere
+massachusetts and many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts and many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts and many more
+and the edges will represent that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges will represent that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges will represent that there
+is a road that connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a road that connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a road that connects
+two nodes together for example this age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nodes together for example this age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nodes together for example this age
+is a road that connects main and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a road that connects main and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a road that connects main and new
+hampshire this age is a road that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire this age is a road that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire this age is a road that
+connects vermont and new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so basically you can view this graph as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can view this graph as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can view this graph as
+a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map
+and there are states then there are road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are states then there are road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are states then there are road
+technique states together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique states together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique states together
+yeah so um here's my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um here's my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so um here's my question
+you want to drive from maine to maryland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to drive from maine to maryland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to drive from maine to maryland
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+the this circle to this circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this circle to this circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this circle to this circle
+and to go to use a road you need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to go to use a road you need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to go to use a road you need to pay
+one dollar for each road you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar for each road you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar for each road you take
+yeah the question is that what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is that what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the question is that what is the
+cheapest route you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can go along to the left edges left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go along to the left edges left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go along to the left edges left
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+yeah uh new hampshire vermont new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh new hampshire vermont new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh new hampshire vermont new york
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+pennsylvania and maryland yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennsylvania and maryland yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennsylvania and maryland yeah yeah
+that's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perfect
+um there are actually two uh ships route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are actually two uh ships route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are actually two uh ships route
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+which are indicated by the green lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are indicated by the green lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are indicated by the green lines
+and whatever route you takes you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever route you takes you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever route you takes you need to
+pay five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay five dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay five dollars
+and uh this is what we call the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is what we call the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this is what we call the shortest
+path problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem
+i will uh explain it in in a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will uh explain it in in a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will uh explain it in in a minute
+but um if you guys have any questions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um if you guys have any questions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um if you guys have any questions if
+you don't understand the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't understand the graph
+you can ask me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh let's move on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's move on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh let's move on so
+um the shortest path problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the shortest path problem uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the shortest path problem uh
+it is probably one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is probably one of the most important
+questions in graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in graph theory
+uh computer scientist has been dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer scientist has been dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh computer scientist has been dealing
+with it for decades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it for decades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it for decades
+and it also have so many applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also have so many applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also have so many applications in
+real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life
+and the way we formulate the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we formulate the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we formulate the problem is
+that we are given the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are given the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are given the graph
+and we want to find the shortest path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the shortest path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to find the shortest path in
+term of the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term of the number of edges
+to go from one node to another like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from one node to another like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from one node to another like we
+just did to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did to go from
+main to maryland and it's actually easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main to maryland and it's actually easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main to maryland and it's actually easy
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve
+by guys if the graph is so small they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by guys if the graph is so small they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by guys if the graph is so small they
+need kita did it pronounce correctly yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need kita did it pronounce correctly yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need kita did it pronounce correctly yep
+yeah he just solved it in like 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he just solved it in like 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he just solved it in like 10
+seconds and it's pretty easy if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and it's pretty easy if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and it's pretty easy if the
+graph is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is small
+but uh the question is like if the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the question is like if the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the question is like if the graph
+is large how do we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large how do we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large how do we do it
+like on this one if you want to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on this one if you want to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on this one if you want to go from
+the left note to the right note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left note to the right note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left note to the right note
+it's probably impossible to solve it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably impossible to solve it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably impossible to solve it by
+eyes because you know there are like 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes because you know there are like 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes because you know there are like 100
+nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and
+thousand edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand edges
+so uh to solve these problems computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh to solve these problems computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh to solve these problems computer
+scientists have come up with a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have come up with a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists have come up with a very nice
+and very simple procedure to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very simple procedure to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very simple procedure to find a
+shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path
+and we call it the breadth first search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call it the breadth first search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we call it the breadth first search
+or bfs for short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we are going to do it now and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to do it now and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to do it now and i'm
+going to list the instructions on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list the instructions on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to list the instructions on the
+left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left
+and we are going to solve it together on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to solve it together on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to solve it together on
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+so to do it we are going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do it we are going to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to do it we are going to start with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+leveling the start node which is main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling the start node which is main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveling the start node which is main
+here with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with zero
+and then we are going to see that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to see that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we are going to see that from
+main you can expand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main you can expand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main you can expand to
+new hampshire so we are going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hampshire so we are going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new hampshire so we are going to put
+one at new hampshire and then from new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at new hampshire and then from new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at new hampshire and then from new
+hampshire you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire you can
+only go to vermont and message sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go to vermont and message sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go to vermont and message sets
+so we will put two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will put two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will put two here
+and if you do the same thing from boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the same thing from boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the same thing from boom
+one and messages it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and messages it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and messages it
+you can only go to new york committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only go to new york committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only go to new york committee
+card in rhode island and we'll put three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in rhode island and we'll put three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card in rhode island and we'll put three
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+and we are going to do it again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to do it again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to do it again and
+again until we find maryland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until we find maryland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again until we find maryland
+which is five is it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is five is it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is five is it clear
+on the procedure yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the procedure yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the procedure yeah yeah
+that's good okay so um we found maryland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good okay so um we found maryland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good okay so um we found maryland
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+level five meaning that uh to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level five meaning that uh to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level five meaning that uh to go from
+maine to maryland you need to take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maine to maryland you need to take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maine to maryland you need to take five
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+uh however these procedures only tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however these procedures only tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however these procedures only tell
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+how like the number the least number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like the number the least number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how like the number the least number of
+edges you need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges you need to take
+but it doesn't exactly tell you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't exactly tell you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't exactly tell you like
+what path you should be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what path you should be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what path you should be taking
+so the question is um how do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is um how do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is um how do you find
+such a pack that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pack that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a pack that
+that cost you five dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the answer is uh what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is uh what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is uh what we call
+backtracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backtracking
+and it is quite simple to so what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is quite simple to so what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is quite simple to so what it
+means by by tracking is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by by tracking is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means by by tracking is that uh
+you have maryland f5 and you have minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have maryland f5 and you have minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have maryland f5 and you have minute
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+you want to find a path that goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find a path that goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to find a path that goes like
+five four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five four
+three two one and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one and zero
+and to do that on the left one you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that on the left one you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that on the left one you can
+go five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go five
+four three two one and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three two one and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four three two one and zero
+and on the right one you can go uh five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right one you can go uh five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the right one you can go uh five
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+three two one and zero and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one and zero and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three two one and zero and these are
+actually two pads that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two pads that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two pads that we
+just solved earlier my eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it clear for everybody yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it clear for everybody yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it clear for everybody yes
+okay sounds good so um how do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sounds good so um how do you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sounds good so um how do you guys
+feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about
+this example is it like uh too hard too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is it like uh too hard too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is it like uh too hard too
+easy or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy or just
+okay sorry it's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry it's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sorry it's all right
+all right everybody okay um if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody okay um if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right everybody okay um if this is
+uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not
+too hard for you i have two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard for you i have two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too hard for you i have two questions
+that might be a bit more challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a bit more challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be a bit more challenging
+for this one you still have a map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one you still have a map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one you still have a map
+you have to have the same graph with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have the same graph with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have the same graph with the
+nodes of the states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of the states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes of the states
+but now each road will cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now each road will cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now each road will cost you
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+like for example from maine to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example from maine to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for example from maine to new
+hampshire it will cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire it will cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hampshire it will cost you
+one dollar and from new hampshire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar and from new hampshire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar and from new hampshire to
+messenger sets it will cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger sets it will cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger sets it will cost you
+two dollars so basically like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars so basically like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dollars so basically like the
+numbers above the edge will tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers above the edge will tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers above the edge will tell you the
+amount of money you need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money you need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money you need to pay
+for using the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using the row
+you still want to go from maine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still want to go from maine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still want to go from maine to
+maryland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maryland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maryland
+but you still pick the same route i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still pick the same route i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still pick the same route i'll
+tell you here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you here that
+um the old one will cost you 11 like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the old one will cost you 11 like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the old one will cost you 11 like one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three three and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three three and two
+yeah can we do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um i think in the lower part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think in the lower part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i think in the lower part of the
+graph we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we can
+uh take the right route this time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the right route this time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh take the right route this time so it
+would cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cost
+four dollars yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dollars yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dollars yeah
+yeah that's a good cash um you could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good cash um you could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good cash um you could go
+this way you only need to pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right how about the upper part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how about the upper part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how about the upper part
+and you just find the charter way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just find the charter way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just find the charter way
+the cheaper way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well we can go from new hampshire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can go from new hampshire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can go from new hampshire to
+massachusetts to connecticut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts to connecticut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusetts to connecticut
+to new york yeah yeah that's correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new york yeah yeah that's correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to new york yeah yeah that's correct and
+this is actually the cheapest path we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the cheapest path we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the cheapest path we
+can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this uh type of question we call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh type of question we call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this uh type of question we call it
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+weighted shortest path problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted shortest path problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted shortest path problem it's
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+the shortest path problem with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path problem with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path problem with some
+variations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations
+so here every age will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here every age will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here every age will have
+the corresponding weight in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding weight in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding weight in this case
+the weight is just the amount of toll we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is just the amount of toll we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight is just the amount of toll we
+need to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay
+for using the road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's already still good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already still good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already still good
+okay so um as you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so um as you can see the
+traditional breakfast search will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional breakfast search will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional breakfast search will not
+work on this graph because it will just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this graph because it will just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this graph because it will just
+tell us to go on this way be of the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us to go on this way be of the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us to go on this way be of the old
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+but the actual shift route is just to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual shift route is just to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the actual shift route is just to go
+on the green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is how can be solved by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is how can be solved by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is how can be solved by
+using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the
+bfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the answer is we need to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is we need to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is we need to do some
+modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications
+to use the vfs to solve it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the vfs to solve it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the vfs to solve it we can
+uh add an intermediate node here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh add an intermediate node here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh add an intermediate node here so
+we're basically going to split up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically going to split up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically going to split up the
+roads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads
+so from one road that costs you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from one road that costs you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from one road that costs you two
+dollars it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars it's going to be
+split up into two rewards that cost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up into two rewards that cost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split up into two rewards that cost you
+one dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one dollar
+for each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the diagram clear for you yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diagram clear for you yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the diagram clear for you yeah
+yeah and also the same thing uh with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and also the same thing uh with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and also the same thing uh with the
+road that cost you three dollars can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road that cost you three dollars can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road that cost you three dollars can be
+split into three rows that cost you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into three rows that cost you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into three rows that cost you one
+dollar each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar each
+and you can transform the graph from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can transform the graph from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can transform the graph from the
+um graph with the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um graph with the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um graph with the weight
+to the graph with intermediate nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph with intermediate nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the graph with intermediate nodes
+as you can see message is set to rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see message is set to rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see message is set to rho
+ellen two dollars will be split into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellen two dollars will be split into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellen two dollars will be split into two
+roads and you can do the same for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads and you can do the same for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads and you can do the same for every
+single age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from here you can
+use the bfs like we just did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the bfs like we just did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the bfs like we just did before
+i'm gonna just show you how it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna just show you how it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna just show you how it goes
+because it will take too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will take too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it will take too long
+you have zero one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have zero one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have zero one two three four
+five six seven eight nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven eight nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven eight nine
+and we can do the backtracking to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do the backtracking to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do the backtracking to find
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+actual shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it clear for everybody yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it clear for everybody yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it clear for everybody yep
+yeah sounds good okay okay i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sounds good okay okay i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sounds good okay okay i would like
+to end with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end with some
+a couple of examples that you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of examples that you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of examples that you may have
+come across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come across
+so these are the actual examples in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the actual examples in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the actual examples in real
+life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of the
+bfs so the first one is the cheapest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bfs so the first one is the cheapest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bfs so the first one is the cheapest
+flight transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight transit
+if you have used some traveling engines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have used some traveling engines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have used some traveling engines
+before like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before like
+you will want to go from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will want to go from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will want to go from one place to
+another but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another but
+uh if you do the search it will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you do the search it will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you do the search it will tell you
+what is the cheapest route what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cheapest route what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the cheapest route what is the
+transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit
+so in this photo you are given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this photo you are given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this photo you are given the
+origin and destination and price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and destination and price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and destination and price
+of several flights and for example here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several flights and for example here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of several flights and for example here
+you want to go to boston to los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go to boston to los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go to boston to los
+angeles you can use the breakfast to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angeles you can use the breakfast to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angeles you can use the breakfast to see
+that this is actually the cheapest route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually the cheapest route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is actually the cheapest route
+you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another example that i have here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another example that i have here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another example that i have here is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+minimizing the signal delay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the signal delay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizing the signal delay so
+if you want to call a friend like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to call a friend like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to call a friend like at
+least one call about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one call about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one call about
+when a hobby so the signal actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a hobby so the signal actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a hobby so the signal actually
+going to bounce off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bounce off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bounce off
+a lot of cell phone towers until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cell phone towers until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cell phone towers until you
+reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaching the
+and from the signal to go from one tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the signal to go from one tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the signal to go from one tower
+to another tower it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another tower it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another tower it
+has some delays so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some delays so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some delays so we can
+we can model this as a graph with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can model this as a graph with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can model this as a graph with the
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+to be the cellphone towers and the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the cellphone towers and the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the cellphone towers and the edge
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+represent the delays from toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the delays from toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the delays from toward the
+tower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tower
+and we can use the refreshers to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use the refreshers to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can use the refreshers to see
+like what should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what should be the
+fast the route that signal actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the route that signal actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the route that signal actually
+minimize the delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is the example clear to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is the example clear to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is the example clear to everybody
+yep yeah and that's pretty much all i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah and that's pretty much all i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep yeah and that's pretty much all i
+have for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for today
+um just want to recap everything up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just want to recap everything up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just want to recap everything up uh
+today we learned what the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we learned what the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we learned what the graph is
+and we see how to solve the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see how to solve the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we see how to solve the shortest
+path problems by the breadth first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problems by the breadth first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problems by the breadth first
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+both on the uh one without the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on the uh one without the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both on the uh one without the weight
+and the weighted one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weighted one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weighted one
+and we also saw some applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also saw some applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also saw some applications in
+real life like root planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life like root planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life like root planning
+and minimizing delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yeah that's all i have for today if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah that's all i have for today if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah that's all i have for today if
+you guys have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have any
+questions i will be happy to answer it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i will be happy to answer it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions i will be happy to answer it
+i think everything is clear yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think everything is clear yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think everything is clear yeah it's
+clear for me too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for me too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for me too
+no questions from me it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's uh yeah that's all i have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh yeah that's all i have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh yeah that's all i have for
+today thank you thank you guys
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EFXjKHdbi6A.txt b/EFXjKHdbi6A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea8c220fc4687c37335e2bef440ca9227f0527ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EFXjKHdbi6A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13881 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so uh yeah but today what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh yeah but today what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so uh yeah but today what we
+want to do is talk about uh Evolution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is talk about uh Evolution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is talk about uh Evolution uh
+and in particular we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we're going to
+complete our discussion of evolution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete our discussion of evolution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete our discussion of evolution in
+the presence of clonal interference when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of clonal interference when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the presence of clonal interference when
+multiple mutant line are competing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple mutant line are competing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple mutant line are competing in
+the population at the same time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population at the same time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population at the same time and then
+we'll move on to try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move on to try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move on to try to think about
+Evolution on these so-called rugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution on these so-called rugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution on these so-called rugged
+Fitness Landscapes and so such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness Landscapes and so such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness Landscapes and so such
+ruggedness occurs when there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruggedness occurs when there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruggedness occurs when there are there
+are interactions between uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interactions between uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interactions between uh the
+mutations within the organism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations within the organism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations within the organism so
+so-called epistatic interactions can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called epistatic interactions can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called epistatic interactions can uh
+perhaps constrain the path of evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps constrain the path of evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps constrain the path of evolution
+right so we'll we'll uh complete our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll we'll uh complete our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we'll we'll uh complete our
+discussion of of Roy kon's paper on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of of Roy kon's paper on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of of Roy kon's paper on the
+equivalence principle and the presence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle and the presence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence principle and the presence
+of clinal interference then we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clinal interference then we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clinal interference then we'll say
+something about how colal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how colal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how colal interference
+uh slows down the rate of evolution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slows down the rate of evolution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh slows down the rate of evolution it
+slows down uh the rate at which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows down uh the rate at which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows down uh the rate at which the
+population can increase in Fitness right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population can increase in Fitness right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population can increase in Fitness right
+because of this competition between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this competition between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this competition between
+different beneficial lineages uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different beneficial lineages uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different beneficial lineages uh and
+then uh and then we'll we'll discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then we'll we'll discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh and then we'll we'll discuss
+this uh paper by um Daniel weinreich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh paper by um Daniel weinreich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh paper by um Daniel weinreich
+which uh I think for many of us uh had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh I think for many of us uh had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh I think for many of us uh had a
+real important effect in just terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real important effect in just terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real important effect in just terms of
+getting us to think about Evolution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us to think about Evolution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us to think about Evolution uh
+in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different
+way any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way any questions
+before we yeah yes you an answer exam ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we yeah yes you an answer exam ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we yeah yes you an answer exam ah
+yes uh in case you've tried to forget we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh in case you've tried to forget we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh in case you've tried to forget we
+have uh an exam again uh next week right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh an exam again uh next week right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh an exam again uh next week right
+so research and education indicates that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so research and education indicates that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so research and education indicates that
+the more exams the better so if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more exams the better so if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more exams the better so if that
+makes you feel any better in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel any better in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you feel any better in terms of
+the uh process then use that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh process then use that all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh process then use that all right
+so um next Thursday 7 o'clock uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um next Thursday 7 o'clock uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um next Thursday 7 o'clock uh we will
+announce the room um later all right did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce the room um later all right did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+announce the room um later all right did
+you have a question about that uh is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a question about that uh is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a question about that uh is it
+everything from to start or yeah so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from to start or yeah so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from to start or yeah so it
+will be uh it will be weighted towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh it will be weighted towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh it will be weighted towards
+the material that we did not test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that we did not test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material that we did not test
+through exam one but you can expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exam one but you can expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exam one but you can expect to
+get two plus or minus one questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two plus or minus one questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get two plus or minus one questions on
+material that was uh that was covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that was uh that was covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material that was uh that was covered in
+the first uh part of the class yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh part of the class yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first uh part of the class yeah okay
+any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay okay all right so coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay all right so coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay all right so coming back to
+this uh discussion of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh discussion of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh discussion of uh of the
+equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+principle uh right so in the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh right so in the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle uh right so in the the the
+last figure of the paper so figure four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last figure of the paper so figure four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last figure of the paper so figure four
+uh Illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Illustrated
+some uh alternative underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh alternative underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh alternative underlying
+distribution so what so what we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so what so what we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so what so what we wanted
+to know is all right you know so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is all right you know so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is all right you know so there
+are going to be some beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be some beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be some beneficial
+mutations that the that these uh eoli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that the that these uh eoli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that the that these uh eoli
+can get in this new environment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in this new environment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get in this new environment right
+and they're going to be distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to be distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to be distributed
+According to some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+According to some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+According to some probability
+distribution right so what we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so what we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so what we in
+principle want to know is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle want to know is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle want to know is this
+distribution of effects of beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of effects of beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of effects of beneficial
+mutations so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations so the probability
+distribution P beneficial is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution P beneficial is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution P beneficial is a function
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+s all right and uh what was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all right and uh what was kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s all right and uh what was kind of the
+scale of uh beneficial mutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of uh beneficial mutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale of uh beneficial mutations that
+they observe in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe in in the
+paper right how how how much better did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right how how how much better did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper right how how how much better did
+the populations get after these few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations get after these few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the populations get after these few
+hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Generations H 1% all right so order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations H 1% all right so order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Generations H 1% all right so order
+percent a few percent right um precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a few percent right um precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent a few percent right um precisely
+and indeed they had three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed they had three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed they had three different
+models for some s some of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for some s some of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models for some s some of the underlying
+distributions and how they might behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and how they might behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and how they might behave
+right so they have the exponential uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they have the exponential uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they have the exponential uh
+uniform and uh the drra kind of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and uh the drra kind of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and uh the drra kind of Delta
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay now the question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question is um
+and in in all in all these are are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in all in all these are are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in in all in all these are are those
+the only three possible underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only three possible underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only three possible underlying
+distributions you know it could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you know it could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you know it could you know
+those are just kind of typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just kind of typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just kind of typical
+distributions right what you want in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions right what you want in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions right what you want in
+this case is you know you want these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is you know you want these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is you know you want these
+three different distributions to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different distributions to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different distributions to somehow
+be qualitatively different so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be qualitatively different so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be qualitatively different so you can
+drive home the point that you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive home the point that you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive home the point that you can in
+principle describe the results of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle describe the results of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle describe the results of their
+uh Evolution experiment via uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Evolution experiment via uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Evolution experiment via uh you know
+widely different underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely different underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely different underlying
+distributions okay now uh the in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay now uh the in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay now uh the in all
+these cases you you have to specify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases you you have to specify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases you you have to specify the
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate as well as the mean selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as well as the mean selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as well as the mean selection
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+right all right so the mean of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution okay now the question is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay now the question is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay now the question is um
+can we get any uh any intuitive insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get any uh any intuitive insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we get any uh any intuitive insight
+into why there were the patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into why there were the patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into why there were the patterns that
+they observe in terms of the mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe in terms of the mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observe in terms of the mutation
+rate that they had to assume and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that they had to assume and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that they had to assume and the
+mean selection coefficient that they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selection coefficient that they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selection coefficient that they uh
+well right they got they had to there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right they got they had to there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right they got they had to there
+was some region of parameter space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some region of parameter space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some region of parameter space for
+those two distributions for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two distributions for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two distributions for each of
+those distributions that were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distributions that were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those distributions that were kind of
+consistent with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with their
+data okay right so in particular there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay right so in particular there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data okay right so in particular there
+there was a mutation rate mu for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a mutation rate mu for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a mutation rate mu for uh
+exponential for the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential for the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential for the exponential
+distribution a mutation rate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a mutation rate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution a mutation rate for the
+uniform and a mutation rate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and a mutation rate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and a mutation rate for the
+Delta um for the Delta function okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta um for the Delta function okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta um for the Delta function okay
+and also there was a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s okay associated with the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay associated with the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay associated with the exponential
+mean s for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform and again a mean s for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and again a mean s for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and again a mean s for the
+Delta okay were they trying to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay were they trying to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay were they trying to minimize
+the parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter
+numbers right okay so in in this case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right okay so in in this case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers right okay so in in this case um
+they wanted to compare these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to compare these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to compare these three
+distributions they were all each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions they were all each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions they were all each of them
+were specified by two parameters right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were specified by two parameters right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were specified by two parameters right
+because they you know you could come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they you know you could come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they you know you could come up
+with other underlying distributions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other underlying distributions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other underlying distributions that
+might for example have a larger number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might for example have a larger number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might for example have a larger number
+that might be specified by a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be specified by a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be specified by a larger
+number of parameters but then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parameters but then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of parameters but then it's
+harder to compare uh the quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to compare uh the quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to compare uh the quality of the
+fit and so forth right so they chose um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and so forth right so they chose um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and so forth right so they chose um
+these three distributions just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three distributions just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three distributions just because
+this is somehow the rate that these new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow the rate that these new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is somehow the rate that these new
+mutations will appear in the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations will appear in the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations will appear in the population
+and then this tells us something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this tells us something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this tells us something about
+how good those mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are right now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of you have the paper in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have the paper in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you have the paper in front of
+you and that's okay but based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that's okay but based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and that's okay but based
+on our understanding of how the clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our understanding of how the clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our understanding of how the clonal
+interference kind of manifests itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference kind of manifests itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference kind of manifests itself in
+terms of leading eventually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of leading eventually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of leading eventually you know
+they they have the the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have the the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they have the the log of the
+fraction right that you know so this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction right that you know so this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction right that you know so this the
+fraction starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction starts out
+50/50 log okay fub1 over F2 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 log okay fub1 over F2 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 log okay fub1 over F2 right so
+like cyan and yellow say right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cyan and yellow say right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cyan and yellow say right so this
+thing starts out here and then somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts out here and then somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing starts out here and then somebody
+in one side gets beneficial mutation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one side gets beneficial mutation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one side gets beneficial mutation so
+it kind of comes up right so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of comes up right so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of comes up right so they're
+they're measuring they measure the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're measuring they measure the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're measuring they measure the slope
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example of uh the lineage that is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh the lineage that is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of uh the lineage that is taking
+over the population okay right so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the population okay right so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the population okay right so they
+want to know all right well which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know all right well which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know all right well which of
+these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of
+distributions and Associated parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and Associated parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions and Associated parameters
+will be able to explain the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to explain the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to explain the range of
+different trajectories that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trajectories that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trajectories that they
+saw okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's the question is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the question is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's the question is can we
+order these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order these
+things right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why right which one of these should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right which one of these should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right which one of these should be
+the largest second largest third largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest second largest third largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest second largest third largest
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+okay now uh it's okay if you just well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh it's okay if you just well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now uh it's okay if you just well
+if you have the paper in front of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the paper in front of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have the paper in front of you
+you can just read it off but then U But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just read it off but then U But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just read it off but then U But
+ultimately you're going to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you're going to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately you're going to have to be
+able to explain why it is that one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain why it is that one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain why it is that one is
+larger than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what I want to know is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example at what order should these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at what order should these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at what order should these
+things come in all right so what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come in all right so what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come in all right so what I want
+to do is let you think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is let you think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is let you think about it for a
+minute and then we're going to vote by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and then we're going to vote by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and then we're going to vote by
+putting our cards from high mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting our cards from high mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting our cards from high mutation
+rate to low mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to low mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to low mutation
+rate among a B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate among a B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate among a B and
+C yes so the means are constrained to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C yes so the means are constrained to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C yes so the means are constrained to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+same okay right so they're not NE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay right so they're not NE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay right so they're not NE
+they're not necessar so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessar so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessar so it's really
+going to be some range of parameters on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some range of parameters on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some range of parameters on
+each of these so the question is why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these so the question is why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these so the question is why is
+it that in the range of parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that in the range of parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that in the range of parameters that
+are consistent with what they observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with what they observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are consistent with what they observe
+experimentally that these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally that these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally that these things have
+some order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are there any other questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question right I'll give you 30 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right I'll give you 30 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question right I'll give you 30 seconds
+to think about what the mutation rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what the mutation rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about what the mutation rates
+should kind of be in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+highest low mut right so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest low mut right so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest low mut right so you're going to
+put the highest mutation rate up high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the highest mutation rate up high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the highest mutation rate up high
+the lowest mutation rate down there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest mutation rate down there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest mutation rate down there and
+the middle one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right do you need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time all right let's see where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right let's see where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right let's see where we are
+uh and it's okay if you're just if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's okay if you're just if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's okay if you're just if if
+you're confused or don't know what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're confused or don't know what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're confused or don't know what I'm
+trying to ask but let me let me see kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to ask but let me let me see kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to ask but let me let me see kind
+of where where the group is ready three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where where the group is ready three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where where the group is ready three
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+one all right so it's I would say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so it's I would say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so it's I would say it's
+pretty all right pretty much all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty all right pretty much all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty all right pretty much all over
+the place whether people have are voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place whether people have are voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place whether people have are voting
+something in reality or not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in reality or not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in reality or not okay
+um okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay right so
+uh right this is situation is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right this is situation is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right this is situation is that we
+have the data which is shown in figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the data which is shown in figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the data which is shown in figure
+3A which is a bunch of these things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3A which is a bunch of these things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3A which is a bunch of these things that
+kind of look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so we have some times we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we have some times we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we have some times we have
+some slopes we want to know how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slopes we want to know how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some slopes we want to know how can we
+how can we understand that data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we understand that data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we understand that data that we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out right and so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and so what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and so what we're going to do
+is we're going to take a model in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to take a model in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to take a model in which
+we say all right we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say all right we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say all right we're going to start
+with this population that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this population that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this population that's all
+identical and then we're going to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and then we're going to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and then we're going to allow
+some mutations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mutations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mutations to
+accumulate and we're going to let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate and we're going to let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate and we're going to let them
+compete against each other and then see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete against each other and then see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete against each other and then see
+what happens at the other right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the other right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens at the other right so
+there's going to be some again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some again
+distribution of slopes and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of slopes and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of slopes and so forth
+right to what degree does this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to what degree does this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to what degree does this sort of
+data constrain that underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data constrain that underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data constrain that underlying
+distribution right between something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right between something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right between something
+looks like an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an exponential
+something that has a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that has a uniform
+distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and
+something that is a Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the
+exponential this the Delta and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this the Delta and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential this the Delta and this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform yeah they me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SL if you have interference yeah it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL if you have interference yeah it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SL if you have interference yeah it it
+it could that's right so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could that's right so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could that's right so this thing
+could turn around at various times right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn around at various times right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn around at various times right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um so I think that there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think that there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I think that there are a number of
+different ways that you could argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you could argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that you could argue
+about the right way to do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right way to do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right way to do this in
+practice I think it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I think it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice I think it's not going to be
+very sensitive because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive because there's a
+minority of of them that will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority of of them that will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minority of of them that will actually
+be turning around for example um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turning around for example um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be turning around for example um right
+so you could for example just say all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could for example just say all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could for example just say all of
+the trajectories that cross some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories that cross some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectories that cross some point
+I'm going to look measure the slope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look measure the slope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to look measure the slope and
+I think that that would be sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that would be sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that that would be sufficient
+but like if you don't see the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like if you don't see the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like if you don't see the this
+fraction turn turn over like you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction turn turn over like you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction turn turn over like you could
+still have inter if you if you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have inter if you if you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have inter if you if you don't see
+the fraction like in the sense that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction like in the sense that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fraction like in the sense that's
+right so even if you don't even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even if you don't even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so even if you don't even if you
+don't see these these things that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see these these things that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see these these things that do you
+know like the flatten out for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like the flatten out for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like the flatten out for example
+then you could still have clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could still have clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could still have clonal
+interference right because the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference right because the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference right because the slope
+might still be steeper than it than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still be steeper than it than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might still be steeper than it than it
+would be in the absence of clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the absence of clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in the absence of clonal
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right what I'm going do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what I'm going do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what I'm going do is I'm
+gonna um let you discuss with a neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna um let you discuss with a neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna um let you discuss with a neighbor
+for one minute and then uh we then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one minute and then uh we then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one minute and then uh we then we'll
+maybe discuss as a group because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe discuss as a group because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe discuss as a group because I want
+to make sure that everybody gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that everybody gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that everybody gets a
+chance to try and and verbalize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to try and and verbalize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to try and and verbalize their
+thought process and if we discuss in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process and if we discuss in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought process and if we discuss in a
+group then only a few of us get to yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group then only a few of us get to yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group then only a few of us get to yeah
+all right so one minute try to con try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one minute try to con try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so one minute try to con try
+to discuss it with your neighbor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss it with your neighbor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss it with your neighbor and
+then we'll uh reconvene as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what yeah and we're going to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah and we're going to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah and we're going to discuss the
+means in a moment so indeed that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in a moment so indeed that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in a moment so indeed that these
+distributions will not end up having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions will not end up having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions will not end up having the
+same mean s what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean s what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean s what are you
+contr that what we're controlling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contr that what we're controlling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contr that what we're controlling is
+that the we're asking about what range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the we're asking about what range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the we're asking about what range
+of parameters for each distribution will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters for each distribution will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters for each distribution will
+adequately fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data yeah doesn't depend get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data yeah doesn't depend get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data yeah doesn't depend get the the
+data will be basically the the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data will be basically the the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data will be basically the the initial
+slopes here and when they when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes here and when they when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes here and when they when they
+deviated from a 50/50 mixture right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated from a 50/50 mixture right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviated from a 50/50 mixture right so
+that's what they're plotting is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're plotting is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they're plotting is those
+histograms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so it seems like we've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it seems like we've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it seems like we've uh
+We've quieted down which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've quieted down which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've quieted down which means that
+we've we've we've we all agree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've we've we all agree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've we've we all agree on the
+answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is
+that no okay well no I think that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no okay well no I think that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no okay well no I think that this
+is actually pretty tricky so that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty tricky so that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty tricky so that's fine
+I just want to see where we are though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to see where we are though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to see where we are though
+all right uh reconfigure your cards your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh reconfigure your cards your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right uh reconfigure your cards your
+best guess for the orders of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess for the orders of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best guess for the orders of the
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+rates between uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates between uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates between uh
+exponential uniform and Delta all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uniform and Delta all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uniform and Delta all right
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay so we're we're um migrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we're we're um migrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so we're we're um migrating
+towards some things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+great and what um Can somebody ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and what um Can somebody ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great and what um Can somebody ver
+verbalize why they what um the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbalize why they what um the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbalize why they what um the answer
+that they their group got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for our answer is a b and c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our answer is a b and c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for our answer is a b and c
+okay exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distri can we cannot see most of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri can we cannot see most of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distri can we cannot see most of the um
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+um coefficient mutation okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coefficient mutation okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um coefficient mutation okay so we
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+underestimate the mutation rate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate the mutation rate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate the mutation rate from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+underestimate okay no I can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate okay no I can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underestimate okay no I can see what
+you're saying okay yeah so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying okay yeah so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying okay yeah so the idea is
+that you're saying that we don't see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're saying that we don't see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're saying that we don't see an
+awful lot of the mutations here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of the mutations here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot of the mutations here right
+which means that the true mutation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the true mutation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the true mutation rate
+the underline mutation rate is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underline mutation rate is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underline mutation rate is somehow
+much larger than you would have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than you would have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than you would have thought
+by based on the mutations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by based on the mutations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by based on the mutations that you
+actually see or some right and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see or some right and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see or some right and there
+there may there's maybe another okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may there's maybe another okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may there's maybe another okay
+right so they're different all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're different all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're different all right
+um okay so it's certainly along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so it's certainly along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so it's certainly along
+certainly yeah some think it's true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly yeah some think it's true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly yeah some think it's true and
+then of course there are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course there are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course there are different ways
+of saying this yes yeah um same answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying this yes yeah um same answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying this yes yeah um same answer
+but slightly different way thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but slightly different way thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but slightly different way thinking
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+um if you're if you're just randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're if you're just randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're if you're just randomly
+sampling any of these distributions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling any of these distributions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling any of these distributions then
+uh your your sample from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your your sample from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh your your sample from the
+exponential distribution is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential distribution is going to be
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+coefficient more often it's going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient more often it's going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient more often it's going to the
+other Delta right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Delta right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Delta right
+it's it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be
+equally to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally to be a
+high to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high to
+low expon distrib most beow selection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low expon distrib most beow selection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low expon distrib most beow selection so
+you want more mutations that's right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want more mutations that's right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want more mutations that's right you
+somehow need more mutations of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow need more mutations of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow need more mutations of that
+exponential in order to sample out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in order to sample out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential in order to sample out there
+right so which one is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so which one is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so which one is going to have a
+more clonal interference yeah which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clonal interference yeah which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more clonal interference yeah which of
+these distributions will end up having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions will end up having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these distributions will end up having
+the most clonal interference after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most clonal interference after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most clonal interference after you
+fit the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the one with the highest mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the one with the highest mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the one with the highest mutation
+right it kind of has to yeah um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it kind of has to yeah um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it kind of has to yeah um of
+course and even though some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and even though some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and even though some of those
+mutations are going to be lost still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are going to be lost still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are going to be lost still
+it's going to have the most clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have the most clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have the most clonal
+interference there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference there and
+indeed if the underline distribution we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if the underline distribution we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed if the underline distribution we
+modeling as as a Delta function right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling as as a Delta function right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling as as a Delta function right
+you know and and in their in their fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and in their in their fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and in their in their fit
+what they what they got was that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they got was that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they what they got was that uh this
+this might be you know around 5 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be you know around 5 and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be you know around 5 and a
+half% I think is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half% I think is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half% I think is what they
+yeah so yeah you know five five okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you know five five okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so yeah you know five five okay so
+here this guy was around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.05 five we'll say you know between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 five we'll say you know between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.05 five we'll say you know between
+five five and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five five and a half
+percent okay right so one what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent okay right so one what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent okay right so one what they
+saying is all right well you could model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is all right well you could model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is all right well you could model
+you could explain all of our data just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could explain all of our data just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could explain all of our data just
+by assuming that there's some mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that there's some mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by assuming that there's some mutation
+rate where periodically some individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate where periodically some individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate where periodically some individual
+gets a beneficial mutation that is 5 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a beneficial mutation that is 5 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a beneficial mutation that is 5 5
+and a half% right and that could in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half% right and that could in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half% right and that could in
+principle be used to explain the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle be used to explain the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle be used to explain the base
+features here that um how long you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here that um how long you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features here that um how long you have
+to wait before anything happens and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait before anything happens and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait before anything happens and the
+slope when something starts happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope when something starts happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope when something starts happening
+right so the histogram that they plot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the histogram that they plot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the histogram that they plot in
+the is actually somehow this initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is actually somehow this initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is actually somehow this initial
+this initial slope once you start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial slope once you start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial slope once you start seeing
+it deviate from 50/50 okay right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deviate from 50/50 okay right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it deviate from 50/50 okay right but
+their their point is that that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their point is that that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their point is that that does not
+prove that the underlying distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the underlying distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that the underlying distribution
+is a Delta function with some mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Delta function with some mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Delta function with some mutation
+rate and indeed to explain the data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and indeed to explain the data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and indeed to explain the data with
+the Delta function you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta function you don't you don't
+need any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need any
+um clonal interference right you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clonal interference right you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um clonal interference right you just
+say okay well somebody gets a mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well somebody gets a mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well somebody gets a mutation
+it's 5% and eventually he's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5% and eventually he's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 5% and eventually he's going to
+spread and that's what we see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and that's what we see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread and that's what we see if you
+want to explain the later dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain the later dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to explain the later dynamics of
+flattening out and so forth then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening out and so forth then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening out and so forth then you
+have to allow then you really have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to allow then you really have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to allow then you really have to
+then you have to allow the other lineage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to allow the other lineage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to allow the other lineage
+to get a mutation as well to cause a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a mutation as well to cause a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a mutation as well to cause a
+flattening right but as far as the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening right but as far as the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening right but as far as the base
+dynamics of when you leave the 50/50 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of when you leave the 50/50 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of when you leave the 50/50 in
+the initial slope you don't even really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial slope you don't even really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial slope you don't even really
+need to have any clonal interference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have any clonal interference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have any clonal interference to
+explain to explain their data with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to explain their data with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to explain their data with a
+Delta function underlying right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function underlying right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function underlying right and
+that's why you also can get by with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you also can get by with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you also can get by with a
+very low mutation rate because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low mutation rate because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low mutation rate because you don't
+really need much in the way of competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need much in the way of competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need much in the way of competing
+lineages okay yeah EXC so but what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineages okay yeah EXC so but what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineages okay yeah EXC so but what if
+the slopes are how can you yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes are how can you yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slopes are how can you yeah yeah
+right so you you're not actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you're not actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you're not actually going
+to get the true distribution of slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the true distribution of slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the true distribution of slopes
+but um but their argument is that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but their argument is that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but their argument is that um you
+know some you know that a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some you know that a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some you know that a lot of that
+could just be noise and measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be noise and measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just be noise and measuring the
+slopes and so forth yeah because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes and so forth yeah because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes and so forth yeah because if
+everything is a Delta function then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a Delta function then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is a Delta function then you
+would you would start out by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would start out by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you would start out by just
+getting one one slope unless you unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting one one slope unless you unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting one one slope unless you unless
+you allow for multiple mutations on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow for multiple mutations on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you allow for multiple mutations on a
+lineage and then you could things could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage and then you could things could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineage and then you could things could
+get more complicated but um yeah in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more complicated but um yeah in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more complicated but um yeah in this
+case all of these guys would have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all of these guys would have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all of these guys would have the
+same slope okay but that's that's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same slope okay but that's that's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same slope okay but that's that's at
+least uh you know a reasonable first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh you know a reasonable first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least uh you know a reasonable first
+order approximation to the data okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order approximation to the data okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order approximation to the data okay um
+however as you move to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you move to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however as you move to these
+distributions the uniform and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions the uniform and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions the uniform and
+exponential you're going to need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you're going to need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential you're going to need more
+and more clonal interference to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more clonal interference to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more clonal interference to kind of
+explain the data so you're need higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the data so you're need higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the data so you're need higher
+and higher mutation rate okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher mutation rate okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and higher mutation rate okay what's
+interesting is that you also have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you also have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you also have a
+lower and lower mean s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay can you just explain why you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you just explain why you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you just explain why you need
+more like to explain the data yeah sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like to explain the data yeah sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like to explain the data yeah sure
+sure and I think that drawing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I think that drawing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and I think that drawing these
+drawing these underlying distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing these underlying distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing these underlying distributions
+is really helpful okay so first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really helpful okay so first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really helpful okay so first we're
+going to draw the Delta function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw the Delta function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw the Delta function that
+kind of makes sense that you can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense that you can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense that you can fit
+everything just by assuming five five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just by assuming five five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything just by assuming five five
+and a half percent right so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent right so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half percent right so what we're
+going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+okay draw the various P so I drew those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay draw the various P so I drew those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay draw the various P so I drew those
+distributions but they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions but they weren't
+necessarily to scale i e they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to scale i e they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to scale i e they didn't
+necessarily have the proper mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have the proper mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have the proper mean
+selection coefficient okay what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection coefficient okay what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection coefficient okay what we can
+do here is we can draw this is the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is we can draw this is the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here is we can draw this is the mean
+s of the Delta function which was 5 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of the Delta function which was 5 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of the Delta function which was 5 5
+and a half% right we get this guy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half% right we get this guy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half% right we get this guy here
+okay now the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question
+is can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can we
+describe the data using the same um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the data using the same um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the data using the same um well
+using a uniform distribution with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a uniform distribution with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a uniform distribution with the
+same mean selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient right so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient right so we're going to have
+we're going to have you vote yes and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have you vote yes and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have you vote yes and no
+and if you say no then you have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you say no then you have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you say no then you have to say
+what what's going to go wrong right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's going to go wrong right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's going to go wrong right so
+the question is can can we just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can can we just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is can can we just use the
+same mean selection coefficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean selection coefficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean selection coefficient for the
+for our uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution you only ever mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we're going to do is we're
+going to measure like the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure like the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure like the experiment
+where we we have say 96 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we we have say 96 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we we have say 96 different
+evolutionary trajectories where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary trajectories where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary trajectories where we
+measure the time that it takes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the time that it takes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the time that it takes for
+something to happen and then the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen and then the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to happen and then the initial
+slope and we're going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and we're going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and we're going to take a
+histogram of those things and compare it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of those things and compare it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+histogram of those things and compare it
+between what we would get in the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we would get in the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we would get in the model
+with what we got in the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we got in the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what we got in the you know
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right question is can we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right question is can we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right question is can we use
+the same mean s for uniform as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mean s for uniform as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same mean s for uniform as we did
+for the Delta function and if you say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Delta function and if you say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Delta function and if you say no
+you have to say why not okay a is yes B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say why not okay a is yes B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say why not okay a is yes B
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+one all right so we have a bunch of NOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have a bunch of NOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have a bunch of NOS
+you know maybe a few yeses all right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a few yeses all right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a few yeses all right but
+then some of the NOS all right so as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the NOS all right so as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some of the NOS all right so as it
+you it's incumbent on you then well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's incumbent on you then well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's incumbent on you then well I
+guess I no so yes one of the NOS why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I no so yes one of the NOS why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I no so yes one of the NOS why
+not well if we have the same if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well if we have the same if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not well if we have the same if it has
+the average then going to be outliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average then going to be outliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average then going to be outliers
+that are far better for the that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are far better for the that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are far better for the that's right
+so the problem here is if we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem here is if we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the problem here is if we use the
+same mean selection coefficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean selection coefficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same mean selection coefficient for the
+um for the uniform then what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the uniform then what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for the uniform then what we're going
+to end up with is something that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with is something that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end up with is something that comes
+out twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out twice as
+far right but the Delta function is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right but the Delta function is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far right but the Delta function is just
+a uniform distribution with zero yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform distribution with zero yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uniform distribution with zero yeah so
+so you could always just fit yeah we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could always just fit yeah we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could always just fit yeah we're
+assuming it's a uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's a uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's a uniform distribution
+that starts at zero and then goes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at zero and then goes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that starts at zero and then goes out to
+some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount
+yeah um right so the idea is that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um right so the idea is that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um right so the idea is that but
+okay whatever that that's the model know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whatever that that's the model know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay whatever that that's the model know
+I think it's a it's a it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a it's a it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's a it's a it's a it's a
+reasonable model because we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable model because we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable model because we know that
+mutations there are a lot of mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations there are a lot of mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations there are a lot of mutations
+that are that have little effect so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that have little effect so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that have little effect so it
+makes sense for a distribution to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for a distribution to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for a distribution to start
+at zero right if you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero right if you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero right if you're going to have
+something like a uniform right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a uniform right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a uniform right and the
+problem with such a uniform distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with such a uniform distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with such a uniform distribution
+is that because there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because there's going to be some
+clonal interference what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference what that means is
+that you're going to be kind of weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be kind of weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be kind of weighted
+out here and that means you'll kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and that means you'll kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here and that means you'll kind of
+see mutations that are out here around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see mutations that are out here around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see mutations that are out here around
+10% instead of around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% instead of around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% instead of around
+5% okay so what you actually want then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% okay so what you actually want then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% okay so what you actually want then
+is something where the mean selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something where the mean selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something where the mean selection
+coefficient is around half of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is around half of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is around half of what you
+had as the Delta function okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had as the Delta function okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had as the Delta function okay so you
+want something that really looks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that really looks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something that really looks more
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this okay and that's actually why if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and that's actually why if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and that's actually why if you
+look at the data or if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data or if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the data or if you look at the
+this figure then the um the uniform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure then the um the uniform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this figure then the um the uniform the
+area that works for the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that works for the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area that works for the uniform
+distribution has a mean selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has a mean selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has a mean selection
+coefficient of 3% okay so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of 3% okay so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of 3% okay so this thing
+comes out to around 6% here so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to around 6% here so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out to around 6% here so just
+beyond the uh the S corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the uh the S corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the uh the S corresponding to the
+Delta function right so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function right so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function right so this is the
+Delta and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and this is the
+uniform okay so here is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform okay so here is around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform okay so here is around
+6% and the mean of this is is half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% and the mean of this is is half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% and the mean of this is is half of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right okay what's happening is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay what's happening is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay what's happening is that
+there's some colonal interference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some colonal interference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some colonal interference and
+you only need you only need a modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need you only need a modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need you only need a modest
+amount of colonal interference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of colonal interference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of colonal interference right
+because if you sample from a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you sample from a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you sample from a uniform
+distribution just a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution just a few
+times then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then
+the most fit one will be around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fit one will be around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most fit one will be around here
+right and it'll already be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it'll already be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it'll already be relatively
+peaked you know and of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked you know and of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaked you know and of course there's
+also this issue about uh that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this issue about uh that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also this issue about uh that you have
+to survive stochastic Extinction so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive stochastic Extinction so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive stochastic Extinction so that
+all that amplifies the effect further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that amplifies the effect further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that amplifies the effect further
+right so really if you just have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really if you just have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so really if you just have you
+know say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say two
+mutations sampled from the uniform that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations sampled from the uniform that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations sampled from the uniform that
+survives stas Extinction you're already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives stas Extinction you're already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives stas Extinction you're already
+going get you're already going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going get you're already going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going get you're already going to get
+something that's peaked around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's peaked around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's peaked around
+there does that make sense yeah what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does that make sense yeah what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there does that make sense yeah what if
+the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay right so then the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay right so then the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay right so then the question is
+what exact mutation rate do you need and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exact mutation rate do you need and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exact mutation rate do you need and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+basically what you um you need enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you um you need enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what you um you need enough
+you need a high enough mutation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a high enough mutation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a high enough mutation rate
+that you get some mutations and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get some mutations and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get some mutations and that you
+can have some clonal interference but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some clonal interference but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have some clonal interference but um
+and the question is what prevents you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is what prevents you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is what prevents you
+from getting from having a mutation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from getting from having a mutation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from getting from having a mutation rate
+that's too high maybe my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too high maybe my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too high maybe my question is
+like why you need clonal interference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why you need clonal interference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like why you need clonal interference to
+explain this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this
+data ah right and I mean of course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ah right and I mean of course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data ah right and I mean of course of
+course like you have these D you focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like you have these D you focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like you have these D you focus
+on happened early on that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on happened early on that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on happened early on that's right
+yeah right okay so and there it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right okay so and there it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right okay so and there it comes
+down to how peaked this distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to how peaked this distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to how peaked this distribution of
+slopes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes is
+right right because there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right because there are very few
+shallow slopes and of course then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow slopes and of course then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow slopes and of course then it
+gets into the questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the questions about
+qualitative data and so forth right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative data and so forth right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative data and so forth right but
+that and that's more subtle right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's more subtle right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's more subtle right but
+certainly in in principle uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in in principle uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in in principle uh in the
+absence of clinal inference you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of clinal inference you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of clinal inference you would
+have some Fair number of of shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Fair number of of shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some Fair number of of shallow
+slopes I mean it wouldn't it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes I mean it wouldn't it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes I mean it wouldn't it would be
+underrepresented just because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented just because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underrepresented just because of the
+stochastic Extinction business but still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic Extinction business but still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic Extinction business but still
+you need some to explain the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some to explain the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some to explain the the sort of
+peakiness of that distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peakiness of that distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peakiness of that distribution of the
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay yeah all right now the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right now the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right now the exponential
+is interesting because it's in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it's in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it's in a very
+very different regime okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different regime okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different regime okay because the
+mean right so I just want to show right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right so I just want to show right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean right so I just want to show right
+so that this is mean s for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is mean s for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that this is mean s for the
+uniform and actually if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and actually if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform and actually if you look at the
+um if you look at the figure the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at the figure the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you look at the figure the the
+mean s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean s
+for the exponential is down there around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exponential is down there around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the exponential is down there around
+1% okay which is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% okay which is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% okay which is a little bit
+surprising because what this is saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because what this is saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising because what this is saying
+is that if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you look at this
+distribution this initial slope kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this initial slope kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution this initial slope kind of
+extends down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends down
+here and it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it and you
+have something that falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that falls off
+dramatically there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically there
+right okay so how is it possible that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so how is it possible that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so how is it possible that
+that you could use such a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use such a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could use such a distribution
+that's peaked over here that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's peaked over here that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's peaked over here that's you know
+so far over on the left and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far over on the left and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far over on the left and still
+explain the same data yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the same data yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the same data yeah this is
+really fun it's just that the tale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun it's just that the tale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fun it's just that the tale of
+the exponential keeps on going that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential keeps on going that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential keeps on going that's
+right so it's true that I've drawn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's true that I've drawn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's true that I've drawn this
+kind of around zero but you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of around zero but you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of around zero but you know the
+exponential principal goes to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential principal goes to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential principal goes to Infinity
+it's just that it falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that it falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that it falls off
+exponentially but what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially but what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially but what this means is
+that you're sampling pretty far out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sampling pretty far out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're sampling pretty far out on
+the exponential in order to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential in order to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponential in order to get the same
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+effect right so you're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect right so you're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect right so you're actually going
+out to five or six times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to five or six times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to five or six times this
+characteristic s right so you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic s right so you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic s right so you're talking
+about e to the minus 5 right that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about e to the minus 5 right that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about e to the minus 5 right that means
+there's a lot of clonal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of clonal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of clonal interference
+that has to be happening in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be happening in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to be happening in order to
+explain this right but why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this right but why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this right but why is it that
+it's way over here on the I mean why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way over here on the I mean why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way over here on the I mean why not
+just use an exponential that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use an exponential that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use an exponential that kind of
+with a more with an S that's more like 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a more with an S that's more like 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a more with an S that's more like 3
+four 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+6% what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6% what's
+that well okay but you know I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well okay but you know I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well okay but you know I mean this
+is this is just a model I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is just a model I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is just a model I can do
+whatever I want right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I want right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever I want right because this
+actually they they fit their data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they they fit their data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they they fit their data with
+these models right so uh really istic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models right so uh really istic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these models right so uh really istic is
+just means that it explains their data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that it explains their data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that it explains their data
+there's you know so there's nothing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know so there's nothing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know so there's nothing a
+priori wrong with saying oh here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori wrong with saying oh here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priori wrong with saying oh here's an
+exponential with a distribution of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with a distribution of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential with a distribution of with
+a characteristic falloff of 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic falloff of 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a characteristic falloff of 5%
+that's in principle fine I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in principle fine I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in principle fine I mean it
+doesn't work for some reason but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for some reason but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for some reason but we have
+to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out
+why yeah most got a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah most got a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why yeah most got a very small
+Coe okay right so you're you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coe okay right so you're you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coe okay right so you're you're you're
+likely going to get a a low selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely going to get a a low selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely going to get a a low selection
+coefficient okay um is that the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient okay um is that the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient okay um is that the problem
+or that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that means you
+have a high M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a high M and
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+i that okay that's true but I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that okay that's true but I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i that okay that's true but I guess the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um but I guess you why why can't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use two mutations too close to what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two mutations too close to what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use two mutations too close to what do
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+mean time between two mut that may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean time between two mut that may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean time between two mut that may have
+may established is too close Okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may established is too close Okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may established is too close Okay the
+time between to okay that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between to okay that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time between to okay that's an
+interesting statement although the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statement although the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statement although the the
+the region of parameter space that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of parameter space that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region of parameter space that they
+claim works is actually a region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim works is actually a region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim works is actually a region where
+we have a really high mutation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a really high mutation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a really high mutation rate
+orders of magnitude higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude higher than the
+other two distributions so in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two distributions so in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two distributions so in that sense
+the time between mutations being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time between mutations being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time between mutations being
+established is really small okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established is really small okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established is really small okay because
+we're in the because they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the because they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the because they're they're
+saying that oh if you want to fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that oh if you want to fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that oh if you want to fit the
+data with an exponential then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with an exponential then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with an exponential then you have
+to assume lots of colonal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume lots of colonal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume lots of colonal interference
+so that means the time between success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the time between success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means the time between success
+of establishments of mutations is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of establishments of mutations is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of establishments of mutations is really
+actually very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very short
+okay so there that's actually the regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there that's actually the regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there that's actually the regime
+where they say they claim works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they say they claim works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they say they claim works
+right so the question is why is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is why is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is why is it that
+we can't go to this other regime why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't go to this other regime why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't go to this other regime why is
+it that you know in this figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you know in this figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that you know in this figure that
+they make why is it that the mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make why is it that the mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make why is it that the mean the
+allowed mean selection coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed mean selection coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed mean selection coefficient
+doesn't extend out to over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend out to over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't extend out to over
+there that you need to have a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you need to have a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that you need to have a lower
+loation not enough interference to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loation not enough interference to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loation not enough interference to get
+the peak because the exponential is Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak because the exponential is Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak because the exponential is Peak
+at low s to observe is that's right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low s to observe is that's right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low s to observe is that's right yeah
+that's right so you and the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so you and the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so you and the point is
+that to get to explain their data you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get to explain their data you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to get to explain their data you
+need something to cause this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something to cause this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need something to cause this
+distribution to get more peaked over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to get more peaked over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to get more peaked over
+here which means you need to have a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which means you need to have a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which means you need to have a fair
+amount of colonal interference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of colonal interference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of colonal interference right
+which but that means you need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which but that means you need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which but that means you need to have a
+a small s you need to have a a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small s you need to have a a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small s you need to have a a high
+mutation rate but once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate but once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate but once you have that
+high mutation rate if you have an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high mutation rate if you have an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high mutation rate if you have an an
+exponential that comes out here then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that comes out here then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential that comes out here then you
+would actually sample way out here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually sample way out here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually sample way out here as
+well right so the only way to get a peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right so the only way to get a peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right so the only way to get a peak
+distribution around here is to have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around here is to have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution around here is to have it
+so that the exponential is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the exponential is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the exponential is really
+suppressing those really good mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing those really good mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppressing those really good mutations
+but but you have um but you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you have um but you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you have um but you have a lot
+of clonal interference that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clonal interference that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of clonal interference that kind of
+pulls things out okay now there still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls things out okay now there still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls things out okay now there still is
+a fair range of of uh measurement or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair range of of uh measurement or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair range of of uh measurement or of
+of parameters that work here you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters that work here you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters that work here you know it
+goes from say half a percent up to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from say half a percent up to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from say half a percent up to maybe
+one and a half percent in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half percent in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half percent in terms of this
+mean selection coefficient and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selection coefficient and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selection coefficient and the
+mutation rate that U that works then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate that U that works then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate that U that works then
+changes right so as you go to a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right so as you go to a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes right so as you go to a larger
+mean selection coefficient the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selection coefficient the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean selection coefficient the U
+mutation rate that is compatible goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate that is compatible goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate that is compatible goes
+down because you need less clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because you need less clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because you need less clonal
+interference right so that's why if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference right so that's why if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference right so that's why if you
+look at this figure for um the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this figure for um the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this figure for um the region
+that works right in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works right in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works right in terms of the
+mutation rate for the beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate for the beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate for the beneficial
+mutation and the mean s there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and the mean s there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and the mean s there's there's
+some region that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some region that
+looks kind of like this that works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like this that works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks kind of like this that works for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+exponential and and this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and and this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential and and this is actually a
+big range all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big range all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big range all right so this is
+actually a factor of 100 in mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a factor of 100 in mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a factor of 100 in mutation
+rate that would be compatible and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that would be compatible and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that would be compatible and then a
+factor of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of maybe
+three in in mean selection coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in in mean selection coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in in mean selection coefficient
+right so there there's some range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there there's some range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there there's some range of
+parameters that work and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that work and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that work and you can
+understand why it is that this thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is that this thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is that this thing has
+to be shaped kind of the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah right because the uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right because the uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right because the uniform
+is out here and then the Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out here and then the Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is out here and then the Delta function
+is here so this is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here so this is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is here so this is Delta
+uniform um and exponential and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform um and exponential and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform um and exponential and you're
+just saying that it all kind of follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that it all kind of follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying that it all kind of follow
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doal yeah well you know maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doal yeah well you know maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doal yeah well you know maybe you know
+maybe some power law fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some power law fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some power law fall off
+would kind of do that okay then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of do that okay then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kind of do that okay then what is
+no there's there's nothing magic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's there's nothing magic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's there's nothing magic about
+these these three regions and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these three regions and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these three regions and you know
+it's and it's not that we're claiming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's not that we're claiming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's and it's not that we're claiming
+that you know the that the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the that the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the that the mean
+selection coefficient cannot be in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection coefficient cannot be in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection coefficient cannot be in here
+because we've just it's just that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've just it's just that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we've just it's just that if you
+pick these three underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick these three underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick these three underlying
+distributions you get this range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you get this range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions you get this range of
+different values that would work so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values that would work so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values that would work so if
+you chose other underlying distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chose other underlying distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chose other underlying distributions
+you would you could get other blobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you could get other blobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would you could get other blobs
+right but it's true that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's true that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's true that there is a
+general Trend that the higher the mean s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Trend that the higher the mean s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general Trend that the higher the mean s
+coefficient the less clonal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the less clonal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient the less clonal interference
+you you need or want to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data right why can't it go higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right why can't it go higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data right why can't it go higher or
+lower yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I don't know a factor 100 isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know a factor 100 isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know a factor 100 isn't
+enough for you um yeah you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you um yeah you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you um yeah you know it's a
+good question I um I'd have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I um I'd have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I um I'd have to think
+about it to figure out you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it to figure out you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it to figure out you know which
+because it's going to be a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's going to be a different
+effect on each side presumably um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah and and all of these distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and all of these distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and and all of these distributions
+I there's some floor just because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's some floor just because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I there's some floor just because we
+know that that that you have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that that you have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that that you have to get
+these beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these beneficial
+mutations you know within the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations you know within the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations you know within the first few
+tens of generations otherwise you the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of generations otherwise you the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of generations otherwise you the uh
+the mutation wouldn't have gotten a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutation wouldn't have gotten a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutation wouldn't have gotten a
+chance to spread when it did right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to spread when it did right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to spread when it did right so
+that means we know that there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we know that there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we know that there there's
+going to be a lower bound on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lower bound on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a lower bound on the
+mutation rate always because if it's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate always because if it's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate always because if it's if
+it's too low then we just wouldn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too low then we just wouldn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too low then we just wouldn't we
+wouldn't have gotten the mutations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have gotten the mutations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have gotten the mutations in
+time right and now in terms of why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and now in terms of why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and now in terms of why it
+can't be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be higher
+um yeah I'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to yeah I'd have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah I'd have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah I'd have to think about
+it okay um are there any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um are there any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um are there any other questions
+about um about this paper I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um about this paper I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um about this paper I think it's
+it's a challenging paper kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a challenging paper kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a challenging paper kind of
+conceptually Slash mathematically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually Slash mathematically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually Slash mathematically but
+but I think it's interesting because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's interesting because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it's interesting because it
+does get you to think about this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get you to think about this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does get you to think about this process
+of clonal interference in new ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enough
+like is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is this
+R oh I see that's a good question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R oh I see that's a good question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R oh I see that's a good question yeah
+um yeah so I think that the mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I think that the mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah so I think that the mutation
+rates that right so first of all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that right so first of all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates that right so first of all this is
+not a per base pair mutation rate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a per base pair mutation rate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a per base pair mutation rate this
+is the rate that you get beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate that you get beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rate that you get beneficial
+mutations right so this is um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations right so this is um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations right so this is um so you
+know it's not I'd say the numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not I'd say the numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not I'd say the numbers are
+not ridiculous but it's not that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ridiculous but it's not that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not ridiculous but it's not that you can
+just take the know the known per base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the know the known per base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the know the known per base
+permutation R and say oh well it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation R and say oh well it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation R and say oh well it has to
+be here because um an awful lot of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here because um an awful lot of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be here because um an awful lot of them
+are delerious you know and then and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delerious you know and then and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are delerious you know and then and it's
+very sensitive because the the mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive because the the mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive because the the mutations
+that are occurring around here don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are occurring around here don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are occurring around here don't
+really matter for evolution because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter for evolution because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter for evolution because uh
+they tend not to survive stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend not to survive stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tend not to survive stochastic
+Extinction they're not going to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extinction they're not going to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extinction they're not going to survive
+colonal interference yet it could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonal interference yet it could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonal interference yet it could be a
+big part of the distribution right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the distribution right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of the distribution right it
+could be that that the majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that that the majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that that the majority of the
+mutations for example in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations for example in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations for example in the in the
+exponential is there right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is there right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is there right so you can
+actually have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have very different
+distributions that don't really change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that don't really change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions that don't really change
+the evolutionary process but would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolutionary process but would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolutionary process but would
+change the rate of icial mutations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate of icial mutations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate of icial mutations right
+so I think that it's um the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that it's um the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that it's um the the the
+numbers are not ridiculous but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are not ridiculous but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are not ridiculous but it's it's
+hard to constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what what I want to do is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what I want to do is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what I want to do is um
+before talking about these rugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before talking about these rugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before talking about these rugged
+Fitness Landscapes and the Winer R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness Landscapes and the Winer R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness Landscapes and the Winer R
+papers just say something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers just say something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers just say something about
+um about the rate of evolution okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the rate of evolution okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the rate of evolution okay so
+let's imagine the simple and and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine the simple and and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine the simple and and when we
+say rate referring to the the the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say rate referring to the the the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say rate referring to the the the change
+and the mean Fitness of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mean Fitness of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mean Fitness of the population
+with respect to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so this is the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution right so this is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution right so this is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution right so this is the change in
+the mean Fitness okay Delta Delta mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean Fitness okay Delta Delta mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean Fitness okay Delta Delta mean
+Fitness divided by Delta time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness divided by Delta time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness divided by Delta time
+okay right so what uh what we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so what uh what we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so what uh what we want to do
+is just start by thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just start by thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just start by thinking about a
+situation where um we assume that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where um we assume that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where um we assume that we're
+not at all running out of of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all running out of of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all running out of of new
+mutations that are that are good for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that are that are good for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that are that are good for us
+right so what we can do is just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we can do is just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what we can do is just assume
+that at some rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at some rate
+mu right so there's uh at rate mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu right so there's uh at rate mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu right so there's uh at rate mu
+beneficial we'll say we we sample from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial we'll say we we sample from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial we'll say we we sample from
+some probability distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability distribution of
+beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+mutations okay and and then um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations okay and and then um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations okay and and then um and and
+then right something happens stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right something happens stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right something happens stochastic
+Extinction maybe clonal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extinction maybe clonal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Extinction maybe clonal interference
+whatnot uh but some of them will fix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot uh but some of them will fix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot uh but some of them will fix and
+then that increases the fitness and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that increases the fitness and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that increases the fitness and then
+for now we'll just assume that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we'll just assume that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we'll just assume that that the
+fitness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness is
+ADD okay but for small s's it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADD okay but for small s's it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADD okay but for small s's it doesn't
+matter whether we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether we're thinking about
+fitnesses adding or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitnesses adding or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitnesses adding or or
+multiplying um you guys understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying um you guys understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying um you guys understand what
+I'm what I just said there so if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I just said there so if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I just said there so if you if
+you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+um that has effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that has effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that has effect
+S1 and it may be that the right way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 and it may be that the right way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 and it may be that the right way to
+think about this is that if you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is that if you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this is that if you get a
+mutation S2 then it the fitnesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation S2 then it the fitnesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation S2 then it the fitnesses
+perhaps should multiply as the null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps should multiply as the null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps should multiply as the null
+model but you know this is of course for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but you know this is of course for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but you know this is of course for
+small S1 and S2 this is around 1 plus S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small S1 and S2 this is around 1 plus S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small S1 and S2 this is around 1 plus S1
+plus S2 okay so for for small s's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus S2 okay so for for small s's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus S2 okay so for for small s's for
+short times maybe we don't need to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short times maybe we don't need to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short times maybe we don't need to worry
+about this because um because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because um because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because um because this is
+you know for S1 and S2 much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for S1 and S2 much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for S1 and S2 much less than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+right yes my would if you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes my would if you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yes my would if you already have
+know incre harder to get that's right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know incre harder to get that's right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know incre harder to get that's right uh
+So eventually that's certainly going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually that's certainly going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So eventually that's certainly going to
+be the case that that we're going to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that that we're going to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that that we're going to run
+out of these of these beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these of these beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of these of these beneficial
+mutations but uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations but uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations but uh for the
+first you know few thousand Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know few thousand Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first you know few thousand Generations
+it's roughly roughly linear So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly roughly linear So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's roughly roughly linear So
+eventually it does it does start curving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it does it does start curving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it does it does start curving
+over but um but not maybe not as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but um but not maybe not as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but um but not maybe not as fast as
+you would have thought yeah okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have thought yeah okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have thought yeah okay so what
+we just want to at least you know and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to at least you know and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just want to at least you know and at
+least at the very least this is a a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at the very least this is a a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least at the very least this is a a good
+null model and then we can we can of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null model and then we can we can of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null model and then we can we can of
+course complicate things later right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course complicate things later right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course complicate things later right but
+for now we'll just assume that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we'll just assume that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now we'll just assume that you
+always sample from the same probabil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sample from the same probabil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always sample from the same probabil
+distribution of beneficial mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of beneficial mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of beneficial mutations
+just for Simplicity okay the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity okay the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for Simplicity okay the question is
+how fast will the fitness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast will the fitness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast will the fitness of the
+population increase with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population increase with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population increase with
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay do you guys understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's start by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's start by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's start by thinking about
+the regime where mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime where mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regime where mu
+b um n is much less than one right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um n is much less than one right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um n is much less than one right so um
+very um very low rates of evolution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um very low rates of evolution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very um very low rates of evolution or
+low rates of mutation relative to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rates of mutation relative to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low rates of mutation relative to the
+population size um now you might recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size um now you might recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size um now you might recall
+okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just
+to for clonal interference right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for clonal interference right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for clonal interference right um
+so Clon interference not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Clon interference not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Clon interference not
+relevant what we found last time was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant what we found last time was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant what we found last time was it
+required that the time that it took for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required that the time that it took for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required that the time that it took for
+uh for a mutation to fix had to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a mutation to fix had to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a mutation to fix had to be much
+less than the time between successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the time between successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the time between successive
+establishments right of of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishments right of of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishments right of of these
+beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+mutations right and this was 1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations right and this was 1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations right and this was 1 /
+s log NS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you should be able to derve both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should be able to derve both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you should be able to derve both of
+these this and that and this and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this and that and this and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this and that and this and the
+next step as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay all right so this is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay all right so this is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay all right so this is you can
+ignore clone interference if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore clone interference if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore clone interference if this is
+true right so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right so let's say
+um right so let's say that we can ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so let's say that we can ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so let's say that we can ignore
+clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in okay so for small population sizes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so for small population sizes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in okay so for small population sizes or
+in the limit of low mutation rates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of low mutation rates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit of low mutation rates okay
+what we want to know is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to know is the rate of
+evolution how will it scale with various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things okay I'll go ahead and have us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay I'll go ahead and have us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay I'll go ahead and have us
+vote for okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how does it scale with particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does it scale with particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does it scale with particular
+both the mutation rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the mutation rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the mutation rate and the
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+okay all right so it's proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so it's proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so it's proportional to
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holding other things constant holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding other things constant holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding other things constant holding
+for example the distribution and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the distribution and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the distribution and end
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay do you understand do you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you understand do you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do you understand do you understand
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay so this is just the the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this is just the the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay so this is just the the rate of
+beneficial mutations and this just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial mutations and this just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial mutations and this just to
+the zeroth power I.E it doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth power I.E it doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth power I.E it doesn't depend
+okay right linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah assuming that clonal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah assuming that clonal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah assuming that clonal interference
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not
+relevant so assuming for for a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so assuming for for a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant so assuming for for a small
+mutation rate how does it scale with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate how does it scale with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate how does it scale with
+mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation
+rate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right so we got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got a lot of
+be's which is nice okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be's which is nice okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be's which is nice okay so this is
+saying that indeed if if mutation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that indeed if if mutation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that indeed if if mutation rate
+is small then um there's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small then um there's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small then um there's just going to
+be some rate the mutations enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some rate the mutations enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some rate the mutations enter into
+the population they may or may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population they may or may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population they may or may not
+survive stochastic Extinction but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive stochastic Extinction but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive stochastic Extinction but you
+know if they do and that doesn't depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they do and that doesn't depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they do and that doesn't depend
+on mutation rate then uh they um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mutation rate then uh they um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on mutation rate then uh they um they
+can they can fix and in this low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can fix and in this low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can they can fix and in this low
+mutation rate regime they they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate regime they they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation rate regime they they don't
+compete with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with each
+other right in which case uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right in which case uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right in which case uh if you
+double the rate that these things enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the rate that these things enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the rate that these things enter
+into the population you'll double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the population you'll double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the population you'll double the
+rate that they get established and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that they get established and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that they get established and
+you'll double the rate that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll double the rate that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll double the rate that these
+beneficial mutations will fix in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial mutations will fix in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial mutations will fix in the
+population so you double you double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so you double you double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so you double you double the
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+now as a function of n does it go as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a function of n does it go as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as a function of n does it go as n
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero or other okay A B C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D right I'll give you 15 seconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D right I'll give you 15 seconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D right I'll give you 15 seconds to
+think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+one okay so now we're getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so now we're getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so now we're getting more
+disagreement all right and it's I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement all right and it's I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement all right and it's I'd say
+largely A's and B's um there's enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely A's and B's um there's enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely A's and B's um there's enough
+disagreement let's go ahead and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement let's go ahead and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement let's go ahead and and
+spend uh you know just 30 seconds turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend uh you know just 30 seconds turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend uh you know just 30 seconds turn
+to your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per individual yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's go ahead and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go ahead and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go ahead and uh and
+revote just so I can see where we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revote just so I can see where we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revote just so I can see where we are
+okay uh how is it that the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh how is it that the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh how is it that the rate of
+evolution in this regime no clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in this regime no clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in this regime no clonal
+inference how's this going to scale with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference how's this going to scale with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference how's this going to scale with
+population size ready three two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size ready three two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size ready three two one
+okay so I'd say that we have not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'd say that we have not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'd say that we have not really
+convinced each other of anything all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced each other of anything all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced each other of anything all
+right so uh okay A's or B's um somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh okay A's or B's um somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh okay A's or B's um somebody
+what um explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um explain the
+reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah new is just mut per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual
+larar you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larar you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larar you're going to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+okay all right so if you double the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if you double the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so if you double the size
+of the population you'll double the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population you'll double the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the population you'll double the rate
+that new mutations enter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new mutations enter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new mutations enter into the
+population but and the other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but and the other important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but and the other important
+thing is that the fixation time just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the fixation time just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that the fixation time just
+goes like log EV okay right so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like log EV okay right so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like log EV okay right so then
+there's the fixation time business so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fixation time business so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the fixation time business so
+how does that how does how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that how does how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that how does how is that
+relevant or yeah so yeah some somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant or yeah so yeah some somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant or yeah so yeah some somebody
+that said a what um what was what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said a what um what was what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said a what um what was what was
+your partner's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reasoning or were you convinced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning or were you convinced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning or were you convinced by this
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confused ah right so if it's a nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused ah right so if it's a nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused ah right so if it's a nearly
+neutral mutation then um then it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral mutation then um then it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral mutation then um then it's true
+that the probably fixation would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probably fixation would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probably fixation would be one
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but okay right if yeah but now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay right if yeah but now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but okay right if yeah but now you're
+invoking n being large which I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking n being large which I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking n being large which I don't
+think we necessarily want to do um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we necessarily want to do um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we necessarily want to do um I
+mean I guess there are a couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess there are a couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I guess there are a couple things
+to say there um one is that it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there um one is that it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there um one is that it's the
+mutations that are really nearly neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that are really nearly neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations that are really nearly neutral
+will not have a very significant effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have a very significant effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not have a very significant effect
+on um on on the fitness right um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um on on the fitness right um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um on on the fitness right um and and
+within that regime I think yeah you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that regime I think yeah you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that regime I think yeah you'd
+have to um you'd have yeah you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to um you'd have yeah you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to um you'd have yeah you'd have to
+you'd have to check you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to check you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to check you know what
+happens there right but um but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there right but um but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there right but um but I think
+that for you know in in most of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you know in in most of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for you know in in most of these
+cases when you know it's small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases when you know it's small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases when you know it's small
+population we're often saying oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population we're often saying oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population we're often saying oh
+population might still be 10 the four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population might still be 10 the four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population might still be 10 the four or
+so right in which case the nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right in which case the nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right in which case the nearly
+neutral mutations are not really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral mutations are not really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral mutations are not really the
+relevant one are not very relevant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one are not very relevant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant one are not very relevant right
+so indeed over a broad range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed over a broad range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so indeed over a broad range of
+conditions in this situation it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in this situation it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions in this situation it's going
+to scale as n all right so the rate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale as n all right so the rate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scale as n all right so the rate okay
+so the rate okay so far is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rate okay so far is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rate okay so far is going to be
+equal to there's a mub times an N okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to there's a mub times an N okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to there's a mub times an N okay
+but now all right and that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now all right and that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now all right and that's basically
+because the rate the new mutations enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rate the new mutations enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rate the new mutations enter
+into the populations is Mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the populations is Mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the populations is Mu
+n right and the rate that they uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right and the rate that they uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n right and the rate that they uh get
+established is it just mu ands this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established is it just mu ands this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established is it just mu ands this is
+indeed what this calculation is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what this calculation is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what this calculation is telling
+us okay now the question is how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay now the question is how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us okay now the question is how much of
+a fitness gain will we get okay how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fitness gain will we get okay how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fitness gain will we get okay how is
+it going to scale with these with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to scale with these with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to scale with these with this
+probability distribution okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution okay so this
+probability distribution will give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution will give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution will give us
+some function of s okay so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of s okay so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function of s okay so we want to
+know how you know so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you know so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how you know so this this
+distribution has to be relevant do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has to be relevant do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution has to be relevant do we
+agree okay so we want to know in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree okay so we want to know in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree okay so we want to know in what
+way is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is it
+relevant okay is it relevant via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay is it relevant via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant okay is it relevant via
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+via the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via the mean
+squared the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared the mean
+cubed I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mean
+squared or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared or
+other this this one is harder so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this this one is harder so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this this one is harder so it's
+worth spending I'll give you I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth spending I'll give you I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth spending I'll give you I'll give
+you a full 30 seconds to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a full 30 seconds to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a full 30 seconds to think about it
+right so the question is how is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is how is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the question is how is it that
+the probability distribution will enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution will enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution will enter
+in the rate of evolution in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rate of evolution in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rate of evolution in this
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+okay question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no is it possible
+MTI I'm sorry what multiple what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTI I'm sorry what multiple what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MTI I'm sorry what multiple what is it
+possible that itent multiple oh um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that itent multiple oh um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible that itent multiple oh um yeah
+you know this is why I gave you flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is why I gave you flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is why I gave you flash
+cards you know you can put put up any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards you know you can put put up any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards you know you can put put up any
+combination you want all right all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination you want all right all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination you want all right all right
+um all right another 15 seconds this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right another 15 seconds this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right another 15 seconds this
+this one this one is trickier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's go ahead and uh let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go ahead and uh let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's go ahead and uh let's go
+ahead and vote ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and vote ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and vote ready three two
+one all right so we got a lot of A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got a lot of A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we got a lot of A's and
+B's some maybe C's and D's but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's all right so yeah okay we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right so yeah okay we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all right so yeah okay we're we're
+pretty far okay we're okay we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far okay we're okay we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty far okay we're okay we're we're
+all over the place all right so um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place all right so um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place all right so um okay
+so okay so there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so there's going to be some
+distribution okay there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay there might be
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example probability distribution
+function of s function of s we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of s function of s we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of s function of s we want to
+know okay it's going to be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay it's going to be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay it's going to be something
+that's going to fall off in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to fall off in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to fall off in some way
+maybe exponential maybe something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe exponential maybe something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe exponential maybe something else
+right now to keep track of this what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now to keep track of this what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now to keep track of this what we
+need to do is remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do is remember that the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of
+establishment goes as s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment goes as s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment goes as s
+right the probability of establishment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the probability of establishment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the probability of establishment
+well and in this in the Moran model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and in this in the Moran model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and in this in the Moran model is
+equal to s in other models it might be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to s in other models it might be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to s in other models it might be 2
+s but you know it's around s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but you know it's around s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s but you know it's around s
+um and then the um and then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the um and then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the um and then the question
+is how much of a benefit will you get if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much of a benefit will you get if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much of a benefit will you get if
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+establish right and that is again going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish right and that is again going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish right and that is again going
+to go as um and the de whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go as um and the de whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go as um and the de whatever the
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+Fitness is actually again equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness is actually again equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fitness is actually again equal to
+whatever asset is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever asset is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever asset is that you
+sampled right and the given mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled right and the given mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled right and the given mutation
+that appeared it you know you sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared it you know you sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appeared it you know you sample
+somewhere it has to do both it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it has to do both it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere it has to do both it has to
+both survive and well right if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both survive and well right if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both survive and well right if it
+survives then it gives you an S right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives then it gives you an S right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survives then it gives you an S right so
+what that means is that actually you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that actually you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that actually you end
+up averaging s squar of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution to um to determine the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to um to determine the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution to um to determine the rate
+uh the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the rate of
+evolution okay rather than because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay rather than because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution okay rather than because I
+think what you would have if it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you would have if it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what you would have if it was just
+a Delta function at s then it would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function at s then it would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function at s then it would then
+it's just an S squ so then you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an S squ so then you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an S squ so then you kind of
+think oh it's going to be mean of s squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh it's going to be mean of s squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think oh it's going to be mean of s squ
+right but if it's a Delta function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if it's a Delta function then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if it's a Delta function then
+the mean of s squ and the mean s squ are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of s squ and the mean s squ are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of s squ and the mean s squ are
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+thing right um but in this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right um but in this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right um but in this situation
+it's just useful to play with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just useful to play with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just useful to play with some
+different distributions and kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distributions and kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different distributions and kind of see
+um see how it um how it plays out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see how it um how it plays out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see how it um how it plays out okay
+but in in this case it is indeed mean s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in this case it is indeed mean s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in in this case it is indeed mean s
+s right so the rate of evolution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so the rate of evolution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s right so the rate of evolution in the
+limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit
+of um in the limit of of no clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um in the limit of of no clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um in the limit of of no clonal
+interference is actually rather simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference is actually rather simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference is actually rather simple
+okay just goes as Mu n but then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just goes as Mu n but then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just goes as Mu n but then you have
+to take the expectation of s squ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the expectation of s squ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the expectation of s squ of
+whatever this distribution is of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this distribution is of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever this distribution is of um
+underlying mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right but of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right but of course this is
+going to break down at some point as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break down at some point as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to break down at some point as
+everything does um and and uh just can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything does um and and uh just can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything does um and and uh just can
+somebody remind us why it is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody remind us why it is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody remind us why it is that it's
+going to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clonal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference
+perfect um and we know exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect um and we know exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect um and we know exactly where
+clonal interference is going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference is going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference is going to start
+being relevant here in particular what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being relevant here in particular what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being relevant here in particular what
+we can imagine drawing is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine drawing is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can imagine drawing is something
+that's the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the rate of
+evolution as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution as a function of
+n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so
+rate function of N and we might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate function of N and we might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate function of N and we might even
+want to do plot in on log log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do plot in on log log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do plot in on log log
+scale Okay so will say uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Okay so will say uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale Okay so will say uh the
+log of the rate the log of N and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the rate the log of N and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the rate the log of N and at the
+beginning this is going to be is it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning this is going to be is it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning this is going to be is it yeah
+what what do I draw here for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n a line with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a line with slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n a line with slope
+one okay if it if it had dependent on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay if it if it had dependent on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay if it if it had dependent on n
+s then what would I be drawing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s then what would I be drawing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s then what would I be drawing here
+a line with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line with slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line with slope
+two yeah don't mess that up because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah don't mess that up because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two yeah don't mess that up because it's
+really easy to okay so it's line with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to okay so it's line with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to okay so it's line with
+slope one right so at the beginning if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope one right so at the beginning if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope one right so at the beginning if
+you double the you know for small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you double the you know for small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you double the you know for small
+population size if you double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size if you double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size if you double the
+population size you should double the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size you should double the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size you should double the
+rate of evolution but this can't go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of evolution but this can't go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of evolution but this can't go on
+forever and it won't so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and it won't so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and it won't so it's going to
+curve over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve over
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+right how down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how down
+because right so the rate goes the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right so the rate goes the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because right so the rate goes the rate
+okay yeah so the rate goes down relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so the rate goes down relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so the rate goes down relative
+to what it would have if it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it would have if it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what it would have if it had
+continued right and that's because what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued right and that's because what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued right and that's because what
+you're wasting some beneficial mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting some beneficial mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wasting some beneficial mutations
+with clonal interference what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clonal interference what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with clonal interference what's
+happening is that uh you have a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that uh you have a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that uh you have a great
+mutation over here but also a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation over here but also a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation over here but also a great
+mutation over here and only one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation over here and only one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation over here and only one of those
+great mutations can win right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great mutations can win right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great mutations can win right so you're
+so that so with clonal interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so with clonal interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so with clonal interference
+you're somehow wasting some of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're somehow wasting some of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're somehow wasting some of the good
+The Beneficial mutations that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Beneficial mutations that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Beneficial mutations that you
+acquired all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right even though you're like always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even though you're like always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right even though you're like always
+taking the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the max
+so because what you're doing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because what you're doing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because what you're doing you're
+generating a right because the alter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a right because the alter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a right because the alter the
+alternative would have been to take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative would have been to take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative would have been to take to
+take the sum of them oh yeah right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of them oh yeah right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the sum of them oh yeah right which
+is what happens over here if you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens over here if you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happens over here if you you
+know if they're not competing then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're not competing then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if they're not competing then you
+know you get one and you get the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get one and you get the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get one and you get the other
+and you just get higher and higher with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just get higher and higher with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just get higher and higher with
+clonal interference you take right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference you take right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clonal interference you take right you
+you take you indeed take the maximum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you indeed take the maximum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take you indeed take the maximum but
+that's lower than the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower than the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lower than the sum
+right um and and that effect just gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and that effect just gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and and that effect just gets
+worse and worse as you get to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and worse as you get to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse and worse as you get to larger
+population sizes okay so uh although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population sizes okay so uh although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population sizes okay so uh although
+it's kind of very simple or relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of very simple or relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of very simple or relatively
+simple to calculate the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to calculate the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to calculate the rate of
+evolution in the limit of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in the limit of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution in the limit of small
+populations the rate of evolution in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations the rate of evolution in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations the rate of evolution in the
+case of clonal interference is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of clonal interference is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of clonal interference is actually
+um a very hard problem okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a very hard problem okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a very hard problem okay um
+hard well experimentally theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard well experimentally theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard well experimentally theoretically
+and in all ways um you know I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in all ways um you know I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in all ways um you know I just want
+to say a few things that um so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a few things that um so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say a few things that um so that
+there have been some really I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been some really I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have been some really I think
+interesting studies occurring over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting studies occurring over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting studies occurring over the
+last 10 years trying trying to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years trying trying to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 years trying trying to get at
+this regime right so the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regime right so the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regime right so the question is how
+you know how how should it behave and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how how should it behave and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how how should it behave and um
+there is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a paper
+by Desi at all well I'll just say Desai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Desi at all well I'll just say Desai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Desi at all well I'll just say Desai
+fiser and Murray uh when they were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiser and Murray uh when they were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiser and Murray uh when they were all
+at Harvard um since then Daniel fiser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard um since then Daniel fiser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harvard um since then Daniel fiser
+the condens matter theorist has moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condens matter theorist has moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condens matter theorist has moved to
+Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stanford
+Desi went to Princeton but then came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desi went to Princeton but then came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Desi went to Princeton but then came
+back to Harvard so he's now uh he's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Harvard so he's now uh he's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Harvard so he's now uh he's now
+Harvard faculty so this is current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biology in 200 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in 200 six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in 200 six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 right so they have um they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 right so they have um they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 right so they have um they have
+kind of a simplification of this where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a simplification of this where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a simplification of this where
+they asked let's just assume that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked let's just assume that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they asked let's just assume that we
+don't have a probability distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a probability distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a probability distribution of
+beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+mutations instead let's just assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations instead let's just assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations instead let's just assume that
+there's some mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some mutation
+rate to acquire beneficial mutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to acquire beneficial mutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to acquire beneficial mutation
+that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly
+s okay so you'd say all right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so you'd say all right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay so you'd say all right that
+sounds super simple and of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds super simple and of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds super simple and of course it's
+not true but even that problem is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true but even that problem is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true but even that problem is hard
+hard okay but what they can do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay but what they can do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay but what they can do in this
+regime is that they then it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime is that they then it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime is that they then it's nice
+because everything is kind of discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is kind of discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is kind of discreet
+because then the the population is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the the population is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then the the population is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+described by a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by a series
+of um so this is this is abundance as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um so this is this is abundance as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um so this is this is abundance as a
+function of the fitness so this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fitness so this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the fitness so this is maybe
+the bulk Fitness you know relative zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk Fitness you know relative zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk Fitness you know relative zero
+here this is S 2 s 3s 4s and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is S 2 s 3s 4s and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is S 2 s 3s 4s and you know
+maybe there's a little bit here at 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a little bit here at 5S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a little bit here at 5S
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so then what happens is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what happens is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then what happens is that there's
+going to be some uh equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some uh equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some uh equilibrium
+distribution of this front or the nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this front or the nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this front or the nose
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+population okay and at some rate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay and at some rate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay and at some rate these
+guys get mutations where some individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys get mutations where some individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys get mutations where some individual
+kind of comes like this because it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comes like this because it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of comes like this because it gets
+a mutation it's beneficial but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mutation it's beneficial but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mutation it's beneficial but you know
+that doesn't actually affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't actually affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't actually affect the
+Dynamics very much because all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics very much because all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics very much because all of these
+guys are growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are growing
+exponentially what's really relevant are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially what's really relevant are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially what's really relevant are
+when population when individuals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when population when individuals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when population when individuals that
+have several or more of these beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several or more of these beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several or more of these beneficial
+mutations than the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations than the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations than the rest of the
+population when these guys get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population when these guys get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population when these guys get a little
+mutation or get get a mutation that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation or get get a mutation that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation or get get a mutation that they
+can move forward right and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move forward right and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move forward right and it's it's
+it's this Dynamic that is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Dynamic that is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Dynamic that is kind of
+pulling the population here right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the population here right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling the population here right so you
+can um actually do analytic calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um actually do analytic calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can um actually do analytic calculations
+on this model that you would not be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this model that you would not be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this model that you would not be able
+to do if you did a full distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you did a full distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do if you did a full distribution of
+mutations here but it's actually still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations here but it's actually still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations here but it's actually still
+complicated and hard and I do not claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and hard and I do not claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and hard and I do not claim
+to have gone through the full derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have gone through the full derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have gone through the full derivation
+because the full thing is they get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the full thing is they get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the full thing is they get that
+the Velocity in this model go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Velocity in this model go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Velocity in this model go
+approximately equal to but then it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to but then it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to but then it's an
+s squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so you know you you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you know you you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so you know you you you know
+you might sneer at this model and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sneer at this model and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sneer at this model and say oh
+well you know this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know this is an
+oversimplification blah blah blah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification blah blah blah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversimplification blah blah blah but
+even this is hard and it comes out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this is hard and it comes out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even this is hard and it comes out you
+know you get a complicated expression um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get a complicated expression um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get a complicated expression um
+and I think it's it's describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's it's describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it's it's describing
+something fundamental that's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental that's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental that's happening
+in these populations with clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these populations with clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these populations with clonal
+interference the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference the important thing is that
+um you can more or less This this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can more or less This this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can more or less This this term
+is going to be the dominant one in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the dominant one in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the dominant one in many
+uh in many cases especially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many cases especially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in many cases especially because
+we're interested in the large n regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the large n regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in the large n regime
+here so what you see is that for large n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what you see is that for large n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what you see is that for large n
+in this model and they did experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model and they did experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model and they did experiments
+in this paper that are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper that are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper that are consistent with
+it um they they find that the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um they they find that the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um they they find that the velocity
+the rate of Evol ution okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of Evol ution okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of Evol ution okay this is the
+rate okay you see here's the S squ term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay you see here's the S squ term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay you see here's the S squ term
+that we already talked about right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already talked about right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we already talked about right and
+this and there's no probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's no probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's no probability
+distribution so it's just an S squ but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so it's just an S squ but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so it's just an S squ but
+what you see is that it ends up going as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that it ends up going as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that it ends up going as
+log n for large n right so this is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n for large n right so this is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log n for large n right so this is when
+there's a lot of clonal interference so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of clonal interference so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of clonal interference so
+maybe this thing goes as log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this thing goes as log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this thing goes as log
+n okay but I'd say it's it's maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay but I'd say it's it's maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay but I'd say it's it's maybe this
+is not an open and shut case uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an open and shut case uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an open and shut case uh because
+real populations are more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real populations are more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real populations are more complicated
+than this because it's not that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this because it's not that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this because it's not that every
+mutation has magnitude s but but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation has magnitude s but but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation has magnitude s but but I think
+it's it's a reasonable first order model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a reasonable first order model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a reasonable first order model
+and um and I think this is a nice set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and I think this is a nice set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and I think this is a nice set of
+calculations to make sense of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions
+about that calculation or why this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that calculation or why this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that calculation or why this thing
+curves off other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sure okay so right so that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure okay so right so that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure okay so right so that's okay
+so the question is why is it that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is why is it that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is why is it that it's
+average s squ instead of average s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average s squ instead of average s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average s squ instead of average s
+squared and um right so what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and um right so what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and um right so what is it
+that's useful to say um I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful to say um I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful to say um I'm trying to
+think of a nice probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a nice probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a nice probability distribution
+where those things will have um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those things will have um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where those things will have um very
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um for for Delta distribution they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for Delta distribution they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for Delta distribution they're
+the same thing right so if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing right so if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing right so if we if we
+wanted to do um an intuitive explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do um an intuitive explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do um an intuitive explanation
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+probably I'm trying to think if maybe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I'm trying to think if maybe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably I'm trying to think if maybe if
+we had two Delta distributions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had two Delta distributions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had two Delta distributions okay so
+the mean s would be here yeah okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean s would be here yeah okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean s would be here yeah okay so
+right so imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so imagine that
+that I know that this is not a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know that this is not a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know that this is not a real
+beneficial mutation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial mutation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial mutation so
+maybe but okay but something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but okay but something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe but okay but something that's
+small okay you know negligibly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay you know negligibly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small okay you know negligibly small
+here and magnitude s over here right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and magnitude s over here right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and magnitude s over here right so
+the mean s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean s is
+indeed um equal to this s knot over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed um equal to this s knot over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed um equal to this s knot over two
+right um whereas the mean mean of s mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um whereas the mean mean of s mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um whereas the mean mean of s mean
+of s s is then s^ 2 over 4 whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s s is then s^ 2 over 4 whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s s is then s^ 2 over 4 whereas the
+right is are we going to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is are we going to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is are we going to get something
+different oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oh
+no okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay
+I I I think I'm going to have to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I think I'm going to have to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I think I'm going to have to come up
+with a better a better example to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better a better example to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better a better example to answer
+so maybe maybe after class we can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe after class we can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe after class we can come
+up we want I don't want to take five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we want I don't want to take five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we want I don't want to take five
+minutes finding a good explanation yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes finding a good explanation yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes finding a good explanation yeah
+how's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah so this this is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so this this is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so this this is the rate of
+evolution um in the regime of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution um in the regime of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution um in the regime of large
+population size okay okay okay um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size okay okay okay um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size okay okay okay um and I
+don't know how small you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how small you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how small you have to go
+before funny you know um yeah yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before funny you know um yeah yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before funny you know um yeah yeah but
+but that's only for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's only for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's only for the
+yeah yeah and of course you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and of course you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and of course you can imagine
+the taking various limits is complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taking various limits is complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the taking various limits is complicated
+here right but um but the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right but um but the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right but um but the important
+thing is that it's it goes you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that it's it goes you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that it's it goes you know the
+rate goes as log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate goes as log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate goes as log n
+for um for in the casee of clonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for in the casee of clonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for in the casee of clonal
+interference and I guess that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and I guess that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and I guess that's what I
+want to um that's that's the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um that's that's the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um that's that's the key thing
+to maybe remember besides the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe remember besides the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe remember besides the fact that
+you know they actually had to work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they actually had to work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they actually had to work to
+get to do to analyze this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um okay so uh what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so uh what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um okay so uh what I want to do is
+uh just in the last 10 15 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just in the last 10 15 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh just in the last 10 15 minutes to
+talk about this um this wine Reich paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this um this wine Reich paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about this um this wine Reich paper
+so I think that it is um I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that it is um I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think that it is um I think it's
+pretty uh and um you know and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's I think it's an elegant example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's an elegant example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I think it's an elegant example of
+how uh if you look at a problem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh if you look at a problem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh if you look at a problem in a
+sort of different way then you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different way then you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different way then you can get
+uh what I think are really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I think are really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what I think are really interesting
+insights um using a minimal amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights um using a minimal amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights um using a minimal amount of
+like you know measurements right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know measurements right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know measurements right you
+know I mean how I mean basically how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean how I mean basically how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean how I mean basically how
+many how many measurements did the are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many measurements did the are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many measurements did the are
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+paper basically 32 right so um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper basically 32 right so um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper basically 32 right so um right so
+what they're doing is that're analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing is that're analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing is that're analyzing
+mutations in the enzyme betalactamase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the enzyme betalactamase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations in the enzyme betalactamase or
+the gene encoding betalactamase which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene encoding betalactamase which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene encoding betalactamase which
+confers resistance to betal laum drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confers resistance to betal laum drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confers resistance to betal laum drugs
+like in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case
+sexim Okay so this guy gives resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexim Okay so this guy gives resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexim Okay so this guy gives resistance
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um to the to these betal lactum drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the to these betal lactum drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to the to these betal lactum drugs
+that are like ampicillin or penicillin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like ampicillin or penicillin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are like ampicillin or penicillin
+in this case U seot taxin okay but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case U seot taxin okay but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case U seot taxin okay but not
+all of the versions of this gene or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the versions of this gene or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the versions of this gene or the
+enzyme actually can break down this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme actually can break down this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme actually can break down this um
+this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new
+drug okay so all 32 versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug okay so all 32 versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug okay so all 32 versions of the
+enzyme that they study um break down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that they study um break down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme that they study um break down for
+example ampicillin but uh but they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example ampicillin but uh but they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example ampicillin but uh but they have
+widely varying uh levels of resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely varying uh levels of resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely varying uh levels of resistance
+or ability to break down this uh drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ability to break down this uh drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ability to break down this uh drug
+sxm okay and um right so they wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sxm okay and um right so they wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sxm okay and um right so they wanted to
+say try to understand something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say try to understand something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say try to understand something about
+what happens if you start out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you start out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you start out with this
+um what the the base version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the the base version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the the base version of the
+enzyme what we normally you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme what we normally you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme what we normally you know if you
+just look up what's the sequence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look up what's the sequence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look up what's the sequence for
+betamas all right what you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betamas all right what you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betamas all right what you know what's
+going to be the sequence and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the sequence and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the sequence and that that
+we're going to call the minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call the minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call the minus minus
+minus minus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus minus
+okay um and we want to we you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and we want to we you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and we want to we you know we
+might reasonbly want to know how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reasonbly want to know how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might reasonbly want to know how does it
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+to the version of the enzyme that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the version of the enzyme that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the version of the enzyme that has
+all five of these point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five of these point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all five of these point
+mutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations
+okay uh does anybody remember what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh does anybody remember what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh does anybody remember what those
+five mutations were I like what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five mutations were I like what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five mutations were I like what kind of
+mutations are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations are they
+they're all point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all point
+mutations and are they all protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and are they all protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations and are they all protein
+coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+mutations no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations no so
+actually this one here is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one here is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this one here is actually a
+promoter mutation that increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter mutation that increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoter mutation that increases
+expression by a factor of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression by a factor of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression by a factor of two or
+three whereas these things here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three whereas these things here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three whereas these things here are
+indeed protein coding and uh and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed protein coding and uh and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed protein coding and uh and change
+the amino acid protein coding the amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid protein coding the amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid protein coding the amino
+acids in the end and you know you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in the end and you know you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids in the end and you know you know
+will they each change one amino acid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they each change one amino acid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will they each change one amino acid in
+in the in the resulting protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the resulting protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the resulting protein okay
+um right and so so what uh what weiner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and so so what uh what weiner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right and so so what uh what weiner
+in this paper was trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper was trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper was trying to understand
+is you know what is kind of the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know what is kind of the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know what is kind of the shape of
+these Fitness Landscapes and what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Fitness Landscapes and what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Fitness Landscapes and what does
+that mean about um the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean about um the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean about um the course of
+evolution or the repeatability or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution or the repeatability or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution or the repeatability or
+predictability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictability of
+evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+okay and I just want to stress okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just want to stress okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just want to stress okay this
+this is the wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the wi
+Reich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay CU this version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay CU this version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay CU this version
+of the Gen enzyme is essentially unable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Gen enzyme is essentially unable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Gen enzyme is essentially unable
+to break down sexim at all okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break down sexim at all okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break down sexim at all okay so uh
+eoli that has this version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eoli that has this version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eoli that has this version of the
+enzyme it's almost as if they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme it's almost as if they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme it's almost as if they don't have
+the en any enzyme at all whereas this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the en any enzyme at all whereas this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the en any enzyme at all whereas this
+version of the enzyme is able to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the enzyme is able to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the enzyme is able to break
+down this uh this drug sexim at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this uh this drug sexim at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this uh this drug sexim at very
+high rates okay and indeed the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high rates okay and indeed the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high rates okay and indeed the way that
+these things are Quantified in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are Quantified in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are Quantified in this
+paper is via what's known as the mic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is via what's known as the mic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is via what's known as the mic or
+the minimum inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum inhibitory
+concentration okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and basically you just ask inh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically you just ask inh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically you just ask inh oops
+inh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inhibitory concentration you just ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory concentration you just ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory concentration you just ask
+what's the minimum amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum amount of the
+antibiotic that you have to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that you have to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic that you have to add to
+prevent growth of the bacterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent growth of the bacterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent growth of the bacterial
+population after 20 hours starting from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population after 20 hours starting from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population after 20 hours starting from
+some standard cell density okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard cell density okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard cell density okay so it's
+a very easy uh experiment to do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easy uh experiment to do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easy uh experiment to do because
+in a 96 wall plate you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 96 wall plate you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 96 wall plate you just have
+many Wells and you just uh go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Wells and you just uh go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Wells and you just uh go down
+concentration Maybe by a factor of of <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration Maybe by a factor of of <
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration Maybe by a factor of of <
+tk2 each time so then you go across 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 each time so then you go across 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 each time so then you go across 12
+or 24 and you get over a broad range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 24 and you get over a broad range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 24 and you get over a broad range of
+antibiotic concentrations and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic concentrations and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibiotic concentrations and what you
+should see is that um this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see is that um this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see is that um this is maybe
+dividing by root2 each time so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by root2 each time so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by root2 each time so you get
+growth here you get growth here growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth here you get growth here growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth here you get growth here growth
+here but then no growth no growth no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then no growth no growth no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but then no growth no growth no
+growth and the concentration that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and the concentration that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and the concentration that you
+added here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added here is the
+mic what you'll see is that depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic what you'll see is that depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic what you'll see is that depending
+upon the version of the enzyme that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the version of the enzyme that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon the version of the enzyme that the
+bacteria have the growth will occur up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria have the growth will occur up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria have the growth will occur up
+to different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to different um
+different concentrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concentrations
+okay why would you why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why would you why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why would you why is
+that oh I'm just telling you what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh I'm just telling you what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh I'm just telling you what they
+actually did experimentally in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did experimentally in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did experimentally in this
+paper all right you could do factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper all right you could do factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper all right you could do factor of
+two or you know it's just a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or you know it's just a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or you know it's just a question of
+how fine of a resolution you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+want how to do root two it's uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how to do root two it's uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how to do root two it's uh you're
+you're okay all right okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay all right okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay all right okay so this is
+like a mathematician question all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mathematician question all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a mathematician question all right
+um because because your point is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because your point is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because because your point is going
+to be that you know doesn't have a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that you know doesn't have a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that you know doesn't have a okay
+right so root it's true root2 it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so root it's true root2 it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so root it's true root2 it's an
+irrational number right you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational number right you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrational number right you can you know
+it's the first proof in an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first proof in an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first proof in an analysis
+textbook um doesn't matter okay our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook um doesn't matter okay our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook um doesn't matter okay our
+error and pipetting is you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and pipetting is you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and pipetting is you know a
+percent which means that you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent which means that you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent which means that you know if you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+1.4 one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4 one that's
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+okay um yes so um so don't be paralyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yes so um so don't be paralyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um yes so um so don't be paralyzed
+by by petting a rout two okay um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by petting a rout two okay um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by petting a rout two okay um is it
+always very sharp this change grow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very sharp this change grow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always very sharp this change grow uh
+you know biology in the word always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know biology in the word always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know biology in the word always
+should never be used in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never be used in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never be used in the same
+sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence
+um you know I'd say that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I'd say that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know I'd say that it's a
+reasonable assay it's um it's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assay it's um it's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assay it's um it's typically
+sharp it happens though that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp it happens though that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp it happens though that you get
+growth here and then you get stressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth here and then you get stressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth here and then you get stressed
+out because you don't know what to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because you don't know what to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because you don't know what to do I
+mean you know the important thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know the important thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know the important thing is
+that you um you know do the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um you know do the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um you know do the experiment
+multiple times and you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times and you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple times and you have some
+reasonable rule for treating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule for treating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rule for treating these
+things and yeah it can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and yeah it can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and yeah it can be more
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though
+okay all right what we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right what we're going to use
+in the context of this paper those we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of this paper those we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of this paper those we're
+just going to assume that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to assume that this
+mic is a measure for Fitness okay um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic is a measure for Fitness okay um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic is a measure for Fitness okay um the
+mapping from mic to Fitness is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from mic to Fitness is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from mic to Fitness is actually
+very non-trivial something my group has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very non-trivial something my group has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very non-trivial something my group has
+spent a lot of time thinking about U but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time thinking about U but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent a lot of time thinking about U but
+for the purpose of this paper just when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of this paper just when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purpose of this paper just when
+you hear mic you can just say think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear mic you can just say think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hear mic you can just say think of
+it as Fitness okay higher mic we're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as Fitness okay higher mic we're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as Fitness okay higher mic we're you
+know he assumes um that there's it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he assumes um that there's it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know he assumes um that there's it can
+be selected for by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selected for by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be selected for by
+Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution
+right so what he um all right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what he um all right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what he um all right so there
+uh are in principle two to the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are in principle two to the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are in principle two to the five
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states okay different versions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay different versions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay different versions of this
+Gene so what he did is he constructed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene so what he did is he constructed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene so what he did is he constructed
+each two to the five versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each two to the five versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each two to the five versions of the
+gene put them into the same um strain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene put them into the same um strain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene put them into the same um strain of
+eoli and then measured the mic of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eoli and then measured the mic of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eoli and then measured the mic of each
+of those 32 strains okay and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 32 strains okay and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those 32 strains okay and then and
+then um and that was all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um and that was all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um and that was all the
+measurements in this paper basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in this paper basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in this paper basically
+right because everything else is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because everything else is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because everything else is just
+analysis of that resulting Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of that resulting Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of that resulting Fitness
+landscape but I think that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape but I think that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape but I think that what's
+exciting about this is just the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting about this is just the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting about this is just the ability
+to have an experimental Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an experimental Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an experimental Fitness
+landscape right because uh we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape right because uh we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape right because uh we've talked
+about Fitness landscapes for years but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fitness landscapes for years but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Fitness landscapes for years but
+then um it it tends to be much more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um it it tends to be much more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um it it tends to be much more like
+what you saw in um in Martin Novak's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw in um in Martin Novak's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you saw in um in Martin Novak's
+book right that you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right that you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book right that you can think about
+these Fitness Landscapes and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Fitness Landscapes and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Fitness Landscapes and you can do
+um you know calculations of what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know calculations of what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know calculations of what should
+happen on them um but this is a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen on them um but this is a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen on them um but this is a case
+where we can actually just measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can actually just measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can actually just measure
+something akin to a fitness landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something akin to a fitness landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something akin to a fitness landscape
+and try to say what it means right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to say what it means right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to say what it means right so
+you can ask questions about you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask questions about you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask questions about you know how
+rugged is the landscape how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged is the landscape how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged is the landscape how many
+different paths can you take from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths can you take from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different paths can you take from this
+version to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version to this
+version right so first of all uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version right so first of all uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version right so first of all uh how
+many um how many Peaks were in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um how many Peaks were in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um how many Peaks were in this
+landscape that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measured one Peak right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured one Peak right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured one Peak right this is
+important all right this was the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right this was the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important all right this was the one and
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+Peak okay because you know in when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak okay because you know in when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak okay because you know in when you
+read this paper you you you come away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this paper you you you come away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this paper you you you come away
+thinking oh yeah this is a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking oh yeah this is a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking oh yeah this is a this is a
+really rugged landscape right many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rugged landscape right many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rugged landscape right many of
+the paths were not allowed by so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths were not allowed by so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths were not allowed by so-called
+darwinian or selective Evolution um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian or selective Evolution um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darwinian or selective Evolution um but
+it's it's easy to forget that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easy to forget that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's easy to forget that actually
+it's not that it's a it's a moderately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that it's a it's a moderately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that it's a it's a moderately
+rugged landscape because there was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged landscape because there was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged landscape because there was still
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+Peak okay right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak okay right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak okay right in
+particular it you know if you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it you know if you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it you know if you would just
+assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that
+that the population starts at that minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population starts at that minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the population starts at that minus
+minus minus state starts traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus state starts traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus minus state starts traveling
+uphill in Fitness gets mutation goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uphill in Fitness gets mutation goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uphill in Fitness gets mutation goes up
+hill is there any possibility for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill is there any possibility for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill is there any possibility for it to
+get trapped in a non-optimal no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trapped in a non-optimal no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get trapped in a non-optimal no right
+because there are no other Peaks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no other Peaks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are no other Peaks right
+uh so there's if there's only one Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's if there's only one Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there's if there's only one Peak
+that's the same statement same thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same statement same thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same statement same thing as
+saying that you can take any path you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you can take any path you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you can take any path you
+like going uphill and you will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going uphill and you will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like going uphill and you will always
+get to the same final location you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the same final location you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the same final location you will
+never get stuck anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get stuck anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get stuck anywhere
+right I mean I mean it does not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I mean it does not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean I mean it does not mean
+that you can take any old path that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take any old path that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take any old path that you
+want so many of the paths may be blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so many of the paths may be blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so many of the paths may be blocked
+in the sense that they may go downhill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they may go downhill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they may go downhill
+and so forth right but there um but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth right but there um but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth right but there um but at
+any location you're at there's always at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any location you're at there's always at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any location you're at there's always at
+least one path going up in Fitness up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one path going up in Fitness up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one path going up in Fitness up in
+mic doesn't matter which path you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic doesn't matter which path you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic doesn't matter which path you take
+you will always be able to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will always be able to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will always be able to get to the
+peak of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak of this
+landscape okay so it's not it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape okay so it's not it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landscape okay so it's not it's not too
+rugged of a landscape in that sense yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged of a landscape in that sense yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rugged of a landscape in that sense yeah
+wasn't that some were not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that some were not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that some were not all
+pris right so some path are not allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pris right so some path are not allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pris right so some path are not allowed
+in the sense you know that some paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense you know that some paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense you know that some paths
+decrease Fitness locally but what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease Fitness locally but what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease Fitness locally but what I'm
+saying is that you can take a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that you can take a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that you can take a different
+path that goes up and fit and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that goes up and fit and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that goes up and fit and you'll
+still get to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Peak right you started that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak right you started that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak right you started that
+wrong well no no the thing is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong well no no the thing is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong well no no the thing is that you
+can't uh you can't take that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh you can't take that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't uh you can't take that path
+because that path goes down in Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that path goes down in Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that path goes down in Fitness
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+claim right so the the statement from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim right so the the statement from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim right so the the statement from
+this paper is that um that if if we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is that um that if if we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper is that um that if if we just
+assume that the only mutations that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the only mutations that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the only mutations that can
+fix in a population are mutations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix in a population are mutations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix in a population are mutations that
+increase Fitness then it does not matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase Fitness then it does not matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase Fitness then it does not matter
+which M which of those beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which M which of those beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which M which of those beneficial
+mutations you take because you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations you take because you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations you take because you will
+always end up reaching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always end up reaching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always end up reaching the
+peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak
+okay um and indeed right so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and indeed right so there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um and indeed right so there were
+102 okay right so there are 120 possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 okay right so there are 120 possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 okay right so there are 120 possible
+trajectories can somebody say how we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories can somebody say how we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories can somebody say how we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is five
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+right um what what what he found by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what what what he found by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um what what what he found by
+analyzing the resulting Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the resulting Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the resulting Fitness
+landscape is that 102 were selectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inaccessible oh I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible oh I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible oh I don't know how
+many is that the right way to spell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many is that the right way to spell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many is that the right way to spell that
+yeah right and and what he's assuming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right and and what he's assuming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right and and what he's assuming is
+that the only mutations that can fix are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only mutations that can fix are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the only mutations that can fix are
+beneficial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial
+mutations okay uh right in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations okay uh right in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations okay uh right in particular if
+you have two states if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two states if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two states if there's a
+mutation that you could acquire let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that you could acquire let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation that you could acquire let's
+say from here let's say you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from here let's say you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say from here let's say you get this
+mutation and that just leads to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and that just leads to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutation and that just leads to the same
+mic he assumes that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic he assumes that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic he assumes that that is
+inaccessible right you know and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible right you know and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inaccessible right you know and of
+course like all things you can argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like all things you can argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course like all things you can argue
+about it what he what he's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what he what he's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it what he what he's saying is
+that you know it's it's it won't fix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's it's it won't fix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know it's it's it won't fix in
+reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable
+times which is fair if it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which is fair if it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times which is fair if it's really a
+neutral mutation in particular if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral mutation in particular if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral mutation in particular if you
+have 10 the six bacteria and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 the six bacteria and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 the six bacteria and there are
+some M if mutation rates are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some M if mutation rates are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some M if mutation rates are the same
+everywhere and some of them lead some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and some of them lead some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and some of them lead some
+mutations lead to significant increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations lead to significant increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutations lead to significant increase
+in Fitness then a neutral mutation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fitness then a neutral mutation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fitness then a neutral mutation would
+be unlikely to fix right so what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unlikely to fix right so what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unlikely to fix right so what he
+found is that there were only then 18 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that there were only then 18 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is that there were only then 18 of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths up the fitness landscape that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths up the fitness landscape that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths up the fitness landscape that had
+monotonically increasing Fitness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically increasing Fitness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically increasing Fitness
+values okay uh and indeed if you analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay uh and indeed if you analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay uh and indeed if you analyze
+those trajectories what we found is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories what we found is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories what we found is that
+actually not only 18 is maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not only 18 is maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not only 18 is maybe even
+oversetting things because only a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversetting things because only a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversetting things because only a few of
+those trajectories would um likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories would um likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those trajectories would um likely
+occupy a majority of what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy a majority of what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupy a majority of what you might call
+the actually observed paths just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually observed paths just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actually observed paths just because
+of the statistics of when those paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistics of when those paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the statistics of when those paths
+branch and so forth right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so forth right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch and so forth right so the
+argument from this paper is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument from this paper is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument from this paper is that we can
+measure Fitness Landscapes and from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Fitness Landscapes and from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure Fitness Landscapes and from it
+we can say something about the path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say something about the path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say something about the path of
+evolution perhaps other people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution perhaps other people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution perhaps other people have
+since gone and done actually laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since gone and done actually laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since gone and done actually laboratory
+Evolution on a different antibiotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution on a different antibiotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution on a different antibiotic
+resistance again Roy K actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance again Roy K actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance again Roy K actually to
+confirm that that these Landscapes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm that that these Landscapes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm that that these Landscapes at
+least in some cases can inform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some cases can inform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in some cases can inform
+laboratory Evolution um so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory Evolution um so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory Evolution um so there is a
+sense that maybe Evolution uh is is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that maybe Evolution uh is is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that maybe Evolution uh is is more
+predictable than you would have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable than you would have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictable than you would have thought
+okay uh we're out of time but uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're out of time but uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh we're out of time but uh if you
+have any questions please go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions please go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any questions please go ahead and
+come on up and I will U and ask me all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on up and I will U and ask me all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on up and I will U and ask me all
+right thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/EWWw0jryj1A.txt b/EWWw0jryj1A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b3e1c1dd379a2e28637af76254343d9eb41dc28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/EWWw0jryj1A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1997 @@
+Well, let's get started.
+
+The topic for today is --
+
+Sorry.
+Thank you.
+
+For today and the next two
+lectures, we are going to be
+
+studying Fourier series.
+Today will be an introduction
+
+explaining what they are.
+And, I calculate them,
+
+but I thought before we do that
+I ought to least give a couple
+
+minutes oversight of why and
+where we're going with them,
+
+and why they're coming into the
+course at this place at all.
+
+So, the situation up to now is
+that we've been trying to solve
+
+equations of the form y double
+prime plus a y prime,
+
+constant coefficient
+second-order equations,
+
+and the f of t was the input.
+So, we are considering
+
+inhomogeneous equations.
+This is the input.
+
+And so far, the response,
+then, is the solution equals
+
+the corresponding solution,
+y of t,
+
+maybe with some given initial
+conditions to pick out a special
+
+one we call the response,
+the response to that particular
+
+input.
+And now, over the last few
+
+days, the inputs have been,
+however, extremely special.
+
+For input, the basic input has
+been an exponential,
+
+or sines and cosines.
+And, the trouble is that we
+
+learn how to solve those.
+But the point is that those
+
+seem extremely special.
+Now, the point of Fourier
+
+series is to show you that they
+are not as special as they look.
+
+The reason is that,
+let's put it this way,
+
+that any reasonable f of t
+which is periodic,
+
+it doesn't have to be even very
+reasonable.
+
+It can be somewhat
+discontinuous,
+
+although not terribly
+discontinuous,
+
+which is periodic with period,
+maybe not the minimal period,
+
+but some period two pi.
+Of course, sine t
+
+and cosine t have the
+exact period two pi,
+
+but if I change the frequency
+to an integer frequency like
+
+sine 2t or sine 26 t,
+
+two pie would still be a
+period, although would not be
+
+the period.
+The period would be shorter.
+
+The point is,
+such a thing can always be
+
+represented as an infinite sum
+of sines and cosines.
+
+So, it's going to look like
+this.
+
+There's a constant term you
+have to put out front.
+
+And then, the rest,
+instead of writing,
+
+it's rather long to write
+unless you use summation
+
+notation.
+So, I will.
+
+So, it's a sum from n equal one
+to infinity integer values of n,
+
+in other words,
+of a sine and a cosine.
+
+It's customary to put the
+cosine first,
+
+and with the frequency,
+the n indicates the frequency
+
+of the thing.
+And, the bn is sine nt.
+
+Now, why does that solve the
+
+problem of general inputs for
+periodic functions,
+
+at least if the period is two
+pi or some fraction of it?
+
+Well, you could think of it
+this way.
+
+I'll make a little table.
+I'll make a little table.
+
+Let's look at,
+let's put over here the input,
+
+and here, I'll put the
+response.
+
+Okay, suppose the input is the
+function sine nt.
+
+Well, in other words,
+if you just solve the problem,
+
+you put a sine nt
+here, you know how to get the
+
+answer, find a particular
+solution, in other words.
+
+In fact, you do it by
+converting this to a complex
+
+exponential, and then all the
+rigmarole we've been going
+
+through.
+So, let's call the response
+
+something.
+Let's call it y.
+
+I'd better index it by n
+because it, of course,
+
+is a response to this
+particular periodic function.
+
+So, n of t,
+and if the input is cosine nt,
+
+that also will have
+a response, yn.
+
+Now, I really can't call them
+both by the same name.
+
+So, why don't we put a little s
+up here to indicate that that's
+
+the response to the sine.
+And here, I'll put a little c
+
+to indicate what the answer to
+the cosine.
+
+You're feeding cosine nt,
+what you get out is
+
+this function.
+Now what?
+
+Well, by the way,
+notice that if n is zero,
+
+it's going to take care of a
+constant term,
+
+too.
+In other words,
+
+the reason there is a constant
+term out front is because that
+
+corresponds to cosine of zero t,
+which is one.
+
+Now, suppose I input instead an
+cosine nt.
+
+All you do is multiply the
+answer by an.
+
+Same here.
+Multiply the input by bn.
+
+You multiply the response.
+That's because the equation is
+
+a linear equation.
+And now, what am I going to do?
+
+I'm going to add them up.
+If I add them up from the
+
+different ends and take a count
+also, the n equals zero
+
+corresponding to this first
+constant term,
+
+the sum of all these according
+to my Fourier formula is going
+
+to be f of t.
+What's the sum of this,
+
+the corresponding responses?
+Well, that's going to be
+
+summation a n y n c t 
+plus b n y n,
+
+the response to the
+sine.
+
+That will be the sum from one
+to infinity, and there will be
+
+some sort of constant term here.
+Let's just call it c1.
+
+So, in other words,
+if this input produces that
+
+response, and these are things
+which we can calculate,
+
+we're led by this formula,
+Fourier's formula,
+
+to the response to things which
+otherwise we would have not been
+
+able to calculate,
+namely, any periodic function
+
+of period two pi will have,
+the procedure will be,
+
+you've got a periodic function
+of period two pi.
+
+Find its Fourier series,
+and I'll show you how to do
+
+that today.
+Find its Fourier series,
+
+and then the response to that
+general f of t will be this
+
+infinite series of functions,
+where these things are things
+
+you already know how to
+calculate.
+
+They are the responses to sines
+and cosines.
+
+And, you just formed the sum
+with those coefficients.
+
+Now, why does that work?
+It works by the superposition
+
+principle.
+So, this is true.
+
+The reason I can do the adding
+and multiplying by constant,
+
+I'm using the superposition
+principle.
+
+If this input produces that
+response, then the sum of a
+
+bunch of inputs produces the sum
+of the corresponding responses.
+
+And, why is that?
+Why can I use the superposition
+
+principle?
+Because the ODE is linear.
+
+It's okay, since the ODE is
+linear.
+
+That's what makes all this
+work.
+
+Now, so what we're going to do
+today is I will show you how to
+
+calculate those Fourier series.
+I will not be able to use it to
+
+actually solve any differential
+equation.
+
+It will take us pretty much all
+the period to show how to
+
+calculate a Fourier series.
+And, okay, so I'm going to
+
+solve differential equations on
+Monday.
+
+Wrong.
+I probably won't even get to it
+
+then because the calculation of
+a Fourier series is a sufficient
+
+amount of work that you really
+want to know all the possible
+
+tricks and shortcuts there are.
+Unfortunately,
+
+they are not very clever
+tricks.
+
+They are just obvious things.
+But, it will take me a period
+
+to point out those obvious
+things, obvious in my sense if
+
+not in yours.
+And, finally,
+
+the third day,
+we'll solve differential
+
+equations.
+I will actually carry out the
+
+program.
+But the main thing we're going
+
+to get out of it is another
+approach to resonance because
+
+the things that we are going to
+be interested in are picking out
+
+which of these terms may
+possibly produce resonance,
+
+and therefore a very crazy
+response.
+
+Some of the terms in the
+response suddenly get a much
+
+bigger amplitude than this than
+you would normally have thought
+
+they had because it's picking
+out resonant terms in the
+
+Fourier series of the input.
+Okay, well, that's a big
+
+mouthfu.
+Let's get started on
+
+calculating.
+So, the program today is
+
+calculate the Fourier series.
+Given f of t periodic,
+
+having two pi as a period,
+find its Fourier series.
+
+How, in other words,
+do I calculate those
+
+coefficients,
+an and bn.
+
+Now, the answer is not
+immediately apparent,
+
+and it's really quite
+remarkable.
+
+I think it's quite remarkable,
+anyway.
+
+It's one of the basic things of
+higher mathematics.
+
+And, what it depends upon are
+certain things called the
+
+orthogonality relations.
+So, this is the place where
+
+you've got to learn what such
+things are.
+
+Well, I think it would be a
+good idea to have a general
+
+definition, rather than
+immediately get into the
+
+specifics.
+So, I'm going to call u of x,
+
+u of t, I think I will use,
+
+since Fourier analysis is most
+often applied when the variable
+
+is time, I think I will stick to
+independent variable t all
+
+period long, if I remember to,
+at any rate.
+
+So, these are two continuous,
+or not very discontinuous
+
+functions on minus pi.
+Let's make them periodic.
+
+Let's say two pi is a period.
+So, functions,
+
+for example like those guys,
+sine t, sine nt,
+
+sine 22t,
+
+and so on, say two pi is a
+period.
+
+Well, I want them really on the
+whole real axis,
+
+not there.
+Define for all real numbers.
+
+Then, I say that they are
+orthogonal, perpendicular.
+
+But nobody says perpendicular.
+Orthogonal is the word,
+
+orthogonal on the interval
+minus pi to pi
+
+if the integral,
+so, two are orthogonal.
+
+Well, these two functions,
+if the integral from minus pi
+
+to pi of u of t v of t,
+the product is zero,
+
+that's called the orthogonality
+condition on minus pi to pi.
+
+Now, well, it's just the
+
+definition.
+I would love to go into a
+
+little song and dance now on
+what the definition really
+
+means, and what its application,
+why the word orthogonal is
+
+used, because it really does
+have something to do with two
+
+vectors being orthogonal in the
+sense in which you live it in
+
+18.02.
+I'll have to put that on the
+
+ice for the moment,
+and whether I get to it or not
+
+depends on how fast I talk.
+But, you probably prefer I talk
+
+slowly.
+So, let's compromise.
+
+Anyway, that's the condition.
+And now, what I say is that
+
+that Fourier,
+that blue Fourier series,
+
+--
+-- what finding the
+
+coefficients an and bn depends
+upon is this theorem that the
+
+collection of functions,
+as I look at this collection of
+
+functions, sine nt
+for any value of the integer,
+
+n, of course I can assume n is
+a positive integer because sine
+
+of minus nt is the same as sine
+of nt.
+
+And, cosine mt,
+let's give it a different,
+
+so I don't want you to think
+they are exactly the same
+
+integers.
+So, this is a big collection of
+
+functions, as n runs from one to
+infinity-- Here,
+
+I could let m be run from zero
+to infinity because cosine of
+
+zero t means something.
+
+It's a constant,
+one-- that any two distinct
+
+ones, two distinct,
+you know, how can two things be
+
+not different?
+Well, you know,
+
+you talk about two coincident
+roots.
+
+I'm just killing,
+doing a little overkill.
+
+Any two distinct ones of these,
+two distinct members of the set
+
+of this collection of,
+I don't know,
+
+there's no way to say that,
+any two distinct ones are
+
+orthogonal on this interval.
+Of course, they all have two pi
+
+as a period for all of them.
+So, they form into this general
+
+category that I'm talking about,
+but any two distinct ones are
+
+orthogonal on the interval for
+minus pi to pi.
+
+So, if I integrate from minus
+
+pi to pi sine of three t times
+cosine of four t dt,
+
+answer is zero.
+
+If I integrate sine of 3t times
+
+the sine of 60t,
+answer is zero.
+
+The same thing with two
+cosines, or a sine and a cosine.
+
+The only time you don't get
+zero is if you integrate,
+
+if you make the two functions
+the same.
+
+Now, how do you know that you
+could not possibly get the
+
+answer is zero if the two
+functions are the same?
+
+If the two functions are the
+same, then I'm integrating a
+
+square.
+A square is always positive.
+
+I'm integrating a square.
+A square is always positive,
+
+and therefore I cannot get the
+answer, zero.
+
+But, in the other cases,
+I might get the answer zero.
+
+And the theorem is you always
+do.
+
+Okay, so, why is this?
+Well, there are three ways to
+
+prove this.
+It's like many fundamental
+
+facts in mathematics.
+There are different ways of
+
+going about it.
+By the way, along with the
+
+theorem, I probably should have
+included, so,
+
+I'm far away.
+But you might as well include,
+
+because we're going to need it.
+What happens if you use the
+
+same function?
+If I take U equal to V,
+
+and in that case,
+as I've indicated,
+
+you're not going to get the
+answer, zero.
+
+But, what you will get is,
+so, in other words,
+
+I'm just asking,
+what is the sine of 
+
+n t squared.
+That's a case where two of them
+
+are the same.
+I use the same function.
+
+What's that?
+Well, the answer is,
+
+it's the same as what you will
+get if you integrate the cosine,
+
+cosine squared n t dt.
+
+And, the answer to either one
+
+of these is pi.
+That's something you know how
+
+to do from 18.01 or the
+equivalent thereof.
+
+You can integrate sine squared.
+It's one of the things you had
+
+to learn for whatever exam you
+took on methods of integration.
+
+Anyway, so I'm not going to
+calculate this out.
+
+The answer turns out to be pi.
+All right, now,
+
+the ways to prove it are you
+can use trig identities.
+
+And, I'm asking you in one of
+the early problems in the
+
+problem set, identities,
+identities for the product of
+
+sine and cosine,
+expressing it in a form in
+
+which it's easy to integrate,
+and you can prove it that way.
+
+Or, you can use,
+if you have forgotten the
+
+trigonometric identities and
+want to get some more exercise
+
+with complex-- you can use
+complex exponentials.
+
+So, I'm asking you how to,
+in another part of the same
+
+problem I'm asking you how to do
+it, do one of these,
+
+at any rate,
+using complex exponentials.
+
+And now, I'm going to use a
+mysterious third method another
+
+way.
+I'm going to use the ODE.
+
+I'm going to do that because
+this is the method.
+
+It's not just sines and cosines
+which are orthogonal.
+
+There are masses of orthogonal
+functions out there.
+
+And, the way they are
+discovered, and the way you
+
+prove they're orthogonal is not
+with trig identities and complex
+
+exponentials because those only
+work with sines and cosines.
+
+It is, instead,
+by going back to the
+
+differential equation that they
+solve.
+
+And that's, therefore,
+the method here that I'm going
+
+to use here because this is the
+method which generalizes to many
+
+other differential equations
+other than the simple ones
+
+satisfied by sines and cosines.
+But anyway, that is the source.
+
+So, the way the proof of these
+orthogonality conditions goes,
+
+so I'm not going to do that.
+And, I'm going to assume that m
+
+is different from n so that I'm
+not in either of these two
+
+cases.
+What it depends on is,
+
+what's the differential
+equation that all these
+
+functions satisfy?
+Well, it's a different
+
+differential equation depending
+upon the value of n,
+
+--
+-- but they look at essentially
+
+the same.
+These satisfy the differential
+
+equation, in other words,
+what they have in common.
+
+The differential equation is,
+let's call it u.
+
+It looks better.
+It's going to look better if
+
+you let me call it u.
+u double prime plus,
+
+well, n squared,
+so for the function sine n t
+
+cosine n t, satisfy u double
+
+prime plus n squared times u.
+
+In other words,
+the frequency is n,
+
+and therefore,
+this is a square of the
+
+frequency is what you put here,
+equals zero.
+
+In other words,
+what these functions have in
+
+common is that they satisfy
+differential equations that look
+
+like that.
+And the only thing that's
+
+allowed to vary is the
+frequency, which is allowed to
+
+change.
+The frequency is in this
+
+coefficient of u.
+Now, the remarkable thing is
+
+that's all you need to know.
+The fact that they satisfy the
+
+differential equation,
+that's all you need to know to
+
+prove the orthogonality
+relationship.
+
+Okay, let's try to do it.
+Well, I need some notation.
+
+So, I'm going to let un and vm
+be any two of the functions.
+
+In other words,
+I'll assume m is different from
+
+n.
+For example,
+
+this one could be sine nt,
+and that could be
+
+sine of mt,
+or this could be sine nt
+
+and that could be
+cosine of mt.
+
+You get the idea.
+Any two of those in the
+
+subscript indicates whether what
+the n or the m is that are in
+
+that.
+Any two, and I mean really two,
+
+distinct, well,
+if I say that m is not n,
+
+then they positively have to be
+different.
+
+So, again, it's overkill with
+my two's-ness.
+
+And, what I'm going to
+calculate, well,
+
+first of all,
+from the equation,
+
+I'm going to write the equation
+this way.
+
+It says that u double prime is
+equal to minus n squared u.
+
+That's true for any of these
+
+guys.
+Of course, here,
+
+it would be v double prime is
+equal to minus m squared 
+
+times v.
+You have to make those simple
+
+adjustments.
+And now, what we're going to
+
+calculate is the integral from
+minus pi to pi of un double
+
+prime times vm dt.
+
+Now, just bear with me.
+
+Why am I going to do that?
+I can't explain what I'm going
+
+to do that.
+But you won't ask me the
+
+question in five minutes.
+But the point is,
+
+this is highly un-symmetric.
+The u is differentiated twice.
+
+The v isn't.
+So, those two functions-- but
+
+there is a way of turning them
+into an expression which looks
+
+extremely symmetric,
+where they are the same.
+
+And the way to do that is I
+want to get rid of one of these
+
+primes here and put one on here.
+The way to do that is if you
+
+want to integrate one of these
+guys, and differentiate this one
+
+to make them look the same,
+that's called integration by
+
+parts, the most important
+theoretical method you learned
+
+in 18.01 even though you didn't
+know that it was the most
+
+important theoretical method.
+Okay, we're going to use it now
+
+as a basis for Fourier series.
+Okay, so I'm going to integrate
+
+by parts.
+Now, the first thing you do,
+
+of course, when you integrate
+by parts is you just do the
+
+integration.
+You don't do differentiation.
+
+So, the first thing looks like
+this.
+
+And, that's to be evaluated
+between negative pi and pi.
+
+In doing integration by parts
+between limits,
+
+minus what you get by doing
+both.
+
+You do both,
+the integration and the
+
+differentiation.
+And, again, evaluate that
+
+between limits.
+Now, I'm just going to BS my
+
+way through this.
+This is zero.
+
+I don't care what the un's,
+which un you picked and which
+
+vm you picked.
+The answer here is always going
+
+to be zero.
+Instead of wasting six boards
+
+trying to write out the
+argument, let me wave my hands.
+
+Okay, it's clear,
+for example,
+
+that a v is a sine, sine mt.
+
+Of course it's zero because the
+sine vanishes at both pi and
+
+minus pi.
+If the un were a cosine,
+
+after I differentiate it,
+it became a sine.
+
+And so, now it's this side guy
+that's zero at both ends.
+
+So, the only case in which we
+might have a little doubt is if
+
+this is a cosine,
+and after differentiation,
+
+this is also a cosine.
+In other words,
+
+it might look like cosine,
+after, this cosine nt times
+
+cosine mt.
+But, I claim that that's zero,
+
+too.
+Why?
+
+Because the cosines are even
+functions, and therefore,
+
+they have the same value at
+both ends.
+
+So, if I subtract the value
+evaluated at pi,
+
+and subtract the value of minus
+pi, again zero because I have
+
+the same value at both ends.
+So, by this entirely convincing
+
+argument, no matter what
+combination of sines and cosines
+
+I have here, the answer to that
+part will always be zero.
+
+So, by calculation,
+but thought calculation;
+
+it's just a waste of time to
+write anything out.
+
+You stare at it until you agree
+that it's so.
+
+And now, I've taken,
+by this integration by parts,
+
+I've taken this highly
+un-symmetric expression and
+
+turned it into something in
+which the u and the v are
+
+treated exactly alike.
+Well, good, that's nice,
+
+but why?
+Why did I go to this trouble?
+
+Okay, now we're going to use
+the fact that this satisfies the
+
+differential equation,
+in other words,
+
+that u double prime is equal to
+minus n,
+
+I'm sorry, I should have
+subscripted this.
+
+If that's the solution,
+then this is equal to,
+
+times.
+You have to put in a subscript
+
+otherwise.
+The n wouldn't matter.
+
+All right, I'm now going to
+take that expression,
+
+and evaluate it differently.
+un double prime vm dt
+
+is equal to,
+well, un double prime,
+
+because it satisfies the
+differential equation is equal
+
+to that.
+So, what is this?
+
+This is minus n squared
+times the integral from
+
+negative pi to pi,
+and I'm replacing un double
+
+prime by minus n
+squared un.
+
+I pulled the minus n squared
+out.
+
+So, it's un here,
+and the other factor is vm dt.
+
+Now, that's the proof.
+Huh?
+
+What do you mean that's the
+proof?
+
+Okay, well, I'll first state
+it, why intuitively that's the
+
+end of the argument.
+And then, I'll spell it out a
+
+little more detail,
+but the more detail you make
+
+for this, the more obscure it
+gets instead of,
+
+look, I just showed you that
+this is symmetric in u and v,
+
+after you massage it a little
+bit.
+
+Here, I'm calculating it a
+different way.
+
+Is this symmetric in u and v?
+Well, the answer is yes or no.
+
+Is this symmetric at u and v?
+No.
+
+Why?
+Because of the n.
+
+The n favors u.
+We have what is called a
+
+paradox.
+This thing is symmetric in u
+
+and v because I can show it is.
+And, it's not symmetric in u
+
+and v because I can show it is.
+I can show it's not symmetric
+
+because it favors the n.
+Now, there's only one possible
+
+resolution of that paradox.
+Both would be symmetric if what
+
+were true?
+Pardon?
+
+Negative pi.
+All right, let me write it this
+
+way.
+Okay, never mind.
+
+You see, the only way this can
+happen is if this expression is
+
+zero.
+In other words,
+
+the only way something can be
+both symmetric and not symmetric
+
+is if it's zero all the time.
+And, that's what we're trying
+
+to prove, that this is zero.
+But, instead of doing it that
+
+way, let me show you.
+This is equal to that,
+
+and therefore,
+two things according to Euclid,
+
+two things equal to the same
+thing are equal to each other.
+
+So, this equals that,
+which, in turn,
+
+therefore, equals what I would
+have gotten.
+
+I'm just saying the symmetry of
+different way,
+
+what I would have gotten if I
+had done this calculation.
+
+And, that turns out to be minus
+m squared times the integral
+
+from minus pi to pi
+of un vm dt.
+
+So, these two are equal because
+
+they are both equal to this.
+This is equal to that.
+
+This equals that.
+Therefore, how can this equal
+
+that unless the integral is
+zero?
+
+How's that?
+Remember, m is different from
+
+n.
+So, what this proves is,
+
+therefore, the integral from
+negative pi to pi of un vm dt is
+
+equal to zero,
+
+at least if m is different from
+n.
+
+Now, there is one case I didn't
+include.
+
+Which case didn't I include?
+un times un is not supposed to
+
+be zero.
+So, in that case,
+
+I don't have to worry about,
+but there is a case that I
+
+didn't.
+For example,
+
+something like the cosine of nt
+times the sine of nt.
+
+Here, the m is the same as the
+
+n.
+Nonetheless,
+
+I am claiming that this is zero
+because these aren't the same
+
+function.
+One is a cosine.
+
+Why is that zero?
+Can you see mentally that
+
+that's zero?
+Mentally?
+
+Well, this is trying to be in
+another life,
+
+it's trying to be one half the
+sine of two nt, right?
+
+And obviously the integral of
+
+sine of two nt is zero between
+minus pi and pi
+
+because you integrate it,
+
+and it turns out to be zero.
+You integrate it to a cosine,
+
+which has the same value of
+both ends.
+
+Well, that was a lot of
+talking.
+
+If this proof is too abstract
+for you, I won't ask you to
+
+reproduce it on an exam.
+You can go with the proofs
+
+using trigonometric identities,
+and/or complex exponentials.
+
+But, you ought to know at least
+one of those,
+
+and for the problem set I'm
+asking you to fool around a
+
+little with at least two of
+them.
+
+Okay, now, what has this got to
+do with the problem we started
+
+with originally?
+The problem is to explain this
+
+blue series.
+So, our problem is,
+
+how, from this,
+am I going to get the terms of
+
+this blue series?
+So, given f of t,
+
+two pi s a period.
+Find the an and the bn.
+
+Okay, let's focus on the an.
+The bn is the same.
+
+Once you know how to do one,
+you know how to do the other.
+
+So, here's the idea.
+Again, it goes back to the
+
+something you learned at the
+very beginning of 18.02,
+
+but I don't think it took.
+But maybe some of you will
+
+recognize it.
+So, what I'm going to do is
+
+write it.
+Here's the term we're looking
+
+for here, this one.
+Okay, and there are others.
+
+It's an infinite series that
+goes on forever.
+
+And now, to make the argument,
+I've got to put it one more
+
+term here.
+So, I'm going to put in ak
+
+cosine kt.
+I don't mean to imply that that
+
+k could be more than n,
+in which case I should have
+
+written it here.
+I could have also used equally
+
+well bk sine kt 
+here, and I could have put it
+
+there.
+This is just some other term.
+
+This is the an,
+and this is the one we want.
+
+And, this is some other term.
+Okay, all right,
+
+now, what you do is,
+to get the an,
+
+what you do is you multiply
+everything through by,
+
+you focus on the one you want,
+so it's dot,
+
+dot, dot, dot,
+dot, and you multiply by cosine
+
+nt.
+So, it's ak cosine kt times
+
+cosine nt.
+
+Of course, that gets
+multiplied, too.
+
+But, the one we want also gets
+multiplied, an.
+
+And, it becomes,
+when I multiply by cosine nt,
+
+cosine squared nt,
+
+and now, I hope you can see
+what's going to happen.
+
+Now, oops, I didn't multiply
+the f of t,
+
+sorry.
+It's the oldest trick in the
+
+book.
+I now integrate everything from
+
+minus, so I don't endlessly
+recopy.
+
+I'll integrate by putting it up
+in yellow chalk,
+
+and you are left to your own
+devices.
+
+This is definitely a colored
+pen type of course.
+
+Okay, so, you want to integrate
+from minus pi to pi?
+
+Good.
+Just integrate everything on
+
+the right hand side,
+also, from minus pi to pi.
+
+Plus, these are the guys just
+to indicate that I haven't,
+
+they are out there,
+too.
+
+And now, what happens?
+What's this?
+
+Zero.
+Every term is zero because of
+
+the orthogonality relations.
+They are all of the form,
+
+a constant times cosine nt
+times something different from
+
+cosine nt, sine kt,
+
+cosine kt,
+or even that constant term.
+
+All of the other terms are
+zero, and the only one which
+
+survives is this one.
+And, what's its value?
+
+The integral from minus pi to
+pi of cosine squared,
+
+I put that up somewhere.
+It's right here,
+
+down there?
+It is pi.
+
+So, this term turns into an pi,
+an, dragged along,
+
+but this, the integral of the
+square of the cosine turns out
+
+to be pi.
+And so, the end result is that
+
+we get a formula for an.
+What is an?
+
+an is, well,
+an times pi,
+
+all these terms of zero,
+and nothing is left but this
+
+left-hand side.
+And therefore,
+
+an times pi is the integral
+from negative pi to pi of f of t
+
+times cosine nt dt.
+
+But, that's an times pi.
+
+Therefore, if I want just an,
+I have to divide it by pi.
+
+And, that's the formula for the
+coefficient an.
+
+The argument is exactly the
+same if you want bn,
+
+but I will write it down for
+the sake of completeness,
+
+as they say,
+and to give you a chance to
+
+digest what I've done,
+you know, 30 seconds to digest
+
+it. Sine nt dt.
+
+And, that's because the
+argument is the same.
+
+And, the integral of sine
+squared nt is also
+
+pi. So, there's no difference
+
+there.
+Now, there's only one little
+
+caution.
+It have to be a little careful.
+
+This is n one,
+two, and so on,
+
+and this is also n one,
+two, and unfortunately,
+
+the constant term is a slight
+exception.
+
+We better look at that
+specifically because if you
+
+forget it, you can get them to
+gross, gross,
+
+gross errors.
+How about the constant term?
+
+Suppose I repeat the argument
+for that in miniature.
+
+There is a constant term plus
+other stuff, a typical other
+
+stuff, an cosine,
+let's say.
+
+How am I going to get that
+constant term?
+
+Well, if you think of this as
+sort of like a constant times,
+
+the reason is the constant is
+because it's being multiplied by
+
+cosine zero t.
+So, that suggests I should
+
+multiply by one.
+In other words,
+
+what I should do is simply
+integrate this from negative pi
+
+to pi, f of t dt.
+
+What's the answer?
+Well, this integrated from
+
+minus pi to pi is how much?
+It's c zero times two pi,
+
+right?
+And, the other terms all give
+
+me zero.
+Every other term is zero
+
+because if you integrate cosine
+nt or sine nt
+
+over a complete
+period, you always get zero.
+
+There is as much area above the
+axis or below.
+
+Or, you can look at two special
+cases.
+
+Anyway, you always get zero.
+It's the same thing with sine
+
+here.
+So, the answer is that c zero
+
+is equal to,
+is a little special.
+
+You don't just put n equals
+zero here because then
+
+you would lose a factor of two.
+So, c zero should be one
+
+over two pi times
+this integral.
+
+Now, there are two kinds of
+people in the world,
+
+the ones who learn two separate
+formulas, and the ones who just
+
+learn two separate notations.
+So, what most people do is they
+
+say, look, I want this to be
+always the formula for a zero.
+
+That means, even when n 
+is zero, I want this to be the
+
+formula.
+Well, then you are not going to
+
+get the right leading term.
+Instead of getting c zero,
+
+you're going to get
+twice it, and therefore,
+
+the formula is,
+the Fourier series,
+
+therefore, isn't written this
+way.
+
+It's written-- If you want an a
+zero there,
+
+calculate it by this formula.
+Then, you've got to write not c
+
+zero, but a zero over two.
+
+I think you will be happiest if
+I have to give you advice.
+
+I think you'll be happiest
+remembering a single formula for
+
+the an's and bn's,
+in which case you have to
+
+remember that the constant
+leading term is a zero over two
+
+if you insist on
+using that formula.
+
+Otherwise, you have to learn a
+special formula for the leading
+
+coefficient, namely one over two
+pi instead of one
+
+over pi.
+Well, am I really going to
+
+calculate a Fourier series in
+four minutes?
+
+Not very likely,
+but I'll give it a brave
+
+college try.
+Anyway, you will be doing a
+
+great deal of it,
+and your book has lots and lots
+
+of examples, too many,
+in fact.
+
+It ruined all the good examples
+by calculating them for you.
+
+But, I will at least outline.
+Do you want me to spend three
+
+minutes outlining a calculation
+just so you have something to
+
+work on in the next boring class
+you are in?
+
+Let's see, so I'll just put a
+few key things on the board.
+
+I would advise you to sit still
+for this.
+
+Otherwise you're going to hack
+it, and take twice as long as
+
+you should, even though I knew
+you've been up to 3:00 in the
+
+morning doing your problem set.
+Cheer up.
+
+I got up at 6:00 to make up the
+new one.
+
+So, we're even.
+This should be zero here.
+
+So, here's minus pi.
+Here's pi.
+
+Here's one, negative one.
+The function starts out like
+
+that, and now to be periodic,
+it then has to continue on in
+
+the same way.
+So, I think that's enough of
+
+its path through life to
+indicate how it runs.
+
+This is a typical square-away
+function, sometimes it's called.
+
+It's an odd function.
+It goes equally above and below
+
+the axis.
+Now, the integrals,
+
+when you calculate them,
+the an is going to be,
+
+okay, look, the an is going to
+turn out to be zero.
+
+Let me, instead,
+and you will get that with a
+
+little hacking.
+I'm much more worried about
+
+what you'll do with the bn's.
+Also, next Monday you'll see
+
+intuitively that the an is zero,
+in which case you won't even
+
+bother trying to calculate it.
+How about the bn,
+
+though?
+Well, you see,
+
+because the function is
+discontinuous,
+
+so, this is my input.
+My f of t is that
+
+orange discontinuous function.
+The bn is going to be,
+
+I have to break it into two
+parts.
+
+In the first part,
+the function is negative one.
+
+And there, I will be
+integrating from minus pi to pi
+
+of the function,
+which is minus one times the
+
+sine of nt dt.
+
+And then, there's another part,
+
+sorry, minus pi to zero.
+The other part I integrate from
+
+zero to pi of what?
+Well, f of t is now plus one.
+
+And so, I simply integrate sine
+
+nt dt.
+Now, each of these is a
+
+perfectly simple integral.
+The only question is how you
+
+combine them.
+So, this is,
+
+after you calculate it,
+it will be (one minus cosine n
+
+pi) all over n.
+
+And, this part will turn out to
+be (one minus cosine n pi) over
+
+n also. And therefore,
+
+the answer will be two minus
+two cosine, two over n times,
+
+right, two minus,
+two times (one minus cosine n
+
+pi) over n.
+
+No, okay, now,
+what's this?
+
+This is minus one if n is odd.
+It's plus one if n is even.
+
+Now, either you can work with
+it this way, or you can combine
+
+the two of them into a single
+expression.
+
+Its minus one to the nth power
+takes care of both of
+
+them.
+But, the way the answer is
+
+normally expressed,
+it would be minus two over n,
+
+two over n times,
+if n is even,
+
+I get zero.
+If n is odd,
+
+I get two.
+So, times two,
+
+if n is odd,
+and zero if n is even.
+
+So, it's four over n,
+or it's zero,
+
+and the final series is a sum
+of those coefficients times the
+
+appropriate-- cosine or sine?
+Sine terms because the cosine
+
+terms were all coefficients,
+all turned out to be zero.
+
+I'm sorry I didn't have the
+chance to do that calculation in
+
+detail.
+But, I think that's enough
+
+sketch for you to be able to do
+the rest of it yourself.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FOFtMqCxZt0.txt b/FOFtMqCxZt0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e18345693d66e8ca7e9fbb5de5235dc7362b2de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FOFtMqCxZt0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we now introduce a new type of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now introduce a new type of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now introduce a new type of random
+variable the exponential random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the exponential random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the exponential random variable
+it has a probability density function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a probability density function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a probability density function
+that is determined by a single parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is determined by a single parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is determined by a single parameter
+lambda which is a positive number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda which is a positive number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda which is a positive number and
+the form of the PDF is as shown here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the PDF is as shown here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the PDF is as shown here
+note that the PDF is equal to zero when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the PDF is equal to zero when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the PDF is equal to zero when
+X is negative which means that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is negative which means that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is negative which means that negative
+values of X will not occur they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X will not occur they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of X will not occur they have
+zero probability and so a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero probability and so a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero probability and so a random
+variable is a non-negative random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a non-negative random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is a non-negative random
+variable the shape of the PDF is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the shape of the PDF is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the shape of the PDF is as
+shown in this diagram its 0 for negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this diagram its 0 for negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in this diagram its 0 for negative
+values and then for positive values it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then for positive values it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then for positive values it
+starts off it starts off at the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off it starts off at the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off it starts off at the value
+equal to lambda this is because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda this is because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda this is because if you
+plug in X equal to 0 in this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in X equal to 0 in this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in X equal to 0 in this expression
+you get lambda times e to the 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lambda times e to the 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get lambda times e to the 0 which
+leaves you just with the lambda so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you just with the lambda so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves you just with the lambda so it
+starts off at lambda and then it decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off at lambda and then it decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off at lambda and then it decays
+at the rate of lambda notice that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate of lambda notice that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the rate of lambda notice that when
+lambda is small the initial value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is small the initial value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is small the initial value of the
+PDF is small but then the decay rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is small but then the decay rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF is small but then the decay rate is
+also small so that the PDF extends over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also small so that the PDF extends over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also small so that the PDF extends over
+a large range of X's on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large range of X's on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large range of X's on the other hand
+when lambda is large then the PDF starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lambda is large then the PDF starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when lambda is large then the PDF starts
+large so there's a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so there's a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so there's a fair amount of
+probability in the vicinity of 0 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in the vicinity of 0 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability in the vicinity of 0 but
+then it decades pretty fast so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it decades pretty fast so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it decades pretty fast so there's
+much less probability for larger values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less probability for larger values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less probability for larger values
+of X another observation to make is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X another observation to make is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X another observation to make is that
+the shape of this exponential PDF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this exponential PDF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this exponential PDF is
+quite similar to the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar to the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite similar to the shape of the
+geometric PDF that we have seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric PDF that we have seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric PDF that we have seen before
+the only difference being that here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference being that here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference being that here we
+have a discrete distribution but here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discrete distribution but here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discrete distribution but here we
+have a continuous analogue of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous analogue of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuous analogue of that
+distribution let us now carry out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution let us now carry out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution let us now carry out a
+calculation let us fix some positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation let us fix some positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation let us fix some positive
+number a and let us calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a and let us calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a and let us calculate the
+probability that our random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that our random variable
+takes a value larger than or equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value larger than or equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a value larger than or equal to a
+so what we're trying to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're trying to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're trying to do is to
+calculate the probability that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the probability that the
+random variable falls inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable falls inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable falls inside this
+interval from a to infinity whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from a to infinity whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval from a to infinity whenever we
+have a PDF we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PDF we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a PDF we can calculate the
+probability of falling inside an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling inside an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of falling inside an
+interval by integrating over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by integrating over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval by integrating over that
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+value of the PDF therefore we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the PDF therefore we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the PDF therefore we have to
+calculate this particular integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this particular integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this particular integral and
+at this point we can recall a fact from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we can recall a fact from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point we can recall a fact from
+calculus namely that the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus namely that the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus namely that the integral of the
+function e to the ax is 1 over a times e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function e to the ax is 1 over a times e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function e to the ax is 1 over a times e
+to the ax we can use this fact by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ax we can use this fact by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ax we can use this fact by making
+the correspondence between a and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correspondence between a and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correspondence between a and minus
+lambda and using this correspondence we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and using this correspondence we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and using this correspondence we
+can now continue the calculation of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now continue the calculation of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now continue the calculation of our
+integral we have a factor of lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we have a factor of lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we have a factor of lambda and
+then a factor of 1 over a where a stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a factor of 1 over a where a stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a factor of 1 over a where a stands
+for minus lambda so we get a minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for minus lambda so we get a minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for minus lambda so we get a minus 1
+over lambda and then the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda and then the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda and then the same
+exponential function e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function e to the minus
+lambda X and because the range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X and because the range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda X and because the range of the
+integration is from a to infinity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is from a to infinity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is from a to infinity we
+need to evaluate the integral at a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to evaluate the integral at a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to evaluate the integral at a and
+infinity and take the difference now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and take the difference now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and take the difference now
+this lambda cancels that lambda were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda cancels that lambda were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambda cancels that lambda were
+left with a minus sign and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a minus sign and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a minus sign and from the
+upper limit we get e to the minus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit we get e to the minus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper limit we get e to the minus lambda
+times infinity and then from the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times infinity and then from the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times infinity and then from the second
+term we have a minus sign that cancels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have a minus sign that cancels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we have a minus sign that cancels
+with that minus sign and gives us a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that minus sign and gives us a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that minus sign and gives us a plus
+term plus e to the minus lambda a now e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus e to the minus lambda a now e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term plus e to the minus lambda a now e
+to the minus infinity is 0 and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus infinity is 0 and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus infinity is 0 and so we're
+left just with the last term and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left just with the last term and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left just with the last term and the
+answer is e to the minus lambda a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is e to the minus lambda a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is e to the minus lambda a so
+this gives us the tail probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us the tail probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us the tail probability for
+an exponential random variable it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential random variable it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exponential random variable it tells
+us that the probability of falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the probability of falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the probability of falling
+higher than a certain number falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than a certain number falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than a certain number falls off
+exponentially with that certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with that certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially with that certain number
+an interesting additional observation if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting additional observation if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting additional observation if
+we let a equal to 0 in this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let a equal to 0 in this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let a equal to 0 in this calculation
+we obtain the integral of the PDF over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain the integral of the PDF over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obtain the integral of the PDF over
+the entire range of X's and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire range of X's and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire range of X's and in that case
+this probability becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probability becomes
+to the minus lambda 0 which is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus lambda 0 which is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus lambda 0 which is equal to
+1 so we have indeed verified that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we have indeed verified that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we have indeed verified that the
+integral of this PDF is equal to 1 as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this PDF is equal to 1 as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of this PDF is equal to 1 as it
+should be now let us move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be now let us move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be now let us move to the
+calculation of the expected value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the expected value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the expected value of
+this random variable we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable we can use the
+definition since the PDF is nonzero only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition since the PDF is nonzero only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition since the PDF is nonzero only
+for positive values of X we only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive values of X we only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for positive values of X we only need to
+integrate from 0 to infinity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from 0 to infinity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from 0 to infinity we
+integrate x times the PDF and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate x times the PDF and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate x times the PDF and this is an
+integral that you may have encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that you may have encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that you may have encountered
+at some point before it is evaluated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point before it is evaluated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point before it is evaluated by
+using integration by parts and the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using integration by parts and the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using integration by parts and the final
+answer turns out to be 1 over lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be 1 over lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be 1 over lambda
+regarding the calculation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the calculation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarding the calculation of the
+expected value of the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of the square of the
+random variable we need to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we need to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable we need to write down a
+similar integral except that now we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar integral except that now we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar integral except that now we will
+have here x squared this is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here x squared this is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here x squared this is just another
+integration by parts only a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts only a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts only a little more
+tedious and the answer turns out to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious and the answer turns out to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious and the answer turns out to be 2
+over lambda squared finally to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda squared finally to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over lambda squared finally to calculate
+the variance we use the handy formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance we use the handy formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance we use the handy formula
+that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the expected value of x squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected value of x squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the expected value of x squared is
+this term the expected value of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the expected value of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term the expected value of X is
+this term when we square it it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when we square it it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term when we square it it becomes
+similar to this term but we have here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this term but we have here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to this term but we have here a
+2 there we have a 1 and so we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 there we have a 1 and so we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 there we have a 1 and so we're left
+with just 1 over lambda squared and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just 1 over lambda squared and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just 1 over lambda squared and this
+is the variance of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the variance of the exponential
+random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable
+notice that when lambda is small the PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when lambda is small the PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that when lambda is small the PDF
+as we discussed before falls off very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed before falls off very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed before falls off very
+slowly which means that large X's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly which means that large X's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly which means that large X's are
+also quite possible and so the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quite possible and so the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also quite possible and so the average
+of this random variable will be on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable will be on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable will be on the
+higher side the PDF extends over a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher side the PDF extends over a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher side the PDF extends over a large
+range and that translates into having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and that translates into having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and that translates into having a
+large mean and because the when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mean and because the when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large mean and because the when that
+happens the PDF actually spreads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the PDF actually spreads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the PDF actually spreads the
+variance also increases and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance also increases and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance also increases and this is
+reflected in this formula for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in this formula for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in this formula for the
+variance the exponential random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the exponential random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the exponential random variable
+is in many ways similar to the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in many ways similar to the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in many ways similar to the geometric
+for example the expression for the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the expression for the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the expression for the mean
+which is 1 over lambda can be contrasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over lambda can be contrasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over lambda can be contrasted
+with the expression for the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expression for the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expression for the mean of the
+geometric which is 1 over P and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric which is 1 over P and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric which is 1 over P and the
+relationship between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between these two
+distributions the discrete and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions the discrete and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions the discrete and the
+continuous analog is a theme that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analog is a theme that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous analog is a theme that we
+will revisit several times at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will revisit several times at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will revisit several times at this point
+let me just say that the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just say that the exponential
+random variable is used to model many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is used to model many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable is used to model many
+important and real-world phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and real-world phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and real-world phenomena
+generally it models the time that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally it models the time that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally it models the time that we
+have to wait until something happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait until something happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to wait until something happens in
+the discrete case the geometric random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case the geometric random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrete case the geometric random
+variable models the time until we see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable models the time until we see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable models the time until we see a
+success for the first time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success for the first time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success for the first time in the
+continuous case an exponential can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case an exponential can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous case an exponential can be
+used to model the time until a customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to model the time until a customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to model the time until a customer
+arrives the time until a light bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives the time until a light bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrives the time until a light bulb
+burns out the time until a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns out the time until a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns out the time until a machine
+breaks down the time until you receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the time until you receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down the time until you receive
+an email or maybe the time until a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email or maybe the time until a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email or maybe the time until a
+meteorite falls on your house
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FzncDO1eSNI.txt b/FzncDO1eSNI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f84e70a12551405d5dd46eeeb1833deed72567a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FzncDO1eSNI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2243 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation
+in the lecture you've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture you've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture you've learned
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
+one of the many important applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the many important applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the many important applications
+of them is solving a higher other linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is solving a higher other linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is solving a higher other linear
+differential equation with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation with constant
+coefficients a typical example is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a typical example is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients a typical example is like
+what have written on the board here Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have written on the board here Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have written on the board here Y is
+a function of T and Y and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of T and Y and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of T and Y and its
+derivatives satisfy this equation as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives satisfy this equation as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives satisfy this equation as you
+can see it involves Y Y Prime and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it involves Y Y Prime and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it involves Y Y Prime and all
+the way to its third derivative so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to its third derivative so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to its third derivative so our
+first goal is to solve this differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first goal is to solve this differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first goal is to solve this differential
+equation for its general solution using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for its general solution using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for its general solution using
+the method of matrix so the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of matrix so the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of matrix so the very first
+thing that we should do is to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we should do is to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we should do is to find out
+which matrix we should be working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which matrix we should be working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which matrix we should be working with
+so after that we also want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after that we also want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after that we also want to say
+something about the exponential of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the exponential of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the exponential of this
+matrix a T we want to find out the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a T we want to find out the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a T we want to find out the first
+column of this matrix exponential okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of this matrix exponential okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of this matrix exponential okay
+why don't you hit the pause now and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you hit the pause now and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't you hit the pause now and try
+to write down this matrix a by yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down this matrix a by yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down this matrix a by yourself
+but before you continue make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you continue make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before you continue make sure you
+come back to this video and check with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this video and check with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this video and check with
+me you've got the correct a I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you've got the correct a I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you've got the correct a I'll see you
+in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's work together to transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's work together to transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's work together to transform
+this problem into linear algebra the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem into linear algebra the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem into linear algebra the
+idea is to put y double prime Y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to put y double prime Y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is to put y double prime Y Prime
+and Y together as a vector and let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y together as a vector and let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y together as a vector and let me
+call this vector u so of course vector U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this vector u so of course vector U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this vector u so of course vector U
+is also a function in T so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a function in T so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also a function in T so this is
+vector u if this is U what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector u if this is U what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector u if this is U what's going to be
+u prime okay u prime is going to be so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u prime okay u prime is going to be so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u prime okay u prime is going to be so I
+take derivative of every coordinate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative of every coordinate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take derivative of every coordinate here
+that's going to be Y triple prime Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be Y triple prime Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be Y triple prime Y
+double prime and y prime so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime and y prime so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime and y prime so this is our
+u prime T and my goal is to write u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u prime T and my goal is to write u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u prime T and my goal is to write u
+prime as a matrix call it a times vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime as a matrix call it a times vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime as a matrix call it a times vector
+u itself so I want to put a matrix here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u itself so I want to put a matrix here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u itself so I want to put a matrix here
+and I want to create this matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to create this matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to create this matrix by
+incorporating this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporating this differential equation
+if you move everything except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move everything except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you move everything except
+Whitechapel prime to the right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitechapel prime to the right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitechapel prime to the right-hand side
+of the equation you can read Y triple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation you can read Y triple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equation you can read Y triple
+prime is equal to negative two times y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal to negative two times y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal to negative two times y
+double Prime so y triple prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime so y triple prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime so y triple prime is
+negative two times y double prime plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative two times y double prime plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative two times y double prime plus y
+Prime that's plus one times y prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's plus one times y prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's plus one times y prime plus
+2y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2y
+that's 2y right that gives you the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2y right that gives you the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2y right that gives you the first
+row then look at the second coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row then look at the second coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row then look at the second coordinate
+that's y double prime Y double prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y double prime Y double prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's y double prime Y double prime is
+simply yourself so your rate Y double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply yourself so your rate Y double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply yourself so your rate Y double
+prime is equal to 1 Y double prime then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal to 1 Y double prime then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is equal to 1 Y double prime then
+0 0 that's the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 that's the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 that's the second row
+well same thing happens to the last row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well same thing happens to the last row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well same thing happens to the last row
+y prime is again itself so that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y prime is again itself so that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y prime is again itself so that's 1
+sorry 0 1 and 0 that is your matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 0 1 and 0 that is your matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry 0 1 and 0 that is your matrix a
+did you get the right answer okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get the right answer okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you get the right answer okay so we
+have transformed this equation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transformed this equation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have transformed this equation this
+third other ordinary differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third other ordinary differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third other ordinary differential
+equation of Y into a first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of Y into a first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of Y into a first order
+differential equation of UT although UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of UT although UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation of UT although UT
+is a vector but if we can solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector but if we can solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vector but if we can solve this
+equation for u we have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for u we have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for u we have all the
+information we need for y so let's plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need for y so let's plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information we need for y so let's plan
+on solving the C this equation in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on solving the C this equation in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on solving the C this equation in order
+to solve this equation we will need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation we will need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this equation we will need the
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this
+matrix a again this is a good practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a again this is a good practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a again this is a good practice
+for you why don't you pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you why don't you pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you why don't you pause the video
+again and try to complete this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and try to complete this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and try to complete this problem
+on your own when you're ready I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own when you're ready I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your own when you're ready I'm going
+to come back and show you how I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's finish up everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's finish up everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's finish up everything together
+so as we said we need the eigenvalues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we said we need the eigenvalues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as we said we need the eigenvalues
+and eigen vectors of matrix a and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigen vectors of matrix a and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eigen vectors of matrix a and that
+involves computing the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves computing the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves computing the determinant of
+the following matrix so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following matrix so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following matrix so I want to
+compute the determinant of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the determinant of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the determinant of a minus
+lambda times the identity matrix I let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times the identity matrix I let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times the identity matrix I let's
+write it out that's the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out that's the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out that's the determinant of
+negative 2 minus lambda 1 2 y negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 2 minus lambda 1 2 y negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 2 minus lambda 1 2 y negative
+lambda 0 and 0 1 negative lambda so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 0 and 0 1 negative lambda so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 0 and 0 1 negative lambda so we
+need the determinant of this 3 by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the determinant of this 3 by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the determinant of this 3 by 3
+matrix do it in your favorite way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix do it in your favorite way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix do it in your favorite way you
+can either use the big summation formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either use the big summation formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can either use the big summation formula
+or you can you can do by cofactor along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can you can do by cofactor along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can you can do by cofactor along
+any row or any column the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row or any column the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any row or any column the correct answer
+should be this is equal to 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this is equal to 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be this is equal to 1 minus
+lambda times 1 plus lambda times 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times 1 plus lambda times 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda times 1 plus lambda times 2 plus
+lambda and this polynomial has 3 roots 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and this polynomial has 3 roots 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and this polynomial has 3 roots 1
+negative 1 and negative 2 these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 and negative 2 these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 and negative 2 these are the
+eigenvalues we're looking for so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues we're looking for so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues we're looking for so let me
+write it here long the 1 is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here long the 1 is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it here long the 1 is equal to 1
+lambda 2 is equal to negative 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 is equal to negative 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 is equal to negative 1 and
+lambda 3 is equal to negative 2 so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 3 is equal to negative 2 so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 3 is equal to negative 2 so now
+what we need is the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need is the eigenvector
+corresponding to each eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to each eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to each eigenvalue
+let's take lambda 1 for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take lambda 1 for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take lambda 1 for example the
+eigenvector of a corresponding to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of a corresponding to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector of a corresponding to lambda
+1 is in the null space of the matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is in the null space of the matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is in the null space of the matrix a
+minus lambda 1 i so in this case is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 i so in this case is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda 1 i so in this case is a
+minus I so it's in the null space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I so it's in the null space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I so it's in the null space of
+this matrix in other words we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix in other words we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix in other words we're looking
+for a vector let's call it ABC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector let's call it ABC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a vector let's call it ABC
+a column vector a B and C such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector a B and C such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector a B and C such that this
+matrix multiplying ABC gives me zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplying ABC gives me zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiplying ABC gives me zero so
+if you write it out that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write it out that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write it out that's going to be a
+minus I is negative 3 1 2 1 negative 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I is negative 3 1 2 1 negative 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus I is negative 3 1 2 1 negative 1 0
+0 1 negative 1 times a B C is equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok can we choose constants a B C such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok can we choose constants a B C such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok can we choose constants a B C such
+that this is always true well if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is always true well if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is always true well if you
+read the last row so the last dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the last row so the last dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the last row so the last dot
+product it says that B has to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it says that B has to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it says that B has to be equal
+to C and if you read the second row it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and if you read the second row it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to C and if you read the second row it
+says that a has to be equal to V which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that a has to be equal to V which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that a has to be equal to V which
+means a is equal to B is equal to C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a is equal to B is equal to C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a is equal to B is equal to C and
+if this relation is true the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this relation is true the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this relation is true the first
+product is always going to be 0 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is always going to be 0 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is always going to be 0 so that
+simply means we can choose the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply means we can choose the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply means we can choose the first
+eigenvector the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector the eigenvector
+corresponding to lambda 1 to be x1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to lambda 1 to be x1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to lambda 1 to be x1 is
+equal to 1 1 1 transpose so we choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 1 1 transpose so we choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 1 1 transpose so we choose
+the first eigenvector to be the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first eigenvector to be the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first eigenvector to be the vector
+to be the column vector with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the column vector with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the column vector with all the
+coordinates being 1 and you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates being 1 and you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates being 1 and you can do the
+same thing to lambda 2 and lambda 3 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to lambda 2 and lambda 3 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing to lambda 2 and lambda 3 but
+please allow me to skip the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please allow me to skip the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please allow me to skip the computation
+here I'm going to write out the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to write out the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to write out the answer
+for you so X 2 the eigen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so X 2 the eigen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you so X 2 the eigen vector
+corresponding to the second eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the second eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the second eigen value
+is going to be equal to 1 negative 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to 1 negative 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to 1 negative 1 and
+1 and X 3 is going to be 4 negative 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and X 3 is going to be 4 negative 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and X 3 is going to be 4 negative 2
+and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1
+now we've got everything we need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got everything we need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've got everything we need in
+order to create the general solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to create the general solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to create the general solutions
+for UT so we have eigenvalues we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for UT so we have eigenvalues we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for UT so we have eigenvalues we have
+its corresponding eigenvectors what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its corresponding eigenvectors what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its corresponding eigenvectors what
+should be UT the general solution for UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be UT the general solution for UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be UT the general solution for UT
+is equal to some constant c1 times e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some constant c1 times e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to some constant c1 times e to
+the power lambda 1 T so in this case e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power lambda 1 T so in this case e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power lambda 1 T so in this case e
+to the power T then times the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T then times the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T then times the first
+eigenvector X 1 plus some other constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector X 1 plus some other constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvector X 1 plus some other constant
+c2 times e to the power lambda 2 T so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 times e to the power lambda 2 T so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 times e to the power lambda 2 T so e
+to the power negative T times X 2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power negative T times X 2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power negative T times X 2 that's
+the second eigenvector then plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second eigenvector then plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second eigenvector then plus some
+other constant C 3 times e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constant C 3 times e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other constant C 3 times e to the power
+negative sorry lambda 3 t so negative 2t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sorry lambda 3 t so negative 2t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative sorry lambda 3 t so negative 2t
+times X 3 that gives you the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X 3 that gives you the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X 3 that gives you the general
+solution for you as we just said if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for you as we just said if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for you as we just said if you
+know what u is you have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what u is you have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what u is you have all the
+information you need for Y ok just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need for Y ok just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need for Y ok just in
+case you're curious about what Y is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're curious about what Y is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're curious about what Y is you
+can just rate the last coordinate of x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just rate the last coordinate of x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just rate the last coordinate of x1
+x2 and x3 and you can see that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and x3 and you can see that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 and x3 and you can see that all of
+them are 1 so YT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's simply equal to C 1 e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply equal to C 1 e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's simply equal to C 1 e to the power
+lambda T plus C 2 e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda T plus C 2 e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda T plus C 2 e to the power
+negative T plus C 3 e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative T plus C 3 e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative T plus C 3 e to the power
+negative 2t and the choice of C 1 C 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 2t and the choice of C 1 C 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 2t and the choice of C 1 C 2
+and C 3 is complete arbitrary so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 3 is complete arbitrary so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C 3 is complete arbitrary so that
+completes the first part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the first part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completes the first part of this
+question and the second part we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the second part we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the second part we want to
+say something about the exponential of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about the exponential of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something about the exponential of a
+T so let me first give you the recipe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so let me first give you the recipe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so let me first give you the recipe to
+cook up the exponential of 18 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook up the exponential of 18 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook up the exponential of 18 the
+exponential of 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to the product of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the product of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the product of three
+matrices so usually we denote them by s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so usually we denote them by s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so usually we denote them by s
+times e to the power capital lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the power capital lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the power capital lambda T
+times s inverse and you may ask what s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s inverse and you may ask what s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s inverse and you may ask what s
+is and what this matrix is so as is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what this matrix is so as is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and what this matrix is so as is the
+matrix that has x1 x2 and x3 being its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has x1 x2 and x3 being its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that has x1 x2 and x3 being its
+column vectors so as is x1 x2 and x3 let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors so as is x1 x2 and x3 let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column vectors so as is x1 x2 and x3 let
+me copy it down here so that's 1 1 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me copy it down here so that's 1 1 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me copy it down here so that's 1 1 1 1
+negative 1 1 4 negative 2 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 1 4 negative 2 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 1 4 negative 2 1 and the
+matrix in the middle each the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in the middle each the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix in the middle each the power
+lambda T is a diagonal matrix so e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda T is a diagonal matrix so e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda T is a diagonal matrix so e to
+the power lambda T it's a diagonally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power lambda T it's a diagonally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power lambda T it's a diagonally
+Trix and it's diagonal entries are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trix and it's diagonal entries are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trix and it's diagonal entries are given
+by e to the power lambda 1 T so that's e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by e to the power lambda 1 T so that's e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by e to the power lambda 1 T so that's e
+to the power T then e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T then e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T then e to the power
+lambda 2 T negative T and e to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T negative T and e to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 T negative T and e to the power
+lambda 3 T negative 2 T 0 everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 3 T negative 2 T 0 everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 3 T negative 2 T 0 everywhere
+else so that's e to the power lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so that's e to the power lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so that's e to the power lambda T
+then the exponential of this a T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exponential of this a T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the exponential of this a T is
+given by the product of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the product of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the product of these three
+matrices it looks a bit complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it looks a bit complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices it looks a bit complicated
+because it involves the inverse of s but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves the inverse of s but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves the inverse of s but
+luckily we only want the first column of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we only want the first column of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we only want the first column of
+the result so if we consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result so if we consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result so if we consider this
+product we can see the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we can see the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product we can see the product of the
+first two matrices is relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two matrices is relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two matrices is relatively easy
+because this is a diagonally trace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a diagonally trace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a diagonally trace and
+we know that s is given by these columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that s is given by these columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that s is given by these columns
+so the result of the product of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result of the product of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the result of the product of these
+two is simply multiplying the columns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is simply multiplying the columns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is simply multiplying the columns of
+s by these coefficients respectively so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s by these coefficients respectively so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s by these coefficients respectively so
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+back to get e to the power lambda T x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to get e to the power lambda T x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to get e to the power lambda T x1
+times e to the power sorry the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the power sorry the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the power sorry the second
+column should be e to the power negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column should be e to the power negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column should be e to the power negative
+T X to the third column should be e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T X to the third column should be e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T X to the third column should be e to
+the power and negative 2t x3 and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power and negative 2t x3 and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power and negative 2t x3 and here
+what we should put is as inverse but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should put is as inverse but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should put is as inverse but we
+don't need everything from else inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need everything from else inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need everything from else inverse
+because as we just said we only need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we just said we only need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as we just said we only need the
+first column of this result and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of this result and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of this result and the
+first column of this product is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of this product is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of this product is going to
+be given by linear combinations of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by linear combinations of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by linear combinations of these
+columns and the coefficients are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the coefficients are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and the coefficients are going
+to be given by the first column as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given by the first column as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be given by the first column as
+inverse so our goal should be just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so our goal should be just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse so our goal should be just to
+get the first column of s inverse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the first column of s inverse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the first column of s inverse okay
+then what is the first column of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is the first column of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is the first column of s
+inverse well the formula for s inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well the formula for s inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse well the formula for s inverse
+is as inverse is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as inverse is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as inverse is going to be the
+reciprocal of the determinant of s so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the determinant of s so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the determinant of s so
+one of our determinant of s times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our determinant of s times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our determinant of s times the
+transpose of a matrix C this matrix C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a matrix C this matrix C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose of a matrix C this matrix C
+the entries of this matrix C are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of this matrix C are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries of this matrix C are given
+by cofactors of matrix s and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cofactors of matrix s and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cofactors of matrix s and then you
+take transpose you divide everything by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take transpose you divide everything by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take transpose you divide everything by
+the determinant of s the result will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of s the result will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of s the result will be
+as universe okay and we only need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as universe okay and we only need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as universe okay and we only need the
+first column of this matrix let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of this matrix let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of this matrix let's try to
+write the first column out well again do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the first column out well again do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the first column out well again do
+it in your favorite way to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your favorite way to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in your favorite way to compute the
+determinant of s the result should be 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of s the result should be 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of s the result should be 1
+over 6 so the determinant of s is 6 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 so the determinant of s is 6 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 so the determinant of s is 6 okay
+then what is the first column of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is the first column of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what is the first column of C
+transpose well we can read it from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well we can read it from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose well we can read it from here
+this spot the 1 1 spot should be the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot the 1 1 spot should be the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this spot the 1 1 spot should be the the
+cofactor of this spot here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor of this spot here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor of this spot here that's
+negative 1 minus negative 2 which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 minus negative 2 which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 minus negative 2 which is 1
+so we put 1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this spot
+we'll be the cofactor of this entry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be the cofactor of this entry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be the cofactor of this entry here
+right so that's one minus negative 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one minus negative 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one minus negative 2
+that's 3 but this is 1/2 entry so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 3 but this is 1/2 entry so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 3 but this is 1/2 entry so you
+should put a negative sign in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok then the last spot should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then the last spot should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok then the last spot should be the
+cofactor of this entry here which is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor of this entry here which is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor of this entry here which is 1
+minus negative 1 that's 2 ok something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus negative 1 that's 2 ok something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus negative 1 that's 2 ok something
+else here 2 warnings first don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else here 2 warnings first don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else here 2 warnings first don't forget
+this transpose sign second don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transpose sign second don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transpose sign second don't forget
+this negative sign okay we've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative sign okay we've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this negative sign okay we've got the
+first column of s inverse and that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of s inverse and that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of s inverse and that's all
+we need so we put it here that's 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need so we put it here that's 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need so we put it here that's 1 over
+6 negative 1/2 and 1/3 that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 negative 1/2 and 1/3 that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 negative 1/2 and 1/3 that's good
+enough for me now I can read out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for me now I can read out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for me now I can read out the
+first column of exponential of 80 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of exponential of 80 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of exponential of 80 so the
+first column of X of the exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of X of the exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of X of the exponential of
+80 I'm going to write it here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 I'm going to write it here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 I'm going to write it here that's
+going to be equal to the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the linear
+combination of these columns so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these columns so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these columns so that's
+one sixth of the first column that's e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sixth of the first column that's e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sixth of the first column that's e
+to the power T over 6 times X 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T over 6 times X 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power T over 6 times X 1 plus
+this times this so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times this so that's going to be
+minus 1/2 of e to the power negative T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 of e to the power negative T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 of e to the power negative T
+times X 2 then plus a third of e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X 2 then plus a third of e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X 2 then plus a third of e to the
+power negative 2t times X 3 that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power negative 2t times X 3 that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power negative 2t times X 3 that's the
+first column of the exponential 80 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of the exponential 80 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first column of the exponential 80 and
+then with the other two columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's the answer if you want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the answer if you want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the answer if you want more
+practice you can certainly complete this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you can certainly complete this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you can certainly complete this
+as inverse and then you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as inverse and then you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as inverse and then you can also
+complete the exponential of 80 but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the exponential of 80 but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the exponential of 80 but I
+will leave the rest to you okay I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave the rest to you okay I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leave the rest to you okay I hope
+this example shows you that linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example shows you that linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example shows you that linear
+algebra can be a powerful tool in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra can be a powerful tool in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra can be a powerful tool in
+solving higher order ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving higher order ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving higher order ordinary
+differential equations with constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations with constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations with constant
+coefficients and we have demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and we have demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and we have demonstrated
+the standard procedure to do it and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard procedure to do it and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard procedure to do it and we
+also practiced how to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also practiced how to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also practiced how to calculate the
+exponential of a matrix thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a matrix thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of a matrix thanks for
+watching and see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/H6y0szqtRKo.txt b/H6y0szqtRKo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82f6488f74e846dcf98190ea883e852caf6b6673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/H6y0szqtRKo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to do something
+where we talk about our name we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk about our name we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talk about our name we're doing
+icebreaker ething for like 15 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icebreaker ething for like 15 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icebreaker ething for like 15 well
+there's a lot of people 20 minutes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people 20 minutes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of people 20 minutes um
+name what brought you here and oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what brought you here and oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what brought you here and oh yeah
+right off the bat I'll say the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the bat I'll say the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off the bat I'll say the more you
+all talk the less I talk so you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all talk the less I talk so you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all talk the less I talk so you'll get
+sick of my voice I promise I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick of my voice I promise I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick of my voice I promise I'm very
+monotonous at times and so the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonous at times and so the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonous at times and so the more you
+guys participate by saying words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys participate by saying words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys participate by saying words the
+less you have to hear my voice so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you have to hear my voice so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less you have to hear my voice so I
+would like three things that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like three things that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like three things that we would
+like to know about each other so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know about each other so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to know about each other so if you
+could say I need three more bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I need three more bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say I need three more bullet
+points about things that we're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points about things that we're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points about things that we're gonna say
+this is the moment where you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the moment where you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the moment where you talk
+otherwise I just I have a compulsion I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I just I have a compulsion I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise I just I have a compulsion I
+want to hear my voice constantly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear my voice constantly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hear my voice constantly it's
+why I'm in front of a classroom but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm in front of a classroom but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm in front of a classroom but
+favorite video game cool oh that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite video game cool oh that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite video game cool oh that's so
+well theme Hays already know we had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well theme Hays already know we had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well theme Hays already know we had like
+one-handed food during the seminar I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-handed food during the seminar I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-handed food during the seminar I was
+teaching and yeah favorite video game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and yeah favorite video game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and yeah favorite video game is
+really like on point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like on point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like on point
+look I can write I promise there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I can write I promise there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I can write I promise there we go
+all right favorite video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can do this the site programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this the site programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this the site programming
+background shirt alike do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background shirt alike do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background shirt alike do we want to
+know like languages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so something about your kinda general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something about your kinda general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something about your kinda general
+level of experience and if you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of experience and if you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of experience and if you kind of
+have nothing to say about that then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to say about that then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nothing to say about that then just
+say I got it then that's perfectly fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I got it then that's perfectly fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I got it then that's perfectly fine
+that that gives us a good read on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gives us a good read on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gives us a good read on what's
+happening there one more bullet points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there one more bullet points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening there one more bullet points
+all right these called bullet points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these called bullet points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these called bullet points
+when they're dashes maybe they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're dashes maybe they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're dashes maybe they're just
+called dashes Folsom oh is it close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dashes Folsom oh is it close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dashes Folsom oh is it close
+enough oh yes that's good glassful it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough oh yes that's good glassful it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough oh yes that's good glassful it
+doesn't fit all right one more fun thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool all right what do you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right what do you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right what do you want to do
+well do you think that that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you think that that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do you think that that's different
+than what brought you all right I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what brought you all right I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what brought you all right I like
+it but all right so like like a vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but all right so like like a vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but all right so like like a vision
+for the type of game because some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the type of game because some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the type of game because some of you
+may have come with this like oh my god I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have come with this like oh my god I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have come with this like oh my god I
+have this amazing side scroller that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this amazing side scroller that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this amazing side scroller that
+involves pajamas and bed sheets and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pajamas and bed sheets and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves pajamas and bed sheets and so
+you can feel free to share that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel free to share that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can feel free to share that here
+like what type of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or what you want to do I know that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you want to do I know that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you want to do I know that is
+way too small but that's alright we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too small but that's alright we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too small but that's alright we'll
+get we'll get it from example once each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we'll get it from example once each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get we'll get it from example once each
+other start sharing yeah where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other start sharing yeah where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other start sharing yeah where you're
+from I love that one there's so many fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I love that one there's so many fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I love that one there's so many fun
+things I'm from Southern California and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm from Southern California and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I'm from Southern California and
+you know when I was in Southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I was in Southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know when I was in Southern
+California most people are from Southern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California most people are from Southern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California most people are from Southern
+California but now that I'm in Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California but now that I'm in Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California but now that I'm in Cambridge
+I get so excited I'm like that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get so excited I'm like that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get so excited I'm like that person
+like I had a freshman in my seminar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had a freshman in my seminar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I had a freshman in my seminar this
+year that was from my neighboring city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that was from my neighboring city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year that was from my neighboring city
+in Southern California was so exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southern California was so exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southern California was so exciting
+so it is Chino Hills California which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is Chino Hills California which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is Chino Hills California which is
+a tiny weird little city that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny weird little city that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tiny weird little city that is not
+really connected to many other cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really connected to many other cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really connected to many other cities
+it's in between LA and San Diego and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in between LA and San Diego and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in between LA and San Diego and out
+into the desert
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HkmAT9eVYSo.txt b/HkmAT9eVYSo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20b1877b407dd8553c40a4f25dd26838b73dec3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HkmAT9eVYSo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu um I wanted to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um I wanted to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu um I wanted to give you an
+overview of what the system is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what the system is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of what the system is that
+we're talking about the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the communication
+Network um we have a source that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network um we have a source that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network um we have a source that's
+trying to communicate to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to communicate to a
+receiver we've talked about converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver we've talked about converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver we've talked about converting
+uh well we'll talk more some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well we'll talk more some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well we'll talk more some more
+actually um about converting uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um about converting uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um about converting uh the
+source information to Binary digits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source information to Binary digits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source information to Binary digits and
+then where we've spent a lot of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then where we've spent a lot of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then where we've spent a lot of time is
+talking about Source coding which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Source coding which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about Source coding which is
+trying to extract the redundancy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to extract the redundancy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to extract the redundancy in the
+message that you want to send uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that you want to send uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that you want to send uh so that
+basically every binary digit you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every binary digit you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically every binary digit you then
+put on the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the channel
+uh carries as much information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carries as much information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carries as much information as
+possible so now I'm going to really stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so now I'm going to really stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so now I'm going to really stop
+making a distinction between bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a distinction between bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a distinction between bits and
+binary digits I'll just say bits when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits I'll just say bits when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary digits I'll just say bits when I
+might mean binary digits but once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean binary digits but once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might mean binary digits but once you're
+into the system here and you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system here and you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the system here and you've done
+your Source coding a binary digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Source coding a binary digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Source coding a binary digit
+carries a bit of information in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries a bit of information in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries a bit of information in general
+right if you've done a good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you've done a good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you've done a good job of
+extracting the redundancy so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the redundancy so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting the redundancy so we're
+talking about a bitstream here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a bitstream here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a bitstream here that
+you're trying to get across to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get across to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get across to the other
+end at the other end the bitstream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at the other end the bitstream is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at the other end the bitstream is
+received uh there's the decoding step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received uh there's the decoding step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received uh there's the decoding step
+which is what we've seen with Huffman or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've seen with Huffman or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we've seen with Huffman or
+lzw the decoding n and then you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lzw the decoding n and then you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lzw the decoding n and then you do
+whatever it is you're going to do uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you're going to do uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it is you're going to do uh in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+application so we've really said all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so we've really said all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application so we've really said all
+we're going to say about Source coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say about Source coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say about Source coding
+and uh decoding and the rest of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh decoding and the rest of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh decoding and the rest of what
+we're going to do is focus on uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is focus on uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do is focus on uh what
+happens inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now what happens inside there at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what happens inside there at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what happens inside there at
+some stage involves uh physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stage involves uh physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stage involves uh physical
+communication link um so you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication link um so you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication link um so you might be
+talking about bit streams at either end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bit streams at either end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bit streams at either end
+but somehow you've got to deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow you've got to deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but somehow you've got to deal with the
+fact that most of these channels uh most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that most of these channels uh most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that most of these channels uh most
+of the channels of Interest they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channels of Interest they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channels of Interest they're
+physical channels they work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical channels they work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical channels they work with
+continuous valued continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous valued continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous valued continuous time
+quantities for instance the voltage on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities for instance the voltage on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities for instance the voltage on a
+cable uh might be used to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable uh might be used to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cable uh might be used to transmit
+information light on the fiber uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information light on the fiber uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information light on the fiber uh
+electromagnetic waves through space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves through space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves through space
+acoustic waves in air or water in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves in air or water in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves in air or water in fact
+acoustic waves in air is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves in air is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic waves in air is something
+you'll see a lot of when you come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a lot of when you come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a lot of when you come to the
+later Labs um indentations on venile or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Labs um indentations on venile or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later Labs um indentations on venile or
+plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic
+let's see that's um records or CDs uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that's um records or CDs uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see that's um records or CDs uh
+and that actually brings up a point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually brings up a point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually brings up a point we
+don't often think of storage is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often think of storage is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't often think of storage is being
+communication but storage is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication but storage is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication but storage is really
+communication with potentially a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with potentially a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with potentially a very
+long time delay in the channel right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time delay in the channel right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time delay in the channel right you
+put something on the storage medium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something on the storage medium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put something on the storage medium and
+then uh weeks or months or years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh weeks or months or years or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh weeks or months or years or
+centuries later you're trying to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries later you're trying to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries later you're trying to extract
+that information so um we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so um we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so um we can still
+think of all of this as a communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all of this as a communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of all of this as a communication
+Channel and indeed coding ideas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel and indeed coding ideas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel and indeed coding ideas are
+essential to making uh CDs work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to making uh CDs work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential to making uh CDs work to
+having a CD resistant to scratches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a CD resistant to scratches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a CD resistant to scratches and
+thumb prints and everything else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb prints and everything else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb prints and everything else that
+all the other IND dignities that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other IND dignities that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other IND dignities that they're
+subject to uh magnetization so all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to uh magnetization so all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to uh magnetization so all of
+these physical modalities that are used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical modalities that are used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these physical modalities that are used
+to um translate information here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um translate information here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um translate information here's one
+you may not have thought about mud pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not have thought about mud pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not have thought about mud pulse
+Telemetry so when you're U drilling um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry so when you're U drilling um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telemetry so when you're U drilling um
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+oil um you'd like to get information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil um you'd like to get information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil um you'd like to get information
+from the bit at the bottom and normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bit at the bottom and normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bit at the bottom and normal
+Electronics doesn't work too well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics doesn't work too well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Electronics doesn't work too well
+because the temperatures are fiercely uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the temperatures are fiercely uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the temperatures are fiercely uh
+hot down there uh you need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot down there uh you need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot down there uh you need that
+information to help you steer the drill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to help you steer the drill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to help you steer the drill
+bit to get information about what sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to get information about what sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to get information about what sort
+of rock you're going through and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rock you're going through and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rock you're going through and all of
+that uh so they actually seriously do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so they actually seriously do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so they actually seriously do
+use pressure pulses in in the slurry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pressure pulses in in the slurry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pressure pulses in in the slurry uh
+that's cooling the drill bit to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cooling the drill bit to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cooling the drill bit to try and
+convey information back to the top okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey information back to the top okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey information back to the top okay
+so they'll modulate um the pressure down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll modulate um the pressure down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they'll modulate um the pressure down
+at the end of the drill bit and hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the drill bit and hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of the drill bit and hope
+that you can detected at the top uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can detected at the top uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can detected at the top uh one
+word over there that stands out is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word over there that stands out is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word over there that stands out is they
+talk about digital information so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about digital information so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about digital information so even
+in the context of communicating through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of communicating through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of communicating through
+mud they're thinking about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud they're thinking about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud they're thinking about how to
+actually have bits that they communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have bits that they communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have bits that they communicate
+on this analog channel so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this analog channel so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this analog channel so this is very
+much in the flavor of what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the flavor of what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the flavor of what we're trying
+to do we're trying to communicate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're trying to communicate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do we're trying to communicate uh
+digital information this is sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital information this is sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital information this is sequences of
+numbers or sequences of signs or symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or sequences of signs or symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or sequences of signs or symbols
+but we're trying to do it over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're trying to do it over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're trying to do it over a
+physical channel that takes continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical channel that takes continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical channel that takes continuous
+valued continuous time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued continuous time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valued continuous time uh
+waveforms so that's really uh some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms so that's really uh some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms so that's really uh some of
+what we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be talking
+about so uh the kind of link that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so uh the kind of link that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so uh the kind of link that we
+have starts off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have starts off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have starts off with
+bits but in the middle has to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but in the middle has to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but in the middle has to deal with
+the physical link on which you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical link on which you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical link on which you have
+signals will refer to these continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals will refer to these continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals will refer to these continuous
+time waveforms they're not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms they're not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveforms they're not always
+continuous time you could sample them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time you could sample them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time you could sample them
+and get discrete time waveforms as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get discrete time waveforms as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get discrete time waveforms as well
+but uh the signals that you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the signals that you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the signals that you see in the
+physical medium will refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical medium will refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical medium will refer to the
+quantities you see in the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities you see in the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities you see in the physical
+medium will refer to as signals you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium will refer to as signals you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium will refer to as signals you need
+some way to map the bits to the signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to map the bits to the signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to map the bits to the signals
+you've got a bit sequence you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bit sequence you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a bit sequence you need to
+convert it to a continuous time waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a continuous time waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it to a continuous time waveform
+in some fashion and then at the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion and then at the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some fashion and then at the other
+end to recover the bitstream and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to recover the bitstream and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end to recover the bitstream and you
+might do that by some sampling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that by some sampling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that by some sampling and
+processing and then uh translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and then uh translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and then uh translation
+process uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh
+back the little lightning there is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the little lightning there is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the little lightning there is meant
+to suggest that you're subject to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest that you're subject to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suggest that you're subject to all
+sorts of noise and disturbances when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of noise and disturbances when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of noise and disturbances when
+you're on that physical link so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on that physical link so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on that physical link so that's
+something that's critical to design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's critical to design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's critical to design of
+the system you have to design your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you have to design your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system you have to design your
+overall system so that you're robust to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system so that you're robust to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall system so that you're robust to
+perations in that midal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations in that midal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perations in that midal
+section okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay
+so the particular application is dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the particular application is dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the particular application is dealing
+with uh your specifics and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh your specifics and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uh your specifics and with
+producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a
+bitstream uh that's got the redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitstream uh that's got the redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitstream uh that's got the redundancy
+mapped out of it at this point it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped out of it at this point it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped out of it at this point it's it
+doesn't matter to me for communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter to me for communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter to me for communication
+across the channel what that bitstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the channel what that bitstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the channel what that bitstream
+is where it came from I'm just is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it came from I'm just is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where it came from I'm just is trying
+to do a good job of delivering it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a good job of delivering it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a good job of delivering it to the
+other end where the user can um extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end where the user can um extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end where the user can um extract
+that now here's the funny thing that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now here's the funny thing that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now here's the funny thing that um
+we've just done a lot of work to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just done a lot of work to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just done a lot of work to extract
+redundancy from the uh the messages here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy from the uh the messages here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy from the uh the messages here
+we're going to put redundancy back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put redundancy back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put redundancy back in
+because the way you guard against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way you guard against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the way you guard against
+disturbances in the channel is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances in the channel is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbances in the channel is by
+introducing redundancy you need to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing redundancy you need to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing redundancy you need to give
+yourself a little room to uh recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a little room to uh recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a little room to uh recognize
+that something bad has happened to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something bad has happened to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something bad has happened to your
+signal or something bad has happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal or something bad has happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal or something bad has happened to
+the data you're sending across and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you're sending across and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data you're sending across and then
+to recover from it so we will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from it so we will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from it so we will actually
+be talking about how to reintroduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about how to reintroduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about how to reintroduce
+redundancy but this is introducing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy but this is introducing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy but this is introducing it
+now in a bitstream where the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a bitstream where the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in a bitstream where the binary
+digits are essentially equally likely um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are essentially equally likely um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits are essentially equally likely um
+you've pulled out all the uh application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've pulled out all the uh application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've pulled out all the uh application
+specific knowledge and used it to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific knowledge and used it to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific knowledge and used it to do the
+source coding now you've just got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source coding now you've just got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source coding now you've just got a
+stream of zeros and ones each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of zeros and ones each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of zeros and ones each one
+carrying a bit of information presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a bit of information presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying a bit of information presumably
+and now you want to protect it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you want to protect it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you want to protect it for
+transport across the channel and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport across the channel and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport across the channel and you're
+going to do that by putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do that by putting in
+additional bits okay so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits okay so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional bits okay so you're going to
+introduce bits in a structured way uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce bits in a structured way uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce bits in a structured way uh to
+provide some redundancy so we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some redundancy so we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some redundancy so we'll be
+talking about that in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that in more
+detail okay so this is the single link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay so this is the single link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail okay so this is the single link
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+picture when you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture when you've got a
+network it's a little different so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it's a little different so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it's a little different so I
+haven't shown all the other links here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't shown all the other links here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't shown all the other links here
+but you um you should imagine a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you um you should imagine a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you um you should imagine a network
+with many possible paths from a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many possible paths from a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many possible paths from a source
+uh to a destination uh some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a destination uh some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to a destination uh some of these
+links might come down and so you'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links might come down and so you'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links might come down and so you'll want
+to find an alternative path some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an alternative path some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an alternative path some of
+these links might be busy and you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these links might be busy and you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these links might be busy and you want
+to find an alternative path so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an alternative path so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find an alternative path so there's a
+whole network of links in here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole network of links in here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole network of links in here in this
+setting uh it turns out that the uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh it turns out that the uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting uh it turns out that the uh good
+way to do this is to break up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this is to break up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this is to break up your
+bitstream into what are called packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitstream into what are called packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitstream into what are called packets
+um these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these
+are you know maybe uh a th000 bits or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know maybe uh a th000 bits or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know maybe uh a th000 bits or
+4,000 bits or whatever your uh protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000 bits or whatever your uh protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,000 bits or whatever your uh protocol
+is they're broken up into packets of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're broken up into packets of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're broken up into packets of uh
+chunks of bits and then treat as packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of bits and then treat as packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks of bits and then treat as packets
+for transport along the network so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transport along the network so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transport along the network so the
+point is that one packet to a given user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that one packet to a given user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that one packet to a given user
+might travel one particular route but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might travel one particular route but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might travel one particular route but
+another packet might travel another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another packet might travel another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another packet might travel another
+route and then these get reassembled uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and then these get reassembled uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route and then these get reassembled uh
+at the destination so you think in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the destination so you think in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the destination so you think in terms
+of packets when you think in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets when you think in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets when you think in terms of
+rooting on the network this idea of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooting on the network this idea of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooting on the network this idea of um
+packet communication by the way there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet communication by the way there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet communication by the way there's
+a name associated with that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name associated with that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name associated with that which is
+kleinrock again a PhD student at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kleinrock again a PhD student at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kleinrock again a PhD student at MIT and
+the U uh in the same golden years that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh in the same golden years that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U uh in the same golden years that I
+keep referring back to but uh it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep referring back to but uh it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep referring back to but uh it's it's
+a very broad area so you've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very broad area so you've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very broad area so you've got the
+packets those arrive at the U uh links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets those arrive at the U uh links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets those arrive at the U uh links
+they're actually switches here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually switches here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually switches here that
+decide which of the links emanating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which of the links emanating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which of the links emanating from
+the switches you want to send the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switches you want to send the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the switches you want to send the packet
+on so again imagine other links I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so again imagine other links I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so again imagine other links I
+haven't drawn them in uh so the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't drawn them in uh so the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't drawn them in uh so the packet
+gets treated as a unit for shipping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets treated as a unit for shipping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets treated as a unit for shipping on
+the links but uh once you've committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the links but uh once you've committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the links but uh once you've committed
+to a particular link it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a particular link it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a particular link it's like
+transmitting on a single link again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting on a single link again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting on a single link again so
+you've got to go through your um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to go through your um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to go through your um
+packets to bits to signals to bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets to bits to signals to bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets to bits to signals to bits to
+packets uh transformation okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets uh transformation okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets uh transformation okay so it's
+not that there's a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that there's a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that there's a particular
+transformation and going from packets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and going from packets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation and going from packets to
+bits you're just viewing it differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits you're just viewing it differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits you're just viewing it differently
+you're not treating it as a um as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not treating it as a um as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not treating it as a um as a
+packet you're looking in at each bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet you're looking in at each bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet you're looking in at each bit
+you're looking to code each bit on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking to code each bit on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking to code each bit on an
+analog signal get it across the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog signal get it across the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog signal get it across the physical
+medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium
+okay so that's really the uh the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's really the uh the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's really the uh the key to
+this what we end up doing is coding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we end up doing is coding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what we end up doing is coding or
+mapping or the word modulating is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping or the word modulating is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping or the word modulating is used
+and we'll see more of that we modulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see more of that we modulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see more of that we modulate
+the desired bit sequence onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired bit sequence onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desired bit sequence onto a
+continuous time waveform so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time waveform so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time waveform so what you
+might imagine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you you could have a sequence 0 one 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you could have a sequence 0 one 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you you could have a sequence 0 one 1
+0 one and what you're going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one and what you're going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 one and what you're going to do with
+your mapping is try and generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mapping is try and generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mapping is try and generate a
+continuous time waveform which in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time waveform which in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time waveform which in some
+fashion codes that sequence and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion codes that sequence and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion codes that sequence and it could
+be very simple it could be uh voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very simple it could be uh voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very simple it could be uh voltage
+level of zero held for some interval of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of zero held for some interval of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of zero held for some interval of
+time time to represent the one sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time to represent the one sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time time to represent the one sorry to
+represent the zero uh held for some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the zero uh held for some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the zero uh held for some time
+again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to
+represent the second symbol which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the second symbol which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the second symbol which is
+again a one and then you come back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a one and then you come back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a one and then you come back down
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+zero back to one again so it could be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero back to one again so it could be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero back to one again so it could be as
+simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so this is now you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is now you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so this is now you can think
+of it as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as some
+voltage we use the word voltage a lot we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage we use the word voltage a lot we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage we use the word voltage a lot we
+we just mean an analog signal we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just mean an analog signal we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just mean an analog signal we'll use
+the word voltage we were thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word voltage we were thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word voltage we were thinking of
+voltage on a cable but it could be any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on a cable but it could be any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage on a cable but it could be any
+analog signal uh so this is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog signal uh so this is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog signal uh so this is really the
+um the digital signaling end of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the digital signaling end of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the digital signaling end of it so
+you take the bit sequence represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the bit sequence represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the bit sequence represented
+now on coded onto a continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on coded onto a continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now on coded onto a continuous time
+waveform or modulated onto a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform or modulated onto a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform or modulated onto a continuous
+time waveform we'll see uh richer uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveform we'll see uh richer uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time waveform we'll see uh richer uses
+of that word um as we progress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that word um as we progress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that word um as we progress the
+particular scheme I've shown here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular scheme I've shown here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular scheme I've shown here is
+what you'd call a B level signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd call a B level signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd call a B level signaling
+scheme the two voltage levels that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme the two voltage levels that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme the two voltage levels that you
+use uh we uh refer to that also as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh we uh refer to that also as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh we uh refer to that also as
+bipolar signaling although sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar signaling although sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar signaling although sometimes
+that's restricted to the case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's restricted to the case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's restricted to the case where the
+um two voltage levels are opposite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two voltage levels are opposite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um two voltage levels are opposite in
+sign so you can imagine a signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so you can imagine a signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so you can imagine a signaling
+scheme that uses this for zero this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay and so this could be a bipolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme all right and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme all right and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme all right and then this
+continuous time waveform gets put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time waveform gets put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time waveform gets put on the
+physical Channel presumably gets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Channel presumably gets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical Channel presumably gets uh
+distorted it gets some noise added to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted it gets some noise added to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted it gets some noise added to it
+um so at the other end you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so at the other end you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so at the other end you get some
+approximation to this and then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this and then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this and then you've
+got to reconstruct the bit sequence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to reconstruct the bit sequence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to reconstruct the bit sequence you
+might do that by sampling this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that by sampling this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do that by sampling this and
+processing the samples and then taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the samples and then taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the samples and then taking
+uh some measure of the waveform we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some measure of the waveform we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some measure of the waveform we'll
+see more of that later you'll do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of that later you'll do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of that later you'll do that in
+lab too uh in in Labs as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab too uh in in Labs as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab too uh in in Labs as well
+um so in some fashion you recover from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in some fashion you recover from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in some fashion you recover from
+this your estimate of the bit sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this your estimate of the bit sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this your estimate of the bit sequence
+but you can imagine when a waveform like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine when a waveform like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can imagine when a waveform like
+this goes through a physical Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes through a physical Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes through a physical Channel
+with distort portion noise and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with distort portion noise and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with distort portion noise and then
+resampling and processing and so on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resampling and processing and so on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resampling and processing and so on uh
+you are likely to get errors back at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are likely to get errors back at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are likely to get errors back at the
+receiving end okay ideally you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving end okay ideally you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving end okay ideally you would get
+exactly this waveform at the receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this waveform at the receiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this waveform at the receiving
+end you'd have no trouble distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you'd have no trouble distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end you'd have no trouble distinguishing
+between the uh samples of the two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh samples of the two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh samples of the two levels
+and You Could reconstruct the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now we are going to in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we are going to in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now we are going to in the middle
+section of this course say a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of this course say a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section of this course say a lot more
+about the signals aspect of it but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the signals aspect of it but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the signals aspect of it but for
+us now it's actually helpful to stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now it's actually helpful to stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now it's actually helpful to stick to
+thinking in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bits so we've got bits in bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so we've got bits in bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so we've got bits in bits
+out somewhere in here we've got signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out somewhere in here we've got signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out somewhere in here we've got signals
+on the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the physical
+channel uh signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel uh signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel uh signals
+noise physical Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we've got whatever it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got whatever it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got whatever it is that
+does the transformation from um bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the transformation from um bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the transformation from um bits to
+so this is some kind of a transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some kind of a transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some kind of a transformer
+let's say from bits to signals and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from bits to signals and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say from bits to signals and from
+signals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bits but let's look at an abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but let's look at an abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but let's look at an abstraction
+that's end to end here bits to bits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's end to end here bits to bits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's end to end here bits to bits okay
+so what's coming in is a bit stream what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's coming in is a bit stream what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's coming in is a bit stream what
+you receiving is a bitstream okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you receiving is a bitstream okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you receiving is a bitstream okay and
+there's an there's an idealization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an there's an idealization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an there's an idealization of
+this channel that that's used a lot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this channel that that's used a lot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this channel that that's used a lot and
+that's referred to as the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's referred to as the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's referred to as the binary
+symmetric Channel and what that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Channel and what that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric Channel and what that says
+is uh you get a one coming in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you get a one coming in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh you get a one coming in that's
+most likely going to be received as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely going to be received as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely going to be received as a
+one but there's some chance it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there's some chance it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there's some chance it's going
+to be received as a zero okay and you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be received as a zero okay and you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be received as a zero okay and you uh
+let's put probabilities here I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put probabilities here I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put probabilities here I think the
+notes use Epsilon I seem to have used P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes use Epsilon I seem to have used P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes use Epsilon I seem to have used P
+Little P on my um slide so let me stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little P on my um slide so let me stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little P on my um slide so let me stick
+to Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Little
+P okay so a one coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so a one coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so a one coming in
+is transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is transferred
+transformed in error to a zero with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in error to a zero with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed in error to a zero with some
+small probability presumably small uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probability presumably small uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small probability presumably small uh
+with one minus P it's intact and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one minus P it's intact and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one minus P it's intact and then
+the same thing on this side okay zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing on this side okay zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing on this side okay zero
+comes in um with some probability comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in um with some probability comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in um with some probability comes
+out as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but with
+some probability it actually gets flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability it actually gets flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability it actually gets flip
+to a one now we use the word symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a one now we use the word symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a one now we use the word symmetric
+here to say that we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to say that we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to say that we're assuming
+identical probabilities of going one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical probabilities of going one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical probabilities of going one to
+Z or 0 to one you can easily imagine an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z or 0 to one you can easily imagine an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z or 0 to one you can easily imagine an
+unsymmetric Channel where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric Channel where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsymmetric Channel where you have
+different probabilities in the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probabilities in the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different probabilities in the two
+directions but we'll stick to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but we'll stick to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions but we'll stick to the
+symmetric case binary of course because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case binary of course because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric case binary of course because
+we're dealing with binary sequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with binary sequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with binary sequences of
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ends um and what we're imagining is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends um and what we're imagining is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends um and what we're imagining is that
+this is a memoryless channel in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a memoryless channel in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a memoryless channel in other
+words I can look at this transmission by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can look at this transmission by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words I can look at this transmission by
+transmission so a bit comes in uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so a bit comes in uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission so a bit comes in uh this
+is how the output is determined and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the output is determined and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the output is determined and then
+the next bit comes in and it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bit comes in and it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next bit comes in and it knows
+nothing there's no memory in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's no memory in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's no memory in the system
+right it knows nothing about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it knows nothing about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it knows nothing about what
+decision was made in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision was made in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision was made in the previous
+previous case now you can imagine more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case now you can imagine more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case now you can imagine more
+complicated Channel models with memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Channel models with memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated Channel models with memory
+but this is a good starting point okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a good starting point okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a good starting point okay
+so that's the binary symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+okay so question now um if we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so question now um if we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so question now um if we wanted to
+get a bitstream over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bitstream over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a bitstream over
+reliably any ideas on how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably any ideas on how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably any ideas on how we can
+counteract the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counteract the effect of
+this P probability of flipping yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well at this point I'm back to ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well at this point I'm back to ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well at this point I'm back to ones
+and zeros there's no signals right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros there's no signals right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zeros there's no signals right the
+signals are in here so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are in here so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are in here so what you're
+thinking of maybe is how do I reliably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of maybe is how do I reliably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of maybe is how do I reliably
+map bits to signals and and what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map bits to signals and and what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map bits to signals and and what you're
+saying is you can design your signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you can design your signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you can design your signaling
+here in a way that uh reduces the P okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a way that uh reduces the P okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in a way that uh reduces the P okay
+the P that I'm thinking of here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P that I'm thinking of here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P that I'm thinking of here is the
+endtoend error probability if I designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endtoend error probability if I designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endtoend error probability if I designed
+the inner part better I might lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part better I might lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner part better I might lower the
+p but for a given p is there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p but for a given p is there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p but for a given p is there something
+that I could be doing to improve my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could be doing to improve my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I could be doing to improve my
+chances of getting the bit across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances of getting the bit across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances of getting the bit across
+correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry okay so the suggestion is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay so the suggestion is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry okay so the suggestion is that we
+introduce redundancy by just repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce redundancy by just repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce redundancy by just repeating
+it okay so send a one repeat the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so send a one repeat the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so send a one repeat the one
+repeat it many times if you need to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it many times if you need to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat it many times if you need to and
+so what would you suggest that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you suggest that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you suggest that the
+receiver should do if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver should do if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver should do if you do a
+repetition like this how should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition like this how should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition like this how should the
+receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver
+decide if I send 51 on in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again you're talking about requesting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're talking about requesting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're talking about requesting or
+we I'm not hearing well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with okay you you're using the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay you you're using the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay you you're using the word
+request you're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request you're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request you're talking about the
+receiver sending something back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver sending something back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver sending something back to the
+uh sender but if we're with this Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sender but if we're with this Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sender but if we're with this Channel
+and uh the sender has to make its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the sender has to make its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the sender has to make its own
+decisions about how to get things across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how to get things across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions about how to get things across
+without a possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay okay so I think I'm not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I think I'm not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so I think I'm not about
+enough so if you're repeating this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if you're repeating this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so if you're repeating this the
+chance of more than half of them being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of more than half of them being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of more than half of them being
+wrong is very small I think that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is very small I think that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong is very small I think that was the
+idea that you had as well so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you had as well so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that you had as well so so
+repetition is likely to reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition is likely to reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition is likely to reduce the
+chances that you'll go wrong here if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that you'll go wrong here if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances that you'll go wrong here if you
+use a majority rule majority rule would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a majority rule majority rule would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a majority rule majority rule would
+be a simple rule right send five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple rule right send five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a simple rule right send five
+repetitions and if uh only two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions and if uh only two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitions and if uh only two are
+flipped well you just decide in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped well you just decide in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipped well you just decide in favor of
+the majority because it's more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority because it's more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the majority because it's more likely
+that none or one or two are flipped than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none or one or two are flipped than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that none or one or two are flipped than
+that three or four or five are flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three or four or five are flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that three or four or five are flipped
+okay uh so that's the idea so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's the idea so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so that's the idea so this is
+what's called a replication code um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a replication code um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a replication code um and
+actually can work very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what you see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you see on the
+U horizontal axis is the replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U horizontal axis is the replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U horizontal axis is the replication
+Factor you can replicate it five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor you can replicate it five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor you can replicate it five times
+10 times 15 times and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times 15 times and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times 15 times and here's the
+probability of error and it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of error and it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of error and it actually
+goes down and you can do the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and you can do the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and you can do the computation
+this is actually a fairly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a fairly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a fairly simple
+computation um you're basically doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation um you're basically doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation um you're basically doing
+coin tosses and seeing what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses and seeing what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin tosses and seeing what's the
+probability that more than half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that more than half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that more than half of the
+coins I flip um uh come up one way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins I flip um uh come up one way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins I flip um uh come up one way all
+right and you you're counting that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you you're counting that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you you're counting that to
+decide how the majority rule Works um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how the majority rule Works um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how the majority rule Works um
+sorry for the Epsilon here it's supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for the Epsilon here it's supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry for the Epsilon here it's supposed
+to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the
+P okay so is this good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so is this good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P okay so is this good good
+enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah the more you send the more you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah the more you send the more you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah the more you send the more you're
+wasting wasting time on that one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting wasting time on that one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting wasting time on that one bit
+right so this is the point that can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the point that can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the point that can do
+the replication and reduce your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication and reduce your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication and reduce your
+probability of error but what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of error but what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of error but what's the
+information you're getting across you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're getting across you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you're getting across you're
+you're doing all of this to get that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing all of this to get that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing all of this to get that one
+bit across reliably but you've got a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit across reliably but you've got a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit across reliably but you've got a lot
+of bits backing up uh waiting to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits backing up uh waiting to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits backing up uh waiting to get
+across okay so the uh the code rate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across okay so the uh the code rate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across okay so the uh the code rate the
+rate that that which information gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that that which information gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that that which information gets
+across is a one over n if you do n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across is a one over n if you do n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across is a one over n if you do n
+replications if you're doing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications if you're doing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications if you're doing n
+replications it's only one over n uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications it's only one over n uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replications it's only one over n uh the
+the rate at which you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which you're getting
+information across in terms of bits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information across in terms of bits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information across in terms of bits uh
+is one over n okay so you're dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over n okay so you're dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one over n okay so you're dropping
+the probability of error but you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of error but you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of error but you're also
+dropping um the transmission rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping um the transmission rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping um the transmission rate so
+this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really
+unacceptable it turns out though that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable it turns out though that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacceptable it turns out though that we
+can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot
+better we can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we can do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we can do a lot
+better what I'm going to do now is say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what I'm going to do now is say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better what I'm going to do now is say a
+little bit about what Shannon had to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what Shannon had to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about what Shannon had to say
+about it uh I hope you'll allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh I hope you'll allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh I hope you'll allow me to
+teach you about something that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you about something that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you about something that we're not
+going to test you on just so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you on just so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to test you on just so you can
+learn a little bit about this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit about this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit about this and then
+I'll get back to stuff that we will test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to stuff that we will test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get back to stuff that we will test
+you on okay is that all right I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on okay is that all right I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on okay is that all right I know you
+didn't pay for this but um we'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pay for this but um we'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't pay for this but um we'll do it
+anyway okay all right so here's Shannon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay all right so here's Shannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway okay all right so here's Shannon
+um defining something that the th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um defining something that the th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um defining something that the th
+thermodynamics people and so on didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics people and so on didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics people and so on didn't
+really think to do they may have done it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think to do they may have done it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think to do they may have done it
+indirectly but it didn't Arizon uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly but it didn't Arizon uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly but it didn't Arizon uh where
+they were working with entropy and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working with entropy and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were working with entropy and all
+of that Shannon defined something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Shannon defined something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that Shannon defined something called
+Mutual information given by this symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual information given by this symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mutual information given by this symbol
+um X and Y are random variables random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X and Y are random variables random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um X and Y are random variables random
+quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities
+we know that h of X is the entropy in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that h of X is the entropy in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that h of X is the entropy in X
+so it's our uncertainty about X it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's our uncertainty about X it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's our uncertainty about X it's the
+expected information when you're told uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected information when you're told uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected information when you're told uh
+something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about
+X this symbol denotes the uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this symbol denotes the uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this symbol denotes the uncertainty in
+x given information about y okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x given information about y okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x given information about y okay so it's
+the conditional entropy here and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional entropy here and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditional entropy here and so what
+this is asking is how much is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is asking is how much is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is asking is how much is our
+uncertainty about X reduced by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about X reduced by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty about X reduced by having
+information having a measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information having a measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information having a measurement of
+Y okay that's very relevant to a channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay that's very relevant to a channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y okay that's very relevant to a channel
+where where the input is X and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the input is X and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where the input is X and the
+output is y we saying we see the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is y we saying we see the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is y we saying we see the output
+of the channel we want to infer what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel we want to infer what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel we want to infer what
+happened at the input what the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the input what the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened at the input what the input
+sent uh the mutual information between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent uh the mutual information between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent uh the mutual information between
+these two random variables surely has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables surely has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two random variables surely has to
+be important so what's the reduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important so what's the reduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be important so what's the reduction and
+uncertainty that results from having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that results from having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty that results from having a
+measurement of Y uh that's a a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of Y uh that's a a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of Y uh that's a a question
+of Interest not just in Communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest not just in Communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Interest not just in Communications
+as such but in all sorts of influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as such but in all sorts of influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as such but in all sorts of influence
+questions okay I'm going to have a slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay I'm going to have a slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay I'm going to have a slide
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+equations they might look scary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they might look scary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they might look scary but
+actually they're very simple given what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're very simple given what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're very simple given what
+you already know how to do first I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know how to do first I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already know how to do first I have
+to Define for you what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define for you what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define for you what I mean by
+conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional
+entropy so I'm saying it's the entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so I'm saying it's the entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy so I'm saying it's the entropy
+of X conditioned on having a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X conditioned on having a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X conditioned on having a particular
+measurement of Y so suppose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of Y so suppose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of Y so suppose you know
+that y takes the value little y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y takes the value little y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that y takes the value little y
+subj uh You' use the same formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj uh You' use the same formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subj uh You' use the same formula that
+we've used for entropy except your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used for entropy except your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used for entropy except your
+probabilities and are all now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and are all now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and are all now
+probabilities conditioned on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities conditioned on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities conditioned on that
+information so instead of just P of XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so instead of just P of XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so instead of just P of XI
+you have P of XI given YJ so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have P of XI given YJ so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have P of XI given YJ so it's the
+same formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula
+but if you if you've been given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you if you've been given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you if you've been given
+information then you have to condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information then you have to condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information then you have to condition
+on it okay so that's the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it okay so that's the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it okay so that's the uh the
+definition this is the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is the conditional
+entropy given a specific value for y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy given a specific value for y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy given a specific value for y but
+if all I tell you is I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all I tell you is I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all I tell you is I'm going to be
+giving you a value for y and I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a value for y and I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a value for y and I haven't
+told you the value yet uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the value yet uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you the value yet uh what's the
+conditional entropy then what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional entropy then what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional entropy then what you want
+to do is average overall possible y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is average overall possible y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is average overall possible y's
+that you might get so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might get so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might get so you're going to
+take this conditional entropy for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this conditional entropy for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this conditional entropy for the
+given Y and then take the weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Y and then take the weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given Y and then take the weighted
+average with the probabilities okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average with the probabilities okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average with the probabilities okay so
+that's how you compute this quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you compute this quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you compute this quantity and
+it's quite straightforward it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite straightforward it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's quite straightforward it's not very
+different from what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from what you
+have okay uh and then if you put in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay uh and then if you put in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay uh and then if you put in what
+you know about how joint probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about how joint probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about how joint probabilities
+and conditional probabilities work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conditional probabilities work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conditional probabilities work this
+was the definition of conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the definition of conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the definition of conditional
+probability that we had in I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we had in I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we had in I think the
+first lecture uh you discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture uh you discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture uh you discover that
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um this The Joint entropy of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this The Joint entropy of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this The Joint entropy of these two
+random variables can be factored in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables can be factored in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variables can be factored in two
+particular ways and that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ways and that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ways and that allows you to
+deduce that the mutual information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the mutual information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce that the mutual information is
+symmetric in other words the mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in other words the mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric in other words the mutual
+information between X and Y is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between X and Y is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information between X and Y is the same
+as the mutual information between Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mutual information between Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mutual information between Y and
+X okay so there's no um uh difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so there's no um uh difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so there's no um uh difference in
+that that might be a little surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be a little surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that might be a little surprising
+given that we were thinking of X as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we were thinking of X as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that we were thinking of X as the
+input to the channel and Y as the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the channel and Y as the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the channel and Y as the output
+to the channel but it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the channel but it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the channel but it turns out that
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+Okay so let's actually compute it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's actually compute it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's actually compute it for
+the channel that we know this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel that we know this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel that we know this is the uh
+binary symmetric Channel let's compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary symmetric Channel let's compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary symmetric Channel let's compute
+the mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutual
+information uh between the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh between the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh between the input and
+output for the binary symmetric Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for the binary symmetric Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for the binary symmetric Channel
+uh so here's the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's the definition
+ixy we've just shown that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixy we've just shown that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixy we've just shown that it doesn't
+matter which order you take it in and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which order you take it in and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter which order you take it in and it
+turns out the computation is easier if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the computation is easier if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the computation is easier if
+you flip the order so I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip the order so I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip the order so I'm going to write
+this as uncertainty in y minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as uncertainty in y minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as uncertainty in y minus the
+uncertainty in y given a measurement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in y given a measurement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in y given a measurement of
+H of X sorry okay uh so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of X sorry okay uh so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H of X sorry okay uh so I'm going to
+compute it in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it in that
+fashion um what's the uncertainty in why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually I should I should probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should I should probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should I should probably have
+said here that let let's assume x uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here that let let's assume x uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said here that let let's assume x uh
+takes zero and one uh I might be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes zero and one uh I might be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes zero and one uh I might be wrong
+in saying that this doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in saying that this doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in saying that this doesn't depend on
+the distribution of the out input let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the out input let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of the out input let's
+assume uh the zero and one are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh the zero and one are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume uh the zero and one are equally
+likely at the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely at the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely at the input
+okay if the zero and one are equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the zero and one are equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the zero and one are equally
+likely at the input what's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely at the input what's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely at the input what's uh the
+uncertainty in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it a bit of uncertainty it's equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a bit of uncertainty it's equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a bit of uncertainty it's equally
+likely to be a zero or a one right I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be a zero or a one right I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be a zero or a one right I had
+actually written uh that assumption in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written uh that assumption in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually written uh that assumption in
+and then I took it out but I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I took it out but I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I took it out but I think I'm
+wrong in saying that um okay so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in saying that um okay so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in saying that um okay so here we
+have the one for the uncertainty and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one for the uncertainty and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the one for the uncertainty and Y
+what about the uncertainty in y given X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the uncertainty in y given X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the uncertainty in y given X
+so I give you a particular value for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give you a particular value for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I give you a particular value for x
+let's say x is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say x is equal to
+one so I give you a particular value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I give you a particular value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so I give you a particular value for
+x what's the uncertainty in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x what's the uncertainty in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x what's the uncertainty in y
+well Y is zero with probability Little P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Y is zero with probability Little P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Y is zero with probability Little P
+and it's one with probability one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one with probability one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's one with probability one minus
+p and that's really the binary entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and that's really the binary entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and that's really the binary entropy
+function that we had drawn last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we had drawn last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that we had drawn last time so
+you can actually work out all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually work out all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually work out all these
+pieces and discover let's see here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and discover let's see here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and discover let's see here's the
+binary entropy function just to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary entropy function just to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary entropy function just to remind
+you this is for a coin toss if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is for a coin toss if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is for a coin toss if something
+can be one with probability P zero with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be one with probability P zero with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be one with probability P zero with
+probability one minus P or the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one minus P or the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one minus P or the other way
+around uh the uh entropy associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh the uh entropy associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around uh the uh entropy associated with
+that is H of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is H of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is H of P
+um and we have one minus h of P for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have one minus h of P for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have one minus h of P for the
+mutual information between the input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual information between the input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual information between the input and
+output of the binary channel so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the binary channel so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the binary channel so here's
+what one minus h of P looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one minus h of P looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one minus h of P looks
+like all right so what's a low noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so what's a low noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all right so what's a low noise
+Channel a low noise channel is one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel a low noise channel is one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel a low noise channel is one with
+a very small value of p and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small value of p and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very small value of p and what this
+says is that the mutual information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that the mutual information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that the mutual information
+between the input and output uh is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input and output uh is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the input and output uh is on
+the order of one bit okay so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of one bit okay so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of one bit okay so if you're
+told what Y is you've got a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what Y is you've got a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told what Y is you've got a very good
+idea what x is that makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what x is that makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea what x is that makes sense because
+it's low noise channel uh but if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low noise channel uh but if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low noise channel uh but if you get
+to a channel that has around a 05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a channel that has around a 05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a channel that has around a 05
+probability of flipping the bit uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of flipping the bit uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of flipping the bit uh then
+the mutual information is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutual information is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mutual information is very small
+okay so it does reflect uh what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it does reflect uh what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it does reflect uh what you'd
+like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to
+see here's another notion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here's another notion which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here's another notion which is
+entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely
+Shannon which is the idea of Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon which is the idea of Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shannon which is the idea of Channel
+capacity and what he's saying now is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and what he's saying now is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and what he's saying now is in
+order to characterize the channel rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to characterize the channel rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to characterize the channel rather
+than the input or the output let's ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the input or the output let's ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the input or the output let's ask
+what the maximal mutual information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximal mutual information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the maximal mutual information is
+over all possible distributions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible distributions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all possible distributions that you
+might have for X so I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have for X so I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have for X so I'm not going to
+specify X being zero and one with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify X being zero and one with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify X being zero and one with equal
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+um if you go through that computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you go through that computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you go through that computation
+you find that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that it's
+exactly the shape that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the shape that we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the shape that we had before
+it's exactly for the binary symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly for the binary symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly for the binary symmetric
+Channel it happens to be exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel it happens to be exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel it happens to be exactly this
+curve okay so the channel capacity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so the channel capacity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve okay so the channel capacity for
+the binary um channel is exactly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary um channel is exactly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary um channel is exactly for the
+binary symmetric channel is exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary symmetric channel is exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary symmetric channel is exactly this
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+okay so that gives us an idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives us an idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that gives us an idea of the
+maximum information that you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum information that you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum information that you could be
+transmitting across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting across the
+channel now that's just a definition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel now that's just a definition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel now that's just a definition but
+it turns out to have some very practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to have some very practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out to have some very practical
+implications for how fast and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for how fast and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for how fast and how
+accurately you can transmit data on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately you can transmit data on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately you can transmit data on a
+channel and here's Shannon's result what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and here's Shannon's result what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and here's Shannon's result what
+he says is that you can theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says is that you can theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says is that you can theoretically
+transmit information at an average rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit information at an average rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit information at an average rate
+below the channel capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the channel capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the channel capacity
+uh with arbitrarily low error okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with arbitrarily low error okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with arbitrarily low error okay so
+that's the shocking thing that as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shocking thing that as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shocking thing that as long
+as you stay be below Channel capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you stay be below Channel capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you stay be below Channel capacity
+you can transmit with arbitrary low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can transmit with arbitrary low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can transmit with arbitrary low
+error if you um try and get to channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error if you um try and get to channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error if you um try and get to channel
+Capa if you um try and get to rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capa if you um try and get to rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capa if you um try and get to rates
+above that you're going to run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that you're going to run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that you're going to run into
+trouble okay you'll you can't get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble okay you'll you can't get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble okay you'll you can't get that
+probability error to uh um vanish now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability error to uh um vanish now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability error to uh um vanish now
+how do you do this well the prescription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do this well the prescription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do this well the prescription
+is take long strings of that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take long strings of that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is take long strings of that input
+message stream take K bits of that input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message stream take K bits of that input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message stream take K bits of that input
+message stream code it onto n larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message stream code it onto n larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message stream code it onto n larger
+than K code words send that through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K code words send that through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than K code words send that through the
+channel um if n is very large and K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel um if n is very large and K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel um if n is very large and K is
+very large the rate at which you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large the rate at which you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large the rate at which you're
+transmitting is K Over N you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting is K Over N you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting is K Over N you can
+transmit at a rate K Over N that lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit at a rate K Over N that lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit at a rate K Over N that lives
+below c um with as low an error as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below c um with as low an error as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below c um with as low an error as you
+want the way to make the error smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the way to make the error smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the way to make the error smaller
+is to take longer and longer blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take longer and longer blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to take longer and longer blocks
+okay this was was kind of an existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this was was kind of an existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this was was kind of an existence
+proof uh he didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh he didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh he didn't
+actually show you specific constructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you specific constructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show you specific constructions
+necessarily in that proof for how to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in that proof for how to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily in that proof for how to um
+introduce the redundancy to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the redundancy to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the redundancy to make this
+happen but it was actually a a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it was actually a a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but it was actually a a result
+that said you can't be satisfied with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said you can't be satisfied with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said you can't be satisfied with
+the replication code you can do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication code you can do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication code you can do a lot
+better and how much better you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and how much better you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and how much better you can do is
+indicated by that channel capacity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by that channel capacity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by that channel capacity okay
+let's come back to testable stuff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back to testable stuff okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's come back to testable stuff okay
+we're going to actually design ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually design ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to actually design ways to
+introduce redundancy motivated by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce redundancy motivated by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce redundancy motivated by this
+Chan result um for very practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chan result um for very practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chan result um for very practical
+settings and a key uh notion we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and a key uh notion we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings and a key uh notion we're going
+to use is that of the Hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is that of the Hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is that of the Hamming distance
+between uh two strings so the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh two strings so the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh two strings so the Hamming
+distance you've seen this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you've seen this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you've seen this in some
+recitations basically the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations basically the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations basically the Hamming
+distance between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strings is just the number of positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings is just the number of positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings is just the number of positions
+in which the two strings dis uh differ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the two strings dis uh differ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the two strings dis uh differ
+from from each other okay so the Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from each other okay so the Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from each other okay so the Hamming
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+here between these two strings let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between these two strings let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here between these two strings let's say
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh string two is what um one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh string two is what um one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh string two is what um one two
+three right these strings differ in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right these strings differ in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right these strings differ in
+three positions another way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three positions another way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three positions another way to think of
+it is how many bits do I have to flip in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is how many bits do I have to flip in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is how many bits do I have to flip in
+one uh to get the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh to get the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh to get the other one
+okay so how many HS does it take in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how many HS does it take in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how many HS does it take in some
+sense to get from one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to get from one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to get from one to the
+other all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here's how the notion of adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's how the notion of adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's how the notion of adding
+redundancy comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy comes
+in suppose we have a zero or a one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in suppose we have a zero or a one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in suppose we have a zero or a one to
+send across this is our bit for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send across this is our bit for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send across this is our bit for that
+transmission what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission what we're going to do is
+actually code it not as zero and one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually code it not as zero and one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually code it not as zero and one but
+a 0 0 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 0 and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 0 0 and one
+one okay if we've got just a single bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay if we've got just a single bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay if we've got just a single bit
+corrupted we go to something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted we go to something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrupted we go to something that's not
+a code word we go from one one to 01 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a code word we go from one one to 01 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a code word we go from one one to 01 or
+to one Zer or we go from 0 0 to 0 one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one Zer or we go from 0 0 to 0 one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one Zer or we go from 0 0 to 0 one or
+one zero uh we receive something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero uh we receive something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero uh we receive something that's
+not a code word that allows us to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a code word that allows us to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a code word that allows us to detect
+that an error was made okay so um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an error was made okay so um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an error was made okay so um what
+we've essentially done is in Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've essentially done is in Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've essentially done is in Hamming
+distance we've introduced some distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance we've introduced some distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance we've introduced some distance
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+code words that we're using to transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words that we're using to transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words that we're using to transmit
+on the channel uh it it takes two hops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the channel uh it it takes two hops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the channel uh it it takes two hops
+to get from one code word to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from one code word to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from one code word to the other
+there's a Hing distance of two uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Hing distance of two uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Hing distance of two uh and
+therefore if you only have a single bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you only have a single bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you only have a single bit
+error when you transmit on the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error when you transmit on the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error when you transmit on the channel
+uh you're not going to get all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not going to get all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're not going to get all the way
+to another code word you won't be at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another code word you won't be at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another code word you won't be at any
+code word you recognize and you'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word you recognize and you'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word you recognize and you'll know
+that you made an error okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you made an error okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you made an error okay so this is
+an example of how you start to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of how you start to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of how you start to introduce
+redundancy in the Stream uh so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in the Stream uh so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in the Stream uh so that you
+can detect and perhaps even correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect and perhaps even correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can detect and perhaps even correct
+errors here's another example now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors here's another example now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors here's another example now this
+is these by the way are still looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these by the way are still looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these by the way are still looking
+like replication codes because um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like replication codes because um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like replication codes because um to
+send a zero we're repeating zero three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a zero we're repeating zero three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a zero we're repeating zero three
+times and to send a one we're repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and to send a one we're repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and to send a one we're repeating
+um one one time but we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one one time but we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one one time but we're going to do
+more elaborate versions of this that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate versions of this that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more elaborate versions of this that are
+not replication codes okay but imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not replication codes okay but imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not replication codes okay but imagine
+now I've drawn the corners of a cube um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've drawn the corners of a cube um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've drawn the corners of a cube um
+each circle here across an edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each circle here across an edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each circle here across an edge is
+having distance one from the U adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance one from the U adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance one from the U adjacent
+one right so to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so to go from
+the sequence that I'm using to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence that I'm using to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence that I'm using to represent
+a zero to the sequence that I use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero to the sequence that I use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero to the sequence that I use to
+represent a one I've got to do one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a one I've got to do one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a one I've got to do one two
+three hops there's a hming distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hops there's a hming distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hops there's a hming distance of
+three there okay so if I had only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there okay so if I had only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there okay so if I had only a
+single bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit
+error um is it possible for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um is it possible for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error um is it possible for me to
+correct if I know that my errors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if I know that my errors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if I know that my errors are
+limited to single bit errors can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to single bit errors can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to single bit errors can I
+correct when I receive an incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+string if I start with 00 0 and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string if I start with 00 0 and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string if I start with 00 0 and I have a
+single bit error I can only go to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit error I can only go to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bit error I can only go to these
+adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent
+vertices and those are not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and those are not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and those are not going to be
+confused with vertices that are one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with vertices that are one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with vertices that are one step
+adjacent to the one1 okay so I'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to the one1 okay so I'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent to the one1 okay so I'll know
+that I've made an error and I'll know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've made an error and I'll know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've made an error and I'll know to
+correct it back to 000000 provided I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it back to 000000 provided I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it back to 000000 provided I
+know that only one error has been made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that only one error has been made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that only one error has been made
+okay now I might just assume that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I might just assume that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now I might just assume that only
+one error has been made and so once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one error has been made and so once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one error has been made and so once in a
+while I'll think I'm correcting but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'll think I'm correcting but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'll think I'm correcting but I'll
+be getting something wrong um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting something wrong um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting something wrong um and that
+has to be contended with and calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be contended with and calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be contended with and calculated
+but this is the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay more generally what we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay more generally what we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay more generally what we're thinking
+about is um taking K message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bits so this corresponds to two to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so this corresponds to two to the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits so this corresponds to two to the K
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messages we're going to um embed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages we're going to um embed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages we're going to um embed this
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+um nbit code words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where n is greater than K right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is greater than K right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is greater than K right so if
+you imagine a generalization of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine a generalization of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine a generalization of this
+picture what we've got is a hyper cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what we've got is a hyper cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture what we've got is a hyper cube
+with two to the N possible nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two to the N possible nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two to the N possible nodes
+corresponding to all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to all the possible
+combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we're going to assign 2 to the K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to assign 2 to the K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to assign 2 to the K of
+those nodes to code words and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nodes to code words and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nodes to code words and the rest
+will be left free just to leave some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be left free just to leave some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be left free just to leave some
+space between the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space between the code
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+okay the rate of the code then the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rate of the code then the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the rate of the code then the rate
+of the code is how many message bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code is how many message bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the code is how many message bits are
+you getting across on average per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you getting across on average per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you getting across on average per
+transmission and so the rate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and so the rate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission and so the rate is going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+U K Over N because for every nend bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U K Over N because for every nend bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U K Over N because for every nend bits
+that you send you're getting across K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you send you're getting across K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you send you're getting across K
+bits of information there's K message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of information there's K message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits of information there's K message
+bits in every end trans transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in every end trans transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits in every end trans transmitted
+bids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so here's the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+statement in terms of uh Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in terms of uh Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement in terms of uh Hamming
+distance and what you can do with a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and what you can do with a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and what you can do with a code
+so first of all um I've got a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all um I've got a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all um I've got a set of
+code words what's really important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words what's really important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words what's really important is
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+minimum Hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between my code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words because that's the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because that's the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because that's the point of
+greatest vulnerability that's where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest vulnerability that's where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest vulnerability that's where I'm
+most likely to get confused okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely to get confused okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely to get confused okay so if
+you give me a set of code words I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a set of code words I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give me a set of code words I can
+look at the having distance between any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the having distance between any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the having distance between any
+two of them I've got to search all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them I've got to search all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them I've got to search all these
+pairs and find out which is the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and find out which is the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs and find out which is the minimum
+having distance that's the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance that's the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance that's the point of
+Maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maximum
+vulnerability okay and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability okay and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerability okay and this is what
+we're calling uh D Little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D Okay so the picture I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Okay so the picture I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D Okay so the picture I like to think
+about is I've got some valid code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I've got some other valid code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and if I told you that over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if I told you that over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if I told you that over all the
+code words in my uh set the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words in my uh set the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words in my uh set the minimum
+hming distance I find is three what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hming distance I find is three what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hming distance I find is three what that
+means is I've got to do three hops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get to the other code word right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the other code word right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to the other code word right this
+help means I've changed one bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help means I've changed one bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help means I've changed one bit in the
+valid code word to get to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid code word to get to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid code word to get to some other
+sequence not a code word and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence not a code word and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence not a code word and then one
+bit to get to this one and one more bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to get to this one and one more bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to get to this one and one more bit
+to get to this one and this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this one and this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this one and this is now
+another valid code word okay so if I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another valid code word okay so if I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another valid code word okay so if I say
+the minimum having distance of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum having distance of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minimum having distance of three
+that means that you will find a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you will find a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you will find a pair of
+code words with um these three hops to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words with um these three hops to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words with um these three hops to
+get you from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um how many errors can you detect with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many errors can you detect with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many errors can you detect with a
+code like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like
+this so you send a valid code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you send a valid code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so you send a valid code word
+across the channel bits get flipped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the channel bits get flipped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the channel bits get flipped up
+to how many errors could you detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how many errors could you detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how many errors could you detect
+without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without being
+fooled if I tell you there's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled if I tell you there's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled if I tell you there's less than
+or equal to e errors how large can e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to e errors how large can e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to e errors how large can e
+be to guarantee that you won't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a transmission of one valid code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transmission of one valid code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transmission of one valid code word
+that ends up as another valid code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up as another valid code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up as another valid code word
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+sorry uh I'm talking not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh I'm talking not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh I'm talking not about
+correction but about detection of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but about detection of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction but about detection of an
+error right how many errors could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error right how many errors could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error right how many errors could you
+detect in this kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture so I can afford to have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so I can afford to have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture so I can afford to have one
+error two errors and the third error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error two errors and the third error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error two errors and the third error
+will bring me to a valid code word and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring me to a valid code word and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will bring me to a valid code word and I
+won't know that I've made an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know that I've made an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know that I've made an error
+okay so if you want to look at how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to look at how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you want to look at how many
+errors you can detect it's what's given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you can detect it's what's given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you can detect it's what's given
+by the upper one there D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the upper one there D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the upper one there D minus
+one okay so if the minimum having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if the minimum having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so if the minimum having
+distance is D you can detect up to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is D you can detect up to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is D you can detect up to D
+minus one errors what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correction how many errors could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction how many errors could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction how many errors could you
+correct here can you correct any errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct here can you correct any errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct here can you correct any errors
+here up to one right and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up to one right and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here up to one right and then you can
+look at this more generally and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this more generally and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this more generally and you see
+the general uh formula is D minus one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general uh formula is D minus one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general uh formula is D minus one to
+the floor of that okay so that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor of that okay so that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor of that okay so that tells you
+how many errors you can collect correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many errors you can collect correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many errors you can collect correct
+so the uh minimum having distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh minimum having distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh minimum having distance is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+a a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing now how do you build codes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now how do you build codes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now how do you build codes which
+have desired characteristics so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have desired characteristics so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have desired characteristics so for
+instance suppose you want to send four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance suppose you want to send four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance suppose you want to send four
+bit messages so k equals 4 you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit messages so k equals 4 you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit messages so k equals 4 you want to
+have single error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have single error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have single error
+correction so that means you want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so that means you want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction so that means you want this
+kind of a picture here you need Hamming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a picture here you need Hamming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a picture here you need Hamming
+distance three at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance three at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance three at
+least how will you produce a code all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least how will you produce a code all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least how will you produce a code all
+right so this is not an obvious thing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is not an obvious thing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is not an obvious thing at
+all um here's an example of one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um here's an example of one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all um here's an example of one that
+satisfies the construction you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the construction you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the construction you need to
+actually expand to sending seven bits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expand to sending seven bits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expand to sending seven bits so
+n is equal to seven uh how many messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to seven uh how many messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to seven uh how many messages
+do we have we have 16 messages so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have 16 messages so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have 16 messages so that
+corresponds to a k of four right 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a k of four right 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a k of four right 2 to
+the four is 16 so we've got 16 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four is 16 so we've got 16 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four is 16 so we've got 16 different
+messages we could have counted those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages we could have counted those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages we could have counted those
+messages with four bits but we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages with four bits but we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages with four bits but we're going
+to add in redundancy to get seven bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in redundancy to get seven bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add in redundancy to get seven bits
+per message resulting in these code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per message resulting in these code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per message resulting in these code
+words these code words the set of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words these code words the set of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words these code words the set of code
+words has the property that the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words has the property that the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words has the property that the minimum
+Hing distance uh is three so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing distance uh is three so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing distance uh is three so you can
+correct up to a single error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct up to a single error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct up to a single error
+here okay um but it takes in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay um but it takes in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay um but it takes in principle
+it takes a search and um it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a search and um it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a search and um it's not
+necessarily easy to do but we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily easy to do but we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily easy to do but we'll see how
+to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that
+efficiently all right let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently all right let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently all right let me show you
+how and this is something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and this is something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how and this is something that you're
+probably quite familiar with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite familiar with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably quite familiar with um
+how by making Nal k + 1 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already suppose I choose Nal k + 1 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suppose I choose Nal k + 1 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already suppose I choose Nal k + 1 which
+means I'm taking the message bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm taking the message bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I'm taking the message bit and
+adding one bit okay we're going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding one bit okay we're going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding one bit okay we're going to add
+what's called a parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a parity
+bit uh and you can do this in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh and you can do this in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit uh and you can do this in different
+ways but we're going to do um uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but we're going to do um uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but we're going to do um uh let's
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+out what I'm going to do with this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what I'm going to do with this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what I'm going to do with this is
+guarantee that the minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that the minimum distance
+between valid code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between valid code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between valid code
+words is at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words is at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words is at least
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's see how to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see how to do that and
+there'll be some computation in not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some computation in not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be some computation in not just
+the parody calculations but other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parody calculations but other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parody calculations but other stuff
+we'll do that builds on computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that builds on computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that builds on computations
+with zeros and ones uh the computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zeros and ones uh the computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with zeros and ones uh the computations
+are what you've probably seen elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what you've probably seen elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what you've probably seen elsewhere
+with Boolean algebra uh this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boolean algebra uh this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boolean algebra uh this is what's
+called computation in galwa field 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computation in galwa field 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called computation in galwa field 2 so
+gf2 is another another symbol you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 is another another symbol you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 is another another symbol you'll see
+0 plus 0 is 0 1 plus 0 or 0 + 1 is 1 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus 0 is 0 1 plus 0 or 0 + 1 is 1 1+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus 0 is 0 1 plus 0 or 0 + 1 is 1 1+
+1 is z so this is like an exclusive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is z so this is like an exclusive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is z so this is like an exclusive or
+uh addition and multiplication works in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addition and multiplication works in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh addition and multiplication works in
+the usual uh fashion so all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual uh fashion so all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual uh fashion so all our
+computations are with zeros and ones uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are with zeros and ones uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are with zeros and ones uh
+and you want to keep that in mind as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to keep that in mind as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to keep that in mind as we
+go through this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's what we do for um a simple way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we do for um a simple way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what we do for um a simple way to
+add redundancy we'll take the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add redundancy we'll take the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add redundancy we'll take the message
+and add a single bit uh to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add a single bit uh to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add a single bit uh to make the
+total number of ones in the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of ones in the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of ones in the resulting
+code word even okay so this is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word even okay so this is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word even okay so this is what's
+called even parity you could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called even parity you could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called even parity you could have the
+opposite choice of odd parity um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite choice of odd parity um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite choice of odd parity um so if
+you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now
+receive a code word with an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a code word with an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive a code word with an odd number
+of ones you know you've made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones you know you've made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ones you know you've made a
+mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake
+right how do I know that the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do I know that the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do I know that the minimum
+Hamming distance is two in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case I have to be able to produce for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have to be able to produce for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I have to be able to produce for
+you some other code word that arrive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some other code word that arrive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some other code word that arrive at
+with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hops any ideas there so I give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops any ideas there so I give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops any ideas there so I give you a
+code word which is the original message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word which is the original message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word which is the original message
+word with a parity bit can I make two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with a parity bit can I make two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word with a parity bit can I make two
+bit flips on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit flips on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit flips on
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+get a new code word uh I mean a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new code word uh I mean a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a new code word uh I mean a valid
+code word because then I could have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word because then I could have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word because then I could have uh
+then I'd have having distance to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd have having distance to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd have having distance to right
+right can you think of what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but that's not yet given me so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that's not yet given me so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but that's not yet given me so the
+suggestion was flip one of the bits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so okay good so if you flip for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay good so if you flip for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay good so if you flip for instance
+an easy way to see this is flip one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy way to see this is flip one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy way to see this is flip one of
+the message bits and flip the parity bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message bits and flip the parity bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message bits and flip the parity bit
+for instance okay um no that doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance okay um no that doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance okay um no that doesn't do
+it does it yeah um because then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it yeah um because then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it yeah um because then you've
+changed two two zeros to a one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed two two zeros to a one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed two two zeros to a one or two
+ones to a zero and your parity is wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to a zero and your parity is wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to a zero and your parity is wrong
+then okay so um so you can have a two-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so um so you can have a two-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay so um so you can have a two-
+bit error that ends up not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit error that ends up not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit error that ends up not being
+detected but all single bit errors will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected but all single bit errors will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected but all single bit errors will
+get detected um that again correlates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get detected um that again correlates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get detected um that again correlates
+with the fact that we said the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we said the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that we said the minimum
+having distance is two the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance is two the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having distance is two the number of
+Errors you can detect is D minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors you can detect is D minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errors you can detect is D minus one
+that's one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the number of Errors you can correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of Errors you can correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of Errors you can correct
+well it's D minus one ided two the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's D minus one ided two the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's D minus one ided two the floor
+of that and you can't correct any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors all right now we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors all right now we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors all right now we're going to be
+building more elaborate uh codes than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building more elaborate uh codes than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building more elaborate uh codes than
+parity or replication uh these are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity or replication uh these are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parity or replication uh these are going
+to be called linear block codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry and they different ways to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and they different ways to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry and they different ways to set
+this up um here's one way to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up um here's one way to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up um here's one way to think of it
+if you're comfortable with matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're comfortable with matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're comfortable with matrix
+multiplication here's one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here's one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here's one way to think
+of it and we're going to be using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and we're going to be using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and we're going to be using this
+actually so if you aren't already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so if you aren't already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so if you aren't already
+comfortable with matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with matrix multiplication
+maybe you should get comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should get comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should get comfortable
+soon what we have is a vector here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon what we have is a vector here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon what we have is a vector here which
+has our message in it okay so we stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has our message in it okay so we stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has our message in it okay so we stick
+our message in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our message in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our message in
+there this is just a bunch of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is just a bunch of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is just a bunch of zeros and
+ones I've got a matrix here which I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've got a matrix here which I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones I've got a matrix here which I call
+a generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a generator
+Matrix generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix and this is a matrix of zeros and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is a matrix of zeros and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and this is a matrix of zeros and
+ones as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on Okay so we've got things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on Okay so we've got things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on Okay so we've got things in
+there um how do I generate my code words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um how do I generate my code words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um how do I generate my code words
+I just put in my message carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put in my message carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put in my message carry out this
+multiplication and see what I get for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and see what I get for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and see what I get for a
+code word so for instance if I my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word so for instance if I my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word so for instance if I my
+message is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is
+one and all zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and all zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and all zero
+what's my code word well I take this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my code word well I take this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my code word well I take this and
+I multiply it all the way through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it all the way through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I multiply it all the way through the
+Matrix because of the special structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because of the special structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because of the special structure
+here all of these are zeros so the rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all of these are zeros so the rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all of these are zeros so the rows
+below the first one don't matter at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the first one don't matter at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the first one don't matter at all
+what I get for a code word is 0 1 0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get for a code word is 0 1 0 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get for a code word is 0 1 0 one
+one Z One in other words I get the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Z One in other words I get the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Z One in other words I get the first
+row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of
+G okay if I had a one and a one with z0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay if I had a one and a one with z0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G okay if I had a one and a one with z0
+I'm going to get the sum of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get the sum of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get the sum of the first
+two rows of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows of G
+and all of these computations are done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these computations are done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these computations are done
+in uh with the modulo 2 arithmetic so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh with the modulo 2 arithmetic so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh with the modulo 2 arithmetic so in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+gf2 right uh so this is one way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 right uh so this is one way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gf2 right uh so this is one way to think
+of what a linear code is another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a linear code is another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a linear code is another way to
+think of it is every bit in your code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is every bit in your code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it is every bit in your code
+word is a linear combination of the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is a linear combination of the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word is a linear combination of the bits
+in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh
+message it's just that you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message it's just that you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message it's just that you have more
+bits here so you're taking multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here so you're taking multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits here so you're taking multiple
+linear combinations of the uh bits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of the uh bits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of the uh bits in
+the message to get the bits in the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message to get the bits in the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message to get the bits in the code
+word right so this is a a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right so this is a a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right so this is a a highly
+structured kind of code and the key fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured kind of code and the key fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured kind of code and the key fact
+about this is that the sum of any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that the sum of any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that the sum of any two
+code words is also a code word and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words is also a code word and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words is also a code word and we'll
+leave you to uh look at that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you to uh look at that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you to uh look at that in
+recitation so it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so it's true
+that any code word generated this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any code word generated this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any code word generated this way
+plus any other code word generated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any other code word generated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus any other code word generated this
+way will give you a code word generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way will give you a code word generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way will give you a code word generated
+this way now can you deduce from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now can you deduce from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way now can you deduce from that
+that the um code word of all zeros has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um code word of all zeros has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um code word of all zeros has
+to be in any linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code why is it true that every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code why is it true that every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code why is it true that every every
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+code has to have the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code has to have the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code has to have the all
+zero code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero code
+word in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instance well you can see it sorry has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance well you can see it sorry has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance well you can see it sorry has
+to have the all zero code word why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the all zero code word why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the all zero code word why am I
+doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so clearly from this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so clearly from this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so clearly from this picture
+if your input is all zeros you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your input is all zeros you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your input is all zeros you've got to
+have the zero code word can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the zero code word can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the zero code word can you tell me
+from this statement that the sum of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this statement that the sum of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this statement that the sum of any
+two code words has to be a code word can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two code words has to be a code word can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two code words has to be a code word can
+you deduce from that that the all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deduce from that that the all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deduce from that that the all zeros
+code word has to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there subtraction or addition so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there subtraction or addition so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there subtraction or addition so suppose
+I take a code word and add it to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a code word and add it to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take a code word and add it to itself
+what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in gf2 if I take a code word and add it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gf2 if I take a code word and add it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in gf2 if I take a code word and add it
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+itself I get the all zeros back uh code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I get the all zeros back uh code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I get the all zeros back uh code
+word right so the all zeros has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right so the all zeros has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word right so the all zeros has to
+always be in there if you don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be in there if you don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be in there if you don't have the
+all zeros code word you know you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros code word you know you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all zeros code word you know you don't
+have a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a linear
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code
+um okay now it turns out that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now it turns out that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay now it turns out that for a
+linear code it's easy to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code it's easy to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code it's easy to determine the
+minimum distance between the minimum H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum distance between the minimum H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum distance between the minimum H
+hming distance between code Words which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hming distance between code Words which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hming distance between code Words which
+we saw was crucial to establishing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw was crucial to establishing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw was crucial to establishing what
+what the error correction or detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the error correction or detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the error correction or detection
+properties were if you've got a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties were if you've got a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties were if you've got a linear
+code to determine the minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to determine the minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to determine the minimum distance
+between code words you only have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between code words you only have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between code words you only have to look
+for the distance the minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the distance the minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the distance the minimum distance
+between the zero code word and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the zero code word and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the zero code word and all the
+other code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other code
+words okay so it turns out that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words okay so it turns out that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words okay so it turns out that in a
+linear code the minimum distance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code the minimum distance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code the minimum distance that
+you'll find between any two code words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find between any two code words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find between any two code words
+is the same as the minimum distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the minimum distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the minimum distance
+you'll find between the zero code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find between the zero code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find between the zero code word
+and any other code word now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other code word now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any other code word now what's the
+distance between the zero code word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the zero code word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the zero code word and
+some other code word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other code word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other code word
+it's just a number of ones in that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number of ones in that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a number of ones in that other
+code word so all you have to do for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word so all you have to do for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code word so all you have to do for a
+linear code to determine the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code to determine the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code to determine the minimum
+Heming distance is look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heming distance is look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heming distance is look at all the
+non-zero code words and see which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero code words and see which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero code words and see which one
+has the minimum number of ones um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the minimum number of ones um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the minimum number of ones um okay
+so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see it's not obvious that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's not obvious that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's not obvious that these are
+necessarily linear codes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um they turn out to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they turn out to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they turn out to be um
+in this particular case here's a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case here's a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case here's a code
+with n equals 3 we've got only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equals 3 we've got only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with n equals 3 we've got only two
+messages being sent so what's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages being sent so what's the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages being sent so what's the value
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+K two messages means k equals 1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K two messages means k equals 1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K two messages means k equals 1 right
+because two to the K is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two to the K is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because two to the K is the number of
+messages so n is three k is one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages so n is three k is one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages so n is three k is one and the
+minimum hming distance is three which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum hming distance is three which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum hming distance is three which is
+the weight of the uh the smallest weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the uh the smallest weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight of the uh the smallest weight
+you find among the non-zero code words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find among the non-zero code words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find among the non-zero code words
+here's another instance this is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another instance this is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another instance this is again
+linear code well is it a linear code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code well is it a linear code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear code well is it a linear code
+yeah um the minimum weight you see among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um the minimum weight you see among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um the minimum weight you see among
+the non-zero code words is two so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-zero code words is two so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non-zero code words is two so the
+Hing distance is two so the way we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing distance is two so the way we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hing distance is two so the way we uh
+denote this code is it's n the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this code is it's n the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denote this code is it's n the value of
+n is four because there are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is four because there are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is four because there are four
+different code words uh sorry the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different code words uh sorry the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different code words uh sorry the four
+different bits here um four bits sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits here um four bits sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bits here um four bits sorry
+in the code words not four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code words not four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the code words not four different
+code words uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words uh two
+is the value of K because two to the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of K because two to the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of K because two to the two
+four is the number of messages that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the number of messages that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four is the number of messages that you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+and the minimum having distance is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum having distance is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minimum having distance is two
+so with each of those you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with each of those you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with each of those you can actually
+compute the associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate and just to uh wind up um these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and just to uh wind up um these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and just to uh wind up um these are
+not linear codes how do we know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear codes how do we know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear codes how do we know they're
+not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not linear
+codes well sum two of them and youve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes well sum two of them and youve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes well sum two of them and youve
+discover that uh in some instances you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that uh in some instances you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that uh in some instances you
+don't get the uh remaining one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the uh remaining one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get the uh remaining one in the
+set this is the code set that I put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this is the code set that I put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this is the code set that I put up
+earlier turns out to be a linear code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier turns out to be a linear code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier turns out to be a linear code so
+if I claim that it's a linear code can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I claim that it's a linear code can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I claim that it's a linear code can
+you tell me what the minimum hming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me what the minimum hming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me what the minimum hming
+distances between code words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here three uh you find a code word here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here three uh you find a code word here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here three uh you find a code word here
+of weight three and you don't find any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight three and you don't find any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weight three and you don't find any
+code words here also another one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words here also another one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code words here also another one you
+don't find any code words of weight less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find any code words of weight less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't find any code words of weight less
+than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three
+okay um all right so this is enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right so this is enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um all right so this is enough to
+get you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you going
+um we'll quit with this you'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll quit with this you'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we'll quit with this you'll continue
+in recitation and we'll pick it up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation and we'll pick it up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation and we'll pick it up again
+in lecture uh next time thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JDmNvQj0I5A.txt b/JDmNvQj0I5A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91912b162ffba7fa98e8f806c33dab30318b658f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JDmNvQj0I5A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+uh a vision of a that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a vision of a that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a vision of a that is a
+fairly classic example of simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly classic example of simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly classic example of simulation
+that has to do with the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to do with the development of
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+of the antamino copper mine in peru and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antamino copper mine in peru and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the antamino copper mine in peru and
+for those who know anything about mining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who know anything about mining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those who know anything about mining
+uh it's not just copper you get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not just copper you get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not just copper you get out of
+it but it's zinc and all kinds of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's zinc and all kinds of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's zinc and all kinds of other
+things that may be associated with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that may be associated with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that may be associated with it
+molybdenum in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molybdenum in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molybdenum in particular
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first of all i want the opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i want the opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all i want the opportunity to
+talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about
+two kinds of flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of flexibility
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on a system and in a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a system and in a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a system and in a system
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh design features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh design features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh design features
+that enables systems to evolve easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables systems to evolve easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables systems to evolve easily
+in the future there's some technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future there's some technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future there's some technical
+thing that you do to the physical design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you do to the physical design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you do to the physical design
+is in the system that is this requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the system that is this requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the system that is this requires
+an engineering approach to it you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineering approach to it you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an engineering approach to it you need
+to be able to do the right things and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do the right things and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to do the right things and if
+you mess with the the guts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mess with the the guts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mess with the the guts of the
+simulation so it's in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so it's in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation so it's in there
+at the same time there are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time there are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time there are the
+flexibility to do various things such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to do various things such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility to do various things such as
+abandon a project uh is one thing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon a project uh is one thing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abandon a project uh is one thing where
+has nothing to do with the design of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the design of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing to do with the design of it
+it's just simply saying okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just simply saying okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just simply saying okay
+if prices are not right it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if prices are not right it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if prices are not right it's not
+worthwhile to proceed we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to proceed we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile to proceed we're going to
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop
+so that's a flexibility that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a flexibility that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a flexibility that you might
+have as opposed to saying i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as opposed to saying i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as opposed to saying i'm going to
+continue regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue regardless
+that is a flexibility on the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a flexibility on the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a flexibility on the system
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it's useful in later to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful in later to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful in later to have that
+capability think about it between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability think about it between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability think about it between
+flexibility in and on a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in and on a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility in and on a system
+and both are involved in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both are involved in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both are involved in this case
+and this presentation was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this presentation was originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this presentation was originally
+built up by some economists at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up by some economists at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built up by some economists at the
+harvard business school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard business school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvard business school
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now the idea is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the idea is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the idea is that it's a
+uh a site in the mountains of the andes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a site in the mountains of the andes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a site in the mountains of the andes
+uh north of lima towards ecuador uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh north of lima towards ecuador uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh north of lima towards ecuador uh that
+was privatized and the government wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was privatized and the government wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was privatized and the government wanted
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+get people look at it so the it was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people look at it so the it was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people look at it so the it was in
+two phases first of all you asked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases first of all you asked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two phases first of all you asked for
+bids and the bid was to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids and the bid was to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bids and the bid was to say
+okay i have the right to examine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have the right to examine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i have the right to examine the
+site for two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site for two years
+i mean nobody was sure how difficult it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean nobody was sure how difficult it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean nobody was sure how difficult it
+was to get the ore out although there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get the ore out although there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to get the ore out although there
+was some there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some there
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+how difficult it was and whether it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult it was and whether it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how difficult it was and whether it'll
+be worthwhile would the price be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worthwhile would the price be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worthwhile would the price be right
+and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the idea was that they'd go and explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that they'd go and explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was that they'd go and explore
+it with geological information etc etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with geological information etc etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with geological information etc etc
+and they were given two years to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were given two years to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were given two years to do that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+were they could either proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they could either proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they could either proceed
+with the development or give the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the development or give the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the development or give the project
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+now just to give you an example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to give you an example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now just to give you an example of what
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+um we're talking these are altitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're talking these are altitudes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're talking these are altitudes of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+uh meters above sea level masl and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meters above sea level masl and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meters above sea level masl and this
+is an enormous project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enormous project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an enormous project
+uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where
+so you have the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have the uh
+scope of the mine you're seeing it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the mine you're seeing it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope of the mine you're seeing it it's
+going down to about uh 2000 feet of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down to about uh 2000 feet of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down to about uh 2000 feet of it
+and just to give you an impression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to give you an impression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just to give you an impression of
+what this means in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this means in terms of
+um of the vision and by the way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the vision and by the way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of the vision and by the way this is
+all at about 15 000 feet so the air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at about 15 000 feet so the air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at about 15 000 feet so the air is
+thin and for those of you who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and for those of you who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin and for those of you who have been
+hiking at that level you run out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiking at that level you run out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiking at that level you run out of
+steam pretty quickly unless you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam pretty quickly unless you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steam pretty quickly unless you've been
+acclimatized over a long period so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acclimatized over a long period so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acclimatized over a long period so
+here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what
+it looks like to get to the copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like to get to the copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like to get to the copper
+deposit you've taken down several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit you've taken down several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit you've taken down several
+hundred feet of and quite wide across an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet of and quite wide across an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred feet of and quite wide across an
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+of it and here is an example of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and here is an example of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and here is an example of what's
+happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here
+and by the way these cranes and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way these cranes and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way these cranes and so on
+this may be the equivalent of three or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be the equivalent of three or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be the equivalent of three or
+four stories high these are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four stories high these are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four stories high these are really
+monster units and the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster units and the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster units and the same thing with
+the trucks the wheels on these trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trucks the wheels on these trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trucks the wheels on these trucks
+here are about six feet uh tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are about six feet uh tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are about six feet uh tall
+typically these are it's a big thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically these are it's a big thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically these are it's a big thing
+here it is it's actually operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is it's actually operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is it's actually operating
+and the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the plant
+uh so a big project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JJRijRD4l-g.txt b/JJRijRD4l-g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d3df98687c232b00525a34602c87e948bb384d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JJRijRD4l-g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all ready so at this point we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ready so at this point we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ready so at this point we have our
+rollerball demo now we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollerball demo now we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollerball demo now we would like to
+interface it with the Kinect to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface it with the Kinect to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface it with the Kinect to do this
+we're going to use the simple Kinect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the simple Kinect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the simple Kinect
+unity package it's over here so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity package it's over here so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity package it's over here so in the
+simple Kinect package there's a prefab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Kinect package there's a prefab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple Kinect package there's a prefab
+you can drag this prefab into your game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can drag this prefab into your game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can drag this prefab into your game
+and it will initiate the Kinect and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will initiate the Kinect and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will initiate the Kinect and do
+all the stuff that's required for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now when I start my game the Kinect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when I start my game the Kinect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now when I start my game the Kinect
+will turn on and it's not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn on and it's not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn on and it's not going to do
+anything yet this if I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yet this if I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything yet this if I haven't
+interfaced it so now I want my fall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaced it so now I want my fall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaced it so now I want my fall that
+we created previously to follow my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created previously to follow my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created previously to follow my right
+hand thing so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand thing so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand thing so what we're going to do is
+go into our player and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into our player and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into our player and we're going to
+add script the script then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add script the script then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add script the script then we're going
+to add is follow join you can find it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add is follow join you can find it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add is follow join you can find it in
+scripts no next up there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts no next up there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts no next up there is
+and all the drinks so let's drag it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the drinks so let's drag it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the drinks so let's drag it on
+to our player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we need to fill out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to fill out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to fill out which
+object we would like to track so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we would like to track so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we would like to track so in this
+case I'd like to follow my right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'd like to follow my right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'd like to follow my right hand
+and you can find that I have a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find that I have a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find that I have a right
+hand object here so you can drag this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand object here so you can drag this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand object here so you can drag this
+right head object into the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right head object into the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right head object into the player
+controller script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's the trapped object and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the trapped object and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the trapped object and now the
+ball should follow my right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can see it there at the scene as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it there at the scene as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it there at the scene as
+I move my hand closer to the Kinect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my hand closer to the Kinect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my hand closer to the Kinect it
+moves closer to the camera in many games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves closer to the camera in many games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves closer to the camera in many games
+this isn't what you want though so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't what you want though so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't what you want though so
+inside that follow join script there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that follow join script there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that follow join script there's
+an option to in for each axis since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option to in for each axis since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an option to in for each axis since the
+z axis is the one that goes toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z axis is the one that goes toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z axis is the one that goes toward the
+camera in this case we're gonna invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in this case we're gonna invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera in this case we're gonna invert
+the z axis so now when we click play as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z axis so now when we click play as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z axis so now when we click play as
+I move my hands forward the ball moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my hands forward the ball moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I move my hands forward the ball moves
+forward with in the world space and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with in the world space and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with in the world space and back
+left right down etc so now with my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right down etc so now with my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right down etc so now with my right
+hand I can control the ball all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I can control the ball all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I can control the ball all of the
+pickups should still work as they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickups should still work as they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pickups should still work as they did
+before and the game can still be one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the game can still be one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and the game can still be one so
+I'm getting all pickups right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just like using the mouse or arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like using the mouse or arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like using the mouse or arrow
+keys but in 3d so as you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys but in 3d so as you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys but in 3d so as you can see that
+still works so now this thing we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works so now this thing we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still works so now this thing we want to
+track something other than our right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track something other than our right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track something other than our right
+hand you can adjust this in the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you can adjust this in the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand you can adjust this in the moving
+object parent so I have a detect joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object parent so I have a detect joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object parent so I have a detect joint
+script attached to here and this has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script attached to here and this has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script attached to here and this has a
+track joint option you can change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track joint option you can change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track joint option you can change this
+to be any joint you like so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any joint you like so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be any joint you like so let's say I
+want to do my left hand I'll select the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do my left hand I'll select the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do my left hand I'll select the
+hand left object which is somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand left object which is somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand left object which is somewhere
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then for the stage of making things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the stage of making things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the stage of making things
+make sense rename my object to left-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense rename my object to left-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense rename my object to left-hand
+object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now that this is called left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that this is called left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that this is called left hand
+object we want to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we want to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object we want to make sure that the
+object attached to the player controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object attached to the player controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object attached to the player controller
+follow joint is indeed the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow joint is indeed the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow joint is indeed the left hand
+object as visible right here so now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object as visible right here so now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object as visible right here so now when
+I click play you should follow my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I click play you should follow my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I click play you should follow my left
+hand not my right hand thing there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand not my right hand thing there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand not my right hand thing there is
+and so I can move my left hand forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can move my left hand forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I can move my left hand forward
+left right up down etc so now let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right up down etc so now let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left right up down etc so now let's say
+we want to track multiple joints at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to track multiple joints at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to track multiple joints at the
+same time this whole moving objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time this whole moving objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time this whole moving objects
+parent part can be duplicated so ctrl D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent part can be duplicated so ctrl D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent part can be duplicated so ctrl D
+or command D to duplicate and we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or command D to duplicate and we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or command D to duplicate and we can now
+create a left hand object and a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a left hand object and a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a left hand object and a right
+hand object so let's go back to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand object so let's go back to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand object so let's go back to being
+hand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to add another spear to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to add another spear to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to add another spear to my
+scene in order to have another object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in order to have another object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in order to have another object
+for my began so let's create a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my began so let's create a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my began so let's create a sphere
+and then I'm going to make it so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to make it so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to make it so my
+right hand follows this one since my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand follows this one since my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand follows this one since my
+left had already follows the plate so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left had already follows the plate so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left had already follows the plate so in
+connect stuff all the joint directing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect stuff all the joint directing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect stuff all the joint directing
+right onto that sphere okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right onto that sphere okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right onto that sphere okay so now I
+want this to fall on my right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to fall on my right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to fall on my right hand
+object so I'm going to drag that in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so I'm going to drag that in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so I'm going to drag that in as
+my track joint and now that sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my track joint and now that sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my track joint and now that sphere
+should follow my right hip all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should follow my right hip all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should follow my right hip all the other
+fall as my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I didn't set the emperor option on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't set the emperor option on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't set the emperor option on
+that window so as I'm going forward they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window so as I'm going forward they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that window so as I'm going forward they
+each go in opposite directions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each go in opposite directions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each go in opposite directions but
+otherwise left and right work as you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise left and right work as you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise left and right work as you'd
+expect and up and down so let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and up and down so let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and up and down so let's say I
+want to trap a different toy like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trap a different toy like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to trap a different toy like let's
+make my left hand object be my hat we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my left hand object be my hat we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my left hand object be my hat we'll
+go to that moving off your parent change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that moving off your parent change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to that moving off your parent change
+it to pet here let's rename this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now my right hand controls the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my right hand controls the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now my right hand controls the sphere
+that we just added in my head controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just added in my head controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just added in my head controls
+the player so where is my right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player so where is my right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player so where is my right hand
+there's my right hand where's my head we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my right hand where's my head we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my right hand where's my head we
+see it making it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here
+you can see it up on the scene here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it up on the scene here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it up on the scene here I'm
+struggling to get bearings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I never set ever taxes that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I never set ever taxes that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I never set ever taxes that would
+explain that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was on player right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it was not it was on the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I can't arrange myself in world space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can't arrange myself in world space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can't arrange myself in world space
+there is so as I'm going to my head left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so as I'm going to my head left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so as I'm going to my head left
+and right up and down in my hand they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right up and down in my hand they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right up and down in my hand they
+all go properly each objects because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go properly each objects because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all go properly each objects because
+this chain can be addressed by other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chain can be addressed by other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chain can be addressed by other
+objects and so this is how you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so this is how you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so this is how you can
+gather your data to use however you like
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JNsNgXKFgdo.txt b/JNsNgXKFgdo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52b1294b546a14fd1a15924a8d42e2cc861e3409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JNsNgXKFgdo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to use this applet amplitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use this applet amplitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to use this applet amplitude and
+phase first order to show you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase first order to show you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase first order to show you some of
+the functionalities that are common to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functionalities that are common to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functionalities that are common to
+the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT
+mathletes first of all if your browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathletes first of all if your browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathletes first of all if your browser
+window looks like this so that the label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window looks like this so that the label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window looks like this so that the label
+at the top is too large or like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top is too large or like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top is too large or like this so
+that it's missing some of the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's missing some of the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's missing some of the window
+it's because you have the zoom on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you have the zoom on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because you have the zoom on your
+browser set wrong and you can adjust it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser set wrong and you can adjust it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser set wrong and you can adjust it
+with command or control plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with command or control plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with command or control plus or minus
+keys so that it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so that it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys so that it looks
+correct so let's see what we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so let's see what we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so let's see what we have in
+this applet at the top you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applet at the top you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this applet at the top you can see the
+differential equation that the applet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that the applet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation that the applet
+deals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals
+with this differential equation models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this differential equation models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this differential equation models
+many different physical phenomena and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different physical phenomena and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different physical phenomena and
+the story I want to tell you involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story I want to tell you involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story I want to tell you involves
+the ocean measured by this blue level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean measured by this blue level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean measured by this blue level
+here connected to a Bay by this Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here connected to a Bay by this Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here connected to a Bay by this Channel
+and here's the water a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the water a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the water a measure of the
+water level in the bay as time goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water level in the bay as time goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water level in the bay as time goes on
+the level in the water of of water in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level in the water of of water in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level in the water of of water in
+the ocean changes because of tides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean changes because of tides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean changes because of tides and
+the water level in the bay follows suit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water level in the bay follows suit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water level in the bay follows suit
+uh mediated by a slanting level in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mediated by a slanting level in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mediated by a slanting level in the
+channel I'm dragging this time slider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel I'm dragging this time slider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel I'm dragging this time slider
+under the graphing window and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the graphing window and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the graphing window and you can
+set it wherever you want in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it wherever you want in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it wherever you want in fact if you
+want to set it ex exactly 12 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set it ex exactly 12 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to set it ex exactly 12 because
+there's a hashm Mark here I can click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hashm Mark here I can click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a hashm Mark here I can click on
+this 12 and the time Slaughter moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 12 and the time Slaughter moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 12 and the time Slaughter moves to
+that point or you can return time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point or you can return time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point or you can return time to
+time Zero by this Arrow key and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Zero by this Arrow key and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Zero by this Arrow key and then
+animate by pushing this double right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate by pushing this double right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate by pushing this double right
+arrow key and watch the tide move up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down there's very carefully designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there's very carefully designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there's very carefully designed
+color coding in all of these applets uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color coding in all of these applets uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color coding in all of these applets uh
+in this case blue represents the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case blue represents the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case blue represents the ocean
+and you can see that it also represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it also represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that it also represents
+the curve traced out by the height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve traced out by the height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve traced out by the height of
+the ocean As Time increases and yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean As Time increases and yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean As Time increases and yellow
+represents the water level in the bay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the water level in the bay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the water level in the bay
+when I drag the cursor over uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I drag the cursor over uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I drag the cursor over uh this
+graphing window you can see a Crosshair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing window you can see a Crosshair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphing window you can see a Crosshair
+forming and below the window you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and below the window you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming and below the window you can see
+a readout of time and the X variable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout of time and the X variable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a readout of time and the X variable the
+vertical Direction you can use this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Direction you can use this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical Direction you can use this to
+make measurements for example I can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make measurements for example I can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make measurements for example I can see
+that the tide in the bay seems to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tide in the bay seems to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tide in the bay seems to have
+maximal um height of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal um height of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal um height of
+0.38 in many of these Outlets you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.38 in many of these Outlets you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.38 in many of these Outlets you can
+make measurements by using a rollover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make measurements by using a rollover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make measurements by using a rollover
+over the graphing window let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the graphing window let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the graphing window let's see what
+else we have in this applet down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we have in this applet down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else we have in this applet down here
+there's a slider marked K this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slider marked K this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slider marked K this is the
+coupling constant it reflects the width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constant it reflects the width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling constant it reflects the width
+of the channel in the story that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel in the story that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel in the story that I'm
+telling you when K is small the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you when K is small the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you when K is small the channel
+is very narrow and the ocean level has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very narrow and the ocean level has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very narrow and the ocean level has
+very little effect on the water level in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little effect on the water level in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little effect on the water level in
+the bay in fact when K is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bay in fact when K is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bay in fact when K is equal to zero
+it has no effect at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no effect at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no effect at
+all on the other hand when k becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on the other hand when k becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on the other hand when k becomes
+larger the water level in the bay tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the water level in the bay tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the water level in the bay tracks
+the ocean water level very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean water level very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ocean water level very
+closely let's set K to one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely let's set K to one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely let's set K to one here and
+think about another thing you can vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about another thing you can vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about another thing you can vary
+in reality you can't change the period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality you can't change the period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality you can't change the period
+of the tides even King Cano couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tides even King Cano couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the tides even King Cano couldn't do
+that but here in this tool we can and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but here in this tool we can and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but here in this tool we can and I
+can vary the circular frequency of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary the circular frequency of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary the circular frequency of this
+tidal input signal by changing the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidal input signal by changing the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tidal input signal by changing the Omega
+slider over here on the right I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider over here on the right I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slider over here on the right I can make
+it small and so the period is very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it small and so the period is very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it small and so the period is very long
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+larger and make the tides happen faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and make the tides happen faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and make the tides happen faster
+so we can animate this again you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can animate this again you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can animate this again you can see
+things happen faster the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen faster the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen faster the curve is
+Tighter and the effect is different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter and the effect is different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tighter and the effect is different in
+fact if we watch what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we watch what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if we watch what happens when I
+move Omega from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Omega from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move Omega from one
+down to a smaller number you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a smaller number you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to a smaller number you can see the
+maximum height of the tide changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum height of the tide changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum height of the tide changes
+there's a the amplitude of the tide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a the amplitude of the tide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a the amplitude of the tide
+changes it's it depends upon Omega in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes it's it depends upon Omega in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes it's it depends upon Omega in
+fact one of the nice things about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of the nice things about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact one of the nice things about these
+systems is that if you have a sinusoidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that if you have a sinusoidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems is that if you have a sinusoidal
+input as we do here this blue curve then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input as we do here this blue curve then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input as we do here this blue curve then
+the output signal is also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output signal is also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output signal is also going to be
+sinusoidal and of the same frequency so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and of the same frequency so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoidal and of the same frequency so
+there's only two things we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two things we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only two things we need to know
+about the uh output here this yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh output here this yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh output here this yellow
+signal namely the amplitude and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal namely the amplitude and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal namely the amplitude and the
+phase lag behind the input signal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lag behind the input signal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lag behind the input signal the
+blue curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve
+and those two quantities can be measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two quantities can be measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two quantities can be measured
+uh can be graphed against the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be graphed against the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be graphed against the input
+frequency and we can see those graphs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we can see those graphs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and we can see those graphs by
+clicking on this checkbox called bod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on this checkbox called bod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicking on this checkbox called bod
+plots down here so this opens two new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots down here so this opens two new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots down here so this opens two new
+windows the upper One records the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows the upper One records the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows the upper One records the
+amplitude as a function of the Circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of the Circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude as a function of the Circuit
+of the angular input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the angular input
+frequency and the lower One records the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the lower One records the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and the lower One records the
+number of degrees behind the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees behind the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of degrees behind the input
+frequency that the bay Falls so as Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that the bay Falls so as Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that the bay Falls so as Omega
+changes you can see all of these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you can see all of these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes you can see all of these various
+things changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changing
+simultaneously this is a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously this is a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously this is a characteristic
+feature of these applets the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of these applets the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of these applets the same
+information is recorded in several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is recorded in several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is recorded in several
+different places uh and always uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places uh and always uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places uh and always uh
+connected uh uh visually by placement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected uh uh visually by placement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected uh uh visually by placement so
+you can see the amplitude is 71 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the amplitude is 71 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the amplitude is 71 here
+this yellow horizontal line connect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yellow horizontal line connect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yellow horizontal line connect it
+with the Maxima of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Maxima of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Maxima of the output
+curve and also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and also by
+color what else do we see here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what else do we see here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color what else do we see here there's a
+red uh line segment here on this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh line segment here on this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red uh line segment here on this curve
+which I can make a little bit bigger if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can make a little bit bigger if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I can make a little bit bigger if
+I if I decrease the k a bit and decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I decrease the k a bit and decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if I decrease the k a bit and decrease
+the frequency a little bit what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency a little bit what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency a little bit what is this
+red curve here this red line here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red curve here this red line here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red curve here this red line here well
+it connects to this vertical strut which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to this vertical strut which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it connects to this vertical strut which
+goes up to the maximum of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to the maximum of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up to the maximum of the output
+curve and it begins at the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and it begins at the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and it begins at the maximum of
+the input curve in other words it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input curve in other words it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input curve in other words it's the
+amount of time that the output falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time that the output falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of time that the output falls
+behind the input it's the time lag and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the input it's the time lag and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the input it's the time lag and
+that time lag is recorded numerically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time lag is recorded numerically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time lag is recorded numerically
+down here it's 1.96 in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here it's 1.96 in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here it's 1.96 in this
+example there's one more check box to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's one more check box to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there's one more check box to
+explore called Nyquist plot here let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore called Nyquist plot here let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore called Nyquist plot here let's
+click it and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click it and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click it and see what
+happens this opens a window at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this opens a window at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens this opens a window at the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+here which records a complex number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which records a complex number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which records a complex number that
+complex number contains an a magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number contains an a magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number contains an a magnitude
+and an angle and those the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an angle and those the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an angle and those the magnitude is
+the amplitude of the system response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the system response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the system response and
+the angle represents the phase lag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle represents the phase lag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle represents the phase lag of
+the system response you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system response you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system response you can see these
+things changing together when I move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changing together when I move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changing together when I move the
+Omega slider here watch both the Cur the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega slider here watch both the Cur the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega slider here watch both the Cur the
+windows above the slider and the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows above the slider and the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows above the slider and the window
+below the slider and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the slider and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the slider and you can see that
+they change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change
+together this bottom representation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this bottom representation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this bottom representation is a
+complex number is very useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is very useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number is very useful in
+understanding the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the relationship between
+phase lag and amplitude and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lag and amplitude and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase lag and amplitude and it also
+represents the way we solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the way we solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the way we solve these
+differential equations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations in the
+differential equations course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations course at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations course at
+MIT this is just a a beginning an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT this is just a a beginning an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT this is just a a beginning an
+indication of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of some of the
+functionalities of these MIT athlets if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalities of these MIT athlets if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalities of these MIT athlets if
+you want to see a list of them that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see a list of them that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to see a list of them that are
+associated any one of the applets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated any one of the applets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated any one of the applets
+there's always a help key in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a help key in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a help key in the upper
+right hand corner which will open a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner which will open a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand corner which will open a page
+that simply describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simply describes the
+functionalities present in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalities present in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalities present in that
+particular applet so have fun with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular applet so have fun with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular applet so have fun with these
+you can play around with them you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play around with them you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play around with them you can't
+break anything by clicking but clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break anything by clicking but clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break anything by clicking but clicking
+buttons and experimenting with rollovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons and experimenting with rollovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons and experimenting with rollovers
+and moving sliders
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Ji9rC9nGAlQ.txt b/Ji9rC9nGAlQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4927d62ae0790ecd3763cdf4c4b13b9e6d0c60f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Ji9rC9nGAlQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait just one
+second oh no it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right since there are new people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since there are new people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since there are new people in the
+class I thought it might be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I thought it might be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I thought it might be useful for
+me quickly to go over some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me quickly to go over some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me quickly to go over some of the
+Preparatory material that I gave you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Preparatory material that I gave you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Preparatory material that I gave you at
+the begin gave the class at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the begin gave the class at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the begin gave the class at the
+beginning of last week what I did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of last week what I did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of last week what I did in
+addition to uh a good deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to uh a good deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to uh a good deal of
+preparation that you already familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation that you already familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation that you already familiar
+with present 208 or the beginnings of 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with present 208 or the beginnings of 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with present 208 or the beginnings of 28
+topics on the nature of creativity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics on the nature of creativity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics on the nature of creativity that
+being the focus of the seminar so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the focus of the seminar so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the focus of the seminar so I'll
+go very quickly over the ones I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very quickly over the ones I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go very quickly over the ones I talked
+about last time they'll all be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time they'll all be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last time they'll all be coming
+back in for further analysis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in for further analysis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in for further analysis and
+clarification so it doesn't matter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification so it doesn't matter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification so it doesn't matter that
+um I'm sure changing you uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sure changing you uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sure changing you uh this
+time after I fin the totality of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after I fin the totality of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time after I fin the totality of them
+we'll take a break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take a break and
+then uh Joe Blaine here we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh Joe Blaine here we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh Joe Blaine here we'll
+give this week's reading and we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this week's reading and we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this week's reading and we can have
+a free discussion along any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free discussion along any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free discussion along any
+lines that she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+determines the first topic was the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the first topic was the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the first topic was the the
+idea of the Artist as an isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the Artist as an isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the Artist as an isolated
+individual living in a Garrett and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual living in a Garrett and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual living in a Garrett and
+living a life different from ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living a life different from ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living a life different from ordinary
+people sometimes very bizarre individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes very bizarre individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sometimes very bizarre individual
+uh and I use Beethoven as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I use Beethoven as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I use Beethoven as an example
+Beethoven suffered from deafness but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven suffered from deafness but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beethoven suffered from deafness but he
+was also a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a very
+um difficult person but ALS and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficult person but ALS and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difficult person but ALS and very
+aloof person in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloof person in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aloof person in many
+ways the second example was a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the second example was a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways the second example was a different
+kind of creative artist uh exemplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of creative artist uh exemplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of creative artist uh exemplified
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+motsart about whom some people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motsart about whom some people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motsart about whom some people thought
+that he did never made any changes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did never made any changes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he did never made any changes it
+was as if um his manuscripts that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as if um his manuscripts that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was as if um his manuscripts that were
+very clean uh were the result of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean uh were the result of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clean uh were the result of his
+taking dictation from God that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking dictation from God that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking dictation from God that comes out
+in the play and movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the play and movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the play and movie
+amadas uh the third is the concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amadas uh the third is the concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amadas uh the third is the concept that
+is developed in an encycl opedia work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is developed in an encycl opedia work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is developed in an encycl opedia work
+encyclopedic work by a very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedic work by a very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedic work by a very famous
+novelist and essayist named uh Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelist and essayist named uh Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelist and essayist named uh Arthur
+Kesler the title of the book is the act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kesler the title of the book is the act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kesler the title of the book is the act
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+creation and the concept is the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation and the concept is the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation and the concept is the notion
+of bisociation bisociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bisociation bisociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bisociation bisociation
+being the juncture of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the juncture of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the juncture of two different
+matrices in an unexpected way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in an unexpected way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices in an unexpected way that
+that's what looks to us like a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what looks to us like a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what looks to us like a creative
+act and Kesler arcs argues that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act and Kesler arcs argues that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act and Kesler arcs argues that as a
+matter of fact all the examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact all the examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact all the examples of
+creativity in different fields and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in different fields and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in different fields and in
+life as as a whole can be can be shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as as a whole can be can be shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life as as a whole can be can be shown
+to be uh the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be uh the result of
+dissociation uh the next idea is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation uh the next idea is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation uh the next idea is uh the
+unconscious in its role in human life uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious in its role in human life uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious in its role in human life uh
+containing the basis of all creat ity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the basis of all creat ity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing the basis of all creat ity
+partly because the unconscious is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because the unconscious is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because the unconscious is highly
+unstructured uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstructured uh and
+unpredictable U possibly as Kesler would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable U possibly as Kesler would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable U possibly as Kesler would
+say because it inherently involves um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because it inherently involves um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say because it inherently involves um a
+bisociation and that looks to us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisociation and that looks to us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisociation and that looks to us uh
+absurd very very strange uh and yet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd very very strange uh and yet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absurd very very strange uh and yet is
+also the basis of creativity related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the basis of creativity related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the basis of creativity related
+related to that is the idea that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that is the idea that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that is the idea that um
+it's not just the unconscious but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the unconscious but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just the unconscious but it's
+dreaming in the unconscious which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming in the unconscious which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreaming in the unconscious which is the
+clue and basis of of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+creativity uh in relation to Dreaming I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in relation to Dreaming I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh in relation to Dreaming I
+gave the example of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the example of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the example of the uh
+chemist whose name I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist whose name I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist whose name I think I
+misrepresented it's actually keray who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresented it's actually keray who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misrepresented it's actually keray who
+uh fell asleep in in front of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fell asleep in in front of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fell asleep in in front of the the
+fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire
+and dreamt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreamt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dreamt
+about the uh about a serpent broken up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh about a serpent broken up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the uh about a serpent broken up
+into into its parts that finally came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into its parts that finally came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into its parts that finally came
+together and um ended up with the tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and um ended up with the tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and um ended up with the tail
+in the mouth of the Circ Serpent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouth of the Circ Serpent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mouth of the Circ Serpent and
+when te awoke he had the answer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when te awoke he had the answer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when te awoke he had the answer to a
+problem he' had been working on which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he' had been working on which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem he' had been working on which is
+the molecular structure of the Benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular structure of the Benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecular structure of the Benzene
+of benzene uh I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene uh I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of benzene uh I have
+here something that I didn't read then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something that I didn't read then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something that I didn't read then
+but I would like to read it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would like to read it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would like to read it to you
+now which presents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which presents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now which presents
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um better than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+had K himself describes this experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had K himself describes this experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had K himself describes this experience
+as follows I turned my chair to the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows I turned my chair to the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows I turned my chair to the fire
+and dozed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again no there must be something earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again no there must be something earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again no there must be something earlier
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well the this quotation begins with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well the this quotation begins with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well the this quotation begins with
+that again the atoms were gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again the atoms were gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again the atoms were gambling
+before my eyes my mental eye could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my eyes my mental eye could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my eyes my mental eye could
+distinguish larger structures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish larger structures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish larger structures of
+manifold confirmation long rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold confirmation long rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold confirmation long rows
+sometimes more closely fitted together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more closely fitted together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes more closely fitted together
+all all Twining and twisting in snake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all Twining and twisting in snake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all all Twining and twisting in snake
+like motion but look what was that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like motion but look what was that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like motion but look what was that one
+of the snakes had seized hold of its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the snakes had seized hold of its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the snakes had seized hold of its own
+tail and the form Whirled mockingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and the form Whirled mockingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail and the form Whirled mockingly
+before my eyes as if by a flash of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my eyes as if by a flash of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before my eyes as if by a flash of
+lightning I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightning I
+awoke unquote and then the author says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awoke unquote and then the author says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awoke unquote and then the author says
+this Vision was the origin of his hunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vision was the origin of his hunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vision was the origin of his hunch
+that the Benzene molec molecule might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Benzene molec molecule might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Benzene molec molecule might be
+a ring a hunch to turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring a hunch to turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring a hunch to turned out to be
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prior to this experience kulle had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to this experience kulle had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to this experience kulle had
+assumed that all organic molecules are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that all organic molecules are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that all organic molecules are
+based on strings of carbon atoms he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on strings of carbon atoms he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on strings of carbon atoms he had
+produced a string theory some years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a string theory some years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced a string theory some years
+earlier but for Benzene the Val
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but for Benzene the Val
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but for Benzene the Val
+valencies of the constituent atoms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valencies of the constituent atoms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valencies of the constituent atoms uh
+did not fit now that whole experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not fit now that whole experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not fit now that whole experience is
+thought to be exemplification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be exemplification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to be exemplification of
+creativity as it sometimes happens uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity as it sometimes happens uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity as it sometimes happens uh in
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+incidentally note that though those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally note that though those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally note that though those were
+here last time my representation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last time my representation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here last time my representation was
+sort of roughly correct but largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of roughly correct but largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of roughly correct but largely
+mistaken I was acting talking from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken I was acting talking from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistaken I was acting talking from
+memory and you have to be prepared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you have to be prepared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and you have to be prepared for
+the fact that in my attempt to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in my attempt to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in my attempt to be
+spontaneous in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous in the
+class uh I will make mistakes of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh I will make mistakes of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh I will make mistakes of that
+sort the um reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the um reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort the um reason for that
+spontaneity uh I went into it great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity uh I went into it great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity uh I went into it great
+length last time which was that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length last time which was that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length last time which was that that
+it's my attempt to be creative in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my attempt to be creative in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's my attempt to be creative in the
+process of running the class uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of running the class uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of running the class uh to
+illustrate that I indicated that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that I indicated that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate that I indicated that I was
+not a born teacher a teacher being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a born teacher a teacher being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a born teacher a teacher being
+somebody who was schooled and seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was schooled and seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who was schooled and seeing
+into what another person pupil a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what another person pupil a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what another person pupil a child
+in in primary school for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in primary school for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in primary school for instance
+requires at that person's stage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires at that person's stage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires at that person's stage of
+development uh whereas the kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh whereas the kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development uh whereas the kind of uh
+instructor that I am it's closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor that I am it's closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor that I am it's closer to
+being a per pering artist in which he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a per pering artist in which he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a per pering artist in which he is
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+create a uh something a work of art out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a uh something a work of art out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a uh something a work of art out
+of himself out of his own experience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of himself out of his own experience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of himself out of his own experience so
+that it uh as um Tyler was saying um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it uh as um Tyler was saying um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it uh as um Tyler was saying um he
+is a singer and it was his interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a singer and it was his interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a singer and it was his interest in
+creativity in the Performing Arts I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in the Performing Arts I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity in the Performing Arts I am
+too but um because I think of myself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but um because I think of myself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too but um because I think of myself as
+a cognitive artist certainly not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cognitive artist certainly not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cognitive artist certainly not a
+scientist and not a teacher of the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and not a teacher of the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and not a teacher of the sort
+that uh a teacher in school would be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a teacher in school would be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh a teacher in school would be it
+isn't as if I have a body of wisdom or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as if I have a body of wisdom or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't as if I have a body of wisdom or
+of anything else to impart all I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything else to impart all I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of anything else to impart all I can do
+is Express uh a certain view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Express uh a certain view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Express uh a certain view of the
+world which comes out of me but is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which comes out of me but is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world which comes out of me but is based
+on a great deal of training in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a great deal of training in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a great deal of training in
+philosophy so it it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so it it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy so it it has to be
+categorized as a philosophical view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized as a philosophical view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized as a philosophical view of
+the world it's not empirical it's not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's not empirical it's not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's not empirical it's not uh
+mathematical it's not based on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical it's not based on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical it's not based on uh
+abstract thinking of of the sort that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thinking of of the sort that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract thinking of of the sort that
+goes into logic it's an expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into logic it's an expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into logic it's an expression of
+the world I've lived in from my point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world I've lived in from my point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world I've lived in from my point of
+view in relation to the complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in relation to the complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view in relation to the complexity of
+that world and at a level of abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world and at a level of abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world and at a level of abstraction
+which is pertinent to dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pertinent to dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pertinent to dealing with the
+concepts that I manipulate to express my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that I manipulate to express my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that I manipulate to express my
+view of the world but it those concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the world but it those concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of the world but it those concepts
+are not totally abstract as they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not totally abstract as they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not totally abstract as they would
+be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in
+mathematics uh and therefore they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh and therefore they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics uh and therefore they're
+closer to that of a Performing Artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to that of a Performing Artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to that of a Performing Artist
+than they are to a te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are to a te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are to a te
+incidentally one thing I didn't mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally one thing I didn't mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally one thing I didn't mention
+last time but I was going to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but I was going to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time but I was going to get to
+today is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is that um
+mathematics is Al is abstract but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is Al is abstract but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics is Al is abstract but it
+also can be a work of art it's a work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can be a work of art it's a work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also can be a work of art it's a work of
+art uh in as much as the abstract of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh in as much as the abstract of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art uh in as much as the abstract of the
+elements that go into it uh are capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that go into it uh are capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements that go into it uh are capable
+of creating uh properties of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating uh properties of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of creating uh properties of what the
+mathematicians call Elegance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians call Elegance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians call Elegance or
+beautiful or even aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful or even aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful or even aesthetic
+and I may possibly have quoted from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I may possibly have quoted from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I may possibly have quoted from uh
+GH Hardy's book uh the a mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GH Hardy's book uh the a mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GH Hardy's book uh the a mathematicians
+apology and I don't know do any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology and I don't know do any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apology and I don't know do any of you
+know that on the last page of it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that on the last page of it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that on the last page of it he
+distinguishes between pure mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between pure mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes between pure mathematics
+and useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and useful
+mathematics disension that I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics disension that I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics disension that I'm sure
+you're familiar with and he says of pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with and he says of pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're familiar with and he says of pure
+mathematics if it can be justified at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics if it can be justified at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics if it can be justified at
+all it must must be as a work of art so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it must must be as a work of art so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it must must be as a work of art so
+that pure mathematics turns out uh to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pure mathematics turns out uh to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pure mathematics turns out uh to be
+uh a function of Art in the way that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a function of Art in the way that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a function of Art in the way that my
+cognitive but not mathematical uh work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive but not mathematical uh work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive but not mathematical uh work
+also is as far as I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is as far as I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also is as far as I can
+tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this this comes out very clearly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this comes out very clearly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this this comes out very clearly in
+the book that I asked you to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book that I asked you to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book that I asked you to read
+starter today in which uh questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter today in which uh questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starter today in which uh questions
+about creativity are approached from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creativity are approached from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about creativity are approached from the
+point of view of certain affective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of certain affective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of certain affective
+dimensions and certain uh activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and certain uh activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and certain uh activities
+that belong to the humanities more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the humanities more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that belong to the humanities more than
+the sciences and have been neglected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sciences and have been neglected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sciences and have been neglected by
+the cognitive Revolution that has done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive Revolution that has done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cognitive Revolution that has done
+such excellent work up to the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such excellent work up to the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such excellent work up to the present
+but I think can be Amplified by a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think can be Amplified by a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think can be Amplified by a new
+approach and it's this new approach via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and it's this new approach via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and it's this new approach via
+uh cognitive analysis of non-cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cognitive analysis of non-cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cognitive analysis of non-cognitive
+activities like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities like the
+imagination uh being used to supplement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh being used to supplement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh being used to supplement
+the work in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work in cognitive
+science and the reason I think get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and the reason I think get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and the reason I think get the
+reason I feel this might work is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I feel this might work is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I feel this might work is because
+it's through the combination between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through the combination between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's through the combination between the
+affective and the cognitive uh that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective and the cognitive uh that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affective and the cognitive uh that one
+might be able to explain the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to explain the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to explain the nature of
+creativity so that remains our dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity so that remains our dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity so that remains our dominant
+theme but bringing in the affective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme but bringing in the affective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme but bringing in the affective and
+trying to see how it harmonizes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see how it harmonizes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see how it harmonizes with the
+cognitive can be a very useful way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive can be a very useful way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive can be a very useful way of
+pursuing uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing uh that
+investigation uh last time I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation uh last time I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation uh last time I went
+through the history of the idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the history of the idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the history of the idea the
+ideas I've had over a period of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I've had over a period of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I've had over a period of many
+years about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years about the nature of
+imagination I'll spare you that but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I'll spare you that but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination I'll spare you that but uh I
+do want to take this opportunity to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to take this opportunity to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to take this opportunity to um
+clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify
+procedure that I was following last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that I was following last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that I was following last time
+I've since then looked at the videotape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've since then looked at the videotape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've since then looked at the videotape
+of that was being made for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was being made for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was being made for open
+courseware and I was struck by how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and I was struck by how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and I was struck by how often
+I talk about myself about my ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about myself about my ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I talk about myself about my ideas and
+my development and uh that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my development and uh that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my development and uh that isn't
+necessarily bad uh I know that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily bad uh I know that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily bad uh I know that people
+who um report about meeting James Joyce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um report about meeting James Joyce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who um report about meeting James Joyce
+uh the great writer said it was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great writer said it was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great writer said it was always
+his world it was always his imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his world it was always his imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his world it was always his imagination
+that he would explain the nature of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would explain the nature of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he would explain the nature of our
+conversation uh and uh one might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation uh and uh one might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation uh and uh one might think
+well he's egocentric he's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he's egocentric he's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he's egocentric he's only
+interested in himself that might be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in himself that might be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in himself that might be true
+it might be true of him might be true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be true of him might be true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be true of him might be true of
+me it might be true of anybody um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it might be true of anybody um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it might be true of anybody um but
+the point about an artist is an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about an artist is an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point about an artist is an artist
+if he's trying to be creative has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's trying to be creative has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's trying to be creative has to
+live in accordance with his own mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in accordance with his own mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in accordance with his own mission
+with his own vision of the world with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his own vision of the world with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his own vision of the world with
+his own development what he has learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own development what he has learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own development what he has learned
+how to put into his start how he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to put into his start how he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to put into his start how he's
+learned from criticism how to modify uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from criticism how to modify uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from criticism how to modify uh
+his perceptions of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his perceptions of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his perceptions of that uh
+self-centeredness annoying as May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-centeredness annoying as May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-centeredness annoying as May
+sometimes be uh is somehow related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be uh is somehow related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes be uh is somehow related
+especially I think to the creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially I think to the creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially I think to the creativity in
+art now that doesn't mean that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art now that doesn't mean that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art now that doesn't mean that someone
+like me should not be aware of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me should not be aware of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like me should not be aware of the fact
+that you are fellow human beings with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are fellow human beings with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you are fellow human beings with
+ideas in a world and a mission and a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in a world and a mission and a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in a world and a mission and a and
+a vision of your own on the contrary I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vision of your own on the contrary I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vision of your own on the contrary I
+want to make contact with that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make contact with that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make contact with that that's
+one reason why I'm not reading lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why I'm not reading lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why I'm not reading lecture
+notes or reading a manuscript at you U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes or reading a manuscript at you U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes or reading a manuscript at you U
+I'm looking at you and through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at you and through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking at you and through your
+involvement through seeing what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement through seeing what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involvement through seeing what's going
+on in your mind as I talked um I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your mind as I talked um I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in your mind as I talked um I hope to
+be able to arouse your uh desire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to arouse your uh desire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to arouse your uh desire to
+develop in relation to whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in relation to whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop in relation to whatever it is
+that you can get get out of me but being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get get out of me but being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can get get out of me but being
+a Performing Artist all I can do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Performing Artist all I can do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Performing Artist all I can do is to
+make my mind con set the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my mind con set the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my mind con set the level of the
+art that I'm dealing with rather than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that I'm dealing with rather than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art that I'm dealing with rather than uh
+my paintings or my musical compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paintings or my musical compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my paintings or my musical compositions
+um available to you in any way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um available to you in any way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um available to you in any way that you
+want and if you find well it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and if you find well it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and if you find well it's not that
+interesting well then don't worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well then don't worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting well then don't worry about
+it but uh you're likely to get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh you're likely to get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but uh you're likely to get something
+out of it and what you should then do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and what you should then do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and what you should then do is
+pursue it from your own point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue it from your own point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue it from your own point of view
+and the structure of this course above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure of this course above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the structure of this course above
+all uh facilitates that because most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh facilitates that because most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh facilitates that because most of
+the course will be devoted to your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course will be devoted to your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course will be devoted to your uh
+presentation and development of your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and development of your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and development of your own
+original or not or creative ideas on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original or not or creative ideas on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original or not or creative ideas on the
+basis of your own expertise so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of your own expertise so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis of your own expertise so there
+isn't an assignment that everybody has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an assignment that everybody has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an assignment that everybody has
+to fulfill we'll all start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fulfill we'll all start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fulfill we'll all start with some
+point of unity which um is the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of unity which um is the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of unity which um is the book
+feeling and Imagination that is assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination that is assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and Imagination that is assigned
+but your use of it it will be up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your use of it it will be up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your use of it it will be up to you
+and then you're getting Beyond it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're getting Beyond it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're getting Beyond it in
+your own um papers and writings will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own um papers and writings will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own um papers and writings will
+take you into totally different fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you into totally different fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you into totally different fields
+again with the concept of creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the concept of creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the concept of creation and
+the nature of creativity as as the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of creativity as as the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of creativity as as the basis
+of what we're all doing together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're all doing together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we're all doing together and
+we'll do it together you see so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it together you see so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do it together you see so that
+it's a communal activity uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a communal activity uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a communal activity uh and
+therefore is different from the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is different from the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is different from the kind of
+art of an isolated uh writer like James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art of an isolated uh writer like James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art of an isolated uh writer like James
+Joyce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joyce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joyce
+uh in the case of someone like James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of someone like James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the case of someone like James
+Joyce who has received more attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joyce who has received more attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joyce who has received more attention
+than almost any other writer in the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than almost any other writer in the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than almost any other writer in the of
+the 20th century he had to die first to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century he had to die first to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century he had to die first to
+get that Community it's a community of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that Community it's a community of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that Community it's a community of
+commentators critics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators critics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators critics
+uh in view of his last work finigan wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in view of his last work finigan wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in view of his last work finigan wake
+which goes beyond the English language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes beyond the English language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which goes beyond the English language
+interpreters uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreters uh and
+translations um this year 2004 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations um this year 2004 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations um this year 2004 is the
+centen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centen
+of blooms day which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blooms day which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of blooms day which is
+uh um which occurs in on June 14th I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um which occurs in on June 14th I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um which occurs in on June 14th I
+think it is uh uh 194 so this Centenary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is uh uh 194 so this Centenary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it is uh uh 194 so this Centenary
+will be June 14th of 2004 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be June 14th of 2004 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be June 14th of 2004 and that
+involves worldwide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves worldwide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves worldwide
+celebrations about in view of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrations about in view of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrations about in view of uh the
+importance of the book ulyses uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the book ulyses uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of the book ulyses uh in
+which Leopold Bloom is main character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Leopold Bloom is main character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Leopold Bloom is main character
+and everything happens on one day which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything happens on one day which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything happens on one day which
+is June 14th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is June 14th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is June 14th of
+194 and so that's been his been named by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 and so that's been his been named by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+194 and so that's been his been named by
+the followers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the followers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the followers and
+devotees uh of uh Joyce and the Joyce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotees uh of uh Joyce and the Joyce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devotees uh of uh Joyce and the Joyce
+society which includes thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society which includes thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society which includes thousands of
+people as a day of Celebration all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as a day of Celebration all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as a day of Celebration all
+around the world now that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world now that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world now that's the
+community that Joyce was able to attain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that Joyce was able to attain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that Joyce was able to attain
+even if he was self-centered uh as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if he was self-centered uh as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if he was self-centered uh as an
+isolated artist while he was alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated artist while he was alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated artist while he was alive
+now the advantage of teaching or uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the advantage of teaching or uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the advantage of teaching or uh and
+being in the right University is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the right University is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the right University is that
+you will have students with whom you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have students with whom you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have students with whom you can
+commune however self-oriented you are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commune however self-oriented you are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commune however self-oriented you are on
+the spots and each of you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots and each of you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots and each of you will be
+self-oriented and yet given a chance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-oriented and yet given a chance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-oriented and yet given a chance um
+to participate in this Society of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to participate in this Society of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to participate in this Society of people
+uh who are educated or or are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are educated or or are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh who are educated or or are getting
+educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that's inside about the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's inside about the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that's inside about the nature
+of my at my approach to the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my at my approach to the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my at my approach to the work that
+I'll be putting in and that I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be putting in and that I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll be putting in and that I hope you
+will the next topic was uh um about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the next topic was uh um about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the next topic was uh um about
+idealization which you'll be reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization which you'll be reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization which you'll be reading
+about for next week and by IDE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for next week and by IDE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for next week and by IDE
+idealization I mean the making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization I mean the making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization I mean the making of
+ideals rather than um idealization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals rather than um idealization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals rather than um idealization in
+the Freudian sense which means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Freudian sense which means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Freudian sense which means the
+overvaluation of some person that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvaluation of some person that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvaluation of some person that you
+fall in love with perhaps or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in love with perhaps or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall in love with perhaps or the
+platonic idea of idealization which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic idea of idealization which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platonic idea of idealization which is
+that everything in the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything in the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything in the universe is
+striving for Perfection and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striving for Perfection and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striving for Perfection and therefore
+striving to fulfill ideals that's not my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striving to fulfill ideals that's not my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striving to fulfill ideals that's not my
+use of the word idealization as you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the word idealization as you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of the word idealization as you'll
+discover in the chapter for me it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover in the chapter for me it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover in the chapter for me it's the
+fact that so much of human life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that so much of human life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that so much of human life is
+centered on the making and carrying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on the making and carrying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on the making and carrying out
+were failing at uh and suffering because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were failing at uh and suffering because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were failing at uh and suffering because
+of the degree of your failure uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degree of your failure uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the degree of your failure uh of
+ideals that happen to matter to you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals that happen to matter to you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideals that happen to matter to you and
+they vary with Society uh with group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary with Society uh with group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary with Society uh with group
+with individual uh they're highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with individual uh they're highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with individual uh they're highly
+variable and yet they're a constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and yet they're a constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and yet they're a constant in
+human nature that uh people have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature that uh people have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature that uh people have not
+investigated enough so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated enough so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigated enough so that was
+something that I have gone back to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have gone back to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have gone back to time
+and again feeling that that was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again feeling that that was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again feeling that that was my
+opportunity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity um
+the last the chapter after that is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last the chapter after that is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last the chapter after that is about
+the nature of consummation because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of consummation because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of consummation because if
+idealization and Imagination are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and Imagination are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization and Imagination are related
+to and integral to the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and integral to the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and integral to the nature of
+creativity the question one can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity the question one can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity the question one can always
+ask is why do people go to the trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is why do people go to the trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is why do people go to the trouble
+what do they get out of it and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they get out of it and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they get out of it and there are
+various philosophical theories about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various philosophical theories about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various philosophical theories about
+human behavior uh that are that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior uh that are that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human behavior uh that are that is
+explained on hedonic terms that is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained on hedonic terms that is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained on hedonic terms that is in
+terms of pleasure for instance that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of pleasure for instance that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of pleasure for instance that's um
+the prime hedonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime hedonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prime hedonic
+category um I try to get beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category um I try to get beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category um I try to get beyond the
+limitations of the concept of pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the concept of pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations of the concept of pleasure
+in the book um that came out the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book um that came out the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book um that came out the same
+year as feeling and Imagination I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year as feeling and Imagination I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year as feeling and Imagination I
+distinguish among pleasure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish among pleasure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish among pleasure uh
+pleasantness um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasantness um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasantness um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+um satisfaction enjoyment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all and and similar Concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all and and similar Concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all and and similar Concepts that
+are more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more than just
+pleasure and but all of them I lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure and but all of them I lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure and but all of them I lump
+together in this book as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in this book as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in this book as
+consummation now the word consummation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation now the word consummation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation now the word consummation
+is uh used very often nowadays for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh used very often nowadays for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh used very often nowadays for
+erotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erotic
+relations uh and in law the consummation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh and in law the consummation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations uh and in law the consummation
+of a marriage is designated as sexual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a marriage is designated as sexual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a marriage is designated as sexual
+intercourse so that a couple that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse so that a couple that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse so that a couple that have
+been married who want to get a divorce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been married who want to get a divorce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been married who want to get a divorce
+all they have to argue in court is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they have to argue in court is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they have to argue in court is well
+the marriage was never consummated which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marriage was never consummated which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the marriage was never consummated which
+means that they never had Coates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they never had Coates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they never had Coates and
+therefore it was it wasn't a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it was it wasn't a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it was it wasn't a true
+marriage and could be annulled I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage and could be annulled I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage and could be annulled I don't
+think they even need a divorce it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they even need a divorce it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they even need a divorce it could
+be that's a basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's a basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's a basis of
+analment uh I think that's often used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analment uh I think that's often used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analment uh I think that's often used in
+the Catholic religion too as a basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Catholic religion too as a basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Catholic religion too as a basis of
+analment now it's interesting um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analment now it's interesting um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analment now it's interesting um and in
+fact I discussed this in that chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I discussed this in that chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I discussed this in that chapter
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+marriage should be thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage should be thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage should be thought to be
+consummated by a physical act of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummated by a physical act of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummated by a physical act of that
+sort uh you would think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh you would think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh you would think that the
+consummation of marriage would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation of marriage would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation of marriage would be uh
+friendship loving Oneness uh communal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship loving Oneness uh communal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship loving Oneness uh communal uh
+Harmony between the spouses that's would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony between the spouses that's would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harmony between the spouses that's would
+be the conservation of marriage it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the conservation of marriage it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the conservation of marriage it it
+that isn't the way in which the word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't the way in which the word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't the way in which the word is
+used because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used because the
+whole concept of marriage as uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of marriage as uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole concept of marriage as uh we know
+it nowadays originates out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it nowadays originates out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it nowadays originates out of
+reproductive patterns so that in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive patterns so that in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproductive patterns so that in order
+for the space species to reproduce you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the space species to reproduce you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the space species to reproduce you
+have to have a male and a female uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a male and a female uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a male and a female uh you
+know in the traditional Order of Things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the traditional Order of Things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the traditional Order of Things
+leaving aside test Tu babies uh who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving aside test Tu babies uh who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving aside test Tu babies uh who have
+intercourse that's the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse that's the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercourse that's the natural
+traditional um method of rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional um method of rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional um method of rep
+reproduction we give so much importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction we give so much importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduction we give so much importance
+to that that out of that fact alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that out of that fact alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that that out of that fact alone
+arises the whole controversy that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises the whole controversy that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises the whole controversy that you're
+familiar with because it's in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with because it's in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with because it's in all the
+the headlines nowadays about same-sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headlines nowadays about same-sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the headlines nowadays about same-sex
+marriage because same-sex marriage by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage because same-sex marriage by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriage because same-sex marriage by
+definition is not reproductive there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is not reproductive there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is not reproductive there
+can't be cotis between a man and a woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be cotis between a man and a woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be cotis between a man and a woman
+if the spouses are both males or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+females all of this for me requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females all of this for me requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+females all of this for me requires a
+much broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much broader
+approached the whole question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached the whole question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached the whole question of
+consummation and that's what I try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation and that's what I try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation and that's what I try to do
+in that chapter and the relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter and the relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that chapter and the relationship to
+creativity I think will become evident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity I think will become evident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity I think will become evident
+because I think of the work of let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think of the work of let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think of the work of let's say
+Socrates who I use as a prime example as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates who I use as a prime example as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates who I use as a prime example as
+being highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being highly
+consummatory consummatory of what uh his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory consummatory of what uh his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummatory consummatory of what uh his
+activity as a philosopher uh consisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity as a philosopher uh consisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity as a philosopher uh consisted
+in talking to people uh in the Town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in talking to people uh in the Town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in talking to people uh in the Town
+Square the agura helping them to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square the agura helping them to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square the agura helping them to make
+their ideas clear uh examining human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas clear uh examining human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ideas clear uh examining human
+problems uh from the point of view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh from the point of view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh from the point of view of
+his own sense of values but also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own sense of values but also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own sense of values but also by
+eliciting what was deep in the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting what was deep in the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliciting what was deep in the people
+the young men uh in that Society the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young men uh in that Society the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the young men uh in that Society the
+young men with whom he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men with whom he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young men with whom he was
+conversing and he did it as an Athenian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversing and he did it as an Athenian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversing and he did it as an Athenian
+when he was brought to trial for having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was brought to trial for having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was brought to trial for having
+seduced the young of Athens and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seduced the young of Athens and uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seduced the young of Athens and uh um
+maligned the gods he denied both charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maligned the gods he denied both charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maligned the gods he denied both charges
+he didn't said he he didn't malign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't said he he didn't malign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't said he he didn't malign the
+gods he was uh never questioned him he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods he was uh never questioned him he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gods he was uh never questioned him he
+was trying to clarify what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to clarify what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to clarify what their
+interests their intentions were so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests their intentions were so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests their intentions were so that
+they denied being um religious and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they denied being um religious and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they denied being um religious and as
+far as seducing the youths of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as seducing the youths of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as seducing the youths of of that
+time he said what I did with them was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he said what I did with them was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time he said what I did with them was
+trying to help them to find the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help them to find the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help them to find the truth
+about themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about themselves
+and to be a good Athenian you can't live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be a good Athenian you can't live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be a good Athenian you can't live
+in illusion you have to live in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in illusion you have to live in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in illusion you have to live in some
+kind of harmony with the truth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of harmony with the truth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of harmony with the truth and
+consequently rather than my being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently rather than my being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently rather than my being
+punished or executed which finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punished or executed which finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punished or executed which finally
+happened I should be treated like a hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I should be treated like a hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I should be treated like a hero
+I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should be
+rewarded well my view is he was rewarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded well my view is he was rewarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarded well my view is he was rewarded
+he was rewarded because in the activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was rewarded because in the activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was rewarded because in the activity
+of teaching the way he did he was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching the way he did he was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teaching the way he did he was true
+to his Athenian ideals he was true to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his Athenian ideals he was true to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to his Athenian ideals he was true to
+his philosophical concept and ideals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his philosophical concept and ideals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his philosophical concept and ideals so
+he was at the beginning of the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was at the beginning of the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was at the beginning of the creation
+of what we call philosophy he was a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call philosophy he was a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we call philosophy he was a true
+philosopher and a a true Athenian and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and a a true Athenian and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher and a a true Athenian and
+thereby he was consummating in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby he was consummating in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereby he was consummating in a very
+important part of what he was and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of what he was and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part of what he was and what
+is Tru to IR relevant to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Tru to IR relevant to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Tru to IR relevant to human
+nature human nature doesn't ordain only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature human nature doesn't ordain only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature human nature doesn't ordain only
+that people reproduce it also ordains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people reproduce it also ordains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people reproduce it also ordains
+that their minds be developed uh in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their minds be developed uh in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their minds be developed uh in any
+fruitful way that is available to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful way that is available to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruitful way that is available to them
+and that's what Socrates devoted his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what Socrates devoted his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what Socrates devoted his
+life to consequently it was a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to consequently it was a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life to consequently it was a different
+kind of consummation and so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of consummation and so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of consummation and so the whole
+idea of consummation um needs opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of consummation um needs opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of consummation um needs opening
+and when you open it enough uh a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you open it enough uh a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you open it enough uh a good
+deal of the ambiguity between pleasure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of the ambiguity between pleasure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of the ambiguity between pleasure
+and enjoyment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enjoyment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enjoyment and
+satisfaction which I deal with in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction which I deal with in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction which I deal with in that
+other book um the book is called sex a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other book um the book is called sex a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other book um the book is called sex a
+philosophical primer uh a good deal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical primer uh a good deal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical primer uh a good deal of
+that has its place within the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has its place within the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has its place within the overall
+concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of
+consummation okay all right you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation okay all right you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consummation okay all right you'll be
+reading those chapters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading those chapters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading those chapters in
+sequence um now the next thing on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence um now the next thing on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence um now the next thing on my
+list is the way in which creativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is the way in which creativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is the way in which creativity is
+often interpreted as being intuitive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often interpreted as being intuitive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often interpreted as being intuitive you
+suddenly if you're a creative person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly if you're a creative person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly if you're a creative person you
+suddenly see with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly see with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly see with a
+flash uh what it is that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash uh what it is that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash uh what it is that you were
+looking for and this isn't plotting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and this isn't plotting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for and this isn't plotting it
+isn't pedestrian it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't pedestrian it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't pedestrian it's uh
+creative you could even think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative you could even think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative you could even think of
+K's finding the um Benzene ring as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's finding the um Benzene ring as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's finding the um Benzene ring as a
+flash it happened to him when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash it happened to him when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash it happened to him when he was
+asleep in fact he talks about like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep in fact he talks about like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep in fact he talks about like a
+stroke of lightning uh this then people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke of lightning uh this then people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stroke of lightning uh this then people
+there's a long tradition in philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long tradition in philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long tradition in philosophy
+and in uh culture generally uh about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in uh culture generally uh about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in uh culture generally uh about the
+nature of intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of intuition
+there are people nowadays who think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people nowadays who think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are people nowadays who think
+themselves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves um
+intuitive and there are many who really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and there are many who really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive and there are many who really
+are I've known several people of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I've known several people of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I've known several people of that
+sort uh there were they were cap they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh there were they were cap they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort uh there were they were cap they
+were people of very high intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people of very high intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were people of very high intelligence
+but instead of they having to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of they having to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of they having to go through
+all the steps of inference that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps of inference that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the steps of inference that we
+ordinarily go through I mean here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily go through I mean here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily go through I mean here's uh
+uh a young man and um he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a young man and um he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a young man and um he
+U his face is a little odd and he walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U his face is a little odd and he walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U his face is a little odd and he walks
+a little strangely and you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little strangely and you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little strangely and you collect
+evidence and then you work at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and then you work at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence and then you work at the
+evidence to generalize and you try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to generalize and you try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence to generalize and you try to be
+faithful in each step of your inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful in each step of your inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful in each step of your inference
+and then maybe you come out to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe you come out to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe you come out to a
+conclusion oh well I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion oh well I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion oh well I guess the
+explanation of all that is that the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of all that is that the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of all that is that the man
+is so and so uh the intuitive person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so and so uh the intuitive person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so and so uh the intuitive person
+just with a glance he sees the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a glance he sees the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just with a glance he sees the the
+solution to that uh people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that uh people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to that uh people who are
+called Geniuses are often people of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Geniuses are often people of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Geniuses are often people of very
+high intuitive power why because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high intuitive power why because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high intuitive power why because their
+minds are so thoroughly refined so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are so thoroughly refined so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are so thoroughly refined so
+develop act so quickly beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop act so quickly beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop act so quickly beyond the
+capacity of most of us that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of most of us that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of most of us that they can
+reach conclusions quickly that others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach conclusions quickly that others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach conclusions quickly that others
+take a great deal of time about now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a great deal of time about now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a great deal of time about now the
+question is do they do this by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do they do this by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is do they do this by going
+through all those steps only sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those steps only sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all those steps only sort of
+skimming them the way you might skim a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming them the way you might skim a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming them the way you might skim a
+book um in order to get an idea of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um in order to get an idea of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book um in order to get an idea of what
+the author is talking about or ra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author is talking about or ra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the author is talking about or ra
+whereas most people have to read it Page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas most people have to read it Page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas most people have to read it Page
+by Page or paragraph by paragraph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Page or paragraph by paragraph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Page or paragraph by paragraph or
+even word by word whereas they can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even word by word whereas they can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even word by word whereas they can go
+some people can really read the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can really read the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people can really read the book
+skimming or very rapid reading so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming or very rapid reading so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skimming or very rapid reading so the
+Geniuses are like those very rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geniuses are like those very rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geniuses are like those very rapid
+readers but in effect they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers but in effect they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers but in effect they're going
+through the same process they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same process they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same process they're just
+doing it more quickly and based on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it more quickly and based on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it more quickly and based on more
+experience with the subject matter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the subject matter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with the subject matter than
+most of us have whatever that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us have whatever that subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of us have whatever that subject
+matter might be okay um there is uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter might be okay um there is uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter might be okay um there is uh for
+this interpretation of intuition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interpretation of intuition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interpretation of intuition there
+is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that
+um um Thomas Edison has said to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Thomas Edison has said to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um Thomas Edison has said to have
+said which is that genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is that genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said which is that genius
+consists um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fixing the seat of your pants to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing the seat of your pants to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixing the seat of your pants to the
+seat of the chair that you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat of the chair that you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat of the chair that you have to sort
+of sit there and work at it or G genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit there and work at it or G genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sit there and work at it or G genius
+doesn't occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't occur
+spontaneously there's another um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously there's another um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously there's another um uh
+there are various things like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various things like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various things like this and
+maybe Edison said one or another of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Edison said one or another of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe Edison said one or another of them
+uh that the genius consists of 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the genius consists of 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the genius consists of 99%
+perspiration and 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspiration and 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspiration and 1%
+inspiration or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i' well in any event um the idea being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' well in any event um the idea being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i' well in any event um the idea being
+that genius is not a special faculty uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genius is not a special faculty uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that genius is not a special faculty uh
+and if the genius said to be intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the genius said to be intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the genius said to be intuitive
+it's because he can do the job that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because he can do the job that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because he can do the job that
+others do much more quickly now intell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others do much more quickly now intell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others do much more quickly now intell
+intuition is often contrasted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is often contrasted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition is often contrasted with
+intelligence so that uh many people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so that uh many people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence so that uh many people can
+be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very
+intelligent which means they know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent which means they know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent which means they know how to
+learn they know how to reach valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn they know how to reach valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn they know how to reach valid
+conclusions uh they have insights but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions uh they have insights but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions uh they have insights but
+they would deny being especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would deny being especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would deny being especially
+intuitive or others might deny that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive or others might deny that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive or others might deny that
+they're especially intuitive is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're especially intuitive is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're especially intuitive is it
+because they have this they lack this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have this they lack this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have this they lack this
+rapidity of mental action or is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity of mental action or is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidity of mental action or is it the
+alternative about intuition is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative about intuition is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative about intuition is it
+because intuition is a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because intuition is a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because intuition is a different kind of
+mind a different way of experiencing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind a different way of experiencing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind a different way of experiencing the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+uh and that uh the intuitive person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that uh the intuitive person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that uh the intuitive person is
+living in a different dimension from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a different dimension from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living in a different dimension from
+most people even those who are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people even those who are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people even those who are very very
+intelligent and reach good conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and reach good conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent and reach good conclusions
+now that distinction is present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that distinction is present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that distinction is present in the
+work of a French philosopher of the N of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of a French philosopher of the N of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of a French philosopher of the N of
+the 20th century um named bergson h n r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century um named bergson h n r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20th century um named bergson h n r
+i he was French bergon and there couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i he was French bergon and there couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i he was French bergon and there couple
+of his books on the reading list that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his books on the reading list that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his books on the reading list that I
+gave to you the partial research list um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave to you the partial research list um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave to you the partial research list um
+and I went into some analysis of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went into some analysis of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went into some analysis of his
+philosophy last time I'll Skip by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy last time I'll Skip by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy last time I'll Skip by that
+and we'll come back to it some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to it some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to it some other
+time uh since we need today to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh since we need today to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh since we need today to try to
+get as far as possible into the prep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as far as possible into the prep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get as far as possible into the prep the
+other step steps on this list we've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other step steps on this list we've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other step steps on this list we've only
+got so far to number nine um but um does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so far to number nine um but um does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so far to number nine um but um does
+any B want to say anything about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any B want to say anything about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any B want to say anything about what
+I've said so far has this helped as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said so far has this helped as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've said so far has this helped as a
+preparation it's more than just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation it's more than just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation it's more than just a
+preparation because I've gone beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation because I've gone beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation because I've gone beyond
+what I did last time all right the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did last time all right the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did last time all right the next
+is um creativity in relation to platonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um creativity in relation to platonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um creativity in relation to platonic
+perfectionism that is the search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectionism that is the search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectionism that is the search for
+Perfection that Perfection is built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection that Perfection is built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Perfection that Perfection is built into
+the concept of creativity and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of creativity and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of creativity and that the
+two are somehow related and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are somehow related and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are somehow related and then I
+talked about a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a different kind of
+approach to Perfection which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to Perfection which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to Perfection which is
+that it isn't that desirable and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't that desirable and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't that desirable and it
+isn't that creative on the contrary on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that creative on the contrary on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that creative on the contrary on
+the view of some people uh particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view of some people uh particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the view of some people uh particularly
+uh the filmmaker Jean renoa um what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the filmmaker Jean renoa um what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the filmmaker Jean renoa um what he
+says is of course you can be perfect in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is of course you can be perfect in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is of course you can be perfect in
+limited areas and technology is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited areas and technology is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited areas and technology is
+dangerous because technology gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because technology gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous because technology gives you
+the feeling of perfection because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeling of perfection because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feeling of perfection because you
+can make a gadget that nobody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a gadget that nobody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a gadget that nobody could
+equal by means of your technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal by means of your technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal by means of your technology
+technology limits itself to specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology limits itself to specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology limits itself to specific
+tasks that you can ideally make per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that you can ideally make per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks that you can ideally make per
+perfect or almost perfect simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect or almost perfect simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect or almost perfect simply by
+carrying out the technology to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying out the technology to its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying out the technology to its
+maximum but that's it in the case of Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum but that's it in the case of Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum but that's it in the case of Art
+in particular is boring so he gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is boring so he gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is boring so he gives the
+example of academic paintings of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of academic paintings of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of academic paintings of uh
+studio um work that uh are then work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio um work that uh are then work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio um work that uh are then work
+that's then used use to uh celebrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then used use to uh celebrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's then used use to uh celebrate
+some occasion the meeting of two armies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some occasion the meeting of two armies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some occasion the meeting of two armies
+or something some kind of official art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something some kind of official art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something some kind of official art
+that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been
+commissioned and renois says if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned and renois says if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissioned and renois says if you look
+at the the fingers or the the feet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the fingers or the the feet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the the fingers or the the feet of
+these people it's stunn to Perfection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people it's stunn to Perfection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people it's stunn to Perfection
+because you can master that with proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can master that with proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can master that with proper
+technique if you know enough about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique if you know enough about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique if you know enough about the
+techniques of painting but the painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques of painting but the painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques of painting but the painting
+itself is boring it's uninteresting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is boring it's uninteresting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is boring it's uninteresting
+that's not a that's not truly creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a that's not truly creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a that's not truly creative
+so the the for him and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the for him and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the for him and this is
+Illustrated in his art um his movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated in his art um his movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated in his art um his movies
+what you have to do is to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have to do is to learn how to
+be creative on the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative on the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative on the basis of the
+imperfection in life the imperfection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection in life the imperfection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperfection in life the imperfection in
+your medium and the imperfection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medium and the imperfection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your medium and the imperfection in
+yourself as a Creator so it's a wholly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as a Creator so it's a wholly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself as a Creator so it's a wholly
+different uh approach to the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh approach to the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh approach to the nature of
+creativity from Plato and Plato has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity from Plato and Plato has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity from Plato and Plato has been
+the dominant one in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant one in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant one in the western
+world uh there are movements in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh there are movements in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh there are movements in
+philosophy empirical philosophy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy empirical philosophy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy empirical philosophy of the
+18th century as in David Hume uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century as in David Hume uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century as in David Hume uh uh
+pragmatism in American philosophy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatism in American philosophy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragmatism in American philosophy of the
+19th and 20th Century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th and 20th Century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th and 20th Century
+existentialism of 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentialism of 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existentialism of 20th century
+Continental thought 21st century I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental thought 21st century I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continental thought 21st century I
+suppose it as it still lingers on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it as it still lingers on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it as it still lingers on so
+does pragmatism in a way um those all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does pragmatism in a way um those all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does pragmatism in a way um those all
+emphasize the fact that the world is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the fact that the world is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize the fact that the world is is
+inherently not perfect and cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently not perfect and cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherently not perfect and cannot be
+thought of in terms of Perfections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of in terms of Perfections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of in terms of Perfections that
+those Perfections are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Perfections are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Perfections are only
+reifications of what even is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reifications of what even is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reifications of what even is called
+idealizations of what the world really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealizations of what the world really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealizations of what the world really
+is like and if a philosopher or artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and if a philosopher or artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like and if a philosopher or artist
+is concerned with the nature of reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerned with the nature of reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is concerned with the nature of reality
+uh he or she must got get Beyond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he or she must got get Beyond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he or she must got get Beyond this
+preoccupation with perfection and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with perfection and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preoccupation with perfection and try to
+make sense out of the imperfect world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense out of the imperfect world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense out of the imperfect world
+that we live in now what I am I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we live in now what I am I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we live in now what I am I I
+am bringing to the class is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am bringing to the class is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am bringing to the class is my
+philosophy and have I've already started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and have I've already started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy and have I've already started
+as you know and it's the philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know and it's the philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know and it's the philosophy of
+what what is called pluralism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is called pluralism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is called pluralism the
+philosophy of pluralism is that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of pluralism is that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of pluralism is that it's a
+big mistake to think that the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mistake to think that the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big mistake to think that the world is
+perfectly one thing or another the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly one thing or another the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly one thing or another the world
+is a a conglomerate of diverse attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a conglomerate of diverse attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a conglomerate of diverse attitudes
+and activ ities and elements which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and activ ities and elements which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and activ ities and elements which in
+principle may never be able to put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle may never be able to put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle may never be able to put into
+a single large scale order so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single large scale order so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single large scale order so the
+traditional metaphysics that wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional metaphysics that wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional metaphysics that wants to
+know what the nature of reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the nature of reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the nature of reality is
+what's the one crucial category in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one crucial category in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the one crucial category in which
+everything can be explained is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can be explained is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can be explained is maybe
+barking up the wrong tree because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barking up the wrong tree because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barking up the wrong tree because there
+isn't any one reality there isn't any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any one reality there isn't any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any one reality there isn't any
+one explanation and the most the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation and the most the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one explanation and the most the
+philosopher can do is to be open to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher can do is to be open to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher can do is to be open to the
+diversity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity
+of experience of life of the world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience of life of the world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience of life of the world that
+we live in and then uh somehow put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live in and then uh somehow put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we live in and then uh somehow put that
+together in a way that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a way that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in a way that will be
+communicated to other people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated to other people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated to other people who were
+different from us and also have diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from us and also have diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from us and also have diverse
+experiences but will'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences but will'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences but will'll be able to
+respond uh and through it's that through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond uh and through it's that through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond uh and through it's that through
+communication that we create a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that we create a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication that we create a change in
+the world so we're really creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so we're really creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world so we're really creating the
+World by means of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World by means of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World by means of our
+communication uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication uh
+this is what uh Reno means in his theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what uh Reno means in his theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what uh Reno means in his theory
+about films about his own films he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about films about his own films he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about films about his own films he says
+the job of the filmmaker is to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of the filmmaker is to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the job of the filmmaker is to make
+contact with the audience and then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the audience and then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with the audience and then if
+that works you have a conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works you have a conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works you have a conversation
+together and you're both collaborating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you're both collaborating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you're both collaborating
+in a creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a creative
+Venture now I like that very much uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture now I like that very much uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture now I like that very much uh the
+book of mine that's coming out in few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of mine that's coming out in few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of mine that's coming out in few
+weeks is called three philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks is called three philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks is called three philosophical
+filmmakers um Hitchcock Wells and Renoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers um Hitchcock Wells and Renoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmmakers um Hitchcock Wells and Renoir
+Hitchcock you all know Orson Wells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock you all know Orson Wells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hitchcock you all know Orson Wells and
+jean renois and renois in a sense is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jean renois and renois in a sense is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jean renois and renois in a sense is my
+hero because he does everything in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero because he does everything in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero because he does everything in a way
+that I uh identify with as a fellow uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I uh identify with as a fellow uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I uh identify with as a fellow uh
+pluralistic um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralistic um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluralistic um
+naturalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinker the next um on this is the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker the next um on this is the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinker the next um on this is the role
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+time as opposed to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as opposed to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time as opposed to s
+inspiration you know if it's true that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration you know if it's true that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration you know if it's true that
+uh genius or you could say creativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genius or you could say creativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genius or you could say creativity is
+99% perspiration and 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% perspiration and 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% perspiration and 1%
+inspiration how does that inspiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration how does that inspiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration how does that inspiration
+arise it may seem to be spontaneous all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise it may seem to be spontaneous all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise it may seem to be spontaneous all
+of a sudden you get a bright idea you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you get a bright idea you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden you get a bright idea you
+know you suddenly think oh that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you suddenly think oh that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you suddenly think oh that's it
+that's what I was looking for question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was looking for question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I was looking for question
+is is it really spontaneous is it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it really spontaneous is it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is it really spontaneous is it really
+limited to the moment at which it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to the moment at which it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to the moment at which it shows
+itself or is it possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or is it possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or is it possible that the
+1% is like the 99% in as much as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% is like the 99% in as much as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% is like the 99% in as much as it is
+based on a great deal that has happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a great deal that has happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on a great deal that has happened
+to you in the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you in the course of
+time and what is the role uh of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and what is the role uh of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and what is the role uh of time in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+creativity let me give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity let me give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity let me give you a little
+again talking from my own experience um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again talking from my own experience um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again talking from my own experience um
+uh something that uh though were here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that uh though were here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that uh though were here
+before will remember but I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before will remember but I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before will remember but I think it's
+repeating for those who weren't as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating for those who weren't as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating for those who weren't as an
+undergraduate I was a student of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate I was a student of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate I was a student of the
+philosophy of John Dewey um years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of John Dewey um years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy of John Dewey um years
+later uh I was teaching a class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh I was teaching a class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later uh I was teaching a class like
+this and I got the idea because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got the idea because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got the idea because I
+learned a lot from my classes ideas come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from my classes ideas come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a lot from my classes ideas come
+to me and for which I'm grateful to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and for which I'm grateful to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and for which I'm grateful to you
+for tolerating or eliciting um and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tolerating or eliciting um and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for tolerating or eliciting um and it
+seemed to be very interesting and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be very interesting and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed to be very interesting and I
+thought about it afterwards and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it afterwards and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it afterwards and I
+thought you know that that really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know that that really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought you know that that really is a
+new original creative idea that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new original creative idea that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new original creative idea that's
+occurred to me just by chance shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me just by chance shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred to me just by chance shortly
+afterwards I looked in was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I looked in was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards I looked in was looking for
+something in a book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in a book by
+Dewey that I had read maybe 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey that I had read maybe 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dewey that I had read maybe 50 years
+earlier I know 40 50 years old earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I know 40 50 years old earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier I know 40 50 years old earlier
+uh 35 I can't remember and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 35 I can't remember and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 35 I can't remember and there was
+exactly that idea now I I wrote my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that idea now I I wrote my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that idea now I I wrote my
+undergraduate thesis on dwey I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis on dwey I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate thesis on dwey I read
+everything of dwi's he was a great man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of dwi's he was a great man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything of dwi's he was a great man
+in my life so it wasn't by chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life so it wasn't by chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life so it wasn't by chance that
+the two occurred first in him and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two occurred first in him and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two occurred first in him and then
+in me what undoubtedly happened was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in me what undoubtedly happened was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in me what undoubtedly happened was that
+I had picked it up in my writing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had picked it up in my writing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had picked it up in my writing in
+those early years it got lodged in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early years it got lodged in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early years it got lodged in my
+being I forgot that it was there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I forgot that it was there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being I forgot that it was there and
+then it under appropriate surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it under appropriate surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it under appropriate surfaces
+circumstances it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances it
+resurfaced um but I think that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfaced um but I think that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resurfaced um but I think that's the way
+time works and that may be a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time works and that may be a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time works and that may be a crucial
+element in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in all
+creativity uh the the fermenting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh the the fermenting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity uh the the fermenting the
+maturing of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturing of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturing of certain
+ideas as a result of the life experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas as a result of the life experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas as a result of the life experience
+or the time the live time that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the time the live time that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the time the live time that you've
+been through as a person who remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through as a person who remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been through as a person who remains
+open to the possibility of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the possibility of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the possibility of creativity
+now if you devote your life to uh doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you devote your life to uh doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you devote your life to uh doing
+bookkeeping and come home at night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping and come home at night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping and come home at night and
+watch television idly and not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch television idly and not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch television idly and not because
+you care about television but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about television but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you care about television but just
+because you're so tired you just sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're so tired you just sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're so tired you just sit
+there with a a bottle of beer um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a a bottle of beer um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there with a a bottle of beer um you're
+closing your mind to the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing your mind to the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing your mind to the development of
+of it you're closing yourself to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you're closing yourself to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you're closing yourself to the
+development of your mind and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of your mind and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of your mind and so this is
+sort of process that I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of process that I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of process that I'm talking about
+this fermentation uh is less likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fermentation uh is less likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fermentation uh is less likely to
+happen but in Creative individuals or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but in Creative individuals or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen but in Creative individuals or in
+the nature of creativity this may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of creativity this may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of creativity this may be the
+rule and so what we need to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and so what we need to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and so what we need to do is to
+understand the phenomenology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the phenomenology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the phenomenology and the
+logic of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic of that
+fermentation uh through time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation uh through time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation uh through time and in
+terms of the importance of the passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the importance of the passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the importance of the passage
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+time now that line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now that line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now that line of
+thought lead led me leads me in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought lead led me leads me in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought lead led me leads me in various
+directions um which come into the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um which come into the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions um which come into the notes
+in different places so maybe I'll skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places so maybe I'll skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different places so maybe I'll skip
+over them later but I might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them later but I might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them later but I might as well
+start with that now um that is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that now um that is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with that now um that is is that
+uh the the whole distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the whole distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the whole distinction between
+past present and future has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past present and future has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past present and future has to be
+reworked uh to be creative you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworked uh to be creative you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworked uh to be creative you have to
+be thinking about the future you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about the future you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be thinking about the future you can't
+be creative by uh uh rediscovering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative by uh uh rediscovering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative by uh uh rediscovering the
+wheel and that was done in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and that was done in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel and that was done in the past
+that's over with uh and the future is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over with uh and the future is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's over with uh and the future is
+something new and different that we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new and different that we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new and different that we as
+human beings are able to create well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are able to create well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human beings are able to create well
+some people would say oh no people can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would say oh no people can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would say oh no people can't
+create anything that's another issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create anything that's another issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create anything that's another issue
+which I discuss in feeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I discuss in feeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I discuss in feeling and
+Imagination but that's not what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination but that's not what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination but that's not what I'm
+talking about now what I'm saying is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now what I'm saying is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about now what I'm saying is the
+very nature of creativity is to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nature of creativity is to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nature of creativity is to bring
+the future into into being in accordance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future into into being in accordance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future into into being in accordance
+with your ability to mold it uh in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your ability to mold it uh in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your ability to mold it uh in one
+way or another that matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or another that matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way or another that matters to
+you but does that mean that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but does that mean that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but does that mean that you can
+neglect the past now in your generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the past now in your generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the past now in your generation
+more than any that has preceded it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any that has preceded it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than any that has preceded it in
+the last I don't know 2,000 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last I don't know 2,000 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last I don't know 2,000 years
+perhaps of the development of West
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps of the development of West
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps of the development of West
+civilization the past has more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization the past has more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization the past has more and more
+receded into nothingness not receding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receded into nothingness not receding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receded into nothingness not receding
+into the past but it'sing into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the past but it'sing into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the past but it'sing into
+nothingness because you're not brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothingness because you're not brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothingness because you're not brought
+up to think in terms of the past um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to think in terms of the past um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to think in terms of the past um uh
+the if you compare uh subjects like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you compare uh subjects like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you compare uh subjects like the
+history of science with uh the creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of science with uh the creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of science with uh the creative
+work that people do in MIT at The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that people do in MIT at The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that people do in MIT at The
+Cutting Edge which is the phrase I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge which is the phrase I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge which is the phrase I've
+heard as long as I've been in MIT the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard as long as I've been in MIT the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard as long as I've been in MIT the
+The Cutting Edge uh meaning the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Cutting Edge uh meaning the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Cutting Edge uh meaning the way in
+which the present is slicing into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the present is slicing into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the present is slicing into the
+future you see that history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you see that history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you see that history of
+science may have scholarly value it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science may have scholarly value it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science may have scholarly value it may
+be very important but from your point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very important but from your point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very important but from your point of
+view and from this has been generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and from this has been generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and from this has been generally
+true of places like MIT but now MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of places like MIT but now MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of places like MIT but now MIT is
+getting to be the model of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to be the model of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to be the model of all
+universities um in terms of an interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities um in terms of an interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities um in terms of an interest
+in science technology and how to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science technology and how to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science technology and how to change
+the world and education by means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and education by means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and education by means of
+them it's the future that matters what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's the future that matters what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it's the future that matters what
+you can do next not what happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do next not what happened in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do next not what happened in the
+past there are no U um new companies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past there are no U um new companies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past there are no U um new companies on
+NASDAQ being created being brought into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASDAQ being created being brought into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NASDAQ being created being brought into
+existence in in terms of the F terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in in terms of the F terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence in in terms of the F terms of
+the past it's always a company that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past it's always a company that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past it's always a company that has
+makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+promises for the future with some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises for the future with some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises for the future with some very
+minimal uh basis but with hopes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal uh basis but with hopes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal uh basis but with hopes of
+developing as you know the uh the com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing as you know the uh the com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing as you know the uh the com
+the com um um Bubble is based on hopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com um um Bubble is based on hopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the com um um Bubble is based on hopes
+about the future and that's built into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future and that's built into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future and that's built into
+the nature of American society and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of American society and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of American society and above
+all built into nature of of creativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all built into nature of of creativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all built into nature of of creativity
+in science and what is creative in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and what is creative in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science and what is creative in our
+society is based more and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is based more and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is based more and more and more
+than in any other period in the past in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in any other period in the past in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in any other period in the past in
+any civilization any country upon hopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any civilization any country upon hopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any civilization any country upon hopes
+for the uh originality in science that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh originality in science that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh originality in science that
+would be created by Looking forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be created by Looking forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be created by Looking forward
+looking in terms to the Future and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in terms to the Future and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in terms to the Future and it's
+worked fairly well for the last 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked fairly well for the last 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked fairly well for the last 200
+years so this country more than older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so this country more than older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so this country more than older
+countries like those in Europe uh is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like those in Europe uh is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries like those in Europe uh is has
+always been very optimistic maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very optimistic maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been very optimistic maybe
+falsely optimistic in some respect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsely optimistic in some respect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falsely optimistic in some respect but
+optimism is part of the American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism is part of the American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimism is part of the American
+character uh as long as I've been alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh as long as I've been alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character uh as long as I've been alive
+the thing I love most about America that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I love most about America that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I love most about America that
+makes me very proud and very grateful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me very proud and very grateful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes me very proud and very grateful is
+this has always been the land of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has always been the land of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has always been the land of
+opportunity uh that's why everybody came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh that's why everybody came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity uh that's why everybody came
+here why America is made up primarily of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why America is made up primarily of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here why America is made up primarily of
+U of immigrants from all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of immigrants from all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U of immigrants from all kinds of
+countries and is very sensitive to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and is very sensitive to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and is very sensitive to that
+and despite all the Prejudice and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despite all the Prejudice and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and despite all the Prejudice and all
+the shortcomings welcomes Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortcomings welcomes Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortcomings welcomes Innovation
+from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different
+cultures and in fact in my lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and in fact in my lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures and in fact in my lifetime
+education and and enrollment all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and and enrollment all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education and and enrollment all of that
+has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been
+transformed uh by this openness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed uh by this openness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformed uh by this openness to
+different cultures uh different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures uh different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cultures uh different uh
+traditions different people uh and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions different people uh and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditions different people uh and all
+of that means that there's optimism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that means that there's optimism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that means that there's optimism
+about the future because that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future because that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future because that's the way
+could change the present now my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the present now my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the present now my question
+is how much of the past can we neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much of the past can we neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much of the past can we neglect
+is it possible that the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that the nature of
+creativity capitalizes on the past that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity capitalizes on the past that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity capitalizes on the past that
+to be truly creative you have to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be truly creative you have to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be truly creative you have to somehow
+digest amalgamate and uh fructify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest amalgamate and uh fructify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digest amalgamate and uh fructify the
+past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past
+in terms of what is Meaningful to you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what is Meaningful to you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what is Meaningful to you in
+the present and through which in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present and through which in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present and through which in that
+juncture of present and past you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juncture of present and past you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+juncture of present and past you can
+create the future now if that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the future now if that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the future now if that's true
+what one wants to do is to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one wants to do is to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one wants to do is to have a
+working model to have a conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working model to have a conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working model to have a conceptual
+framework of thought and for me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of thought and for me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of thought and for me that's
+what it is to be philosophical um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be philosophical um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to be philosophical um I
+don't care about any problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about any problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about any problems of
+philosophy that is has been enshrined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy that is has been enshrined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy that is has been enshrined in
+the American philosophical ass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American philosophical ass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American philosophical ass
+assciation or required to get uh tenure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assciation or required to get uh tenure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assciation or required to get uh tenure
+at a great University to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a great University to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a great University to be
+philosophical is to be able to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical is to be able to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical is to be able to develop
+your mind in that kind of way uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind in that kind of way uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind in that kind of way uh in
+order to change the future creatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to change the future creatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to change the future creatively
+but the create cre creativeness in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the create cre creativeness in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the create cre creativeness in the
+change of the future is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the future is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change of the future is a function of
+your the nature of creativity as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the nature of creativity as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your the nature of creativity as being
+predicated upon the unity among past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicated upon the unity among past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicated upon the unity among past
+present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and
+future all right so we have to rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future all right so we have to rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future all right so we have to rethink
+the whole question of time and though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole question of time and though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole question of time and though
+this may sound grandiose to me uh to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may sound grandiose to me uh to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may sound grandiose to me uh to you
+I'm sorry uh and it does to me too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry uh and it does to me too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry uh and it does to me too
+because I know how little I've attained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know how little I've attained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know how little I've attained
+any of that uh it seems comperable to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that uh it seems comperable to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of that uh it seems comperable to uh
+Einstein's work in amalgamating time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's work in amalgamating time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's work in amalgamating time and
+space and creating concepts of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and creating concepts of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and creating concepts of space
+time uh now that's a way of creatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh now that's a way of creatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh now that's a way of creatively
+transcending our ordinary ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcending our ordinary ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcending our ordinary ways of
+thinking that in physics were uh limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that in physics were uh limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that in physics were uh limited
+and inadequate well in order to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inadequate well in order to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inadequate well in order to explain
+creativity we may have to transform our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity we may have to transform our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creativity we may have to transform our
+ordinary uses of terms like the past the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary uses of terms like the past the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary uses of terms like the past the
+present and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and the
+future something I wanted to go get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future something I wanted to go get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future something I wanted to go get into
+in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in more
+detail um I can illustrate now and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um I can illustrate now and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um I can illustrate now and I
+even it doesn't matter if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it doesn't matter if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it doesn't matter if if
+um uh we don't go through my whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we don't go through my whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh we don't go through my whole
+Panorama or or even if you want we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panorama or or even if you want we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Panorama or or even if you want we could
+give your presentation next week which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your presentation next week which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give your presentation next week which
+do you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you prefer
+Joe well let me go on a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe well let me go on a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe well let me go on a little while
+longer though this is Will might look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer though this is Will might look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer though this is Will might look at
+first like a digression it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like a digression it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first like a digression it's one of the
+anecdotes I frequently tell for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotes I frequently tell for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotes I frequently tell for two
+reasons I've got you've got to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I've got you've got to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I've got you've got to remember
+this I'm not trying to entertain you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm not trying to entertain you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I'm not trying to entertain you uh
+one reason is it's through the anecdotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason is it's through the anecdotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason is it's through the anecdotes
+that my mind works since I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my mind works since I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my mind works since I'm a
+Performing Artist and a humanist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performing Artist and a humanist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Performing Artist and a humanist a
+literary philosopher and so I have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary philosopher and so I have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary philosopher and so I have that
+free play of the imagination to the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free play of the imagination to the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free play of the imagination to the four
+of my doing a philosophy um and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my doing a philosophy um and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my doing a philosophy um and so it's
+to show you a way in which imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a way in which imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you a way in which imagination
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+used if if I succeed in making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used if if I succeed in making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used if if I succeed in making the
+anecdote relevant rather than just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote relevant rather than just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdote relevant rather than just an
+old man talking about his life um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old man talking about his life um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old man talking about his life um but
+that's the intention uh the second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intention uh the second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the intention uh the second is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um it's sometimes only through this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sometimes only through this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's sometimes only through this kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+anecdotal Touch of reality that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotal Touch of reality that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anecdotal Touch of reality that you can
+understand the profundity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the profundity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the profundity of the
+questions that we're talking about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're talking about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that we're talking about all
+right so it's not merely question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not merely question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's not merely question of
+form the way I experience the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the way I experience the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the way I experience the world and
+experience the doing a philosophy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the doing a philosophy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience the doing a philosophy it's
+also my belief that the world is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also my belief that the world is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also my belief that the world is like
+that too that the world itself um shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too that the world itself um shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too that the world itself um shows
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+in experiences which can then enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experiences which can then enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experiences which can then enter into
+the anecdotes all right this comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anecdotes all right this comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anecdotes all right this comes out
+now in relation to this question of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in relation to this question of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in relation to this question of past
+future and present I was at the McDow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and present I was at the McDow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and present I was at the McDow
+colony in New Hampshire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony in New Hampshire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colony in New Hampshire
+once um and they give out medals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um and they give out medals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once um and they give out medals they
+were giving out a medal to Leonard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving out a medal to Leonard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giving out a medal to Leonard
+Bernstein you all know who he was uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein you all know who he was uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein you all know who he was uh and
+it was a medal for him as a composer not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a medal for him as a composer not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a medal for him as a composer not
+as a conductor or teacher and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a conductor or teacher and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a conductor or teacher and all the
+different things that he did but as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that he did but as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that he did but as a
+composer and the first thing he said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer and the first thing he said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer and the first thing he said in
+accepting it was this is the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting it was this is the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting it was this is the first time
+I ever got a medal for my composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ever got a medal for my composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I ever got a medal for my composition
+for my composers because um in music he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my composers because um in music he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my composers because um in music he
+was neglected and thought to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was neglected and thought to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was neglected and thought to be a a
+writer of of musicals and uh semi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer of of musicals and uh semi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writer of of musicals and uh semi-
+poopular music he wasn't a uh a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poopular music he wasn't a uh a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poopular music he wasn't a uh a first
+class serious composer which and a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class serious composer which and a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class serious composer which and a lot
+of that's been modified but he hadn't he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that's been modified but he hadn't he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that's been modified but he hadn't he
+had received many medals and awards when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had received many medals and awards when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had received many medals and awards when
+the first time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time for
+composing now before he received it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing now before he received it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composing now before he received it he
+was introduced by another composer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by another composer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was introduced by another composer um
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+um uh spoke in very Frank ways about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh spoke in very Frank ways about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh spoke in very Frank ways about um
+Bernstein um and um Ned rorm was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein um and um Ned rorm was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein um and um Ned rorm was his
+name uh a friend of Bernstein's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh a friend of Bernstein's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh a friend of Bernstein's but
+rival composer and a younger man and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival composer and a younger man and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rival composer and a younger man and he
+said um um it's been a it's been a um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um um it's been a it's been a um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said um um it's been a it's been a um a
+truism in in among musicians that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truism in in among musicians that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truism in in among musicians that
+Bernstein is not as great a composer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein is not as great a composer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein is not as great a composer as
+he is a conductor and that's because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a conductor and that's because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is a conductor and that's because he
+um is not original he doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is not original he doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is not original he doesn't have
+original ideas and being a conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ideas and being a conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original ideas and being a conductor
+he's immersed in the world of music and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's immersed in the world of music and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's immersed in the world of music and
+he borrows and uses all all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he borrows and uses all all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he borrows and uses all all these things
+that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he
+hears and there was some truth of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears and there was some truth of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hears and there was some truth of that
+uh berstein told me once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh berstein told me once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh berstein told me once
+um when I come back after a concert I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I come back after a concert I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I come back after a concert I
+can't sleep because my head is filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sleep because my head is filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't sleep because my head is filled
+with all that music and I can't get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that music and I can't get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all that music and I can't get it
+out of my mind and I I knew he lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my mind and I I knew he lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of my mind and I I knew he lived
+music and so there was surely a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and so there was surely a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music and so there was surely a bit of
+Truth in that but this was presented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth in that but this was presented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Truth in that but this was presented as
+um a kind of caution to Future composers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of caution to Future composers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a kind of caution to Future composers
+not to live in the past but to live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to live in the past but to live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to live in the past but to live in
+the present or the future right uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present or the future right uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present or the future right uh of
+course if you do that then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you do that then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if you do that then you're not
+going to be truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be truly
+original now Bernstein got up and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original now Bernstein got up and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original now Bernstein got up and he
+just got off a plane this this took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got off a plane this this took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just got off a plane this this took
+place in New Hampshire out side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in New Hampshire out side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in New Hampshire out side of
+Peterboro McDow Colony uh he a little um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peterboro McDow Colony uh he a little um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peterboro McDow Colony uh he a little um
+single Cedar that was flown that he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Cedar that was flown that he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Cedar that was flown that he he
+hired to fly him from Tanglewood um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired to fly him from Tanglewood um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hired to fly him from Tanglewood um to
+peterb and he said I just I'm in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peterb and he said I just I'm in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peterb and he said I just I'm in the
+midst of a concert them preparing at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of a concert them preparing at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+midst of a concert them preparing at um
+Tanglewood and the big the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanglewood and the big the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanglewood and the big the big
+composition is Stravinsky's the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is Stravinsky's the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition is Stravinsky's the rights
+of spring you prob or is it the rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spring you prob or is it the rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spring you prob or is it the rights
+of spring or the right of spring I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spring or the right of spring I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spring or the right of spring I think
+it's the right of spring um and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right of spring um and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right of spring um and um
+everybody knows that you probably know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that you probably know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows that you probably know
+have heard of heard of it and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of heard of it and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of heard of it and it's a
+great when it when it was first um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great when it when it was first um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great when it when it was first um uh
+performed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performed in the
+1920s it was revolutionary it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s it was revolutionary it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1920s it was revolutionary it was
+Sensational was nobody ever heard music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensational was nobody ever heard music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensational was nobody ever heard music
+like this before it was thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before it was thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this before it was thought to be
+too new too daring uh too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too new too daring uh too too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too new too daring uh too too
+UT uh for most audiences as the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT uh for most audiences as the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UT uh for most audiences as the years
+have gone on the audiences have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone on the audiences have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone on the audiences have uh
+increased enormously and um ordinary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased enormously and um ordinary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased enormously and um ordinary uh
+concert goers take it for granted as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert goers take it for granted as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concert goers take it for granted as a
+great work of art but the at the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work of art but the at the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work of art but the at the time it
+was written it was thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written it was thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written it was thought to be
+absolutely novel and even too radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely novel and even too radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely novel and even too radical
+too too new and Bernstein said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too new and Bernstein said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too too new and Bernstein said uh
+working on the score um what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the score um what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the score um what I
+discovered is that on the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is that on the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered is that on the very first
+page he borrows he copies he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page he borrows he copies he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page he borrows he copies he
+steals uh musical material from rael's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals uh musical material from rael's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steals uh musical material from rael's
+caprito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caprito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caprito
+espanol which had had its World premiere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espanol which had had its World premiere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+espanol which had had its World premiere
+two months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two months
+earlier and this was an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and this was an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and this was an example of a
+great work of art that everyone thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work of art that everyone thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great work of art that everyone thought
+was not based on the past but was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not based on the past but was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not based on the past but was
+opening the future and Bernstein then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the future and Bernstein then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the future and Bernstein then
+went on in a way that was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on in a way that was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went on in a way that was just
+magnificent trying to argue that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent trying to argue that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificent trying to argue that there
+is no such thing as total originality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no such thing as total originality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no such thing as total originality
+that in music music uh is the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in music music uh is the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in music music uh is the result of
+imbuing yourself in a a tradition in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbuing yourself in a a tradition in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imbuing yourself in a a tradition in a
+continuity that goes far back uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity that goes far back uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity that goes far back uh using
+it to your own advantage in your own way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to your own advantage in your own way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to your own advantage in your own way
+but the idea of being totally new is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea of being totally new is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the idea of being totally new is not
+applicable and that was I thought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable and that was I thought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable and that was I thought a
+stunning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunning
+uh rebuttal to Ned rm's comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rebuttal to Ned rm's comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rebuttal to Ned rm's comments about
+Bernstein's own music uh Bernstein's own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein's own music uh Bernstein's own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein's own music uh Bernstein's own
+music is not in the class of shinsky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is not in the class of shinsky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music is not in the class of shinsky and
+he would never have said that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would never have said that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would never have said that but it's
+not as inferior as rorm was implying uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as inferior as rorm was implying uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as inferior as rorm was implying uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+um it reminded me of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it reminded me of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it reminded me of something that
+braah said which was that an inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braah said which was that an inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braah said which was that an inferior
+composer borrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer borrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composer borrows
+a master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master
+Steals and I think that's true and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steals and I think that's true and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steals and I think that's true and it's
+true of all art uh you can steal as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of all art uh you can steal as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true of all art uh you can steal as much
+as you can get away with you can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can get away with you can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can get away with you can borrow
+and reuse and never give it back the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reuse and never give it back the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reuse and never give it back the the
+genius will come out in the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius will come out in the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius will come out in the way in which
+you put it to your own view from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it to your own view from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it to your own view from your
+own point of view from your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own point of view from your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own point of view from your own
+perspective and if you're a pluralist as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and if you're a pluralist as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and if you're a pluralist as
+me you're prepared for the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're prepared for the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me you're prepared for the fact that
+there are an infinite number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are an infinite number of points
+of view perspectives and so if an artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view perspectives and so if an artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view perspectives and so if an artist
+is true to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true to
+himself uh that that Fidelity to his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh that that Fidelity to his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself uh that that Fidelity to his own
+genius will show up and appear to us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius will show up and appear to us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genius will show up and appear to us to
+be original and creative when you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be original and creative when you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be original and creative when you get to
+the chapter in this book on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter in this book on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter in this book on the
+aesthetic you'll see I use that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic you'll see I use that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic you'll see I use that sort of
+thinking uh for my analysis of aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh for my analysis of aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking uh for my analysis of aesthetic
+truth as as opposed to Scientific truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth as as opposed to Scientific truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth as as opposed to Scientific truth
+I'm not convinced that I do it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not convinced that I do it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not convinced that I do it well
+enough and I'm aching to get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and I'm aching to get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and I'm aching to get into this
+book this the sequel on creativity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book this the sequel on creativity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book this the sequel on creativity in
+order to do it better but the whole idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do it better but the whole idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do it better but the whole idea
+of aesthetic truth I say is always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aesthetic truth I say is always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aesthetic truth I say is always a
+function of what's true to the being of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what's true to the being of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of what's true to the being of
+the Creator and sudden we see oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Creator and sudden we see oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Creator and sudden we see oh yeah
+that's that's him that's his way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's him that's his way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's him that's his way of
+seeing things that if that's true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing things that if that's true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing things that if that's true then
+this the whole way of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the whole way of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the whole way of thinking about the
+past the present the future of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the present the future of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the present the future of time in
+relation to creativity has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to creativity has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to creativity has to be
+transformed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reworked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I think you know it might be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you know it might be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think you know it might be a good
+procedure for me to stop there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for me to stop there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure for me to stop there and
+continue next week and maybe the week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue next week and maybe the week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue next week and maybe the week
+after with what I call my Preparatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after with what I call my Preparatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after with what I call my Preparatory
+remarks but there I think you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks but there I think you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks but there I think you're getting
+the flavor and getting some of the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavor and getting some of the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flavor and getting some of the ideas
+that you can use for your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use for your own
+part of the course and so we can each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course and so we can each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the course and so we can each
+week divide it up the way we thought we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week divide it up the way we thought we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week divide it up the way we thought we
+would today with me giving Preparatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would today with me giving Preparatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would today with me giving Preparatory
+material and then one of you taking over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then one of you taking over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and then one of you taking over
+in this case it will be Joe so why do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it will be Joe so why do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it will be Joe so why do we
+take a short break and then Joe will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a short break and then Joe will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a short break and then Joe will
+take over and um to remind you or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over and um to remind you or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take over and um to remind you or to
+inform you uh she all of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform you uh she all of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform you uh she all of you are
+expected to do to to proceed in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to do to to proceed in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to do to to proceed in any way
+that is comfortable to you you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is comfortable to you you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is comfortable to you you can write
+out an essay and read it uh write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an essay and read it uh write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out an essay and read it uh write out
+notes and work from them you can come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and work from them you can come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and work from them you can come in
+with notes and not work from them uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with notes and not work from them uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with notes and not work from them uh you
+can discuss on your own the way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discuss on your own the way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discuss on your own the way in
+principle I do which for me is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle I do which for me is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle I do which for me is a very
+creative experience but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative experience but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative experience but it's it's
+difficult and I've had Decades of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and I've had Decades of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and I've had Decades of
+preparation for this uh I don't mean on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for this uh I don't mean on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparation for this uh I don't mean on
+the same giving the same course but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same giving the same course but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same giving the same course but just
+having taught so many different courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having taught so many different courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having taught so many different courses
+I feel comfortable with the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel comfortable with the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel comfortable with the idea of
+doing doing speaking my mind and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing doing speaking my mind and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing doing speaking my mind and making
+that the burden of my teaching so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the burden of my teaching so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the burden of my teaching so you
+don't have to feel you have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to feel you have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to feel you have to do that
+proceed any way that is comfortable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed any way that is comfortable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed any way that is comfortable for
+you and you can go on for as long as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can go on for as long as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and you can go on for as long as you
+want don't feel that you have to hurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want don't feel that you have to hurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want don't feel that you have to hurry
+up but the the hope is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but the the hope is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but the the hope is that you
+will excite the class to conversation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will excite the class to conversation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will excite the class to conversation to
+um comments and there there'll be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comments and there there'll be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um comments and there there'll be a good
+deal of discussion because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of discussion because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal of discussion because you know
+these this is your your class I'm just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is your your class I'm just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is your your class I'm just a
+a prod so I'm eager to know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prod so I'm eager to know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prod so I'm eager to know what you're
+thinking and you can learn from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and you can learn from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking and you can learn from each
+other so now let's take a f minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so now let's take a f minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so now let's take a f minute
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay she can have as much time as she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she can have as much time as she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay she can have as much time as she
+wants she can proceed in any way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants she can proceed in any way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants she can proceed in any way that
+she wants and my hope is that uh anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants and my hope is that uh anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wants and my hope is that uh anyone
+who wants to make a comment and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to make a comment and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to make a comment and start
+the discussion going we feel free to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion going we feel free to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion going we feel free to do
+so one question is do you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question is do you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one question is do you want to be
+interrupted or not do you want people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted or not do you want people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted or not do you want people to
+wait until you've finished um I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until you've finished um I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait until you've finished um I don't
+mind being interrupted as long as people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind being interrupted as long as people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind being interrupted as long as people
+don't expect me to answer questions no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect me to answer questions no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't expect me to answer questions no
+no I'm just getting familiar with but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm just getting familiar with but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I'm just getting familiar with but um
+I think um you should all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um you should all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think um you should all
+project loudly so that anybody can hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project loudly so that anybody can hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project loudly so that anybody can hear
+everybody can hear not you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can hear not you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can hear not you know not
+don't direct it just to Joe but to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't direct it just to Joe but to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't direct it just to Joe but to the
+group as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group as a
+whole okay okay should I begin please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole okay okay should I begin please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole okay okay should I begin please
+okay so I got to tackle the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I got to tackle the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I got to tackle the first part
+of the book which is the preface the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book which is the preface the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the book which is the preface the
+introduction which pretty much goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction which pretty much goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction which pretty much goes over
+effective attachment and a chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attachment and a chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attachment and a chapter on
+imagination so I guess I made like notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so I guess I made like notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so I guess I made like notes
+bullets with some questions or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets with some questions or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullets with some questions or just
+rewarding some of the information you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding some of the information you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding some of the information you
+presented in the book so I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the book so I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in the book so I don't know if
+I'll just let me interrupt you I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just let me interrupt you I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just let me interrupt you I can
+hear you very well can the uh camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you very well can the uh camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear you very well can the uh camera
+here okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay okay
+so okay first thing um say the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay first thing um say the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay first thing um say the book
+seems to explore um effective attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to explore um effective attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to explore um effective attachment
+I'm not sure that I can summarize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that I can summarize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that I can summarize your
+views on effective attachment but um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views on effective attachment but um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+views on effective attachment but um I
+see that one of the aspects it's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that one of the aspects it's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that one of the aspects it's one of
+the aspects of how we create our world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aspects of how we create our world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aspects of how we create our world
+through our emotions or feelings and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our emotions or feelings and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our emotions or feelings and you
+go on to include intuitions inclinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to include intuitions inclinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on to include intuitions inclinations
+and kinesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kinesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kinesthetic
+Sensations and you hope that your view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations and you hope that your view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sensations and you hope that your view
+is a supplement to uh scientific inquiry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a supplement to uh scientific inquiry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a supplement to uh scientific inquiry
+such as cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as cognitive science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as cognitive science
+um second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um second
+Point um I see that um the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point um I see that um the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point um I see that um the material
+refers back to some of your previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers back to some of your previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers back to some of your previous
+Works um and you hope to address your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um and you hope to address your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works um and you hope to address your
+mass your past misconceptions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass your past misconceptions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass your past misconceptions or
+misperceptions um in the introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misperceptions um in the introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misperceptions um in the introduction
+and you state your purposes being um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you state your purposes being um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you state your purposes being um to
+portray how feelings rely upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portray how feelings rely upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portray how feelings rely upon
+imagination and through imagination upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and through imagination upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and through imagination upon
+idealization consummation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization consummation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization consummation and the
+aesthetic uh you attempt to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic uh you attempt to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic uh you attempt to draw a
+picture um that will present the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um that will present the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture um that will present the the
+lineaments of sex love and compassion as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineaments of sex love and compassion as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lineaments of sex love and compassion as
+well as other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as other
+um I guess Stations of the spectrum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess Stations of the spectrum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess Stations of the spectrum to
+which they belong I'm not sure what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they belong I'm not sure what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they belong I'm not sure what what
+the spectrum is yeah uh the spectrum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the kinds of feelings that have mattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of feelings that have mattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of feelings that have mattered
+to people the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people the kinds
+of of U relationships I I want to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of U relationships I I want to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of U relationships I I want to repeat
+the word affective but that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word affective but that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word affective but that's what I'm
+trying to explain uh affective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain uh affective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain uh affective
+Dimensions that people value or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions that people value or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions that people value or that
+that exist to be a human being is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist to be a human being is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exist to be a human being is to
+have feeling as well as to have thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feeling as well as to have thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have feeling as well as to have thought
+and uh one question is how is thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one question is how is thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one question is how is thought
+related to feeling that'll come in later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to feeling that'll come in later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to feeling that'll come in later
+uh but one another question is well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one another question is well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but one another question is well what
+do we even mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we even mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we even mean by
+feeling uh it is it a matter of is love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling uh it is it a matter of is love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling uh it is it a matter of is love
+a matter of feeling some people say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of feeling some people say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter of feeling some people say it's
+not uh I don't know whether it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh I don't know whether it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh I don't know whether it's in this
+book or another one that I quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or another one that I quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or another one that I quote from
+wienstein the um 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wienstein the um 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wienstein the um 20th century
+philosopher who has had a great effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who has had a great effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher who has had a great effect
+on all analytical philosophy um in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all analytical philosophy um in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on all analytical philosophy um in which
+he says that love is not a a feeling I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that love is not a a feeling I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says that love is not a a feeling I
+mean you you might uh feel that uh your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you you might uh feel that uh your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you you might uh feel that uh your
+tooth hurts or you might uh feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth hurts or you might uh feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth hurts or you might uh feel that
+somebody has injured you but love is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has injured you but love is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody has injured you but love is not
+just a feeling now the way I interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a feeling now the way I interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a feeling now the way I interpret
+him um in the in context is that love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um in the in context is that love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him um in the in context is that love is
+also a question of how you live of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a question of how you live of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a question of how you live of what
+your behavior is so if you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your behavior is so if you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your behavior is so if you say to
+somebody I love you you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody I love you you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody I love you you're not just
+describing a feeling that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a feeling that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing a feeling that you might have
+the way you would be if somebody um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would be if somebody um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you would be if somebody um
+poked you with a a pen and you said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poked you with a a pen and you said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poked you with a a pen and you said that
+feels bad or ouch that hurts your I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels bad or ouch that hurts your I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels bad or ouch that hurts your I feel
+pain uh love isn't like that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain uh love isn't like that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain uh love isn't like that because
+love is a question of your relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is a question of your relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love is a question of your relationship
+to that person of what you're um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that person of what you're um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that person of what you're um
+declaring what you're promising the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring what you're promising the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declaring what you're promising the way
+in which you can live it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can live it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which you can live it's more than
+just a feeling all right uh my question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a feeling all right uh my question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a feeling all right uh my question
+is well what is it even to be a feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what is it even to be a feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what is it even to be a feeling
+and that's the Spectrum with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the Spectrum with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the Spectrum with which
+within which uh I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which uh I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within which uh I try
+to locate these different categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate these different categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate these different categories of
+being of human being um idealization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of human being um idealization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of human being um idealization
+imagination so on uh and uh they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so on uh and uh they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so on uh and uh they're all
+on that spectrum of phenomena that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that spectrum of phenomena that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that spectrum of phenomena that
+matter to people over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to people over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter to people over and
+above the mental processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the mental processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the mental processes
+the ideas the concepts the thoughts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas the concepts the thoughts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas the concepts the thoughts the
+reasoning uh the uh scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uh the uh scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uh the uh scientific
+investigation that slump together under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation that slump together under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation that slump together under
+cognition my general idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition my general idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition my general idea is that
+cognition and affect are not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and affect are not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and affect are not totally
+separated they are interwoven but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they are interwoven but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they are interwoven but nobody
+has analyzed their relationship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has analyzed their relationship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has analyzed their relationship and
+that's part partly because the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part partly because the component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part partly because the component
+of affect a feeling has not been fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affect a feeling has not been fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of affect a feeling has not been fully
+and adequately analyzed and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adequately analyzed and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adequately analyzed and that's what
+I try to do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I try to do in this
+book you know but I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you know but I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book you know but I don't know about
+feeling like love not being a feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like love not being a feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling like love not being a feeling
+because sometimes it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes it has
+very physical um aspects on you right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very physical um aspects on you right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very physical um aspects on you right I
+suppose what Vicken Stein meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what Vicken Stein meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose what Vicken Stein meant
+certainly what I agree with is love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly what I agree with is love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly what I agree with is love is
+not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a
+feeling it's also a pattern of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it's also a pattern of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it's also a pattern of behavior
+it's a question of uh what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a question of uh what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a question of uh what you
+do uh one advice to the love Lauren that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh one advice to the love Lauren that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh one advice to the love Lauren that
+I've received and needed I I'm sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've received and needed I I'm sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've received and needed I I'm sorry to
+say is that you can show your love not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that you can show your love not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that you can show your love not
+only in the large scale things you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the large scale things you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in the large scale things you do
+like a husband providing for the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a husband providing for the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a husband providing for the family
+and and um um uh thinking about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um um uh thinking about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um um uh thinking about what the
+other person really cares about but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person really cares about but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other person really cares about but also
+in little insignificant things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little insignificant things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little insignificant things that's
+how your feelings will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your feelings will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your feelings will show
+themselves I think so the point is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I think so the point is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves I think so the point is it
+isn't just a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't just a question
+of love being a feeling but also things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love being a feeling but also things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of love being a feeling but also things
+that manifest love even and maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifest love even and maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that manifest love even and maybe in
+some situations above all the trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations above all the trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations above all the trivial
+little things and that's what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things and that's what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little things and that's what people
+respond to I mean let's just say I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to I mean let's just say I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to I mean let's just say I love
+Tyler like what just let's just say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyler like what just let's just say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyler like what just let's just say I
+love Tyler yeah like I if I touched his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love Tyler yeah like I if I touched his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love Tyler yeah like I if I touched his
+hand like I would actually feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand like I would actually feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand like I would actually feel
+something you know like supposedly when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know like supposedly when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know like supposedly when
+you experience love where if you miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experience love where if you miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experience love where if you miss
+the person you actually feel pangs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you actually feel pangs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person you actually feel pangs in
+your stomach or butterflies and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stomach or butterflies and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stomach or butterflies and stuff
+like that so I mean but what if um Tyler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so I mean but what if um Tyler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so I mean but what if um Tyler
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+your significant other and he hears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your significant other and he hears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your significant other and he hears
+some news that you know will distress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some news that you know will distress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some news that you know will distress
+him and you touch him the way you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and you touch him the way you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and you touch him the way you did
+you might not feel anything you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not feel anything you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not feel anything you you know
+you or you Loosely talk speaking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you Loosely talk speaking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you or you Loosely talk speaking you
+said well I felt a desire to be of help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I felt a desire to be of help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well I felt a desire to be of help
+or I felt I wanted to help him you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I felt I wanted to help him you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I felt I wanted to help him you know
+help him by knowing that I'm here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him by knowing that I'm here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him by knowing that I'm here with
+him but in terms of what you were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but in terms of what you were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him but in terms of what you were saying
+butterflies and the other evidences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterflies and the other evidences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butterflies and the other evidences of
+feeling you might not feel that the mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling you might not feel that the mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling you might not feel that the mere
+touching would be enough to show your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching would be enough to show your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching would be enough to show your
+love and one can't go through life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and one can't go through life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love and one can't go through life
+having feelings all the time uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having feelings all the time uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having feelings all the time uh in fact
+um once you become habituary to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once you become habituary to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um once you become habituary to another
+person the feelings may not be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the feelings may not be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person the feelings may not be that
+regular or constant but if you're there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular or constant but if you're there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular or constant but if you're there
+with that person if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that person if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that person if you do
+things of a certain sort that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of a certain sort that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of a certain sort that will be
+love do you know the musical uh Fiddler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love do you know the musical uh Fiddler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love do you know the musical uh Fiddler
+on the Roof oh good and you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Roof oh good and you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Roof oh good and you remember the
+scene in which uh the farmer asks his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which uh the farmer asks his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene in which uh the farmer asks his
+wife no the wife asked the farmer um do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife no the wife asked the farmer um do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife no the wife asked the farmer um do
+you love me I forget their names now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you love me I forget their names now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you love me I forget their names now but
+rabba is that the wife's name she says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabba is that the wife's name she says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rabba is that the wife's name she says
+do you love me no he says wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you love me no he says wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you love me no he says wait a
+minute he says to her do you love me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute he says to her do you love me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute he says to her do you love me
+right and she says well I make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and she says well I make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and she says well I make your
+breakfast for you I take care of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast for you I take care of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast for you I take care of your
+needs I'm with you here um these there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs I'm with you here um these there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs I'm with you here um these there
+all these things I do I take care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things I do I take care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things I do I take care of the
+children do I love you I don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do I love you I don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children do I love you I don't know but
+that's what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I do
+now I think the point one can infer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think the point one can infer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I think the point one can infer from
+that is that the fact that he sounded as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the fact that he sounded as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the fact that he sounded as
+if there must be some stupendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there must be some stupendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there must be some stupendous
+feeling which is like turning on a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling which is like turning on a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling which is like turning on a light
+and when the light comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the light comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the light comes
+on that's love but her view is love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's love but her view is love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that's love but her view is love is
+more a function of what you do and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a function of what you do and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a function of what you do and the
+way you live with a person the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you live with a person the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you live with a person the way you
+behave than any one particular feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave than any one particular feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave than any one particular feeling
+or uh the summation of all your feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the summation of all your feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh the summation of all your feelings
+and and I think that there's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that there's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I think that there's a great
+deal one can say in favor of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal one can say in favor of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal one can say in favor of that that
+if love is a feeling it isn't only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if love is a feeling it isn't only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if love is a feeling it isn't only a
+feeling it also manifests itself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it also manifests itself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it also manifests itself in the
+actions pervading all of life cuz she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions pervading all of life cuz she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions pervading all of life cuz she
+says like for 25 years she did all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like for 25 years she did all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says like for 25 years she did all those
+things so if that's not love then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if that's not love then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so if that's not love then what
+is right now um I I can't remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now um I I can't remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right now um I I can't remember in
+the musical whether that satisfies her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical whether that satisfies her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the musical whether that satisfies her
+husband uh and he concludes well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband uh and he concludes well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband uh and he concludes well I guess
+she does love me uh or he says well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she does love me uh or he says well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she does love me uh or he says well
+she's avoiding the question because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's avoiding the question because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's avoiding the question because I
+know she does these things the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she does these things the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know she does these things the question
+is why she does them and somehow she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why she does them and somehow she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why she does them and somehow she
+does them because of this thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does them because of this thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does them because of this thing called a
+feeling then that proves love well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling then that proves love well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling then that proves love well what
+do maybe that's not right maybe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do maybe that's not right maybe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do maybe that's not right maybe it
+doesn't prove anything uh and having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't prove anything uh and having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't prove anything uh and having the
+feeling uh may not indicate love you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling uh may not indicate love you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling uh may not indicate love you
+know you wake up one morning and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you wake up one morning and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you wake up one morning and you
+have this Oceanic feeling as Freud calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this Oceanic feeling as Freud calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this Oceanic feeling as Freud calls
+it and it might be because of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it might be because of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it might be because of something
+you ate theight before or it may be real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ate theight before or it may be real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ate theight before or it may be real
+and authentic at that moment and may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authentic at that moment and may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and authentic at that moment and may
+last a day or two and then you throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last a day or two and then you throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last a day or two and then you throw
+yourselves into the arms of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves into the arms of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves into the arms of the other
+person and reg regret it forever after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and reg regret it forever after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and reg regret it forever after
+uh so that the feeling itself wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the feeling itself wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that the feeling itself wouldn't
+even if it's authentic and even if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's authentic and even if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's authentic and even if it is
+a sign of love it wouldn't be sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign of love it wouldn't be sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sign of love it wouldn't be sufficient
+to indicate the presence of love and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the presence of love and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to indicate the presence of love and it
+could be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh
+counterproductive for love could also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterproductive for love could also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterproductive for love could also be
+lust where does lust come in lust lust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lust where does lust come in lust lust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lust where does lust come in lust lust
+mhm okay well you going this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm okay well you going this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm okay well you going this is your
+your is that something you want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is that something you want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your is that something you want the
+class to discuss I I guess we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to discuss I I guess we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to discuss I I guess we can get
+into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it
+later um again you refer to the work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um again you refer to the work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later um again you refer to the work of
+academic psychologists by contending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic psychologists by contending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic psychologists by contending
+that um cognitive methods tend to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um cognitive methods tend to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um cognitive methods tend to ignore
+the nature of human attachments and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of human attachments and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of human attachments and the
+role um that effect plays on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role um that effect plays on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role um that effect plays on them
+um perhaps you offer your discoveries as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps you offer your discoveries as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perhaps you offer your discoveries as
+a supplement or remedy to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supplement or remedy to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supplement or remedy to these
+oversights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversights
+um uh for example psychologists reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for example psychologists reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh for example psychologists reduce
+adult attitudes to some childhood event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult attitudes to some childhood event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult attitudes to some childhood event
+um childhood attachments carry over into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um childhood attachments carry over into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um childhood attachments carry over into
+interests that determine our effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests that determine our effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests that determine our effective
+being and each um and each other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and each um and each other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and each um and each other in
+later periods um you offer the point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later periods um you offer the point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later periods um you offer the point of
+view that by examining any present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that by examining any present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that by examining any present
+moment we can more reliably discern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we can more reliably discern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we can more reliably discern the
+operative dynamism in that person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative dynamism in that person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operative dynamism in that person's
+experience as it currently exists it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as it currently exists it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience as it currently exists it
+often defers greatly from anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often defers greatly from anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often defers greatly from anything that
+might be adduced by studying effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be adduced by studying effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be adduced by studying effective
+dispositions in the past uh you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions in the past uh you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispositions in the past uh you use the
+example of a singer's attachment to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a singer's attachment to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a singer's attachment to his
+or her art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her art
+as vocal art um because the vocal art is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vocal art um because the vocal art is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as vocal art um because the vocal art is
+dependent upon um bodily and mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon um bodily and mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent upon um bodily and mental
+proclivities that everyone has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proclivities that everyone has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proclivities that everyone has um
+as we all present ourselves to others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we all present ourselves to others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we all present ourselves to others
+through the meaningful utterances that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the meaningful utterances that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the meaningful utterances that
+issue from our lips to directly quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue from our lips to directly quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue from our lips to directly quote
+you okay I thought that was a good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay I thought that was a good um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay I thought that was a good um
+example just because I was like okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just because I was like okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example just because I was like okay why
+do you keep talking about a singer like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you keep talking about a singer like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you keep talking about a singer like
+how am I going to relate that to me if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to relate that to me if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how am I going to relate that to me if
+I'm not a singer and you kind of brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a singer and you kind of brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not a singer and you kind of brought
+that full circle um to relating it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full circle um to relating it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that full circle um to relating it to
+just speech singing like what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speech singing like what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just speech singing like what comes out
+of our mouth and how we express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our mouth and how we express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our mouth and how we express
+ourselves and how that all becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and how that all becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and how that all becomes
+like I guess an art of some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess an art of some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I guess an art of some sort
+um yeah and um next I recall asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and um next I recall asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah and um next I recall asking you
+last week um how imagination relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week um how imagination relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week um how imagination relates to
+our survival and evolutionary terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our survival and evolutionary terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our survival and evolutionary terms
+right and even though you weren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and even though you weren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and even though you weren't really
+able to verbalize like the significance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to verbalize like the significance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to verbalize like the significance
+of imagination to our survival I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagination to our survival I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imagination to our survival I was
+able to able to relate to some of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to able to relate to some of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to able to relate to some of what I
+found in the book to to this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the book to to this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in the book to to this um
+I wrote artists for example become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote artists for example become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote artists for example become
+attached to Sensations emotions feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to Sensations emotions feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to Sensations emotions feelings
+and thoughts of their trainers but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thoughts of their trainers but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thoughts of their trainers but also
+to themselves as vehicles of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to themselves as vehicles of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to themselves as vehicles of an
+interpersonal contact merely in being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal contact merely in being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpersonal contact merely in being
+what they are and doing um what only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are and doing um what only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are and doing um what only
+they can do and this creative power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do and this creative power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do and this creative power is
+what you call a fountain head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call a fountain head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you call a fountain head of
+security and ability to survive and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and ability to survive and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security and ability to survive and for
+me that kind of explains like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that kind of explains like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that kind of explains like like
+Stephen Pinker would say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Pinker would say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Pinker would say you know what
+is the role of dancing to Human survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the role of dancing to Human survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the role of dancing to Human survival
+what is the point of it um where did she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the point of it um where did she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the point of it um where did she
+say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this
+um how the mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how the mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how the mind
+works um yeah so he kinds of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um yeah so he kinds of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works um yeah so he kinds of questions
+like certain things that we do in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like certain things that we do in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like certain things that we do in life
+like what purpose do they have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what purpose do they have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what purpose do they have like
+evolutionary like why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary like why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary like why did
+we you know develop the ability to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know develop the ability to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know develop the ability to play
+chess or write music what is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess or write music what is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess or write music what is the point
+of it all and and I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it all and and I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it all and and I guess
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+some way it's it relates to like certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way it's it relates to like certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way it's it relates to like certain
+skills that we developed in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that we developed in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that we developed in order to
+survive and maybe imagination is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and maybe imagination is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and maybe imagination is one of
+those things that help us to survive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that help us to survive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that help us to survive it
+helps us to I guess strategize um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us to I guess strategize um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps us to I guess strategize um to
+respond some more to moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond some more to moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond some more to moral
+um possibilities or things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um possibilities or things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um possibilities or things of that
+nature that that's very good that opens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that that's very good that opens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that that's very good that opens
+up an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up an enormous
+question and one comment I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and one comment I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and one comment I want to make
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that what one wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what one wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what one wants to
+know is whether you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is whether you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is whether you're talking about
+imagination in general or a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in general or a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in general or a particular
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+imagination because what's true of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because what's true of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination because what's true of one
+kind of imagination might not be true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagination might not be true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of imagination might not be true of
+another so one needs to have a finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so one needs to have a finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so one needs to have a finer
+analysis of that sort second uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of that sort second uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of that sort second uh you're
+talking now very correctly and right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now very correctly and right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking now very correctly and right on
+about the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the relationship between
+something that used to be thought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that used to be thought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that used to be thought to
+belong to be native to the province of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to be native to the province of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to be native to the province of
+the humanities like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanities like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanities like in the
+Arts rather than sciences that science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts rather than sciences that science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arts rather than sciences that science
+was supposed to be purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be purely
+rational sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational sort of
+cold obser based on empirical sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold obser based on empirical sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold obser based on empirical sensory
+observations put together in a system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations put together in a system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations put together in a system in
+which general generalizations are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which general generalizations are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which general generalizations are made
+from which you can derive other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you can derive other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which you can derive other
+generalizations and on Bas of that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations and on Bas of that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations and on Bas of that have
+new observations that feelings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new observations that feelings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new observations that feelings and
+Imagination was not really a part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination was not really a part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination was not really a part of it
+the crucial thing was to be true to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crucial thing was to be true to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crucial thing was to be true to the
+evidence now once you start asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence now once you start asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence now once you start asking the
+kinds of questions you are we wanted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions you are we wanted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of questions you are we wanted the
+you you were asking we have to reexamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you were asking we have to reexamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you were asking we have to reexamine
+the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between
+feelings and uh cognition between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and uh cognition between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and uh cognition between the
+humanities and the Sciences uh between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities and the Sciences uh between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities and the Sciences uh between a
+magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic
+ination and rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ination and rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ination and rational
+procedure and that's what really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and that's what really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and that's what really the
+Crux of everything that we're concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crux of everything that we're concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crux of everything that we're concerned
+about um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um it
+also gets to the heart of the what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gets to the heart of the what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gets to the heart of the what I
+consider to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider to be the
+crisis in cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis in cognitive
+science I I shouldn't say the crisis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I I shouldn't say the crisis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science I I shouldn't say the crisis in
+cognitive science because cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science because cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science because cognitive
+scientists are usually not aware of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are usually not aware of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists are usually not aware of it
+and don't feel any need to to raise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't feel any need to to raise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't feel any need to to raise this
+kind of question but the crisis that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question but the crisis that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of question but the crisis that I
+about it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it the
+shortcomings um and that I think Pinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings um and that I think Pinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcomings um and that I think Pinker
+to un uh recognizes the trouble being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to un uh recognizes the trouble being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to un uh recognizes the trouble being
+that nobody has done very much to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody has done very much to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nobody has done very much to do to
+handle this kind of problem and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this kind of problem and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this kind of problem and that is
+uh how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how is
+Imagination essential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination essential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination essential to
+cognition and the other way around how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and the other way around how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and the other way around how
+is cognition essential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cognition essential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cognition essential to
+imagination can they be analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination can they be analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination can they be analyzed
+separately do they have to be analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately do they have to be analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately do they have to be analyzed
+in terms of each other and which comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of each other and which comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of each other and which comes
+first also in terms of your reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first also in terms of your reference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first also in terms of your reference to
+Pinker one wants to know you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker one wants to know you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pinker one wants to know you know when
+he asks those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions is he asking for some causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is he asking for some causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is he asking for some causal
+mechanism so that the explanation would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so that the explanation would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so that the explanation would
+be of a cognitive sort and terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of a cognitive sort and terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of a cognitive sort and terms of
+evolution and survival of the species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and survival of the species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution and survival of the species
+and that uh will be the causal basis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh will be the causal basis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that uh will be the causal basis for
+imagination we have imagination so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination we have imagination so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination we have imagination so we
+can uh survive better and do science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh survive better and do science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh survive better and do science
+better and somehow deal with questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and somehow deal with questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and somehow deal with questions
+of that sort by means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort by means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sort by means of
+imagination or which would which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination or which would which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination or which would which would
+not answer the question what one still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answer the question what one still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not answer the question what one still
+wants to know what is it about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what is it about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to know what is it about
+imagination that distinguishes is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that distinguishes is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that distinguishes is it
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+cognition and do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition and do they
+cooperate uh not merely one causing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate uh not merely one causing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate uh not merely one causing the
+other but because each of them requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but because each of them requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but because each of them requires
+elements of the other do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the other do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the other do they
+interpenetrate are they a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpenetrate are they a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpenetrate are they a function of
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other now the usual view has been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now the usual view has been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other now the usual view has been the
+earlier one that uh the um the uh things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one that uh the um the uh things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier one that uh the um the uh things
+the human values of various sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human values of various sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human values of various sorts
+humanistic sorts um are obvious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanistic sorts um are obvious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanistic sorts um are obvious and
+evident but they're the cause of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident but they're the cause of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evident but they're the cause of certain
+biological facts that a scientist can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological facts that a scientist can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological facts that a scientist can
+discover and in the course and show how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover and in the course and show how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover and in the course and show how
+in the course of evolution uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of evolution uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course of evolution uh the uh
+those facts generated the human values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those facts generated the human values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those facts generated the human values
+to further what was needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further what was needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to further what was needed
+biologically and my argument is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically and my argument is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically and my argument is that
+this is too narrow conception of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too narrow conception of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is too narrow conception of what is
+biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological
+and uh it demeans or minimizes the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it demeans or minimizes the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it demeans or minimizes the role
+of the humanities by thinking that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the humanities by thinking that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the humanities by thinking that it's
+simply a causal agent for carrying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a causal agent for carrying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a causal agent for carrying out
+these other jobs and if that's true then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other jobs and if that's true then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other jobs and if that's true then
+the whole question of imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole question of imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole question of imagination
+cognition of the affect all of that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition of the affect all of that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition of the affect all of that has
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+reworked I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworked I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reworked I
+think as Pinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as Pinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as Pinker
+develops has developed I think he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops has developed I think he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops has developed I think he is
+recognizing that more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that more and more
+the problem is how to carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is how to carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is how to carry it
+out the solution to this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the solution to this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the solution to this kind of
+problem cuz he just touches on it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem cuz he just touches on it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem cuz he just touches on it he
+doesn't really offer pardon he touches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really offer pardon he touches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really offer pardon he touches
+on that but he doesn't really seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that but he doesn't really seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that but he doesn't really seem to
+offer any well nobody has and what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer any well nobody has and what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer any well nobody has and what I do
+in this book which is my major attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book which is my major attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this book which is my major attempt
+to doesn't really scratch the surface I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doesn't really scratch the surface I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to doesn't really scratch the surface I
+don't feel that this alone will will um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel that this alone will will um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't feel that this alone will will um
+do much in that direction except to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much in that direction except to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much in that direction except to
+start screaming about the need for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start screaming about the need for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start screaming about the need for it
+for work of that sort to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done I guess I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I guess I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I guess I can
+continue um you incidentally uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue um you incidentally uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue um you incidentally uh you're
+talking very faintly and I hear it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking very faintly and I hear it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking very faintly and I hear it is it
+clear that it's going to be coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it's going to be coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it's going to be coming out
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+okay you suggest that effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you suggest that effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you suggest that effective
+attachments should be studied as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments should be studied as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachments should be studied as
+meaningful forms of life that cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful forms of life that cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful forms of life that cannot be
+explained entirely by ref ref to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained entirely by ref ref to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained entirely by ref ref to what
+happened in childhood I guess this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in childhood I guess this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in childhood I guess this is in
+response to I guess the shortcomings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to I guess the shortcomings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to I guess the shortcomings of
+cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive
+science um you contrast your stance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science um you contrast your stance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science um you contrast your stance
+against that of Freud criticizing um his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that of Freud criticizing um his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against that of Freud criticizing um his
+work and um I guess his school of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um I guess his school of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and um I guess his school of
+thought um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought um
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um see I guess as we finish this his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see I guess as we finish this his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um see I guess as we finish this his
+ideaas about regression yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideaas about regression yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideaas about regression yeah
+I didn't really finish this thought here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't really finish this thought here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't really finish this thought here
+so but basically you criticize his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but basically you criticize his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but basically you criticize his
+school of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school of
+thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought
+um in cognition attachment yields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in cognition attachment yields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in cognition attachment yields
+information and awareness that helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and awareness that helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and awareness that helps
+people to cope with the vicissitudes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to cope with the vicissitudes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to cope with the vicissitudes of
+life um he argue that cognition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um he argue that cognition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life um he argue that cognition is
+always correlative to some affective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always correlative to some affective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always correlative to some affective
+need and to relevant attachments of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and to relevant attachments of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and to relevant attachments of one
+type or the other and it offers an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or the other and it offers an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type or the other and it offers an
+approach that is amendable to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that is amendable to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that is amendable to different
+fields of inquiry such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of inquiry such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields of inquiry such as the
+Sciences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences
+um as opposed to Freud uh you agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as opposed to Freud uh you agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as opposed to Freud uh you agree with
+John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John
+bulby um his research offers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulby um his research offers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulby um his research offers
+um I guess well you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I guess what his research corrects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess what his research corrects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess what his research corrects
+the mistakes of Freud um he offers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistakes of Freud um he offers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mistakes of Freud um he offers a
+distinction between two sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between two sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between two sources of
+effective attach no you offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attach no you offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attach no you offer
+distinctions between two sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between two sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions between two sources of
+effective attachment which are appraisal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attachment which are appraisal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attachment which are appraisal
+and bestow where appraisal is the act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bestow where appraisal is the act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bestow where appraisal is the act of
+discovering uh what something is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering uh what something is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering uh what something is worth
+whereas bestow is the act of creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas bestow is the act of creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas bestow is the act of creating
+value by accepting people or I guess an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by accepting people or I guess an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value by accepting people or I guess an
+object as it is um in response to BBY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object as it is um in response to BBY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object as it is um in response to BBY
+you feel that his research neglected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that his research neglected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel that his research neglected the
+process of bestow and in the attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of bestow and in the attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of bestow and in the attachment
+um being part of a Quest from meaning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being part of a Quest from meaning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um being part of a Quest from meaning in
+one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+um here I can present I guess some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here I can present I guess some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here I can present I guess some of
+what you said about appraisal and besto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said about appraisal and besto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you said about appraisal and besto
+Appraisal may be instantaneous or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appraisal may be instantaneous or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appraisal may be instantaneous or
+prolonged conscious or unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolonged conscious or unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolonged conscious or unconscious
+directed toward a single attribute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed toward a single attribute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed toward a single attribute or
+toward a toward a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a toward a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward a toward a total
+entity uh Bol is an act of imagination a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity uh Bol is an act of imagination a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity uh Bol is an act of imagination a
+way of responding affirmatively to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of responding affirmatively to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of responding affirmatively to a
+person or a thing or an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or a thing or an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person or a thing or an ideal
+constitutes our capacity for Bol and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes our capacity for Bol and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constitutes our capacity for Bol and
+makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it
+beneficiary valuable in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiary valuable in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficiary valuable in that
+respect um and the modalities of apprais
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect um and the modalities of apprais
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect um and the modalities of apprais
+and Bol unified or um how we experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bol unified or um how we experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Bol unified or um how we experience
+love at least this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love at least this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love at least this is what you
+allege
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allege
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allege
+um so this um Imagination playing a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this um Imagination playing a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this um Imagination playing a role
+in basto kind of leads to the element um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in basto kind of leads to the element um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in basto kind of leads to the element um
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+imagination um as a prominent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination um as a prominent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination um as a prominent as
+prominent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent in
+attaining um what makes life worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaining um what makes life worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaining um what makes life worth
+living um but you warn us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+Imagination like behind imagination lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination like behind imagination lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagination like behind imagination lies
+negative um certain negative feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um certain negative feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative um certain negative feelings
+that may be destructive to human welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be destructive to human welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may be destructive to human welfare
+is that correct M okay um you say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that correct M okay um you say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that correct M okay um you say that
+imagination plays a crucial role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination plays a crucial role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination plays a crucial role in
+effective attachment which can Aid Us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attachment which can Aid Us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective attachment which can Aid Us in
+understanding meaning happiness love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding meaning happiness love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding meaning happiness love and
+other elements of nature and spirit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements of nature and spirit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements of nature and spirit um
+and again you refer back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you refer back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you refer back to your
+previous Works cuz you use a lot of past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Works cuz you use a lot of past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Works cuz you use a lot of past
+tense I thought that I presented that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense I thought that I presented that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tense I thought that I presented that
+and so um like you said in class last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um like you said in class last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um like you said in class last
+week that you know you're constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that you know you're constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week that you know you're constantly
+kind of reworking your old ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reworking your old ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reworking your old ideas and
+right hoping to arrive at this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hoping to arrive at this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hoping to arrive at this you know
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+solution and I think you continue to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I think you continue to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and I think you continue to do
+that in this book um well the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this book um well the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this book um well the um
+writings I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most philosophers and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most philosophers and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most philosophers and many other
+thinkers um who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers um who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinkers um who are
+productive are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive are very
+organic so that the later works are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic so that the later works are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic so that the later works are
+related to the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the earlier
+Works a little in the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works a little in the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works a little in the way in which
+Bernstein was talking about the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein was talking about the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernstein was talking about the history
+of Music the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Music the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Music the
+earlier musical compositions being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier musical compositions being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier musical compositions being
+related to the later ones um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the later ones um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the later ones um in the
+sense that the authors are working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the authors are working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the authors are working at
+problems that may look different but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that may look different but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that may look different but are
+really related to what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really related to what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really related to what they did
+previously and last time you remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and last time you remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously and last time you remember I
+was emphasizing the importance of CR of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was emphasizing the importance of CR of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was emphasizing the importance of CR of
+accepting the phenomenon of criticism as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the phenomenon of criticism as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting the phenomenon of criticism as
+a way in which you can grow that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way in which you can grow that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way in which you can grow that
+somebody just praises you you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just praises you you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody just praises you you can't get
+much out of it someone rejects you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much out of it someone rejects you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much out of it someone rejects you out
+of hand you can't do anything out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hand you can't do anything out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hand you can't do anything out of
+with that but if somebody gives you good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but if somebody gives you good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but if somebody gives you good
+criticism however painful it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism however painful it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism however painful it may be
+because we don't like to be told that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't like to be told that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't like to be told that
+we're not perfect um you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not perfect um you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not perfect um you can do
+something with that and you develop uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with that and you develop uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with that and you develop uh
+the so there is a kind of dialectic from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so there is a kind of dialectic from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so there is a kind of dialectic from
+the earlier work to later if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier work to later if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier work to later if it is
+been digested and entered into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been digested and entered into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been digested and entered into your
+bloodstream by means of criticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream by means of criticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream by means of criticism
+reflection uh or your own rejection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection uh or your own rejection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection uh or your own rejection of
+many of the earlier ideas but within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the earlier ideas but within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the earlier ideas but within a
+sense of self-confidence such that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of self-confidence such that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of self-confidence such that you
+can keep on going then there will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep on going then there will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep on going then there will be uh
+this organic progression linking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organic progression linking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this organic progression linking the
+earlier to the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier to the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier to the later
+works now this happens with lesser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now this happens with lesser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now this happens with lesser
+authors and it happens with great ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors and it happens with great ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors and it happens with great ones
+so it's no Criterion of value or genius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no Criterion of value or genius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no Criterion of value or genius
+but I think it if one keeps at it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it if one keeps at it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think it if one keeps at it in
+that way uh yes you will move that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way uh yes you will move that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way uh yes you will move that in
+that in that fashion in the preface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that fashion in the preface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that fashion in the preface to
+uh a book I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1990 four I think um 10 years ago I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 four I think um 10 years ago I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990 four I think um 10 years ago I give
+the analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analogy
+of the mind being like a a tree that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mind being like a a tree that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mind being like a a tree that as
+you move up the the trunk you encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move up the the trunk you encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move up the the trunk you encounter
+branches if you go out on one branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches if you go out on one branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches if you go out on one branch
+you're not going to go any higher unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to go any higher unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to go any higher unless
+you come back but the the level that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back but the the level that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back but the the level that you
+reach will be a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach will be a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach will be a function
+of How High you've gone or if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of How High you've gone or if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of How High you've gone or if you've
+gone out on a branch how you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out on a branch how you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone out on a branch how you've
+neglected other branches below and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected other branches below and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglected other branches below and then
+there going to be other branches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be other branches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there going to be other branches and
+that uh if you're creative and if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you're creative and if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if you're creative and if you're
+capable if you have the strength the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable if you have the strength the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable if you have the strength the
+moral strength physical strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral strength physical strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral strength physical strength
+emotional strength intellectual strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional strength intellectual strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional strength intellectual strength
+you you keep on going and the Great Men
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you keep on going and the Great Men
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you keep on going and the Great Men
+um you know goash Bak Mozart whose life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know goash Bak Mozart whose life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know goash Bak Mozart whose life
+was cut short uh but the great creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cut short uh but the great creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cut short uh but the great creative
+producers just keep on going and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers just keep on going and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers just keep on going and there
+is this organic uh relationship as there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this organic uh relationship as there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this organic uh relationship as there
+would be in somebody at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in somebody at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be in somebody at the top of the
+tree once it reached its peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree once it reached its peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree once it reached its peak
+uh John Dewey who lived into his 90s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John Dewey who lived into his 90s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh John Dewey who lived into his 90s and
+was writing and creating volume after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was writing and creating volume after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was writing and creating volume after
+volume all his life and had tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume all his life and had tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume all his life and had tremendous
+influence somebody said to him um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence somebody said to him um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence somebody said to him um what
+is um life what is life as a whole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um life what is life as a whole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um life what is life as a whole in
+general and he said the creative life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and he said the creative life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and he said the creative life
+perhaps um he said um life is climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps um he said um life is climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps um he said um life is climbing
+One Mount set of series of mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Mount set of series of mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One Mount set of series of mountain
+peaks after another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks after another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks after another
+and the inter interrogator said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inter interrogator said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inter interrogator said well
+what happens when there aren't any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when there aren't any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when there aren't any more
+Peaks to climb and dwey said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks to climb and dwey said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks to climb and dwey said you
+die well I think the truth in that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die well I think the truth in that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die well I think the truth in that you
+know not everyone does die some some get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not everyone does die some some get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not everyone does die some some get
+Alzheimer's disease and and return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's disease and and return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer's disease and and return to
+their vegetative stage uh in the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their vegetative stage uh in the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their vegetative stage uh in the last 10
+years of their life um I know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of their life um I know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of their life um I know I know
+professor at Harvard who at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Harvard who at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor at Harvard who at
+80 he was retired of course um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 he was retired of course um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 he was retired of course um uh
+developed Alzheimer's disease and died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed Alzheimer's disease and died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed Alzheimer's disease and died
+in his 90s in our society uh such people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his 90s in our society uh such people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his 90s in our society uh such people
+are valued enough so they're kept alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valued enough so they're kept alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are valued enough so they're kept alive
+even if they've lost their mind um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they've lost their mind um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if they've lost their mind um but
+if you're uh as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're uh as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're uh as far
+as your active life your creative life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your active life your creative life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as your active life your creative life
+well in his case it it ended when he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in his case it it ended when he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in his case it it ended when he was
+80 he might have died he might just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 he might have died he might just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 he might have died he might just as
+well have died as far as his creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have died as far as his creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well have died as far as his creative
+life was concerned he continued uh in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was concerned he continued uh in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was concerned he continued uh in a
+diminished form closer to being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished form closer to being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminished form closer to being a
+vegetable uh if uh your creative life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable uh if uh your creative life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetable uh if uh your creative life
+dies when you stop striving to attain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies when you stop striving to attain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies when you stop striving to attain
+these higher Peaks climbing the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these higher Peaks climbing the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these higher Peaks climbing the higher
+Mountain one mountain range after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountain one mountain range after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mountain one mountain range after
+another the whole process of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the whole process of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another the whole process of living
+however is organic in as much as it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however is organic in as much as it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however is organic in as much as it's
+not just any old Peaks it's not just any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any old Peaks it's not just any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just any old Peaks it's not just any
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+uh climbing but rather it's integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh climbing but rather it's integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh climbing but rather it's integrated
+to what you've been doing all your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you've been doing all your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what you've been doing all your life
+uh the U great film film director that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the U great film film director that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the U great film film director that I
+mentioned whom I admire so much Jean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned whom I admire so much Jean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned whom I admire so much Jean
+genena um says at the be excuse me at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genena um says at the be excuse me at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genena um says at the be excuse me at
+the beginning of one of his um essays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of one of his um essays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of one of his um essays
+about his own work he says I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his own work he says I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his own work he says I have the
+feeling that all my life I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that all my life I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that all my life I've been
+making one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one
+film uh actually made something like 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh actually made something like 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh actually made something like 50
+35 uh but they're always the for me it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 uh but they're always the for me it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 uh but they're always the for me it's
+always the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same
+film now you know the subject matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film now you know the subject matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film now you know the subject matter is
+different a lot of differences and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a lot of differences and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different a lot of differences and he
+went through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through different
+phases sometimes uh he used the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases sometimes uh he used the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases sometimes uh he used the camera
+one way sometimes another way uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way sometimes another way uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way sometimes another way uh he
+learned from his previous experiences he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from his previous experiences he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from his previous experiences he
+the world changed around him and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world changed around him and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world changed around him and so he
+adapted to that you know strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted to that you know strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapted to that you know strictly
+speaking what he was saying was not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking what he was saying was not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking what he was saying was not true
+they weren't they're not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't they're not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't they're not the same
+movie what he meant and what I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie what he meant and what I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie what he meant and what I uh
+appreciate is the idea that they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate is the idea that they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate is the idea that they all
+came out organically from him as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out organically from him as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out organically from him as the
+person he is at the period in history in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he is at the period in history in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person he is at the period in history in
+the countries and in the civilizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries and in the civilizations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the countries and in the civilizations
+through which he lived and they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which he lived and they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which he lived and they're all
+an expression of that and an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression of that and an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression of that and an attempt to
+make contact and to re reveal that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact and to re reveal that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make contact and to re reveal that to
+show it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show it to
+the audience for whom he's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience for whom he's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience for whom he's doing
+that my anecdotes are made with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my anecdotes are made with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my anecdotes are made with that
+mind so don't I I hope that some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so don't I I hope that some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind so don't I I hope that some of them
+won't embarrass you uh of course they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't embarrass you uh of course they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't embarrass you uh of course they're
+very carefully censored but um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully censored but um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully censored but um they're
+an attempt to express and show you my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to express and show you my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to express and show you my
+world in order for you to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in order for you to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in order for you to understand
+what it is to do philosophy in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to do philosophy in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is to do philosophy in the way
+that I do now you may not want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do now you may not want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I do now you may not want to do
+that and lots of people have succeeded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and lots of people have succeeded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and lots of people have succeeded
+without even trying but that that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even trying but that that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even trying but that that's my
+idea of what philosophy is and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what philosophy is and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of what philosophy is and that's
+where uh this idea of the organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh this idea of the organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh this idea of the organic
+relationship uh comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in I was trying to figure out if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I was trying to figure out if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I was trying to figure out if I had a
+response but I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response but I guess I
+don't um in the imagination chapter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um in the imagination chapter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't um in the imagination chapter you
+critique Plato's Plato's view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique Plato's Plato's view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critique Plato's Plato's view that
+reason should be the source of all AFF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason should be the source of all AFF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason should be the source of all AFF
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+attachment um Plato contends that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment um Plato contends that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment um Plato contends that uh
+reason AIDS in appraisal and determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason AIDS in appraisal and determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason AIDS in appraisal and determines
+the worthiness of effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worthiness of effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worthiness of effective
+attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attachment
+um we should only love what reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we should only love what reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we should only love what reason
+approves quote unquote um you state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approves quote unquote um you state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approves quote unquote um you state that
+imagination AIDS in revealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination AIDS in revealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination AIDS in revealing
+possibilities of effective attachment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of effective attachment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of effective attachment to
+a person um or objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person um or objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person um or objective
+affection um in a way you imply or pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection um in a way you imply or pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection um in a way you imply or pass
+passively Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passively Define
+imagination as a mental act that bestows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as a mental act that bestows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as a mental act that bestows
+importance upon the manner in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance upon the manner in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance upon the manner in which
+abstract possibility exceeds the purely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract possibility exceeds the purely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract possibility exceeds the purely
+factual right um we must refer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual right um we must refer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual right um we must refer to the
+capability of imagination to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of imagination to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability of imagination to explain
+love as an effective attachment um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love as an effective attachment um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love as an effective attachment um where
+imagination is considered a pre a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is considered a pre a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is considered a pre a
+prerequisite for love um you say that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite for love um you say that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prerequisite for love um you say that on
+page 35 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 35 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page 35 I
+think um you critique play Plato for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um you critique play Plato for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think um you critique play Plato for
+under playing the role of imagination in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under playing the role of imagination in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under playing the role of imagination in
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+and um because he conceived of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um because he conceived of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um because he conceived of
+imagination as something completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as something completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination as something completely
+detached from the intellect um you point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached from the intellect um you point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detached from the intellect um you point
+out it's it's rationality pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's it's rationality pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it's it's rationality pure
+rationality that Plato used as his Idol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that Plato used as his Idol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationality that Plato used as his Idol
+for learning what the world is like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning what the world is like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for learning what the world is like and
+that's what I consider to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I consider to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I consider to be a
+fundamental mistake and especially um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mistake and especially um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mistake and especially um
+exciting because Plato was such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting because Plato was such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting because Plato was such an
+imaginative man himself and such the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative man himself and such the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginative man himself and such the um
+great figure in western civilization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great figure in western civilization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great figure in western civilization and
+yet he didn't sort of use his use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he didn't sort of use his use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet he didn't sort of use his use the
+imagination that he had as the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that he had as the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that he had as the basis of
+his method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his method of
+explanation it went into it but he he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation it went into it but he he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation it went into it but he he
+never sort of said Ah that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sort of said Ah that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sort of said Ah that's that's the
+key to finding out what reality is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to finding out what reality is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to finding out what reality is like
+he used imagination to make his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used imagination to make his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he used imagination to make his
+philosophy um he didn't deny that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um he didn't deny that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy um he didn't deny that
+scientists could be imaginative but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists could be imaginative but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists could be imaginative but they
+had to use their imagination for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to use their imagination for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to use their imagination for the
+sake of attaining rational goals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of attaining rational goals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sake of attaining rational goals and
+therefore it was through re reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it was through re reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it was through re reason that
+we would find out what the na of reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would find out what the na of reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would find out what the na of reality
+was the fact that his own reality was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact that his own reality was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the fact that his own reality was a
+function of his great powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of his great powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of his great powers of
+imagination never occurred to him I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination never occurred to him I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination never occurred to him I
+think this is the the idea comes into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the the idea comes into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the the idea comes into uh
+Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western
+Civilization many years later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civilization many years later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civilization many years later in the
+19th century for instance where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century for instance where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th century for instance where
+imagination then becomes very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination then becomes very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination then becomes very very
+important not for not but not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not for not but not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not for not but not for
+ploh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ploh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ploh
+um you also point out that imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you also point out that imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you also point out that imagination
+plays a role in person's mod of behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a role in person's mod of behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays a role in person's mod of behavior
+um in terms of what they consider to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of what they consider to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of what they consider to be
+emotionally or morally possible mhm um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally or morally possible mhm um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally or morally possible mhm um
+bestow as one of the aspects of Love is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow as one of the aspects of Love is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestow as one of the aspects of Love is
+a supplement comp compensation or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supplement comp compensation or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a supplement comp compensation or even
+Liberation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liberation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liberation from
+appraisal um and the nature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal um and the nature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appraisal um and the nature of a
+imagination is what allows humans to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is what allows humans to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is what allows humans to
+transcend appraisive inclinations I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend appraisive inclinations I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcend appraisive inclinations I'm
+not sure I understand what well it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure I understand what well it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure I understand what well it'll be
+clearer if you could discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer if you could discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer if you could discuss the
+different types of imagination that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of imagination that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of imagination that I
+articulate I guess I didn't really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate I guess I didn't really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulate I guess I didn't really did
+you they W clear to me they weren't um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they W clear to me they weren't um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they W clear to me they weren't um I
+talk about logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about logical
+possibilities in empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities in empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities in empirical
+possibilities um moral or practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um moral or practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um moral or practical
+possibilities um you know remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um you know remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um you know remember that
+did did you pick that up Nick I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did you pick that up Nick I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did did you pick that up Nick I remember
+the possibilities part but yeah I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities part but yeah I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possibilities part but yeah I picked
+yeah I picked up on those POs but not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I picked up on those POs but not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I picked up on those POs but not so
+much I didn't feel like it was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I didn't feel like it was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much I didn't feel like it was like a
+strong point like you were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong point like you were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong point like you were trying to
+distinguish clearly between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish clearly between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish clearly between different
+modes of imagination right you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of imagination right you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes of imagination right you you
+didn't think that that was clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think that that was clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think that that was clearly
+established the distinction among them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the distinction among them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established the distinction among them
+right well let's see if we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's see if we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well let's see if we can make
+sense of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of this
+um what what do you think I meant by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what do you think I meant by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what do you think I meant by a
+logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibility did you use the example x a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility did you use the example x a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility did you use the example x a
+equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a
+yeah that it's logically impossible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that it's logically impossible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that it's logically impossible for
+a to be equal anything other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be equal anything other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to be equal anything other than
+a and therefore um something that denies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and therefore um something that denies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and therefore um something that denies
+that is logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is logically
+impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible
+right um but that doesn't tell us very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but that doesn't tell us very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but that doesn't tell us very
+much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world in order to learn what is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in order to learn what is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in order to learn what is true
+about the world we have to discover what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world we have to discover what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world we have to discover what
+is empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is empirically
+possible and what would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be it may be um useful for you to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it may be um useful for you to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it may be um useful for you to go
+back to the chapter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the chapter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the chapter but
+tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me can you answer the question T I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me can you answer the question T I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me can you answer the question T I don't
+know is it something on the lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it something on the lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it something on the lines of
+like a therefore B if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a therefore B if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a therefore B if
+something what is empirically but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what is empirically but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what is empirically but I'm
+you can't know this because you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't know this because you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't know this because you haven't
+read this chapter what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this chapter what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read this chapter what I mean by
+empirically possible is in accordance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically possible is in accordance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically possible is in accordance
+with the laws of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laws of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the laws of nature
+mhm right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm right okay
+so if something violates laws of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something violates laws of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if something violates laws of logic
+that's logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's logically
+impossible but there could be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but there could be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but there could be something
+that is doesn't violate any laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is doesn't violate any laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is doesn't violate any laws of
+logic and yet is empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and yet is empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and yet is empirically
+impossible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible for
+instance um something that defies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um something that defies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance um something that defies the
+laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of
+gravity right we all have that dream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity right we all have that dream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity right we all have that dream of
+flying and being unattached or somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying and being unattached or somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying and being unattached or somehow
+imagining that we could just take off um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that we could just take off um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that we could just take off um
+unfortunately people have died um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately people have died um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately people have died um
+because under the influence of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because under the influence of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because under the influence of some
+psychedelic drug or other they jumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychedelic drug or other they jumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychedelic drug or other they jumped
+out the window thinking that they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window thinking that they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window thinking that they'll be
+able to defy the laws of gravity I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to defy the laws of gravity I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to defy the laws of gravity I mean
+they they that's what is to be that high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they that's what is to be that high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they that's what is to be that high
+I guess that you don't realize that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that you don't realize that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess that you don't realize that you
+can fall down um now that they they die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall down um now that they they die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fall down um now that they they die
+because they are trying to violate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are trying to violate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are trying to violate the
+laws of gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of gravity
+about uh that we are subjected to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh that we are subjected to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh that we are subjected to those
+the laws of nature correct but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of nature correct but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws of nature correct but there's
+no logical impossibility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no logical impossibility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no logical impossibility in
+flying you know if somebody in a fantasy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying you know if somebody in a fantasy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying you know if somebody in a fantasy
+says uh so and so um under the influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh so and so um under the influence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says uh so and so um under the influence
+of um LSD or whatever jumped out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um LSD or whatever jumped out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um LSD or whatever jumped out of the
+window thinking he would fly and he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window thinking he would fly and he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window thinking he would fly and he did
+we say well that's a fiction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say well that's a fiction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say well that's a fiction because
+it's not I understand what he means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I understand what he means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I understand what he means it's
+not logically impossible it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not logically impossible it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not logically impossible it's just
+empirically impossible now logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically impossible now logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically impossible now logically
+impossible is essential in order to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible is essential in order to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible is essential in order to for
+a statement to make any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement to make any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a statement to make any kind of
+sense so if somebody says a is a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so if somebody says a is a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so if somebody says a is a and a
+is not a you don't know how to you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a you don't know how to you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a you don't know how to you can't
+understand that um a is um I mean um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that um a is um I mean um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that um a is um I mean um but
+in a way it makes sense still butter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it makes sense still butter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way it makes sense still butter is
+soft and butter is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and butter is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft and butter is not
+soft now that's a is it could be verying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft now that's a is it could be verying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soft now that's a is it could be verying
+degrees is one thing well no but then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees is one thing well no but then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees is one thing well no but then we
+use if the um predicate is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if the um predicate is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use if the um predicate is used
+identically meaning by Soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically meaning by Soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically meaning by Soft
+exactly okay what it does in both cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay what it does in both cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay what it does in both cases
+MH and we realize that in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH and we realize that in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH and we realize that in the second
+case you're denying that butter is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're denying that butter is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you're denying that butter is that
+that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't
+contradict the First statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradict the First statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradict the First statement that
+butter is soft all butter or whatever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter is soft all butter or whatever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter is soft all butter or whatever um
+it's in the meaning of the word butter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the meaning of the word butter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the meaning of the word butter
+that it should be soft uh it what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should be soft uh it what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should be soft uh it what it
+does is to throw us into confusion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is to throw us into confusion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is to throw us into confusion we
+don't know how they're using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how they're using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how they're using the
+person's using language anymore whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's using language anymore whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's using language anymore whether
+the word butter is uh is being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word butter is uh is being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word butter is uh is being used
+equivocally or whether soft is or not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivocally or whether soft is or not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivocally or whether soft is or not is
+or is there's something wrong in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there's something wrong in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is there's something wrong in that
+language and therefore you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and therefore you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and therefore you can't
+communicate by means of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate by means of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate by means of that kind of
+logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical
+inconsistency all right um but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency all right um but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency all right um but there's
+nothing like that in saying uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that in saying uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing like that in saying uh that
+morning John took a gulp of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning John took a gulp of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning John took a gulp of
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+LSD jumping jumped out of the window uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LSD jumping jumped out of the window uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LSD jumping jumped out of the window uh
+with the idea that he would fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea that he would fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea that he would fly
+off to school uh and he did right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to school uh and he did right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to school uh and he did right now
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+says to us well this must be a fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to us well this must be a fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says to us well this must be a fiction
+this is a story but I understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a story but I understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a story but I understand it
+because there's nothing in logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing in logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing in logically
+inconsistent in the language that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent in the language that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent in the language that's
+being used it's just empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used it's just empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used it's just empirically
+impossible so we now have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so we now have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible so we now have different
+concepts of what is logically possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of what is logically possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of what is logically possible
+what is logically Impossible on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is logically Impossible on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is logically Impossible on the one
+hand and empirically possible or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and empirically possible or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and empirically possible or
+impossible all right um let's think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible all right um let's think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible all right um let's think that
+we consider um traveling at the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider um traveling at the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider um traveling at the speed of
+beyond the speed of Life Light of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the speed of Life Light of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the speed of Life Light of light
+as being a violation of a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a violation of a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being a violation of a fundamental
+law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of
+nature it would then be empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature it would then be empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature it would then be empirically
+impossible to travel faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to travel faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to travel faster than the
+speed of light right um I mean they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light right um I mean they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light right um I mean they do
+it in Star Wars don't they but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Star Wars don't they but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Star Wars don't they but that is
+because in that Society they somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that Society they somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in that Society they somehow
+learned new laws of nature and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned new laws of nature and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned new laws of nature and so the
+one we consider fun fundamental about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we consider fun fundamental about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we consider fun fundamental about
+the speed of light has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light has been
+discarded like you know that's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded like you know that's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discarded like you know that's one way
+of explaining it uh another way is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explaining it uh another way is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of explaining it uh another way is this
+is just make beliefs so we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just make beliefs so we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just make beliefs so we don't have to
+take it literally but um that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it literally but um that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it literally but um that's what's
+going on all right but let's say then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on all right but let's say then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on all right but let's say then we
+understand what logical is logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what logical is logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what logical is logically
+possible what is empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible what is empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible what is empirically
+possible does that mean that we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible does that mean that we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible does that mean that we can we
+can't fly faster than the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fly faster than the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't fly faster than the speed of light
+but that we can fly at the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we can fly at the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that we can fly at the speed of
+light or close to the speed of light now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or close to the speed of light now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or close to the speed of light now
+somebody might say well I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might say well I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody might say well I don't know
+about at the speed of light but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the speed of light but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the speed of light but we can
+get much closer to it than we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much closer to it than we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much closer to it than we can now
+with our primitive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our primitive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our primitive uh
+aircraft and therefore uh in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and therefore uh in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and therefore uh in the future
+there will be uh people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be uh people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be uh people who
+travel hundreds of times faster than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel hundreds of times faster than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel hundreds of times faster than we
+do thousands of times much closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do thousands of times much closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do thousands of times much closer to the
+speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of
+light and if someone says well why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and if someone says well why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and if someone says well why is it
+we can't the answer would be well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't the answer would be well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't the answer would be well we
+don't have the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the technical
+means it's just a matter of building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's just a matter of building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's just a matter of building the
+right kind of air shift so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of air shift so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of air shift so that's an
+example of another kind of possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of another kind of possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of another kind of possibility
+or impossibility in accordance or not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or impossibility in accordance or not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or impossibility in accordance or not in
+accordance with current technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with current technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordance with current technology
+current technical ability so we now have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technical ability so we now have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current technical ability so we now have
+that analysis among different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis among different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that analysis among different kind of
+possibilities and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities and if
+imagination is our Capa human capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is our Capa human capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination is our Capa human capacity
+to in envisage mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in envisage mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in envisage mere
+possibilities then we have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities then we have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities then we have different
+kinds of imagination or we sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of imagination or we sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of imagination or we sketch
+different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of
+imagination uh and this ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh and this ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh and this ability to
+envisage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisage
+different kinds of possibilities is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of possibilities is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of possibilities is
+contrasted with our perception of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with our perception of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasted with our perception of what
+is actual our experience what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actual our experience what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actual our experience what is
+factual so that I know in the usual way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual so that I know in the usual way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factual so that I know in the usual way
+that scientists of course develop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scientists of course develop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that scientists of course develop that
+um this thing I'm looking at is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing I'm looking at is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this thing I'm looking at is the
+table that's an actuality that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's an actuality that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that's an actuality that's this is
+the fact but the idea that possibly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact but the idea that possibly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact but the idea that possibly by
+um bringing in a saw and cutting it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bringing in a saw and cutting it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um bringing in a saw and cutting it we
+could make it half the length that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it half the length that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make it half the length that's
+already getting beyond the actuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already getting beyond the actuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already getting beyond the actuality
+that's creating ideas about a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's creating ideas about a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's creating ideas about a new
+actuality which it is based upon our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality which it is based upon our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuality which it is based upon our
+conception of what is possible now as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of what is possible now as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conception of what is possible now as a
+matter of fact that example would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact that example would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact that example would be
+something that is certainly logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is certainly logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is certainly logically
+possible because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because there's no
+contradiction it's empirically possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction it's empirically possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction it's empirically possible
+because uh it something we know from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it something we know from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh it something we know from our
+experience of the world of laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the world of laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of the world of laws of
+nature that can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature that can be done
+it's technically possible if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technically possible if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's technically possible if you have a
+big enough saw or power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough saw or power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough saw or power
+saw so it illustrates all three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw so it illustrates all three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw so it illustrates all three kinds of
+possibilities but you see how they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but you see how they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities but you see how they are
+staggered like in those arcade games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggered like in those arcade games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggered like in those arcade games
+where a penny drops on one level and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a penny drops on one level and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a penny drops on one level and you
+have to dial the knob so the penny moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dial the knob so the penny moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dial the knob so the penny moves
+to the next level and from that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next level and from that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next level and from that to the
+next well that's the way in which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next well that's the way in which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next well that's the way in which uh
+these kinds of possibilities are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of possibilities are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of possibilities are in
+ently related as sheer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ently related as sheer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ently related as sheer as
+possibilities then there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities then there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities then there's another one
+that I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I bring
+in what is that is it moral possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what is that is it moral possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what is that is it moral possibility
+moral or practical now what do what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral or practical now what do what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral or practical now what do what do I
+mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um can you give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can you give me an
+example I mean I guess that one is Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I mean I guess that one is Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I mean I guess that one is Le
+more an experience where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say my mother needs medication your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my mother needs medication your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my mother needs medication your
+mother my mother needs medication and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother my mother needs medication and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother my mother needs medication and I
+don't have the money to I can't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the money to I can't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the money to I can't afford
+it no no no that's not that's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no no no that's not that's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it no no no that's not that's not a good
+example no um let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example no um let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example no um let's say
+that uh somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh somebody's
+parent is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent is in
+agony and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agony and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agony and
+whatever medication you give can't cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever medication you give can't cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever medication you give can't cure
+it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the
+condition and someone says you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and someone says you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and someone says you know you
+should put her out of her misery she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put her out of her misery she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put her out of her misery she
+suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering
+terribly um there's nothing that anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly um there's nothing that anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly um there's nothing that anybody
+could do to help her whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to help her whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do to help her whether it's the
+doctor or you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor or you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor or you or
+anybody I don't I want to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I don't I want to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody I don't I want to take an
+example that you started with I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you started with I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that you started with I'm not
+talking about your mother but somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about your mother but somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about your mother but somebody
+that one loves um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one loves um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one loves um
+and it's just horrible seeing this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just horrible seeing this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just horrible seeing this we
+often face this as animal lovers our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often face this as animal lovers our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often face this as animal lovers our
+pets get into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets get into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pets get into that
+condition and the polite language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and the polite language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and the polite language
+is the question is what put the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question is what put the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the question is what put the poor
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+asleep when you don't mean putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep when you don't mean putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep when you don't mean putting it
+asleep you mean killing it and it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep you mean killing it and it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asleep you mean killing it and it's as
+horrible for the pet doing that for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible for the pet doing that for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible for the pet doing that for your
+pet as it would be for the person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet as it would be for the person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet as it would be for the person you
+love human being that you love um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love human being that you love um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love human being that you love um now
+imagine someone says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine someone says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine someone says
+um I I know I know that there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I know I know that there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I know I know that there's no way
+out I know it would be Humane to act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I know it would be Humane to act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I know it would be Humane to act
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+way but I just can't do it it's I it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I just can't do it it's I it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but I just can't do it it's I it is
+for me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me an
+impossibility well it's not a logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility well it's not a logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility well it's not a logical
+impossibility it's not an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility it's not an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility it's not an empirical
+impossibility it's not a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility it's not a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility it's not a technical
+impossibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossibility
+it's what I call moral or practical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what I call moral or practical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what I call moral or practical and
+the reason I put use both of the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I put use both of the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I put use both of the words
+is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because
+nowadays moral the meaning of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays moral the meaning of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays moral the meaning of the word
+moral has changed from the way it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral has changed from the way it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral has changed from the way it was a
+100 years ago and my own sensibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years ago and my own sensibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years ago and my own sensibility is
+at least 100 years old uh and so I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 100 years old uh and so I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 100 years old uh and so I like
+that language and regret that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language and regret that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language and regret that it's not
+used very much in this case uh by moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used very much in this case uh by moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used very much in this case uh by moral
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+meant not morace Customs it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant not morace Customs it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant not morace Customs it's something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+indicates one's idea of how to live to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates one's idea of how to live to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates one's idea of how to live to
+live a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live a good
+life and the French may still at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and the French may still at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and the French may still at least
+when I was a student there years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student there years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a student there years ago
+they used the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used the word
+moral morality not to mean what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral morality not to mean what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral morality not to mean what it
+sometimes usually meant in the English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes usually meant in the English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes usually meant in the English
+language but rather it's moral is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but rather it's moral is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but rather it's moral is the
+study of how to live how to have a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of how to live how to have a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of how to live how to have a happy
+life had to have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life had to have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life had to have a good
+life it's morals in that sense it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's morals in that sense it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life it's morals in that sense it's not
+the same as ethics doing what is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as ethics doing what is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as ethics doing what is right
+as opposed to what's wrong uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to what's wrong uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to what's wrong uh it's not
+hurting people or whatever you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting people or whatever you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurting people or whatever you consider
+to be ethical it's rather a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ethical it's rather a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be ethical it's rather a question of
+living a good life and there is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living a good life and there is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living a good life and there is a kind
+of overarching philosophy which as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overarching philosophy which as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of overarching philosophy which as a
+matter of fact is very attractive to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact is very attractive to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact is very attractive to me
+which argues that ethics ultimately come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which argues that ethics ultimately come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which argues that ethics ultimately come
+down to what is naturally good that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to what is naturally good that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to what is naturally good that is
+what is moral in that sense of moral if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is moral in that sense of moral if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is moral in that sense of moral if
+you live a good life what you do will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live a good life what you do will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you live a good life what you do will be
+ethical if you're expected to do to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical if you're expected to do to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical if you're expected to do to to
+uh frustrate yourself and frustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frustrate yourself and frustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh frustrate yourself and frustrate
+other people um that might be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um that might be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um that might be considered
+ethical but then that's not a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical but then that's not a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical but then that's not a good
+ethics that you should accept you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics that you should accept you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics that you should accept you should
+accept one that indicates the goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept one that indicates the goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept one that indicates the goodness
+and provoke provides provokes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provoke provides provokes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and provoke provides provokes and
+fosters happiness a good life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fosters happiness a good life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fosters happiness a good life
+right um George B Shaw says in the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um George B Shaw says in the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um George B Shaw says in the great
+English writer and wit he says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English writer and wit he says um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English writer and wit he says um
+actually it occurs in his play Man and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it occurs in his play Man and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it occurs in his play Man and
+Superman um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superman um an
+Englishman thinks he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishman thinks he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Englishman thinks he's
+being ethical when he's merely being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being ethical when he's merely being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being ethical when he's merely being
+uncomfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable
+well you see that's the limitation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see that's the limitation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you see that's the limitation in
+that use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that use and
+morality would in the sense that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality would in the sense that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality would in the sense that I'm
+using it morals uh moral that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it morals uh moral that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it morals uh moral that makes it
+very clear there's no morality simply in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear there's no morality simply in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very clear there's no morality simply in
+making yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yourself
+uncomfortable but if you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable but if you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable but if you're going to be
+living up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living up to
+the the laws sense of Duty a feeling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the laws sense of Duty a feeling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the laws sense of Duty a feeling of
+responsibility in their abstraction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility in their abstraction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility in their abstraction you
+will consider self- ethical and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider self- ethical and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider self- ethical and that's
+what Shaw was trying to undermine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Shaw was trying to undermine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Shaw was trying to undermine in the
+English character just doing the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English character just doing the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English character just doing the right
+thing because it's the right thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's the right thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's the right thing it's
+don't question don't ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't question don't ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't question don't ask the
+consequences don't uh worry about people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences don't uh worry about people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences don't uh worry about people
+suffering as a result or what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering as a result or what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering as a result or what the
+outcome will be you just do what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome will be you just do what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome will be you just do what you
+you're expected to do as a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expected to do as a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're expected to do as a matter of
+ethical principle well that just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical principle well that just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical principle well that just means
+making yourself uncomfortable if however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yourself uncomfortable if however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making yourself uncomfortable if however
+it's morals then you're going to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's morals then you're going to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's morals then you're going to avoid
+that and that's the sense in which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's the sense in which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's the sense in which I
+introduced the word to this category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the word to this category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced the word to this category of
+imagination that it's moral or practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that it's moral or practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination that it's moral or practical
+in the sense that you feel it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you feel it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that you feel it so
+deeply that it has that effect upon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply that it has that effect upon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply that it has that effect upon you
+at uh at times in describing this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at times in describing this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh at times in describing this in the
+chapter you may have noticed that I talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you may have noticed that I talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter you may have noticed that I talk
+about moral or emotional that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moral or emotional that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about moral or emotional that it's a
+question of your strong feelings right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of your strong feelings right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of your strong feelings right
+so that you might say the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you might say the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you might say the problem with
+putting my beloved pet to death which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting my beloved pet to death which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting my beloved pet to death which I
+can't do however much he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do however much he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do however much he is
+suffering it wouldn't be unethical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering it wouldn't be unethical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering it wouldn't be unethical to
+put him to death save him the suffering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put him to death save him the suffering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put him to death save him the suffering
+that's allowed with animals it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed with animals it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's allowed with animals it wouldn't
+be unethical to let him to die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unethical to let him to die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unethical to let him to die
+naturally uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally uh in
+suffering but I can't do it I can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering but I can't do it I can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffering but I can't do it I can't take
+that step I can't force death upon him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step I can't force death upon him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that step I can't force death upon him
+for his own good what do I know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his own good what do I know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for his own good what do I know about
+his own good it's something I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own good it's something I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own good it's something I I just
+can't do right well that's the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do right well that's the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do right well that's the sense
+of that's the kind of impossibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that's the kind of impossibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that's the kind of impossibility that
+I'm talking about and then uh all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about and then uh all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking about and then uh all of
+these different kinds of possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different kinds of possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different kinds of possibilities
+open up an analysis about the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up an analysis about the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up an analysis about the nature of
+imagination the trouble is that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination the trouble is that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination the trouble is that my
+imagination when I wrote that was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination when I wrote that was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination when I wrote that was so
+limited I couldn't see how much further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited I couldn't see how much further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited I couldn't see how much further
+one should go but I'm sure and I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should go but I'm sure and I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one should go but I'm sure and I can't
+the claim to have gone much further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim to have gone much further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the claim to have gone much further
+still but I'm sure one could develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but I'm sure one could develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still but I'm sure one could develop
+that kind of analysis in Greater detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of analysis in Greater detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of analysis in Greater detail
+I hope you will do it one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you will do it one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope you will do it one of
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+okay you claim that imagination is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you claim that imagination is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you claim that imagination is
+invested in all aspects of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in all aspects of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in all aspects of human
+consciousness not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciousness not just
+love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love
+um and yet experience is what presents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yet experience is what presents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and yet experience is what presents
+to one's imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one's imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one's imagination
+possibilities um you say that art is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um you say that art is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities um you say that art is
+closely Allied to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely Allied to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely Allied to
+imagination and as you contended before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and as you contended before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and as you contended before
+imagination also prefers negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination also prefers negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination also prefers negative
+attitudes where love is and is um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes where love is and is um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes where love is and is um is
+subject to negative as well as positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to negative as well as positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to negative as well as positive
+appra appraisals and bestows as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appra appraisals and bestows as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appra appraisals and bestows as they
+interact with each other in all further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other in all further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with each other in all further
+circumstances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances
+um you offer imagination as a cure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you offer imagination as a cure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you offer imagination as a cure
+although it can be seen as a cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it can be seen as a cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although it can be seen as a cause of
+mental illness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental illness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental illness
+um you relate your ideas about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you relate your ideas about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you relate your ideas about the
+imaginary to those of w wienstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary to those of w wienstein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary to those of w wienstein and
+Sal um wiin emphasized viin I think Vin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal um wiin emphasized viin I think Vin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sal um wiin emphasized viin I think Vin
+V like it's a German name viin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V like it's a German name viin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V like it's a German name viin
+V Vin I know I can do it I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Vin I know I can do it I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V Vin I know I can do it I can do it
+vien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vien
+Stein um emphasize the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stein um emphasize the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stein um emphasize the difference
+between imagination and the having of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between imagination and the having of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between imagination and the having of
+either Sensations or uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Sensations or uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either Sensations or uh simple
+imagery um imagining a simulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery um imagining a simulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery um imagining a simulating
+experience rather than being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience rather than being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience rather than being a
+duplication of some perceptual content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication of some perceptual content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplication of some perceptual content
+in it self identifies imagination with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it self identifies imagination with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it self identifies imagination with
+the imaginary arguing that the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary arguing that the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary arguing that the imaginary
+and perceptual art can you stop a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perceptual art can you stop a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perceptual art can you stop a second
+before you go on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you go on to the
+imaginary um in the 18th century many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary um in the 18th century many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary um in the 18th century many
+philosophers even great ones like John U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers even great ones like John U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers even great ones like John U
+well John lock but um David hum is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well John lock but um David hum is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well John lock but um David hum is what
+I was thinking of um analyze the analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of um analyze the analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking of um analyze the analyze
+imagination in terms of a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in terms of a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination in terms of a property
+that's related to sensory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to sensory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's related to sensory
+experience so it's the having of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so it's the having of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience so it's the having of images
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+imagination uh is a way of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh is a way of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination uh is a way of dealing with
+images that we have like visual images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that we have like visual images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that we have like visual images
+auditory images and so on and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory images and so on and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auditory images and so on and that
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that I reject as vicenin also does um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I reject as vicenin also does um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I reject as vicenin also does um
+you don't have to have a perception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have a perception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have a perception of
+anything in order to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in order to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything in order to have
+imagination so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination so that
+um but any but it can it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but any but it can it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but any but it can it's something
+that many creatures can have so my dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many creatures can have so my dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many creatures can have so my dog
+can imagine that I want to go out if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that I want to go out if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that I want to go out if I
+put my Overcoat on doesn't mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my Overcoat on doesn't mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put my Overcoat on doesn't mean there's
+an image that comes to him and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image that comes to him and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image that comes to him and there
+isn't an image to me when I say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an image to me when I say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't an image to me when I say you know
+I can imagine um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can imagine um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can imagine um um
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there being weapons of mass destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being weapons of mass destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being weapons of mass destruction
+still hidden in Iraq or I can't imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hidden in Iraq or I can't imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still hidden in Iraq or I can't imagine
+that after all this time we'll ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after all this time we'll ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after all this time we'll ever
+disco discover any find any now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disco discover any find any now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disco discover any find any now that
+doesn't involve any Act of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve any Act of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve any Act of
+imagery and there is another word to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery and there is another word to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagery and there is another word to
+account for the fact that we often do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that we often do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that we often do
+have images and use them in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have images and use them in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have images and use them in very
+productive ways and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive ways and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive ways and that's called
+Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging
+imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining
+imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining
+um um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um so
+imagining is different from having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imagination on top of that let me add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination on top of that let me add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination on top of that let me add
+there is a book on the list that I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a book on the list that I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a book on the list that I put
+on the list uh by a writer named Gran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list uh by a writer named Gran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list uh by a writer named Gran
+called the worlds of imagination isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the worlds of imagination isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the worlds of imagination isn't
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah the world of imagination right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah the world of imagination right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah the world of imagination right
+uh it's a very big book hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a very big book hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a very big book hundreds of
+pages and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and very
+encyclopedia opedic she goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia opedic she goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encyclopedia opedic she goes through
+philosophical psychological all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical psychological all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical psychological all sorts of
+theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of
+imagination and then gives her own ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and then gives her own ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination and then gives her own ideas
+and her idea is that imagination is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her idea is that imagination is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and her idea is that imagination is a
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+imagining which I don't agree with at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining which I don't agree with at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining which I don't agree with at
+all uh so that um you you um I uh you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh so that um you you um I uh you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh so that um you you um I uh you at
+in the place in which I give her a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the place in which I give her a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the place in which I give her a
+footnote you could see my rejecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnote you could see my rejecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnote you could see my rejecting that
+and um as an antidote to me you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um as an antidote to me you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um as an antidote to me you might
+want to look at her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to look at her
+book in general if you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in general if you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book in general if you use the
+footnotes cleverly you can piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnotes cleverly you can piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footnotes cleverly you can piece
+together uh a great deal of literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh a great deal of literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh a great deal of literature
+that is relevant to these problems some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant to these problems some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is relevant to these problems some
+of which disagree with me and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which disagree with me and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which disagree with me and some of
+which you may want to uh agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may want to uh agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may want to uh agree
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right now we can go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right now we can go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right now we can go on
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+imaginary I don't know if I get into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary I don't know if I get into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary I don't know if I get into it
+too much but um you say that Sal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much but um you say that Sal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much but um you say that Sal
+identifies imagination with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies imagination with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies imagination with the
+imaginary arguing that the imaginary and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary arguing that the imaginary and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary arguing that the imaginary and
+perceptual are irreconcilable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual are irreconcilable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptual are irreconcilable
+um he claims that imagination is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he claims that imagination is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he claims that imagination is of the
+unreal um treating impossibilities as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreal um treating impossibilities as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreal um treating impossibilities as if
+they were indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were indeed
+possible um you say that love reveals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um you say that love reveals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible um you say that love reveals
+how thoroughly the imaginary saturates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thoroughly the imaginary saturates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how thoroughly the imaginary saturates
+our appetitive and consum comptitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our appetitive and consum comptitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our appetitive and consum comptitive
+reptitive English is not my first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptitive English is not my first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reptitive English is not my first
+language forgive me oh really what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language forgive me oh really what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language forgive me oh really what is
+tell me what is cray and French really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what is cray and French really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what is cray and French really
+is not interesting and are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not interesting and are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not interesting and are they
+different yes Creo is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes Creo is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes Creo is different from
+French yes but it's related to French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French yes but it's related to French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French yes but it's related to French
+yes um I guess for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I guess for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I guess for example
+um we don't um conjugate verbs we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't um conjugate verbs we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we don't um conjugate verbs we always
+use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+infinitive is creel a dialect or totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive is creel a dialect or totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitive is creel a dialect or totally
+different language I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different language I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different language I mean it's
+considered a dialect but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a dialect but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a dialect but it's an
+official language of Haiti mhm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official language of Haiti mhm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official language of Haiti mhm that's
+fascinating so but and in I would say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+French but in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French but in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French but in I
+Sayan so there where did you grow up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sayan so there where did you grow up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sayan so there where did you grow up I
+well I was born in ha came here when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I was born in ha came here when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I was born in ha came here when I
+was six so I pretty much you born where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six so I pretty much you born where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six so I pretty much you born where
+in Haiti and people speak Creole there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti and people speak Creole there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Haiti and people speak Creole there
+yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and
+French oh was Creo the language of Haiti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French oh was Creo the language of Haiti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French oh was Creo the language of Haiti
+not French both of them are the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not French both of them are the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not French both of them are the official
+languages in Haiti both are official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in Haiti both are official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in Haiti both are official
+languages I think I think of Creole as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages I think I think of Creole as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages I think I think of Creole as
+New Orleans and well they're different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans and well they're different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Orleans and well they're different
+you know the period when Napoleon owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the period when Napoleon owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the period when Napoleon owned
+Louisiana there different cre there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisiana there different cre there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Louisiana there different cre there's
+Spanish cre there's you know Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish cre there's you know Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish cre there's you know Portuguese
+cre there's all kinds of it's great you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre there's all kinds of it's great you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cre there's all kinds of it's great you
+have these different languages may may I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these different languages may may I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these different languages may may I
+make a suggestion it's getting close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a suggestion it's getting close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a suggestion it's getting close to
+5:00 okay I'm almost done well I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 okay I'm almost done well I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:00 okay I'm almost done well I was
+hoping we could go a little further into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping we could go a little further into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping we could go a little further into
+the concept of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of of the
+imaginary which is something that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary which is something that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary which is something that people
+have had troubles with and it'll take us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had troubles with and it'll take us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had troubles with and it'll take us
+longer I think that we can so could you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I think that we can so could you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer I think that we can so could you
+begin again on that and then we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin again on that and then we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin again on that and then we'll see
+how how it goes next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how it goes next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how it goes next
+time sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um there was something I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was something I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there was something I was going to
+say about oh that's right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about oh that's right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about oh that's right uh
+before we stop I wanted to point out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we stop I wanted to point out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we stop I wanted to point out
+something which I think I neglected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I think I neglected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which I think I neglected to
+mention last time and that that is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention last time and that that is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention last time and that that is there
+are all kinds of philosophers my kind or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kinds of philosophers my kind or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all kinds of philosophers my kind or
+what I know through my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know through my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I know through my own
+experience is a maker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is a maker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is a maker of
+distinctions so that this chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions so that this chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions so that this chapter
+illustrates that there's this very fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates that there's this very fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates that there's this very fuzzy
+difficult very amorphous concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult very amorphous concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult very amorphous concept of the
+imagination which we all talk about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination which we all talk about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination which we all talk about we
+use the word all the time and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word all the time and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word all the time and nobody
+knows what they mean and it's the job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what they mean and it's the job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what they mean and it's the job of
+the philosopher to do something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher to do something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher to do something about
+that now my way of approaching that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now my way of approaching that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now my way of approaching that is
+to take it and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it and make
+distinctions among different types as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions among different types as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions among different types as a
+way of seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing the
+complexity and as a way of resisting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and as a way of resisting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and as a way of resisting the
+temptation to reduce any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation to reduce any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temptation to reduce any of these
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+uh Mega Concepts to a single one so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mega Concepts to a single one so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Mega Concepts to a single one so my
+view is non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reductivism so it's Analytical in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductivism so it's Analytical in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductivism so it's Analytical in that
+sense uh it's the making of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh it's the making of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh it's the making of
+distinctions and I do it not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and I do it not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and I do it not only
+because I'm not reductivism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explanation but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but also
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+um I feel that once we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+made various ambiguities and per and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made various ambiguities and per and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made various ambiguities and per and
+puzzlements evident they go away they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzlements evident they go away they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzlements evident they go away they
+take care of themselves the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of themselves the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of themselves the beginning of
+this tradition is in the philosophy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tradition is in the philosophy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tradition is in the philosophy of
+Socrates Socrates thought of himself as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates Socrates thought of himself as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socrates Socrates thought of himself as
+some who simply wants to make ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some who simply wants to make ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some who simply wants to make ideas
+clear and he began it was the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and he began it was the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear and he began it was the beginning
+of logic of of that sort and he also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic of of that sort and he also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of logic of of that sort and he also um
+felt that he had no knowledge he was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that he had no knowledge he was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that he had no knowledge he was not
+a not a scientist uh he made no claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not a scientist uh he made no claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a not a scientist uh he made no claims
+to any metaphysical or ultimate insights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any metaphysical or ultimate insights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any metaphysical or ultimate insights
+but that by helping people to clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that by helping people to clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that by helping people to clarify
+their thinking to make their ideas clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thinking to make their ideas clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thinking to make their ideas clear
+they would know what reality is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would know what reality is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would know what reality is because
+they're immersed in it we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're immersed in it we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're immersed in it we're all
+immersed in it reality is US each of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in it reality is US each of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in it reality is US each of us
+but we're all different so if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're all different so if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're all different so if you had
+played Socrates didn't pursue that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Socrates didn't pursue that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played Socrates didn't pursue that as
+much as I do and want to the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I do and want to the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as I do and want to the differences
+among people that comes from my American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among people that comes from my American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among people that comes from my American
+sources so we're all different and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources so we're all different and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources so we're all different and all
+equally valuable our experience is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valuable our experience is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally valuable our experience is all
+equally important to us and definitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally important to us and definitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally important to us and definitive
+of us but if we're all different then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us but if we're all different then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us but if we're all different then
+then there isn't any one reality and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there isn't any one reality and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there isn't any one reality and the
+job of the philosophers is to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of the philosophers is to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of the philosophers is to help
+people to find their own reality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to find their own reality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to find their own reality and
+they're going to do that by avoiding all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do that by avoiding all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do that by avoiding all
+of the stock ideas and vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock ideas and vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stock ideas and vague
+generalizations that we grow up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations that we grow up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizations that we grow up
+with just to make our own ideas clear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just to make our own ideas clear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just to make our own ideas clear so
+the non the the pluralism the non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non the the pluralism the non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non the the pluralism the non-
+reductivism um the uh emphasis upon um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductivism um the uh emphasis upon um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductivism um the uh emphasis upon um
+making ideas clear they all go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making ideas clear they all go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making ideas clear they all go together
+and in terms of my usual method um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of my usual method um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of my usual method um it
+means Mak these distinctions making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Mak these distinctions making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Mak these distinctions making them
+very rationally and with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rationally and with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rationally and with great
+sharpness not operating on the kitchen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpness not operating on the kitchen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharpness not operating on the kitchen
+table but uh with the Sharp Tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but uh with the Sharp Tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but uh with the Sharp Tools of
+surgeon in the hospital uh to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon in the hospital uh to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surgeon in the hospital uh to make these
+distinctions and once you've made them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and once you've made them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and once you've made them
+you may find that the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find that the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may find that the nature of the
+original question that's been troubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question that's been troubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original question that's been troubling
+people and that philosophers have tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that philosophers have tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that philosophers have tried
+to deal with in some grandiose way no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with in some grandiose way no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deal with in some grandiose way no
+longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer
+applies and that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies and that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies and that uh
+people sort of forget that puzzlement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of forget that puzzlement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sort of forget that puzzlement
+it's a kind of therapy a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of therapy a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of therapy a kind of
+conceptual therapy when it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual therapy when it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual therapy when it's done
+well um that's all I hope for I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um that's all I hope for I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um that's all I hope for I'm not
+going to tell anybody how to live I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell anybody how to live I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell anybody how to live I I
+don't tell people how to live but I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell people how to live but I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tell people how to live but I try
+to help them to make their ideas clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them to make their ideas clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help them to make their ideas clear
+and then they'll know how to live and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll know how to live and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they'll know how to live and
+can do it better than me very often um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it better than me very often um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it better than me very often um
+and that I think is illustrated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think is illustrated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that I think is illustrated by the
+structure of this chapter the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of this chapter the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of this chapter the nature of
+imagination well I have a a general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination well I have a a general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination well I have a a general idea
+about the experiencing possibilities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the experiencing possibilities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the experiencing possibilities but
+it's not very profound then you break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very profound then you break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very profound then you break it
+up into its parts to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into its parts to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up into its parts to make the
+distinctions and then you go on to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and then you go on to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions and then you go on to what
+looks like something that follows out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like something that follows out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like something that follows out of
+that like the branch following out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the branch following out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the branch following out of
+the lower regions of the trunk and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower regions of the trunk and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower regions of the trunk and so on
+and so on um somebody asked vikin Stein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um somebody asked vikin Stein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on um somebody asked vikin Stein
+what he does for a living and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he does for a living and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he does for a living and
+he was a professor of philosophy at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a professor of philosophy at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was a professor of philosophy at
+Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge
+University and but a very special kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and but a very special kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University and but a very special kind
+of person and what he said was I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person and what he said was I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person and what he said was I am a
+maker of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker of
+analogies and when you study his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies and when you study his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies and when you study his
+philosophy it's true he was always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it's true he was always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy it's true he was always
+making analogies that was the way he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making analogies that was the way he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making analogies that was the way he
+approached all of the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached all of the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached all of the traditional
+problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of
+philosophy well in that same vein I am a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy well in that same vein I am a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy well in that same vein I am a
+maker of distinctions and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker of distinctions and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker of distinctions and you just
+encountered one example of it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered one example of it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered one example of it may not be
+what you need you live your own life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need you live your own life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you need you live your own life
+maybe some help and the last distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some help and the last distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some help and the last distinction
+about of the imaginary um takes us very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of the imaginary um takes us very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of the imaginary um takes us very
+close to questions about creativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to questions about creativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to questions about creativity and
+uh needs much more development that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needs much more development that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh needs much more development that's
+why I would like to leave it for next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I would like to leave it for next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I would like to leave it for next
+time one final question who is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one final question who is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one final question who is going to
+give the presentation next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the presentation next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the presentation next
+time do that Nick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do that Nick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time do that Nick
+great fine and as I said um somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fine and as I said um somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great fine and as I said um somebody
+coming into the course will catch up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the course will catch up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming into the course will catch up
+very readily by looking at the vide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very readily by looking at the vide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very readily by looking at the vide
+tapes um and I don't know how how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes um and I don't know how how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapes um and I don't know how how many
+more we're going to make but for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're going to make but for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more we're going to make but for the
+first two weeks anybody who wants to who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two weeks anybody who wants to who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two weeks anybody who wants to who
+has the motivation will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the motivation will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the motivation will be
+welcome so I'll see you next time SEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so I'll see you next time SEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome so I'll see you next time SEC
+same place same same time did I do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place same same time did I do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place same same time did I do okay
+I mean I wasn't sure I just no you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I wasn't sure I just no you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean I wasn't sure I just no you did
+fine you did fine don't worry about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you did fine don't worry about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you did fine don't worry about it
+you did fine think that jumped out of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did fine think that jumped out of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did fine think that jumped out of me
+you did fine okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/K0GuKDSX1FA.txt b/K0GuKDSX1FA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca21d8c3b28310e37dd867331cfb90b28aa3a7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/K0GuKDSX1FA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4483 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+Today I think is the
+last lecture at least
+
+for the while about
+origami, and I'm
+
+going to talk about
+where I got started
+
+thinking about
+organic mathematics.
+
+The folding cup
+problem, and this
+
+is sort of motivated
+by a magic trick.
+
+The idea is you take
+a piece of paper.
+
+You fold it flat.
+
+You make one complete
+straight cut.
+
+You cut along a line.
+
+And you unfold the
+pieces, and the question
+
+is what shapes can you
+get by that process.
+
+So this is like a magic trick.
+
+I showed you making a
+swan which I have here
+
+just for-- to jog your memory.
+
+You have a rectangle paper, and
+you can see the swan on there
+
+and you can see a
+bunch of creases.
+
+You fold along all the
+creases, not the swan lines,
+
+and you end up with all
+the edges of the swan lying
+
+right along that line.
+
+You cut along the line,
+and you get your swan,
+
+as we did before.
+
+And you also get the anti-swan.
+
+The other piece-- I didn't
+show that last time.
+
+But it's really--
+it's not like we're
+
+making we're not allowed
+to make any extra creases.
+
+We really want the swan.
+
+So we cut along exactly
+the edges of the swan
+
+by lining them up onto a line.
+
+So really, you could think
+of this as a magic trick
+
+in cutting, but you
+can also think of it
+
+as an origami
+problem, which is I
+
+want to line up all
+these edges by folding.
+
+How do I do it?
+
+And that way it connects to a
+lot origami design problems.
+
+This problem has an old history.
+
+It goes back to 1721.
+
+This is the oldest
+reference we know.
+
+This is a Japanese puzzle
+book, Wakoku Chiyekurabe
+
+by Kan Chu Sen.
+
+And I think this is
+kind of like-- it's
+
+called "Mathematical
+Contests" is the translation.
+
+And it's sort of
+like the old version
+
+of like these big
+problem solving sessions
+
+that kids do these days
+to get better at math,
+
+and one of the pages
+poses this problem.
+
+I have this Japanese
+emblem shape.
+
+Can I make it from
+a piece of paper
+
+by folding in one straight
+cut, and the answer is yes.
+
+And this is a solution
+if you cheat and look
+
+in the back of the book.
+
+So I'll let you read
+that for minute.
+
+[LAUGHS]
+
+You're making folds
+along lines that end up
+
+lining up other
+parts of the shape
+
+so that in the end everything
+lies along the line,
+
+then you cut along the line.
+
+We learned about
+this a bit later
+
+than the-- we learned about
+this problem from Martin Gardner
+
+originally, and he knew
+about the magic world.
+
+So Houdini, before he
+was an escape artist,
+
+he was a general magician, and
+in 1922, he wrote or probably
+
+had ghost written this book,
+"Houdini's Paper Magic".
+
+And one of the pages is about
+folding, and it says here,
+
+you can take a square
+paper, fold it flat,
+
+make one straight cut, and get
+a regular five-pointed star.
+
+And that was pretty cool,
+and then other magicians
+
+picked it up, in particular
+this guy Gerald Lowe, who
+
+wrote this book "Paper Capers".
+
+It's more like a
+very small book.
+
+Magic book.
+
+And he could make all
+sorts of different things
+
+and he would incorporate
+them into magic tricks.
+
+And he was primarily
+using simple folds.
+
+He would just fold along
+one line at a time,
+
+and make one
+straight cut, and go
+
+to make all these cool patterns.
+
+Like here, I have one
+of his examples redone.
+
+I start from a rectangle,
+I fold, I fold, I fold,
+
+I fold-- these are
+all simple folds.
+
+I take my scissors, and I make
+one complete straight cut.
+
+And usually when I perform
+this trick, I say look!
+
+I made an isosceles triangle.
+
+Wow!
+
+I made five isosceles triangles.
+
+Amazing!
+
+And then I made
+everything, except the five
+
+isosceles triangles.
+
+So you saw that coming.
+
+And you could make an
+arrangement of five of these
+
+if you want.
+
+All that sort of
+very symmetric stuff
+
+is easy to do by simple folds.
+
+I'll talk more about
+simple folds later,
+
+but we were really curious
+about the general challenge.
+
+So this is the-- you can
+download this from my web page
+
+if you want to make one.
+
+It's pretty-- it's a fun trick.
+
+Good.
+
+So I have some more
+interesting examples.
+
+See here I have a
+rectangle folded,
+
+and I make one
+complete straight cut.
+
+And this one has actually
+a line of symmetry,
+
+so I fold in half
+at the beginning.
+
+So I get an angel fish.
+
+Ooh!
+
+All right, you're not impressed.
+
+Keep going.
+
+Here's another one.
+
+One straight cut.
+
+We could go all day here.
+
+I mean, the point
+of today's lecture
+
+is to see how this is done.
+
+In general.
+
+Here we have a butterfly.
+
+All right.
+
+You guys are tough
+to impress here.
+
+Here we go.
+
+This one is deemed thematic.
+
+It's almost October, so
+it's sort of appropriate.
+
+We'll one straight cut.
+
+Haven't done this
+one for quite awhile.
+
+Get tons of pieces, and if I'm
+lucky-- open it up the right
+
+way around.
+
+Jack-o-lantern.
+
+Wow, it's amazing!
+
+How is it possible?
+
+Obviously you can make
+many shapes all at once.
+
+That's the general idea here.
+
+I'll admit, I cheated
+here because I wanted kids
+
+to be able to fold this.
+
+The outer octagon
+was cut initially.
+
+Yeah, so it's not
+from a rectangle.
+
+Just to make it easier
+to fold, but you
+
+could do it all at once.
+
+And now, the big demo.
+
+In fact, it's so
+big I think I might
+
+want to use the exacto knife.
+
+Uh, we'll try with scissors.
+
+Got a lot of layers.
+
+Oh, yeah.
+
+This is why I usually
+bring my own scissors.
+
+Just checking the other side.
+
+They're better scissors.
+
+That's what's special
+about my scissors.
+
+All right, time for
+the exacto knife.
+
+Make sure I'm only
+cutting on the boundary
+
+between red and white.
+
+Yeah, my lecture notes.
+
+Yeah, who needs those?
+
+It's flat.
+
+A little more cutting.
+
+I believe all the pieces in
+this case are rectangles.
+
+Exciting.
+
+All right, straight cut, right?
+
+I don't remember which
+way this one opens.
+
+This should be the MIT logo.
+
+This one I encourage
+you to try at home.
+
+It's pretty crazy.
+
+It's definitely a hard folding.
+
+I'm getting used to it now.
+
+All right, so you could
+make anything is the point.
+
+Some are a little more difficult
+because they have more layers
+
+and so on.
+
+If I made it out of thinner
+paper like some of the math
+
+magicians do, it is super easy.
+
+Onion skin paper or something.
+
+I think I have some pictures
+of the piece patterns
+
+if you want to see
+what these look like.
+
+And these are all
+available for download.
+
+You want to impress
+your friends, go for it.
+
+They all use slightly
+different color codings,
+
+but it's mountain or valley.
+
+And so we want to see
+how to make these.
+
+So let me state
+the theorem first.
+
+We have our good friend,
+the universality result,
+
+which is any set of line
+segments on your piece of paper
+
+can be-- I'll phrase it as can
+be aligned by flat folding.
+
+A line means when you
+make the flat folding,
+
+all the segments come
+onto a common line.
+
+Nothing else comes to that
+line, and therefore you
+
+cut a long line, you get
+exactly those line segments.
+
+And there are two methods
+for solving this problem.
+
+The first one is what I call
+straight skeleton method,
+
+and second one I'll call
+the disk packing method.
+
+By slightly different authors.
+
+This one was me, my dad, and
+my advisor, Anna [INAUDIBLE].
+
+This one was Marshall Burn,
+me, David Epstein, Barry Hayes.
+
+This one's slightly
+after this one.
+
+This is sort of my first
+computational origami paper.
+
+And they're quite different.
+
+I mean at a high level,
+this one's practical.
+
+This one is theoretically
+good, but impractical.
+
+This one's actually
+theoretically
+
+bad in a few situations
+which we will get to,
+
+but it works very
+well almost always.
+
+In a formal sense
+of almost always.
+
+This one always works, but
+it's a challenge to fold.
+
+All of the examples
+I showed you are
+
+made with the straight
+skeleton method.
+
+So that's the idea.
+
+That's where we're going
+to talk about both of them.
+
+And first, I have a warm
+up-- three warm ups.
+
+Suppose you had a
+square paper and you
+
+wanted to make a single cut.
+
+What folding do I do?
+
+Nothing!
+
+Yeah, that was easy.
+
+Let's say I have two
+lines I want to make.
+
+What should I do?
+
+Fold between them.
+
+Fold the lines onto each other,
+which is angular bisector.
+
+If I extend the lines, and
+I bisect the angle there,
+
+then I will fold one
+line to the other.
+
+I brought one just to
+be totally obvious.
+
+You have two lines
+fold along the angular
+
+bisector of their extensions.
+
+It lines up the lines,
+and nothing else.
+
+OK, a little more exciting.
+
+What if I had a triangle?
+
+How would you line up the edges
+the triangle and nothing else?
+
+Rabbit ear.
+
+Yes.
+
+Rabbit ear is you fold
+along the three angular
+
+bisectors of the triangle.
+
+This is something we talked
+about in the tree method.
+
+This is one of the
+sort of gadgets
+
+we use in one of-- where
+these were active paths.
+
+And we fold along those
+angular bisectors.
+
+Angular bisectors
+intuitively are
+
+very good because locally
+they line up edges.
+
+So if I fold along
+all three of them,
+
+and you may know that they
+always meet at a point,
+
+then I kind of line
+up all those edges.
+
+If I just fold along
+those three edges,
+
+it won't be flat foldable.
+
+It's like this floppy thing.
+
+And so I've added in
+these perpendicular--
+
+the purple lines--
+to give me my hinges
+
+so I can manipulate these arms.
+
+You don't have to
+use all of them.
+
+Then you flatten it,
+and now along this line
+
+are all the black guys.
+
+All the black lines.
+
+We've got a bunch
+of flat foldings.
+
+All right, so a general idea,
+and in the straight skeleton
+
+method, what we are going
+to use are angular bisectors
+
+and perpendicular folds.
+
+Perpendicular folds are also
+good because locally folds
+
+are a reflection
+if you fold flat.
+
+So this line will fold
+on top of this line.
+
+So perpendiculars are good.
+
+Angular bisectors are good.
+
+If you fold along all of them,
+you should line everything up.
+
+That's the intuition,
+and the question
+
+is how do I fold a long
+enough angular bisectors
+
+and perpendiculars so that
+it actually folds flat.
+
+And that is the straight
+skeleton, or one way
+
+to do that is the
+straight skeleton.
+
+And this actually was
+invented a few years earlier.
+
+95, 96 by a couple of Austrians.
+
+That was in [INAUDIBLE]
+and actually four people.
+
+So let me write
+down a definition,
+
+and then we will-- I'll
+show you what it means.
+
+We've seen a thing
+like this very briefly
+
+in the universal
+molecule, but this
+
+is going to be more
+general in some sense.
+
+And actually, why don't
+I put up an image of one
+
+while we're defining it.
+
+All right, so it is trajectory
+of the vertices of the desired
+
+cut pattern-- that's our input.
+
+The graph of edges
+we want to cut out.
+
+As we simultaneously
+shrink each region.
+
+That's every face
+outlined by those cuts.
+
+Keeping edges parallel and a
+uniform perpendicular distance
+
+from the original edges.
+
+So, a bit of a mouthful, but
+let me draw some pictures.
+
+Well, let's maybe
+start with a triangle.
+
+So the idea with
+a triangle is you
+
+shrink-- this is really the
+wrong order to do things.
+
+I want to shrink-- there's
+two regions for the triangle.
+
+There's the inside
+and the outside.
+
+If I shrink the inside, I
+get these parallel lines.
+
+All-- I want all of these
+distances to be equal.
+
+Those are the
+perpendicular distances.
+
+I keep shrinking,
+and at some point
+
+I can't shrink anymore
+because I get a single point.
+
+The in-center of the triangle.
+
+If I watch where did the
+vertices go during that time,
+
+it's along angular bisectors.
+
+Hey, our good friends,
+angular bisectors.
+
+Now I do the same
+thing on the outside.
+
+Shrinking the outside region
+is like expanding the triangle.
+
+As I expand the triangle, the
+outside gets smaller area.
+
+So actually, it's
+just the same thing.
+
+I get concentric
+triangles, and I just
+
+keep going along the
+angular bisectors.
+
+So that's it.
+
+It's not going to give us
+the perpendicular fold.
+
+It's just the angular
+bisector parts.
+
+Still see a triangle
+in there somewhere.
+
+OK, that's a really
+simple example,
+
+and the only event
+that happened is
+
+that the polygon disappeared.
+
+When that happens, you stop
+with that particular polygon.
+
+In general, there are three
+things that can happen.
+
+We call these events.
+
+Three interesting.
+
+Things.
+
+One is that an edge disappears.
+
+So for example, locally, if
+I have a picture like this
+
+and I shrink, and I shrink,
+and I shrink, at some point--
+
+what's happening is these
+angular bisectors are meeting,
+
+and now I lost-- this edge
+shrinks to zero length.
+
+So just forget about the edge.
+
+Pretend it was never there.
+
+Just keeps shrinking now
+what is these two edges.
+
+And I shrink, and I
+shrink, and I shrink.
+
+What happens is, in some
+sense, these vertices
+
+merge-- these edges
+merge, and now I
+
+have one guy going
+straight up there.
+
+And what is that edge doing?
+
+It's not an angular
+bisector of this or this,
+
+but it's an angular bisector
+of the extension of these two
+
+lines.
+
+Because if you look at this--
+one of these two edges--
+
+they are parallel
+to the two original.
+
+So if you bisect those
+parallel offsets,
+
+it's the same thing as
+bisecting the original edges
+
+and extension.
+
+So this looks good because
+these two folds will line up
+
+those two edges, or this fold
+will line up these two edge.
+
+This fold will line
+up those two edges.
+
+This fold will line
+up these two edges.
+
+And we're doing kind
+of extra alignment,
+
+but everything looks kosher.
+
+Good.
+
+So when an edge disappears,
+you just forget about it.
+
+All right, forget-- it's
+probably "forgedaboutit"--
+
+something like that.
+
+All right.
+
+Then we have-- a
+region can disappear.
+
+That's what happened
+with the triangle.
+
+And then again, you
+forget about it.
+
+There may be many regions.
+
+You have to keep shrinking
+the other regions,
+
+but when one
+disappears, you're done.
+
+Third thing that can happen
+is that a region splits.
+
+So let's look at an
+interesting polygon.
+
+This one-- the straight edges.
+
+And when I shrink this
+guy-- see, what's happening
+
+is this edge is approaching
+that vertex, and at some point
+
+they will meet.
+
+And what we're left with are
+two triangles in this case.
+
+And generally split
+into two parts,
+
+you just keep
+shrinking the parts.
+
+So it's not really like
+you're stopping at any point.
+
+Just the same thing
+over and over.
+
+But if you're implementing
+this on a computer,
+
+you really have to
+realize that happens.
+
+Otherwise you'd shrink
+them beyond each other
+
+and it would be self
+intersecting and ugly.
+
+But you do the
+obvious thing, which
+
+is you cut where they split.
+
+And what will happen in this
+case with straight skeleton
+
+is you keep going along
+an angular bisector
+
+until that little
+triangle stops.
+
+One more edge here.
+
+So that's what the straight
+skeleton will look like.
+
+This edge is an angular bisector
+of this one and this one.
+
+This edge is an angular bisector
+of this one and this one.
+
+In general, if you
+look at an edge,
+
+and you see what
+original edge can I
+
+reach without crossing
+another skeleton edge,
+
+those are the two
+that you bisect.
+
+So it's really easy to see.
+
+Look at this guy.
+
+The only two I can reach
+are this one and this one.
+
+I look at this one, the
+only two I can reach
+
+are that one and that one.
+
+So it's an angular
+bisector of those two.
+
+In fact, in general, if you
+finish the outside here too,
+
+it's the same deal.
+
+And then-- yeah,
+all right, enough.
+
+Here's a bigger example.
+
+Little turtle drawn
+on a triangular grid,
+
+and you can see there's
+angular bisectors.
+
+This is a straight skeleton.
+
+This guy, for example,
+bisects this horizontal edge
+
+and this horizontal edge has a
+little bit of a boundary case
+
+we have to think about, but this
+is the right interpretation.
+
+It's like an angle of 180,
+so you bisect it to 90.
+
+Other fun features.
+
+Here we get a
+little bit of action
+
+on the outside of the polygon.
+
+So far, we haven't seen that.
+
+So, like these guys
+meet, and there
+
+is some bigger-- there's a
+bigger turtle here somewhere.
+
+It's hard to draw.
+
+Anyway, what's
+happening is this edge
+
+is shrinking to zero while this
+one is offsetting down this way
+
+and this is offsetting
+down this way.
+
+So the new turtle ends
+up being like that.
+
+And so on.
+
+You're shrinking every face.
+
+So in general, you have a
+whole bunch of polygons.
+
+Or in general we're
+allowing crazy things
+
+like this as this pattern
+of cuts I want to make.
+
+Maybe you want to cut your
+square into five pieces.
+
+I'm going to shrink each of
+them separately, or in parallel.
+
+It doesn't actually matter.
+
+So in this case
+there's just going
+
+to be five angular bisectors.
+
+In general, there are several
+regions you shrink all of them.
+
+A lot of the time we
+think about polygons,
+
+and then there's two
+regions to shrink.
+
+And it looks like you're
+expanding the turtle to go out,
+
+but really you're shrinking
+the outside region.
+
+It just happens to be--
+there's one infinite
+
+region that one looks weird.
+
+A couple other special
+cases, because I
+
+want to do any graph
+and not just polygons.
+
+You could have something
+that just terminates.
+
+So a degree one vertex only
+has one [? edge ?] into it.
+
+In this case, it's
+not quite well
+
+defined what to do
+because you offset this
+
+and you offset this,
+but what happens here?
+
+And there it's
+sort of arbitrary.
+
+You can do whatever you
+want, but the simplest thing
+
+you can do is to make
+a-- imagine that there's
+
+a little vertical segment here
+that happens to be length zero,
+
+and it expands into the
+edge of a rectangle.
+
+So you end up with these
+245 degree angular bisectors
+
+between this vertical edge
+and the horizontal one.
+
+But you have some
+flexibility there.
+
+You can design it how you want.
+
+The other case you can
+have is a degree 0 vertex.
+
+There are no edges here.
+
+This is a little funny
+in the way I defined it.
+
+I just said I wanted
+to align line segments.
+
+You could also align points
+if you really feel like it,
+
+and that would be
+represented by a dot that
+
+has no cuts next to it.
+
+If you want to cut
+out just this point--
+
+I need to make it something.
+
+You could think of it as a
+tiny triangle for consistency
+
+with this picture.
+
+We think of it as
+a little square.
+
+And so, when you
+expand it, or when
+
+you shrink the outside region,
+you get four 45 degrees folds.
+
+This is actually how
+[? Eichholtz ?] et al defined
+
+it back in '96, and
+it's a fine definition.
+
+But you have flexibility
+here in your design process.
+
+They'll all work.
+
+And this would let you take a
+whole bunch of points, align
+
+them onto a common line, and
+nothing else is on that line.
+
+Because these folds are
+going to push everything
+
+that's surrounding the
+point away from the line.
+
+All right.
+
+Some fun facts.
+
+Straight skeleton
+is nice and small.
+
+If you have n original
+points and line segments
+
+in your desired cut pattern,
+the straight skeleton
+
+has a linear n number of
+line segments-- linear number
+
+of creases.
+
+So order n.
+
+Other fun facts-- there is
+a one-to-one correspondence
+
+between the edges you
+want to cut along,
+
+like let me pick
+one over here maybe.
+
+Like this-- this is an
+edge I want to cut along,
+
+and regions of the
+straight skeleton.
+
+So here's a region.
+
+A face of the straight skeleton.
+
+This guy.
+
+There's exactly one cut
+edge inside of that.
+
+That's always the case.
+
+You look everywhere here.
+
+Every region of the
+straight skeleton-- it's
+
+more obvious if I color
+them different colors.
+
+There's one cut edge inside.
+
+And all of those guys that
+surround that cut edge
+
+bisect that edge
+and another one.
+
+And the other one is the
+one on the other side.
+
+In general, you take one of
+the straight skeleton edges.
+
+There are two sides.
+
+There's two faces of
+the straight skeleton.
+
+This one's crazy and non convex.
+
+This one's just a little
+infinite triangle down here,
+
+and that edge bisects
+those two cut edges.
+
+So it's very easy to walk
+around the structure.
+
+See what it bisects.
+
+lots of things get bisected.
+
+But, it's not flat
+foldable, so we're not done.
+
+And that's where we
+need the perpendiculars.
+
+So--
+
+I'll write down the
+definition, and maybe
+
+show the picture
+we're going for.
+
+There's a lot of
+structures here.
+
+There is what I
+call the cut graph--
+
+the things we're trying to make.
+
+Then there's the
+straight skeleton.
+
+You should think of it as
+a graph drawn on a paper.
+
+It has vertices of
+straight skeleton,
+
+which is called
+skeleton vertices.
+
+Regions of straight
+skeleton, which
+
+is called skeleton regions.
+
+Edges of the cut
+graph, which are called
+
+cut edges, and so on.
+
+We're going to add
+a new graph, which
+
+is the perpendicular graph.
+
+Which you can think
+of as hinges from tree
+
+method of origami design.
+
+So what is this--
+what does it mean?
+
+We started a straight
+skeleton vertex.
+
+Usually there are three
+skeleton edges coming together.
+
+Vertex-- sometimes they're
+more like this guy.
+
+Four.
+
+And if there's three
+edges coming together,
+
+there are three
+skeleton regions.
+
+For each one-- each
+of those regions--
+
+has one cut edge
+in it, so we try
+
+to walk perpendicular
+and toward that cut edge.
+
+So here I walk perpendicular.
+
+I meet at right angles here.
+
+I just go off to infinity.
+
+Here I walk perpendicular to
+this cut edge, and that's cool,
+
+but then I leave
+the skeleton region.
+
+At that point I enter
+a new skeleton region,
+
+which is this one,
+this non-convex thing.
+
+It contains one et edge, and
+when I-- where was I here?
+
+I entered.
+
+Now I want to move
+perpendicular to that cut edge,
+
+so that when I cross it, I
+cross it perpendicularly.
+
+Now I enter a new region.
+
+It contains this cut edge.
+
+I move perpendicular to it,
+and I don't actually cross it,
+
+but I enter a new region.
+
+Now I'm in the region
+of this cut edge,
+
+so I move perpendicular to that.
+
+And wow, I hit another
+skeleton vertex.
+
+I stop.
+
+OK this example is because
+it's on a triangular grid,
+
+there's lots of
+degeneracies like that.
+
+Usually you'd eventually
+go off to infinity,
+
+or come around to meet yourself.
+
+Here I happen to hit
+a different vertex.
+
+You do that all the vertices.
+
+All the skeleton vertices.
+
+Now there's some weird
+ones like this one.
+
+Notice there are no purple
+lines coming out from here,
+
+and that's because
+every region you
+
+try to enter you
+immediately leave.
+
+So if I tried-- there's
+four regions here.
+
+Try each one of them.
+
+Like this region
+has this cut edge.
+
+If I try to go
+perpendicular to it,
+
+I'd enter a different region,
+so I can actually go at all.
+
+Like I move and then
+I instantly stop.
+
+So you could think of there
+being like a zero radius
+
+thing there.
+
+That's sort of the
+degenerate case
+
+of a river being a disc
+Is it being a circle.
+
+Same thing going on.
+
+All of-- in general
+when you have
+
+reflex vertices and their
+regular bisectors meeting,
+
+you're going to lose
+some perpendiculars
+
+because you can't enter them.
+
+Here's another one where I
+just have one perpendicular
+
+edge coming out.
+
+This one I can
+reach, but if I tried
+
+to be perpendicular
+to either of these,
+
+I enter the wrong region.
+
+That's the perpendicular
+folds, and that's pretty much
+
+the crease pattern.
+
+There are technically
+a few other folds
+
+you have to deal
+with, but that is--
+
+if you want to make
+something right now,
+
+just apply those two algorithms
+and you get your shape.
+
+Just fold along
+that crease pattern.
+
+It will be flat
+foldable almost always.
+
+Why is it flat foldable?
+
+So one thing we can check is
+local flat foldability at least
+
+satisfies Kawasaki's condition
+because at a typical vertex
+
+you're going to have three
+skeleton edges coming together.
+
+And so there are
+three faces here.
+
+Each of them has a cut edge
+somewhere-- probably draw
+
+this reasonably well-- and
+should have the property
+
+that when I extend these--
+didn't draw that so well.
+
+And I extend these-- these
+are angular bisectors.
+
+We know the skeleton edges will
+angularly bisect two cut edges.
+
+The two cut edges that
+are defined by these guys.
+
+So I should get an angular
+bisector here, and those meet.
+
+An angular bisector here.
+
+And then I also have
+perpendicular folds.
+
+So they may not actually meet
+this guy, but if they did,
+
+they certainly
+meet the extension.
+
+Hey, that's our good
+friend, the rabbit ear.
+
+Just regular triangle fold.
+
+And in particular, you can see
+that these angles are equal.
+
+I call this three prime.
+
+It's like 180 minus
+that, I think.
+
+If I'm not mistaken.
+
+And this is one prime.
+
+Not the best notation.
+
+And these are two
+prime and two prime.
+
+And so I've got these
+nice angle pairings.
+
+That means if I add the odd
+angles, I get the even angles.
+
+Same thing.
+
+So I definitely have
+Kawasaki's theorem everywhere.
+
+You could check--
+it works even when
+
+you have these degenerate
+situations where
+
+more than three skeleton
+edges come together.
+
+For the same reason.
+
+You still get pairing.
+
+Just more than three of them.
+
+All right.
+
+But some exciting
+things can happen.
+
+So I'm going to look
+at proving foldability,
+
+but one exciting
+thing that can happen
+
+is you get a lot of
+perpendicular folds at a very
+
+few original cut lines.
+
+So here I'm trying to make
+this weird pinwheel shape.
+
+I want to cut out the bold
+lines of the cut line.
+
+So I want to cut
+out this square,
+
+and then these four squares
+arranged in a pinwheel pattern
+
+around that one.
+
+Why you'd want to do that?
+
+I don't know, but we're
+mathematicians so we're
+
+going to consider all the cases.
+
+So the straight skeleton
+is the thin black lines,
+
+and that's linear size.
+
+That's nice, but
+the perpendiculars--
+
+if this piece of
+paper's infinite,
+
+the number of
+perpendiculars is infinite.
+
+If you have a finite
+piece of paper,
+
+which is what you
+usually buy in the store,
+
+then it's a finite
+number of creases.
+
+So in any finite region, this
+is a finite number of creases,
+
+but it's a lot of them.
+
+So that's one sad thing.
+
+You can't bound the
+number of creases
+
+as a function of the
+number of cut lines.
+
+But I think that's
+actually necessary.
+
+I don't think it's possible
+to solve this problem
+
+while bounding the
+number of creases
+
+in terms of the
+number of cut lines.
+
+That's one of the open
+problems getting down
+
+on one of these pictures.
+
+One of these slide--
+lecture notes.
+
+There's something else
+even more annoying, though.
+
+It happens even in a
+finite piece of paper,
+
+and it's even more obscure
+why you'd want to make this.
+
+But the bold blue
+lines are the cuts,
+
+and then the thin black lines
+are the straight skeleton.
+
+You could tell this
+spans many years
+
+because I keep changing
+notational style,
+
+and this is from the textbook.
+
+And then you get these
+perpendicular folds.
+
+So I haven't drawn all
+of them but these dash
+
+lines, the light blue.
+
+And this example is set up so
+that-- let me get this right.
+
+This width is an
+irrational multiple
+
+of this width or this width.
+
+One of those.
+
+Things are irrational, so
+they're not very nice numbers.
+
+And what I need to do
+to finish this picture
+
+is these guys go-- they
+enter a new skeleton region.
+
+They're actually going
+to keep going straight
+
+because there's two cut
+lines that are parallel
+
+to each other.
+
+It's going to go up there, and
+it's going to cycle around.
+
+Let me do one round.
+
+Who did I move?
+
+This guy.
+
+So this guy I just
+extended down.
+
+He's going to turn around,
+make 180 degree turn,
+
+and you can check each of these.
+
+Your setups do 180 degree
+turn around this axis,
+
+around this axis on the bottom,
+and on the top around this axis
+
+and around this axis.
+
+Depending wherever you
+enter, it's like a racetrack.
+
+Keep going around and around.
+
+And if you follow that one
+guy a little bit farther,
+
+it looks like that.
+
+And a little bit farther,
+and it looks like that.
+
+It never finishes.
+
+So in fact you completely
+filled this region with creases.
+
+It's like a dense
+region of creases.
+
+Now this would be
+a bitch to fold.
+
+I don't recommend you try it.
+
+And this is really a situation
+where this algorithm fails.
+
+The good news is if I move
+any of these vertices--
+
+the cut vertices the tiniest
+amount-- this will disappear.
+
+I really had to be very careful
+and get lots of degeneracy
+
+for this to happen.
+
+We don't actually know
+how to prove that.
+
+It's conjecture that if you take
+any cuts-- any graph of cuts
+
+you want to make, and
+you perturb the vertices
+
+in a tiny epsilon disc then
+the resulting thing will not
+
+have this density behavior.
+
+I'm totally sure it's true,
+but we don't have the proof.
+
+So that's life.
+
+This is why I said skeleton
+method works almost always.
+
+There are these
+annoying situations
+
+where it doesn't really
+give your crease pattern.
+
+So if you feel like
+unless you somehow
+
+think this is legitimate to
+make infinitely many creases.
+
+I don't think so.
+
+All right, let me tell
+you a few more things
+
+to make this practical for you.
+
+You want to-- what
+you really want
+
+is a mountain valley assignment.
+
+Before I showed you lots of
+perpendicular and skeleton
+
+edges, and basically
+the way it works
+
+is if you look at any
+skeleton edge like this one,
+
+it's bisecting in this
+case a convex angle.
+
+So I make it a mountain.
+
+Here, red is mountain,
+blue is valley.
+
+Dot dashes mountain,
+dash is valley.
+
+That is the standard.
+
+Whenever I'm bisecting
+a reflex angle,
+
+then I make the
+skeleton edge a valley.
+
+And that's basically true.
+
+Convex angles, mountains,
+reflex angles, valleys.
+
+That's for the straight
+skeleton edges.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Like this fold, or this one?
+
+Oh, this guy.
+
+All right, this is a
+bit of a special case.
+
+Here I'm really bisecting
+an angle of zero.
+
+To extend these guys out,
+they need an infinite,
+
+and they form a zero angle
+because they're parallel.
+
+And I call zero a convex angle,
+but I just defined it that way,
+
+and so this is a mountain.
+
+Whereas this guy bisecting
+is barely convex.
+
+Is that really a mountain?
+
+No, that's a typo.
+
+Good.
+
+This one should be a valley.
+
+Pretty sure.
+
+Yeah, should be a valley-- wow,
+this is a weird crease pattern.
+
+That's not a straight
+skeleton there.
+
+Never mind this picture-- I
+knew there was always a bug.
+
+I think there's a typo
+in the book as we say.
+
+How did I make the initial
+pattern of the turtle?
+
+I just drew something
+that looked like a turtle.
+
+Anything.
+
+I happened to draw
+this on a grid,
+
+but there's no reason I had to.
+
+I designed them.
+
+So in this example, I designed
+the ratios to be really nasty.
+
+Like root 2 over 10
+ratio or something.
+
+The whole thing will-- if I
+perturb these vertices at all,
+
+the whole thing will fall apart.
+
+I won't get these
+180 degree turns.
+
+Things will end up
+going off to infinity.
+
+The hard part here is
+actually-- rational ratios
+
+are quite common.
+
+What's uncommon
+in this picture is
+
+that this thing is closed
+up, and you never escape.
+
+Almost always, there'll
+be a little gap
+
+and you'll eventually
+reach the gap
+
+and then go off to infinity.
+
+So that's what happens
+in a typical case.
+
+So if you drew a picture on the
+grid this would never happen.
+
+That you can prove.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Square grid.
+
+Probably also the
+triangular grid.
+
+You need to be a little
+careful because you
+
+want all these constructions
+to stay on the grid,
+
+but I think something
+like that is true.
+
+OK, let's move on to how we
+construct a folded state.
+
+When this algorithm works,
+when it gives a valid crease
+
+pattern, you know it's
+locally flat foldable
+
+because it satisfies
+Kawasaki, but how
+
+do we actually know that
+it globally folds flat?
+
+To do that, you have
+to describe what
+
+it looks like after it's folded.
+
+And the idea here is to look at
+what we call corridors but are
+
+essentially discrete versions
+of rivers from tree theory.
+
+So you have these
+constant width strips
+
+that turn at skeleton
+edges, and they
+
+could go off to
+infinity on both sides.
+
+In general they could loop
+around and meet themselves
+
+again, but in this case they
+actually all go to infinity.
+
+And if you look at
+one of those strips--
+
+you could actually just cut
+this out of your textbook.
+
+Just slice it up and look
+at how that's folding.
+
+Well, it meets a skeleton
+edge, and then maybe it
+
+meets a cut edge.
+
+Usually you don't fold those.
+
+Then it meets another
+skeleton edge.
+
+It just meets edges
+one at a time.
+
+It's never
+complicated because we
+
+divided along all these
+perpendicular folds.
+
+You really only meet
+one edge at a time.
+
+Which is good.
+
+In fact, if you look at
+one of these skeleton edges
+
+it's creased along,
+normally you think
+
+of that as an angular bisector
+of these two cut edges,
+
+but you can also think of
+it as an angular bisector
+
+of these two
+perpendicular folds.
+
+Because if you bisect
+these two things,
+
+you also bisect two things
+that are perpendicular to them.
+
+It's like two wrongs
+make a right somehow.
+
+So this guy bisects
+those two creases.
+
+So if you fold along
+here-- actually
+
+you align these creases.
+
+It's a duality-- you are
+aligning the perpendicular
+
+folds.
+
+That fold along here, you line
+up this fold with that one,
+
+this fold with that one.
+
+I fold here, I lined up
+this fold with that one.
+
+There's like a zero
+length fold that's there.
+
+You fold along all these things.
+
+You line up this with
+itself, and so on.
+
+So you follow along this thing.
+
+This corridor folds down
+to basically a rectangle.
+
+It's got some rough edges
+in the top and the bottom,
+
+but it lies in the strip in 3D,
+and I have a picture of that.
+
+So I took the one over
+here-- this blue corridor--
+
+and if you fold it up,
+it looks like this.
+
+OK, now in particular, you
+can check at this point.
+
+It's pretty easy
+to check because
+
+of all this bisectorness--
+Bisector goodness--
+
+that you bring into
+alignment all the cut edges.
+
+So for example, this guy,
+because it bisects that cut
+
+edge and that cut edge, it
+brings them into alignment.
+
+And you can see that
+somewhere in this picture.
+
+I think it's these two guys.
+
+It can be a little
+more complicated.
+
+Like over here I
+have a cut edge,
+
+then I have a bisector, and
+then a bisector, and then
+
+a bisector, and then
+another cut edge.
+
+But if you think about it right,
+it's-- I don't happen to meet
+
+these cut edges, but I'm
+effectively bringing this
+
+into alignment with this, and
+then this into alignment with
+
+this, and then this into
+alignment with that.
+
+So in the end, I
+line this with that,
+
+and that's what's happening
+up here on the left.
+
+Where I don't quite
+come all the way down,
+
+but I still end up
+lining everything up.
+
+So this is the solution to
+the fold-and-cut problem
+
+as long as it actually faults.
+
+And to show that
+actually folds, you just
+
+need to show that these
+corridors-- I forget,
+
+I think we call
+these accordions.
+
+It's been a long time.
+
+Since '98 I wrote this paper
+
+You take these
+accordions and you just
+
+want to see how
+they fit together.
+
+And low and behold,
+they fit together
+
+in a tree in this picture.
+
+It gets more complicated
+in another picture, which
+
+I will show you in a moment.
+
+But in this situation where
+every quarter goes off
+
+to infinity on both sides,
+you get a nice tree structure.
+
+And as long as you could
+fold this tree flat,
+
+then you can fold
+this thing flat.
+
+Because each of these
+edges of the tree
+
+is this very simple
+accordion structure
+
+which trivially falls flat.
+
+The other thing you
+have to check here
+
+is you actually alternate
+mountain valley.
+
+That's a little more
+subtle, especially
+
+when I don't draw the
+mountain valley assignment.
+
+But it turns out you always
+alternate between mountain
+
+and valley in this
+picture, which is great.
+
+That's the thing we
+know always folds flats.
+
+It's like a 1D folding.
+
+So these are super easy to fold.
+
+You can fold each of them if
+you cut along all the dash
+
+lines You can fold
+each separately.
+
+Then you need to
+join them together
+
+where the edges here-- just like
+in tree theory-- the edges here
+
+correspond to these rivers.
+
+And now you need to
+somehow attach them here.
+
+Check that where you attach
+them, there's no crossings.
+
+I'm not going to describe,
+but it's pretty easy.
+
+Plain area essentially
+of that diagram,
+
+and then you need to
+fold this tree flat.
+
+Folding a tree flat
+is actually kind
+
+of a segue into
+next lecture, which
+
+will be about folding linkages.
+
+In this case, it's really easy.
+
+You just pick up some root,
+like the letter "A" over there,
+
+and you hang the tree.
+
+Pull up.
+
+Technically this is like a
+[? depth ?] [? first ?] search
+
+of the tree.
+
+So you just walk
+down-- aways walk down
+
+until you're finished,
+then you go back up.
+
+Walk down some more branches.
+
+You end up drawing everything
+downward away from A.
+
+And it will be a flat folding.
+
+There won't be any
+crossings here.
+
+And then this is a
+1D representation
+
+of what's really
+going on, which is
+
+that above each of these
+edges is really an accordion,
+
+and you need to adjoin
+them together there.
+
+So we'll basically do
+this modular folding
+
+where you fold each
+accordion separately,
+
+put them together
+according to this.
+
+Boom, you get your flat folding.
+
+From this picture, you could
+read out the mountain valley
+
+assignments before the
+perpendicular folds.
+
+This looks like a
+valley, this looks
+
+like a valley-- this looks
+like a perpendicular fold
+
+I didn't use because
+there's no crease there.
+
+That's flat.
+
+Whereas a mountain-- mountain's
+probably at the top at A.
+
+What really happens-- if
+you want to know-- really
+
+what we're deciding is whether
+this starts mountain or valley,
+
+and then it will actually
+alternate back and forth
+
+as you move along
+the perpendicular.
+
+So that's basically how you
+construct a folded state.
+
+In this situation of
+so-called linear corridors.
+
+Now there are a bunch of
+things I haven't mentioned,
+
+but I think-- I don't
+want to talk about them
+
+too much so I get out
+to the other topics.
+
+So, what I just talked
+about is something called
+
+a linear corridor
+case, which is really
+
+where it's most beautiful--
+this construction
+
+of a folded state-- and
+linear corridor intuitively
+
+is something like this.
+
+It goes off to
+infinite on both sides.
+
+Has constant width all the way.
+
+Of course, it's really
+a discrete thing.
+
+Not a smooth thing.
+
+Let me say
+conjecture-- if you're
+
+cut graph has that
+maximum degree
+
+2-- it means at most two
+edges at every vertex.
+
+This is a very common scenario.
+
+This is if you want
+to make a polygon,
+
+every vertex has degree 2.
+
+If you want to make
+several polygons,
+
+every vertex has degree 2.
+
+I'll even let you have vertices
+of degree 1 or 0 for free,
+
+but mainly we're thinking
+about degree 2 everywhere.
+
+Then, we almost always
+have a linear corridor.
+
+So this is why the
+situation's interesting,
+
+although unfortunately
+this is still a conjecture.
+
+I'm sure this is
+true, but proving it--
+
+I don't quite know
+the right techniques.
+
+So in this typical situation,
+you take any picture you want.
+
+You slightly perturb very
+vertex randomly, say,
+
+then with probability
+1-- 100% probability--
+
+you will get only
+linear corridors.
+
+And that's the situation
+where it turns into a tree.
+
+It's easy to fold life is good.
+
+The annoying case is
+circular corridor case.
+
+This takes a lot
+more work to prove,
+
+and I'm not going to
+talk about it much.
+
+A circular corridor
+looks like this.
+
+Here we have these
+in with rivers also.
+
+So you just loop around.
+
+Still constant width everywhere,
+but you meet yourself.
+
+You don't go out to infinity.
+
+It's harder.
+
+Why is it harder?
+
+Well in particular, if you
+look at how one corridor folds,
+
+it's no longer-- it's
+like the same situation we
+
+had in like lectures
+two and three
+
+where we had on the one hand
+a 1D folding was really easy.
+
+But then when you
+made it circular--
+
+you're just folding a circle
+instead of folding a line
+
+segment-- now you had
+this wrap around issue.
+
+So, like, these guys
+would have to line up.
+
+It turns out they will
+line up because everything
+
+is bisecting and whatnot.
+
+These edges will
+line up, but now you
+
+have to join them together.
+
+And if this part went all the
+way down here and came back up,
+
+then you'd get an intersection.
+
+And it turns out, in general,
+I get a choice of who's first
+
+and who's last.
+
+I have a circular
+order of things,
+
+and I get to choose where
+I break that circular order
+
+and make it a linear order.
+
+Where I do the wrap around.
+
+There's some
+circular corridors--
+
+you can't even break
+them and make it work.
+
+Kind of depressing.
+
+So this is definitely harder
+and that sometimes it's
+
+not possible.
+
+But we can save a
+little bit, which
+
+is-- I don't have
+an example handy.
+
+I wish I did.
+
+I'll have to reconstruct it.
+
+This is so long ago.
+
+Here's a way to make
+it definitely work.
+
+Fold all the cut edges.
+
+So far in the pictures
+I've been drawing,
+
+I didn't fold
+along the cut edges
+
+because I really wanted to
+separate the green region here
+
+from the yellow region.
+
+If I folded this up-- this
+is quite a complicated one
+
+to fold-- you get the cut lines
+somewhere like over there,
+
+and then the green stuff will
+be always above the cut line
+
+and the yellow stuff will
+be below the cut line.
+
+In general, this is
+called a side assignment.
+
+You have a bunch of
+regions you decide
+
+which ones you want
+to be above and which
+
+ones you want to be below.
+
+And usually, you have
+polygons, and you
+
+say the interiors are above
+and the exteriors are below.
+
+But in general, you could
+ask for anything you want.
+
+You could say maybe I want
+both of these to be above.
+
+If you make both
+of them above, you
+
+have to valley fold along
+all of the cut lines.
+
+So if you do that-- you say
+I want all regions to be
+
+above the cut line-- you
+can still line them up.
+
+You end up folding along all
+the cut edges with valleys.
+
+And then wrap around
+is super easy.
+
+We take this thing, and in
+fact, everyone's folding
+
+along the black lines.
+
+So really everybody
+comes down to the floor,
+
+and then the wrap around is
+just underneath the floor
+
+and life is good.
+
+So that's one way to
+deal with this case,
+
+and you have to
+prove that works.
+
+It's complicated.
+
+I would rather go
+onto other topics.
+
+I do think this would
+make a fun project.
+
+It's not easy to make
+these crease patterns.
+
+Currently we draw
+them always by hand,
+
+meaning with the fancy
+drawing program that
+
+knows how to do
+angular bisectors.
+
+And it's an art to
+move around the points
+
+so that you get
+lots of alignments.
+
+Like when you get four straight
+skeleton edges coming together,
+
+that means you
+get fewer creases.
+
+That's a good thing whenever
+you can make that happen.
+
+So when you could give
+me software to help
+
+do that, I would love you.
+
+So let's move on.
+
+Any questions about the
+straight skeleton method?
+
+Now I'm going to switch
+over to disk packing.
+
+All right.
+
+Same problem, but
+now I'll give you
+
+a method that always
+works in theory.
+
+Just difficult in practice.
+
+I think this is good
+chalk because it's yellow.
+
+Generally, if it's
+yellow on the outside
+
+it is railroad chalk,
+which is the good stuff.
+
+But, what the problem
+is-- we have bad erasers.
+
+It's persistence of vision.
+
+You just get to remember
+what I used to write.
+
+I don't want to write
+down the algorithms.
+
+It's complicated.
+
+I want to give you a visual
+overview of the main steps.
+
+I guess there's nice
+figures do that for us.
+
+So we start with a
+very complicated shape
+
+we want to make, like
+this quadrilateral.
+
+And you can see disk
+packing is involved.
+
+The very first thing we do-- and
+I'll tell you why in a moment--
+
+is thicken the graph
+you want to build.
+
+So maybe it's a
+polygon, maybe it's
+
+a graph-- I'll think about
+the polygon case for now
+
+because it's easier, then I'll
+come back to the general case.
+
+I thicken it by tiny epsilon.
+
+Just offset in both directions.
+
+Just like as if you're starting
+the straight skeleton method,
+
+but then you stop after epsilon.
+
+No events happen
+in epsilon time.
+
+OK, then I have this picture--
+the purple stuff, pink stuff,
+
+whatever.
+
+Magenta.
+
+50% magenta.
+
+I happen to know I
+drew this figure.
+
+Now I'm going to take
+some 50% cyan disks
+
+and pack them to
+fill this region.
+
+Now what I want-- there's
+three properties I want.
+
+One is that every
+vertex, but you
+
+have to think about
+each region separately
+
+which is a little bit confusing.
+
+Let's think about the outside.
+
+It's a little easier.
+
+Bigger.
+
+Every vertex of this
+graph on the outside
+
+should be the center of a disk.
+
+There's a disk center here.
+
+There's a disk center here.
+
+there's a disk center here,
+and a disk center there.
+
+On the inside it's also true,
+they're just different disks.
+
+Then also I want the
+edges of the graph
+
+to be covered by
+a radii of disks.
+
+And so here's a
+radius of one disk.
+
+Here's a diameter of a disc.
+
+Here's a radius of a disk
+that covers the edge.
+
+So in other words, I
+want to fill-- along
+
+the edge I want to
+have a bunch of centers
+
+so that I completely
+cover that edge with blue.
+
+You'll see why later.
+
+Question?
+
+The disks have to
+be non-overlapping.
+
+These properties are actually
+quite challenging to achieve.
+
+Your question is why
+do we use small disks.
+
+Disk, because if I
+had a big disk here,
+
+it would intersect this disk.
+
+Now I didn't have to
+make that disk so big,
+
+but if I made that
+one smaller, I'd
+
+have to have more disks here.
+
+Or here there's also
+two small disks.
+
+That one I probably could have
+gotten away with a bigger disk.
+
+Oh, no, but then on the
+inside you have a problem.
+
+So these guys actually
+have to match up.
+
+That's another constraint.
+
+And the inside and the
+outside have to match up.
+
+Here there's a slight
+change in radii
+
+to compensate for the epsilon.
+
+Along the edges they're
+exactly the same.
+
+So if I made this
+one a big disk,
+
+it would overlap this one.
+
+So I could make that one
+smaller, but then-- other
+
+problems.
+
+So you have to
+simultaneously balance
+
+all these constraints,
+which is a bit exciting.
+
+What else?
+
+The discs don't overlap.
+
+And the last property is that
+the gaps between the disks
+
+have always three or four sides.
+
+Why?
+
+Because I want it to.
+
+It will make life easier.
+
+You could try to
+deal with more sides,
+
+but three and four is nice.
+
+Yeah, I'll get to that.
+
+Why do we care about
+number of sides?
+
+Because I'm going
+to draw a graph.
+
+I'm going to subdivide
+my original graph here
+
+with these red lines to
+say whenever disks kiss,
+
+I will draw-- connect the
+centers of those disks.
+
+And because these gaps always
+have three or four sides--
+
+it's not the best example.
+
+Here's like three sides.
+
+The red lines I draw
+will outline a triangle.
+
+Whenever I have three sides,
+whenever I have four sides,
+
+I'll have a quadrilateral.
+
+So I've subdivided my
+regions into triangles
+
+and quadrilaterals.
+
+OK, you have to believe
+that this is possible.
+
+I can sketch an
+algorithm for you,
+
+which is you draw a tiny
+disk at each of the corners,
+
+and then you draw lots of
+tiny this along the edges
+
+to fill the edges.
+
+And that will
+satisfy everything.
+
+I mean the disks will
+be non-overlapping
+
+because they're super tiny.
+
+They won't get near any other
+disks from some other side.
+
+And what other good things?
+
+Oh, but the regions
+will be ginormous.
+
+They won't have
+three or four sides.
+
+They'll have 100 sides, a
+million sides-- who knows.
+
+Well, whenever you have
+some crazy region outlined
+
+by disks-- might not be convex.
+
+Whatever-- just draw the
+biggest disk you can in there.
+
+I'll get it to turn
+into a disk eventually.
+
+That does not intersect
+anybody, but if it's
+
+the biggest possible,
+it will actually
+
+touch at least three sides.
+
+If you degenerate,
+it might touch four.
+
+But in general, it will
+touch three sides, which
+
+will subdivide that
+region into three pieces,
+
+and you can show that those
+pieces are all little bit
+
+smaller than what you had before
+in terms of number of sides.
+
+Except when you start
+with a quadrilateral.
+
+When there's four
+sides, you'll get
+
+quadrilaterals and triangle.
+
+So you can't go
+below three and four.
+
+It'd be great if we
+could always get down
+
+to three sides in
+every region, but we
+
+can get down to three or four.
+
+Anything bigger than three
+or four you can show.
+
+This will make it
+strictly smaller.
+
+So that is an algorithm.
+
+It's not super efficient, but
+it will find a disk packing
+
+with all these properties.
+
+Then we do the subdivision.
+
+Now what do you think
+we're going to do?
+
+What do we do with
+the triangles?
+
+Rabbit ear.
+
+That's the key phrase for today.
+
+So remember our good friend,
+the rabbit ear, and then
+
+there was the universal
+molecule-- Lang's
+
+universal molecule
+for the quadrilateral.
+
+We're going to use that
+for the quadrilaterals.
+
+And it turns out there's
+some nice properties here,
+
+which is the perpendicular
+folds of the rabbit ear
+
+will always hit right at the
+kissing point between the two
+
+disks.
+
+And same thing in here.
+
+We've got these four disks.
+
+We've got this quadrilateral
+region in between.
+
+and the perpendicular folds that
+come out of these two points.
+
+You may not remember
+exactly what's
+
+happening here as we shrink.
+
+And then in the tree method,
+this became an active path.
+
+There's no notion of
+active paths here,
+
+but we just make that so.
+
+That these perpendicular folds
+will end up hitting kissing
+
+disks, and we'll end up actually
+with the four arm starfish.
+
+In terms of the tree you get and
+the articulatable flaps here,
+
+these guys will all
+meet at a point.
+
+That's just the way this
+works with disk packing.
+
+And you can think of
+there being disks here
+
+and you're actually applying
+the tree method to that flap
+
+pattern, and that's probably the
+easiest way to think about it.
+
+But what's good for us--
+do I have a picture?
+
+Not yet.
+
+But the point is, I have
+perpendiculars coming out
+
+of here.
+
+I have perpendiculars
+coming out of here.
+
+They will meet because these
+disks kiss at the same point
+
+up from both sides.
+
+Perpendiculars meet.
+
+That's good.
+
+That means I don't
+get perpendiculars
+
+bouncing all over the place.
+
+So all this work is to make
+sure that perpendiculars
+
+are well behaved.
+
+It's a lot of work to
+do it, but it does it.
+
+Now when you fold this
+thing, what we end up doing
+
+is lining up-- remember there
+was two copies of my polygon.
+
+There's the inner copy
+and the outer copy.
+
+I end up lining up
+all of these guys--
+
+I'm got to go back
+to the picture.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+So we have this inner copy,
+and what these molecules end up
+
+doing is lining up all
+the edges of this quad,
+
+all the edges of this quad,
+all the edges of this triangle.
+
+All those edges
+on the inside will
+
+become lined up on one edge.
+
+All the lines on
+the outside become
+
+lined up on another line.
+
+Turns out it will be
+parallel to that line.
+
+But what we really wanted
+to line up were these edges,
+
+and you can see why we had to
+do the outside of the beginning,
+
+because otherwise we'd get
+tons of extra junk on our line.
+
+We only want these
+edges on our line.
+
+So we did the offset
+so that all this stuff
+
+will come to one line.
+
+All this stuff on the outside
+will come to another line.
+
+And then we get this picture.
+
+So this is one
+line at the bottom.
+
+Another line at the top.
+
+We really wanted to line up
+stuff-- the blue stuff there.
+
+And there's still
+some junk on our line.
+
+These cyan triangles
+represent things
+
+that come from down
+here, but we really
+
+don't want them
+to cross our line.
+
+They just happened to.
+
+So we have to sync
+them repeatedly.
+
+Do lots of folds to make them
+underneath that epsilon line.
+
+Then we can cut along
+our line, and we're done.
+
+Easy.
+
+To prove that this works,
+we'll view a little sketch.
+
+This is kind of fun,
+and it's one piece
+
+of what we're in the process
+of doing for tree maker.
+
+This is sort of like a
+special case of tree maker.
+
+You just have very
+simple molecules
+
+and a relatively simple way
+in which they're combined.
+
+Here I've done a
+simpler example.
+
+I want to make a square, and I
+end up decomposing in this case
+
+into nine molecules-- nine
+quadrilateral molecules.
+
+A very simple disk
+packing which I have not
+
+shown the disk packing here.
+
+The idea is I'm going to
+make some cuts in my paper
+
+to make my problem easier.
+
+I'm going to have to pay for
+that, because later I really
+
+want those edges joined.
+
+I'll have to glue
+them back together.
+
+But to make it easier think
+about, I cut those four edges.
+
+So that the way in which
+my molecules are connected
+
+to each other is a tree,
+because I like trees.
+
+They're easier to think about.
+
+Easier to do induction over.
+
+So that's the blue line
+connecting the centers
+
+in a tree.
+
+The other remaining edges in
+the grid have been cut away.
+
+Now the idea is--
+it's kind of like what
+
+I was drawing for the
+linear corridor case.
+
+You have a tree, you pick
+up the tree from some node,
+
+and just hang it down.
+
+And in this case, we hang
+it from this molecule.
+
+The red edges are
+mountain, so three of these
+
+are going to be valley.
+
+One mountain.
+
+The idea is this thing reaches
+around the next guy, which
+
+reaches is around the
+next guy, which reaches
+
+around the next guy,
+and there's actually--
+
+there's two valleys
+here-- two little pockets.
+
+Each of-- this guy
+goes in that pocket,
+
+this guy goes in that pocket,
+and recursively, it just works.
+
+I think I have a picture of
+what's actually happening here.
+
+Yeah, is it's hard
+to really draw,
+
+but each of these
+forearm starfish
+
+has one mountain
+and three valleys,
+
+and you just nestle inside
+your parent in the tree.
+
+And this is really easy to show
+that there's no crossings here
+
+because just joined
+to your parent,
+
+and it's a nice
+nesting structure.
+
+It's just in the same way
+that trees can be folded flat.
+
+You can fold all
+these molecules flat
+
+and join them
+together in a tree.
+
+But we didn't
+really have a tree.
+
+We had all those extra cuts
+that we have to re-suture.
+
+So we have this picture,
+and now we really
+
+have to join up these edges and
+think about what the mountain
+
+valley assignment is there.
+
+And it works.
+
+This green thing
+is the boundary,
+
+and then I have
+connected the dots.
+
+Each of these dots corresponds
+to one green edge here.
+
+I forget whether it's this
+edge or that one, I think.
+
+It's just a single edge.
+
+And so, for example, these
+two are-- these two joins,
+
+and then the joins above
+that nestle around it.
+
+And then the other
+branch at the top are
+
+joins, and in the leftmost
+cut are these two joins.
+
+You have to make these
+joins, and really
+
+all you need to
+check is that these
+
+joins form a non-crossing
+picture like they do here.
+
+And that's almost obvious
+because this is a planer
+
+diagram and we're cutting
+along a planer tree,
+
+and so this is again a depth
+first search kind of thing.
+
+So there's one tree we
+call the dual tree here
+
+that works because it's
+a tree, and then there's
+
+the cuts you make which are
+different trees-- primal tree
+
+if you want-- and that also
+works because of planarity.
+
+And it all works.
+
+That's the hand wavy version,
+and you can read the textbook
+
+if you want more details.
+
+Oh, gosh.
+
+If you want to solve more
+general graphs, you can do it.
+
+In general, you have to
+offset all of those cut lines,
+
+and you get all these things--
+along the pink lines here you
+
+line things up,
+but you really want
+
+to line up these blue
+lines-- purple lines.
+
+And so you have to do more
+syncing to get it to work.
+
+Now I have all the
+things I want to line up
+
+on this line and this line.
+
+I fold in the middle,
+and now they're lined up.
+
+That fold in the middle--
+yeah, that will work.
+
+Good.
+
+Might have to do more syncing.
+
+Whew.
+
+Questions about
+disk-packing method?
+
+This is a bit of
+a whirlwind tour,
+
+but I wanted to get
+through it quickly
+
+to tell you about a new result.
+
+Just got accepted
+to a conference
+
+to appear in October.
+
+Pretty soon.
+
+And it's a project that started
+in this class in the problem
+
+session three years ago,
+and we just solved it.
+
+Took awhile.
+
+Took another
+co-author to chime in.
+
+And it goes back to the
+early history of fold and cut
+
+which is simple folds.
+
+All the magicians were
+using simple folds.
+
+What can you make
+with simple folds?
+
+Now you've been wowed and dowed
+that you could make anything
+
+with arbitrary folds, but simple
+folds you cannot make anything.
+
+Because the first told
+you make, say, this one,
+
+has to be a line of
+symmetry of your diagram.
+
+Got to stop making my life hard.
+
+If you can fold something,
+you can never unfold it.
+
+That's the usual
+simple fold model.
+
+This has to line
+up-- the cuts you
+
+want to line up over
+here, that are exactly
+
+be the cuts you want
+to line up here.
+
+So you can only make
+symmetric diagrams.
+
+The first fold has to be a
+line of reflectional symmetry.
+
+But is that the only
+property you need?
+
+No.
+
+Kind of have to have symmetry
+for while until you're done.
+
+How do you formalize that?
+
+Well, we came up
+with an algorithm
+
+that in polynomial time,
+an efficient algorithm
+
+will tell you whether a
+given polygon can be made.
+
+Like this polygon looks good.
+
+I think-- yeah, I
+think this can be made.
+
+So I think I would fold
+along and do a bisector here,
+
+and then this
+basically disappears.
+
+Folding over.
+
+Then I would fold along
+and get a bisector here,
+
+and then this
+disappears into that,
+
+and then maybe I can fold here.
+
+Does that work?
+
+Barely.
+
+I mean I've got to make sure
+that this blank paper does not
+
+come onto that.
+
+But if that's a
+problem, I can probably
+
+make-- I could make a
+fold here, for example.
+
+Shrinks that up.
+
+There's lots of
+things you can do.
+
+This is a borderline case
+whether it's yes or no.
+
+I will give you an
+algorithm that does it.
+
+For polygons with margin.
+
+Bit of a technical condition.
+
+Something that is
+pretty typical.
+
+What I mean is the thing
+you're trying to cut out
+
+does not meet the
+boundary of the paper.
+
+There's no margin here.
+
+It'd be hard to print out.
+
+So I really want
+something that has margin.
+
+That's a typical
+case we care about.
+
+We actually need this
+for the proof to work.
+
+We also need that
+it's a single polygon.
+
+It does not work
+with general graphs.
+
+This algorithm.
+
+Because more complicated
+things can happen.
+
+It might be [INAUDIBLE].
+
+for all we know,
+the general case.
+
+So here's the algorithm that
+I'll give you in number form.
+
+First thing you do is
+guess the first fold.
+
+This is a powerful
+idea that even
+
+most algorithmisists
+don't necessarily know.
+
+The idea is what could
+the first fold be?
+
+Has to be a line of
+reflection symmetry.
+
+Turns out there's a linear
+number [INAUDIBLE] most.
+
+You can find them
+in linear time.
+
+All these good algorithms
+for finding them.
+
+But which fold do I make first?
+
+The answer is I don't care.
+
+Let's just try them
+all one at a time.
+
+This is what I call guessing.
+
+Just imagine from now on
+that we made the right guess,
+
+but if you end up failing
+later on this algorithm,
+
+just go back here
+try the next one.
+
+There's only N of them to try.
+
+So you're going to
+multiply the running time
+
+of the rest of the algorithm
+by N, and if this is N to N
+
+squared-- which I think
+the rest of the algorithm
+
+is N squared-- the whole
+algorithm will be N cubed
+
+because you just run
+this over and over
+
+for each possible first fold.
+
+We don't have a great theory
+to find the first fold.
+
+Just try them all.
+
+That's step one.
+
+Step two-- that's the only
+guess we're going to make.
+
+Fold down to convex hull.
+
+This is a central idea.
+
+So we have this polygon
+we want to make.
+
+There's all this
+extra blank paper.
+
+I don't like extra blank paper.
+
+Just get rid of it.
+
+Make lots of folds to fold
+the blank paper onto itself
+
+until it gets so tiny it just
+goes slightly around the convex
+
+hull.
+
+Convex hull is the
+smallest convex polygon
+
+that contains your shape.
+
+So it'll be like that.
+
+It'll reduce the
+paper down to that.
+
+And I do this a lot.
+
+I might as well.
+
+It makes the problem easier
+because I have less blank space
+
+to worry about.
+
+Blank space is a problem
+because if I [? fold ?]
+
+blank space onto
+a cut, it's bad.
+
+It's not allowed.
+
+So the next thing we do is make
+the best possible safe fold.
+
+I need to define
+that, but a safe fold
+
+is just the folds
+we're trying to make,
+
+which is locally they
+are lines of symmetry.
+
+So like this one was a good
+fold after I made this fold.
+
+So this is-- all the
+right stuff here is gone.
+
+It's a good fold because
+it folds this on to this,
+
+and it folds blank space
+onto this blank space.
+
+So anything that comes into-- on
+top of each other is identical.
+
+That's a safe fold.
+
+And repeat.
+
+That's the algorithm.
+
+How does that work?
+
+Why does this work?
+
+So it's the obvious
+algorithm, basically.
+
+It says make safe folds
+until you're done.
+
+If you finish, then you're done.
+
+And then the answer's yes.
+
+If you don't finish-- which
+is a little hard to check
+
+because you can always
+make microscopic folds--
+
+but you take the
+limit and-- if it's
+
+possible to do this
+in polynomial time--
+
+you find that out.
+
+Turns out I can't finish
+by making safe folds.
+
+Then you can show
+that actually there
+
+was no way to make that
+pattern by simple folds.
+
+So let me give you an
+idea of why that's true.
+
+After I make a single
+fold-- the first fold--
+
+my picture looks like this.
+
+It's no longer a polygon.
+
+It's like half a polygon.
+
+It ends at the
+boundary of the paper.
+
+It begins and ends with
+the boundary of paper,
+
+and you have some
+chain in the middle.
+
+We call this a passage.
+
+It's like a path
+you wander along.
+
+And I want to somehow bring
+all those edges into alignment.
+
+Here I'm already
+using it as a polygon.
+
+If it weren't a polygon,
+there might be more than one
+
+of these.
+
+Now I want to make a fold.
+
+For example, this fold is
+safe because it folds this
+
+on to this, and it folds
+blank space onto blank space
+
+if I do it right.
+
+And keep doing that.
+
+Now when I make a fold
+like this, what happens
+
+is I can think of this region
+that I folded-- the smaller
+
+side-- as disappearing.
+
+It just got absorbed
+into the paper here.
+
+So the graph that I was
+trying to line up got smaller.
+
+That's clearly a good thing.
+
+Makes my problem easier.
+
+The piece of paper I was
+folding also got smaller.
+
+That's a good thing.
+
+But that's not always true.
+
+Suppose you had a piece
+of paper like this,
+
+which could happen
+after a bunch folding,
+
+and then you fold
+along a line like that
+
+because, for
+example, your passage
+
+looks like that or something.
+
+When I make the fold--
+this has to go off.
+
+When I make the fold I
+get this crazy thing.
+
+Not drawn to scale.
+
+And this polygon does not
+fit inside this polygon.
+
+So my paper got
+bigger in some places.
+
+And that's a worry, because
+now I have the stuff--
+
+maybe it happens
+to be blank space.
+
+Maybe there's other
+junk that got out here.
+
+And now have to worry
+about collisions
+
+with this bigger piece of paper.
+
+And this is always
+our sticking point,
+
+but there's some
+magic you can do.
+
+In fact, the picture
+cannot look like this.
+
+Because, look, you've got
+some portion of your passage
+
+to the left of the crease.
+
+You've got some portion of
+the passage to the right.
+
+One of them has to be shorter.
+
+Plus, this is a
+line of symmetry.
+
+So wherever I have a portion
+of my passage over here,
+
+I will have a portion
+of my passage over here
+
+until I run out of length.
+
+One of them is shorter.
+
+So the shorter one like this
+one gets totally absorbed
+
+by the larger one.
+
+So the shorter side
+always disappears.
+
+So in this picture, I have
+the long side of my passage,
+
+and it's really a
+subset of the original.
+
+If I reduce this
+to the convex hull,
+
+like this, this
+stuff disappears.
+
+And in general, if you do
+this fold down to convex hull,
+
+this repeat goes
+back to step two.
+
+If you fold down
+to the convex hull,
+
+you can show that not only
+does your passage-- the thing
+
+you want to cut out-- get
+smaller, but you piece of paper
+
+also gets smaller.
+
+Guaranteed.
+
+And once you know the paper get
+smaller and your things you're
+
+trying to align get smaller, you
+know that every move is safe.
+
+So you never get stuck by
+following this algorithm.
+
+This works for
+polygons with margin,
+
+but not in any other situation
+as far as we can tell.
+
+Cool.
+
+The last thing I
+wanted to leave you on
+
+is going out a little way
+from regular 2D flat sheets
+
+of paper.
+
+You can generalize
+and go up a dimension
+
+to folding polyhedra surface.
+
+Here, a surface of a polyhedron.
+
+You've probably done this.
+
+You take a cereal box and
+you can collapse it flat.
+
+Is that always possible?
+
+It's called the flattening
+problem, and the answer is yes.
+
+And you can think of it
+as a fold and cut problem,
+
+because of the fold
+and cut problem,
+
+you have some polygon
+like this diamond.
+
+You make some
+collection of folds
+
+that brings the boundary
+of the diamond to align.
+
+So if you forget
+about what's happening
+
+on the inside of
+the paper-- you just
+
+look at the boundary
+of the paper-- you're
+
+folding that one-dimensional
+boundary so that it collapses
+
+down to a single line.
+
+What I want to do is
+this up a dimension.
+
+I take a 3D cube of
+paper-- solid cube.
+
+I have embedded within
+it some polygons
+
+that I want to bring
+to a common plane.
+
+And I want to fold the solid
+cube through four dimensions,
+
+but flat so it ends up
+back in three dimensions.
+
+I get a different 3D solid,
+but with multiple layers
+
+right on top of each
+other-- little bit
+
+a fourth dimension
+hanging out there.
+
+But if I just look
+at what's happening
+
+to the boundary
+of my polyhedron--
+
+say I start with a dodecahedron
+or something embedded
+
+in there-- and I want
+to fold this thing
+
+so all the sides
+of the dodecahedron
+
+come to a common plane.
+
+That is the 3D
+folding cup problem.
+
+It remains unsolved.
+
+I suspect it's possible to solve
+even with straight skeletons
+
+and perpendiculars,
+but it's really hard
+
+to draw the pictures.
+
+So we have not resolved
+that one way or the other.
+
+But the boundary
+problem-- forget
+
+about what's happening to
+the interior and the exterior
+
+of the dodecahedron.
+
+If you just look at the
+surface of the dodecahedron,
+
+that you can fold
+in 3D-- we think--
+
+and you can show
+and burn in haze
+
+from the complexity proof
+a couple lectures ago,
+
+and also on this disk-packing
+method with our co-authors.
+
+They prove just two
+years ago that if you
+
+have any orientable manifold,
+which is things like polyhedron
+
+but no Mobius strips, no Klein
+bundles, and other ugly things.
+
+They have to be
+manifold, so you're not
+
+allowed to join three triangles
+together along a single edge.
+
+That would be forbidden.
+
+So it's locally flat.
+
+In such a case, you
+can flatten the thing.
+
+And the proof is very similar to
+the disk-packing method of fold
+
+and cut, and in the
+textbook we talk
+
+about how do you apply
+that to do something
+
+that's just like a sphere.
+
+A regular polyhedron.
+
+That's pretty easy to do
+with the disk-packing method.
+
+They generalize it
+to the case where
+
+you have polyhedral doughnuts
+and all sorts of fun things.
+
+But there's tons of
+open problems here.
+
+So we know how to
+flatten surfaces,
+
+and that's useful for things
+like folding airbags flat.
+
+But can you fold
+the 3D solid flat?
+
+You can think of--
+we have here 1D edges
+
+which we are collapsing
+to a 1D line.
+
+There is also zero
+dimensional points here,
+
+which we don't bring
+to a single point.
+
+It'd be nice if you could--
+the generalized fold and cup
+
+problem is you take a
+D dimensional thing,
+
+and you have all of
+these-- there's 0, 1, 2,
+
+3-- up to D dimensional
+parts to it--
+
+or D minus
+one-dimensional parts.
+
+You want to bring each of
+them down into alignment
+
+so that all the vertices
+come to common point,
+
+all the edges come
+to a common line,
+
+all the two-dimensional
+faces come to a common plane,
+
+and so on up the
+dimension hierarchy.
+
+That is the ultimate
+open problem.
+
+I think we end the book with
+it, and it's totally unsolved.
+
+Any questions?
+
+That's folding
+and cutting paper,
+
+and next time we'll
+start linkages.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KFcodn4qfrQ.txt b/KFcodn4qfrQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee0d3b1fa919bd6d880c37eb441845f415e9aa9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KFcodn4qfrQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3379 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've been saving for last the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been saving for last the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been saving for last the
+property that makes expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that makes expectation
+calculating really easy uh and short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating really easy uh and short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating really easy uh and short
+circuits a lot of the ingenious methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits a lot of the ingenious methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits a lot of the ingenious methods
+that we've used up until now namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've used up until now namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've used up until now namely
+expectation is linear so what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is linear so what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is linear so what that means
+is that if you have two random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have two random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have two random variables
+R and S and two constants A and B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and S and two constants A and B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and S and two constants A and B the
+expectation function is linear that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation function is linear that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation function is linear that is
+you take a linear combination of r and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a linear combination of r and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a linear combination of r and s
+a r plus BS and that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a r plus BS and that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a r plus BS and that's equal to the
+corresponding linear combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding linear combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding linear combination of the
+expectations I'll read it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations I'll read it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations I'll read it again
+expectation of a r plus BS is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a r plus BS is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a r plus BS is equal to a
+* the expectation of R plus b times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the expectation of R plus b times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the expectation of R plus b times the
+expectation of s expectation is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of s expectation is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of s expectation is linear
+okay uh that's a absolutely fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's a absolutely fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh that's a absolutely fundamental
+formula that you should be comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you should be comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you should be comfortable
+with and remember it extends actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and remember it extends actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and remember it extends actually
+not only to any finite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to any finite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to any finite number of
+variables but with some convergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but with some convergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables but with some convergence
+conditions it actually extends even to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it actually extends even to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions it actually extends even to
+accountable sum of variables but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable sum of variables but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable sum of variables but let's
+just settle for the two random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just settle for the two random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just settle for the two random variable
+case for today now the crucial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for today now the crucial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case for today now the crucial thing
+that makes it so powerful and useful is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it so powerful and useful is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it so powerful and useful is
+that this fact has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this fact has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this fact has nothing to do with
+Independence whether R and S are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence whether R and S are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence whether R and S are
+independent or equal it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or equal it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent or equal it doesn't matter
+this linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linearity
+holds the proof is uh not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the proof is uh not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds the proof is uh not terribly
+informative it's just manipulating terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative it's just manipulating terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative it's just manipulating terms
+and rearranging terms in a sum but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearranging terms in a sum but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rearranging terms in a sum but let's
+go through the exercise again something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the exercise again something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the exercise again something
+I would never do in lecture but in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would never do in lecture but in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would never do in lecture but in a
+video where you can skip it or fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video where you can skip it or fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video where you can skip it or fast
+forward or replay it I'll I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or replay it I'll I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or replay it I'll I think it
+might be worth doing so and it is a resp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be worth doing so and it is a resp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be worth doing so and it is a resp
+and it is a proof by the way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a proof by the way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a proof by the way that I
+think you should be responsible for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should be responsible for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should be responsible for so
+let's go through it okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through it okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through it okay we're
+interested in the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the expectation of the
+random variable that you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that you get by
+multiplying the random variable a by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the random variable a by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying the random variable a by a
+little a and the random variable B by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a and the random variable B by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a and the random variable B by
+little B all right um by one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B all right um by one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little B all right um by one of the
+definitions of expectation is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of expectation is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions of expectation is that you
+uh get this expectation at by taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get this expectation at by taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get this expectation at by taking the
+sum over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum over all the
+outcomes of the value of this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the value of this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes of the value of this linear
+combination at the outcome Omega times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination at the outcome Omega times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination at the outcome Omega times
+the probability of Omega so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of Omega so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of Omega so what's the
+value of the linear combination a A plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the linear combination a A plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the linear combination a A plus
+BB at Omega it's simply a uh time a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BB at Omega it's simply a uh time a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BB at Omega it's simply a uh time a of
+Omega plus b * B of Omega okay now I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plus b * B of Omega okay now I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega plus b * B of Omega okay now I got
+a sum of of this of these terms some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of of this of these terms some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum of of this of these terms some
+over Omega I can split them into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega I can split them into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega I can split them into two
+groups I can take the sum over the over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups I can take the sum over the over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups I can take the sum over the over
+the AAS at Omega times probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AAS at Omega times probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the AAS at Omega times probability of
+Omega and BB of Omega times probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and BB of Omega times probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and BB of Omega times probability
+of Omega in other words I'm multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega in other words I'm multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega in other words I'm multiplying
+through by Pro probability of Omega here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by Pro probability of Omega here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by Pro probability of Omega here
+to get a sum of two terms and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sum of two terms and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a sum of two terms and then I'm
+rearranging all of the capital A terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging all of the capital A terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging all of the capital A terms
+first followed by all the capital B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first followed by all the capital B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first followed by all the capital B
+terms the result is that I wind up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the result is that I wind up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the result is that I wind up with
+uh the sum over Omega of the a terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sum over Omega of the a terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the sum over Omega of the a terms
+times the probability of Omega and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of Omega and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of Omega and I
+factored out the little a plus b time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored out the little a plus b time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factored out the little a plus b time
+the sum overall Omega of B of Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum overall Omega of B of Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum overall Omega of B of Omega
+times the probability of Omega it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of Omega it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the probability of Omega it's just
+rearranging the terms in this sum after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the terms in this sum after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the terms in this sum after
+I've multiplied through by probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've multiplied through by probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've multiplied through by probability
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Omega well of course this is equal by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well of course this is equal by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega well of course this is equal by
+definition to a * the expectation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to a * the expectation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition to a * the expectation of a
+notice this is the expectation of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this is the expectation of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this is the expectation of a and
+that's the expectation of B * B and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the expectation of B * B and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the expectation of B * B and the
+proof is done not inspiring but routine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is done not inspiring but routine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is done not inspiring but routine
+if you use the alternative definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the alternative definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use the alternative definition of
+expectation in terms of summing over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in terms of summing over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation in terms of summing over the
+outcomes it's a Messier proof If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's a Messier proof If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes it's a Messier proof If you
+have to use the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use the definition of the
+expectation being uh the uh value times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation being uh the uh value times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation being uh the uh value times
+the probability that the variable takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the variable takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the variable takes
+that value you wind up having to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value you wind up having to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that value you wind up having to convert
+that uh formula into this formula in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh formula into this formula in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh formula into this formula in
+order to carry through the proof nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to carry through the proof nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to carry through the proof nicely
+and we're done okay uh let's make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done okay uh let's make use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're done okay uh let's make use of
+it and in order to do that let's make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in order to do that let's make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in order to do that let's make a
+a really trivial but a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really trivial but a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really trivial but a very important
+remark about the expectation of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark about the expectation of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remark about the expectation of an
+indicator variable so remember is sub is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variable so remember is sub is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variable so remember is sub is
+the random variable that's equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable that's equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random variable that's equal to one
+if the event a occurs and zero if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the event a occurs and zero if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the event a occurs and zero if the
+event a doesn't occur so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a doesn't occur so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event a doesn't occur so what is the
+expectation of the indicator variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the indicator variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the indicator variable
+well by definition it's 1 time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by definition it's 1 time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well by definition it's 1 time the
+probability that it equals 1 plus 0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it equals 1 plus 0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it equals 1 plus 0 *
+the probability that it equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it equals zero
+those are the only two values it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only two values it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the only two values it can
+take well we can forget this term it's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well we can forget this term it's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well we can forget this term it's 0
+time something but what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something but what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time something but what is the
+probability that a i a is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a i a is equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a i a is equal to one
+that's exactly the probability of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the probability of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the probability of a and
+that's the fundamental formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fundamental formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the fundamental formula that we
+want to notice the expectation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to notice the expectation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to notice the expectation of the
+indicator variable for the event a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variable for the event a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variable for the event a is
+nothing but the probability that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but the probability that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but the probability that a
+occurs file that away we're about to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs file that away we're about to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs file that away we're about to use
+it multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it multiple
+times so let's go back to the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so let's go back to the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so let's go back to the expected
+number of heads in nend flips which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads in nend flips which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads in nend flips which
+we've now seen uh at least two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now seen uh at least two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now seen uh at least two ways to
+do one by generating function argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one by generating function argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one by generating function argument
+and another by a recursive argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another by a recursive argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another by a recursive argument
+using uh total expectation now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh total expectation now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh total expectation now we're
+we're going to knock it off very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to knock it off very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to knock it off very
+elegantly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly using
+linearity because let hi be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity because let hi be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity because let hi be the
+indicator variable for having a head on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variable for having a head on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variable for having a head on
+the E flip so we look at the I flip hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E flip so we look at the I flip hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E flip so we look at the I flip hi
+is one if the I flip comes up head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one if the I flip comes up head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one if the I flip comes up head and
+hi of zero if is zero if the I flip does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi of zero if is zero if the I flip does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi of zero if is zero if the I flip does
+not come up head then we can make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come up head then we can make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come up head then we can make the
+following crucial remark and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following crucial remark and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following crucial remark and this is a
+trick that we'll use regularly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that we'll use regularly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that we'll use regularly by
+expressing some quantity that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing some quantity that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing some quantity that we're
+interested in as a sum of indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in as a sum of indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in as a sum of indicator
+variables the total number of heads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the total number of heads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables the total number of heads the
+random variable equal to the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable equal to the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable equal to the total
+number of heads in N flips is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads in N flips is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of heads in N flips is equal to
+the sum of the indicator variables for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the indicator variables for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the indicator variables for
+whether there's a head on the first flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a head on the first flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a head on the first flip
+plus whether there's a head on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus whether there's a head on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus whether there's a head on the
+second flip up through whether there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second flip up through whether there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second flip up through whether there's a
+head on the end flip so suddenly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head on the end flip so suddenly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head on the end flip so suddenly the
+random variable that I want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that I want to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that I want to compute
+is a sum of N random variables in fact n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum of N random variables in fact n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sum of N random variables in fact n
+indicator variables are all right well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variables are all right well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator variables are all right well
+that tells me that the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that the expectation of
+the number of heads is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of heads is this is the
+expectation of the sum after all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the sum after all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the sum after all it's
+equal to the sum but the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum but the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the sum but the expectation of
+the sum is going to be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is going to be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is going to be the sum of the
+Expectations by limit linearity so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations by limit linearity so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Expectations by limit linearity so it's
+simply the expectation of H1 plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the expectation of H1 plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the expectation of H1 plus the
+expectation of H2 out through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of H2 out through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of H2 out through the
+expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of
+hn but what's the expectation of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hn but what's the expectation of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hn but what's the expectation of getting
+ahead on the I flip well the flips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead on the I flip well the flips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead on the I flip well the flips are
+independent it's simply the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's simply the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's simply the expectation
+of a head so what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a head so what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a head so what I have is
+each of these is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these is equal to the
+probability of a head and there's n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a head and there's n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a head and there's n of
+them so the total is n * the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the total is n * the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so the total is n * the probability
+of head or NP which is a Formula that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of head or NP which is a Formula that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of head or NP which is a Formula that we
+had derived two other ways previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had derived two other ways previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had derived two other ways previously
+and now it really falls out very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it really falls out very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it really falls out very
+elegantly with hardly any Ingenuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly with hardly any Ingenuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegantly with hardly any Ingenuity
+other than the wonderful idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the wonderful idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the wonderful idea of
+expressing the number of heads as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the number of heads as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing the number of heads as a sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+indicators let's look at one or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators let's look at one or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators let's look at one or one
+related one example and a very related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related one example and a very related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related one example and a very related
+example of asking about the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of asking about the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of asking about the probability
+of the expected number of hats that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected number of hats that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected number of hats that are
+returned when n men check their hats at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned when n men check their hats at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned when n men check their hats at
+a hat check with a at a hat check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hat check with a at a hat check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hat check with a at a hat check and
+then the hats get all scrambled up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hats get all scrambled up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hats get all scrambled up by
+incompetent staff and so that uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetent staff and so that uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompetent staff and so that uh then
+they're given out again and in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given out again and in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're given out again and in such a
+way that the probability that the I man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the probability that the I man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the probability that the I man
+gets his own hat back is one over n what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his own hat back is one over n what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his own hat back is one over n what
+you could say is that all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say is that all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say is that all possible
+permutations of the uh of the of the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of the uh of the of the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations of the uh of the of the N
+hats are equally likely and and we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats are equally likely and and we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats are equally likely and and we ask
+uh among with all permutations equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among with all permutations equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh among with all permutations equally
+likely how many of them is it the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely how many of them is it the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely how many of them is it the case
+that the Ian gets his own H hat back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Ian gets his own H hat back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the Ian gets his own H hat back and
+there's a one out of end chance that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one out of end chance that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a one out of end chance that the
+Ian is going to get his own hat back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian is going to get his own hat back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian is going to get his own hat back
+because there's n hats and and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's n hats and and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's n hats and and he's
+equally likely to get all of them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to get all of them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to get all of them okay
+um how many men do we expect will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many men do we expect will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many men do we expect will get
+their hat back in this setting well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hat back in this setting well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hat back in this setting well
+let's let RI be the indicator variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let RI be the indicator variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let RI be the indicator variable
+for whether or not the Ian got his hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whether or not the Ian got his hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for whether or not the Ian got his hat
+returned RI for hat returned to the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned RI for hat returned to the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returned RI for hat returned to the I
+man now notice that RI and RJ are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man now notice that RI and RJ are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man now notice that RI and RJ are not
+independent in the previous case those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in the previous case those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in the previous case those
+H's were independent because the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's were independent because the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H's were independent because the coin
+flips were independent but here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips were independent but here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips were independent but here if I
+know for example that R1 got his hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example that R1 got his hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for example that R1 got his hat
+back the probability that R2 got his hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the probability that R2 got his hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the probability that R2 got his hat
+back has changed from 1 over n to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back has changed from 1 over n to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back has changed from 1 over n to 1 over
+n minus one cuz one is out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one cuz one is out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one cuz one is out of the
+picture and R2 is going to get his hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and R2 is going to get his hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and R2 is going to get his hat
+back among the remaining hats two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back among the remaining hats two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back among the remaining hats two
+through n through n there's n minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n through n there's n minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n through n there's n minus one
+of them and he's got a one minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and he's got a one minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and he's got a one minus one
+over n minus one chance of getting his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus one chance of getting his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus one chance of getting his
+hat his probability has changed given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat his probability has changed given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat his probability has changed given
+that R1 got his hat back so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R1 got his hat back so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R1 got his hat back so they're not
+independent um all right nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um all right nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent um all right nevertheless
+Independence it doesn't matter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence it doesn't matter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence it doesn't matter for
+linearity so I can still say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity so I can still say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity so I can still say that the
+expected number of hats returned is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of hats returned is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected number of hats returned is
+equal to the expectation of the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of the sum of
+the indicator variables for each man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator variables for each man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indicator variables for each man
+getting his hat back and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting his hat back and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting his hat back and of course the
+the the expectation of that sum is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expectation of that sum is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expectation of that sum is the
+sum of the expectations and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the expectations and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the expectations and the
+expectation of each of these we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of each of these we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of each of these we figured
+out was one over n and there's n of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was one over n and there's n of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out was one over n and there's n of them
+so it's n * 1 over n or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's n * 1 over n or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's n * 1 over n or
+one I expect when all the hats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I expect when all the hats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I expect when all the hats are
+scrambled and all permutations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled and all permutations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled and all permutations of the
+hats are equally likely that one man is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats are equally likely that one man is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hats are equally likely that one man is
+going to get his hat back none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get his hat back none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get his hat back none of the
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+will okay now let's change the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will okay now let's change the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will okay now let's change the situation
+a little bit um and think instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um and think instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit um and think instead of
+scram Ling the hats in a way that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scram Ling the hats in a way that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scram Ling the hats in a way that all
+possible permutations of hats are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible permutations of hats are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible permutations of hats are
+equally likely let's think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely let's think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely let's think about a
+Chinese banquet um so Chinese Banquets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese banquet um so Chinese Banquets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese banquet um so Chinese Banquets
+are traditionally done with a table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traditionally done with a table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are traditionally done with a table of
+nine uh in a circle uh and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine uh in a circle uh and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine uh in a circle uh and there's a
+lazy Susan that spins around where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy Susan that spins around where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazy Susan that spins around where
+there's dishes of food in front of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dishes of food in front of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's dishes of food in front of each
+person but let's generalize it to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but let's generalize it to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person but let's generalize it to n
+suppose that n people are sitting around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that n people are sitting around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that n people are sitting around
+a spinning table a lazy Susan with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spinning table a lazy Susan with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spinning table a lazy Susan with n
+different dishes uh one dish in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dishes uh one dish in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different dishes uh one dish in front of
+each person and now we Spin The Lazy Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person and now we Spin The Lazy Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person and now we Spin The Lazy Su
+and r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and r
+randomly and we ask how many people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and we ask how many people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly and we ask how many people do
+we expect will wind up with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect will wind up with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect will wind up with the same
+dish that they started with after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish that they started with after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish that they started with after the
+spin well now we can let RI indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin well now we can let RI indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin well now we can let RI indicate
+that the AR the I person got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the AR the I person got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the AR the I person got the same
+dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish
+back and now these RIS which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and now these RIS which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and now these RIS which are
+different from the previous ones about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the previous ones about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the previous ones about
+hat returns these R eyes are totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat returns these R eyes are totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat returns these R eyes are totally
+dependent much more so than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent much more so than the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent much more so than the other
+ones were because they're all one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones were because they're all one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones were because they're all one or
+they're all zero if one person gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all zero if one person gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all zero if one person gets
+their hat back it means that the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hat back it means that the spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hat back it means that the spin
+the spinning table got back to where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning table got back to where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinning table got back to where it
+used to be and everybody has their hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be and everybody has their hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be and everybody has their hat
+back and if one person doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and if one person doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and if one person doesn't have
+their hat back then the table is shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hat back then the table is shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hat back then the table is shifted
+off where it was originally and no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off where it was originally and no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off where it was originally and no and
+nobody has their dish the original dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has their dish the original dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody has their dish the original dish
+I said hats I me the dish that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said hats I me the dish that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said hats I me the dish that they
+started with so everybody gets the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with so everybody gets the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with so everybody gets the same
+dish back or nobody gets the same dish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish back or nobody gets the same dish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dish back or nobody gets the same dish
+back these variables are as dependent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back these variables are as dependent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back these variables are as dependent as
+they possibly could be but it's doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they possibly could be but it's doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they possibly could be but it's doesn't
+matter because linearity still holds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because linearity still holds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter because linearity still holds uh
+and that means that the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means that the previous
+argument about the expected number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about the expected number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about the expected number of
+people the expected number of dishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the expected number of dishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the expected number of dishes
+that get back to the person that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get back to the person that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get back to the person that they
+started with is still one even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with is still one even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with is still one even though
+all the RIS are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal well that's so much for the lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well that's so much for the lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well that's so much for the lovely
+rule about linearity of expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule about linearity of expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule about linearity of expectation
+which holds regardless of assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which holds regardless of assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which holds regardless of assumption
+about independence or not there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about independence or not there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about independence or not there is a
+rule for products but it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for products but it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule for products but it requires
+Independence so the independent product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so the independent product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence so the independent product
+rule says sure enough that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule says sure enough that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule says sure enough that the
+expectation of a product of two random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a product of two random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of a product of two random
+variables X and Y is the expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y is the expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y is the expectation is
+the product of their expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of their expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of their expectations
+providing that they are independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that they are independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that they are independent and
+this extends to many variables if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extends to many variables if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extends to many variables if
+they're mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually
+independent again the proof is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent again the proof is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent again the proof is by
+rearranging terms in the defining sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging terms in the defining sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging terms in the defining sum
+for the EXP expectation of XY let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the EXP expectation of XY let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the EXP expectation of XY let's go
+through it and again you can fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and again you can fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and again you can fast
+forward or skip this part if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or skip this part if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward or skip this part if you don't
+want to watch equations being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch equations being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch equations being
+manipulated so by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated so by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated so by definition the
+expectation of the product XY is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product XY is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product XY is the sum
+over all the possible values of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possible values of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the possible values of X and Y
+of the value of the product XY times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the value of the product XY times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the value of the product XY times the
+probability that the first variable x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the first variable x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the first variable x
+capital x equals Little X and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x equals Little X and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital x equals Little X and the second
+variable Y is equal to little y this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y is equal to little y this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Y is equal to little y this is
+the by definition uh the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by definition uh the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by definition uh the expectation of
+the product by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product by the first
+definition not the one in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition not the one in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition not the one in terms of
+outcomes Now using Independence this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes Now using Independence this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes Now using Independence this
+term here can be split into a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here can be split into a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term here can be split into a product of
+xals X and Y equals y so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals X and Y equals y so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xals X and Y equals y so let's do that
+so this is the sum of X Y times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sum of X Y times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the sum of X Y times the
+probability that x equals x time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equals x time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equals x time the
+probability that y equals y now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that y equals y now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that y equals y now I'm
+going to do a fairly standard trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a fairly standard trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a fairly standard trick
+which is I'm going to organize this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to organize this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I'm going to organize this sum
+in a clean way right now it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a clean way right now it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a clean way right now it's an
+unordered sum over all possible pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered sum over all possible pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unordered sum over all possible pairs of
+X and Y uh in the in the range of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y uh in the in the range of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y uh in the in the range of of the
+variables X and Y but I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y but I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables X and Y but I'm going to do
+the sum so I first sum over all the Y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum so I first sum over all the Y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum so I first sum over all the Y's
+and then for each y I'm going to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each y I'm going to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for each y I'm going to sum
+over all the X's so this is tant this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the X's so this is tant this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the X's so this is tant this is
+an unordered sum really there there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unordered sum really there there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unordered sum really there there's no
+order here but now I'm giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here but now I'm giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order here but now I'm giving you an
+arrangement which says that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement which says that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement which says that I'm going to
+uh lump together the sums over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lump together the sums over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lump together the sums over all the
+x's and then for each of those I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and then for each of those I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and then for each of those I'm going
+to um uh sum up over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh sum up over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um uh sum up over the
+Y well when I do it this way um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y well when I do it this way um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y well when I do it this way um what
+I've got is a interest interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got is a interest interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got is a interest interesting thing
+here I've got a sum overx and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a sum overx and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a sum overx and there's
+some y terms here that don't depend on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some y terms here that don't depend on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some y terms here that don't depend on X
+I can Factor them out because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can Factor them out because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can Factor them out because they don't
+change with X so if I factor out this Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with X so if I factor out this Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with X so if I factor out this Y
+and probability of y equals y i wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probability of y equals y i wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probability of y equals y i wind up
+with the sum over y of this factored out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum over y of this factored out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sum over y of this factored out
+term y * probability y = y times the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term y * probability y = y times the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term y * probability y = y times the sum
+over X's of x * the probability that x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X's of x * the probability that x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over X's of x * the probability that x
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+x now this is uh the same term that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x now this is uh the same term that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x now this is uh the same term that is
+the coefficient of every one of these y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of every one of these y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of every one of these y
+terms that depends on Y and this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that depends on Y and this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that depends on Y and this term
+does not depend on y so I can Factor it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on y so I can Factor it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not depend on y so I can Factor it
+out and if I do that I wind up with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and if I do that I wind up with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and if I do that I wind up with uh
+the sum over X's of x * the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over X's of x * the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over X's of x * the probability
+that xals x times the sum over y of y *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xals x times the sum over y of y *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that xals x times the sum over y of y *
+the probability that y equals y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that y equals y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that y equals y and
+guess what this is by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what this is by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what this is by definition the
+expectation of X and this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X and this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X and this is by
+definition the expectation of Y and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the expectation of Y and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the expectation of Y and by
+that chain of qualities I've proved sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain of qualities I've proved sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chain of qualities I've proved sure
+enough that the expectation of XY is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the expectation of XY is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the expectation of XY is
+equal to the expectation of X time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of X time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of X time the
+expectation of Y QED so the key step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y QED so the key step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of Y QED so the key step
+here was where Independence was used at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was where Independence was used at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was where Independence was used at
+the very first step when I split up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first step when I split up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first step when I split up the
+probability that x equal x and y equal Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equal x and y equal Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that x equal x and y equal Y
+into the product of the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the product of the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the product of the corresponding
+probabilities now let me just end with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now let me just end with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities now let me just end with a
+warning about a couple of blunders that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning about a couple of blunders that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning about a couple of blunders that
+people make um all the time so first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make um all the time so first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people make um all the time so first of
+all don't forget Independence as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all don't forget Independence as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all don't forget Independence as a as a
+crucial condition on the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial condition on the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial condition on the product rule
+for expectations it can hold in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expectations it can hold in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for expectations it can hold in some
+cases where the variables are dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where the variables are dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where the variables are dependent
+independent is not a necessary Condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent is not a necessary Condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent is not a necessary Condition
+it's sufficient but you need some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sufficient but you need some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sufficient but you need some kind
+of a condition uh that in order for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a condition uh that in order for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a condition uh that in order for for
+the product rule to hold so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule to hold so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule to hold so if you're
+not careful uh it won't if you forget to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not careful uh it won't if you forget to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not careful uh it won't if you forget to
+check for Independence or something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for Independence or something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check for Independence or something that
+is tantamount to it so let's just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tantamount to it so let's just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tantamount to it so let's just take
+an easy example to remember what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy example to remember what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy example to remember what happens
+if Independence fail suppose I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Independence fail suppose I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Independence fail suppose I have a
+variable x a random variable X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x a random variable X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable x a random variable X which
+takes positive and negative values with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes positive and negative values with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes positive and negative values with
+equal probability so it's it's takes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability so it's it's takes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal probability so it's it's takes one
+and minus one with equal probability it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one with equal probability it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one with equal probability it
+takes pi and minus Pi with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes pi and minus Pi with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes pi and minus Pi with equal
+probability I don't really care what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I don't really care what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I don't really care what
+those values are as long as it's taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values are as long as it's taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those values are as long as it's taking
+some positive and negative values and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive and negative values and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive and negative values and it
+takes a positive value with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a positive value with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes a positive value with the same
+probability that it takes that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it takes that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it takes that value
+negated well that automatically means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negated well that automatically means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negated well that automatically means
+that the expectation of X is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expectation of X is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expectation of X is zero
+because when I add up all these terms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I add up all these terms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I add up all these terms uh
+the positive and negative terms cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and negative terms cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive and negative terms cancel
+because they have the same probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the same probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the same probability
+so any such X that's symmetric about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any such X that's symmetric about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so any such X that's symmetric about uh
+uh zero has expectation zero on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero has expectation zero on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh zero has expectation zero on the
+other hand if I Square X then all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I Square X then all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand if I Square X then all of
+those positive and negative terms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those positive and negative terms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those positive and negative terms uh
+values become positive and so I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values become positive and so I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values become positive and so I'm taking
+the expectation of a variable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a variable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation of a variable that's
+strictly positive uh at least with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive uh at least with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive uh at least with
+non-zero probability at a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero probability at a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero probability at a bunch of
+outcomes and therefore uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and therefore uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and therefore uh the
+expectation of x s is positive so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x s is positive so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x s is positive so the
+expectation of X is zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X is zero but the
+expectation of x^2 is positive well of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x^2 is positive well of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of x^2 is positive well of
+course if I multiply expectation of x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if I multiply expectation of x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course if I multiply expectation of x *
+expectation of X that's still zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X that's still zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X that's still zero so
+here's a counter example expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a counter example expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a counter example expectation of
+X time expectation of X is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X time expectation of X is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X time expectation of X is equal to zero
+Which is less than the expectation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than the expectation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is less than the expectation of
+the square of X of course this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of X of course this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of X of course this is about
+as dependent as it could possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dependent as it could possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as dependent as it could possibly be
+because it's the same random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the same random variable
+but it illustrates the failure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it illustrates the failure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it illustrates the failure of the
+product rule when uh if you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule when uh if you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule when uh if you don't have
+some kind of a condition like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a condition like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a condition like
+Independence or round there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence or round there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Independence or round there's a second
+blunder that's more interesting and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunder that's more interesting and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunder that's more interesting and and
+uh and that people can fall in because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that people can fall in because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that people can fall in because
+there's a temptation to assume that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a temptation to assume that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a temptation to assume that if
+the product rule holds for Independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule holds for Independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule holds for Independence
+then so should the reciprocal rule that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so should the reciprocal rule that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so should the reciprocal rule that
+is you might think that the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you might think that the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you might think that the expectation
+of X over Y is equal to the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X over Y is equal to the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X over Y is equal to the expectation
+of X over the expectation of y when X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X over the expectation of y when X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X over the expectation of y when X
+and Y are independent but it's not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y are independent but it's not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y are independent but it's not true
+even when they're independent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they're independent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they're independent the
+expectation of X ided by y is in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X ided by y is in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X ided by y is in general
+not equal to the expectation of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to the expectation of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to the expectation of x
+divided by the expectation of Y in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the expectation of Y in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the expectation of Y in fact
+the counter example is if x is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter example is if x is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter example is if x is the
+constant one the expectation of one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one the expectation of one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one the expectation of one over
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CIS complex instruction set code was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS complex instruction set code was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CIS complex instruction set code was uh
+better than risk so I won't mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than risk so I won't mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than risk so I won't mention
+names but uh prominent people have made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but uh prominent people have made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names but uh prominent people have made
+this blunder you shouldn't
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KK0mUuwCS98.txt b/KK0mUuwCS98.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f68a5e60c74a3124c328068c92fdccbdad902aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KK0mUuwCS98.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well welcome we few we happy few let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well welcome we few we happy few let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well welcome we few we happy few let's
+do a little recap on electron cyron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little recap on electron cyron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a little recap on electron cyron
+emission and then we will go on to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and then we will go on to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and then we will go on to a few
+other things so we had a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so we had a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things so we had a look at the
+physics of electron cyclotron emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of electron cyclotron emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of electron cyclotron emission
+we didn't actually derived um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually derived um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't actually derived um the
+emissivity of it but we sort of gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity of it but we sort of gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity of it but we sort of gave
+ourselves a hand wavy reason why there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a hand wavy reason why there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves a hand wavy reason why there
+may be multiple Peaks here so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be multiple Peaks here so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be multiple Peaks here so if we have
+our emissivity as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our emissivity as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our emissivity as a function of
+frequency we expect to have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we expect to have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency we expect to have multiple
+different Peaks even from a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Peaks even from a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Peaks even from a single
+particle and these Peaks are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and these Peaks are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and these Peaks are going to be
+occurring at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring at
+frequencies uh I'm GNA switch into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh I'm GNA switch into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies uh I'm GNA switch into
+angular frequency units Omega M which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency units Omega M which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency units Omega M which
+were equal to this cyclotron frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to this cyclotron frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equal to this cyclotron frequency
+which was just our normal gyro frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was just our normal gyro frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was just our normal gyro frequency
+Modified by a relativistic param here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modified by a relativistic param here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modified by a relativistic param here
+and Times by this relativistic rest Mast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Times by this relativistic rest Mast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Times by this relativistic rest Mast
+term which always makes the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which always makes the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which always makes the frequency
+smaller divided by a relativistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller divided by a relativistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller divided by a relativistic
+Doppler term which might make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler term which might make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doppler term which might make the
+frequency smaller might make it larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency smaller might make it larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency smaller might make it larger
+and most importantly all this multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly all this multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly all this multiplied
+by some integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n some natural number n and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n some natural number n and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n some natural number n and so we have
+these Peaks here and we can say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Peaks here and we can say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Peaks here and we can say you know
+this is Nal 1 m ALS 2 m equal 3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Nal 1 m ALS 2 m equal 3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Nal 1 m ALS 2 m equal 3 and
+they're evenly spaced and this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're evenly spaced and this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're evenly spaced and this is just
+for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single
+particle and then when we put this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and then when we put this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and then when we put this all
+together first of all we looked at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together first of all we looked at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together first of all we looked at what
+a distribution of particles would do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution of particles would do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distribution of particles would do and
+we agreed that these Peaks would in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agreed that these Peaks would in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we agreed that these Peaks would in
+general be broadened in some asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general be broadened in some asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general be broadened in some asymmetric
+fashion but the exact shape will depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but the exact shape will depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion but the exact shape will depend
+on exactly how big these two terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly how big these two terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on exactly how big these two terms are
+with respect to each other and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to each other and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to each other and we said
+the neat thing about this is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat thing about this is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat thing about this is that these
+frequencies depend only on the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies depend only on the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies depend only on the magnetic
+field so this can see here EB over me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this can see here EB over me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so this can see here EB over me
+okay admittedly there's a gamma Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay admittedly there's a gamma Factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay admittedly there's a gamma Factor
+inside there but if we neglect that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there but if we neglect that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside there but if we neglect that the
+frequency depends only on the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency depends only on the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency depends only on the magnetic
+field and so if you see some emission at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so if you see some emission at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and so if you see some emission at
+some certain frequency uh then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some certain frequency uh then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some certain frequency uh then you know
+that it's been emitted by a region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's been emitted by a region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's been emitted by a region of
+plasma which has this magnetic field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma which has this magnetic field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma which has this magnetic field and
+that was particularly useful when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was particularly useful when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was particularly useful when we
+considered a toat because if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a toat because if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a toat because if we have
+something like toac or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like toac or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like toac or
+accelerator hello oh sorry my no worries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator hello oh sorry my no worries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerator hello oh sorry my no worries
+okay uh which has some magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh which has some magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh which has some magnetic field
+that goes like one upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes like one upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes like one upon
+R then different regions of our thidal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then different regions of our thidal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R then different regions of our thidal
+device are going to be emitting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device are going to be emitting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device are going to be emitting uh
+electron electron emission with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron emission with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron emission with
+different frequencies and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequencies and those
+frequencies are different because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are different because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies are different because the
+magnetic field is dropping off nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is dropping off nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is dropping off nice and
+monotonically throughout our device here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically throughout our device here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monotonically throughout our device here
+so we said that for example we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said that for example we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said that for example we might
+have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regions which we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions which we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions which we could
+label positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label positions
+R1 R2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 R2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 R2 and
+R3 and each of these then have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 and each of these then have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R3 and each of these then have different
+magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields
+B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1
+B2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and
+B3 and each of these magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 and each of these magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B3 and each of these magnetic fields
+will then produce a Spectra of light uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then produce a Spectra of light uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then produce a Spectra of light uh
+at these different harmonics here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these different harmonics here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these different harmonics here now
+the neat thing was if we considered just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat thing was if we considered just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neat thing was if we considered just
+the lowest harmonic so the m equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest harmonic so the m equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest harmonic so the m equals one
+and often the m equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often the m equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often the m equals two
+harmonics um we said that these tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics um we said that these tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics um we said that these tend to
+be in an optically thick regime so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in an optically thick regime so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in an optically thick regime so that
+is the region of plasma that's emitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the region of plasma that's emitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the region of plasma that's emitting
+is emitting as a black body and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitting as a black body and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is emitting as a black body and that
+means the black body Spectrum I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the black body Spectrum I of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the black body Spectrum I of
+new uh is equal to T new ^ 2 upon c^ s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh is equal to T new ^ 2 upon c^ s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new uh is equal to T new ^ 2 upon c^ s
+and what we' expect to get out if we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we' expect to get out if we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we' expect to get out if we put
+our little microwave horn and collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little microwave horn and collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little microwave horn and collected
+the different frequencies coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different frequencies coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different frequencies coming out
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+plasma is we'd expect some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spectrum where different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum where different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum where different parts of the
+spectrum correspond to different regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum correspond to different regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum correspond to different regions
+of this plasma so for example we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plasma so for example we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this plasma so for example we might
+have a region down here corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a region down here corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a region down here corresponding to
+low frequencies at low magnetic field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies at low magnetic field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies at low magnetic field so
+I got this the wrong way around R3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got this the wrong way around R3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got this the wrong way around R3 is
+the lowest magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest magnetic
+field we might have another region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we might have another region where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field we might have another region where
+the frequencies correspond to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies correspond to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies correspond to the center
+of the plasma and a high frequency part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma and a high frequency part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plasma and a high frequency part
+of our Spectrum which corresponds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Spectrum which corresponds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our Spectrum which corresponds to the
+high field part of the plasma and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high field part of the plasma and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high field part of the plasma and at
+each of these points if we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points if we measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points if we measure the
+intensity we then know straight away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity we then know straight away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity we then know straight away
+what the temperature is corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the temperature is corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the temperature is corresponding to
+the black body Spectrum for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black body Spectrum for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black body Spectrum for that
+frequency and therefore we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and therefore we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and therefore we know what the
+temperature is inside our plasma so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is inside our plasma so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is inside our plasma so we
+can go back and we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back and we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back and we can say
+Okay using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements maybe we have a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements maybe we have a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements maybe we have a temperature
+profile that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this where again we can identify sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where again we can identify sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where again we can identify sort of
+three specific points inside here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three specific points inside here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three specific points inside here that
+we've been using as part of this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using as part of this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using as part of this example
+but in general you can get it all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general you can get it all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general you can get it all the
+way through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plasma and so what we're doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and so what we're doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma and so what we're doing here is
+we're we're saying that we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're saying that we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're saying that we've got some
+mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+from radius to magnetic field to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from radius to magnetic field to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from radius to magnetic field to
+frequency of uh maybe the first harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of uh maybe the first harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of uh maybe the first harmonic
+here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have
+some intensity as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intensity as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some intensity as a function of
+frequency which is proportional just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is proportional just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is proportional just to
+temperature because of our black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because of our black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because of our black body
+case and then we can back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then we can back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then we can back this
+temperature out first its temperature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature out first its temperature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature out first its temperature as
+a function of frequency then we can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of frequency then we can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of frequency then we can can
+say well that frequency corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that frequency corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that frequency corresponds to a
+certain magnetic field and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain magnetic field and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain magnetic field and then we can
+say that magnetic field corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that magnetic field corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that magnetic field corresponds to a
+certain spatial coordinate and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain spatial coordinate and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain spatial coordinate and so this
+is a technique which will give us by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technique which will give us by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a technique which will give us by
+looking at the Spectrum for lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Spectrum for lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the Spectrum for lowest
+frequencies the first or maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the first or maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the first or maybe the
+second harmonics of this cyclotron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second harmonics of this cyclotron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second harmonics of this cyclotron
+emission we can work out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission we can work out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission we can work out what the
+temperature is as a function of space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is as a function of space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is as a function of space so
+this is why this is a powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why this is a powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why this is a powerful and
+popular Diagnostic in mcf we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular Diagnostic in mcf we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular Diagnostic in mcf we also
+discussed a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a little bit about
+accessibility if you remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility if you remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility if you remember this is
+when we got into talking about the O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we got into talking about the O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we got into talking about the O
+mode and the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode and I'm not going to recap that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and I'm not going to recap that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and I'm not going to recap that now
+and Sean posted an interesting way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sean posted an interesting way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Sean posted an interesting way of
+looking at it using something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it using something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it using something called a
+CMA diagram on Pat if you want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMA diagram on Pat if you want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMA diagram on Pat if you want an
+alternative view how this works so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative view how this works so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative view how this works so that
+was just a quick recap any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a quick recap any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just a quick recap any questions on
+ECE before we go on to correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay oh about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+CH this is correlation ECE often called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH this is correlation ECE often called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH this is correlation ECE often called
+C ECE so what is the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ECE so what is the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C ECE so what is the problem we're
+trying to solve with correlation ECE why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve with correlation ECE why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve with correlation ECE why
+isn't this technique sufficient as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this technique sufficient as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this technique sufficient as it is
+well what we want to do we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we want to do we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we want to do we want to
+measure very small temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure very small temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure very small temperature
+fluctuations we want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations we want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations we want to measure
+temperature fluctuations within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fluctuations within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fluctuations within the
+plasma that are maybe on the order of 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that are maybe on the order of 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that are maybe on the order of 1%
+of the Baseline temperature Delta te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Baseline temperature Delta te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Baseline temperature Delta te
+upon T about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon T about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon T about
+0.01 if you have a small temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 if you have a small temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01 if you have a small temperature
+fluctuation at some part in the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation at some part in the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation at some part in the plasma
+that means you'll have a small intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you'll have a small intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you'll have a small intensity
+fluctuation if the mean temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation if the mean temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation if the mean temperature is
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+and we have some fluctuation around 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some fluctuation around 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have some fluctuation around 1%
+this intensity will also fluctuate by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intensity will also fluctuate by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intensity will also fluctuate by
+about 1% and that 1% is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1% and that 1% is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1% and that 1% is actually
+extremely hard to measure right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to measure right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely hard to measure right and this
+is because the noise is just too high on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the noise is just too high on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because the noise is just too high on
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems there are lots of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there are lots of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there are lots of different
+contributions to the noise but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the noise but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions to the noise but in
+general they all add up to make it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they all add up to make it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they all add up to make it very
+hard to measure these very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure these very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to measure these very small
+fluctuation so ECE as it stands is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation so ECE as it stands is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation so ECE as it stands is very
+good for measuring the sort of broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for measuring the sort of broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for measuring the sort of broad
+average temperature profile with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature profile with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature profile with some
+error bars but if you want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars but if you want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars but if you want to measure
+small fluctuations within those error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fluctuations within those error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small fluctuations within those error
+bars you don't stand a chance with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars you don't stand a chance with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars you don't stand a chance with this
+system and you want to measure these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you want to measure these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you want to measure these
+fluctuations because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations because these
+fluctuations are related to turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are related to turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations are related to turbulence
+and as we've discussed before turbulence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we've discussed before turbulence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we've discussed before turbulence
+is one of these Key properties that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these Key properties that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of these Key properties that we
+want to understand in plasmas so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand in plasmas so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to understand in plasmas so that we
+can build an economically viable Fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build an economically viable Fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build an economically viable Fusion
+reactor so it' be very nice to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so it' be very nice to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor so it' be very nice to be able
+to now the fact that the noise is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now the fact that the noise is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to now the fact that the noise is too
+high those seem like a big limitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high those seem like a big limitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high those seem like a big limitation
+but there are some clever tricks that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some clever tricks that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some clever tricks that we
+play where we use correlations and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play where we use correlations and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play where we use correlations and I'll
+talk now about what exactly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk now about what exactly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk now about what exactly these
+correlations are and how they provide us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations are and how they provide us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations are and how they provide us
+with information that allows us to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information that allows us to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with information that allows us to get a
+signal out despite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal out despite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal out despite the
+overwhelming so our setup here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming so our setup here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming so our setup here is
+borrowed from asdex upgrade and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from asdex upgrade and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowed from asdex upgrade and in fact
+I referred to Alex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I referred to Alex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I referred to Alex
+ky's PhD thesis which you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ky's PhD thesis which you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ky's PhD thesis which you can find
+online if you want more information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online if you want more information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online if you want more information from
+2019 uh which is a pretty good summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 uh which is a pretty good summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2019 uh which is a pretty good summary
+of this a top tip if you're ever looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this a top tip if you're ever looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this a top tip if you're ever looking
+for accessible description of somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for accessible description of somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for accessible description of somebody
+of physics or a diagnostic you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics or a diagnostic you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of physics or a diagnostic you should go
+find someone DD thesis usually much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someone DD thesis usually much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find someone DD thesis usually much
+better uh than any of the papers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh than any of the papers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better uh than any of the papers that
+have been written about it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been written about it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been written about it because
+there's not really any B restraint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really any B restraint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really any B restraint and
+of course the person writing a thesis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the person writing a thesis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the person writing a thesis is
+desperate to tell everyone about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate to tell everyone about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate to tell everyone about all the
+cool stuff they just spent the last six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff they just spent the last six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff they just spent the last six
+of the years with their life working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the years with their life working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the years with their life working on
+so it can get very detailed so in aex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can get very detailed so in aex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can get very detailed so in aex
+upgrade um we don't really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade um we don't really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade um we don't really have a
+circular cross-section plasma but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular cross-section plasma but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular cross-section plasma but I'm
+just drawing it like that you know be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing it like that you know be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing it like that you know be
+your nice d-shaped plasma got our plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nice d-shaped plasma got our plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nice d-shaped plasma got our plasma
+inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here
+and our system at first glance looks an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our system at first glance looks an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our system at first glance looks an
+awful lot like the system that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot like the system that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awful lot like the system that we
+sketched out up here we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched out up here we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketched out up here we're going to have
+some sort of special lens it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of special lens it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of special lens it turns out
+you can make lenses from microwaves I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make lenses from microwaves I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make lenses from microwaves I
+didn't know this but some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know this but some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know this but some sort of
+plastic hdp lens that then couples into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic hdp lens that then couples into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic hdp lens that then couples into
+a wave guide here and that lens is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave guide here and that lens is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave guide here and that lens is going
+to collect light from a sort of region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect light from a sort of region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect light from a sort of region
+like this so I exaggerated it slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so I exaggerated it slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so I exaggerated it slightly
+but there'll be some region over which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there'll be some region over which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there'll be some region over which
+we can collect light from relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can collect light from relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can collect light from relatively
+small volumes inside here so we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volumes inside here so we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volumes inside here so we can have
+a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volumes inside here and once again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes inside here and once again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes inside here and once again our
+magnetic field is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is going
+as one upon half all the standard stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one upon half all the standard stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one upon half all the standard stuff
+that we had previously now specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had previously now specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had previously now specifically
+for this asdex upgrade system but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this asdex upgrade system but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this asdex upgrade system but
+generically for C mod and other devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically for C mod and other devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generically for C mod and other devices
+where you might have this the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have this the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might have this the first
+thing that's done is a band pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's done is a band pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's done is a band pass filter
+so this is applying some filter to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is applying some filter to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is applying some filter to it
+that in frequency space looks a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in frequency space looks a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in frequency space looks a little
+bit like this some sort of top hat it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like this some sort of top hat it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like this some sort of top hat it's
+centered around the frequency where most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around the frequency where most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered around the frequency where most
+of the electron cyron emission is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron cyron emission is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron cyron emission is it's
+around about 110 gigahertz in aex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around about 110 gigahertz in aex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around about 110 gigahertz in aex
+upgrade and this has got a bandwidth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade and this has got a bandwidth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade and this has got a bandwidth of
+10 gahz so we've cut out an awful lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 gahz so we've cut out an awful lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 gahz so we've cut out an awful lot of
+the radiation in bands that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation in bands that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation in bands that we're not
+interested in we we're no longer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in we we're no longer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in we we're no longer to
+study those any brm stong any higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study those any brm stong any higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study those any brm stong any higher
+order things this is going to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order things this is going to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order things this is going to capture
+all of the the information in say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the the information in say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the the information in say the
+first harmonic um within some relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first harmonic um within some relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first harmonic um within some relatively
+small window and that's the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small window and that's the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small window and that's the important
+thing about correlation ECE we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about correlation ECE we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about correlation ECE we're not
+trying to measure the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure the temperature
+profile throughout the entire plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile throughout the entire plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile throughout the entire plasma
+that's very challenging we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very challenging we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very challenging we want to
+measure it inside some very small wit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it inside some very small wit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it inside some very small wit
+region and the reason is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and the reason is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and the reason is that our
+turbulent edies our little fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent edies our little fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulent edies our little fluctuations
+inside here these are very small as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here these are very small as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here these are very small as well
+so the size of our turbulence of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the size of our turbulence of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the size of our turbulence of R
+turb is on the order of 100 mic CR right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turb is on the order of 100 mic CR right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turb is on the order of 100 mic CR right
+that's the width of a human hair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the width of a human hair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the width of a human hair so
+we're trying to measure turbulent edies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure turbulent edies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to measure turbulent edies
+inside a toac on the sort of scale of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a toac on the sort of scale of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a toac on the sort of scale of a
+human hair here and so that means we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hair here and so that means we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human hair here and so that means we're
+not trying to cover this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to cover this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying to cover this entire
+frequency range we're zoomed in on only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range we're zoomed in on only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency range we're zoomed in on only
+quite a small frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a small frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a small frequency
+range once we've got our ban pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range once we've got our ban pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range once we've got our ban pass
+filtered signal here 110 ktz is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered signal here 110 ktz is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtered signal here 110 ktz is still
+too fast for us to digitize right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast for us to digitize right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast for us to digitize right this
+this is would be an extremely expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is would be an extremely expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is would be an extremely expensive
+digitizer and so what we actually do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer and so what we actually do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer and so what we actually do is
+we down mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh with a signal at 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a signal at 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with a signal at 100
+gahz and so then we get out our beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gahz and so then we get out our beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gahz and so then we get out our beat
+signal which we can get digitize which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which we can get digitize which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which we can get digitize which
+is at 10 gigz here right so 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 10 gigz here right so 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at 10 gigz here right so 100
+gigahertz mixing was this our beat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz mixing was this our beat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigahertz mixing was this our beat
+frequency is going about 10 gigz plusus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is going about 10 gigz plusus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is going about 10 gigz plusus
+5 gahz so this is actually I write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 gahz so this is actually I write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 gahz so this is actually I write this
+as0 to 10 gigz this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as0 to 10 gigz this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as0 to 10 gigz this is the sort of
+signal that we can actually digitize now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that we can actually digitize now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that we can actually digitize now
+and what we do is we then amplify it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we then amplify it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we do is we then amplify it and
+when we split it off as we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we split it off as we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we split it off as we did
+with our standard C electron cyron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our standard C electron cyron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our standard C electron cyron
+Diagnostic and we split it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostic and we split it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostic and we split it through a
+series of different ban pass filters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of different ban pass filters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of different ban pass filters so
+there might be another low a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be another low a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be another low a lower
+filter medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter medium
+filter the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter the high
+filter and then we put these through to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and then we put these through to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and then we put these through to
+a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detectors and so each of these channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors and so each of these channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors and so each of these channels
+now that we've split off is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've split off is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we've split off is looking at
+frequencies in a very narrow range here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in a very narrow range here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies in a very narrow range here
+uh these are about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are about 100
+megahertz in width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz in width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz in width
+now and the spacing between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the spacing between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and the spacing between these
+different bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different bins
+is 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+megahertz it's important that these bins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz it's important that these bins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz it's important that these bins
+do not overlap in frequency space which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not overlap in frequency space which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not overlap in frequency space which
+means that these volumes do not over lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that these volumes do not over lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that these volumes do not over lap
+in real space they each sampling a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space they each sampling a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space they each sampling a
+separate discrete part of the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate discrete part of the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate discrete part of the plasma
+inside here so let me just write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here so let me just write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside here so let me just write that
+down so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+samples non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlapping region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping region
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency
+and therefore in real space right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore in real space right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore in real space right
+because again we've got this very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we've got this very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because again we've got this very strong
+link between our magnetic field and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between our magnetic field and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link between our magnetic field and our
+spatial position and the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial position and the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial position and the frequency of
+which we're sampling so each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're sampling so each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're sampling so each of these
+represents a measure of the power that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a measure of the power that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a measure of the power that's
+being emitted by a very small region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being emitted by a very small region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being emitted by a very small region and
+these regions are clearly distinguished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions are clearly distinguished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions are clearly distinguished
+and you can tell that these regions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell that these regions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can tell that these regions are
+very small because we're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small because we're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small because we're dealing with
+100 megahertz bandwidth and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 megahertz bandwidth and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 megahertz bandwidth and we
+originally started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally started with
+110 gig gigahertz here and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 gig gigahertz here and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+110 gig gigahertz here and so you see
+we've gone down by a factor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone down by a factor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone down by a factor of a
+thousand if 110 gigahertz was roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand if 110 gigahertz was roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand if 110 gigahertz was roughly
+enough to cover this entire region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to cover this entire region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to cover this entire region here
+then we're now dealing with regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're now dealing with regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're now dealing with regions
+which are a thousand times smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a thousand times smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are a thousand times smaller than
+the radius of our toac and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of our toac and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of our toac and that's how
+we're able to get down this sort of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to get down this sort of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're able to get down this sort of 100
+microns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns or
+so and we digitize these signals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we digitize these signals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we digitize these signals and
+just for your reference the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for your reference the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for your reference the reason why
+we down sample these is that digitizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we down sample these is that digitizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we down sample these is that digitizers
+now much less expensive we're doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now much less expensive we're doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now much less expensive we're doing it
+something like four Mega samples a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like four Mega samples a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like four Mega samples a
+second and that is quite an affordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that is quite an affordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that is quite an affordable
+digitizer compared to the ones you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer compared to the ones you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitizer compared to the ones you would
+need to digitize this signal up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to digitize this signal up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to digitize this signal up at
+hundreds of gamps a second so I have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of gamps a second so I have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of gamps a second so I have not
+yet told you anything about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet told you anything about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet told you anything about how
+correlation EC works I'm just giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation EC works I'm just giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation EC works I'm just giving you
+an outline of exactly how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outline of exactly how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an outline of exactly how these
+measurements are made with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are made with an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements are made with an example
+from asex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from asex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from asex
+upgrade but there are other similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade but there are other similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade but there are other similar
+devices on other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices on other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices on other
+Pacs okay any questions on this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacs okay any questions on this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pacs okay any questions on this before
+we get to the meat of what we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the meat of what we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to the meat of what we're trying
+to achieve here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this wave is too damn fast we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave is too damn fast we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave is too damn fast we can't
+digitize it we mix it with 100 gahz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize it we mix it with 100 gahz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize it we mix it with 100 gahz we
+did this before when we're hring our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this before when we're hring our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this before when we're hring our
+signals for interferometry we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals for interferometry we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals for interferometry we get out
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+frequencies we get out a frequency at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we get out a frequency at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we get out a frequency at
+Omega 1 minus Omega 2 and we get out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 minus Omega 2 and we get out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega 1 minus Omega 2 and we get out a
+frequency at Omega 1 plus Omega 2 Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency at Omega 1 plus Omega 2 Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency at Omega 1 plus Omega 2 Omega
+minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega
+2 that signal is about not to 10 gigz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that signal is about not to 10 gigz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 that signal is about not to 10 gigz we
+can digitize that this one Whatever 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can digitize that this one Whatever 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can digitize that this one Whatever 200
+gz we still can't on the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gz we still can't on the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gz we still can't on the integration
+time of our detector the sampling time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of our detector the sampling time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of our detector the sampling time
+here that will have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that will have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that will have many many
+oscillations and so it will average out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and so it will average out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and so it will average out
+to well because it's power it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well because it's power it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well because it's power it will
+average out to like one or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average out to like one or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average out to like one or something
+like that so it's some DC offset that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it's some DC offset that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it's some DC offset that we
+can subtract off so that all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can subtract off so that all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can subtract off so that all this is
+doing here is mixing the signal down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is mixing the signal down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is mixing the signal down so
+it gets to a regime that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to a regime that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to a regime that we can
+effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+digitize yeah another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so if we were doing geometric optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we were doing geometric optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if we were doing geometric optics
+which we're not um then you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not um then you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're not um then you would have a
+lens like this that lens could colate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens like this that lens could colate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens like this that lens could colate
+your beam as in we'd have a load of rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beam as in we'd have a load of rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your beam as in we'd have a load of rays
+coming out into our horn and if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out into our horn and if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out into our horn and if it
+columnated that beam that would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated that beam that would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columnated that beam that would mean
+there'll be a focal point at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a focal point at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a focal point at some
+distance F away if this lens has a focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance F away if this lens has a focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance F away if this lens has a focal
+length F then it will diverge afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length F then it will diverge afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length F then it will diverge afterwards
+so because of reciprocity that means it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of reciprocity that means it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because of reciprocity that means it
+as opposed to launching Rays this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to launching Rays this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to launching Rays this way
+and seeing where they focus we have Rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing where they focus we have Rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seeing where they focus we have Rays
+coming from this way now we don't ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this way now we don't ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from this way now we don't ever
+actually get to a infantes point like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to a infantes point like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to a infantes point like we
+iic in geometric optics so Gan Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iic in geometric optics so Gan Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iic in geometric optics so Gan Optics
+tells us that there's a beam waste and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that there's a beam waste and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that there's a beam waste and
+our beam looks like this instead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beam looks like this instead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our beam looks like this instead and
+that was what I was trying to draw up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+yes yes exactly exactly and and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes exactly exactly and and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes exactly exactly and and you you
+can you can choose properties of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can choose properties of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can choose properties of your
+lens that will give you a narrower waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens that will give you a narrower waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens that will give you a narrower waste
+or not right it depends on your size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not right it depends on your size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not right it depends on your size of
+your lens and the wavelength of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lens and the wavelength of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lens and the wavelength of life
+good that so I you know this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that so I you know this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that so I you know this is not a
+picture perfect sketch of it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture perfect sketch of it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture perfect sketch of it but the
+idea here is that there is some region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that there is some region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is that there is some region
+over which in the transverse Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which in the transverse Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over which in the transverse Direction
+perpendicular to your collection volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to your collection volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to your collection volume
+you have a very narrow scale which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very narrow scale which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a very narrow scale which means
+that you can actually collect from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually collect from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can actually collect from a
+very small region on the order of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small region on the order of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small region on the order of 100
+Micron any other questions anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+online okay yeah yes I have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay yeah yes I have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online okay yeah yes I have a question
+about how you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you uh
+split the uh signal to each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the uh signal to each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the uh signal to each of the
+harmonics uh you mean this splitter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics uh you mean this splitter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics uh you mean this splitter here
+physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically
+or yeah is um what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah is um what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or yeah is um what's the
+physical method of splitting it I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical method of splitting it I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical method of splitting it I don't
+know how micro Splitters work but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how micro Splitters work but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how micro Splitters work but there
+is something that you can buy from dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can buy from dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you can buy from dig
+key or something like that that will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or something like that that will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or something like that that will do
+it for you anyone know how micro split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you anyone know how micro split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you anyone know how micro split
+do work looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you the answer I got was RF which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer I got was RF which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer I got was RF which I
+don't think is much more satisfying than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is much more satisfying than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is much more satisfying than
+my answer so yeah there there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer so yeah there there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my answer so yeah there there there are
+there are circuits which will split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are circuits which will split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are circuits which will split
+microwaves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves so
+okay called a rat race but I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay called a rat race but I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay called a rat race but I don't think
+that's for gigahertz have you ever come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for gigahertz have you ever come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for gigahertz have you ever come
+across a rat race you're doing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a rat race you're doing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a rat race you're doing like
+lower things it has like ports which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower things it has like ports which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower things it has like ports which are
+spaced by wavelengths of your microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by wavelengths of your microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced by wavelengths of your microwave
+and then there's constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's constructive
+interference in different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I don't think that's how I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't think that's how I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I don't think that's how I think
+they are literally splitting it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are literally splitting it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are literally splitting it and then
+having separate band passes but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having separate band passes but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having separate band passes but you're
+right you could come up with some clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could come up with some clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you could come up with some clever
+like analog way of doing the splitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like analog way of doing the splitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like analog way of doing the splitting
+what they were actually doing with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were actually doing with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were actually doing with this
+system is all of these were very tunable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is all of these were very tunable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is all of these were very tunable
+and so if they wanted to look at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if they wanted to look at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if they wanted to look at like
+turbulence in the edge or turbulence in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence in the edge or turbulence in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbulence in the edge or turbulence in
+the center they could actually tune all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center they could actually tune all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center they could actually tune all
+their band pass filters to do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their band pass filters to do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their band pass filters to do that but
+this is getting way beyond what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting way beyond what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is getting way beyond what I was
+hoping to talk about in this so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to talk about in this so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping to talk about in this so let's
+get on to correlation EC and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on to correlation EC and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on to correlation EC and see what
+that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you've got these end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you've got these end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you've got these end
+different channels up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and each of those channels is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and each of those channels is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and each of those channels is
+measuring some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring some
+signal and we're going to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and we're going to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and we're going to write this
+little tilt here to remind us that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tilt here to remind us that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tilt here to remind us that this
+signal is some oscillating quantity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is some oscillating quantity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is some oscillating quantity or
+time varying quantity and that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying quantity and that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time varying quantity and that signal
+has two components to it it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two components to it it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two components to it it's got some
+fluctuation which is due to temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation which is due to temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation which is due to temperature
+fluctuation this is the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation this is the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation this is the thing that we
+want to measure and then it's also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure and then it's also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure and then it's also got
+Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some
+Noise this is the thing that we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noise this is the thing that we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noise this is the thing that we don't
+want to measure here and that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure here and that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to measure here and that we are
+making the Assumption here that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the Assumption here that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the Assumption here that our
+noise is much much bigger than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is much much bigger than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is much much bigger than our
+temperature fluctuation signal if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fluctuation signal if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature fluctuation signal if it's
+not the case then you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case then you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the case then you don't have a
+problem and you don't need to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you don't need to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you don't need to do this
+technique but it is the case in most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique but it is the case in most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique but it is the case in most of
+the applications that we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications that we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the applications that we're going to see
+this used for and so this signal as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this used for and so this signal as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this used for and so this signal as a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+time is going to what we want it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to what we want it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is going to what we want it to do
+is look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is look like
+again our temperature signal which might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our temperature signal which might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again our temperature signal which might
+be some nice and smooth function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some nice and smooth function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some nice and smooth function like
+this corresponding to some turbulant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponding to some turbulant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this corresponding to some turbulant
+Eddie but what it actually looks like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddie but what it actually looks like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eddie but what it actually looks like is
+some messy noisy thing which even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some messy noisy thing which even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some messy noisy thing which even with
+some very aggressive filtering is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very aggressive filtering is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very aggressive filtering is still
+going to be extremely noisy instead so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be extremely noisy instead so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be extremely noisy instead so
+what we want to do is find some way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is find some way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to do is find some way of
+extracting this temperature from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting this temperature from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting this temperature from the
+noise here and what we do is we pick two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise here and what we do is we pick two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise here and what we do is we pick two
+adjacent channels so we'll call them S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent channels so we'll call them S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent channels so we'll call them S1
+and S2 these channels are adjacent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S2 these channels are adjacent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S2 these channels are adjacent in
+frequency space which means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space which means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency space which means that they
+are measuring from adjacent Parcels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring from adjacent Parcels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measuring from adjacent Parcels of
+plasma in real space okay or inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma in real space okay or inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma in real space okay or inside the
+toac so again if we have a toat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac so again if we have a toat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toac so again if we have a toat
+cross-section here we have the plasma we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section here we have the plasma we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section here we have the plasma we
+zoom in right at the edge of the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would
+have two volumes very close together but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two volumes very close together but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two volumes very close together but
+not quite touching and these volumes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite touching and these volumes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite touching and these volumes we
+could call one and two like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call one and two like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could call one and two like
+that and what we do is we say we arrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what we do is we say we arrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what we do is we say we arrange
+you know we have some simulation or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have some simulation or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have some simulation or some
+uh prior which tells us that the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prior which tells us that the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh prior which tells us that the size of
+a turbant Eddie the size of one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turbant Eddie the size of one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a turbant Eddie the size of one of these
+swirls is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirls is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swirls is larger
+than the separation between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the separation between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the separation between these two
+points so we say R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turb is greater than Delta R which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turb is greater than Delta R which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turb is greater than Delta R which means
+that if there's a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a temperature
+fluctuation associated with this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation associated with this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation associated with this little
+Vortex it is the same temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vortex it is the same temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vortex it is the same temperature
+fluctuation in S1 as in S2 and again oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation in S1 as in S2 and again oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuation in S1 as in S2 and again oh
+I don't need this to be much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need this to be much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need this to be much greater
+than I just need it to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I just need it to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I just need it to be greater than
+or on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and again these are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and again these are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and again these are really really
+closely spaced 100 microns or so apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced 100 microns or so apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced 100 microns or so apart
+this is really really tiny but the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really really tiny but the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really really tiny but the nice
+thing is now that these two signals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is now that these two signals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is now that these two signals are
+carrying the same component that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying the same component that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying the same component that we're
+trying to measure and this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure and this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure and this is where the
+correlation comes in we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation comes in we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation comes in we are going to
+correlate these two signals and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate these two signals and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate these two signals and we're
+going to find that the noise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that the noise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find that the noise is
+uncorrelated it's random but these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated it's random but these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated it's random but these two
+signals will correlate together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals will correlate together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals will correlate together and
+we'll be able to measure it okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to measure it okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to measure it okay so we
+have just to be clear we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just to be clear we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just to be clear we have
+chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen
+the frequencies Omega 1 and Omega 2 such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies Omega 1 and Omega 2 such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequencies Omega 1 and Omega 2 such
+that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta
+r one two is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+than the length scale associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the length scale associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the length scale associated with
+tance and we can choose these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tance and we can choose these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tance and we can choose these
+frequencies because we have control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies because we have control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies because we have control over
+all of these B pass filters and funky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these B pass filters and funky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these B pass filters and funky
+things like that so you might need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so you might need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so you might need to
+this experiment a few times to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment a few times to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment a few times to get it
+right um but once you get it right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but once you get it right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but once you get it right your
+signal will beep out because what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal will beep out because what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal will beep out because what we
+find is that the temperature uh the well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the temperature uh the well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find is that the temperature uh the well
+we find that the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find that the temperature is
+correlated so if we do S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2 and we do a correlation operation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and we do a correlation operation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 and we do a correlation operation on
+these and there are a few different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and there are a few different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and there are a few different ways
+to do correlations and I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do correlations and I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do correlations and I'm not going to
+go into them but I will give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into them but I will give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into them but I will give you a
+citation in the moment we get out a term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation in the moment we get out a term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation in the moment we get out a term
+here that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like the temperature term squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the temperature term squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the temperature term squared the
+thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we
+want the cross correlation between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the cross correlation between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the cross correlation between the
+two noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two noise
+terms plus two cross terms between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms plus two cross terms between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms plus two cross terms between the
+noise and the temperature signal from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and the temperature signal from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and the temperature signal from
+channel one and the noise and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and the noise and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel one and the noise and the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+signal from channel two and because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from channel two and because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal from channel two and because this
+noise is just random when we do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is just random when we do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise is just random when we do some
+sort of averaging this could be in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of averaging this could be in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of averaging this could be in time
+or best to think of it as like a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or best to think of it as like a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or best to think of it as like a short
+time uh integral then these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh integral then these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh integral then these terms are
+all going to drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll just be left with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just be left with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just be left with a
+correlation signal that is proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation signal that is proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation signal that is proportional
+to the temperature squared here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature squared here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the temperature squared here and
+again I've kind of been a bit hazy about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I've kind of been a bit hazy about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I've kind of been a bit hazy about
+what these angle brackets are doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these angle brackets are doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these angle brackets are doing here
+you could think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could think of
+it as equal to some sort of short time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as equal to some sort of short time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as equal to some sort of short time
+integration of S1 and S2 from T to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of S1 and S2 from T to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of S1 and S2 from T to t
+plus delta T like that that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T like that that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta T like that that would be a
+time correlation but there are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time correlation but there are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time correlation but there are actually
+lots of different ways of doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways of doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of different ways of doing this and
+the citation here for you is a review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citation here for you is a review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the citation here for you is a review
+paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by
+Watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Watts
+207 I don't know if this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+207 I don't know if this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+207 I don't know if this is an example
+of nominative determinism someone called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nominative determinism someone called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nominative determinism someone called
+whats goes around making power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whats goes around making power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whats goes around making power
+measurements there we go um yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements there we go um yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements there we go um yeah and
+this technique is incredibly powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique is incredibly powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique is incredibly powerful
+because it's enabled people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's enabled people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's enabled people to
+measure again Delta te upon te on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure again Delta te upon te on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure again Delta te upon te on the
+order of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 1
+% and they've done this at 13 on azex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+% and they've done this at 13 on azex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+% and they've done this at 13 on azex
+upgrade 13 radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade 13 radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade 13 radial
+locations so 13 positions they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so 13 positions they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations so 13 positions they can
+measure these temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations
+and they've done this with a Time step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've done this with a Time step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've done this with a Time step
+of 100 kilohertz so 100,000 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 kilohertz so 100,000 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 100 kilohertz so 100,000 times a
+second they've been able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they've been able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they've been able to measure
+these temperature fluctuations so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temperature fluctuations so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these temperature fluctuations so on
+very small scales very fast time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small scales very fast time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small scales very fast time scales
+we can measure temperature fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure temperature fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure temperature fluctuations
+in a toac and this is something that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a toac and this is something that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a toac and this is something that has
+kind of revolutionized our understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of revolutionized our understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of revolutionized our understanding
+of turbulence and its importance in toac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turbulence and its importance in toac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turbulence and its importance in toac
+because now we can finally characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we can finally characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we can finally characterize
+it okay that was a lot any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that was a lot any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay that was a lot any questions
+we're g to move on from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're g to move on from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're g to move on from
+EC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+I think the idea is that this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the idea is that this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the idea is that this is so
+noisy that if you try and just that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy that if you try and just that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy that if you try and just that's
+effectively a band pass filter at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a band pass filter at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively a band pass filter at that
+point right your um yeah I I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right your um yeah I I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right your um yeah I I don't think
+you can get this out of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this out of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get this out of an
+autocorrelation but this is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation but this is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation but this is more
+sensitive than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the idea is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the idea is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the idea is that we have
+positioned these two volumes which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned these two volumes which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned these two volumes which are
+producing frequencies Omega 1 and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing frequencies Omega 1 and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing frequencies Omega 1 and Omega
+2 we've chosen Omega one and Omega 2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we've chosen Omega one and Omega 2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we've chosen Omega one and Omega 2 so
+they're very close together and we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close together and we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very close together and we think
+that that distance is smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that distance is smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that distance is smaller than the
+size of our turbulent Eddie and within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our turbulent Eddie and within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our turbulent Eddie and within
+that turbulent Eddie the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turbulent Eddie the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turbulent Eddie the temperature
+should be the same going up and down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same going up and down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same going up and down and
+if you do this correlation and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this correlation and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this correlation and you get
+out nothing that probably means your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out nothing that probably means your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out nothing that probably means your
+volumes are too far apart because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes are too far apart because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes are too far apart because there
+is this T correlation would just go T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T2 and there's no good reason to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and there's no good reason to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and there's no good reason to believe
+those temperature fluctuations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those temperature fluctuations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those temperature fluctuations are
+correlated because they'll be part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated because they'll be part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated because they'll be part of a
+different turbulent Eddy and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different turbulent Eddy and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different turbulent Eddy and so that
+would just go to zero as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the question was like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the question was like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the question was like what
+is the actual spatial range of this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual spatial range of this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual spatial range of this do
+you have like Pairs and then a gap and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like Pairs and then a gap and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like Pairs and then a gap and
+pairs I believe that for this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs I believe that for this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs I believe that for this if I
+remember correctly they literally just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly they literally just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly they literally just
+had 14 channels side by side and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 14 channels side by side and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 14 channels side by side and that
+gave them 13 points of correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them 13 points of correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them 13 points of correlation
+between each adjacent pair and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each adjacent pair and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between each adjacent pair and so they
+were interested in measuring transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in measuring transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were interested in measuring transport
+in the edge right but I believe in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the edge right but I believe in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the edge right but I believe in a
+separate shot you can then tune all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate shot you can then tune all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate shot you can then tune all of
+this slightly differently and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly differently and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slightly differently and move
+slightly further in depending on where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly further in depending on where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly further in depending on where
+you think transport is important but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think transport is important but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think transport is important but if
+you're like looking at transport in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like looking at transport in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're like looking at transport in the
+pedestal region you have some idea where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestal region you have some idea where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedestal region you have some idea where
+that is and so you focus your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and so you focus your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is and so you focus your
+measurements in the pedestal so but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in the pedestal so but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in the pedestal so but yeah
+you're right this is does not get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right this is does not get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right this is does not get you
+like a huge spatial range I it get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a huge spatial range I it get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a huge spatial range I it get you
+about a millimeter but that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a millimeter but that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a millimeter but that might be
+enough for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so the idea here is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the idea here is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so the idea here is that your
+your edies are sort of like there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your edies are sort of like there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your edies are sort of like there are
+you know edies like this or maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know edies like this or maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know edies like this or maybe at
+some other point there is an Edie like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other point there is an Edie like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other point there is an Edie like
+this and so it will depend a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so it will depend a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so it will depend a little bit
+on how you do your um timeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you do your um timeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you do your um timeing
+integration step here so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration step here so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration step here so this is this is
+part of the art of it as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the art of it as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the art of it as far as I
+understand is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that
+um you need to pick pairs because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need to pick pairs because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you need to pick pairs because
+they're the only ones that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the only ones that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the only ones that could
+possibly be close enough to correlate if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be close enough to correlate if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be close enough to correlate if
+you try and pick this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and pick this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try and pick this one and this one
+it will go to zero but as well the eddes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will go to zero but as well the eddes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will go to zero but as well the eddes
+are going to be moving in time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be moving in time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be moving in time so you
+may end up with a situation where at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may end up with a situation where at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may end up with a situation where at
+some point your Eddie has moved across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point your Eddie has moved across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point your Eddie has moved across
+and this these two are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this these two are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this these two are no longer
+correlated uh because they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated uh because they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated uh because they're they're
+next to a correlat so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to a correlat so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to a correlat so it
+yeah I think we're reach limits my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think we're reach limits my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think we're reach limits my
+knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean there's no reason to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean there's no reason to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean there's no reason to believe
+that each of the fluctuations is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of the fluctuations is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each of the fluctuations is the
+same size and there's no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size and there's no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size and there's no reason to
+believe they're stationary in space with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they're stationary in space with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe they're stationary in space with
+with time so this is going to be a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time so this is going to be a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time so this is going to be a time
+evolving system here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving system here yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving system here yeah
+exactly any other questions anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we're going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+brmr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um some people these days just call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some people these days just call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some people these days just call this
+breaking radiation which is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation which is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation which is just the
+translation from the German and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation from the German and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation from the German and that's a
+perfectly reasonable term to use but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable term to use but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly reasonable term to use but if
+you haven't come across brmr as a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't come across brmr as a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't come across brmr as a word
+before that's what it means and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's what it means and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that's what it means and so what
+we're dealing with is heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with is heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with is heavy
+ions and all ions are heavy compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and all ions are heavy compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and all ions are heavy compared to
+electrons and we've got some electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we've got some electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and we've got some electron
+whizzing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whizzing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whizzing by
+as the electron whizzes by it feels a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the electron whizzes by it feels a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the electron whizzes by it feels a
+force of attraction to the ion and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of attraction to the ion and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of attraction to the ion and so it
+is briefly an accelerating charge and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is briefly an accelerating charge and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is briefly an accelerating charge and so
+it is going to emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons as it's deflected from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trajectory now this electron isn't then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory now this electron isn't then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory now this electron isn't then
+just going to sail off and never see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to sail off and never see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to sail off and never see an
+iron again in fact it's going to see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron again in fact it's going to see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron again in fact it's going to see one
+very very soon and so so effectively our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very soon and so so effectively our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very soon and so so effectively our
+entire plasma is full of electrons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire plasma is full of electrons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire plasma is full of electrons which
+are gently being deflected and breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gently being deflected and breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gently being deflected and breaking
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+emitting these photons but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting these photons but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting these photons but the main
+thing we can say in a classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can say in a classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we can say in a classical
+treatment is that the brem stolon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is that the brem stolon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment is that the brem stolon is
+going to be isotropic it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be isotropic it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be isotropic it's going to be
+the same in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every
+direction that's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that's actually quite
+different from electron cyron emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from electron cyron emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from electron cyron emission
+even though we didn't really look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we didn't really look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we didn't really look at the
+anisotropy of that in any detail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropy of that in any detail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anisotropy of that in any detail um
+there are lots of different ways to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of different ways to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of different ways to deal
+with brm stolon to do the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with brm stolon to do the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with brm stolon to do the actual
+calculation remember we we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation remember we we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation remember we we wanted to
+have V and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have V and V
+Dot that was our first thing by solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot that was our first thing by solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dot that was our first thing by solving
+the equation of motion and then we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion and then we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion and then we want
+to integrate over the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate over the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to integrate over the distribution
+function f of V e3v that would give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of V e3v that would give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f of V e3v that would give us
+the emissivity that is the input that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissivity that is the input that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the emissivity that is the input that
+we're looking for here so there's lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for here so there's lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking for here so there's lots
+of different ways of doing this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different ways of doing this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different ways of doing this and
+Hutchinson lists a few of them there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hutchinson lists a few of them there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hutchinson lists a few of them there's a
+purely classical picture that classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely classical picture that classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely classical picture that classical
+picture looks an awful lot like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture looks an awful lot like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture looks an awful lot like what
+I've drawn here with the ions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn here with the ions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've drawn here with the ions and
+electrons with Point particles there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with Point particles there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with Point particles there's a
+semi-classical approach uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical approach uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-classical approach uh where you
+start bringing in some quantum physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start bringing in some quantum physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start bringing in some quantum physics
+and treat I think the electron as a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treat I think the electron as a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treat I think the electron as a wave
+and then there's a full Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach what's remarkable about all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what's remarkable about all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what's remarkable about all of
+these approaches is they all give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches is they all give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approaches is they all give the
+same answer with just a very slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer with just a very slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same answer with just a very slightly
+different coefficient so we get a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficient so we get a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different coefficient so we get a small
+change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+the scalings are the same so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalings are the same so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scalings are the same so in some
+sense although it's important to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense although it's important to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense although it's important to get the
+exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact
+coefficient it doesn't matter exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient it doesn't matter exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient it doesn't matter exactly
+which one of these techniques you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these techniques you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these techniques you use
+and that's why I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why I'm not going to go
+through any of them in class they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any of them in class they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through any of them in class they're
+also I think quite complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I think quite complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also I think quite complicated
+derivations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivations
+so uh we'll talk about it in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll talk about it in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll talk about it in a moment
+but this J has some scaling which is n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this J has some scaling which is n^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this J has some scaling which is n^2
+t^ the half e minus H new upon T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^ the half e minus H new upon T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^ the half e minus H new upon T and
+then there's a load of stuff out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a load of stuff out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a load of stuff out the
+front here and these coefficients change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here and these coefficients change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front here and these coefficients change
+from like one to two so it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like one to two so it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like one to two so it's not really
+a big difference I mean it makes a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference I mean it makes a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big difference I mean it makes a huge
+difference if your design a reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference if your design a reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference if your design a reactor
+right because two you could be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because two you could be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because two you could be a very
+long way off from Break Even but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way off from Break Even but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way off from Break Even but from
+the point of view of this course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of this course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of this course it
+makes yeah I think it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes yeah I think it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes yeah I think it's kind of
+remarkable but doesn't make any so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable but doesn't make any so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable but doesn't make any so again
+if you want the full treatment go have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the full treatment go have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the full treatment go have a
+look in Hinson and there's also a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in Hinson and there's also a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look in Hinson and there's also a long
+treatment in Jackson this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in Jackson this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment in Jackson this same
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+I'm just going to quote some results at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay I'm going to quote a result at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay I'm going to quote a result at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay I'm going to quote a result at
+you I kind of already spoiled it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I kind of already spoiled it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I kind of already spoiled it now
+it's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so the maxwellian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the maxwellian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the maxwellian
+average because again we can have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because again we can have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average because again we can have all
+sorts of different distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of different distribution
+functions but our plasma tends towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but our plasma tends towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions but our plasma tends towards a
+maxwellian so a maxwan averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian so a maxwan averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maxwellian so a maxwan averaged
+ramstrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramstrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramstrong
+emissivity this is equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5.3.4 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.3.4 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.3.4 in
+Hutchinson this looks like 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hutchinson this looks like 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hutchinson this looks like 4
+Pi J newu the emissivity I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi J newu the emissivity I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi J newu the emissivity I'm just
+putting four Pi here because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting four Pi here because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting four Pi here because it's
+isotropic so J is normally in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic so J is normally in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic so J is normally in terms of
+per steradian but because it's isotropic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per steradian but because it's isotropic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per steradian but because it's isotropic
+I can just multiply I can integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just multiply I can integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just multiply I can integrate over
+the solid angle and I'll just get a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid angle and I'll just get a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid angle and I'll just get a four
+Pi here and it won't change J at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi here and it won't change J at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi here and it won't change J at all
+this is NE e n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is NE e n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is NE e n
+i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z
+s tus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s tus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s tus a
+half eus H new upon T and then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half eus H new upon T and then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half eus H new upon T and then there's a
+factor called gar the gaunt factor which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor called gar the gaunt factor which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor called gar the gaunt factor which
+we'll talk about in a moment and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a moment and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a moment and lots of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constants and these constants are things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and these constants are things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and these constants are things
+like e the electron charge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e the electron charge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like e the electron charge and the
+electron mass and Epsilon and H bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mass and Epsilon and H bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron mass and Epsilon and H bar and
+C all arranged in some way make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all arranged in some way make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C all arranged in some way make the
+dimensions work so we not going to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions work so we not going to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions work so we not going to go to
+it in too much detail and this therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in too much detail and this therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in too much detail and this therefore
+has units of whats per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of whats per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has units of whats per
+Hertz per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter
+yeah yeah I should be minus half of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I should be minus half of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I should be minus half of my
+notes that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be so this gaunt Factor here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the bit
+where you can spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can spend a lot of time
+refining your treatment and you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining your treatment and you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining your treatment and you'll get
+different values of the ga factor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of the ga factor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values of the ga factor and
+you'll also find this gaun Factor varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also find this gaun Factor varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also find this gaun Factor varies
+very weakly with the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weakly with the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very weakly with the temperature of the
+plasma here so the ga Factor G bar goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma here so the ga Factor G bar goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma here so the ga Factor G bar goes
+from about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from about
+0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two in a Range where Photon energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a Range where Photon energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in a Range where Photon energy
+compared to the plasma temperature goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the plasma temperature goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the plasma temperature goes
+from 0.1 to I'm not writing this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well but the photon energy compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the photon energy compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but the photon energy compared to
+the plasma temperature goes from 0.1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma temperature goes from 0.1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma temperature goes from 0.1 to
+10 so this is a pretty weakly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so this is a pretty weakly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 so this is a pretty weakly varying
+function we can change by two orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we can change by two orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we can change by two orders of
+magnitudes in this parameter here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes in this parameter here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes in this parameter here but
+this only changes by one order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only changes by one order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only changes by one order of
+magnitude and so in general it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and so in general it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and so in general it's
+reasonable to just treat G as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to just treat G as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to just treat G as being a
+con Conant and then for the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con Conant and then for the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con Conant and then for the sort of
+calculations we're doing where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're doing where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're doing where we're
+going to drop the absolute intensity we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drop the absolute intensity we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to drop the absolute intensity we
+can just drop G with all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just drop G with all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just drop G with all the other
+constants as well so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can but if you want to go back and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but if you want to go back and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can but if you want to go back and do
+this properly for some measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this properly for some measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this properly for some measurement
+you're doing then you'd have to include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing then you'd have to include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing then you'd have to include
+this and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so this
+emissivity as a function of photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy is a very simple function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a very simple function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a very simple function because
+it just decays exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just decays exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just decays exponentially
+with Photon energy so that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Photon energy so that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Photon energy so that is the
+Spectrum coming out of a plasma that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum coming out of a plasma that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum coming out of a plasma that's
+emitting rst radiation here that is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting rst radiation here that is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitting rst radiation here that is all
+you need to do problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do problem set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do problem set
+three any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you need to take the brm stong into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you need to take the brm stong into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you need to take the brm stong into
+the account Al the thing about brm stong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the account Al the thing about brm stong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the account Al the thing about brm stong
+is it's it's always there it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's always there it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's it's always there it is the
+irreducible minimum amount of emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible minimum amount of emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreducible minimum amount of emission
+from your plasma cyclotron emission is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your plasma cyclotron emission is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your plasma cyclotron emission is a
+very specific frequency so although when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific frequency so although when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specific frequency so although when
+we were drawing it before we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were drawing it before we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were drawing it before we sort of
+Drew it over long range inside your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew it over long range inside your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drew it over long range inside your
+plasma the cyron emission might be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the cyron emission might be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma the cyron emission might be just
+at some very narrow window here but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some very narrow window here but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some very narrow window here but this
+is everywhere inside your plasma at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everywhere inside your plasma at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is everywhere inside your plasma at all
+frequencies like a black body kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies like a black body kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies like a black body kind of
+spectrum here that goes down to very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum here that goes down to very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum here that goes down to very low
+frequencies and goes up to very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and goes up to very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and goes up to very high
+frequencies we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies we're going to talk about
+lots of other effects which produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other effects which produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other effects which produce
+emissivity Which is higher than the brem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity Which is higher than the brem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity Which is higher than the brem
+stalon but often when we're doing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalon but often when we're doing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalon but often when we're doing like
+Power Balance calculations for poac we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Balance calculations for poac we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power Balance calculations for poac we
+will just use this and that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just use this and that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just use this and that represents
+our most optimistic take so I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most optimistic take so I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most optimistic take so I guess you
+always need to worry about this even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to worry about this even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always need to worry about this even if
+you manag to clear out all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manag to clear out all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you manag to clear out all the
+impurities you don't have any lines you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities you don't have any lines you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impurities you don't have any lines you
+don't have any electron cyon emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any electron cyon emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any electron cyon emissions
+you don't have any recombination which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any recombination which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any recombination which
+we'll talk about next this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about next this is still
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there it's going to be on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going to be on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's going to be on top of this
+you're G to have this on top of now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're G to have this on top of now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're G to have this on top of now the
+nice thing is over a short frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is over a short frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is over a short frequency
+range this does not change very much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this does not change very much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range this does not change very much so
+if I I'm doing my ECE and I zoom in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I'm doing my ECE and I zoom in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I I'm doing my ECE and I zoom in on
+this region here I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here I'm going to
+have I frequency here this brm stong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I frequency here this brm stong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I frequency here this brm stong is
+going to be basically constant and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be basically constant and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be basically constant and on
+top of that I'd have my ECE lines or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that I'd have my ECE lines or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of that I'd have my ECE lines or in
+reality my black body ECE Spectra or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality my black body ECE Spectra or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality my black body ECE Spectra or
+something like that but this brem stong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but this brem stong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but this brem stong
+may be quite small but even if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be quite small but even if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be quite small but even if it's not
+quite small it is constant because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small it is constant because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite small it is constant because it
+varies only slowly as a function of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies only slowly as a function of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies only slowly as a function of uh
+frequency so for a small frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so for a small frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so for a small frequency
+window it's constant and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window it's constant and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window it's constant and then you can
+just subtract off some like background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just subtract off some like background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just subtract off some like background
+intensity and look at the actual signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and look at the actual signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity and look at the actual signal
+you're interested in like you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh pass yeah I mean it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh pass yeah I mean it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh pass yeah I mean it should
+couple into I mean so the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple into I mean so the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple into I mean so the important
+thing to realize is what mode it couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to realize is what mode it couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to realize is what mode it couples
+in actually depends on where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actually depends on where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actually depends on where you're
+looking from in some sense right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from in some sense right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking from in some sense right so if
+this is being emitted isotropically some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being emitted isotropically some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is being emitted isotropically some
+of it's going along the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's going along the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's going along the magnetic field
+some of it going perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it going perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of it going perpendicular to
+magnetic field if I'm observing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field if I'm observing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field if I'm observing
+perpendicular to magnetic field I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to magnetic field I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to magnetic field I must
+be observing it coming out as Z mode or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observing it coming out as Z mode or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be observing it coming out as Z mode or
+X mode I'm observing it along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X mode I'm observing it along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X mode I'm observing it along the
+magnetic field I see it coming out as R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field I see it coming out as R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field I see it coming out as R
+mode or L mode right or left polarized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode or L mode right or left polarized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode or L mode right or left polarized
+so actually in a way as the Observer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually in a way as the Observer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually in a way as the Observer we
+choose what mode it goes into but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what mode it goes into but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what mode it goes into but this
+emission is isotropic so you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is isotropic so you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission is isotropic so you can imagine
+you have a plasma that emits and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plasma that emits and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a plasma that emits and then
+the wave has to ask itself well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave has to ask itself well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave has to ask itself well what
+sort of wave am I right at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wave am I right at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wave am I right at this point
+well if I'm going perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I'm going perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I'm going perpendicular to the
+magnetic field I'm going to be o mode or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field I'm going to be o mode or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field I'm going to be o mode or
+X mode and in reality there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X mode and in reality there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X mode and in reality there'll be some
+emission in O mode some emission in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission in O mode some emission in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission in O mode some emission in X
+mode and the exact coupling between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and the exact coupling between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and the exact coupling between
+those will be related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those will be related to the
+polarization of the brm stong and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the brm stong and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the brm stong and the
+polarization should be pretty random as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization should be pretty random as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization should be pretty random as
+well so I would guess without thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I would guess without thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I would guess without thinking
+about it very much you get roughly equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very much you get roughly equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very much you get roughly equal
+into both of those and if you're then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both of those and if you're then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into both of those and if you're then if
+your wave that's being emitted along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wave that's being emitted along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wave that's being emitted along the
+magnetic field You' be rough equal into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field You' be rough equal into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field You' be rough equal into
+the r and the L but I haven't thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r and the L but I haven't thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r and the L but I haven't thought
+about that too much yeah and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too much yeah and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that too much yeah and then you
+know there will be differences in speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there will be differences in speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there will be differences in speed
+of propagation things like that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation things like that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation things like that but the
+brong is being constantly produced so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brong is being constantly produced so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brong is being constantly produced so
+you probably won't be able to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't be able to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably won't be able to notice
+that very yeah good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very yeah good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very yeah good
+question okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+sorry if it's optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if it's optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if it's optically
+thick right so yeah we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick right so yeah we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick right so yeah we haven't really
+talked about that so from this J you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that so from this J you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that so from this J you can
+now calculate Alpha the opacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because we had J upon Alpha is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we had J upon Alpha is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we had J upon Alpha is
+equal to um mu^ 2 upon c^2 T that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to um mu^ 2 upon c^2 T that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to um mu^ 2 upon c^2 T that was
+K's law here the parable J okay so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's law here the parable J okay so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K's law here the parable J okay so I can
+now calculate calculate Alpha and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now calculate calculate Alpha and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now calculate calculate Alpha and I
+might look at this and I might go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look at this and I might go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look at this and I might go
+interesting Alpha is actually quite High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Alpha is actually quite High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Alpha is actually quite High
+Bel low frequencies and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bel low frequencies and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bel low frequencies and so that means
+for any reasonable distance of plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any reasonable distance of plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any reasonable distance of plasma
+that I'm looking through that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking through that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm looking through that will be
+absorbed and it will become black body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and it will become black body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed and it will become black body
+and so in reality for some plasma we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in reality for some plasma we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in reality for some plasma we
+might have a Spectra that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a Spectra that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a Spectra that looks like
+this where in this region here to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where in this region here to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this where in this region here to is
+greater than one and in this region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and in this region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one and in this region here
+to is less than one or much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is less than one or much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to is less than one or much less than
+one so it goes back to being optically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it goes back to being optically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so it goes back to being optically
+thin here for the high energy photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin here for the high energy photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin here for the high energy photons
+but the low energy photons will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the low energy photons will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the low energy photons will get
+absorbed as well there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed as well there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed as well there's actually
+another effect which is in hutson's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another effect which is in hutson's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another effect which is in hutson's book
+which I haven't covered here which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't covered here which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I haven't covered here which is of
+course there is no m in a plasma which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is no m in a plasma which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is no m in a plasma which
+propagates below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates below
+the plasma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma
+frequency and so the Spectra will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so the Spectra will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and so the Spectra will be
+even further modified because that wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further modified because that wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further modified because that wave
+will be essent but we skipping over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be essent but we skipping over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be essent but we skipping over that
+this year but it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah we're not going to look at synr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not going to look at synr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not going to look at synr
+yes think ah we had oh Sean's not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes think ah we had oh Sean's not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes think ah we had oh Sean's not here
+this time Sean asked me that a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time Sean asked me that a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time Sean asked me that a couple
+classes ago I said I didn't know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes ago I said I didn't know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes ago I said I didn't know and
+then he came and told me next so cyron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he came and told me next so cyron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he came and told me next so cyron
+is when the particles are spiring around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the particles are spiring around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the particles are spiring around
+the magnetic field singatron is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field singatron is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field singatron is when the
+particles are following the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are following the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles are following the magnetic
+field in a curve so there two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a curve so there two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in a curve so there two types of
+magnetic field doing acceleration but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field doing acceleration but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field doing acceleration but
+they are distinct ways of producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are distinct ways of producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are distinct ways of producing
+light yeah I I think someone told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah I I think someone told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah I I think someone told me
+that maybe for a Highfield toat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe for a Highfield toat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe for a Highfield toat
+singatron could start being significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singatron could start being significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singatron could start being significant
+but but I actually have no idea how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I actually have no idea how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but I actually have no idea how big
+a deal it is and I don't know if people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal it is and I don't know if people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deal it is and I don't know if people
+are using it as a diagnostic I've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using it as a diagnostic I've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using it as a diagnostic I've not
+heard of someone using but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of someone using but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of someone using but you know
+syron light is used as a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syron light is used as a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syron light is used as a source of
+x-rays diagnosing many other things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays diagnosing many other things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays diagnosing many other things it's
+interesting its own right but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting its own right but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting its own right but I don't
+know whether people use the syncron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether people use the syncron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether people use the syncron
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+from a high field toac if we've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a high field toac if we've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a high field toac if we've ever
+built one high enough it be a problem as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built one high enough it be a problem as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built one high enough it be a problem as
+a diagnostic of something and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnostic of something and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diagnostic of something and I don't
+know it be a diagnostic of because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it be a diagnostic of because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it be a diagnostic of because I
+think it depends mostly on the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it depends mostly on the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it depends mostly on the magnetic
+field and the radius and those are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the radius and those are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the radius and those are two
+things in to talk about you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in to talk about you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in to talk about you already know
+you probably but maybe there's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably but maybe there's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably but maybe there's a really
+clever diagnostic you can do like Fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever diagnostic you can do like Fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever diagnostic you can do like Fast
+particles or something like that um weth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or something like that um weth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles or something like that um weth
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+about right but I'm not interested in C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right but I'm not interested in C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right but I'm not interested in C
+drive this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions online while we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pause okay so this is ramstrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause okay so this is ramstrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause okay so this is ramstrong
+radiation and often people call this fre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+free and the idea here the fre fre is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and the idea here the fre fre is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and the idea here the fre fre is
+that your particle starts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your particle starts off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your particle starts off
+three and it ends up three so it hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it ends up three so it hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and it ends up three so it hasn't
+changed this is in contrast to some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this is in contrast to some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed this is in contrast to some of
+the other we be dealing with like Bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we be dealing with like Bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other we be dealing with like Bound
+free free bound B bound you get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free free bound B bound you get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free free bound B bound you get the idea
+electron cyron is of course also free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cyron is of course also free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cyron is of course also free
+free um so there are multiple types that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free um so there are multiple types that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free um so there are multiple types that
+people often just call brownst fre free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often just call brownst fre free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often just call brownst fre free
+radiation now we're going to do free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation now we're going to do free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation now we're going to do free
+bound radiation or recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+freeb so our particle is going along our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeb so our particle is going along our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeb so our particle is going along our
+electron pass this ion here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pass this ion here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron pass this ion here and this
+particle is going along it's got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is going along it's got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle is going along it's got some
+velocity to start with and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity to start with and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity to start with and it's
+admitting let's say a single Photon of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting let's say a single Photon of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting let's say a single Photon of
+energy H new like that that entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy H new like that that entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy H new like that that entire
+acceleration yields one Photon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration yields one Photon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration yields one Photon one
+energy and so initially we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so initially we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so initially we have a
+kinetic energy a half m v^ 2 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy a half m v^ 2 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy a half m v^ 2 then
+afterwards we're going to have an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards we're going to have an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards we're going to have an energy
+a half m v Prime squ minus H new so e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half m v Prime squ minus H new so e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half m v Prime squ minus H new so e
+that e Prime that where this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e Prime that where this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that e Prime that where this is the
+energy here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here this is the
+energy here particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here particle
+going V Prime okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going V Prime okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going V Prime okay
+now if H new is less than the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if H new is less than the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if H new is less than the initial
+kinetic energy here then we still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy here then we still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy here then we still have
+some kinetic energy left so V Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinetic energy left so V Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kinetic energy left so V Prime is
+greater than zero our particle is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero our particle is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero our particle is still
+free and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+that's the case we just considered RR of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case we just considered RR of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the case we just considered RR of
+course there's another case where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's another case where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's another case where this
+Photon takes away so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy that you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that you know this
+starts guess it becomes imaginary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts guess it becomes imaginary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts guess it becomes imaginary so
+it's sort of pointless to continue at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of pointless to continue at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of pointless to continue at
+this point but it's clear that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point but it's clear that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point but it's clear that the uh
+electron no longer has any kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron no longer has any kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron no longer has any kinetic
+energy and indeed it's going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and indeed it's going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and indeed it's going to have to
+pay back any debt it has in some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back any debt it has in some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay back any debt it has in some other
+way and it's going to do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and it's going to do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and it's going to do that by
+becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming
+bound and it can do that because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and it can do that because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and it can do that because we're
+going to switch to a slightly Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch to a slightly Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch to a slightly Quantum
+model of the atom though to be honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the atom though to be honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of the atom though to be honest
+the ball model works for this as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball model works for this as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball model works for this as well um
+where we have a range of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a range of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a range of different
+discrete energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete energy
+levels that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels that the
+electrons can occupy so these energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can occupy so these energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can occupy so these energy
+levels are labeled by the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are labeled by the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are labeled by the principal
+quantum number n and equals one 2 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number n and equals one 2 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number n and equals one 2 three
+four and so on and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so on and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and so on and up
+here Infinity this is ionization if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Infinity this is ionization if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Infinity this is ionization if your
+electron gets this much energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gets this much energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gets this much energy it
+becomes free again and the energies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes free again and the energies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes free again and the energies of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels are given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are given
+by this unit R Y which is the ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this unit R Y which is the ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this unit R Y which is the ridberg
+z s of our iron over N2 just to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z s of our iron over N2 just to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z s of our iron over N2 just to be clear
+here n is this PR principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n is this PR principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n is this PR principal quantum
+number that is not the density anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that is not the density anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that is not the density anymore
+we're dealing still with a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing still with a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing still with a sort of
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+atom picture one electron one ion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom picture one electron one ion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom picture one electron one ion the
+ion has a charge Z here anyone remind me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion has a charge Z here anyone remind me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion has a charge Z here anyone remind me
+what a ridberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a ridberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a ridberg
+is what it value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is okay 13.6 electron volts good number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay 13.6 electron volts good number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay 13.6 electron volts good number
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know so that's the ionization potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's the ionization potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's the ionization potential
+of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that means that when we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that when we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means that when we have an
+electron coming in that's initially up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron coming in that's initially up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron coming in that's initially up
+here if it wants to become a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if it wants to become a bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if it wants to become a bound
+electron it has to drop down to one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it has to drop down to one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it has to drop down to one of
+these energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels and these energy levels only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and these energy levels only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and these energy levels only have
+discrete values and so what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete values and so what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete values and so what we're going
+to see in our spectrum is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in our spectrum is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see in our spectrum is that this is
+only allowed if the electron energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allowed if the electron energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only allowed if the electron energy for
+this uh equation which involves these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh equation which involves these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh equation which involves these
+discrete energy levels and that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete energy levels and that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete energy levels and that equation
+is going to be the photon that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the photon that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the photon that is
+emitted and that's the thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and that's the thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted and that's the thing that we're
+going to see with our spectrometer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see with our spectrometer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see with our spectrometer is
+going to be equal to a half mv^ 2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to a half mv^ 2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to a half mv^ 2 plus
+z^ 2 upon n^2 times the rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^ 2 upon n^2 times the rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^ 2 upon n^2 times the rid
+book we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out different photons now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out different photons now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out different photons now of
+course these are not going to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are not going to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course these are not going to be at
+completely discrete lines because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely discrete lines because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely discrete lines because it's
+going to be broadened by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be broadened by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be broadened by our
+distribution function there's a range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function there's a range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function there's a range of
+different electron velocities available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electron velocities available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different electron velocities available
+so each of these photons has some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these photons has some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of these photons has some sort
+of variance around it it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variance around it it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variance around it it's going to be
+some value which is strictly greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value which is strictly greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some value which is strictly greater
+than the redberg uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the redberg uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the redberg uh
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+okay so what does this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like we integrate over a maxwellian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we integrate over a maxwellian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we integrate over a maxwellian
+so again this is Max Willian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+averaged we get out two terms here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged we get out two terms here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged we get out two terms here so we
+have do I want to say two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do I want to say two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have do I want to say two
+terms no I'm going to write it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms no I'm going to write it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms no I'm going to write it as the
+emissivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+per principal quantum number n so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per principal quantum number n so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per principal quantum number n so the
+emissivity per each of these disc levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity per each of these disc levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity per each of these disc levels
+and then we can sum them all up in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can sum them all up in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can sum them all up in order
+to get the PIV Spectrum so that just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the PIV Spectrum so that just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the PIV Spectrum so that just has
+us familiar REM strol type coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us familiar REM strol type coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us familiar REM strol type coefficients
+electron density time ion density time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density time ion density time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron density time ion density time
+z^ 2 e to the half eus H new upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^ 2 e to the half eus H new upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^ 2 e to the half eus H new upon
+T times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the
+constant but now we have an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but now we have an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but now we have an additional
+term which is a new gaunt factor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is a new gaunt factor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which is a new gaunt factor for
+level n but don't worry these gaunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level n but don't worry these gaunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level n but don't worry these gaunt
+factors are all about one again so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are all about one again so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors are all about one again so it
+doesn't matter that much and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that much and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that much and then we
+have a term z^ 2 upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a term z^ 2 upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a term z^ 2 upon
+T rigberg Energy two upon n cubed so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T rigberg Energy two upon n cubed so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T rigberg Energy two upon n cubed so the
+strength of this emission drops very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of this emission drops very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of this emission drops very
+fast with n so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast with n so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast with n so it's going to be
+strongest for n equals one and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest for n equals one and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest for n equals one and less
+strong for the uh higher principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong for the uh higher principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong for the uh higher principal
+quantum numbers here and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers here and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers here and then there's
+going to be a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a factor of
+exponential z^ 2 upon n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential z^ 2 upon n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential z^ 2 upon n
+squ rber energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ rber energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ rber energy
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+C like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C like
+that you're wondering where the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're wondering where the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're wondering where the energies
+are canceling out here the ridberg is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are canceling out here the ridberg is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are canceling out here the ridberg is in
+electron volts and we're putting T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts and we're putting T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron volts and we're putting T in
+energy unit so that mean electron volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy unit so that mean electron volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy unit so that mean electron volts
+as well these all cancel out quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well these all cancel out quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well these all cancel out quite
+nicely here you end up something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely here you end up something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely here you end up something that
+looks a lot like the brem stong but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like the brem stong but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a lot like the brem stong but with
+an additional emissivity for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional emissivity for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional emissivity for each of
+these principal quantum numbers and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principal quantum numbers and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these principal quantum numbers and then
+to get the total j you have J br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the total j you have J br
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the total j you have J br
+M plus the sum n of JN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus the sum n of JN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M plus the sum n of JN
+here and the Spectrum therefore looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like we had something like this for brm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had something like this for brm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we had something like this for brm
+strong before and now we have a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong before and now we have a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong before and now we have a spectrum
+that contains a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contains a series
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges like this and this lowest edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges like this and this lowest edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges like this and this lowest edge
+here which should draw this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which should draw this as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which should draw this as a
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line This is n equals 1 2 3 four and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line This is n equals 1 2 3 four and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line This is n equals 1 2 3 four and all
+the way back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here where again this is our brm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result and this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recombination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination
+um Professor yeah so if the uh photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor yeah so if the uh photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Professor yeah so if the uh photons
+released are greater than the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released are greater than the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released are greater than the kinetic
+energy but it's not um equivalent to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's not um equivalent to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but it's not um equivalent to one
+of the discret energy levels what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discret energy levels what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the discret energy levels what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+then does it just not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bound sorry could you rephrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound sorry could you rephrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound sorry could you rephrase
+that uh yeah so earlier you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh yeah so earlier you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh yeah so earlier you mentioned
+that um it needed to be equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it needed to be equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it needed to be equivalent to
+one of the discrete energy levels uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the discrete energy levels uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the discrete energy levels uh it
+has to fulfill this equation here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fulfill this equation here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to fulfill this equation here where
+the photon that's admitted is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon that's admitted is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon that's admitted is going to
+have an energy equal to the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy equal to the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an energy equal to the initial
+kinetic energy and the you know plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and the you know plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and the you know plus the
+energy that the photon gains by virtue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the photon gains by virtue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that the photon gains by virtue
+of the electron occupying one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron occupying one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron occupying one of these
+energy levels so if you're asking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels so if you're asking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels so if you're asking like
+what happens if you can't fulfill that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you can't fulfill that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you can't fulfill that
+it just doesn't happen Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't happen Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just doesn't happen Quantum
+mechanically that would be a forbidden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically that would be a forbidden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically that would be a forbidden
+transition oh I see so it either becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition oh I see so it either becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition oh I see so it either becomes
+it either doesn't recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either doesn't recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either doesn't recombine
+if it doesn't have that and it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't have that and it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't have that and it's still
+free and the let just BR St radiation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and the let just BR St radiation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and the let just BR St radiation or
+it does recombine at these certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does recombine at these certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does recombine at these certain
+locations yeah so you could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I feel like for every electron there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I feel like for every electron there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I feel like for every electron there
+should be at some velocity V there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at some velocity V there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at some velocity V there
+should be some uh wavelength that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some uh wavelength that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be some uh wavelength that it can
+emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+I mean this this is a spectrum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this this is a spectrum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this this is a spectrum of
+solutions it's not a discrete number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions it's not a discrete number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions it's not a discrete number of
+solutions if I put in some velocity V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions if I put in some velocity V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions if I put in some velocity V
+and I occupy some principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I occupy some principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I occupy some principal quantum
+number n then I will get out of photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n then I will get out of photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number n then I will get out of photon
+here there's no forbidden solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's no forbidden solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's no forbidden solution for
+this I think what's being reflected here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think what's being reflected here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I think what's being reflected here
+was these sharp edges is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was these sharp edges is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was these sharp edges is these
+corresponds the sharp edge here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds the sharp edge here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds the sharp edge here
+corresponds to V equals z and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to V equals z and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to V equals z and this
+corresponds to V greater than zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to V greater than zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to V greater than zero and
+if you get up to a point where your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get up to a point where your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get up to a point where your
+energy is so high that you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is so high that you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is so high that you can then
+access the next level then that becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the next level then that becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the next level then that becomes
+very favorable and in fact there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very favorable and in fact there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very favorable and in fact there are
+some you know these ones down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know these ones down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know these ones down
+here it might continue from the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it might continue from the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it might continue from the two
+level or it might start occupying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or it might start occupying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or it might start occupying this
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead yeah I think I understand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead yeah I think I understand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead yeah I think I understand so
+it's I was just wondering because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I was just wondering because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I was just wondering because it's
+not the condition that there are photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the condition that there are photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the condition that there are photons
+that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are
+released uh with greater than uh 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released uh with greater than uh 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released uh with greater than uh 1 half
+MV squ the kinetic energy it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV squ the kinetic energy it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV squ the kinetic energy it has to be
+either it's not released with great than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's not released with great than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's not released with great than
+if the if the photon energy that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the photon energy that's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the photon energy that's yeah
+we kind of maybe we're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of maybe we're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of maybe we're doing this
+backwards right in some sense if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards right in some sense if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards right in some sense if you see
+a photon energy with less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon energy with less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon energy with less than the
+kinetic energy of an electron then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of an electron then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of an electron then that
+Photon will have been emitted and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon will have been emitted and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon will have been emitted and the
+the electron will remain free you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron will remain free you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron will remain free you see a
+photon energy how you would know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy how you would know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy how you would know what
+the velocity of your electron is I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of your electron is I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of your electron is I don't
+know um but if you in this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um but if you in this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um but if you in this single
+particle picture if you had all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle picture if you had all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle picture if you had all the
+information if you see a photon that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if you see a photon that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if you see a photon that's
+released with less than a half MP squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released with less than a half MP squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released with less than a half MP squ
+then the electron still has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the electron still has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the electron still has some
+residual kinetic energy left and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual kinetic energy left and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual kinetic energy left and so
+therefore it must be free but if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must be free but if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore it must be free but if you see
+a photon being emitted with more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon being emitted with more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon being emitted with more than a
+half MB squ then the electron has you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half MB squ then the electron has you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half MB squ then the electron has you
+know over emitted and the only way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over emitted and the only way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over emitted and the only way it
+could have done that is if it fell down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that is if it fell down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have done that is if it fell down
+into one of these princip oh I see okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these princip oh I see okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one of these princip oh I see okay
+we just did it in reverse I I yeah I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did it in reverse I I yeah I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did it in reverse I I yeah I I
+think maybe I motivated this the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe I motivated this the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe I motivated this the wrong
+way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way around
+yeah okay other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes exactly so this long tail here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes exactly so this long tail here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes exactly so this long tail here
+is due to the fact that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to the fact that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to the fact that we have
+electrons not just with b equals z but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons not just with b equals z but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons not just with b equals z but
+much more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question now are they actually sharp or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now are they actually sharp or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now are they actually sharp or
+is it that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that we
+want F of distribution of v s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want F of distribution of v s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want F of distribution of v s the
+distribution of v s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that so perhaps these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so perhaps these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so perhaps these are
+actually like this I have to admit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like this I have to admit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually like this I have to admit in
+the book it's drawn as very sharp line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book it's drawn as very sharp line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book it's drawn as very sharp line
+but maybe my eyesight is failing me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe my eyesight is failing me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe my eyesight is failing me and
+I should look more closely I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should look more closely I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should look more closely I'll have a
+look into that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's Quantum it's worse than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's Quantum it's worse than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's Quantum it's worse than that
+right there's there's a probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's there's a probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's there's a probability that
+this process happens and that is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process happens and that is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process happens and that is related
+to the overlap in the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the overlap in the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the overlap in the wave function
+between the wave function the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wave function the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the wave function the free
+electron like a Plaine wave and the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron like a Plaine wave and the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron like a Plaine wave and the wave
+function of a bound electron there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bound electron there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a bound electron there so
+the probability of that happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of that happening is
+related to the overlap inte between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the overlap inte between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the overlap inte between
+those with a dipole operator the dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with a dipole operator the dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those with a dipole operator the dipole
+operator being the thing that emits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator being the thing that emits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator being the thing that emits the
+photon in between them so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in between them so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in between them so you could
+write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it
+as by Prime dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator like that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator like that that's the
+probability of this thing occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean this is where again our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean this is where again our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean this is where again our
+Quantum picture and our classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum picture and our classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum picture and our classical
+picture are irreconcilable because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture are irreconcilable because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture are irreconcilable because we're
+treating the electron as like a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating the electron as like a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating the electron as like a plane
+wave delocalized over the entire volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave delocalized over the entire volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave delocalized over the entire volume
+so yeah this is you can't really even in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this is you can't really even in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah this is you can't really even in
+a single particle picture this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single particle picture this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single particle picture this this
+drawing is not reconcilable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qu yeah depends on the um ionic the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu yeah depends on the um ionic the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qu yeah depends on the um ionic the ion
+charge so if you've got like some helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so if you've got like some helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so if you've got like some helium
+with two times ionized helium and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two times ionized helium and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two times ionized helium and you
+got some hydrogen then it will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some hydrogen then it will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got some hydrogen then it will have
+different recombination lines here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different recombination lines here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different recombination lines here and
+that's because fundamentally the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because fundamentally the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because fundamentally the energy
+levels are in different places inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are in different places inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels are in different places inside
+here and the energy levels shift by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the energy levels shift by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the energy levels shift by the
+ion charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any other
+questions we'll go on to some ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we'll go on to some ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we'll go on to some ways of
+actually making some use out of all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making some use out of all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making some use out of all this
+stuff in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah presuma a later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and out
+of we'll get to that a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we'll get to that a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we'll get to that a very good
+question we're gonna get to that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're gonna get to that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're gonna get to that and the
+idea of detailed balance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of detailed balance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of detailed balance and
+thermodynamic equilibrium and things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic equilibrium and things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamic equilibrium and things of
+that ill yeah I'm not going to not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ill yeah I'm not going to not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ill yeah I'm not going to not going
+to skip ahead but yeah we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip ahead but yeah we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to skip ahead but yeah we have a a
+section where we talk about all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where we talk about all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section where we talk about all these
+inverse process but these are like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse process but these are like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse process but these are like the
+two simplest ones free free and free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two simplest ones free free and free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two simplest ones free free and free
+bound um that I wanted to discuss before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound um that I wanted to discuss before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound um that I wanted to discuss before
+we did some diagnostic but yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did some diagnostic but yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did some diagnostic but yeah you're
+right there are inverse processes to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are inverse processes to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are inverse processes to all
+of these that will affect the Spectra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these that will affect the Spectra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these that will affect the Spectra
+that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you
+get okay any other questions let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+so one use of this is a diagnostic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one use of this is a diagnostic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one use of this is a diagnostic
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bolometry in fact bolometry is in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolometry in fact bolometry is in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolometry in fact bolometry is in some
+sense a very simple diagnostic it cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a very simple diagnostic it cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a very simple diagnostic it cares
+not at all about the detailed spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all about the detailed spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all about the detailed spectrum
+of what uh the emission is it just wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh the emission is it just wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh the emission is it just wants
+to know how much power is being radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much power is being radiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much power is being radiated
+by the plasma so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bolometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to motivate this let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to motivate this let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to motivate this let's go back to
+our Zer Power Balance from a fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Zer Power Balance from a fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Zer Power Balance from a fusion
+plasma where we have Alpha heating we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma where we have Alpha heating we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma where we have Alpha heating we
+have some external Heating and in steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some external Heating and in steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some external Heating and in steady
+state this is balanced by conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this is balanced by conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this is balanced by conduction
+losses and what we at the time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and what we at the time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and what we at the time we
+assumed were brring losses but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed were brring losses but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed were brring losses but in
+general could be any sort of radiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general could be any sort of radiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general could be any sort of radiative
+losses here so I'll write this as s rad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses here so I'll write this as s rad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses here so I'll write this as s rad
+here and so bolometry is focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so bolometry is focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so bolometry is focused on
+measuring the total power that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the total power that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the total power that's being
+emitted and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is going to be the
+integral d new of J of new so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral d new of J of new so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral d new of J of new so we take
+our beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Spectrum like this and we integrate over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum like this and we integrate over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum like this and we integrate over
+all of this we lose all of this detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this we lose all of this detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this we lose all of this detail
+but of course the detail matters when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course the detail matters when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course the detail matters when
+we're doing the integral because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the integral because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing the integral because you can
+see the recombination increases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the recombination increases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the recombination increases the
+amount of emission above that Baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of emission above that Baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of emission above that Baseline
+brm St value so there'll be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brm St value so there'll be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brm St value so there'll be more
+emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission
+here and the reason of course we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the reason of course we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the reason of course we want to
+measure this is we want to know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this is we want to know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this is we want to know how much
+power our plasma is losing by radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power our plasma is losing by radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power our plasma is losing by radiation
+um that's a quantity that in general we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a quantity that in general we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a quantity that in general we
+want to minimize maybe we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize maybe we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to minimize maybe we want to know
+where it's losing that power uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's losing that power uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's losing that power uh and so
+we can say okay well that P of plasma is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say okay well that P of plasma is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say okay well that P of plasma is
+clearly radiating too much what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly radiating too much what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly radiating too much what can we
+do about it so this is what bolometry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it so this is what bolometry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about it so this is what bolometry is
+trying to measure and a really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure and a really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to measure and a really simple
+way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do
+bolometry is we have some radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolometry is we have some radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bolometry is we have some radio
+coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the
+plasma we'll call it P rad here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma we'll call it P rad here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma we'll call it P rad here because
+it's an integral over srad over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integral over srad over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an integral over srad over the
+distance of the plasma here whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the plasma here whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the plasma here whatever
+it's going to have different units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have different units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have different units and
+we have a little sensor sitting at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little sensor sitting at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little sensor sitting at the
+wall of our vacuum vessel and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of our vacuum vessel and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall of our vacuum vessel and that
+sensor is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is just a
+resistor and we'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and we'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and we'll call this
+resistor M it has a resistance m and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor M it has a resistance m and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor M it has a resistance m and
+that resistance m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistance m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resistance m is a
+function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature
+here and we apply some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we apply some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we apply some
+voltage v0 over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage v0 over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage v0 over this
+resistor and we also put another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and we also put another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and we also put another
+resistor that is shielded from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor that is shielded from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor that is shielded from the
+plasma that we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma that we call
+R and we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage over this resistor r effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage over this resistor r effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage over this resistor r effectively
+what we're trying to do is measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do is measure this
+Vol this uh resistance M of T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol this uh resistance M of T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vol this uh resistance M of T right
+we'll choose R to be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll choose R to be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll choose R to be less than or
+roughly equal to M so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to M so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly equal to M so it doesn't
+dominate this measurement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate this measurement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate this measurement and the
+voltage that we measure the r is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we measure the r is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage that we measure the r is equal
+to whatever voltage we used across all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever voltage we used across all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever voltage we used across all
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+system r divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m so by measuring this voltage VR by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so by measuring this voltage VR by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m so by measuring this voltage VR by
+knowing the voltage v0 by knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the voltage v0 by knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the voltage v0 by knowing the
+reference resistor R we can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference resistor R we can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference resistor R we can measure the
+voltage n this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage n this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage n this is a very simple
+resistive divider just drawn in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive divider just drawn in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistive divider just drawn in a
+complicated way and the reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way and the reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated way and the reason why this
+is interesting is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting is that in
+general m is going to change with t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general m is going to change with t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general m is going to change with t
+right we're going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to have some
+resistivity as a function of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity as a function of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity as a function of temperature
+and so as this resistor heats up from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as this resistor heats up from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as this resistor heats up from
+absorbing the radiation its resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing the radiation its resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing the radiation its resistance
+is is going to change and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to change and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is going to change and so we can
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah oh have I broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh have I broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah oh have I broken
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you it was W in my notes and I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it was W in my notes and I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it was W in my notes and I decided
+to innovate it's a terrible mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate it's a terrible mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate it's a terrible mistake
+never do that thank you right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do that thank you right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never do that thank you right that's
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+good so it's a voltage divider we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it's a voltage divider we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it's a voltage divider we're
+dividing v0 between M and R and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing v0 between M and R and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing v0 between M and R and we're
+measuring the voltage across R which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the voltage across R which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the voltage across R which
+then of course tells us the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course tells us the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course tells us the voltage
+across M which then tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across M which then tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across M which then tells us what
+resistance M has here so if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance M has here so if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance M has here so if we're
+measuring the resistance M we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the resistance M we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the resistance M we can then
+use some table of row of T to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some table of row of T to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some table of row of T to get out
+the temperature and from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature and from that
+temperature we can make an estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we can make an estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature we can make an estimate of
+the radiation power incident upon it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation power incident upon it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation power incident upon it and
+we'll talk a little bit more about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit more about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk a little bit more about how
+to do that in the next step um but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in the next step um but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that in the next step um but this
+effectively serves as a very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively serves as a very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively serves as a very very simple
+system and you can be digitizing this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can be digitizing this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can be digitizing this as
+a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time and so this is also a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so this is also a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so this is also a function of
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and
+temperature and so we can get out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so we can get out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so we can get out some
+graph of our Fusion reactors radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of our Fusion reactors radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of our Fusion reactors radiation
+power as a function of time like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as a function of time like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power as a function of time like this
+just by looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by looking for
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to introduce this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to introduce this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to introduce this equation
+yet okay I'm going to do this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay I'm going to do this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet okay I'm going to do this but I
+might regret it um so the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might regret it um so the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might regret it um so the way that you
+link these back to each other is you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link these back to each other is you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link these back to each other is you say
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+some radiation power incident on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some radiation power incident on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some radiation power incident on my
+resistor I'll make it explicitly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor I'll make it explicitly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor I'll make it explicitly a
+function of time that's going to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time that's going to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time that's going to cause
+some change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some change in
+temperature with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with
+time and all of this is times some heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacity and in general this resistor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and in general this resistor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity and in general this resistor is
+going to be connected uh it has its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be connected uh it has its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be connected uh it has its own
+heat capacity C but it's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity C but it's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat capacity C but it's also going to
+be connected to some heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sink which is unavoidable even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink which is unavoidable even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink which is unavoidable even if you
+don't connect it to a heat sink it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't connect it to a heat sink it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't connect it to a heat sink it'll be
+connected to a heat sink through these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a heat sink through these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to a heat sink through these
+wires and that heat sink will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and that heat sink will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and that heat sink will have some
+thermal transport time to there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal transport time to there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal transport time to there's
+actually a second term here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a second term here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a second term here which is
+Delta Delta T upon T like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Delta T upon T like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Delta T upon T like
+that there's two different ways that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's two different ways that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's two different ways that the
+radiation can affect this and so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation can affect this and so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation can affect this and so by
+measuring delta T up here change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring delta T up here change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring delta T up here change in
+temperature in our resistance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in our resistance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in our resistance from the
+change in resistance we can invert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in resistance we can invert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in resistance we can invert this
+equation and we can back out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we can back out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we can back out the
+radiation P but this is just a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation P but this is just a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation P but this is just a really
+simple way of using a resistor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of using a resistor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way of using a resistor to
+measure the power coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the power coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the power coming out of the
+plasma biometry was one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma biometry was one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma biometry was one of the first
+Diagnostics we had on many mcf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics we had on many mcf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diagnostics we had on many mcf
+devices okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+PO I'll talk about that in a moment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO I'll talk about that in a moment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PO I'll talk about that in a moment I
+worked on the Bomer the E so neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the Bomer the E so neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on the Bomer the E so neutrons
+would the ban of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+life now this itself is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life now this itself is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life now this itself is a very
+simplistic system and it does not work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic system and it does not work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic system and it does not work
+because it is very susceptible to noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is very susceptible to noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is very susceptible to noise
+so we have to as always come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to as always come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to as always come up with a
+clever system which is noise resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever system which is noise resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever system which is noise resistance
+and I think I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gonna get myself another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get myself another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get myself another
+board what time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we do in to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do in to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do in to make this
+measurement more precise is first we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement more precise is first we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement more precise is first we do
+two things first of all we do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things first of all we do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things first of all we do something
+called a wheat Stone Bridge which many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a wheat Stone Bridge which many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a wheat Stone Bridge which many
+of you have come across before a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have come across before a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you have come across before a
+wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors
+so there's a resistor here another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a resistor here another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a resistor here another
+resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+here a resistor here and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a resistor here and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a resistor here and another
+resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor
+here and we connect these resistors up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we connect these resistors up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we connect these resistors up
+and the clever thing in a Bomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the clever thing in a Bomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the clever thing in a Bomer
+is we allow two of the resistors to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we allow two of the resistors to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we allow two of the resistors to see
+the plasma and these are the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma and these are the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma and these are the ones we
+call the measurement resistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the measurement resistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the measurement resistors
+M1 and M2 so you can imagine these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and M2 so you can imagine these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and M2 so you can imagine these
+resistors just having a little window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors just having a little window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors just having a little window
+that allows them to see the plasma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows them to see the plasma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows them to see the plasma and
+the other two resistors cannot see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two resistors cannot see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other two resistors cannot see the
+plasma they have a large lump of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma they have a large lump of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma they have a large lump of metal
+which gets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way and these are the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and these are the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and these are the reference
+resistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors
+R1 r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 r
+two uh I think I'm just going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh I think I'm just going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh I think I'm just going to call
+these R2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these R2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these R2 and
+R1 and in a wheatstone bridge what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 and in a wheatstone bridge what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 and in a wheatstone bridge what we
+now do is we still have a potential drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do is we still have a potential drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do is we still have a potential drop
+v0 over the entire bridge but we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 over the entire bridge but we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v0 over the entire bridge but we now
+measure the potential difference across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the potential difference across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the potential difference across
+these pairs here and that is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bridge so these measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistors they see the radiated Power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors they see the radiated Power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors they see the radiated Power
+Pad and their temperature is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pad and their temperature is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pad and their temperature is equal to
+the temperature of the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of the reference
+resistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors
+plus a change in temperature due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a change in temperature due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a change in temperature due to
+radiation whereas the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation whereas the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation whereas the reference
+resistors just have a temperature which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors just have a temperature which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors just have a temperature which
+is equal to the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the reference
+resistors the point of this setup is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors the point of this setup is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistors the point of this setup is
+your entire balometer is going to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire balometer is going to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire balometer is going to heat
+up because the entire vacuum vessel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because the entire vacuum vessel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because the entire vacuum vessel is
+going to get hot and so what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get hot and so what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get hot and so what you want to
+know is not just how hot they are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is not just how hot they are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is not just how hot they are but
+how hot they are relative to the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hot they are relative to the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hot they are relative to the vacuum
+vessel and so this is why we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and so this is why we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel and so this is why we have this
+system where we're trying to measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we're trying to measure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where we're trying to measure a
+very small change between R1 and R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small change between R1 and R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small change between R1 and R2
+which would be identical and M1 and M2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be identical and M1 and M2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would be identical and M1 and M2
+and it's this small quantity here delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this small quantity here delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's this small quantity here delta
+T that's due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's due
+to the radiated power that we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the radiated power that we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the radiated power that we're really
+trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to
+measure and we do this because or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and we do this because or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and we do this because or the
+way that we do this is we notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vbridge is a difference between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vbridge is a difference between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vbridge is a difference between two
+potential dividers one potential divider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential dividers one potential divider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential dividers one potential divider
+that goes on M1 R1 and so the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on M1 R1 and so the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes on M1 R1 and so the potential
+that this floats out here VA is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this floats out here VA is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this floats out here VA is going to
+be different in general from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different in general from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different in general from the
+potential that this floats at VB where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that this floats at VB where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that this floats at VB where
+the two resistors arranged in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two resistors arranged in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two resistors arranged in the
+opposite way around so V bridge is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way around so V bridge is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite way around so V bridge is going
+to be equal to v0 R upon R plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to v0 R upon R plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to v0 R upon R plus
+M that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's
+just potential at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just potential at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just potential at a
+here minus the potential at B v0 M over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the potential at B v0 M over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the potential at B v0 M over
+r+ M and if you look at this quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r+ M and if you look at this quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r+ M and if you look at this quite
+simply you can see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply you can see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply you can see that it's
+proportional to R plus r minus M so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to R plus r minus M so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to R plus r minus M so it's
+a differential measurement we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential measurement we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential measurement we're just
+measuring a voltage which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring a voltage which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring a voltage which is
+proportional to this small quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this small quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to this small quantity and
+that is entirely due to the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is entirely due to the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is entirely due to the change in
+temperature so we're now able to isolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so we're now able to isolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so we're now able to isolate
+the change in temperature very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in temperature very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in temperature very very
+precisely and in general we don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely and in general we don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely and in general we don't just
+use this wheatstone bridge we also use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this wheatstone bridge we also use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this wheatstone bridge we also use
+like a phase locked Loop measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a phase locked Loop measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a phase locked Loop measurement
+which is a form of petring again my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a form of petring again my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a form of petring again my
+favorite technique and so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite technique and so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite technique and so we actually
+have v0 is oscillating at around 50 khz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have v0 is oscillating at around 50 khz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have v0 is oscillating at around 50 khz
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and so we can see that our signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so we can see that our signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and so we can see that our signal
+delta T of the change in temperature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T of the change in temperature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T of the change in temperature as
+a function of time is a slowly varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time is a slowly varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time is a slowly varying
+signal which is embedded on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which is embedded on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which is embedded on top of this
+50 khz and then using hrod dining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 khz and then using hrod dining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 khz and then using hrod dining
+techniques we can measure it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we can measure it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques we can measure it very
+cleanly without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+noise this may be an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise this may be an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise this may be an experimental
+technique you're familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+okay what the absor what the Bomer head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what the absor what the Bomer head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what the absor what the Bomer head
+actually looks like is we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like is we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like is we have some
+large lump of gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large lump of gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large lump of gold
+here and by large I mean it's about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and by large I mean it's about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and by large I mean it's about 100
+microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+thick and about 1 millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick and about 1 millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick and about 1 millimeter
+long this is what faces the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this is what faces the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this is what faces the radiation
+radiation coming in from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side this is often made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is often made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is often made out of
+gold gold is chosen because it absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold gold is chosen because it absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold gold is chosen because it absorbs
+all wavelengths relatively evenly so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wavelengths relatively evenly so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all wavelengths relatively evenly so you
+don't want need to worry too much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want need to worry too much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want need to worry too much about
+the spectral response to this this thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral response to this this thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spectral response to this this thin
+layer of gold has been deposited on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of gold has been deposited on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of gold has been deposited on top
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's on the back of the substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's on the back of the substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's on the back of the substrate
+that you have your resistor and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have your resistor and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have your resistor and your
+resistor is like a literally a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is like a literally a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor is like a literally a little
+zigzag of gold deposited on the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag of gold deposited on the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zigzag of gold deposited on the back
+side of this so this is M or R And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this so this is M or R And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of this so this is M or R And
+depending on whether it is M or R you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether it is M or R you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on whether it is M or R you
+either have this open to the plasma or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have this open to the plasma or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either have this open to the plasma or
+you have a thick block some distance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a thick block some distance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a thick block some distance in
+front of it so it can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um it's the heat capacity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the heat capacity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's the heat capacity of the
+absorber C that goes into our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber C that goes into our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber C that goes into our previous
+equation and it's the heat transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it's the heat transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and it's the heat transport
+cppa grad T that gives us the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cppa grad T that gives us the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cppa grad T that gives us the time
+constant for thermal conduction through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for thermal conduction through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for thermal conduction through
+the substrate from the absorber to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate from the absorber to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate from the absorber to the
+resistor and I'll just write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and I'll just write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and I'll just write that
+equation again because it disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again because it disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation again because it disappeared
+now that we can work out the radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we can work out the radiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we can work out the radiated
+Power by looking at how the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power by looking at how the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Power by looking at how the temperature
+of the measure resistor M changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the measure resistor M changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the measure resistor M changes in
+time and that change in time is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that change in time is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that change in time is due to
+heating up and heating down from direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up and heating down from direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up and heating down from direct
+Heating and then also a sort of time lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and then also a sort of time lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heating and then also a sort of time lag
+phenomena delta T on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena delta T on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena delta T on
+to and effectively this towel here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets sets the time scale at which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets sets the time scale at which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets sets the time scale at which we can
+measure so the larger tow is the slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so the larger tow is the slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure so the larger tow is the slower
+our measurement of the radiated power is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurement of the radiated power is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our measurement of the radiated power is
+going to be big if tow gets very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be big if tow gets very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be big if tow gets very large
+because he got a very thick substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he got a very thick substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he got a very thick substrate
+here or it doesn't have very good heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or it doesn't have very good heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or it doesn't have very good heat
+transport then we're going to have um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport then we're going to have um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport then we're going to have um a
+very poor time resolution of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor time resolution of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor time resolution of our
+radiation power and of course we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation power and of course we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation power and of course we'd like
+to have a nice time resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a nice time resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a nice time resolution of
+that okay I'm just going to finish up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm just going to finish up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm just going to finish up
+with a couple of details I'll take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of details I'll take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a couple of details I'll take some
+questions and we'll leave it there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and we'll leave it there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and we'll leave it there so
+the trouble with these as someone asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble with these as someone asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trouble with these as someone asked
+when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation first of all they do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation first of all they do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation first of all they do actually
+sense basically all energy coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense basically all energy coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense basically all energy coming out of
+the plasma or all power coming out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma or all power coming out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma or all power coming out of
+the plasma it's not just uh radiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma it's not just uh radiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plasma it's not just uh radiated
+power but they will also sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but they will also sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power but they will also sense
+neutrons and particles so if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and particles so if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and particles so if you've got
+ions or electrons coming out and hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions or electrons coming out and hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions or electrons coming out and hitting
+these being absorbed that will also heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these being absorbed that will also heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these being absorbed that will also heat
+up the absorber this will measure those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the absorber this will measure those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the absorber this will measure those
+as well so it's very hard to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so it's very hard to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well so it's very hard to tell the
+difference between those but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between those but also the
+neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+damage leads us to use much thicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substrates which gives us a longer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates which gives us a longer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrates which gives us a longer time
+response and so therefore a worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and so therefore a worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and so therefore a worst
+Bomer so ironically the bomet that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bomer so ironically the bomet that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bomer so ironically the bomet that will
+be used on eer are significantly worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used on eer are significantly worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used on eer are significantly worse
+than the bomet used on existing devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bomet used on existing devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bomet used on existing devices
+not because they couldn't work out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they couldn't work out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because they couldn't work out how
+to make better ones because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make better ones because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make better ones because the
+radiation forces you into a regime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation forces you into a regime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation forces you into a regime where
+you can't use a gometer anymore and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't use a gometer anymore and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't use a gometer anymore and I'm
+sure that spark will have exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that spark will have exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that spark will have exactly the
+same problem almost everyone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem almost everyone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem almost everyone in the
+world uses this design of Bomer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uses this design of Bomer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uses this design of Bomer that
+they planed on azc upgrade in the 80s no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they planed on azc upgrade in the 80s no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they planed on azc upgrade in the 80s no
+one has come up with a better system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/KZ7jjLTQ9r4.txt b/KZ7jjLTQ9r4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a00034d29fd0ef467fed6c3ecf2f7c8e5539a5b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/KZ7jjLTQ9r4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to look at the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the most
+fundamental of all mathematical data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of all mathematical data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental of all mathematical data
+types namely sets and let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types namely sets and let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types namely sets and let's begin with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definitions so informally uh a set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so informally uh a set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions so informally uh a set is a
+collection of mathematical objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of mathematical objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of mathematical objects and
+the idea is that you treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that you treat the
+collection of objects as one new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of objects as one new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of objects as one new
+object and that's a working definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and that's a working definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and that's a working definition
+but of course it really it might help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course it really it might help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course it really it might help a
+little bit but it's a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but it's a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but it's a circular
+definition this is not math yet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is not math yet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition this is not math yet uh
+because I haven't defined what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't defined what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I haven't defined what a
+collection is and a collection is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is and a collection is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection is and a collection is no
+clearer or easier to Define than a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer or easier to Define than a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearer or easier to Define than a set
+is so let's try to work up the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's try to work up the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so let's try to work up the idea of
+of sets by looking at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets by looking at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets by looking at some
+examples so we've already talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we've already talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so we've already talked about
+some familiar ones there's the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some familiar ones there's the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some familiar ones there's the real
+numbers for which we had this symbol R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for which we had this symbol R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for which we had this symbol R
+uh in a special font and the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a special font and the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a special font and the complex
+numberers C and the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numberers C and the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numberers C and the integers
+Z and we might have mentioned and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we might have mentioned and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we might have mentioned and you
+might have seen already the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen already the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have seen already the idea of the
+empty set for which we use this symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set for which we use this symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set for which we use this symbol
+that looks like a zero with a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a zero with a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like a zero with a line
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+it let's look at an example to pin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's look at an example to pin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's look at an example to pin
+things down let's look at this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down let's look at this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down let's look at this set of
+four things um namely it's got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things um namely it's got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things um namely it's got two
+numbers pi over 2 and seven a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers pi over 2 and seven a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers pi over 2 and seven a character
+string in quotes Albert R and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in quotes Albert R and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string in quotes Albert R and the
+Boolean value true so those are the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean value true so those are the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean value true so those are the four
+different things in it they're of mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things in it they're of mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things in it they're of mixed
+type and uh you might not like to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and uh you might not like to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and uh you might not like to have a
+mixed type like this in a programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed type like this in a programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed type like this in a programming
+language but mathematicians don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but mathematicians don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but mathematicians don't worry
+about such things very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such things very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about such things very much
+rarely anyway the first observation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely anyway the first observation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely anyway the first observation is
+that the the order in which these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the order in which these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the order in which these
+elements are listed doesn't matter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are listed doesn't matter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are listed doesn't matter this
+set with the braces indicates that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set with the braces indicates that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set with the braces indicates that it's
+the set of these things is the same if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of these things is the same if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of these things is the same if I
+listed T first then the string then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed T first then the string then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed T first then the string then the
+two numbers last there is no notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers last there is no notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers last there is no notion of
+order in a set now to computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in a set now to computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in a set now to computer
+scientists this is a little unnatural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists this is a little unnatural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists this is a little unnatural
+the most natural thing to be would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most natural thing to be would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most natural thing to be would be to
+define a sequence of things like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a sequence of things like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a sequence of things like the the
+sequence that began with seven then had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that began with seven then had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that began with seven then had
+the character string then had the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character string then had the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character string then had the number
+then had the uh the Boolean uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had the uh the Boolean uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then had the uh the Boolean uh and you
+can get by with working with working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get by with working with working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get by with working with working
+with lists of things as long as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lists of things as long as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lists of things as long as they're
+finite um but uh they very quickly get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite um but uh they very quickly get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite um but uh they very quickly get
+out of hand when you have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of hand when you have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of hand when you have to talk about
+say a set of lists then it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a set of lists then it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a set of lists then it's not clear
+how to make a list out of those and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make a list out of those and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make a list out of those and you
+wind up needing sets again so sets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up needing sets again so sets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up needing sets again so sets in
+fact are an unavoidable kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea so another basic thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so another basic thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea so another basic thing to
+understand about the notion of a set is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about the notion of a set is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about the notion of a set is
+that an element is either in a set or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an element is either in a set or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an element is either in a set or
+not in a set like so if I write down 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a set like so if I write down 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a set like so if I write down 7
+pi over 27 this is the same a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 27 this is the same a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over 27 this is the same a
+description of the same set that 7 Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the same set that 7 Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the same set that 7 Pi
+over2 I'm just telling you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 I'm just telling you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 I'm just telling you the same
+thing twice here that seven is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice here that seven is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice here that seven is in the
+set and the Seven is in the set again uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and the Seven is in the set again uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and the Seven is in the set again uh
+so no notion of being in the set more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no notion of being in the set more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no notion of being in the set more
+than once now sometimes technically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once now sometimes technically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than once now sometimes technically you
+want to add a notion of so-called multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add a notion of so-called multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to add a notion of so-called multi
+sets in which elements can be in a set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in which elements can be in a set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets in which elements can be in a set a
+certain number of times an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of times an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of times an integer
+number of times but there's no real need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times but there's no real need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of times but there's no real need
+for that it's a secondary idea and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that it's a secondary idea and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that it's a secondary idea and from
+our point of view you're in or out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our point of view you're in or out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our point of view you're in or out of a
+set if you repeat elements it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set if you repeat elements it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set if you repeat elements it's the same
+as mentioning them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mentioning them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mentioning them
+once so the most fundamental feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so the most fundamental feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once so the most fundamental feature of
+a set is what's in it and for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set is what's in it and for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set is what's in it and for that
+there's a special notation so we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special notation so we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a special notation so we'll say
+that X is a member of a where a is a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is a member of a where a is a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is a member of a where a is a set
+and use this Epsilon symbol to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this Epsilon symbol to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use this Epsilon symbol to indicate
+membership it's r x is a member of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership it's r x is a member of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership it's r x is a member of a so
+for example Pi / 2 is a member of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Pi / 2 is a member of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example Pi / 2 is a member of that
+set that we saw before that had Pi over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we saw before that had Pi over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that we saw before that had Pi over2
+in it 14 over2 is also a member that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it 14 over2 is also a member that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it 14 over2 is also a member that set
+because 14 over2 is just another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 14 over2 is just another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because 14 over2 is just another
+description of seven when I write seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of seven when I write seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of seven when I write seven
+here I don't mean the character seven I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't mean the character seven I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I don't mean the character seven I
+mean the number seven and so 14 over2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the number seven and so 14 over2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the number seven and so 14 over2 is
+the description of the same number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of the same number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the description of the same number it's
+in that set on the other hand Pi over3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that set on the other hand Pi over3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that set on the other hand Pi over3
+is a number that's simply not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number that's simply not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a number that's simply not in that
+set so I'm using the Epsilon with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so I'm using the Epsilon with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so I'm using the Epsilon with a
+vertical bar through it or some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bar through it or some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical bar through it or some kind of
+a line through it to mean not a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line through it to mean not a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line through it to mean not a member
+of and mersh is so basic that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and mersh is so basic that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and mersh is so basic that there's a
+lot of different ways to say it besides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different ways to say it besides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different ways to say it besides
+using the membership symbol X is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the membership symbol X is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the membership symbol X is a
+member of a you can sometimes say x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a you can sometimes say x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of a you can sometimes say x is
+an element of a or X is in a as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of a or X is in a as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of a or X is in a as well as
+X is a member of a they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a member of a they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is a member of a they're all
+synonyms so for example seven is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonyms so for example seven is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synonyms so for example seven is a
+member of the integer Z is our symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the integer Z is our symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the integer Z is our symbol
+for the integer integers 2/3 is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the integer integers 2/3 is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the integer integers 2/3 is not a
+member of the integers because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the integers because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the integers because it's a
+fraction that's not an integer and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that's not an integer and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that's not an integer and on
+the other hand the set Z of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the set Z of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand the set Z of integers
+itself is a member of this three element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a member of this three element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a member of this three element
+set consisting of the truth value T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set consisting of the truth value T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set consisting of the truth value T the
+set of all integers and the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all integers and the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of all integers and the element
+seven so here's a an example where a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so here's a an example where a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so here's a an example where a set
+can contains sets quite big ones even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contains sets quite big ones even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can contains sets quite big ones even
+and that's fine we just uh that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine we just uh that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's fine we just uh that's not
+any problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problem
+mathematically Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically Rel
+membership is another fundamental notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership is another fundamental notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership is another fundamental notion
+of subset so a is a subset of B it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subset so a is a subset of B it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of subset so a is a subset of B it's
+pronounced so that horizontal U with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced so that horizontal U with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced so that horizontal U with a
+line under it is meant to resemble a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line under it is meant to resemble a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line under it is meant to resemble a
+less than or equal to symbol uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to symbol uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to symbol uh so you
+can think of it as being a as less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as being a as less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as being a as less than
+or equal to B but don't overload the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to B but don't overload the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to B but don't overload the
+symbols less than or equal to is used on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols less than or equal to is used on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols less than or equal to is used on
+numbers and other things uh that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and other things uh that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and other things uh that we know
+how to order and this is an oper a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to order and this is an oper a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to order and this is an oper a
+relation that's only allowed between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that's only allowed between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation that's only allowed between
+sets so a is a subset of B synonym is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so a is a subset of B synonym is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so a is a subset of B synonym is
+that a is contained in B simply means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is contained in B simply means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a is contained in B simply means
+that every element of a is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every element of a is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every element of a is also an
+element of B and if I wrote that out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of B and if I wrote that out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of B and if I wrote that out in
+predicate logic notation as a predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate logic notation as a predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicate logic notation as a predicate
+formula I'd say for every x x is in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I'd say for every x x is in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula I'd say for every x x is in a
+implies X is in B if it's in a then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies X is in B if it's in a then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies X is in B if it's in a then it's
+in B everything in a is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B everything in a is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in B everything in a is in
+B so some examples of the subset uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so some examples of the subset uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so some examples of the subset uh
+relation are that the integers are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation are that the integers are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation are that the integers are a
+kind of an integer is is a special case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an integer is is a special case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an integer is is a special case
+of a real number so the set of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real number so the set of integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real number so the set of integers
+is a subset of the real numbers a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of the real numbers a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of the real numbers a real
+number is a special case of a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is a special case of a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is a special case of a complex
+number so the real numbers are a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the real numbers are a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so the real numbers are a subset
+of the complex numbers and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complex numbers and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complex numbers and here's a
+concrete example where I have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example where I have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete example where I have a set of
+three things five seven and three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things five seven and three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things five seven and three and
+this is the set with just the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set with just the element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set with just the element
+three in it now we sometimes are sloppy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in it now we sometimes are sloppy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in it now we sometimes are sloppy
+about distinguishing the element three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about distinguishing the element three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about distinguishing the element three
+from the set that consisting of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the set that consisting of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the set that consisting of just
+three as it's own element but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as it's own element but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three as it's own element but in fact
+it's a pretty important distinction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty important distinction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty important distinction to
+keep track of in this case three is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of in this case three is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of in this case three is not
+a is not a subset of this set on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is not a subset of this set on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is not a subset of this set on the
+right but the set consisting of three is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the set consisting of three is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the set consisting of three is
+a subset of the set on the on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the set on the on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the set on the on the right
+because after all the only member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all the only member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after all the only member of
+this set is three and that is a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is three and that is a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is three and that is a member
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+set a consequence of this general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a consequence of this general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a consequence of this general
+definition is that every sub set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that every sub set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is that every sub set is a
+subset of itself because everything in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of itself because everything in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of itself because everything in a
+is in a that's not really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a that's not really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a that's not really very
+interesting another uh important General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting another uh important General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting another uh important General
+observation is that the empty set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that the empty set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation is that the empty set is a
+subset of everything the empty set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of everything the empty set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of everything the empty set is a
+subset of every set let's look at why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of every set let's look at why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of every set let's look at why
+that isn't more detail so the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't more detail so the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that isn't more detail so the claim is
+that the empty Set uh is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the empty Set uh is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the empty Set uh is a subset of
+everything like BB any old set then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything like BB any old set then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything like BB any old set then the
+empty set is a subset of B what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set is a subset of B what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set is a subset of B what exactly
+does that mean according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that mean according to the
+definition of subset well it says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of subset well it says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of subset well it says that
+everything that's in the empty Set uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's in the empty Set uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's in the empty Set uh if
+it's in the empty set then it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the empty set then it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the empty set then it implies
+that it's in B for every element if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's in B for every element if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's in B for every element if it's
+in the empty set then it's in B well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the empty set then it's in B well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the empty set then it's in B well
+what do we know about this the assertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about this the assertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about this the assertion
+that X is in the empty set is false no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is in the empty set is false no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that X is in the empty set is false no
+matter what x is there's nothing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what x is there's nothing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what x is there's nothing in the
+empty set and now I have an implication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set and now I have an implication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty set and now I have an implication
+and implies where the left hand side the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implies where the left hand side the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and implies where the left hand side the
+hypothesis is false that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is false that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is false that means that the
+whole implication is true and it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole implication is true and it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole implication is true and it doesn't
+depend on what B is uh I'm not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what B is uh I'm not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on what B is uh I'm not even
+going to look at B I can see that X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at B I can see that X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at B I can see that X is
+in empty set is false so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in empty set is false so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in empty set is false so the whole
+implication is true and so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication is true and so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication is true and so what I'm
+saying is that for everything every X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that for everything every X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that for everything every X
+something that's true has to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's true has to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's true has to be true
+well it is and that's why the empty set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is and that's why the empty set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is and that's why the empty set
+is a subset of B satisfies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of B satisfies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of B satisfies this
+definition in a formal way and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in a formal way and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in a formal way and this is
+an example of why that convention uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of why that convention uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of why that convention uh
+that false implies anything uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that false implies anything uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that false implies anything uh is
+convenient and is made use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so when you're defining sets if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when you're defining sets if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so when you're defining sets if
+they're if they're small uh you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they're small uh you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're if they're small uh you can just
+list the elements uh and as we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the elements uh and as we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list the elements uh and as we did with
+that set with seven and pi over 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set with seven and pi over 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set with seven and pi over 2 and
+Albert R um sometimes we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert R um sometimes we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Albert R um sometimes we can even
+describe infinite sets as some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe infinite sets as some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe infinite sets as some kind of a
+list like I might describe the set of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like I might describe the set of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list like I might describe the set of of
+uh of integers is saying well it's 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of integers is saying well it's 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of integers is saying well it's 0 1
+minus one 2 minus two and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one 2 minus two and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one 2 minus two and so on and
+you'd understand that uh but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd understand that uh but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd understand that uh but in general
+uh when if I'm describing a set that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when if I'm describing a set that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when if I'm describing a set that is
+not so easy to list say the real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to list say the real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so easy to list say the real numbers
+then what I'm going to do is Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'm going to do is Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I'm going to do is Define a
+set by defining property of in the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by defining property of in the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by defining property of in the set
+so I'm interested in a property P of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm interested in a property P of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm interested in a property P of of
+elements and I'm going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I'm going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and I'm going to look at the
+set of elements X that are in some set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of elements X that are in some set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of elements X that are in some set a
+such that P of X is true and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that P of X is true and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that P of X is true and that's how
+we that's the notation we use so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that's the notation we use so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we that's the notation we use so this
+would be read as the set of X in a such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be read as the set of X in a such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be read as the set of X in a such
+that P of X holds that X has property P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P of X holds that X has property P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that P of X holds that X has property P
+so notice this vertical bar is read as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice this vertical bar is read as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice this vertical bar is read as
+such that it's just a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's just a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's just a mathematical
+abbreviation this is the those elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation this is the those elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation this is the those elements
+in a that have property P that P of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a that have property P that P of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a that have property P that P of X
+holds for that defines a set of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for that defines a set of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for that defines a set of those
+elements let's look at a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements let's look at a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements let's look at a simple example
+the set e of even integers is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set e of even integers is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set e of even integers is simply the
+set of numbers n that are integers such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of numbers n that are integers such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of numbers n that are integers such
+that n is even so in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is even so in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that n is even so in this case the
+property P of N means that n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even one last concept is the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even one last concept is the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even one last concept is the concept of
+the power set so the power set of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set so the power set of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set so the power set of of a
+set a is all of the subsets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a is all of the subsets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a is all of the subsets of
+a so we could Define it using set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we could Define it using set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so we could Define it using set
+notation as it's the set of B such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as it's the set of B such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation as it's the set of B such that
+b is a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is a subset of
+a an example would be um let's take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an example would be um let's take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an example would be um let's take the
+power set of the two Boolean values true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of the two Boolean values true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of the two Boolean values true
+and false so the power set of true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false so the power set of true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false so the power set of true and
+false of that set consisting of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false of that set consisting of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false of that set consisting of two
+elements is well what are some of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is well what are some of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements is well what are some of its
+subsets the set consisting of just true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets the set consisting of just true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets the set consisting of just true
+is a subset of true true false so is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of true true false so is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subset of true true false so is the
+set consisting of false and so is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set consisting of false and so is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set consisting of false and so is the
+whole thing it's a subset of itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it's a subset of itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing it's a subset of itself and
+one final element the empty set is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final element the empty set is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one final element the empty set is a
+subset of the set of Boolean values true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the set of Boolean values true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the set of Boolean values true
+and false so the power set of this Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false so the power set of this Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and false so the power set of this Two
+element set is a set that has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element set is a set that has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element set is a set that has four
+things in it one two elements of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in it one two elements of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in it one two elements of size
+one one element of size two one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one element of size two one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one element of size two one element
+of size zero and that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size zero and that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size zero and that's going to be a
+general phenomenon that we'll examine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon that we'll examine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon that we'll examine
+more later how big is the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later how big is the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more later how big is the power set of a
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+um the even numbers e that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the even numbers e that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the even numbers e that we just
+defined on the previous slide is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the previous slide is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on the previous slide is a
+member of the power set of Z because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the power set of Z because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the power set of Z because
+it's a subset of integers even integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a subset of integers even integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a subset of integers even integers
+are a special case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a special case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a special case of
+integers um and the integers are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers um and the integers are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers um and the integers are a
+member of the power set of R this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the power set of R this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the power set of R this is
+just a synonym for saying that integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a synonym for saying that integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a synonym for saying that integers
+are a subset of reals every integer is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a subset of reals every integer is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a subset of reals every integer is a
+real so the integers are a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so the integers are a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so the integers are a subset of
+reals which means they're a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals which means they're a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals which means they're a member of
+the power set of reals so the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of reals so the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of reals so the general
+property is that a set B is a member of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that a set B is a member of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property is that a set B is a member of
+the power set of a if and only if B is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a if and only if B is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a if and only if B is a
+subset of a that was the defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a that was the defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of a that was the defining
+condition for power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition for power
+set and that's a fact to remember and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and that's a fact to remember and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and that's a fact to remember and it
+may potentially confuse you but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may potentially confuse you but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may potentially confuse you but it's a
+good exercise to to keep in keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise to to keep in keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good exercise to to keep in keeping
+track of the difference between is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the difference between is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the difference between is a
+member of and is a subset of
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LWmVdG0uj2g.txt b/LWmVdG0uj2g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9a3f46078e122d49d211f3a435ca7aafab6106c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LWmVdG0uj2g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's look at this
+one so first you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so first you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so first you want to
+notice um that uh you have a plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice um that uh you have a plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice um that uh you have a plus one
+here so you've lost an electron and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you've lost an electron and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you've lost an electron and then
+you want to think about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think about what happens
+when you start filling the D orbitals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start filling the D orbitals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start filling the D orbitals so
+when you start filling the D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start filling the D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start filling the D orbitals
+then the energy changes and 4S and 3D uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the energy changes and 4S and 3D uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the energy changes and 4S and 3D uh
+switch in energy and so we could write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch in energy and so we could write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch in energy and so we could write
+this one either way we could have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one either way we could have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one either way we could have put
+the 3D first and the 4S uh second but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D first and the 4S uh second but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3D first and the 4S uh second but
+importantly now because of that switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly now because of that switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly now because of that switch
+in energy the electron that is lost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy the electron that is lost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy the electron that is lost is
+lost from the 4S over here so this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from the 4S over here so this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost from the 4S over here so this has
+to do with the fact that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with the fact that electron
+configuration of neutral atoms and ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of neutral atoms and ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of neutral atoms and ions
+are different and especially with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and especially with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and especially with this
+4S 3D uh switch that the 3D orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4S 3D uh switch that the 3D orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4S 3D uh switch that the 3D orbitals
+drop um change energy when you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop um change energy when you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop um change energy when you start to
+fill them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill them
+and there's really very similar energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really very similar energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's really very similar energy
+between 4S and 3D and that leads to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 4S and 3D and that leads to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 4S and 3D and that leads to some
+of the exceptions that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exceptions that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the exceptions that you're
+responsible to know um that there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible to know um that there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible to know um that there can be
+subtle things that switch the energy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle things that switch the energy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle things that switch the energy a
+little bit so because they're so close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so because they're so close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so because they're so close
+in energy you have this half filled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy you have this half filled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy you have this half filled and
+full filled thing where you can pull an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full filled thing where you can pull an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full filled thing where you can pull an
+electron from 4S and put it in 3D to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from 4S and put it in 3D to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from 4S and put it in 3D to
+make 3d5 or to make 3d10 so they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make 3d5 or to make 3d10 so they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make 3d5 or to make 3d10 so they're very
+close very close in energy and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close very close in energy and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close very close in energy and that
+leads to some of these interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to some of these interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to some of these interesting
+features okay so today's lecture we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay so today's lecture we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features okay so today's lecture we're
+moving on to the periodic table but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to the periodic table but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving on to the periodic table but
+we're actually talking about a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually talking about a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually talking about a lot of
+the things that we just talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we just talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that we just talked about so
+today actually turns out to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today actually turns out to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today actually turns out to be an
+awesome review for some of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome review for some of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome review for some of the material
+that's on the exam so that worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the exam so that worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the exam so that worked out
+really well in past years this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in past years this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well in past years this material
+was on exam one exam one was later and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on exam one exam one was later and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on exam one exam one was later and
+so if you see if you get old exams from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you see if you get old exams from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you see if you get old exams from
+other people um not the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um not the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people um not the ones that are
+posted the ones that are posted are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted the ones that are posted are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted the ones that are posted are
+mostly old exams except we replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly old exams except we replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly old exams except we replaced
+questions for material not covered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for material not covered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for material not covered on
+this exam with material that is covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exam with material that is covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exam with material that is covered
+so it's not 100% an old exam from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not 100% an old exam from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not 100% an old exam from this
+class because we've never had an exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because we've never had an exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because we've never had an exam
+this early before so there were no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early before so there were no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this early before so there were no good
+examples so if you get old exams from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so if you get old exams from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so if you get old exams from
+other people do not freak out um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people do not freak out um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people do not freak out um when
+you look at it like oh my goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it like oh my goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at it like oh my goodness
+somehow I haven't managed to learn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I haven't managed to learn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I haven't managed to learn this
+there are this today's lecture and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are this today's lecture and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are this today's lecture and also
+Friday's lecture were typically on exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture were typically on exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday's lecture were typically on exam
+one so just just uh keep that in mind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so just just uh keep that in mind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so just just uh keep that in mind so
+use our practice exams um and uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our practice exams um and uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our practice exams um and uh then
+you will not have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not have that
+problem all right so moving on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so moving on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem all right so moving on to the
+periodic table is very exciting for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table is very exciting for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table is very exciting for me
+uh and uh so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh so today we're going to talk
+about Trends in the periodic table we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Trends in the periodic table we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Trends in the periodic table we're
+going to finish that up on Friday after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish that up on Friday after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish that up on Friday after
+the exam which will be a clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam which will be a clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam which will be a clicker
+competition and then uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and then uh we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition and then uh we're going to
+uh go on and talk about bonding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go on and talk about bonding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go on and talk about bonding of the
+elements in the periodic table so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the periodic table so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in the periodic table so that's
+where where we're headed so the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we're headed so the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where we're headed so the periodic
+table here is one uh of them that's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here is one uh of them that's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here is one uh of them that's up
+here so this uh was originally put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this uh was originally put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this uh was originally put
+together a while ago and it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a while ago and it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together a while ago and it turned out
+to be amazingly accurate and this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be amazingly accurate and this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be amazingly accurate and this really
+describes all of the elements so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all of the elements so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes all of the elements so this is
+kind of like the the artist uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the the artist uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the the artist uh the
+artist paint box for a chemist or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist paint box for a chemist or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artist paint box for a chemist or a
+Wordsmith words these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wordsmith words these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wordsmith words these are all the
+ingredients that go into making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients that go into making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients that go into making
+everything some of these elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything some of these elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything some of these elements are
+incredibly dangerous and they're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly dangerous and they're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly dangerous and they're used to
+make explosives um they're used to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make explosives um they're used to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make explosives um they're used to make
+bombs um other elements here are found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs um other elements here are found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombs um other elements here are found
+in the human body and allow us to live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human body and allow us to live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the human body and allow us to live
+all materials whether it's a desk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all materials whether it's a desk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all materials whether it's a desk a
+pointer a bottle of water everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer a bottle of water everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer a bottle of water everything is
+made up of elements so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of elements so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of elements so this is really
+this is why I think one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I think one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is why I think one of the reasons
+why chemistry is so cool because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why chemistry is so cool because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why chemistry is so cool because we
+think about the elements and ele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the elements and ele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the elements and ele
+elements are made of everything so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are made of everything so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are made of everything so we
+think about everything that makes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about everything that makes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about everything that makes up
+everything and uh that that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and uh that that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and uh that that's pretty
+neat so uh just to kind of uh give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat so uh just to kind of uh give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat so uh just to kind of uh give you a
+flavor of the joy of the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of the joy of the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor of the joy of the periodic table
+and introduce you to the elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce you to the elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce you to the elements that
+make up this periodic table I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up this periodic table I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up this periodic table I feel like
+we should think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+musical you see it every day oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical you see it every day oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical you see it every day oxygen
+eventually will make it Rusty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually will make it Rusty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually will make it Rusty
+away carbon in its ordinary form is coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away carbon in its ordinary form is coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away carbon in its ordinary form is coal
+crush it together and diamonds are Bor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crush it together and diamonds are Bor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crush it together and diamonds are Bor
+come on come on and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on come on and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on come on and the
+elements may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements may
+iuce you to our friends the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iuce you to our friends the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iuce you to our friends the elements
+like a of pains that are mied to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a of pains that are mied to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a of pains that are mied to make
+every shade they either combine to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every shade they either combine to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every shade they either combine to make
+a chemical compound or stand alone they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical compound or stand alone they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chemical compound or stand alone they
+are Neons of gas that lights up the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Neons of gas that lights up the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Neons of gas that lights up the sign
+for a pie of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pie of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pie of
+place the coins that you pay with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the coins that you pay with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place the coins that you pay with are
+copper nickel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper nickel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper nickel and
+zinc silicon and oxygen make concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc silicon and oxygen make concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc silicon and oxygen make concrete
+bricks and glass now and silver for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and glass now and silver for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and glass now and silver for
+pizza Class come on come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza Class come on come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza Class come on come on
+the I think you should check out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think you should check out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I think you should check out the
+ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that
+c like box of paints that are mixed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c like box of paints that are mixed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c like box of paints that are mixed to
+make every shade they either combine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make every shade they either combine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make every shade they either combine to
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay so you get the you get the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so you get the you get the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so you get the you get the sense
+of this the song is quite accurate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the song is quite accurate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this the song is quite accurate it
+has lots of information of why them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of information of why them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lots of information of why them and
+it points out some other things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it points out some other things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it points out some other things like
+elephants are made of elements and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants are made of elements and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephants are made of elements and we
+are made of elephants oh no wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made of elephants oh no wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made of elephants oh no wait
+elements uh no it's it's a really fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh no it's it's a really fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements uh no it's it's a really fun
+fun song and it it really I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun song and it it really I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun song and it it really I think
+expresses why it's so important to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses why it's so important to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses why it's so important to learn
+about the properties of the elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the properties of the elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the properties of the elements and
+all the things that you can do with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that you can do with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things that you can do with them
+so when it was originally put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it was originally put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it was originally put together
+it was put together based on sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was put together based on sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was put together based on sorting
+Elements by their properties such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by their properties such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elements by their properties such as
+ones over here in column one are soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones over here in column one are soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones over here in column one are soft
+and reactive metals and it was observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reactive metals and it was observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reactive metals and it was observed
+that the elements over here are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements over here are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the elements over here are pretty
+inert so they were all grouped together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert so they were all grouped together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inert so they were all grouped together
+and later we have pretty much kept this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we have pretty much kept this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later we have pretty much kept this
+grouping but now it's really grouped by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping but now it's really grouped by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grouping but now it's really grouped by
+the electron configurations which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron configurations which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron configurations which is one
+of the things you need to know for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you need to know for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things you need to know for the
+exam how to write these electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam how to write these electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam how to write these electron
+configurations and these reactive metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and these reactive metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations and these reactive metals
+it turns out they only have one veence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out they only have one veence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out they only have one veence
+electron so they like to react because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so they like to react because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so they like to react because
+they want to have a Noel gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have a Noel gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to have a Noel gas
+configuration so they're very reactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so they're very reactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so they're very reactive
+whereas uh these others that were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh these others that were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas uh these others that were not
+reactive have filled electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive have filled electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactive have filled electron
+configuration so they don't want any EX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so they don't want any EX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so they don't want any EX
+extra electrons and they don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons and they don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons and they don't want to
+lose them they don't want to get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose them they don't want to get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose them they don't want to get any
+they're very happy as they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very happy as they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very happy as they are so
+they're inert so now these groupings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inert so now these groupings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're inert so now these groupings
+make a lot of sense in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of sense in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of sense in terms of the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+configurations now it doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations now it doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations now it doesn't tell you
+everything so if you know one element is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so if you know one element is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so if you know one element is
+very safe uh to uh consume that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very safe uh to uh consume that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very safe uh to uh consume that doesn't
+necessarily mean something right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean something right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean something right next to
+it is just as good and if we consider uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just as good and if we consider uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is just as good and if we consider uh
+over here we consider lithium sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we consider lithium sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we consider lithium sodium and
+pottassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pottassium
+sodium and pottassium are ions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and pottassium are ions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and pottassium are ions that are
+really important um in the human body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important um in the human body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important um in the human body
+and you have to make sure that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to make sure that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to make sure that if you're
+exercising a lot that you keep up uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising a lot that you keep up uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercising a lot that you keep up uh the
+uh amounts that you're getting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amounts that you're getting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh amounts that you're getting so
+they're very important ions and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very important ions and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very important ions and they
+will often hang around and serve as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often hang around and serve as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often hang around and serve as
+counter ions to other molecules in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter ions to other molecules in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter ions to other molecules in your
+body like you have citrate in your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body like you have citrate in your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body like you have citrate in your body
+so you could have uh sodium citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have uh sodium citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have uh sodium citrate
+where the sodium's hanging out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sodium's hanging out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sodium's hanging out or
+potassium citrate um but that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium citrate um but that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium citrate um but that doesn't
+necessarily mean that other things will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean that other things will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean that other things will
+work as well like lithium for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as well like lithium for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as well like lithium for example
+but uh a while ago when uh seven up was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a while ago when uh seven up was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh a while ago when uh seven up was
+uh soda was first uh kind of put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh soda was first uh kind of put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh soda was first uh kind of put on the
+market they thought well sodium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they thought well sodium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market they thought well sodium and
+potassium are a little boring let's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium are a little boring let's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium are a little boring let's sort
+of uh make things a little more exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh make things a little more exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh make things a little more exciting
+and use lithium citrate instead it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use lithium citrate instead it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use lithium citrate instead it's
+right there in the same column of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there in the same column of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there in the same column of the uh
+of the periodic table and uh citrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the periodic table and uh citrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the periodic table and uh citrate
+makes things taste lemony which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things taste lemony which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things taste lemony which is a
+lovely taste um and we'll have lithium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely taste um and we'll have lithium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely taste um and we'll have lithium
+as the counter iion to that um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the counter iion to that um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the counter iion to that um and so
+they said this is this dispels hangovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said this is this dispels hangovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said this is this dispels hangovers
+it takes the ouch out of grouch and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the ouch out of grouch and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes the ouch out of grouch and uh
+does anyone know what lithium is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what lithium is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anyone know what lithium is used
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today so it's often used for people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it's often used for people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so it's often used for people who
+have bipolar disorders or manic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bipolar disorders or manic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bipolar disorders or manic
+depressive so it really did take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressive so it really did take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depressive so it really did take the
+ouch out of Grouch um but it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouch out of Grouch um but it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ouch out of Grouch um but it's not not
+something uh that you should just put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh that you should just put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh that you should just put in
+a consumable uh soda um so it it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumable uh soda um so it it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumable uh soda um so it it has
+somewhat different properties even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different properties even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different properties even know
+it's part of that same group so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of that same group so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of that same group so this is
+a lesson that I feel like we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lesson that I feel like we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lesson that I feel like we keep
+learning over and over again with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning over and over again with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning over and over again with other
+things that you have to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you have to be a little more
+more careful just because it's hanging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful just because it's hanging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more careful just because it's hanging
+out near its friends doesn't mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out near its friends doesn't mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out near its friends doesn't mean it's
+going to be exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly the
+same all right so um the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right so um the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right so um the periodic table
+is amazing thing let's think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing thing let's think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is amazing thing let's think about the
+trends in the periodic table so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends in the periodic table so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trends in the periodic table so we're
+going to first do ionization energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first do ionization energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to first do ionization energy and
+we've already talked about ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about ionization
+energy so this is awesome because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this is awesome because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so this is awesome because it's
+turns out to be really good review uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be really good review uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be really good review uh
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+exam so ionization energy again is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so ionization energy again is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so ionization energy again is the
+minimum energy it's going to take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy it's going to take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy it's going to take to
+remove an electron from an atom and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove an electron from an atom and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove an electron from an atom and if
+we just talk about just say IE for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talk about just say IE for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just talk about just say IE for
+ionization energy we're going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we're going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we're going to you
+should assume it's the first ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should assume it's the first ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should assume it's the first ionization
+energy unless um it is specified and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy unless um it is specified and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy unless um it is specified and we
+saw before that ionization energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before that ionization energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw before that ionization energy is
+opposite in sign to the binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in sign to the binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite in sign to the binding energy
+and so here we have The Binding energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we have The Binding energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we have The Binding energy
+of an electron and we know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron and we know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an electron and we know that this is
+in a multi- uh electron atom because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multi- uh electron atom because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multi- uh electron atom because it
+depends on n and L if it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on n and L if it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on n and L if it was just
+hydrogen or one other one electron atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or one other one electron atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen or one other one electron atom
+then uh anything with n all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh anything with n all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh anything with n all those
+orbitals are degenerate but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are degenerate but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are degenerate but if you have
+putting in multi- electrons then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in multi- electrons then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in multi- electrons then it
+matters whether you're talking about not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters whether you're talking about not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters whether you're talking about not
+just n but L matters too whether it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n but L matters too whether it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just n but L matters too whether it's an
+S orbital or a p orbital so we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S orbital or a p orbital so we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S orbital or a p orbital so we've seen
+this before but now let's talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before but now let's talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this before but now let's talk more
+about different ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ionization
+energies so let's go look at Boron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so let's go look at Boron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so let's go look at Boron and
+think about the first ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the first ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the first ionization energy
+and this is the energy to move an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the energy to move an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the energy to move an
+electron from the highest occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the highest occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the highest occupied
+atomic orbital that's what that stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital that's what that stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbital that's what that stands
+for and it's written out in your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and it's written out in your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and it's written out in your notes
+and so what is the highest uh occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the highest uh occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what is the highest uh occupied
+um orbital in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um orbital in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um orbital in this
+case just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just yell it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+2p so let's look at removing an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p so let's look at removing an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p so let's look at removing an electron
+from 2p if we do that we go to Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2p if we do that we go to Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2p if we do that we go to Boron
+plus and we have 1 s22 S2 and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and we have 1 s22 S2 and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus and we have 1 s22 S2 and an
+electron and this process the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this process the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and this process the energy
+involved in this process is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this process is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in this process is the
+ionization energy the first ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy the first ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy the first ionization
+energy it's also equal to The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's also equal to The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's also equal to The Binding
+energy of the 2p electron and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2p electron and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2p electron and again the
+signs are opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs are opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs are opposite
+here so now second ionization energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now second ionization energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now second ionization energy we
+just keep going uh the next highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going uh the next highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep going uh the next highest
+occupied atomic orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied atomic orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied atomic orbital is
+2s so if we remove we get Boron + 2 1 S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so if we remove we get Boron + 2 1 S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s so if we remove we get Boron + 2 1 S2
+2s1 and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s1 and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s1 and an
+electron and now the energy difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and now the energy difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and now the energy difference
+is due to these second ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to these second ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to these second ionization energy
+so we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say
+ie2 and that is equal to The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie2 and that is equal to The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie2 and that is equal to The Binding
+energy of the 2s electron in B+ because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2s electron in B+ because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2s electron in B+ because
+that's what we're removing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're removing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're removing we're
+removing the two a 2s electron from B+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the two a 2s electron from B+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing the two a 2s electron from B+
+here so we can keep going we can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can keep going we can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we can keep going we can go to
+the third um ionization energy and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third um ionization energy and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third um ionization energy and now
+we're also going to be removing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to be removing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to be removing an
+electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from
+2s and when we remove the electron it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and when we remove the electron it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and when we remove the electron it
+only had one so now we have a boron plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had one so now we have a boron plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had one so now we have a boron plus
+three one S2 and an electron the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one S2 and an electron the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three one S2 and an electron the energy
+difference is the third ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the third ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is the third ionization
+energy ie sub three and this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ie sub three and this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ie sub three and this is equal to
+The Binding energy or the difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy or the difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Binding energy or the difference in
+Sign of The Binding energy of 2s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sign of The Binding energy of 2s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sign of The Binding energy of 2s in
+b+2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so now if we look at this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so now if we look at this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so now if we look at this uh
+little table over here that's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little table over here that's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little table over here that's in your
+handout or this little chart in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout or this little chart in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout or this little chart in your
+handout you can see that there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you can see that there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout you can see that there is a a
+quite a bit of difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of difference between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of difference between these
+different ionization energies so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ionization energies so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ionization energies so we were
+talking about boron so here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about boron so here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about boron so here we have the
+first first uh first ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first uh first ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first first uh first ionization energy
+second ionization energy third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ionization energy third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ionization energy third
+ionization energy and fourth ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and fourth ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy and fourth ionization
+energy and so there's uh can be quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so there's uh can be quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so there's uh can be quite a
+bit difference in the magnitude of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difference in the magnitude of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit difference in the magnitude of these
+ionization energies or how hard it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies or how hard it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies or how hard it is to
+pull off successive electrons and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull off successive electrons and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull off successive electrons and so
+here are some of the other ones you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some of the other ones you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some of the other ones you see
+um when you're going here with Bon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're going here with Bon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when you're going here with Bon you
+remove the the first one here the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the the first one here the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the the first one here the second
+one is about three times harder we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is about three times harder we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is about three times harder we're
+jumping from P to s u not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping from P to s u not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping from P to s u not much
+difference within s uh 2s but once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference within s uh 2s but once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference within s uh 2s but once we
+get to uh helium here um 1 S2 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh helium here um 1 S2 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to uh helium here um 1 S2 that's
+really hard to pull off another electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to pull off another electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard to pull off another electron
+here so this fourth one is really big um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this fourth one is really big um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this fourth one is really big um
+and then we can look at these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can look at these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can look at these other
+other Trends brillium here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Trends brillium here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Trends brillium here we have the
+2s and then we go to a 1s and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and then we go to a 1s and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and then we go to a 1s and then we
+have here uh we have just the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here uh we have just the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here uh we have just the one
+electron over here for lithium and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron over here for lithium and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron over here for lithium and then
+when we come up here it's a lot harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come up here it's a lot harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come up here it's a lot harder
+so we can look at these tables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look at these tables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can look at these tables and
+realize these are not going to be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize these are not going to be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize these are not going to be these
+are not going to be necessarily the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be necessarily the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not going to be necessarily the same
+there can be big jumps and ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be big jumps and ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be big jumps and ionization
+energy and I'm going to come back to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I'm going to come back to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and I'm going to come back to all
+of this in sodium and potassium in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in sodium and potassium in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this in sodium and potassium in a
+little bit but first let's just stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but first let's just stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but first let's just stick
+with Boron for a minute and think more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boron for a minute and think more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boron for a minute and think more
+about the different kinds of ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different kinds of ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the different kinds of ionization
+there so now let's just consider taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now let's just consider taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so now let's just consider taking
+a 2s electron but from two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2s electron but from two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2s electron but from two different
+types of boron Boron plus and regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of boron Boron plus and regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of boron Boron plus and regular
+Boron so in this first case here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron so in this first case here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron so in this first case here we're
+going to take one of these two s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take one of these two s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take one of these two s
+electrons and now we have a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and now we have a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and now we have a difference
+in energy this is the second ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy this is the second ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy this is the second ionization
+energy the first one removed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the first one removed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the first one removed the
+electron from P so we saw this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from P so we saw this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from P so we saw this before
+removing one of the electrons from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing one of the electrons from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing one of the electrons from
+2s and so this is the second ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and so this is the second ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and so this is the second ionization
+energy it's also equal to The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's also equal to The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's also equal to The Binding
+energy of the 2s electron in boron plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2s electron in boron plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the 2s electron in boron plus
+now we're going to take a 2 s electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to take a 2 s electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to take a 2 s electron
+um but we're going to do it from Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're going to do it from Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we're going to do it from Boron
+so the P electron is still there so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the P electron is still there so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the P electron is still there so we
+go from 2 S2 to 2s1 over here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 2 S2 to 2s1 over here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 2 S2 to 2s1 over here and this
+energy difference is an ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference is an ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy difference is an ionization
+energy uh for a 2s electron and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh for a 2s electron and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh for a 2s electron and that's
+equal to The Binding energy of the 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to The Binding energy of the 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to The Binding energy of the 2s
+electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in
+boron so do you think these energies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron so do you think these energies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron so do you think these energies are
+going to be the same or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the same or different
+are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they
+equal no so I showed you that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal no so I showed you that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal no so I showed you that little
+chart and that made you probably think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart and that made you probably think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart and that made you probably think
+that there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's going to be some
+differences no they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences no they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences no they're not
+equal so why are they not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so why are they not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so why are they not
+equal well when you have Boron plus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well when you have Boron plus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal well when you have Boron plus you
+have lost an electron so you have less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost an electron so you have less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost an electron so you have less
+electrons available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons available to
+Shield so you have less shielding in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield so you have less shielding in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shield so you have less shielding in
+boron plus than in boron and if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron plus than in boron and if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron plus than in boron and if there's
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+shielding you're going to have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding you're going to have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding you're going to have a higher
+Z effective less shielding they'll feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective less shielding they'll feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z effective less shielding they'll feel
+more of the force of uh the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the force of uh the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the force of uh the positive
+charge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of the
+nucleus and therefore it's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and therefore it's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and therefore it's going to take
+more energy to pull it off so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy to pull it off so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more energy to pull it off so it's going
+to be more tightly bound it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more tightly bound it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more tightly bound it's going to
+be held in because it's less shielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be held in because it's less shielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be held in because it's less shielding
+higher Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher Z
+effective all right so now let's try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective all right so now let's try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective all right so now let's try a
+clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds okay so most of you did not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay so most of you did not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds okay so most of you did not like
+answer one but does someone want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer one but does someone want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer one but does someone want to
+explain um this and can give them a pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um this and can give them a pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain um this and can give them a pen
+do you want to just walk up someone want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to just walk up someone want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want to just walk up someone want
+to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give an
+answer why uh okay over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay so um if we're choosing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so um if we're choosing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so um if we're choosing
+between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two and
+three uh for in answer for number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh for in answer for number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh for in answer for number two
+the the three p orbital has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three p orbital has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the three p orbital has two
+electrons in it and so the electrons by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in it and so the electrons by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in it and so the electrons by
+Nature kind of repulse each other right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature kind of repulse each other right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nature kind of repulse each other right
+so it's a little easier to pop one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little easier to pop one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little easier to pop one of
+those two out than if there was only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two out than if there was only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two out than if there was only one
+electron in there by itself and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in there by itself and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in there by itself and you're
+trying to pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to pull it
+out so yeah you'd pick two over three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so yeah you'd pick two over three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so yeah you'd pick two over three
+okay yeah so so actually I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so so actually I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so so actually I don't know if
+we can take the uh the answer it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the uh the answer it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can take the uh the answer it's a
+little hard to read it with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to read it with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to read it with the um
+colors on top of it but um here here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors on top of it but um here here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors on top of it but um here here you
+have this plus system here so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this plus system here so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this plus system here so you've
+removed this extra electron so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed this extra electron so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed this extra electron so there
+should be you feel a higher Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you feel a higher Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be you feel a higher Z effective
+here um which will mean that it's harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um which will mean that it's harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um which will mean that it's harder
+to sort of pull to pull things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of pull to pull things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of pull to pull things
+off and let's see this one me look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and let's see this one me look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and let's see this one me look at
+there's no way to take the answer down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to take the answer down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way to take the answer down
+right so this one oh yeah okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this one oh yeah okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this one oh yeah okay there
+that's better um I can see this more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better um I can see this more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's better um I can see this more so
+this this one here you're pulling one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one here you're pulling one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one here you're pulling one
+from the the S orbitals here the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the S orbitals here the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the S orbitals here the p
+orbital is easier to pull it off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is easier to pull it off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is easier to pull it off it
+takes less energy from P than from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes less energy from P than from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes less energy from P than from
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's continue we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue we'll come back
+to some of these ideas as we go along um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these ideas as we go along um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some of these ideas as we go along um
+because now we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're going to think about
+how these trends go across the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these trends go across the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these trends go across the periodic
+table so across a row ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so across a row ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so across a row ionization energy
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to
+increase and the reason for this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and the reason for this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and the reason for this is that
+Z is increasing so we're having more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is increasing so we're having more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is increasing so we're having more and
+more protons a bigger Z effective you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more protons a bigger Z effective you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more protons a bigger Z effective you're
+also adding electrons though but n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also adding electrons though but n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also adding electrons though but n the
+shell Remains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell Remains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell Remains the
+Same so if Z is increasing n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same so if Z is increasing n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same so if Z is increasing n is
+remaining the same what do you predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining the same what do you predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining the same what do you predict
+about Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Z
+effective is it going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is it going to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective is it going to increase
+decrease or stay the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease or stay the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease or stay the same
+it's going to increase so Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to increase so Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to increase so Z effective
+will also increase and if you had a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also increase and if you had a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also increase and if you had a case
+that every single time you had total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single time you had total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single time you had total
+shielding of that added electron then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding of that added electron then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shielding of that added electron then it
+might stay the same but you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might stay the same but you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might stay the same but you're not going
+to have this case this extreme case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this case this extreme case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have this case this extreme case of
+total shielding so if Z increase Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total shielding so if Z increase Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total shielding so if Z increase Z
+infective is also going to increase as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infective is also going to increase as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infective is also going to increase as
+you go across and because n is staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across and because n is staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across and because n is staying
+the same you have more or less kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you have more or less kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you have more or less kind of
+of the the same amount of distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the same amount of distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the same amount of distance from
+the nucleus so you just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so you just have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so you just have this
+stronger Z effective and it's holding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger Z effective and it's holding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger Z effective and it's holding on
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+electrons now if you go down a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now if you go down a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons now if you go down a column
+the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ionization energy
+decreases so in this case you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so in this case you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so in this case you're also
+increasing Z but now you're increasing n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Z but now you're increasing n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing Z but now you're increasing n
+as well and so when you increase n you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so when you increase n you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and so when you increase n you
+have your 3s and and you go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your 3s and and you go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your 3s and and you go to your
+fours and your fives and so now those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and your fives and so now those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fours and your fives and so now those
+other orbitals are way far away and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orbitals are way far away and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orbitals are way far away and you
+have a much bigger effective radius here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much bigger effective radius here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a much bigger effective radius here
+the Z is getting bigger but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z is getting bigger but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z is getting bigger but it's not
+really reaching as strongly out so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reaching as strongly out so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really reaching as strongly out so here
+the effect of increasing n is making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of increasing n is making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of increasing n is making a
+much bigger difference than increasing Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger difference than increasing Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger difference than increasing Z
+so going across we have this increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going across we have this increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going across we have this increase in
+ionization energy because Z effective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy because Z effective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy because Z effective is
+increasing while n is staying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing while n is staying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing while n is staying the same
+or Z is increasing while n is staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Z is increasing while n is staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Z is increasing while n is staying
+the same which means the effective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same which means the effective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same which means the effective is
+increasing and going down it's really n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and going down it's really n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and going down it's really n
+that dominates that pattern so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dominates that pattern so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dominates that pattern so you have
+a decrease because you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decrease because you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decrease because you're going to
+higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and higher
+n so let's look at some of those and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so let's look at some of those and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so let's look at some of those and we
+can go back and uh and look at what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back and uh and look at what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back and uh and look at what I
+showed you before I said I get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before I said I get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you before I said I get back to
+sodium and potassium here so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and potassium here so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and potassium here so if we
+consider all these if we remove one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all these if we remove one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all these if we remove one
+electron then we're going to go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then we're going to go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron then we're going to go to a
+noble gas configuration so with our with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas configuration so with our with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gas configuration so with our with
+our first um with our first ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first um with our first ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first um with our first ionization
+when we're over here we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're over here we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're over here we're going to go
+and and so when we do that then we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so when we do that then we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so when we do that then we say
+why are these numbers different for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these numbers different for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are these numbers different for the
+second ionization we have a noble gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ionization we have a noble gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second ionization we have a noble gas
+configuration after we've lost one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration after we've lost one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration after we've lost one
+electron in each case but then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in each case but then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in each case but then we can
+say okay well helium is up here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well helium is up here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well helium is up here then
+neon then then argon so Z or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon then then argon so Z or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon then then argon so Z or the
+ionization energy is decreasing as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is decreasing as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is decreasing as we go
+down here because n is increasing so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here because n is increasing so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here because n is increasing so we
+see that Trend in our in our plot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Trend in our in our plot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that Trend in our in our plot over
+here there's a couple other things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a couple other things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a couple other things that
+we can see in this plot so we also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see in this plot so we also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see in this plot so we also see
+that for Boron this fourth ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for Boron this fourth ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for Boron this fourth ionization
+energy is is really big um and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is is really big um and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is is really big um and it's
+bigger than brillium third which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than brillium third which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than brillium third which is
+bigger than lithium's second so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than lithium's second so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than lithium's second so let's
+think about why that's the case and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why that's the case and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why that's the case and that
+is another clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops all
+right I was actually expecting a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was actually expecting a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I was actually expecting a lower
+number for this that's awesome aome um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for this that's awesome aome um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for this that's awesome aome um
+right so it turns out one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it turns out one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it turns out one is
+true but all of these other ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but all of these other ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but all of these other ones are
+also going to be the same because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be the same because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to be the same because
+they've just lost more electrons so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've just lost more electrons so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've just lost more electrons so all
+of them have the same configuration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have the same configuration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them have the same configuration so
+that doesn't explain what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't explain what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't explain what's going on
+here and this is also true but binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is also true but binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this is also true but binding
+energies are always negative that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are always negative that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies are always negative that does
+not explain anything so the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explain anything so the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explain anything so the thing that
+explains the trend is this one even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the trend is this one even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains the trend is this one even
+though they're all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're all have the same
+configuration it's going to be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it's going to be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it's going to be a lot
+harder to pull off the electron from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to pull off the electron from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to pull off the electron from the
+one that has the biggest Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has the biggest Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has the biggest Z effective
+because that's going to be bound more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to be bound more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's going to be bound more
+tightly great so you're getting you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly great so you're getting you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly great so you're getting you're
+getting the hang of these these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the hang of these these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the hang of these these types of
+questions all right so those are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so those are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so those are some of
+the trends and of course when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends and of course when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trends and of course when they're
+Trends there's always uh glitches these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends there's always uh glitches these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trends there's always uh glitches these
+aren't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really
+exceptions they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions they're more
+glitches and we can rationalize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches and we can rationalize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches and we can rationalize them
+pretty easily so again the Trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily so again the Trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easily so again the Trend
+increasing ionization energy across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing ionization energy across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing ionization energy across
+decreasing ionization energy down um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing ionization energy down um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing ionization energy down um the
+increase across is the Z effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase across is the Z effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase across is the Z effective
+increase and down is the increase in N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and down is the increase in N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase and down is the increase in N
+but when you actually look at ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you actually look at ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you actually look at ionization
+energies which are often reported in kog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies which are often reported in kog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies which are often reported in kog
+per mole um versus Z you see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole um versus Z you see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole um versus Z you see that it's
+not just kind of a straight uh straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just kind of a straight uh straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just kind of a straight uh straight
+line here and if we put the elements on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here and if we put the elements on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here and if we put the elements on
+here that these correspond to we see 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that these correspond to we see 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that these correspond to we see 1 s
+one 1 S2 a drop to 2s and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 S2 a drop to 2s and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 S2 a drop to 2s and then we're
+doing another 2s a drop to 2p and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another 2s a drop to 2p and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing another 2s a drop to 2p and then
+so on as you go up along so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on as you go up along so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on as you go up along so let's look
+at some of these little glitches why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of these little glitches why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some of these little glitches why
+isn't this a a straighter line here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this a a straighter line here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this a a straighter line here so
+I'm now going to blow up this region on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to blow up this region on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm now going to blow up this region on
+this slide here and I can just put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide here and I can just put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide here and I can just put up
+this uh this diagram again and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this diagram again and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this diagram again and you can
+see that it's true so we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's true so we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's true so we're talking
+about the first ionization energies here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first ionization energies here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first ionization energies here
+you see lithium is lower then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see lithium is lower then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see lithium is lower then it goes
+higher then it goes down again so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then it goes down again so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher then it goes down again so that's
+that little Trend over here so why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little Trend over here so why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little Trend over here so why is
+this a case so the ionization energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a case so the ionization energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a case so the ionization energy for
+burum is a bit higher than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burum is a bit higher than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burum is a bit higher than the
+ionization energy for Boron and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for Boron and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for Boron and so it
+turns out that this glitch then is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this glitch then is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that this glitch then is we're
+going from the 2s to the 2p and 2p it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the 2s to the 2p and 2p it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the 2s to the 2p and 2p it's
+easier to pull off that electron so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to pull off that electron so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to pull off that electron so that
+that's why you have this lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have this lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you have this lower
+ionization energy we have another glitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we have another glitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy we have another glitch
+over here now we're just within P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here now we're just within P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here now we're just within P so
+what's going on there and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there and it's very
+small it's a very small little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's a very small little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small it's a very small little
+difference but here the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but here the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but here the ionization
+energy for nitrogen is bigger than for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for nitrogen is bigger than for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy for nitrogen is bigger than for
+oxygen so it's easier to pull off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so it's easier to pull off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so it's easier to pull off an
+electron from oxygen and if you draw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from oxygen and if you draw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from oxygen and if you draw out
+your diagram here um if nitrogen where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diagram here um if nitrogen where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diagram here um if nitrogen where
+we've obeyed uh Hun's rules and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've obeyed uh Hun's rules and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've obeyed uh Hun's rules and we put
+everything in parallel but for oxygen we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in parallel but for oxygen we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in parallel but for oxygen we
+have one extra so we had to pair the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one extra so we had to pair the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one extra so we had to pair the
+electron so it turns out it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so it turns out it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so it turns out it's a little
+easier to steal this 2p electron because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to steal this 2p electron because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to steal this 2p electron because
+it's the first one paired and I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first one paired and I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the first one paired and I kind of
+think about that as again the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that as again the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that as again the sort of
+the bus where everyone sits there's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus where everyone sits there's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus where everyone sits there's you
+can sit two people per seat one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit two people per seat one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sit two people per seat one person
+sits down no one else wants to sit next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits down no one else wants to sit next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits down no one else wants to sit next
+to them until all the seats are taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them until all the seats are taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them until all the seats are taken
+and sometimes when you're sitting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes when you're sitting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes when you're sitting in the
+seat you're really really happy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat you're really really happy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seat you're really really happy when
+that person gets up who's sitting next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person gets up who's sitting next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person gets up who's sitting next
+to you maybe there's another seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you maybe there's another seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you maybe there's another seat
+available they move over to another seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they move over to another seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they move over to another seat
+so it's often easier to eject the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's often easier to eject the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's often easier to eject the second
+person from the seat there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from the seat there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person from the seat there's a little
+bit of repulsion going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of repulsion going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of repulsion going on there
+everyone's working they're moving their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's working they're moving their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's working they're moving their
+arms as they're doing their chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms as they're doing their chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arms as they're doing their chemistry
+homework at least the bus is I'm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework at least the bus is I'm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework at least the bus is I'm on
+anyway um so we we can uh that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um so we we can uh that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway um so we we can uh that's that's
+why there's a glitch there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's a glitch there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why there's a glitch there
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right so this is all well and good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all well and good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all well and good we
+have our Trends but I always like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our Trends but I always like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our Trends but I always like to
+think about how do we know any of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how do we know any of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how do we know any of this
+is really true um how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really true um how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really true um how do you actually
+measure these ionization energies and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these ionization energies and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these ionization energies and so
+we're just going to talk about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to talk about one
+method for measuring these for a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for measuring these for a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for measuring these for a minute
+so uh photo electron spectroscopy PES is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh photo electron spectroscopy PES is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh photo electron spectroscopy PES is
+used to determine ionization values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to determine ionization values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to determine ionization values and
+so you can have uh some some energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have uh some some energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can have uh some some energy that
+you will use to excite something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will use to excite something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will use to excite something like
+neon which is gas which lights up a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon which is gas which lights up a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neon which is gas which lights up a sign
+for a pizza place um and you can eject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pizza place um and you can eject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a pizza place um and you can eject
+an electron from it that has a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron from it that has a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron from it that has a certain
+amount of kinetic energy and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of kinetic energy and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of kinetic energy and what you
+actually measure in this technique is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure in this technique is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure in this technique is
+the velocity of the electron but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the electron but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of the electron but from
+velocity as you know you can get kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity as you know you can get kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity as you know you can get kinetic
+energy and from kinetic energy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and from kinetic energy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and from kinetic energy we can
+get ionization energy so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ionization energy so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ionization energy so let's look at
+this experiment and think about the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment and think about the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment and think about the uh
+electrons being ejected so we have again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being ejected so we have again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons being ejected so we have again
+our neon uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neon uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our neon uh uh
+configuration and we'll lose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and we'll lose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration and we'll lose one
+electron uh from P here and it will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh from P here and it will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh from P here and it will have
+a velocity and a kinetic energy we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a velocity and a kinetic energy we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a velocity and a kinetic energy we can
+also think about losing an electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about losing an electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also think about losing an electron from
+s and we're just going to lose one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we're just going to lose one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we're just going to lose one
+electron uh per shell here and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh per shell here and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh per shell here and we can
+lose an electron from the 2s and the 1s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose an electron from the 2s and the 1s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose an electron from the 2s and the 1s
+and all of those should have dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of those should have dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of those should have dis
+distinct uh velocities and distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct uh velocities and distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct uh velocities and distinct
+kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic
+energies so if we know the if we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if we know the if we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if we know the if we measure
+velocity calculate kinetic energy then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity calculate kinetic energy then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity calculate kinetic energy then
+we can find the ionization energy if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find the ionization energy if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find the ionization energy if we
+knew the energy that we use to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the energy that we use to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the energy that we use to excite
+the neon so the um incident energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neon so the um incident energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neon so the um incident energy
+equals the ionization energy plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the ionization energy plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the ionization energy plus
+kinetic energy or Rewritten ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy or Rewritten ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy or Rewritten ionization
+energy equals the incident energy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equals the incident energy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy equals the incident energy or
+initial energy minus the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy minus the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy minus the kinetic energy
+so we can use this to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use this to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can use this to calculate
+ionization energies and this should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies and this should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energies and this should look
+awfully familiar to you it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully familiar to you it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awfully familiar to you it's very
+similar to something that will be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to something that will be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to something that will be on
+exam one where we're talking about using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one where we're talking about using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one where we're talking about using
+photons and ex um shooting them at metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and ex um shooting them at metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and ex um shooting them at metal
+surfaces and injecting electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and injecting electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and injecting electrons that
+have kinetic energy um if they if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kinetic energy um if they if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have kinetic energy um if they if the
+energy used to um hit the metal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy used to um hit the metal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy used to um hit the metal is
+greater in energy than the work function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater in energy than the work function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater in energy than the work function
+and the extra comes off in kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra comes off in kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra comes off in kinetic
+energy this is basically all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is basically all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is basically all the same
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+here all right so in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so in this particular
+case you would measure three uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you would measure three uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you would measure three uh
+different uh velocities or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh velocities or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh velocities or three
+different kinetic energies and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinetic energies and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinetic energies and now we
+can think about what uh those should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what uh those should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about what uh those should
+probably correspond to using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably correspond to using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably correspond to using our
+chemistry knowledge um and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry knowledge um and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry knowledge um and some
+calculations here so we have these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations here so we have these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations here so we have these three
+different kinetic energies we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinetic energies we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinetic energies we know the
+energy of the incident so we can do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the incident so we can do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the incident so we can do some
+math and when we uh subtract those we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and when we uh subtract those we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and when we uh subtract those we
+get one um ionization energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one um ionization energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one um ionization energy of
+22 and then this kinetic energy is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and then this kinetic energy is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 and then this kinetic energy is less
+so we're going to get a higher kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get a higher kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get a higher kinetic
+or ionization energy of 48 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ionization energy of 48 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ionization energy of 48 and this is
+really small um and so now we get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small um and so now we get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small um and so now we get an
+ionization energy of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy of uh
+870 and and so we might not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+870 and and so we might not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+870 and and so we might not necessarily
+know which orbitals these correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which orbitals these correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which orbitals these correspond to
+but if we think about it it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we think about it it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we think about it it should have
+a lowest ionization energy to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lowest ionization energy to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lowest ionization energy to take an
+electron out of 2p next would be 2s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out of 2p next would be 2s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron out of 2p next would be 2s and
+then the hardest electron to object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hardest electron to object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hardest electron to object
+would be from the 1s and this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be from the 1s and this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be from the 1s and this is these
+are very pretty similar to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very pretty similar to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very pretty similar to each other
+but this is a much bigger number over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a much bigger number over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a much bigger number over
+here um and so that's kind of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and so that's kind of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um and so that's kind of consistent
+um with with what we know all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with what we know all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with with what we know all right so
+this is how you measure it again um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you measure it again um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you measure it again um this
+is a multi-electron system and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multi-electron system and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a multi-electron system and so then
+the energy is going to depend on the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is going to depend on the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy is going to depend on the two
+quantum numbers it depends on L and n it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers it depends on L and n it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers it depends on L and n it
+matters what specific orbital you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what specific orbital you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what specific orbital you're
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about so let's just uh think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's just uh think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's just uh think about
+another problem here suppose you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem here suppose you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another problem here suppose you had
+five dis really distinct kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dis really distinct kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dis really distinct kinetic
+energies assume that a very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies assume that a very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies assume that a very distinct
+kinetic energy means a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy means a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy means a different
+subshell and so then we want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subshell and so then we want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subshell and so then we want to think
+about um what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um what are the
+possible uh elements in the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh elements in the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible uh elements in the periodic
+table that could produce a spectrum with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that could produce a spectrum with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that could produce a spectrum with
+these five very very distinct kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five very very distinct kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five very very distinct kinetic
+energies and so the way you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and so the way you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and so the way you think about
+this is you want to find what elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you want to find what elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you want to find what elements
+are going to have five different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have five different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to have five different kinds
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+orbitals and so we can list the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so we can list the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and so we can list the first
+set here 1 s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here 1 s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here 1 s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p that's
+five and then you need to know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and then you need to know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and then you need to know from the
+periodic table where are the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table where are the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table where are the elements
+where you're filling the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're filling the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're filling the three
+p and those are over here so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and those are over here so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and those are over here so again we
+talked and this this part will be these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked and this this part will be these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked and this this part will be these
+problems aren't on the exam but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems aren't on the exam but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems aren't on the exam but on the
+exam you need to know that this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam you need to know that this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam you need to know that this is one
+one s you're filling 1 s you're filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s you're filling 1 s you're filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one s you're filling 1 s you're filling
+2 s you're filling 2 p you're filling 3s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s you're filling 2 p you're filling 3s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s you're filling 2 p you're filling 3s
+you're filling 3p that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filling 3p that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're filling 3p that you need to
+interpret you'll be given a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret you'll be given a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret you'll be given a periodic
+table but you need to be able to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but you need to be able to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table but you need to be able to know
+what orbitals are being filled in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what orbitals are being filled in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what orbitals are being filled in the
+different parts of the periodic table so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the periodic table so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the periodic table so
+let's just try a practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's just take 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's just take 10 more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we might need to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we might need to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we might need to work on
+the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting so again we want to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so again we want to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting so again we want to think about
+you have 1 s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p 4S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 1 s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p 4S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have 1 s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p 4S
+3D and uh and 4 P so I think if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and uh and 4 P so I think if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D and uh and 4 P so I think if you if
+we get the counting down we'll be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the counting down we'll be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the counting down we'll be good
+but again you need to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again you need to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again you need to look at the
+periodic table and know what's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and know what's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and know what's getting
+filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled
+all right so let's move on and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's move on and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's move on and talk
+about electron affinity and maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electron affinity and maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about electron affinity and maybe we can
+squeeze in some electro negativity um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in some electro negativity um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeeze in some electro negativity um at
+the end these are very related uh topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end these are very related uh topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end these are very related uh topics
+and pretty fast all right so electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty fast all right so electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty fast all right so electron
+affinity the ability um to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity the ability um to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity the ability um to gain
+electrons so what we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so what we're talking about
+here is How likely um atom X is to grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is How likely um atom X is to grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is How likely um atom X is to grab
+an electron and become x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus so we often think about halogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we often think about halogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus so we often think about halogens
+when we're talking about this like Chlor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about this like Chlor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about this like Chlor
+chlorine so we have CL plus an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine so we have CL plus an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorine so we have CL plus an electron
+CL minus and here the change in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL minus and here the change in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL minus and here the change in energy
+associated with gaining that electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with gaining that electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with gaining that electron is
+minus 349 kog per mole energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 349 kog per mole energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 349 kog per mole energy is
+released and that means that the ion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and that means that the ion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released and that means that the ion is
+more stable than the parent so chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable than the parent so chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable than the parent so chloride
+is very happy to become CL minus and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very happy to become CL minus and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very happy to become CL minus and so
+you think about energy being released um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about energy being released um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about energy being released um
+if you think about a kid I was uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about a kid I was uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about a kid I was uh my
+husband's out of town so I was watching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband's out of town so I was watching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+husband's out of town so I was watching
+our six-year-old daughter this weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our six-year-old daughter this weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our six-year-old daughter this weekend
+and she was racing around like a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was racing around like a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she was racing around like a crazy
+person until she collapsed in a heap um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person until she collapsed in a heap um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person until she collapsed in a heap um
+so energy is released and she became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy is released and she became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so energy is released and she became a
+more stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stable
+six-year-old so that's what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-year-old so that's what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six-year-old so that's what's happening
+with chloride as well more or less um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chloride as well more or less um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with chloride as well more or less um so
+so here the electron affinity is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the electron affinity is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here the electron affinity is um
+minus the change in energy so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the change in energy so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the change in energy so if we
+talked about the electron affinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the electron affinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the electron affinity of
+chloride for the electron to become CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride for the electron to become CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chloride for the electron to become CL
+minus um you would say that was plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um you would say that was plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus um you would say that was plus
+349 uh K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 uh K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+349 uh K per
+mole so unlike ionization energy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole so unlike ionization energy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole so unlike ionization energy which
+is always what positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always what positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always what positive or negative
+ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+positive um electron affinity can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um electron affinity can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive um electron affinity can be
+positive or negative and that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative and that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or negative and that tells you
+something about how much it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how much it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how much it wants to
+gain electrons so nitrogen plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain electrons so nitrogen plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain electrons so nitrogen plus an
+electron going to n minus has a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron going to n minus has a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron going to n minus has a positive
+energy value here and has a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy value here and has a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy value here and has a negative
+electron affinity so n minus um the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity so n minus um the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity so n minus um the M
+the minus one ion is less stable than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus one ion is less stable than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus one ion is less stable than it
+parent so it is not as happy as chloride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so it is not as happy as chloride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent so it is not as happy as chloride
+to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do
+this so Trends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so Trends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so Trends in
+ionization um usually you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization um usually you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization um usually you have an
+increase going across and a decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase going across and a decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase going across and a decrease
+going down um and uh let's just consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down um and uh let's just consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down um and uh let's just consider
+noble gases and what you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gases and what you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gases and what you think about
+them so we'll do one final uh clicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we'll do one final uh clicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so we'll do one final uh clicker
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast okay 10 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yep there are in fact negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep there are in fact negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yep there are in fact negative and
+so we can think about this over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about this over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can think about this over here
+noble gases have negative electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gases have negative electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noble gases have negative electron
+affinities noble gases are very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities noble gases are very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities noble gases are very happy
+the way they are if you had to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they are if you had to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they are if you had to add
+another electron to them you would need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electron to them you would need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electron to them you would need
+to make a new subshell there which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a new subshell there which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a new subshell there which um
+they don't want to do and so um how hens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to do and so um how hens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to do and so um how hens
+on the other hand which are right next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand which are right next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand which are right next
+door um have highest electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door um have highest electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door um have highest electron affinity
+so if you're over here they want to gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're over here they want to gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're over here they want to gain
+an electron and become a noble gas noble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron and become a noble gas noble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron and become a noble gas noble
+gases want to stay the way they are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases want to stay the way they are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases want to stay the way they are so
+the increased Trend ends right before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increased Trend ends right before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increased Trend ends right before
+you get to the noble gases they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the noble gases they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the noble gases they're in
+our own category okay so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own category okay so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own category okay so we're going to
+end with that and we'll continue with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with that and we'll continue with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end with that and we'll continue with uh
+electr negativity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negativity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negativity on
+Friday e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LpW6zanbSf8.txt b/LpW6zanbSf8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f55170a380a360f074eaa2b893011aeb9c5ef8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LpW6zanbSf8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation today we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation today we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation today we
+are going to talk about some uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about some uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to talk about some uh an
+infinite series and discuss its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series and discuss its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite series and discuss its
+convergence so in particular um I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so in particular um I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so in particular um I have
+this infinite series the sum from nals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite series the sum from nals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this infinite series the sum from nals 1
+to Infinity of 1 / the product n * n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of 1 / the product n * n + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity of 1 / the product n * n + 1
+so what I'd like you to do is to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like you to do is to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'd like you to do is to compute
+a few terms of the series compute a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few terms of the series compute a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few terms of the series compute a few
+partial sums and use that to get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums and use that to get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sums and use that to get a sense
+for what you think the series is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what you think the series is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what you think the series is doing
+is it Con converging is it diverging if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Con converging is it diverging if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it Con converging is it diverging if
+it's converging can you figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converging can you figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's converging can you figure out what
+value it's converging to um so why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's converging to um so why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's converging to um so why don't
+you pause the video uh take some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video uh take some time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pause the video uh take some time to
+to try that out see what you get come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try that out see what you get come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try that out see what you get come
+back and we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so this is a nice series it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is a nice series it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is a nice series it has
+terms that are easy to compute and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are easy to compute and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are easy to compute and I've
+taken the liberty of computing a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the liberty of computing a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the liberty of computing a few of
+them in advance and I've put them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in advance and I've put them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in advance and I've put them up
+over here so for n from 1 to five the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so for n from 1 to five the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so for n from 1 to five the
+the the terms that we're adding up are 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the terms that we're adding up are 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the terms that we're adding up are 1
+over n * n + 1 so that's when n equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n * n + 1 so that's when n equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n * n + 1 so that's when n equals 1
+that's 1 over 1 * 2 which is a half when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 over 1 * 2 which is a half when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 1 over 1 * 2 which is a half when
+is two it's 1 over two * 3 which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two it's 1 over two * 3 which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two it's 1 over two * 3 which is a
+six so got a 12th a 20th a 30th and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so got a 12th a 20th a 30th and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so got a 12th a 20th a 30th and so
+on so those are the things we're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so those are the things we're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so those are the things we're adding
+up and then the partial sums the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then the partial sums the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then the partial sums the N
+partial sum well the first one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum well the first one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sum well the first one is just
+the first term which is 1/2 the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term which is 1/2 the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term which is 1/2 the second
+one we take the first term and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we take the first term and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we take the first term and the
+second term and we add them together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term and we add them together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term and we add them together so
+a half plus a sixth is 2/3 the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plus a sixth is 2/3 the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half plus a sixth is 2/3 the third one
+we take the first three terms and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the first three terms and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the first three terms and add
+them together and that gives us three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and that gives us three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and that gives us three
+quarters and okay so I I computed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters and okay so I I computed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarters and okay so I I computed the
+first five partial sums here as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first five partial sums here as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first five partial sums here as well um
+now if you look at this at this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at this at this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at this at this column
+so so remember that the limit that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so remember that the limit that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so remember that the limit that the
+value of an infinite series is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an infinite series is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of an infinite series is is
+defined to be the limit of its partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be the limit of its partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined to be the limit of its partial
+sums so if we want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so if we want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums so if we want to know what is the
+value of this infinite series that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this infinite series that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of this infinite series that we
+started with does it converge does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with does it converge does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with does it converge does it
+diverge what we have to do to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge what we have to do to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverge what we have to do to figure
+that out is we have to take it partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is we have to take it partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out is we have to take it partial
+sums and we have to compute their limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and we have to compute their limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums and we have to compute their limit
+and if if we if if their limit doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if we if if their limit doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if if we if if their limit doesn't
+exist then it diverges if their limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist then it diverges if their limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist then it diverges if their limit
+does exist then the sum of the series is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist then the sum of the series is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does exist then the sum of the series is
+equal to what that value of that limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what that value of that limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to what that value of that limit
+is and if you look at these terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if you look at these terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if you look at these terms here
+you'll see that they they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that they they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that they they're you know
+there's a there's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a little bit of a
+pattern here right so so these this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here right so so these this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern here right so so these this is 1
+half 2/3 3/4 four fths 5 sixths that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half 2/3 3/4 four fths 5 sixths that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half 2/3 3/4 four fths 5 sixths that's a
+pretty nice sequence of numbers it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice sequence of numbers it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice sequence of numbers it's
+it's you know we could we could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know we could we could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you know we could we could probably
+guess at this point that the next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess at this point that the next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess at this point that the next one is
+going to be 67th and 78 and and so on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 67th and 78 and and so on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 67th and 78 and and so on um
+so that that would be a guess um one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that would be a guess um one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that would be a guess um one way
+we can actually prove this is so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually prove this is so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually prove this is so so we
+have this guess um that let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this guess um that let me write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this guess um that let me write it
+down guess is that SN is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down guess is that SN is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down guess is that SN is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+n over n + 1 now if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over n + 1 now if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over n + 1 now if you wanted to
+confirm this guess what you'd have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm this guess what you'd have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirm this guess what you'd have to do
+is you'd have to just you know figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd have to just you know figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'd have to just you know figure
+out okay how how could you prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay how how could you prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay how how could you prove that
+well one thing you can do is you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing you can do is you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well one thing you can do is you can say
+well SN plus one is equal to SN plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well SN plus one is equal to SN plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well SN plus one is equal to SN plus the
+next term right so in our case SN + 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term right so in our case SN + 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next term right so in our case SN + 1 is
+equal to SN plus the next term the the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to SN plus the next term the the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to SN plus the next term the the N
+plus first term which in our case is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first term which in our case is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus first term which in our case is 1
+over n + 1 * n + 2 so all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n + 1 * n + 2 so all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n + 1 * n + 2 so all right so
+that's not maybe obvious what to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not maybe obvious what to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not maybe obvious what to do with
+this but you could uh you could split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you could uh you could split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but you could uh you could split
+this up uh really you can split it up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up uh really you can split it up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up uh really you can split it up by
+parts fractions um and you can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts fractions um and you can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts fractions um and you can write
+this as say SN plus so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as say SN plus so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as say SN plus so if you if you
+split this up by partial fractions what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up by partial fractions what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split this up by partial fractions what
+you'll get is that it's exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get is that it's exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get is that it's exactly equal to
+1 over n + 1us 1/ n + 2 and from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n + 1us 1/ n + 2 and from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over n + 1us 1/ n + 2 and from here
+it's easy to see that well if if SN is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to see that well if if SN is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to see that well if if SN is
+equal to n over n + one then this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n over n + one then this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n over n + one then this will
+be equal to 1 - 1/ n + 2 which is n + 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 1 - 1/ n + 2 which is n + 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to 1 - 1/ n + 2 which is n + 1/
+n + 2 and so us using the the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + 2 and so us using the the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n + 2 and so us using the the process
+known as mathematical induction you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as mathematical induction you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as mathematical induction you have
+that it follows for for all values of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it follows for for all values of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it follows for for all values of n
+so so because of this nice expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so because of this nice expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so because of this nice expression
+for the term it's it's easy to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the term it's it's easy to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the term it's it's easy to see that
+this pattern will continue forever um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern will continue forever um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pattern will continue forever um
+okay and so so that you know that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so that you know that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so that you know that's just
+the sketch of of how you would prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sketch of of how you would prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sketch of of how you would prove
+this now once you've proven this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now once you've proven this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now once you've proven this it's
+it's easy to see that the the once once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to see that the the once once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to see that the the once once
+you know that this is true it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this is true it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that this is true it's easy to
+see what this limit is right as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this limit is right as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what this limit is right as n goes
+to Infinity this just approaches one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity this just approaches one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity this just approaches one and
+that means the series converges and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the series converges and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the series converges and the
+limit of the series is one so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the series is one so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of the series is one so here we
+have a nice example of a series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice example of a series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a nice example of a series that
+converges and where it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and where it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges and where it actually is
+possible to compute the the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to compute the the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to compute the the limit of the
+series this isn't possible for most for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this isn't possible for most for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series this isn't possible for most for
+all series or even for most series um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all series or even for most series um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all series or even for most series um
+even even ones with fairly nice terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even ones with fairly nice terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even even ones with fairly nice terms
+it's often very difficult to to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often very difficult to to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's often very difficult to to figure
+out what their limit is but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what their limit is but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what their limit is but in this case
+uh it's not hard to do and we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not hard to do and we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not hard to do and we have uh
+precisely that the that the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that the that the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely that the that the value of the
+series is one so I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LvLbaVW84nE.txt b/LvLbaVW84nE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05dcd5584b07bc07d24ecdf210611903aa8539ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LvLbaVW84nE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+PROFESSOR: Hello, and welcome
+to a help session on
+
+complementation.
+
+Today, we are going
+to be working
+
+out a problem together.
+
+If you have not yet had a chance
+to work out the problem
+
+on your own, please do so now,
+and then return to this video.
+
+All right, now that you've had
+a chance to look at the
+
+problem your on, let's
+work it out together.
+
+So, here we have a series of
+different fruit flies.
+
+They all have these recessive
+mini-fly phenotypes.
+
+So, we've noticed that
+there are lots
+
+of different mutations.
+
+And, now, we would like
+to put them into
+
+complementation groups.
+
+So, we start off by looking at
+this nice, large Punnett
+
+square we have, where all the
+flies have been crossed to
+
+each other.
+
+So, if we look at A and B for
+instance, when these two flies
+
+are crossed together,
+they still
+
+have a mini-fly phenotype.
+
+This means that the mutation is
+in the same gene and that
+
+these two mutants do not
+complement each other, but
+
+they make up one complementation
+group.
+
+So if we look farther down this
+column, A and F together
+
+also have a mini-fly
+phenotype.
+
+This means A, B, and F, all
+three of these are in the same
+
+complementation group.
+
+So, now that we've already
+looked at A and B, let's
+
+continue on to C. So, C has a
+normal fly in all of these
+
+instances except this one.
+
+When C and E are crossed
+together, they also have a
+
+mini-fly phenotype.
+
+Thus, C and E also form a
+complementation group.
+
+So, now we're done with A,B, C,
+E, and F. So looking at D,
+
+D when crossed to all the other
+flies, you never get a
+
+mini-fly phenotype.
+
+So, D must be in its own
+complementation group.
+
+Great, so we've identified all
+three complementation groups.
+
+So, moving on to the next
+part of the problem.
+
+We are asked, are mutations B
+and C in the same gene, or are
+
+they in different genes?
+
+All right, so, if we look over
+here at B and C together, when
+
+these are crossed, we
+get a normal fly.
+
+This means that the mutations
+were able to
+
+complement each other.
+
+Meaning that the two mutations
+occur in different genes, and,
+
+thus, when you cross the
+flies, they're able to
+
+compensate for each other.
+
+So, they're in different
+genes.
+
+All right, now, in the last
+part of the problem, we're
+
+told that we are introduced to
+a new fly, or a new mutant
+
+fly, G. When G is crossed
+to A, we get a
+
+mini-fly phenotype out.
+
+Also, when we cross G to B, we
+also get a mini-fly phenotype.
+
+So the question is, what
+does this suggest to us
+
+about mutant G?
+
+Looking over here, we notice
+that A and B are in the same
+
+complementation group.
+
+When A and B are crossed
+together, we also get
+
+mini-flies So, this suggests
+to us that G is yet another
+
+member of this complementation
+group.
+
+Thus, G also falls into
+complementation
+
+group number one.
+
+This concludes our help problem
+on complementation.
+
+Thank you for joining us.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/M2KHrh_fCHE.txt b/M2KHrh_fCHE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbeb1493f30e9f10f0a2a7e0ebdb16a8984228ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/M2KHrh_fCHE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3606 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Today we are
+going to discuss color vision
+
+and adaptation.
+
+About 2/3 of it's going
+to be color vision and one
+
+third on adaptation.
+
+Now, I'm going to have several
+demonstrations on the screen
+
+here for you.
+
+And I would like to forewarn
+on you that for some reason,
+
+they still haven't fixed the
+light bulb in this projector.
+
+And this, you see this is a
+bluish color to it, speaking
+
+of color vision?
+
+And actually, it's
+supposed to be gray.
+
+But there's some loss of
+balance there in this bulb.
+
+And they've promised to
+replace it some 10 days ago
+
+and it still hasn't happened.
+
+So once we come to
+the demonstrations,
+
+they're not going to be perfect.
+
+But they will also be
+available on the internet,
+
+as well on Stellar.
+
+So you can look at them
+there and maybe you'll
+
+get a better picture of
+them there than here.
+
+But we'll do the best we can.
+
+So anyway, let me
+first give you a list
+
+of things we are
+going to discuss
+
+and the questions
+we're going to pose.
+
+First of all, you're going to
+ask, what are the basic facts
+
+and laws of color vision?
+
+Now, one of the nice
+things about color vision
+
+is that their number of laws--
+it's a very basic phenomenon.
+
+And its in many ways
+very close to physics.
+
+The second one is, what are the
+major theories of color vision
+
+that we are going to discuss?
+
+And then we are
+going to examine how
+
+color is processed in
+the retina geniculate.
+
+Then we're going to
+move on and examine
+
+what happens in the cortex.
+
+And then we are
+going to discuss what
+
+is the nature of
+colorblindness, which
+
+I think will be of
+interest to most of you
+
+because colorblindness is not
+that uncommon, unfortunately,
+
+among humans.
+
+And then we're going to
+look at how adaptation
+
+is achieved in
+the visual system.
+
+That's when we switch
+from color to adaptation.
+
+And then we are going to ask the
+question, what are afterimages?
+
+How are they produced?
+
+And what are its effects?
+
+So let's begin, then,
+with color vision.
+
+And the first thing I would
+like to say about this
+
+is that as so often happens in
+the course of history, often
+
+there had been great
+misconceptions about color.
+
+And one of the
+great misconceptions
+
+was that people thought that
+white light is the pure light.
+
+And that was
+exemplified in the fact
+
+that before the 20th century,
+for example, most nuns
+
+were required to
+wear a white outfit.
+
+They were asked to
+wear the white outfit
+
+because it meant
+that they were pure.
+
+So what happened
+then in the 1600s,
+
+one of the greatest geniuses
+of our time came along.
+
+That was Newton.
+
+And at that time-- this is just
+an interesting coincidence--
+
+it happened that the art of
+making chandeliers has emerged.
+
+And the chandeliers
+in those cases
+
+consisted of little pieces
+of glass cut in various ways.
+
+And people noticed, and
+so especially did Newton,
+
+that when you looked
+at these chandeliers,
+
+you saw all sorts
+of colors there.
+
+And so Newton said, my god.
+
+How can that be?
+
+What's going on?
+
+And so he began
+to analyze color,
+
+which also came
+about then for him
+
+because that's when they also,
+in addition to the chandeliers,
+
+they came up with prisms.
+
+And so what Sir Isaac
+Newton did was--
+
+let me skip this for a minute
+and I'll come back to it.
+
+What he did was that he put
+a little opening in a screen
+
+and let the light come
+through from the sun.
+
+White light.
+
+And then he put that beam
+of light through a prism.
+
+And he discovered
+that he got an image
+
+much like what you see when
+you have these chandeliers.
+
+Namely, that you get all
+sorts of colors projecting out
+
+of the prism.
+
+And then he performed yet
+another little experiment.
+
+He added another
+prism, same kind
+
+of prism, where the light
+was separated from the red.
+
+And then there was no
+further separation.
+
+That was a remarkable
+discovery on his part.
+
+And he became interested not
+only in the physics of it,
+
+but he also became
+very interested in how
+
+we organize our
+color perceptions.
+
+And he was the first
+person to come up
+
+with what I will talk a lot
+about, the so-called color
+
+circle.
+
+So this is what Sir Isaac
+Newton then came up with.
+
+And he established that we have
+a huge range of frequencies.
+
+And a very narrow
+section of it right here
+
+is the one that falls
+into the visible range.
+
+And if you break that up
+like this and enlarge it,
+
+much like the
+colors of a rainbow,
+
+you see all of these colors.
+
+And so the conclusion
+to which he came
+
+is something that
+was quite remarkable.
+
+He was at that age
+just 29 years old.
+
+And that was done-- to go
+back here-- at the age of 29
+
+in 1672.
+
+And so he concluded at
+that time that white light
+
+is a mixture of all the colors.
+
+It's white because
+it's an equal mixture
+
+of the different
+wavelengths here.
+
+So rather than being
+pure, white light
+
+is a conglomeration of
+all the little wavelengths
+
+in the visible range
+that the eye can process.
+
+So that was so stunning
+for him at the time
+
+that he delayed publication
+of it for more than 30 years.
+
+And then when he
+published this, this
+
+was extensively debated
+even 30 years later.
+
+And one of the people
+who debated it a lot
+
+was a famous German
+poet called Goethe.
+
+You probably all of
+you know who he is.
+
+And he said, Newton
+is a charlatan.
+
+He just made this up.
+
+It can't possibly be so.
+
+White light is pure.
+
+And so what he did, he took
+a prism just like Newton did.
+
+But instead of reflecting the
+light, he looked into the prism
+
+towards the light and he
+didn't see any colors.
+
+And he said, Newton
+is all full of junk.
+
+And so he asked his associates
+at the time, Schopenhauer,
+
+who is also a very
+famous philosopher,
+
+and said, why don't you
+do some experiments?
+
+Let us prove that
+Newton is all wrong.
+
+And so Schopenhauer did the
+experiment right and said,
+
+oh my god, Newton is right.
+
+What am I going to do?
+
+How can I tell Goethe,
+my boss, that he's wrong
+
+and Newton is right?
+
+So that became quite a thorn
+in his hide at the time.
+
+But of course
+eventually, we all came
+
+to recognize indeed that
+this is the situation,
+
+and that white light is
+a mixture of all colors.
+
+So let me now go
+back a minute to some
+
+of the basic facts, which I
+will elaborate on as we proceed.
+
+First of all, when
+we talk about color,
+
+there are all kinds
+of systematic things
+
+that we are going to discuss.
+
+And you're going
+to become educated
+
+about the processing
+of color as a result
+
+because we know a lot of very
+important basic facts about it.
+
+It's solid science.
+
+So when we talk about
+color, we typically
+
+make a distinction between hue,
+brightness, and saturation.
+
+Hue means what is the color.
+
+Is it red, green, and blue?
+
+Brightness is how intense
+the impression is.
+
+And saturation is that every
+color can be kind of washed out
+
+or it can be very sharp.
+
+Can you see a bright red?
+
+Or you can see a
+really washed-out red
+
+that's barely different
+from the background?
+
+This is very important.
+
+We have to make a
+clear distinction
+
+between the psychological
+and physiological attributes,
+
+or the physical, actually,
+attributes of color.
+
+So what do we mean by that?
+
+When we talk about color,
+that's an impression we have.
+
+That's our own personal
+psychological experience.
+
+But the scientific way to look
+at it is to call it wavelength.
+
+The same thing is true for
+luminance and brightness.
+
+Now before I go onto this,
+let me back up for a minute.
+
+Here, let me say one
+more thing about this
+
+because it's an interesting
+way to remember it
+
+and also it's relevant
+to what you are going
+
+to hear in the second
+half of this course, which
+
+is going to be on audition.
+
+So here's a classic question
+people have often been asked,
+
+especially when you were still
+in grammar school or maybe even
+
+in high school.
+
+It was, when a tree
+falls in the forest,
+
+and there's nobody around,
+does it make a sound?
+
+And so people debate this, and
+debate this, and debate this.
+
+Well, from my point
+of view, there's
+
+no question there at all.
+
+When a tree falls in
+the forest and there
+
+are all these cracks
+and everything,
+
+there is no sound because sound
+is a psychological attribute
+
+that we hear and interpret.
+
+There is, of course,
+the production
+
+of wavelengths as a
+result of the fall.
+
+So that's up in the air there.
+
+But you need a human being to
+turn that various frequencies
+
+into what we call sound.
+
+So now the next thing I would
+like to briefly approach--
+
+I'm going to talk about it in
+much more detail in a minute--
+
+is that it's been
+established by now,
+
+but initially there
+was quite a debate--
+
+I'll come back to it-- that we
+have three major kinds of cone
+
+receptors in humans
+and in many primates.
+
+And actually, in some
+animals and some birds,
+
+there are actually four of them.
+
+And these three are the short,
+middle, and long wavelength
+
+cones.
+
+Of course, we can call those--
+for short, we mean blue,
+
+for medium, we mean green,
+and for long, we mean red.
+
+And then we have the rods.
+
+And these numbers here--
+this one is misspelled.
+
+bb?
+
+I don't know what bb is.
+
+At any rate, these are
+nanometers at which they peak.
+
+And we'll come back
+to that in a minute.
+
+But before I go on with that,
+let's imagine for a minute--
+
+and we can skip this.
+
+Suppose that you are the
+emperor of the universe
+
+since the beginnings of time
+1,500 million years ago.
+
+And you decided that you're
+going to create animals.
+
+And once you've
+created animals, you
+
+have decided that they're
+going to have to see things.
+
+And so they have to have
+an eye with which to see.
+
+And then you have to decide,
+well, if that's the case,
+
+color is very important.
+
+You looked around in
+the world and said,
+
+oh, all these beautiful colors.
+
+How are we going to have
+these animals and these humans
+
+see all the colors?
+
+And then you said, well,
+there are hundreds of colors.
+
+So what are we going to do?
+
+Are we going to
+create the receptor
+
+for every one of these colors
+and put them in the eye?
+
+And you said, oh dear, that's
+a problem because then we
+
+would need a gigantic eye.
+
+And so the question
+became, of course,
+
+how else would you
+come around this?
+
+And so here the idea, that
+here you have sensitivity,
+
+and then here you
+have wavelength.
+
+And so the idea was that
+you could create hundreds
+
+of very sharply tuned
+photoreceptors like that
+
+so you could get all the colors.
+
+Well, that did not seem to be a
+very good way of doing things.
+
+And so getting more back
+to the present time--
+
+still a long ways off from
+the present, actually-- people
+
+began to hypothesize about,
+they say, well, what can
+
+we do to minimize the
+number of receptors
+
+with different
+sensitivities color
+
+and still be able to see well?
+
+And so one theory that came
+up before they knew anything
+
+about the eye and the
+three cone photoreceptors,
+
+Young and Helmholtz
+came up with the idea
+
+that if you had just
+three types of cones
+
+that are broadly
+tuned, they could
+
+take care of most of the
+ability to see various colors.
+
+And so that became
+a very interesting,
+
+very, very powerful theory.
+
+And actually, speaking
+of theories and models,
+
+it still is in my mind
+probably the greatest model
+
+or theory that has
+ever been developed
+
+about how the brain works
+because it subsequently
+
+did turn out that
+indeed, there were three
+
+of these receptors that are
+broadly tuned that can provide
+
+all that information for you.
+
+And that actually, as you
+will see, became a huge issue.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Let me go back for
+a minute to this.
+
+And let me just reiterate.
+
+These are the nanometers for
+the three types of cones.
+
+And at the end here, we have
+the nanometers for the rods.
+
+Then as a result of
+analyzing all this stuff,
+
+people have come up with
+all sorts of rules and laws.
+
+And that's what is one of the
+nice things about color vision.
+
+And one of the rules is called--
+actually, laws in this case--
+
+is called Grassmann's laws.
+
+And he said every color
+has a complimentary which,
+
+when mixed properly,
+yields gray.
+
+And I will explain this to
+you in just a few minutes.
+
+And the other is that
+non-complementary colors
+
+yield intermediates.
+
+Just keep that in your head for
+me until I fully explain it.
+
+And the other law, which I'm not
+going to talk too much about,
+
+is that the luminance of a
+mixture of differently colored
+
+lights is equal to the
+sum of the luminance
+
+of its components.
+
+So these are very, very
+basic rules-- laws.
+
+So here we go
+again, and move on.
+
+Here is what is called the
+CIE chromaticity diagram.
+
+And it was initially
+devised in 1931.
+
+And let me explain to
+you how this came about.
+
+This became an
+international undertaking.
+
+And it came about
+because it was highly
+
+desirable to be
+able to communicate
+
+throughout the world
+your particular color
+
+desire or experience.
+
+So for example, if you had a
+particular hat you had bought,
+
+say a blue hat of some
+sort, and then said
+
+now I would like to get
+a dress that fits it.
+
+How can I do that?
+
+Well, what you can
+do now as a result
+
+of this chromaticity diagram,
+there's a scale here.
+
+You can see the vertical values
+and the horizontal values
+
+going from 0 to close to 100.
+
+And then, if you can
+specify a particular color,
+
+say you want this
+color here, you simply
+
+can state what that color
+is by giving it the number.
+
+And then you can send that
+number to China or to,
+
+I don't know, to South
+Africa or something,
+
+to a particular
+company, and say I
+
+want to have a dress like
+that with that color.
+
+And then because this
+is international,
+
+they were able to
+produce that color
+
+as you specified
+on this diagram.
+
+So that was a very
+powerful undertaking.
+
+And this arrangement is such
+that actually, the colors
+
+go from the center outward,
+become more saturated.
+
+Think, for example, we're
+going to here to here.
+
+And the center of this,
+which is about 333 333
+
+on the chromaticity
+diagram, is white,
+
+which is not that obvious
+here, partly because
+
+of the colors of the background.
+
+So that is the famous
+1931 chromaticity diagram.
+
+And what one can do with
+this is to superimpose
+
+on this some rules
+about the human or, say,
+
+the primate color
+vision abilities.
+
+And the person who came up
+with this, as I've mentioned,
+
+was Newton.
+
+He came up with the so-called
+famous color circle.
+
+Now, the color circle
+is described here.
+
+And I'll show it to you
+in just a minute head-on.
+
+This is green, this is red,
+this is yellow, this is blue.
+
+And of course, the
+question is, why do we
+
+have them set up
+in this fashion?
+
+And we'll explain
+that in just a minute.
+
+So here is the color circle, the
+two-dimensional color circle,
+
+where things are pretty
+much equiluminant across it.
+
+Now, if you go from
+the center out,
+
+you increase saturation,
+as I had already said.
+
+And as you go around,
+you change hue.
+
+So those are the
+basic attributes.
+
+Now to anticipate
+the issues here,
+
+let me tell you this-- this
+is yellow, this is blue,
+
+this is green, and this is red.
+
+These are called
+the cardinal axes.
+
+As long as a line goes
+through the center,
+
+that's a cardinal axis.
+
+These are the ones
+which are best known,
+
+the red/green and blue/yellow.
+
+And the fascinating
+fact about this
+
+is that this explains a number
+of very interesting facts
+
+about our ability to see colors.
+
+So let me tell you this--
+if you mix yellow and blue,
+
+as we have talked about
+the law, if you mix them
+
+in equal luminances, you get
+what's in the center here.
+
+You get white.
+
+Furthermore, and
+because of this,
+
+there is no such
+experience in our existence
+
+that's called yellowish blue.
+
+And there's no such
+existence in our minds,
+
+as far as color's concerned,
+that's reddish green.
+
+On the other hand, if you
+don't go across the center,
+
+but you say you had yellow
+here and you have green here,
+
+there is yellowish green.
+
+There is yellowish red.
+
+There is bluish red.
+
+And there's bluish green.
+
+So we can process those and
+see those in-between colors,
+
+but we cannot do that
+along the cardinal axes.
+
+So this incredible
+color circle essentially
+
+explains the very essence
+of how we can see color.
+
+Now, there's one more
+factor here, is that we also
+
+have to take into
+account luminance values.
+
+And so people turn this color
+circle for some purposes
+
+into a three-dimensional
+entity that's shown here.
+
+Here's a color circle.
+
+And the third dimension
+going up and down here,
+
+as you go from white to black,
+if you will, in the center.
+
+So here, things are brighter
+and here, things are darker.
+
+So that is sort of
+a complete, then,
+
+arrangement for your
+color impressions.
+
+But what we are
+going to do, we are
+
+going to concentrate on
+the color circle itself
+
+as we move along.
+
+So now let's next turn
+to the outgrowth of this,
+
+starting with Newton's color
+circle, which has been somewhat
+
+modified in the manner
+that I had just shown you.
+
+And as a result of all this,
+a number of competing theories
+
+have emerged.
+
+And I'm going to talk
+about two of them.
+
+The first one is the famous
+Young-Helmholtz theory.
+
+Young initially, and he
+collaborated with him
+
+many years later,
+with Helmholtz,
+
+came up with the idea that
+you could experience colors
+
+by just having three types of
+cones that are broadly tuned.
+
+And so he said there
+are three types
+
+of broadly tuned
+color receptors.
+
+The color experience
+is the product
+
+of the relative
+degree of activation.
+
+Now, that's a fantastic theory.
+
+But there's a big
+problem with it.
+
+The big problem
+with that theory is
+
+that he doesn't explain
+Grassmann's laws.
+
+Remember what
+Grassmann's law is?
+
+That if you mix things along the
+cardinal axes, you get white.
+
+And you only get
+other colors when
+
+you mix them not along the axes.
+
+So that became a problem.
+
+And because of that, another
+famous person, Herring,
+
+came up with an
+alternate theory.
+
+He came up with a theory which
+said that color opponency is
+
+based on the observation
+that red and green, as well
+
+as blue and yellow, are mutually
+exclusive, just as I had said.
+
+The nervous system
+probably treats
+
+red/green and blue/yellow
+as antagonistic pairs,
+
+with a third pair
+being black and white.
+
+That's where the third
+dimension comes in.
+
+So therefore he argued
+that we need something
+
+like color opponency to be
+able to see colors right.
+
+Now, the interesting
+thing about this
+
+is that he became
+very famous coming up
+
+with this incredible theory.
+
+But then if you go
+back in history,
+
+you find that Leonardo da
+Vinci had this same idea
+
+many, many, many
+years before that.
+
+And this is from
+his autobiography,
+
+with a very poor translation.
+
+It says, "Of different
+colors equally perfect,
+
+that will appear
+most excellent, which
+
+is seen near its
+direct contrary,
+
+blue near yellow,
+green near red,
+
+because each color is seen,
+when opposed to its contrary,
+
+than any other similar to it."
+
+It's not written in English
+really, but you get the idea.
+
+So we have a major two theories.
+
+And then numerous
+experiments subsequently
+
+emerge, especially
+when it became
+
+possible to record the
+neural activity of cells
+
+to determine to what degree
+these theories are correct.
+
+And of course, the first
+correct aspect of both theories
+
+was that indeed, we have
+three types of cones
+
+that are selected to
+red, green, and blue,
+
+and that they are broadly tuned.
+
+So to now understand
+better how it really
+
+happens in the nervous
+system, let's take a look
+
+at the basic physiology
+of color processing.
+
+I showed you this
+slide once before.
+
+I pointed out to
+you that contrary
+
+to red and green cones, blue
+cones are much less numerous.
+
+Only one out of eight are blue.
+
+And furthermore,
+if you look at this
+
+in the retinal surfaces
+in the fovea area,
+
+there appear to be very few
+blue ones in the fovea itself.
+
+So the blue cones
+are less numerous.
+
+And consequently,
+it became a puzzle
+
+of how do they contribute
+to color vision.
+
+Now, to exemplify this further,
+let me show you a slide here.
+
+Here what we vary is
+a spatial frequency.
+
+And what you can see
+is-- I think most of you
+
+probably don't
+see anything here.
+
+But most of you
+probably still see this.
+
+This is the same spatial
+frequency as this.
+
+But this activates
+the blue cones mostly.
+
+And this activates
+your red cones.
+
+And you can see that your
+acuity is much, much lower
+
+when you only have your
+blue cones available.
+
+And that's because only
+one out of eight blue cones
+
+exist in the retina.
+
+So there's this very,
+very clear distinction.
+
+So now let's talk about
+the photoreceptors.
+
+Here we have an
+absorption spectrum,
+
+or I should say a series
+of absorption spectra,
+
+for the four kinds
+of photoreceptors.
+
+And the fourth one is your rods.
+
+So what you see here--
+and each of them
+
+are fairly broadly tuned.
+
+Here we have nanometers.
+
+And I'm sure all of
+you know this already,
+
+that 1 nanometer is a
+billionth of a meter.
+
+So we're talking about
+incredibly, incredibly
+
+high frequencies.
+
+So that the important
+thing to remember here
+
+is that each of these cones
+is fairly broadly tuned.
+
+And so consequently, any light
+that comes into the eye tends
+
+to activate all of the cones
+unless they're at the very
+
+extremes. .
+
+And so indeed, as Young
+and Helmholtz had proposed,
+
+somehow we have to derive
+our color experience
+
+from the relative
+amount of activity
+
+from these different cone types.
+
+But then as I've
+mentioned to you,
+
+Herring felt that that was not
+sufficient to explain our color
+
+abilities.
+
+And so what he did then is
+to move on and had people,
+
+especially much more recently,
+examine more closely what
+
+the center-surround organization
+is of the different midget
+
+cells in the retina.
+
+And if you remember,
+initially I told you
+
+that the prime theory was
+that the center comes up,
+
+is comprised in the central
+retina of just a single cone
+
+and the surround of its
+color opponent cone.
+
+But then, when people began to
+study this very carefully using
+
+a combination of
+recordings and anatomy,
+
+they found that actually
+the surround is not
+
+specific to one
+type of cone input.
+
+It's mixed.
+
+And so then people
+began to model that.
+
+And they found that
+this arrangement
+
+is almost as good
+as this arrangement.
+
+And this is the truth, actually.
+
+That's how it is.
+
+And so then, just to remind
+you, the parasol cells
+
+have a mixture of these
+inputs, both in the center
+
+and the surround.
+
+And as we had discussed, the
+parasol system cannot tell you
+
+about colors.
+
+This I mentioned to you before.
+
+The midget system gives
+a more sustained response
+
+than the parasol system.
+
+So now I also showed
+you this diagram.
+
+And we established that the
+green and the red cones each
+
+give rise to an
+on and off system
+
+at the level of
+the bipolar cells,
+
+and then give rise to the
+on and off ganglion cells.
+
+The red and green on
+and off ganglion cells.
+
+Now, the blue system
+is more complicated
+
+because if you would have had
+four different kinds of cones,
+
+meaning a blue one
+and a yellow one,
+
+then probably would have
+had a similar arrangement.
+
+But nature somehow had failed to
+create a yellow cone because it
+
+felt it was not necessary--
+because if you have
+
+an equal mix of red and
+green, you get yellow,
+
+because remember,
+they're not on opposites.
+
+Sorry.
+
+They're opposite.
+
+But if you mix them, you can
+create an impression of yellow
+
+because they're not along
+the exact axes for the colors
+
+themselves.
+
+So the argument was
+therefore that you
+
+must have blue on and
+blue/yellow on ganglion cells.
+
+But whether this
+is really the case
+
+is still to some degree debated.
+
+People have done a
+lot of recordings.
+
+And much of this
+was done not only
+
+in the retina, but also your
+lateral geniculate nucleus.
+
+And so the question
+was, let's just
+
+find out what is the
+color tuning of cells
+
+in the lateral geniculate
+nucleus to understand this.
+
+And to do this, when we went
+back to the color circle
+
+and presented stimuli
+along the color circle
+
+through the receptive
+fields of these cells
+
+to see how they responded.
+
+And here's an example of
+a so-called blue ON cell.
+
+It shows here you [INAUDIBLE]
+the cell is tuned.
+
+Sharply tuned,
+mostly to 90 degrees.
+
+The yellow cell is the opposite.
+
+And green OFF cell here
+and a green ON cell here.
+
+So what happens then is when you
+take a lot of sample of these,
+
+huge sample of
+them, what you find
+
+is that in the lateral
+geniculate nucleus,
+
+you don't get any cells
+that are at the diagonals.
+
+All the cells fall into
+these major four categories
+
+along your cardinal axes.
+
+And then if you take
+a big huge sample,
+
+you come up with the
+following summary--
+
+that you have red ON
+cells, red OFF cells.
+
+You have green ON cells and
+you have green OFF cells.
+
+And at least some people
+claim that you only
+
+have blue ON and Yellow ONs.
+
+You don't have blue
+OFFs and yellow OFFs.
+
+That is still under debate.
+
+But certainly, if you
+do extensive recordings,
+
+if you find any OFF
+blue and yellow OFFs,
+
+they're extremely rare
+if they exist at all.
+
+So now to try to gain
+yet further understanding
+
+of the role various areas
+play in color vision,
+
+is that one can make lesions.
+
+And I've already
+told you what happens
+
+when you make either
+parvocellular or magnocellular
+
+lesion.
+
+That blocks the parasol
+or the midget systems.
+
+And that the midget system is
+essential for color vision.
+
+And then I showed you this.
+
+Here is a geniculate.
+
+If you take out this area,
+you block the midget system.
+
+And if you take out this area,
+you block the parasol system.
+
+So if you do that--
+here is an overall view
+
+of the monkey brain.
+
+Here's area V1 Here's the V2.
+
+And here's area V4, which
+I've mentioned to you
+
+before had been believed to
+play a central role in color.
+
+So then it becomes
+important to see just
+
+what happens when you make
+lesions in these areas.
+
+In this case, you
+can make a lesion V4.
+
+And then we can examine
+color discrimination.
+
+And I told you in
+a monkey, what you
+
+do is you use an oddity task.
+
+After fixation, you can
+present the odd stimulus either
+
+in the intact parts
+of the visual field
+
+or those that had been lesions.
+
+This is a high contrast.
+
+And if you do that
+experiment-- I
+
+showed you part of
+this data before.
+
+I showed you that after
+lesion of the parvocellular
+
+geniculate, which blocks
+the midget system,
+
+you totally lose the
+ability to discriminate
+
+even these high colors,
+red, green, and blue.
+
+But no deficit
+arises when you make
+
+a lesion in the magnocellular
+portion of the geniculate.
+
+And then the big
+question became what
+
+happens in V4, since
+that had for decades been
+
+declared to be a color area.
+
+And what was surprising about
+that is that after V4 lesion,
+
+there was only a
+small deficit in color
+
+for this high-contrast stimuli.
+
+So therefore people have to
+go on and do a more careful
+
+detailed study to
+see what happens
+
+if you use less
+saturated colors.
+
+Remember that the
+degree of saturation
+
+is one of the important
+factors for analyzing color.
+
+And here we have an example
+of a very low saturation.
+
+And here we have a
+somewhat high saturation.
+
+And you can vary
+that systematically
+
+and see what happens
+after V4 lesion
+
+and after other
+kinds of lesions.
+
+And here's an example of
+what happens in a V4 lesion.
+
+And this is what
+happens in an MT lesion.
+
+It shows no deficit at
+all with an MT lesion,
+
+indicating that MT does
+not play a crucial role
+
+in analyzing color.
+
+We do get this
+significant deficit here,
+
+but it's a small one.
+
+So even at low
+saturations, the monkey
+
+still can do colors
+reasonably well.
+
+So it's not like V4
+is the color area.
+
+There apparently
+are several areas
+
+in the brain that
+can process color.
+
+And V4 does that in
+addition to performing
+
+several other analyses
+that we will discuss
+
+in a couple of
+sessions from now.
+
+So now we're going to turn
+to another very interesting
+
+phenomenon, which is what
+is called isoluminance.
+
+What is isoluminance?
+
+Isoluminance is the
+presentation of different colors
+
+that have the same
+illumination level.
+
+So I'm going to give you
+a few examples of this.
+
+If you look at this--
+how many of you
+
+can read those words there?
+
+Pretty tough, isn't it?
+
+This can be set up in such
+a way that it's even worse.
+
+But because of the light bulb in
+there, it's not really perfect.
+
+But just to give
+you a sense of it
+
+obviously goes to a
+lot easier to read.
+
+So that's because this
+is close to isoluminance,
+
+at which our ability to see
+objects is much impeded.
+
+Not eliminated, but impeded.
+
+So what can you do to do
+this kind of experiment
+
+systematically?
+
+What you can do here is you
+can use various capabilities.
+
+Stereopsis, motion parallax--
+just motion-- and texture.
+
+And if you do that, and you vary
+the red/green luminance ratio,
+
+you can see that there's a
+dramatic drop off at around
+
+very close to a luminous
+ratio of one and one.
+
+So indeed, our ability
+to process information
+
+in the absence of
+luminance information
+
+is greatly compromised.
+
+So then the question
+came up-- I mean,
+
+we're talking about here such
+things as motion perception,
+
+texture perception,
+and stereopsis.
+
+And as we had
+discussed before, we
+
+have already established that
+texture and stereopsis are
+
+processed to a large extent
+by the midget system.
+
+And that motion
+to a large extent
+
+is processed by
+the parasol system.
+
+But all three of these
+types of capabilities
+
+are compromised isoluminance
+
+So a series of experiments
+had been carried out
+
+in which people argued that
+when you present stimuli
+
+at isoluminance, you render
+the parasol system unresponsive
+
+because it gets equal input
+in the center-surround,
+
+some red and green
+cones and blue cones.
+
+So therefore, they
+concluded, that if there's
+
+a deficit in
+performance like this,
+
+that must reflect the fact
+that the parasol system plays
+
+an important role
+in the analysis.
+
+But as I told you
+before, stereopsis
+
+is processed predominantly
+by the midget system
+
+and so is texture.
+
+So that raised quite a problem.
+
+And so people began to run
+experiments in which they
+
+recorded from the parasol system
+to see what happens actually
+
+to unit responses when
+you are at isoluminance.
+
+And that resulted
+in quite a surprise.
+
+So here is an example
+of a magnocellular cell,
+
+meaning a cell that gets
+input from the parasol system
+
+of the retina.
+
+And you alternate between red
+and green here repeatedly,
+
+collect the data, and you
+vary the red/green ratio.
+
+And you can see here that
+throughout the whole thing,
+
+the cell continues to respond.
+
+So that became quite a puzzle.
+
+We were not able to
+silence the magnocellular
+
+system at isoluminance.
+
+So the question is, how come?
+
+Well, the answer is,
+as you had seen before,
+
+that the parasol system
+is extremely sensitive.
+
+It gets input even in the
+center of the receptive
+
+field of each cell
+for many of-- I
+
+should maybe say
+several-- different cones.
+
+And because of that,
+there's much more
+
+information and excitation
+coming into those cells
+
+than into those that
+are in the midget system
+
+that most of which
+only get input
+
+from a single cone
+for the center.
+
+So that being the case
+then, we can move on
+
+and ask a question
+of what about if you
+
+do the same kind of
+experiment in area MT.
+
+Now, who remembers?
+
+Area MT gets most of its
+input from which system?
+
+Good.
+
+Mostly from the parasol system
+going through the magnocellular
+
+layers.
+
+So now you can
+record in the area MT
+
+and do the same kind of
+experiment I just described
+
+to you the retina in the
+lateral geniculate nucleus.
+
+And so what you can do
+here is you have a monkey.
+
+The monkey fixates.
+
+And you move a bar of light
+across the receptor field
+
+back and forth which is
+isoluminant-- red/green
+
+in this case.
+
+And then you see how
+well the cell responds.
+
+And then for comparison
+what you can do
+
+is you can use a luminance
+grading, bright and dark
+
+in the background,
+to which we know
+
+that the parasol cells and
+the cells in the area MT
+
+respond vigorously.
+
+So now we are going to
+compare what the difference is
+
+between these two conditions,
+meaning luminance grading as
+
+opposed to an isoluminant
+color grading.
+
+So if you do that experiment,
+you're in for surprise.
+
+Here's an example of one
+cell in which there's
+
+a much more vigorous
+response to luminance.
+
+Here are the various
+luminance contrasts.
+
+And here is a chrominance one.
+
+And the cell doesn't
+respond as well here,
+
+but it still responds
+reasonably well.
+
+Then you take another cell
+and you get the opposite.
+
+And this particular
+cell, still in area MT,
+
+responds a bit more
+vigorously to chrominance
+
+than to luminance.
+
+And so if you add
+this all up and record
+
+for many, many cells, you
+find that the cells in area
+
+MT, just like in the
+lateral geniculate nucleus
+
+and in the retina, respond
+quite well at isoluminance--
+
+the parasol cells and the
+same cells, of course,
+
+in the lateral geniculate
+nucleus, and in area MT.
+
+So this area MT is one that
+responds surprisingly well
+
+to anything that's out there
+that results in a change,
+
+whether the change is produced
+by virtue of chrominance
+
+or by virtue of luminance.
+
+And that, in fact, is one of
+the very important attributes
+
+of the parasol system.
+
+Namely, and that's so
+numerous in the periphery,
+
+is to be able to detect just
+about anything that happens--
+
+motion, flicker, just the onset
+of a single stimulus, whatever.
+
+But that system
+is very sensitive
+
+and can tell something
+has happened there.
+
+That's what that system
+is very good for.
+
+It's not that good,
+obviously, for seeing
+
+very, very fine detail.
+
+But it's very sensitive.
+
+And it's very, very
+good for detecting
+
+motion and appearances.
+
+So now we're going to move
+on and talk about a topic
+
+that I'm sure many of
+you have an interest in.
+
+And that has to do with
+deficiencies in color,
+
+often referred to
+as color blindness.
+
+And the first fact
+is that if you
+
+look at the incidence of
+color deficits in humans,
+
+8 out of 100 males among
+Caucasians, 5 in a 100
+
+in Asians, 3 in a
+100 in Africans.
+
+In females, it's
+much, much less.
+
+It's 10 times less frequent.
+
+But still overall,
+that's quite a number
+
+of people who have some
+sort of deficiency in color.
+
+So now that we know that, we
+can ask the next question-- what
+
+kinds of color
+deficits can we denote?
+
+And the type, these are
+given fancy names, which
+
+are called protanopes,
+deuteranopes, and tritanopes.
+
+And that simply
+refers to the fact
+
+that protanopes lack
+long-wavelength cones, which
+
+are of course the red cones.
+
+The deuteranopes lack
+medium-wavelength cones,
+
+if you talk green ones.
+
+And the tritanopes lack
+the short-wavelength cones,
+
+which are the blue ones.
+
+So that is the basic
+types of deficits.
+
+Now, some people have
+a combination of these.
+
+Some people have no color vision
+at all, but that's very rare.
+
+Quite common are
+these three types.
+
+You somehow don't have one
+particular kind of cone
+
+or you have very few of
+them, or you have them,
+
+but they don't function right.
+
+So now, how do we establish
+our ability to see colors
+
+and whether we have
+normal color vision?
+
+Now, that's very interesting.
+
+A number of tests
+have been developed.
+
+And the most famous of
+those, the oldest one--
+
+let me go back, sorry-- are
+the so-called Ishihara plates.
+
+And the next one's the
+Farnsworth-Munsell Hue Test.
+
+And the third one I was
+going to tell you about
+
+is the dynamic computer test.
+
+So let's look at
+the Ishihara plates
+
+If you look at that,
+how many of you
+
+can see what is written there?
+
+What is it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Eight.
+
+PROFESSOR: Eight.
+
+Very good.
+
+Anybody who doesn't see it?
+
+OK, you don't see that.
+
+We'll get back to
+you in a minute.
+
+So now another test
+is a dynamic one.
+
+The reason for
+using a dynamic test
+
+is that the
+so-called isoluminant
+
+point of individuals
+is not the same.
+
+Expect a lot of variations
+from person to person.
+
+And so this test
+is the dynamic one.
+
+They presented for
+the background,
+
+as you can see here, different
+luminance levels in gray.
+
+And when the computer
+starts running,
+
+these keep exchanging each
+other in randomized fashions.
+
+It's the dynamic view.
+
+And then you have a
+central area here.
+
+Everybody can read this, right?
+
+What's the word?
+
+AUDIENCE: Lite.
+
+PROFESSOR: Lite.
+
+Very good.
+
+So now instead of presenting
+these letters here
+
+in a high brightness overall,
+we can present them in color.
+
+So I'm now going to
+show you an easy test.
+
+Anybody can read this?
+
+Anybody who cannot read it?
+
+Can you read it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Ish.
+
+PROFESSOR: Ish.
+
+So what's the word?
+
+AUDIENCE: MIT.
+
+PROFESSOR: MIT.
+
+What's that?
+
+So now I'm going to
+make it more difficult.
+
+You guys ready?
+
+What is this one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Fit.
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you having a--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, it's
+a little harder.
+
+PROFESSOR: You're
+having a fit, huh?
+
+Can you read that one?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, I can't.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+So now it seems like we
+do have one person here
+
+who has perhaps a
+mild color deficiency.
+
+And so now the question
+comes up, even if all of you
+
+want to do this, what can
+you do to test yourself?
+
+Well, so let me
+tell you about that.
+
+There is a so-called
+Farnsworth-Munsell color test.
+
+So what you want to do here is--
+can you read this down here?
+
+Get on Google and just type in
+Farnsworth-Munsell color test
+
+online.
+
+If you type that in, all
+kinds of things come up.
+
+Click on the topmost one.
+
+And then what you see
+here is a set of colors.
+
+Actually, there are four sets.
+
+And each of these has 20.
+
+And I just drew
+a few of them in.
+
+And your task is
+then-- each of these
+
+can be moved-- to
+arrange them in an order,
+
+going from this color
+to that color in order.
+
+So you do that for
+all four of them.
+
+And after did that, you
+can click on the bottom.
+
+And it will tell you what your
+score is for each of these.
+
+And so if your color
+vision is very good,
+
+it gives you sort of
+a set of histograms.
+
+And if the histogram is very,
+very low, then you're good.
+
+And if it's high,
+then you're not.
+
+What you can actually do is
+when this first comes on,
+
+these are in random order.
+
+Your task is to
+put them in order.
+
+But at the bottom
+here, it says score.
+
+So if you click on
+score, it will give you
+
+the histograms uncorrected.
+
+And they're all
+going to be high.
+
+Then you do this work.
+
+And then you click
+on it again and see
+
+how good your color
+vision is based on that.
+
+It's a bit time-consuming.
+
+But if you are interested in
+getting a sense of just how
+
+good your color vision is,
+this is a rather good test,
+
+which is readily
+available on the internet.
+
+Does anybody have any
+questions about this portion?
+
+Good.
+
+So now as a result
+of this, we're
+
+going to move on and spend the
+remainder of our time talking
+
+about adaptation because that is
+pretty closely relevant, as we
+
+shall see, to color
+vision as well.
+
+So I'm going to talk
+about adaptation.
+
+First of all, again we come up
+with a number of basic facts.
+
+Now let me at this
+point interject
+
+and just tell you
+that all the material
+
+I'm talking about today
+will be posted on Stellar.
+
+What's on Stellar now is
+not an updated version.
+
+But what I'm talking about
+today will be on Stellar
+
+I think by tomorrow.
+
+So basic facts.
+
+We talk about overall
+levels of illumination.
+
+That's what's so remarkable
+about the visual system.
+
+It's actually unbelievable.
+
+10 log units overall.
+
+But the reflected light varies
+over much smaller range.
+
+In other words, you don't want
+to look at directly at light.
+
+The reflected light
+varies only about 20 fold.
+
+So now the question is,
+how do we handle this?
+
+Well, it turns out
+that the pupil, which
+
+does play a role
+in this, can only
+
+adjust over a range of 16 to 1.
+
+So that's a long cry
+from 10 log units.
+
+And so much of the
+adaptation I would
+
+say, even more so the
+adaptation that takes place,
+
+occurs in your photoreceptors.
+
+So here I'm saying this
+again-- most light adaptation
+
+takes place in the
+photoreceptors.
+
+Now, how does it take place?
+
+Well, the way it takes place is
+that-- I mentioned this to you
+
+before-- the photoreceptor
+molecules, like rhodopsin
+
+in the rods, comes
+in two basic forms.
+
+You don't need to know
+the chemistry of it,
+
+but you make two or simply
+that it comes in two forms.
+
+We can call it bleached
+and unbleached.
+
+Some people call
+it open and closed.
+
+But let's call it
+bleached and unbleached.
+
+This is very dynamic process.
+
+At any level of illumination a
+certain percentage of molecules
+
+is bleached in each receptor
+and a certain number
+
+is not bleached.
+
+And the brighter the
+illumination, the more
+
+are bleached.
+
+It's dynamic, which I mean is
+that the molecules constantly
+
+keep changing.
+
+So it's the overall
+percentage of the ratios
+
+between the beached
+and the unbleached.
+
+So that means that any increase
+in the rate of which quanta
+
+is delivered to the eye results
+in a proportional decrease
+
+in the number of pigment
+molecules available to absorb
+
+those quanta because
+they are bleached.
+
+Now, this arrangement happens
+to be extremely clever.
+
+And this is
+reflected in the fact
+
+that the retinal ganglion cells
+are sensitive to local contrast
+
+differences.
+
+Remember, I told you there's a
+center-surround organization.
+
+This is one of the prime
+reasons we have that.
+
+The overwhelming
+majority, like 95%
+
+of the cells in the retina,
+the retinal ganglion cells,
+
+respond to contrast
+differences, not
+
+to absolute levels
+of illumination.
+
+And that's how we often
+talk about contrast.
+
+And if you remember what
+the contrast formula is,
+
+it's the contrast level
+of the stimulus itself
+
+and the contrast level
+of the background.
+
+You subtract one from the other,
+divided by the sum of the two,
+
+multiplied by 100.
+
+I showed that to you before.
+
+So now here we are.
+
+If you talk about light
+and dark adaptation,
+
+this is the basic outline
+of the retinal connections
+
+that we have talked about.
+
+We have presented this
+several times before.
+
+And then if you
+are light adapted,
+
+you essentially have
+non-functional rods,
+
+so I took them off here.
+
+But then when you darken
+that, the opposite happens.
+
+And you have the rods active.
+
+But they all fit into
+the same ganglion cells.
+
+And that's why at night, the
+receptor fields are bigger.
+
+And you don't see color
+at night because this
+
+is what the picture is.
+
+Now what you can do is
+let's ask the question,
+
+how do the neurons, like
+the cells in the retina,
+
+the retinal ganglion
+cells how do they
+
+fire at different
+levels of illumination?
+
+And that's quite an
+interesting story
+
+and a very straightforward one.
+
+Here we have a cell
+that had been adapted
+
+to these different levels
+of background illumination.
+
+At minus 5, your
+rods are functional.
+
+And what is
+important to see here
+
+is that as you change quite
+dramatically the background
+
+level, the eye adapts.
+
+And I should say that it's the
+photoreceptors predominately
+
+that do so.
+
+And what they look at
+are local differences.
+
+And so each of these
+then sees a fresh,
+
+the contrast that is
+created, rather than looking
+
+at absolute illumination levels.
+
+And that's what you
+want, of course.
+
+You want to be able to
+drive well at night.
+
+You want to be able to
+drive well in the daytime.
+
+And by having this system,
+you can look at predominantly
+
+at contrast
+differences rather than
+
+absolute levels of contrast.
+
+So that's the arrangement here.
+
+And now what we
+are going to do is
+
+to move on and talk about
+the so-called after-effects
+
+of adaptation.
+
+So let me tell you how
+this initially was done.
+
+People ask the question, what
+happens if I fix something
+
+on your retina for
+a period of time?
+
+If that previous set of
+data that I've shown you
+
+is correct, if I present
+something to the retina
+
+and leave it there, pretty
+soon you won't see anything.
+
+A famous series
+of experiments was
+
+done, by now many,
+many years ago,
+
+in which they-- very
+clever experiment--
+
+had subjects lie down.
+
+And they put a contact
+lens in the eye.
+
+And in the contact lens, they
+put a miniature projector on,
+
+which meant that when you
+turn that projector light on,
+
+it went to a fixed position
+on the retinal surface.
+
+Why was this necessary?
+
+Well, the reason it
+happened is because it
+
+was discovered that
+your eye actually
+
+is not really stable on purpose.
+
+Your eye ha a
+so-called eye tremor.
+
+And of course, you move
+your eyes all the time.
+
+So this procedure of
+having a contact lens
+
+with a projector
+attached to it kind of
+
+got rid of the eye tremor.
+
+So when they did
+that, they found that,
+
+depending on the contrast, in
+a matter of a minute or less,
+
+maybe even 30 seconds,
+you would stop
+
+seeing what was
+presented to the eye
+
+because you then
+change the adaptation
+
+level in your photoreceptors.
+
+So then subsequently,
+people had a clever idea.
+
+Said, we don't need to go
+through this incredible trouble
+
+of having to have people with
+contact lenses and a projector,
+
+and having them lie
+down because that's
+
+the only way it would work.
+
+We can do this much more simply.
+
+And so to do that, I'm going
+to have a demonstration here.
+
+What I would like
+each of you to do
+
+is to-- you see it's a light
+spot here and dark spot there.
+
+So I want you to fixate
+here and count to about 30.
+
+And be very relaxed about it.
+
+This is a Gaussian.
+
+Therefore there's no sharp
+edge and the eye tremor
+
+doesn't matter.
+
+Then after you counted
+to 30, shift your gaze
+
+to the bottom one.
+
+The first thing
+that happens if you
+
+keep looking at it,
+the two on the top
+
+here disappear if you
+fixate very tightly.
+
+And once they disappear,
+then you can look down.
+
+Everybody see it disappear?
+
+Good.
+
+And what happened when
+you looked at the bottom?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: You got
+a reversal, right?
+
+You got a dark spot here
+and a light spot here.
+
+And you say oh my god,
+what's going on here?
+
+So now let's do
+another experiment.
+
+I want you to do this again.
+
+But what I want you to do is
+to cover one eye up and then
+
+do it again.
+
+Count to 30.
+
+And after you did so, make
+[INAUDIBLE] down the bottom,
+
+but switch your eye.
+
+And if you switch the eye,
+cover the one that you looked at
+
+and uncover the one
+that you didn't look at.
+
+And if you do that, you
+won't get any effect.
+
+So what does that prove?
+
+That prove that this is
+happening in the retina.
+
+Everybody agree?
+
+Very clear cut.
+
+So what's going on here?
+
+So let's diagram this.
+
+Here we have the situation.
+
+You turned on these two stimuli.
+
+And then when we turn it down,
+initially their sensitivity
+
+of your photoreceptors
+is pretty much the same
+
+because it was a
+homogeneous background.
+
+Then after you looked at this
+for awhile-- no, one more
+
+thing.
+
+In this case, the ON cells
+fired, and in this case,
+
+the OFF cells fired, saying,
+oh, dark spot, oh, light spot.
+
+Now, if you keep looking at
+this for awhile, what happens
+
+is it begins to disappear.
+
+When it does, what happens
+is you don't see anything
+
+and what happens also is that
+the sensitivity here decreases
+
+for white light and [INAUDIBLE]
+increases here for white light.
+
+So therefore, what happens
+is once you adapted to this,
+
+there is no response
+in the ganglion cells.
+
+Then for the third step.
+
+When you've made
+yourself look down,
+
+there were homogeneous
+background.
+
+But this region is less and
+this region's more sensitive.
+
+And so therefore the
+photons come into your eye
+
+from those two regions hit
+more and less sensitive
+
+regions on the rental
+surface, thereby activating
+
+the opposite cells-- here
+activating the OFF cells,
+
+here activating the ON cells.
+
+Sorry-- right, yeah.
+
+We got a reversal.
+
+So that explains why
+you see the after image.
+
+So now we're going to
+continue and get back
+
+to the question of
+the color circle,
+
+see what happens with
+after images with color.
+
+So this color circle is
+unbelievably powerful
+
+because it explains the after
+images that you see with color.
+
+And I will come
+back to this circle.
+
+But what I want
+you to do now again
+
+is to fixate here, count
+until, again, about 30,
+
+and then fixate on the bottom.
+
+So if you do that, I think
+most of you should see,
+
+again, a reversal.
+
+Here you would see some reddish.
+
+Here you would see
+something greenish.
+
+Does everybody see that?
+
+Do you see that too?
+
+Good.
+
+So you have a very
+minor color deficit.
+
+So that's the case here.
+
+So now let me show
+you another one.
+
+And again, do the
+same experiment.
+
+And what you see here at the
+after images you get-- whoops.
+
+Sorry.
+
+Let me go back.
+
+The after images
+you get here are not
+
+going to be the
+complimentaries here.
+
+So what's going on?
+
+So let me explain it to you.
+
+Here again is a color circle.
+
+And here the prime axes.
+
+It turns out that if you
+adapt to this level here,
+
+the rule of the color circle
+says if you go across,
+
+this is the after image
+you're going to see.
+
+And if you adapt to here,
+this is the after image
+
+you're going to see.
+
+So let me draw that up.
+
+It looks like that.
+
+And that is true everywhere, as
+long as you go across the axis.
+
+You could do this horizontally
+or even diagonally,
+
+and you get this reversal.
+
+So it says that an after image
+can be perfectly predicted
+
+by the rules of
+the color circle.
+
+It's on the opposite
+side of the image
+
+that you look at,
+going across the center
+
+along the cardinal axis.
+
+But now if you do the diagonals,
+which I showed you before,
+
+when it didn't match,
+what we have here,
+
+you have this and this.
+
+Then the after image
+is this and that.
+
+And so we don't have a
+correspondence, of course,
+
+because you're not along the
+axes that would predict this.
+
+This one gives you that
+and this one give you that.
+
+So if I did this and
+this to begin with,
+
+it would be the same
+as that, but rotated.
+
+So that then clearly enables
+us to use the color circle
+
+to predict not only some of the
+basic effects of what colors
+
+we see, but also to tell
+you exactly what kinds
+
+of after images you get.
+
+Quite remarkable.
+
+So now to drive
+this home once more.
+
+This doesn't work too well
+because the colors are crummy
+
+here, but we can try it.
+
+Everybody agree this is sort of
+a more or less black and white
+
+display-- a little
+bluish, unfortunately,
+
+here-- of a beautiful castle?
+
+See that fixation point here?
+
+What I want you to do
+here is to fixate here,
+
+again, count to 30, and
+then I'll switch back to it.
+
+And if this were
+to work right, you
+
+would see the original black
+and white image in color.
+
+Keep fixating.
+
+Count to 20 more.
+
+And then I'll switch back.
+
+Did you see the colors?
+
+Yeah.
+
+So this is a very
+clever demo I found.
+
+I'm afraid I don't
+remember the person's name
+
+who came up with this one.
+
+But the essence of it is, again,
+that indeed what is happening
+
+is that you're creating an
+after effect due to adaptation
+
+in the retina.
+
+And when you do
+this very cleverly,
+
+like this particular
+castle picture,
+
+you can actually create
+an artificial impression
+
+of colors which are in
+consonance with what
+
+the real colors would look like
+in a black and white picture.
+
+So that then is
+the essence of what
+
+I wanted to cover
+about adaptation.
+
+And we can now
+come and summarize
+
+what I had covered today.
+
+So first of all, I
+told you that there
+
+are three qualities of
+color-- hue, brightness,
+
+and saturation.
+
+And just to go back--
+hang on for a minute.
+
+I want to go back once
+more to make this clear,
+
+which I forgot to mention.
+
+If you go around the
+circle, you change hue.
+
+And if you go from the
+periphery to the center,
+
+you change saturation.
+
+And the center here, if this
+color circle were 100% correct,
+
+this would be a white area.
+
+Now, the basic rules
+of color vision
+
+are explained by the color
+circle, as we have amply seen.
+
+There's something probably--
+I have a color circle
+
+up on my wall in my office
+because I'm always fascinated
+
+by this, even though I've
+been doing it for years.
+
+So the three photoreceptors
+we talked about in humans
+
+and in primates, the red,
+green, and blue, which
+
+shouldn't be called that.
+
+People get mad when you do
+that, even though that's the way
+
+I call it.
+
+But people want to call
+them short, medium,
+
+and long-wavelength cones.
+
+They are broadly tuned,
+as I had shown you
+
+in those spectrograms.
+
+The color-opponent midget
+retinal ganglion cells
+
+form two cardinal axes, the
+red/green and the blue/yellow.
+
+And those, if you
+remember I told you
+
+at the level of the
+retinal ganglion cells
+
+and at the level of the
+lateral geniculate nucleus,
+
+fall into these two
+major categories.
+
+We won't have any
+under diagonals.
+
+So for us to be properly
+able to see diagonals,
+
+that's done somewhere
+in the cortex.
+
+It's not done at the
+level of the retina
+
+or the lateral
+geniculate nucleus.
+
+Now, I also pointed out
+to you several times
+
+already that the midget
+system's essential for color
+
+discrimination.
+
+And the parasol cells can see
+stimuli even at isoluminance.
+
+They just cannot say
+what the color is.
+
+They don't, quotes,
+"perceive" different colors.
+
+But they can see
+any kind of change
+
+that occurs in the
+environment, even when it
+
+occurs at isoluminance.
+
+Color is processed in
+many cortical areas,
+
+lesions to any single
+extrastriate area
+
+fails to eliminate
+the processing
+
+of chrominance information.
+
+It can reduce it, but
+it doesn't block it out.
+
+That's true for many things.
+
+So the cortical areas
+are very, very complex.
+
+And they do interactive analysis
+for many different attributes,
+
+including color.
+
+However, I can add here that
+does not apply to area MT
+
+because MT does not
+seem to be specializing
+
+in color because lesions there,
+you [INAUDIBLE] any deficit.
+
+But there's several
+other visual areas.
+
+We went through that, V3, and
+[INAUDIBLE] cortex, and so on.
+
+These areas contribute to
+the processing of color.
+
+Now, the perception
+of isoluminance
+
+is categorized for all
+categories of vision.
+
+It's not selected
+to only those that
+
+are processed by the midget
+or the parasol systems.
+
+All aspects of vision--
+and the three I
+
+showed you was,
+stereopsis, motion,
+
+and what was the third one?
+
+AUDIENCE: Texture.
+
+PROFESSOR: Texture, right.
+
+So all three of
+those are compromised
+
+when stimuli are
+presented at isoluminance.
+
+The most significant aspect
+of luminance adaptation
+
+occurs in the photoreceptors.
+
+And it's explainable by the
+relative number at any given
+
+level of adaptation of bleached
+and unbleached photoreceptor
+
+molecules, as in the
+case of rhodopsin.
+
+Lastly, after images are
+a product of photoreceptor
+
+adaptation and their subsequent
+response to the incoming light.
+
+So that then is the essence of
+what you wanted to cover today.
+
+And I hope you did
+find this interesting,
+
+because certainly
+our ability to see
+
+color is quite a
+remarkable thing.
+
+It's amazing to get a sense
+of how the nervous system does
+
+that, even though
+at this stage, we
+
+are still at a fairly
+early level of having
+
+gained full understanding of it.
+
+Now the next time,
+we are going to move
+
+on to another fascinating topic,
+at least for me fascinating,
+
+which is depth perception,
+which I had mentioned
+
+before is a remarkable
+achievement because images fall
+
+on a two-dimensional
+retinal surface.
+
+And from that, the
+third dimension
+
+has to be reconstructed.
+
+And how that is done, we are
+going to discuss the next time.
+
+Now let's make sure that all
+of you had signed attendance.
+
+And the next thing is if any
+of you have any questions,
+
+I will be happy to
+try to answer them.
+
+So once again, I'm
+crystal clear, huh?
+
+Well, thank you very
+much for attending.
+
+And I do hope that
+your knowledge
+
+has increased a bit about how
+we process color information.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MAnmf_-mHHM.txt b/MAnmf_-mHHM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6724be302d8460e70c1281c428c44d656563256b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MAnmf_-mHHM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Problems are not catastrophes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems are not catastrophes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems are not catastrophes.
+We humans have a penchant for drama.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We humans have a penchant for drama.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We humans have a penchant for drama.
+We love to present problems as if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We love to present problems as if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We love to present problems as if they
+were catastrophes and talk about them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were catastrophes and talk about them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were catastrophes and talk about them as
+if there was only one way to solve them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was only one way to solve them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was only one way to solve them.
+Some silver bullet or some magic pill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some silver bullet or some magic pill.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some silver bullet or some magic pill.
+Let me give you some examples of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me give you some examples of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me give you some examples of what I
+mean. A few years ago, students in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean. A few years ago, students in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean. A few years ago, students in an
+MIT dorm came up with a system to grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT dorm came up with a system to grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT dorm came up with a system to grow
+lettuce in a closet. Soon, they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettuce in a closet. Soon, they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lettuce in a closet. Soon, they were
+persuaded to present their invention as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded to present their invention as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuaded to present their invention as
+the start of a movement that would yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of a movement that would yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of a movement that would yield
+a solution to food distribution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to food distribution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to food distribution,
+obesity, chemical runoff, climate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obesity, chemical runoff, climate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obesity, chemical runoff, climate
+change. Even by the same logic in 2025,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Even by the same logic in 2025,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. Even by the same logic in 2025,
+if you were concerned about say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were concerned about say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were concerned about say
+declining math literacy, you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining math literacy, you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declining math literacy, you might be
+tempted to talk about a more grandio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to talk about a more grandio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to talk about a more grandio
+problem like soon even computers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like soon even computers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like soon even computers will
+start making addition mistakes or AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making addition mistakes or AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making addition mistakes or AI
+will kill us all unless we learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kill us all unless we learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kill us all unless we learn to
+divide by zero or something involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by zero or something involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by zero or something involving
+climate change. These last examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change. These last examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate change. These last examples are
+a bit silly, but they help me make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit silly, but they help me make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit silly, but they help me make my
+point. The drama distracts you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. The drama distracts you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. The drama distracts you from
+actually understanding the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understanding the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually understanding the problem
+you're solving. You may be inclined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving. You may be inclined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're solving. You may be inclined to
+talk about problems this way so they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about problems this way so they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about problems this way so they'll
+be taken seriously enough to solve. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken seriously enough to solve. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken seriously enough to solve. But
+this isn't how you solve them. Real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't how you solve them. Real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't how you solve them. Real
+world problems are more interesting. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problems are more interesting. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world problems are more interesting. So
+let's talk about what are real problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what are real problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about what are real problems
+and how to solve them. It's not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to solve them. It's not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to solve them. It's not what you
+did in math class. Love them or hate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in math class. Love them or hate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in math class. Love them or hate
+them. Those math class problems had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Those math class problems had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Those math class problems had a
+readymade problem statement and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readymade problem statement and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readymade problem statement and the
+variables were all spelled out, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were all spelled out, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were all spelled out, all
+handed to you by the teacher. One thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed to you by the teacher. One thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed to you by the teacher. One thing
+was clear, there was just one solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was clear, there was just one solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was clear, there was just one solution.
+This was pretend play problem solving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was pretend play problem solving.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This was pretend play problem solving.
+Problems in the real world that matter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems in the real world that matter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems in the real world that matter.
+Problems you are truly motivated to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems you are truly motivated to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Problems you are truly motivated to take
+on. And maybe that's why you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And maybe that's why you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. And maybe that's why you are
+watching these videos. They don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching these videos. They don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching these videos. They don't have
+readymade problem statements. Not until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readymade problem statements. Not until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readymade problem statements. Not until
+you produce them. You do not need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce them. You do not need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce them. You do not need
+clarity about the problem. Scratch that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity about the problem. Scratch that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity about the problem. Scratch that.
+You can't have clarity unless you commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't have clarity unless you commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't have clarity unless you commit
+to explore the actual problem. At first,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore the actual problem. At first,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explore the actual problem. At first,
+real world problems might look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world problems might look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world problems might look like a
+nuisance, an obstacle, an impediment, or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance, an obstacle, an impediment, or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuisance, an obstacle, an impediment, or
+a collection of symptoms that is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of symptoms that is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a collection of symptoms that is hard to
+diagnose. In the new mindset, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose. In the new mindset, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose. In the new mindset, we
+appreciate that solving the problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that solving the problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate that solving the problem and
+understanding it are the same thing. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it are the same thing. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding it are the same thing. No
+matter the problem, you can come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the problem, you can come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter the problem, you can come up with
+a technology that makes it easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technology that makes it easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technology that makes it easier to
+understand. You can take that as a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. You can take that as a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. You can take that as a new
+definition for what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for what we mean by
+technology. Technology helps us reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Technology helps us reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology. Technology helps us reach
+further. It removes obstacles. It solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. It removes obstacles. It solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. It removes obstacles. It solves
+problems. And just like technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. And just like technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. And just like technology
+creates options, what makes real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates options, what makes real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates options, what makes real
+problems interesting is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems interesting is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems interesting is that there are
+many ways to chip at them. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways to chip at them. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways to chip at them. If you
+remember only one thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember only one thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember only one thing about this
+video, let this be it. You have options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, let this be it. You have options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video, let this be it. You have options.
+Here's an example of what I mean. At the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's an example of what I mean. At the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's an example of what I mean. At the
+start of my career, I worked on a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of my career, I worked on a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start of my career, I worked on a system
+to locate cell phones in case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate cell phones in case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate cell phones in case of
+emergency. The regulator, the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency. The regulator, the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency. The regulator, the Federal
+Communications Commission, was worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Commission, was worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Commission, was worried
+that as cell phones replace landlines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as cell phones replace landlines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as cell phones replace landlines,
+they would lose the ability to locate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would lose the ability to locate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would lose the ability to locate a
+call to emergency services. Landlines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to emergency services. Landlines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call to emergency services. Landlines
+were easy to locate. Each number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were easy to locate. Each number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were easy to locate. Each number was
+associated with an address already. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an address already. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an address already. But
+how to get a location estimate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get a location estimate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get a location estimate for a
+mobile phone. In fact, there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone. In fact, there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone. In fact, there are many
+options. One could install GPS in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. One could install GPS in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. One could install GPS in all
+phones or find ways to triangulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones or find ways to triangulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones or find ways to triangulate
+signals. We found yet another way using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals. We found yet another way using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals. We found yet another way using
+AI and found that Polar is wireless. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and found that Polar is wireless. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI and found that Polar is wireless. But
+there were other parts of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other parts of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other parts of the problem
+too, like supplying emergency services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, like supplying emergency services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too, like supplying emergency services
+with a medical record so emergency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a medical record so emergency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a medical record so emergency
+respondents could be readier. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondents could be readier. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respondents could be readier. The
+problem was not limited to locating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was not limited to locating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem was not limited to locating
+phones. Rather, it was fielding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones. Rather, it was fielding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones. Rather, it was fielding
+emergency response calls placed from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency response calls placed from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergency response calls placed from a
+cell phone timely. Each of those ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone timely. Each of those ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone timely. Each of those ways to
+chip at the problem led to at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip at the problem led to at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip at the problem led to at least one
+company. Your first task in doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Your first task in doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company. Your first task in doing
+genuine innovation is not solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine innovation is not solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genuine innovation is not solving the
+problem. It isn't guessing a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It isn't guessing a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. It isn't guessing a single
+solution either. It is figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution either. It is figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution either. It is figuring out what
+the problem actually is. There's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem actually is. There's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem actually is. There's a way
+to do this systematically. It's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this systematically. It's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this systematically. It's called
+prototyping a problem. the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping a problem. the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping a problem. the subject of
+the next video.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NnJ1vDNqlsk.txt b/NnJ1vDNqlsk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e95c209ee75726b41c4cd0ac41866e00789cc8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NnJ1vDNqlsk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello everybody and congratulations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody and congratulations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello everybody and congratulations on
+on getting problem set seven in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on getting problem set seven in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on getting problem set seven in this is
+Michael cubert and I'm going to unlock a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael cubert and I'm going to unlock a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael cubert and I'm going to unlock a
+new set of features on chords for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of features on chords for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new set of features on chords for you
+now that you have successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that you have successfully
+implemented some of them yourself so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented some of them yourself so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented some of them yourself so I'm
+going to go ahead and um import the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead and um import the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go ahead and um import the
+chord module from music 21 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord module from music 21 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord module from music 21 and we
+remember that within the chord module is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that within the chord module is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that within the chord module is
+the capital c chord class so we'll say c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital c chord class so we'll say c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital c chord class so we'll say c
+um major equals chord. chord and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um major equals chord. chord and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um major equals chord. chord and we'll
+say C4 E4 G4 um by the way when creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C4 E4 G4 um by the way when creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say C4 E4 G4 um by the way when creating
+a chord we can do um we can create it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chord we can do um we can create it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a chord we can do um we can create it a
+couple different ways uh you can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different ways uh you can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple different ways uh you can put it
+as um a list of strings we can make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um a list of strings we can make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as um a list of strings we can make it a
+single space separated string or if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single space separated string or if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single space separated string or if we
+really want to do this um if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do this um if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to do this um if we want to
+be painful for ourselves but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be painful for ourselves but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be painful for ourselves but sometimes
+that's how we'll do it we'll create um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we'll do it we'll create um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we'll do it we'll create um
+four equals pitch p. pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equals pitch p. pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four equals pitch p. pitch
+C4 E4 is pitch. pitch E4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 E4 is pitch. pitch E4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C4 E4 is pitch. pitch E4
+and the next one G4S pitch up Pitch G4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one G4S pitch up Pitch G4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one G4S pitch up Pitch G4
+and then we can make C major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can make C major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can make C major
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+um a list of those already created pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a list of those already created pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a list of those already created pitch
+objects and depending on what context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and depending on what context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and depending on what context
+you're doing one of these will be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing one of these will be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing one of these will be easier
+than others um we could also do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others um we could also do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than others um we could also do it with
+a list of no objects but not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of no objects but not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of no objects but not going to
+demonstrate that now in any case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that now in any case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that now in any case we have
+C major and we have this chord going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C major and we have this chord going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C major and we have this chord going on
+and that's all nice and fun okay do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all nice and fun okay do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all nice and fun okay do that
+so in within this chord um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in within this chord um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in within this chord um one of the
+things we can do is we can get the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do is we can get the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do is we can get the root
+of it and takes a little bit of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and takes a little bit of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and takes a little bit of time so
+I've made it a function call a method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made it a function call a method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made it a function call a method
+call on that um so that seems to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on that um so that seems to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on that um so that seems to work
+and get the base of the same chord and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the base of the same chord and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the base of the same chord and
+that's the same thing here because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing here because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same thing here because the
+inversion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is
+oops the inversion is zero great now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops the inversion is zero great now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops the inversion is zero great now
+let's do um C major 6 um not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do um C major 6 um not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do um C major 6 um not in the
+chord symol sense but in the Roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord symol sense but in the Roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord symol sense but in the Roman
+numeral figured base six as in first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral figured base six as in first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numeral figured base six as in first
+inversion we'll create chord. chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion we'll create chord. chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion we'll create chord. chord
+think through it before you copy down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through it before you copy down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think through it before you copy down
+what I'm going to write great E4 C5 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to write great E4 C5 oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to write great E4 C5 oh
+let's let's go and put in open position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go and put in open position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's go and put in open position
+C major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C major
+6 root it's still C base it's still an e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 root it's still C base it's still an e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 root it's still C base it's still an e
+but now oh is now an e uh because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now oh is now an e uh because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now oh is now an e uh because the
+inversion is one great we can set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is one great we can set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is one great we can set the
+inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and see that everything has moved up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that everything has moved up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that everything has moved up
+above the G and um moved all the way up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the G and um moved all the way up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the G and um moved all the way up
+it's pretty far up there so maybe we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty far up there so maybe we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty far up there so maybe we'll
+do six.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do six.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do six.
+transpose in place oops transpose down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose in place oops transpose down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose in place oops transpose down
+let's say down two octaves and place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say down two octaves and place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say down two octaves and place
+equals true and now we're here and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and now we're here and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals true and now we're here and uh
+I'm just realizing that this inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just realizing that this inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just realizing that this inversion
+thing should have returned a new chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing should have returned a new chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing should have returned a new chord
+or something like that so I'll put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so I'll put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that so I'll put in
+Tod do let see make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tod do let see make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tod do let see make
+inversion not return uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion not return uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion not return uh
+not in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in place
+and just in case you're watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just in case you're watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just in case you're watching this
+video later and you're inversion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video later and you're inversion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video later and you're inversion to
+something else that's I fix that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's I fix that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else that's I fix that problem
+okay so these are some of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are some of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are some of the things
+that we can do here um notice let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do here um notice let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do here um notice let's go
+back to create our original first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to create our original first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to create our original first
+inversion chord um great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion chord um great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion chord um great
+and some of the other things we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the other things we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of the other things we can do
+those notes are pretty far apart so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those notes are pretty far apart so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those notes are pretty far apart so we
+can say um C Mage 6 closed equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say um C Mage 6 closed equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say um C Mage 6 closed equals c
+major 6 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major 6 in
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+position and now we see see s in closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and now we see see s in closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and now we see see s in closed
+position keep still keeps that e in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position keep still keeps that e in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position keep still keeps that e in the
+base um but figured out that hey that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base um but figured out that hey that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base um but figured out that hey that c
+that g could move all the way down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g could move all the way down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that g could move all the way down to
+octave 4 because C4 would be below E4 C5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave 4 because C4 would be below E4 C5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave 4 because C4 would be below E4 C5
+only gets left there so these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gets left there so these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only gets left there so these are some
+of the things that we can be doing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we can be doing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we can be doing with
+uh with the kinds of things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the kinds of things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with the kinds of things that we're
+doing with chords in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with chords in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with chords in
+our most recent problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most recent problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our most recent problem
+set here's an a a little interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here's an a a little interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set here's an a a little interesting
+thing with roots that I'd hoped to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with roots that I'd hoped to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with roots that I'd hoped to get
+to in class but now we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in class but now we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in class but now we can talk about
+it's one of these strange moments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+music so one of the things that came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so one of the things that came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music so one of the things that came up
+in our discussion was of course finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our discussion was of course finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our discussion was of course finding
+the root and when you were working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and when you were working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root and when you were working on
+finding the rout you know on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the rout you know on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the rout you know on something
+like uh C major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh C major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh C major
+Triad okay that's pretty easy then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad okay that's pretty easy then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Triad okay that's pretty easy then um
+you end up with a little bit harder is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a little bit harder is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a little bit harder is C
+major tried an open position and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major tried an open position and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major tried an open position and maybe
+even harder is you know let's do it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even harder is you know let's do it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even harder is you know let's do it an
+open position and an inversion and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open position and an inversion and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open position and an inversion and all
+of these of course the route is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these of course the route is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these of course the route is going to
+be C but how did we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C but how did we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C but how did we do
+this I haven't had chance to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I haven't had chance to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I haven't had chance to go through
+everybody's um everybody's assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's um everybody's assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's um everybody's assignments
+yet but there's different possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but there's different possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but there's different possibilities
+some of which are more efficient some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are more efficient some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of which are more efficient some of
+which are less efficient but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are less efficient but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are less efficient but basically
+whichever route you chose it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever route you chose it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever route you chose it ends up
+usually trying to find some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually trying to find some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually trying to find some way to
+permute each of the U Notes so maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permute each of the U Notes so maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permute each of the U Notes so maybe we
+we rewrite them all to be in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rewrite them all to be in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rewrite them all to be in the same
+octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave
+so and then we try various permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then we try various permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then we try various permutations
+maybe we rotate below so we take uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we rotate below so we take uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we rotate below so we take uh the
+top note and move it down so um down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top note and move it down so um down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top note and move it down so um down to
+here and we have some sort of a template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have some sort of a template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have some sort of a template
+in mind and that template says that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind and that template says that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind and that template says that when
+you have stacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have stacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have stacked
+thirds then the lowest note is the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds then the lowest note is the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds then the lowest note is the root
+so here we don't have stack thirds what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we don't have stack thirds what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we don't have stack thirds what
+do we have we have a fourth and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have a fourth and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have we have a fourth and then a
+third above it we would say 64 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third above it we would say 64 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third above it we would say 64 in
+figured base but you think of it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured base but you think of it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured base but you think of it this
+way and here we don't have it we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and here we don't have it we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and here we don't have it we have a
+third and a fourth above it we call 63
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and a fourth above it we call 63
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third and a fourth above it we call 63
+position and we don't have it so we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we don't have it so we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and we don't have it so we go
+one more time and here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time and here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more time and here we have
+um this which we know is um 33 or 53 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this which we know is um 33 or 53 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this which we know is um 33 or 53 and
+this is our perfect solution and yay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our perfect solution and yay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our perfect solution and yay
+we're super happy and the cool thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're super happy and the cool thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're super happy and the cool thing is
+that this kind of work works just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of work works just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this kind of work works just as
+well with um with seventh chords so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with um with seventh chords so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with um with seventh chords so
+let's say we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we're doing
+um here we're going to use some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we're going to use some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we're going to use some of the
+same notes but we'll be a dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notes but we'll be a dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notes but we'll be a dominant
+seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh
+type um position in F major something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type um position in F major something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type um position in F major something
+like that and we can again start moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and we can again start moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and we can again start moving
+things into the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the same
+octave I always make little noises when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave I always make little noises when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+octave I always make little noises when
+I make chords and um we can see nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make chords and um we can see nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make chords and um we can see nope
+what do we have here we have third third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here we have third third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have here we have third third
+second so that's doesn't work we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's doesn't work we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so that's doesn't work we'll take
+the top note bring it down an octave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops just AAL enough that I want all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops just AAL enough that I want all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops just AAL enough that I want all my
+notes to be in blue so today so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes to be in blue so today so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes to be in blue so today so we can
+do something like this and voila we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this and voila we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like this and voila we have
+what do we have third third third and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have third third third and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have third third third and
+we're all happy and so the route is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all happy and so the route is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all happy and so the route is C
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+but what Happ happens if we have um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what Happ happens if we have um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what Happ happens if we have um a
+knife well I won't make it a knif chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife well I won't make it a knif chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knife well I won't make it a knif chord
+you can again put it into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can again put it into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can again put it into this
+particular position and voila we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position and voila we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular position and voila we have
+C9 whatever inversion it's in and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C9 whatever inversion it's in and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C9 whatever inversion it's in and so on
+uh but let's take a second and listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's take a second and listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but let's take a second and listen to
+a piece of music that going to challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of music that going to challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of music that going to challenge
+some of our assumptions about what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our assumptions about what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our assumptions about what does
+a root mean maybe go beyond what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a root mean maybe go beyond what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a root mean maybe go beyond what we've
+seen in our Theory classes but the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in our Theory classes but the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in our Theory classes but the type
+of things we have to consider as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we have to consider as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we have to consider as
+computational music analysis analysts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational music analysis analysts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational music analysis analysts
+whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the piece we're going to discuss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the piece we're going to discuss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the piece we're going to discuss is
+by Benjamin Britain it's his Opera Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Benjamin Britain it's his Opera Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Benjamin Britain it's his Opera Peter
+Grimes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grimes from
+1945 and we're going to be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 and we're going to be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 and we're going to be looking at
+one of the last scenes of the Opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the last scenes of the Opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the last scenes of the Opera
+where the main character Peter Grimes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the main character Peter Grimes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the main character Peter Grimes uh
+has become deranged and lost his mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become deranged and lost his mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become deranged and lost his mind
+and believes the accusations that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believes the accusations that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believes the accusations that have
+been made against him that he has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made against him that he has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been made against him that he has been
+killing his assistants when uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing his assistants when uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing his assistants when uh really
+the most recent one has just died in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent one has just died in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most recent one has just died in a
+tragic mishap and uh the music that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragic mishap and uh the music that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragic mishap and uh the music that
+we're going to be listening to there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be listening to there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be listening to there's
+no singing It's the music that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no singing It's the music that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no singing It's the music that
+accompanies him going out to sea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanies him going out to sea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanies him going out to sea to
+drown himself so it's a very somber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drown himself so it's a very somber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drown himself so it's a very somber
+moment I want you to listen particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I want you to listen particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment I want you to listen particularly
+though to the arpeggiated chord played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though to the arpeggiated chord played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though to the arpeggiated chord played
+by the harp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at that chord from the harp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that chord from the harp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at that chord from the harp
+in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail
+it's starts in the base cluff with uh f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starts in the base cluff with uh f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's starts in the base cluff with uh f
+a c contining up e g b d and then coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c contining up e g b d and then coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a c contining up e g b d and then coming
+back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down
+and when we put it into treble cluff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we put it into treble cluff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we put it into treble cluff and
+stack everything up we see that fa d g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack everything up we see that fa d g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack everything up we see that fa d g
+Etc we basically have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc we basically have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc we basically have a whole bunch of
+Stack thirds going all the way up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stack thirds going all the way up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stack thirds going all the way up and so
+that's an f13 chord so we know the rout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an f13 chord so we know the rout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an f13 chord so we know the rout
+because we see all of the stack thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we see all of the stack thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we see all of the stack thirds
+but now let's take the root and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's take the root and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let's take the root and we'll
+move to the top so we'll start on a c e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the top so we'll start on a c e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to the top so we'll start on a c e
+g b d f and hey that's also stack third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g b d f and hey that's also stack third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g b d f and hey that's also stack third
+so our original chord could be an a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our original chord could be an a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our original chord could be an a a
+13th chord um in first inversion I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th chord um in first inversion I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13th chord um in first inversion I don't
+know what the figured Bas symbol is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the figured Bas symbol is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the figured Bas symbol is for
+that but then we can also Take the A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then we can also Take the A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but then we can also Take the A and
+put it to the top and see that hey c e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to the top and see that hey c e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it to the top and see that hey c e
+GB d f a that's also a stack of thirds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GB d f a that's also a stack of thirds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GB d f a that's also a stack of thirds
+so this is a C3 chord in second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a C3 chord in second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a C3 chord in second
+inversion okay let's see what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion okay let's see what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion okay let's see what happens in
+music 21 when we try to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 when we try to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music 21 when we try to do something
+with this so we'll um import everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so we'll um import everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this so we'll um import everything
+oh Le we just need cord this case and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Le we just need cord this case and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh Le we just need cord this case and um
+let's create an f11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's create an f11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's create an f11
+chord and so we'll do it the same way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and so we'll do it the same way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chord and so we'll do it the same way as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+um as we're doing with the Peter Grim so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we're doing with the Peter Grim so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as we're doing with the Peter Grim so
+F3 A3 C4 E4 G4 B flat 4 uh we're leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F3 A3 C4 E4 G4 B flat 4 uh we're leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F3 A3 C4 E4 G4 B flat 4 uh we're leaving
+out that high D for now and when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that high D for now and when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that high D for now and when we look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+f11 root is the F3 it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f11 root is the F3 it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f11 root is the F3 it's in
+version We gu in root position great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version We gu in root position great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version We gu in root position great
+let's take that B flat 4 down um to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take that B flat 4 down um to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take that B flat 4 down um to the
+lowest part we'll put it in B flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest part we'll put it in B flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest part we'll put it in B flat
+2 and now something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and now something like
+that and will we find the root of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and will we find the root of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and will we find the root of this
+it's still an f and it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still an f and it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still an f and it's in the
+inversion where the 11th is in the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion where the 11th is in the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion where the 11th is in the base
+which we all learned in no didn't uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we all learned in no didn't uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we all learned in no didn't uh is
+fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+oops is fifth in inversion here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops is fifth in inversion here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops is fifth in inversion here okay so
+that's going along pretty well now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going along pretty well now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going along pretty well now let's
+create the f13 chord in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the f13 chord in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create the f13 chord in
+inversion and we'll put same that B flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and we'll put same that B flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion and we'll put same that B flat
+2 F3 A3 C4 E4 G4 and we'll add that D5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 F3 A3 C4 E4 G4 and we'll add that D5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 F3 A3 C4 E4 G4 and we'll add that D5
+at the top and what used to happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and what used to happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and what used to happen when
+you called root in this point is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you called root in this point is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you called root in this point is it
+would crash until you couldn't find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would crash until you couldn't find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would crash until you couldn't find the
+root this chord eventually I found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root this chord eventually I found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root this chord eventually I found that
+to be kind of annoying that you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of annoying that you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of annoying that you had to
+code around a special case that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code around a special case that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code around a special case that you
+could have a 13th chord or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a 13th chord or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have a 13th chord or something
+would uh crash so I've just decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh crash so I've just decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh crash so I've just decided that
+um the root of a 13th chord is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the root of a 13th chord is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the root of a 13th chord is always
+whatever note is in the base so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever note is in the base so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever note is in the base so this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+um now I put the BF in the base so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I put the BF in the base so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now I put the BF in the base so now
+that's the now that's the root and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the now that's the root and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the now that's the root and the
+inversion is always in root position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is always in root position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion is always in root position
+which is kind of uh you know that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of uh you know that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of uh you know that's also
+maybe a problematic thing that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a problematic thing that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a problematic thing that you can
+take the same notes rearrange them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same notes rearrange them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the same notes rearrange them and
+put them in a different place and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a different place and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a different place and uh the
+inversion stays the same but the root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion stays the same but the root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion stays the same but the root
+changes so that's just a little thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so that's just a little thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so that's just a little thing on
+how 13th chords are a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how 13th chords are a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how 13th chords are a little bit
+different than every other chord and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than every other chord and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than every other chord and why
+computational musicology computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational musicology computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational musicology computational
+music music theory is so much fun thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music music theory is so much fun thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music music theory is so much fun thanks
+everybody
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/OgO1gpXSUzU.txt b/OgO1gpXSUzU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..212f2ccef899b2dd5901e75c2ce19df37caf962a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OgO1gpXSUzU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer high quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high quality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu welcome to lecture six as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome to lecture six as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome to lecture six as
+usual I want to start by posting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual I want to start by posting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual I want to start by posting some
+relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant
+reading um for those of you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading um for those of you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading um for those of you don't know
+this lovely picture is of the uh casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely picture is of the uh casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lovely picture is of the uh casino
+at at Monte Carlo and uh shortly you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Monte Carlo and uh shortly you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at Monte Carlo and uh shortly you'll
+see why we're uh talking about casinos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why we're uh talking about casinos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why we're uh talking about casinos
+and and gambling today uh not because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and gambling today uh not because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and gambling today uh not because I
+want to encourage you to gamble your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage you to gamble your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to encourage you to gamble your
+life savings away little history about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life savings away little history about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life savings away little history about
+Monte Carlos simulation which is the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlos simulation which is the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlos simulation which is the top
+of today's lecture the concept was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture the concept was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of today's lecture the concept was
+invented by the Polish American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by the Polish American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by the Polish American
+mathematician stanislav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician stanislav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician stanislav
+ulam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ulam
+uh probably more well known for his work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably more well known for his work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably more well known for his work
+on thermonuclear weapons than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thermonuclear weapons than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thermonuclear weapons than on
+mathematics but he did do a lot of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics but he did do a lot of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics but he did do a lot of very
+important mathematics earlier in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important mathematics earlier in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important mathematics earlier in his
+life uh the story here starts that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh the story here starts that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh the story here starts that he
+was Ill recovering from some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Ill recovering from some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Ill recovering from some serious
+illness and was home and was bored and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness and was home and was bored and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illness and was home and was bored and
+and was playing a lot of games of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was playing a lot of games of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was playing a lot of games of
+Solitaire a game I suspect you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solitaire a game I suspect you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solitaire a game I suspect you've all
+played being a mathematician he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played being a mathematician he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played being a mathematician he
+naturally wondered what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally wondered what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally wondered what's the
+probability of my winning this stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of my winning this stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of my winning this stupid
+game which I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which I keep
+losing and so he actually spent quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing and so he actually spent quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing and so he actually spent quite a
+lot of time trying to work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time trying to work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time trying to work out the
+combinatorics so that he could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics so that he could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics so that he could actually
+compute the probability and despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability and despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability and despite
+being a really amazing mathematician he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a really amazing mathematician he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a really amazing mathematician he
+failed the comat TOs were just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed the comat TOs were just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed the comat TOs were just too
+complicated so he thought well suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so he thought well suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so he thought well suppose I
+just play lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just play lots of
+hands count the number I win divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands count the number I win divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands count the number I win divide by
+the number of hands I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of hands I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of hands I
+played then he thought about and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played then he thought about and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played then he thought about and said
+well I've already played a lot of hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've already played a lot of hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I've already played a lot of hands
+and I haven't won yet uh so it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't won yet uh so it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't won yet uh so it probably
+will take me years to play enough hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take me years to play enough hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take me years to play enough hands
+to to actually get a good estimate and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually get a good estimate and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to actually get a good estimate and I
+don't want to do that so he said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that so he said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do that so he said well
+suppose instead of playing the game I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose instead of playing the game I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose instead of playing the game I
+just simulate the game on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simulate the game on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simulate the game on a
+computer he had no idea how to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer he had no idea how to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer he had no idea how to use a
+computer Compu but he had friends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Compu but he had friends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer Compu but he had friends in
+high places and uh actually uh talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high places and uh actually uh talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high places and uh actually uh talked to
+John Von noyman who is often viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Von noyman who is often viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Von noyman who is often viewed as
+the inventor of the stored program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor of the stored program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventor of the stored program
+computer and said John C could you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and said John C could you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and said John C could you do
+this on your fancy new eniac machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your fancy new eniac machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on your fancy new eniac machine and
+on the lower right here you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower right here you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower right here you'll see a
+picture of of the eniac it was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of of the eniac it was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of of the eniac it was a very
+large machine it filled a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large machine it filled a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large machine it filled a
+room um and Von noyman said sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um and Von noyman said sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room um and Von noyman said sure we
+could probably do it in only a few hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably do it in only a few hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably do it in only a few hours
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+computation uh today we would think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation uh today we would think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation uh today we would think of a
+few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few
+microseconds but those machines were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds but those machines were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds but those machines were
+slow hence was born Monte CLE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow hence was born Monte CLE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow hence was born Monte CLE
+simulation and then they actually used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and then they actually used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and then they actually used
+it in the design of the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the design of the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the design of the hydrogen
+bomb so it turned out to be not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb so it turned out to be not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bomb so it turned out to be not just
+useful for cards so what is Monte caros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for cards so what is Monte caros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for cards so what is Monte caros
+simulation it's a method of estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation it's a method of estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation it's a method of estimating
+the values of an unknown quantity using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of an unknown quantity using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of an unknown quantity using
+what is called inferential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called inferential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is called inferential
+statistics and we've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and we've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and we've been using
+inferential statistics for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferential statistics for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferential statistics for the last
+several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several
+lectures the key Concepts and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the key Concepts and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the key Concepts and I want to
+be careful about these because we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about these because we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about these because we'll be
+coming back to them are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to them are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back to them are the
+population so think of the population as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so think of the population as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population so think of the population as
+the universe of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe of possible
+examples so in the case of solitire it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so in the case of solitire it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so in the case of solitire it's
+a universe of all possible games of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a universe of all possible games of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a universe of all possible games of
+solitire that you could Poss posibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitire that you could Poss posibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solitire that you could Poss posibly
+play I have no idea how big that is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I have no idea how big that is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play I have no idea how big that is but
+it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really
+big then we take that universe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big then we take that universe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big then we take that universe that
+population and we sample it by drawing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we sample it by drawing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we sample it by drawing a
+proper subset proper means not the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper subset proper means not the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper subset proper means not the whole
+thing usually more than one sample to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing usually more than one sample to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing usually more than one sample to be
+useful certainly more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful certainly more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful certainly more than
+zero and then we make an inference about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we make an inference about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we make an inference about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+population based upon some set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population based upon some set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population based upon some set of
+Statistics we do on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics we do on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Statistics we do on the
+sample so the population is typically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so the population is typically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so the population is typically a
+very large set of examples and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large set of examples and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large set of examples and the
+sample is a smaller set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is a smaller set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample is a smaller set of
+examples and the key fact that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and the key fact that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples and the key fact that makes
+them work is that if we choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them work is that if we choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them work is that if we choose the
+sample at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample at
+random the sample will tend to exhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random the sample will tend to exhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random the sample will tend to exhibit
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+properties as the population from which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as the population from which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as the population from which
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+drawn and that's exactly what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn and that's exactly what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn and that's exactly what we did
+with the random walk right there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the random walk right there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the random walk right there were
+a very large number of different random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large number of different random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large number of different random
+walks you could take of say 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks you could take of say 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks you could take of say 10,000
+steps we didn't look at all 10 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we didn't look at all 10 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps we didn't look at all 10 all
+possible random walks of 10,000 steps we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible random walks of 10,000 steps we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible random walks of 10,000 steps we
+drew a small sample of say a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a small sample of say a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew a small sample of say a hundred
+such walks computed the mean of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such walks computed the mean of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such walks computed the mean of those
+100 and said we think that's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and said we think that's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 and said we think that's probably a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+expectation of what the mean would be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of what the mean would be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of what the mean would be of
+the all the possible walks of 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps all right so we were depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps all right so we were depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps all right so we were depending
+upon this principle and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this principle and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this principle and of course the
+key fact here is that the sample has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key fact here is that the sample has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key fact here is that the sample has to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+random if you start drawing the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random if you start drawing the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random if you start drawing the sample
+and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not
+random then there's no reason to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random then there's no reason to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random then there's no reason to expect
+it to the same properties as that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the same properties as that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to the same properties as that of the
+population and we'll go on throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we'll go on throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and we'll go on throughout
+the term and talk about the various ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term and talk about the various ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term and talk about the various ways
+you can get fooled and think you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get fooled and think you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get fooled and think you have a
+random sample when exactly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample when exactly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sample when exactly you
+don't all right let's look at a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all right let's look at a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't all right let's look at a very
+simple example people like to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example people like to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example people like to use
+flipping coins because coins are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping coins because coins are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping coins because coins are are
+easy um so let's assume we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy um so let's assume we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy um so let's assume we have some
+coin all right so I brought two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin all right so I brought two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin all right so I brought two
+coins slightly larger than the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins slightly larger than the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins slightly larger than the usual
+coin and I can flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and I can flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin and I can flip
+it flip it once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flip it once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it flip it once and
+let's consider one flip and let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider one flip and let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider one flip and let's assume
+it came out heads I have to say the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came out heads I have to say the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came out heads I have to say the coin
+I flipped is not actually a $20 gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flipped is not actually a $20 gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flipped is not actually a $20 gold
+piece in case any of you were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in case any of you were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece in case any of you were thinking
+of stealing it all right so we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stealing it all right so we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stealing it all right so we've got
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flip and it came up heads and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and it came up heads and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and it came up heads and now I can
+ask you the question if I were to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you the question if I were to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you the question if I were to flip
+the same coin an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coin an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same coin an infinite number of
+times how confident would you be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how confident would you be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how confident would you be about
+answering that all infinite flips would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering that all infinite flips would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering that all infinite flips would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+heads or even if I were flip it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads or even if I were flip it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads or even if I were flip it once
+more how confident would you be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more how confident would you be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more how confident would you be that the
+next flip would be heads and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next flip would be heads and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next flip would be heads and the answer
+is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very well suppose I flipped the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well suppose I flipped the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well suppose I flipped the coin
+twice and both times it came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and both times it came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and both times it came up
+heads and now I asked you the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and now I asked you the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and now I asked you the same
+question do you think that the next flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do you think that the next flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question do you think that the next flip
+is likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is likely to be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+heads maybe you would be more inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads maybe you would be more inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads maybe you would be more inclined
+to say yes than having only seen one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say yes than having only seen one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say yes than having only seen one
+flip but you wouldn't really jump to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip but you wouldn't really jump to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip but you wouldn't really jump to say
+sure on the other hand if I flipped it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure on the other hand if I flipped it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure on the other hand if I flipped it a
+hundred times and all 100 flips came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times and all 100 flips came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times and all 100 flips came up
+heads well you might be suspicious that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads well you might be suspicious that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads well you might be suspicious that
+my coin only has a head on both sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coin only has a head on both sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my coin only has a head on both sides
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+example or is weighted in some funny way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or is weighted in some funny way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or is weighted in some funny way
+that it mostly comes up heads and so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it mostly comes up heads and so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it mostly comes up heads and so a
+lot of people maybe even me if you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people maybe even me if you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people maybe even me if you said
+I flipped it 100 times and it came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flipped it 100 times and it came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flipped it 100 times and it came up
+heads what do you think the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what do you think the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads what do you think the next one
+will be I best guess would be probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heads how about this one so here I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads how about this one so here I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads how about this one so here I've
+simulated a 100 flips and we have 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated a 100 flips and we have 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated a 100 flips and we have 50
+heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads
+here two heads here and 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tails and now if I said do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails and now if I said do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails and now if I said do you think
+that the probability of the next flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of the next flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the probability of the next flip
+coming up heads is it 52 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+100 well if if you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 well if if you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 well if if you had to
+guess that should be the guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that should be the guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that should be the guess you
+make based upon the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make based upon the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make based upon the available
+evidence that's the best guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's the best guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that's the best guess you
+should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably
+make because you have no reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make because you have no reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make because you have no reason to
+believe it's a fair coin could well be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's a fair coin could well be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it's a fair coin could well be
+weighted you know we don't see it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted you know we don't see it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted you know we don't see it with
+coins but we see weighted dice all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins but we see weighted dice all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins but we see weighted dice all the
+time or we shouldn't but they exist you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or we shouldn't but they exist you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or we shouldn't but they exist you
+can buy them on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy them on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy them on the
+Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet
+um so typically our best guess is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so typically our best guess is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so typically our best guess is what
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+seen but we really shouldn't have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but we really shouldn't have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen but we really shouldn't have very
+much confidence in that guess because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence in that guess because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence in that guess because
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+nah could have just been an accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah could have just been an accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nah could have just been an accident
+highly unlikely even if the coin is fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly unlikely even if the coin is fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly unlikely even if the coin is fair
+that you'd get 5050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so why when we see a 100 samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why when we see a 100 samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so why when we see a 100 samples
+and they all come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they all come up
+heads do we feel better about guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads do we feel better about guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads do we feel better about guessing
+heads for the 101st than we did when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads for the 101st than we did when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads for the 101st than we did when we
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+samples and why don't we feel so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and why don't we feel so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and why don't we feel so good
+about guessing 52 out of 100 when we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guessing 52 out of 100 when we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about guessing 52 out of 100 when we've
+seen 100 flips that came out 52 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen 100 flips that came out 52 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen 100 flips that came out 52 and
+48 and the answer is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance when I had all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance when I had all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance when I had all
+heads there was no variability in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads there was no variability in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads there was no variability in my
+answer I got the same answer all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I got the same answer all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer I got the same answer all the
+time and so there was no variability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so there was no variability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so there was no variability and
+that intuitively and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitively and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intuitively and in fact
+mathematically should make us feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically should make us feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically should make us feel
+confident that okay maybe that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that okay maybe that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that okay maybe that's really
+the way the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the other hand when almost half for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when almost half for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when almost half for
+heads and almost half for Tails there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and almost half for Tails there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads and almost half for Tails there's
+a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of
+variant right I hard to predict what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant right I hard to predict what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant right I hard to predict what the
+next one will be and so we should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one will be and so we should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one will be and so we should have
+very little confidence that it isn't an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little confidence that it isn't an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little confidence that it isn't an
+accident that it happened to be 5248 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that it happened to be 5248 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident that it happened to be 5248 in
+One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+Direction so as a variance grows we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so as a variance grows we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so as a variance grows we need
+larger samples to have the same amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger samples to have the same amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger samples to have the same amount
+of confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's look at that with a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's look at that with a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's look at that with a a
+detailed example we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed example we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed example we'll look at
+roulette uh in keeping with the theme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette uh in keeping with the theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette uh in keeping with the theme of
+Monte Carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlos
+simulation this is a roulette wheel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation this is a roulette wheel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation this is a roulette wheel that
+could well be at Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could well be at Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could well be at Monte
+Carlo uh there's no need to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo uh there's no need to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo uh there's no need to simulate
+Roulette by the way it's a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roulette by the way it's a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roulette by the way it's a very simple
+game um but as we've seen with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um but as we've seen with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game um but as we've seen with our
+earlier examples it's nice when we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier examples it's nice when we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier examples it's nice when we are
+learning about simulations to simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about simulations to simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about simulations to simulate
+things where we actually can know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where we actually can know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where we actually can know what
+the actual answer is so that we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual answer is so that we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual answer is so that we can then
+understand our simulation better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand our simulation better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand our simulation better for
+those of you don't know how roulette is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't know how roulette is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't know how roulette is
+played is there anyone here who doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played is there anyone here who doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played is there anyone here who doesn't
+know how roulette is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how roulette is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how roulette is
+played good for you you grew up virtuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played good for you you grew up virtuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played good for you you grew up virtuous
+all right so well all right maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so well all right maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so well all right maybe I
+won't go there all right so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go there all right so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't go there all right so you have a
+wheel that that can spins around and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel that that can spins around and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel that that can spins around and in
+the middle are a bunch of pockets each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle are a bunch of pockets each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle are a bunch of pockets each
+pocket has a number in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket has a number in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket has a number in a
+color the you bet in advance on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the you bet in advance on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the you bet in advance on what
+number you think is going to come up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you think is going to come up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you think is going to come up or
+what color you think is going to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color you think is going to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what color you think is going to come up
+then somebody drops a ball in that wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somebody drops a ball in that wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then somebody drops a ball in that wheel
+gives it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives it a
+spin and through centrifugal force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and through centrifugal force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and through centrifugal force the
+ball stays on the outside for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball stays on the outside for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball stays on the outside for a while
+but as the wheel slows down it heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as the wheel slows down it heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as the wheel slows down it heads
+towards the middle and eventually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the middle and eventually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the middle and eventually it
+settles in one of those pockets and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles in one of those pockets and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles in one of those pockets and you
+win or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win or you
+lose now you can bet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose now you can bet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose now you can bet on
+it and so let's look at an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so let's look at an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so let's look at an example of
+that so here's a roulette game I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's a roulette game I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's a roulette game I've
+called it fair roulette because it's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it fair roulette because it's set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it fair roulette because it's set
+up in such a way that in principle if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in such a way that in principle if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in such a way that in principle if
+you bet your expected value should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet your expected value should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bet your expected value should be
+zero you'll win some you'll lose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you'll win some you'll lose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you'll win some you'll lose some
+but it's fair in the sense that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's fair in the sense that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's fair in the sense that it's not
+either a negative or a positive SU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a negative or a positive SU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a negative or a positive SU
+game so as always we have an underbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so as always we have an underbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so as always we have an underbar
+underbar in it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underbar in it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underbar in it um
+typically well let's we're setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically well let's we're setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically well let's we're setting up
+the wheel with 36 pockets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel with 36 pockets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wheel with 36 pockets on
+it so you can bet on the numbers 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can bet on the numbers 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can bet on the numbers 1
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+36 that's the way range works you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 that's the way range works you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 that's the way range works you'll
+recall uh initially we don't know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall uh initially we don't know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall uh initially we don't know where
+the ball is so we'll say it's none and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball is so we'll say it's none and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ball is so we'll say it's none and
+here's the key thing is if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the key thing is if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the key thing is if you make a
+bet this tells you what your odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet this tells you what your odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet this tells you what your odds
+are that if you bet on a pocket and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that if you bet on a pocket and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that if you bet on a pocket and you
+win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win
+you get Len of pockets minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get Len of pockets minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get Len of pockets minus
+one so this is why it's a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is why it's a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is why it's a fair
+game right you bet a dollar if you win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game right you bet a dollar if you win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game right you bet a dollar if you win
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get
+$36 your dollar plus 35 back if you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$36 your dollar plus 35 back if you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$36 your dollar plus 35 back if you lose
+you lose all right self. spin will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose all right self. spin will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose all right self. spin will be
+random. Choice among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random. Choice among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random. Choice among the
+pockets and then there's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets and then there's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pockets and then there's simply
+bet where you just can choose an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet where you just can choose an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet where you just can choose an amount
+to bet and the pocket you want to bet on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet and the pocket you want to bet on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bet and the pocket you want to bet on
+I've simplified it I'm not allowing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've simplified it I'm not allowing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've simplified it I'm not allowing you
+to bet here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+colors all right so now we can play it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors all right so now we can play it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors all right so now we can play it
+so here's play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's play
+roulette uh I've made game the class a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette uh I've made game the class a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette uh I've made game the class a
+parameter because later we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter because later we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter because later we'll look at
+other kinds of roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of roulette
+games you tell it how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you tell it how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you tell it how many
+spins what pocket you want to bet on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins what pocket you want to bet on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins what pocket you want to bet on for
+Simplicity I'm going to bet on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity I'm going to bet on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity I'm going to bet on the same
+pocket all the time pick your favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket all the time pick your favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket all the time pick your favorite
+lucky number and how much you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky number and how much you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky number and how much you want to
+bet and then we'll have a simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet and then we'll have a simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet and then we'll have a simulation
+just like the ones we've already looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the ones we've already looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the ones we've already looked
+at so the number you get right starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so the number you get right starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so the number you get right starts at
+zero for I and range number of spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for I and range number of spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for I and range number of spins
+we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a
+spin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin and
+then tote pocket plus equal game. pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tote pocket plus equal game. pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tote pocket plus equal game. pocket
+it'll come back either zero if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come back either zero if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come back either zero if you've
+lost or 35 if you've won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost or 35 if you've won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost or 35 if you've won
+and then we'll just print the results so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll just print the results so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll just print the results so
+we can do it um in fact let's run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so here it
+is uh I guess I'm doing a million simul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I guess I'm doing a million simul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh I guess I'm doing a million simul
+games here so quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games here so quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games here so quite a
+few um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few um
+actually I'm going to do two I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to do two I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to do two I'm going
+to look what happens when you spin it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look what happens when you spin it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look what happens when you spin it a
+hundred times what happens when you spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times what happens when you spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred times what happens when you spin
+it a million times and we'll see what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get so what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so what we see
+here is that we do a 100 spins uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we do a 100 spins uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we do a 100 spins uh the
+first time I did it uh my expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I did it uh my expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I did it uh my expected
+return was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return was
+minus 100% I lost everything I bet not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 100% I lost everything I bet not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 100% I lost everything I bet not
+so unlikely given that the odds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unlikely given that the odds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unlikely given that the odds are
+pretty long that do 100 times without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty long that do 100 times without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty long that do 100 times without
+winning uh next time I did 100 uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning uh next time I did 100 uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning uh next time I did 100 uh my
+return was a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return was a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return was a positive
+44% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+44% and
+then a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a positive
+28% so you can see for 100 spins it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28% so you can see for 100 spins it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28% so you can see for 100 spins it's
+highly variable what the expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly variable what the expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly variable what the expected return
+is that's one of the things that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's one of the things that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that's one of the things that that
+makes gambling attractive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes gambling attractive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes gambling attractive to
+people right that you if you go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right that you if you go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people right that you if you go into a
+casino 100 spins would be a pretty long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino 100 spins would be a pretty long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino 100 spins would be a pretty long
+night at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night at the
+table and you know maybe you'd won 44%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you know maybe you'd won 44%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and you know maybe you'd won 44%
+you'd feel pretty good about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd feel pretty good about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd feel pretty good about
+it what about a million spins well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what about a million spins well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what about a million spins well
+people aren't interested in that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't interested in that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people aren't interested in that but the
+casino is right they don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino is right they don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino is right they don't really care
+what happens with a hundred spins they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with a hundred spins they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with a hundred spins they
+care what happens with a million spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what happens with a million spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what happens with a million spins
+what happens when everybody comes every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when everybody comes every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when everybody comes every
+night to play and there what we see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night to play and there what we see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night to play and there what we see is
+you'll notice much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice much less
+variance uh happens to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance uh happens to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance uh happens to be minus
+0.04 plus6 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04 plus6 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.04 plus6 plus
+79 so it's still not zero but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+79 so it's still not zero but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+79 so it's still not zero but it's
+certainly these are all closer to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly these are all closer to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly these are all closer to zero
+than any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than any of these
+are um we know it should be zero but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um we know it should be zero but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are um we know it should be zero but it
+doesn't happen to be in these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen to be in these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't happen to be in these examples
+uh but not only are they closer to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not only are they closer to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but not only are they closer to zero
+they're closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're closer
+together there's much less variance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there's much less variance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there's much less variance in
+the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results
+right so here I show you these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I show you these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here I show you these three
+numbers and ask what do you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and ask what do you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and ask what do you expect to
+happen you have no clue right so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have no clue right so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen you have no clue right so I don't
+know maybe I'll win a lot maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe I'll win a lot maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe I'll win a lot maybe I'll
+lose everything I show you these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose everything I show you these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose everything I show you these three
+numbers you're going to look at and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you're going to look at and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you're going to look at and say
+well you know it's going to be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it's going to be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know it's going to be somewhere
+between zero around zero and maybe 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero around zero and maybe 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero around zero and maybe 1%
+but you're never going to guess it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're never going to guess it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're never going to guess it's
+going to be radically different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be radically different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be radically different from
+that and if I were to change this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if I were to change this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and if I were to change this number
+to be even higher um it would go even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even higher um it would go even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even higher um it would go even
+closer to zero but we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bother okay so these are the uh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother okay so these are the uh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother okay so these are the uh yeah
+these are the numbers we just looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the numbers we just looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the numbers we just looked at
+because i' set the seed to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i' set the seed to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i' set the seed to be the same
+so what's going on here is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on here is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on here is something
+called The Law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Law of large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The Law of large
+numbers uh or sometimes Bru's law this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh or sometimes Bru's law this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh or sometimes Bru's law this
+is a picture of brui on this stamp um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of brui on this stamp um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of brui on this stamp um
+it's one of the two most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the two most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of the two most important
+theorems in all statistics and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in all statistics and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems in all statistics and we'll
+come to the second most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the second most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the second most important
+theorem in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the next
+lecture uh here it says in repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh here it says in repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture uh here it says in repeated
+independent tests with the same actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent tests with the same actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent tests with the same actual
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+the chance that the fraction of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance that the fraction of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance that the fraction of times
+the outcome differs from P converges to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome differs from P converges to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome differs from P converges to
+zero as the number of Trials goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as the number of Trials goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as the number of Trials goes to
+Infinity so this says if I were to spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this says if I were to spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this says if I were to spin
+this rouette Fair roulette wheel an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rouette Fair roulette wheel an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rouette Fair roulette wheel an
+infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of
+times the expected return the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the expected return the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the expected return the return
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+zero the real true probability from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the real true probability from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the real true probability from the
+mathematics well infinite is a lot but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics well infinite is a lot but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics well infinite is a lot but a
+million is getting closer to infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is getting closer to infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million is getting closer to infinite
+and with this says is the closer I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this says is the closer I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this says is the closer I get
+to infinite the closer it will be to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinite the closer it will be to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinite the closer it will be to the
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+probability so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so that's
+why we did better with a million than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we did better with a million than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we did better with a million than
+with a 100 and if I did a 100 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 100 and if I did a 100 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 100 and if I did a 100 million
+we'd do way better than I did with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million I want to take a minute to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million I want to take a minute to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million I want to take a minute to talk
+about a way this law is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a way this law is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a way this law is often
+misunderstood this is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood this is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstood this is something called
+the gambler's fallacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gambler's fallacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gambler's fallacy
+and all you have to do is say let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you have to do is say let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you have to do is say let's go
+watch a sporting event and you'll watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a sporting event and you'll watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch a sporting event and you'll watch
+a batter strike out for the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a batter strike out for the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a batter strike out for the sixth
+consecutive time the next time they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive time the next time they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive time the next time they come
+to the plate the idiot announcer says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plate the idiot announcer says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plate the idiot announcer says
+well he's struck out six times in a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he's struck out six times in a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he's struck out six times in a row
+he's due for a hit this time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's due for a hit this time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's due for a hit this time because
+he's usually a pretty good hitter well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's usually a pretty good hitter well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's usually a pretty good hitter well
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+nonsense says people somehow believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense says people somehow believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense says people somehow believe
+that if deviations from expected occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if deviations from expected occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if deviations from expected occur
+they'll be evened out in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be evened out in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll be evened out in the future
+and we'll see something similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see something similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see something similar to this
+that is true but this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true but this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is true but this is not
+true uh and there's a great story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh and there's a great story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh and there's a great story about
+it this is told in a book by huff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is told in a book by huff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is told in a book by huff and
+G uh and this truly happened in Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G uh and this truly happened in Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G uh and this truly happened in Monte
+Carlo with roulette and you could either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo with roulette and you could either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo with roulette and you could either
+bet on black or red black came up 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on black or red black came up 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet on black or red black came up 26
+times in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in a
+row highly unlikely right two to the 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row highly unlikely right two to the 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row highly unlikely right two to the 26
+is a giant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a giant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a giant number
+and what happened is word got out on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened is word got out on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened is word got out on the
+casino floor that black had kept coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino floor that black had kept coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino floor that black had kept coming
+up way too often and people more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up way too often and people more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up way too often and people more or less
+panicked to rush to the table to bed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panicked to rush to the table to bed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panicked to rush to the table to bed on
+red saying well it can't keep coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red saying well it can't keep coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red saying well it can't keep coming up
+black surely the next one will be read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black surely the next one will be read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black surely the next one will be read
+and as it happened when the casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it happened when the casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it happened when the casino
+totaled up its winnings it was a record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totaled up its winnings it was a record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totaled up its winnings it was a record
+night for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night for the
+casino it just millions of Franks got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino it just millions of Franks got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino it just millions of Franks got
+bet because people were sure it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet because people were sure it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bet because people were sure it would
+have to even out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to even out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to even out
+well if we think about it probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we think about it probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if we think about it probability of
+26 consecutive Reds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 consecutive Reds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 consecutive Reds is
+that a pretty small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a pretty small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a pretty small
+number but the probability of 2 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but the probability of 2 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but the probability of 2 26
+consecutive Reds when the previous 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive Reds when the previous 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive Reds when the previous 25
+rols were red is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what no that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no if You' had 25 Reds and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if You' had 25 Reds and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no if You' had 25 Reds and then you you
+spun the wheel once more the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spun the wheel once more the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spun the wheel once more the probability
+of it having 26 Reds is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it having 26 Reds is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it having 26 Reds is now
+05 because these are independent events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 because these are independent events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+05 because these are independent events
+unless of course the wheel is rigged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless of course the wheel is rigged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless of course the wheel is rigged and
+we're assuming it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming it's
+not people have a hard time accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not people have a hard time accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not people have a hard time accepting
+this and I know it seems funny but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I know it seems funny but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I know it seems funny but I
+guarantee there will be some point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee there will be some point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee there will be some point in
+the next month or so when you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next month or so when you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next month or so when you will find
+yourself thinking this way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself thinking this way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself thinking this way that
+something has to even out I did so badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has to even out I did so badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has to even out I did so badly
+in the midterm I will have to do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midterm I will have to do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the midterm I will have to do better
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finals I'm that was mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals I'm that was mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finals I'm that was mean I'm
+sorry all right speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right speaking of
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+uh see Professor Grims is not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see Professor Grims is not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh see Professor Grims is not the only
+one who can make bad jokes um there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who can make bad jokes um there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one who can make bad jokes um there is
+something it's not the gambler's fallacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's not the gambler's fallacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's not the gambler's fallacy
+that's often confused with it and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often confused with it and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's often confused with it and that's
+called regression to the me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called regression to the me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called regression to the me
+this term was coined in 1885 by Francis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term was coined in 1885 by Francis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term was coined in 1885 by Francis
+gton in a paper of which I've shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gton in a paper of which I've shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gton in a paper of which I've shown you
+a a page from it here and the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a page from it here and the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a page from it here and the basic
+conclusion here was but this table says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here was but this table says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion here was but this table says
+is if somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if somebody's
+parents are both taller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are both taller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents are both taller than
+average it's likely that the child will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's likely that the child will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average it's likely that the child will
+be smaller than the parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conversely If the parents are shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely If the parents are shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely If the parents are shorter
+than average it's likely that the child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average it's likely that the child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than average it's likely that the child
+will be taller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be taller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be taller than
+average now you can think about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now you can think about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average now you can think about this in
+terms of genetics and stuff that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of genetics and stuff that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of genetics and stuff that's not
+what he did he just looked at a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did he just looked at a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did he just looked at a bunch of
+data and the data actually supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the data actually supported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and the data actually supported
+this and this led him to this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this led him to this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this led him to this notion of
+regression to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression to the
+mean and here's what it is and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and here's what it is and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and here's what it is and here's
+the way in which it is subtly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which it is subtly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which it is subtly different
+from the gambler's F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gambler's F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gambler's F
+fallacy what he said here is following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy what he said here is following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallacy what he said here is following
+an extreme event parents being unusually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme event parents being unusually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme event parents being unusually
+tall the next random event is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall the next random event is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall the next random event is likely to
+be less extreme he didn't know much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less extreme he didn't know much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be less extreme he didn't know much
+about genetics and he kind of assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about genetics and he kind of assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about genetics and he kind of assumed
+the height of people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height of people were
+random but we'll ignore that okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but we'll ignore that okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random but we'll ignore that okay but
+the idea is here that it will be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is here that it will be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is here that it will be less
+extreme so let's look at it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so let's look at it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme so let's look at it in
+roulette if I spin a fair roulette wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette if I spin a fair roulette wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette if I spin a fair roulette wheel
+10 times and get 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times and get 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times and get 10
+Reds that's an extreme event right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reds that's an extreme event right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reds that's an extreme event right
+there's a probability of basically 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability of basically 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability of basically 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1024 now the gambler's fallacy says if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 now the gambler's fallacy says if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1024 now the gambler's fallacy says if I
+were spin it another 10 times I would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spin it another 10 times I would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were spin it another 10 times I would it
+would need to even out as in I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to even out as in I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need to even out as in I should
+get more blacks than you would usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more blacks than you would usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more blacks than you would usually
+get to make up for these excess Reds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what regression to the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what regression to the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what regression to the mean
+says is different says it's likely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is different says it's likely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is different says it's likely that
+in the next 10 spins you will get fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 10 spins you will get fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next 10 spins you will get fewer
+than 10 Reds you will get a Le a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 Reds you will get a Le a less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 Reds you will get a Le a less
+extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+event now it doesn't have to be 10 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now it doesn't have to be 10 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event now it doesn't have to be 10 if
+I'd gotten seven Reds instead of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd gotten seven Reds instead of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd gotten seven Reds instead of five
+you consider that an extreme and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider that an extreme and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you consider that an extreme and you
+would bet that the next 10 would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bet that the next 10 would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bet that the next 10 would have
+fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than
+seven but you would wouldn't bet that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven but you would wouldn't bet that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven but you would wouldn't bet that it
+would have fewer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have fewer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have fewer than
+five all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because of this if you now look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because of this if you now look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because of this if you now look at
+the average of the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average of the 20
+spins it will be closer to the mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins it will be closer to the mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins it will be closer to the mean of
+50% Reds then you got from the extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% Reds then you got from the extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% Reds then you got from the extreme
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+spins so that's why it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins so that's why it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spins so that's why it's called
+regression to the mean the more samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression to the mean the more samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression to the mean the more samples
+you take the more likely you'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the more likely you'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the more likely you'll get to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's nothing do with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one right because it's you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right because it's you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right because it's you have an
+extreme event which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme event which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme event which was
+unlikely and now if you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely and now if you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely and now if you have another
+event it's likely to be closer to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event it's likely to be closer to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event it's likely to be closer to the
+average than the extreme was to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+average right and it it's precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right and it it's precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right and it it's precisely
+because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is
+independent that make sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that make sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent that make sense to
+everybody yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isy no the gambler's fallacy here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isy no the gambler's fallacy here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isy no the gambler's fallacy here and
+it's a good question and indeed people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question and indeed people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question and indeed people
+often do get these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do get these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do get these things
+confused the gamblers fallacy would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused the gamblers fallacy would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused the gamblers fallacy would say
+that the second 10 spins would we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second 10 spins would we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the second 10 spins would we would
+expect to have fewer than five Reds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have fewer than five Reds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have fewer than five Reds
+because you're trying to even out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're trying to even out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're trying to even out the
+unusual number of Reds in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual number of Reds in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual number of Reds in the first
+spin right whereas here we're not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin right whereas here we're not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin right whereas here we're not saying
+we would have fewer than five we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have fewer than five we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have fewer than five we're
+saying we'd probably have fewer than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we'd probably have fewer than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we'd probably have fewer than 10
+that it'll be closer to the mean not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll be closer to the mean not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it'll be closer to the mean not
+that it would be below the mean whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be below the mean whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be below the mean whereas
+the gambler's fallacy would say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gambler's fallacy would say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gambler's fallacy would say it
+should be below the mean to quote even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be below the mean to quote even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be below the mean to quote even
+out the first 10 does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the first 10 does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the first 10 does that make
+sense okay great questions thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay great questions thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay great questions thank
+you all right now you may not know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right now you may not know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right now you may not know this
+but casinos are not in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but casinos are not in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but casinos are not in the business of
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+fair um and the way they don't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair um and the way they don't do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair um and the way they don't do that
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+Europe they're not all red and black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe they're not all red and black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe they're not all red and black
+they snit sneak in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they snit sneak in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they snit sneak in one
+green and so now if you bet red well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and so now if you bet red well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green and so now if you bet red well
+sometimes it isn't always red or black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it isn't always red or black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it isn't always red or black
+and furthermore there's this zero they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore there's this zero they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and furthermore there's this zero they
+index from zero rather than from one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index from zero rather than from one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index from zero rather than from one and
+so you don't get a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't get a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't get a full
+payoff in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoff in American
+roulette they manag to sneak in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette they manag to sneak in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette they manag to sneak in two
+greens they have a zero and a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens they have a zero and a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greens they have a zero and a double
+zero uh tilting the odds even favor even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh tilting the odds even favor even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh tilting the odds even favor even
+even more in favor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more in favor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more in favor of the
+casino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+casino
+so we can do that in our simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do that in our simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do that in our simulation
+we'll look at European Roulette as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at European Roulette as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at European Roulette as a
+subass of fair roulette I've just added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass of fair roulette I've just added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subass of fair roulette I've just added
+this extra Pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra Pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this extra Pocket
+zero uh and notice I have not changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh and notice I have not changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh and notice I have not changed
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+odds so what you get if you get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds so what you get if you get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds so what you get if you get your
+number is no higher but you're a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is no higher but you're a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is no higher but you're a little
+bit less likely to get it because We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less likely to get it because We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less likely to get it because We
+snuck in that zero then American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuck in that zero then American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuck in that zero then American
+roulette's a subass of European Roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette's a subass of European Roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette's a subass of European Roulette
+in which I add yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pocket all right we can simulate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket all right we can simulate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket all right we can simulate those
+again nice thing about simulations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nice thing about simulations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nice thing about simulations we
+can play these games so I've simulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play these games so I've simulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play these games so I've simulated
+10 10 20 Trials of a thousand spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 20 Trials of a thousand spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 10 20 Trials of a thousand spins
+10,000 spins 100,000 and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+million and what do we see as we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and what do we see as we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and what do we see as we look at
+this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right away we can see that uh Fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away we can see that uh Fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away we can see that uh Fair
+roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette
+is usually a much better bet than either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually a much better bet than either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually a much better bet than either
+of the other two that even with only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other two that even with only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the other two that even with only a
+thousand spins the return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative and as we get more and more as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and as we get more and more as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and as we get more and more as
+I got to a million it starts to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to a million it starts to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got to a million it starts to look
+much more like closer to zero and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more like closer to zero and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more like closer to zero and these
+we have reason to believe at least or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have reason to believe at least or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have reason to believe at least or
+much closer to your true true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to your true true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer to your true true
+expectation saying that while you break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation saying that while you break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation saying that while you break
+even in Fair roulette you'll lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in Fair roulette you'll lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in Fair roulette you'll lose
+2.7% in Europe and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7% in Europe and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.7% in Europe and over
+5% in Las Vegas or soon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% in Las Vegas or soon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% in Las Vegas or soon in
+Massachusetts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts all
+right we're sampling right that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're sampling right that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're sampling right that's why
+the results will change and if I ran a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results will change and if I ran a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results will change and if I ran a
+different simulation with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different simulation with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different simulation with a different
+seed i' get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed i' get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed i' get different
+numbers whenever you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers whenever you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers whenever you're
+sampling you can't be guaranteed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling you can't be guaranteed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling you can't be guaranteed to get
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+accuracy it's always possible you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy it's always possible you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy it's always possible you get a
+weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird
+sample that's not to say that you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that's not to say that you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample that's not to say that you won't
+get exactly the right answer I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the right answer I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly the right answer I might
+have spun the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spun the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spun the wheel
+twice and happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and happen
+to get the exact right answer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+return actually not twice because the ma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return actually not twice because the ma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return actually not twice because the ma
+math doesn't work out but 30 five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math doesn't work out but 30 five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math doesn't work out but 30 five times
+and gotten exactly the right answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten exactly the right answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gotten exactly the right answer but
+that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the
+point we need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point we need to be able to
+differentiate between what's happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between what's happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate between what's happens to
+be true and what we actually know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true and what we actually know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true and what we actually know in a
+rigorous sense is true or have maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous sense is true or have maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous sense is true or have maybe
+don't know it but have real good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it but have real good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it but have real good reason
+to believe it's true right so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe it's true right so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to believe it's true right so it's not
+just a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a question of
+faith and that gets us to what's in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and that gets us to what's in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith and that gets us to what's in some
+sense the fundamental question of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the fundamental question of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense the fundamental question of all
+comp computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp computational
+statistics is how many samples do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is how many samples do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is how many samples do we
+need to look at before we can have real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at before we can have real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at before we can have real
+justifiable confidence in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable confidence in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifiable confidence in our
+answer as we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer as we've just
+seen not just a few minutes ago with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen not just a few minutes ago with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen not just a few minutes ago with the
+coins our intuition tells us that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins our intuition tells us that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins our intuition tells us that it
+depends upon the variability in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon the variability in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends upon the variability in the
+underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying
+possibilities so let's look at that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so let's look at that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities so let's look at that more
+carefully we have to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully we have to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully we have to look at the
+variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data so let's look at first something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so let's look at first something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so let's look at first something
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+variance so this is variance of X think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so this is variance of X think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance so this is variance of X think
+of X as just a list of data examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as just a list of data examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as just a list of data examples
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+items and the variance is we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and the variance is we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items and the variance is we first
+compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the
+average of value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average of value that's
+mu so mu is for the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each little X and big X We compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each little X and big X We compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each little X and big X We compare
+the difference of that and the mean how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of that and the mean how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference of that and the mean how
+far is it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is it from the
+mean and square the difference and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and square the difference and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and square the difference and then
+we just sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just sum
+them so this takes how far is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this takes how far is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this takes how far is everything
+from the mean we just add them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up and then we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then we end up
+dividing by the size of the set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the size of the set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by the size of the set the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+examples why do we have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples why do we have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples why do we have to do this
+division well because we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division well because we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division well because we don't want to
+say something has high variance just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something has high variance just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something has high variance just
+because it has many members right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has many members right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has many members right so
+this sort of normalizes by the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of normalizes by the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of normalizes by the number of
+members and this just sums how different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and this just sums how different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members and this just sums how different
+the members are from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members are from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the members are from the
+mean so if everything is the same value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if everything is the same value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if everything is the same value
+what's the variance going to be if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the variance going to be if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the variance going to be if I
+have a set with of a thousand sixes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set with of a thousand sixes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set with of a thousand sixes
+what's the variance yes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the variance yes zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the variance yes zero
+I'm and just you think this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm and just you think this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm and just you think this is going to
+be hard but I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard but I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard but I came
+prepared I was hoping this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen look out I don't know where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen look out I don't know where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen look out I don't know where this
+is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go all right maybe it isn't the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right maybe it isn't the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go all right maybe it isn't the best
+technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology
+I'll go home and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go home and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go home and
+practice all right so and then the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice all right so and then the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice all right so and then the thing
+you're more familiar with is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more familiar with is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're more familiar with is the
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviation and if you look what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and if you look what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and if you look what the
+standard deviation is it's simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is it's simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is it's simply the
+square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variance now let's understand this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance now let's understand this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance now let's understand this a
+little bit and first ask why am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and first ask why am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and first ask why am I
+squaring this here especially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring this here especially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring this here especially because
+later on I'm just going to take this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on I'm just going to take this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on I'm just going to take this a
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+anyway well squaring it has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well squaring it has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway well squaring it has one
+virtue which is that it means I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue which is that it means I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue which is that it means I don't
+care whether the difference is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether the difference is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care whether the difference is positive
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+negative right and I shouldn't right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right and I shouldn't right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right and I shouldn't right the
+variance I don't care which side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I don't care which side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance I don't care which side of the
+mean it's on I just care it's not near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's on I just care it's not near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's on I just care it's not near
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mean but if that's all I wanted to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but if that's all I wanted to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean but if that's all I wanted to do I
+could take the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+value the other thing we see with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the other thing we see with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the other thing we see with
+squaring is it gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring is it gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring is it gives the
+outliers extra emphasis because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers extra emphasis because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outliers extra emphasis because I'm
+squaring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring that
+distance now you can think that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance now you can think that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance now you can think that's good
+or bad but it's worth knowing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad but it's worth knowing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or bad but it's worth knowing it's a
+fact the more important thing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the more important thing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the more important thing to think
+about is standard deviation all by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is standard deviation all by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is standard deviation all by
+itself is a meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is a meaningless
+number you always have to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you always have to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you always have to think about it
+in the context of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of the
+mean if I tell you the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I tell you the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I tell you the standard
+deviation is 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you then say well and I ask you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then say well and I ask you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then say well and I ask you whether
+it's big or small you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big or small you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's big or small you have no
+idea if the mean is 100 and the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if the mean is 100 and the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea if the mean is 100 and the standard
+deviation is 100 it's pretty big if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is 100 it's pretty big if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is 100 it's pretty big if the
+mean is a billion and the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is a billion and the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean is a billion and the standard
+deviation is 100 it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is 100 it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is 100 it's pretty
+small so should never want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so should never want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so should never want to look at
+just the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the standard
+deviation all right here's just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation all right here's just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation all right here's just some
+code to compute those easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to compute those easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code to compute those easy
+enough why am I doing this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough why am I doing this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough why am I doing this because
+recorded now getting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded now getting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded now getting to the
+punchline we often try and estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline we often try and estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline we often try and estimate
+values just by giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values just by giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values just by giving the
+mean so we might report on an exam that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so we might report on an exam that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so we might report on an exam that
+the mean grade was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+80 it's better instead of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 it's better instead of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 it's better instead of trying to
+describe an unknown value by it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an unknown value by it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an unknown value by it an
+unknown parameter by a single value say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter by a single value say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown parameter by a single value say
+the expected return on on betting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return on on betting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return on on betting a
+roulette wheel to provide a confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette wheel to provide a confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roulette wheel to provide a confidence
+interval so what a confidence interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so what a confidence interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so what a confidence interval
+is is a range that's likely to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a range that's likely to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a range that's likely to contain
+the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unknown
+value and a confidence that the unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and a confidence that the unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and a confidence that the unknown
+value is within that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is within that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is within that
+range so I might say on a fair roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wheel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel I
+expect that your return will be between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that your return will be between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that your return will be between
+minus 1% and plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1% and plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1% and plus
+1% and I expect that to be true 95% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% and I expect that to be true 95% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1% and I expect that to be true 95% of
+the time you play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time you play the
+game if you play a 100 rolles spins if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if you play a 100 rolles spins if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game if you play a 100 rolles spins if
+you take a 100 spins of the roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a 100 spins of the roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a 100 spins of the roulette
+wheel I expect that 95% of the time your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel I expect that 95% of the time your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel I expect that 95% of the time your
+return will be between this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so here we're saying the return on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here we're saying the return on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here we're saying the return on
+betting a pocket 10 times 10,000 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting a pocket 10 times 10,000 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betting a pocket 10 times 10,000 times
+in European Roulette is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in European Roulette is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in European Roulette is minus
+3.3% I think that was the number we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3% I think that was the number we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3% I think that was the number we just
+saw and now I'm going to add to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw and now I'm going to add to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw and now I'm going to add to that
+this margin of error which is plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this margin of error which is plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this margin of error which is plus or
+minus 3.5% with a 95% level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confidence what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence what does this
+mean if I were to conduct an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I were to conduct an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean if I were to conduct an infinite
+number of Trials of 10 ,000 bets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Trials of 10 ,000 bets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Trials of 10 ,000 bets
+each my expected average return would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each my expected average return would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each my expected average return would
+indeed be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed be minus
+3.3% and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3% and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.3% and it would be
+between these values 95% of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time right I've just subtracted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I've just subtracted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right I've just subtracted and
+added this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3.5 saying nothing about what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 saying nothing about what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5 saying nothing about what would
+happen in the other 5% of the time how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the other 5% of the time how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the other 5% of the time how
+far away I might be from this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away I might be from this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away I might be from this this is
+tot silence on that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes9
+oh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's
+see yep I do thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you we'll fix it on the spot this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we'll fix it on the spot this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we'll fix it on the spot this is why
+you have to come to lecture rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to come to lecture rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to come to lecture rather than
+just reading the slides because I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reading the slides because I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reading the slides because I make
+mistakes thank you Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so it's telling me that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's telling me that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's telling me that and
+that's all it means and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it means and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it means and it's
+amazing how often people don't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how often people don't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how often people don't quite
+know what this means for example when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this means for example when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what this means for example when
+they look at a political poll and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at a political poll and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at a political poll and they
+see how many votes somebody is expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many votes somebody is expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how many votes somebody is expected
+to get and they see this confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get and they see this confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get and they see this confidence
+interval and you say what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and you say what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and you say what does that
+really mean most people don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean most people don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean most people don't know but
+it does have a very precise meaning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have a very precise meaning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does have a very precise meaning and
+this is is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is is it
+where how do we compute confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where how do we compute confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where how do we compute confidence
+intervals most of the time we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals most of the time we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals most of the time we compute
+them using something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them using something called the
+empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule under some assumptions which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule under some assumptions which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule under some assumptions which I'll
+get to a little bit later the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a little bit later the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a little bit later the empirical
+rule says that if I take the data find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule says that if I take the data find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule says that if I take the data find
+the mean compute the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean compute the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean compute the standard deviation
+as we've just seen 68% of the data will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've just seen 68% of the data will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've just seen 68% of the data will
+be within one standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within one standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be within one standard deviation
+in front of or behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of or behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of or behind the
+mean within one standard deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean within one standard deviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean within one standard deviation of
+the mean 95% will be within 1.96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean 95% will be within 1.96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean 95% will be within 1.96
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviations and that's what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and that's what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and that's what people
+usually use usually when people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use usually when people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually use usually when people talk
+about confidence intervals they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about confidence intervals they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about confidence intervals they're
+talking about the 95% confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the 95% confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the 95% confidence
+interval and they use this 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and they use this 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and they use this 1.6
+number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and
+99.7% of the data will be in three St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.7% of the data will be in three St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.7% of the data will be in three St
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+deviations so you can see if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations so you can see if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations so you can see if you're
+outside the third standard deviation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the third standard deviation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside the third standard deviation you
+are a pretty rare bird For Better or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a pretty rare bird For Better or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a pretty rare bird For Better or
+Worse depending upon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+side all right so let's apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all right so let's apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side all right so let's apply the
+empirical rule to our roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical rule to our roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical rule to our roulette
+game so I've got my three roulette games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so I've got my three roulette games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so I've got my three roulette games
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+before I'm going to run a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm going to run a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I'm going to run a simple
+simulation um and the key thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation um and the key thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation um and the key thing to
+notice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is
+really this print statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right that I'll print the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that I'll print the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that I'll print the
+mean which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean which I'm
+rounding and then I'm going to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding and then I'm going to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounding and then I'm going to give the
+confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence
+intervals plus or minus and I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals plus or minus and I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals plus or minus and I'll just
+take the standard deviation time 1.6 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the standard deviation time 1.6 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the standard deviation time 1.6 *
+100 why time 100 because I'm showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+percentages all right so again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages all right so again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentages all right so again very
+straightforward code just simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward code just simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward code just simulation
+just like the ones we've been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at and uh well I just I don't think I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and uh well I just I don't think I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and uh well I just I don't think I'll
+bother running it for you in interest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother running it for you in interest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bother running it for you in interest of
+time you can run it yourself but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can run it yourself but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can run it yourself but here's
+what I got when I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I got when I ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I got when I ran
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so when I simulated betting a pocket for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I simulated betting a pocket for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I simulated betting a pocket for
+20 trials we see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 trials we see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 trials we see that the
+of a th000 spins each for a th000 spins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a th000 spins each for a th000 spins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a th000 spins each for a th000 spins
+the expected return for fair roulette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return for fair roulette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return for fair roulette
+happened to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be
+3.68% a bit high but you'll notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.68% a bit high but you'll notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.68% a bit high but you'll notice the
+confidence interval plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval plus or minus
+27 includes the actual answer which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and we have very large confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we have very large confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we have very large confidence
+intervals for the other two games if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals for the other two games if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals for the other two games if we
+go way down to the bottom where I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go way down to the bottom where I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go way down to the bottom where I've
+spun spun the wheel many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times what we'll
+see is that my expected return return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that my expected return return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is that my expected return return
+for fair roulette is much closer to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fair roulette is much closer to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fair roulette is much closer to zero
+than it was here but more importantly my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was here but more importantly my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was here but more importantly my
+confidence interval is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 so now I really have constrained it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so now I really have constrained it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 so now I really have constrained it
+pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+similarly for the other two games you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the other two games you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for the other two games you
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+see maybe it's more accurate maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe it's more accurate maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see maybe it's more accurate maybe it's
+less accurate but importantly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less accurate but importantly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less accurate but importantly the
+confidence interval is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence interval is
+smaller so I have good reason to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so I have good reason to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller so I have good reason to believe
+that the mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mean I'm
+Computing is close to the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is close to the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is close to the true
+mean because my confidence interval has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because my confidence interval has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because my confidence interval has
+shrunk so that's the really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk so that's the really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrunk so that's the really important
+concept here is that we don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here is that we don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here is that we don't just
+guess compute the value in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess compute the value in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess compute the value in the
+simulation we use in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we use in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we use in this case the
+empirical rule to tell us how much faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical rule to tell us how much faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical rule to tell us how much faith
+we should have in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have in that
+value all right the empirical rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right the empirical rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value all right the empirical rule
+doesn't always work there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always work there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't always work there are a couple
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+assumptions one is that the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions one is that the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions one is that the mean
+estimation error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimation error is
+zero what is that saying that I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is that saying that I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what is that saying that I'm just
+as likely to guess high as guess low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as likely to guess high as guess low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as likely to guess high as guess low
+in most experiments of this sort most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most experiments of this sort most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most experiments of this sort most
+simulations that's a very fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations that's a very fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations that's a very fair
+assumption right there's no reason to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption right there's no reason to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption right there's no reason to be
+guess I'd be systematically off in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'd be systematically off in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I'd be systematically off in One
+Direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction or
+another it's different when you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another it's different when you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another it's different when you use this
+on a laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a laboratory
+experiment where in fact depending upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where in fact depending upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where in fact depending upon
+your laboratory technique there may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laboratory technique there may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laboratory technique there may be a
+bias in your results in One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in your results in One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in your results in One
+Direction so we have to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so we have to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction so we have to assume that
+there's no bias in our errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to assume that the
+distribution of Errors is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Errors is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of Errors is
+normal and we'll come back to this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and we'll come back to this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal and we'll come back to this in
+just a second but this is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second but this is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a second but this is a normal
+distribution called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gaussian okay under those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian okay under those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian okay under those two
+assumptions the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions the empirical
+rule will always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule will always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule will always
+hold all right let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold all right let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold all right let's talk about
+distributions since I just introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions since I just introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions since I just introduced
+one um we've been using a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um we've been using a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um we've been using a probability
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+and this captures the notion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this captures the notion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this captures the notion of the
+relative frequency with which some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative frequency with which some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative frequency with which some
+random variable takes on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable takes on different
+values there are two kinds discreet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there are two kinds discreet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there are two kinds discreet and
+these when the values are drawn from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when the values are drawn from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these when the values are drawn from a
+finite set of values so when I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of values so when I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set of values so when I flip
+these coins there are only two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coins there are only two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coins there are only two possible
+values head or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values head or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values head or
+tails and so if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails and so if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails and so if we look at the
+distribution of heads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of heads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of heads and
+tails uh it's pretty simple we just list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails uh it's pretty simple we just list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tails uh it's pretty simple we just list
+the probability of heads we list the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads we list the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of heads we list the
+probability of Tails we know that those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Tails we know that those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of Tails we know that those
+two probabilities must add up to one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probabilities must add up to one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probabilities must add up to one and
+that fully describes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution continuous random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution continuous random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution continuous random variables
+are a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a bit
+trickier they're drawn from a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier they're drawn from a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier they're drawn from a set of
+reals between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals between two
+numbers for sake of argument let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for sake of argument let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for sake of argument let's say
+those two numbers are zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers are zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two numbers are zero and one
+well we can't just enumerate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can't just enumerate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can't just enumerate the
+probability for each of number how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for each of number how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability for each of number how many
+real numbers are there between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers are there between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers are there between zero and
+one an infinite number right and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an infinite number right and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an infinite number right and so I
+can't say for each of these infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say for each of these infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say for each of these infinite
+numbers what's the probability of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what's the probability of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers what's the probability of it
+occurring actually the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring actually the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring actually the probability is
+close to zero for each of them Pro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero for each of them Pro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero for each of them Pro is
+zero if they're truly infinite so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if they're truly infinite so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if they're truly infinite so I need
+to do something else and what I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something else and what I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something else and what I do that
+is what's called a probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called a probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called a probability density
+function this is a different kind of PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a different kind of PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a different kind of PDF
+than the one Adobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one Adobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the one Adobe
+cells um so there we don't give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um so there we don't give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells um so there we don't give the
+probability of the random variable Tak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the random variable Tak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the random variable Tak
+on a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a specific
+value we give the probability of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we give the probability of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value we give the probability of it
+lying somewhere between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values and then we Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then we Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then we Define a
+curve which shows how it works so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which shows how it works so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve which shows how it works so let
+let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at an example
+so we'll go back to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go back to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll go back to normal
+distributions this is for the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this is for the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions this is for the continuous
+normal distribution it's described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution it's described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution it's described by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+function and for those you who don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for those you who don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and for those you who don't
+know about the magic number e it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the magic number e it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about the magic number e it's this
+is one of many ways to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of many ways to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of many ways to Define
+it but I really don't care whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I really don't care whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but I really don't care whether you
+remember this I don't care whether you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this I don't care whether you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this I don't care whether you
+know what e is I don't care if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what e is I don't care if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what e is I don't care if you know
+what this is what we really want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what we really want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is what we really want to say
+is it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it looks like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+it's in this case the mean is zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this case the mean is zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in this case the mean is zero it
+doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero I've Chown a z of zero and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I've Chown a z of zero and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I've Chown a z of zero and a
+standard deviation of one this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of one this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation of one this is called
+the so-called standard normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called standard normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called standard normal
+distribution but it's symmetric around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it's symmetric around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it's symmetric around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mean and that gets back to it's equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and that gets back to it's equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and that gets back to it's equally
+likely that our errors are in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that our errors are in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that our errors are in either
+direction right so it's Peaks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so it's Peaks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so it's Peaks at the
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+the peak is always at the mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak is always at the mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak is always at the mean that's
+the most probable value and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable value and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most probable value and it's
+symmetric about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric about the
+mean so if we look at it for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if we look at it for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so if we look at it for example and
+I say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say what's the
+probability of the number being being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the number being being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the number being being
+between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and
+one I can look at it here and say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can look at it here and say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can look at it here and say all
+right let's draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's draw a line
+here and a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a line
+here and then I can integrate the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I can integrate the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I can integrate the curve
+under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under
+here and that tells me the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that tells me the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that tells me the probability
+of this random variable between being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable between being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this random variable between being
+between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one if I want to know it between minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I want to know it between minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if I want to know it between minus
+one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and
+one I just do this and then I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just do this and then I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I just do this and then I integrate
+over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over that
+area all right so the area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area all right so the area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area all right so the area under the
+curve in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in this case
+defines the likelihood now I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the likelihood now I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the likelihood now I have to
+divide in normalized to actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide in normalized to actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide in normalized to actually get the
+answer between 0 and one so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer between 0 and one so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer between 0 and one so the question
+is what fraction of the area under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what fraction of the area under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what fraction of the area under the
+curve is between min-1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is between min-1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is between min-1 and
+1 and that will tell me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that will tell me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and that will tell me the
+probability so what is the empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so what is the empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so what is the empirical
+rule tell us what fraction is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule tell us what fraction is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule tell us what fraction is between
+minus1 and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roughly yeah 68% right so that tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly yeah 68% right so that tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly yeah 68% right so that tells me
+68% of the area under this curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% of the area under this curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% of the area under this curve is
+between minus one and one because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and one because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between minus one and one because my
+standard deviation is one roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is one roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is one roughly
+68% and maybe your eyes will convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% and maybe your eyes will convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+68% and maybe your eyes will convince
+you that's a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that's a reasonable
+guess okay we'll come back and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay we'll come back and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay we'll come back and look at
+this in a bit more detail on Monday of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a bit more detail on Monday of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a bit more detail on Monday of
+next week and also look at the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week and also look at the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week and also look at the question
+of why does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of why does this
+work in so many cases where we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in so many cases where we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in so many cases where we don't
+actually have a normal distribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a normal distribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a normal distribution to
+start with
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/P9hTSTZAxqs.txt b/P9hTSTZAxqs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cb512421f8349a379fb1781de245a9fd35cf331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/P9hTSTZAxqs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in order to use our results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to use our results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to use our results
+for the analysis of the wellmix room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the analysis of the wellmix room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the analysis of the wellmix room
+to uh the into the safety guideline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the into the safety guideline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh the into the safety guideline
+let me just summarize the results for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just summarize the results for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just summarize the results for
+the general case of transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case of transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case of transient
+buildup of aerosols in the room and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of aerosols in the room and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildup of aerosols in the room and the
+associated transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated transmission
+so here is the result that we derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the result that we derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the result that we derived
+earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier
+which is that the transmission rate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the transmission rate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the transmission rate as a
+function of time is an integral over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is an integral over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time is an integral over all
+the droplet sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the droplet sizes
+and then you have here the mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have here the mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have here the mask
+filtration factor which depends on size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration factor which depends on size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration factor which depends on size
+pm you have the breathing rate qb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm you have the breathing rate qb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pm you have the breathing rate qb that
+comes in squared because there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in squared because there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in squared because there's one
+person breathing out another person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person breathing out another person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person breathing out another person
+breathing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing in
+got the volume of the room you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the volume of the room you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the volume of the room you have here
+the relaxation rate for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation rate for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relaxation rate for the
+concentration of aerosol in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of aerosol in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of aerosol in the room
+which here is given by four factors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here is given by four factors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which here is given by four factors for
+ventilation sedimentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation sedimentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventilation sedimentation
+filtration and deactivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration and deactivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtration and deactivation
+and then for the production of aerosols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the production of aerosols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for the production of aerosols
+there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+nq of r which is the number of exhaled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nq of r which is the number of exhaled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nq of r which is the number of exhaled
+infection quanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection quanta
+per volume per air volume leaving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume per air volume leaving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per volume per air volume leaving the
+breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath
+per radius because it's still resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per radius because it's still resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per radius because it's still resolved
+by the different droplet radii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the different droplet radii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the different droplet radii
+and this has several contributions it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has several contributions it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this has several contributions it
+has nd of r which is the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nd of r which is the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nd of r which is the distribution of
+droplet sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet sizes
+v d of r is the volume of each droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d of r is the volume of each droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v d of r is the volume of each droplet
+depends on the respiratory activity cv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the respiratory activity cv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the respiratory activity cv
+is the viral load which we are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the viral load which we are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the viral load which we are typically
+assuming is near the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is near the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming is near the maximum
+when we're concerned about controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're concerned about controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're concerned about controlling
+spreading and ci of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading and ci of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading and ci of r
+is the infectivity per virion which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infectivity per virion which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the infectivity per virion which we
+have discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have discussed before
+also may have a size dependence and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also may have a size dependence and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also may have a size dependence and is
+most likely higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely higher
+in the aerosol droplets so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aerosol droplets so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aerosol droplets so that's the
+general solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution
+and the safety guideline we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the safety guideline we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the safety guideline we just
+discussed has in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed has in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed has in it
+the time average beta so brada with beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time average beta so brada with beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time average beta so brada with beta
+with the two brackets which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two brackets which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two brackets which is the
+integral and time of beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and time of beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and time of beta
+divided by the time tau so we can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time tau so we can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time tau so we can break
+that into two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into two parts
+so we integrate this here the the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we integrate this here the the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we integrate this here the the one
+here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this
+it gives you a steady state term and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a steady state term and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you a steady state term and the
+integral is shown right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is shown right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is shown right here
+uh and that's that's basically this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's that's basically this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's that's basically this the
+ultimately the the average uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the the average uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately the the average uh that
+remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains
+but initially when the infected person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but initially when the infected person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but initially when the infected person
+first walks in the room there's a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first walks in the room there's a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first walks in the room there's a time
+to build up the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up the concentration
+which only lowers the transmission rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only lowers the transmission rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which only lowers the transmission rate
+so the average transmission rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average transmission rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the average transmission rate is
+always less than the steady state you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than the steady state you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always less than the steady state you're
+approaching the steady state from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the steady state from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the steady state from below
+because you need the time to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need the time to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you need the time to build up
+those droplets and so the delta beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets and so the delta beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those droplets and so the delta beta
+here which is that correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is that correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is that correction
+takes the following form if you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the following form if you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the following form if you what you
+can do is bring the integral over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is bring the integral over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is bring the integral over time
+and switch places with the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and switch places with the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and switch places with the integration
+over r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over r
+and do the time integral inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the time integral inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the time integral inside the
+integral and so that allows you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so that allows you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so that allows you to get
+instead of lambda c here you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of lambda c here you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of lambda c here you get a
+lambda c squared and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c squared and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c squared and you get the
+following expression for the delta beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following expression for the delta beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following expression for the delta beta
+it may not be obvious looking at it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be obvious looking at it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may not be obvious looking at it but
+if you take the limit of tau going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the limit of tau going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the limit of tau going to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+this expression leads to just beta bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression leads to just beta bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression leads to just beta bar
+so delta beta of zero is beta bar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delta beta of zero is beta bar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so delta beta of zero is beta bar and
+that's because if you take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if you take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because if you take this
+exponential here and you go to small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential here and you go to small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential here and you go to small
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+you can linearize that and find it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can linearize that and find it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can linearize that and find it's
+lambda c t so it factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c t so it factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda c t so it factors
+cancels one factor of lambda c one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels one factor of lambda c one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels one factor of lambda c one
+factor of tau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of tau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of tau
+and you end up with just a single lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with just a single lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with just a single lambda
+c as as above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c as as above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c as as above
+so what that means is that the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that means is that the average
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+which we're plotting here as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're plotting here as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're plotting here as a function
+of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time
+tau starts out at zero it ramps up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau starts out at zero it ramps up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau starts out at zero it ramps up and
+then eventually approaches a steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually approaches a steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then eventually approaches a steady
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+and here's the full solution so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the full solution so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the full solution so all the
+information that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that we've talked about
+before in terms of filtration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of filtration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before in terms of filtration
+sedimentation other phenomena in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation other phenomena in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sedimentation other phenomena in the
+wellmix room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellmix room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wellmix room
+are all included in this framework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all included in this framework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all included in this framework and
+can then be put into the safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be put into the safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then be put into the safety
+guideline to derive a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline to derive a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline to derive a general
+safety guideline that has all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety guideline that has all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety guideline that has all of the
+physics that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that we want
+in there and allows you to define a safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and allows you to define a safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and allows you to define a safe
+occupancy for a room
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PPl-7_RL0Ko.txt b/PPl-7_RL0Ko.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66e9060771ebb191a4de6714fd4fd22bb3ce8b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PPl-7_RL0Ko.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10512 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu and today it's me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and today it's me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and today it's me back
+again and we'll study continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we'll study continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and we'll study continuous time
+stochastic processes now so far we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes now so far we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes now so far we were
+discussing this Creet time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes we studied the basics like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes we studied the basics like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes we studied the basics like
+variance expectation all these stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance expectation all these stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance expectation all these stuff
+moments moment generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments moment generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments moment generating
+function and some important concepts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and some important concepts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and some important concepts for
+marov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marov
+chains and Martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gales yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gales yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gales yeah
+so I'm sure a lot of you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure a lot of you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure a lot of you would have
+forgot about what Martingale and markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot about what Martingale and markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot about what Martingale and markup
+chains were but try to review this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains were but try to review this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains were but try to review this
+before the next few lectures because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the next few lectures because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the next few lectures because
+starting next week when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next week when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting next week when we start
+discussing continuous time stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing continuous time stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing continuous time stochastic
+processes not from me you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes not from me you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes not from me you're not going
+to hear Martin gill from me that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear Martin gill from me that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear Martin gill from me that much
+but from people the outside speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from people the outside speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from people the outside speakers
+they're going to use this marting Gill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to use this marting Gill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to use this marting Gill
+concept to do pricing so I will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept to do pricing so I will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept to do pricing so I will give you
+some in the exercises you'll have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in the exercises you'll have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some in the exercises you'll have some
+problems on marting gills just refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on marting gills just refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems on marting gills just refer
+refer back to the notes that I had like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to the notes that I had like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer back to the notes that I had like
+a month ago and just review it it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month ago and just review it it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a month ago and just review it it won't
+be difficult problems but try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult problems but try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be difficult problems but try to make
+the concept like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept like
+comfortable okay and then Peter taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable okay and then Peter taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable okay and then Peter taught
+some time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time series
+analysis time series is just the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis time series is just the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis time series is just the same as
+discrete time process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and regression analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so on this was all done on discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this was all done on discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on this was all done on discrete
+time that means the underlying space was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that means the underlying space was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that means the underlying space was
+X1 X2 X3 dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+XT and now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XT and now we're going to talk about
+continuous time processes what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time processes what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time processes what are they
+they're just collection of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just collection of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just collection of random
+variables indexed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables indexed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables indexed by
+time but now the time is a real variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but now the time is a real variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but now the time is a real variable
+here time was just an integer values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here time was just an integer values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here time was just an integer values
+here we have real variable so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have real variable so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have real variable so a
+stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic
+process develops over time and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process develops over time and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process develops over time and the time
+variable is continuous now it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is continuous now it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is continuous now it doesn't
+necessarily mean that the process itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean that the process itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily mean that the process itself
+is continuous it may as well look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous it may as well look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous it may as well look like
+these jumps it may as well have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these jumps it may as well have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these jumps it may as well have a lot of
+jumps like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps like
+this just mean that the underlying time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just mean that the underlying time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just mean that the underlying time
+variable is continuous whereas when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is continuous whereas when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable is continuous whereas when it
+was discrete time you're only looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discrete time you're only looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discrete time you're only looking at
+specific observations at some times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific observations at some times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific observations at some times
+so maybe I'll draw it here discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'll draw it here discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe I'll draw it here discrete time
+was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay the first difficulty when you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first difficulty when you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first difficulty when you try
+to understand continuous time stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand continuous time stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand continuous time stochastic
+processes when you look at it is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes when you look at it is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes when you look at it is how do
+you describe the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe the probability
+distribution how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution okay so let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay so let's go back to
+discreete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete time
+processes the universal example was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes the universal example was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes the universal example was a
+simple random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+walk and if you remember how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and if you remember how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and if you remember how you
+described it was XT - XT -1 was either 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it was XT - XT -1 was either 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it was XT - XT -1 was either 1
+or- one probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or- one probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or- one probability
+half each this is how we described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half each this is how we described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half each this is how we described
+it and if you think about it this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you think about it this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if you think about it this is a
+slightly indirect way of describing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly indirect way of describing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly indirect way of describing a
+process you're not describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're not describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you're not describing the
+probability of this process following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this process following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this process following
+this path it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path it's like a
+path instead what you're doing is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path instead what you're doing is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path instead what you're doing is you're
+describing the probability of this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the probability of this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the probability of this event
+happening from time T to t + 1 what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening from time T to t + 1 what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening from time T to t + 1 what is
+the probability that it will go down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it will go down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that it will go down and
+at each step you describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each step you describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each step you describe the
+probability altogether when you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability altogether when you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability altogether when you combine
+them you get the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you get the probability
+distribution over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over the
+process but you can't do it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but you can't do it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process but you can't do it for
+continuous time right the time variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time right the time variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time right the time variable
+is continuous so you can't just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous so you can't just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous so you can't just take
+intervals T and interval T Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals T and interval T Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals T and interval T Prime and
+describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the
+difference if you want to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference if you want to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference if you want to do that you
+have to do it infinitely many times have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it infinitely many times have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it infinitely many times have
+to for all possible values that's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for all possible values that's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for all possible values that's first
+difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually pretty much the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficulty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+and how can we handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's not an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's not an easy
+question and you'll see a very indir way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and you'll see a very indir way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and you'll see a very indir way
+to handle it it's somewhat in the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle it it's somewhat in the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to handle it it's somewhat in the spirit
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+thing but it's not like you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but it's not like you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but it's not like you know you
+draw some paths you describe a probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some paths you describe a probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some paths you describe a probably
+density of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of this
+path let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path let's say
+Omega what is the probability density at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega of course it's not a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of course it's not a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega of course it's not a discrete
+variable so you have a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so you have a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so you have a probability
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+function not a probability Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function in fact can we even write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in fact can we even write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in fact can we even write it
+down you'll later see that we won't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you'll later see that we won't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down you'll later see that we won't even
+able to write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to write this down
+okay so just have this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just have this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just have this in
+mind and you'll see what I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you'll see what I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and you'll see what I was trying to
+say okay so finally I get to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so finally I get to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay so finally I get to talk about
+Brownian processes Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion some outside speakers already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion some outside speakers already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion some outside speakers already
+started talking about it I wish we I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about it I wish we I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started talking about it I wish we I
+already was able to cover it before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already was able to cover it before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already was able to cover it before they
+talked about it but you'll see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it but you'll see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it but you'll see a lot
+more from now and let's see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from now and let's see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more from now and let's see what it
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's described as following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's described as following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's described as following
+actually follows from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually follows from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually follows from a
+theorem there exists a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+over the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from
+real positive reals to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real positive reals to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real positive reals to the
+reals such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that first B 0 is always zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first B 0 is always zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that first B 0 is always zero the
+probability of B 0 is equal b z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B 0 is equal b z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of B 0 is equal b z is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+two we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stationary for all s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t b t minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t b t minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t b t minus
+BS has normal distribution with mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS has normal distribution with mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BS has normal distribution with mean
+zero and variance T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and variance T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and variance T minus
+s and then third independent increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that means if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if
+intervals s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals s
+TI are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overlapping then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlapping then
+bti minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bti minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bti minus
+BSI are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's actually a theorem saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually a theorem saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually a theorem saying that
+there is some strange probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some strange probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some strange probability
+distribution over the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution over the continuous
+functions from positive reals non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from positive reals non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions from positive reals non
+negative reals to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reals to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative reals to the
+reals okay so if you look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals okay so if you look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals okay so if you look at some
+continuous function this theorem gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function this theorem gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function this theorem gives
+you a probability distribution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a probability distribution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a probability distribution it
+describes you as a probability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes you as a probability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes you as a probability of this
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+happening and it doesn't really describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and it doesn't really describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening and it doesn't really describe
+it it just say that there exists some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just say that there exists some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it just say that there exists some
+distribution such that it always starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution such that it always starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution such that it always starts
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and it's continuous second the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's continuous second the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it's continuous second the
+distribution for all fixed s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for all fixed s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution for all fixed s and
+t the distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the distribution of this
+difference is normally distributed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is normally distributed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is normally distributed with
+mean z and variance T minus s which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean z and variance T minus s which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean z and variance T minus s which
+scales according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales according to the
+time and then third independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then third independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then third independent
+increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increment
+means what happened between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what happened between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means what happened between this
+interval S1 T1 and S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval S1 T1 and S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval S1 T1 and S2
+T2 this part and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 this part and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 this part and this
+part is independent as long as intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is independent as long as intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is independent as long as intervals
+do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not
+overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap
+okay and that's it sounds very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's it sounds very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's it sounds very similar
+to the simple random walk but the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the simple random walk but the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the simple random walk but the reason
+we have to do this very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do this very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do this very complicated
+process is because the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is because the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is because the time is
+continuous you can't really describe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous you can't really describe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous you can't really describe at
+each time what's happening instead what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time what's happening instead what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time what's happening instead what
+you're describing is oh all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing is oh all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're describing is oh all possible
+intervals what are what's happening okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals what are what's happening okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals what are what's happening okay
+when you have a fixed interval interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a fixed interval interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a fixed interval interval
+you describe the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe the probability
+distribution and then when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and then when you have
+several intervals as long as they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several intervals as long as they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several intervals as long as they don't
+overlap they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap they're
+independent okay and then by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay and then by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent okay and then by this
+theorem we call this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we call this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem we call this probability
+distribution of branium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of branium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of branium
+motion the probability distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution given by the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+called the Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+okay that's why I'm saying it's indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why I'm saying it's indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's why I'm saying it's indirect
+I'm not saying Brownian motion is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying Brownian motion is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not saying Brownian motion is this
+probability distribution it satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution it satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution it satisfies
+these conditions but we're reversing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions but we're reversing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions but we're reversing it
+actually we have this properties in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have this properties in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have this properties in mind
+we're not sure if such a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not sure if such a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not sure if such a probability
+distribution even exists or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution even exists or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution even exists or not and
+actually this is very very difficult I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is very very difficult I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is very very difficult I I
+don't know how to prove it right now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to prove it right now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to prove it right now I
+have to read a like I have to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read a like I have to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read a like I have to go through
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+book and even like graduate probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and even like graduate probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and even like graduate probability
+courses usually don't cover it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses usually don't cover it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses usually don't cover it because
+it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technical that means this just shows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical that means this just shows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical that means this just shows how
+continuous probability continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous probability continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous probability continuous time
+stochastic processes can be so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes can be so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic processes can be so much more
+complicated than discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than discrete
+time then why are we do why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then why are we do why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then why are we do why are we
+studying continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying continuous
+time processes when it's so complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time processes when it's so complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time processes when it's so complicated
+well you'll see in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lectures okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so let's go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so let's go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so let's go through this
+a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes that's a very good question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes that's a very good question the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes that's a very good question the
+space is the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is the space of all
+functions that means it's a space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that means it's a space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that means it's a space of all
+possible passes if you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible passes if you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible passes if you want to think
+about it this way just think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this way just think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it this way just think about all
+possible ways your variable can evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways your variable can evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible ways your variable can evolve
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+time and for some fixed drawing for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and for some fixed drawing for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and for some fixed drawing for this
+path there is some probability that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path there is some probability that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path there is some probability that this
+path will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path will
+happen okay it's not the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay it's not the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen okay it's not the probability
+spaces that you've been looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that you've been looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces that you've been looking
+at it's not one point well a point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it's not one point well a point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it's not one point well a point is
+now a path and your probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a path and your probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a path and your probability
+distribution is given over path is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is given over path is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution is given over path is not
+for a fixed Point okay that's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed Point okay that's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a fixed Point okay that's also a
+reason why it makes it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated other
+questions yes so just so main thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so just so main thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so just so main thing you
+have to remember Independence well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember Independence well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to remember Independence well
+intuitively you'll just know it but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively you'll just know it but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively you'll just know it but one
+thing you want to try to remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want to try to remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you want to try to remember this
+property as your time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property as your time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property as your time
+scales what happens between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales what happens between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales what happens between that
+interval is it's like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is it's like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval is it's like a normal
+variable so this is a collection of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this is a collection of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so this is a collection of a
+bunch of normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of normal
+variables and the variance the mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the variance the mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and the variance the mean is
+always zero but the variance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always zero but the variance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always zero but the variance is
+determined by the length of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the length of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by the length of your
+interval exactly that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval exactly that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval exactly that will be the
+variance so try to remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property now few more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property now few more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property now few more
+things and it has a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it has a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and it has a lot of different
+names it's also called called Wier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process and I think there was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more there another name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there another name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there another name
+for I thought I had one more name in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I thought I had one more name in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for I thought I had one more name in
+mind but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not oh yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not oh yeah that's a good
+point yeah professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point yeah professor at
+MIT but apparently he wasn't the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT but apparently he wasn't the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT but apparently he wasn't the first
+person who discovered this process was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who discovered this process was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who discovered this process was
+some other person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other person in
+1900 and actually the first in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and actually the first in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1900 and actually the first in the first
+paper that appeared of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that appeared of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that appeared of course they
+didn't know about each other result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about each other result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know about each other result in
+that paper the reason he studied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper the reason he studied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper the reason he studied this
+was to evaluate stock prices and option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to evaluate stock prices and option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to evaluate stock prices and option
+prices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and here's another slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's another slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here's another slightly
+different uh description maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh description maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh description maybe more
+intuitive description of the Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive description of the Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive description of the Brownian
+motion so here is a philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so here is a philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so here is a philosophy
+philosophy is a Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+limit of simple random walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now limit I'll just it's a very vag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now limit I'll just it's a very vag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now limit I'll just it's a very vag
+concept you'll see what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept you'll see what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept you'll see what I mean by
+this okay so fix a time interval zero up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so fix a time interval zero up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so fix a time interval zero up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and slice it into very small pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and slice it into very small pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and slice it into very small pieces
+so I'll say into n Pieces 1/ n 2 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll say into n Pieces 1/ n 2 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll say into n Pieces 1/ n 2 over n
+3 over n dot dot dot to n minus one / n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 over n dot dot dot to n minus one / n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 over n dot dot dot to n minus one / n
+and consider a simple random walk endep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consider a simple random walk endep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consider a simple random walk endep
+simple random walk so from Time Zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random walk so from Time Zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple random walk so from Time Zero you
+go up or down up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down then you get something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you get something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you get something like that
+okay so let me be a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me be a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me be a little bit more
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+let y0 y1 to y n be a simple random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let Z be the function such that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let Z be the function such that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let Z be the function such that at
+time t/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t/
+n we let it to be y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we let it to be y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n we let it to be y of
+T okay that's exactly just written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay that's exactly just written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay that's exactly just written down
+in Formula what it means so this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Formula what it means so this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Formula what it means so this process
+is z i take a simple random off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is z i take a simple random off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is z i take a simple random off and
+scale it so that it go from time Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it so that it go from time Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it so that it go from time Z to
+Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time
+1 okay and then in the intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and then in the intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 okay and then in the intermediate
+values for values that are not this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for values that are not this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for values that are not this just
+linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly
+extended linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended linearly
+extend in intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values that's a complicated way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that's a complicated way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that's a complicated way of
+saying just connected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dots okay and take n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+then the resulting distribution is a br
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion so mathematically that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so mathematically that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion so mathematically that's just
+saying the limit of simple random walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the limit of simple random walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the limit of simple random walks
+is a brown motion but it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a brown motion but it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a brown motion but it's more than
+that that means if you have some supic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means if you have some supic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that means if you have some supic
+that some like physical quantity follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some like physical quantity follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some like physical quantity follows
+a Brownian motion and then you take then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Brownian motion and then you take then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Brownian motion and then you take then
+you observe the variable at discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe the variable at discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you observe the variable at discrete
+times at very very fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at very very fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times at very very fine
+scales So You observe it really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales So You observe it really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales So You observe it really really
+often like million times in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like million times in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often like million times in one
+second then what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then what you see
+will what you see it if you see that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what you see it if you see that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will what you see it if you see that and
+take it to the Limit and it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to the Limit and it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to the Limit and it looks like a
+brown your motion then now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown your motion then now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown your motion then now you can
+conclude that it's brown motion what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that it's brown motion what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that it's brown motion what I'm
+trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say is
+this continuous time process whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous time process whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this continuous time process whatever
+this strange thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange thing
+is it follows from something from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it follows from something from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it follows from something from a
+discrete world it's not something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete world it's not something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete world it's not something new
+it's a limit of these objects that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a limit of these objects that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a limit of these objects that you
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+know and that gives so this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that gives so this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and that gives so this tells you
+that it might be a reasonable model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be a reasonable model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might be a reasonable model for
+stock prices because for stock prices no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices because for stock prices no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices because for stock prices no
+matter how there's only a finite amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how there's only a finite amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how there's only a finite amount
+of time scale that you can observe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time scale that you can observe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time scale that you can observe the
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+but still If You observe it infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still If You observe it infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still If You observe it infinitely
+like as much as you can and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as much as you can and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as much as you can and the
+distribution looks like a brown motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution looks like a brown motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution looks like a brown motion
+then you can use a brown motion to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use a brown motion to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use a brown motion to model
+it okay so this not it's not only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so this not it's not only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so this not it's not only a
+theoretical observation it also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical observation it also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical observation it also has
+implication as when you want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication as when you want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication as when you want to use
+brownia motion as a physical model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownia motion as a physical model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownia motion as a physical model for
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+quantity it also tells you why grounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it also tells you why grounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it also tells you why grounding
+motion might appear in some situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example here's a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here's a completely different
+conext where Brownian motion was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conext where Brownian motion was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conext where Brownian motion was
+discovered and why it has a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and why it has a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and why it has a name
+Brownian motion so a Bo Bist I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion so a Bo Bist I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion so a Bo Bist I don't
+know if I'm pronouncing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm pronouncing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if I'm pronouncing it
+correctly named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly named
+Brown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown in the
+1800s what he did was he observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a PO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a PO
+pollen pollen particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water okay have a couple of water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay have a couple of water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay have a couple of water and
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+po okay of course you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po okay of course you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+po okay of course you have
+gravity that pulls the poen down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity that pulls the poen down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity that pulls the poen down and
+Poland is heavier than water So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland is heavier than water So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poland is heavier than water So
+eventually will go down eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually will go down eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually will go down eventually
+but that only explains the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that only explains the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that only explains the vertical
+action it will only go down but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it will only go down but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action it will only go down but in fact
+if You observe what's happening it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You observe what's happening it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if You observe what's happening it just
+bounces back and forth crazily until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces back and forth crazily until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces back and forth crazily until it
+finally reaches down the bottom of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally reaches down the bottom of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally reaches down the bottom of your
+cup and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup and this
+motion if you just look at a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion if you just look at a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion if you just look at a two
+Dimension picture it's a brownan motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension picture it's a brownan motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension picture it's a brownan motion
+to the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so gives so uh moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gives so uh moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gives so uh moves
+as according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well first of all I we should say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all I we should say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all I we should say a
+little bit more what brown did was he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more what brown did was he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more what brown did was he
+observed it he wasn't able to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed it he wasn't able to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed it he wasn't able to explain
+the horizontal actions because you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal actions because you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the horizontal actions because you only
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+gravity and but then people tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and but then people tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity and but then people tried to
+explain it they suspected that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it they suspected that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it they suspected that it was
+the water molecules that caused this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water molecules that caused this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water molecules that caused this
+action but weren't able to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action but weren't able to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action but weren't able to really
+explain it but the first person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it but the first person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it but the first person to
+actually rigorously explain it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rigorously explain it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rigorously explain it was
+surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Einstein and that relativity guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and that relativity guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and that relativity guy the
+famous guy so yeah I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous guy so yeah I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous guy so yeah I was really
+surprised he he's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised he he's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised he he's really
+smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+apparently and why okay so why will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently and why okay so why will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently and why okay so why will this
+follow a Brownian motion why is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a Brownian motion why is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a Brownian motion why is it a
+reasonable model and this gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable model and this gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable model and this gives you a
+fairly good reason for that this under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly good reason for that this under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly good reason for that this under
+like this description where it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this description where it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this description where it's the
+limit of simple random walks cuz if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of simple random walks cuz if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of simple random walks cuz if you
+think about it what's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what's happening is
+there's a big molecule that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big molecule that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a big molecule that you can
+observe this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this big
+particle but inside there's tiny water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but inside there's tiny water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle but inside there's tiny water
+molecules like tiny ones that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules like tiny ones that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules like tiny ones that you don't
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+see but it's filling the space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but it's filling the space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but it's filling the space and
+they're just moving crazily even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just moving crazily even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just moving crazily even though
+the water is look water looks still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is look water looks still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is look water looks still
+what's really happening is these water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is these water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is these water
+molecues are just crazily moving inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecues are just crazily moving inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecues are just crazily moving inside
+the cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cup
+and each water molecule when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each water molecule when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each water molecule when
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+collide with the pollen it will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the pollen it will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide with the pollen it will change
+the action of the Pol a little bit by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of the Pol a little bit by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action of the Pol a little bit by a
+tiny amount okay so if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount okay so if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount okay so if you think about
+each Collision as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Collision as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Collision as one
+step then each step will either push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step then each step will either push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step then each step will either push
+this uh pollen to the left or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh pollen to the left or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh pollen to the left or to the
+right by some tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by some tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by some tiny
+amount and it just accumulates over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and it just accumulates over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and it just accumulates over time
+time so you're looking at a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you're looking at a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so you're looking at a very very
+fine time scale of course the times will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine time scale of course the times will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine time scale of course the times will
+differ a little bit but let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ a little bit but let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ a little bit but let's just
+forget about it assume that it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about it assume that it's uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about it assume that it's uniform
+and at each time it just pushes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each time it just pushes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at each time it just pushes to the
+left or right by a tiny amount and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right by a tiny amount and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right by a tiny amount and you
+look at what accumulates as we saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what accumulates as we saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what accumulates as we saw a
+limit of a simple random walk is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a simple random walk is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of a simple random walk is a
+Brownian motion and that tells you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion and that tells you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion and that tells you why
+we should get something like a Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should get something like a Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should get something like a Brownian
+motion here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion here
+okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the
+action of pollen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of pollen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of pollen
+particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+determined by infinitesimal I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by infinitesimal I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by infinitesimal I don't know
+if that's the right word but just quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the right word but just quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the right word but just quote
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tmal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that
+explains at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explains at least
+intuitively why it should follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively why it should follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively why it should follow the
+brown your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown your
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+okay and the second example is any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second example is any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the second example is any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here is stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prices at least I give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices at least I give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices at least I give you some
+reasonable reason some reason that brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable reason some reason that brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable reason some reason that brown
+motion uh uh is not so bad model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion uh uh is not so bad model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion uh uh is not so bad model for
+stock prices okay because if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices okay because if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock prices okay because if you look at
+a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+price price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s how the price is determined by buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s how the price is determined by buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s how the price is determined by buying
+actions or selling actions each action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or selling actions each action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or selling actions each action
+kind of pulls down the price or pulls up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pulls down the price or pulls up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pulls down the price or pulls up
+the price push down the price or pulls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price push down the price or pulls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price push down the price or pulls
+up the price and if you look at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the price and if you look at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the price and if you look at very
+very tiny scales of tiny scales what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny scales of tiny scales what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny scales of tiny scales what's
+happening is at a very tiny amount will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is at a very tiny amount will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is at a very tiny amount will
+go up or down of course it doesn't go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up or down of course it doesn't go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up or down of course it doesn't go up
+and down by uniform amount but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down by uniform amount but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down by uniform amount but just
+forget about the techn technicality just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the techn technicality just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about the techn technicality just
+bounces back and forth infinitely often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces back and forth infinitely often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounces back and forth infinitely often
+and then you're taking T like these tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're taking T like these tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're taking T like these tiny
+scal to be tinier like very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal to be tinier like very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal to be tinier like very very small
+so again you see this limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you see this limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again you see this limiting
+picture where you have a discret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where you have a discret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where you have a discret
+something looking like a random walk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looking like a random walk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something looking like a random walk and
+you take t as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take t as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take t as
+Infinity okay so that if that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so that if that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity okay so that if that's the only
+action causing the price then brownie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action causing the price then brownie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action causing the price then brownie
+motion will be the exact like the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion will be the exact like the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion will be the exact like the right
+model to use of course there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to use of course there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to use of course there are many
+other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things
+involved which makes the this deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved which makes the this deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved which makes the this deviate
+from Brownian motion but at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Brownian motion but at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Brownian motion but at least
+theoretically it's a good starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay so you saw Brown your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so you saw Brown your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so you saw Brown your
+motion you already know that it's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you already know that it's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion you already know that it's using
+in the financial Market a lot it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial Market a lot it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial Market a lot it's also
+been used in science and other fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in science and other fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been used in science and other fields
+like that and import like really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and import like really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and import like really big
+names like Einstein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names like Einstein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names like Einstein is
+involved so it's a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so it's a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved so it's a really really
+important theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing how you learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how you learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing how you learned
+it it's time to get used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's time to get used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's time to get used to
+it so I'll tell you some properties and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'll tell you some properties and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I'll tell you some properties and
+actually prove a little bit just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove a little bit just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually prove a little bit just some
+propositions to show you some properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions to show you some properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions to show you some properties
+some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them are
+quite surprising if you never saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite surprising if you never saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite surprising if you never saw it
+before okay so here are some properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crosses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x-axis infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often or I should say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+txis because you start from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txis because you start from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+txis because you start from
+zero it will never go to infinity or go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it will never go to infinity or go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it will never go to infinity or go
+to negative Infinity it will always go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative Infinity it will always go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to negative Infinity it will always go
+balce positive and negative infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balce positive and negative infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balce positive and negative infinitely
+often and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often and
+second does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second does
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+deviate too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate too
+much from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much from
+tal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tal
+Y2 call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 call this
+y now this is a very vague statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now this is a very vague statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y now this is a very vague statement
+what I'm trying to say is to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say is to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to say is to draw this
+curve is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you start at Time Zero at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you start at Time Zero at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you start at Time Zero at some
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+t0 the probability distribution here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 the probability distribution here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 the probability distribution here is
+given as a normal random variable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as a normal random variable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given as a normal random variable with
+mean Zer and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Zer and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Zer and variance
+t0 and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and because of
+that this standard deviation is square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this standard deviation is square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this standard deviation is square
+root t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so the typical value will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so the typical value will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah so the typical value will be
+around the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the standard
+deviation and it won't deviate like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and it won't deviate like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation and it won't deviate like it
+it can be hundred times this or it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be hundred times this or it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be hundred times this or it won't
+really be like million times that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be like million times that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be like million times that or
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so most likely it will look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most likely it will look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most likely it will look something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that okay it plays around this curve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay it plays around this curve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay it plays around this curve a
+lot but it crosses the axis infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but it crosses the axis infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot but it crosses the axis infinitely
+often goes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often goes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often goes back and
+forth what else third one is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what else third one is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth what else third one is quite
+really interesting it's more theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it's more theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting it's more theoretical
+interest but it also has real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but it also has real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest but it also has real life
+implications it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable anywhere it's nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable anywhere it's nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable anywhere it's nowhere
+differential so this curve whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential so this curve whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential so this curve whatever that
+curve is it's a continuous path but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is it's a continuous path but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is it's a continuous path but it's
+nowhere differentiable really surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable really surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere differentiable really surprising
+it's hard to imagine even like one such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to imagine even like one such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to imagine even like one such
+path but it's say what it's saying is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but it's say what it's saying is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path but it's say what it's saying is if
+you take one path according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one path according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one path according to this
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+distribution then more than likely you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then more than likely you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then more than likely you
+will attain a path which is nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable okay that just sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable okay that just sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable okay that just sounds
+nice but why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice but why does it
+matter matters because we can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter matters because we can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter matters because we can't use
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anymore it's all the theory of calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's all the theory of calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore it's all the theory of calculus
+is based on differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on differentiation
+however our path has some nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however our path has some nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however our path has some nice thing
+it's Universal it appears in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Universal it appears in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's Universal it appears in very
+different context but if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context but if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different context but if you want to do
+analysis on it it's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on it it's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on it it's just not
+differentiable so the standard tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable so the standard tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable so the standard tools of
+calculus can't be used here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus can't be used here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus can't be used here which is
+quite unfortunate if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unfortunate if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unfortunate if you think about it
+you have this nice model which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this nice model which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this nice model which can
+describe many things you can't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe many things you can't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe many things you can't really do
+analysis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis on
+it but that's just we'll later see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's just we'll later see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's just we'll later see that
+actually there is a variant a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works and I'm sure many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and I'm sure many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and I'm sure many of you have
+heard about would have heard about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about would have heard about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard about would have heard about it
+it's called EOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus so you have this nice object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so you have this nice object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so you have this nice object
+unfortunately it's not differentiable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's not differentiable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's not differentiable so
+the standard calculus does not work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard calculus does not work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard calculus does not work here
+however there is a modified version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there is a modified version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there is a modified version of
+calculus called EOS calculus which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus called EOS calculus which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus called EOS calculus which will
+which extends a classical calculus to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extends a classical calculus to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extends a classical calculus to
+this setting it's really powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting it's really powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this setting it's really powerful and
+it's really cool but unfortunately we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool but unfortunately we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool but unfortunately we
+don't have that much time to cover it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much time to cover it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that much time to cover it I
+will only be able to like get tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be able to like get tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will only be able to like get tell you
+really basic properties and basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basic properties and basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really basic properties and basic
+computations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations of
+it and you'll see that how this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you'll see that how this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you'll see that how this like
+it's really how this calculus is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really how this calculus is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really how this calculus is being
+used in the financial world in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the financial world in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in the financial world in the
+coming up lectures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but before going into ito's calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before going into ito's calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before going into ito's calculus
+let's talk about the property of brownia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the property of brownia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the property of brownia
+motion a little bit CU we have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion a little bit CU we have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion a little bit CU we have to get
+used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay suppose I'm using it as a model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose I'm using it as a model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay suppose I'm using it as a model of
+a stock stock price so I'm using use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock stock price so I'm using use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stock stock price so I'm using use
+Bing motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model for stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+price say daily stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+price The Market opens at 9:30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price The Market opens at 9:30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price The Market opens at 9:30
+a.m. it closes at 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. it closes at 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a.m. it closes at 400
+p.m. starts at some price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then moves according to the Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motion and then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then you want to
+obtain the distribution of the Min value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the distribution of the Min value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the distribution of the Min value
+and the max value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stock so these are very useful statistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock so these are very useful statistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock so these are very useful statistic
+statistics so a stock price a daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so a stock price a daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so a stock price a daily
+stock price what will the minimum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price what will the minimum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock price what will the minimum and
+the maximum what will the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum what will the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum what will the distribution
+of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those
+be so let's compute it we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's compute it we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be so let's compute it we can actually
+compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it what we want to do is I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we want to do is I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what we want to do is I'll just
+compute the maximum I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the maximum I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the maximum I want to
+compute this thing uh over s smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing uh over s smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing uh over s smaller
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+T of the BR in motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I defined this new process from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I defined this new process from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I defined this new process from the
+Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian
+motion and I want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and I want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and I want to compute the
+distribution of this new stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this new stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of this new stochastic
+process and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem so for
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+T the probability that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the probability that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the probability that you have
+Mt greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mt greater than a
+and positive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+to 2 * the probability that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have the brown your motion greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's quite
+surprising if you just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising if you just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising if you just look at this
+there is no reason to expect that such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no reason to expect that such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no reason to expect that such a
+nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice
+formula should exist at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and notice that maximum is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and notice that maximum is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and notice that maximum is always
+at least zero so we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least zero so we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least zero so we don't have to worry
+about negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negative
+value starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value starts at
+zero how do we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+proof take this towel it's a stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof take this towel it's a stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof take this towel it's a stopping
+time if you remember what it is it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you remember what it is it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you remember what it is it's a
+minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minum value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minum value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minum value of
+t such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t such that
+t what is it the brown your motion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t what is it the brown your motion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t what is it the brown your motion at
+time T is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a that's a complicated way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a complicated way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's a complicated way of saying
+just record the first time you hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just record the first time you hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just record the first time you hit the
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line
+a motion and you record this time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motion and you record this time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a motion and you record this time that
+will be your to of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+now here's some strange thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's some strange thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's some strange thing the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BT a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given
+this what do it positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M okay so what this saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you're interested at time T if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested at time T if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested at time T if your
+tow a happened before time T so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow a happened before time T so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tow a happened before time T so if your
+brown your motion hit the line a Before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown your motion hit the line a Before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown your motion hit the line a Before
+Time T then afterwards you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time T then afterwards you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time T then afterwards you have the same
+probability of ending up above a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of ending up above a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of ending up above a and
+ending up below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up below
+a the reason is because you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the reason is because you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a the reason is because you can just
+reflect the path whatever path that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the path whatever path that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect the path whatever path that ends
+over a you can reflect it to obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a you can reflect it to obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a you can reflect it to obtain a
+path that ends Bel low a and by symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that ends Bel low a and by symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that ends Bel low a and by symmetry
+you just have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property well it's not obvious how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well it's not obvious how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property well it's not obvious how
+you'll use this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll use this right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we're almost done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're almost done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're almost done the
+probability that maximum at time T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that maximum at time T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that maximum at time T is
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+a that's equal to the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's equal to the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a that's equal to the probability that
+your stopping time is less than T just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stopping time is less than T just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stopping time is less than T just
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition and that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and that's equal to the
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that BT minus BT to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a is positive positive given to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if you know that uh ta is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know that uh ta is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know that uh ta is less
+than T there's only two possible ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T there's only two possible ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T there's only two possible ways
+you can either go up afterwards or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either go up afterwards or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either go up afterwards or you
+can go down afterwards but these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go down afterwards but these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go down afterwards but these two are
+the same probability you what you obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same probability you what you obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same probability you what you obtain
+is two times the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's just equal to two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just equal to two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just equal to two times the
+probability that BT is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a what happened some magic happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what happened some magic happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what happened some magic happened
+first of all these two are same because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all these two are same because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all these two are same because
+of this property by symmetry then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this property by symmetry then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this property by symmetry then from
+here to here B to is always equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here B to is always equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here B to is always equal to a
+as long as T is less than T So Z this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as T is less than T So Z this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as T is less than T So Z this is
+just I rewrote this as a and I got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I rewrote this as a and I got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I rewrote this as a and I got this
+thing and then I can just remove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then I can just remove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then I can just remove this
+because if I already know that to a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I already know that to a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if I already know that to a is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t uh order is reversed if I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh order is reversed if I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh order is reversed if I already know
+that b at time T is greater than a then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b at time T is greater than a then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that b at time T is greater than a then
+I know that t is less than T because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that t is less than T because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that t is less than T because if
+you want to reach a by because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to reach a by because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to reach a by because of
+continuity if you want to go over a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity if you want to go over a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuity if you want to go over a you
+have to reach a at some point that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reach a at some point that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reach a at some point that means
+you hit a Before Time EMP so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit a Before Time EMP so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit a Before Time EMP so that is
+that event is already inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event is already inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that event is already inside that
+event and you just have you can get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and you just have you can get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and you just have you can get rid
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it sorry all this should be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sorry all this should be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sorry all this should be something
+was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done yeah okay that makes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense just intersection of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties any questions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+again we just want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we just want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we just want to compute the
+probability that the maximum is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the maximum is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the maximum is greater
+than a at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a at time
+T in other words just by definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in other words just by definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T in other words just by definition of
+to a that's equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a that's equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a that's equal to the probability
+that ta a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ta a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ta a is less than
+T and if ta a is less than T afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and if ta a is less than T afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and if ta a is less than T afterwards
+depending on afterwards what happens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on afterwards what happens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on afterwards what happens it
+increases or decreases so there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or decreases so there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases or decreases so there's only
+two possibilities it increases or or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities it increases or or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possibilities it increases or or it
+decrees but these two events have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrees but these two events have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrees but these two events have the
+same probability because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same probability because of this
+property okay here's a bar and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay here's a bar and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay here's a bar and that's an
+intersection but it doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection but it doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection but it doesn't matter
+because if you have B of X1 Bar yals B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have B of X1 Bar yals B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you have B of X1 Bar yals B
+of X2 bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X2 bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X2 bar
+y then probability of X1 intersection y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then probability of X1 intersection y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y then probability of X1 intersection y
+over probability of Y is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two
+so so these bar you can just repl it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these bar you can just repl it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these bar you can just repl it by
+replace by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace by
+intersection that means these two events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that means these two events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that means these two events
+have the same probability so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same probability so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same probability so you can
+just take one what I'm going to take is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take one what I'm going to take is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take one what I'm going to take is
+a one that goes above zero so after to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one that goes above zero so after to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one that goes above zero so after to a
+it accumulates more value and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it accumulates more value and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it accumulates more value and if you
+rewrite it what that means is just BT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it what that means is just BT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it what that means is just BT is
+greater than a given that t a is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a given that t a is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a given that t a is less
+than T but now that just became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T but now that just became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T but now that just became
+redundant because if you already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant because if you already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant because if you already know
+that BT is greater than a T has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that BT is greater than a T has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that BT is greater than a T has to be
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+T and that's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conclusion it's just some nice result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it's just some nice result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion it's just some nice result
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+maximum over some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interval and actually I think Peter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and actually I think Peter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and actually I think Peter
+uses uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses uh
+distribution in your lecture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in your lecture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in your lecture right
+yes vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scal
+Vol PR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meur yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was one
+property another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property another
+property is I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what I already told you but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I already told you but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I already told you but I'm
+going to prove this so at each time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove this so at each time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to prove this so at each time the
+Brum motion is not differentiable at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brum motion is not differentiable at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brum motion is not differentiable at
+that time with probability equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time with probability equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time with probability equal to
+one well not very strictly but I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well not very strictly but I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one well not very strictly but I will
+use this theorem to prove it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this theorem to prove it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this theorem to prove it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+not suppose the browni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suppose the browni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suppose the browni
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion
+has a differentiation at time T and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a differentiation at time T and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a differentiation at time T and is
+equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then what you should see is the brownia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you should see is the brownia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you should see is the brownia
+motion at time t plus Epsilon minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion at time t plus Epsilon minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion at time t plus Epsilon minus
+Brown motion at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T has to be less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T has to be less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T has to be less than or equal to
+Epsilon * a not precisely so this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon * a not precisely so this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon * a not precisely so this is I
+I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll
+suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost can make it mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost can make it mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost can make it mathematically
+rigorous but what I'm trying to say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous but what I'm trying to say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous but what I'm trying to say here
+is by uh is it mean value theorem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by uh is it mean value theorem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by uh is it mean value theorem so
+from T to t plus Epsilon you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to t plus Epsilon you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from T to t plus Epsilon you expect to
+gain a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain a *
+Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+okay you you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you you should have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+then in fact for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Epsilon greater thanon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that so in other words the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in other words the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so in other words the
+maximum in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum in this
+interval b t plus Epsilon minus t this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval b t plus Epsilon minus t this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval b t plus Epsilon minus t this
+distribution as same as the maximum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as same as the maximum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution as same as the maximum at
+Epsilon Prime that has to be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Prime that has to be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon Prime that has to be less than
+Epsilon *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon *
+a okay so what I'm trying to say is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so what I'm trying to say is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so what I'm trying to say is if
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+differentiable depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable depending on the
+slope your Brownian motion should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope your Brownian motion should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope your Brownian motion should have
+always been inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been inside this
+cone from T up to time t plus Epsilon if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone from T up to time t plus Epsilon if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone from T up to time t plus Epsilon if
+you draw this slope it must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw this slope it must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw this slope it must have been
+inside this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside this
+cone I'm trying to say that this cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone I'm trying to say that this cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cone I'm trying to say that this cannot
+happen from here to here it should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen from here to here it should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen from here to here it should have
+passed this line at some point okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed this line at some point okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed this line at some point okay so
+to do that I'm looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I'm looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I'm looking at the
+distribution of the maximum value over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the maximum value over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of the maximum value over
+this time interval and I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time interval and I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time interval and I want to say
+it's even greater than that so if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even greater than that so if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even greater than that so if your
+maximum is greater than that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum is greater than that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum is greater than that you
+definitely can't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely can't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely can't have this
+control so if different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+able then maximum F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able then maximum F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able then maximum F
+prime a maximum Epsilon actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and just comput it so probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just comput it so probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and just comput it so probability
+that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M
+Epsilon is less than exilon a is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is less than exilon a is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is less than exilon a is equal
+to the probability two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the probability two times the
+probability that the brownan motion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the brownan motion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the brownan motion at
+Epsilon is less than or equal to Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is less than or equal to Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon is less than or equal to Epsilon
+a this has normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution and if you normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if you normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and if you normalize
+it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to
+n01 divide by the standard deviation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 divide by the standard deviation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n01 divide by the standard deviation so
+you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S as Epsilon goes to zero this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S as Epsilon goes to zero this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S as Epsilon goes to zero this goes to
+zero that means this goes to half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the whole thing goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one oops what I I seeing I did something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oops what I I seeing I did something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one oops what I I seeing I did something
+wrong I flipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I flipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong I flipped
+it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+okay now if you combine it if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you combine it if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you combine it if it was
+differentiable your maximum should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable your maximum should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable your maximum should have
+been less than Epsilon A8 but what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less than Epsilon A8 but what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been less than Epsilon A8 but what we
+saw here is your maximum is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw here is your maximum is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw here is your maximum is always
+greater than that Epsilon * a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than that Epsilon * a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than that Epsilon * a with
+probability one as it you take Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one as it you take Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one as it you take Epsilon
+equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay so those are some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are some interesting
+things properties of browni and motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things properties of browni and motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things properties of browni and motion
+that I want to talk about I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to talk about I have one
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+thing and this one is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this one is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this one is really important
+theoretically and also it will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and also it will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically and also it will be the
+main LMA foros EOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main LMA foros EOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main LMA foros EOS
+calculus so the theorem it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so the theorem it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus so the theorem it's called
+quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variation and something that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and something that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and something that doesn't
+happen that often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me write it down in the marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T that's something strange let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's something strange let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that's something strange let me just
+first par it before proving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first par it before proving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first par it before proving
+it think about it just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think about it just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it think about it just a function
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f what is this quantity this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f what is this quantity this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f what is this quantity this quantity
+means that from 0 up to time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that from 0 up to time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that from 0 up to time
+T you chop it up into n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you chop it up into n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T you chop it up into n
+pieces you get t/ n 2 t/ N 3 t/ n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces you get t/ n 2 t/ N 3 t/ n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces you get t/ n 2 t/ N 3 t/ n and
+you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the
+function the difference between each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the difference between each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the difference between each
+consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive
+points record these differences okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points record these differences okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points record these differences okay and
+then Square it and you sum it as n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Square it and you sum it as n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Square it and you sum it as n goes
+to Infinity so you take smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so you take smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Infinity so you take smaller and
+smaller scales take it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scales take it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller scales take it to
+Infinity what this theorem says is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what this theorem says is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity what this theorem says is for
+Brownian motion this goes to T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion this goes to T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion this goes to T the
+limit why is this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strange assume f is a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange assume f is a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange assume f is a lot better
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+assume f is continuously differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume f is continuously differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume f is continuously differentiable
+that means it it's differentiable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it it's differentiable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it it's differentiable and
+its differentiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its differentiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its differentiation is
+continuous derivative is continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then let's compute the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's compute the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's compute the exact same
+property uh exact same thing I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh exact same thing I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property uh exact same thing I'll just
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+this maybe I will be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe I will be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this maybe I will be better
+I this time TI and Time t-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 then the sum over I of f * TI + 1us f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then the sum over I of f * TI + 1us f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then the sum over I of f * TI + 1us f
+* TI if you square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* TI if you square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* TI if you square it
+this is at most sum from I = 1 to n f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at most sum from I = 1 to n f of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is at most sum from I = 1 to n f of
+t i + 1us f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ti
+times by mean value theorem F Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so by mean value theorem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by mean value theorem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so by mean value theorem there
+exists a point SI such that FTI + 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a point SI such that FTI + 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a point SI such that FTI + 1us
+FTI is equal to fime SI time that SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTI is equal to fime SI time that SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FTI is equal to fime SI time that SI
+belongs to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral yes and then you take this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral yes and then you take this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral yes and then you take this term
+out you take the maximum from from 0 up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you take the maximum from from 0 up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you take the maximum from from 0 up
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+T frime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T frime of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T frime of
+s² times I 1 to n t i + 1us T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s² times I 1 to n t i + 1us T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s² times I 1 to n t i + 1us T
+i² this thing is 1 over uh T Over N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i² this thing is 1 over uh T Over N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i² this thing is 1 over uh T Over N
+because we chopped it up into n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we chopped it up into n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we chopped it up into n
+intervals each consecutive difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals each consecutive difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals each consecutive difference is
+t/ n if you square it that's equal to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t/ n if you square it that's equal to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t/ n if you square it that's equal to T
+sare N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare N
+sare if you add n of them you get t^2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare if you add n of them you get t^2 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare if you add n of them you get t^2 n
+so you get whatever that maximum is *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get whatever that maximum is *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get whatever that maximum is *
+t^2 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 /
+n if you take n to Infinity that goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so if you have a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you have a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so if you have a reasonable
+function which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is
+differentiable this variation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable this variation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable this variation this is
+called a quadratic variation quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a quadratic variation quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a quadratic variation quadratic
+variation is zero so all these classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is zero so all these classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation is zero so all these classical
+functions that you've been studying will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you've been studying will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that you've been studying will
+will not even have this quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not even have this quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not even have this quadratic
+variation but for Brownian motion what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation but for Brownian motion what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation but for Brownian motion what's
+happening is it just bounced back can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is it just bounced back can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is it just bounced back can
+force too much even if you scale it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force too much even if you scale it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force too much even if you scale it
+smaller and smaller those variation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller those variation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller those variation is
+big enough to accumulate they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to accumulate they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough to accumulate they won't
+disappear like a differential if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear like a differential if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear like a differential if it was
+a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a differential
+function and that pretty much I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that pretty much I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that pretty much I mean
+it's a slightly stronger version than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly stronger version than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a slightly stronger version than
+this that is not differentiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that is not differentiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that is not differentiable
+okay we thought it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we thought it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we thought it's not
+differentiable and this is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and this is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable and this is a different
+way of say it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of say it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of say it's not
+differentiable it's just it has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable it's just it has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable it's just it has very
+important implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and another way to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another way to write it
+is so here's the difference of B this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here's the difference of B this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so here's the difference of B this
+DB square is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B so if you take the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so if you take the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so if you take the differential
+whatever that means if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that means if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that means if you take the
+infinitesimal difference of each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal difference of each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimal difference of each side
+this part is just DB squ the brownan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is just DB squ the brownan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is just DB squ the brownan
+motion difference squared this part is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion difference squared this part is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion difference squared this part is D
+of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we'll see
+again but before that let's just prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but before that let's just prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but before that let's just prove
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+serum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serum okay
+so we're looking at the sum of B of t i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking at the sum of B of t i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're looking at the sum of B of t i
++ 1 minus B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 minus B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 minus B of
+t squared where T of I is i/ n * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time from 1 to n 0 to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what's the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+normal mean z variance t + 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mean z variance t + 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal mean z variance t + 1us
+TI but that was just T Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI but that was just T Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TI but that was just T Over
+N it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N it's a
+distribution so I'll write it like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so I'll write it like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so I'll write it like this
+you sum from I = 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum from I = 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum from I = 1 to n
+minus1 x i Square where x i is normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 x i Square where x i is normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 x i Square where x i is normal
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what's expectation of XX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Square that's t s sare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so maybe it's better to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe it's better to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe it's better to write it
+like this so I'll just write it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so I'll just write it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so I'll just write it again
+the sum from IAL 1 to 0 to minus one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from IAL 1 to 0 to minus one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from IAL 1 to 0 to minus one of
+random variable Yi it's that expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Yi it's that expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable Yi it's that expectation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yi did I make a mistake one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more it's a variance it's over in oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a variance it's over in oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more it's a variance it's over in oh
+yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you're
+right yeah thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so divide by n and multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n what is this what will this go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+no remember strong law of large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers you have a bunch of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have a bunch of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers you have a bunch of random
+variables which are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are independent
+identically distributed and mean t/ n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed and mean t/ n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically distributed and mean t/ n
+you sum n of them and divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum n of them and divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sum n of them and divide by
+n you know that it just converges to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you know that it just converges to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you know that it just converges to T
+over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n
+just this one number it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one number it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this one number it doesn't have
+like it's not even a like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not even a like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's not even a like it's a
+distribution but it's most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it's most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution but it's most of the time
+it's just T Over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just T Over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just T Over
+N okay if take that's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T because these are random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because these are random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T because these are random variables
+accumulating these Square terms that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating these Square terms that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulating these Square terms that's
+what's happening just a nice application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening just a nice application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening just a nice application
+of strong law large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong law large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strong law large
+numbers or just law of large numbers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or just law of large numbers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or just law of large numbers to
+be precise you'll have to use strong law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precise you'll have to use strong law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be precise you'll have to use strong law
+lar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I think that's enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think that's enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think that's enough for
+brownan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motions any final question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's move on yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh yeah that's a good
+question this is what happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is what happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question this is what happens with
+probability one so always I'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so always I'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so always I'll just say
+always it's not a very strict sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's not a very strict sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's not a very strict sense but
+if you take one path according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take one path according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take one path according to the
+brownia motion in that path you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownia motion in that path you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownia motion in that path you have
+this no matter what pth you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no matter what pth you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this no matter what pth you get it
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens with probability this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability this with
+probability one so there's a hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so there's a hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one so there's a hiding
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probability and you see why why you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and you see why why you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and you see why why you need
+this with probability one it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with probability one it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with probability one it's because
+we're using this probability statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here but for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but for all
+practical means like with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical means like with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical means like with probability
+one just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always okay now I want to motivate eos's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculus first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus first of all
+this okay so now I was saying that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now I was saying that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so now I was saying that we
+can Brown motion at least is not so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Brown motion at least is not so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Brown motion at least is not so bad
+model for stock prices but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for stock prices but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for stock prices but if you
+remember what I said before like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I said before like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I said before like and
+what we people are actually doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we people are actually doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we people are actually doing a
+better way to describe it is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to describe it is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to describe it is instead of
+the differences being uh normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences being uh normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences being uh normal
+distribution what we want is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what we want is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what we want is the
+percentile difference so for stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices we
+want the percentile difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to be normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributed other words you want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed other words you want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed other words you want to find
+the distribution of St such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of St such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution of St such that the
+difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of
+St divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+St follow is a normal distribution so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St follow is a normal distribution so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St follow is a normal distribution so it
+it's like a Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a Brownian
+motion that's a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that's a differential equation
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the difference of the person as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the difference of the person as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the difference of the person as a
+percentile difference follows Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile difference follows Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentile difference follows Brownian
+motion that's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+question is St equal to e sub BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because in classical calculus I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in classical calculus I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in classical calculus I mean
+this is not a very obsurd absurd thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a very obsurd absurd thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a very obsurd absurd thing
+to say if you differentiate each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you differentiate each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say if you differentiate each side
+what you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get is
+DST equals e to the BT Time DBT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DST equals e to the BT Time DBT that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DST equals e to the BT Time DBT that's
+St *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DBT doesn't look that wrong actually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT doesn't look that wrong actually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT doesn't look that wrong actually it
+looks right but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks right but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks right but it's
+wrong for reasons that you don't know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong for reasons that you don't know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong for reasons that you don't know in
+okay so this is wrong and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is wrong and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is wrong and you'll see
+why first of all brown motion is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why first of all brown motion is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why first of all brown motion is not
+differentiable so what does it even mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable so what does it even mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable so what does it even mean
+to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and
+then that means if you want to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means if you want to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that means if you want to solve
+this equation or in other words if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation or in other words if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation or in other words if you
+want to model this thing you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model this thing you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model this thing you need
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and that's where EOS calculus comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+okay try not to rub too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose now we're talking about e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compan we want to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here is a motivation you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a motivation you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a motivation you have a
+function f I will call it a very smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f I will call it a very smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f I will call it a very smooth
+function f just think about the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f just think about the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function f just think about the best
+function you can imagine like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can imagine like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you can imagine like
+exponential function then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function then you have a
+brownan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brownan
+motion and there then you apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and there then you apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and there then you apply this
+function as an input you put the brownan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as an input you put the brownan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as an input you put the brownan
+motion inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion inside the
+input and you want to estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and you want to estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and you want to estimate the
+outcome or estimate more precisely you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome or estimate more precisely you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome or estimate more precisely you
+want to estimate infinite tmal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differences okay why would we want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay why would we want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences okay why would we want to do
+that for example F can be the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example F can be the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example F can be the price of
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+option or precisely let F be this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s0 up to s0 the value of f is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 up to s0 the value of f is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s0 up to s0 the value of f is equal to
+Zer after s0 it's just align with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer after s0 it's just align with slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zer after s0 it's just align with slope
+one then F of Brownian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then F of Brownian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then F of Brownian
+motion is just a price uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is just a price uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is just a price uh
+exercise what is it value of the option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise what is it value of the option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise what is it value of the option
+that the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the like
+experation T is the experation time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+option that's the call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if your stock at time T goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if your stock at time T goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if your stock at time T goes
+over s0o you make that much if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s0o you make that much if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over s0o you make that much if it's
+below s0 that's much you like you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below s0 that's much you like you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below s0 that's much you like you'll
+lose that much more you have to put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that much more you have to put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose that much more you have to put it
+below like that let's just do like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below like that let's just do like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below like that let's just do like that
+so it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so that's like a d Financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's like a d Financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's like a d Financial
+derivative you have an underlying stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you have an underlying stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative you have an underlying stock
+and then some function applies to it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some function applies to it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some function applies to it and
+then what you're having the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're having the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you're having the financial
+asset you have is actually can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset you have is actually can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset you have is actually can be
+described as this function a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as this function a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as this function a function of
+an underlying Stu that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying Stu that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an underlying Stu that's called
+Financial derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial derivatives
+okay and mathematical world it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and mathematical world it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and mathematical world it's just a
+function applied to the underlying final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function applied to the underlying final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function applied to the underlying final
+asset and then of course what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset and then of course what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset and then of course what you want
+to do is understand the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is understand the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is understand the difference of
+the value in terms of the uh difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in terms of the uh difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in terms of the uh difference
+of the underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the underlying
+asset if BT was a very nice function as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset if BT was a very nice function as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset if BT was a very nice function as
+well if BT was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiable then the classical world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable then the classical world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable then the classical world
+of calculus tells us that D of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus tells us that D of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calculus tells us that D of f is
+equal to D of BT over D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT yes so if you can differentiate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT yes so if you can differentiate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT yes so if you can differentiate it
+over the time difference over a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the time difference over a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the time difference over a small
+time scale all you have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale all you have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale all you have to do is
+understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the
+differentiation unfortunately we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation unfortunately we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation unfortunately we can't
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+cannot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do
+this because we don't know what we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we don't know what we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because we don't know what we don't
+even have this differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay try one take one failed take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay try one take one failed take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay try one take one failed take
+two second try okay this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two second try okay this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two second try okay this is not
+differentiable but still I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable but still I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable but still I understand
+the minus difference of DBT so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+DF maybe I didn't write something F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF maybe I didn't write something F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF maybe I didn't write something F
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is equal to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DBT okay what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT okay what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT okay what is
+this we don't we can't differentiate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we don't we can't differentiate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we don't we can't differentiate uh
+Brownian motion but still we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion but still we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brownian motion but still we understand
+the minuscule infinitesimal difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minuscule infinitesimal difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minuscule infinitesimal difference
+of the Brum motion so I just gave up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Brum motion so I just gave up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Brum motion so I just gave up
+trying to compute the differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute the differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute the differentiation
+but instead I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead I'm going to just
+compute how much the Brownian motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how much the Brownian motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute how much the Brownian motion
+changed over this small time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed over this small time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed over this small time
+scale this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale this
+difference and describe the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and describe the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and describe the change of
+our function in change in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function in change in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our function in change in terms of the
+differential of our function f f is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of our function f f is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of our function f f is a
+very good function so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good function so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good function so it's
+differentiable so we know this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable so we know this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable so we know this this is
+computable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable
+this is computable it's just a time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is computable it's just a time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is computable it's just a time it's
+a difference of round your motion over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference of round your motion over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference of round your motion over a
+very small time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small time
+scale that at least now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that at least now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale that at least now this is
+reasonable we can expect it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable we can expect it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable we can expect it might be
+true here it didn't make sense at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here it didn't make sense at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true here it didn't make sense at all
+here at least makes sense but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at least makes sense but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at least makes sense but it's
+wrong and why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and why is it
+wrong it's precisely because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it's precisely because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it's precisely because of
+this Okay the reason it's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reason it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+valid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square and let's see how this play how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and let's see how this play how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and let's see how this play how
+this comes into play this fact I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes into play this fact I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes into play this fact I think
+that will be the last thing of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the last thing of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the last thing of that
+we'll cover today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if you remember where did where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you remember where did where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you remember where did where
+you got this formula from you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this formula from you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this formula from you probably
+won't remember but from calculus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't remember but from calculus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't remember but from calculus this
+follows from Taylor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from Taylor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from Taylor's
+expansion F of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion F of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion F of t
++ x I'll say is equal to F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x I'll say is equal to F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x I'll say is equal to F of
+t plus F Prime of T * X + f Prime of T /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus F Prime of T * X + f Prime of T /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t plus F Prime of T * X + f Prime of T /
+2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x² over 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorial DF is just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference over a very small time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference over a very small time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference over a very small time
+increase we want to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase we want to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase we want to understand the
+function difference of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function difference of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function difference of the function
+that's equals to frime T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X okay In classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay In classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay In classical
+calculus we would we were able to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus we would we were able to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus we would we were able to ignore
+all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these
+terms okay so in the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+World ft + x - ft was about frime t *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's precisely this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's precisely this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's precisely this
+formula but if you use brownan motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but if you use brownan motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but if you use brownan motion
+here so what I'm trying to say is if B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what I'm trying to say is if B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what I'm trying to say is if B
+at some time t + x minus Brown motion B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time t + x minus Brown motion B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time t + x minus Brown motion B
+at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+T then let's just write down the tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then let's just write down the tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T then let's just write down the tailor
+formula we get F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we get F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula we get F
+Prime at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime at
+BT X will be this difference B at t + x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT X will be this difference B at t + x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT X will be this difference B at t + x
+minus B at T that's like the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B at T that's like the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B at T that's like the difference
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+BT so up to this much we see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT so up to this much we see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT so up to this much we see this
+formula and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and the next
+term we get the second different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we get the second different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term we get the second different uh
+second derivative of this function over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of this function over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second derivative of this function over
+two and x squ x plus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and x squ x plus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and x squ x plus this
+difference so what we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so what we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so what we get is
+DBT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+okay but as you saw this is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as you saw this is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but as you saw this is no longer
+ignorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorable
+that is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT as we
+deduced and that comes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduced and that comes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduced and that comes into
+play so the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play so the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play so the correct
+correct then by tailored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expansion the right way to do it is DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the right way to do it is DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion the right way to do it is DF
+is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the
+first derivative term oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative term oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative term oh
+DBT plus the second Dera of term double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT plus the second Dera of term double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DBT plus the second Dera of term double
+Prime / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT this is called EOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+LMA and I would say if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and I would say if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LMA and I would say if you want to
+remember one thing from the math part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one thing from the math part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one thing from the math part
+try to make it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay this this had like great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+impact it's just if you follow the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact it's just if you follow the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact it's just if you follow the logic
+makes sense but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense but if
+you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+really amazing how somebody came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing how somebody came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing how somebody came up with
+it in the first time for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the first time for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the first time for the first time
+because it all makes sense it all fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it all makes sense it all fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it all makes sense it all fits
+together if you think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if you think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if you think about it for a
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+time but actually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but actually yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but actually yeah
+I once saw that EOS Lemma is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I once saw that EOS Lemma is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I once saw that EOS Lemma is one of the
+most cited Lemma like most cited paper a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cited Lemma like most cited paper a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most cited Lemma like most cited paper a
+paper that's containing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's containing this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that's containing this thing
+because people think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people think it's
+non-trivial if some classical of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial if some classical of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial if some classical of course
+there are facts that are used being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are facts that are used being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are facts that are used being used
+more than this classical facts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this classical facts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than this classical facts like
+trigonometric functions exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric functions exponential
+functions they're being used a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they're being used a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they're being used a lot more
+than this but people think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this but people think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this but people think that's
+trivial so they don't cite it in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so they don't cite it in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial so they don't cite it in their
+like research or paper but this people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like research or paper but this people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like research or paper but this people
+will respect the result it's a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will respect the result it's a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will respect the result it's a highly
+non-trivial result and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial result and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial result and it's really
+amazing how just by adding this term all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how just by adding this term all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing how just by adding this term all
+this theory of calculus becomes they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of calculus becomes they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this theory of calculus becomes they all
+now fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fit
+together without this there's I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together without this there's I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together without this there's I won't
+it's not like maybe it's a too strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like maybe it's a too strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like maybe it's a too strong
+statement but really browni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but really browni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but really browni
+motion becomes much more Rich because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion becomes much more Rich because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion becomes much more Rich because of
+this fact now you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact now you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fact now you can do
+calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus
+okay so there's two things to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two things to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's two things to remember
+well if you want to remember one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to remember one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you want to remember one thing
+that's EO LMA you want to remember two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EO LMA you want to remember two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's EO LMA you want to remember two
+things it's just quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's just quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's just quadratic
+variation DBT s is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT and remember that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and remember that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and remember that's
+exactly because BT is like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because BT is like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly because BT is like a normal
+variable was 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable was 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable was 0
+t and time scale BT is like a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and time scale BT is like a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t and time scale BT is like a normal
+variable for 0 t DBT squ is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for 0 t DBT squ is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable for 0 t DBT squ is like the
+variance of it so it's t and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of it so it's t and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of it so it's t and if you
+differentiate it get d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it get d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate it get d
+that was exactly how we computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it so yeah I'll just quickly go over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so yeah I'll just quickly go over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so yeah I'll just quickly go over it
+again next time just to try to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next time just to try to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again next time just to try to make it
+stick into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick into your
+head but please think about it and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but please think about it and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head but please think about it and this
+is really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really cool
+stuff of course because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of course because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff of course because of that
+computation calculus using brownie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation calculus using brownie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation calculus using brownie
+motion becomes a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complicated anyway so I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated anyway so I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated anyway so I'll see you on
+Thursday any last minute questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PmOq8G_hs4o.txt b/PmOq8G_hs4o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..391013779833f660f06fd31c5a338d4dcd051607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PmOq8G_hs4o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+In a weak priority system the currently-running
+task will always run to completion before
+
+considering what to run next.
+
+This means the worst-case latency for a device
+always includes the worst-case service time
+
+across all the other devices,
+i.e., the maximum time we have to wait for
+
+the currently-running task to complete.
+
+If there's a long-running task that usually
+means it will be impossible to meet tight
+
+deadlines for other tasks.
+
+For example, suppose disk requests have a
+800 us deadline in order to guarantee the
+
+best throughput from the disk subsystem.
+
+Since the disk handler service time is 500
+us, the maximum allowable latency between
+
+a disk request and starting to execute the
+disk service routine is 300 us.
+
+Oops!
+
+The weak priority scheme can only guarantee
+a maximum latency of 800 us, not nearly fast
+
+enough to meet the disk deadline.
+
+We can't meet the disk deadline using weak
+priorities.
+
+We need to introduce a preemptive priority
+system that allows lower-priority handlers
+
+to be interrupted by higher-priority requests.
+
+We'll refer to this as a "strong" priority
+system.
+
+Suppose we gave the disk the highest priority,
+the printer second priority, and keyboard
+
+the lowest priority, just like we did before.
+
+Now when a disk request arrives, it will start
+executing immediately without having to wait
+
+for the completion of the lower-priority printer
+or keyboard handlers.
+
+The worst-case latency for the disk has dropped
+to 0.
+
+The printer can only be preempted by the disk,
+so it's worst-case latency is 500 us.
+
+Since it has the lowest priority, the worst-case
+latency for the keyboard is unchanged at 900
+
+us since it might still have to wait on the
+disk and printer.
+
+The good news: with the proper assignment
+of priorities, the strong priority system
+
+can guarantee that disk requests will be serviced
+by the 800 us deadline.
+
+We'll need to make a small tweak to our Beta
+hardware to implement a strong priority system.
+
+We'll replace the single supervisor mode bit
+in PC[31] with, say, a three-bit field (PRI)
+
+in PC[31:29] that indicates which of the eight
+priority levels the processor is currently
+
+running at.
+
+Next, we'll modify the interrupt mechanism
+as follows.
+
+In addition to requesting an interrupt, the
+requesting device also specifies the 3-bit
+
+priority it was assigned by the system architect.
+
+We'll add a priority encoder circuit to the
+interrupt hardware to select the highest-priority
+
+request and compare the priority of that request
+(PDEV) to the 3-bit PRI value in the PC.
+
+The system will take the interrupt request
+only if PDEV > PRI, i.e., if the priority
+
+of the request is *higher* than the priority
+the system is running at.
+
+When the interrupt is taken, the old PC and
+PRI information is saved in XP, and the new
+
+PC is determined by the type of interrupt
+and the new PRI field is set to PDEV.
+
+So the processor will now be running at the
+higher priority specified by the device.
+
+A strong priority system allows low-priority
+handlers to be interrupted by higher-priority
+
+requests,
+so the worst-case latency seen at high priorities
+
+is unaffected by the service times of lower-priority
+handlers.
+
+Using strong priorities allows us to assign
+a high priority to devices with tight deadlines
+
+and thus guarantee their deadlines are met.
+
+Now let's consider the impact of recurring
+interrupts, i.e., multiple interrupt requests
+
+from each device.
+
+We've added a "maximum frequency" column to
+our table, which gives the maximum rate at
+
+which requests will be generated by each device.
+
+The execution diagram for a strong priority
+system is shown below the table.
+
+Here we see there are multiple requests from
+each device, in this case shown at their maximum
+
+possible rate of request.
+
+Each tick on the timeline represent 100 us
+of real time.
+
+Printer requests occur every 1 ms (10 ticks),
+disk requests every 2 ms (20 ticks), and keyboard
+
+requests every 10 ms (100 ticks).
+
+In the diagram you can see that the high-priority
+disk requests are serviced as soon as they're
+
+received.
+
+And that medium-priority printer requests
+preempt lower-priority execution of the keyboard
+
+handler.
+
+Printer requests would be preempted by disk
+requests, but given their request patterns,
+
+there's never a printer request in progress
+when a disk request arrives, so we don't see
+
+that happening here.
+
+The maximum latency before a keyboard requests
+starts is indeed 900 us.
+
+But that doesn't tell the whole story!
+
+As you can see, the poor keyboard handler
+is continually preempted by higher-priority
+
+disk and printer requests and so the keyboard
+handler doesn't complete until 3 ms after
+
+its request was received!
+
+This illustrates why real-time constraints
+are best expressed in terms of deadlines and
+
+not latencies.
+
+If the keyboard deadline had been less that
+3 ms, even the strong priority system would
+
+have failed to meet the hard real-time constraints.
+
+The reason would be that there simply aren't
+enough CPU cycles to meet the recurring demands
+
+of the devices in the face of tight deadlines.
+
+Speaking of having enough CPU cycles, there
+are several calculations we need to do when
+
+thinking about recurring interrupts.
+
+The first is to consider how much load each
+periodic request places on the system.
+
+There's one keyboard request every 10 ms and
+servicing each request takes 800 us, which
+
+consumes 800us/10ms = 8% of the CPU.
+
+A similar calculation shows that servicing
+the disk takes 25% of the CPU and servicing
+
+the printer takes 40% of the CPU.
+
+Collectively servicing all the devices takes
+73% of the CPU cycles, leaving 27% for running
+
+user-mode programs.
+
+Obviously we'd be in trouble if takes more
+than 100% of the available cycles to service
+
+the devices.
+
+Another way to get in trouble is to not have
+enough CPU cycles to meet each of the deadlines.
+
+We need 500/800 = 67.5% of the cycles to service
+the disk in the time between the disk request
+
+and disk deadline.
+
+If we assume we want to finish serving one
+printer request before receiving the next,
+
+the effective printer deadline is 1000 us.
+
+In 1000 us we need to be able to service one
+higher-priority disk request (500 us) and,
+
+obviously, the printer request (400 us).
+
+So we'll need to use 900 us of the CPU in
+that 1000 us interval.
+
+Whew, just barely made it!
+
+Suppose we tried setting the keyboard deadline
+to 2000 us.
+
+In that time interval we'd also need to service
+1 disk request and 2 printer requests.
+
+So the total service time needed is 500 +
+2*400 + 800 = 2100 us.
+
+Oops, that exceeds the 2000 us window we were
+given, so we can't meet the 2000 us deadline
+
+with the available CPU resources.
+
+But if the keyboard deadline is 3000 us, let's
+see what happens.
+
+In a 3000 us interval we need to service 2
+disk requests, 3 printer requests, and, of
+
+course, 1 keyboard request, for a total service
+time of 2*500 + 3*400 + 800 = 3000 us.
+
+Whew!
+
+Just made it!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QV1eMUMpOCo.txt b/QV1eMUMpOCo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cab5524a14d0d5adaef0b5ecc296a6234a0612ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QV1eMUMpOCo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay. Uh let's see some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh let's see some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Uh let's see some of the
+administrative stuff. First of all, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative stuff. First of all, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative stuff. First of all, um
+Wednesday's our play test. So it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's our play test. So it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday's our play test. So it's an
+internal play test. you'll learn to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal play test. you'll learn to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal play test. you'll learn to play
+with each other's games. Uh which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other's games. Uh which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other's games. Uh which means
+chances are you're going to get in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you're going to get in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances are you're going to get in about
+enough time to play one person's game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to play one person's game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time to play one person's game
+and enough time for you for that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enough time for you for that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enough time for you for that group
+to play your game. So, we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your game. So, we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play your game. So, we're just going
+to just basically pair teams. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just basically pair teams. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just basically pair teams. Uh
+hopefully I think we have 14. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I think we have 14. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I think we have 14. So, I
+think that works out just right. But,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that works out just right. But,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that works out just right. But,
+uh, one thing I would certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, one thing I would certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, one thing I would certainly
+recommend before going on to Wednesday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend before going on to Wednesday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend before going on to Wednesday's
+class is making sure that you've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is making sure that you've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is making sure that you've had a
+chance to play test with at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play test with at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play test with at least
+someone who's not in your group. Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's not in your group. Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's not in your group. Uh, and
+the reason for this, what you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this, what you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason for this, what you want to be
+keeping an eye out for are rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping an eye out for are rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping an eye out for are rules that
+you've already agreed on in your team,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already agreed on in your team,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already agreed on in your team,
+but might have forgotten to write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might have forgotten to write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but might have forgotten to write down
+somewhere. Um, I want the rules written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. Um, I want the rules written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. Um, I want the rules written
+down. Uh, they don't necessarily need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Uh, they don't necessarily need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Uh, they don't necessarily need
+need to look great. Uh, type is awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look great. Uh, type is awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look great. Uh, type is awesome
+because they're easy to read, but uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're easy to read, but uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're easy to read, but uh,
+and and they're easy to revise later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're easy to revise later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they're easy to revise later.
+Um, it's not actually a requirement, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not actually a requirement, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not actually a requirement, but
+you got to have them written down. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to have them written down. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to have them written down. You
+should be able to just put it in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to just put it in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to just put it in front
+of person. I would suggest actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person. I would suggest actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of person. I would suggest actually
+making a couple of Xes uh if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a couple of Xes uh if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a couple of Xes uh if you want to
+you come in early uh on Wednesday. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in early uh on Wednesday. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come in early uh on Wednesday. Uh
+I'll I'll I'll activate the gambit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll I'll activate the gambit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll I'll activate the gambit
+Xerox. You just make a couple of copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox. You just make a couple of copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xerox. You just make a couple of copies
+so that the entire the entire group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the entire the entire group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the entire the entire group of
+four people who's going to be testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four people who's going to be testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four people who's going to be testing
+your game can just read all the rules at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game can just read all the rules at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game can just read all the rules at
+the same time while you're explaining it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time while you're explaining it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time while you're explaining it
+to them. Um, for the most um, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. Um, for the most um, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. Um, for the most um, if you're
+in a situation where you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation where you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a situation where you already have
+rules that you think could be understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that you think could be understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that you think could be understood
+without explaining, I would suggest not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explaining, I would suggest not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without explaining, I would suggest not
+explaining at all. Just give them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining at all. Just give them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining at all. Just give them the
+rules and see what they make of it. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and see what they make of it. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and see what they make of it. But
+it's going to be very informative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very informative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be very informative that
+that way. Not every single team may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. Not every single team may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way. Not every single team may be
+in that situation. You may not have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation. You may not have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that situation. You may not have that
+much confidence in this point. If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence in this point. If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much confidence in this point. If you
+think you've gotten all your rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've gotten all your rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you've gotten all your rules
+written down, but you don't you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down, but you don't you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written down, but you don't you just
+kind of not feel a little not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of not feel a little not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of not feel a little not quite so
+confident that everything's in there, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that everything's in there, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that everything's in there, do
+it anyway. Just don't explain it. Give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway. Just don't explain it. Give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway. Just don't explain it. Give
+it to them. See what they're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to them. See what they're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to them. See what they're having
+problems with and explain it. Um it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with and explain it. Um it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with and explain it. Um it'll
+still be informative. you still be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be informative. you still be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be informative. you still be able
+to get that data point of what should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that data point of what should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that data point of what should we
+have written down as a clarification uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written down as a clarification uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have written down as a clarification uh
+as a complete omission you know uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a complete omission you know uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a complete omission you know uh what
+needs to be rewarded uh before the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be rewarded uh before the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be rewarded uh before the game
+actually starts um but uh I do fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starts um but uh I do fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually starts um but uh I do fully
+recognize that there may be certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that there may be certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that there may be certain
+teams that do not have a set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that do not have a set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams that do not have a set of rules
+that's that comprehensive yet in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that comprehensive yet in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that comprehensive yet in the end
+you want to get your play testing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get your play testing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get your play testing time
+so you know it's going to take half an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's going to take half an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's going to take half an
+hour for somebody to understand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour for somebody to understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour for somebody to understand your
+game just by reading your rules, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game just by reading your rules, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game just by reading your rules, then
+you do want to try to cut that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to try to cut that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do want to try to cut that down
+eventually before you submit your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually before you submit your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually before you submit your your
+your game. You want to be in a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game. You want to be in a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game. You want to be in a situation
+where someone can understand your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone can understand your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where someone can understand your entire
+game quickly by reading the rules.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game quickly by reading the rules.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game quickly by reading the rules.
+>> Um, when you're play testing and timing,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, when you're play testing and timing,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, when you're play testing and timing,
+>> we weren't sure, we didn't remember, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we weren't sure, we didn't remember, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we weren't sure, we didn't remember, we
+didn't read carefully enough, the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read carefully enough, the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read carefully enough, the what
+is the maximum time that the game has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum time that the game has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum time that the game has to
+take and does that include setup from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and does that include setup from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take and does that include setup from a
+complete novice or does that include,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete novice or does that include,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete novice or does that include,
+you know, do you Are you allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, do you Are you allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, do you Are you allowed to
+explain the rules and have totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the rules and have totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the rules and have totally
+experienced players go at it? And once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced players go at it? And once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced players go at it? And once
+experienced players go at it, it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced players go at it, it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced players go at it, it has to
+take a certain amount of time. How how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a certain amount of time. How how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a certain amount of time. How how
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+>> It was supposed to be for novice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It was supposed to be for novice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It was supposed to be for novice
+players, but you know, I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players, but you know, I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players, but you know, I'm just going to
+check the actual uh uh syllabus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the actual uh uh syllabus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the actual uh uh syllabus.
+>> So, we have to be able to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, we have to be able to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, we have to be able to explain the
+entire game, run through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire game, run through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire game, run through the entire
+playthrough and all that in 10 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playthrough and all that in 10 minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playthrough and all that in 10 minutes.
+>> That that one I wasn't sure. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That that one I wasn't sure. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That that one I wasn't sure. I think
+it's actually only a play through, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually only a play through, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually only a play through, but I
+but give me a sec. I'm going to look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but give me a sec. I'm going to look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but give me a sec. I'm going to look it
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+>> That'd be great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That'd be great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That'd be great.
+>> I'm pretty sure it says 10 minutes. 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm pretty sure it says 10 minutes. 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm pretty sure it says 10 minutes. 10
+to 20. Five 10 minutes of 10. Yeah. 5 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20. Five 10 minutes of 10. Yeah. 5 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20. Five 10 minutes of 10. Yeah. 5 10
+minutes including setup and play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes including setup and play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes including setup and play.
+>> Including setup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Including setup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Including setup and
+>> but does that include excluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but does that include excluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but does that include excluding
+>> not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> not necessarily
+>> it should include read.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it should include read.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it should include read.
+>> It should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It should not
+>> it should not 10 minutes is way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it should not 10 minutes is way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it should not 10 minutes is way too
+short a time to read and understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short a time to read and understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short a time to read and understand and
+play a game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game.
+>> Yeah, let me just verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, let me just verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, let me just verify that
+about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it.
+>> Our game takes like two minutes to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Our game takes like two minutes to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Our game takes like two minutes to play
+at the moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment.
+the news.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> It can take very short time. It can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It can take very short time. It can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It can take very short time. It can take
+really long for creating a deck that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long for creating a deck that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long for creating a deck that has
+more information written on each card.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information written on each card.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information written on each card.
+I'll just take time to write it. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just take time to write it. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just take time to write it. So that
+that way the right lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the right lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way the right lesson
+card.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card.
+>> So I uh it's true. It doesn't say 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I uh it's true. It doesn't say 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I uh it's true. It doesn't say 10
+minutes. Uh that that that take it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. Uh that that that take it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. Uh that that that take it you
+need to be able to play and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to play and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to play and understand
+the game in 10 minutes. So, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in 10 minutes. So, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game in 10 minutes. So, I'm going to
+say setup and play has to be 10 minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say setup and play has to be 10 minutes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say setup and play has to be 10 minutes.
+So, it's like every time you reset the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's like every time you reset the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's like every time you reset the
+game and you play to the end, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you play to the end, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you play to the end, that
+should take that should be under 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take that should be under 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take that should be under 10
+minutes. If it takes longer than that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. If it takes longer than that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. If it takes longer than that to
+understand the game, that's fine. But,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the game, that's fine. But,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the game, that's fine. But,
+frankly, if it takes more than 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly, if it takes more than 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly, if it takes more than 10
+minutes for someone to understand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for someone to understand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes for someone to understand your
+games, you have a problem. Uh, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, you have a problem. Uh, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, you have a problem. Uh, and the
+problem isn't going to be one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem isn't going to be one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem isn't going to be one that's
+going to affect your grade. is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect your grade. is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to affect your grade. is going to
+be one that you can use the processes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one that you can use the processes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one that you can use the processes in
+this class to iterate on to improve your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to iterate on to improve your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class to iterate on to improve your
+game to the point where it doesn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to the point where it doesn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game to the point where it doesn't take
+that long to understand because the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long to understand because the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long to understand because the game
+reading the rules should not take longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the rules should not take longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the rules should not take longer
+to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think
+there are games like that but try not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are games like that but try not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are games like that but try not to
+make those games uh at least not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those games uh at least not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those games uh at least not as
+precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise
+uh so I would say aim for the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I would say aim for the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I would say aim for the the
+explanate the explaining of the rules to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanate the explaining of the rules to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanate the explaining of the rules to
+also take within 10 minutes right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take within 10 minutes right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also take within 10 minutes right now
+I'm not quite sure uh it might be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite sure uh it might be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not quite sure uh it might be okay
+if the actual explanation require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the actual explanation require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the actual explanation require
+requires someone who's actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires someone who's actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires someone who's actually an
+expert in the game to explain it. By the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in the game to explain it. By the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert in the game to explain it. By the
+end of this assignment, you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this assignment, you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this assignment, you should be
+definitely getting to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely getting to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely getting to the point where
+you don't even need that. Just a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even need that. Just a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't even need that. Just a new
+player with your rules should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player with your rules should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player with your rules should be able to
+understand and play your game in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and play your game in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and play your game in 10
+minutes. It could it could involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It could it could involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It could it could involve
+discussion of an entire group of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of an entire group of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of an entire group of new
+players. Like, you know, you got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. Like, you know, you got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. Like, you know, you got four
+people, you say four card game, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, you say four card game, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, you say four card game, you have
+four people and you're all looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four people and you're all looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four people and you're all looking at
+the room simultaneously and the queen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room simultaneously and the queen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room simultaneously and the queen
+says, uh, why does it say so and so? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, uh, why does it say so and so? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, uh, why does it say so and so? And
+somebody else who has never played a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else who has never played a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else who has never played a
+game before answers that. That's fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game before answers that. That's fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game before answers that. That's fine.
+And that's actually how a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's actually how a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's actually how a lot of people
+play. Um, sometimes people put in quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Um, sometimes people put in quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play. Um, sometimes people put in quick
+start rules on this is this is all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start rules on this is this is all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start rules on this is this is all you
+need to know to play your first round of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to play your first round of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to play your first round of
+of cards and that actually helps a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cards and that actually helps a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cards and that actually helps a lot
+of people get started, you know. Uh, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people get started, you know. Uh, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people get started, you know. Uh, and
+then they're like kind of picking up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're like kind of picking up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're like kind of picking up the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+>> lowers the activation energy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> lowers the activation energy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> lowers the activation energy.
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um, and in the end more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um, and in the end more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Um, and in the end more
+people play your game. That's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play your game. That's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play your game. That's that's
+that's a good that's a good thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good that's a good thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good that's a good thing.
+Um, so that's on Wednesday. Everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that's on Wednesday. Everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that's on Wednesday. Everyone
+please come on time uh because every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come on time uh because every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please come on time uh because every
+minute that we and uh waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that we and uh waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute that we and uh waiting for
+someone to show up feeds into that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to show up feeds into that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone to show up feeds into that and
+full teams don't show up actually. Who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full teams don't show up actually. Who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full teams don't show up actually. Who's
+who's designing a game that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's designing a game that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's designing a game that has to be
+played by four players?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So there are some differenc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+>> All right. Not bad. Cool. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. Not bad. Cool. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. Not bad. Cool. All right. So
+So even show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. Um
+>> All right. So that's preparation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So that's preparation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So that's preparation for
+Wednesday. Now, um I do kind of want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. Now, um I do kind of want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday. Now, um I do kind of want to
+apologize for Friday's lecture. I was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for Friday's lecture. I was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for Friday's lecture. I was on
+I was on a lot of meds. Uh you may or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was on a lot of meds. Uh you may or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was on a lot of meds. Uh you may or
+may not have noticed I was having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have noticed I was having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have noticed I was having
+splitting headache and it was not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting headache and it was not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting headache and it was not the
+best lecture that I've given in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lecture that I've given in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best lecture that I've given in my
+entire teaching career. In fact, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire teaching career. In fact, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire teaching career. In fact, it was
+probably the worst lecture I've given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the worst lecture I've given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the worst lecture I've given in
+my entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my entire
+>> I didn't. Well, oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um, it occurred to me that there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, it occurred to me that there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, it occurred to me that there might
+actually be a better way to sort of get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a better way to sort of get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be a better way to sort of get
+some of those concepts across other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those concepts across other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those concepts across other than
+me yammering for 3 hours. Uh, and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yammering for 3 hours. Uh, and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me yammering for 3 hours. Uh, and what
+I'd like to do is revisit some of them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is revisit some of them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to do is revisit some of them,
+but actually do um do do a bit of an of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually do um do do a bit of an of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually do um do do a bit of an of
+an activity. I have never done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activity. I have never done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an activity. I have never done this
+before. Uh, so this is not tested. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh, so this is not tested. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. Uh, so this is not tested. You
+guys are the first iteration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are the first iteration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are the first iteration of
+>> I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I feel
+>> uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> but basically what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but basically what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but basically what we're going to do is
+I'm going to go through these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go through these terms
+again, explain it one more time. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, explain it one more time. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, explain it one more time. You
+guys, you know, can ask me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys, you know, can ask me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys, you know, can ask me for
+clarifications or anything and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifications or anything and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarifications or anything and then
+each, you know, group of about I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each, you know, group of about I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each, you know, group of about I think
+two people. Uh we're going to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people. Uh we're going to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two people. Uh we're going to pick a
+game that somebody that pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that somebody that pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that somebody that pretty much
+everyone in the class should sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the class should sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the class should sort of
+know. They may not know the exact rules,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. They may not know the exact rules,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. They may not know the exact rules,
+but they'll sort of know game. um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll sort of know game. um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll sort of know game. um and
+sort of analyze that game across these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analyze that game across these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analyze that game across these
+different uh these different axes. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh these different axes. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh these different axes. And
+the idea of that is that if you get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of that is that if you get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of that is that if you get used
+to this, then you can do that same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this, then you can do that same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this, then you can do that same thing
+to your own game. And that may shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your own game. And that may shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your own game. And that may shed
+light on how your game is balanced, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on how your game is balanced, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on how your game is balanced, how
+your game is balanced, especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is balanced, especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game is balanced, especially
+between chance and skills, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between chance and skills, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between chance and skills, which is
+really the topic of um of this class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the topic of um of this class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the topic of um of this class.
+but also you know questions of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know questions of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know questions of you know
+is our game doing what we want people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our game doing what we want people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our game doing what we want people uh
+want our game to be doing. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our game to be doing. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want our game to be doing. So that's
+that's the general outline. Um, so, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general outline. Um, so, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the general outline. Um, so, uh,
+so there's one more thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one more thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one more thing I want to
+mention before I go right into that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention before I go right into that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention before I go right into that.
+And, uh, and I think and Jason actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, uh, and I think and Jason actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, uh, and I think and Jason actually
+brought up a point at the end of, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up a point at the end of, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up a point at the end of, uh,
+last Friday was that, uh, he noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday was that, uh, he noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Friday was that, uh, he noticed
+that our two end robots, Mr. Robboto and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our two end robots, Mr. Robboto and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our two end robots, Mr. Robboto and
+Badass Mofo 600,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Badass Mofo 600,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Badass Mofo 600,
+>> 6010, I believe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 6010, I believe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 6010, I believe.
+>> Yeah, 610. It was upgraded version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, 610. It was upgraded version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, 610. It was upgraded version.
+He started at 608
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He started at 608
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He started at 608
+>> and then there's a couple iterations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then there's a couple iterations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then there's a couple iterations on
+Saturday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Um, one of them was purely deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, one of them was purely deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, one of them was purely deterministic
+>> but horrendously complex in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but horrendously complex in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but horrendously complex in the sense
+that uh horrendously complex not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh horrendously complex not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh horrendously complex not in the
+sense that it was difficult to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it was difficult to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it was difficult to explain
+what it was doing but difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was doing but difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was doing but difficult to
+predict what it was going to do. Um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what it was going to do. Um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what it was going to do. Um you
+know this this was the one that jumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this was the one that jumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this this was the one that jumped
+that had that that it will start its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had that that it will start its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had that that it will start its
+turn order based on the number of hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn order based on the number of hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn order based on the number of hit
+points that it had you know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that it had you know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that it had you know which
+>> and take the number of moves based also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and take the number of moves based also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and take the number of moves based also
+number of hit points it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hit points it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hit points it had
+>> right so it's you know entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right so it's you know entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right so it's you know entirely
+algorithmic you know it's just it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic you know it's just it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic you know it's just it's just
+following its rules every single time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following its rules every single time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following its rules every single time um
+the other one was pretty much random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was pretty much random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one was pretty much random
+right I mean who that was Mr. robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean who that was Mr. robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean who that was Mr. robot
+which had a die roll every every round.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had a die roll every every round.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which had a die roll every every round.
+Uh and it just did something perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it just did something perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it just did something perfect
+>> and and we ended up with the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and we ended up with the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and and we ended up with the closest
+fight of that day. I think you know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight of that day. I think you know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight of that day. I think you know um
+and and that kind of does drive home the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that kind of does drive home the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that kind of does drive home the
+point that you know at some point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know at some point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that you know at some point of
+time you can get complexity through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can get complexity through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you can get complexity through
+purely deterministic rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely deterministic rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purely deterministic rules
+>> that frankly is as hard to predict as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that frankly is as hard to predict as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that frankly is as hard to predict as uh
+pure as pure randomness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure as pure randomness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure as pure randomness.
+>> A card game is like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A card game is like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> A card game is like that.
+>> Your card game is something like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Your card game is something like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Your card game is something like that.
+But the nice thing about that is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the nice thing about that is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the nice thing about that is that if
+you have deterministic, you can see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have deterministic, you can see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have deterministic, you can see why
+it happened. You can see why. Wow. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened. You can see why. Wow. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened. You can see why. Wow. That
+I I I didn't expect that to happen, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I didn't expect that to happen, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I didn't expect that to happen, but
+I can see why that happened. Uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see why that happened. Uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can see why that happened. Uh because
+>> so he was going to win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so he was going to win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so he was going to win.
+>> He was so sure he was going to win.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He was so sure he was going to win.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> He was so sure he was going to win.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> But then we Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But then we Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But then we Yeah.
+>> Did not turn out as such.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did not turn out as such.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Did not turn out as such.
+>> So, you know, that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, you know, that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, you know, that's that's that's
+that's a desirable trait. It's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a desirable trait. It's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a desirable trait. It's a lot
+better than just saying, "Well, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than just saying, "Well, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than just saying, "Well, it's a
+die roll." I mean the nice thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die roll." I mean the nice thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die roll." I mean the nice thing about
+uh about virals is that it does take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about virals is that it does take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about virals is that it does take it
+out of your control.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your control.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of your control.
+In fact it's it's kind of designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact it's it's kind of designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact it's it's kind of designed to
+make it not skill-based and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it not skill-based and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it not skill-based and as a result
+of that you give people who are lagging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you give people who are lagging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that you give people who are lagging
+who are having a harder time playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are having a harder time playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are having a harder time playing the
+the game and entirely unskill based way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and entirely unskill based way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and entirely unskill based way
+of catching up. Uh which is awesome um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catching up. Uh which is awesome um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of catching up. Uh which is awesome um
+if that's what you're going for. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's what you're going for. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's what you're going for. And
+then the other one is you know if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one is you know if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the other one is you know if it's
+if you just make it deterministic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just make it deterministic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just make it deterministic but
+complex enough so the behavior is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex enough so the behavior is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex enough so the behavior is just
+hard to predict but logical once it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to predict but logical once it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to predict but logical once it
+actually happens then you know you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens then you know you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens then you know you kind
+of get the same result and it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the same result and it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get the same result and it all
+balances out. Obviously Dals are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances out. Obviously Dals are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balances out. Obviously Dals are really
+easy to implement. Uh it's difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to implement. Uh it's difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to implement. Uh it's difficult to
+actually come up with rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually come up with rules that
+deterministically give you the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically give you the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministically give you the kind of
+complex behavior that you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex behavior that you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex behavior that you're looking
+for. Um but it's a nice thing to go for.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um but it's a nice thing to go for.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um but it's a nice thing to go for.
+Of course, to get that complexity,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, to get that complexity,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, to get that complexity,
+sometimes you need so many rules that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need so many rules that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you need so many rules that
+people just kind kind of get bored. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just kind kind of get bored. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just kind kind of get bored. It's
+like, wow, this is really complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, wow, this is really complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, wow, this is really complicated.
+I'm not sure whether I can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whether I can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure whether I can figure out
+what the next step is going to be. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next step is going to be. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the next step is going to be. And
+then you just give up. That's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just give up. That's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just give up. That's kind of
+the downside of, you know, really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of, you know, really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of, you know, really
+complex determination behavior. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex determination behavior. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex determination behavior. Um,
+but you know, it's it's it's neat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, it's it's it's neat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, it's it's it's neat that
+that that that you kind of saw both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you kind of saw both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you kind of saw both of
+those playing off each other and you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those playing off each other and you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those playing off each other and you saw
+kind of them behaving in pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of them behaving in pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of them behaving in pretty much
+unpredictable ways and yet giving nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable ways and yet giving nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable ways and yet giving nicely
+balanced results. So they're both really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced results. So they're both really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced results. So they're both really
+really valuable tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really valuable tools.
+Um, so now I'm going to be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so now I'm going to be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so now I'm going to be actually
+deeply deeply plagiarizing from Salem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply deeply plagiarizing from Salem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply deeply plagiarizing from Salem
+and from uh KB Salem and Eric Zimmerman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from uh KB Salem and Eric Zimmerman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from uh KB Salem and Eric Zimmerman
+uh from uh Rules of Play, which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from uh Rules of Play, which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from uh Rules of Play, which is that
+one of those big thick books I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those big thick books I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those big thick books I brought
+in on the first day. Um I'm not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the first day. Um I'm not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on the first day. Um I'm not making
+you read it because I find that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read it because I find that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read it because I find that book
+takes three pages to explain what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three pages to explain what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes three pages to explain what could
+have been explained in one which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been explained in one which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been explained in one which is why
+I have why I have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have why I have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have why I have a whole bunch of
+summaries in here. Uh but uh I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries in here. Uh but uh I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries in here. Uh but uh I am going
+but but what what that book does do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what what that book does do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but what what that book does do is
+give you very very concrete terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you very very concrete terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you very very concrete terms that
+are pretty well accepted um if not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty well accepted um if not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty well accepted um if not
+necessarily among game designers among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily among game designers among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily among game designers among
+people of various expert domains. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of various expert domains. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people of various expert domains. Uh and
+I've got some of those over there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some of those over there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some of those over there for
+people for you to refer to. Um I touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for you to refer to. Um I touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for you to refer to. Um I touched
+a little bit on information theory on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on information theory on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit on information theory on on
+Monday. that model of you know uh how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. that model of you know uh how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. that model of you know uh how a
+signal goes from an uh someone who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes from an uh someone who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal goes from an uh someone who wants
+to send it through a transmitter goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it through a transmitter goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it through a transmitter goes
+through some sort of channel is received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of channel is received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of channel is received
+through some sort of receiver to to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of receiver to to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some sort of receiver to to a
+person and and I talk if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and and I talk if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and and I talk if that
+transmitter if the if a person want if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter if the if a person want if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter if the if a person want if
+if the person who wants to send a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person who wants to send a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the person who wants to send a signal
+it's actually the game the game state uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the game the game state uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the game the game state uh
+and is transferring information to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is transferring information to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is transferring information to a
+player who needs to get information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player who needs to get information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player who needs to get information
+about what's going on in the game um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on in the game um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on in the game um in
+order to make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make a decision
+uh then you can see how this applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you can see how this applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you can see how this applies to
+game design. And in between you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game design. And in between you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game design. And in between you have
+noise. You you you you have the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. You you you you have the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise. You you you you have the thing
+that prevents you from knowing exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents you from knowing exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prevents you from knowing exactly
+what the game state is. And um and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the game state is. And um and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the game state is. And um and there
+are c there are certain words that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are c there are certain words that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are c there are certain words that are
+associated with with with that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with with that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with with with that level of
+of uncertainty. I mean uncertainty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty. I mean uncertainty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty. I mean uncertainty and
+certainty are two are two words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty are two are two words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty are two are two words that
+they suggest to begin with. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suggest to begin with. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they suggest to begin with. Um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+just one second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one second.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one second.
+So um so you know the uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so you know the uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so you know the uncertainty
+includes both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes both the
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+your inability to know what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inability to know what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inability to know what's going to
+happen next due to chance or due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next due to chance or due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen next due to chance or due to
+really complex behavior uh as you saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex behavior uh as you saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complex behavior uh as you saw in
+both of the robots. Uh it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the robots. Uh it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the robots. Uh it's just the
+degree to which uh how much the game uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which uh how much the game uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which uh how much the game uh
+all the different states the game could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different states the game could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the different states the game could
+take either maybe in the next turn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take either maybe in the next turn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take either maybe in the next turn or
+throughout the entire play of the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire play of the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the entire play of the game.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+and uh and in information theory they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and in information theory they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and in information theory they
+actually also use the word information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also use the word information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually also use the word information
+almost interchangeably. Uh unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost interchangeably. Uh unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost interchangeably. Uh unfortunately
+this gets kind of confusion uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets kind of confusion uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets kind of confusion uh kind of
+confusing because people don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because people don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing because people don't actually
+use the word information in that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word information in that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the word information in that sense
+in day-to-day life. And if and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in day-to-day life. And if and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in day-to-day life. And if and in fact
+I'm going to propose a different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to propose a different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to propose a different way of
+looking at it that also uses the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it that also uses the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it that also uses the word
+information in a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a completely different
+way. So I'm actually going to stop using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So I'm actually going to stop using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So I'm actually going to stop using
+uh the word information for now. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the word information for now. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the word information for now. I'm
+just going to call uh call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call uh call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to call uh call it
+uncertainty which is pretty much all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty which is pretty much all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty which is pretty much all the
+different things that could happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that could happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that could happen in
+the game you know uh either in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game you know uh either in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game you know uh either in the next
+turn or or throughout the the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn or or throughout the the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn or or throughout the the game.
+Certainty is the is the degree to which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainty is the is the degree to which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainty is the is the degree to which
+you know uh you have knowledge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh you have knowledge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh you have knowledge about
+what could have happened. you know, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could have happened. you know, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could have happened. you know, a
+chess board pieces could be configured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess board pieces could be configured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess board pieces could be configured
+in any position, but one move after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any position, but one move after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any position, but one move after the
+opening, there's only a small set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening, there's only a small set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening, there's only a small set that
+it could possibly that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could possibly that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could possibly that that that that
+that uh that could possibly happen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that could possibly happen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that could possibly happen,
+right? I mean, it's probably on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, it's probably on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, it's probably on the
+order of only one side is moving for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of only one side is moving for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of only one side is moving for the
+first time. Any one of the pawns could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time. Any one of the pawns could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time. Any one of the pawns could
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+>> 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 20
+>> 20 Yeah, the knights could move. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 20 Yeah, the knights could move. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> 20 Yeah, the knights could move. Yeah.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> So, you know, there's only 20 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, you know, there's only 20 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, you know, there's only 20 20
+different possible things. So, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible things. So, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different possible things. So, you know,
+that's kind of the degree the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the degree the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of the degree the degree of
+certainty that you have among all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty that you have among all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty that you have among all the
+different states, all the uncertainty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states, all the uncertainty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different states, all the uncertainty of
+this chessboard, you you are certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chessboard, you you are certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chessboard, you you are certain
+that it's going to be limited to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be limited to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be limited to this
+chunk. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk. Um
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+and your your your knowledge of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your your your knowledge of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your your your knowledge of what
+that ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ratio
+uh is of how much you know could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is of how much you know could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is of how much you know could be
+happening based on what you know of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening based on what you know of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening based on what you know of the
+game rules based on your experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game rules based on your experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game rules based on your experience of
+the game uh based on uh your skill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game uh based on uh your skill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game uh based on uh your skill in
+the game uh to the states that the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game uh to the states that the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game uh to the states that the game
+could possibly take uh is called risk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly take uh is called risk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly take uh is called risk.
+So um you can think of you can flip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um you can think of you can flip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um you can think of you can flip you
+can flip it the other way around and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flip it the other way around and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can flip it the other way around and say
+that if the uncertainty of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the uncertainty of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the uncertainty of the first
+turn is is you know 20 different moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is is you know 20 different moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn is is you know 20 different moves
+you know but you're certain that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but you're certain that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but you're certain that you
+know the guy that you're that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the guy that you're that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the guy that you're that that that
+oh say say I'm the opening player I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh say say I'm the opening player I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh say say I'm the opening player I'm
+playing white and I really only know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing white and I really only know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing white and I really only know how
+to make three of those openings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make three of those openings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make three of those openings
+effective you know so I'm I I then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you know so I'm I I then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective you know so I'm I I then then
+then I then and if that person and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I then and if that person and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I then and if that person and the
+person that I'm playing against knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that I'm playing against knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person that I'm playing against knows
+that really I only know three openings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really I only know three openings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really I only know three openings
+really I only know two um you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I only know two um you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I only know two um you know then
+then that person's degree of of risk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that person's degree of of risk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that person's degree of of risk is
+kind of limited to the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited to the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of limited to the range of
+possibilities that branch out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that branch out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities that branch out of that
+two out of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two out of 20
+um so that's one way that you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's one way that you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that's one way that you can sort
+of describe risk um let me see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describe risk um let me see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of describe risk um let me see whether
+there's a more technical term that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more technical term that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a more technical term that I can
+describe that with the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So um so one thing that I want uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so one thing that I want uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um so one thing that I want uh the
+that I want you to think about later um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about later um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about later um
+actually for for for the analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for for for the analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for for for the analysis that
+we're going to to um to to do you I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to to um to to do you I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to to um to to do you I want
+groups of two 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of two 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups of two 4 6 8 10 12 14 15 mostly
+groups two and one group of three. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups two and one group of three. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups two and one group of three. Um
+actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually let's just do groups of three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's just do groups of three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's just do groups of three.
+It would be easier that way. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be easier that way. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be easier that way. Um and uh
+and to think about you know pick a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about you know pick a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about you know pick a game
+first that that you think that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that that you think that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that that you think that you can
+probably mention in this class without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably mention in this class without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably mention in this class without
+having to explain to everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to explain to everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to explain to everybody else
+exactly how this game is played. Uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how this game is played. Uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how this game is played. Uh you
+know uh it could be a computer game, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh it could be a computer game, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh it could be a computer game, it
+could be a war game, it could be a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a war game, it could be a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a war game, it could be a card
+game, something fairly wrong there. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, something fairly wrong there. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, something fairly wrong there. Um,
+and I want you to think about okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to think about okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want you to think about okay in
+you know what are the things that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the things that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are the things that uh
+what what what are all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what are all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what what are all the variables
+that you need to know in this game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to know in this game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to know in this game you
+know uh do it in fairly simple terms you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh do it in fairly simple terms you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh do it in fairly simple terms you
+know if you're doing something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're doing something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're doing something like a
+game of uh cosmic encounter or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of uh cosmic encounter or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of uh cosmic encounter or something
+then you know that's that you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know that's that you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know that's that you can say
+that every single race has a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single race has a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single race has a unique
+power without explaining to me every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power without explaining to me every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power without explaining to me every
+single power uh and which is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single power uh and which is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single power uh and which is I think
+they're likeundred different races in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likeundred different races in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likeundred different races in
+the game. So that was cosplaying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. So that was cosplaying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. So that was cosplaying
+encounter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter.
+>> Oh, it's fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, it's fun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, it's fun.
+You will get a chance to play later this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You will get a chance to play later this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You will get a chance to play later this
+this semester. So cool. Um let's see. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester. So cool. Um let's see. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this semester. So cool. Um let's see. Uh
+so think think about what are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think think about what are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think think about what are all the
+variables that you got to keep track of.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that you got to keep track of.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that you got to keep track of.
+That's kind of the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's kind of the degree of
+uncertainty. That's the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty. That's the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty. That's the amount of
+information that could be in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that could be in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that could be in the system
+in a way that Shannon and we were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that Shannon and we were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that Shannon and we were you
+you you use it. That's all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you use it. That's all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you use it. That's all the different
+range of possibilities, all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possibilities, all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possibilities, all the
+different things you got to keep track.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you got to keep track.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things you got to keep track.
+What do you know for sure as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you know for sure as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you know for sure as a single
+player in this game? Um, you know, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in this game? Um, you know, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player in this game? Um, you know, what
+do you know at your first turn and what,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know at your first turn and what,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know at your first turn and what,
+you know, what what sort of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what what sort of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, what what sort of information
+do you tend to pick up along the way? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you tend to pick up along the way? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you tend to pick up along the way? Um
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+let's see. Yeah. So, so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. Yeah. So, so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. Yeah. So, so let's start with
+that. We got, you know, just five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We got, you know, just five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. We got, you know, just five
+minutes. It doesn't have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It doesn't have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes. It doesn't have to be an
+exhaustive list. So, let's split in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive list. So, let's split in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive list. So, let's split in just
+groups of three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first activity and we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first activity and we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first activity and we're going to be
+visiting every single one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting every single one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting every single one of
+>> through all these different lenses. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> through all these different lenses. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> through all these different lenses. So
+I'm just going to start actually now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to start actually now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to start actually now and
+you know uh and if we ran out of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh and if we ran out of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh and if we ran out of time to
+do some uh uh uh this we can always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some uh uh uh this we can always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some uh uh uh this we can always do
+it after class and we can talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after class and we can talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after class and we can talk about it
+u but we're going to go through all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but we're going to go through all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u but we're going to go through all of
+them so I'm going to speak to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I'm going to speak to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I'm going to speak to this uh
+starting with this team and moving all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with this team and moving all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with this team and moving all
+the way over just talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way over just talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way over just talk about
+>> Sure. So, we decided to go for Scrabble.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. So, we decided to go for Scrabble.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure. So, we decided to go for Scrabble.
+And so, in terms of variables, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, in terms of variables, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, in terms of variables, you have
+the individual individual tiles. Their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual individual tiles. Their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual individual tiles. Their
+tiles are uncertain. Yours are fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles are uncertain. Yours are fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles are uncertain. Yours are fairly
+certain. The ones on the board are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain. The ones on the board are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain. The ones on the board are
+certain because they're faced. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain because they're faced. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain because they're faced. So,
+>> um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um
+>> the ones that have been placed, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the ones that have been placed, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the ones that have been placed, you
+mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean?
+>> Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+>> Yes. Another variable. Well, we're not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Another variable. Well, we're not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Another variable. Well, we're not I
+guess the variable is the bonus squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the variable is the bonus squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the variable is the bonus squares
+on the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the board.
+>> Uh you can think of them as even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh you can think of them as even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh you can think of them as even though
+they're fixed on the board, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fixed on the board, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fixed on the board, they're
+variable in terms of as more tiles get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in terms of as more tiles get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in terms of as more tiles get
+played, some of them become open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played, some of them become open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played, some of them become open and
+some of them become closed, and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them become closed, and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them become closed, and you
+don't know which ones are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which ones are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which ones are going to be
+open and closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and closed.
+>> True. True. Um, also yes. Uh, yeah. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> True. True. Um, also yes. Uh, yeah. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> True. True. Um, also yes. Uh, yeah. All
+right. Uh, so that's that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh, so that's that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Uh, so that's that's that's
+something as you don't know how that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as you don't know how that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as you don't know how that's
+going to to turn out during the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to turn out during the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to to turn out during the middle
+thing. So, one thing that's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So, one thing that's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So, one thing that's interesting
+about word games, especially Scrabble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about word games, especially Scrabble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about word games, especially Scrabble
+and crossword puzzles in general is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crossword puzzles in general is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crossword puzzles in general is that
+a lot of them uh rely on the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them uh rely on the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of them uh rely on the fact that
+uh lang the English language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lang the English language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lang the English language in
+particular is actually pretty redundant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is actually pretty redundant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular is actually pretty redundant.
+you can take about 50% of the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take about 50% of the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take about 50% of the letters
+out from a word uh this fairly long word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from a word uh this fairly long word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from a word uh this fairly long word
+and you can still figure out what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can still figure out what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can still figure out what it
+means. Uh that works really well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh that works really well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh that works really well for
+crossbow puzzles uh because you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossbow puzzles uh because you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossbow puzzles uh because you know you
+get something like 25% of words you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like 25% of words you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something like 25% of words you can
+actually still figure out word what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still figure out word what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually still figure out word what it
+means especially if you got a clue. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means especially if you got a clue. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means especially if you got a clue. Um
+but uh uh for Scrabble it also means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh for Scrabble it also means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh uh for Scrabble it also means
+that it's now possible for you to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's now possible for you to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's now possible for you to make
+uh connections between disperate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connections between disperate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connections between disperate uh
+disperate characters. you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disperate characters. you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disperate characters. you can find a
+word that's going to fit that. Um cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that's going to fit that. Um cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word that's going to fit that. Um cuz
+part of the problem uh actually um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem uh actually um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem uh actually um that
+hasn't played words with friends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't played words with friends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't played words with friends.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, my brother,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, my brother,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, my brother,
+>> it's online scramble basically, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's online scramble basically, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's online scramble basically, right?
+You know. Oh, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know. Oh, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know. Oh, yeah.
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> the same folks who made Worlds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the same folks who made Worlds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the same folks who made Worlds with
+Friends made a game called Worlds with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friends made a game called Worlds with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friends made a game called Worlds with
+Pirates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pirates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pirates.
+>> And um and I I have a screenshot here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And um and I I have a screenshot here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And um and I I have a screenshot here of
+a game I was playing yesterday. And uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game I was playing yesterday. And uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game I was playing yesterday. And uh
+basically you have you have few way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have you have few way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have you have few way
+fewer letters. You have H A R a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer letters. You have H A R a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer letters. You have H A R a lot of
+Rs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and exclamation mark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclamation mark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclamation mark.
+>> So the number of letters that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So the number of letters that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So the number of letters that you can
+get uh uh the quantity of the letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh uh the quantity of the letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh uh the quantity of the letters
+that you get are the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get are the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get are the same as the
+scrabble but the range of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrabble but the range of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrabble but the range of different
+letters that you can get is way lower,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that you can get is way lower,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that you can get is way lower,
+which means there actually a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there actually a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there actually a lot less
+less uncertainties. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uncertainties. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uncertainties. Um,
+and because the because the game has so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the because the game has so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because the because the game has so
+much um because this language, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um because this language, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much um because this language, this
+parent language has so much uh uh uh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent language has so much uh uh uh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent language has so much uh uh uh I I
+I I want to be very careful to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to be very careful to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to be very careful to use the
+right word here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right word here.
+>> Uh is it true?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So my so If I'm using the right word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So my so If I'm using the right word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So my so If I'm using the right word
+here, the word that this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the word that this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, the word that this is actually a
+very non-redundant language because a r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very non-redundant language because a r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very non-redundant language because a r
+is is a word a r r is a different word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a word a r r is a different word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a word a r r is a different word
+both of which are valid. Um so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which are valid. Um so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of which are valid. Um so there's
+actually very little redundancy. uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very little redundancy. uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very little redundancy. uh you
+know it's like I see eight R and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like I see eight R and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's like I see eight R and I think
+that could be any number of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be any number of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be any number of words
+and as a result you notice that my that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result you notice that my that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result you notice that my that
+this this this game of words with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this game of words with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this game of words with
+pirates it results in an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirates it results in an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pirates it results in an incredibly
+dense world because I can fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense world because I can fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense world because I can fill in
+whereas you can't do that with scrabble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you can't do that with scrabble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you can't do that with scrabble
+scramble spaces go empty uh and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble spaces go empty uh and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scramble spaces go empty uh and get
+locked out because you know unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked out because you know unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked out because you know unless you
+have an incredible knowledge of scrabble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incredible knowledge of scrabble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an incredible knowledge of scrabble
+dictionary for the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary for the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary for the most
+um you don't know those exploits that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't know those exploits that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you don't know those exploits that
+are going to let you slice in an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to let you slice in an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to let you slice in an extra
+character because most people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character because most people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character because most people's
+knowledge of English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of English
+>> doesn't happen again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So anyway, I thought that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So anyway, I thought that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So anyway, I thought that was
+specifically useful for for illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically useful for for illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically useful for for illustration
+at this point. Okay, so Scrabble. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point. Okay, so Scrabble. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point. Okay, so Scrabble. All
+right, cool. Um next game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, cool. Um next game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, cool. Um next game.
+>> So, uh we did go fish. So I mean some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, uh we did go fish. So I mean some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, uh we did go fish. So I mean some of
+the of information we had were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of information we had were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of information we had were like
+every player's hand and the um pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every player's hand and the um pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every player's hand and the um pile of
+cards in the middle that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+>> being what cards the other player has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> being what cards the other player has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> being what cards the other player has
+and the channel that comes out it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the channel that comes out it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the channel that comes out it is
+them asking what cards they want and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them asking what cards they want and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them asking what cards they want and you
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+>> them for cards, right? And there's noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> them for cards, right? And there's noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> them for cards, right? And there's noise
+because just because they're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just because they're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because just because they're asking for
+a certain card can kind of imply what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain card can kind of imply what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain card can kind of imply what
+they have in their hand, but doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in their hand, but doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in their hand, but doesn't
+necessarily tell you what don't have,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you what don't have,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily tell you what don't have,
+>> right? It only tells you what they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? It only tells you what they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? It only tells you what they don't
+have in their hands. Sometimes it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in their hands. Sometimes it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in their hands. Sometimes it tells
+you what they don't have in their hands.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what they don't have in their hands.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what they don't have in their hands.
+Sometimes it they they give you a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it they they give you a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it they they give you a card
+and I forget the rules. Do you have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forget the rules. Do you have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I forget the rules. Do you have if
+you have multiple threes and someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple threes and someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have multiple threes and someone
+says, "Got any threes?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Got any threes?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says, "Got any threes?"
+>> You give all three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You give all three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You give all three.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, so, so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, so, so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So, so, so you
+>> Why would you have three threes? Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Why would you have three threes? Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Why would you have three threes? Why
+don't you just put a pair down?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just put a pair down?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you just put a pair down?
+>> Yeah. That would just be dumb.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. That would just be dumb.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. That would just be dumb.
+>> I mean, you're a bad player.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I mean, you're a bad player.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I mean, you're a bad player.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> But for the most part, you know, in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But for the most part, you know, in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But for the most part, you know, in in
+in that game, um that's your one channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that game, um that's your one channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that game, um that's your one channel
+finding out what the state of the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out what the state of the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out what the state of the game
+is. Uh the game state is what everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Uh the game state is what everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. Uh the game state is what everybody
+has has at hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has at hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has has at hand.
+>> Cool. Cool. Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Cool. Cool.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Cool. Cool.
+>> Uh Mario Kart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh Mario Kart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh Mario Kart.
+>> Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mhm.
+>> Sweet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sweet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sweet.
+>> Yeah. There's a lot of there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. There's a lot of there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. There's a lot of there's a lot of
+uncertain a lot of things to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain a lot of things to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain a lot of things to keep track
+of. So the things that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. So the things that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of. So the things that you can't
+possibly keep track of but that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly keep track of but that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly keep track of but that are
+really important to the game are uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to the game are uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to the game are uh you
+know what's what's going to come up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's what's going to come up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's what's going to come up when
+you hit an item block and what items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit an item block and what items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hit an item block and what items
+people around you have. So you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around you have. So you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around you have. So you might
+think it's safe to like bump another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's safe to like bump another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's safe to like bump another
+player, but if they have three green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player, but if they have three green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player, but if they have three green
+shells, they can activate that then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells, they can activate that then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells, they can activate that then and
+blast you out of the map. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast you out of the map. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blast you out of the map. Um
+>> another one is like what position you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> another one is like what position you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> another one is like what position you're
+in because if you're first place, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because if you're first place, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in because if you're first place, you
+know, the blue shell hits you. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the blue shell hits you. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, the blue shell hits you. So it's
+also what position you're in, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what position you're in, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what position you're in, what
+position people are in, stuff like that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position people are in, stuff like that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position people are in, stuff like that,
+>> right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? So,
+>> so the probability of being hit by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so the probability of being hit by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so the probability of being hit by a
+blue shell is way higher when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue shell is way higher when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue shell is way higher when you're
+number one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Okay. So, you gather information through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, you gather information through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. So, you gather information through
+your visual range, which is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual range, which is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your visual range, which is also a
+function of basically where you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of basically where you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of basically where you are in
+the map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map.
+>> And so, the information you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And so, the information you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And so, the information you're getting
+about other players,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other players,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other players,
+>> uh, depends on where you are. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh, depends on where you are. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh, depends on where you are. And
+interestingly, you know, if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly, you know, if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly, you know, if they're
+immediately in front of you, you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in front of you, you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately in front of you, you have a
+lot more information than if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information than if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more information than if they're
+behind you, you have a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you, you have a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind you, you have a lot more
+information than if they're way far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than if they're way far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information than if they're way far away
+from you,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you,
+>> right? Because if they're behind you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? Because if they're behind you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? Because if they're behind you or
+they're way far away from you, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way far away from you, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're way far away from you, you don't
+know what what weapons they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what weapons they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what weapons they've got
+equipped for you. for instance, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped for you. for instance, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipped for you. for instance, you
+generally know what position other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally know what position other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally know what position other
+people are in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are in,
+>> but that's all you got, you know. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but that's all you got, you know. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but that's all you got, you know. Uh so
+that's that's some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's some uh
+>> and then there's different paths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then there's different paths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then there's different paths and
+levels. So you might think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels. So you might think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels. So you might think there's
+someone in the same position as you, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the same position as you, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone in the same position as you, but
+they're not at the same point because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not at the same point because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not at the same point because
+they take a different branch. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take a different branch. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take a different branch. And then
+there's also the varying capabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the varying capabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the varying capabilities of
+different cars. So in Mario Kart 64, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cars. So in Mario Kart 64, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cars. So in Mario Kart 64, if
+you take Bowser and you're playing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take Bowser and you're playing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take Bowser and you're playing and
+there's Toad, you can ram into Toad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Toad, you can ram into Toad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Toad, you can ram into Toad and
+Toad will go like flying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toad will go like flying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toad will go like flying.
+>> Bowser.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Bowser.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Bowser.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+So many one element of risk uh that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So many one element of risk uh that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So many one element of risk uh that you
+get in uh in uh Mario Kart is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in uh in uh Mario Kart is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in uh in uh Mario Kart is that the
+kinds of weapons that you get are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of weapons that you get are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of weapons that you get are pretty
+much weighted based on where you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weighted based on where you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much weighted based on where you are in
+the game. If you are at the back, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. If you are at the back, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. If you are at the back, you
+get all the awesome weapons because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the awesome weapons because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the awesome weapons because the
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+>> you get a star like Disney Racer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you get a star like Disney Racer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you get a star like Disney Racer on
+PlayStation was way more weighted than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation was way more weighted than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PlayStation was way more weighted than
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+>> Sure, there are more obvious versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure, there are more obvious versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure, there are more obvious versions of
+of this. I think Super Monkey Ball does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. I think Super Monkey Ball does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this. I think Super Monkey Ball does
+this too actually. Um, when you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this too actually. Um, when you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this too actually. Um, when you're right
+in the front, I think all you get are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front, I think all you get are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the front, I think all you get are
+bananas. Is that is that that the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas. Is that is that that the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas. Is that is that that the only
+>> in parts?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in parts?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> in parts?
+>> Mostly bananas and like one green shell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mostly bananas and like one green shell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mostly bananas and like one green shell.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> that's pretty much it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's pretty much it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's pretty much it.
+>> You get you get a file jump,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You get you get a file jump,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You get you get a file jump,
+>> but also the fake mystery box.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but also the fake mystery box.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but also the fake mystery box.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> And then halfway through uh and halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then halfway through uh and halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then halfway through uh and halfway
+games, the waiting is I'm going to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, the waiting is I'm going to guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games, the waiting is I'm going to guess
+roughly linear. So the basic idea is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly linear. So the basic idea is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly linear. So the basic idea is of
+one of the things about risk is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about risk is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things about risk is that
+every time you take up a new weapon, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you take up a new weapon, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you take up a new weapon, you
+you are basically taking a gamble about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are basically taking a gamble about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are basically taking a gamble about
+what you're going to get. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to get. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're going to get. If you're
+already holding a weapon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already holding a weapon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already holding a weapon,
+>> yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah,
+>> sometimes you can choose to discard that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sometimes you can choose to discard that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sometimes you can choose to discard that
+to pick up something new. And I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up something new. And I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick up something new. And I believe
+later iteration you carry two weapons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later iteration you carry two weapons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later iteration you carry two weapons or
+something like that. Um so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that. Um so you know
+that's one element of of risk, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one element of of risk, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one element of of risk, right?
+What do I know? I know what I've got.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I know? I know what I've got.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do I know? I know what I've got.
+You know what what what else do I know?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know what what what else do I know?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know what what what else do I know?
+I know what position I I'm in. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what position I I'm in. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know what position I I'm in. And I
+know that if I run into this box right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if I run into this box right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if I run into this box right
+now and I got rid of what I had, I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I got rid of what I had, I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and I got rid of what I had, I could
+pick up a cooler weapon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a cooler weapon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up a cooler weapon,
+there's a probability associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a probability associated with
+that. And you know, and that's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And you know, and that's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And you know, and that's the other
+risk. You know, it's like you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. You know, it's like you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk. You know, it's like you kind of
+it's it's like a one way to think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like a one way to think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's like a one way to think of it
+is that it is a certain outcome with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is a certain outcome with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it is a certain outcome with a
+certain probability associated. You are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability associated. You are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain probability associated. You are
+going to get away with it. It might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get away with it. It might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get away with it. It might be
+crap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crap.
+>> You only really gain a sense of hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You only really gain a sense of hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You only really gain a sense of hardware
+though from like experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though from like experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though from like experience
+>> playing with it. Yeah, it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> playing with it. Yeah, it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> playing with it. Yeah, it's one of those
+things where your certainty of this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where your certainty of this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where your certainty of this game
+goes out west the more you play. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out west the more you play. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out west the more you play. Yeah.
+>> Cool. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Thanks.
+>> So we beat Monopoly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So we beat Monopoly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So we beat Monopoly.
+>> Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sure.
+>> So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So
+uh so Monopoly basically u what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Monopoly basically u what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so Monopoly basically u what's
+certain is who owns what property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain is who owns what property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain is who owns what property
+essentially and it's technically certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and it's technically certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially and it's technically certain
+how much money everyone has though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money everyone has though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money everyone has though
+keeping track of all that information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of all that information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping track of all that information on
+a term basis can be difficult. So there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term basis can be difficult. So there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a term basis can be difficult. So there
+is a little bit of relative uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of relative uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit of relative uncertainty
+just due to the quantity of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to the quantity of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just due to the quantity of information
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+>> and uh yes you gain uncertainties. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and uh yes you gain uncertainties. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and uh yes you gain uncertainties. It's
+actually Monopoly has very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Monopoly has very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Monopoly has very different
+opening and end games essentially. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and end games essentially. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and end games essentially. Um
+towards the start of the game there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the start of the game there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the start of the game there's a
+lot of uncertainty about how other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uncertainty about how other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uncertainty about how other
+players are going to value property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are going to value property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players are going to value property that
+you give up. As Bowen was telling me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give up. As Bowen was telling me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give up. As Bowen was telling me I
+wasn't even aware of this in Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even aware of this in Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't even aware of this in Monopoly
+when you decide not to purchase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decide not to purchase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you decide not to purchase a
+property it actually goes up to auction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it actually goes up to auction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property it actually goes up to auction.
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+>> that's like most people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's like most people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's like most people that
+>> and it's an open auction and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and it's an open auction and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and it's an open auction and so you
+don't know what other people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what other people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what other people's
+valuations are. So each time you bid,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations are. So each time you bid,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuations are. So each time you bid,
+you're taking a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking a risk
+>> if you don't actually want that price.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you don't actually want that price.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> if you don't actually want that price.
+>> That makes the game actually more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That makes the game actually more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That makes the game actually more
+interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+>> Oh yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh yeah.
+>> It turns out it turns out the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It turns out it turns out the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It turns out it turns out the game is
+not that much more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that much more interesting
+>> even when you even when you have the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> even when you even when you have the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> even when you even when you have the the
+option system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option system.
+>> We will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We will get to
+>> still pretty boring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> still pretty boring.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> still pretty boring.
+>> We will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We will get to
+you see my degenerate strategies. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my degenerate strategies. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see my degenerate strategies. We
+will get to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get to that.
+It's the end of the game. Basically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the end of the game. Basically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the end of the game. Basically,
+it's also a lot of uncertainty about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a lot of uncertainty about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also a lot of uncertainty about
+what players are going to be, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what players are going to be, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what players are going to be, well,
+these aren't part of the rules, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't part of the rules, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these aren't part of the rules, but
+whether they're going to be willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're going to be willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're going to be willing to
+trade with you, whether you can, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with you, whether you can, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade with you, whether you can, you
+know, do things like manage to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, do things like manage to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, do things like manage to get into
+jail so you can stop landing on people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail so you can stop landing on people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail so you can stop landing on people's
+properties, kind of thing. Chances, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties, kind of thing. Chances, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties, kind of thing. Chances, of
+course, another level of uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, another level of uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, another level of uncertainty
+there. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. So,
+>> yeah. Uh it it's weird about the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah. Uh it it's weird about the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah. Uh it it's weird about the risk
+associated with an auction because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an auction because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an auction because
+>> you kind of know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you kind of know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> you kind of know
+the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of
+especially in the early game you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the early game you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the early game you have a
+vague idea of how much people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague idea of how much people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague idea of how much people could
+possibly bid on this, right? You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly bid on this, right? You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly bid on this, right? You know,
+it's like not not more than the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like not not more than the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like not not more than the amount
+of money that they have or needing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that they have or needing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money that they have or needing a
+mortgage or something that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage or something that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage or something that they have
+just to get the cash for an auction. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get the cash for an auction. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to get the cash for an auction. But
+it's um but it's it's it's one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um but it's it's it's one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um but it's it's it's one of those
+things that you know would fatty bill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know would fatty bill.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you know would fatty bill.
+Uh so it's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so it's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so it's true.
+Okay. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right.
+>> So we chose chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So we chose chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So we chose chess
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+chess has this no uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess has this no uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess has this no uncertainty in the
+game because the if I would say any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because the if I would say any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because the if I would say any
+uncertainty it would be you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty it would be you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty it would be you don't know
+what your opponent is going to do. Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your opponent is going to do. Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your opponent is going to do. Mhm.
+>> So you have to make a move assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you have to make a move assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So you have to make a move assuming that
+he's going to do something he can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to do something he can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to do something he can do
+something completely different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely different.
+>> And as well as like risk in the game,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And as well as like risk in the game,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And as well as like risk in the game,
+>> the only risk is also not knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the only risk is also not knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the only risk is also not knowing what
+your opponent's going to do. So he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's going to do. So he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent's going to do. So he could
+do a series of moves which causes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a series of moves which causes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a series of moves which causes you to
+be in situation where you have to lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in situation where you have to lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in situation where you have to lose
+piece.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah, that's pretty much it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's pretty much it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's pretty much it.
+>> No, no, that's that that's cool. Um, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, no, that's that that's cool. Um, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, no, that's that that's cool. Um, I
+would argue that not knowing what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that not knowing what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue that not knowing what your
+player is capable of is deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is capable of is deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player is capable of is deep
+uncertainty. And in fact, it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty. And in fact, it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty. And in fact, it's it's it's
+a huge amount of of of uncertainty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of of of uncertainty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of of of uncertainty in
+game. It's true that, you know, the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. It's true that, you know, the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. It's true that, you know, the way
+how the pieces move are and where the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the pieces move are and where the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the pieces move are and where the p
+the pieces are placed, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces are placed, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pieces are placed, you know,
+everyone knows that. Uh, everyone want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows that. Uh, everyone want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows that. Uh, everyone want
+to get a mixed one. It's a game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a mixed one. It's a game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a mixed one. It's a game of
+perfect information. The game state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect information. The game state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect information. The game state is
+low noise. you know, you you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low noise. you know, you you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low noise. you know, you you you know
+exactly what's going in the game unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going in the game unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going in the game unless
+you're playing with like a 5-year-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing with like a 5-year-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing with like a 5-year-old
+who doesn't put the piece right down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't put the piece right down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who doesn't put the piece right down in
+the square, you know. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square, you know. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square, you know. Um
+>> so I guess something where it'd be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so I guess something where it'd be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so I guess something where it'd be a lot
+more a lot more noise for the game would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a lot more noise for the game would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a lot more noise for the game would
+be if you're playing something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you're playing something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if you're playing something like
+speed test because then it's like oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed test because then it's like oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed test because then it's like oh you
+just have to think fast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to think fast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to think fast and
+>> sure it's a lot harder to realize what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sure it's a lot harder to realize what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> sure it's a lot harder to realize what's
+going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on.
+>> Yeah, that that is true because then now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that that is true because then now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that that is true because then now
+now you're limited by your own cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're limited by your own cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're limited by your own cognitive
+u bandwidth, right? you know, uh, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u bandwidth, right? you know, uh, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u bandwidth, right? you know, uh, so
+that's true, but it it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true, but it it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true, but it it doesn't change
+the amount of uncertainty in the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of uncertainty in the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of uncertainty in the game.
+The uncertainty on the game really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uncertainty on the game really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The uncertainty on the game really is
+your opponent and what's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent and what's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your opponent and what's in that
+person's head, uh, you know, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's head, uh, you know, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's head, uh, you know, the
+knowledge of of openings and knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of of openings and knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of of openings and knowledge
+of different moves, whether that player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different moves, whether that player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different moves, whether that player
+has seen something that you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen something that you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has seen something that you haven't
+seen, uh, or, you know, those of counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen, uh, or, you know, those of counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen, uh, or, you know, those of counter
+that that that you always annoying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you always annoying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you always annoying.
+>> Always annoying. You get the impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Always annoying. You get the impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Always annoying. You get the impression
+that they know exactly how to counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know exactly how to counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they know exactly how to counter
+what you're doing and you're kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and you're kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and you're kind of
+floating like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floating like,
+>> right, right, right. Sometimes you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right, right, right. Sometimes you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right, right, right. Sometimes you're
+counting on them to do something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting on them to do something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting on them to do something and
+then you don't. It's like, well, did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't. It's like, well, did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't. It's like, well, did you
+do that? I would have done that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? I would have done that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that? I would have done that.
+>> I think it's like golf where you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's like golf where you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think it's like golf where you have to
+pretend like you really look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend like you really look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend like you really look like
+poker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poker.
+>> Um, okay. So, so you know that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, okay. So, so you know that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, okay. So, so you know that that's
+one way to look at your your game. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to look at your your game. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to look at your your game. What
+do you know? What do you don't uh don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know? What do you don't uh don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know? What do you don't uh don't
+don't know. What's the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. What's the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. What's the probability that
+you uh what's what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what's what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh what's what's the probability of
+certainty that you know something? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty that you know something? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty that you know something? Um,
+and of course I'm not not as you what as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I'm not not as you what as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I'm not not as you what as
+as a game designer you're thinking what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a game designer you're thinking what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a game designer you're thinking what
+do your players know? What your players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your players know? What your players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do your players know? What your players
+not know? What can your players do? A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know? What can your players do? A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know? What can your players do? A
+reasoned a reasonable guess of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned a reasonable guess of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoned a reasonable guess of what
+likelihood something is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood something is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood something is going to happen
+um or something is going to be true. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something is going to be true. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um or something is going to be true. You
+know, it's like, okay, I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's like, okay, I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, it's like, okay, I don't know how
+what cars that person has, but I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cars that person has, but I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cars that person has, but I but
+there's an 80% probability that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an 80% probability that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an 80% probability that that
+person has jacks of higher off the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has jacks of higher off the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has jacks of higher off the of
+the of the the trump because that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the the trump because that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the the trump because that person
+bid on that trump. That's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid on that trump. That's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid on that trump. That's that that
+that's a fairly good good guess. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fairly good good guess. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fairly good good guess. Um
+lowrisk guess. Okay. Now, now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowrisk guess. Okay. Now, now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowrisk guess. Okay. Now, now we're
+going to the other schema which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the other schema which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the other schema which is the
+information systems. Um now I talked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems. Um now I talked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information systems. Um now I talked a
+little bit about perfect and Imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about perfect and Imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about perfect and Imperfect
+information. Perfect information games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Perfect information games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Perfect information games.
+You know games state. Everyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know games state. Everyone knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know games state. Everyone knows
+game state. No player does not know game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game state. No player does not know game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game state. No player does not know game
+state. Um imperfect information. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Um imperfect information. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state. Um imperfect information. Okay,
+there's something that you don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that you don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that you don't know.
+Maybe it's you know card games in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe it's you know card games in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe it's you know card games in
+particular because cards have two sides.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because cards have two sides.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because cards have two sides.
+You know that's cards are t typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know that's cards are t typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know that's cards are t typically
+used to hold back the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to hold back the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to hold back the perfect
+information. Anyone play strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in perfect information any you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perfect information any you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in perfect information any you know
+every single piece. There's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single piece. There's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single piece. There's nothing
+random in the entire game. There are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in the entire game. There are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random in the entire game. There are no
+dy rolls, you know, there are no random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy rolls, you know, there are no random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy rolls, you know, there are no random
+shuffles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffles.
+>> Well, the other guy chooses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the other guy chooses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the other guy chooses to
+click where he places his pieces. It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click where he places his pieces. It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click where he places his pieces. It can
+be perceived as random to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perceived as random to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be perceived as random to you.
+>> Can be perceived as random. It is true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can be perceived as random. It is true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Can be perceived as random. It is true.
+It is. But it I mean but but but but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is. But it I mean but but but but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It is. But it I mean but but but but uh
+let's get really uh uh specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get really uh uh specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get really uh uh specific about
+termin is that it's actually uncertain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termin is that it's actually uncertain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termin is that it's actually uncertain.
+It's not actually random. It is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not actually random. It is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not actually random. It is a
+decision made by not play by rules. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision made by not play by rules. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision made by not play by rules. Um
+so yeah. So actually one objectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah. So actually one objectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah. So actually one objectively
+like it is not random. It is perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is not random. It is perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it is not random. It is perceived
+as random. Uh it's perceived as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as random. Uh it's perceived as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as random. Uh it's perceived as
+effectively right because really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively right because really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively right because really the
+person could have put his pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could have put his pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person could have put his pieces
+anywhere within I think the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere within I think the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere within I think the first two
+rows or something like that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows or something like that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows or something like that. Um
+so so so um how however that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so um how however that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so so um how however that's that's
+kind of a blood tool. This is game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a blood tool. This is game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a blood tool. This is game and
+game of perfect information or imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of perfect information or imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of perfect information or imperfect
+information. That's a yes no question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. That's a yes no question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. That's a yes no question.
+doesn't really tell you that much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really tell you that much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really tell you that much about
+your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your
+your asking okay what is actually random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your asking okay what is actually random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your asking okay what is actually random
+and what is not actually uh random but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is not actually uh random but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is not actually uh random but
+may be perceived as that slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be perceived as that slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be perceived as that slightly better
+question you know uh because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know uh because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know uh because you can
+think okay if if I as a player I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay if if I as a player I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay if if I as a player I know
+that's not random but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not random but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not random but it could be
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+uh because of what the other player has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of what the other player has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of what the other player has
+done I'm going to treat it as random I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm going to treat it as random I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I'm going to treat it as random I
+might as well do all and when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do all and when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well do all and when you're
+designing for that player you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing for that player you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing for that player you are you
+are doing all your calculations just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing all your calculations just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing all your calculations just
+taking it as random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it as random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking it as random
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+there might be um uh there is a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be um uh there is a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be um uh there is a game
+theorist not game theorist a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist not game theorist a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorist not game theorist a game
+studies uh uh scholar named Cia Pierce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh uh scholar named Cia Pierce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh uh scholar named Cia Pierce
+who works over at Georgia Tech and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who works over at Georgia Tech and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who works over at Georgia Tech and her
+proposal is that u a more useful range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal is that u a more useful range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal is that u a more useful range
+of questions to ask would be what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions to ask would be what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of questions to ask would be what's
+known to all players you know and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to all players you know and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to all players you know and in
+game of perfect information everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of perfect information everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of perfect information everything's
+known to all players uh what's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to all players uh what's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to all players uh what's only
+known to one player what's known to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to one player what's known to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to one player what's known to the
+game you know is like uh especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know is like uh especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know is like uh especially for
+a computer game computer knows game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer game computer knows game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer game computer knows game
+knows a lot more about game state. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot more about game state. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows a lot more about game state. But
+that sometimes that even comes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes that even comes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes that even comes down to
+rules. So if you've ever done boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. So if you've ever done boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules. So if you've ever done boss
+battles in something like Metroid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battles in something like Metroid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battles in something like Metroid or
+Castlevania for instance, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania for instance, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Castlevania for instance, there are
+rules of which every that every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of which every that every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of which every that every single
+boss is going to react to anything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss is going to react to anything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss is going to react to anything that
+you do. Maybe it's based on time. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do. Maybe it's based on time. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do. Maybe it's based on time. Maybe
+it's just a sequence of actions or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a sequence of actions or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a sequence of actions or like
+the robots that you like the AI giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robots that you like the AI giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the robots that you like the AI giant
+robot that you guys programmed uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that you guys programmed uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that you guys programmed uh in
+person. You don't know those rules going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. You don't know those rules going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. You don't know those rules going
+into the game. that's those doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the game. that's those doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the game. that's those doesn't
+prevent you from playing the game. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent you from playing the game. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent you from playing the game. And
+in fact, part of the fun is figuring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, part of the fun is figuring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact, part of the fun is figuring out
+what that rules is, figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that rules is, figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that rules is, figuring out what
+the pattern is against. Um, so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is against. Um, so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern is against. Um, so that's an
+example of the thing that's known to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the thing that's known to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of the thing that's known to the
+game. Other things that are known to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Other things that are known to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Other things that are known to the
+game are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game are
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually now maybe that's not that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now maybe that's not that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now maybe that's not that's not
+a good example because randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example because randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good example because randomly
+generated stuff like there is a shuffle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated stuff like there is a shuffle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated stuff like there is a shuffle
+deck. Uh shuffled decks are kind of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck. Uh shuffled decks are kind of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deck. Uh shuffled decks are kind of one
+of those things where it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things where it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things where it's a little bit
+unclear uh about what whether the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear uh about what whether the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear uh about what whether the game
+knows what's in that stack. It's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's in that stack. It's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's in that stack. It's true
+that you shuffled it. So, it's randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shuffled it. So, it's randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you shuffled it. So, it's randomly
+generated, but once you've shuffled it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated, but once you've shuffled it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated, but once you've shuffled it,
+it is now in a fixed order. Uh so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now in a fixed order. Uh so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is now in a fixed order. Uh so the
+game knows what order that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game knows what order that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game knows what order that that that
+message even though it was initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message even though it was initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message even though it was initially
+randomly generated. It's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated. It's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated. It's not like
+randomly generated every single turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated every single turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly generated every single turn
+like a di. Um but you know, it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a di. Um but you know, it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a di. Um but you know, it's a good
+question to ask. you know, uh even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask. you know, uh even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to ask. you know, uh even if
+it's not an easy question to answer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an easy question to answer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an easy question to answer,
+it's a good question to ask what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question to ask what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question to ask what's known
+to the game but not known to the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game but not known to the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game but not known to the rest of
+players and what's just randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and what's just randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and what's just randomly
+generated. You know, it's like, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated. You know, it's like, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated. You know, it's like, you
+know, even if the game had a brain, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, even if the game had a brain, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, even if the game had a brain, they
+would have no idea what this game's ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no idea what this game's ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no idea what this game's ter
+because it's a freaking title. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a freaking title. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a freaking title. Um, so
+use those games again. Every single one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those games again. Every single one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those games again. Every single one
+of those games they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those games they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those games they're talking about
+what's what's known to all players,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's known to all players,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's known to all players,
+what's known to one player, what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known to one player, what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known to one player, what's known
+to the game, and what's just randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game, and what's just randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the game, and what's just randomly
+generated. Go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated. Go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated. Go.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Every single game detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should we just do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we just do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we just do?
+>> So we changed again poker Texas Holdm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So we changed again poker Texas Holdm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So we changed again poker Texas Holdm
+now. So no longer in chess and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's kind of it's imperfect information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it's imperfect information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of it's imperfect information
+because you know what's in your hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what's in your hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know what's in your hand,
+you know what's out on the board, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's out on the board, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's out on the board, but
+you have no idea what everyone anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what everyone anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what everyone anyone
+else has. They can try and tricky. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has. They can try and tricky. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has. They can try and tricky. So
+it's maybe perceived. It's perceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe perceived. It's perceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's maybe perceived. It's perceived
+knowledge. So uh like let's say they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. So uh like let's say they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge. So uh like let's say they
+play a large bet. It's perceived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a large bet. It's perceived that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a large bet. It's perceived that
+they must have a good hand, but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have a good hand, but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they must have a good hand, but it's not
+necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily
+accurate. So it's it's not really an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate. So it's it's not really an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate. So it's it's not really an
+objective based. However, it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective based. However, it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective based. However, it is
+subjective. Whenever you finally show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective. Whenever you finally show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective. Whenever you finally show
+your hands, then it's either you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands, then it's either you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hands, then it's either you want
+one or you lost. It's not really up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or you lost. It's not really up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or you lost. It's not really up for
+debate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So I guess it could also be uh whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I guess it could also be uh whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So I guess it could also be uh whether
+you know like again with chess how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like again with chess how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like again with chess how you
+what what the other player knows whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the other player knows whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the other player knows whether
+uh the other players know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other players know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other players know like
+conventional poker conventions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional poker conventions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional poker conventions for
+>> for folding or not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> for folding or not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> for folding or not.
+>> Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mhm.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Mhm.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+let's see other things. Other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see other things. Other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see other things. Other things
+that a lot of uh Korean especially poker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of uh Korean especially poker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of uh Korean especially poker
+uh there that is known to all players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there that is known to all players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there that is known to all players
+will be things like what are the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be things like what are the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be things like what are the number
+of kings in the deck you know what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kings in the deck you know what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kings in the deck you know what are
+number uh you know what are what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh you know what are what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh you know what are what are the
+forces and what are all different hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and what are all different hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces and what are all different hands
+that that that you could make and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you could make and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that you could make and what
+are the point values. So that's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the point values. So that's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the point values. So that's just one
+example of things that need to be known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of things that need to be known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of things that need to be known
+by all players. Well, that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all players. Well, that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by all players. Well, that the
+assumption that all players know that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that all players know that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that all players know that.
+Sometimes all players don't know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes all players don't know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes all players don't know all
+>> like memorizing the probabilities is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like memorizing the probabilities is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> like memorizing the probabilities is a
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+>> really big players know the objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> really big players know the objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> really big players know the objective
+probabilities of a given hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of a given hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of a given hand.
+>> Yeah, actually a lot of casinos they let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, actually a lot of casinos they let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, actually a lot of casinos they let
+you bring in a card with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in a card with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring in a card with the
+probabilities. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities. You can
+>> really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> really
+>> I'm surprised that they let you do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm surprised that they let you do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm surprised that they let you do that.
+Okay. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right.
+>> I guess I guess blackjack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I guess I guess blackjack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I guess I guess blackjack.
+>> I'm pretty sure blackjack too you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm pretty sure blackjack too you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I'm pretty sure blackjack too you can
+bring in cards with numbers on. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in cards with numbers on. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring in cards with numbers on. So, you
+know, um you know that the the themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, um you know that the the themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, um you know that the the themes
+that are known to the game would be, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are known to the game would be, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are known to the game would be, of
+course, you know, shuffle order. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you know, shuffle order. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, you know, shuffle order. Uh
+I guess this happens more in blackjack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess this happens more in blackjack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess this happens more in blackjack
+where you've got like five decks all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got like five decks all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got like five decks all
+shuffled together and you know, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffled together and you know, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shuffled together and you know, you
+know, there are certain number of kings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there are certain number of kings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, there are certain number of kings
+in and they're in there somewhere. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're in there somewhere. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they're in there somewhere. So,
+if all the kings get played out, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the kings get played out, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all the kings get played out, you're
+going to have no more kings left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no more kings left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no more kings left in
+there and then you can you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you can you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then you can you can you can
+sort of do do computations from them. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do do computations from them. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do do computations from them. Um
+and uh one thing I want to clarify about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one thing I want to clarify about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh one thing I want to clarify about
+objective and proceed. Um objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and proceed. Um objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and proceed. Um objective
+doesn't necessarily mean that any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean that any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't necessarily mean that any one
+player knows whether this is good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player knows whether this is good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player knows whether this is good or
+bad. Uh the idea is that if if there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. Uh the idea is that if if there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. Uh the idea is that if if there was
+a third party observer who was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third party observer who was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third party observer who was not
+playing the game and knew all of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game and knew all of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game and knew all of game
+state, you know, look into the deck to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, you know, look into the deck to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state, you know, look into the deck to
+look into the hands, you know, uh knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into the hands, you know, uh knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look into the hands, you know, uh knows
+what's coming up or a computer running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming up or a computer running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming up or a computer running
+the game that that person that computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that that person that computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game that that person that computer
+will know to the the extent to where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know to the the extent to where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know to the the extent to where
+something is good or bad. So if you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is good or bad. So if you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is good or bad. So if you get
+a hand, you know, um probabilistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand, you know, um probabilistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand, you know, um probabilistically
+you can sort of tell, well, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of tell, well, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of tell, well, this is a
+pretty darn good hand or this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn good hand or this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn good hand or this is this is
+already probabilistically crappy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already probabilistically crappy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already probabilistically crappy.
+>> I got cheap enough suits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I got cheap enough suits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I got cheap enough suits.
+>> It might be good for that game, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It might be good for that game, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It might be good for that game, right?
+It might it might be just like I I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It might it might be just like I I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It might it might be just like I I don't
+care, you know, but it might be good if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care, you know, but it might be good if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care, you know, but it might be good if
+nobody else has anything, you know, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else has anything, you know, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else has anything, you know, but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+>> probability you're not going to have it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> probability you're not going to have it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> probability you're not going to have it.
+>> Yeah, but but pro probabilistically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, but but pro probabilistically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, but but pro probabilistically you
+want to win that. That's why you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to win that. That's why you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to win that. That's why you have
+pro players saying things like right up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro players saying things like right up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro players saying things like right up
+until this point I was winning, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this point I was winning, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until this point I was winning, you
+know, and then you know and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and then you know and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, and then you know and then you
+lost the entire game. But it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the entire game. But it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost the entire game. But it's like
+probabilistically they were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically they were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistically they were doing
+everything right. And and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right. And and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right. And and actually
+that's a lot of professional players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of professional players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of professional players
+have those strategies to uh to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those strategies to uh to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have those strategies to uh to say well
+they were doing everything right. Sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing everything right. Sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing everything right. Sure
+they they lost the hand but to them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they lost the hand but to them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they lost the hand but to them they
+were winning they were winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were winning they were winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were winning they were winning
+everywhere up up to the point where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere up up to the point where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere up up to the point where they
+fold. Uh okay next game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Uh okay next game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold. Uh okay next game
+Monopoly game let's run through the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly game let's run through the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly game let's run through the all
+players one player game etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players one player game etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players one player game etc.
+>> Uh all players know the board state. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh all players know the board state. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh all players know the board state. So
+the people that are owners of any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are owners of any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people that are owners of any of the
+properties and what's still owned by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what's still owned by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what's still owned by the
+bank. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank. Um
+everybody so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody so
+every given player knows the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every given player knows the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every given player knows the amount of
+money that they have and also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that they have and also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money that they have and also what
+valuation they place on all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation they place on all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation they place on all of their
+properties which is not known to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which is not known to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties which is not known to other
+people except kind of incidentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people except kind of incidentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people except kind of incidentally
+through their actions. Uh the game knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their actions. Uh the game knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through their actions. Uh the game knows
+the state of the community chance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the community chance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the community chance and
+sorry community chance and chance decks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry community chance and chance decks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry community chance and chance decks,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+>> And then there's randomly generated die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then there's randomly generated die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> And then there's randomly generated die
+rolls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls.
+>> Die rolls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Die rolls.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Die rolls.
+>> I I I I'm forgetting whether uh Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I I I I'm forgetting whether uh Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I I I I'm forgetting whether uh Monopoly
+requires you to show your bankroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to show your bankroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires you to show your bankroll
+clearly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly.
+>> I think so.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think so.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think so.
+>> If you want to know how much money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you want to know how much money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> If you want to know how much money
+someone else has,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else has,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else has,
+>> they have to tell you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> they have to tell you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> they have to tell you.
+>> It would be interesting to look up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It would be interesting to look up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It would be interesting to look up and
+see uh what the actual. Cool. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh what the actual. Cool. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see uh what the actual. Cool. All right.
+So popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So popular
+>> good marketing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> good marketing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> good marketing.
+>> It's very shallow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's very shallow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's very shallow.
+>> So it's really it's really familiar. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it's really it's really familiar. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it's really it's really familiar. I
+know I've so I asked friends of mine who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've so I asked friends of mine who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've so I asked friends of mine who
+have to play Monopoly but don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play Monopoly but don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to play Monopoly but don't like to
+play for instance settlers. And um a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for instance settlers. And um a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play for instance settlers. And um a lot
+of it is really you don't have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is really you don't have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is really you don't have to think
+too much about it. It's just an excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about it. It's just an excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much about it. It's just an excuse
+to sit around and talk with people. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's there's um not that much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's um not that much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's um not that much that
+kind of distinguishes somebody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distinguishes somebody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of distinguishes somebody who's
+like a incredibly good player from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a incredibly good player from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a incredibly good player from an
+incredibly bad player. It's has that bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly bad player. It's has that bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly bad player. It's has that bit
+of that any given Sunday feel to it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that any given Sunday feel to it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that any given Sunday feel to it. So
+you always have an opportunity to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have an opportunity to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you always have an opportunity to win
+there can be dramatic swings of faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be dramatic swings of faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be dramatic swings of faith
+and all that kind of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that kind of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that kind of thing.
+>> So it's kind of like adult candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it's kind of like adult candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So it's kind of like adult candy
+can you just go through the motions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just go through the motions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you just go through the motions.
+>> Yeah. But I mean, I also have friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. But I mean, I also have friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. But I mean, I also have friends
+who are like avid Monopoly players and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like avid Monopoly players and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are like avid Monopoly players and I
+really believe that there's a deep skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that there's a deep skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that there's a deep skill
+to playing Monopoly, but I'm yet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to playing Monopoly, but I'm yet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to playing Monopoly, but I'm yet to be
+convinced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced.
+>> There is a strategy. I'm not sure it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There is a strategy. I'm not sure it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There is a strategy. I'm not sure it is
+a skill.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a skill.
+>> Okay. All right. Cool. Thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. All right. Cool. Thanks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. All right. Cool. Thanks.
+>> We need Mario.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We need Mario.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We need Mario.
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sticking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sticking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sticking with
+the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game.
+>> So, except for a couple of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, except for a couple of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, except for a couple of special
+stages in general, players are aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages in general, players are aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages in general, players are aware of
+their welcome position other players um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their welcome position other players um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their welcome position other players um
+during the race. We assume everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the race. We assume everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the race. We assume everyone
+knows the maps. You play them. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the maps. You play them. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the maps. You play them. So, we
+assume everyone knows the maps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everyone knows the maps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everyone knows the maps.
+You're not sure if you know what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're not sure if you know what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're not sure if you know what other
+people like what their special powerups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like what their special powerups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like what their special powerups
+are and you can like look at the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you can like look at the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and you can like look at the screen
+and see what they have.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what they have.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what they have.
+>> Yeah. So, if you're playing against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, if you're playing against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, if you're playing against
+other humans, there are situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other humans, there are situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other humans, there are situations where
+you definitely know what they have. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely know what they have. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely know what they have. I
+don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> it's a strategy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's a strategy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's a strategy.
+>> In Mario Kart DS, you know all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> In Mario Kart DS, you know all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> In Mario Kart DS, you know all your
+opponent's items.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's items.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent's items.
+>> Yeah, that's true. That's lame.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's true. That's lame.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's true. That's lame.
+>> Suddenly on a on a simultaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Suddenly on a on a simultaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Suddenly on a on a simultaneous
+multiplayer game where your screen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game where your screen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game where your screen is
+divided into four or two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into four or two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into four or two.
+>> Yeah. You know what your opponent has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. You know what your opponent has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. You know what your opponent has
+and designers have to take that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designers have to take that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and designers have to take that into
+account.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account.
+>> Same thing for Halo, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Same thing for Halo, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Same thing for Halo, right?
+>> Yeah. Talking about just said it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Talking about just said it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Talking about just said it. You
+said counteract.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said counteract.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said counteract.
+>> Yeah. Um and let's see what else. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um and let's see what else. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um and let's see what else. Uh so
+there's um you perceive it as kind, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um you perceive it as kind, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's um you perceive it as kind, I
+guess, completely random, especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, completely random, especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess, completely random, especially if
+you don't pay much attention to it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't pay much attention to it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't pay much attention to it, but
+it's more like weighted random what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like weighted random what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like weighted random what
+items you get. And so that's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you get. And so that's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items you get. And so that's something
+that you might figure out as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might figure out as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might figure out as you go
+along that actually as you're further up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that actually as you're further up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that actually as you're further up
+uh you you get worse items. I in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you get worse items. I in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you get worse items. I in fact
+it's a good strategy in that game to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good strategy in that game to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good strategy in that game to
+remain second place for most of the race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain second place for most of the race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain second place for most of the race
+and then and then go to first. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then go to first. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then go to first. You don't
+really want to be in first place.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be in first place.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to be in first place.
+>> Now the game knows those probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Now the game knows those probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Now the game knows those probability
+rates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates.
+>> The game definitely knows that. The game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The game definitely knows that. The game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The game definitely knows that. The game
+also knows who's going to get hit by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also knows who's going to get hit by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also knows who's going to get hit by a
+red shell for example when you launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red shell for example when you launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red shell for example when you launch
+it. It's not entirely clear to me as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's not entirely clear to me as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's not entirely clear to me as a
+player when there's multiple people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player when there's multiple people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player when there's multiple people in
+front of me who's going to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me who's going to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me who's going to pick
+>> um when I shoot a green shell be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um when I shoot a green shell be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um when I shoot a green shell be back
+behind me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind me.
+You know, the game knows what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, the game knows what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You know, the game knows what's going
+on. I I know. Is that in my field of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. I I know. Is that in my field of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. I I know. Is that in my field of
+view? I might hear it. I might hear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view? I might hear it. I might hear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view? I might hear it. I might hear the
+result. I might not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. I might not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result. I might not.
+>> The game definitely understands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The game definitely understands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The game definitely understands the
+physics way better than any human player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics way better than any human player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics way better than any human player
+could possibly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could possibly.
+>> Yeah. Yeah. For sure. For sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. For sure. For sure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. For sure. For sure.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> The game knows all the players positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The game knows all the players positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The game knows all the players positions
+and abilities, but it doesn't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abilities, but it doesn't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and abilities, but it doesn't know what
+they're going to do or how they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do or how they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do or how they're going
+to interact with each other. It also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interact with each other. It also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to interact with each other. It also
+doesn't presumably actually know uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't presumably actually know uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't presumably actually know uh what
+items are coming up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items are coming up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items are coming up.
+>> Oh, and then another thing is as players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, and then another thing is as players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, and then another thing is as players
+you can learn the patterns of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn the patterns of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can learn the patterns of some of
+the of the hazards and and and be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the hazards and and and be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the hazards and and and be able
+to be able to predict which way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to predict which way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to predict which way to go
+depending on when you where how you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on when you where how you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on when you where how you know
+a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain
+>> that's like knowing a map, right? That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's like knowing a map, right? That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's like knowing a map, right? That's
+like knowing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like knowing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like knowing.
+>> Yeah. What if any of them are random?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. What if any of them are random?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. What if any of them are random?
+Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually,
+>> depends.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> depends.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> depends.
+>> Some of them are random. But uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Some of them are random. But uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Some of them are random. But uh one
+thing to keep in mind about randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind about randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to keep in mind about randomly
+generated computers obviously uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated computers obviously uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated computers obviously uh well
+maybe not it's not obvious but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not it's not obvious but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not it's not obvious but uh
+computers actually have a real tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers actually have a real tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers actually have a real tough
+time generating really random numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time generating really random numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time generating really random numbers.
+>> It's a pseudo random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's a pseudo random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's a pseudo random
+>> is they could that's why they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is they could that's why they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is they could that's why they're called
+pseudo random. Uh so so to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random. Uh so so to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random. Uh so so to some extent
+the computer knows but it's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer knows but it's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer knows but it's trying
+really really hard not to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard not to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really hard not to know that
+coming up but it's really really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up but it's really really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up but it's really really useful
+if you ever go into game design uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever go into game design uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever go into game design uh for
+digital games uh to use that to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital games uh to use that to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital games uh to use that to your
+advantage because you can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because you can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage because you can use that to
+reproduce problematic situations. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce problematic situations. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce problematic situations. Uh
+it's like yeah random number generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like yeah random number generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like yeah random number generator
+that we have absolute control over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have absolute control over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have absolute control over uh
+and you use that to uh to your advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use that to uh to your advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you use that to uh to your advantage
+when you're trying to find bugs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to find bugs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to find bugs.
+>> Cool. Thanks. Um, so just remind we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Thanks. Um, so just remind we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. Thanks. Um, so just remind we did
+go fish. So I mean clearly every player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go fish. So I mean clearly every player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go fish. So I mean clearly every player
+knows what's in his hand, knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's in his hand, knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what's in his hand, knows what
+pairs have been played thus far, knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs have been played thus far, knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs have been played thus far, knows
+how many cards people have and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cards people have and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cards people have and stuff
+like that. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that. Um,
+>> generally people should know what cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> generally people should know what cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> generally people should know what cards
+have been given from one player to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been given from one player to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been given from one player to
+another player. They might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another player. They might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another player. They might have
+forgotten that. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten that. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten that. Um
+sometimes there's a situation where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a situation where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's a situation where uh
+most of the players don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the players don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the players don't know which
+pairs can be possibly made at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs can be possibly made at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs can be possibly made at a given
+point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point.
+>> Sometimes one player may know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sometimes one player may know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sometimes one player may know that
+because he might have one card that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he might have one card that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he might have one card that
+someone else gave their card to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else gave their card to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else gave their card to somebody
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+>> or something like this. But the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or something like this. But the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or something like this. But the game
+definitely knows this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely knows this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely knows this.
+>> Um also the order of the deck is random.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um also the order of the deck is random.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um also the order of the deck is random.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> At least right at the beginning first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> At least right at the beginning first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> At least right at the beginning first.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+>> Cool. So for Scrabble, all the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. So for Scrabble, all the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Cool. So for Scrabble, all the players
+know the pieces on the board. They all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pieces on the board. They all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pieces on the board. They all
+know the letter frequencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the letter frequencies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the letter frequencies.
+>> They don't know what tiles you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They don't know what tiles you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> They don't know what tiles you're going
+to get next. The bag is random graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get next. The bag is random graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get next. The bag is random graph.
+>> What does everyone know the dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What does everyone know the dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> What does everyone know the dictionary
+though? Like the dictionary knows it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though? Like the dictionary knows it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though? Like the dictionary knows it.
+>> I mean that that's the knowledge that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I mean that that's the knowledge that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I mean that that's the knowledge that is
+both available to one player and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both available to one player and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both available to one player and to the
+game. Technically the game has official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Technically the game has official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Technically the game has official
+Scrabble dictionary. uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble dictionary. uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scrabble dictionary. uh if you're
+playing a digital version then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a digital version then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a digital version then they're
+probably using it. Uh you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably using it. Uh you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably using it. Uh you're playing
+against your family, they probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your family, they probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against your family, they probably don't
+accept, you know, certain two letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept, you know, certain two letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept, you know, certain two letter
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+in the dictionary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dictionary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dictionary.
+>> Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um
+>> we also don't know like what the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we also don't know like what the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> we also don't know like what the other
+players have like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players have like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players have like,
+>> right? So one person only knows like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? So one person only knows like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> right? So one person only knows like
+what they have, but then like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have, but then like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they have, but then like the other
+three aren't really. But then again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three aren't really. But then again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three aren't really. But then again,
+towards the end of the game, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the game, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end of the game, we
+discussed how if you're playing with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how if you're playing with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed how if you're playing with two
+people, you can probabilistically figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, you can probabilistically figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, you can probabilistically figure
+out what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they
+>> or figure out what you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or figure out what you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> or figure out what you're going to get
+next when you draw.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next when you draw.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next when you draw.
+>> It's also more likely for you to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's also more likely for you to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's also more likely for you to figure
+out as as the game goes on and piles get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as as the game goes on and piles get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as as the game goes on and piles get
+clear, what letters will never come up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear, what letters will never come up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear, what letters will never come up.
+>> At pro at pro levels of Scrabble, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> At pro at pro levels of Scrabble, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> At pro at pro levels of Scrabble, they
+do know exactly what final steps, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know exactly what final steps, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do know exactly what final steps, right?
+There's a there's like a certain point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a there's like a certain point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a there's like a certain point
+that you get to at which point Scrabble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to at which point Scrabble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to at which point Scrabble
+players just know what's left and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players just know what's left and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players just know what's left and work
+out kind of all the possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out kind of all the possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out kind of all the possible.
+>> At that point, do you just like keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> At that point, do you just like keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> At that point, do you just like keep
+letters that are more likely to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that are more likely to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters that are more likely to work
+with what's in the bag? Like how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's in the bag? Like how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what's in the bag? Like how does
+how do you use that to your advantage?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you use that to your advantage?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you use that to your advantage?
+>> After all the files drawn, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> yeah, you're trying to prevent them from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah, you're trying to prevent them from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> yeah, you're trying to prevent them from
+using the letters that they've got. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the letters that they've got. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the letters that they've got. Uh
+but if you uh most scramble boards uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you uh most scramble boards uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you uh most scramble boards uh
+although I don't know if all scramble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't know if all scramble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I don't know if all scramble
+boards have this they actually show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards have this they actually show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards have this they actually show the
+frequency in which a number of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in which a number of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in which a number of uh the
+number of letters the number of tiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of letters the number of tiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of letters the number of tiles
+for any given letter are in there. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given letter are in there. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any given letter are in there. So
+it's actually expected that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually expected that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually expected that you're going
+to take this into account. It's like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this into account. It's like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this into account. It's like oh
+four you know there are only four hes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know there are only four hes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four you know there are only four hes or
+something like that and they're all out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and they're all out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and they're all out.
+All right there's none coming down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right there's none coming down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right there's none coming down.
+>> Random other Scrabble facts. found out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Random other Scrabble facts. found out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Random other Scrabble facts. found out a
+lot about Scrabble when I was reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about Scrabble when I was reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about Scrabble when I was reading
+about computational Scrabble planes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computational Scrabble planes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about computational Scrabble planes.
+Apparently in Scrabble tournaments,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently in Scrabble tournaments,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apparently in Scrabble tournaments,
+people like they have a chess clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like they have a chess clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like they have a chess clock
+system, right, for making sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, right, for making sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, right, for making sure it
+doesn't go over time. And apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go over time. And apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go over time. And apparently
+people set aside like half their time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people set aside like half their time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people set aside like half their time to
+playing the end game of Scrabble,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the end game of Scrabble,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the end game of Scrabble,
+>> which is the point at which at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which is the point at which at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> which is the point at which at which
+there's basically full information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically full information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically full information
+>> and then you're just sitting there out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then you're just sitting there out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and then you're just sitting there out
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+what the best sequence of play is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the best sequence of play is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the best sequence of play is to
+beat your opponent and it becomes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat your opponent and it becomes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat your opponent and it becomes like
+chess.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How much time do you get on the test?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much time do you get on the test?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much time do you get on the test?
+>> I don't even remember.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> So yeah, high level Scrabble is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So yeah, high level Scrabble is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So yeah, high level Scrabble is
+completely different from the Scrabble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from the Scrabble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different from the Scrabble
+when you play. It's crazy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play. It's crazy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you play. It's crazy.
+>> I'd love to find a video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Okay. All right. Uh still got some time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. All right. Uh still got some time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. All right. Uh still got some time.
+Great. Uh let's talk about cybernetics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Uh let's talk about cybernetics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. Uh let's talk about cybernetics.
+um cybernetics are you know given that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cybernetics are you know given that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cybernetics are you know given that I
+kind of invented at MIT uh is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of invented at MIT uh is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of invented at MIT uh is something
+that you probably encountered and I' we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably encountered and I' we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably encountered and I' we
+mentioned this a few times the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this a few times the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this a few times the whole
+idea of feedback I want to break this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of feedback I want to break this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of feedback I want to break this
+down a little bit though uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit though uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a little bit though uh because
+um feedback works uh the the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feedback works uh the the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feedback works uh the the official
+sense of feedbacks in the sort of theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of feedbacks in the sort of theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of feedbacks in the sort of theory
+of cybernetic systems as written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cybernetic systems as written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cybernetic systems as written by
+Robert weer back in the 40s I think um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert weer back in the 40s I think um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert weer back in the 40s I think um
+is that there is a sensor something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is a sensor something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there is a sensor something
+which measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measures
+what the system is doing. There is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the system is doing. There is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the system is doing. There is a
+comp there's a comparator which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp there's a comparator which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comp there's a comparator which is
+in his era was a machine and in our era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his era was a machine and in our era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his era was a machine and in our era
+is probably a rule a logic a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably a rule a logic a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably a rule a logic a statement
+uh you know you know that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you know that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you know that that that that
+compares this against some sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares this against some sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compares this against some sort of uh
+set value or some sort of rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set value or some sort of rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set value or some sort of rule and
+decides to take action um and activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to take action um and activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to take action um and activate
+and you can think of this this way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of this this way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of this this way all
+as you know your sensor is the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know your sensor is the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know your sensor is the variable
+that you're looking at or a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking at or a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're looking at or a certain
+collection of variables that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of variables that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of variables that you're
+looking at. So, what are you looking at?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at. So, what are you looking at?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at. So, what are you looking at?
+A comparator is a rule that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A comparator is a rule that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A comparator is a rule that you're
+comparing against. Uh, you know, it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing against. Uh, you know, it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing against. Uh, you know, it's um
+I'm trying to pick a game that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to pick a game that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to pick a game that no one
+has mentioned here so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has mentioned here so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has mentioned here so far
+uh that has a good feedback system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has a good feedback system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that has a good feedback system.
+Say, um I I I played a version of cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say, um I I I played a version of cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say, um I I I played a version of cops
+and robbers as a kid where every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and robbers as a kid where every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and robbers as a kid where every time
+you c you the cop caught a robber, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you c you the cop caught a robber, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you c you the cop caught a robber, the
+robber would have to go into a jail area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robber would have to go into a jail area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robber would have to go into a jail area
+and couldn't get out of it. to someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and couldn't get out of it. to someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and couldn't get out of it. to someone
+tagged him, someone from the robber team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged him, someone from the robber team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged him, someone from the robber team
+tag them. Uh, and the basic idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag them. Uh, and the basic idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag them. Uh, and the basic idea is that
+the fewer people there are in a field,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewer people there are in a field,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fewer people there are in a field,
+assuming they are playing in a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming they are playing in a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming they are playing in a fixed
+space. The more robbers there are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. The more robbers there are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. The more robbers there are in a
+jail, the easier it is for a robber to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail, the easier it is for a robber to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jail, the easier it is for a robber to
+run uh uh actually because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh uh actually because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run uh uh actually because they have
+more freedom. Sure, there are more cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more freedom. Sure, there are more cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more freedom. Sure, there are more cops
+to any given robber so they can do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any given robber so they can do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any given robber so they can do uh
+kind of flanking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flanking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of flanking,
+but one of the variables that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the variables that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the variables that we're
+looking at are how many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are how many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at are how many people are
+currently in jail. Um and uh and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently in jail. Um and uh and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently in jail. Um and uh and an
+activator is basically what's the rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activator is basically what's the rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activator is basically what's the rule
+or what's the game dynamic that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's the game dynamic that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what's the game dynamic that comes
+into play. So that's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play. So that's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into play. So that's kind of interesting
+thing about the cops and robbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the cops and robbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about the cops and robbers uh
+situation. I want to have more space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. I want to have more space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. I want to have more space to
+run when all my buddies are in jail, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run when all my buddies are in jail, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run when all my buddies are in jail, but
+there are a lot more cops going after me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot more cops going after me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot more cops going after me
+and that actually uh means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually uh means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that actually uh means that it's
+easier for them to flank me even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for them to flank me even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for them to flank me even though
+I have more space to run. So those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more space to run. So those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have more space to run. So those are
+both a negative and a positive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a negative and a positive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both a negative and a positive uh
+feedback system. more space to run is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system. more space to run is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system. more space to run is
+actually a negative feedback system. it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a negative feedback system. it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a negative feedback system. it
+uh and how you tell the difference is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and how you tell the difference is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and how you tell the difference is is
+it stabilizing to my state or is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stabilizing to my state or is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stabilizing to my state or is it
+cumulative to my state uh if if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative to my state uh if if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative to my state uh if if it's
+stabilizing which means you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing which means you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing which means you know I'm
+doing badly my team is doing badly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing badly my team is doing badly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing badly my team is doing badly but
+this is now giving me an edge uh or I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now giving me an edge uh or I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now giving me an edge uh or I'm
+doing really well and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really well and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing really well and this is really
+crappy um Mario Kart has tons of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy um Mario Kart has tons of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crappy um Mario Kart has tons of these
+um those are negative feedback those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are negative feedback those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those are negative feedback those
+those are things that basically reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that basically reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things that basically reduce
+the the uh the gap between the best and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the gap between the best and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the uh the gap between the best and
+and the people who were doing well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who were doing well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people who were doing well,
+people doing well. Positive feedback is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing well. Positive feedback is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people doing well. Positive feedback is
+accumulated. They're doing well, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated. They're doing well, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulated. They're doing well, they're
+going to do even better. So, the cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do even better. So, the cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do even better. So, the cops
+have got everybody but one and now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got everybody but one and now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have got everybody but one and now it's
+five to one game. You know, the cops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to one game. You know, the cops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to one game. You know, the cops
+have a that that's a positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that that's a positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a that that's a positive feedback
+system because now now they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because now now they can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because now now they can do
+tactics as opposed to everyone going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactics as opposed to everyone going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactics as opposed to everyone going
+after someone. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after someone. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after someone. Um
+uh and and you have these two feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you have these two feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and you have these two feedback
+loops kind of working together. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops kind of working together. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops kind of working together. There
+are tons of these in games. uh and games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tons of these in games. uh and games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are tons of these in games. uh and games
+aren't really the kinds of closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really the kinds of closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really the kinds of closed
+systems that cybernet that cybernetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that cybernet that cybernetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that cybernet that cybernetics
+was actually originally designed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually originally designed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually originally designed to
+handle. Um in fact very few systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle. Um in fact very few systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle. Um in fact very few systems are
+actually closed systems in that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually closed systems in that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually closed systems in that way and
+games are actually better than most. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are actually better than most. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games are actually better than most. Um
+but let's but let's talk about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's but let's talk about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's but let's talk about you know
+uh what's in all of the games we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's in all of the games we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's in all of the games we're
+talking about. What are some of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. What are some of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about. What are some of some of
+the negative feedback loops? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative feedback loops? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative feedback loops? What are
+some of the positive feedback loops?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the positive feedback loops?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the positive feedback loops?
+Mario Kart team, you've got way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart team, you've got way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mario Kart team, you've got way too
+easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Think of someone the game. you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Think of someone the game. you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Think of someone the game. you think of
+some of the games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the games.
+>> Yeah, that's what I didn't know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's what I didn't know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah, that's what I didn't know that the
+AI automatically go faster if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI automatically go faster if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI automatically go faster if there's a
+huge gap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge gap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge gap.
+>> That's more than just a Mario Kart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's more than just a Mario Kart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's more than just a Mario Kart
+actually. It does a lot of racing games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. It does a lot of racing games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. It does a lot of racing games.
+>> Also, when if you're playing like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also, when if you're playing like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also, when if you're playing like the
+Grand Prix, there's always three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Prix, there's always three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grand Prix, there's always three
+computers that are always better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that are always better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers that are always better than
+everyone else and then all the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else and then all the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else and then all the rest of
+them. So, they will always be the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So, they will always be the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So, they will always be the ones
+that are in the top four like they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the top four like they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in the top four like they're in
+the top always.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top always.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top always.
+>> But Mario Kart, think of different game,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But Mario Kart, think of different game,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> But Mario Kart, think of different game,
+but let's take a look. Go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take a look. Go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's take a look. Go through all
+the games. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games. Uh
+>> uh sure. Think about chess. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh sure. Think about chess. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh sure. Think about chess. Actually,
+chess and white actually be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and white actually be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess and white actually be an
+interesting one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one for
+>> No, but shot chess we take a shot after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, but shot chess we take a shot after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No, but shot chess we take a shot after
+shot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot.
+>> Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+>> That gets too easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That gets too easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That gets too easy.
+>> Well, it depends on Well, take it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, it depends on Well, take it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, it depends on Well, take it can be
+negative feedback, but there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback, but there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback, but there's also the
+method positive feedback. It depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method positive feedback. It depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method positive feedback. It depends on
+how you play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you play.
+>> Yeah. Winner takes any drinking game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Winner takes any drinking game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Winner takes any drinking game
+pretty much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> It depends on what your goals are,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It depends on what your goals are,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It depends on what your goals are,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+Shot chest. Shot chest. You can have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shot chest. Shot chest. You can have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shot chest. Shot chest. You can have it
+that whenever you take a piece, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you take a piece, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you take a piece, you have
+to drink that piece. But then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drink that piece. But then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drink that piece. But then there's
+also whenever you take a piece, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also whenever you take a piece, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also whenever you take a piece, the
+opponent has to drink the piece.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent has to drink the piece.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent has to drink the piece.
+>> So that means so it can either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that means so it can either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that means so it can either be
+negative or positive feedback depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive feedback depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or positive feedback depending
+on how you play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how you play.
+>> Yeah. But but but let's pick a version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. But but but let's pick a version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. But but but let's pick a version
+of the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Uh ideally pick the same game, but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh ideally pick the same game, but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Uh ideally pick the same game, but if
+it's too boring, pick something else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too boring, pick something else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's too boring, pick something else.
+The same criteria.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, uh let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, uh let's start
+from somewhere in the middle, which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere in the middle, which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somewhere in the middle, which I
+think is this right here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is this right here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is this right here.
+>> So, we took a pretty easy one, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, we took a pretty easy one, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, we took a pretty easy one, but it's
+pretty like mathematical feedback. We we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty like mathematical feedback. We we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty like mathematical feedback. We we
+did war. Okay. Statistically, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did war. Okay. Statistically, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did war. Okay. Statistically, if you're
+winning, every time you win, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning, every time you win, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winning, every time you win, you're
+lowering the value of your cards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the value of your cards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the value of your cards.
+>> You get the average value of your deck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You get the average value of your deck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You get the average value of your deck.
+>> Yeah. So, mathematically,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, mathematically,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So, mathematically,
+positive feedback loop, right? Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loop, right? Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loop, right? Right.
+Right. Lowering the fact that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Lowering the fact that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Lowering the fact that you're
+getting more cards. Negative the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more cards. Negative the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more cards. Negative the fact
+that you're lowering the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're lowering the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're lowering the average value
+within your deck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your deck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within your deck.
+>> So which which makes it harder for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So which which makes it harder for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So which which makes it harder for you
+to keep winning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep winning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep winning.
+>> Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Exactly.
+>> Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay.
+>> So that's just negative feedback. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's just negative feedback. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So that's just negative feedback. Any
+positive feedback loop?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loop?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loop?
+>> There's a small positive feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There's a small positive feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There's a small positive feedback loop
+in so far as you can't win unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so far as you can't win unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so far as you can't win unless you
+get all the cards. So thus winning hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the cards. So thus winning hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the cards. So thus winning hands
+gets you more cards gets you closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you more cards gets you closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you more cards gets you closer to
+winning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Well, the more cards you have, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the more cards you have, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the more cards you have, the
+closer you're at winning. That's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you're at winning. That's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer you're at winning. That's like
+saying any game with points, the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying any game with points, the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying any game with points, the more
+points you get, you're closer to winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you get, you're closer to winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points you get, you're closer to winning
+their positive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their positive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their positive.
+>> Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah,
+>> I guess those cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I guess those cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I guess those cards
+>> logically, but it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> logically, but it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> logically, but it's kind of
+>> Well, the only other one is if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the only other one is if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Well, the only other one is if you if
+you have a war,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a war,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a war,
+>> then you win those three extra cards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then you win those three extra cards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> then you win those three extra cards and
+depending on what they are could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what they are could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what they are could be
+positive, negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive, negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive, negative.
+>> Okay, great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay, great.
+>> Which way should we go? This this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Which way should we go? This this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Which way should we go? This this way.
+>> We switch to settlers. a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We switch to settlers. a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We switch to settlers. a bunch of
+feedback loops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops.
+>> Um, obviously like the more points you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, obviously like the more points you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um, obviously like the more points you
+get, assuming those points are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get, assuming those points are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get, assuming those points are like
+cities and settlements and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and settlements and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and settlements and the more
+resources you're going to get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you're going to get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources you're going to get in the
+future and those points you can build.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and those points you can build.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and those points you can build.
+So like eventually one player just has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like eventually one player just has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So like eventually one player just has
+so much stuff can do whatever they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much stuff can do whatever they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much stuff can do whatever they want
+to positive, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to positive, right?
+>> Yeah. Um, there's also negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um, there's also negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Um, there's also negative feedback
+like the sensor is the relative prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sensor is the relative prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sensor is the relative prices
+of resources. the more one resource is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources. the more one resource is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resources. the more one resource is
+worth in time in comparison to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth in time in comparison to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth in time in comparison to the other
+ones, the more people try to build on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones, the more people try to build on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones, the more people try to build on
+that resource brick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resource brick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resource brick
+>> and the less that resource would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and the less that resource would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and the less that resource would be
+worth in the future. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth in the future. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth in the future. So
+>> the long term they tend to balance out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the long term they tend to balance out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> the long term they tend to balance out
+instead of having one go randomly out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having one go randomly out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having one go randomly out of
+control.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control.
+>> Think about that one. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Think about that one. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Think about that one. That's
+interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Also like the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also like the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Also like the more
+this isn't exactly feedback, but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't exactly feedback, but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't exactly feedback, but like
+the more the better you're doing, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the better you're doing, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the better you're doing, the
+less likely people are going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely people are going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less likely people are going to try to
+Yeah, that's that's that's that that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's that's that's that that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's that's that's that that in
+my opinion is the biggest negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion is the biggest negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my opinion is the biggest negative
+feedback loop in the entire game. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop in the entire game. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop in the entire game. If
+you're in the league, everyone hates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the league, everyone hates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in the league, everyone hates
+you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you.
+>> You're not actually making any progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You're not actually making any progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> You're not actually making any progress
+in the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the game.
+>> Okay. There's also um if if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. There's also um if if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. There's also um if if you have a
+bunch of resources like if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of resources like if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of resources like if you have a
+bunch of cities on like a resource and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cities on like a resource and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of cities on like a resource and
+so like if someone draws a six and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if someone draws a six and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if someone draws a six and you
+end up getting like six resources from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting like six resources from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up getting like six resources from a
+tile then that's higher probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile then that's higher probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile then that's higher probability that
+if someone draws or rolls a seven the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone draws or rolls a seven the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone draws or rolls a seven the
+>> so I guess that's negative feedback too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the welling the servant and losing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welling the servant and losing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the welling the servant and losing your
+cards mechanic is very much a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards mechanic is very much a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards mechanic is very much a negative
+feedback like I'm so rich now I'm not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback like I'm so rich now I'm not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback like I'm so rich now I'm not so
+rich you know and people who are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich you know and people who are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich you know and people who are kind of
+poor says I still got the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor says I still got the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor says I still got the same number
+same that's that that's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that's that that's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same that's that that's negative
+feedback um a couple of things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback um a couple of things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback um a couple of things about
+negative feedback u uh to to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback u uh to to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback u uh to to keep in
+mind is that uh negative feedback does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that uh negative feedback does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is that uh negative feedback does
+tend to make games last longer it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make games last longer it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to make games last longer it it
+sort of staves out the ending of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of staves out the ending of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of staves out the ending of the
+game because obviously the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because obviously the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game because obviously the difference
+between the people in the lead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the people in the lead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the people in the lead and
+people not in the lead are narrowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not in the lead are narrowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not in the lead are narrowed to
+the point that sometimes folks are back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that sometimes folks are back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point that sometimes folks are back
+in contention again and uh positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contention again and uh positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contention again and uh positive
+feedback tends to make things end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback tends to make things end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback tends to make things end
+sooner. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sooner. Um
+uh oh. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh. Um
+okay. All right. I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. All right. I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. All right. I'll get
+>> um so in Scrabble, the main one that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um so in Scrabble, the main one that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um so in Scrabble, the main one that we
+came up with was that if you play a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was that if you play a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with was that if you play a long
+word, you get a lot of points, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word, you get a lot of points, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word, you get a lot of points, but you
+and you also get a lot of tiles, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also get a lot of tiles, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also get a lot of tiles, which
+gives you opportunity to the next turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you opportunity to the next turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you opportunity to the next turn
+play more points or get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play more points or get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play more points or get like
+>> Oh, yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, yeah. Yeah.
+>> There's also that the more tiles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There's also that the more tiles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> There's also that the more tiles you
+play, the less tiles there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play, the less tiles there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play, the less tiles there are
+available. So that's kind of It's both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. So that's kind of It's both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. So that's kind of It's both
+positive and negative. That was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative. That was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative. That was
+>> immunity and yeah, it becomes kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> immunity and yeah, it becomes kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> immunity and yeah, it becomes kind of a
+negative feedback loop because you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback loop because you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative feedback loop because you may
+just end up with fewer times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just end up with fewer times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just end up with fewer times.
+>> That's true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's true.
+>> Any other negative?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Any other negative?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Any other negative?
+>> We try to make it into a show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We try to make it into a show.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We try to make it into a show.
+>> Okay. That's that's let's that's put off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. That's that's let's that's put off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Okay. That's that's let's that's put off
+that discussion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion.
+>> Yeah. Every time you play a bigger word,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Every time you play a bigger word,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Every time you play a bigger word,
+it's easier for someone else to play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier for someone else to play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier for someone else to play a
+word off of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word off of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word off of that.
+That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's
+>> um that's an interesting thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um that's an interesting thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> um that's an interesting thing because
+um that's actually a counter example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's actually a counter example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's actually a counter example to
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+a point that was that was made by Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that was that was made by Eric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point that was that was made by Eric
+Zimmerman because he argues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zimmerman because he argues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zimmerman because he argues that
+positive feedback actually magnifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback actually magnifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback actually magnifies
+early successes and negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early successes and negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early successes and negative feedback
+tends to magnify late ones just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to magnify late ones just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to magnify late ones just like in
+the Mario Kart example. It's great to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mario Kart example. It's great to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Mario Kart example. It's great to be
+the second place, right? Because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second place, right? Because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second place, right? Because you
+know if you do a late a late game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you do a late a late game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you do a late a late game
+success that propels you in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success that propels you in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success that propels you in the first
+place just as the game ends. Uh whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place just as the game ends. Uh whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place just as the game ends. Uh whereas
+uh uh some of the examples that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh some of the examples that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh some of the examples that we've
+been hearing on public feedback, uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hearing on public feedback, uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been hearing on public feedback, uh you
+know, if you manage to be the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you manage to be the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, if you manage to be the first one
+to build a city in settlers, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a city in settlers, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a city in settlers, you know,
+uh that tends to perpetuate your success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tends to perpetuate your success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that tends to perpetuate your success
+for the rest of the game. Uh the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the game. Uh the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of the game. Uh the game
+isn't quite as predictable as that, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite as predictable as that, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite as predictable as that, but
+you know, it's it's it's it's designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's it's it's designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's it's it's it's designed
+that way at least. Um but in but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way at least. Um but in but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way at least. Um but in but that's
+that's a very very good example of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very good example of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very very good example of the
+you know you got this negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you got this negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you got this negative feedback
+loop near the end of the game where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop near the end of the game where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop near the end of the game where uh
+where you have a success by playing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a success by playing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a success by playing all
+of your tiles but the bag is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your tiles but the bag is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your tiles but the bag is almost
+empty. So now you are not getting not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty. So now you are not getting not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty. So now you are not getting not
+only are you not getting an advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are you not getting an advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are you not getting an advantage
+that early that late game success isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early that late game success isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that early that late game success isn't
+translating into any kind of uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating into any kind of uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating into any kind of uh of of
+significant advantage later on. Still,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant advantage later on. Still,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant advantage later on. Still,
+you know, it's uh it's as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's uh it's as a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, it's uh it's as a general
+rule, if you are dealing with a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule, if you are dealing with a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule, if you are dealing with a limited
+resource like tiles, uh then you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource like tiles, uh then you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource like tiles, uh then you know,
+you do have this situation where a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have this situation where a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do have this situation where a
+positive feedback gain a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback gain a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback gain a positive
+feedback loop is kind of amplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop is kind of amplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop is kind of amplifying
+early successes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early successes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early successes
+and negative feedback loops make late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative feedback loops make late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative feedback loops make late
+successes more powerful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes more powerful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes more powerful.
+>> So, we're basically with a starcraft. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, we're basically with a starcraft. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, we're basically with a starcraft. I
+think with the starcraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with the starcraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think with the starcraft
+the some of the This positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the This positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the some of the This positive feedback
+is that the more worker you build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the more worker you build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the more worker you build and
+then the more you can get the mirror.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the more you can get the mirror.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the more you can get the mirror.
+>> The more workers you build, the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The more workers you build, the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> The more workers you build, the more
+cash you get, the more cash you get, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash you get, the more cash you get, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash you get, the more cash you get, the
+more workers you can build.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more workers you can build.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more workers you can build.
+>> That's the another positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's the another positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's the another positive feedback
+loop is the the more that you destroy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is the the more that you destroy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is the the more that you destroy
+like you conquer your opponents, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you conquer your opponents, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you conquer your opponents, the
+harder it is for them to build up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder it is for them to build up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder it is for them to build up and
+defend against you. Well, it the easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend against you. Well, it the easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defend against you. Well, it the easier
+it is for you to beat them. On the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for you to beat them. On the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for you to beat them. On the other
+hand, you want your feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, you want your feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand, you want your feedback.
+>> Oh, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Oh, then
+>> I think the positive feedback just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think the positive feedback just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think the positive feedback just like
+emphasize a lot of early game strategy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize a lot of early game strategy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize a lot of early game strategy.
+>> So, a negative feedback loop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, a negative feedback loop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, a negative feedback loop in
+Starcraft would be the faster you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starcraft would be the faster you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starcraft would be the faster you the
+more you expand your territories, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you expand your territories, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you expand your territories, the
+harder is for you to defend because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder is for you to defend because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder is for you to defend because
+you're spreading out your resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spreading out your resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spreading out your resources and
+the more friends you have. So the easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more friends you have. So the easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more friends you have. So the easier
+it is for your opponents to attack you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for your opponents to attack you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for your opponents to attack you.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah. We were having that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. We were having that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. We were having that little
+discussion earlier and finding finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion earlier and finding finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion earlier and finding finding
+other negative people nukes was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other negative people nukes was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other negative people nukes was kind of
+tricky. Actually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. Actually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky. Actually,
+>> another one that we I thought of was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> another one that we I thought of was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> another one that we I thought of was the
+the more the more uh research that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the more uh research that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the more uh research that you
+do, the less resources you have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, the less resources you have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do, the less resources you have for
+building units or workers and such. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building units or workers and such. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building units or workers and such. And
+so you have to decide. I mean, you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to decide. I mean, you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to decide. I mean, you'll
+power up your units, but you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power up your units, but you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power up your units, but you may have
+less to actually build those units.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less to actually build those units.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less to actually build those units.
+But probably not really. It's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But probably not really. It's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But probably not really. It's that's a
+very small negative loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small negative loop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small negative loop.
+>> I think another negative is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think another negative is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I think another negative is like the
+more troops you have like the less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more troops you have like the less like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more troops you have like the less like
+attention you can give to all each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention you can give to all each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention you can give to all each of
+them. So like hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So like hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So like hard
+>> less effectively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> less effectively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> less effectively.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Yeah. The more the more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The more the more different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. The more the more different
+screens you got to you got to keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens you got to you got to keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens you got to you got to keep your
+eye on basically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on basically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on basically.
+>> That's the thing that's the great thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's the thing that's the great thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> That's the thing that's the great thing
+about the the control one. So one go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the control one. So one go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the control one. So one go
+here two go here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two go here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two go here.
+So, one thing about team games though is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one thing about team games though is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one thing about team games though is
+there's a huge positive feedback if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge positive feedback if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a huge positive feedback if
+you're doing four or 3B 3D and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing four or 3B 3D and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing four or 3B 3D and you take
+out one of them and it's like so many so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one of them and it's like so many so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out one of them and it's like so many so
+much easier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier.
+>> Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes.
+>> It's just harder than 3B2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's just harder than 3B2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> It's just harder than 3B2.
+>> Then you have a bunch of risk cuz what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Then you have a bunch of risk cuz what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Then you have a bunch of risk cuz what
+happens if you try taking out taking out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you try taking out taking out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you try taking out taking out
+one person, but then you fail and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person, but then you fail and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person, but then you fail and now
+you're weak, but then they have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're weak, but then they have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're weak, but then they have a lot
+more. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. There
+>> is risk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is risk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> is risk.
+>> Yeah. So there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So there's an interesting
+comparison with Warcraft 3 which did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison with Warcraft 3 which did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison with Warcraft 3 which did
+have negative feedback loop where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative feedback loop where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative feedback loop where if
+your army gets past a certain size then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your army gets past a certain size then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your army gets past a certain size then
+it costs more you kind of get taxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs more you kind of get taxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it costs more you kind of get taxed
+income.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income.
+>> Um yeah I don't know if you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um yeah I don't know if you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um yeah I don't know if you guys know
+about this. Yeah. Basically think think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. Yeah. Basically think think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this. Yeah. Basically think think
+like Starcraft but then you have a food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Starcraft but then you have a food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Starcraft but then you have a food
+count but once you get past a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count but once you get past a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count but once you get past a certain
+food count then each of your peons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food count then each of your peons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food count then each of your peons
+brings in less gold from the farm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in less gold from the farm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings in less gold from the farm sorry
+from the gold mine. And it gets even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gold mine. And it gets even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gold mine. And it gets even
+worse the more troops you get. So you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse the more troops you get. So you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse the more troops you get. So you're
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+>> punished for being too far ahead.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> punished for being too far ahead.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> punished for being too far ahead.
+>> There's a very clear negative feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> I This isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I This isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I This isn't a
+strict negative feedback loop, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict negative feedback loop, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strict negative feedback loop, but it's
+interesting to look at uh the resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at uh the resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to look at uh the resource
+management. Um basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. Um basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management. Um basically
+investing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in
+units that bring in more resources or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that bring in more resources or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that bring in more resources or
+investing in other units that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in other units that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in other units that do
+fighting are all different positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting are all different positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting are all different positive
+feedback loops. And you can view not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops. And you can view not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops. And you can view not
+investing as negative feedback loops in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing as negative feedback loops in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing as negative feedback loops in
+those areas. Although that's really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas. Although that's really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those areas. Although that's really not
+completely true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely true.
+>> Yeah. Yeah. I'm not sure if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. I'm not sure if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. I'm not sure if you're
+giving me trying to say that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me trying to say that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving me trying to say that negative
+feedback, but you're right. They are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback, but you're right. They are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback, but you're right. They are
+different positive feedback loops. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positive feedback loops. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different positive feedback loops. They
+work very differently. You know, winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very differently. You know, winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very differently. You know, winning
+a battle makes it easier for you to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a battle makes it easier for you to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a battle makes it easier for you to win
+later battles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later battles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later battles,
+>> but winning a uh but building more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but winning a uh but building more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> but winning a uh but building more
+workers makes it easier for you to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers makes it easier for you to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers makes it easier for you to build
+more units. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more units. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more units. So
+>> uh kind of a not apparent uh positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh kind of a not apparent uh positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> uh kind of a not apparent uh positive
+feedback is the starcraft uh upgrading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is the starcraft uh upgrading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback is the starcraft uh upgrading
+attack power by just once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack power by just once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack power by just once
+greatly increases its efficiency because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly increases its efficiency because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly increases its efficiency because
+now two attacks will take down four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two attacks will take down four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now two attacks will take down four
+three attacks. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three attacks. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three attacks. I
+>> I don't want to get into that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't want to get into that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I don't want to get into that much
+detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail.
+>> Very important. So I just went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Very important. So I just went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Very important. So I just went
+>> super key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> super key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> super key.
+>> I was I was going to say crunch you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was I was going to say crunch you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> I was I was going to say crunch you can
+have bigger workforce but every turn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bigger workforce but every turn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have bigger workforce but every turn you
+have to pay for that. So you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay for that. So you get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to pay for that. So you get more
+money if you work pay for that negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you work pay for that negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money if you work pay for that negative
+feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback.
+>> Yeah. That's that's that's that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. That's that's that's that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. That's that's that's that that's a
+key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key.
+>> Turns out in monopoly if you have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Turns out in monopoly if you have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Turns out in monopoly if you have a lot
+of money or stuff which people then land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money or stuff which people then land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money or stuff which people then land
+on which gives you more money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which gives you more money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which gives you more money.
+weird. That's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird. That's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird. That's that's
+>> top secret secret strategy winning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> top secret secret strategy winning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> top secret secret strategy winning
+Monopoly is to buy lots of stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly is to buy lots of stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly is to buy lots of stuff and
+then have people land on it so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have people land on it so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have people land on it so you can
+get more money. So actually but so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more money. So actually but so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more money. So actually but so this
+has just one little uh negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just one little uh negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has just one little uh negative feedback
+into well actually two for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into well actually two for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into well actually two for uh
+>> income tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> income tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> income tax
+>> that's the income tax and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's the income tax and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> that's the income tax and like the
+>> and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> and
+like several thousand hotels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like several thousand hotels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like several thousand hotels
+actual governments like that too right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual governments like that too right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual governments like that too right
+>> so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> so so
+>> it's patent out of real life but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's patent out of real life but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's patent out of real life but then
+again so is the whole of Monopoly game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so is the whole of Monopoly game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so is the whole of Monopoly game
+the whole Monopoly game is about real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Monopoly game is about real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole Monopoly game is about real
+life land ownership monopolies Atlantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life land ownership monopolies Atlantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life land ownership monopolies Atlantic
+City, I believe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City, I believe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City, I believe.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Atlantic City.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Atlantic City.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Atlantic City.
+>> So, yeah. Uh, and and that gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, yeah. Uh, and and that gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> So, yeah. Uh, and and that gives us a
+good segue into degenerate strategies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good segue into degenerate strategies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good segue into degenerate strategies.
+Yeah. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Right.
+>> No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> No.
+>> Sorry. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Sorry. Okay.
+>> All right. So, so I'll go into that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So, so I'll go into that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> All right. So, so I'll go into that a
+little bit, but uh maybe I'll get I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, but uh maybe I'll get I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, but uh maybe I'll get I'll
+get into that on Wednesday, but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that on Wednesday, but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into that on Wednesday, but on
+Wednesday, we're going to focus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, we're going to focus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, we're going to focus that
+mostly on your uh on play testing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on your uh on play testing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly on your uh on play testing the
+game. If we have no time for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. If we have no time for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. If we have no time for anything
+else, we are play testing your game. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, we are play testing your game. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else, we are play testing your game. Uh,
+and so bringing the games, bringing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so bringing the games, bringing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so bringing the games, bringing your
+cards, make sure your cards are ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards, make sure your cards are ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards, make sure your cards are ready
+before class. Don't like frantically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class. Don't like frantically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class. Don't like frantically
+writing stuff. Uh, try not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing stuff. Uh, try not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing stuff. Uh, try not to be
+changing stuff right up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing stuff right up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing stuff right up to
+after class. Sometimes you might be feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class. Sometimes you might be feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class. Sometimes you might be feel
+pressured into that. Um, try to be ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressured into that. Um, try to be ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressured into that. Um, try to be ready
+before class starts. Uh, and try to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class starts. Uh, and try to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before class starts. Uh, and try to show
+up at a right beginning of class because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at a right beginning of class because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at a right beginning of class because
+it will really really suck if you finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will really really suck if you finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will really really suck if you finish
+play testing. If you finish play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing. If you finish play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testing. If you finish play testing
+someone else's game and that team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's game and that team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else's game and that team
+doesn't have enough time to play test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough time to play test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have enough time to play test
+yours, okay? and it may happen and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours, okay? and it may happen and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours, okay? and it may happen and that
+will suck. So, let's try to start that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suck. So, let's try to start that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will suck. So, let's try to start that
+uh right on time by this Wednesday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right on time by this Wednesday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right on time by this Wednesday.
+>> Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R1yLwFOfwwc.txt b/R1yLwFOfwwc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d93fcad616b04db1947433a32f8612144a8bfe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R1yLwFOfwwc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16664 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've
+talked about edge detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about edge detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about edge detection
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about
+finding objects in two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding objects in two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding objects in two-dimensional
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+and in particular we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular we discussed the
+pat quick patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat quick patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat quick patent
+which provides a efficient way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides a efficient way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provides a efficient way of doing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+by building a model based on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by building a model based on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by building a model based on some
+training image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+using probes to collect evidence about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using probes to collect evidence about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using probes to collect evidence about a
+match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match
+and building a score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building a score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building a score
+and then looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then looking for
+extrema in that score multi-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrema in that score multi-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrema in that score multi-dimensional
+score surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score surface
+where the multiple dimensions were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the multiple dimensions were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the multiple dimensions were the
+pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose
+translation rotation scaling etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rotation scaling etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rotation scaling etc
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+a great improvement over what came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great improvement over what came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great improvement over what came
+before which was you know blob analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which was you know blob analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which was you know blob analysis
+binary template matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary template matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary template matching
+normalized correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized correlation
+half transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half transform
+well now we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now we're going to talk about
+a another pattern in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a another pattern in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a another pattern in that
+category of finding things in images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of finding things in images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of finding things in images and
+also here the emphasis is more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here the emphasis is more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also here the emphasis is more on
+inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+if you read the abstract it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the abstract it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the abstract it's all about
+inspection but actually the patent also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection but actually the patent also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection but actually the patent also
+deals with position and orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with position and orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deals with position and orientation
+and what's different from the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's different from the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's different from the previous
+one is that the previous one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the previous one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the previous one
+quantized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized the
+pose space in order to do a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose space in order to do a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose space in order to do a complete
+search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search
+and this one assumes you've already got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one assumes you've already got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one assumes you've already got
+a rough idea of where things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rough idea of where things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rough idea of where things are
+and it's just going to improve them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just going to improve them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just going to improve them so
+there's an incremental adjustment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an incremental adjustment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an incremental adjustment
+that will give you a very accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you a very accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you a very accurate
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+and you'll be happy to know we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be happy to know we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll be happy to know we're not
+going to go through this in as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this in as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through this in as much
+detail particularly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail particularly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail particularly because
+quite a bit of it is based on what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of it is based on what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a bit of it is based on what we've
+already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done
+so there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there it is
+this one's called pat max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's called pat max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one's called pat max
+and bill silva says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bill silva says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bill silva says
+that was motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was motivated
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+two ideas the one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas the one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ideas the one was
+that we're maximizing some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're maximizing some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're maximizing some kind of
+energy it's an iterative approach it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's an iterative approach it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's an iterative approach it's a
+least squares approach in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares approach in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares approach in a way
+and each step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each step
+which is called an attraction step in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called an attraction step in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called an attraction step in
+the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern
+improves the fit and then you stop when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves the fit and then you stop when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improves the fit and then you stop when
+the fit is good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit is good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fit is good enough
+or in the preferred embodiment you stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the preferred embodiment you stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the preferred embodiment you stop
+after four steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after four steps
+where so that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so that's um
+the idea here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea here and
+the other uh motivation for using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh motivation for using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh motivation for using that
+max was maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max was maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max was maxwell
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know he knew about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he knew about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he knew about
+electromagnetics and his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics and his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetics and his uh
+intuition for this approach was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this approach was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for this approach was based on
+forces between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces between
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+magnetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetics
+well electrostatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well electrostatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well electrostatic
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in particular dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular dipoles
+and well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well
+it turns out that intuition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that intuition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that intuition is
+completely wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+do not have the properties he wants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have the properties he wants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have the properties he wants in
+here and in fact a much better analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in fact a much better analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and in fact a much better analogy
+would be springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be springs
+mechanic a mechanical analog so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic a mechanical analog so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic a mechanical analog so the idea
+is if you're trying to fit two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're trying to fit two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're trying to fit two things
+together and you can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you can identify
+corresponding parts imagine connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts imagine connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding parts imagine connecting
+them with a spring that they'll attract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a spring that they'll attract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with a spring that they'll attract
+each other and what the system will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and what the system will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and what the system will do
+after a while is minimize the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while is minimize the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while is minimize the energy
+it'll rotate and translate and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll rotate and translate and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll rotate and translate and do
+whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever
+so that the springs are at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the springs are at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the springs are at least
+extended from their rest position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended from their rest position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended from their rest position and
+we'll explore that a little bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore that a little bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explore that a little bit further
+but in the pattern it's all about feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the pattern it's all about feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the pattern it's all about feels
+and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that
+so uh you know the usual stuff uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know the usual stuff uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh you know the usual stuff uh
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+dates and prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates and prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates and prior
+patents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+inventors and the signee and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors and the signee and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventors and the signee and um
+and references and you'll see here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and references and you'll see here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and references and you'll see here the
+first reference is huff that's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reference is huff that's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first reference is huff that's the one
+we talked about last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+there's a whole abstract which is mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole abstract which is mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole abstract which is mostly
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+inspection but you know really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection but you know really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection but you know really the
+patent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent is
+a large part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment
+and here more patents and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here more patents and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here more patents and other
+publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publications
+and you know if you read through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you read through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you read through them
+you'll see that some of them are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that some of them are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that some of them are from
+the old ai lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old ai lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old ai lab
+and here's figure one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's figure one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's figure one
+so figure one looks a little bit like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so figure one looks a little bit like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so figure one looks a little bit like a
+figure we've seen before there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure we've seen before there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure we've seen before there's a
+training image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image
+and there's some sort of training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some sort of training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some sort of training
+process which generates a pattern which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which generates a pattern which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process which generates a pattern which
+we call that a model before so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that a model before so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call that a model before so they
+purposefully change the terminology here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully change the terminology here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposefully change the terminology here
+to avoid confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid confusion
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what we called probes before are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called probes before are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called probes before are now
+called dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dipoles
+but they're the same thing they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're the same thing they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're the same thing they're a
+position and a direction and a weight um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and a direction and a weight um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and a direction and a weight um
+so training in the previous patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so training in the previous patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so training in the previous patent
+meant that we created a model and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that we created a model and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant that we created a model and the
+model consists of probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model consists of probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model consists of probes
+and the m and the probes are created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the m and the probes are created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the m and the probes are created by
+edge detection so that's training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection so that's training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection so that's training
+and similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly here
+training here is going to be an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training here is going to be an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training here is going to be an edge
+detection process that produces edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection process that produces edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection process that produces edge
+dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+and a field a two-dimensional vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a field a two-dimensional vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a field a two-dimensional vector
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you have a runtime image and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a runtime image and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a runtime image and at
+runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+performing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing a
+attraction process that iteratively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction process that iteratively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction process that iteratively
+finds a good pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a good pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a good pose
+assuming that you have a starting pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you have a starting pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you have a starting pose
+so this one assumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one assumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one assumes
+that you already have done something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already have done something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you already have done something to
+get an approximation for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an approximation for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an approximation for example you
+could run path quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know why iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know why iterative
+well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because
+uh it's formulated as a least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's formulated as a least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's formulated as a least squares
+problem and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and uh
+you know if we're lucky the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we're lucky the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we're lucky the least
+squares problem has a closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares problem has a closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares problem has a closed form
+solution and in this course we try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and in this course we try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and in this course we try and
+set things up that way but in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up that way but in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set things up that way but in the real
+world that's typically not the case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's typically not the case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world that's typically not the case and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+you solve it iteratively and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it iteratively and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve it iteratively and so
+you stop iterations when you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop iterations when you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stop iterations when you think you
+have a good enough answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good enough answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good enough answer
+so you have a starting pose and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a starting pose and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a starting pose and you have
+the final pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final pose
+and there's also a thing called a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a thing called a client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a thing called a client
+map so a little detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to work in a orthonormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to work in a orthonormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to work in a orthonormal
+you want to in a cartesian coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to in a cartesian coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to in a cartesian coordinate
+system well your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system well your
+pixel positions may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel positions may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel positions may not be
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on a square grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a square grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a square grid
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh the client map basically maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the client map basically maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the client map basically maps
+whatever you've got onto a nice square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've got onto a nice square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you've got onto a nice square
+grid so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid so
+and that's important because a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important because a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important because a lot of
+cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+do not have equal spacing in x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have equal spacing in x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have equal spacing in x and y
+and then there's an rms error which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an rms error which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an rms error which you
+can use to decide whether it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to decide whether it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use to decide whether it's a good
+fit or not and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit or not and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit or not and
+since this is about inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is about inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this is about inspection
+there are two more measures which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two more measures which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two more measures which
+you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+to decide whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide whether or not
+the object is in good shape or not okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is in good shape or not okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object is in good shape or not okay
+and we get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we get out
+evaluated things which are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated things which are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated things which are used in
+inspection in in this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection in in this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection in in this diagram
+okay let's go on to the next one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go on to the next one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go on to the next one so you
+know when i first saw this figure i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when i first saw this figure i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when i first saw this figure i
+thought oh okay they forgot to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh okay they forgot to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought oh okay they forgot to actually
+put anything into this figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put anything into this figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put anything into this figure
+but that's to illustrate the client map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's to illustrate the client map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's to illustrate the client map
+so suppose your camera has pixels that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose your camera has pixels that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose your camera has pixels that
+are rectangular then you need to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rectangular then you need to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are rectangular then you need to map
+from that to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that to a
+square pixel array so just minor detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pixel array so just minor detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square pixel array so just minor detail
+okay so this is the training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the training
+uh we have a training image we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a training image we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have a training image we do the
+feature detection you know edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature detection you know edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature detection you know edge
+detection there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection there are a bunch of
+parameters that control that such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that control that such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that control that such as the
+resolution you're working at how far are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you're working at how far are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution you're working at how far are
+you going to down sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to down sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to down sample
+and it produces a field dipole list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it produces a field dipole list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it produces a field dipole list
+which are basically the probes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are basically the probes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are basically the probes that we
+talked about in the other patent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the other patent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about in the other patent
+position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position
+direction and a weight and maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and a weight and maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and a weight and maybe more
+but more importantly it produces a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly it produces a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more importantly it produces a field
+so the idea is going to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is going to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea is going to be that
+when you put down the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put down the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put down the runtime image
+it's going to have features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to have features
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you would like to align with features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to align with features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to align with features of
+the training image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the training image
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they are going to be attracted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to be attracted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to be attracted by
+features of the training image so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the training image so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of the training image so you're
+going to have this vector field which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this vector field which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have this vector field which
+basically tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells you
+how hard to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard to pull
+to try and get alignment and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and get alignment and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try and get alignment and this is
+going to happen for all of the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen for all of the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen for all of the features
+so they're going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're going to be a lot of
+competing pools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing pools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing pools
+which hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully
+overall produce some coherent result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall produce some coherent result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall produce some coherent result
+like you know if your image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if your image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know if your image is
+over to the right those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right those uh
+field values will be negative and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field values will be negative and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field values will be negative and will
+pull things to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull things to the left
+some kind of translation if your image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of translation if your image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of translation if your image
+is rotated then there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotated then there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rotated then there are going to be
+field values that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field values that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field values that have
+directions that are different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that are different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions that are different in
+different quadrants and overall will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quadrants and overall will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quadrants and overall will
+have a torque that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a torque that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a torque that will
+improve the alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the alignment
+so that's the purpose of the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the purpose of the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the purpose of the field and
+that's going to be something that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be something that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be something that's on
+the pixel grid uh that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel grid uh that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel grid uh that is going to be
+that's new that wasn't in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new that wasn't in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's new that wasn't in the previous
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and that also uh brings up another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also uh brings up another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that also uh brings up another point
+which is that the pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that the pose
+in the previous patent was a mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous patent was a mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous patent was a mapping
+from the model to the image because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model to the image because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model to the image because the
+model had the probes in it and you plonk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model had the probes in it and you plonk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model had the probes in it and you plonk
+the probes down on the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probes down on the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probes down on the runtime image
+here we're going to go the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to go the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to go the other way
+around we're going to run feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we're going to run feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we're going to run feature
+detection on the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection on the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection on the runtime image
+and map it back to the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it back to the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and map it back to the field
+why well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well because
+mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+discrete number of things is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number of things is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete number of things is much
+cheaper than transforming a whole image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than transforming a whole image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper than transforming a whole image
+so in the previous case we didn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the previous case we didn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the previous case we didn't want
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+take the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the runtime image
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you know you can rotate it and translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can rotate it and translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can rotate it and translate
+it and make a new image but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and make a new image but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and make a new image but of course
+that's a very expensive process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very expensive process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very expensive process so
+instead we took the discrete thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we took the discrete thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we took the discrete thing the
+model and we mapped it on top of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we mapped it on top of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we mapped it on top of that
+here we're going the other way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going the other way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going the other way we're
+having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having
+a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discrete
+result edges from the runtime image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result edges from the runtime image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result edges from the runtime image and
+we're going to map it on top of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to map it on top of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to map it on top of this
+field now we could of course rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now we could of course rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field now we could of course rotate
+translate scale the field but again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate scale the field but again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate scale the field but again that
+would be very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very expensive
+so the pose here is the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pose here is the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pose here is the other way around
+but the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the same idea
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly
+translation rotation scaling although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rotation scaling although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation rotation scaling although
+they allow for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allow for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they allow for other
+effects as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects as well
+okay the part that's new and interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the part that's new and interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the part that's new and interesting
+is how the field is generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the field is generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how the field is generalized
+generated and we'll go into that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and we'll go into that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and we'll go into that in some
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail
+there are many steps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many steps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many steps and
+essentially the idea is to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea is to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the idea is to uh
+you know produce something that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know produce something that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know produce something that will
+draw you towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw you towards the
+alignment where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment where things
+in the runtime image match up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the runtime image match up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the runtime image match up with
+things in the training image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the training image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the training image
+this should look very familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should look very familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should look very familiar
+that's you know low level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know low level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know low level
+that's our edge detection stuff with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our edge detection stuff with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our edge detection stuff with
+some small changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small changes
+left out the chordic thing here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out the chordic thing here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left out the chordic thing here just
+assume that you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that you have some sort of
+cartesian to polar conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian to polar conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartesian to polar conversion
+and then added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then added
+parameters that control the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that control the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that control the process
+because in different steps of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in different steps of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in different steps of the
+computation you might want to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation you might want to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation you might want to change
+things like how much you sub-sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how much you sub-sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how much you sub-sample the
+image what kind of low-pass filter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image what kind of low-pass filter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image what kind of low-pass filter you
+use what method you use for peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what method you use for peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use what method you use for peak
+detection and interpolation but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and interpolation but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection and interpolation but other
+than that that's just our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that that's just our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that that's just our
+same old story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same old story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same old story
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in the training image we compute these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the training image we compute these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the training image we compute these
+uh dipoles field dipoles they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dipoles field dipoles they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dipoles field dipoles they're called
+and as i said they're just really edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said they're just really edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said they're just really edge
+fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragments
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+this is the data structure for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data structure for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data structure for them
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're
+they're flags that tell you whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're flags that tell you whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're flags that tell you whether
+you're near a corner of the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're near a corner of the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're near a corner of the object
+their flags whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their flags whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their flags whether it's the
+contrast is positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast is positive or negative
+and there's a gradient direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gradient direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a gradient direction and
+optionally there's a link to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optionally there's a link to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optionally there's a link to the next
+field dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dipole
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+this has to do with the initialization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with the initialization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to do with the initialization
+so what you do is you have this array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you have this array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you do is you have this array
+which is going to contain the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to contain the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to contain the vector
+field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and
+the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors
+don't cover the whole array and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cover the whole array and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't cover the whole array and the
+reason is that when you get very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that when you get very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that when you get very far
+away from an edge uh it's very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from an edge uh it's very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from an edge uh it's very unlikely
+that it really has anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really has anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really has anything to do with
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know here you've got an edge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here you've got an edge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know here you've got an edge in the
+runtime image and there's a edge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image and there's a edge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image and there's a edge in the
+training image that's far away you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image that's far away you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image that's far away you know
+your belief that those two belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your belief that those two belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your belief that those two belong
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+is reduced when they're far away so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reduced when they're far away so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reduced when they're far away so at
+some point you just cut off and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you just cut off and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point you just cut off and say
+forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget it
+and so there's a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vector field which is going to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field which is going to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field which is going to contain
+these special markers saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these special markers saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these special markers saying
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+terra incognita we don't know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terra incognita we don't know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terra incognita we don't know what's
+going on here so don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here so don't
+have that contribute as evidence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that contribute as evidence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that contribute as evidence to the
+score
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score
+and so you start off basically by wiping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you start off basically by wiping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you start off basically by wiping
+out the whole array and setting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the whole array and setting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the whole array and setting that
+special value everywhere so if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special value everywhere so if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special value everywhere so if you don't
+get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to
+impose a value that's because you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a value that's because you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose a value that's because you were
+too far away from an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+a lot of this low level stuff is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this low level stuff is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this low level stuff is the
+same this this you may remember is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this this you may remember is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this this you may remember is all
+about linking them up into chains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linking them up into chains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about linking them up into chains and
+then removing the the weak chains short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then removing the the weak chains short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then removing the the weak chains short
+weak chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so here we have uh the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have uh the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have uh the starting
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+values imposed on that field so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values imposed on that field so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values imposed on that field so we've
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+taken the pixels in the field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the pixels in the field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the pixels in the field that
+directly correspond to edge points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly correspond to edge points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly correspond to edge points that
+we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about
+field dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dipoles
+and we've given them a value and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've given them a value and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've given them a value and the
+value corresponds to the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value corresponds to the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value corresponds to the distance from
+the edge and the and the direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge and the and the direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge and the and the direction so
+it's not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not um
+you know it's not just an array of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not just an array of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not just an array of
+numbers there's a direction to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there's a direction to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there's a direction to them
+and a length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a length
+so each of them is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of them is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each of them is a little
+two vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vector
+and so each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so each of these
+squares that's been filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that's been filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that's been filled in
+has associated with it uh one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has associated with it uh one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has associated with it uh one of these
+field values that tells you how far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field values that tells you how far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field values that tells you how far away
+you are from from the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are from from the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are from from the edge
+so that's initialization and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's initialization and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's initialization and now you
+have to fill in the rest of it so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill in the rest of it so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to fill in the rest of it so for
+squares that are anywhere near an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that are anywhere near an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares that are anywhere near an edge
+like within four pixels or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like within four pixels or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like within four pixels or whatever the
+threshold is that you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is that you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is that you pick
+you have to somehow figure out how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to somehow figure out how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to somehow figure out how far
+away they are from the edge this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they are from the edge this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they are from the edge this is very
+similar to something that's used often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to something that's used often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to something that's used often
+in machine vision called the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine vision called the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in machine vision called the distance
+map which is a little simpler so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which is a little simpler so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map which is a little simpler so a
+distance map is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance map is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance map is just
+an array that tells you for every pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array that tells you for every pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array that tells you for every pixel
+how far away it is from an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away it is from an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away it is from an edge
+this is different because you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is different because you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is different because you actually
+give not just the distance but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give not just the distance but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give not just the distance but the
+direction but the way you fill it in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the way you fill it in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction but the way you fill it in is
+very similar so it's an iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar so it's an iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar so it's an iterative
+process you you seed it you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you you seed it you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you you seed it you put in the
+actual edge points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edge points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edge points
+and then you go one pixel away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go one pixel away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go one pixel away
+all the pixels that touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pixels that touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pixels that touch
+a pixel that's already been filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pixel that's already been filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pixel that's already been filled in
+and the question then is well what value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question then is well what value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question then is well what value
+do you put there now if we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you put there now if we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you put there now if we were using
+manhattan distance where it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manhattan distance where it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manhattan distance where it's just the
+sum of x and y distances then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of x and y distances then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of x and y distances then you could
+do you could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you could do this
+accurately you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately you can
+always accurately compute incrementally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always accurately compute incrementally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always accurately compute incrementally
+how far something is away from an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far something is away from an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far something is away from an edge
+but since we're using euclidean distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since we're using euclidean distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since we're using euclidean distance
+which makes more sense here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes more sense here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes more sense here
+that's actually not trivial and since in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not trivial and since in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not trivial and since in
+addition we're using direction uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition we're using direction uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition we're using direction uh you
+know that makes it more complicated also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that makes it more complicated also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that makes it more complicated also
+so here are examples that explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are examples that explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are examples that explain
+how you compute it so up there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you compute it so up there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you compute it so up there um
+we there's an edge 906 and we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there's an edge 906 and we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we there's an edge 906 and we've already
+filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that square we know
+the vector that goes over to 906 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that goes over to 906 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector that goes over to 906 and now
+we're looking at the block 900 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the block 900 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the block 900 and
+saying okay what do we fill in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay what do we fill in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay what do we fill in here
+and we should fill in something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should fill in something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we should fill in something because
+we're touching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're touching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're touching a
+pixel that has been filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel that has been filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel that has been filled in
+namely 902 and so we can start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely 902 and so we can start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely 902 and so we can start off with
+the value in 902
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in 902
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in 902
+and adjust it and we you can see the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjust it and we you can see the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adjust it and we you can see the you
+know there's a bit of geometry there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a bit of geometry there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a bit of geometry there we
+can actually figure out what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually figure out what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually figure out what that
+distance 912 is if we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance 912 is if we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance 912 is if we know what the
+distance 904 is and that angle and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance 904 is and that angle and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance 904 is and that angle and so on
+i'll bore you the trigonometry but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll bore you the trigonometry but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll bore you the trigonometry but it's
+pretty straightforward same over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward same over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward same over there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know we have that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have that uh
+pixel now touching on the corner but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel now touching on the corner but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel now touching on the corner but
+that's still considered connected so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still considered connected so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still considered connected so one
+of them has been filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has been filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them has been filled in
+namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely
+the the pixel 932 has a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pixel 932 has a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pixel 932 has a vector
+934 that goes to the edge and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+934 that goes to the edge and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+934 that goes to the edge and now we're
+filling in the pixel 930
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the pixel 930
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the pixel 930
+by you know extending uh the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know extending uh the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know extending uh the distance
+that we have uh from the other pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have uh from the other pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have uh from the other pixel
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so that's the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the process
+and we we iterate uh a number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we iterate uh a number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we iterate uh a number of times
+until we decide that now we're so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we decide that now we're so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we decide that now we're so far
+from the edge that it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edge that it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the edge that it's probably
+not a good idea to consider uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea to consider uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a good idea to consider uh these
+edges to match so we're sort of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to match so we're sort of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges to match so we're sort of building
+you know if you one way of visualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you one way of visualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you one way of visualizing
+it if we forget about the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we forget about the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we forget about the fact that the
+vectors is as a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is as a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is as a kind of
+groove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groove
+along each edge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along each edge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along each edge so
+you know it goes up as you go away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it goes up as you go away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it goes up as you go away from
+the edge that's the distance map so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge that's the distance map so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge that's the distance map so the
+distance map is this terrain which at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance map is this terrain which at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance map is this terrain which at
+any place tells you how far you are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place tells you how far you are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place tells you how far you are from
+the uh edge and now when you plonk down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh edge and now when you plonk down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh edge and now when you plonk down
+an edge from the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge from the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge from the runtime image
+it's uh you want it to run by gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you want it to run by gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh you want it to run by gravity
+get pushed down to run down the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pushed down to run down the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get pushed down to run down the slope
+now with one edge of course it'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with one edge of course it'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with one edge of course it'll just
+run through the bottom but with lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through the bottom but with lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through the bottom but with lots of
+edges they're all going to have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges they're all going to have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges they're all going to have their
+own local influence of where they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own local influence of where they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own local influence of where they should
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+hopefully it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll be
+somewhat connected so that you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat connected so that you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat connected so that you end up
+with the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the whole system
+settling into a lower energy state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling into a lower energy state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling into a lower energy state and
+this is just slightly more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just slightly more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just slightly more sophisticated
+because we actually have a direction not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we actually have a direction not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we actually have a direction not
+just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a
+height um and then it gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height um and then it gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height um and then it gets more
+interesting when we get to places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting when we get to places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting when we get to places where
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's a collision where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collision where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collision where we have
+information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+uh more than one neighboring pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than one neighboring pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than one neighboring pixel
+and it's and if they are similar enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and if they are similar enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and if they are similar enough
+then you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can uh
+take some kind of weighted average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some kind of weighted average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some kind of weighted average
+you know try and improve the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try and improve the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try and improve the result
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+it's always noisy so if you get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always noisy so if you get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always noisy so if you get more
+than one answer you can improve things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one answer you can improve things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one answer you can improve things
+by combining them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by combining them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by combining them
+but when the angles get too large then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the angles get too large then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when the angles get too large then
+you have to say well you know that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say well you know that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say well you know that's not
+there's a problem we're at a corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem we're at a corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem we're at a corner
+so here's an example of the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of the first step
+after seeding so we've seeded it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after seeding so we've seeded it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after seeding so we've seeded it with
+the edges that are in there and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that are in there and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that are in there and now
+we've extended it by going one pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've extended it by going one pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've extended it by going one pixel
+away from those seeds and all each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from those seeds and all each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from those seeds and all each of
+those vectors is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vectors is the
+force and it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force and it tells you
+how far you are from the edge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you are from the edge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far you are from the edge and the
+direction to the edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to the edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to the edge and
+in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process
+you will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will end up
+looking at points on the edge that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at points on the edge that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at points on the edge that are
+not the original points from edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the original points from edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the original points from edge
+detection just as in the other case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection just as in the other case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection just as in the other case we
+started off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with
+you know points on the grid that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know points on the grid that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know points on the grid that were
+produced by that edge detection step but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by that edge detection step but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by that edge detection step but
+then we interpolated our own points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we interpolated our own points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we interpolated our own points
+because we wanted a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted a certain number of
+points per unit distance and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points per unit distance and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points per unit distance and not
+necessarily based on the pixel spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily based on the pixel spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily based on the pixel spacing
+similarly here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly here
+the tips of these arrows don't point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tips of these arrows don't point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tips of these arrows don't point
+at the original edge pixels they point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the original edge pixels they point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the original edge pixels they point
+somewhere else and we record those now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and we record those now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else and we record those now
+for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some
+purposes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes the
+vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field
+is the force is all you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the force is all you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the force is all you use
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+they also optionally allow you to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also optionally allow you to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also optionally allow you to record
+more information such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information such as
+you know what is the closest field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is the closest field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is the closest field
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you have options on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have options on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have options on
+matching now here there are no conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching now here there are no conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching now here there are no conflicts
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've
+taken the next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the next step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken the next step
+we've moved outwards again one pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've moved outwards again one pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've moved outwards again one pixel
+from where we were and we filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we were and we filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from where we were and we filled in
+another bunch of pixels now with longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bunch of pixels now with longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bunch of pixels now with longer
+vectors larger force because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors larger force because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors larger force because we're
+further away from the destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further away from the destination
+there should be a larger pool it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a larger pool it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be a larger pool it's a
+little bit like a spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like a spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit like a spring
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+pulling more when the match is over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling more when the match is over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling more when the match is over a
+bigger gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger gap
+and the x marks the first place where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x marks the first place where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the x marks the first place where
+there's a conflict because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conflict because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a conflict because
+we could have extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have extended
+this vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector here
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+fill in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in this
+pixel or we could have extended this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel or we could have extended this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel or we could have extended this one
+and they obviously have very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they obviously have very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they obviously have very different
+ideas about where the edge is and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about where the edge is and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about where the edge is and so we
+we mark that as a corner position which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mark that as a corner position which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mark that as a corner position which
+will then be not contributing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be not contributing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will then be not contributing to the
+the process later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process later
+so you don't want to just blindly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to just blindly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't want to just blindly
+use this map you want additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this map you want additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this map you want additional
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+and that additional information could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that additional information could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that additional information could be
+contrast direction so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast direction so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast direction so that's the
+simplest one or you might actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one or you might actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one or you might actually look
+at the directions of the vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the directions of the vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the directions of the vectors
+you know how how close is the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how how close is the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how how close is the runtime
+gradient match up with the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient match up with the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient match up with the direction of
+the vector in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector in the field
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+how close is the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close is the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how close is the direction of the
+gradient in the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient in the runtime image
+with the nearest field dipole gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nearest field dipole gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nearest field dipole gradient
+because when you get over here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you get over here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you get over here that
+direction may be different from this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction may be different from this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction may be different from this one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so they very you know they leave open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they very you know they leave open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they very you know they leave open
+all of these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these options
+and the process is going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the process is going to be the same
+you're trying to minimize the energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to minimize the energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to minimize the energy in
+the system and you can see how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and you can see how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and you can see how this is
+better modeled with a mechanical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better modeled with a mechanical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better modeled with a mechanical system
+where you have springs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have springs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have springs
+so suppose you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose you know that
+there's a runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a runtime
+dipole here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole here
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matches
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipole
+then you can think of there as being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can think of there as being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can think of there as being a
+spring between the two with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring between the two with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring between the two with
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+wrist length so that when you pull it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist length so that when you pull it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist length so that when you pull it
+out it'll want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it'll want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out it'll want
+to shorten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shorten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shorten
+and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the
+minimum energy state is the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy state is the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum energy state is the solution
+the one thing to keep in mind is that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing to keep in mind is that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one thing to keep in mind is that as
+we've mentioned many many times with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned many many times with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've mentioned many many times with an
+edge often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge often
+we know accurately how things work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know accurately how things work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know accurately how things work in
+one direction and not the other so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and not the other so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and not the other so over
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+when we're talking about a match with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about a match with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're talking about a match with an
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+we can't really say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't really say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't really say that we
+are matching a particular point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are matching a particular point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are matching a particular point on the
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+we just know that it's matching that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just know that it's matching that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just know that it's matching that
+edge and so the idea of the spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and so the idea of the spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and so the idea of the spring
+isn't also uh completely uh good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't also uh completely uh good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't also uh completely uh good
+accurate what we'd really want is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate what we'd really want is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate what we'd really want is a
+slightly more sophisticated model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more sophisticated model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly more sophisticated model that
+has like a little carriage that can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a little carriage that can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has like a little carriage that can run
+along the edge right so so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge right so so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge right so so there's a
+spring yes but uh the we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring yes but uh the we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring yes but uh the we don't really
+care where the other end of it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care where the other end of it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care where the other end of it goes
+so we could have a a little mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could have a a little mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could have a a little mechanical
+device that can slide along the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that can slide along the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that can slide along the edge
+and so so that mechanical analog is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so that mechanical analog is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so that mechanical analog is is
+basically the actual algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the actual algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the actual algorithm
+not you know dipoles and magne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know dipoles and magne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know dipoles and magne
+electrostatic fields and stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic fields and stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic fields and stuff like that
+even though that's the language used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that's the language used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though that's the language used in
+the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we talked about how to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked about how to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we talked about how to get the
+training image now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training image now we
+use it we have the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it we have the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it we have the runtime image
+we do the feature detection on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the feature detection on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the feature detection on the
+runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image
+that produces an image dipole list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces an image dipole list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces an image dipole list
+we plonk it down on top of the field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plonk it down on top of the field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plonk it down on top of the field and
+that creates uh many many little forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates uh many many little forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that creates uh many many little forces
+one you know one for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know one for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know one for every
+feature that we detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that we detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that we detected
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are going to
+adjust the pose now in the simplest case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the pose now in the simplest case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the pose now in the simplest case
+if we only have translation it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we only have translation it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we only have translation it's easy to
+visualize this if you know everything if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize this if you know everything if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize this if you know everything if
+the runtime image is off to the right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime image is off to the right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime image is off to the right of
+the model image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model image
+it's going to get pulled back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get pulled back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to get pulled back to the
+left because all of the springs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left because all of the springs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left because all of the springs are
+extended to the right so that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to the right so that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended to the right so that's very
+easy to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to visualize
+if it's rotated it's a little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's rotated it's a little bit harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's rotated it's a little bit harder
+to visualize but again you're stretching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize but again you're stretching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visualize but again you're stretching
+the springs out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the springs out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the springs out
+sort of now tangent to a circle rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of now tangent to a circle rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of now tangent to a circle rather
+than radially and they're all pulling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than radially and they're all pulling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than radially and they're all pulling in
+the same direction either clockwise or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction either clockwise or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction either clockwise or
+anticlockwise and so the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticlockwise and so the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticlockwise and so the equilibrium
+position is when you've you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is when you've you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is when you've you know
+adjusted you've let it that mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted you've let it that mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted you've let it that mechanical
+system go and and adjust itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system go and and adjust itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system go and and adjust itself
+we can think of size in a similar way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of size in a similar way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think of size in a similar way
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+if the size is wrong suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the size is wrong suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the size is wrong suppose that the
+runtime image is bigger than the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image is bigger than the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image is bigger than the model
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+well all of the springs are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all of the springs are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all of the springs are going to be
+stretched outwards and by an amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched outwards and by an amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretched outwards and by an amount that
+increases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases with
+radius and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and again
+that will that system will adjust itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that system will adjust itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will that system will adjust itself
+by scaling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scaling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by scaling the
+transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation
+until those springs are relaxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until those springs are relaxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until those springs are relaxed
+okay and i guess in this pattern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i guess in this pattern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i guess in this pattern the
+emphasis is on what do you do then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is on what do you do then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis is on what do you do then
+and you compute clutter and coverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you compute clutter and coverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you compute clutter and coverage
+which are measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are measures of
+how good the runtime image matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good the runtime image matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how good the runtime image matches the
+model and how good the model matches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and how good the model matches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and how good the model matches the
+runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime image
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there are various ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are various ways of
+evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating
+the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result
+ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally
+the coverage will be 100 and the clutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coverage will be 100 and the clutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coverage will be 100 and the clutter
+will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is more about you know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is more about you know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is more about you know how the
+image dipole gets attracted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image dipole gets attracted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image dipole gets attracted to the
+pattern boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+we're setting up a large least square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're setting up a large least square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're setting up a large least square
+system right so we're saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so we're saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so we're saying that
+each runtime dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each runtime dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each runtime dipole
+has a certain force exerted on it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain force exerted on it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a certain force exerted on it in a
+certain direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain direction
+and we're going to move all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to move all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to move all of them
+in a systematic way to try and reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way to try and reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a systematic way to try and reduce
+the tension to reduce the energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension to reduce the energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tension to reduce the energy in the
+system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and
+typically the movement allowed will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the movement allowed will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the movement allowed will be
+translational rotation and scaling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational rotation and scaling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational rotation and scaling in
+this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you write it all out it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write it all out it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write it all out it's a huge
+least square system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least square system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least square system
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+there's no closed form solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no closed form solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no closed form solution
+but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a
+natural way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural way of
+computing it which involves a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing it which involves a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing it which involves a bunch of
+accumulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulators
+so let's see if we get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see if we get there
+let's go this goes on and on for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go this goes on and on for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go this goes on and on for a long
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+yeah so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the accumulator array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accumulator array
+uh this which is basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this which is basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this which is basically the
+upper triangle of a symmetric matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangle of a symmetric matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangle of a symmetric matrix
+right uh so with a symmetric matrix we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so with a symmetric matrix we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so with a symmetric matrix we
+only need to keep the diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to keep the diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to keep the diagonal and
+everything to one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything to one side
+and these are sums of so w is the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sums of so w is the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are sums of so w is the weight
+we already talked about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already talked about you know
+assigning weights based on various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning weights based on various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning weights based on various
+properties that might indicate whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that might indicate whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that might indicate whether a
+match is particularly good or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match is particularly good or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match is particularly good or not
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+positions in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions in the image
+and so these are all what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are all what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are all what we call
+moments you know things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments you know things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments you know things like the
+integral of something times x to the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of something times x to the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of something times x to the i
+times y to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y to the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times y to the j
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you can see that we need quite a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we need quite a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that we need quite a bunch
+of them i think they forget i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them i think they forget i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them i think they forget i think the
+matrix is six by six it depends on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is six by six it depends on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is six by six it depends on how
+many degrees of freedom you allow if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom you allow if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many degrees of freedom you allow if you
+allow uh translation rotation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow uh translation rotation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow uh translation rotation and
+scaling it's i guess uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling it's i guess uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling it's i guess uh
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+but if you allow for all six of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you allow for all six of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you allow for all six of the
+general a5 fine linear transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general a5 fine linear transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general a5 fine linear transformation
+then it'll be six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+you run through the image and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run through the image and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run through the image and of course
+you can actually do it in parallel if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do it in parallel if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do it in parallel if
+you're so inclined because they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so inclined because they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're so inclined because they don't
+interact you're just collecting evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact you're just collecting evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact you're just collecting evidence
+everywhere and adding it up and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and adding it up and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and adding it up and it
+produces an overall uh force and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces an overall uh force and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces an overall uh force and and
+then you adjust so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you adjust so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you adjust so
+uh again as i mentioned i'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again as i mentioned i'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh again as i mentioned i'm not going to
+go into as much detail here as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into as much detail here as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into as much detail here as in the
+other pattern so these are simple cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pattern so these are simple cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pattern so these are simple cases
+so the top one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the top one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the top one here
+is translation only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translation only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is translation only
+and this one is translation and rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is translation and rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is translation and rotation
+don't be scared by tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be scared by tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't be scared by tensor
+you know uh as far as the pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh as far as the pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh as far as the pattern is
+concerned the tensor is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned the tensor is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned the tensor is just a
+multi-dimensional array including array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional array including array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-dimensional array including array
+with one time one dimension or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one time one dimension or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one time one dimension or two
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and so on so it builds up to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on so it builds up to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so on so it builds up to allow
+more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+more and more degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more degrees of freedom
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and emotional results and that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotional results and that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emotional results and that's not the
+end of it because it's assuming it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of it because it's assuming it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of it because it's assuming it's
+locally linearized about the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally linearized about the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally linearized about the current
+operating point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point so
+you don't get the final solution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get the final solution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get the final solution to the
+least squares problem but you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares problem but you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares problem but you get a
+large improvement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large improvement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large improvement and
+in the preferred embodiment after four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the preferred embodiment after four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the preferred embodiment after four
+steps is good enough but of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is good enough but of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps is good enough but of course you
+can use any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use any
+criteria you like for termination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's see if there are any others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see if there are any others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see if there are any others
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+here's an interesting detail there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting detail there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting detail there's a
+doubly linked list so the field dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly linked list so the field dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly linked list so the field dipoles
+make it easy to move in either direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy to move in either direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy to move in either direction
+along the edge because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the edge because they're
+represented in the w linked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so here's
+uh multi-scale so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-scale so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-scale so
+uh for speed it's good to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for speed it's good to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for speed it's good to work
+at low resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at low resolution
+and get an imp so you have a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an imp so you have a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get an imp so you have a starting
+pose and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pose and then
+you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a
+low resolution pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resolution pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resolution pose
+at high speed using a low resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high speed using a low resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at high speed using a low resolution
+train pattern and then you use that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train pattern and then you use that as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train pattern and then you use that as a
+starting pose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting pose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting pose for
+the high resolution stage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high resolution stage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high resolution stage so
+they only show you know two stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only show you know two stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only show you know two stages of
+this you could do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you could do more
+and also in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in this case
+if you don't need as high a quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't need as high a quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't need as high a quality
+starting pose as you do if you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting pose as you do if you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting pose as you do if you just have
+one stage of this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lots of flow charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of flow charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of flow charts
+let's see was there anything in here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see was there anything in here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see was there anything in here i
+wanted to point out of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out of course this is
+fun to read because you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to read because you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to read because you know you're
+thinking of an image of i don't know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of an image of i don't know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of an image of i don't know a
+printed circuit board or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed circuit board or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed circuit board or something
+digital images are formed by many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital images are formed by many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital images are formed by many
+devices used for many practical purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices used for many practical purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices used for many practical purposes
+devices include tv cameras operating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices include tv cameras operating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices include tv cameras operating on
+visible infrared light line scan sensors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible infrared light line scan sensors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible infrared light line scan sensors
+flying spot scanners electron microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying spot scanners electron microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying spot scanners electron microscope
+x-ray devices including ct scanners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray devices including ct scanners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray devices including ct scanners
+magnetic resonance images and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance images and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance images and others
+are found in industrial automation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found in industrial automation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found in industrial automation
+medical diagnosis satellite imaging blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical diagnosis satellite imaging blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical diagnosis satellite imaging blah
+blah so that's just you know the lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so that's just you know the lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so that's just you know the lawyer
+trying to generalize this as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to generalize this as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to generalize this as much as
+possible so if afterwards you say oh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if afterwards you say oh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if afterwards you say oh but
+i didn't use it for looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't use it for looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't use it for looking at a
+conveyor belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyor belt
+they can say well it doesn't say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say well it doesn't say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can say well it doesn't say you
+need to restrict it to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to restrict it to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to restrict it to that
+um and it explains you know the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it explains you know the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it explains you know the problems
+with previous methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with previous methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with previous methods
+and why this is the best things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why this is the best things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why this is the best things in
+sliced bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliced bread
+and then it gives all the details and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it gives all the details and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it gives all the details and
+then finally you get to the claims let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally you get to the claims let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally you get to the claims let's
+just take a quick look at the claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh here we go
+what is claimed is a geometric pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is claimed is a geometric pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is claimed is a geometric pattern
+matching method for refining an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching method for refining an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching method for refining an estimate
+of a true pose of an object in a runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a true pose of an object in a runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a true pose of an object in a runtime
+image the method comprising and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image the method comprising and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image the method comprising and then it
+has these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these parts
+generating a low resolution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a low resolution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating a low resolution model
+pattern and so on it's interesting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and so on it's interesting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and so on it's interesting how
+this first claim doesn't actually say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first claim doesn't actually say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first claim doesn't actually say
+much at all about the method so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much at all about the method so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much at all about the method so it
+doesn't give details so it's very broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give details so it's very broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give details so it's very broad
+and it's likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's likely to
+be knocked down if there ever was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be knocked down if there ever was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be knocked down if there ever was a
+dispute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispute
+right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because
+you know receiving a runtime image well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know receiving a runtime image well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know receiving a runtime image well
+just about anything is going to receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about anything is going to receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about anything is going to receive
+a runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a runtime image
+using a low resolution model pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a low resolution model pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a low resolution model pattern
+blah blah blah well oh multi-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah well oh multi-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah well oh multi-scale
+everyone does multi-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does multi-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does multi-scale
+and so on so it's quite this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's quite this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on so it's quite this is a very
+general trying to cover everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trying to cover everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general trying to cover everything and
+the downside of it is that if someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of it is that if someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside of it is that if someone
+ever challenges it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever challenges it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever challenges it
+it's probably going to be covered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably going to be covered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably going to be covered by
+prior art and that's why you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior art and that's why you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior art and that's why you have all
+the dependent claims so claim one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent claims so claim one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent claims so claim one it's
+very general if you're lucky it'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general if you're lucky it'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very general if you're lucky it'll cover
+everything but it there's a good chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it there's a good chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything but it there's a good chance
+of being knocked down so then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being knocked down so then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being knocked down so then you have
+claim two which is dependent on claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim two which is dependent on claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim two which is dependent on claim
+one and also includes producing a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and also includes producing a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and also includes producing a low
+resolution error value producing a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution error value producing a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution error value producing a low
+resolution aggregate clutter value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution aggregate clutter value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution aggregate clutter value and
+producing a low resolution aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a low resolution aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing a low resolution aggregate
+coverage value so those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage value so those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage value so those are all the
+values used in inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values used in inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values used in inspection
+and then you know three is dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know three is dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know three is dependent on
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+wherein the low resolution error value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherein the low resolution error value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherein the low resolution error value
+is a low resolution root mean square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a low resolution root mean square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a low resolution root mean square
+error value so you could use you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error value so you could use you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error value so you could use you know
+sum of absolute values instead but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of absolute values instead but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of absolute values instead but this
+one specifically says root mean square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one specifically says root mean square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one specifically says root mean square
+and and then four depends on two and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then four depends on two and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then four depends on two and so
+on and this one has an inordinate number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this one has an inordinate number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and this one has an inordinate number
+of claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of claims
+uh you know goes all the way down to 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know goes all the way down to 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know goes all the way down to 55
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's probably all we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably all we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably all we want to know
+about that uh unlike the uh pat quick so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh unlike the uh pat quick so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that uh unlike the uh pat quick so
+pat quick did the complete it searched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat quick did the complete it searched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pat quick did the complete it searched
+the complete pose space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete pose space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete pose space
+uh admittedly at low resolution but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh admittedly at low resolution but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh admittedly at low resolution but it
+searched so it didn't need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched so it didn't need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searched so it didn't need to have a
+first guess this this one does require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess this this one does require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess this this one does require a
+first guess and it has a capture range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess and it has a capture range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first guess and it has a capture range
+that is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is there's a
+region in post space where if you plonk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in post space where if you plonk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in post space where if you plonk
+down the initial value somewhere in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the initial value somewhere in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the initial value somewhere in that
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+it will end up giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will end up giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will end up giving you
+the result you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result you want
+then we mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we mentioned that
+the pose here is the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pose here is the other way around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pose here is the other way around
+and that's for computational reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for computational reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's for computational reasons
+we don't want to transform a whole array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to transform a whole array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to transform a whole array
+of either grey values edge values or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either grey values edge values or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of either grey values edge values or
+whatever or fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's the other way around from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the other way around from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the other way around from
+path quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path quick
+and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they
+if you read it there's a repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emphasis on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on how
+they're trying to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to avoid
+thresholding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholding
+they're trying to avoid quantization at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to avoid quantization at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to avoid quantization at
+the pixel level so everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel level so everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel level so everything is
+sub-pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub-pixel
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i think part of that is to illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think part of that is to illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think part of that is to illustrate
+the quality of the result you can expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the result you can expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quality of the result you can expect
+and partly to avoid um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly to avoid um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly to avoid um
+you know prior art because the prior art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know prior art because the prior art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know prior art because the prior art
+was all pretty much pixel-based and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all pretty much pixel-based and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all pretty much pixel-based and
+wasn't accurate to sub-pixel accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't accurate to sub-pixel accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't accurate to sub-pixel accuracy
+then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the
+physical analog which as i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical analog which as i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical analog which as i mentioned
+you know calling these things dipoles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know calling these things dipoles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know calling these things dipoles is
+misguided i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misguided i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misguided i mean
+do you know what the law is between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what the law is between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know what the law is between two
+dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+i mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean it's
+it's a mess right because it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mess right because it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mess right because it depends on
+not just the separation between them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the separation between them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the separation between them but
+the angle in orientation in three space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle in orientation in three space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle in orientation in three space
+i mean and plus e forget dipoles think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean and plus e forget dipoles think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean and plus e forget dipoles think
+of just electrostatic charges well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just electrostatic charges well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just electrostatic charges well if
+you bring them together you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring them together you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring them together you have an
+infinite amount of energy there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of energy there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite amount of energy there's a
+singularity and so wait we're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity and so wait we're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity and so wait we're bringing
+these things together that the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together that the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together that the runtime
+edges are on top of the training edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are on top of the training edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are on top of the training edges
+so there's a singularity so that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a singularity so that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a singularity so that that
+doesn't work but the mechanical analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work but the mechanical analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work but the mechanical analog
+works very well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works very well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works very well it's
+exactly what they implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what they implemented
+and it involves springs uh with that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves springs uh with that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it involves springs uh with that one
+little change that the springs have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change that the springs have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little change that the springs have to
+be one end of the spring has to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one end of the spring has to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one end of the spring has to be able
+to slide on on the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide on on the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide on on the edge
+uh so uh let's see description not tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh let's see description not tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so uh let's see description not tied
+to the pixel grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pixel grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pixel grid
+and i guess we've been over uh what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess we've been over uh what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i guess we've been over uh what the
+what exactly the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly the field is
+and the optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the optional
+additional items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional items
+okay then how it's used starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then how it's used starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then how it's used starting
+evidence so we collect evidence as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence so we collect evidence as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence so we collect evidence as
+before about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about whether
+this is a good alignment or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they have different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have different ways of
+assigning weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning weights
+and that there's this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there's this kind of
+threshold if you're too far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold if you're too far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold if you're too far away from
+the edge then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge then
+then you don't know what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't know what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't know what's going on and
+there's a kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a kind of um
+unpleasant discontinuity there where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant discontinuity there where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant discontinuity there where
+you know you pull the spring out and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you pull the spring out and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you pull the spring out and up
+to a certain separation it gets stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain separation it gets stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a certain separation it gets stronger
+and stronger and stronger and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stronger and stronger and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stronger and stronger and then
+suddenly it's like breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it's like breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly it's like breaks
+so so that's that that is one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's that that is one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's that that is one reason
+that you can't find a closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't find a closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't find a closed form
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+because it's a non-linear problem it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a non-linear problem it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a non-linear problem it's
+not a simple linear least squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a simple linear least squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a simple linear least squares
+problem and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so
+they don't really address that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really address that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't really address that
+there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some
+argument about fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument about fuzzy
+some kind of fuzzy logic thing but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of fuzzy logic thing but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of fuzzy logic thing but it's
+not really pursued and apparently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really pursued and apparently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really pursued and apparently in
+practice it's not not a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this
+maximum distance that you allow for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum distance that you allow for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum distance that you allow for the
+separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should depend on how close you are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should depend on how close you are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should depend on how close you are to
+the answer and so it should depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and so it should depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer and so it should depend on
+what stage of the iteration you add so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stage of the iteration you add so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what stage of the iteration you add so
+as you iterate you get closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you iterate you get closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you iterate you get closer and closer
+to having the runtime image aligned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having the runtime image aligned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having the runtime image aligned with
+the model image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model image
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point
+edges should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges should be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges should be pretty
+well aligned and so you can cut off at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well aligned and so you can cut off at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well aligned and so you can cut off at a
+lower value so the field is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower value so the field is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower value so the field is a fixed
+thing and it has a cut off but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it has a cut off but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and it has a cut off but then
+during the iteration you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the iteration you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the iteration you can
+additionally throw out matches that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally throw out matches that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally throw out matches that have
+too large a distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large a distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large a distance between the
+runtime edge and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime edge and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime edge and the
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+talks lead to tr uh talks lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks lead to tr uh talks lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks lead to tr uh talks lead to
+rotation forces lead to translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation forces lead to translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation forces lead to translation
+so the matching the inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the matching the inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the matching the inspection
+it's kind of a weird pattern in that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a weird pattern in that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a weird pattern in that the
+abstracts all about inspection but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts all about inspection but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts all about inspection but then
+you'll read the specification it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read the specification it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll read the specification it's all
+about figuring out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about figuring out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about figuring out what the
+transformation is so the inspection part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is so the inspection part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is so the inspection part
+sort of tagged on at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is based on on two things the one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on on two things the one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on on two things the one are
+missing features that is things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing features that is things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing features that is things that are
+in the trained image that have no match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trained image that have no match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the trained image that have no match
+in the runtime image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the runtime image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the runtime image
+and on extra features things that are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on extra features things that are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on extra features things that are in
+the runtime image that are not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime image that are not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime image that are not in the
+pattern and depending on what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and depending on what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern and depending on what you're
+doing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing you know
+one of those two measures will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those two measures will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those two measures will help you
+decide whether the object passes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether the object passes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether the object passes the
+inspection or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection or not
+there's also the notion of clutter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the notion of clutter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also the notion of clutter which
+are image dipoles with low weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are image dipoles with low weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are image dipoles with low weight
+presumably things due to the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably things due to the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably things due to the background
+texture and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh multi-scale blah blah blah we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh multi-scale blah blah blah we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh multi-scale blah blah blah we've
+seen that okay the only part we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that okay the only part we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that okay the only part we really
+haven't well we have sort of gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't well we have sort of gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't well we have sort of gone
+through it in the diagrams so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it in the diagrams so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it in the diagrams so let's
+which is the generation of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the generation of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the generation of the field
+let's talk a little bit about that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit about that and
+let me start off by talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start off by talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start off by talking about
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+simplified version where you we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version where you we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version where you we just
+have distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have distance
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what does that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so suppose that i have a single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that i have a single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose that i have a single point
+and there's no directionality to it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no directionality to it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no directionality to it then
+the distance field of course is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance field of course is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance field of course is just a
+set of concentric circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then suppose that uh i have a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suppose that uh i have a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then suppose that uh i have a circle
+so i have some edge that goes around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have some edge that goes around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have some edge that goes around the
+circle well then of course the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well then of course the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle well then of course the distance
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+you know is just a bunch of surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is just a bunch of surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is just a bunch of surface
+except now we're going inwards as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now we're going inwards as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except now we're going inwards as well
+okay and then if i have an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's going to look like that and it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like that and it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like that and it gets
+interesting when i have a corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting when i have a corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting when i have a corner
+so if i have a corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then on the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in computing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in computing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in computing this
+everything is nice and cozy uh except um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is nice and cozy uh except um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is nice and cozy uh except um
+right in the corner things different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the corner things different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the corner things different
+things happen there and so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen there and so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen there and so that's a
+potential problem with straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problem with straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential problem with straightforward
+simple methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple methods of
+filling this in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling this in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling this in now
+we're not working in the continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not working in the continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not working in the continuous
+world so we're working in a discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so we're working in a discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world so we're working in a discrete
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have to figure out
+how to propagate these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to propagate these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to propagate these values
+and as i mentioned if we were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i mentioned if we were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i mentioned if we were working
+with manhattan distance it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manhattan distance it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with manhattan distance it would be
+simple because we can add up the changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because we can add up the changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because we can add up the changes
+in x and the changes in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and the changes in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and the changes in y
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we'd always have an accurate result so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd always have an accurate result so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd always have an accurate result so
+if this one is you know one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this one is you know one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this one is you know one of the
+features then this is one away that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features then this is one away that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features then this is one away that's
+one away that's two away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so manhattan distance is uh very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so manhattan distance is uh very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so manhattan distance is uh very easy
+um euclidean is not and there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um euclidean is not and there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um euclidean is not and there's actually
+a whole bunch of papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of papers
+on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to
+do euclidean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do euclidean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do euclidean
+uh in an approximate way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an approximate way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an approximate way
+that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still
+good enough and is also very fast i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and is also very fast i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough and is also very fast i mean
+you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always
+do it the slow way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it the slow way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it the slow way
+by basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you add a pixel look at all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add a pixel look at all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add a pixel look at all of the
+other pixels and see which one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pixels and see which one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pixels and see which one is the
+closest and calculate the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest and calculate the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest and calculate the square root of
+the delta x squared plus delta y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta x squared plus delta y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delta x squared plus delta y squared
+but of course that's very expensive what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course that's very expensive what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course that's very expensive what
+you want to do is incrementally as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is incrementally as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is incrementally as you
+fill in this uh distance field uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in this uh distance field uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in this uh distance field uh just
+add another layer of pixels to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another layer of pixels to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add another layer of pixels to it so
+uh we won't uh talk about those but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we won't uh talk about those but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we won't uh talk about those but
+just to know that that's you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to know that that's you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to know that that's you know one of
+those problems like what's a good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems like what's a good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those problems like what's a good way of
+sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorting
+there's this problem of what's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this problem of what's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this problem of what's a good
+way of computing the distance transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as i mentioned in our case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i mentioned in our case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i mentioned in our case we
+actually have vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have vectors
+and the figures in the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the figures in the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the figures in the pattern
+make it pretty clear what to do i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it pretty clear what to do i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it pretty clear what to do i mean
+the the equations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the equations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the equations are
+messy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy but
+the figures pretty clearly tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figures pretty clearly tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the figures pretty clearly tell you what
+to do okay then um we have all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do okay then um we have all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do okay then um we have all of these
+little local forces and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little local forces and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little local forces and we talked about
+adding them up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding them up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding them up so
+one thing we can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the fis are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fis are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the fis are
+forces at individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces at individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces at individual
+dipoles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dipoles
+in the runtime image and the wi's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the runtime image and the wi's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the runtime image and the wi's are
+weights and the weights can be all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and the weights can be all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights and the weights can be all sorts
+of things according to the pattern they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things according to the pattern they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things according to the pattern they
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be
+predefined they can depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predefined they can depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predefined they can depend on the
+magnitude of the gradient so you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient so you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the gradient so you believe
+things that have a strong gradient more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have a strong gradient more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have a strong gradient more
+than things that don't and so on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than things that don't and so on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than things that don't and so on they
+can depend on how well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on how well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on how well the
+run time gradient lines up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time gradient lines up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run time gradient lines up with the
+field vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field vector
+they can depend on how well the runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can depend on how well the runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can depend on how well the runtime
+gradient lines up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient lines up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient lines up with the
+nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+field dipole and so on so the lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dipole and so on so the lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field dipole and so on so the lots of
+versions but in general you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions but in general you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions but in general you want to do
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+and so that's you know pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's you know pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's you know pretty obvious
+we're basically just taking away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically just taking away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically just taking away that
+some of these forces and this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these forces and this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these forces and this is going
+to uh provide the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh provide the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh provide the translation
+so we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we move the alignment based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move the alignment based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move the alignment based on that
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+what about rotation well very similar we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about rotation well very similar we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about rotation well very similar we
+just uh take a torque around some center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+that's going to give us a rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+you know i can just conveniently take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can just conveniently take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i can just conveniently take
+the cross product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross product of
+the vector from some center the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector from some center the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector from some center the rotation
+is going to be about some center most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be about some center most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be about some center most
+conveniently it's the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently it's the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently it's the center of the
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+so ri is measured from there and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ri is measured from there and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ri is measured from there and this is
+the torque that's exerted by all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque that's exerted by all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the torque that's exerted by all of
+those springs and that will tend to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those springs and that will tend to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those springs and that will tend to make
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+the runtime image move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime image move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime image move
+uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so
+this is a little bit funny because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit funny because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit funny because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it shouldn't be
+shouldn't be under it's not a vector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be under it's not a vector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be under it's not a vector so
+a torque is a scalar which is rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torque is a scalar which is rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torque is a scalar which is rotating
+it's one degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one degree of freedom
+but over here we've got the cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here we've got the cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here we've got the cross
+product of two uh vectors so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two uh vectors so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two uh vectors so what's
+going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+being a little sloppy with a notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little sloppy with a notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a little sloppy with a notation
+but the cross product of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cross product of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the cross product of those two
+they're both in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both in the plane
+and so their cross products going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so their cross products going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so their cross products going to be
+sticking out of the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out of the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out of the plane
+so if i wanted to be you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i wanted to be you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i wanted to be you know
+pedantic i could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic i could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedantic i could say that
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+z component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z component
+there's only a z component but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a z component but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only a z component but you know
+make it into a scalar basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a scalar basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a scalar basically
+and then we can have scaling i suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can have scaling i suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can have scaling i suppose
+although that's less common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+um if you want to reference the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to reference the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you want to reference the pattern
+i guess that's figure 21 and 22.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and may the force be with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may the force be with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and may the force be with you
+sorry i couldn't resist that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i couldn't resist that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry i couldn't resist that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay nearest boundary point alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nearest boundary point alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nearest boundary point alignment
+energy minimization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minimization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy minimization
+yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+a little so we'll have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little so we'll have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little so we'll have a couple of
+little sidebars here one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sidebars here one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sidebars here one of them is
+distance to a line and we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line and we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance to a line and we already
+mentioned that but since it comes up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that but since it comes up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that but since it comes up so
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+want to go over that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it depends of course on your notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends of course on your notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends of course on your notation
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+for a line so once again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a line so once again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a line so once again let me
+propagandize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagandize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagandize
+my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first of all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first of all um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+we can rotate into a coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rotate into a coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rotate into a coordinate system
+that's lined up with a line so we get x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lined up with a line so we get x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's lined up with a line so we get x
+prime is x cos theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is x cos theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime is x cos theta
+plus y sine theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y sine theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y sine theta
+and y prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's step one and then step two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's step one and then step two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's step one and then step two is
+let's move the origin to there so equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move the origin to there so equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's move the origin to there so equal
+as x double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as x double prime
+and y double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y double prime
+so x double prime is just x prime and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x double prime is just x prime and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x double prime is just x prime and y
+double prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime is
+y prime uh minus rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y prime uh minus rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y prime uh minus rho
+so y double prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y double prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y double prime is
+minus x sine theta plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x sine theta plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus x sine theta plus y
+cos theta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos theta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos theta minus
+rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rho
+and the line is the locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the line is the locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the line is the locus
+of y double prime equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y double prime equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y double prime equals zero
+right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's
+by construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by construction
+and so we can write the equation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write the equation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can write the equation of the
+line as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line as
+x sine theta minus y cos theta plus rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sine theta minus y cos theta plus rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sine theta minus y cos theta plus rho
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+that parameterization doesn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameterization doesn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameterization doesn't have any
+singularities it doesn't blow up when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities it doesn't blow up when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularities it doesn't blow up when
+the line's going straight up or straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line's going straight up or straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line's going straight up or straight
+across or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across or anything
+it's not redundant it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not redundant it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not redundant it has two
+parameters rho and theta which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters rho and theta which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters rho and theta which is what
+you need because the family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need because the family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need because the family of
+lines in the plane is a two parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in the plane is a two parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in the plane is a two parameter
+family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+pretty handy for example suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty handy for example suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty handy for example suppose that
+we want to do some line fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do some line fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do some line fitting
+so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose
+in our image we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our image we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our image we have
+a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of
+edge points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge points
+and we're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to find
+with high accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high accuracy
+a line that fits them very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line that fits them very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line that fits them very well
+so what we could do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we could do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we could do is
+minimize sigma of the distance squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize sigma of the distance squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize sigma of the distance squared
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what are parameters rho and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh right because by using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh right because by using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh right because by using this
+notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+that this is the distance well or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the distance well or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the distance well or maybe
+negative but we're taking the square so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but we're taking the square so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative but we're taking the square so
+who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+it's a calculus problem so we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a calculus problem so we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a calculus problem so we take the
+derivative and set it equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and set it equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and set it equal to zero and
+let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with
+d rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d rho
+well then we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then we're going to get
+two times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so forget the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forget the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forget the two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now the sine theta we can bring outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sine theta we can bring outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the sine theta we can bring outside
+the summation sine theta sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation sine theta sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the summation sine theta sigma
+x i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i
+minus cos theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cos theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus cos theta
+sigma y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma y i
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+plus rho sigma 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rho sigma 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rho sigma 1
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if we have n points we can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have n points we can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have n points we can divide
+through by n and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because the sigma of of one is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the sigma of of one is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the sigma of of one is n
+and so if you divide by n we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you divide by n we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you divide by n we just get
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and so what does this say so x bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does this say so x bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what does this say so x bar is
+the average is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average is
+one over in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course y bar you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course y bar you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course y bar you know
+correspondingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this says that
+um there's a relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a relationship between
+so it doesn't give us rho yet it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't give us rho yet it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it doesn't give us rho yet it doesn't
+give us theta but there's a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us theta but there's a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us theta but there's a strong
+relationship between them and this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between them and this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between them and this says
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+line has to go through the centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has to go through the centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line has to go through the centroid
+right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because
+uh if i plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i plug in the coordinates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug in the coordinates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i plug in the coordinates of the
+centroid x bar y bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid x bar y bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centroid x bar y bar
+um i get zero and that's the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i get zero and that's the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i get zero and that's the definition
+of points on the line so the centroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points on the line so the centroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of points on the line so the centroids
+on the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line
+so at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at that point
+i might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might
+do a sensible thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sensible thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a sensible thing of
+moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving
+all my coordinates to the centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right sort of i know that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sort of i know that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sort of i know that's going to be
+important point so i can subtract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point so i can subtract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important point so i can subtract that
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+if i uh so i'm still trying to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i uh so i'm still trying to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i uh so i'm still trying to minimize
+this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh
+if you plug in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this
+the other way around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now i go into this equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i go into this equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i go into this equation and
+i plug in for x i and y i i plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i plug in for x i and y i i plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i plug in for x i and y i i plug in
+these expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these expressions
+then it turns out that the centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out that the centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it turns out that the centroid
+cancels out right because we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out right because we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancels out right because we have this
+property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property
+we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get
+we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get
+x bar sine theta minus y bar cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar sine theta minus y bar cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x bar sine theta minus y bar cosine
+theta plus rho and we know that's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus rho and we know that's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus rho and we know that's zero
+so we can get rid of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get rid of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get rid of that
+okay so now we're ready to do the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're ready to do the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're ready to do the final
+step which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step which is to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+take the derivative with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the derivative with respect to
+theta and set that equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and set that equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and set that equal to zero
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+after we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we
+gather terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's
+what we're going to get is 2 times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to get is 2 times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to get is 2 times this
+expression times its derivative and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression times its derivative and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression times its derivative and if
+you multiply all that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply all that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply all that out
+you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to
+so what's this this is 1 half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's this this is 1 half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's this this is 1 half
+sine 2 theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2 theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2 theta
+and this of course is cos 2 theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this of course is cos 2 theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this of course is cos 2 theta
+so i have an expression that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have an expression that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have an expression that involves
+sine of twice the angle and cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of twice the angle and cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine of twice the angle and cosine of
+twice the angle so basically you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the angle so basically you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the angle so basically you can do
+an 8 times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8 times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an 8 times 2
+a 10 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the sign so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the sign so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the sign so that's going
+to be this one two times sigma x i y i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this one two times sigma x i y i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be this one two times sigma x i y i
+comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we
+use a tan too so we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a tan too so we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a tan too so we don't have the
+ambiguity about uh which quadrant we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity about uh which quadrant we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity about uh which quadrant we're
+in and we don't have things blowing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we don't have things blowing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and we don't have things blowing up
+sorry that looks kind of a mess but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that looks kind of a mess but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that looks kind of a mess but
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+this is the sine part if you like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sine part if you like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the sine part if you like and
+this is the cosine part of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cosine part of the tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the cosine part of the tangent
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we just take those two quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take those two quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just take those two quantities
+and that least square solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that least square solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that least square solution
+has the benefit that it's independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the benefit that it's independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the benefit that it's independent of
+coordinate system choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system choice
+what do i mean by that it means if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that it means if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i mean by that it means if i
+have a different coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different coordinate system
+different position different rotation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position different rotation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position different rotation of
+course i'm going to get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i'm going to get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i'm going to get a different
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+but in that coordinate system that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in that coordinate system that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in that coordinate system that will
+be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line why do i make a fuss of that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line why do i make a fuss of that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line why do i make a fuss of that well
+because that's not true if you fit y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not true if you fit y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's not true if you fit y
+equals mx plus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mx plus c
+so th now there are circumstances where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th now there are circumstances where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so th now there are circumstances where
+fitting y equals mx plus c makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting y equals mx plus c makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting y equals mx plus c makes sense
+uh if you if you happen to not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if you happen to not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you if you happen to not have an
+error in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error in x
+if you say assume that all the error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say assume that all the error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say assume that all the error in
+fitting is in y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting is in y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting is in y
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+x is some quantity you have complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is some quantity you have complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is some quantity you have complete
+control over y is something you measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over y is something you measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over y is something you measure
+then fitting y equals mx plus c makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fitting y equals mx plus c makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then fitting y equals mx plus c makes
+sense but here we're talking about image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but here we're talking about image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense but here we're talking about image
+coordinates there's nothing different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there's nothing different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates there's nothing different
+about x and y or different rotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x and y or different rotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x and y or different rotations and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+that's a method that could be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a method that could be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a method that could be used for
+example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in
+some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the
+patent work we've talked about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent work we've talked about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent work we've talked about where
+we're dealing with edges and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with edges and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with edges and we're
+trying to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to combine
+short edge fragments into into longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short edge fragments into into longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short edge fragments into into longer
+longer edge fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the
+why don't we look at another patent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we look at another patent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we look at another patent so
+the last one in this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one in this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one in this series
+is again kind of a subsidiary deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again kind of a subsidiary deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again kind of a subsidiary deal
+it's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+it has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with the
+multi-scale business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+namely how do we efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we we keep on talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we keep on talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we keep on talking about that
+multiple scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but um how do we efficiently do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because potentially the computation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because potentially the computation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because potentially the computation is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very expensive
+okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right because convolution is expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because convolution is expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because convolution is expensive
+if we have a picture with n pixels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a picture with n pixels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a picture with n pixels and
+we have a kernel with m pixels then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a kernel with m pixels then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a kernel with m pixels then
+computing the convolution is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the convolution is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the convolution is something
+the order of n times m so you know with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of n times m so you know with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of n times m so you know with
+10 million pixels or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million pixels or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 million pixels or whatever
+if your kernel is reasonably large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your kernel is reasonably large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your kernel is reasonably large uh
+it's going to take a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to take a very long time
+so there's a lot of interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of interest in
+finding shortcuts finding tricks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding shortcuts finding tricks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding shortcuts finding tricks that
+make the that job easier and here's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the that job easier and here's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the that job easier and here's uh
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+the last one we're going to look at from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one we're going to look at from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one we're going to look at from
+bill silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill silver
+at cognex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cognex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cognex
+and this is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is about
+basically efficiently computing filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically efficiently computing filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically efficiently computing filters
+for doing multi-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing multi-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing multi-scale
+and so the picture here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the picture here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the picture here is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+nth order piecewise polynomial kernel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth order piecewise polynomial kernel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth order piecewise polynomial kernel so
+the trick here is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick here is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick here is we're going to
+approximate whatever kernel you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate whatever kernel you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate whatever kernel you like
+with something that's a spline piecewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's a spline piecewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's a spline piecewise
+polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomial
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's an nth order spline and we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an nth order spline and we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an nth order spline and we then
+take the n plus first difference so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the n plus first difference so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the n plus first difference so if
+you think about it each of those pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it each of those pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it each of those pieces
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+nth order polynomial and if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth order polynomial and if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nth order polynomial and if you take the
+n plus first derivative you get what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a second order polynomial take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a second order polynomial take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a second order polynomial take the
+second derivative you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and why is that good well it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that good well it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that good well it's easy to
+convolve with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve with zero
+so what's the trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the trick
+well the thing is that uh where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the thing is that uh where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the thing is that uh where you
+spline together splice together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spline together splice together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spline together splice together the
+polynomials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials
+you may have a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have a discontinuity
+not not perhaps in the value but perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not perhaps in the value but perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not perhaps in the value but perhaps
+in the derivative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the derivative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the derivative or
+maybe not in the value in the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not in the value in the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not in the value in the derivative
+but in the second derivative and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the second derivative and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the second derivative and so on
+so but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but what
+the result is that um it's sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that um it's sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result is that um it's sparse
+no matter what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what you do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know it may be a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it may be a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it may be a little complicated
+at those transitions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those transitions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at those transitions but
+large parts of it are zero so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large parts of it are zero so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large parts of it are zero so if you do
+the convolution your kernel has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution your kernel has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution your kernel has very
+small support and so it's very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small support and so it's very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small support and so it's very efficient
+it's very cheap to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cheap to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cheap to compute
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+let's see what do we got filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do we got filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what do we got filter
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can
+pick different filters based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick different filters based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick different filters based on this
+then you get your signal and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get your signal and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you get your signal and this is the
+1d version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1d version
+you sample it you convolve it with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sample it you convolve it with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sample it you convolve it with that
+now sparse function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sparse function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sparse function
+but then you have to undo that and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to undo that and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have to undo that and so
+you do the n plus first sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the n plus first sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the n plus first sum
+which is the inverse of the n plus first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the inverse of the n plus first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the inverse of the n plus first
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and finally you normalize and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you normalize and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally you normalize and there's
+your filtered signal so that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filtered signal so that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your filtered signal so that's the basic
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+now there's some things hidden in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's some things hidden in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's some things hidden in there
+that are pretty important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are pretty important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are pretty important
+you know first of all that the n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first of all that the n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know first of all that the n plus
+first sum is the inverse of the n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sum is the inverse of the n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sum is the inverse of the n plus
+first difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference
+but that sort of makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that sort of makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that sort of makes sense because
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one you know if you keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know if you keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know if you keep on
+left to right adding things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right adding things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right adding things up
+that's the exact inverse of stepping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the exact inverse of stepping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the exact inverse of stepping
+through and subtracting neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and subtracting neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and subtracting neighbors
+in either order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either order
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so so it makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it makes sense
+on one difference and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one difference and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one difference and then you can
+convince yourself that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince yourself that well
+these operations commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations commute
+so if i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+let's call them d and s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call them d and s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call them d and s
+so let's suppose that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's suppose that this is the
+identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity
+and then what we want to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we want to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we want to convince
+ourselves that this is also the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that this is also the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves that this is also the identity
+d times the s times this so we take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d times the s times this so we take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d times the s times this so we take two
+differences and then we take two sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then we take two sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and then we take two sums
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+these operations commute i can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations commute i can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these operations commute i can write
+this as d s d s right i switch these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as d s d s right i switch these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as d s d s right i switch these
+around and of course i know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and of course i know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and of course i know that this is
+the identity and that's the identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity and that's the identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity and that's the identity and
+i'm done and that generalizes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm done and that generalizes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm done and that generalizes to
+n plus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n plus 1
+differences and n plus 1 sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and n plus 1 sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and n plus 1 sums
+so that's one one idea uh in there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one one idea uh in there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one one idea uh in there that
+we can specify uh convolution and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can specify uh convolution and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can specify uh convolution and make
+it cheaper and that we can undo that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cheaper and that we can undo that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cheaper and that we can undo that
+specification by taking uh sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification by taking uh sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification by taking uh sums
+and you know if you go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you go through the
+algebra of figuring out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra of figuring out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra of figuring out how many
+operations you always come out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you always come out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations you always come out well
+pretty much always come out ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much always come out ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much always come out ahead
+that's one idea the other idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one idea the other idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one idea the other idea is that
+we're kind of mixing up convolutions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of mixing up convolutions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're kind of mixing up convolutions and
+differentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+a slightly more subtle point but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly more subtle point but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slightly more subtle point but we can
+think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+integration and differentiation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and differentiation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and differentiation as
+convolutions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions so
+let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about
+integration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so
+what would you convolve with to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you convolve with to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you convolve with to
+get an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a set of ones right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of ones right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of ones right but
+all the way from minus infinity to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from minus infinity to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from minus infinity to plus
+infinity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um you know when we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know when we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um you know when we compute the
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+so we have f of x and we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have f of x and we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have f of x and we want the
+integral of f of x at some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f of x at some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of f of x at some particular
+place let's say x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place let's say x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place let's say x prime
+then we're integrating from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're integrating from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're integrating from minus
+infinity up to x prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity up to x prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity up to x prime
+and we're ignoring the rest of f of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're ignoring the rest of f of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're ignoring the rest of f of x
+so that's a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a little bit like
+taking a step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a step function
+multiplying by a step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a step function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by a step function
+well flipped right because we're we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well flipped right because we're we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well flipped right because we're we're
+multiplying by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then adding the result so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adding the result so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adding the result so we'll
+we'll talk about that a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that a little bit more
+so without that being mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without that being mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so without that being mentioned in the
+pattern it's depending critically on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it's depending critically on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern it's depending critically on the
+fact that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that uh
+derivative operators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative operators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative operators are
+can be treated as convolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be treated as convolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be treated as convolutions
+not convolutions with real functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not convolutions with real functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not convolutions with real functions
+because you know we need impulses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we need impulses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know we need impulses and
+stuff but if we if we allow impulses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but if we if we allow impulses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff but if we if we allow impulses and
+distribu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribu
+distributions instead of functions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions instead of functions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions instead of functions then
+we can treat them and once we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can treat them and once we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can treat them and once we do that
+we have all of the power of convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all of the power of convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have all of the power of convolution
+and all of the nice properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the nice properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of the nice properties of
+convolution so for example convolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so for example convolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution so for example convolutions
+commute why is that well because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute why is that well because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute why is that well because the
+fourier transform of convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform of convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourier transform of convolution
+as you may remember 603 is the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may remember 603 is the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you may remember 603 is the product
+in the transform space right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the transform space right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the transform space right and
+products commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products commute
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if convolution converts into a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if convolution converts into a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if convolution converts into a product
+and the product commutes that must mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product commutes that must mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the product commutes that must mean
+that the convolution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the convolution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the convolution uh
+that the convolution commutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the convolution commutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the convolution commutes
+similarly associ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly associ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly associ
+associativity if i've got a times b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associativity if i've got a times b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associativity if i've got a times b
+times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c
+i can think of that either as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of that either as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can think of that either as
+multiplying a but times b first and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a but times b first and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying a but times b first and then
+taking the result and multiplying by c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the result and multiplying by c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the result and multiplying by c
+or i can think of it as multiplying b by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i can think of it as multiplying b by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i can think of it as multiplying b by
+c first and then multiplying a by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c first and then multiplying a by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c first and then multiplying a by that
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+since again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since again
+the transform of convolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform of convolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transform of convolution is
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+the same must apply to convolution so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same must apply to convolution so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same must apply to convolution so we
+can switch things around which is what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch things around which is what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can switch things around which is what i
+did over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did over here
+yeah you know uh well no here i use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know uh well no here i use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know uh well no here i use
+commutativity but we're also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutativity but we're also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutativity but we're also going to
+need associativity so we can associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need associativity so we can associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need associativity so we can associate
+in convolution just just which is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in convolution just just which is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in convolution just just which is going
+to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very
+powerful and allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and allow us to
+switch things around between the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch things around between the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch things around between the signal
+and the filter and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the filter and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the filter and so on
+okay so let's continue with this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue with this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's continue with this so
+that's the same picture you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same picture you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same picture you know the
+pattern examiner just like that and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern examiner just like that and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern examiner just like that and put
+it on the first page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the first page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the first page
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's look at what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at what we have here
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this smooth sort of smooth curve up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this smooth sort of smooth curve up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this smooth sort of smooth curve up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it could be a kernel for some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a kernel for some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a kernel for some sort of
+smoothing filter perhaps an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roughly low-pass filter a signal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly low-pass filter a signal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly low-pass filter a signal or
+approximate a gaussian or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a gaussian or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a gaussian or something
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but it turns out that this is composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this is composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this is composed
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+segments that are each quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments that are each quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments that are each quadratic
+and so now we take uh difference or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we take uh difference or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we take uh difference or in
+the continuous world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the continuous world
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+and what do we get uh is are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get uh is are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get uh is are these
+straight lines why are straight lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines why are straight lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines why are straight lines
+because this was second order so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was second order so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was second order so take a
+derivative it'll be first order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it'll be first order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative it'll be first order
+okay so but it's not sparse we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but it's not sparse we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but it's not sparse we're not
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+so now we repeat that we take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we repeat that we take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we repeat that we take another
+derivative and because this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and because this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and because this is just a
+ramp we get a constant value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp we get a constant value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp we get a constant value
+and then this is a ramp going down so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is a ramp going down so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is a ramp going down so we
+get a constant value on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a constant value on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a constant value on the second
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+and that's a ramp get a constant value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a ramp get a constant value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a ramp get a constant value
+of 30 we're not done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 30 we're not done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 30 we're not done yet
+we've you know remember n plus first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've you know remember n plus first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've you know remember n plus first so
+we have to do one more derivative well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do one more derivative well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do one more derivative well
+what's the derivative of a constant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of a constant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the derivative of a constant it's
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+so all along these long stretches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all along these long stretches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all along these long stretches
+potentially i mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially i mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially i mean this is
+in order to fit into the figure they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to fit into the figure they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to fit into the figure they've
+made it relatively compact but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it relatively compact but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it relatively compact but you could
+imagine we could do this over a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we could do this over a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we could do this over a longer
+extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent
+all of these areas we get nothing we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these areas we get nothing we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these areas we get nothing we get
+zero which is what we want it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is what we want it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which is what we want it makes it
+sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse
+but at the transitions at the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the transitions at the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at the transitions at the places
+where these quadratic things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these quadratic things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these quadratic things were
+spliced together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spliced together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spliced together
+we do get a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do get a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do get a result
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+amazingly there are only two non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly there are only two non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly there are only two non-zero
+values there's only that value in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there's only that value in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values there's only that value in that
+value so instead of having to convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so instead of having to convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so instead of having to convolve
+with something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that's
+i don't know 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know 20
+non-zero values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero values
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+convolve with two which is really cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve with two which is really cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve with two which is really cheap
+plus they're the same magnitude so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus they're the same magnitude so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus they're the same magnitude so we
+don't even have to multiply we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to multiply we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even have to multiply we just
+subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+but then we don't get the answer we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we don't get the answer we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we don't get the answer we want
+we get the third difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the third difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the third difference of the
+answer we want so now we take the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we want so now we take the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we want so now we take the result
+and we just left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just left to right
+uh sum it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sum it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sum it up
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice
+three times right so it's very just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times right so it's very just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times right so it's very just like
+first difference is such a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference is such a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first difference is such a simple
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+uh this is also a simple operation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is also a simple operation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is also a simple operation we
+start with zero at the left and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with zero at the left and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with zero at the left and we just
+keep on adding the values and writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on adding the values and writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep on adding the values and writing
+them into an array and then we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into an array and then we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into an array and then we do that
+with that new array same thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that new array same thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that new array same thing and then
+we do that with the results of that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that with the results of that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that with the results of that and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if we've done it three times we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've done it three times we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we've done it three times we're done
+so uh so there's a certain cost to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so there's a certain cost to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so there's a certain cost to that
+but it's nothing compared to the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's nothing compared to the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's nothing compared to the cost of
+doing the convolution with the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the convolution with the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the convolution with the original
+um you know function that had uh large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know function that had uh large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know function that had uh large
+support had non-zero values for for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support had non-zero values for for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support had non-zero values for for many
+points so this is kind of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so this is kind of the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so this is kind of the textbook
+example of this method because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this method because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this method because it's
+giving us a very high compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a very high compression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving us a very high compression
+the result after taking the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result after taking the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result after taking the third
+difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is
+very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small
+let's see first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see first
+second third third difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third third difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second third third difference
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh so that's the basic idea and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's the basic idea and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's the basic idea and here's
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+oh wait is that the same one yes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait is that the same one yes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh wait is that the same one yes that's
+the same one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same one so
+okay and uh and so here's the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and so here's the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh and so here's the circuit
+for doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's the one-dimensional function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the one-dimensional function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the one-dimensional function
+think of it as a row in the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a row in the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a row in the image
+and there's a sampling operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a sampling operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a sampling operator which
+picks out every fifth value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks out every fifth value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks out every fifth value
+what four of them uh and those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what four of them uh and those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what four of them uh and those are the
+uh they you know they are the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they you know they are the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they you know they are the results of
+that um third difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um third difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um third difference of the
+convolution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution function
+and then we convolve oh i'm sorry i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we convolve oh i'm sorry i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we convolve oh i'm sorry i
+think i screwed up here because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i screwed up here because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i screwed up here because there's
+non-zero values at the end as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero values at the end as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero values at the end as well
+right so there's this this value here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's this this value here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's this this value here
+and and that value so they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that value so they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that value so they're actually
+four non-zero values in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-zero values in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four non-zero values in this example
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+two of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them are
+magnitude three and two of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude three and two of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude three and two of them are
+magnitude one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one
+okay so that's why we're reading out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why we're reading out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's why we're reading out
+four values and the outer ones are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values and the outer ones are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values and the outer ones are
+multiplied by plus and minus one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by plus and minus one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by plus and minus one the
+inner ones are multiplied by plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ones are multiplied by plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner ones are multiplied by plus or
+minus three and we add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three and we add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three and we add them up
+and that produces a new one-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that produces a new one-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that produces a new one-dimensional
+stream of numbers and then we push it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of numbers and then we push it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of numbers and then we push it
+through three accumulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three accumulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three accumulators
+and out comes the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out comes the result
+okay let's see and so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see and so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's see and so that's just a
+picture of a accumulator where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a accumulator where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a accumulator where we
+keep the old value and we add in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the old value and we add in a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the old value and we add in a new
+value i'm not sure why we need a diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value i'm not sure why we need a diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value i'm not sure why we need a diagram
+for that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that but
+and that's the actual convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the actual convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the actual convolution
+operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can
+you know often we want to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often we want to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know often we want to control the
+bandwidth we want to control uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth we want to control uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bandwidth we want to control uh how
+much we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much we
+reduce the resolution of the image well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the resolution of the image well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the resolution of the image well
+here we can do that very simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can do that very simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can do that very simply by
+changing the spacing between those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the spacing between those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the spacing between those four
+non-zero values so we can stretch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero values so we can stretch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero values so we can stretch out
+that spline horizontally or compress it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spline horizontally or compress it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spline horizontally or compress it
+just by changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by changing
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+and so here we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we're looking at
+the i pixel and the i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i pixel and the i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i pixel and the i
+minus s plus 1 pixel and the i minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s plus 1 pixel and the i minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus s plus 1 pixel and the i minus
+twice s plus 1 pixel and the i minus 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice s plus 1 pixel and the i minus 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice s plus 1 pixel and the i minus 3
+times s plus 1 pixel so we can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s plus 1 pixel so we can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s plus 1 pixel so we can change
+the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+easily and notice there's no change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and notice there's no change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily and notice there's no change in
+the amount of computation whereas if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of computation whereas if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of computation whereas if you
+were using the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were using the full
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+spline or whatever it's an approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spline or whatever it's an approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spline or whatever it's an approximation
+of like a gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like a gaussian
+then as you increase the size of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you increase the size of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you increase the size of course
+the computation goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation goes up
+so here since we're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here since we're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here since we're only
+doing any work where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any work where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any work where the
+parts of the spline are spliced together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the spline are spliced together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the spline are spliced together
+that doesn't change so we can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change so we can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't change so we can easily
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+the filter parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one
+let's go through this one so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through this one so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through this one so this one
+we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve
+up here that's i think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that's i think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here that's i think a
+parabola upside down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola upside down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabola upside down
+we take the first difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the first difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the first difference
+right so that second order first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that second order first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that second order first
+difference is first order and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is first order and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is first order and we get
+this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line
+and then we take the second difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we take the second difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we take the second difference
+and because this has a constant slope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this has a constant slope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because this has a constant slope of
+course we get a constant value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we get a constant value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we get a constant value for the
+second difference we're still not done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference we're still not done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second difference we're still not done
+because it's still not sparse we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's still not sparse we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's still not sparse we take
+the third difference and of course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third difference and of course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third difference and of course we
+get 0 all the way in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 all the way in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 0 all the way in here
+now this time the ends are more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this time the ends are more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this time the ends are more
+complicated because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because the
+discontinuity there's a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity there's a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discontinuity there's a discontinuity
+not just in higher derivative but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in higher derivative but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in higher derivative but in the
+first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative
+is continuous in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is continuous in
+the function itself at the ends but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function itself at the ends but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function itself at the ends but the
+first derivative has a discontinuity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative has a discontinuity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative has a discontinuity and
+that means that the second and third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the second and third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the second and third
+derivative are going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative are going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative are going to be more
+complicated so we have these spikes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so we have these spikes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated so we have these spikes at
+the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end
+and there are two non-zero values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two non-zero values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two non-zero values in the
+in each of these spikes at the two ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these spikes at the two ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these spikes at the two ends
+so so just another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just another example of
+so if for example you decide that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if for example you decide that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if for example you decide that the
+gaussian is you know a good filter for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian is you know a good filter for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian is you know a good filter for
+you to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use
+because of its whatever transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its whatever transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of its whatever transform
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can
+fit a spline to it and instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a spline to it and instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a spline to it and instead of doing
+the expensive computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expensive computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expensive computation
+or suppose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suppose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suppose that you
+say okay i know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay i know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay i know that the
+ideal low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal low pass filter
+has a sync function in the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sync function in the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a sync function in the spatial
+domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain
+well the sync function for start goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the sync function for start goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the sync function for start goes on
+forever so that's going to be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so that's going to be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so that's going to be a problem
+but also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also it's
+it doesn't have a spar support it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have a spar support it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have a spar support it's
+non-zero almost everywhere so i can fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero almost everywhere so i can fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero almost everywhere so i can fit
+a spline to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spline to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spline to it
+and we'll be doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be doing that
+and so and that's a particular of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and that's a particular of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and that's a particular of
+importance for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance for us
+because uh we want to work multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we want to work multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we want to work multiple
+scales so we have to sub-sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so we have to sub-sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales so we have to sub-sample
+nyquist tells us as does shannon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nyquist tells us as does shannon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nyquist tells us as does shannon and
+whoever invented it first who wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever invented it first who wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever invented it first who wasn't
+nyquist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nyquist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nyquist
+that we have to be careful that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to be careful that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to be careful that the
+sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling
+produces aliasing artifacts unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces aliasing artifacts unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces aliasing artifacts unless
+we've cut out the high frequency content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've cut out the high frequency content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've cut out the high frequency content
+before we sampled and so we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we sampled and so we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we sampled and so we have to be
+able to at least approximately low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to at least approximately low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to at least approximately low pass
+filter our images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter our images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter our images
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+how do you do that well you can convolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well you can convolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you do that well you can convolve
+with the think sync function but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the think sync function but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the think sync function but you
+know that's very expensive to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's very expensive to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's very expensive to even
+approximate directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate directly
+if we can approximate the sync function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can approximate the sync function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we can approximate the sync function
+with one of these splines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of these splines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one of these splines
+then we can make that a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can make that a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can make that a reasonable
+from a premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a premise
+i'm not sure there's uh whole okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure there's uh whole okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure there's uh whole okay
+they're more examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more examples
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it doesn't have to be just a lump so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be just a lump so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be just a lump so
+here we have a function that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a function that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a function that has a
+positive and a negative peak maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and a negative peak maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and a negative peak maybe
+that's an approximation to a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an approximation to a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an approximation to a first
+derivative operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative operator
+and again we take the first derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we take the first derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again we take the first derivative
+we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the
+ramps second derivative we get constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramps second derivative we get constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramps second derivative we get constants
+third derivative we get zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third derivative we get zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third derivative we get zeros
+and with something at each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with something at each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with something at each of the
+transitions where the splines are stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where the splines are stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions where the splines are stuck
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and we reduce the computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reduce the computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we reduce the computation
+dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically
+because in this case we have one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case we have one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in this case we have one two
+three non-zero values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three non-zero values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three non-zero values
+oh and there's okay five five non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and there's okay five five non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh and there's okay five five non-zero
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is just about you know clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just about you know clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just about you know clever
+details on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details on how to
+do the sampling efficiency efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the sampling efficiency efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the sampling efficiency efficiently
+and that's in the y direction now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in the y direction now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's in the y direction now we can
+do the same in the x direction we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same in the x direction we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same in the x direction we're
+going to do the same in the y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same in the y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do the same in the y direction
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the idea would be that we we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would be that we we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea would be that we we run the
+convolution in the x direction and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the x direction and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in the x direction and then
+we produce a new image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce a new image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we produce a new image
+and then we run the convolution in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run the convolution in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we run the convolution in the y
+direction and produce the final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and produce the final result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and produce the final result
+and that's one way to proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one way to proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one way to proceed
+what this diagram shows is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this diagram shows is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this diagram shows is that you can
+do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+combining those two operations so you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining those two operations so you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining those two operations so you do
+still need some intermediate memory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need some intermediate memory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need some intermediate memory but
+you don't need enough memory for a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need enough memory for a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need enough memory for a whole
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+you only need a memory large enough for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need a memory large enough for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need a memory large enough for
+the convolution in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the convolution in the other direction
+so here we go through the y convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go through the y convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go through the y convolution
+using the methods we just described and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the methods we just described and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the methods we just described and
+we keep a few rows and then we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep a few rows and then we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep a few rows and then we run the
+x sound we run the x convolution on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sound we run the x convolution on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x sound we run the x convolution on that
+each each of these rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each of these rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each of these rows
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+so that kind of uh brings up another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of uh brings up another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that kind of uh brings up another
+issue which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue which is
+it seems very efficient to do 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems very efficient to do 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems very efficient to do 1d
+convolutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolutions
+but 2d convolutions are expensive and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 2d convolutions are expensive and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 2d convolutions are expensive and so
+you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a
+open problem which is can you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem which is can you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problem which is can you use this
+clever idea of specifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever idea of specifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever idea of specifying the
+convolution in 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in 2d
+and i don't know might be a thesis topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know might be a thesis topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i don't know might be a thesis topic
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+but what you can do meantime is say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can do meantime is say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what you can do meantime is say
+in some cases maybe we can approximate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases maybe we can approximate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases maybe we can approximate a
+2d convolution by a cascade of a 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d convolution by a cascade of a 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d convolution by a cascade of a 1d
+convolution in x and a 1d convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in x and a 1d convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution in x and a 1d convolution
+and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y
+and and we look at that as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it goes into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it goes into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it goes into you know
+why this is important talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is important talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is important talks about the
+canny edge operator and other edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canny edge operator and other edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canny edge operator and other edge
+operators and multi-scale and blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and multi-scale and blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and multi-scale and blah blah
+blah so it's it this is much shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so it's it this is much shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so it's it this is much shorter
+than the other patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the other patterns
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's pretty much uh just using what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much uh just using what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much uh just using what i
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+just for fun let's look at the claims a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun let's look at the claims a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun let's look at the claims a
+method for digitally processing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for digitally processing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for digitally processing a
+one-dimensional signal the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional signal the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional signal the method
+comprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprising
+convolving the one-dimensional signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving the one-dimensional signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving the one-dimensional signal
+with a function that is the n plus first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a function that is the n plus first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a function that is the n plus first
+difference of an nth order discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of an nth order discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of an nth order discrete
+piecewise polynomial kernel so as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise polynomial kernel so as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise polynomial kernel so as to
+provide a second one-dimensional digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a second one-dimensional digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a second one-dimensional digital
+signal n being at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal n being at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal n being at least two
+and so on and then perform discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and then perform discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and then perform discrete
+integration n plus one times uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration n plus one times uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration n plus one times uh to
+produce the final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the final result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the final result
+so okay so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so that's uh
+there are some sort of things we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some sort of things we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some sort of things we need to
+fill in there that we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in there that we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill in there that we haven't talked
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+you you may be wondering why why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may be wondering why why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you may be wondering why why i
+brought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought this
+so this is a calcite crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a calcite crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a calcite crystal
+please don't drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't drop
+which is almost optical quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost optical quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost optical quality
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i got this in one of those crystal shops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got this in one of those crystal shops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got this in one of those crystal shops
+you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how
+crystals work on your mind you you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals work on your mind you you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals work on your mind you you buy
+this and you become famous or rich or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you become famous or rich or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and you become famous or rich or
+something no but this is used in optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no but this is used in optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something no but this is used in optics
+and the reason is that it's birefringent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that it's birefringent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason is that it's birefringent
+if you look through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look through it
+at some surface you will see two copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some surface you will see two copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some surface you will see two copies
+of the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the picture
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+why are there two copies well as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are there two copies well as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are there two copies well as you
+know materials have refractive index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know materials have refractive index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know materials have refractive index
+which causes light rays to be deflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes light rays to be deflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which causes light rays to be deflected
+by snell's law well this material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by snell's law well this material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by snell's law well this material is
+unusual in that it has two refractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual in that it has two refractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusual in that it has two refractive
+indices depending on the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices depending on the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices depending on the polarization
+so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since
+light in the room is sort of randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in the room is sort of randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in the room is sort of randomly
+polarized there's bo they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized there's bo they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized there's bo they're both
+types around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types around
+both are deflected but by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are deflected but by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are deflected but by different
+degrees so you get two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so you get two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so you get two copies of
+everything and as you move the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and as you move the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and as you move the crystal
+so why is that relevant well that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that relevant well that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that relevant well that's a
+trick that's used in um in cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that's used in um in cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that's used in um in cameras
+so in cameras we have a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in cameras we have a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in cameras we have a problem with
+aliasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing
+because we're sampling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sampling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're sampling and
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+can't guarantee that the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't guarantee that the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't guarantee that the image
+has been low pass filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been low pass filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been low pass filtered
+and so one of the tricks that's used is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the tricks that's used is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the tricks that's used is
+to have a very very thin layer of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very very thin layer of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a very very thin layer of this
+material which causes two copies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which causes two copies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which causes two copies of the
+image to appear very close together few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image to appear very close together few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image to appear very close together few
+microns apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns apart
+and and that's not a perfect low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's not a perfect low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's not a perfect low pass
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+but it suppresses higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it suppresses higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it suppresses higher frequency
+content and together with other items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and together with other items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content and together with other items
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+overall makes the sampling better now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall makes the sampling better now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall makes the sampling better now
+if you are willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are willing to
+pay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and
+take a chance you can send your fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a chance you can send your fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a chance you can send your fancy
+schmancy digital slr camera to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schmancy digital slr camera to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schmancy digital slr camera to a place
+that will remove this filter because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will remove this filter because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will remove this filter because
+geez it's removing my high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez it's removing my high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez it's removing my high frequency
+content i want higher resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content i want higher resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content i want higher resolution
+and yes uh you do that and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes uh you do that and you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yes uh you do that and you have your
+camera has apparently higher resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera has apparently higher resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera has apparently higher resolution
+but in heaven forbid you look at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in heaven forbid you look at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in heaven forbid you look at you
+know something like your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something like your uh
+jersey pull over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jersey pull over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jersey pull over
+or something with a fine pattern on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something with a fine pattern on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something with a fine pattern on it
+and all of a sudden you'll see all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden you'll see all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden you'll see all this
+interference uh mario patterns so so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference uh mario patterns so so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference uh mario patterns so so yes
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know it's cutting high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's cutting high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's cutting high frequency
+content but there's a good reason for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but there's a good reason for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but there's a good reason for
+cutting the high frequency content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the high frequency content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting the high frequency content and
+for example when you're brought in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when you're brought in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example when you're brought in front
+of a television camera in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a television camera in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a television camera in the old days
+they used to tell you not to wear a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to tell you not to wear a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they used to tell you not to wear a
+striped tie or to wear a dress that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striped tie or to wear a dress that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striped tie or to wear a dress that has
+narrow closely spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow closely spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow closely spaced
+stripes because you're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes because you're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripes because you're going to end up
+not just with aliasing of the kind we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just with aliasing of the kind we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just with aliasing of the kind we
+usually see but it's going to mess up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually see but it's going to mess up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually see but it's going to mess up
+with a color as well so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a color as well so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a color as well so you're going to
+get funny colored stripes and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get funny colored stripes and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get funny colored stripes and so on and
+since then they've you know improved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then they've you know improved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then they've you know improved the
+low-pass filtering before sampling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filtering before sampling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low-pass filtering before sampling so
+that this is not such a big issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not such a big issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not such a big issue
+anymore but you can find a lot of videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but you can find a lot of videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but you can find a lot of videos
+of lectures at mit where someone didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures at mit where someone didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures at mit where someone didn't
+pay attention to this and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to this and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay attention to this and and you
+instead of watching what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of watching what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of watching what's going on
+you're watching the person's shirt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the person's shirt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching the person's shirt
+change colors and shapes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change colors and shapes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change colors and shapes so
+so okay so anyway we'll talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so anyway we'll talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so anyway we'll talk about uh
+that that next time about uh what has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that next time about uh what has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that next time about uh what has to
+be done in the camera to suppress these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done in the camera to suppress these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done in the camera to suppress these
+aliasing effects and uh that's uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing effects and uh that's uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing effects and uh that's uh the
+material that we use there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RMONbz_0-Rk.txt b/RMONbz_0-Rk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1117ff4b0b5af2d7a22e09284f7b9bb4bcacadf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RMONbz_0-Rk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I do think that the black matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I do think that the black matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I do think that the black matters
+course a stick a new urgency in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a stick a new urgency in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a stick a new urgency in this
+current climate if we think for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current climate if we think for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current climate if we think for example
+of the the most recent elections right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the most recent elections right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the most recent elections right
+the campaign's that we that we we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campaign's that we that we we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the campaign's that we that we we all
+heard on TV on the radio in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard on TV on the radio in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard on TV on the radio in the
+newspapers it's clear that identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers it's clear that identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers it's clear that identity
+politics little bit a key role so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics little bit a key role so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics little bit a key role so if you
+think of the various claims about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the various claims about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the various claims about
+immigrants about Muslims about race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants about Muslims about race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immigrants about Muslims about race
+about blacks identity politics I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blacks identity politics I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about blacks identity politics I think
+was was a major focus of the campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was a major focus of the campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was a major focus of the campaign
+and I think the students themselves when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the students themselves when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think the students themselves when
+I look at so I when we started I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at so I when we started I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at so I when we started I gave
+out the questionnaires asking them why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the questionnaires asking them why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the questionnaires asking them why
+they took the course what drove them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the course what drove them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the course what drove them to
+black matters in many of them actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black matters in many of them actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black matters in many of them actually
+assume that the course is called black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the course is called black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the course is called black
+matters because of the black lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because of the black lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because of the black lives
+matter movement but in fact that course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter movement but in fact that course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter movement but in fact that course
+started ten years ago before there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started ten years ago before there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started ten years ago before there was a
+black lives matter movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lives matter movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black lives matter movement
+but listen themselves they came to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but listen themselves they came to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but listen themselves they came to the
+course wanting to address current fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course wanting to address current fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course wanting to address current fiscal
+issues including issues of of race of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues including issues of of race of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues including issues of of race of
+identity of migration of religious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of migration of religious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of migration of religious
+hatred so I definitely there was a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatred so I definitely there was a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hatred so I definitely there was a sense
+of urgency coming especially from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urgency coming especially from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urgency coming especially from from
+the students perspective themselves they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students perspective themselves they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students perspective themselves they
+wanted to discuss these issues and get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to discuss these issues and get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to discuss these issues and get a
+better understanding of how to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of how to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better understanding of how to process
+but also how to counter some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also how to counter some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also how to counter some of these
+claims about identity race religion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims about identity race religion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims about identity race religion
+migration etcetera so so as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration etcetera so so as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration etcetera so so as I was
+thinking about the syllabus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the syllabus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the syllabus and the
+course description I couldn't help but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course description I couldn't help but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course description I couldn't help but
+but thinking about the slogan of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thinking about the slogan of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but thinking about the slogan of
+building walls to protect say the US and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building walls to protect say the US and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building walls to protect say the US and
+as I was picking text and choosing guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was picking text and choosing guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I was picking text and choosing guest
+speakers like that it was important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers like that it was important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speakers like that it was important to
+create a new narrative around this issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new narrative around this issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new narrative around this issue
+of walls because I think that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walls because I think that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walls because I think that our
+humanity is enriched when we can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity is enriched when we can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanity is enriched when we can build
+bridges instead of breaking walls so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridges instead of breaking walls so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridges instead of breaking walls so so
+for me in the course and also for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me in the course and also for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me in the course and also for some
+of my guest speakers it was important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my guest speakers it was important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my guest speakers it was important to
+create a new narrative around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new narrative around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new narrative around the
+concept of building bridges that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of building bridges that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of building bridges that indeed
+will make this world great not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make this world great not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will make this world great not just the
+US but the world great
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RhX6iLDpjEQ.txt b/RhX6iLDpjEQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..297efc55c7f173910ba1ca7e0616d66c67537931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RhX6iLDpjEQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11464 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do the news article first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my wife was very kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife was very kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wife was very kind
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+xerox right from the newspaper and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox right from the newspaper and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox right from the newspaper and then
+do some um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some um
+photoshop editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoshop editing
+get a clean copy of this article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that this might be the best one to scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this might be the best one to scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this might be the best one to scan
+in and keep it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and keep it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and keep it on your
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as it is
+but it has those three pictures in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it has it laid out just like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has it laid out just like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has it laid out just like it
+really is let's talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is let's talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is let's talk about it
+give me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me um
+a synopsis of it and give me your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synopsis of it and give me your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a synopsis of it and give me your
+thoughts about it and when you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about it and when you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about it and when you give me
+your thoughts about it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts about it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your thoughts about it uh
+tell me how you think it relates to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how you think it relates to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how you think it relates to this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and anything else you want to make say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything else you want to make say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anything else you want to make say
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's hard to present a synopsis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to present a synopsis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to present a synopsis but
+for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it
+frankly i was pretty horrified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly i was pretty horrified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frankly i was pretty horrified by
+reading this article i mean just oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this article i mean just oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this article i mean just oh
+absolutely maybe because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely maybe because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely maybe because
+i'm new to engineering physics which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm new to engineering physics which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm new to engineering physics which you
+know you talk about is kind of insulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you talk about is kind of insulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you talk about is kind of insulated
+from a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a lot of the
+and it really horrified me that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really horrified me that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it really horrified me that that's
+what engineering is about that was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what engineering is about that was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what engineering is about that was my
+learning judgment not everybody agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning judgment not everybody agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning judgment not everybody agreed
+but yeah what do you think he said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah what do you think he said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah what do you think he said what
+in particular what engineering is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how did the did he pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the did he pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the did he pick
+well he didn't have the pictures but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he didn't have the pictures but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he didn't have the pictures but at
+least i think i showed him to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the notion that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that engineers believe that things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineers believe that things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineers believe that things can
+never be risk-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah like that was a little disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like that was a little disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like that was a little disturbing
+also just the acceptance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just the acceptance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also just the acceptance of
+the nature of the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the effect of the
+lethality of it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again i think it's probably accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i think it's probably accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again i think it's probably accurate
+and i think there's probably nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think there's probably nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think there's probably nothing
+that can be done but i don't know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done but i don't know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done but i don't know well
+i think that even when i wrote that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that even when i wrote that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that even when i wrote that
+article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+i don't think that there was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think that there was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think that there was an
+engineering engineer living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering engineer living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering engineer living
+who thought that engineering was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thought that engineering was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who thought that engineering was
+risk-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now they were divided as to whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were divided as to whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they were divided as to whether or
+not they were going to tell it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they were going to tell it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they were going to tell it to
+everybody right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody right
+and they were happy that a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were happy that a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were happy that a lot of people
+thought that it that it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it that it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that it that it should be
+risk-free that it wasn't built into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free that it wasn't built into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-free that it wasn't built into the
+system to be risky a lot at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be risky a lot at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to be risky a lot at that time
+uh people are wiser about that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people are wiser about that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh people are wiser about that now
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+take a few moments before i start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few moments before i start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a few moments before i start
+commenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commenting
+uh try to find your quote uh give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to find your quote uh give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh try to find your quote uh give me
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+give me some um more feedback on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some um more feedback on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me some um more feedback on what
+you think of this thing well here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this thing well here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of this thing well here's one
+some engineers now espouse a morality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineers now espouse a morality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some engineers now espouse a morality
+that explicitly rejects the notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explicitly rejects the notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explicitly rejects the notion that
+they have as their prime responsibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have as their prime responsibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have as their prime responsibility
+the maintenance of public safety yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance of public safety yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maintenance of public safety yeah
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i think it's true but again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's true but again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's true but again it's
+disturbing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing you know
+well yeah so he takes that stance and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so he takes that stance and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yeah so he takes that stance and i
+mean you don't think that stance you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you don't think that stance you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you don't think that stance you
+present that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present that
+claim and then say and here is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim and then say and here is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim and then say and here is what they
+do take as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do take as like
+here are three other options so i i read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are three other options so i i read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are three other options so i i read
+this article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this article
+after i read it the first time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i read it the first time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i read it the first time the
+second time i read it to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time i read it to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time i read it to try to
+you know make concise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make concise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know make concise
+concise statements for the four possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise statements for the four possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concise statements for the four possible
+moral codes that you suggest for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral codes that you suggest for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral codes that you suggest for
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+so i'm and i want to make sure i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm and i want to make sure i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm and i want to make sure i got
+them right so the first one is public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so the first one is public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right so the first one is public
+safety is something that's important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is something that's important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is something that's important and
+that's how we decide on engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we decide on engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how we decide on engineering
+morality and then the second one i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality and then the second one i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morality and then the second one i think
+you suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you suggested
+what some engineers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some engineers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what some engineers do
+is to say that decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say that decisions
+should always be made with personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be made with personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be made with personal
+judgment and we should balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment and we should balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment and we should balance
+commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial
+interests of the client of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of the client of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests of the client of the public
+and of our company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of our company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of our company
+and if we use common sense it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use common sense it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we use common sense it will
+become another pick so that seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become another pick so that seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become another pick so that seems to be
+option number two keep going and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number two keep going and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number two keep going and then
+option number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option number three
+um seems to be what you call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seems to be what you call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um seems to be what you call the
+contractarium code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractarium code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractarium code
+and so this is to base decisions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is to base decisions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is to base decisions on
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+entity with when you have like a legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity with when you have like a legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity with when you have like a legal
+contract or business contract so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or business contract so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract or business contract so there's
+not actually this notion of like having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually this notion of like having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not actually this notion of like having
+a contract with the public for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contract with the public for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contract with the public for their
+safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+doesn't exist because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist because it's not
+official it's not legal and so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official it's not legal and so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official it's not legal and so that the
+engineer who would subscribe to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer who would subscribe to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer who would subscribe to that
+ethics would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics would say
+i just have to worry about the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just have to worry about the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just have to worry about the actual
+contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract
+and then the last one you suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last one you suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the last one you suggest
+is this ethic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this ethic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this ethic of
+informed consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed consent
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we base
+our actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we take action to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take action to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take action to
+inform the public of the risk that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the public of the risk that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the public of the risk that we're
+taking in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in engineering
+because we define engineering as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we define engineering as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we define engineering as
+experiments with human subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with human subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments with human subjects
+and we have a responsibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a responsibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a responsibility to
+know that it's not just applied science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not just applied science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's not just applied science
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+that we're using our intuition but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using our intuition but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using our intuition but it
+was interesting the way you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting the way you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was interesting the way you talk about
+intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me tell you what got lost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me tell you what got lost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me tell you what got lost in
+the editorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the original title for this paper well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original title for this paper well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original title for this paper well
+let me give you the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you the background
+let me give you the background um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh editor
+of this pieces and i think that was joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pieces and i think that was joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this pieces and i think that was joke
+his name was joel conroe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name was joel conroe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his name was joel conroe
+um my memory on that is 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my memory on that is 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um my memory on that is 99
+i think that's what it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's what it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that's what it was
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+george rowe called me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george rowe called me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+george rowe called me
+and said that he had called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that he had called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that he had called
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+public relations office at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations office at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations office at
+at all of the universities in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of the universities in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all of the universities in the area
+and said that he was starting a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that he was starting a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said that he was starting a new
+section a new idea in the washington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section a new idea in the washington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section a new idea in the washington
+post that he called outposts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post that he called outposts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post that he called outposts
+and what he wanted to do was to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he wanted to do was to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he wanted to do was to get some
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+uh that scholars start with issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and bring them down and i say down i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring them down and i say down i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring them down and i say down i
+don't really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really mean
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+in the sense of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense of um
+a lower level of intellectuality but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower level of intellectuality but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lower level of intellectuality but a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+kind of language plain language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of language plain language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of language plain language
+a plain language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plain language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plain language
+explanation of what the scholars are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of what the scholars are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation of what the scholars are
+talking about what they are debating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what they are debating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what they are debating
+everybody else is talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else is talking about
+something what are the scholars talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what are the scholars talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what are the scholars talking
+about that was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that was his
+point for this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for this thing
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh the the person who was head of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the person who was head of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the person who was head of uh
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+public relations office gave me my name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations office gave me my name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public relations office gave me my name
+and we discussed i said well i got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discussed i said well i got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we discussed i said well i got three
+pieces now four pieces i think i had at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces now four pieces i think i had at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces now four pieces i think i had at
+the time on my desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time on my desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time on my desk
+uh that were in various stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that were in various stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that were in various stages of
+completion that we could discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion that we could discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion that we could discuss
+and he said on this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said on this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said on this one
+the original title was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original title was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original title was
+cicero is dead period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicero is dead period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicero is dead period
+long-lived technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i started the paper off with a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i started the paper off with a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i started the paper off with a quote
+from cicero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cicero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cicero
+y'all know cicero he was a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roman
+orator and lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cicero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cicero
+said the safety of the public shall be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the safety of the public shall be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the safety of the public shall be
+the highest law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i wanted to argue that the safety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wanted to argue that the safety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i wanted to argue that the safety of
+the public was not the highest law in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public was not the highest law in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public was not the highest law in
+engineering no matter what anybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering no matter what anybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering no matter what anybody in
+1986 thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh so i gave him it took about a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i gave him it took about a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so i gave him it took about a month
+to finish the paper i think and i gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish the paper i think and i gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish the paper i think and i gave
+him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him
+over a document that was 30 pages long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he broke it down to uh enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he broke it down to uh enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he broke it down to uh enough to
+fill this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill this up
+but it took up a whole lot of paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it took up a whole lot of paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it took up a whole lot of paper
+pages you know in the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages you know in the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages you know in the post
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um
+what motivated me to write that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what motivated me to write that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what motivated me to write that uh
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+i was cheering and had been cheering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was cheering and had been cheering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was cheering and had been cheering for
+a couple company is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple company is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple company is
+a committee the ethics committee of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a committee the ethics committee of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a committee the ethics committee of the
+organization we talked about before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we talked about before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization we talked about before the
+aaes the american association of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaes the american association of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaes the american association of
+engineering societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering societies
+and we wanted to get this ethics code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to get this ethics code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we wanted to get this ethics code
+for the whole of the profession
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole of the profession
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole of the profession
+civil engineers the mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineers the mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil engineers the mechanical
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+i'm talking about the professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about the professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about the professional
+societies now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies now
+this was an organization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an organization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was an organization of the
+professional societies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so i had just completed formal training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i had just completed formal training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i had just completed formal training
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and had gotten my degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had gotten my degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and had gotten my degree
+formal training in engineering ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal training in engineering ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal training in engineering ethics
+from rpi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rpi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rpi
+had gotten my degree officially in 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm sitting there with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sitting there with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sitting there with these
+engineers and we are debating these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and we are debating these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and we are debating these
+various this issue these issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various this issue these issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various this issue these issues that
+particular issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular issue
+and what happened in the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened in the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened in the debate
+was exactly what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was exactly what happens
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a philosophy class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a philosophy class
+the philosopher will put an issue on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher will put an issue on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher will put an issue on the
+floor and then ask you what did plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and then ask you what did plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor and then ask you what did plato
+what would plato say about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would plato say about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would plato say about this
+what would aristotle say about this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would aristotle say about this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would aristotle say about this what
+would kant say about it and going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kant say about it and going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would kant say about it and going around
+and maybe they'll get at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe they'll get at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe they'll get at the end of the
+class what you will say about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what you will say about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class what you will say about it
+but they want you to know what all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they want you to know what all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they want you to know what all
+that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that
+in my experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience
+with engineering ethics when all the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with engineering ethics when all the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with engineering ethics when all the two
+of my professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my professors
+were philosophers because we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were philosophers because we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were philosophers because we were just
+starting the field so nobody had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the field so nobody had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the field so nobody had a
+degree and so the people who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so the people who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree and so the people who were
+starting the field did not have a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the field did not have a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting the field did not have a degree
+okay they were almost all philosophies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they were almost all philosophies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they were almost all philosophies
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+75 to 85 of my classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 to 85 of my classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+75 to 85 of my classes
+would take that very format put an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take that very format put an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would take that very format put an issue
+on the table and ask what the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table and ask what the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the table and ask what the various
+philosophers would say if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers would say if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophers would say if they were
+sitting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+i'm sitting in this uh meeting sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting in this uh meeting sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting in this uh meeting sharing
+this meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this meeting
+with these engineers all of whom said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these engineers all of whom said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these engineers all of whom said
+that they had never taken a formal cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had never taken a formal cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had never taken a formal cause
+in ethics before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ethics before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ethics before
+and what they said in there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they said in there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they said in there could be
+categorized just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorized just like
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a philosophy class somebody said what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristotle would say
+somebody said what plato would say now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said what plato would say now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody said what plato would say now
+it was don't get me wrong they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was don't get me wrong they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was don't get me wrong they were not
+uh entirely astute about what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entirely astute about what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh entirely astute about what they were
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+the point is that it was just natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that it was just natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that it was just natural
+for them to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them to come out
+with these different points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these different points of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these different points of view
+somebody would say there's a principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would say there's a principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody would say there's a principle
+involved somebody would say it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved somebody would say it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved somebody would say it's the
+consequences that matter none of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that matter none of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that matter none of them is
+that it can't none of them have steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't none of them have steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can't none of them have steady
+milk okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milk okay
+so there is um so i said well this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is um so i said well this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is um so i said well this is a
+gold mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold mine
+so i wrote it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wrote it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wrote it up
+those points there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those points there
+were the points that came out at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the points that came out at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the points that came out at that
+meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each engineer was in a position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each engineer was in a position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each engineer was in a position to
+speak responsibly that is for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak responsibly that is for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak responsibly that is for his
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was all men
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+
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+it was all men
+uh organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh organization
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh organization
+and for his and all of our old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for his and all of our old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for his and all of our old
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+so when i said that most engineers think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i said that most engineers think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i said that most engineers think
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that some engineers think there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that some engineers think there was a
+credible interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible interview
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+credible interview
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+
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+with people who said that and it
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded with my experience
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponded with my experience
+that that's what they think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what they think about these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what they think about these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh actually those four points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh actually those four points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh actually those four points are
+made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made
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+made
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
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+
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+um
+in that from that motivation that these
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+in that from that motivation that these
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers had actually just followed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers had actually just followed the
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+book without knowing that they without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book without knowing that they without
+having read the book and without really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having read the book and without really
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+having read the book and without really
+being um
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+without really doing it in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+defensible way but it's natural that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensible way but it's natural that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defensible way but it's natural that if
+you if you walk into a class of fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you walk into a class of fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you walk into a class of fifth
+graders and say is it right to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders and say is it right to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graders and say is it right to kill
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna say no because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's gonna say no because that
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts their feelings and somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts their feelings and somebody's
+gonna say no because it's wrong with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say no because it's wrong with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say no because it's wrong with the
+kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill
+it's just that so plato and aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that so plato and aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that so plato and aristotle
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+some very some abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very some abstraction
+ 
+
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+some very some abstraction
+with their views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their views
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it took a lot of work to get it
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it took a lot of work to get it
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+in a defensible
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so that's what motivated those
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so that's what motivated those
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+ align:start position:0%
+four points
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+four points
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh and so i was coming out now what what
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+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so i was coming out now what what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so i was coming out now what what
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+
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+i was coming out on those four points
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+
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+all of them rested on the premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them rested on the premise
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them rested on the premise
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+first except for one of them that's the
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+
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+first except for one of them that's the
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+one where
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person said you have to weigh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the person said you have to weigh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things into a balance
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
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+
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+and so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i argued either there or in
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely in the meeting with him
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i use the word argue not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i use the word argue not to be
+confused with the word quarrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with the word quarrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i argued with him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i argued with him
+and he never gave an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when
+when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you say
+that you have to weigh these things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to weigh these things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to weigh these things out
+and get a balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a balance
+then my question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my question is
+what rule establishes the balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and his answer was you just know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his answer was you just know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his answer was you just know a
+balance when you see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance when you see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance when you see it
+and there is a legitimate kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a legitimate kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a legitimate kind
+of ethics called intuitive evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not popular anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not popular anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not popular anymore
+but it's a legitimate form of ethics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a legitimate form of ethics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a legitimate form of ethics and
+that is that people just know the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that people just know the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that people just know the right
+and wrong when they feel it now it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrong when they feel it now it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wrong when they feel it now it all
+goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to something we're going to discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something we're going to discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something we're going to discuss a
+lot more later when we get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more later when we get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more later when we get into the
+narrative approach and that's plato's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative approach and that's plato's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative approach and that's plato's
+ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics
+and plato was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plato was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plato was interested
+not so much in what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much in what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much in what we're doing
+and that is a reasoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a reasoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is a reasoned
+approach to an ethical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to an ethical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to an ethical problem
+plato said mostly that there is such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato said mostly that there is such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato said mostly that there is such
+thing as a virtuous person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he's talking about character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's talking about character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's talking about character
+and a virtuous person would just know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a virtuous person would just know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a virtuous person would just know
+the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing to do
+so there's your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's your intuition
+what did he count as the virtues well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did he count as the virtues well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did he count as the virtues well
+there were greek virtues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were greek virtues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were greek virtues
+heroism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroism
+you know and uh all of that which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and uh all of that which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and uh all of that which means
+that they won't be the same as what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they won't be the same as what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they won't be the same as what you
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+requires virtues but the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires virtues but the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires virtues but the important thing
+is that he spoke from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that he spoke from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that he spoke from the standpoint of
+an entire culture he could write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire culture he could write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire culture he could write down
+half a dozen virtues and everybody would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a dozen virtues and everybody would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a dozen virtues and everybody would
+say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yes
+you know this is what we think is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is what we think is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is what we think is is is
+a good person this is what i want my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good person this is what i want my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good person this is what i want my
+sons and daughters to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so that's what that was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's what that was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so that's what that was about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what about some of the other stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about some of the other stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about some of the other stuff
+that's in there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let me tell you that i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me tell you that i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let me tell you that i mean
+maybe i was the only one slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i was the only one slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i was the only one slightly
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+by that statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that statement
+all right i'll give you a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'll give you a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i'll give you a name
+i'ma have to spell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll give you two names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the first name the first name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mike martin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the second name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is roland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roland
+schenzinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they have a book entitled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a book entitled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have a book entitled
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+engineering ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they wrote their article before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote their article before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wrote their article before they
+wrote their book i think before 86
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote their book i think before 86
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote their book i think before 86
+83 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roland became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roland became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roland became
+an assistant dean of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant dean of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant dean of engineering
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+university of california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of california
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starts with the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+all right he was an assistant being at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right he was an assistant being at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right he was an assistant being at
+the university of california no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university of california no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the university of california no it
+starts with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+he invited me out to his house one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invited me out to his house one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he invited me out to his house one day
+for dinner i was in california
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dinner i was in california
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for dinner i was in california
+and so i drove down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i drove down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i drove down and
+he and his wife and i stayed up at night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his wife and i stayed up at night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he and his wife and i stayed up at night
+talking about is there any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is there any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is there any other
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+roland's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of roland's parents is german
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of roland's parents is german
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of roland's parents is german
+and he grew up in japan his father was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he grew up in japan his father was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he grew up in japan his father was a
+diplomat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diplomat
+in japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in japan
+and so roland's views on the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so roland's views on the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so roland's views on the world
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can be very unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be very unique
+and so when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when he
+stood up one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stood up one day
+in a conference and said engineering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conference and said engineering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a conference and said engineering is
+an experiment with the public as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment with the public as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment with the public as its
+human subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human subjects
+the whole place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole place
+exploded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploded
+explode i mean in a positive way i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode i mean in a positive way i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explode i mean in a positive way i mean
+god just opened up doors how who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god just opened up doors how who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god just opened up doors how who
+whatever i mean that was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever i mean that was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever i mean that was just a
+different way of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of thinking about the
+whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing
+and for a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for a time
+uh many of us thought that that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many of us thought that that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh many of us thought that that was
+going to be the basis for a philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the basis for a philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the basis for a philosophy
+of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that really what made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that really what made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that really what made the
+difference between engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between engineering and
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+uh it never really it never worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it never really it never worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it never really it never worked out
+but it was a very um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a very um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was a very um
+interesting way of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way of thinking about the
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh
+maybe because it's unsettling for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because it's unsettling for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe because it's unsettling for people
+to think that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think that they're
+just part of this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well if that was the case if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that was the case if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that was the case if if
+then we can hope that maybe 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can hope that maybe 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can hope that maybe 20 years
+from now after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now after
+are you familiar with the term the death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you familiar with the term the death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you familiar with the term the death
+settles after all the politics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles after all the politics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settles after all the politics
+tends to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be um
+no longer uh emotionally inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer uh emotionally inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer uh emotionally inspiring
+uh that maybe that idea will come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that maybe that idea will come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that maybe that idea will come back
+ideas do come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas do come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas do come back
+but it was definitely out of favor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was definitely out of favor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was definitely out of favor at
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+and again it's not so much that i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's not so much that i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's not so much that i just
+agree with you i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with you i mean i
+i frankly think it's you know pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i frankly think it's you know pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i frankly think it's you know pretty
+ingenious way to picture what engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious way to picture what engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingenious way to picture what engineers
+do so i'm saying i just agree with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so i'm saying i just agree with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so i'm saying i just agree with it
+but it was kind of disturbing to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was kind of disturbing to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was kind of disturbing to start
+to think about it in that sense oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it in that sense oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it in that sense oh
+people were very hostile when i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were very hostile when i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were very hostile when i say
+people the academicians were not housed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the academicians were not housed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the academicians were not housed
+out to it but the practitioners were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the practitioners i'm talking about are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practitioners i'm talking about are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the practitioners i'm talking about are
+not your everyday engineer with the hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your everyday engineer with the hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not your everyday engineer with the hard
+hat going out giving directions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat going out giving directions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat going out giving directions on
+uh how to build something i'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to build something i'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how to build something i'm talking
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+vice president's future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+high level management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level management
+and and some government not all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some government not all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and some government not all of them
+they were very hostile to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes they were different they were they
+
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+yes they were different they were they
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+
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+disagreed with letting people know that
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+uh to engineer is human
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+
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+now for some reason or another
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+ align:start position:0%
+i believe sup up now that book
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think reference shenzhen at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't think reference shenzhen at all
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just another way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just another way of thinking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about shinjika's position
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+and his idea was completely digested by
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+and his idea was completely digested by
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+ align:start position:0%
+engineers in the united states they ate
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers in the united states they ate
+his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it depends on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it depends on this
+well there's a formal term i understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a formal term i understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's a formal term i understand
+in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+print media called the spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrovsky put a different spin on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+petrovsky put a different spin on
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i'm going to make that case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh i'm going to make that case in
+this i forget to do it i'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i forget to do it i'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this i forget to do it i'm going to make
+that case in my book that shenzhen's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case in my book that shenzhen's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case in my book that shenzhen's
+theory did not die it came out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory did not die it came out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory did not die it came out in
+another form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+with another language
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
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+
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+and
+it was completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed positively by the engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed positively by the engineering
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that is a lesson that you can take uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a lesson that you can take uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a lesson that you can take uh
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
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+digestible before not
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+digestible before not
+depending on how you put the spin on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what they used to do in the olden days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they used to do in the olden days
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they used to do in the olden days
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that i uh i'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things that i uh i'm very
+much interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much interested in
+is uh a book i've ever read this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a book i've ever read this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh a book i've ever read this book
+called the nature of the universe by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of the universe by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the nature of the universe by
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh it's a book that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a book that um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a book that um
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to read
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+and if you get it and set it on your
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+ align:start position:0%
+shelf one day one sunday afternoon
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have nothing else to do
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
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+this is
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the fourth
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+a child
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+
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+so yes uh if we learn
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
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+what do you think this words
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+ align:start position:0%
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+exactly slippery refers to slippery
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+uh there are two formal terms
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+okay so those terms mean exactly what
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+okay so those terms mean exactly what
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+ align:start position:0%
+that uh once once you put a particular
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
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+or that you now are on a slippery slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that you now are on a slippery slope
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+ align:start position:0%
+you will inevitably wind up someplace
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
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+ align:start position:0%
+so
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+oh lastly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think about this last page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about this last page
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+have been enabled
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+ align:start position:0%
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+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+well do you remember in the syllabus
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+ align:start position:0%
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+there's a there's a reference to cohen's
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+okay now in that discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now in that discussion of the
+method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method
+one comes up with something called hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes up with something called hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comes up with something called hit
+what he calls heuristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what he means by heuristics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what he means by heuristics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what he means by heuristics is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you make an argument in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you may come to a point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may come to a point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may come to a point where
+you want to say something that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say something that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say something that you can't
+prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or you may come to a point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may come to a point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you may come to a point where you
+want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use
+some tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tradition
+and you don't want to justify it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't want to justify it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't want to justify it you'll
+say we always do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we always do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we always do it
+these are his risks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are his risks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are his risks
+and he's got to list them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's got to list them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's got to list them
+and it would be nice if you got your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be nice if you got your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be nice if you got your
+hands on that book and just looked at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on that book and just looked at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on that book and just looked at a
+couple of this stuff but this stuff some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of this stuff but this stuff some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of this stuff but this stuff some
+of them are sort of mundane like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are sort of mundane like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are sort of mundane like for
+example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um
+there's a heuristic about screws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a heuristic about screws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a heuristic about screws
+that never make a screw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never make a screw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that never make a screw that
+does not allow for three quarters of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not allow for three quarters of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not allow for three quarters of the
+turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you allow for a quarter of a turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow for a quarter of a turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you allow for a quarter of a turn
+you're in bad shape now he doesn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in bad shape now he doesn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in bad shape now he doesn't want
+to justify that he just wants to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify that he just wants to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to justify that he just wants to say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that's a good rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good rule
+it just seems to work out sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just seems to work out sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just seems to work out sometimes it
+fails but it's a good rule to put in now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails but it's a good rule to put in now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails but it's a good rule to put in now
+here's what this is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it starts with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that what we call modern engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+evolved from the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved from the military
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved from the military
+we're not talking about per se
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about per se
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about per se
+the pyramids of the great wall of china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramids of the great wall of china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pyramids of the great wall of china
+we're not talking about leonardo da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about leonardo da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about leonardo da
+vinci's inventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinci's inventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vinci's inventions
+we're talking about what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about what happens when
+you start talking about engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start talking about engineering
+in a university setting and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a university setting and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a university setting and you want to
+put it in the university because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the university because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the university because you
+wanted to bring physics and math to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to bring physics and math to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to bring physics and math to bear
+on what you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first engineering school in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first engineering school in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first engineering school in the western
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+was at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polytechnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+institute of paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute of paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute of paris
+and my dates may not be good but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my dates may not be good but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my dates may not be good but it was
+early 19th century early early 19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 19th century early early 19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 19th century early early 19th
+century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody know the first engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know the first engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know the first engineering
+school in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+west point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+west point
+and the first civilian engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first civilian engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first civilian engineering
+school in the united states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rensselaer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rensselaer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rensselaer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the military
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are some there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some there are some
+characteristics about decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics about decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics about decision making
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+make uh define engineering and make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh define engineering and make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make uh define engineering and make a
+distinction it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of them is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them is this
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+that the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mission
+is more important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more important
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+people in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in it
+soldiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that your decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your decisions
+are almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost
+are likely to be lethal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to be lethal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to be lethal
+to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thirdly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly
+you don't have a whole lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a whole lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have a whole lot of time
+to think the matter through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+what we're talking about with those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about with those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about with those four
+principles there that we've discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles there that we've discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles there that we've discussed in
+this in the news article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the news article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the news article
+slippery ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slippery ethics
+are matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are matters
+that apply to business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but they also apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they also apply to
+military and they are have all the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military and they are have all the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military and they are have all the three
+of those characteristics in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those characteristics in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those characteristics in them
+they um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they um
+have imperatives that you got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imperatives that you got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have imperatives that you got to do
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um there is a willing to risk life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a willing to risk life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is a willing to risk life
+and notice what i'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice what i'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice what i'm talking about the
+decision maker is risking the lives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker is risking the lives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision maker is risking the lives of
+somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the third one is complexity that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is complexity that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is complexity that you
+just don't have time that the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have time that the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have time that the problem is
+just too complex to think through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too complex to think through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just too complex to think through
+uh there is a little quip that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a little quip that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a little quip that you can
+remember the enemy's coming over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the enemy's coming over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the enemy's coming over the
+hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill
+what do i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do i do
+if you keep that in your mind you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep that in your mind you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep that in your mind you'll
+understand a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a whole lot of
+sophisticated things about engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated things about engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated things about engineering
+that uh you just that you do remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you just that you do remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you just that you do remember
+the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the school of athens and everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school of athens and everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the school of athens and everybody's
+laying around in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying around in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying around in there
+plato in all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato in all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato in all of them
+you're not in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+motivates this idea of heuristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates this idea of heuristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivates this idea of heuristics
+that if you need a principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you need a principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you need a principal
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and you want that principle to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want that principle to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want that principle to be a
+scientific principle you won't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific principle you won't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific principle you won't have time
+to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it
+so what principle do you use in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what principle do you use in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what principle do you use in its
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use a heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now there's a beautiful metaphor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a beautiful metaphor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a beautiful metaphor in
+another in another discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in another discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another in another discipline
+actually is a combination of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a combination of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a combination of this
+it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+historical literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see i can think of a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a good piece that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a good piece that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a good piece that
+i will put on the board for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will put on the board for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will put on the board for you
+if you have any friends in literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any friends in literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any friends in literature
+ask them about historical literature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them about historical literature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them about historical literature but
+ask them about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the book is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book is called
+is entitled justinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's written by a man named turtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's written by a man named turtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's written by a man named turtle
+top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turtle child is a historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle child is a historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle child is a historian
+but his book is historical liturgy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but what he wants to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a man who was emperor of rome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who was deposed and disappeared for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was deposed and disappeared for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was deposed and disappeared for a
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+10 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 20 years
+and came back and got his emperorship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came back and got his emperorship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and came back and got his emperorship
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what he wants to do is to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he wants to do is to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he wants to do is to talk
+mostly about what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about what he did
+when he disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and clearly there's not a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly there's not a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly there's not a whole lot
+that has been written down about what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been written down about what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has been written down about what he
+did where he went and what his life was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did where he went and what his life was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did where he went and what his life was
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+uh one thing is for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing is for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one thing is for certain
+is that uh he brought this lady back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh he brought this lady back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh he brought this lady back
+with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it
+and the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two of them
+um built this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um built this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um built this um
+got his thrown back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+turtle child is able to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle child is able to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turtle child is able to discover
+a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+justinian encountered in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justinian encountered in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justinian encountered in in this
+when he was away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and he found some facts he knows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he found some facts he knows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and he found some facts he knows the
+beginning and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and the end
+but how do you make a story that ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you make a story that ties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you make a story that ties
+together the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the beginning
+all right well one of the things he and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well one of the things he and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well one of the things he and
+how do you make it readable for a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make it readable for a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you make it readable for a uh
+public that's really not interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that's really not interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public that's really not interested in
+all of these people this man had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these people this man had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these people this man had
+one of the things he does which was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things he does which was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things he does which was done
+in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh
+name of the rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the rose
+was that he would take three or four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he would take three or four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that he would take three or four or
+five characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five characters
+and complete them all down into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh another thing is he might not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing is he might not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another thing is he might not know
+exactly what the man did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the man did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what the man did
+or let's say if he was in antioch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say if he was in antioch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say if he was in antioch
+but he knows the kinds here it is he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he knows the kinds here it is he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he knows the kinds here it is he
+knows the kinds of things that he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the kinds of things that he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows the kinds of things that he would
+have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he knows what the atmosphere was like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows what the atmosphere was like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he knows what the atmosphere was like in
+antioch he knew what people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antioch he knew what people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antioch he knew what people were
+thinking about what they were doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what they were doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about what they were doing uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so what he would do is not ask what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he would do is not ask what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he would do is not ask what did
+he do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he do
+but what might he have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what might he have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what might he have done
+that's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engineering i think is very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i think is very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering i think is very much like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that if you get an engineering document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you get an engineering document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you get an engineering document
+you have to decide whether that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide whether that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide whether that's a
+branch of engineering science or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of engineering science or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch of engineering science or not
+you think that if you have a doubt then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that if you have a doubt then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that if you have a doubt then
+look at the logic and somewhere if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the logic and somewhere if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the logic and somewhere if you
+find somewhere in there that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find somewhere in there that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find somewhere in there that there's a
+heuristic that's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then you've got an engineering document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got an engineering document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you've got an engineering document
+kind of scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and i can be more specific about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i can be more specific about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i can be more specific about that
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+that's where that discussion came up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that discussion came up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where that discussion came up in
+this audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you'll find that in some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll find that in some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll find that in some of the most
+sophisticated engineering uh research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated engineering uh research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated engineering uh research
+papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers
+you'll find something in there that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find something in there that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find something in there that you
+can't justify entirely scientifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't justify entirely scientifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't justify entirely scientifically
+but it looks mathematically rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks mathematically rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks mathematically rigorous
+looks as basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks as basic
+reference newton to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference newton to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference newton to somebody
+but when you're sitting down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're sitting down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when you're sitting down with
+engineers now your graduation is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers now your graduation is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers now your graduation is you're
+going to have to do this you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do this you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to do this you're going to
+have to look down and ask yourself what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look down and ask yourself what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look down and ask yourself what
+is the argument what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the argument what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the argument what is the
+justification for every line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for every line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justification for every line
+in a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a paper
+and if you come to one that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you come to one that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you come to one that everybody
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+does not have a scientific or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a scientific or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have a scientific or a
+mathematical or a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical or a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical or a reason
+that can be uh justified let's put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be uh justified let's put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be uh justified let's put it
+this way an argument that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way an argument that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way an argument that can be
+justified entirely on reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified entirely on reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified entirely on reason
+then you ask how can it be justified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you ask how can it be justified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you ask how can it be justified
+then if you can find that it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you can find that it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you can find that it can be
+justified based on something else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified based on something else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified based on something else and
+i'll tell you what that something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you what that something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you what that something else
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it's called rhetoric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a difference between a
+rhetorical argument and a discursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical argument and a discursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetorical argument and a discursive
+argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a discursive argument is one that tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discursive argument is one that tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discursive argument is one that tries
+to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+believe my point the point that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe my point the point that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe my point the point that i'm
+making in the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making in the story
+based on reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on reason
+and experience experience mean the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a rhetorical argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rhetorical argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rhetorical argument
+tries to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to get you
+to join with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to join with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to join with me
+in a great adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regardless of the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the facts
+or better stated regardless of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better stated regardless of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better stated regardless of the
+absence of the facts in my heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the facts in my heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the facts in my heart
+a good case of that is let's go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good case of that is let's go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good case of that is let's go to the
+moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when nasa says let's go to the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when nasa says let's go to the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when nasa says let's go to the moon
+or better state when they said let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better state when they said let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or better state when they said let's go
+to let's put a man on the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's put a man on the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let's put a man on the moon
+uh there were a lot of things we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a lot of things we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there were a lot of things we needed
+to know in order to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in order to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in order to give
+the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public
+a discursive argument that we can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discursive argument that we can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discursive argument that we can get to
+the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon
+we didn't do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+otherwise we never would have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we never would have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we never would have left
+you know because you get into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because you get into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because you get into uh
+this is another formal term called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another formal term called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is another formal term called
+circular argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular argument
+you get into a circular argument i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into a circular argument i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get into a circular argument i have
+to know something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know something
+the only way i can know it is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way i can know it is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way i can know it is to go
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+uh to find it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to find it out
+but then i've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think we're
+my wife says we got another 20 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well that's the power of this heuristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the power of this heuristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the power of this heuristics
+and and cohen talks about those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cohen talks about those in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cohen talks about those in
+detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um
+i think that that's the starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that that's the starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that that's the starting point
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+really understanding what engineers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding what engineers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding what engineers do
+when we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we uh
+decide that we're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that we're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that we're not going to be
+entirely scientific or discussive about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely scientific or discussive about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely scientific or discussive about
+what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the importance and ethics to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the importance and ethics to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the importance and ethics to that is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+in a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a participatory democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the decision maker has to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision maker has to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision maker has to understand
+that they're not being asked by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not being asked by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not being asked by these
+experts to believe what they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts to believe what they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts to believe what they're saying
+they're not being asked to believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being asked to believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not being asked to believe in
+the experts they're asked to join with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experts they're asked to join with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experts they're asked to join with
+the expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expert
+in some kind of an adventure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by going to the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is bethany you're thinking very hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bethany you're thinking very hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bethany you're thinking very hard on
+that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point
+you want to share your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to share your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to share your
+thoughts about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts about the
+expertise of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise of the public
+the trust the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well another thing is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well another thing is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well another thing is um
+that in this class not in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this class not in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this class not in all
+venues but in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trust is not going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust is not going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust is not going to give
+be given a lot of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you want to jump again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+provide evidence that there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide evidence that there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide evidence that there's also
+people in the public that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the public that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the public that
+aren't aware of progress that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't aware of progress that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't aware of progress that sort of
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+engineers are really smart and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are really smart and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers are really smart and really
+educated and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educated and this is basically
+sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+somebody said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you pass that around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know do i trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do i trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know do i trust
+like people talk about a bottle cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people talk about a bottle cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people talk about a bottle cap
+people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who
+know how to regulate you know what drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to regulate you know what drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to regulate you know what drugs
+are good and how to keep it away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good and how to keep it away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good and how to keep it away from
+their kids you know they might say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids you know they might say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kids you know they might say we
+don't need a bottle cap for their people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a bottle cap for their people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a bottle cap for their people
+who for whatever reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who for whatever reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who for whatever reason
+don't know anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know anything about
+being safe around drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being safe around drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being safe around drugs
+so it's there for people who don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there for people who don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's there for people who don't have
+that type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability
+and those things come through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things come through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those things come through
+regulations and he also said regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations and he also said regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations and he also said regulations
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+in different periods depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different periods depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different periods depending on how
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well um i think that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um i think that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um i think that uh
+what trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what trust
+way i'm gonna treat trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i'm gonna treat trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way i'm gonna treat trust
+and i emphasize the word ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i emphasize the word ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i emphasize the word ah
+not necessarily you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily you
+the way i'm gonna treat trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm gonna treat trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way i'm gonna treat trust
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+when a person says trust me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a person says trust me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a person says trust me
+the person is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person is
+saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying
+don't worry about believing what i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about believing what i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about believing what i say
+believe in me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and no matter how decent a person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no matter how decent a person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no matter how decent a person you
+are i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are i don't
+want to believe in anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to believe in anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to believe in anybody
+i want to believe what you say or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to believe what you say or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to believe what you say or just
+believe what you say or show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe what you say or show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe what you say or show
+right so therefore i think that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so therefore i think that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so therefore i think that there
+was a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time
+when people trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people trusted
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the doctors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the doctors
+didn't get second opinions for lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get second opinions for lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get second opinions for lawyers
+and etc but today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc but today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc but today
+i think that trust is not a big powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that trust is not a big powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that trust is not a big powerful
+word anymore because i think it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word anymore because i think it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word anymore because i think it means
+what i just said it means it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said it means it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i just said it means it means
+bleeding in as opposed to believing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding in as opposed to believing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding in as opposed to believing that
+and nobody doesn't want to do it nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody doesn't want to do it nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nobody doesn't want to do it nobody
+wants to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to do that
+uh that does not mean a person should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that does not mean a person should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that does not mean a person should
+not be trustworthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be trustworthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be trustworthy
+worthy of trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthy of trust
+okay having good character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay having good character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay having good character
+no i mean a person should have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean a person should have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i mean a person should have a good
+character what it means is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character what it means is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character what it means is that a
+citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen
+should not have a relationship with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not have a relationship with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not have a relationship with an
+expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert
+based on trump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and the reason the reason that i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason the reason that i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason the reason that i didn't
+give that a lot of emphasis when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a lot of emphasis when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that a lot of emphasis when you
+said it is because i remember when there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it is because i remember when there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it is because i remember when there
+was a time when people did trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time when people did trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time when people did trust
+experts particularly engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts particularly engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts particularly engineers
+and what we have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have changed
+away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from
+is a great deal of trust to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great deal of trust to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great deal of trust to not
+necessarily skepticism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily skepticism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily skepticism
+but uh some some sort of equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh some some sort of equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh some some sort of equality
+that i want to make where i want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to make where i want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to make where i want to make
+a distinction between specialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinction between specialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distinction between specialist
+expertise and generalist expertise they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and generalist expertise they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expertise and generalist expertise they
+want to be an equal with the expert on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be an equal with the expert on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be an equal with the expert on
+in what they call generalist expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what they call generalist expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what they call generalist expertise
+we'll go into that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go into that later
+all right but uh that's that's the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but uh that's that's the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right but uh that's that's the way i
+that's the way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way um
+okay are we done with this uh paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are we done with this uh paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are we done with this uh paper
+well let's jump straight into um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's jump straight into um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's jump straight into um
+the nuclear which you want let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear which you want let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear which you want let's do
+three mount one i'll tell you what why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mount one i'll tell you what why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three mount one i'll tell you what why
+don't we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we ask
+one of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the um
+students for credit to give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for credit to give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for credit to give us a
+synopsis of one of the uh cases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synopsis of one of the uh cases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synopsis of one of the uh cases and
+asked the other one to do the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the other one to do the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked the other one to do the other one
+who wants to do chernobyl and who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to do chernobyl and who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to do chernobyl and who wants
+to do a three mile island better known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a three mile island better known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a three mile island better known
+as tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll then do the one that came first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll then do the one that came first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll then do the one that came first
+tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay man
+island was an interesting accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+date place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date place
+march
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the plant experienced a failure in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant experienced a failure in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plant experienced a failure in the
+secondary non-nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary non-nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary non-nuclear
+part of the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the plant
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the free water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i guess first the turbine shut down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess first the turbine shut down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess first the turbine shut down
+automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically
+and the pressure in the primary system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pressure in the primary system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pressure in the primary system
+began to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to increase
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the relief valve opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relief valve opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the relief valve opened
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the valve should have closed when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve should have closed when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve should have closed when the
+pressure decreased by a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure decreased by a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure decreased by a certain amount
+but it did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it did not
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the signals that the operator was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the signals that the operator was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the signals that the operator was
+receiving didn't show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving didn't show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving didn't show
+that the valve was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the valve was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the valve was
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+open and as a result cooling water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and as a result cooling water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and as a result cooling water
+poured out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poured out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poured out of the
+valve and caused the core of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve and caused the core of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valve and caused the core of the
+reactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um well i'll tell you what let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um well i'll tell you what let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um well i'll tell you what let me
+ask a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i think is a real good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think is a real good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think is a real good question
+what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between
+where a nuclear power plant operates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a nuclear power plant operates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a nuclear power plant operates and
+the way a nuclear bomb operates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between the
+bombing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing
+the purpose of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bomb just explodes faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+the other one is controlled keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is controlled keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is controlled keeping the
+reaction down so that you can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction down so that you can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction down so that you can use the
+heat for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+other purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other purposes
+yes to run the turbines to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to run the turbines to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to run the turbines to make this
+theme to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme to make the
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity
+and etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and etc
+so there were two things kind of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were two things kind of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were two things kind of going
+on one interpretation of the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one interpretation of the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one interpretation of the design of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+little quality and the indicators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little quality and the indicators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little quality and the indicators
+were not up to what they should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not up to what they should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not up to what they should have
+been another criticism has been that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been another criticism has been that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been another criticism has been that the
+person i don't know if they mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person i don't know if they mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person i don't know if they mentioned
+the guy who was on duty was not well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who was on duty was not well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy who was on duty was not well
+trained and some of the staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and some of the staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained and some of the staff
+at the plant is not adequate but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the plant is not adequate but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the plant is not adequate but what
+they were doing and the damage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing and the damage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing and the damage that
+could have been caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been caused
+they did say that in one of the synopsis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did say that in one of the synopsis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did say that in one of the synopsis
+i read i read that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read i read that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read i read that the
+people on duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on duty
+had less training than they should than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had less training than they should than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had less training than they should than
+they should have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at one point they missed the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at one point they missed the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at one point they missed the signal
+that valves were closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um that last complaint about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um that last complaint about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um that last complaint about uh
+being trained well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that
+and played almost everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and played almost everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and played almost everywhere
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what uh let me see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh let me see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh let me see if
+what what ethical issues did you see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what ethical issues did you see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what ethical issues did you see any
+ethical issues in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical issues in this particular case
+i um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+didn't necessarily see any in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't necessarily see any in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't necessarily see any in the
+immediate response by the technicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate response by the technicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate response by the technicians
+to the alarms like i felt like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alarms like i felt like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the alarms like i felt like there
+they were just acting on instinct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just acting on instinct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were just acting on instinct and
+they they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they weren't
+they weren't that many ethics involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't that many ethics involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they weren't that many ethics involved
+it's not like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like they
+they didn't know something was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know something was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know something was going
+wrong so and this goes back to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so and this goes back to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so and this goes back to what you
+were saying about the time scale that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying about the time scale that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying about the time scale that
+most engineers are on when that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most engineers are on when that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most engineers are on when that happens
+and these things are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things are well
+yeah it's kind of maybe too late at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's kind of maybe too late at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's kind of maybe too late at that
+point to say they reacted the wrong way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to say they reacted the wrong way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to say they reacted the wrong way
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+yeah but there were definitely ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there were definitely ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but there were definitely ethical
+issues in the decisions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the decisions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the decisions that the
+authorities made about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities made about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities made about when
+when to tell the next level of authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to tell the next level of authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to tell the next level of authority
+and when to tell the public and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when to tell the public and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when to tell the public and whether
+or not to evacuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to evacuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not to evacuate
+it seemed easy it was easiest for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed easy it was easiest for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seemed easy it was easiest for me to
+find ethical issues in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ethical issues in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ethical issues in those
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+how risky is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how risky is the
+how much of a risk is a small amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a risk is a small amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much of a risk is a small amount of
+radiation that is leaked out to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that is leaked out to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that is leaked out to the
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+versus how much of a risk is it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how much of a risk is it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus how much of a risk is it to
+evacuate everyone which is costly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate everyone which is costly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuate everyone which is costly and
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+more accidents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accidents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more accidents
+so actually one of the way one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually one of the way one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually one of the way one way to
+look at it was that it was a safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it was that it was a safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it was that it was a safety
+an ethical issue was a safety issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethical issue was a safety issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ethical issue was a safety issue
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+even when i wrote this article about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when i wrote this article about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when i wrote this article about
+safety not being the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety not being the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety not being the most important
+issue i didn't say that it was not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue i didn't say that it was not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue i didn't say that it was not an
+issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue
+that you safety is a big issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you safety is a big issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you safety is a big issue in
+engineering and notice what i'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and notice what i'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and notice what i'm saying
+about engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about engineering
+is what i think engineering is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i think engineering is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what i think engineering is not
+necessarily what it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um so there was a safety issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so there was a safety issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so there was a safety issue
+and and the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the question was
+uh had to do with a notification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had to do with a notification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had to do with a notification of the
+public and evacuation of the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why
+i think government i keep bringing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think government i keep bringing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think government i keep bringing up
+good morning regulations but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning regulations but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good morning regulations but i think
+they are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are trying
+they're there to try to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there to try to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're there to try to raise
+the weight that the engineers would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight that the engineers would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weight that the engineers would put
+on safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a lot of disasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an argument that i made once um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument that i made once um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument that i made once um
+really was not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really was not so much
+not so much an argument as uh as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much an argument as uh as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much an argument as uh as an
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+was that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it when engineers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when engineers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it when engineers and
+the so-called public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called public
+disagree on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree on the
+margins of safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then what the engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what the engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what the engineers
+have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done
+is to go back to a public forum and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go back to a public forum and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to go back to a public forum and say
+well we can be more safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can be more safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can be more safe
+but a glass of water will cost you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a glass of water will cost you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a glass of water will cost you a
+dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar
+then the public will start saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the public will start saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the public will start saying well
+start agreeing with the engineers so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start agreeing with the engineers so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start agreeing with the engineers so uh
+actually what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what happens
+in real life is that the more the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life is that the more the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real life is that the more the public
+is informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is informed
+the more the public tends to be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the public tends to be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more the public tends to be like the
+engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer
+they don't want to spend a dollar for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to spend a dollar for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to spend a dollar for a
+glass of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what really and i'm going to get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what really and i'm going to get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what really and i'm going to get uh
+professor livingston in here who does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor livingston in here who does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor livingston in here who does
+safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety
+talk about safety particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about safety particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about safety particularly
+but um there have been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there have been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um there have been some
+psychological studies on safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological studies on safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological studies on safety
+and people regard safety psychologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people regard safety psychologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people regard safety psychologically
+in a way that's not entirely rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's not entirely rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that's not entirely rational
+uh one example that i know about and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one example that i know about and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one example that i know about and i'm
+i'm talking about secondary sources now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about secondary sources now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm talking about secondary sources now
+for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+sources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources are
+good scientific sources but i've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good scientific sources but i've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good scientific sources but i've talked
+about what i've read you can read it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i've read you can read it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what i've read you can read it too
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+it's not an argument that i'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an argument that i'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an argument that i'm making
+uh the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh
+people tend to think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tend to think that
+an airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airplane
+is less safe than a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the probability of being injured or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of being injured or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of being injured or
+dying in an automobile accident is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying in an automobile accident is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying in an automobile accident is like
+three or four orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four orders of magnitude
+greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than
+dying of a hurting airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying of a hurting airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying of a hurting airplane
+now the conclusion that i've heard made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the conclusion that i've heard made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the conclusion that i've heard made
+and i have to buy because i'm reading it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to buy because i'm reading it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have to buy because i'm reading it
+uh not trusting in but i do have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not trusting in but i do have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not trusting in but i do have uh
+some basis of trust for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basis of trust for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basis of trust for what
+what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what um
+what scholars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scholars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scholars
+and experts say to each other in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experts say to each other in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experts say to each other in public
+when they debate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they debate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they debate it
+uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is
+that the mind regulates safety in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mind regulates safety in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the mind regulates safety in very
+complex ways and one way is is control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ways and one way is is control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ways and one way is is control
+you're not in control in the airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in control in the airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in control in the airplane
+you're in control with the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in control with the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in control with the car
+so you think and so you think it's safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think and so you think it's safer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you think and so you think it's safer
+because you you feel safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you feel safer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you feel safer
+because you have control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have control
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+getting down to the public when it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down to the public when it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting down to the public when it comes
+to business of safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to business of safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to business of safety
+if you get it into an open forum where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get it into an open forum where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get it into an open forum where
+the engineers are there saying i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers are there saying i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers are there saying i can
+give you what you want here's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you what you want here's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you what you want here's what you
+have to pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a good likelihood that by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good likelihood that by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a good likelihood that by the
+time the day is over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the day is over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the day is over
+that everybody agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody agrees
+to go back to square one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to square one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back to square one
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give you some surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you some surrounding
+circumstances uh today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances uh today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances uh today is
+we'll conclude this on thursday then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll conclude this on thursday then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll conclude this on thursday then i'm
+gonna ask uh between thursday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask uh between thursday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna ask uh between thursday and
+tuesday y'all racing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+find out what this movie is about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what this movie is about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what this movie is about and
+when it was made called the china
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was made called the china
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was made called the china
+syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know i have to see it you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have to see it you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i have to see it you probably
+don't want to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to see it
+but i think you need to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think you need to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think you need to see the
+important thing about the china syndrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about the china syndrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing about the china syndrome
+is two well the two important reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two well the two important reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two well the two important reasons
+the two reasons i gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two reasons i gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two reasons i gave you
+this as an assignment is just what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an assignment is just what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an assignment is just what i
+want you to know is the theme of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know is the theme of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know is the theme of this of
+this film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the date that it was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what i want you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want you to do
+is to look at the theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the theme
+and the date and compare it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the date and compare it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the date and compare it with the
+date and your analysis of tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+on june the 1st 1979 i went to work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on june the 1st 1979 i went to work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on june the 1st 1979 i went to work for
+a nuclear regulatory commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they were still buzzing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were still buzzing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were still buzzing about
+clearly it wasn't about tmi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly it wasn't about tmi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly it wasn't about tmi
+so i can give you some first-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can give you some first-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can give you some first-hand
+personal expenses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal expenses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal expenses with
+what it was like what was that i went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was like what was that i went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it was like what was that i went to
+work at the research office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at the research office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work at the research office
+it was in washington dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in washington dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in washington dc
+and it was it was a combined mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was it was a combined mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was it was a combined mechanical
+and civil engineering research office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and civil engineering research office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and civil engineering research office
+and they had just started with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had just started with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they had just started with uh
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+an administrative experiment called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+summer research faculty fellows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer research faculty fellows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer research faculty fellows
+and they just thought and i i was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just thought and i i was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they just thought and i i was they
+said i was the first one but uh it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i was the first one but uh it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said i was the first one but uh it was
+an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment
+and but i got this as an experiment uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but i got this as an experiment uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but i got this as an experiment uh i
+got to walk around and see everybody and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to walk around and see everybody and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to walk around and see everybody and
+talk to a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to a whole lot
+and one of them uh his last name was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them uh his last name was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one of them uh his last name was
+costello i'll never forget him real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costello i'll never forget him real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costello i'll never forget him real
+decent guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent guy
+uh had a uh with the equivalent of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had a uh with the equivalent of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had a uh with the equivalent of a
+cell phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell phone
+uh on a beaver uh on his uh belt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a beaver uh on his uh belt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on a beaver uh on his uh belt and
+when and the idea that was common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and the idea that was common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when and the idea that was common
+knowledge that was the idea was this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that was the idea was this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge that was the idea was this is
+what i was told that when that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was told that when that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i was told that when that people
+went off somebody was calling from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off somebody was calling from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went off somebody was calling from the
+white house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it was
+high security and people were nervous on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high security and people were nervous on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high security and people were nervous on
+a daily hour-to-hour basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daily hour-to-hour basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a daily hour-to-hour basis
+so i can give you some background on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can give you some background on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can give you some background on
+that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh
+what does uh your textbook does your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does uh your textbook does your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does uh your textbook does your
+textbook say anything about the moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook say anything about the moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook say anything about the moral
+issues in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+try another source see what they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another source see what they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another source see what they say
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+see if anybody has anything to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if anybody has anything to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if anybody has anything to say about
+the ethical issues and then i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethical issues and then i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ethical issues and then i have
+something to say about the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say about the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to say about the ethical
+issues then we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chernobyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chernobyl
+oh i got one other assignment before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i got one other assignment before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i got one other assignment before you
+get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we'll call it a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody heard of this cartoon called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody heard of this cartoon called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody heard of this cartoon called
+speed racer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh there are two versions of it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh there are two versions of it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh there are two versions of it the
+old version and the new vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old version and the new vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old version and the new vector
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+speed basis is a cartoon made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed basis is a cartoon made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed basis is a cartoon made for
+children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children
+the new version i don't know what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new version i don't know what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new version i don't know what it
+does new version came out in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does new version came out in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does new version came out in uh
+i think the 80s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the 80s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the 80s
+the old version came out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well no the new version came out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no the new version came out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no the new version came out in the
+late in the middle 1990s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in the middle 1990s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in the middle 1990s
+the old version came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old version came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old version came out
+right before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the theme was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theme was
+give child experience what it's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give child experience what it's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give child experience what it's like to
+be in a non-newtonian university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a non-newtonian university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in a non-newtonian university
+so when speed racer got in his car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when speed racer got in his car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when speed racer got in his car
+and started driving down the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started driving down the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started driving down the street
+the tops of the buildings would curve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tops of the buildings would curve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tops of the buildings would curve in
+at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top
+which is exactly what's predicted if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly what's predicted if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is exactly what's predicted if you
+approach the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the speed of light
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+and so one of the arguments that i heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the arguments that i heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so one of the arguments that i heard
+made was the real trouble with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made was the real trouble with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made was the real trouble with
+nuclear power in this country was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power in this country was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power in this country was that
+the engineers could not did not have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers could not did not have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineers could not did not have an
+intuition for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it
+and so the public didn't trust what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the public didn't trust what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the public didn't trust what they
+had to say they didn't think they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say they didn't think they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to say they didn't think they really
+they thought they knew all that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought they knew all that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they thought they knew all that they
+knew was the calculations
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/S7oxN3cPOkY.txt b/S7oxN3cPOkY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58c177ad50340230dc1ba96fa4e75625f750be8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/S7oxN3cPOkY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part
+of our class organization of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our class organization of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our class organization of the cell
+you should now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should now
+have some familiarity with the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some familiarity with the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some familiarity with the notion of
+a lipid bilayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid bilayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lipid bilayer
+and some familiarity with the organelles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some familiarity with the organelles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some familiarity with the organelles
+that the cell contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell contains
+and that indeed makes the cell a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that indeed makes the cell a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that indeed makes the cell a cell
+let's go on then to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on then to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on then to the last
+topic we're going to cover in our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we're going to cover in our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic we're going to cover in our class
+which is the topic of cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the topic of cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the topic of cell division
+one of the really cool things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the really cool things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the really cool things about
+cells is that they make more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is that they make more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells is that they make more of
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves
+cell division makes more cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division makes more cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division makes more cells
+and this is one of the attributes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the attributes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is one of the attributes of
+life that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life that is not
+true for inanimate objects of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for inanimate objects of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true for inanimate objects of course
+when we think of cells making more cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think of cells making more cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we think of cells making more cells
+you should be familiar with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be familiar with something
+called the cell division cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cell division cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the cell division cycle
+which briefly has two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which briefly has two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which briefly has two parts
+this involves firstly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves firstly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this involves firstly
+replication or making more of the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication or making more of the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication or making more of the dna
+taking the dna the genes that are in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the dna the genes that are in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the dna the genes that are in one
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+making a whole another set of them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a whole another set of them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a whole another set of them so
+you've now got two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got two sets
+so dna replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dna replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dna replication
+which makes two sets of the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes two sets of the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes two sets of the genes
+since as we discussed the genes are dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since as we discussed the genes are dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since as we discussed the genes are dna
+and secondly dna partitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly dna partitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and secondly dna partitioning
+or segregation and this partitioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or segregation and this partitioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or segregation and this partitioning
+divides the dna between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the dna between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides the dna between
+daughter cells so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells so there are
+two parts to dna to to cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts to dna to to cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts to dna to to cell division
+that we've listed here that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've listed here that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've listed here that we're going
+to expand upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand upon
+but before we do we need a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do we need a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we do we need a bit more
+terminology that you should be familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that you should be familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that you should be familiar
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+so that we can talk about cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can talk about cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can talk about cell division
+in its correct sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the genes which are made of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes which are made of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes which are made of dna
+are not just floating free in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just floating free in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not just floating free in the
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+they are organized in large units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are organized in large units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are organized in large units
+where there are lots of genes joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are lots of genes joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are lots of genes joined
+together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and
+they are organized as chromosomes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are organized as chromosomes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are organized as chromosomes these
+are called chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called chromosomes
+the genes reminder dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes reminder dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genes reminder dna
+are organized in chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are organized in chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are organized in chromosomes
+and i'm going to abbreviate chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to abbreviate chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to abbreviate chromosomes
+as chr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as chr
+for the rest of this part of our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of this part of our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of this part of our class
+because it's a long word to write out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a long word to write out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a long word to write out
+so we're going to abbreviate this as chr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to abbreviate this as chr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to abbreviate this as chr
+in your cells each chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cells each chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your cells each chromosome
+actually has a matching chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a matching chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has a matching chromosome
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+two of each okay two of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each okay two of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each okay two of each
+so let's write body cells contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write body cells contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's write body cells contain
+two of each chr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each chr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each chr
+two of each chromosome okay so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each chromosome okay so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of each chromosome okay so there are
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+chromosome number ones two chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome number ones two chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome number ones two chromosome
+number twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number twos
+two chromosome number threes etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chromosome number threes etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chromosome number threes etc
+this two-fold number gets a special name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two-fold number gets a special name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this two-fold number gets a special name
+it is called diploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called diploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is called diploid
+and it's abbreviated 2 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's abbreviated 2 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's abbreviated 2 n
+2 little n each of the chromosomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 little n each of the chromosomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 little n each of the chromosomes that
+kind of matches the two number ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matches the two number ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matches the two number ones and
+the two number twos and the two number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two number twos and the two number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two number twos and the two number
+threes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threes
+are called homologues or homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called homologues or homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called homologues or homologous
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+so the matching chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the matching chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the matching chromosomes
+are called homologs or homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called homologs or homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are called homologs or homologous
+it means that they match on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that they match on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that they match on the other
+hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand
+the germ cells the eggs and the sperm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the germ cells the eggs and the sperm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the germ cells the eggs and the sperm
+only have one of each chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one of each chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one of each chromosome
+germ cells sperm and egg contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germ cells sperm and egg contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germ cells sperm and egg contain
+one of each chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each chromosome
+this is called haploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called haploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called haploid
+and you write it n lowercase n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it n lowercase n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you write it n lowercase n
+okay that is a little background that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is a little background that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that is a little background that
+you need to know before we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know before we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know before we talk
+about the next details of cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next details of cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the next details of cell division
+there are two kinds of cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two kinds of cell division
+there's something called mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called mitosis
+and something called meiosis mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something called meiosis mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something called meiosis mitosis
+and meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they are somewhat different from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are somewhat different from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are somewhat different from one
+another although they're both forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another although they're both forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another although they're both forms of
+cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division
+let's start with mitosis this occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with mitosis this occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with mitosis this occurs
+in body cells and even as we're speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in body cells and even as we're speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in body cells and even as we're speaking
+there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are
+thousands and millions of your cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and millions of your cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and millions of your cells
+that are undergoing cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are undergoing cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are undergoing cell division
+right now hundreds hundreds of thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now hundreds hundreds of thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now hundreds hundreds of thousands
+of cell divisions per second in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell divisions per second in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell divisions per second in our
+bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies
+the outcome of mitosis is two cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of mitosis is two cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of mitosis is two cells
+that are identical to the parent cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical to the parent cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical to the parent cell
+outcome two cells they always call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome two cells they always call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome two cells they always call
+daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+two cells identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two cells identical
+to the parent cell the process of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parent cell the process of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the parent cell the process of cell
+division with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division with
+mitosis has again two phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis has again two phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis has again two phases
+firstly the dna replicates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly the dna replicates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firstly the dna replicates
+and we can think now about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think now about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can think now about the
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+replicating these collections of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating these collections of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicating these collections of dna
+segments all joined together okay same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments all joined together okay same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments all joined together okay same
+thing dna replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing dna replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing dna replication
+we can also refer to chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also refer to chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also refer to chromosome
+replication the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication the chromosomes
+then do something amazing they kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do something amazing they kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do something amazing they kind of
+line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up
+at the equator of the cell on a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equator of the cell on a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the equator of the cell on a special
+structure called a spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called a spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure called a spindle
+and then once they're lined up properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once they're lined up properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once they're lined up properly
+the cell knows and it pulls apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell knows and it pulls apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell knows and it pulls apart
+one of each chromosome to the daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each chromosome to the daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of each chromosome to the daughter
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+okay so the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the chromosomes
+line up on a special structure called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up on a special structure called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up on a special structure called a
+spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle
+and again you don't have to know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you don't have to know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you don't have to know exactly
+what this is now i want you to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is now i want you to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is now i want you to have
+heard of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of it
+at this point the spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point the spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point the spindle
+for those of you who want to know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who want to know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who want to know is
+made of a particular type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of a particular type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of a particular type
+of cellular structure called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cellular structure called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cellular structure called
+microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microtubules
+and what is really important is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is really important is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is really important is that one
+copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy
+of each homologous chromosome is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each homologous chromosome is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each homologous chromosome is going
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go
+to each of the daughter cells one copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the daughter cells one copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each of the daughter cells one copy
+of each chromosome is partitioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each chromosome is partitioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each chromosome is partitioned
+to the daughter cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the daughter cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the daughter cell
+so you start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start off with
+a mother cell or a parent cell that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mother cell or a parent cell that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mother cell or a parent cell that is
+diploid and you land up with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid and you land up with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid and you land up with two
+daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+that are diploid also you get these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are diploid also you get these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are diploid also you get these
+daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+finally because cell membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally because cell membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally because cell membrane
+partitions the new cells from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions the new cells from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partitions the new cells from each other
+and let's just make sure that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just make sure that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's just make sure that we've
+written it the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it the mother
+and the daughter cells or the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the daughter cells or the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the daughter cells or the parent
+and the daughter cells are all diploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the daughter cells are all diploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the daughter cells are all diploid
+or 2n let's look at a slide or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can diagram this starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can diagram this starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can diagram this starting with
+a very simple cell that has just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple cell that has just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple cell that has just
+one pair of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair of chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one pair of chromosomes
+okay in our cells we have 23 pairs or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in our cells we have 23 pairs or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in our cells we have 23 pairs or
+mostly pairs of chromosomes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly pairs of chromosomes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly pairs of chromosomes and
+in this cell i've just shown you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cell i've just shown you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this cell i've just shown you one
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+the chromosomes are called a that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes are called a that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes are called a that's the
+name of the chromosome it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the chromosome it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the chromosome it could be
+chromosome one but i've called it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome one but i've called it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome one but i've called it a
+and the two copies i've designated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two copies i've designated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the two copies i've designated as a
+superscript one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript one and a
+superscript two they are homologous they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript two they are homologous they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript two they are homologous they
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+identical or similar to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical or similar to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical or similar to one another
+okay largely identical the mother cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay largely identical the mother cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay largely identical the mother cell
+is diploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diploid
+and the first thing that happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing that happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first thing that happens is that
+the cell undergoes dna replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell undergoes dna replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell undergoes dna replication
+and i've drawn the replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've drawn the replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i've drawn the replicated
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+you can see the two a1s and the two a2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the two a1s and the two a2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the two a1s and the two a2s
+are connected or next to one another at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected or next to one another at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are connected or next to one another at
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+they will then line up on the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will then line up on the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will then line up on the structure
+of the spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spindle
+and one copy of a1 will go to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one copy of a1 will go to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one copy of a1 will go to one of the
+daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+one copy of a2 will go to one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of a2 will go to one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of a2 will go to one of the
+daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells
+so you land up with two daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you land up with two daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you land up with two daughter cells
+that have the identical chromosome set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the identical chromosome set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have the identical chromosome set
+as the mother they're all diploid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mother they're all diploid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the mother they're all diploid and
+the actual chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual chromosomes
+are the same in the daughters as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same in the daughters as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same in the daughters as the
+mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother
+this is a hugely important process it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hugely important process it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a hugely important process it
+preserves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves
+the character of one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character of one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the character of one cell
+from one cell generation to the next and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one cell generation to the next and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one cell generation to the next and
+it's why during your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why during your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why during your life
+your skin cells and your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skin cells and your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skin cells and your your
+um intestinal cells stay much the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intestinal cells stay much the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um intestinal cells stay much the same
+because you're making more of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're making more of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're making more of the same
+every time the cells divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this slide you can see some steps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide you can see some steps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide you can see some steps in
+mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+i want you to have heard of mitosis at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have heard of mitosis at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have heard of mitosis at
+this point the specific steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the specific steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point the specific steps
+are really descriptive of the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really descriptive of the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really descriptive of the process of
+how the chromosomes are segregating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the chromosomes are segregating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the chromosomes are segregating
+you can see the chromosomes lining up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the chromosomes lining up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the chromosomes lining up on
+the spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spindle
+at the stage called metaphase and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stage called metaphase and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stage called metaphase and then
+you can see them pulling apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see them pulling apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see them pulling apart
+at the phase called anaphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you want to know what it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to know what it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to know what it really
+looks like what all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like what all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like what all of the
+spindle and the chromosomes pulling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle and the chromosomes pulling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle and the chromosomes pulling
+apart look like you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart look like you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart look like you can see these
+beautiful images of mitosis in a sea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful images of mitosis in a sea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful images of mitosis in a sea
+urchin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urchin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urchin
+where the chromosomes have lined up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the chromosomes have lined up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the chromosomes have lined up on
+the spindle in the top left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spindle in the top left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spindle in the top left hand
+image and then over time you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and then over time you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and then over time you can see
+the chromosomes pulling apart and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes pulling apart and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes pulling apart and being
+divided into two daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided into two daughter cells
+and the things that look like flames or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that look like flames or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that look like flames or
+streaks in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaks in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaks in the cell
+are these structures called microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these structures called microtubules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these structures called microtubules
+that make up the spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make up the spindle
+the part of the factory of the cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the factory of the cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part of the factory of the cell that
+pulls the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulls the chromosomes
+into the daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the daughter cells
+the last type of cell division i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last type of cell division i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last type of cell division i want to
+tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about
+is called meiosis meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called meiosis meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called meiosis meiosis
+leads to the production of the germ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the production of the germ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the production of the germ
+cells the egg and the sperm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the egg and the sperm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells the egg and the sperm
+and the difference between meiosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference between meiosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the difference between meiosis and
+mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+is that at the end of meiosis you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at the end of meiosis you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that at the end of meiosis you get
+four cells and those four cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cells and those four cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cells and those four cells
+have each got the haploid number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each got the haploid number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have each got the haploid number of
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+they've each only got one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've each only got one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've each only got one of
+the normal paired chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal paired chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal paired chromosomes
+okay so the outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the outcome
+the outcome of meiosis are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of meiosis are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of meiosis are four
+cells they are not identical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they are not identical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they are not identical to the
+parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent
+not identical to the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not identical to the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not identical to the parent
+and each of these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of these um
+and they're not identical to the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not identical to the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not identical to the parent
+i should say for a number of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say for a number of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should say for a number of reasons
+but one of the reasons is that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the reasons is that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of the reasons is that they have
+the haploid number of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the haploid number of chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the haploid number of chromosomes
+one copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of
+each chromosome instead of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chromosome instead of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chromosome instead of two
+how does this work as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this work as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this work as before
+there is dna replication chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is dna replication chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is dna replication chromosome
+replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication
+so that you get double the amount of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get double the amount of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you get double the amount of dna
+to start so that you've got dna that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start so that you've got dna that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start so that you've got dna that you
+can spread around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spread around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can spread around
+and then there are some strange things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some strange things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are some strange things
+that happen during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen during
+meiosis the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis the chromosomes
+pair up together so you've got at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair up together so you've got at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair up together so you've got at the
+end of dna replication you've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of dna replication you've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of dna replication you've actually
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+two copies of chromosome a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies of chromosome a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies of chromosome a1
+and two copies of chromosome a2 as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two copies of chromosome a2 as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two copies of chromosome a2 as i
+showed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you
+in our diagram on the screen and i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our diagram on the screen and i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our diagram on the screen and i'll
+show you another diagram in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you another diagram in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you another diagram in a moment
+and those two copies come really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two copies come really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those two copies come really close
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and they pair with one another and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pair with one another and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pair with one another and i
+mentioned that those copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that those copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that those copies of
+chromosome 1 or chromosome a were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome 1 or chromosome a were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome 1 or chromosome a were
+similar but not entirely identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but not entirely identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar but not entirely identical
+they can exchange bits of dna with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can exchange bits of dna with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can exchange bits of dna with one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+so a bit of dna from the chromosome a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bit of dna from the chromosome a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bit of dna from the chromosome a1
+can now jump onto chromosome a2 and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now jump onto chromosome a2 and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now jump onto chromosome a2 and some
+the matching bit from a2 will go into a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching bit from a2 will go into a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matching bit from a2 will go into a1
+so you land up with chromosomes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you land up with chromosomes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you land up with chromosomes that are
+not exactly the same as the parental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the same as the parental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly the same as the parental
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+either that's another difference with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that's another difference with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that's another difference with
+meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis
+so the dna there's dna replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dna there's dna replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dna there's dna replication
+the chromosomes pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes pair and
+but very often exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very often exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but very often exchange
+dna segments it is crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna segments it is crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna segments it is crazy
+but this is what they do and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what they do and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is what they do and then there
+are two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two steps
+to meiosis in meiosis one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meiosis in meiosis one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meiosis in meiosis one
+the same pair one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pair one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pair one
+replicated chromosome pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated chromosome pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated chromosome pair
+goes to the daughter cell and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the daughter cell and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the daughter cell and you
+land up with two cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land up with two cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land up with two cells
+that are diploid but they're deployed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are diploid but they're deployed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are diploid but they're deployed
+not like the parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like the parent
+so you get the outcome here it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the outcome here it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get the outcome here it's two
+cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells
+and then there is a second division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a second division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there is a second division
+those two cells in meiosis ii
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two cells in meiosis ii
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two cells in meiosis ii
+will divide again and a single copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will divide again and a single copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will divide again and a single copy of
+each chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chromosome
+will go to the daughter cells so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the daughter cells so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to the daughter cells so they
+divide again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide again
+and a single homologue goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a single homologue goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a single homologue goes
+to each daughter cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each daughter cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each daughter cell
+you do not need to know the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not need to know the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not need to know the details of
+this at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want you to have the general idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have the general idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to have the general idea so
+let's go through this animation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through this animation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go through this animation which
+will give you the general idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the general idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the general idea
+we start again with a mother cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start again with a mother cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start again with a mother cell that
+is diploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diploid
+it undergoes dna replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes dna replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it undergoes dna replication
+you have now two copies of chromosome a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now two copies of chromosome a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have now two copies of chromosome a1
+two copies of chromosome a2 and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies of chromosome a2 and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two copies of chromosome a2 and these
+four copies these four chromosomes pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four copies these four chromosomes pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four copies these four chromosomes pair
+with one another they come real close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another they come real close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one another they come real close
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+and they pair with one another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pair with one another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they pair with one another and
+that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when
+they may exchange pieces of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may exchange pieces of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may exchange pieces of dna
+in a process that is very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meiosis one then happens and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis one then happens and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis one then happens and look
+and see you'll be able to contrast this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see you'll be able to contrast this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see you'll be able to contrast this
+with mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mitosis
+you've got both copies of chromosome a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got both copies of chromosome a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got both copies of chromosome a1
+going to one daughter cell and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one daughter cell and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to one daughter cell and both
+copies of chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of chromosome
+a2 going to another daughter cell so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 going to another daughter cell so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a2 going to another daughter cell so
+that is really different from mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really different from mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really different from mitosis
+but then what's also different is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what's also different is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then what's also different is that
+there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another
+division and you now land up with four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and you now land up with four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and you now land up with four
+cells such that each of the cells has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells such that each of the cells has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells such that each of the cells has
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+one copy of chromosome a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of chromosome a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one copy of chromosome a1
+or one copy of chromosome a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one copy of chromosome a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one copy of chromosome a2
+these cells are haploid they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are haploid they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells are haploid they
+are different from the parent because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different from the parent because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different from the parent because of
+this haploide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this haploide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this haploide
+but also because they've had this funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because they've had this funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also because they've had this funny
+dna exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna exchange
+during the process of meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the process of meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the process of meiosis
+so these are the two kinds of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two kinds of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the two kinds of cell
+division that occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division that occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division that occur
+throughout life and now you've heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout life and now you've heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout life and now you've heard of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and you know some differences between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know some differences between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know some differences between
+the processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processes
+for your last exercise in class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your last exercise in class today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your last exercise in class today
+i'd like you to look at this assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to look at this assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like you to look at this assignment
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+practice what you know about cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what you know about cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice what you know about cell
+division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SRY3F9vtJHo.txt b/SRY3F9vtJHo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4565a7cf1d72dacebfd63aca624295de1912f3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SRY3F9vtJHo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ready for last hour okay before I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready for last hour okay before I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ready for last hour okay before I I
+start was this too slow too fast too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slow too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow too
+fast okay I have an idea everybody close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay I have an idea everybody close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay I have an idea everybody close
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+eyes okay now you have to say too slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay now you have to say too slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay now you have to say too slow
+too fast or good okay no you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast or good okay no you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too fast or good okay no you need to
+close your eyes everybody close your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your eyes everybody close your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your eyes everybody close your
+eyes okay too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes okay too
+slow too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow too
+fast good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast good
+good okay okay thank you hands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay okay thank you hands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay okay thank you hands
+up oh what is it all good all good pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh what is it all good all good pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh what is it all good all good pass
+okay uh okay great um okay so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh okay great um okay so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh okay great um okay so I want to
+say first uh one thing I forgot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first uh one thing I forgot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say first uh one thing I forgot to
+mention about the sump of protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about the sump of protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention about the sump of protocol that
+we're actually use later it has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually use later it has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually use later it has a nice
+property which is look at what so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is look at what so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property which is look at what so the
+ver the PO sends polinomial low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver the PO sends polinomial low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ver the PO sends polinomial low degree
+polinomial what is the verier S the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what is the verier S the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what is the verier S the
+verifier just SS random field elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier just SS random field elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier just SS random field elements
+so really Randomness he chooses random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really Randomness he chooses random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really Randomness he chooses random
+like log F bits and send them over okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log F bits and send them over okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like log F bits and send them over okay
+this is called a publicly a public coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a publicly a public coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called a publicly a public coin
+protocol public coin meaning the coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol public coin meaning the coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol public coin meaning the coins
+of so each round the verifier chooses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so each round the verifier chooses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so each round the verifier chooses
+coins and just sends them publicly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and just sends them publicly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins and just sends them publicly to
+the approver like here my log F coins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver like here my log F coins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the approver like here my log F coins
+here they go this defines a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they go this defines a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they go this defines a field
+element and that's my field element okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that's my field element okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and that's my field element okay
+uh this kind of Public public coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this kind of Public public coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this kind of Public public coin
+Protocols are very useful because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocols are very useful because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Protocols are very useful because we can
+later as we'll see in this class we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as we'll see in this class we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later as we'll see in this class we can
+use cryptography to eliminate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryptography to eliminate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use cryptography to eliminate this
+interaction from this protocol so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction from this protocol so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction from this protocol so the
+fact that it public coin will come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it public coin will come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it public coin will come back
+to it okay but just notice the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it okay but just notice the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it okay but just notice the verifier
+message is truly random okay uh one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is truly random okay uh one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is truly random okay uh one more
+uh J yeah sorry just want is there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J yeah sorry just want is there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh J yeah sorry just want is there are
+there also protocols where theover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also protocols where theover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there also protocols where theover
+has good so you okay the qu so as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has good so you okay the qu so as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has good so you okay the qu so as I said
+we mentioned the verifier has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned the verifier has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned the verifier has to be
+randomized if it's not randomized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized if it's not randomized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized if it's not randomized the
+interactive protocol has no power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive protocol has no power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive protocol has no power the
+question here was does the prover need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here was does the prover need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here was does the prover need
+to be randomized is it helpful if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be randomized is it helpful if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be randomized is it helpful if he's
+randomized and the answer is is he I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and the answer is is he I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized and the answer is is he I
+mean it doesn't help him to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't help him to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it doesn't help him to be
+randomized because you can always fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized because you can always fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized because you can always fix
+his coins the verifier doesn't it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his coins the verifier doesn't it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his coins the verifier doesn't it's the
+uh okay when does the when is it helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay when does the when is it helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay when does the when is it helpful
+for the Prov to have Randomness when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Prov to have Randomness when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Prov to have Randomness when you
+want to hide when we do zero knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hide when we do zero knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hide when we do zero knowledge
+where the goal is kind of to hide thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the goal is kind of to hide thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the goal is kind of to hide thing
+then the verifier has random coins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the verifier has random coins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the verifier has random coins that
+the verifier doesn't know and that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier doesn't know and that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier doesn't know and that any
+but in this case the verifier is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case the verifier is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case the verifier is not
+we're not trying to protect the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not trying to protect the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not trying to protect the verifier
+so why is Randomness is helpful from why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is Randomness is helpful from why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is Randomness is helpful from why
+why is it important that the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it important that the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it important that the verifier
+uses Randomness because the proof or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses Randomness because the proof or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses Randomness because the proof or
+need send the poomi he should not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need send the poomi he should not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need send the poomi he should not know
+which element T the pro the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which element T the pro the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which element T the pro the verifier
+will say if he knew and which point T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say if he knew and which point T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say if he knew and which point T
+will be asked then he can cheat he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked then he can cheat he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be asked then he can cheat he'll
+give you a false pomal that happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a false pomal that happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a false pomal that happened to
+coincide with a true poal and that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide with a true poal and that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincide with a true poal and that point
+T there D such points so he can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there D such points so he can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T there D such points so he can choose
+it he can choose the fake polinomial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he can choose the fake polinomial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he can choose the fake polinomial to
+kind of coincide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coincide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of coincide
+the power comes from the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power comes from the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power comes from the fact that the
+prover doesn't know this te so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover doesn't know this te so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover doesn't know this te so we don't
+trust the prover and we use Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the prover and we use Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust the prover and we use Randomness
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+against the verifier is trusted we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the verifier is trusted we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the verifier is trusted we're
+not trying so it doesn't help the Prov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying so it doesn't help the Prov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trying so it doesn't help the Prov
+to use Randomness in a sense or in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Randomness in a sense or in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Randomness in a sense or in other
+words you can just fix if you can fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you can just fix if you can fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you can just fix if you can fix
+his Randomness once and for all for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Randomness once and for all for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his Randomness once and for all for all
+time think of him as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time think of him as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time think of him as kind of a
+non-uniform prover and and that's it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform prover and and that's it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-uniform prover and and that's it the
+the verifier is not going to change his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier is not going to change his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier is not going to change his
+behavior depending on because he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior depending on because he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior depending on because he's
+honest it's the ver is always honest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest it's the ver is always honest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest it's the ver is always honest
+it's the prover malicious prover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the prover malicious prover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the prover malicious prover that
+we're worried about and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried about and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried about and therefore the
+prover doesn't help him to he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover doesn't help him to he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover doesn't help him to he doesn't
+need Randomness because you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Randomness because you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Randomness because you can always
+hardwire the best Randomness possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwire the best Randomness possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardwire the best Randomness possible to
+him and now he's just a nonuniform kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and now he's just a nonuniform kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and now he's just a nonuniform kind
+of machine as a circuit as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine as a circuit as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine as a circuit as opposed to
+kind of a randomized machine so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a randomized machine so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a randomized machine so in this
+context Randomness to the Prov is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context Randomness to the Prov is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context Randomness to the Prov is not
+not needed the randomness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not needed the randomness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not needed the randomness of the
+verifier par amount So when you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier par amount So when you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier par amount So when you say
+public coin does that mean the can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public coin does that mean the can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public coin does that mean the can't see
+those FS no public coin means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those FS no public coin means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those FS no public coin means that the
+verifire doesn't hide anything he so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifire doesn't hide anything he so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifire doesn't hide anything he so
+okay of course okay of course the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course okay of course the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course okay of course the prover
+uh good question thank you the prover he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good question thank you the prover he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh good question thank you the prover he
+doesn't he never sees the coins in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't he never sees the coins in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't he never sees the coins in
+advance so if he saw the coins before he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so if he saw the coins before he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance so if he saw the coins before he
+said anything he can cheat but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything he can cheat but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said anything he can cheat but the
+verifier never hides coins to himself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier never hides coins to himself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier never hides coins to himself so
+public coin means when the verifier said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public coin means when the verifier said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public coin means when the verifier said
+the verifier just sends random coins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier just sends random coins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier just sends random coins so
+I got I'm the verif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I'm the verif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got I'm the verif
+you you guys gave me a univer polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you guys gave me a univer polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you guys gave me a univer polinomial
+a degree polinomial I choose coins a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree polinomial I choose coins a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a degree polinomial I choose coins a
+field element that's kind of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field element that's kind of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field element that's kind of random
+coins I send it over I don't keep any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins I send it over I don't keep any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins I send it over I don't keep any
+state I don't it's all my messages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I don't it's all my messages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I don't it's all my messages are
+just random you give me another poom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random you give me another poom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random you give me another poom
+I'll just send Randomness that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just send Randomness that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just send Randomness that's the
+definition of a public coin protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a public coin protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a public coin protocol
+okay so public coin protocol just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so public coin protocol just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so public coin protocol just
+means so no some check is a public coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+protocol which me means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+verifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+messages are truly random just random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bits or if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uniform I just had Randomness truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform I just had Randomness truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform I just had Randomness truly
+uniform that's that's what public point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform that's that's what public point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform that's that's what public point
+is yes um I guess like is it known what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes um I guess like is it known what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yes um I guess like is it known what
+happens if the pro does know all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the pro does know all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the pro does know all the
+randomness in yeah yeah if the prover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in yeah yeah if the prover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in yeah yeah if the prover
+knows all the randomness in advance he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all the randomness in advance he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows all the randomness in advance he
+can cheat why let me tell you how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat why let me tell you how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cheat why let me tell you how how
+I'm going to cheat so I'm a cheating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cheat so I'm a cheating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to cheat so I'm a cheating
+prover let's say before you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover let's say before you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover let's say before you started
+before we started you gave me all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we started you gave me all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we started you gave me all your
+T1 up the TM actually even if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 up the TM actually even if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 up the TM actually even if you just
+gave me T1 I'm golden why I I faked I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me T1 I'm golden why I I faked I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me T1 I'm golden why I I faked I
+said the sum is B it's not beta it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the sum is B it's not beta it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said the sum is B it's not beta it's
+beta it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta it's something
+else now what all I want is to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now what all I want is to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else now what all I want is to find a
+pol a univariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pol a univariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pol a univariate
+polinomial that sums to Beta so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that sums to Beta so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial that sums to Beta so it's not
+the true polom it sums to Beta but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true polom it sums to Beta but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true polom it sums to Beta but it
+agrees with a true polinomial only on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with a true polinomial only on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees with a true polinomial only on
+T1 because once once it agrees with T1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 because once once it agrees with T1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 because once once it agrees with T1
+from now on I need to prove a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on I need to prove a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from now on I need to prove a true
+statement because I need to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement because I need to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement because I need to prove this
+which is actually a true statement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a true statement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually a true statement so
+I'm good so if I knew T1 I can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good so if I knew T1 I can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm good so if I knew T1 I can always
+kind of come up with such a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come up with such a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of come up with such a polinomial
+the thing is I don't know what T1 is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is I don't know what T1 is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is I don't know what T1 is so
+actually I want to give Jim actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want to give Jim actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I want to give Jim actually
+asked me a very good question in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me a very good question in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me a very good question in the
+break and uh like he he I want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and uh like he he I want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break and uh like he he I want to give
+kind of Jin's geometric interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Jin's geometric interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Jin's geometric interpretation
+of the soundness proof okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the soundness proof okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the soundness proof okay so let me
+give you kind of a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you kind of a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you kind of a geometric
+interpretation of why this protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of why this protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation of why this protocol is
+sound what's happening in this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound what's happening in this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound what's happening in this protocol
+so here's the geometrical interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the geometrical interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's the geometrical interpretation
+we have a little box H to the m you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little box H to the m you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a little box H to the m you can
+think of it this is kind of the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this is kind of the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it this is kind of the little
+box H to the m I want to prove to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box H to the m I want to prove to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box H to the m I want to prove to you
+that this low polinomial if you sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this low polinomial if you sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this low polinomial if you sum over
+the value in this point this point all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in this point this point all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value in this point this point all
+these hm points it's beta now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hm points it's beta now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hm points it's beta now let's look
+at the big F I have like this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big F I have like this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the big F I have like this big
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+right okay now what happens if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now what happens if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now what happens if you were
+incorrect if you cheated me then the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect if you cheated me then the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect if you cheated me then the sum
+you you sum over all the points let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you sum over all the points let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you sum over all the points let's
+fix this point here H like the one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this point here H like the one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix this point here H like the one one
+possible H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe what you gave me is false what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what you gave me is false what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe what you gave me is false what you
+gave me is the sum is either false on H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me is the sum is either false on H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me is the sum is either false on H1
+or an H2 somewhere it must be false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an H2 somewhere it must be false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an H2 somewhere it must be false
+because it was true on everything will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was true on everything will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was true on everything will
+be true so you give me something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true so you give me something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true so you give me something that's
+false on one of them I don't know which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false on one of them I don't know which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false on one of them I don't know which
+one now so what I know but but now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now so what I know but but now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now so what I know but but now I'm
+going to use air cration to say well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use air cration to say well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use air cration to say well if
+it was false on one of them it's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was false on one of them it's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was false on one of them it's false
+on a random Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a random Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a random Point
+T1 so now I forget about this sum I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so now I forget about this sum I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 so now I forget about this sum I just
+look at T1 and I know that the sum only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at T1 and I know that the sum only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at T1 and I know that the sum only
+over the rest of the like the dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rest of the like the dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the rest of the like the dimension
+two it's false on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's false on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two it's false on
+T1 and now again false and T1 that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and now again false and T1 that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T1 and now again false and T1 that means
+H2 one of them must be false I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 one of them must be false I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2 one of them must be false I go to
+kind of a random point in the extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a random point in the extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a random point in the extension
+and there with Hy probility it's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there with Hy probility it's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there with Hy probility it's false
+and kind of this is how I bop around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of this is how I bop around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and kind of this is how I bop around
+from kind of Dimensions T1 T2 Third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kind of Dimensions T1 T2 Third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from kind of Dimensions T1 T2 Third
+Dimension T3 T4 and so on up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension T3 T4 and so on up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension T3 T4 and so on up to the
+point that I get a random point in kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I get a random point in kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that I get a random point in kind
+of after to there okay so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of after to there okay so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of after to there okay so that's kind of
+a geometric interpretation of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric interpretation of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a geometric interpretation of what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay any any
+questions for we okay so we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for we okay so we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions for we okay so we saw this
+subject so let's see where we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so let's see where we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject so let's see where we are we
+introduced this interactive interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this interactive interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced this interactive interactive
+proof model we saw subject protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof model we saw subject protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof model we saw subject protocol
+seems kind of very specific let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems kind of very specific let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems kind of very specific let's try to
+see why why it's very interesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why why it's very interesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see why why it's very interesting the
+subject protocol so first before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protocol so first before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject protocol so first before
+a as first thing let me give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as first thing let me give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a as first thing let me give you an
+example where where the Su check is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where where the Su check is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where where the Su check is is
+useful and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example let me show you that sharp set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me show you that sharp set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let me show you that sharp set
+has an interactive p i is the set of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interactive p i is the set of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has an interactive p i is the set of all
+languages that have interactive proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have interactive proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that have interactive proofs
+so let me prove to you that sharp sa has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me prove to you that sharp sa has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me prove to you that sharp sa has
+an interactive proof that's an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interactive proof that's an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interactive proof that's an example
+this will use the Su check protocol by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will use the Su check protocol by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will use the Su check protocol by
+the way let me just mention all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way let me just mention all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way let me just mention all the
+examples that I'm giving you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I'm giving you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that I'm giving you are not
+just examples okay I'm teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples okay I'm teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples okay I'm teaching
+something through it so don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something through it so don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something through it so don't just
+example I'll I'll kind of forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll I'll kind of forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I'll I'll kind of forget about
+it okay um they're specially crafted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um they're specially crafted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay um they're specially crafted
+okay so what is sharp set sharp set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is sharp set sharp set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what is sharp set sharp set
+we're giving a formula uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving a formula uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving a formula uh
+fee and we're asking what is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and we're asking what is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee and we're asking what is the number
+of satisfying assignments to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfying assignments to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfying assignments to this
+formula that's the question that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's the question that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that's the question that's the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a so so so Fe is you you think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so so so Fe is you you think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so so so Fe is you you think of it as
+a Boolean formula we given a Boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula let's say Fe is over like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula let's say Fe is over like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula let's say Fe is over like it
+takes H sorry over let's say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variables and buing formula I just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and buing formula I just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and buing formula I just think
+of like it's and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like it's and and
+or and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and we have
+not okay and the question is what when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay and the question is what when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not okay and the question is what when
+how many assignments over 01 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many assignments over 01 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many assignments over 01 to the n
+make this formula accept that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question okay so by the way um when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so by the way um when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so by the way um when we
+say formula we mean it's a binary think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say formula we mean it's a binary think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say formula we mean it's a binary think
+of it as a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree so a formula is just a binary tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so a formula is just a binary tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so a formula is just a binary tree
+each gate you can think of it as an and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate you can think of it as an and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gate you can think of it as an and
+or an or and then the final final leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an or and then the final final leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an or and then the final final leaves
+are kind of all kind of XI or not XI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of all kind of XI or not XI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are kind of all kind of XI or not XI
+okay so Fe is of the following form it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Fe is of the following form it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Fe is of the following form it's
+let's say and and then you can have or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and and then you can have or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and and then you can have or
+or and so on so forth and the end it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and so on so forth and the end it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and so on so forth and the end it has
+like X3 not X7 and so on so forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X3 not X7 and so on so forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like X3 not X7 and so on so forth okay
+so you can think of the size of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of the size of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of the size of this
+formula is the number of leaves because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is the number of leaves because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is the number of leaves because
+after to factor of two it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after to factor of two it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after to factor of two it's like the
+number of gates the number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gates the number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of gates the number of leaves
+it's kind of the same uh okay so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the same uh okay so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of the same uh okay so and
+note just note many Le X3 may appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note just note many Le X3 may appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note just note many Le X3 may appear
+many many many times because I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times because I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many times because I really
+opened it up to a tree okay so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened it up to a tree okay so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened it up to a tree okay so each
+variable here can appear many many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here can appear many many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here can appear many many times
+so this is what a formula is and sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what a formula is and sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what a formula is and sharp
+side so now I want to say that let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so now I want to say that let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so now I want to say that let's say
+Fe and K is in sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and K is in sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe and K is in sharp
+set it's in the language if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's in the language if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it's in the language if and only if
+Fe has so the number if you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe has so the number if you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe has so the number if you look at all
+the x's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x's in
+01 to the end that of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 to the end that of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 to the end that of X is
+one this set equals K okay if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this set equals K okay if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this set equals K okay if there's
+exactly K satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly K satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly K satisfying
+assignments okay questions about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments okay questions about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments okay questions about this
+language threat we're good okay I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language threat we're good okay I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language threat we're good okay I just
+want to point out a formula is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out a formula is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out a formula is different
+than a circuit in the sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a circuit in the sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a circuit in the sense that the
+formula is a tree it's a binary tree a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a tree it's a binary tree a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is a tree it's a binary tree a
+circuit is kind of an arbitrary uh ayli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is kind of an arbitrary uh ayli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit is kind of an arbitrary uh ayli
+directed acylic graph okay in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acylic graph okay in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed acylic graph okay in particular
+in um in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in a in
+circuit kind in the formula you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit kind in the formula you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit kind in the formula you need to
+kind of recompute everything so if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recompute everything so if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of recompute everything so if this
+gate uses a value and this gate also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate uses a value and this gate also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate uses a value and this gate also
+uses the same value you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the same value you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses the same value you need to
+recompute it you need to compute it kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute it you need to compute it kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute it you need to compute it kind
+of twice in a circuit can do things much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twice in a circuit can do things much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of twice in a circuit can do things much
+more efficiently okay so there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently okay so there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently okay so there's also
+circuit set that's a sharp circuit set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit set that's a sharp circuit set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit set that's a sharp circuit set
+that's a different problem here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different problem here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different problem here we
+talking about sharp set for formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sharp set for formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sharp set for formulas
+okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for
+trees okay so uh I'm going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees okay so uh I'm going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees okay so uh I'm going to give you
+actually so so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually so so this is a
+uh known to be a very hard problem you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known to be a very hard problem you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh known to be a very hard problem you
+know I'm giving you like think of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm giving you like think of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm giving you like think of three
+set you know going be complete now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know going be complete now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you know going be complete now look
+at the number like 10p but number like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number like 10p but number like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the number like 10p but number like
+how you know how many satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know how many satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know how many satisfying
+assignments it has it's considered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it has it's considered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it has it's considered a
+very hard problem um but uh you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard problem um but uh you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard problem um but uh you know if
+you think about it's really surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it's really surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it's really surprising
+that you can give an interactive proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can give an interactive proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can give an interactive proof
+for it which is really nice and moreover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it which is really nice and moreover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it which is really nice and moreover
+the interactive proof is really just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactive proof is really just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interactive proof is really just the
+subject that's all that's all it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that's all that's all it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject that's all that's all it is so
+I'm I'm going to show you how I embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to show you how I embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm going to show you how I embed
+this kind of question into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of question into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of question into a
+su okay and not that this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su okay and not that this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su okay and not that this is just a
+Boolean formula where's the polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean formula where's the polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean formula where's the polinomial
+where's uh you know I'm going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's uh you know I'm going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's uh you know I'm going to make a
+some check but to have some Che I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check but to have some Che I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check but to have some Che I need a
+polinomial and this is just a Boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and this is just a Boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and this is just a Boolean
+formula so the way the idea is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so the way the idea is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula so the way the idea is to use
+I'm going to use Sun check for this IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use Sun check for this IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use Sun check for this IP
+and the way I'm going to use Sun check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way I'm going to use Sun check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way I'm going to use Sun check
+is by a technique called arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by a technique called arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by a technique called arithmetization
+which we'll use okay so I'm going to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll use okay so I'm going to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll use okay so I'm going to so
+the idea of using subject or the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of using subject or the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of using subject or the idea
+behind this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this
+IP is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+Fe okay so I want to prove to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay so I want to prove to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay so I want to prove to you that
+Fe Kam is in sharp set I want to I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe Kam is in sharp set I want to I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe Kam is in sharp set I want to I want
+to use a su Che protocol that's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a su Che protocol that's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a su Che protocol that's the only
+protocol I know and I want to use it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol I know and I want to use it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol I know and I want to use it but
+I need a polinomial so how I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a polinomial so how I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need a polinomial so how I need to
+polinomial and the sum over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the sum over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial and the sum over this
+polinomial what is this polinomial it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what is this polinomial it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial what is this polinomial it's
+going to be an arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be an arithmetization
+of the S formula so how do I ariti the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S formula so how do I ariti the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S formula so how do I ariti the
+idea is very very simple I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is very very simple I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is very very simple I'm going to
+convert any so this is a bull this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert any so this is a bull this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert any so this is a bull this is
+booing all over 01 yeah I have and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booing all over 01 yeah I have and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+booing all over 01 yeah I have and and
+or everything is over 01 I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convert an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert an end
+gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate
+into Mal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Mal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Mal
+gate okay so actually fix any finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate okay so actually fix any finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate okay so actually fix any finite
+field you can make it very very B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can make it very very B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can make it very very B so
+you'll have good soundness so okay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have good soundness so okay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have good soundness so okay with
+respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect
+to field finite field F so fits any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to field finite field F so fits any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to field finite field F so fits any
+finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite
+field okay can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay can be very
+large I'm going to convert any Mal any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I'm going to convert any Mal any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large I'm going to convert any Mal any
+and gate into a multiplication gate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate into a multiplication gate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate into a multiplication gate so
+malt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malt is
+just take X and Y and just output x * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take X and Y and just output x * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take X and Y and just output x * y
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+field okay but in particular what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay but in particular what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay but in particular what it
+means if it there's anything time Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if it there's anything time Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if it there's anything time Z is
+zero and 1 * 1 is one it's exactly an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and 1 * 1 is one it's exactly an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and 1 * 1 is one it's exactly an an
+and gate okay if I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orgate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orgate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orgate
+into so this is a bit more problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so this is a bit more problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into so this is a bit more problem so
+this is going to be so actually let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be so actually let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be so actually let me
+say maybe I'll write it so I'm G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe I'll write it so I'm G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say maybe I'll write it so I'm G to
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+and of XY I'm just going to write as x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of XY I'm just going to write as x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of XY I'm just going to write as x *
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to write
+or of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of X and
+Y any idea yeah X Y X Y exactly exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y any idea yeah X Y X Y exactly exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y any idea yeah X Y X Y exactly exactly
+X Plus y That's idea but of course then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus y That's idea but of course then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Plus y That's idea but of course then
+it's two I mean so I subtract x * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two I mean so I subtract x * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's two I mean so I subtract x * y
+exactly okay so of course zero goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so of course zero goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so of course zero goes to
+zero if only one of them is one you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if only one of them is one you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if only one of them is one you get
+one and zero nothing and if both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero nothing and if both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and zero nothing and if both of them
+are one then this one is one so it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one then this one is one so it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one then this one is one so it takes
+care of good and then that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not not I go into not of X is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not I go into not of X is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not I go into not of X is simply
+what exactly one - x so now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly one - x so now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly one - x so now I have
+actually an arithmetic circuit okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an arithmetic circuit okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an arithmetic circuit okay so
+this arithmetization allowed me to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arithmetization allowed me to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arithmetization allowed me to go
+from a circuit into an arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a circuit into an arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a circuit into an arithmetic
+circuit or from a formula sorry into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or from a formula sorry into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or from a formula sorry into an
+arithmetic circuit and now note let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic circuit and now note let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic circuit and now note let's
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+first note that each a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note that each a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note that each a
+gate is now an arithmetic Circuit of ss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate is now an arithmetic Circuit of ss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate is now an arithmetic Circuit of ss
+at most three right it's a tiny circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most three right it's a tiny circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most three right it's a tiny circuit
+like this is so each gate really I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is so each gate really I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is so each gate really I is
+only con blw up by only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only con blw up by only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only con blw up by only a
+constant and now really what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now really what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and now really what I want to
+do the subject over my protocol what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the subject over my protocol what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the subject over my protocol what I
+want is to look at so let's denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is to look at so let's denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want is to look at so let's denote the
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization
+by so if we denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ari
+metiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formula by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula by
+flda okay so F that goes from F to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda okay so F that goes from F to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda okay so F that goes from F to the N
+to F it's just addition multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F it's just addition multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to F it's just addition multiplication
+can Define over the big F yes I'm wor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define over the big F yes I'm wor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Define over the big F yes I'm wor
+that since or now like has X twice and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since or now like has X twice and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since or now like has X twice and Y
+twice since you said it has to be a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice since you said it has to be a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice since you said it has to be a tree
+like you have to like copy and paste why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to like copy and paste why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to like copy and paste why
+in order to like plug it into that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to like plug it into that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to like plug it into that okay
+actually I don't care we'll see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't care we'll see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I don't care we'll see you're
+saying what you're saying wait why is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what you're saying wait why is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying what you're saying wait why is a
+middle why is I start all I cares that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle why is I start all I cares that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle why is I start all I cares that I
+started with an arith with a formula I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with an arith with a formula I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with an arith with a formula I
+don't care in the middle what I do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care in the middle what I do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care in the middle what I do with
+it so right now it's not a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so right now it's not a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so right now it's not a formula
+anymore yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry good thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you good thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you good thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you good thank you very much
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you great well you guys are good thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you great well you guys are good thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you great well you guys are good thank
+you okay so let's denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so let's denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay so let's denote the
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+01 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 is equal to
+K why that make sense the only thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K why that make sense the only thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K why that make sense the only thing we
+need to be careful with is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful with is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be careful with is what is the
+degree of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of this
+thing so now let's just argue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so now let's just argue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so now let's just argue that the
+degree is not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is not too
+big okay but if if I convince that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay but if if I convince that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big okay but if if I convince that the
+degree is small then we're done we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is small then we're done we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is small then we're done we just
+do a su check and this is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a su check and this is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a su check and this is exactly what
+you want to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to prove
+okay so let's just make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's just make sure that the
+degree so n here like the number of R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree so n here like the number of R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree so n here like the number of R is
+going to be n there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be n there's going to be a
+degree D we just need to ensure that D *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree D we just need to ensure that D *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree D we just need to ensure that D *
+n is much much much smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is much much much smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is much much much smaller than
+F which governs I I put here the which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which governs I I put here the which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F which governs I I put here the which
+govern the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern the
+soundness okay so let's just see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so let's just see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness okay so let's just see the
+degree so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the
+degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of
+flda is a most or let me write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently the sum let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the sum let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently the sum let's look at the
+degree for each variable okay the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree for each variable okay the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree for each variable okay the sum of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+degree I for variable I of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Fe so we have n variables X1 of to xn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe so we have n variables X1 of to xn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe so we have n variables X1 of to xn
+each one has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has some
+degree the sum of these degrees I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the sum of these degrees I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the sum of these degrees I'm
+going to argue is a most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue is a most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to argue is a most
+s s being the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh S
+size of Fe which is defined to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of Fe which is defined to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of Fe which is defined to be this
+is by definition the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+leaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in
+Fe okay so let me argue that the size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay so let me argue that the size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe okay so let me argue that the size is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is the most uh Fe is the the degrees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+most the Su of degrees the most s or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the Su of degrees the most s or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the Su of degrees the most s or the
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+okay by the way before actually I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way before actually I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay by the way before actually I do
+that just to make sure because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to make sure because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just to make sure because I
+actually noticed that I lost over too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually noticed that I lost over too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually noticed that I lost over too
+quickly I said that you know this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I said that you know this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly I said that you know this is all
+we need to prove but I just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prove but I just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prove but I just want to make
+sure is it clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure is it clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure is it clear that
+flda and 01 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda and 01 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda and 01 to the
+N is actually equals to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is actually equals to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N is actually equals to
+fee yeah that's very important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee yeah that's very important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee yeah that's very important because
+we want to make sure that we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make sure that we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make sure that we're actually
+summing over the actual fee like in 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the actual fee like in 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over the actual fee like in 01
+because we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to
+prove uh sharp set of the fee formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh sharp set of the fee formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove uh sharp set of the fee formula
+right and the reason is as we said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason is as we said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason is as we said is
+that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on
+01 we really behave like the and and or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 we really behave like the and and or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 we really behave like the and and or
+so of course outside of 01 who knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course outside of 01 who knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course outside of 01 who knows
+we're over a Big Field who knows what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're over a Big Field who knows what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're over a Big Field who knows what's
+going on but on Z1 we behave exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but on Z1 we behave exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on but on Z1 we behave exactly
+like the end and or like the original TR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the end and or like the original TR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the end and or like the original TR
+therefore this this Ari arithmetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this this Ari arithmetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this this Ari arithmetic
+formula is actually equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is actually equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is actually equal to the
+original formula and 0 one to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original formula and 0 one to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original formula and 0 one to the
+end yeah okay so good so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah okay so good so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end yeah okay so good so this is what we
+want to prove now let's just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove now let's just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prove now let's just look at the
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+yeah good good good this just means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good good good this just means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good good good this just means this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+degree of x i in Fe so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of x i in Fe so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of x i in Fe so I'm just going to
+so so yeah or in other words I'm I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah or in other words I'm I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah or in other words I'm I can
+argue that each variable has the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that each variable has the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that each variable has the real
+most s but I can argue something strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most s but I can argue something strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most s but I can argue something strong
+the sum of the degrees of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees of all the
+variables that most s okay know that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that most s okay know that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that most s okay know that s
+is polinomial here okay we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polinomial here okay we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is polinomial here okay we have this
+that's the input the input is the h a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the input the input is the h a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the input the input is the h a
+sad formula it's polinomial so as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad formula it's polinomial so as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad formula it's polinomial so as long
+as this is the degree you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this is the degree you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as this is the degree you know we're
+happy the communication complexity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the communication complexity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy the communication complexity the
+verify complexity is going to be n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify complexity is going to be n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify complexity is going to be n the
+number of variables D which is like s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables D which is like s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of variables D which is like s
+polinomial uh and pol in the field so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh and pol in the field so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh and pol in the field so
+it's po so the verifier is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's po so the verifier is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's po so the verifier is going to be
+polinomial okay now we care about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay now we care about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay now we care about you
+know now there's a notion of binomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now there's a notion of binomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now there's a notion of binomial
+time verifier okay but if the degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time verifier okay but if the degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time verifier okay but if the degrees
+are most s s is bomal we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most s s is bomal we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most s s is bomal we're
+good okay so why why is this the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so why why is this the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so why why is this the degree
+so to prove that this is the degree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove that this is the degree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to prove that this is the degree the
+proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is by
+induction it's actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction it's actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction it's actually a pretty
+straightforward proof and it really uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward proof and it really uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward proof and it really uses
+the fact that fee is a Formula that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that fee is a Formula that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that fee is a Formula that the
+original fee is a the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so the prove is just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction and here's how Okay so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and here's how Okay so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction and here's how Okay so uh
+we're going to prove by induction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove by induction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove by induction on the
+on the depth of this uh formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the depth of this uh formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the depth of this uh formula and
+and so okay if we have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay if we have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay if we have just one
+gate then okay it's clear the degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate then okay it's clear the degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate then okay it's clear the degree is
+just one uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one uh so that's
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if number of Gates or the depth if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if number of Gates or the depth if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if number of Gates or the depth if
+you want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is
+one then of course the it's the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then of course the it's the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then of course the it's the degree
+is going to be less than the size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be less than the size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be less than the size is
+degree is just one that's if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is just one that's if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree is just one that's if you just
+have a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a single
+gate uh and now if you have more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate uh and now if you have more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate uh and now if you have more General
+so now suppose you have a circuit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now suppose you have a circuit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now suppose you have a circuit of the
+form let's say add or malt it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let's say add or malt it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form let's say add or malt it doesn't
+matter or and you can have like F1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or and you can have like F1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter or and you can have like F1
+suppos Fe is F1 and or or I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos Fe is F1 and or or I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos Fe is F1 and or or I don't care
+F2 okay this can gener the end but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 okay this can gener the end but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 okay this can gener the end but of
+course it could be also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it could be also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it could be also an
+or then how do we arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+F1 tlda times F2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 tlda times F2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1 tlda times F2
+tlda or in the case of this is for end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tlda or in the case of this is for end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tlda or in the case of this is for end
+if for or if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for or if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if for or if it was
+or then it would be F1 TAA plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then it would be F1 TAA plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or then it would be F1 TAA plus
+f2a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2a
+minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1
+time2 right all of course over X1 of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time2 right all of course over X1 of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time2 right all of course over X1 of X
+over X1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X yeah okay so let's at I want argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X yeah okay so let's at I want argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X yeah okay so let's at I want argue
+that the arithmetic version is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the arithmetic version is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the arithmetic version is of the
+sum of the degrees of all the variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the degrees of all the variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the degrees of all the variables
+that most s so let's see let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most s so let's see let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most s so let's see let's look at
+flda if F Tilda was if the original Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda if F Tilda was if the original Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flda if F Tilda was if the original Fe
+was end of F1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was end of F1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was end of F1 and
+F2 then flda is just the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 then flda is just the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2 then flda is just the multiplication
+by definition we replac and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition we replac and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by definition we replac and with
+multiplication of the F1 tlda polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of the F1 tlda polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication of the F1 tlda polinomial
+times F2 2 ta polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times F2 2 ta polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times F2 2 ta polinomial
+but what do we know here here the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do we know here here the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what do we know here here the degree
+of each the so now let's suppose okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each the so now let's suppose okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each the so now let's suppose okay
+suppose F1 let's say it's of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose F1 let's say it's of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose F1 let's say it's of
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+S1 and suppose F2 is of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2 okay just now what we we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay just now what we we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 okay just now what we we know that
+the sze of Cs is equal to S1 + S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sze of Cs is equal to S1 + S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sze of Cs is equal to S1 + S2
+because it's a tree so there's no kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a tree so there's no kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a tree so there's no kind
+of uh everything is open so the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh everything is open so the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh everything is open so the left
+side of the tree is S1 size of S1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the tree is S1 size of S1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the tree is S1 size of S1 the
+right side of the tree is size S2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the tree is size S2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side of the tree is size S2 the
+entire tree is the size s which is S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire tree is the size s which is S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire tree is the size s which is S1
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+S2 so now what is the a so what can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 so now what is the a so what can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 so now what is the a so what can we
+say in this case so let's let's focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this case so let's let's focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in this case so let's let's focus on
+the on the and the or is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the and the or is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the and the or is exactly the
+same so what can we say about about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so what can we say about about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so what can we say about about the
+sum of the degrees so sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the degrees so sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the degrees so sum of
+degree the the degree of the I ele of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the the degree of the I ele of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the the degree of the I ele of of
+x i in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x i in
+Fe is equal sumon I what is the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe is equal sumon I what is the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fe is equal sumon I what is the degree
+of the the I variable in Fe it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the I variable in Fe it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the I variable in Fe it's the
+degree here plus the degree here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree here plus the degree here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree here plus the degree here when
+you multiply things I need to some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply things I need to some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply things I need to some the
+degrees so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so it's the
+degree of x i in T1 tlda plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of x i in T1 tlda plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of x i in T1 tlda plus the
+degree of variable I in C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right when have two polom multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when have two polom multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when have two polom multiply the
+degree adds but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just S1 + S2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+induction by the induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hypothesis okay so the the degree here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis okay so the the degree here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis okay so the the degree here
+the sum of the degrees is like the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees is like the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the degrees is like the size
+of the formulas we actually don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the formulas we actually don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the formulas we actually don't really
+care about the sum we care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the sum we care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the sum we care about the
+degree itself but this kind of shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree itself but this kind of shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree itself but this kind of shows you
+at least the degree of H one is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the degree of H one is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the degree of H one is also
+most the size of the formula and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the size of the formula and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the size of the formula and
+therefore the Su so now when we run so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the Su so now when we run so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the Su so now when we run so
+let me put this back up so we run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put this back up so we run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put this back up so we run the
+sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum
+check on this polinomial and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check on this polinomial and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check on this polinomial and we
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+the the communication complexity and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the communication complexity and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the communication complexity and the
+verify run time will be n or the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify run time will be n or the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify run time will be n or the number
+the number of variables here n times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables here n times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of variables here n times the
+degree which is s essentially the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree which is s essentially the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree which is s essentially the size
+of the input right that's s and polog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input right that's s and polog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input right that's s and polog
+the field okay so you just need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field okay so you just need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field okay so you just need to take
+and similarly uh and the verify yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly uh and the verify yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly uh and the verify yeah the
+degree which is s the completeness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree which is s the completeness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree which is s the completeness is
+always one and the soundness importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and the soundness importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always one and the soundness importantly
+the soundness of this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is n the number of variables the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n the number of variables the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n the number of variables the degree
+which is s divided by the size of f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is s divided by the size of f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is s divided by the size of f so
+all we need to make sure is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+arithmetick ER those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetick ER those you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetick ER those you
+want okay any yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+yeah you can go okay so when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can go okay so when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you can go okay so when you do the
+sum check like when the sum is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check like when the sum is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum check like when the sum is happening
+is that like necessarily a sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like necessarily a sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that like necessarily a sum over the
+field or can it be like any sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or can it be like any sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field or can it be like any sum over
+like a different field like if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a different field like if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a different field like if you're
+like original field is just like I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like original field is just like I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like original field is just like I don't
+know some field so okay just note in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some field so okay just note in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some field so okay just note in
+this specific problem I don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific problem I don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific problem I don't have a
+origal fi actually that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origal fi actually that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origal fi actually that for this
+specific sharp set I'm over 01 there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific sharp set I'm over 01 there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific sharp set I'm over 01 there's
+no field it's not an algebraic it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no field it's not an algebraic it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no field it's not an algebraic it's a
+Boolean thing it I don't have any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean thing it I don't have any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean thing it I don't have any any
+polinomial any algebra any field nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial any algebra any field nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial any algebra any field nothing
+I just have zero one and I have and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have zero one and I have and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just have zero one and I have and and
+or Gates and to prove that to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Gates and to prove that to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Gates and to prove that to prove that
+you know the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the number of satisfying
+assignment in the Boolean cube is K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in the Boolean cube is K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment in the Boolean cube is K I
+choose a field of my liking and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a field of my liking and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a field of my liking and I
+arithmetization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omals as as having additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omals as as having additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omals as as having additional
+multiplication Gates and I think in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication Gates and I think in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication Gates and I think in my
+head I think of this circuit as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head I think of this circuit as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head I think of this circuit as this
+formula as a polinomial so I choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula as a polinomial so I choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula as a polinomial so I choose the
+field it's not part it's not actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's not part it's not actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field it's not part it's not actually
+the problem I I I am purpose kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I I I am purpose kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I I I am purpose kind of
+chose a field so that I can do the Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a field so that I can do the Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose a field so that I can do the Su
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+protocol right yeah um but I guess like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right yeah um but I guess like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right yeah um but I guess like
+what I'm asking is like when you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking is like when you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm asking is like when you like
+for the sum in the sum check like like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sum in the sum check like like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the sum in the sum check like like
+let's say you like not for this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you like not for this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you like not for this problem
+oh I see I see you're saying you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see I see you're saying you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I see I see you're saying you're
+saying look let's say you have a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look let's say you have a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look let's say you have a some
+check problem someone give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check problem someone give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check problem someone give you some
+check problem and you're not happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check problem and you're not happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check problem and you're not happy with
+the field the field is not good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field the field is not good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field the field is not good enough
+for you or it doesn't give you enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or it doesn't give you enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or it doesn't give you enough
+soundness can you can you amplify can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness can you can you amplify can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness can you can you amplify can
+you work over a different field is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work over a different field is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work over a different field is that
+what you're asking or I guess what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're asking or I guess what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're asking or I guess what I'm
+asking is like if you have some check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is like if you have some check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is like if you have some check
+and like there is some field like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like there is some field like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like there is some field like let's
+say you're working mod like some large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're working mod like some large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you're working mod like some large
+prime or something good but then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or something good but then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or something good but then like
+the S like will the sum that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S like will the sum that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S like will the sum that you're
+doing be like also over that field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing be like also over that field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing be like also over that field
+necessarily like can you okay so so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like can you okay so so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily like can you okay so so when
+I do a S check over the field everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a S check over the field everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a S check over the field everything
+will be over that field yes everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over that field yes everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over that field yes everything
+will be over the field however that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over the field however that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over the field however that said
+if I'm not happy the P if you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm not happy the P if you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm not happy the P if you're saying
+so I got a s Che protocol with certain p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got a s Che protocol with certain p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I got a s Che protocol with certain p
+over you know over gf2 a gfp with is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you know over gf2 a gfp with is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you know over gf2 a gfp with is so
+everything is mod P with certain P now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is mod P with certain P now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is mod P with certain P now
+yes everything should be over this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes everything should be over this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes everything should be over this field
+now you can say well this p is not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can say well this p is not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can say well this p is not that
+great because it's not that much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it's not that much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great because it's not that much bigger
+than n * D and I'm not really happy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n * D and I'm not really happy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n * D and I'm not really happy with
+this field or maybe even it's smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field or maybe even it's smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field or maybe even it's smaller
+than n times B for all I know it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n times B for all I know it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than n times B for all I know it's not a
+good field not big enough then what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good field not big enough then what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good field not big enough then what do I
+do so I'm saying it's okay don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I'm saying it's okay don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so I'm saying it's okay don't worry
+just take an extension field instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take an extension field instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take an extension field instead of
+working over P you can you work over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working over P you can you work over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working over P you can you work over
+kind of gfp to the N so you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gfp to the N so you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of gfp to the N so you can take a
+field of science P to the N for any end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of science P to the N for any end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of science P to the N for any end
+that you want like and you're only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want like and you're only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want like and you're only going
+to pay kind of polom or linearly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay kind of polom or linearly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay kind of polom or linearly with
+this n so uh and then you can amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n so uh and then you can amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n so uh and then you can amplify
+your sounds okay I was just wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sounds okay I was just wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sounds okay I was just wondering
+because I was wondering what like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was wondering what like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was wondering what like what
+happens if the K is like larger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the K is like larger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if the K is like larger than the
+size of field oh I'm going to choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of field oh I'm going to choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of field oh I'm going to choose the
+field could be much Bigg okay okay I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could be much Bigg okay okay I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field could be much Bigg okay okay I see
+yeah I'm going to choose the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to choose the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm going to choose the field
+otherwise you can't yeah I I'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can't yeah I I'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you can't yeah I I'll need to
+choose the field to be much bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the field to be much bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the field to be much bigger than
+okay yeah so like oh sorry I I forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so like oh sorry I I forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so like oh sorry I I forgot
+you okay yeah um this is kind of Rel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay yeah um this is kind of Rel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay yeah um this is kind of Rel
+point but we need to choose a field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but we need to choose a field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but we need to choose a field that
+have like really big characteristics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like really big characteristics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like really big characteristics and
+we need to like choose a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to like choose a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to like choose a really big
+prime number we can't just do like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number we can't just do like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime number we can't just do like we
+can't just it to the end oh because K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just it to the end oh because K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just it to the end oh because K
+can be like two to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like two to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be like two to the end
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger
+than yeah no but the question is can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than yeah no but the question is can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than yeah no but the question is can you
+no but the question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but the question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but the question a
+well okay if okay in our case you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay if okay in our case you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay if okay in our case you can
+just choose the field to be as big as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose the field to be as big as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choose the field to be as big as
+you want in in the case where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in in the case where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in in the case where you're
+giving a su check of course K of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a su check of course K of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving a su check of course K of course
+the sum is in the field it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is in the field it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is in the field it's it's
+something about the field you're giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the field you're giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the field you're giving
+you're giving something about the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving something about the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're giving something about the field
+so K will always would be in the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K will always would be in the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so K will always would be in the field
+but for the sharp for this specific one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the sharp for this specific one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the sharp for this specific one
+I'm thinking of yeah you choose a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking of yeah you choose a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm thinking of yeah you choose a k
+that's bigger however I'm not 100% sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger however I'm not 100% sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bigger however I'm not 100% sure
+that let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let me
+think can you use small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think can you use small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think can you use small
+characteristic can you Chinese yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic can you Chinese yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic can you Chinese yeah
+that's what I'm think I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm think I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm think I'm not sure if
+you can't use some Chinese remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't use some Chinese remainder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't use some Chinese remainder
+trick and use over a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and use over a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick and use over a small
+characteristic I need to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic I need to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic I need to think about it
+but anyway in this case just choose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway in this case just choose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway in this case just choose a
+after the gfp for a large p and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the gfp for a large p and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the gfp for a large p and that's
+bigger than K yeah sorry did you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than K yeah sorry did you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than K yeah sorry did you have a
+question oh ask is this the only know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh ask is this the only know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question oh ask is this the only know
+how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is easy what do you mean you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easier I so no I think I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier I so no I think I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier I so no I think I think this is
+the simplest way so let me say let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way so let me say let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way so let me say let me
+just say so you know we put H sharp set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say so you know we put H sharp set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say so you know we put H sharp set
+into IP in this way you can ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into IP in this way you can ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into IP in this way you can ask what
+about let's say sharp circuits at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's say sharp circuits at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let's say sharp circuits at which
+is the same thing but we're giving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing but we're giving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same thing but we're giving a
+circuit so we're given a circuit and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so we're given a circuit and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so we're given a circuit and you
+want to know how many satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how many satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know how many satisfying
+assignment does it have over zero1 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment does it have over zero1 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment does it have over zero1 to 10
+it's the same thing except for fee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing except for fee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing except for fee is
+now uh it's not a tree anymore it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh it's not a tree anymore it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh it's not a tree anymore it's a
+directed as graph so uh and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed as graph so uh and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed as graph so uh and it turns out
+that it also has an IP because it's in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it also has an IP because it's in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it also has an IP because it's in P
+space you can go over all possible X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can go over all possible X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can go over all possible X's
+X1 up to xn and check if it's satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 up to xn and check if it's satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 up to xn and check if it's satisfying
+or not in it's small space so it's in P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in it's small space so it's in P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not in it's small space so it's in P
+space and so you can ask okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so you can ask okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and so you can ask okay so what
+about this now you can't do some check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this now you can't do some check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this now you can't do some check
+because the degree won't be small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the degree won't be small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the degree won't be small so
+actually you can do it but that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can do it but that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you can do it but that's much
+much more complicated and requires this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated and requires this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated and requires this
+kind of degree reduction thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of degree reduction thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of degree reduction thing that's
+kind of how sham proves IP equals speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how sham proves IP equals speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how sham proves IP equals speed
+space it's the some degree reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's the some degree reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space it's the some degree reduction
+there that really complicates matters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that really complicates matters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that really complicates matters so
+you need that for a circuit set but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that for a circuit set but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need that for a circuit set but for
+set because it's so low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it's so low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because it's so low degree
+immediately kind of it's kind of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately kind of it's kind of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately kind of it's kind of nice
+and that's all you do uh yeah you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you do uh yeah you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all you do uh yeah you should
+be where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be where's the
+Gratitude I guess re interpretation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gratitude I guess re interpretation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gratitude I guess re interpretation of
+problem question suppose is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem question suppose is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem question suppose is you know
+suppose you're given another problem say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're given another problem say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're given another problem say
+permanent or something right so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent or something right so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent or something right so I want
+to I guess not formally defined but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I guess not formally defined but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I guess not formally defined but I
+want to direct kind of without reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to direct kind of without reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to direct kind of without reducing
+to kind of uh you know like so for I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of uh you know like so for I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of uh you know like so for I
+mean I want a direct uh protocol it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I want a direct uh protocol it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I want a direct uh protocol it's
+not very well defined yeah so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very well defined yeah so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very well defined yeah so I have to
+say almost all the protocols I know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say almost all the protocols I know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say almost all the protocols I know for
+IP go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some they were trying to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm not familiar with that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not familiar with that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm not familiar with that but I
+think the main ones go through uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the main ones go through uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the main ones go through uh uh
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Che what I remember is like it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che what I remember is like it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Che what I remember is like it's sort of
+like sun but they're also like looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sun but they're also like looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sun but they're also like looking
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any any other questions about sharp set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any other questions about sharp set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any other questions about sharp set
+yeah the someck protoc is like I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the someck protoc is like I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the someck protoc is like I believe
+it's operating over a field like all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's operating over a field like all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's operating over a field like all the
+summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation
+goes so does that mean that we to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so does that mean that we to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so does that mean that we to be
+safe to make sure Ure correctness we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to make sure Ure correctness we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe to make sure Ure correctness we
+must sure that the field has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must sure that the field has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must sure that the field has
+characteristic greater than the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic greater than the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic greater than the number
+of satisfying Solutions yeah two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfying Solutions yeah two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of satisfying Solutions yeah two to the
+uh two the two to the end yes yes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two the two to the end yes yes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two the two to the end yes yes but
+the verifier runs in time log in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier runs in time log in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the verifier runs in time log in this
+circuit so in the in the log in the s in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so in the in the log in the s in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit so in the in the log in the s in
+the size of the field yeah log in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the field yeah log in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the field yeah log in the
+size of the field so the field can be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the field so the field can be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the field so the field can be to
+the then yeah requirement you can't fig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then yeah requirement you can't fig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the then yeah requirement you can't fig
+small character yeah so I yeah okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small character yeah so I yeah okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small character yeah so I yeah okay I
+would so the what we should do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so the what we should do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would so the what we should do is take
+take gfp large large field like large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take gfp large large field like large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take gfp large large field like large
+characteristic I'm not sure you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic I'm not sure you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic I'm not sure you can take
+small characteristic actually I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small characteristic actually I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small characteristic actually I need to
+think about it because maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it because maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it because maybe some
+Chinese remainder theorem can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem can help you
+oh but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+what said we run this protocol over very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what said we run this protocol over very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what said we run this protocol over very
+small primes make sure that the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small primes make sure that the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small primes make sure that the answers
+are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number exactly exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't want to sometimes actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to sometimes actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to sometimes actually I'm
+not so sure right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so sure right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so sure right because the
+computational complexity is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational complexity is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational complexity is going to be
+S of is probably going to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of is probably going to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of is probably going to be smaller
+instead of log a big field size to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of log a big field size to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of log a big field size to the
+power three or something right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power three or something right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power three or something right you have
+sum of log small size fields to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+power okay so by the way just note about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay so by the way just note about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay so by the way just note about
+the the pro runtime here of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pro runtime here of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the pro runtime here of course it's
+large because he needs to find the SAT I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because he needs to find the SAT I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because he needs to find the SAT I
+mean what can you do he needs to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what can you do he needs to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what can you do he needs to at
+least count the number of satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least count the number of satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least count the number of satisfying
+assignments it takes two to them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it takes two to them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments it takes two to them at
+least right to find them and then okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least right to find them and then okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least right to find them and then okay
+so so far we gave some examples so where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far we gave some examples so where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far we gave some examples so where
+are we right we talked about IP we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we right we talked about IP we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we right we talked about IP we
+showed the magical amazing Su Che
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the magical amazing Su Che
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed the magical amazing Su Che
+protocol and we showed how to use the Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and we showed how to use the Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol and we showed how to use the Su
+protocol to give an IP for interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to give an IP for interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to give an IP for interactive
+proof for Sharp set in some sense maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for Sharp set in some sense maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for Sharp set in some sense maybe
+you're not so blown away at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not so blown away at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not so blown away at this point
+because actually Sharps aent like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually Sharps aent like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because actually Sharps aent like a
+formula is really you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is really you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula is really you can
+arithmetization is not like wow we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization is not like wow we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetization is not like wow we know
+all know that and is like multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that and is like multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all know that and is like multiplication
+and and and the and and or can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the and and or can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and the and and or can be
+written as like small arithmetic thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as like small arithmetic thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as like small arithmetic thing
+so it's actually an arithmetic circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually an arithmetic circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually an arithmetic circuit
+so it's it's it's it's actually gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's it's it's actually gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's it's it's actually gives
+yourself a lgre pom so some since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a lgre pom so some since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a lgre pom so some since it
+calls for a subject it is a subject like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls for a subject it is a subject like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls for a subject it is a subject like
+without much change it's like already it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without much change it's like already it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without much change it's like already it
+presents itself almost as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents itself almost as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents itself almost as a
+sub so maybe you're not convinced of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub so maybe you're not convinced of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub so maybe you're not convinced of the
+generality of of the Su and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of of the Su and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality of of the Su and the next
+thing I want to do is kind of show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is kind of show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is kind of show you
+actually uh completely different thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh completely different thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh completely different thing
+that doesn't seem to be at all low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be at all low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't seem to be at all low
+degree or anything and try to to uh show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or anything and try to to uh show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or anything and try to to uh show
+you how you can use the S Check and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you can use the S Check and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you can use the S Check and
+actually this takes us a kind of a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this takes us a kind of a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this takes us a kind of a nice
+uh way into the idea of uh of doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way into the idea of uh of doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh way into the idea of uh of doubly
+efficient proofs so so far when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient proofs so so far when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient proofs so so far when we
+talked about interactive proofs our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about interactive proofs our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about interactive proofs our
+Focus was the verifier is efficient he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus was the verifier is efficient he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Focus was the verifier is efficient he's
+poal time the approver can be whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poal time the approver can be whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poal time the approver can be whatever
+and indeed in the protocols both some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed in the protocols both some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed in the protocols both some
+check and sharp s of course the pro runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and sharp s of course the pro runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check and sharp s of course the pro runs
+in exponential time he has no choice he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exponential time he has no choice he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exponential time he has no choice he
+needs to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to do the
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+okay the idea that so now let's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the idea that so now let's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the idea that so now let's kind of
+shift gears and talk about the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears and talk about the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears and talk about the notion of
+a double efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a double efficient
+interactive so the notion of a double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive so the notion of a double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactive so the notion of a double
+efficient interactive proof the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive proof the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive proof the idea is
+actually you know what you don't so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know what you don't so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know what you don't so the
+main idea is we care about the run time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main idea is we care about the run time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main idea is we care about the run time
+of the proof so the pro is not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof so the pro is not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proof so the pro is not all
+powerful it kind of brings us kind of to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful it kind of brings us kind of to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful it kind of brings us kind of to
+real life okay it's very nice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life okay it's very nice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life okay it's very nice that the
+verifier is for nor the Prov is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is for nor the Prov is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier is for nor the Prov is all
+powerful but guess what all powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but guess what all powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful but guess what all powerful
+doesn't exist everything is limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist everything is limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist everything is limited to
+some extent there's more powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent there's more powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extent there's more powerful and
+less powerful but there's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less powerful but there's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less powerful but there's not all
+powerful so what we want is yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so what we want is yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful so what we want is yes the
+prover is more powerful than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is more powerful than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prover is more powerful than the
+verifier otherwise we don't need it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier otherwise we don't need it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier otherwise we don't need it the
+verifier doesn't need him but even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier doesn't need him but even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier doesn't need him but even the
+pro is not all powerful so in a doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro is not all powerful so in a doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pro is not all powerful so in a doubly
+efficient interactive Pro we want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive Pro we want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient interactive Pro we want to say
+the prover has a problem at hand and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover has a problem at hand and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prover has a problem at hand and he
+should not spend too much overhead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not spend too much overhead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not spend too much overhead in
+convincing the verifier that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing the verifier that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing the verifier that the
+solution is that he that his solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that he that his solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that he that his solution
+that you know let's say that X is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know let's say that X is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know let's say that X is in the
+language okay and and this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay and and this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language okay and and this is kind of
+interesting even if the problem so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting even if the problem so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting even if the problem so when
+we talk about doubly efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about doubly efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about doubly efficient
+interractive proofs we even care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interractive proofs we even care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interractive proofs we even care of
+problems in P so often when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in P so often when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in P so often when we talk
+about contracted proof we think even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about contracted proof we think even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about contracted proof we think even
+let's say the problem is polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the problem is polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the problem is polinomial
+time so I have Al I I want to argue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I have Al I I want to argue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I have Al I I want to argue
+prove some pomal time uh you know the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some pomal time uh you know the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove some pomal time uh you know the a
+link anguage but I want the verify let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link anguage but I want the verify let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link anguage but I want the verify let's
+say the time to to determine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the time to to determine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the time to to determine this
+language is I don't know n to the 4th I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is I don't know n to the 4th I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is I don't know n to the 4th I
+want the verifier to be linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the verifier to be linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the verifier to be linear
+time okay so the idea is I I there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so the idea is I I there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so the idea is I I there
+should always be a gap between how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be a gap between how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always be a gap between how
+powerful the PO is and the verifier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful the PO is and the verifier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful the PO is and the verifier is
+weaker but I really care about both I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker but I really care about both I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker but I really care about both I
+care the verifier should be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care the verifier should be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care the verifier should be very very
+efficient and the PO should not should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and the PO should not should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and the PO should not should
+also be somewhat efficient okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be somewhat efficient okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be somewhat efficient okay that's
+the idea so okay so what is a doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so okay so what is a doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea so okay so what is a doubly
+efficient in trative proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a dou let's say for for example l in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a dou let's say for for example l in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a dou let's say for for example l in
+some D time T so can be computed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some D time T so can be computed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some D time T so can be computed in the
+teristic time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teristic time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teristic time
+T again you can think of T even to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T again you can think of T even to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T again you can think of T even to be n
+the fourth okay can be polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth okay can be polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth okay can be polinomial
+is is an IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is an IP
+where the Pro run time the honest Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Pro run time the honest Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Pro run time the honest Pro
+the honest provers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+runtime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime is
+only polinomial overhead in the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polinomial overhead in the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only polinomial overhead in the time of
+determining the language okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the language okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining the language okay so it
+takes time T to determine here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time T to determine here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time T to determine here is the
+time of most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of most
+Po and the verifier on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time should be much much less see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time should be much much less see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time should be much much less see
+ideally we want the verif to run in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we want the verif to run in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally we want the verif to run in time
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like almost linear or quasi linear we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost linear or quasi linear we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like almost linear or quasi linear we so
+n poly log n let's say which is denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n poly log n let's say which is denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n poly log n let's say which is denoted
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+O Okay so ideally want the verify TR in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O Okay so ideally want the verify TR in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O Okay so ideally want the verify TR in
+linear time or quasi linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time or quasi linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time or quasi linear
+time and the P should not have too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the P should not have too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the P should not have too much
+overhead actually IDE po should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead actually IDE po should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead actually IDE po should also
+have just linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just linear
+overhead okay but definitely by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead okay but definitely by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead okay but definitely by
+definition it should not have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it should not have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it should not have more than
+pomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+overhead and and sorry yes yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and and sorry yes yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and and sorry yes yes thank you
+and this is T n is the instance size yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is T n is the instance size yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is T n is the instance size yes
+so of course the verify needs to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the verify needs to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the verify needs to read
+the instance but not do much more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance but not do much more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instance but not do much more than
+that okay so it's just interactive proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so it's just interactive proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so it's just interactive proof
+we care about both the pro and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about both the pro and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about both the pro and the
+verifier okay and uh yeah and and so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier okay and uh yeah and and so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier okay and uh yeah and and so let
+me mention that these like things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mention that these like things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me mention that these like things that
+people actually care about because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually care about because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually care about because they
+use it in these blockchain protocols and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in these blockchain protocols and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in these blockchain protocols and
+so on and so they really actually a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so they really actually a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so they really actually a lot
+of work that's done on this and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that's done on this and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work that's done on this and I think
+in the lecture notes of Justin Taylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture notes of Justin Taylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture notes of Justin Taylor
+I'm not going to refer to these sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to refer to these sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to refer to these sections
+we won't cover them but they the exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't cover them but they the exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't cover them but they the exist
+sections where he really talks about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections where he really talks about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections where he really talks about the
+exact kind of parameters the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact kind of parameters the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact kind of parameters the exact
+numbers the exact implementations and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the exact implementations and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the exact implementations and so
+on so forth because this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so forth because this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so forth because this these are
+things that actually people care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually people care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that actually people care about
+because they want to run it so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to run it so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they want to run it so actually
+we really care about you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really care about you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really care about you know the
+overheads here in in practice case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads here in in practice case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overheads here in in practice case okay
+so now so so far we said the Su check is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so so far we said the Su check is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now so so far we said the Su check is
+really it's this of course it's like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's this of course it's like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's this of course it's like it
+seems like outside the realm even of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like outside the realm even of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like outside the realm even of
+double double double efficiency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double double efficiency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double double double efficiency but
+actually now let me show you a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now let me show you a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually now let me show you a specific
+example which again we is beyond just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which again we is beyond just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which again we is beyond just an
+example because we'll teach use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because we'll teach use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because we'll teach use it to
+teach something uh where it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach something uh where it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach something uh where it's actually
+in p and I I'll show you an interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p and I I'll show you an interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in p and I I'll show you an interactive
+proof for for this problem okay uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for for this problem okay uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof for for this problem okay uh using
+the suck protocol a dou efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suck protocol a dou efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suck protocol a dou efficient
+interractive proof of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interractive proof of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interractive proof of this problem
+yeah like t d good yeah yeah yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like t d good yeah yeah yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah like t d good yeah yeah yeah so
+take any problem any language for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any problem any language for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any problem any language for which
+membership in this language can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership in this language can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership in this language can be
+decided in time to okay so D I'm there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided in time to okay so D I'm there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided in time to okay so D I'm there's
+a deterministic algorithm that runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic algorithm that runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deterministic algorithm that runs in
+time T what T is it can be anything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T what T is it can be anything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T what T is it can be anything you
+can think of t n to the 4th n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of t n to the 4th n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of t n to the 4th n to the
+10th I don't know uh ENT to the log n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th I don't know uh ENT to the log n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th I don't know uh ENT to the log n uh
+quazi po whatever all I care so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazi po whatever all I care so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quazi po whatever all I care so of
+course the PO needs to needs to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the PO needs to needs to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the PO needs to needs to compute
+if he's proving something he needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's proving something he needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he's proving something he needs to
+know that it's true so he needs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's true so he needs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's true so he needs to do
+this determin of computation so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determin of computation so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determin of computation so of
+course he needs to run in time te but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he needs to run in time te but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he needs to run in time te but
+should not run in much more than T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not run in much more than T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not run in much more than T and
+by not more theorists say poly T applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not more theorists say poly T applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by not more theorists say poly T applied
+people say linear in t the real appli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say linear in t the real appli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say linear in t the real appli
+you know say not more than 128 whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say not more than 128 whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say not more than 128 whatever
+but um yeah depending how far you are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um yeah depending how far you are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um yeah depending how far you are in
+that Spectrum um okay so a good so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Spectrum um okay so a good so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Spectrum um okay so a good so now
+let me show you how a doubly efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you how a doubly efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you how a doubly efficient
+interractive proof for counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interractive proof for counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interractive proof for counting the
+number of triangles in a graph okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of triangles in a graph okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of triangles in a graph okay
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+example next week I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example next week I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example next week I'm going to show you
+actually interactive proof for all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interactive proof for all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interactive proof for all for
+dou interactive proof for all low depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dou interactive proof for all low depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dou interactive proof for all low depth
+circuits so I'm going to generalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits so I'm going to generalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits so I'm going to generalize it
+by a lot but let's start with like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay
+so let's say we're given a graph G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we're given a graph G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we're given a graph G and
+we want to count the number of triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to count the number of triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to count the number of triangles
+in the graph okay so given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph okay so given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph okay so given
+G so we want to interactive proof for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counting number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangles in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles in a graph
+G with vertices V and edges e okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with vertices V and edges e okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G with vertices V and edges e okay so
+okay I want to cast it as a doubly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to cast it as a doubly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want to cast it as a doubly
+efficient sum Che protocol kind of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient sum Che protocol kind of sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient sum Che protocol kind of sub
+protocol but so notice this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol but so notice this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol but so notice this this is a
+problem in P I can go over all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in P I can go over all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in P I can go over all possible
+three vertices triple to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices triple to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertices triple to
+vertices and check if there's a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and check if there's a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and check if there's a triangle
+so I can I can check this problem time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can I can check this problem time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can I can check this problem time
+ENT to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ENT to the
+third I want that my verifier to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third I want that my verifier to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third I want that my verifier to be
+linear so I want to Pro the runs in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so I want to Pro the runs in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear so I want to Pro the runs in time
+not much more than ENT the third uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much more than ENT the third uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much more than ENT the third uh or
+let's say polinomial time to convince a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say polinomial time to convince a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say polinomial time to convince a
+linear verifier that this graph has a mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear verifier that this graph has a mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear verifier that this graph has a mo
+has let's exactly K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangles and I want to cast it somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and I want to cast it somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and I want to cast it somehow
+in the subject protocol so how do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subject protocol so how do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subject protocol so how do I do
+that so I first I need to come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I first I need to come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I first I need to come up with a
+polinomial right I that's kind of I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial right I that's kind of I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial right I that's kind of I need
+to embed a polom here no there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embed a polom here no there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to embed a polom here no there's nothing
+polinomial like here talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial like here talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial like here talking about
+graphs okay so remember how origin I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs okay so remember how origin I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs okay so remember how origin I
+told you everything is a polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you everything is a polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you everything is a polinomial
+everything can become a polinomial this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can become a polinomial this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can become a polinomial this
+is an example that kind of shows you why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example that kind of shows you why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an example that kind of shows you why
+you take anything and make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take anything and make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take anything and make it a
+polinomial so what is the idea let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so what is the idea let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so what is the idea let's
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+adjacency uh Matrix corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency uh Matrix corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency uh Matrix corresponding to
+this graph okay that checks if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph okay that checks if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph okay that checks if there's
+an edge between pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge between pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge between pair of
+vertices now we can write this Matrix as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices now we can write this Matrix as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices now we can write this Matrix as
+a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function
+f that goes from let's say V like number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that goes from let's say V like number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that goes from let's say V like number
+of vertices times number of vertices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices times number of vertices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices times number of vertices to
+01 takes a pair of vertices I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 takes a pair of vertices I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 takes a pair of vertices I'll put
+zero if there's no Edge one if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if there's no Edge one if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if there's no Edge one if there's
+an edge let's denote the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge let's denote the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge let's denote the number of
+vertices here by n so sorry I denoted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here by n so sorry I denoted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices here by n so sorry I denoted
+there the input length by n close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the input length by n close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the input length by n close enough
+it's not really the input length the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really the input length the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really the input length the
+number of vertices but it's denoted by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices but it's denoted by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of vertices but it's denoted by n
+okay so now we can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we can think of the
+adjacency Matrix as a function so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix as a function so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency Matrix as a function so think
+of the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix let me write it as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let me write it as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix let me write it as a function
+f that goes from 01 to the log n I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that goes from 01 to the log n I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that goes from 01 to the log n I'm
+going to assume that N is a power of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that N is a power of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume that N is a power of two
+goes from so it takes a I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from so it takes a I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from so it takes a I'm going to
+think of a Vertex so v as I said is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a Vertex so v as I said is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a Vertex so v as I said is of
+size n write it here so won't be in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n write it here so won't be in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size n write it here so won't be in my
+way I'm going to think of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to think of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I'm going to think of the function
+as taking a pair of vertices where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I I represent a Vertex as a vector in 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I represent a Vertex as a vector in 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I represent a Vertex as a vector in 01
+to the log n okay any number of n like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log n okay any number of n like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log n okay any number of n like
+binary representation of the I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary representation of the I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary representation of the I think of
+the vertices it's numbers between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices it's numbers between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices it's numbers between one
+and N I'm thinking of the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N I'm thinking of the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N I'm thinking of the binary
+representation and I output 0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and I output 0 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and I output 0 one
+whether there's an edge or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's an edge or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's an edge or whether
+there's no Edge between this vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Edge between this vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Edge between this vertices
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two
+vertices okay so this says one if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay so this says one if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay so this says one if and
+only if there exists an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+vertices okay now suppose you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay now suppose you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices okay now suppose you want to
+argue that the number of triangles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the number of triangles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that the number of triangles is
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k so what do you need to prove you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so what do you need to prove you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k so what do you need to prove you need
+to prove that the sum over all i j and k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that the sum over all i j and k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that the sum over all i j and k
+in N or let me even make myself in 0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N or let me even make myself in 0 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in N or let me even make myself in 0 one
+to the log in to make it easy for myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log in to make it easy for myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log in to make it easy for myself
+because I'm representing in binary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm representing in binary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm representing in binary so
+for any three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any three
+vertices let's count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices let's count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices let's count the number of
+triangle so when when is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so when when is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle so when when is there's a
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+if I and J are connected this is one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I and J are connected this is one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I and J are connected this is one and
+fjk is connected this is one and f i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fjk is connected this is one and f i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fjk is connected this is one and f i is
+connected this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected this is
+one they all need to be connected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they all need to be connected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they all need to be connected in
+order for it to be a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for it to be a triangle
+okay so now not if if they're now I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now not if if they're now I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now not if if they're now I get
+so if it's a triangle I get one if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a triangle I get one if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's a triangle I get one if it's
+not a triangle I get zero because one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a triangle I get zero because one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a triangle I get zero because one of
+them is going to be a zero so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is going to be a zero so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is going to be a zero so I want to
+count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triangles and I want to prove check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and I want to prove check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles and I want to prove check that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+K almost almost I lied a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K almost almost I lied a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K almost almost I lied a little
+bit I kind of overcounted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I kind of overcounted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit I kind of overcounted because
+there's permutation igk jki so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's permutation igk jki so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's permutation igk jki so I need to
+divide by one over six is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by one over six is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by one over six is the number of
+way to permute any JK any I JK is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to permute any JK any I JK is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to permute any JK any I JK is
+counted like all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted like all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted like all
+permutations so this is what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations so this is what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations so this is what I want to
+prove okay I want to prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove okay I want to prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove okay I want to prove that the
+sum of all possible triangles i j k i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all possible triangles i j k i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of all possible triangles i j k i
+kind I counted each I JK here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I counted each I JK here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I counted each I JK here
+essentially six times so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially six times so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially six times so I need to
+divide by one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by one over
+six the number of the sum the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six the number of the sum the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six the number of the sum the number of
+triangles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangles is
+K okay almost at least I have sum it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay almost at least I have sum it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay almost at least I have sum it's
+getting to look like a su check but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to look like a su check but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to look like a su check but
+there's no algeb there's no Algebra I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no algeb there's no Algebra I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no algeb there's no Algebra I
+just wrote in numbers I mean I took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote in numbers I mean I took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote in numbers I mean I took
+binary representation but at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary representation but at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary representation but at least you
+know I have uh I I have some sum so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have uh I I have some sum so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I have uh I I have some sum so if
+if I had some Al nice algebra here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had some Al nice algebra here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I had some Al nice algebra here if
+this was all over a finite field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was all over a finite field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was all over a finite field and
+let's say this F was also low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this F was also low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this F was also low degree
+then I can use some check okay so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can use some check okay so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can use some check okay so again
+suppose this was over a finite field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this was over a finite field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this was over a finite field and
+suppose this F was very low degreee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this F was very low degreee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this F was very low degreee and
+the field was large we have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field was large we have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field was large we have good
+soundness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soundness
+I want to prove sum of this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove sum of this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to prove sum of this big
+F is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sun so I just need to kind of tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun so I just need to kind of tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun so I just need to kind of tell you
+how how do I get uh how do I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do I get uh how do I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do I get uh how do I add
+algebra where do you know to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra where do you know to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra where do you know to make this
+degree low degree and and uh where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree low degree and and uh where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree low degree and and uh where did
+the finite field come from and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite field come from and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite field come from and so on
+I'll do that but before I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that but before I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do that but before I'll do that
+also note there some here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also note there some here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also note there some here
+is only over 01 to the 3 log n right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only over 01 to the 3 log n right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only over 01 to the 3 log n right so
+it's actually remember the problem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually remember the problem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually remember the problem was
+the Pro run time is very large it's h to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pro run time is very large it's h to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Pro run time is very large it's h to
+the m times the time it takes to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m times the time it takes to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m times the time it takes to to
+compute one function and times this m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute one function and times this m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute one function and times this m
+this m is going to be is small but the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m is going to be is small but the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this m is going to be is small but the H
+to m is the problem but here H to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m is the problem but here H to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to m is the problem but here H to the m
+is just two to the 3 log n 2 the l n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just two to the 3 log n 2 the l n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just two to the 3 log n 2 the l n so
+it's prob so if I'm able to put like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's prob so if I'm able to put like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's prob so if I'm able to put like a
+some check like a algebra here the I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check like a algebra here the I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some check like a algebra here the I I
+will get double the pro will still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get double the pro will still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get double the pro will still be
+pomal time which is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pomal time which is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pomal time which is what I
+want okay I just the question is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay I just the question is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay I just the question is how do
+I put algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where so I'll say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so I'll say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where so I'll say a little bit about
+this this and then we'll break for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and then we'll break for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this and then we'll break for today
+and continue next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continue next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and continue next
+week but the way there's a generic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but the way there's a generic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but the way there's a generic way
+to convert any function into a into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert any function into a into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert any function into a into a
+polinomial okay and the the way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay and the the way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial okay and the the way to do it
+is via technique called Low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so
+if you actually remember the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually remember the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you actually remember the way we
+start I started class with an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I started class with an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start I started class with an example of
+the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix
+multiplication and if you remember in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and if you remember in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and if you remember in
+the matrix multiplication there also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix multiplication there also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix multiplication there also
+there's no polinomial it's a matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no polinomial it's a matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no polinomial it's a matrix you
+know nothing but what we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nothing but what we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nothing but what we did the
+randomized algorithm that we showed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithm that we showed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized algorithm that we showed we
+thought of a row in The Matrix as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of a row in The Matrix as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of a row in The Matrix as a
+polinomial so we took a row which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so we took a row which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so we took a row which
+consists of n elements and we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of n elements and we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of n elements and we thought
+about it as a univariate polinomial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a univariate polinomial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as a univariate polinomial of
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+n remember we thought of like the row as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n remember we thought of like the row as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n remember we thought of like the row as
+like coefficients of the polinomial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coefficients of the polinomial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coefficients of the polinomial so
+we thought it was a polinomial of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it was a polinomial of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought it was a polinomial of degree
+of degree n minus one I guess n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree n minus one I guess n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree n minus one I guess n elements
+one is the free coefficient so degree n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the free coefficient so degree n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the free coefficient so degree n
+minus one so we started already the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so we started already the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so we started already the
+class with an example that I have a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with an example that I have a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class with an example that I have a row
+nothing no algebra nothing arbory row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing no algebra nothing arbory row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing no algebra nothing arbory row of
+Matrix and we converted it to a univ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we converted it to a univ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix and we converted it to a univ
+poomi of degree n like the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poomi of degree n like the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poomi of degree n like the length of the
+M of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M of the
+row what we do here is a very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what we do here is a very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row what we do here is a very similar
+idea but in the multivariant setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but in the multivariant setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but in the multivariant setting
+okay so what we can do we can take we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we can do we can take we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we can do we can take we
+could have taken any n element that Row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken any n element that Row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have taken any n element that Row
+for example or in this case like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or in this case like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example or in this case like the
+elements are all the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are all the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are all the kind
+of for any F any F you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for any F any F you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for any F any F you can think of it
+it's like a matrix right it's like N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a matrix right it's like N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like a matrix right it's like N
+squared elements if you want for any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared elements if you want for any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared elements if you want for any two
+elements whether there's a a edge or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements whether there's a a edge or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements whether there's a a edge or not
+an edge so you can think of N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge so you can think of N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge so you can think of N squared
+elements doesn't matter we can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements doesn't matter we can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements doesn't matter we can take any
+set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of
+elements and convert it either to a UNIF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and convert it either to a UNIF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and convert it either to a UNIF
+polinomial as we did before of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial as we did before of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial as we did before of that
+degree or that's not good for us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or that's not good for us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree or that's not good for us because
+here's the degree is going to be N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the degree is going to be N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the degree is going to be N
+squared it's already like the verifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it's already like the verifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared it's already like the verifier
+runs in the degree and more it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in the degree and more it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in the degree and more it's not
+going to be efficient enough but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be efficient enough but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be efficient enough but the
+idea is we can convert it to a multivari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is we can convert it to a multivari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is we can convert it to a multivari
+polinomial with much much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial with much much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial with much much smaller
+degree okay and that's what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree okay and that's what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree okay and that's what's called the
+multi the low degree extension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi the low degree extension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi the low degree extension so
+whereas before we just did a univariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before we just did a univariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before we just did a univariant
+polinomial so we had to kind of put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so we had to kind of put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so we had to kind of put the
+co the the N elements kind of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co the the N elements kind of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co the the N elements kind of as
+coefficients each one kind of added a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients each one kind of added a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients each one kind of added a
+degree if you will if we put it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree if you will if we put it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree if you will if we put it in a
+multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariate
+polinomial so if we think of it like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so if we think of it like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial so if we think of it like as
+a polinomial over let's say h to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial over let's say h to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polinomial over let's say h to the m
+then we can stack inside H to the m we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can stack inside H to the m we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can stack inside H to the m we
+can stack attack n points we can make H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stack attack n points we can make H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can stack attack n points we can make H
+and N much each H and both H and N to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N much each H and both H and N to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N much each H and both H and N to be
+much much smaller than and that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller than and that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller than and that kind of
+what we're going to do so let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do so let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do so let me let me
+explain this uh uh more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this uh uh more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this uh uh more more
+precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so here here's the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here here's the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here here's the theorem
+we're going to use for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use for for this
+so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so take
+any for any function non polinomial can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any for any function non polinomial can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any for any function non polinomial can
+be arbitrary like the adjacency Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary like the adjacency Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary like the adjacency Matrix
+function for any function f there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for any function f there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for any function f there it's
+like from 01 to the 2 log n but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from 01 to the 2 log n but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like from 01 to the 2 log n but let me
+take it more generally from H to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it more generally from H to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it more generally from H to the m
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+01 again in this example H is just 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 again in this example H is just 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 again in this example H is just 01
+and M is like two long n because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M is like two long n because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M is like two long n because we have
+there two log n but let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two log n but let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two log n but let me give you
+something more generally so take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more generally so take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more generally so take any
+function okay this is essentially any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay this is essentially any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay this is essentially any
+set you can think of this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can think of this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you can think of this this is
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+set of this or this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of this or this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of this or this is kind of
+equivalent to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to any
+element and 01 to the H to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and 01 to the H to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and 01 to the H to the
+m right so it's just a string of Len of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right so it's just a string of Len of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right so it's just a string of Len of
+binary string of length H to n so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary string of length H to n so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary string of length H to n so take
+any binary string of length H to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any binary string of length H to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any binary string of length H to to the
+m okay just tells you for each element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay just tells you for each element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m okay just tells you for each element
+into the M what the value is z or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the M what the value is z or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the M what the value is z or
+one so for any function and any finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+field F that contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h of course in that example 01 F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of course in that example 01 F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h of course in that example 01 F
+contains any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains any
+and any F contains zero and one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any F contains zero and one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any F contains zero and one so
+that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a
+problem there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem there
+exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unique what's called Low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extension I'll explain what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension I'll explain what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension I'll explain what this means
+in a second it's a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second it's a function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second it's a function f
+Tilda from F to the N to f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda from F to the N to f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda from F to the N to f
+such that so in what sense is it low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that so in what sense is it low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that so in what sense is it low
+degree extension first it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension first it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree extension first it's an
+extension namely F Tilla if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension namely F Tilla if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension namely F Tilla if you look at
+an an H to the N for the element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an H to the N for the element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an an H to the N for the element in the
+little Cube it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Cube it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Cube it's exactly
+F so it extends it extends f f was an H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so it extends it extends f f was an H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so it extends it extends f f was an H
+to the m f till up is an a bigger uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m f till up is an a bigger uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the m f till up is an a bigger uh
+Cube it extends on the small cube they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube it extends on the small cube they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube it extends on the small cube they
+agree the second second thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree the second second thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree the second second thing is that
+it's low degree so it's a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low degree so it's a low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low degree so it's a low degree
+extension extension and a low degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension extension and a low degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension extension and a low degree
+what how low so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how low so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how low so uh
+flda is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degree hus one in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variable okay so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is the theorem the theorem is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the theorem the theorem is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the theorem the theorem is you
+can take any set if you want you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any set if you want you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take any set if you want you can
+take any set so let's say of n numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any set so let's say of n numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any set so let's say of n numbers
+take any fix so take any set let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any fix so take any set let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any fix so take any set let's say
+fix any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix any
+uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any
+Vector let's say w and let's say 01 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector let's say w and let's say 01 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector let's say w and let's say 01 to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N you can always embed it you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N you can always embed it you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N you can always embed it you can think
+of w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an equivalent way to think of w oh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way to think of w oh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent way to think of w oh sorry
+I didn't mean I meant to say sorry as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't mean I meant to say sorry as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't mean I meant to say sorry as a
+let's say W1 up to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say W1 up to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say W1 up to w
+n in 01 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+N you can embed it you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N you can embed it you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N you can embed it you can think of it
+as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function from H to the N to 01 as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from H to the N to 01 as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from H to the N to 01 as long
+as H to the m is n so you can you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as H to the m is n so you can you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as H to the m is n so you can you have a
+long sequence of zero ones fold it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sequence of zero ones fold it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long sequence of zero ones fold it into
+a nice kind of uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a cube of size H to them so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cube of size H to them so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cube of size H to them so essentially
+should think of the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think of the H
+representation of of n okay the H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of of n okay the H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of of n okay the H
+representation so you just kind of H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you just kind of H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so you just kind of H to
+the m is equivalent to the set you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m is equivalent to the set you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m is equivalent to the set you can
+think of a projection between that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a projection between that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a projection between that and
+the all the numbers between 0 one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the numbers between 0 one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the numbers between 0 one
+between one up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one up to
+n and now the claim is actually you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and now the claim is actually you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and now the claim is actually you can
+take this St so this is let's say h by m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this St so this is let's say h by m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this St so this is let's say h by m
+you can kind of extend it to a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+Tilda over F this is over F to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda over F this is over F to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tilda over F this is over F to the
+m such that it has degree H minus one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m such that it has degree H minus one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m such that it has degree H minus one in
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+variable so just note if we think of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so just note if we think of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so just note if we think of of
+M as being one the univariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M as being one the univariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M as being one the univariant
+case is exactly what we had before if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is exactly what we had before if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is exactly what we had before if
+you had just a string of like size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had just a string of like size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had just a string of like size of
+size uh if n is one H essentially is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh if n is one H essentially is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size uh if n is one H essentially is
+like n okay I take n i just just expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n okay I take n i just just expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n okay I take n i just just expand
+it in this way to a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this way to a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this way to a degree
+n but then the degree is very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but then the degree is very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n but then the degree is very large
+that's not good like the verifier runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good like the verifier runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good like the verifier runs
+in time the degree that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time the degree that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time the degree that's all
+so I make the degree much smaller how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I make the degree much smaller how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I make the degree much smaller how do
+I make the degree much smaller I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the degree much smaller I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make the degree much smaller I add
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+variables so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables so the idea
+is ADD many more variables now in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ADD many more variables now in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ADD many more variables now in each
+Dimension the degree is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the degree is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension the degree is only
+H because now I don't need the size of H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H because now I don't need the size of H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H because now I don't need the size of H
+is n but H to the N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n but H to the N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n but H to the N is
+n and now in each Dimension the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and now in each Dimension the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and now in each Dimension the the
+number of elements is like H so and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements is like H so and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of elements is like H so and the
+Anita mention the degree will be H minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anita mention the degree will be H minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anita mention the degree will be H minus
+one instead of n minus one like it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead of n minus one like it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one instead of n minus one like it was
+in the univariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the univariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the univariant
+case I'll prove all this but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'll prove all this but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I'll prove all this but this is
+just kind of a high level idea okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a high level idea okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of a high level idea okay so
+again the high level idea we'll go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the high level idea we'll go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the high level idea we'll go into
+the proof next time of the theorem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof next time of the theorem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof next time of the theorem but
+the high level idea is we all know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level idea is we all know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level idea is we all know by
+the kind of the the univarate case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the the univarate case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of the the univarate case that
+you can take any string of length n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take any string of length n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take any string of length n and
+coded as a univer function of degree n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded as a univer function of degree n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coded as a univer function of degree n
+minus one by there's two ways of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one by there's two ways of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one by there's two ways of doing
+it either by thinking of the string as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either by thinking of the string as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it either by thinking of the string as
+the coefficients that's one element one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients that's one element one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients that's one element one
+way to do it and another way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it and another way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it and another way to do it
+which is how the load extension works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how the load extension works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how the load extension works is
+by thinking of the string as the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking of the string as the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by thinking of the string as the value
+of the polom in let's say polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polom in let's say polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the polom in let's say polinomial
+value on one two three up to n let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on one two three up to n let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on one two three up to n let's say
+one up to n is in the field so think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gfp here what we do we take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp here what we do we take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfp here what we do we take your
+points we take a polinomial f for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we take a polinomial f for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points we take a polinomial f for which
+your points are sitting in this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your points are sitting in this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your points are sitting in this small
+cube so let's say you have a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube so let's say you have a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube so let's say you have a vector of
+size one up to n we'll put here W1 W2 W3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size one up to n we'll put here W1 W2 W3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size one up to n we'll put here W1 W2 W3
+wh all the W's will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh all the W's will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wh all the W's will put
+here and then the theorem says there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the theorem says there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then the theorem says there's a
+way to extend this entire thing into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to extend this entire thing into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to extend this entire thing into a
+bigger polom of degree H minus one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger polom of degree H minus one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger polom of degree H minus one in
+each in each uh variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each in each uh variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each in each uh variable
+such that that the if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that that the if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that that the if you look at the
+polom on this Cube it's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom on this Cube it's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom on this Cube it's exactly what we
+had before so you have your kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before so you have your kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had before so you have your kind of uh
+vector or your you know your function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or your you know your function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or your you know your function
+from H to then to 01 here and the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from H to then to 01 here and the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from H to then to 01 here and the and
+the rest it's just extended and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest it's just extended and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest it's just extended and then
+extended in a way that the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in a way that the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended in a way that the degree of
+each variable is H minus one okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable is H minus one okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each variable is H minus one okay so for
+example if if you want H to the m to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if if you want H to the m to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if if you want H to the m to be
+n would you can take for example is H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n would you can take for example is H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n would you can take for example is H to
+be log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be log
+n the degree is only log which is great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the degree is only log which is great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the degree is only log which is great
+and you can take n to be even smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take n to be even smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take n to be even smaller
+than log if you do the math it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log if you do the math it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than log if you do the math it's going
+to be log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be log
+n over log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+log and note that the verifier runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and note that the verifier runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log and note that the verifier runs in
+time that depends on M M H and D and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that depends on M M H and D and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that depends on M M H and D and D
+is going to be also H so all of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be also H so all of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be also H so all of it's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+polyon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polyon which is
+great okay so next time what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so next time what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay so next time what we're going
+to do is is prove the slow degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is prove the slow degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is is prove the slow degree
+extension theorem and then show how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension theorem and then show how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension theorem and then show how to
+use it uh first for the triangle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it uh first for the triangle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it uh first for the triangle that
+would be pretty immediate and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pretty immediate and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be pretty immediate and then we'll
+show how to use it uh for kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to use it uh for kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how to use it uh for kind of a
+general low degree low low depth circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general low degree low low depth circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general low degree low low depth circuit
+okay thanks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SXzdOK_J-xE.txt b/SXzdOK_J-xE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a10ce0d3faa73376ce0965e6b8e8ab1a88b8008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SXzdOK_J-xE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3284 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So today and next
+time we're going to talk about
+
+psychopathology--
+
+people whose minds, brain, and
+behavior are atypical more
+
+often than not.
+
+But we'll talk about
+this in a moment.
+
+These people face struggles,
+difficulties, and huge goals
+
+to try to help such
+individuals.
+
+So we'll talk a little bit about
+the history of ideas in
+
+psychiatry and psychopathology,
+a little bit
+
+about the ideas of diagnosis
+and labels.
+
+And I'll do a little film of a
+patient with schizophrenia.
+
+But there's an intuition in some
+places and some lives are
+
+led that psychopathology
+is rare.
+
+Here's a list of not
+all psychiatric
+
+diagnoses but some of them--
+
+schizophrenia; bipolar
+disorder; depression;
+
+substance abuse (drugs and
+alcohol); anxiety; panic
+
+disorder; phobia; developmental
+ones like
+
+autism, ADHD, and dyslexia;
+obsessive compulsive disorder.
+
+Tomorrow, I'm reviewing a lot
+of research grants for
+
+anorexia and bulimia.
+
+So if we take this list that you
+just saw and heard and ask
+
+how many of us in this
+room know somebody
+
+that we care about--
+
+could be yourself,
+could be a family
+
+member, could be a friend--
+
+know somebody who is touched
+by one of these diagnoses?
+
+If you're willing to put up
+your hand, who's touched?
+
+Look around the room.
+
+Right?
+
+An incredible number of people
+are touched by this.
+
+And so it's a terribly important
+topic to understand
+
+and to help individuals and
+families who are struggling
+
+with these things.
+
+And in fact it's estimated--
+
+we'll talk about these labels
+exactly-- that about half of
+
+all individuals, at some moment
+in their life, will
+
+qualify, men or women, at least
+for a brief period of
+
+meeting some psychiatric
+disorder.
+
+It can be rare and
+devastating.
+
+Like schizophrenia--
+
+1% of the population worldwide,
+typically
+
+devastating in its
+consequences.
+
+It can be potentially milder
+like depression which ranges
+
+from very severe to somewhat
+moderate and, interestingly,
+
+occurs considerably more often
+in women than men.
+
+And we'll talk about
+that next time.
+
+There was a recent survey done--
+a public health survey,
+
+5,000 young adults, half of them
+in college like you, have
+
+them out of college.
+
+They surveyed them and
+talk with them.
+
+And about half qualified to have
+some sort of psychiatric
+
+disorder within the last year.
+
+Whether they were in or out
+of college didn't make a
+
+difference in this study.
+
+But fewer than a quarter of
+those who met some criteria
+
+went and sought help.
+
+So how through recent history
+have people thought about
+
+people who behave differently,
+who are so depressed they
+
+can't get out of bed, who hear
+hallucinations, who behave in
+
+agitated ways, and
+bipolar disorder?
+
+And it's as much a history story
+and a story of culture
+
+and tolerance and intolerance
+as it is anything else.
+
+And so unusual or mad behavior,
+behavior that's very
+
+disturbing, and atypical--
+
+now there's debates
+about all of this.
+
+And so, for example, some
+people have argued that
+
+everything that we call
+psychiatric disorders is
+
+nothing but the labels we give
+to behaviors that we find
+
+uncomfortable or unproductive.
+
+OK?
+
+It's nothing but that.
+
+It's just variation.
+
+Some people are taller
+and shorter.
+
+Some people like vanilla
+or chocolate ice cream.
+
+And some people do or do not
+have bipolar disorder.
+
+All right?
+
+It's a label that's
+given for just
+
+variation in human ability--
+
+and we'll talk about that--
+or human performance.
+
+And there's many consequences
+of that.
+
+Others think that there's
+a humanitarian need to
+
+understand the disorders
+to help people.
+
+So as you think about these two
+sort of perspectives, you
+
+can think that when people
+behaved very unusually--
+
+I'll show you a picture of this
+that we think some time
+
+ago that people would literally
+trephinate, that is,
+
+make a hole in the skull of
+individuals to attempt to let
+
+out the demons.
+
+That was the interpretation
+of the time.
+
+There's a thought that the witch
+hunts in the 16th and
+
+17th centuries, the Salem trials
+in the United States
+
+may have involved patients with
+things like Huntington's
+
+or Tourette's.
+
+People didn't know how to
+interpret unusual behavior.
+
+And so label it as possession
+or label it as witchcraft or
+
+something like that.
+
+Insanity began to be understood
+as some sort of a
+
+disease but without any approach
+to treating it or
+
+helping individuals.
+
+Basically, the process was to
+segregate individuals away.
+
+And you would have very large,
+pretty scary institutions with
+
+people literally chained and
+living in filthy conditions.
+
+There was nobody to care
+or protect for them.
+
+In a London zoo you could go
+pay a penny and watch the
+
+humans in the cages.
+
+They had not as many visitors
+as are in London now for the
+
+royal wedding.
+
+But they had 96,000 in 1814.
+
+It wasn't a rare thing to go pay
+your penny and look at the
+
+scary people.
+
+More recently we understand
+there's an organic illness and
+
+a psychological illness.
+
+And we'll talk about all that.
+
+But all this is a huge point
+that how we understand unusual
+
+behaviors and people is
+tremendously influenced by the
+
+historical context
+that you're in.
+
+And we'd like to think we're
+making progress on this.
+
+I think we are.
+
+But a generation from now people
+might look back and
+
+say, how sad that in 2011 people
+at MIT were teaching
+
+stuff like this.
+
+Right?
+
+Because if they were that wrong,
+how certain are we that
+
+we're that right?
+
+So one has to be a little
+cautious about very strong
+
+positions on these
+things, I think.
+
+Here are skulls that were
+discovered with the
+
+trephination and some evidence
+that the person actually
+
+survived this kind of radical
+neurosurgery.
+
+But you understand at the time
+when somebody behaved very,
+
+very unusually, people had tried
+to explain what's going
+
+on and tried to do
+what they can.
+
+Here's pretty monstrous looking
+devices, heads in
+
+boxes and things kind of like
+this, where people were trying
+
+to treat, if you want to call
+it, or control individuals who
+
+were having very unusual
+behaviors.
+
+Here's a huge hospital.
+
+It had thousands
+and thousands.
+
+The name of the hospital
+is Bedlam.
+
+And that's what led to the
+word bedlam now, more
+
+generally used for sort of
+wildness or craziness.
+
+And paintings like this one from
+Goya showing a madhouse.
+
+Because at that time, don't
+forget, when people-- there
+
+was no drug treatment, no
+behavioral treatment.
+
+People were behaving
+in scary ways.
+
+And they were sort of put off
+to the side to be out of the
+
+range of disturbing
+other people.
+
+Now the first step towards
+teaching psychiatric diseases
+
+turns out to be a
+giant misstep.
+
+But it took a long time for
+that to be understood as a
+
+giant misstep.
+
+This is Egas Moniz who did
+something that all of us as
+
+scientists would be happy
+to have happen to us.
+
+He won the Nobel Prize
+in physiology
+
+and medicine in 1949--
+
+the pinnacle of scientific
+respect throughout the world.
+
+And he introduced what's now
+called frontal lobotomies or
+
+prefrontal lobotomies as
+a treatment for severe
+
+psychiatric disorders.
+
+And then in the United
+States, Freeman and
+
+Watts picked it up.
+
+And they went around the country
+taking basically ice
+
+picks, going inside,
+and making various
+
+cuts inside the skulls.
+
+By 1942, there were 5,000 people
+per year worldwide
+
+documented, probably
+more than that.
+
+These were cases.
+
+And we now look at it
+as a terrible idea.
+
+But at the time, this is
+all they could imagine.
+
+And that seemed better than
+putting people in boxes or
+
+cages was to attempt
+to treat it.
+
+And even a kind of a nascent
+understanding that very
+
+unusual behaviors went
+with something
+
+to do with the brain.
+
+We now understand these front
+frontal lobotomies or
+
+prefrontal lobotomies, surgery
+to sever the connection to the
+
+frontal lobes, as not treating
+the disorder but simply
+
+sedating and controlling
+individuals.
+
+When you made a person who was
+very agitated, hard to deal
+
+with, hard to control, hard
+to reason with, you give a
+
+procedure like this, all of a
+sudden they were easier to
+
+deal with for the doctors and
+nurses and family members.
+
+And that seemed like progress.
+
+And we now understand that
+simply making somebody behave
+
+in a sedated, controllable
+way is not what we
+
+mean really by treatment.
+
+But we'll come back to this
+in a minute because many
+
+individuals who get medications
+don't like to take
+
+their medications.
+
+Some of you may have
+that experience.
+
+They feel they're dulled
+down in many cases,
+
+not themselves anymore.
+
+And so it's a really tricky
+issue at what level some
+
+medications start to approach
+that same issue of just making
+
+people behave in ways that other
+people find comfortable.
+
+So a nice example of this or
+challenging example of this is
+
+from your book where there's
+a guy named Ray.
+
+He has Tourette's syndrome.
+
+So we classified that as a
+neurological disorder but has
+
+a sort of psychiatric pieces.
+
+You know Tourette's syndrome.
+
+If you don't know from your own
+life some way or another,
+
+you know it from movies.
+
+And TV shows love Tourette's
+syndrome like law shows with
+
+courts because what do patients
+with Tourette's
+
+syndrome do?
+
+They have involuntary
+physical tics.
+
+And part of what they have is
+they, during those tics, they
+
+curse in pretty horrific ways,
+in an uncontrollable way.
+
+So that's ideal for television
+plot lines.
+
+It's unbelievably hard for the
+children and adults who have
+
+it because they're often
+perceived as being scary and
+
+dangerous if they're not
+in a controlled state.
+
+So here's a guy named Ray who
+has tics every few seconds
+
+since age four.
+
+Imagine if you haven't been--
+
+maybe some of you have gone
+through this or know somebody.
+
+It's very tough on children to
+have that problem, tough on
+
+adults but really tough
+on children.
+
+By the time he's an adult,
+he's a weekend drummer.
+
+He loves to play ping-pong.
+
+But he's not doing too well
+in terms of jobs.
+
+He loses his jobs
+all the time.
+
+And his home life is
+pretty miserable.
+
+He has a pretty miserable life
+at work and at home.
+
+He tries Haldol which is a
+drug that can help with
+
+Tourette's.
+
+And what happens to him?
+
+Is he instantly cured
+of his tics and the
+
+happiest person around?
+
+Have any of you glanced
+at this?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Life seemed
+to slow down.
+
+And he keeps trying to
+do things he used
+
+to do with his tics.
+
+And he hurts himself,
+because his eyes--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, because
+it's slowing his--
+
+he feels slowed down.
+
+Exactly.
+
+So he comes back with a black
+eye and a broken nose.
+
+So now, in a controlled,
+voluntary way he
+
+curses at the doctor.
+
+And he says, like just trying
+to go through a revolving
+
+door, his timing is so off
+that he injures himself
+
+because the drug has changed,
+in some sense, who he is.
+
+And he feels that.
+
+He's not himself anymore.
+
+He stays on the drug
+for three months.
+
+It starts to work.
+
+Over the next nine years
+he has a steady jobs.
+
+His familial relations
+improve.
+
+He's successfully treated
+by sort of
+
+every objective measure--
+
+happiness at home with your
+family, holding a job, the
+
+sort of two practical things.
+
+But he likes to live
+a life as two Rays.
+
+On the weekends, he likes to go
+off his medication and be
+
+himself and be the fast drummer
+and ping-pong player
+
+that he enjoyed for
+his early life.
+
+And then he'll take the
+medication and be the sober,
+
+slow, somewhat sedated
+individual who is valued at
+
+the workplace and that can
+work things out with this
+
+family more easily.
+
+It's always this interesting
+thing about how you're
+
+changing people in order
+to help them.
+
+And then, what's that line
+between changing them to fit
+
+in versus helping them?
+
+So what is abnormal?
+
+And we mean in a very
+statistical sense here, just
+
+being at the tail end
+of distributions.
+
+Some things we value being
+abnormal, at one end of the
+
+distribution in terms
+of success in life.
+
+So what's a mental disorder?
+
+It's a clinically significant
+behavioral or psychological
+
+syndrome or pattern that occurs
+in a person and that is
+
+associated with present distress
+or disability or with
+
+significantly increased risk
+of suffering death, pain,
+
+disability, or important
+loss of freedom.
+
+So when I talk with
+psychiatrists-- and I
+
+collaborate a lot with
+them on research--
+
+they emphasize, again, the
+functional consequence.
+
+Can you lead a happy
+personal life?
+
+Can you lead a reasonably
+successful professional life?
+
+And that's almost the
+most important
+
+thing beyond anything.
+
+And there's amazing stories
+that make you think about
+
+sources of apparent madness
+or insanity.
+
+And a powerful story for me is
+the story of Semmelweis.
+
+So he noticed, as a physician
+in 1840's, that the rate of
+
+death of childhood fever in a
+ward served by physicians was
+
+four times as high as mothers in
+a ward in the same hospital
+
+served by midwives.
+
+At that time practically every
+physician was a male.
+
+And every midwife
+was a female.
+
+But you were four times
+more likely to die.
+
+That's a big increase in his
+death if you were in a ward
+
+that physicians served
+compared to midwives.
+
+So he wondered what
+that was about.
+
+And he tended to know,
+furthermore, that the deaths
+
+tended to occur in women
+serially who were in one bed
+
+next to the other.
+
+There were physical
+clusters of these.
+
+And so he began to think, well,
+for example, if the
+
+priest comes to give the last
+rites to this person, does
+
+that psychologically discourage
+the next person?
+
+And he also found out that
+didn't seem to tell the story.
+
+And then he asked, was
+the same doctor
+
+going from bed to bed?
+
+And the answer was yes.
+
+It makes sense, right?
+
+Bed to bed, the same doctors
+going down the line of women.
+
+And what he began to notice is
+that the physicians we're
+
+reluctant to wash their hands.
+
+Now this sounds ridiculous.
+
+But this is 1840 medicine.
+
+And when he asked them why they
+didn't wash their hands,
+
+which we would now consider
+pretty fundamental in a
+
+medical environment.
+
+The basic response was
+that it was unmanly.
+
+Like, men didn't wash
+their hands.
+
+I'm a doctor.
+
+I'm a man.
+
+I don't wash my hands.
+
+I'll come back to this
+in a couple minutes.
+
+So he asked them to wash their
+hands in a solution of
+
+chlorine and lime.
+
+The deaths fell from 12% to
+about 1% in 15 months.
+
+All right, many lives were saved
+because the physicians
+
+simply washed their hands and
+did not carry infections from
+
+one person to another down the
+row of child-bearing women.
+
+1848--
+
+there's a revolution
+in Austria.
+
+He's fired from his job.
+
+The doctors--
+
+you would think this would be
+better world-- but the doctors
+
+immediately are happy
+they no longer have
+
+to wash their hands.
+
+And the death rate goes
+right back up.
+
+Joseph Lister in 1880 figured
+out the formula of Listerine.
+
+But Lister--
+
+what was going on in terms of
+cleanliness and sanitation.
+
+Semmelweis in Austria
+becomes crazy.
+
+He runs around to people in the
+street, telling them to
+
+wash their hands and
+avoid physicians.
+
+And he dies in a mental
+institution in 1865.
+
+And imagine if you were
+walking here.
+
+And sometimes when you do walk
+on the street, you run into
+
+people with psychiatric
+difficulties.
+
+And it can be a bit scary.
+
+Imagine somebody runs up to you
+and tells you, God sakes,
+
+avoid physicians and please
+wash your hands.
+
+Most of us would shrink
+back a little bit.
+
+It would be unusually slightly
+scary, right?
+
+But is he-- who's the
+crazy person, right?
+
+And he's tragically feeling
+that if he could just tell
+
+doctors to wash their hands, he
+would save lives that day
+
+and into the future.
+
+So but more recently there's
+a compelling story for
+
+checklists.
+
+I don't know if any of you
+have seen this book.
+
+So in an emergency room-- you
+think, OK, that's 1840.
+
+But now we're modern-day USA.
+
+We know what we're doing and
+doctors do and other
+
+professionals wash
+their hands.
+
+More recently there's a best
+seller, couple years ago about
+
+checklists.
+
+So this is what's done
+in emergency rooms.
+
+And you may know that there's an
+unfortunately high rate of
+
+errors in hospitals, even
+among highly skilled
+
+physicians in the best of
+academic hospitals.
+
+There's just miscommunications
+between doctors and nurses,
+
+changes of shifts, and so on.
+
+Mistakes happen.
+
+And they began to use, as an
+experiment, a small checklist,
+
+like five items.
+
+Did you do the following five
+things about the catheter or
+
+replacing needles or so on?
+
+And almost instantly, there
+was opposition from the
+
+physicians.
+
+They said, we're doctors.
+
+And some of this was at Johns
+Hopkins which is, as you know,
+
+a famous academic place.
+
+But I think it would apply
+at every hospital.
+
+We're doctors-- now men
+and women doctors.
+
+OK?
+
+We don't need a checklist.
+
+I went to college.
+
+I went to medical school.
+
+I've been through
+my residency.
+
+I got my specialty
+and my boards.
+
+I don't need a checklist.
+
+That's for the intern, right?
+
+So they really opposed it.
+
+But they got almost instantly
+far better results of safety.
+
+And including saving lives
+almost instantly from the
+
+checklists.
+
+But the physicians still
+don't like it
+
+because it seems childish.
+
+So even to this day, it's a
+bit of a challenge to get
+
+professionals with pride to do
+certain things that go against
+
+the grain, even if it helps
+people's health.
+
+So, again, we talked about that
+some people think that
+
+mental illness is nothing but
+labeling that which we find
+
+unpleasant or difficult,
+non-conforming, or deviant.
+
+On the other hand, there's
+two things.
+
+One is-- again, so many
+hands were up.
+
+I think if you're around it, you
+know that for many, many
+
+psychiatric diagnoses there's
+a lot of misery involved for
+
+the patient, for the family.
+
+It's not just a conceptual
+argument.
+
+And then for many diseases,
+like for schizophrenia for
+
+example, in very different
+cultures around the world the
+
+rates are strikingly
+similar around 1%.
+
+We'll talk about disorders like
+autism and ADHD where the
+
+numbers have gone up.
+
+But in schizophrenia, for as
+long as people have roughly
+
+had a definition, around
+the world is roughly
+
+1%, which is a lot--
+
+1 out of 100 for a very, very
+severe, life-altering disease.
+
+So the challenges of diagnosis
+are huge because no brain
+
+disorder for all these
+neuropsychiatric disorders
+
+that affect so many people can
+be spotted by a blood test or
+
+a brain image.
+
+None, zero to this day.
+
+Everybody's working on
+it for many years.
+
+And that corner may turn.
+
+Or a genetic test--
+
+none.
+
+So everything is a discussion
+between the physician and the
+
+patient and the family.
+
+Everything's a discussion
+like that.
+
+You can use your common sense
+and do a good job.
+
+But there's risks.
+
+So here's a famous study
+that psychiatrists
+
+get really mad about.
+
+I'll tell you, OK?
+
+And you'll hear why
+in a moment.
+
+So this is David Rosenhan, a
+psychologist at Stanford.
+
+And what he did is he and his
+graduate students became
+
+pseudopatients.
+
+They pretended to hear voices,
+which is one of the signal
+
+symptoms of schizophrenia,
+to hear
+
+voices telling you things.
+
+And of course if you go to an
+emergency room and say you're
+
+hearing voices telling you to
+do things, you get admitted.
+
+You get a psych consult.
+
+And then what they did is once
+they were admitted into a
+
+psychiatry ward, they just
+became themselves again.
+
+OK?
+
+But now they had the label that
+they had a behavior at
+
+the check-in at the moment of
+admission that look like
+
+schizophrenia.
+
+Seven of eight of these people
+were diagnosed as
+
+schizophrenia by the
+physicians and
+
+nurses who saw them.
+
+And it took them anywhere from
+three weeks to two months to
+
+be released.
+
+And every behavior they did--
+
+like taking notes because
+they were doing it for
+
+the research paper--
+
+they were frequently interpreted
+as another sign of
+
+their disorder like abnormal
+writing behavior.
+
+And if they got a little bit
+better they would say
+
+schizophrenia but now in
+remission because, you
+
+understand, once you have that
+perspective on somebody then
+
+every behavior can be
+interpreted as a momentary
+
+abatement or, if you're sitting
+there scribbling
+
+something, unusual
+writing behavior.
+
+So one pseudopatient described
+that he had a close
+
+relationship with his mother but
+was rather remote from his
+
+father during early childhood.
+
+During adolescence and beyond,
+his father became a close
+
+friend while his relationship
+cooled with his mother.
+
+OK, so that happens, right?
+
+His present relationship
+with his wife was
+
+characteristically
+close and warm.
+
+Apart from occasional
+angry exchanges,
+
+friction was minimal.
+
+The children had rarely
+been spanked.
+
+This is what he told them.
+
+This is the truth.
+
+Nothing's remarkable in
+this story, right?
+
+OK.
+
+But because you're a health
+professional who's now trying
+
+to figure out why did this
+person hear voices, the notes
+
+were this white 39-year-old male
+manifests a long history
+
+of considerable ambivalence and
+close relationships which
+
+began in early childhood.
+
+A warm relationship with his
+mother cools during his
+
+adolescence.
+
+A distant relationship to his
+father is described as
+
+becoming very intense.
+
+Affective stability is absent.
+
+His attempts to control
+emotionality with his wife and
+
+children are punctuated by angry
+outbursts and, in the
+
+case of children, spankings.
+
+I mean, this is human.
+
+This is not--
+
+OK?
+
+Because once you have a take
+on somebody, you keep
+
+connecting the dots.
+
+And while he says that he has
+several good friends, one
+
+senses considerable ambivalence
+embedded in those
+
+relationships also.
+
+OK, you understand that
+the interpret--
+
+and you could say, but this
+is just the problem of
+
+psychiatric diagnoses--
+
+all discussion and
+interpretation.
+
+Finally, they were remitted.
+
+Patient resumes writing
+behavior, oral fixation.
+
+It's a little too good
+to be almost true.
+
+But there's some stories where
+other patients were skeptical.
+
+One patient said quote,
+"You're not crazy.
+
+You're a journalist
+or professor--
+
+referring to the continual
+note-taking.
+
+You're checking up on the
+hospital." As if the freed-up
+
+up patients.
+
+Now this is a little bit of a
+fable because this makes a
+
+psychiatric disorder sound like
+we have a better sense of
+
+reality on the world.
+
+And I don't think anybody thinks
+that in a deep way.
+
+But it just shows you how
+far off the health
+
+professionals were.
+
+So you tell this story to
+psychiatrists, and they get
+
+really mad at you.
+
+I mean, it's a true story.
+
+It shows you the difficulty
+of diagnosis.
+
+The psychiatrists I talk with
+say, well, they could fake any
+
+disease they wanted to and go
+pretty far because if you know
+
+the medical symptoms and you
+go and tell doctor those
+
+things, a non-psychiatric
+disease, you could get pretty
+
+far in terms of treatment
+before they figure out
+
+something's not there, if
+you know what to say.
+
+So they just think it's
+nothing specific about
+
+psychiatry.
+
+But, in any case, diagnosis--
+
+so what are the criteria for
+diagnostic categories?
+
+Signs are what the examiner
+sees in symptoms, what the
+
+patient says.
+
+And a syndrome is a cluster
+of signs and symptoms.
+
+Everyone neuropsychiatric
+psychiatric disorder is
+
+basically a syndrome.
+
+It's a cluster of things that
+tend to go together.
+
+But individual patient,
+individual patient, individual
+
+patient, shows a different
+picture than other people.
+
+They want diagnosis that can
+be relatively reliably
+
+assessed, consistently
+assessed.
+
+Some sense that there's
+some validity to this.
+
+But all of this is sort of
+thinking things through.
+
+And then finally all these
+thoughts are organized by
+
+experts meeting in hotel rooms
+around the country in
+
+conferences.
+
+And they produce a book called
+the Diagnostic and Statistical
+
+Manual of the American
+Psychiatric Association--
+
+DSM-IV.
+
+DSM-V is about to come
+out in a little bit.
+
+This is the official
+list of diagnoses.
+
+These are the lists that all
+doctors use, school systems
+
+use, health insurers use.
+
+You have to meet the
+criteria in this
+
+book to get a diagnosis.
+
+It looks like that.
+
+People like to point out that
+if you pile up the original
+
+DSMs with each version, the
+lists get bigger and bigger.
+
+All of these lists are debated
+in various ways.
+
+Let me give you a sense of
+a couple of the ones.
+
+And you can see the
+ambivalence and
+
+the dangers of this.
+
+So psychiatrists in the Soviet
+Union, before the Soviet Union
+
+fell, were thrown out of the
+worldwide psychiatric
+
+associations because they
+would regularly diagnose
+
+protesters of the Soviet Union
+as being crazy and had to be
+
+put into mental institutions
+and given anti-psychotic
+
+medications because only a crazy
+person would fail to
+
+recognize the correctness of
+Marxist principles in the
+
+Soviet Union and the
+incorrectness of all other
+
+competing systems.
+
+All right?
+
+Now that's what we consider to
+be politically abusive, in the
+
+worst sense.
+
+I think some of that is thought
+to go on a bit in
+
+China still and other
+countries.
+
+But it was manifest in
+the Soviet Union.
+
+So that we can throw
+out as really bad.
+
+But it just shows you that the
+dominant powers in a culture
+
+could make these decisions.
+
+About 20 years ago, if you were
+a homosexual, you had a
+
+diagnosis in this book as
+a psychiatric disorder.
+
+On a lighter side people--
+
+not always lighter
+side, maybe--
+
+people would have debated
+whether video game addiction
+
+should count as a
+real addiction.
+
+People debate all the time.
+
+What is the borderline between
+addictions that almost
+
+everybody agrees in terms of
+alcoholism and drug dependency
+
+count as full-scale addictions
+versus other things.
+
+What would it take for a person
+not to leave the room
+
+ever playing video games to
+count as an addiction?
+
+There's debates now in autism
+spectrum disorders.
+
+They're about to eliminate
+the separate
+
+listings of two diagnoses.
+
+One of them called Asperger's
+which is sort of the milder
+
+form of autism, in general.
+
+They're about to eliminate
+that distinction.
+
+Many patients and families with
+
+Asperger's don't like that.
+
+And also something called--
+here's a bad label--
+
+PDD-NOS, pervasive developmental
+disorder not
+
+otherwise specified.
+
+Imagine if you have a child
+with difficulty.
+
+And the doctor tells you,
+your child has pervasive
+
+developmental disorder not
+otherwise specified.
+
+That's a child, basically,
+who has two of the three
+
+components of a diagnosis
+for autism.
+
+So why draw the line there?
+
+And so psychiatrist, I think,
+reasonably are saying, we
+
+don't really understand
+the lines.
+
+We're going to call
+all of these
+
+autism spectrum disorders.
+
+But you could see these things
+are shifting over time.
+
+These labels move as people
+think about things.
+
+And there's no definitive
+evidence one way or the other
+
+besides best attempts by
+people to figure out
+
+what's going on.
+
+And not everybody agrees.
+
+Also--
+
+I'll talk about this
+next time--
+
+when one DSM switched to
+another, for example, the
+
+number of children in Germany
+who qualified for ADHD
+
+diagnosis doubled overnight
+because the diagnostic
+
+criteria changed.
+
+That doesn't mean that the--
+
+which is the better one.
+
+You couldn't even begin
+to prove which
+
+is the better one--
+
+the original or the one
+that had admitted more
+
+children into it.
+
+So these are tough calls.
+
+And you could say, well it's
+all kind of a little bit
+
+arbitrary and a bit
+subjective.
+
+And it's true.
+
+On the other hand, you've
+got to help people.
+
+So why have these labels if
+there's all kinds of issues?
+
+Well first, allocation
+of resources.
+
+If a person usually needs such
+a diagnostic label to get
+
+services at school, to get
+medical services in hospitals,
+
+to have insurers support them,
+and that's independent of the
+
+kind of medical service
+you have.
+
+Right?
+
+Second, if you have a label
+that's somewhat useful for--
+
+that helps you know what kind
+of service is needed,
+
+different services are needed
+for a child with ADHD versus
+
+an adult with depression or
+an adult with obsessive
+
+compulsive disorder.
+
+Different things are needed.
+
+A label is needed to even
+begin to figure out
+
+which way to go.
+
+And then people also want to
+understand a little bit what
+
+can they predict about the
+future course of that person--
+
+a little bit of treatment and
+their fine, a lot of treatment
+
+and monitoring needed?
+
+You have to do something
+practical.
+
+And the labels help you organize
+around that with all
+
+the risks of these labels.
+
+So we're going to focus a little
+bit on schizophrenia.
+
+And I'll describe
+it a little bit.
+
+And then we'll see a film.
+
+So sometimes the word
+schizophrenia is used in kind
+
+of a medically incorrect way
+which is like multiple
+
+personality disorder.
+
+That's not what schizophrenia
+is.
+
+It was described by Bleuler
+as a splitting of mental
+
+functions; disintegration
+of emotions,
+
+thoughts, and actions.
+
+About 1% worldwide, another 2%
+to 3% have a partial version
+
+of schizophrenia.
+
+Practically for every disorder
+there's patients
+
+who meet the disorder.
+
+And there's patients
+who come close.
+
+And what that exact dividing
+line should be and what the
+
+value of it is is constantly
+struggled with.
+
+Similar around the world, a
+slight tendency from birth in
+
+winter or spring--
+
+people don't know why
+schizophrenia happens.
+
+It makes them think about a
+virus as part of the story.
+
+Patients with schizophrenia
+are defined as having
+
+psychosis, an alteration in
+thoughts, perception, and
+
+consciousness.
+
+The thoughts are disconnected
+and loose.
+
+They've unusual beliefs
+or delusions, often of
+
+persecution.
+
+Somebody else is possessing
+their thought.
+
+They can have abnormal
+experiences in terms of
+
+auditory hallucinations, mood
+disorders, motor alteration.
+
+You'll see in the movie, it was
+a restless, purposeless
+
+overactivity.
+
+Can have impoverished
+social function.
+
+For a while, people thought a
+really important distinction
+
+of schizophrenia was between
+what they called negative and
+
+positive symptoms.
+
+So the negative ones were they
+did less of what a person
+
+typically does--
+
+poverty of speech, poor
+attention, flat affect, lack
+
+of motivation.
+
+Sorry, that's negative.
+
+And the positive were active
+things that people don't
+
+usually do-- delusions,
+hallucinations, bizarre or
+
+disorganized behaviors.
+
+Biologically, it's been hard to
+show that that's kind of a
+
+distinction that matters.
+
+And so what happens with
+patients with schizophrenia,
+
+very mysteriously the clinical
+onset in most cases is late
+
+adolescence and early
+adulthood.
+
+And nobody understands this.
+
+So typically it's in your
+18, 20, 22, 24.
+
+How is that such a psychiatric
+disorder waits that long and
+
+not much longer in the vast
+majority of cases?
+
+What biological thing is ticking
+in a person that will
+
+lead to a psychotic break
+with reality?
+
+A huge amount of research
+now is to try to look at
+
+individuals who are in their
+teens and step in and stop
+
+somebody before they have
+a psychotic episode.
+
+The positive symptoms are most
+evident in this acute
+
+schizophrenic episode.
+
+Negative symptoms often
+predominate in the long run.
+
+Huge variability from one
+person to the other.
+
+In terms of outcome, the
+outcome often responds
+
+positively to anti-psychotic
+drugs.
+
+It's estimated about a quarter
+of patients make a pretty
+
+strong recovery.
+
+About a quarter remain
+very disturbed.
+
+And about half are going
+back and forth,
+
+fluctuating over the years.
+
+So a picture that people will
+use is there's premorbid
+
+functioning, and then somewhere
+in the late teens,
+
+early 20s some dramatically bad
+thing happens, and then
+
+some sort of stable condition
+with occasional relapses.
+
+And a lot has to do with the
+challenge of individuals like
+
+this taking their medications,
+partly being organized enough
+
+to take them, partly again
+feeling like their real selves
+
+often is not what the
+medicated self is.
+
+You may know the movie Beautiful
+Mind with John Nash.
+
+And it's just an example how
+psychiatric disorders
+
+challenge people of every
+mental caliber.
+
+So he won the 1994 Nobel
+Prize in Economics.
+
+And if you've seen the movie--
+
+although it's interesting if
+you've seen the movie, also
+
+you could go up on YouTube and
+see him talking about the
+
+movie because they sanitized him
+somewhat to make him more
+
+popular with the movie-going
+public because they made it a
+
+more charming disorder than
+everybody says it was,
+
+including himself.
+
+But he had a terrific aptitude
+for math, went to the Carnegie
+
+Mellon, Princeton for his Ph.D.,
+famous for bargaining
+
+problem and non-cooperative
+games theory, came to MIT in
+
+1951 as an instructor.
+
+And then, after doing his
+fantastic work that won him
+
+the Nobel Prize, developed
+acute schizophrenia.
+
+So why don't we watch
+the movie.
+
+Tyler, can we do that?
+
+Let me do this.
+
+So here's a fairly
+typical patient.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I have no idea.
+
+Is there any different rate of
+schizophrenia in people who--
+
+AUDIENCE: I was just wondering
+about the voices, hearing
+
+voices in their head.
+
+But if you--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's a--
+
+that's a good--
+
+somebody who were deaf, would
+they hear voices in their
+
+schizophrenia?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a fascinating
+question
+
+because I have no idea.
+
+I've never thought about that.
+
+It's rare.
+
+Its combination of the two
+are moderately rare,
+
+just numbers wise.
+
+But that'd be an interesting
+question.
+
+I don't know.
+
+Any other?
+
+I saw another hand, or no?
+
+OK.
+
+So we know one thing that
+practically for every
+
+neuropsychiatric disorder,
+there's strong familial
+
+evidence that there's a genetic
+component to the
+
+disorder and a big one.
+
+So here are four--
+
+this is a very touching
+picture, in a way.
+
+These are identical quadruplets,
+four girls, who
+
+all grew up to have
+schizophrenia.
+
+Not every identical
+twin will do that.
+
+So if one twin has
+schizophrenia, half the time
+
+the second twin will
+have schizophrenia.
+
+If it's dizygotic, it's
+still higher than 1%.
+
+But it gets down to 15%.
+
+But I think people have
+rethought this because very
+
+often the sibling or the twin,
+if you look a little bit more
+
+carefully, they won't meet
+the diagnostic criteria.
+
+But they often have struggles
+of some kind, as well.
+
+The lifetime probability in
+a first degree relative
+
+is 10% versus 1%.
+
+If one parent is 13%,
+two parents 50%.
+
+So all this is lots of
+suggestions that there's a
+
+genetic basis.
+
+Concordance rates for
+monozygotic twins, for
+
+identical twins, is almost
+identical whether they're
+
+reared together or apart--
+again, suggesting a very
+
+strong genetic basis.
+
+Being adopted away from
+relatives does
+
+not reduce the risk.
+
+Having said that, if it's not
+100% concordance, there's got
+
+to be something else going
+on besides the
+
+simple genes at birth.
+
+It is higher in urban areas,
+areas that we think have more
+
+stress in them.
+
+People have noticed
+that often times
+
+when people move cultures--
+
+for example, African communities
+in London were of
+
+recent immigres.
+
+They kind of seemed to notice a
+higher rate, as well, as if
+
+a big cultural move can
+put you at risk.
+
+And so everybody pretty much
+agrees that there's what
+
+people would call
+multifactorial
+
+polygenic-environmental
+threshold model.
+
+That is, there's a lot of
+different genes, plus
+
+environmental stressors that
+come together in some way we
+
+don't understand.
+
+And you would think that with
+the human genome decoded to a
+
+large extent and so on, that we
+have some clarity on this.
+
+It's been-- you can
+debate this.
+
+And certainly identifying the
+genes that put you at risk for
+
+these disorders is a hugely
+important topic.
+
+The progress in identifying
+certain genes for any of these
+
+psychiatric disorders
+has been horrible.
+
+Genes are identified one year
+and the next five studies
+
+don't replicate it and so on.
+
+So people at the Broad Institute
+across the street
+
+now say for them to believe that
+a gene is associated with
+
+schizophrenia, they think you
+have to have samples of 10,000
+
+patients with schizophrenia and
+10,000 people without it.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+That means there's nothing
+like a smoking gun gene--
+
+10,000 to have enough statistics
+to support a
+
+difference.
+
+That means many, many of the
+10,000 don't have that gene
+
+who have schizophrenia.
+
+If it were one gene, one
+disorder you don't need 10,000
+
+people to get a statistic.
+
+You need five people.
+
+So it's been a shock to people
+that there's been so slow
+
+progress, given that all the
+things they can decode the
+
+genome, to find the genes
+that are at the heart of
+
+psychiatric diseases.
+
+And that's true for practically
+all of them.
+
+So there's something complex
+about genes and environment
+
+and people that far exceeds
+their understanding at the
+
+moment at every level.
+
+And so people could be modelled
+like this because it
+
+makes us feel better.
+
+And there's something probably
+right about it.
+
+There's an amount of stress in
+your life that can come up
+
+from socioeconomic risk,
+health problems, family
+
+situations.
+
+There's a predisposition that's
+genetically based.
+
+And some combination of them
+determines whether you
+
+manifest the disorder
+or don't.
+
+So we said there's no definitive
+biological marker
+
+for schizophrenia, as there
+isn't for every other
+
+psychiatric disease.
+
+There's no blood test, no brain
+test, no nothing that
+
+definitively tells you if a
+person has a diagnosis.
+
+But people have been studying
+things that are, on average,
+
+different in brains.
+
+And I'll show you some of the
+most consistent findings about
+
+ventricles, about hippocampal
+involvement, PET scans.
+
+I'll show you this.
+
+And I'll show you a few examples
+in schizophrenia.
+
+So one thing people have
+noticed is that if they
+
+compare-- these are
+identical twins.
+
+And you can see the ventricle,
+the fluid filled space, is
+
+somewhat larger in
+the twin with the
+
+diagnosis than without.
+
+That's about the least
+specific brain marker
+
+we could ever have.
+
+The ventricle just means
+that there's tissue
+
+missing around it.
+
+OK?
+
+It's just this fluid-filled
+space.
+
+There should be a
+bit more tissue.
+
+It's very far from any specific
+
+biology of the disorder.
+
+And here's the actual twins
+with their actual MRIs.
+
+So we don't think it's the
+size of the ventricle.
+
+That makes no sense.
+
+But that somehow roughly
+correlated over the brain
+
+basis of the disorder is.
+
+And then people have shown--
+and these are relatively
+
+extreme examples, post-mortem
+samples.
+
+Here's the hippocampus in
+healthy individuals.
+
+Here you can see a somewhat
+shrunken in patients with a
+
+diagnosis of schizophrenia.
+
+And if you look at those
+pictures that are kind of
+
+picked, you could say,
+well that's easy.
+
+Give me the MRI and I'll
+tell you who has it.
+
+But statistically it doesn't
+work that way at all.
+
+There's tremendous overlap in
+the size of the hippocampus
+
+between people without a
+diagnosis and people with
+
+schizophrenia.
+
+So it's a statistical thing.
+
+People have also noticed the
+cellular organization
+
+sometimes looks somehow better
+in the typical people than
+
+people with schizophrenia.
+
+Again, a suggestion about
+a developmental history
+
+underlying this for
+the risk but
+
+without any kind of certainty.
+
+When they've done studies
+looking at resting scanning
+
+metabolism--
+
+you just laying there.
+
+This is a PET scan.
+
+It's just where is the
+blood flowing.
+
+You can see that this
+is a healthy person.
+
+A lot of our blood flows
+as we sit there
+
+to the frontal cortex.
+
+And you can see it's kind of
+diminished in schizophrenia.
+
+But, again, you cannot put
+a patient in and say this
+
+patient has schizophrenia
+because many patients will
+
+look like many controls.
+
+But the average can
+look like this.
+
+Here's a task now of a
+working memory task.
+
+So people see in the
+easy condition,
+
+letters are running along.
+
+And every time there's an
+X, they push a button.
+
+That's the easy condition.
+
+Here, letters are presented
+rapidly.
+
+And every time the current
+letter is identical to the one
+
+you saw two letters ago,
+you push a button.
+
+So this is harder mental work,
+harder working memory demands.
+
+And then here's what you
+see in one data set.
+
+So as they're doing this task,
+they turn on a lot of frontal
+
+cortex, working memory,
+thinking.
+
+You're used to that.
+
+Here's controls--
+
+how much they turn it on,
+the front of the brain
+
+viewed from the top.
+
+Here's relatives who don't
+have the diagnosis.
+
+And here's patients who
+do have the diagnosis.
+
+These are relatives
+of these patients.
+
+And take a look at it.
+
+You can see they're growing.
+
+So this is this issue
+of is more
+
+activation better or worse?
+
+Well it all depends.
+
+The way we interpret this is for
+a typical person, here's
+
+how much they have to push the
+pedal to accomplish that
+
+working memory task.
+
+If you're a patient, you
+have to push it a lot
+
+more to do the task.
+
+And you still make
+more mistakes.
+
+If you are a relative without a
+diagnosis of schizophrenia,
+
+you're somewhere in between.
+
+And those relatives are
+accurate as controls.
+
+But they perform somewhat
+more slowly.
+
+This is a kind of interesting
+thing.
+
+And practically every disorder,
+if you take the
+
+relatives of people with the
+diagnosis, they often look
+
+like they have a kind of a
+milder version of that.
+
+But they may have no problems
+in their lives.
+
+They may be doing flourishingly
+well in every
+
+regard that you could
+think of.
+
+But they harbor some
+of the same genes.
+
+To be a relative means
+to share genes.
+
+And so that can make--
+
+there's something about that
+happening here or in some
+
+subset of those individuals.
+
+Practically every study that's
+done, if you take the
+
+relatives of people with a
+diagnosis, there's some
+
+in-betweenness compared to
+people picked in families
+
+without any history
+of that disorder.
+
+But what matters is
+the boundary.
+
+Right?
+
+I mean, this difference doesn't
+matter if this person
+
+is doing well.
+
+This difference is associated
+with something that really
+
+makes a big difference
+in the person's life.
+
+The question about auditory
+hallucinations and the deaf--
+
+this is kind of like that.
+
+But this is people
+hearing people.
+
+But one of things you can
+do with imaging is ask.
+
+Some patients with schizophrenia
+have rapidly
+
+psyching auditory
+hallucinations.
+
+Most don't.
+
+Most is every here and there.
+
+But some have it pretty often.
+
+So you can put them in a scanner
+and when they hear a
+
+voice, they push a button.
+
+And you can ask, when they hear
+a voice is their auditory
+
+cortex active?
+
+At the level of the brain is
+it as if they were really
+
+hearing a voice?
+
+And here's the auditory cortex
+active in the individuals at
+
+the moment they're
+experiencing the
+
+hallucination.
+
+It's real to them because
+somehow it's engaging the
+
+auditory cortex that really
+hears the world.
+
+That's why it's so powerful.
+
+And it's somehow engaging the
+very same tissue by which you
+
+really hear the world.
+
+How about treatment?
+
+So next session we'll
+talk a lot about
+
+different kinds of treatment.
+
+Neuroleptics are the most
+common treatment for
+
+schizophrenia.
+
+They block--
+
+I'll talk a bit about this--
+
+post-synaptic dopamine receptors.
+
+The drug is fully effective
+within hours.
+
+The maximum clinical effect
+takes weeks and then the
+
+effect remains after
+treatment stops.
+
+A huge problem in schizophrenia
+are side effects
+
+of these kinds of drugs.
+
+So early on, you induce a bit
+of Parkinson's disease in
+
+patients who never had
+Parkinson's disease with these
+
+typical drugs.
+
+Because atypical drugs, they
+have their problems.
+
+I'll just focus on the
+typical drugs.
+
+I'll tell you why in a minute.
+
+And then later on, this becomes
+known as tardive
+
+dyskinesia in about
+20% of patients.
+
+That's a lot of patients.
+
+You're producing, by the drug,
+abnormal and involuntary
+
+movements-- smacking of lips,
+chewing, and tongue
+
+protrusion.
+
+And there's some drugs
+that don't do it.
+
+But they have other problems.
+
+And there is evidence that
+behavioral therapy can be
+
+surprisingly useful
+in schizophrenia.
+
+Most of us hardcore biologists
+we thing that drugs
+
+got to be the deal.
+
+I think there's more evidence
+than you would imagine that
+
+behavioral therapy or the
+combination of the two can be
+
+very helpful for people.
+
+So you may know now--
+
+you wouldn't know this, I know
+this because I am constantly
+
+in the fund raising business
+as a researcher--
+
+drug companies have almost
+stopped working on developing
+
+treatments for psychiatric
+diseases.
+
+And they've almost stopped
+because it's been so
+
+unsuccessful.
+
+The drugs that were found
+were almost always by
+
+happenstance--
+
+drugs that were almost randomly
+tried for various
+
+disorders or various
+groups and worked.
+
+None of them are rationally
+done in any biotechnology
+
+sense or molecular chemistry
+design sense.
+
+Practically all of them are
+happenstance applications of
+
+quasi-random drugs.
+
+And then people noticed
+it helped individuals.
+
+And so in the last 28 years,
+where there was much more
+
+rational development of drugs,
+it's been spectacularly hard
+
+to develop new drugs for
+psychiatric disorders.
+
+And so most pharmaceutical
+companies have basically
+
+stopped in the last
+couple years.
+
+They've just given up.
+
+We remain optimistic that
+everybody thinks they'll come
+
+back into the picture when some
+academics produce some
+
+things that look good.
+
+But it's turned out
+to be really hard.
+
+And, furthermore, many of the
+medications that are effective
+
+have all these side effects,
+very undesirable
+
+side effects sometimes.
+
+At the same time, the fact that
+these drugs affect the
+
+disorder sort of promoted
+various theories.
+
+So once people noticed that
+the anti-psychotic
+
+medications, medications that
+diminish the psychosis of
+
+schizophrenia, act on the
+dopamine system, that led to
+
+the dopamine theory
+of schizophrenia.
+
+So you say, well if the drug is
+pushing down dopamine and
+
+that's helping people be less
+psychotic, then maybe what
+
+that real problem is that
+there's too much dopamine
+
+flowing in the brain
+of individuals with
+
+schizophrenia.
+
+And that got supported by
+studies that if you give
+
+typical people overdoses of
+amphetamine, you induce
+
+something that looks a bit, in
+a typical person, like the
+
+paranoia of schizophrenia.
+
+And so let's talk about
+this idea of drug
+
+action versus disease.
+
+So if you have a headache,
+what do you take to help
+
+yourself with the headache?
+
+Ibuprofen or aspirin or
+something like that?
+
+Does that mean the medical
+problem was you didn't have
+
+enough aspirin in your blood?
+
+Were you "hypoasperinemia?"
+No, right?
+
+The aspirin is doing something
+else to counteract the
+
+headache, or the ibuprofen.
+
+It's not that you were
+short on Tylenol.
+
+OK?
+
+But it treats the problem.
+
+So if a drug treats
+schizophrenia by acting on the
+
+dopamine system, does that mean
+dopamine was the culprit?
+
+And the answer is probably not
+or it's hard to figure out.
+
+But the original assumption that
+the way the drug works
+
+gives you a direct insight into
+what the cause of the
+
+disease is, people have
+pretty much dismissed.
+
+But what drew them to it, of
+course, is still these
+
+anti-psychotics.
+
+The way they work is
+they block the
+
+receptors that take dopamine.
+
+And, therefore, dopamine gets
+catabolized here and is not
+
+used in neurotransmission.
+
+And, furthermore, amphetamine,
+which produces a somewhat
+
+schizophrenia-like syndrome in
+some healthy individuals, that
+
+accelerates the production
+of dopamine.
+
+So that seemed to
+favor the story.
+
+But, again, that's sort of not
+taken very broadly now.
+
+Again, what favored the story
+was the more powerfully a drug
+
+bound to dopamine receptors,
+the less drug
+
+you had to give patients.
+
+All of that, you could
+see, made people
+
+think, this is the story.
+
+And it may be that dopamine
+is a part of the story.
+
+But everybody understands now
+that just because a drug acts
+
+on a disease, does not mean it's
+treating the disease in
+
+the most direct way.
+
+And now why do patients get
+tardive dyskinesia?
+
+Why is it an inadvertent
+consequence of treating
+
+schizophrenia, producing
+a version
+
+of Parkinson's disease?
+
+It's because the drugs
+are too nonspecific.
+
+So we know the ventral tegmental
+area in the brain
+
+stem sends dopamine into the
+basal ganglia and into the
+
+prefrontal cortex.
+
+Conceptually, what we understand
+we're trying to
+
+achieve with schizophrenia is
+something like diminishing
+
+something about this pathway.
+
+But the drug can't
+just block this.
+
+It also affects the
+basal ganglia.
+
+And what Parkinson's diseases
+is is a shortage of dopamine
+
+in the basal ganglia.
+
+In the case of Parkinson's
+disease, it's because of death
+
+of substantial nigral cells.
+
+But you're producing a
+pharmacological version of
+
+Parkinson's disease in the
+effort to treat schizophrenia.
+
+Not in all patients, not as
+severe as Parkinson's disease,
+
+but a big side effect
+in many patients.
+
+And there's other drugs.
+
+They have their problems.
+
+There's almost no drug that's
+completely successful and pure
+
+in any treatment sense
+for the patient.
+
+Despite that, there's been
+a fantastic effect.
+
+We talked about that
+when people were
+
+behaving very oddly--
+
+and certainly schizophrenia is
+perhaps the scariest set of
+
+behaviors, if you have to pick
+one disorder in that way--
+
+then once they began to have
+drugs that diminished the
+
+unusual behavior, people were
+let out of state and
+
+government hospitals where they
+had been sort of secluded
+
+in many ways and not helped
+in many ways.
+
+And people viewed this as
+a tremendous success.
+
+And I think it is to let
+people back into the
+
+community, interacting in a sort
+of more typical way, as
+
+opposed to being segregated
+in areas that were
+
+often not the best.
+
+But there was a fantastic
+consequence, which is now
+
+these people, as you may know,
+have no safety net.
+
+They're back in the community.
+
+And if they don't have people
+who care for them or follow
+
+them, there are risks
+for themselves.
+
+So it's great to give
+a medication to
+
+let somebody out.
+
+Everybody agrees on that.
+
+But then if you don't have
+a kind of a safety net of
+
+physicians and family and so
+on, a person's out on their
+
+own, they stop taking their
+medication, who's
+
+there to help them?
+
+So it's a societal challenge
+on top of that.
+
+So next time I'm going to talk
+about treatments for
+
+neuropsychiatric disorders.
+
+But for just one minute I'll
+ask you, do you have any
+
+questions or thoughts about
+this whole topic?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+I read somewhere that 90% of
+schizophrenics [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: There's
+a fantastic--
+
+the question was, why is there
+such a fantastically high rate
+
+of smoking-- which there is-- in
+patients with schizophrenia
+
+and bipolar?
+
+So people will use phrases like
+they're self-medicating
+
+in some way.
+
+But I don't think there's--
+
+you could make up a little
+bit of a story,
+
+but it is very striking.
+
+I don't know a deeper
+story than that.
+
+There might be.
+
+But it's very striking.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+One girl said she had a
+schizophrenic episode and
+
+started smoking afterwards
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+it made the voices go away.
+
+PROFESSOR: It made the
+voices go away?
+
+Yeah.
+
+I don't know.
+
+I mean there's--
+
+But it's very--
+
+there's a phenomenal high
+rate of smoking among
+
+patients like that.
+
+OK, thanks very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SpS3ud58yTI.txt b/SpS3ud58yTI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b8ca8321649744528fe732ee5a1f2a25a44a776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SpS3ud58yTI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+PROFESSOR: Last time we talked
+about probability as an
+
+introduction on how to
+model uncertainty.
+
+State estimation is one of the
+ways that we can deal with
+
+uncertainty in our system.
+
+We can take a model that we
+don't completely understand
+
+and attempt to infer information
+about it based on
+
+the things that we can observe
+about that particular system.
+
+In particular we're going to
+look at a set of observations
+
+and actions that either our
+system takes or that we
+
+observe about the system and
+that we take on that
+
+particular system.
+
+If we continue this process for
+multiple time steps then
+
+we can continue to attempt
+to learn things about the
+
+particular system.
+
+The process of completing that
+behavior over multiple time
+
+steps while making those
+inferences is what we refer to
+
+when we talk about
+state estimation.
+
+First off, state estimation is
+a process that's completed as
+
+a consequence of wanting
+to understand a
+
+stochastic state machine.
+
+State estimation itself is not
+a stochastic state machine.
+
+State estimation attempts to
+take a stochastic state
+
+machine, make a model of that
+stochastic state machine, and
+
+then run state estimation on it
+iteratively to attempt to
+
+figure out, or recursively, an
+attempt to figure out what's
+
+going on inside that stochastic
+state machine.
+
+When you build a stochastic
+state machine model there are
+
+three components that need
+to be specified.
+
+The first is the starting
+distribution over states.
+
+For instance, let's say that I
+believe that I am sick and I'm
+
+trying to figure out what it
+is that I am sick with.
+
+And I could be sick
+with three things,
+
+as far as I'm concerned.
+
+I could be sick with strep or
+I could be sick with some
+
+other more boring virus.
+
+Or I could be sick with
+mononucleosis.
+
+The starting distribution refers
+to my starting belief
+
+as to the systems.
+
+And if I'm generically sick in
+the general sense, one of the
+
+assumptions that's frequently
+made with respect to starting
+
+distributions is that they're
+uniform, right?
+
+It could be equally any
+of these things.
+
+The second thing you need to
+specify when you're talking
+
+about modeling a stochastic
+state machine is your
+
+observation distribution.
+
+Or what is the likelihood
+associated with making a
+
+particular observation
+given that you're
+
+in a current state?
+
+For instance, if I have
+mononucleosis how likely would
+
+it be that I observe a bunch of
+white ugly patches on the
+
+back of my throat?
+
+Or if I had strep?
+
+What is the likelihood
+associated with that?
+
+That kind of thing.
+
+Typically this observation
+variable is factored into a
+
+couple different phenomena.
+
+In the sick example
+the best thing to
+
+talk about is symptoms.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+Am I lethargic?
+
+Do I have the white spots on
+the back of my throat?
+
+Do I have a fever?
+
+That sort of thing.
+
+The last thing that you need
+specify when you're talking
+
+about modeling a stochastic
+state machine is your
+
+transition distribution.
+
+You assume that your state
+machine is going
+
+to change over time.
+
+Or it is likely that I will
+get more or less sick.
+
+And there are things that
+I can do to induce
+
+that kind of change.
+
+Or there are things that I can
+do that effectively model the
+
+passage of time.
+
+Your actions for a stochastic
+state machine model can either
+
+be actions that the model takes
+and you were exclusively
+
+doing observations.
+
+But one of the particular
+observations that you do also
+
+qualifies as an action or
+something that indicates the
+
+passage of time.
+
+Or actions can be something
+that you do to
+
+a particular state.
+
+In the sick example, things I
+could do to myself to try to
+
+make myself feel better or at
+least figure out better what
+
+is going on or what might cause
+my distribution to sway
+
+towards one particular state.
+
+I could take antibiotics.
+
+Or sleep in and drink a
+lot of orange juice.
+
+Or continue my day as normal.
+
+Given a particular action, any
+particular state that you're
+
+starting from, your transition
+distribution tells you the
+
+likelihood associated
+with being in a
+
+new particular state.
+
+So as a consequence of making
+those actions, does the
+
+distribution of likelihood of
+a particular illness change?
+
+At this point I'm going to walk
+through a step of state
+
+estimation.
+
+Each step of state estimation
+is the same.
+
+In fact, if you complete
+multiple steps based on the
+
+information that you gained from
+the previous step, that's
+
+referred to as recursive
+state estimation.
+
+And I'll keep walking through
+the sick example.
+
+So when you're doing state
+estimation you're trying to
+
+figure out something about
+a system that you cannot
+
+perfectly model.
+
+For instance, either your own
+immune system or your own
+
+susceptibility to a particular
+disease.
+
+And you have all the components
+you have for your
+
+stochastic state
+machine model.
+
+As a consequence of the passage
+of time or as a
+
+consequence of making an
+observation and either
+
+observing an action taken by
+your stochastic state machine
+
+or performing an action upon
+your stochastic state machine
+
+you're going to make a new
+estimation of what you believe
+
+the current state of that
+unknown system.
+
+Or system that is not completely
+observable to you.
+
+You're going to make a new
+estimate of your belief of the
+
+state of that system.
+
+In short you're going to solve
+for the probability
+
+distribution over
+S_(t plus 1).
+
+There are two steps.
+
+The first step is referred
+to as the
+
+Bayesian reasoning step.
+
+And it involves performing Bayes
+evidence or Bayes rule
+
+upon the current state
+distribution given a
+
+particular observation.
+
+So at this point I've
+made some sort of
+
+observation about myself.
+
+If I'm talking about the
+sick model, right?
+
+I spent all day coughing.
+
+Or I have a fever.
+
+Or my throat is sore.
+
+Or I feel extremely
+lethargic, right?
+
+Given that observation I can
+take the P(O given S) from my
+
+observation distribution
+multiply it by my current
+
+understanding of the
+state distribution.
+
+And then divide out by P(O).
+
+The slowest way to complete this
+action is to build the
+
+joint distribution and
+then condition on
+
+a particular column.
+
+It's very proper.
+
+But you can save yourself some
+cycles by doing this.
+
+Let's say I started off
+with the uniform
+
+distribution, right?
+
+It could be equally likely that
+I have strep or a normal
+
+virus or mono.
+
+As a consequence of making the
+observation that I don't have
+
+white spots on the back
+of my throat.
+
+I could say, oh the likelihood
+of me being in that state--
+
+the likelihood of me just
+having a normal virus is
+
+higher and the likelihood of me
+having either strep throat
+
+or mono is lower.
+
+This step takes P(S) and
+multiplies it by P(O given S).
+
+o Once I have these values I
+have to scope back out to the
+
+universe or I have to normalize
+these values such
+
+that they sum to 1.
+
+That's where I get my
+P(S_t given O).
+
+At this point I've accounted for
+the observation that I've
+
+made, but I haven't accounted
+for the action on the system.
+
+That's the next step.
+
+We're going to take our results
+of Bayesian reasoning
+
+which are sometimes referred
+to as B prime S_t.
+
+And take the action and find the
+distribution overstates as
+
+a consequence of a single time
+step or a single iteration of
+
+state estimation.
+
+The second step is referred
+to as a transition update.
+
+We've got our updated belief.
+
+We're going to take our
+transition distribution or our
+
+specification for what happens
+given that we're in a current
+
+state and an action
+has been taken.
+
+At that point we'll have a
+probability distribution over
+
+the new states.
+
+And here are my values
+from the first step.
+
+As an example let's say that I
+sleep in and drink a lot of
+
+orange juice.
+
+As a consequence of sleeping
+in and drinking a lot of
+
+orange juice there's some amount
+of likelihood that I
+
+will either continue to be
+sick with strep or it's
+
+possible that I actually have
+just a normal virus.
+
+If I have a normal virus and I
+sleep in and drink a lot of
+
+orange juice, this causality
+sounds backwards but it's as a
+
+consequence of not being able
+to make perfect observations
+
+on the system.
+
+If I have an amount of belief
+that says that I think I have
+
+strep and I sleep in and drink
+a lot of orange juice, then
+
+it's equally likely that I will
+have either strep or a
+
+normal virus after completing
+that step, right?
+
+It doesn't differentiate
+between the two.
+
+If I'm sick with a virus and I
+sleep in and drink a lot of
+
+orange juice, then the state
+that I'm going to encourage
+
+myself to be in is
+I have a virus.
+
+If I have mono and I sleep in
+and drink a lot of orange
+
+juice then there's some
+likelihood on the next day
+
+that I will still be
+in a state that
+
+looks like I have mono.
+
+But there's also some likelihood
+associated with it
+
+that I will be in some state
+that looks like I have strep.
+
+That's what happens when you
+run the transition update.
+
+When you run the transition
+update you end up accumulating
+
+all the probabilities associated
+with being in a
+
+particular new state.
+
+As a consequence of being in a
+particular previous state and
+
+entering that new state based
+on the transition
+
+distribution.
+
+Once you accumulate all these
+values you end up with your
+
+new distribution over
+a new state.
+
+This represents one step
+of state estimation.
+
+If I wanted to run multiple, I
+would take the value that I
+
+got here for S_(t plus
+1), replace it in
+
+the value for S_t.
+
+And run the same process of
+Bayesian reasoning and
+
+transition update.
+
+This concludes my review
+of state estimation.
+
+Next time we'll talk
+about search.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/T5d5PvPjUlU.txt b/T5d5PvPjUlU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0614d3f6993fe440472ebfd51d651ffcd656beec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/T5d5PvPjUlU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1279 @@
+Good morning.    
+
+It can't go without at least some acknowledgement dimension.   
+
+ If you should ever find yourself in  
+
+life in a situation where you have or are about to give up all hope,   
+
+you think things are utterly impossible and there's no way,   
+
+you will remember this week that nothing is impossible.   
+
+It is possible to come back three games down in the bottom of the  
+
+ninth inning, you've got to believe you can do it,   
+
+and remember to have Dave Roberts pinch run.   
+
+Just a general bit of good advice.  What an amazing week, just  
+
+absolutely amazing week.  Wow.  There are lessons in life to  
+
+be taken from it.  Please do take them.   
+
+You know, there really are.  I mean I'd given up hope by that  
+
+point, I confess.  I wish I could say oh,   
+
+I knew they were going to pull it out, but I didn't.   
+
+And, boy, they pulled it out one game at a time.   
+
+So, all of you think good thoughts this week.  This could be a historic  
+
+week, you know, you were here.  Anyway, onward.   
+
+ We were talking last time about how  
+
+to analyze your clone.  The notion of cloning random pieces  
+
+of DNA, identifying your clone within a library,   
+
+purifying the DNA from a clone,  doing some preliminary analysis by  
+
+maybe cutting with a restriction enzyme, then sequencing it using  
+
+these techniques that I'd described would allow you to take the clone  
+
+that was, say,  able to rescue the yeast that  
+
+couldn't grow without arginine and figure out what its  
+
+DNA sequence was.  You could take the clone that you  
+
+had obtained by hybridizing with the DNA sequence corresponding to the  
+
+protein sequence for beta-globin and sequence it and see the beta-globin  
+
+gene sequence perhaps.  This is very powerful.   
+
+I want to take a brief moment,  we'll come back to it in more detail  
+
+in a subsequent lecture,  but I really described how you would  
+
+sequence one clone.  I just want to make a note,   
+
+because someone asked about it last time, about how you would sequence  
+
+an entire genome.  Someone asked about this.   
+
+Remember before we pulled out our clone, we sequenced it,   
+
+we got its DNA sequence.  What if I wanted to sequence the  
+
+entirety of a genome?  Yeah.  Do a lot of this,   
+
+right, basically if I got a whole genome.  Well,   
+
+somebody asked could I put a primer here and just sequence?   
+
+It would take a very long time.  And it turns out that it wouldn't  
+
+work because the separation that you can achieve through gels is a  
+
+function, the separation between N and N plus 1 in length goes like the  
+
+logarithm of the ratio.  So, it turns out that when N and N  
+
+plus 1 get to like about a thousand,  you can achieve very little physical  
+
+separation between them.  And so, DNA sequencing runs cannot  
+
+go much past the thousand bases.  So, the problem with sequencing a  
+
+genome by putting down a primer on an extraordinarily long piece of DNA,   
+
+a hundred million bases,  is you cannot separate the little  
+
+fragments like that.  So, what you do is you break up  
+
+your genome into lots of pieces.  One strategy, break it up into a  
+
+library of some very big pieces.  It turns out you can make pieces at  
+
+random of a hundred thousand base pairs.   
+
+Cloning these in bacterial artificial chromosomes,   
+
+as we talked about before.  Take a library of bacterial  
+
+artificial chromosomes and then begin sequencing them.   
+
+And take any given bacterial artificial chromosome and break it  
+
+up into a whole lot of pieces that are maybe a thousand bases long,   
+
+and you could sequence all of those.  How do you arrange to get just a  
+
+perfect overlapping set of thousand based pair clones that perfectly  
+
+tile across the sequence with no redundancy?   
+
+You don't.  That's the correct answer.  That's how you do it,   
+
+you don't.  Instead you just randomly take a bunch of things.   
+
+And, in fact, typically you might take clones that give you six or  
+
+eight-fold redundancy.  You just sequence a lot of clones  
+
+and then you ask the computer to reassemble it.   
+
+And, in fact, all that overlap is very good for being able to stick  
+
+these pieces together.  Sometimes people do such things as  
+
+take pieces that might be four thousand bases long and sequence a  
+
+thousand bases here and a thousand bases here by using a primer that  
+
+starts there and a primer that starts there.  And then you can get  
+
+DNA sequences from two ends of a clone.  And if you had that for  
+
+zillions of clones your computer program might do an even better job  
+
+of linking things up.  It's one very big crossword puzzle  
+
+of putting together all of these pieces, a jigsaw puzzle of putting  
+
+together all these pieces.  But, in effect, this is how you  
+
+sequence a big piece of DNA.  You chop it up into medium-sized  
+
+pieces of DNA and then tinny pieces of DNA, you sequence them,   
+
+and you use computational science to reassemble it.   
+
+Some people, for some genomes,  take the whole big genome and  
+
+immediately go to lots of little pieces.  That can work,   
+
+too.  I depends on exactly how complicated your genome is.   
+
+In the human genome, there are some parts of a human genome that are  
+
+almost identical that might be like 99.91% identical in two different  
+
+parts of the genome.  And so, if you do that,   
+
+you may have trouble telling those pieces apart.  So,   
+
+for really complicated genomes people like sometimes breaking it up  
+
+into intermediate-sized pieces.  But basically the idea of  
+
+sequencing a big piece of DNA by this process is referred to as  
+
+shotgun sequencing.  Shotgun sequencing,   
+
+in fact, was developed in about 1980 by Fred Sanger,   
+
+the same guy who developed the DNA sequencing technique that I told you  
+
+about using polymerase and dideoxynucleotides.   
+
+Sanger very quickly wanted to go from sequencing a single piece to  
+
+sequencing pieces,  and so he developed the shotgun  
+
+technique there.  And it's now been applied in many  
+
+different forms of intermediate shotguns, whole genome shotguns,   
+
+et cetera.  So, that's in reply to the question someone asked last time  
+
+about, well, how would you do a whole genome?  And,   
+
+as a matter of fact,  this is not theoretical because,   
+
+in fact, people do hold genomes this way.  And we do this at MIT.   
+
+Lots of genomes get done here in this fashion.  Someone else asked  
+
+how would you analyze your clone.  And, again, I'll just make a brief  
+
+remark on that in response to the question.  So,   
+
+analyzing some DNA sequence.  So, suppose we got some DNA  
+
+sequence, A-A-T-A,  don't bother writing this down.   
+
+I'm just making up letters here.  How would we make any sense of it?   
+
+Suppose I give you the ones and zeros from your hard-drive,   
+
+how would you make any sense out of them?  This is about as interesting  
+
+as the ones as yours from your hard-drive, right?   
+
+It's got four letters,  not two, but this is actually what  
+
+you get out of any project.  You want to sequence beta-globin?   
+
+You'll get something like this.  You want to sequence the arginine  
+
+gene?  You want to sequence the human genome?  You get a very long  
+
+string of four letters.  What do you do with it?   
+
+Oh, well, you could compare it to a normal copy of the gene.   
+
+And if I did that I might find a bunch of differences.   
+
+But how would I even know where the beta-globin gene was within this  
+
+sequence?  This clone contains beta-globin.  How would I even find  
+
+the exons?  Yes?  Or whatever?  Look at codons.   
+
+So, let's start looking at the codons.  This codon here?   
+
+Well, or this, maybe it's this codon here.  Sorry?   
+
+Find it.  Do you see any start codons here?  Oh,   
+
+there's an ATG there.  So, maybe that's the start codon or  
+
+maybe not.  How often do we expect to find an ATG in some  
+
+reading frame?  You know, it could happen fairly  
+
+easily.  Also,  how do we know it's going this way?   
+
+Maybe we should look for an ATG,  we'll put it there,   
+
+going this way.  Sorry?  I drew the arrow there?   
+
+Well, that's because it's where the sequence started out on my page.   
+
+It doesn't tell me my gene runs that way.  Yes?  From five  
+
+prime to three prime.  Ah, but it's a double-stranded piece  
+
+of DNA.  You see,  if it's five prime to three prime on  
+
+this strand, the genome has a,  another strand that reads the other  
+
+way.  What did I get?  C-A-T-A, right, C-C-T,   
+
+et cetera.  And the gene could be encoded on this strand.   
+
+This could be the coding strand,  that could be the coding strand, and  
+
+looking for a mere ATG in one of three possible reading frames on one  
+
+of two possible strands I'll find all sorts of stuff.   
+
+So, sorry?  Guess.  Guess.  Guess is good.   
+
+They don't, don't, won't you,  you remember we talked about getting  
+
+papers accepted.  If you were to write up the paper  
+
+that way the reviewing would probably ding it and say,   
+
+you know, the guess isn't,  isn't good enough.  So, that's  
+
+actually very interesting.  How do you actually find the gene  
+
+sequence?  Well, it turns out to be a  
+
+non-trivial problem which often gets glossed over in the textbooks.   
+
+What you might do is if something really were exonic,   
+
+if this were any exon,  does it have any properties that you  
+
+can think of?  It shouldn't have a stop codon.  No stop codon.   
+
+How often does a stop codon occur at random in a given reading frame?   
+
+How many stop codons are there?  Three out of 64 possible codons.   
+
+There's about one in 20 codons in any given reading frame is a stop  
+
+codon.  So, that means if I read for about 20 codons,   
+
+and I don't encounter a stop,  it's beginning to get more likely  
+
+that that's not random.  If I read for, say, 60 codons,   
+
+180 bases and I've encountered no stop codon in that reading frame,   
+
+that chances of that occurring is about either the minus three or so,   
+
+right?  Because if I went through three characteristic lengths,   
+
+either the minus three, you know,  and I don't know, about 5% or  
+
+something like that.  If I went for thousands of bases  
+
+without any stop codon,  would you be impressed?  That's  
+
+pretty impressive.  So, all I have to do is find the  
+
+few thousands of basis with no stop codon.  The problem with that is  
+
+that in bacteria there are some genes that are a thousand bases long  
+
+and you, there,  you can read them and they have no  
+
+stop codon.  What's the problem with the human  
+
+genome?  Introns.  It turns out that because the  
+
+coding sequences are broken up into small exons, if I found a thousand  
+
+bases with no stop codons then it's very likely coding sequence.   
+
+But a typical human exon is on the order of a 150 to 200 bases.   
+
+Very inconvenient because,  you know, it's a typical exon  
+
+encodes 50, 60,  70 codons.  So, it turns out that  
+
+even that is not so easy to do.  Well, the answer is it's not a  
+
+trivial problem.  People do all sorts of things to  
+
+figure out how to decode sequences of genomes.  You do run computer  
+
+filters across there that say,  look, there are a bunch of  
+
+consecutive codons without stop codons.   
+
+There tend to be little preferences,  like amongst the synonymous choices  
+
+of stop codons,  humans tend to prefer one stop codon,   
+
+one codon for a specific amino acid over others.  So,   
+
+there are some biases as to which codons get used.   
+
+And the computer can kind of take a little bit of account of that.   
+
+Then you can also have made a library of seed DNAs and sequence  
+
+seed DNA, the mRNA which will help you a lot and look for where they  
+
+match up.  Then you can take sequences from the human  
+
+and the mouse.  And it turns out that the sequences  
+
+in the mouse and the sequences in the human, if you line them up,   
+
+the exons tend to match up better than the introns because evolution  
+
+cares a lot about the exons.  But it turns out this is not a  
+
+trivial problem.  And even today, if I give you a  
+
+random stretch of human DNA,  it's not, there is no simple  
+
+computer program that it's on,  that on its own, not even a  
+
+complicated computer program,  but on its own would be able,   
+
+without axillary data,  to accurately pick out all the genes.   
+
+Even for simple bacteria,  we cannot nail perfectly all the  
+
+genes.  Although,  the lack of these introns means that  
+
+the exons tend to be pretty big,  it means the coding are pretty big  
+
+and we can kind of do it.  So, I just wanted to point out that,   
+
+that there's a lot still to be done there.  The cell manages,   
+
+thank you, to read this just fine,  but we're not as smart yet as the  
+
+cell, and so we're not totally able to read out all this stuff.   
+
+We'll come back to genomics in a,  in a further lecture.  Yes?  Yeah,   
+
+wouldn't -- What a cool idea.   
+
+Yes.  There are actually some experiments, which maybe if you  
+
+remind me we can,  I can work it into a subsequent  
+
+lecture, but people have some experiments where they can randomly  
+
+mutagenize zillions of bacteria and determine which ones will grow and  
+
+which ones won't.  And they can do it all in parallel  
+
+in a single test-tube.  And thereby you can tell which,   
+
+which nucleotides in the genome matter and which don't.   
+
+It's a kind of cool procedure.  OK.  Anyway, I just wanted to sort  
+
+of tie up that bit here.  Now, let's move on to re-sequencing  
+
+a gene.  So, let's suppose we've managed to  
+
+sequence, I don't know,  the human genome, the entirety of  
+
+the human genome we have before us,  OK?  Actually, next week in the  
+
+journal Nature will appear a paper reporting, in fact,   
+
+today, yester, no, yesterday,  in fact, it was yesterday, yesterday  
+
+appeared in the journal Nature a paper reporting the finished  
+
+sequence of the human genome.    
+
+http://www.nature.  om/nature/journal/v431/n7011/pdf/nature03001.pdf  
+
+ And so, anybody who wants to go  
+
+online, in fact,  we can get, we'll get copies for the  
+
+class.  Why don't we get you copies of the paper?  It's not as long as  
+
+the last one.  But,  in fact, I didn't realize it was  
+
+yesterday.  I thought it was next week.  Yesterday came out the final  
+
+report on the finished sequence of the human genome,   
+
+which a number of us have been laboring on for quite a long time.   
+
+And it just appeared.  So, we actually have that now.   
+
+It actually, it's been on the Web for a while, but the paper  
+
+describing it took a while to write up and it came out yesterday.   
+
+So, we'll get you a copy of that.  But now you've got that whole  
+
+sequence of the human genome here.  I've been, you know, I've been  
+
+working on this paper with people for so long that,   
+
+you know, I hadn't actually paid attention to the fact that it just  
+
+came out.  You don't want to know how long it took to write this.   
+
+The paper, actually, is unusual.  It's the only paper that Nature has  
+
+ever published where the author list is sufficiently long that we don't  
+
+have it in the Journal.  There's a website that contains the  
+
+author list. There are,  I believe, I don't have the final  
+
+count, but something in the neighborhood of about 200 authors to  
+
+the paper.  We decided that everybody who'd worked on it should  
+
+be a co-author of the paper,  and we just put it all on a website.   
+
+So, anyway, I digress.  So, suppose we have the beta-globin gene here.   
+
+So, I've got that in -- I've got the normal form of the  
+
+beta-globin gene,  or I've got one person's form,   
+
+in any case, in the human genome sequence.  Now I want to take a  
+
+patient with sickle cell anemia and I want to re-sequence their gene.   
+
+Now, remember what we said, we would, we would make a library from  
+
+that person, right?  So, we'd get that person's blood,   
+
+we'd purify DNA, we'd cut it, we'd clone it, we'd probe the library  
+
+with a radioactive probe for the beta-globin gene,   
+
+we'd pull out the gene and we'd re-sequence it.   
+
+Suppose we wanted to do that to a hundred patients.   
+
+For every patient we'd get blood,  we'd make DNA, we'd clone in a  
+
+plasma, we'd made a whole plasma library, plate it out on filter,   
+
+probe it with a radioactive probe,  pull out the clone and sequence it.   
+
+Now, for any such library you probably need to look through a  
+
+couple hundred thousand clones to find beta-globin.   
+
+So, for your DNA and your DNA and your DNA and your DNA,   
+
+we're going to make libraries of a hundred thousand clones,   
+
+that's a couple, that's a lot of plates, right?   
+
+We're going to put them all on,  on nylon filters in these  
+
+Seal-a-Meal bags with these radioactive probes,   
+
+and we're going to look for your beta-globin clone,   
+
+your beta-globin clone,  your beta-globin clone, your  
+
+beta-globin clone,  et cetera, et cetera,   
+
+et cetera.  This is really boring.  Do you realize how off putting it  
+
+would be to study sickle cell anemia if we had to do that for each  
+
+successive patient,  make a whole library?   
+
+But that was what you had to do in molecular biology because that was  
+
+how you got the gene.  You build a whole library,   
+
+you withdraw it from the library.  However, if you wanted to do this,   
+
+could you manage to get the beta-globin sequence from your  
+
+genome without having to make the whole library?   
+
+It turns out, and I know it's been covered at least in some of the  
+
+sections, there's a cool technique to do that.  And what is  
+
+that technique?  PCR.  So, it turns out that the next  
+
+really great advance in molecular biology was the technique of PCR.   
+
+And what PCR was a way, is, is a way to obtain a piece of DNA  
+
+corresponding to an already known gene, you have to already know the  
+
+gene, and what it allows you to do is then obtain that piece of DNA  
+
+based on knowing at least some of its sequence.   
+
+It allows you to amplify just that DNA from a, from any individual.   
+
+So, as compared to the experiment where I make a library for you and a  
+
+library for you and a library from you and a library from you,   
+
+each of which could take a month,  PCR would allow us to do it in  
+
+principle in five minutes.  And, actually,   
+
+there are machines that would let you do it in five minutes.   
+
+So, let's discuss how this PCR works.  Nobody uses the five minute  
+
+machines because you usually will then wait an hour or so,   
+
+but anyway.  Suppose I take my DNA sequence here from  
+
+the human genome.  Five prime to three prime.   
+
+Five prime to three prime.  This sequence here beta-globin.   
+
+I want to obtain that sequence.  The first thing I do is I'm going to  
+
+heat my DNA sample to maybe 97 degrees Celsius to denature.   
+
+Denaturing means,  of course, breaking the hydrogen  
+
+bonds that separate the two strands so that the strands come apart,   
+
+five prime to three prime, five prime to three prime.   
+
+Now, what I then do is I take a specific DNA primer matching this  
+
+stretch just before the beta-globin gene starts.   
+
+Or just before where I'm interested in.  How do I make a primer that  
+
+matches just that sequence?  I order, well, how do I know what  
+
+to order?  I know the sequence, right?   
+
+I've got the sequence already.  I just look at it and I say I want  
+
+that sequence.  And then how do I get it?   
+
+I order it. I type it into the Web and the machine will synthesize me  
+
+this, this primer.  Typically a 20-base stretch will  
+
+suffice.  So, I'll get me a twentymer, a 20 base oligonucleotide  
+
+complimentary to the sequence on this side of the gene.   
+
+What I'm also going to do is the same thing over here.   
+
+I'm going to get a second primer.  This is primer number one.  This is  
+
+primer number two.  OK?  Now, let's see.   
+
+Five prime.  This is five prime,  five prime.  Now what I'd like to do  
+
+is add polymerase,  I'd like to add dNTPs.   
+
+So, plus DNA polymerase plus dNTPs.    
+
+And what will happen?  Polymerase will come along and  
+
+start copying my DNA,  but it will only copy it starting  
+
+from the primers.  Now, this will keep going,   
+
+of course, but DNA polymerase doesn't go forever,   
+
+you know, the reactions sort of stops at some point.   
+
+And so you'll get a strand going off here and a strand  
+
+going off there.  Now, notice what I've done.   
+
+I started with an entire human genome, and the number of copies of  
+
+beta-globin was one per genome.  When I'm done with this process,   
+
+how many copies, how many double-stranded copies of  
+
+beta-globin do I have?  Two.  That's still very little,   
+
+but it's more than I had before.  So, what do I do next?   
+
+Repeat.  So, let's heat up that sample again.  We'll denature at 97  
+
+degrees, and now we have our initial strand here, we have our strand that  
+
+came off this primer that runs to here and maybe goes forward,   
+
+we have this strand here.  We have this strand here.   
+
+And this was five prime, five prime,  five prime, five prime.   
+
+Now what do we do?  We repeat.  We'll take our primer, this is  
+
+primer number one, let's see.  It matches over there.   
+
+Primer number two over here.  Number one over here.  Number two.   
+
+Have I got this right?  Yes.  Good.  Then where does this guy stop?   
+
+Right at the end where my other primer was.  This guy  
+
+runs along here.  That guy stops right at the end.   
+
+That guy might go a little further.  How many copies of the beta-globin  
+
+gene do I have now?  Four.  Two of which,   
+
+by the way, perfectly sit between my pink primers.  What's going to  
+
+happen if I do this again?  How many copies will I get?   
+
+Eight, six of which will sit perfectly and two might be a little  
+
+ragged as to where they go.  So, initially,   
+
+after cycle number zero,  that is initial conditions,   
+
+the number of copies relative to the genome was one.   
+
+After one cycle it's two.  After two cycles it's four.   
+
+After N cycles it's two to the N copies.  Is that clear  
+
+how the PCR works?  And that on every round you're  
+
+doubling.  And,  with the exception of those two  
+
+white things that go off to the side,  they're going back and forth and  
+
+back and forth between the two primers you chose to put in.   
+
+What is when N equals ten, what do you got?  A thousand copies.   
+
+What happens when N equals 20?  A million copies.   
+
+What is the copy number of beta-globin?  Beta,   
+
+let's suppose beta-globin,  for the sake of the argument,   
+
+sake of argument is about one thousand bases.   
+
+What fraction of the human genome does beta-globin represent?   
+
+Yeah, about a millionth for the genome.  No, actually,   
+
+one three millionth, but we'll call it a millionth.   
+
+So, after I've made a million-fold amplification of beta-globin,   
+
+beta-globin now represents half of the stuff that's in the tube.   
+
+What would happen if I go another ten rounds?  How many copies do I  
+
+have?  A billion copies.  So, in other words, I started with  
+
+something that was only present at about one one-millionth of what was  
+
+in my test tube.  If I could make a billion copies of  
+
+that specific molecule,  now it so dominates the mixture that  
+
+it is a thousand times more abundant than the rest of the genome.   
+
+It works.  That's the remarkable thing, this works.   
+
+Any questions about the technique?  Now, yes?  Well, I need two primers  
+
+in their sequence.  How many copies do I need of each  
+
+of those primers?  Well, I, I obviously need a lot of  
+
+copies of those primers.  So, primer number one,   
+
+it's a single sequence,  but when I order it from the company,   
+
+I'm going to order me a boat load,  a lot of that primer.  So, I'm  
+
+adding, I better add a billion molecules of that primer because I'm  
+
+going to make a billion copies starting from such primers.   
+
+But if I have a billion copies of,  of number one and a billion copies  
+
+of number two and,  you know, these days,   
+
+billions aren't such big,  you know, molecules are Avogadro's  
+
+number and all that.  It's not hard to get things.   
+
+So, you throw in huge excess,  a massive excess of primer number  
+
+one, a massive excess of primer number two, and you just do this.   
+
+Now, I mean, what does it cost to make such a massive excess of a  
+
+primer?  It's about ten cents a base,  so it's two bucks,   
+
+two bucks per primer give or take.  You know, so I can get you a better  
+
+price if you want,  but, you know, anyway.   
+
+It's not a bad price to,  to buy primer.  So, you can just go  
+
+out and order a pair of primers.  You can have them tomorrow.   
+
+And then all you have to do is add the primers to the,   
+
+so I take DNA.  Do I,  I, I need DNA from you.   
+
+It turns out I could draw your blood and purify DNA and all that.   
+
+But it turns out that if all I wanted to do was amplify one locus,   
+
+I could actually take a Popsicle stick and ask you to scrape the  
+
+inside of your cheek.  That'll get enough cells off from  
+
+the inside of your cheek,  stick it in a test-tube, and it'll  
+
+actually have enough DNA there.  It turns out this is a very  
+
+sensitive and powerful technique,  so, but before we get to that notice  
+
+what we had to do.  We had to heat our DNA to 97  
+
+degrees and add polymerase.  Then we heat again to 97, add  
+
+polymerase, heat again to 97,  add polymerase.  Why do I have to  
+
+keep adding polymerase?  Because polymerase gets roomed at  
+
+97 degrees so it's denatured.  So, the nuisance about PCR is I  
+
+have to go to my Eppendorf plastic tube, pop open the lid,   
+
+stick in some DNA polymerase,  close it up, stick it back in a  
+
+heating bath, let it go for a while,  take it out, pop it open, add some  
+
+more polymerase,  put it back in the heating bath,   
+
+pop it out.  And this is actually the way  
+
+primitive scientists did PCR not so long ago, OK?  Wouldn't it be cool  
+
+if we could engineer a DNA polymerase that didn't denature at  
+
+97 degrees?  Because then what we could do is just add the polymerase,   
+
+close up the tube, put it in a machine that goes heat,   
+
+cool, heat, cool, heat, cool,  heat, cool, but you would have,   
+
+so how do we, what kind of cleaver biological engineering do we use to  
+
+modify polymerase so it won't denature at 97 degrees?   
+
+Yes?  Get it from a bacteria.  What kind of a bacteria would you  
+
+ask for an enzyme that could work in,  in basically boiling water?   
+
+Bacteria that basically live in boiling water.  Where would  
+
+you look for such?  Thermal vents.   
+
+You'll, geysers,  things like that.  Life lives  
+
+everywhere.  What you go is you find yourself a bacterium,   
+
+so you find bacteria that lived in geysers or in thermal vents and you  
+
+purify their DNA polymerase.  The most famous one comes from the  
+
+organism, the bacterium called thermos aquaticus, aquaticus.   
+
+Which of course means hot water,  right?  That's what the bacteria is  
+
+called, thermos aquaticus.  And, or, and its enzyme is called  
+
+tack, tack.  So,  we'll refer to it often,   
+
+Taq polymerase, meaning from this bacteria thermos aquaticus,   
+
+OK?  So, that's Taq.  So, it turns out that you can do this now without  
+
+having to open and close the test-tubes.   
+
+Oops, I meant to put that here.  How sensitive is PCR?  It's very  
+
+sensitive.  You could do,  so applications of PCR.  Very  
+
+versatile.  First let's just re-sequence a gene.   
+
+Gene from yeast or from human.  You just need, you know, any DNA  
+
+sample.  Get my gene,  get my primers, and as I was  
+
+indicating with a Popsicle stick,  I don't have to have it very pure,   
+
+although in a laboratory you go to the trouble of making it pure  
+
+because you want it to be pure and all that.  Yes?   
+
+Correct.  Yeah.  So, remember I was making a fuss  
+
+over the accuracy of replication,  right?  And I said that on its own a  
+
+polymerase might have an accuracy to only about ten to the minus five.   
+
+So, now, what were the two mechanisms for,   
+
+for repairing DNA,  for proofreading DNA?   
+
+One was a built-in proofreading activity that the enzyme had.   
+
+The enzyme would have put in a base,  would check the base,   
+
+and that actually helped by an order of magnitude or two.   
+
+And some of these polymerases have a proofreading activity.   
+
+But then we also discussed the mismatch repair activity that would  
+
+later come along and detect mismatches.  You're absolutely right,   
+
+PCR is not as accurate as cells because it doesn't have that  
+
+mismatch repair activity.  So, when you take a PCR product,   
+
+if I were to clone, so if I were to take all the PCR product,   
+
+say, from my beta-globin gene,  so I'm going to take my test-tube,   
+
+I'm going to add my primers and everything, I'm going to PCR,   
+
+I'm going to PCR, and then I'm going to get a lot of copies of  
+
+beta-globin.  If I were to take that beta-globin and just directly  
+
+sequence the DNA in the test-tube.  Here's my pieces of beta-globin.   
+
+I can now sequence it by adding a primer and doing my fluorescent  
+
+sequencing and running it on a sequencer and all that.   
+
+Sorry, going the other way.  I'll run a sequencing reaction.   
+
+I could actually do it, and what I do it on is the whole population of  
+
+a million or a billion molecules.  If any one of them is wrong it's  
+
+going to be swamped out by others,  OK?  Because I could do my  
+
+sequencing reaction on the whole PCR product.   
+
+And random mistakes in one molecule or the other will still be a tiny  
+
+minority of the votes at any given base, right?  But suppose I were to  
+
+take my PCR product,  all these amplified molecules here,   
+
+and suppose I were to clone them individually and I were to sequence  
+
+each of those individual clones instead of sequencing a,   
+
+a mixture of all the products.  I would, in fact,   
+
+see a higher mutation rate.  And you're absolutely right.   
+
+When people clone PCR products they have to check them afterwards and  
+
+throw out the ones that are wrong,  OK?  Absolutely right.  Good, good,   
+
+good.  So, you guys are, you know,  right on top of the important issues  
+
+about, about DNA.  So, so I can, I can take a gene and  
+
+I can re-sequence it.  I can also do things like take  
+
+blood and look for the presence of a virus.   
+
+So, I could re-sequence beta-globin and study people and see who's got  
+
+sickle cell anemia and all that.  I could take blood and I might want  
+
+to say do I see the HIV virus present in someone's blood?   
+
+For example, HIV testing can be done by making PCR primers for the  
+
+sequence of the HIV virus.  It has a genome.   
+
+Taking a human's blood sample and PCR-ing it.  If you get a positive  
+
+PCR product, a PCR product that is made by these two primers and if,   
+
+for example, you checked that it,  that it gives you the HIV sequence  
+
+then you know that that blood sample has, that person has the HIV virus.   
+
+This is a way to do this.  The PCR reaction itself is fast.   
+
+Typically takes hours.  In fact, can be forced to go much  
+
+more quickly by machines that rapidly thermocycle.   
+
+And you can actually PCR in five minutes, although people don't do it  
+
+very often, but if you put a thin glass capillary and go heat,   
+
+cold, heat, cold very, very quickly,  there's a machine from Idaho  
+
+Technologies that can do it in five minutes, but it's usually not the  
+
+trouble.  And you just put it in and,  you know, in a couple hours you'll  
+
+get an answer there as to whether or not somebody has HIV,   
+
+for example.  So, you can do that to detect relatively low  
+
+quantities of virus.  How low can you go?   
+
+Well, it turns out,  what's the limit?  What's the  
+
+smallest number of molecules you might be able to detect in a sample?   
+
+Theoretically.  One.  You can't fewer than one molecule,   
+
+right?  So, one might be the limit.  So, how could I arrange to have a  
+
+single molecule in a test-tube?  I would like to have a test-tube  
+
+that has exactly one copy of the beta-globin gene.   
+
+What, how's the best,  what's the best way to get exactly  
+
+one copy of beta-globin and put it in the test-tube?   
+
+Sorry?  You can't.  Why?  Just one molecule.   
+
+I want to get exactly one copy of beta-globin.  I could,   
+
+I could just take total DNA and dilute it so, on average,   
+
+there's only one copy.  Or,  actually, is there any way to,   
+
+I mean can I, I'd just like to buy a package that contains exactly  
+
+one beta-globin.  Sorry?  Bind it to something big.   
+
+Let's think biologically.  Does biology package up a single copy of  
+
+beta-globin?  Sorry?  Gametes.  How about a sperm?   
+
+Let's grab a sperm by its tail here,  put it in the test-tube.   
+
+It's one copy of beta-globin.  So, you can actually take cell  
+
+sorters and have it cell sort sperm into individual test-tubes.   
+
+You now know there's one copy of beta-globin.   
+
+Heat it up, it will crack open the sperm, add your primers,   
+
+you can amplify beta-globin,  it's a single copy.  That proves its  
+
+extraordinary sensitivity.  You can do it with a single sperm.   
+
+You can do it with a single egg also, but harder to come by.   
+
+So, with that level of sensitivity,  you could do the following.  So,   
+
+single sperm typing.  Now, single sperm typing is cool but  
+
+sort of useless.  What are you going to do with it,   
+
+right?  But here's another thing you could do.  Embryo typing.   
+
+Suppose someone has a genetic disease in their family,   
+
+maybe it's Huntington's disease.  And suppose that the individual with  
+
+Huntington's disease wants to have kids.  Or the individual,   
+
+sorry, the individual who is at risk for Huntington's disease or breast  
+
+cancer or whatever wants to have kids.   
+
+What you can do is with an in vitro fertilization clinic you're able to  
+
+obtain eggs, fertilize eggs in vitro,  and grow them up in a Petri plate to  
+
+8 or 16 cell stage before re-implanting embryos  
+
+back in the mother.  Wouldn't it be cool if we could  
+
+choose to only re-implant an embryo that did not have the genetic  
+
+disease?  How are we going to do that?  PCR.  How are we,   
+
+so what do we do?  We take the embryo.   
+
+We make DNA from the embryo.  We do PCR and we say, ah-ha, this  
+
+embryo did not have the genetic disease.  Problem is it has killed  
+
+the, the cells there,  right, it killed the embryo.   
+
+Any ideas?  Pull off one cell.  Remove a single cell.  It turns out  
+
+that at stage the cells are not differentiated.   
+
+If I remove one cell from an embryo at that very early stage,   
+
+the other cells with make a perfectly happy, healthy baby.   
+
+That cell is not necessary.  This single cell sensitivity is  
+
+very valuable because I can actually do single cell genotyping on in  
+
+vitro fertilized embryos and be able offer parents a chance,   
+
+the opportunity to re-implant only those embryos that do not have the  
+
+genetic defect.  That's cool.  That's really cool.   
+
+There are other things you might be able to do.  If you're treating a  
+
+patient with cancer,  a patient, a cancer patient and  
+
+you've given chemotherapy you want to know have I managed to eradicate  
+
+the cancer cells?  And six months later have any of the  
+
+cancer cells come back?  I could look for very low  
+
+quantities of cancer cells.  I can, I can do surveillance for  
+
+low quantities of cancer cells following chemotherapy.   
+
+And, of course,  I can also do forensics.   
+
+I could take a small sample of blood from the scene of a crime or  
+
+saliva from the back of an envelope that someone has licked,   
+
+and I could do PCR and look for genetic variations that distinguish  
+
+people.  And, presumably,  you see all that stuff on television  
+
+all the time.  So, that's what PCR is good for.   
+
+It's good.  All right.  Last topic,  very brief topic, but I do want to  
+
+mention.  This was being able to analyze a gene directed mutagenesis.   
+
+And I won't go through the details of all this, but I just want to at  
+
+least basically describe the concept.   
+
+I could take any piece of DNA,  say from a drosophila, and I can  
+
+mutate the DNA in vitro.  I can change this base from a G to  
+
+a C.  There's a right,  there's a proper protocol and  
+
+cooking trick for doing that.  It involves putting a certain oligo  
+
+over it and extending,  and it doesn't matter exactly how.   
+
+I could insert an extra gene into that.  I could use a little  
+
+restriction enzyme to open it up and stuff something in.   
+
+I could delete something from this.  Maybe I'll use a restriction enzyme  
+
+to cut it open,  et cetera.  Basically I could,   
+
+I can fuse genes together.  I can do whatever kind of construction of  
+
+pieces of DNA and modifications of pieces of DNA that I would  
+
+like to do in vitro.  I can then take that mutated gene,   
+
+let's say the gene is an enzyme,  encodes an enzyme,   
+
+and the enzyme has an active site.  I could change the code for the  
+
+amino acid right at the active site to see if that amino acid really  
+
+matters or not.  I can do any of those things.   
+
+And I can put this back in an organism.  Remember that you,   
+
+I said you could transform DNA back into bacteria?   
+
+Well, you can also do such things as simply inject DNA into  
+
+a fertilized egg.  In fact, at the stage where there's  
+
+a male and a female pronucleus that haven't fused yet right after  
+
+fertilization.  You can take your little pipette  
+
+and a needle and you can inject some of the DNA you want into the male  
+
+pronucleus, and then when the male pronucleus and the female pronucleus  
+
+fuse and the embryo grows it will have your DNA.   
+
+You can make mice that carry whatever gene you've modified like  
+
+this.  You can also not,  you, you can also not just modify a  
+
+piece of DNA and add,  this is gene addition,   
+
+you can also do gene subtraction.  You can do gene subtraction and,   
+
+again, I won't worry about the details here, by taking  
+
+embryonic stem cells.  Much in the news these days,   
+
+and we may come back to them.  And in vitro, working with  
+
+embryonic stem cells,  to transform a piece of DNA that has  
+
+been arranged to recombine into the gene of interest and know it out.   
+
+So, if you build, if you build a piece of DNA in vitro and you put it  
+
+into a whole bunch of embryonic stem cells you can select,   
+
+by various cleaver techniques,  for those embryonic stem cells that  
+
+have taken up your gene.  And not just taken it up but slammed  
+
+it into the normal locus in place of the normal locus.   
+
+And that way you can knock out a gene.  You can do gene knockout.   
+
+So, the basic point of this now,  to summarize these many lectures is  
+
+we're now at the point where this picture that we saw at the,   
+
+at the beginning, function, gene,  protein, that we understood now  
+
+first as a methodology, genetics,  biochemistry.   
+
+And then we understood how genes encode proteins through molecular  
+
+biology.  These tools of recombinant DNA allow us to move  
+
+in any direction.  You want to find the gene underlying  
+
+a function, find the gene for Huntington's disease?   
+
+We could do it.  Clone it based solely on its linkage.   
+
+You want to find the gene encoding a protein?  If I know its amino acid  
+
+sequence, I can find the DNA sequence that corresponds it.   
+
+If I want to find what a certain protein does, its function,   
+
+I could get the gene for that protein.  I could knock out the gene  
+
+for that protein and see what its function is.   
+
+Suddenly, for the mathematicians amongst the group,   
+
+this becomes a commutative diagram,  which you can chase around in any  
+
+direction.  That is,  in a sense, what the 20th century  
+
+was about, was intellectually these two disciplines merging through  
+
+molecular biology and then recombinant DNA giving you all the  
+
+tools that if you're sitting at any place in this triangle you can move  
+
+this way and that way,  from a gene to a protein,   
+
+from a protein to a gene, from a function to a gene, from a  
+
+function to a protein.  Much of the rest of the course we'll  
+
+talk about how you use these tools,  but this brings to a close this  
+
+first chunk of the course about the concepts and the methodologies of  
+
+molecular biology.  Now, if you hang on one more minute,   
+
+this is my last lecture for a while.  I won't be, we're having an exam on,   
+
+we have a quiz on Monday,  and then Bob's taking over again.   
+
+So, I won't see you for the next week or so.  So, two things.   
+
+One, I won't see you before the World Series is over so everyone  
+
+please think good thoughts about the Red Sox.  Number two,   
+
+I will not see you before the election.  Vote.   
+
+It's your choice who you vote for,  but vote.  Good-bye.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TgrNa_Guigs.txt b/TgrNa_Guigs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a45d08ce1cb045430126f550c152a1969b7f43a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TgrNa_Guigs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we can probably get started so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can probably get started so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we can probably get started so
+good afternoon and today we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon and today we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon and today we are going to
+start talking about the final lab that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the final lab that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the final lab that
+we are going to talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to talk about in the
+lecture and the final lab that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and the final lab that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and the final lab that you
+haven't heard about yet for the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard about yet for the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard about yet for the course
+which is the catalase lab and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the catalase lab and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the catalase lab and some of
+you guys started that yesterday and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys started that yesterday and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys started that yesterday and some
+of you will start it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will start it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will start it today
+and then the rest of you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the rest of you will have to
+wait a little bit but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little bit but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a little bit but um
+the catalase lab is our biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalase lab is our biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalase lab is our biochemistry
+type lab that we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type lab that we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type lab that we're doing
+in 5310 and catalase is an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5310 and catalase is an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 5310 and catalase is an enzyme
+if you couldn't tell by the name a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you couldn't tell by the name a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you couldn't tell by the name a lot
+of enzyme names you guys are familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzyme names you guys are familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enzyme names you guys are familiar
+from your biology classes end in ace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your biology classes end in ace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your biology classes end in ace
+so catalase is an enzyme and enzymes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so catalase is an enzyme and enzymes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so catalase is an enzyme and enzymes are
+proteins just as a review of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins just as a review of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins just as a review of your
+general bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general bio
+that carry out specific chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carry out specific chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that carry out specific chemical
+reactions and they're produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and they're produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and they're produced by
+different living organisms they work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different living organisms they work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different living organisms they work in
+the cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells to
+do a very wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very wide range of
+chemistry and there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and there are many different
+graphical representations weird pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representations weird pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical representations weird pictures
+that you can find on the internet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find on the internet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can find on the internet that
+try to depict what an enzyme actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to depict what an enzyme actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to depict what an enzyme actually
+does in cartoon form and so here are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in cartoon form and so here are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in cartoon form and so here are a
+couple examples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple examples of that
+so you have your enzyme and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have your enzyme and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have your enzyme and then you
+have what's called your substrate and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what's called your substrate and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what's called your substrate and so
+that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the
+thing that the enzyme is doing chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the enzyme is doing chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the enzyme is doing chemistry
+on the substrate comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the substrate comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the substrate comes in
+it interacts with your enzyme to form an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with your enzyme to form an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it interacts with your enzyme to form an
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+substrate complex then the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate complex then the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate complex then the chemistry
+happens and then the enzyme releases the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then the enzyme releases the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and then the enzyme releases the
+products so sometimes the products will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so sometimes the products will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products so sometimes the products will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+rearranging the substrate sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the substrate sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging the substrate sometimes
+it'll be taking two substrates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be taking two substrates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be taking two substrates and
+joining them together and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining them together and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining them together and sometimes
+it'll be taking one substrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be taking one substrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be taking one substrate and
+breaking it apart so there's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it apart so there's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it apart so there's a bunch of
+different reactions that can happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions that can happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions that can happen in
+different enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different enzymes
+um similar thing if you want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar thing if you want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um similar thing if you want to look at
+your enzyme as a little pac-man kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your enzyme as a little pac-man kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your enzyme as a little pac-man kind of
+guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy
+you form the enzyme substrate conflicts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form the enzyme substrate conflicts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form the enzyme substrate conflicts
+you reform your products and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reform your products and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reform your products and then they
+break apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart
+so that's the general idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the general idea of how
+enzymes works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes works
+in a very quick nutshell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very quick nutshell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very quick nutshell
+so our specific enzyme is catalase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our specific enzyme is catalase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our specific enzyme is catalase and
+here are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are a couple of
+pictures of catalase or artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of catalase or artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of catalase or artist
+renditions of catalase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renditions of catalase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renditions of catalase
+so this is a space filling model of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a space filling model of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a space filling model of what
+it would look like if all of the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like if all of the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like if all of the atoms
+were kind of 3d balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of 3d balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were kind of 3d balls
+so you can see it has four different sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it has four different sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it has four different sub
+domains here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains here and then
+these darker parts in the middle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these darker parts in the middle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these darker parts in the middle with
+the little green dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little green dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little green dot
+those are your heme centers so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your heme centers so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your heme centers so these are
+iron molecules and that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron molecules and that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron molecules and that's where the
+chemistry happens so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry happens so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry happens so these are the
+active sites of the catalase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites of the catalase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active sites of the catalase
+and you can also you may have seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also you may have seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also you may have seen in
+other courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other courses
+proteins represented like this which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins represented like this which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins represented like this which has
+a little bit more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more of the
+features of their secondary and tertiary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of their secondary and tertiary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of their secondary and tertiary
+structure so you can see the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so you can see the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so you can see the alpha
+helices and beta sheets and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helices and beta sheets and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helices and beta sheets and we're going
+to talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk more about
+the structure of the active site and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the active site and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the active site and how
+the chemistry happens and what all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry happens and what all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chemistry happens and what all of
+those squiggles mean next week when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squiggles mean next week when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those squiggles mean next week when we
+talk about catalase on your subdomain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about catalase on your subdomain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about catalase on your subdomain or
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+yes oh wait each sub domain has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh wait each sub domain has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh wait each sub domain has one
+active site so it has one heme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site so it has one heme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active site so it has one heme
+in each of the four parts and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the four parts and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of the four parts and we'll talk
+more about that next week when we go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that next week when we go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about that next week when we go a
+little bit deeper into the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deeper into the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deeper into the structure of
+catalase and how it works and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase and how it works and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase and how it works and then the
+other important thing you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important thing you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other important thing you need to know
+about catalase is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about catalase is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about catalase is so
+it's a large molecule proteins generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large molecule proteins generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a large molecule proteins generally
+are they're polypeptides lots lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're polypeptides lots lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they're polypeptides lots lots of
+amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids
+and so its weight is 240 kilodaltons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so its weight is 240 kilodaltons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so its weight is 240 kilodaltons
+and a kilodalton is a thousand mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a kilodalton is a thousand mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a kilodalton is a thousand mass
+units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units
+so it's 240 000 grams per mole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 240 000 grams per mole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's 240 000 grams per mole and
+you'll need that for some calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need that for some calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need that for some calculations
+that you'll do in the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll do in the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll do in the second half of the
+lab and we'll go over that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and we'll go over that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and we'll go over that again
+in the next lecture but to give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture but to give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture but to give you an
+idea of the size of that thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the size of that thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the size of that thing in the
+molar mass it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar mass it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molar mass it is
+very large why do we need catalase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large why do we need catalase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large why do we need catalase
+so there are many redox reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many redox reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are many redox reactions that
+are happening in your body where you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening in your body where you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are happening in your body where you do
+electron transfer reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transfer reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron transfer reactions
+and you oxidize or reduce different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you oxidize or reduce different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you oxidize or reduce different
+things in your metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in your metabolism
+and so electrons are transferred around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so electrons are transferred around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so electrons are transferred around
+cells you may have heard of the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you may have heard of the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you may have heard of the molecule
+nadph or nadh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph or nadh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nadph or nadh those
+transfer electrons between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer electrons between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer electrons between different
+molecules in your cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in your cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in your cells
+and help with metabolism and while these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help with metabolism and while these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help with metabolism and while these
+electrons are being transferred around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are being transferred around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are being transferred around
+you also know that we breathe oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know that we breathe oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also know that we breathe oxygen and
+we need oxygen to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need oxygen to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need oxygen to do
+to perform many of our life processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform many of our life processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform many of our life processes
+you have a lot of oxygen in your body as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of oxygen in your body as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a lot of oxygen in your body as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+and during a lot of these metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during a lot of these metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during a lot of these metabolic
+processes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can
+get electrons that are transferred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get electrons that are transferred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get electrons that are transferred to
+oxygen so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so if we have
+our oxygen and it gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our oxygen and it gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our oxygen and it gains
+an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have what is called superoxide so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have what is called superoxide so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have what is called superoxide so now
+this has a negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a negative charge
+and an unpaired electron and so it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unpaired electron and so it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an unpaired electron and so it is a
+superoxide radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superoxide radical
+and what do we know about radicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we know about radicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we know about radicals
+they would like to be stable so they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to be stable so they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would like to be stable so they are
+not stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stable
+because they have this unpaired electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have this unpaired electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have this unpaired electron
+so they will either give up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they will either give up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they will either give up this
+electron or try to take an electron from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or try to take an electron from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or try to take an electron from
+something else in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else in order to
+have their electron be unpaired or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their electron be unpaired or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their electron be unpaired or not
+be unpaired anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unpaired anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be unpaired anymore
+so these are very reactive in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are very reactive in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are very reactive in the body
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+there this is actually a problem and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is actually a problem and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this is actually a problem and we
+don't want this in our cells because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this in our cells because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want this in our cells because it
+is so reactive so there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so reactive so there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so reactive so there is another
+enzyme called superoxide dismutase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called superoxide dismutase that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme called superoxide dismutase that
+breaks this apart into elemental oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks this apart into elemental oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks this apart into elemental oxygen
+and all the enough hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the enough hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the enough hydrogen peroxide
+but it turns out that hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that hydrogen peroxide
+in high enough concentrations is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high enough concentrations is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in high enough concentrations is also
+toxic to your cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic to your cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxic to your cells
+and hydrogen peroxide can form hydroxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen peroxide can form hydroxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydrogen peroxide can form hydroxy
+react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+radicals which are also very damaging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals which are also very damaging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals which are also very damaging to
+your cells there's a couple reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells there's a couple reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cells there's a couple reactions
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+hydrogen peroxide can do in the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide can do in the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide can do in the body
+so the first is if you have hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first is if you have hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first is if you have hydrogen
+peroxide and then you have some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and then you have some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and then you have some of this
+superoxide around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a radical anion there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a radical anion there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a radical anion there
+you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops oxygen
+hydroxide ions which are okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide ions which are okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxide ions which are okay and
+then hydroxy radicals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hydroxy radicals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then hydroxy radicals
+so then you form more radicals and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you form more radicals and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you form more radicals and those
+can go and damage your dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and damage your dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go and damage your dna
+your proteins the different fatty acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proteins the different fatty acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proteins the different fatty acids
+in your body and cause all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your body and cause all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your body and cause all kinds of
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+another thing that can happen is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that can happen is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that can happen is if
+there's just hydrogen peroxide around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just hydrogen peroxide around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just hydrogen peroxide around
+and it picks up an electron it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it picks up an electron it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it picks up an electron it can
+form water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form water and
+another hydroxyl radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are the reactions that we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the reactions that we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the reactions that we do
+not want to happen in our body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to happen in our body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to happen in our body
+because it forms these just it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it forms these just it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it forms these just it keeps
+propagating and then when radicals react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating and then when radicals react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating and then when radicals react
+with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other
+electro or other things that have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro or other things that have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro or other things that have all
+paired electrons it generates more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired electrons it generates more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired electrons it generates more
+radicals and you propagate the radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals and you propagate the radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radicals and you propagate the radical
+formation throughout your cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation throughout your cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation throughout your cell and
+causes a lot of damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of damage
+so we need a way to get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need a way to get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need a way to get rid of the
+hydrogen peroxide in our body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide in our body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide in our body and
+that is what catalase is for and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what catalase is for and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what catalase is for and all
+organisms have catalase you can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have catalase you can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms have catalase you can extract
+it out of humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of humans
+all types of mammals even plants have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all types of mammals even plants have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all types of mammals even plants have it
+cells do not want hydrogen peroxide in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do not want hydrogen peroxide in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells do not want hydrogen peroxide in
+them so there are different forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so there are different forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so there are different forms of
+catalase that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase that you can
+get from any organism bacteria all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from any organism bacteria all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from any organism bacteria all
+things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things the
+catalyst that we're going to be using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst that we're going to be using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst that we're going to be using in
+the lab was extracted from cows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab was extracted from cows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab was extracted from cows
+so just a fun fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and when we're talking about enzymes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we're talking about enzymes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we're talking about enzymes the
+reason that enzymes are so good and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that enzymes are so good and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that enzymes are so good and so
+efficient at their jobs is because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient at their jobs is because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient at their jobs is because they
+catalyze chemical reactions and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze chemical reactions and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze chemical reactions and a lot of
+you are chemical engineers so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are chemical engineers so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are chemical engineers so you
+probably know all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know all
+about catalysis so what does it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about catalysis so what does it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about catalysis so what does it mean for
+something to be a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone want to give me a quick catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to give me a quick catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone want to give me a quick catalyst
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+yeah it speeds up a chemical reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it speeds up a chemical reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it speeds up a chemical reaction
+and it's not used up during the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not used up during the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not used up during the process
+so if we look at our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy reaction diagram if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy reaction diagram if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy reaction diagram if you have
+energy on this side and then reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on this side and then reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy on this side and then reaction
+progress on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on this
+axis you can say that you have reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you can say that you have reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis you can say that you have reactants
+that are starting at a certain energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are starting at a certain energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are starting at a certain energy
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+and then you have some energy that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have some energy that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have some energy that you
+have to put into the reaction to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put into the reaction to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to put into the reaction to get it
+to go and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and then
+in a lot of cases if your reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of cases if your reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of cases if your reaction is
+exothermic your products may be at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic your products may be at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic your products may be at a
+lower energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy level
+so it'll release energy overall but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll release energy overall but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll release energy overall but in
+order to get the reaction to go you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the reaction to go you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get the reaction to go you have
+to put energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put energy in
+so this part of the curve is our delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part of the curve is our delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this part of the curve is our delta h
+of our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our reaction
+so that would be the energy released if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be the energy released if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that would be the energy released if
+it's exothermic which in this case this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exothermic which in this case this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exothermic which in this case this
+reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is
+and but no matter what you need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but no matter what you need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but no matter what you need to put
+in some energy to get the reaction to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some energy to get the reaction to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some energy to get the reaction to go
+and this is called the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+occasionally abbreviated e sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally abbreviated e sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally abbreviated e sub a
+so this is what we care about when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we care about when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what we care about when we're
+talking about reaction kinetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reaction kinetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about reaction kinetics and
+what a catalyst does so a catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a catalyst does so a catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a catalyst does so a catalyst
+functions and it makes the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and it makes the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and it makes the reaction
+faster by lowering this energy barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster by lowering this energy barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster by lowering this energy barrier
+so if this is if the yellow line is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is if the yellow line is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this is if the yellow line is the
+reaction without a catalyst then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction without a catalyst then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction without a catalyst then
+with a catalyst it will be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a catalyst it will be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a catalyst it will be smaller
+and the products in the reactants will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the products in the reactants will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the products in the reactants will
+have the same total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same total energy
+but the energy you need to put into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the energy you need to put into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the energy you need to put into the
+reaction to go is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to go is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to go is going to be
+less and so the reaction can go faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and so the reaction can go faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and so the reaction can go faster
+and it can go up milder conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can go up milder conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can go up milder conditions
+and we can talk about how enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about how enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can talk about how enzymes
+work to lower this activation energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to lower this activation energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to lower this activation energy so
+does anybody know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know how
+what methods enzymes use to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what methods enzymes use to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what methods enzymes use to lower the
+activation energy of a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah proximity so it gets the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah proximity so it gets the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah proximity so it gets the reactants
+close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have your reactants in a beaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have your reactants in a beaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have your reactants in a beaker
+and they're all floating around they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all floating around they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're all floating around they
+have to find each other before they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find each other before they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to find each other before they can
+react and so if you have an enzyme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and so if you have an enzyme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and so if you have an enzyme that
+has a specifically designed active site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a specifically designed active site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a specifically designed active site
+to hold these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold these two
+molecules close together then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules close together then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules close together then they will
+react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react
+what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else
+yeah it can stabilize the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can stabilize the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it can stabilize the transition
+state um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state um
+and how does it do that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so it bonds to the substrate and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it bonds to the substrate and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so it bonds to the substrate and it
+can have either electrostatic or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have either electrostatic or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have either electrostatic or even
+sometimes covalent interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes covalent interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes covalent interactions
+and it stabilizes the transition state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stabilizes the transition state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it stabilizes the transition state
+and part of the way that it does that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the way that it does that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the way that it does that is
+it holds the molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds the molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it holds the molecules in
+the right orientation for them to react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right orientation for them to react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right orientation for them to react
+so even if you have two molecules if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you have two molecules if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you have two molecules if
+they're supposed to interact like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to interact like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're supposed to interact like this
+to react and they're in a beaker and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react and they're in a beaker and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react and they're in a beaker and
+they hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hit
+on this side or upside down there still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side or upside down there still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side or upside down there still
+the reaction will not happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction will not happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction will not happen
+so we can stabilize transition states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your transition states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transition states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your transition states
+and put molecules in the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put molecules in the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put molecules in the correct
+orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything else there's one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else there's one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else there's one more thing
+that they can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what's your idea if they raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's your idea if they raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's your idea if they raise the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+like it'll increase like collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'll increase like collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it'll increase like collisions
+which could increase so increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could increase so increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could increase so increasing the
+temperature of a reaction we'll get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of a reaction we'll get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of a reaction we'll get it
+to go faster right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go faster right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go faster right
+but that's just because then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just because then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just because then you will
+have more molecules that have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more molecules that have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more molecules that have the
+necessary activation energy so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary activation energy so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary activation energy so you're
+not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily
+lowering the activation energy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the activation energy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowering the activation energy that the
+reaction needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction needs
+but the last thing that they can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last thing that they can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last thing that they can do is
+they can provide alternate reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can provide alternate reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can provide alternate reaction
+pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sometimes you may think that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you may think that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes you may think that your
+this will just be a one-step reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will just be a one-step reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will just be a one-step reaction
+if you add an enzyme occasionally it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add an enzyme occasionally it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add an enzyme occasionally it'll
+look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this
+it might provide an extra intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might provide an extra intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might provide an extra intermediate
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+that helps to lower the overall energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps to lower the overall energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps to lower the overall energy
+and so that's another way that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's another way that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's another way that it can
+lower this overall activation energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this overall activation energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower this overall activation energy is
+by providing an alternate mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing an alternate mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing an alternate mechanism
+other than maybe just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than maybe just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than maybe just
+two molecules reacting together there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules reacting together there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two molecules reacting together there
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+a third intermediate that helps actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third intermediate that helps actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third intermediate that helps actually
+lower the overall energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the overall energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the overall energy
+so those are possible ways that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are possible ways that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are possible ways that the
+enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes
+can work to lower the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work to lower the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work to lower the activation energy
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+our goals for the catalase lab are well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goals for the catalase lab are well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our goals for the catalase lab are well
+there's a few goals that we have but our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few goals that we have but our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few goals that we have but our
+goals for days one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals for days one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals for days one and two
+are to determine the activation energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to determine the activation energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to determine the activation energy
+of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen
+the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
+as catalytic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as catalytic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as catalytic
+catalyzed by the catalase enzyme so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the catalase enzyme so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by the catalase enzyme so
+we're going to try and figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try and figure out what
+the activation energy is after it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy is after it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the activation energy is after it's
+already been catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been catalyzed
+and in order to do this we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do this we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order to do this we are going to
+need to first determine the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to first determine the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to first determine the order of the
+reaction with respect to hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with respect to hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with respect to hydrogen
+peroxide and be able to write a rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and be able to write a rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and be able to write a rate law
+that'll help us characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help us characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll help us characterize the
+kinetics so on day one of this lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics so on day one of this lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics so on day one of this lab
+you're going to do that first part and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that first part and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that first part and
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+figure out what the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the order of the
+reaction is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is and
+in order to have that make any sense we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have that make any sense we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to have that make any sense we
+need to talk about kinetics and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about kinetics and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to talk about kinetics and how we
+discuss kinetics in a chemical sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss kinetics in a chemical sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss kinetics in a chemical sense so
+kinetics deals with the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics deals with the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics deals with the speed of
+chemical reactions and if we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and if we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions and if we use
+everybody's favorite generic reaction a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's favorite generic reaction a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's favorite generic reaction a
+plus b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b
+goes to c plus d you can write the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c plus d you can write the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to c plus d you can write the rate
+of this reaction you can express it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this reaction you can express it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this reaction you can express it in a
+number of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways
+so the first way is to think of the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first way is to think of the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first way is to think of the rate
+of the reaction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reaction as the
+change in the products over to or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the products over to or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the products over to or the
+reactants over time so a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants over time so a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants over time so a and b
+and it has a negative sign because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a negative sign because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has a negative sign because you
+are losing the reactants hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are losing the reactants hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are losing the reactants hopefully
+they're going away as the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going away as the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going away as the reaction
+progresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progresses
+and it is equal to the rate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is equal to the rate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is equal to the rate of the
+appearance of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearance of c
+and the appearance of d so these do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the appearance of d so these do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the appearance of d so these do not
+have negative signs because you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative signs because you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative signs because you are
+making your product so that is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your product so that is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making your product so that is one way
+to express the rate of the reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express the rate of the reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express the rate of the reaction and
+when you do it this way you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it this way you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do it this way you need to
+account for the fact that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account for the fact that there are
+different molar ratios so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molar ratios so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different molar ratios so
+the reactants and the products will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants and the products will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactants and the products will
+disappear and form at different rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and form at different rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear and form at different rates
+depending on how many of them you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many of them you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how many of them you need
+in the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reaction
+so to account for that we multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to account for that we multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to account for that we multiply by
+the reciprocal of this coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of this coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal of this coefficient
+we can also write a generic rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also write a generic rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also write a generic rate law
+like this where your rate equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where your rate equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this where your rate equals
+your a rate constant which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your a rate constant which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your a rate constant which you can
+calculate and determine in lab and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and determine in lab and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate and determine in lab and is
+dependent on the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on the temperature
+times the concentration of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the concentration of your
+reactants raised to a power and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants raised to a power and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactants raised to a power and your
+concentration of your other reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of your other reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of your other reactants
+raised to a different power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can also write an integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also write an integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can also write an integrated
+rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which you may have seen before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may have seen before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you may have seen before so
+integrated rate laws deal with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate laws deal with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated rate laws deal with one
+reactant at a time and so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant at a time and so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant at a time and so if we look at
+a we could say we can write if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we could say we can write if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we could say we can write if there's
+only a we can write the rate of a equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a we can write the rate of a equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only a we can write the rate of a equals
+rate constant times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant times a
+or we can say that the rate is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can say that the rate is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can say that the rate is equal to
+the disappearance of a over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disappearance of a over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disappearance of a over time
+and you can take the derivative of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take the derivative of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take the derivative of this
+so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we
+move everything over rearrange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we integrate both sides of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we integrate both sides of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we integrate both sides of this
+if we integrate this side from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate this side from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we integrate this side from
+your initial concentration to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial concentration to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial concentration to your
+concentration at some temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at some temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at some temperature
+and this side from t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this side from t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this side from t equals zero
+to some time t then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some time t then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some time t then
+if you do that math out you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that math out you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do that math out you will get
+the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is your integrated rate law if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your integrated rate law if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your integrated rate law if
+your exponent here equals 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exponent here equals 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your exponent here equals 1.
+so obviously that'll change if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously that'll change if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obviously that'll change if you have
+different exponents here and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different exponents here and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different exponents here and then when
+you do your integration you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your integration you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your integration you will get
+different values but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different values but this
+is a way to relate the concentration at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to relate the concentration at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way to relate the concentration at
+your initial concentration to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial concentration to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your initial concentration to a
+concentration at final temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at final temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at final temperature
+or a final time so that's one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a final time so that's one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a final time so that's one thing that
+you've probably seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably seen before
+in some of your other chemistry classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can also talk about well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also talk about well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can also talk about well we'll
+talk about that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you may also have seen in some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also have seen in some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may also have seen in some of your
+other classes enzyme kinetics or heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes enzyme kinetics or heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes enzyme kinetics or heard
+of michaelis-menten kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of michaelis-menten kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of michaelis-menten kinetics
+and the michaelis-menten model of enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the michaelis-menten model of enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the michaelis-menten model of enzyme
+kinetics says that if you have an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics says that if you have an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics says that if you have an enzyme
+and you have a bunch of substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a bunch of substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a bunch of substrate
+the reaction the reaction can only go as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction the reaction can only go as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction the reaction can only go as
+fast as there is when there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as there is when there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as there is when there's only
+one substrate in each enzyme so if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one substrate in each enzyme so if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one substrate in each enzyme so if all
+of the active sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the active sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the active sites
+are full of substrate then that is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are full of substrate then that is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are full of substrate then that is as
+fast as the reaction can go and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as the reaction can go and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as the reaction can go and it will
+proceed at a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed at a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed at a steady state
+so you can make graphs of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make graphs of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make graphs of the reaction
+rate versus how much concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate versus how much concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate versus how much concentration of
+substrate you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate you have
+and you can get this michaelis-menten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get this michaelis-menten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get this michaelis-menten
+constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here
+which is a measure of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much the enzyme what its affinity is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the enzyme what its affinity is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the enzyme what its affinity is for
+the substrate essentially so does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate essentially so does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substrate essentially so does the
+enzyme need a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme need a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme need a whole
+bunch of substrate before it'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of substrate before it'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of substrate before it'll start
+going quickly or can it go quickly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going quickly or can it go quickly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going quickly or can it go quickly and
+efficiently with just a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently with just a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently with just a tiny
+concentration of substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of substrate
+so we're not going to worry so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to worry so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not going to worry so much
+about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um
+those parameters in for our lab right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters in for our lab right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those parameters in for our lab right
+now but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but
+this is something you may have seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something you may have seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something you may have seen and
+one of the assumptions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the assumptions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the assumptions of the
+michaelis-menten kinetics which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelis-menten kinetics which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+michaelis-menten kinetics which is
+actually kind of important to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of important to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of important to us
+is that you have your enzyme in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have your enzyme in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have your enzyme in your
+substrate they make the enzyme substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate they make the enzyme substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate they make the enzyme substrate
+complex and then they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and then they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and then they go
+to enzyme and product and they don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enzyme and product and they don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to enzyme and product and they don't go
+in the reverse reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reverse reaction
+so that's kind of important to us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of important to us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of important to us that
+if we are trying to measure the rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are trying to measure the rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are trying to measure the rates of
+our reactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our reactions that
+we don't have to contend with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to contend with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to contend with the
+reactions going being catalyzed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions going being catalyzed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions going being catalyzed in
+reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we can take a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we can take a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we can take a little
+bit of a closer look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a closer look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a closer look at
+the rate law for just a normal chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law for just a normal chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate law for just a normal chemical
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+and pretty much the most important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much the most important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pretty much the most important thing
+you want to know about this is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know about this is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know about this is that the
+units of the rate are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of the rate are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of the rate are always
+moles per liter per second so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second so whenever
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+trying to calculate a rate constant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate a rate constant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to calculate a rate constant you
+want your units to line up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your units to line up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want your units to line up
+so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if your rate if we want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your rate if we want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your rate if we want this
+in molarity per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in molarity per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in molarity per second
+if your rate equals let's say these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your rate equals let's say these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your rate equals let's say these are
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+equal to 1 just for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then what are our units over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m and m so what do the units of k have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and m so what do the units of k have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and m so what do the units of k have
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's how you can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you can figure out what
+the units of your rate constant are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of your rate constant are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units of your rate constant are
+because it always needs to multiply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it always needs to multiply with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it always needs to multiply with
+your concentrations and your k to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concentrations and your k to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your concentrations and your k to equal
+moles per liter per second and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second and that is
+going to be the units of our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the units of our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the units of our rate
+that we care about in our kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about in our kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about in our kinetic
+equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations
+the rate constant is different at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant is different at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate constant is different at
+different temperatures so if you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures so if you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures so if you change
+the temperature of the reaction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of the reaction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of the reaction then
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+rate constant will change and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant will change and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant will change and you'll
+have to re-measure that and x and y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to re-measure that and x and y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to re-measure that and x and y are
+values that need to be determined they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that need to be determined they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values that need to be determined they
+may be the same as little a and little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the same as little a and little b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be the same as little a and little b
+but not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not always
+so the kinetics of a reaction are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetics of a reaction are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the kinetics of a reaction are
+determined if it's a multi-step reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined if it's a multi-step reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined if it's a multi-step reaction
+if their reaction mechanism has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if their reaction mechanism has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if their reaction mechanism has more
+than one part in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one part in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one part in it
+they may not all be reflected in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not all be reflected in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may not all be reflected in this
+overall chemical equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall chemical equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall chemical equation
+you may not see them but the rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not see them but the rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may not see them but the rate is
+going to be dependent on your slowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dependent on your slowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be dependent on your slowest
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+and that slowest step is what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that slowest step is what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that slowest step is what is going
+to determine your rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine your rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to determine your rate law
+and it may not always match your overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may not always match your overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may not always match your overall
+reaction equation so be careful when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction equation so be careful when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction equation so be careful when you
+are determining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determining
+these things um you can't always just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things um you can't always just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things um you can't always just
+assume that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that it is
+from the little a and little b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how are we going to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are we going to determine the
+order for our reaction and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for our reaction and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for our reaction and this is what
+we're going to do on day one we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do on day one we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do on day one we will
+use our rate law expression to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our rate law expression to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use our rate law expression to determine
+the order of the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the reaction
+so you're going to according to our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to according to our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to according to our rate
+law here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law here
+if so the only reactant that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so the only reactant that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so the only reactant that we have in
+this case is hydrogen peroxide and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is hydrogen peroxide and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is hydrogen peroxide and we
+need to determine what its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to determine what its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to determine what its
+order is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we change the concentration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we change the concentration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we change the concentration of the
+peroxide we should change the rate yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we do a bunch of reactions with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do a bunch of reactions with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do a bunch of reactions with a
+bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different
+concentrations of peroxide we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of peroxide we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations of peroxide we can
+measure the rates and then use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the rates and then use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the rates and then use the
+relationship between those two things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between those two things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between those two things to
+figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out
+our concentration of or our order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concentration of or our order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our concentration of or our order of the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the way that you're going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you're going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you're going to do this
+in lab is you will have a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lab is you will have a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lab is you will have a series of
+solutions and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and these
+are your solutions you'll have a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your solutions you'll have a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are your solutions you'll have a stock
+hydrogen peroxide solution that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide solution that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide solution that you're
+going to make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make up
+it's going to be about 4 hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be about 4 hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be about 4 hydrogen
+peroxide you'll use a phosphate buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide you'll use a phosphate buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide you'll use a phosphate buffer
+why do we need to use a buffer for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need to use a buffer for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we need to use a buffer for this
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's a buffer i guess is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a buffer i guess is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a buffer i guess is the first
+question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah
+it helps in ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps in ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps in ph
+perfect so a buffer helps the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so a buffer helps the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect so a buffer helps the solution
+it prevents the solution from changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it prevents the solution from changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it prevents the solution from changing
+ph so you can make a buffer at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph so you can make a buffer at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph so you can make a buffer at a certain
+ph and then if acid or base gets added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph and then if acid or base gets added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph and then if acid or base gets added
+to it it resists the change in ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it resists the change in ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it it resists the change in ph
+it keeps the ph constant why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps the ph constant why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it keeps the ph constant why is that
+important for our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for our reaction
+denature is the enzyme yeah so enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature is the enzyme yeah so enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature is the enzyme yeah so enzymes
+are most functional at a set ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most functional at a set ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are most functional at a set ph
+so your ph of your body is around seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your ph of your body is around seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your ph of your body is around seven
+so we want to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to keep the
+ph of our reaction somewhere around our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph of our reaction somewhere around our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ph of our reaction somewhere around our
+physiological ph so our buffer is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological ph so our buffer is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological ph so our buffer is going
+to be set to ph 6.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be set to ph 6.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be set to ph 6.8
+which is going to help make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to help make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to help make sure that
+the enzyme is in its active state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme is in its active state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme is in its active state
+it is not denatured if you change the ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not denatured if you change the ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not denatured if you change the ph
+too much you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much you'll
+change the protonation state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the protonation state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the protonation state of the
+different parts of the pro of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the pro of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the pro of the
+protein and it can fall apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and it can fall apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and it can fall apart
+so we want to make sure that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to make sure that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to make sure that this is
+happening at the correct ph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the correct ph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening at the correct ph
+we'll add some enzyme and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add some enzyme and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll add some enzyme and then we will
+measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the
+rate of the reaction and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of the reaction and we're going to
+do that using this apparatus right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that using this apparatus right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that using this apparatus right here
+so you'll have one of these you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have one of these you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have one of these you'll have
+a water bath so that we can keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water bath so that we can keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a water bath so that we can keep the
+temperature constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature constant
+so you'll just fill this with room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll just fill this with room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll just fill this with room
+temperature water and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature water and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature water and then you can
+monitor the temperature throughout your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor the temperature throughout your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor the temperature throughout your
+reaction to make sure that it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to make sure that it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to make sure that it does not
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+and then this is your reaction vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is your reaction vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is your reaction vessel
+here your pressure tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here your pressure tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here your pressure tube
+so you will be putting all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will be putting all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you will be putting all of your
+solutions in here you will add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in here you will add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions in here you will add your
+peroxide and your buffer and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and your buffer and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide and your buffer and then you
+will put this cap on in this teflon cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put this cap on in this teflon cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put this cap on in this teflon cap
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it's important to note has an o-ring on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to note has an o-ring on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to note has an o-ring on
+the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom
+and so you want to make sure when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to make sure when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you want to make sure when you're
+doing this reaction that your o-ring is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this reaction that your o-ring is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this reaction that your o-ring is
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+so that'll make a good seal so you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll make a good seal so you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that'll make a good seal so you won't
+have your products escaping because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your products escaping because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your products escaping because our
+product is a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is a gas
+so you'll screw this on and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll screw this on and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll screw this on and then there's
+a hole in the top here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hole in the top here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hole in the top here
+you can inject your enzyme really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inject your enzyme really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inject your enzyme really fast
+you're going to be doing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be doing this in
+partners somebody can inject the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners somebody can inject the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners somebody can inject the enzyme
+really fast and then you want to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and then you want to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast and then you want to connect
+your pressure tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pressure tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pressure tube
+and this tube is connected to a pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tube is connected to a pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this tube is connected to a pressure
+sensor and this pressure sensor will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and this pressure sensor will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and this pressure sensor will be
+connected to your computer which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to your computer which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to your computer which is why
+you need to bring a laptop for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to bring a laptop for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to bring a laptop for the
+catalase lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalase lab
+and we will give you the logger pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will give you the logger pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will give you the logger pro
+software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+and it will send the data directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will send the data directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will send the data directly to
+your laptop and it'll plot it for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop and it'll plot it for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laptop and it'll plot it for you
+and you'll get a curve that hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a curve that hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get a curve that hopefully
+looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this
+and we will measure the pressure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will measure the pressure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will measure the pressure of
+oxygen formed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen formed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen formed in
+kilopascals over uh versus time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilopascals over uh versus time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilopascals over uh versus time in
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+and it'll graph this thing for you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll graph this thing for you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll graph this thing for you and
+the slope of the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of the graph
+is going to be your rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be your rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be your rate of
+kilopascals per second and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilopascals per second and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilopascals per second and we want to
+take the rate at this first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the rate at this first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the rate at this first part
+of the graph where it is linear and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph where it is linear and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph where it is linear and why
+do we want to take the rate at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to take the rate at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want to take the rate at the
+beginning of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of our
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the reaction rate is dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the reaction rate is dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the reaction rate is dependent
+on the amount of reactants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amount of reactants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amount of reactants and
+the so the rate of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the rate of this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so the rate of this reaction
+obviously changes over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously changes over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously changes over time
+and we set up our reactions so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we set up our reactions so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we set up our reactions so that we
+know the concentration of peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the concentration of peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the concentration of peroxide
+and the only time in this reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only time in this reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only time in this reaction that
+we're theoretically going to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're theoretically going to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're theoretically going to know the
+concentration of peroxide is at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of peroxide is at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of peroxide is at the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+before some of it has reacted and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some of it has reacted and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before some of it has reacted and the
+rate changes so we want to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate changes so we want to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate changes so we want to measure the
+initial rate so that we know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial rate so that we know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial rate so that we know our
+concentration and that we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that we get
+a we have a consistent place to take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have a consistent place to take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a we have a consistent place to take our
+data from on each measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once we have done all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have done all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have done all of these
+different reactions you'll do all four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions you'll do all four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different reactions you'll do all four
+of them all the same procedure in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them all the same procedure in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them all the same procedure in the
+same tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same tube
+you'll make five different graphs you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make five different graphs you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll make five different graphs you'll
+have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this
+then how do we analyze this data and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do we analyze this data and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how do we analyze this data and get
+information about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about
+the order out of it so here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order out of it so here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order out of it so here we're going
+to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to do
+a little bit of math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here are some of the steps of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some of the steps of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are some of the steps of the
+data analysis the first thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis the first thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis the first thing that
+you're going to have to do is calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do is calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to do is calculate
+the concentration of the peroxide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the peroxide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of the peroxide that
+you used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you used
+and we are going to give you 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to give you 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to give you 30
+hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um
+it's volume per volume so there's 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's volume per volume so there's 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's volume per volume so there's 30
+milliliters of h2o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 70 milliliters of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you remember that your molarity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember that your molarity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you remember that your molarity is
+your moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your moles of
+your solute over the total volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solute over the total volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solute over the total volume of the
+solution you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution you can
+turn this milliliters assuming a density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this milliliters assuming a density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn this milliliters assuming a density
+of about one into grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about one into grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about one into grams
+grams to moles and you can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams to moles and you can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams to moles and you can calculate the
+molarity of the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity of the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity of the solution
+you're then going to take this 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're then going to take this 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're then going to take this 30
+hydrogen peroxide that we give you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide that we give you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide that we give you and
+dilute it 13.3 milliliters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to 100 milliliters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 milliliters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 milliliters
+so then you can do another dilution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can do another dilution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can do another dilution
+equation to figure out your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to figure out your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to figure out your final
+concentration of your hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of your hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of your hydrogen peroxide
+that you're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be using
+in the lab so that's our first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab so that's our first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab so that's our first step
+and then i'm going to kind of rearrange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to kind of rearrange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to kind of rearrange
+a couple of these other steps just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of these other steps just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of these other steps just
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+it'll make this a little bit easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make this a little bit easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make this a little bit easier to
+to go through but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through but
+the first thing that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that we're going to do
+is the easy part which is get your rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easy part which is get your rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the easy part which is get your rate
+of oxygen formation in kilopascals per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen formation in kilopascals per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen formation in kilopascals per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+and that we're just going to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're just going to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we're just going to read
+straight from the slope of the graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from the slope of the graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight from the slope of the graph so
+that's pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty easy
+so we'll have our rate of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have our rate of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll have our rate of oxygen
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in kilopascals per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great so now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take a look at our rate law and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at our rate law and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at our rate law and we have
+our rate of oxygen formation but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rate of oxygen formation but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rate of oxygen formation but what's
+in our rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our rate law
+hydrogen peroxide so we need to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide so we need to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen peroxide so we need to find a
+way to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go from
+oxygen in kilopascals per second to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in kilopascals per second to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen in kilopascals per second to
+moles per liter per second of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second of hydrogen
+peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide
+so the first way that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first way that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first way that we're going to do
+that is to go from kilopascals per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to go from kilopascals per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to go from kilopascals per
+second here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here to
+molarity of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity of oxygen
+and we can do that using our gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that using our gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that using our gas
+constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant here
+so if you divide by the gas constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you divide by the gas constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you divide by the gas constant
+multiplied by 1 over 8.314
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over 8.314
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by 1 over 8.314
+moles meters times kilopascals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles meters times kilopascals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles meters times kilopascals
+we can cancel out our kilopascals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cancel out our kilopascals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cancel out our kilopascals and
+we'll have moles per liter which is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have moles per liter which is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have moles per liter which is good
+but then we still have this k which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we still have this k which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we still have this k which is
+our temperature in kelvin so we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our temperature in kelvin so we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our temperature in kelvin so we also
+have to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to divide by
+our temperature in kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this will get us our rate of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in moles per liter per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per liter per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per liter per second
+which is pretty good we're close but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty good we're close but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty good we're close but we
+still need to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still need to get from
+oxygen to hydrogen peroxide so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to hydrogen peroxide so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen to hydrogen peroxide so how can
+we get from oxygen to hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from oxygen to hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get from oxygen to hydrogen peroxide
+using this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this information
+it would be so it's the ratio is two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be so it's the ratio is two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be so it's the ratio is two to
+one right so there's two hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so there's two hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right so there's two hydrogen
+peroxides in this reaction for every one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxides in this reaction for every one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxides in this reaction for every one
+oxygen but this these coefficients are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but this these coefficients are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen but this these coefficients are
+in moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles
+and this is in moles per liter so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in moles per liter so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in moles per liter so we
+need to figure out how many moles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out how many moles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to figure out how many moles of
+oxygen we have before we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we have before we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen we have before we can use
+our stoichiometry ratio here so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stoichiometry ratio here so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stoichiometry ratio here so how
+we're going to figure out how many moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to figure out how many moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to figure out how many moles
+of oxygen we have we need to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen we have we need to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen we have we need to know what
+our volume of oxygen was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our volume of oxygen was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our volume of oxygen was
+and for that we can go to our pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we can go to our pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we can go to our pressure
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+so you'll have some of this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have some of this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll have some of this is going to
+be your solution down here so that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your solution down here so that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your solution down here so that'll be
+liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid
+and then we need to calculate the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to calculate the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to calculate the volume
+of the gas above our reaction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gas above our reaction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gas above our reaction which is
+where our oxygen is going to be formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our oxygen is going to be formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our oxygen is going to be formed
+so we'll need to know the volume of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll need to know the volume of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll need to know the volume of this
+and the volume of the pressure tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume of the pressure tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the volume of the pressure tube and
+the volume of the pressure tube's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the pressure tube's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of the pressure tube's
+already been measured and we'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been measured and we'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been measured and we'll give
+that to you and you guys are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to you and you guys are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to you and you guys are going to
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+in the lab what the volume of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab what the volume of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab what the volume of your
+reaction vessel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction vessel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction vessel is
+you're going to fill this thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to fill this thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to fill this thing with
+water weigh it then weigh it empty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water weigh it then weigh it empty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water weigh it then weigh it empty and
+then you can calculate by difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can calculate by difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can calculate by difference in
+the density of water what your volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of water what your volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of water what your volume
+of your whole tube is and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your whole tube is and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your whole tube is and then you know
+your reaction volume is 25 milliliters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction volume is 25 milliliters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reaction volume is 25 milliliters
+so you can subtract those and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can subtract those and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can subtract those and get the
+volume of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume of the gas
+so if we know these two together you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know these two together you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know these two together you'll
+get the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the volume of
+the gas above your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we have our rate of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have our rate of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have our rate of oxygen
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in moles per liter per second we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per liter per second we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per liter per second we can
+multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply that by
+our volume that we calculate so liters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our volume that we calculate so liters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our volume that we calculate so liters
+of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxygen
+and then we have our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in moles of oxygen per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles of oxygen per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles of oxygen per
+second and now we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and now we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and now we can use
+our stoichiometry because we have it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stoichiometry because we have it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our stoichiometry because we have it in
+moles so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles so we can
+take our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in moles per second and then we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per second and then we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per second and then we know
+that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is
+one mole of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mole of oxygen
+for two moles h2o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two moles h2o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two moles h2o2
+then we get our rate uh h2o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get our rate uh h2o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we get our rate uh h2o2
+in moles per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per second
+and what are the units of rate that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the units of rate that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the units of rate that we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moles per liter per second so we have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second so we have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second so we have it
+in moles per second we're so close then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per second we're so close then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in moles per second we're so close then
+we just need to divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just need to divide by
+the liters of our reaction which if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liters of our reaction which if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liters of our reaction which if you
+go back a couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back a couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back a couple of slides
+is 25 milliliters so all of our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 25 milliliters so all of our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 25 milliliters so all of our reaction
+volumes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes are
+25 milliliters so if you convert that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 milliliters so if you convert that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 milliliters so if you convert that to
+liters divide by 0.025 liters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we will have our rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will have our rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will have our rate in
+moles per liter per second which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moles per liter per second which is what
+we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this still doesn't get us to a but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this still doesn't get us to a but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this still doesn't get us to a but
+we can rearrange this equation by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rearrange this equation by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can rearrange this equation by taking
+the natural log of both sides so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of both sides so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of both sides so if you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+the natural log of the rate equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of the rate equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of the rate equals
+the natural log of k plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of k plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of k plus
+then the a comes down a times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the a comes down a times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the a comes down a times the
+natural log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log
+of your hydrogen peroxide concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we've just figured this out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've just figured this out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we've just figured this out from
+all of that math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that math
+we know this concentration and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this concentration and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this concentration and this is
+going to be our y-intercept so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our y-intercept so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our y-intercept so if we
+have y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y
+equals b plus m x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals b plus m x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals b plus m x
+if we make a graph of the hydrogen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make a graph of the hydrogen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make a graph of the hydrogen or
+the natural log of the peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of the peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of the peroxide
+concentration and the natural log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and the natural log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and the natural log of the
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+then our slope is going to be our order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our slope is going to be our order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our slope is going to be our order
+hopefully we haven't lost you so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we haven't lost you so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we haven't lost you so the way
+that you're going to treat all this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to treat all this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to treat all this data
+is you can instead of having to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can instead of having to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can instead of having to do this
+calculation out for every single trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation out for every single trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation out for every single trial
+you can make a giant spreadsheet and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a giant spreadsheet and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make a giant spreadsheet and in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lab manual it tells you what data we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab manual it tells you what data we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab manual it tells you what data we
+want you to collect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to collect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to collect and
+this is all of it here and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all of it here and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all of it here and then you can
+make a spreadsheet that does all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a spreadsheet that does all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a spreadsheet that does all of the
+calculations for you that gets you down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for you that gets you down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations for you that gets you down
+to the natural log of rate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the natural log of rate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the natural log of rate and the
+natural log of hydrogen peroxide so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of hydrogen peroxide so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of hydrogen peroxide so this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+an example of a pretty good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a pretty good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a pretty good way to
+present your data and i know it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present your data and i know it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present your data and i know it's kind
+of hard to see on the printed out slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to see on the printed out slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hard to see on the printed out slides
+but these will be on stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these will be on stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these will be on stellar
+if you want to look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look at them
+and then your graph will look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your graph will look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then your graph will look something
+like this and you'll have a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you'll have a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you'll have a straight
+line and so from that straight line you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so from that straight line you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and so from that straight line you
+can figure out what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what your
+order of your reaction is based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope
+so that was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once we have that done on day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have that done on day one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we have that done on day one
+then if you remember our second goal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you remember our second goal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you remember our second goal for
+the lab it was to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab it was to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lab it was to figure out the
+activation energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy of
+the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the way that we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way that we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way that we're going to do
+that is to use the arrhenius equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to use the arrhenius equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to use the arrhenius equation
+and that says that the rate constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that says that the rate constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that says that the rate constant is
+equal to a which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a which is this
+collision factor collision frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision factor collision frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision factor collision frequency
+factor times e to the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor times e to the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor times e to the negative
+activation energy over rt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy over rt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy over rt
+and if we remember the things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we remember the things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we remember the things that can
+change the rate so we can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate so we can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the rate so we can change the
+concentration and that'll affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that'll affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and that'll affect the
+rate and also the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and also the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and also the temperature
+so if we do our reaction at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do our reaction at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do our reaction at different
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+then we can determine our activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can determine our activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can determine our activation
+energy so what you're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what you're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so what you're going to do is
+you're going to pick one of the trials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pick one of the trials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to pick one of the trials
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+day one usually people pick the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one usually people pick the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day one usually people pick the middle
+one because this is easy it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because this is easy it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because this is easy it's just one
+milliliter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliliter
+one millimeter no decimals just easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one millimeter no decimals just easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one millimeter no decimals just easy to
+measure and it's right in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and it's right in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and it's right in the middle
+you'll pick one and you'll hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pick one and you'll hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll pick one and you'll hold the
+concentration of peroxide constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of peroxide constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of peroxide constant and
+then we will vary the temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will vary the temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we will vary the temperature so
+you'll do seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll do seven
+runs at varying temperatures so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at varying temperatures so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs at varying temperatures so you'll
+pick a temperature in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a temperature in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a temperature in each of these
+ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges
+and you will measure the rate again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will measure the rate again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will measure the rate again
+you'll get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get the same
+graph measure the rate of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph measure the rate of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph measure the rate of oxygen
+per second and then you'll have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and then you'll have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second and then you'll have you can
+do all of the same math to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to get your information in concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your information in concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your information in concentration
+of peroxide to go from oxygen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peroxide to go from oxygen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of peroxide to go from oxygen to
+peroxide that's what we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide that's what we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide that's what we care about
+the keys to success for this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys to success for this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the keys to success for this reaction
+are to wait for the peroxide and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to wait for the peroxide and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to wait for the peroxide and the
+buffer to reach the correct temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer to reach the correct temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer to reach the correct temperature
+before you add the enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you add the enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you add the enzymes
+so when you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have your
+reaction here in this tube you'll put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here in this tube you'll put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here in this tube you'll put it
+in your water bath and then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your water bath and then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your water bath and then you want to
+give it a few minutes to stir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a few minutes to stir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a few minutes to stir
+and come to equilibrium at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come to equilibrium at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come to equilibrium at the right
+temperature because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature because
+it'll all be at room temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll all be at room temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll all be at room temperature and
+then if you're trying to do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're trying to do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're trying to do your
+reaction at zero degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at zero degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at zero degrees
+or five degrees it won't actually your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five degrees it won't actually your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or five degrees it won't actually your
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+part won't actually be at five degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part won't actually be at five degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part won't actually be at five degrees
+even if your water bath is so give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your water bath is so give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if your water bath is so give it a
+few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes
+to equilibrate before you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrate before you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equilibrate before you take your
+measurements and before you inject your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and before you inject your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and before you inject your
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+another key to success is to start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key to success is to start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another key to success is to start at
+the hottest temperature and then add ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hottest temperature and then add ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hottest temperature and then add ice
+to cool it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cool it it's
+easier to control the cooling than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to control the cooling than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to control the cooling than it is
+to control the heating with these hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the heating with these hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the heating with these hot
+plates the hot plates tend to get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates the hot plates tend to get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates the hot plates tend to get really
+excited and then they'll heat your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and then they'll heat your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited and then they'll heat your
+solution up way above what it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution up way above what it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution up way above what it needs to
+and then it won't be able to cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it won't be able to cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it won't be able to cool
+so if you start at your hottest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start at your hottest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start at your hottest
+temperature and then add ice you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then add ice you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then add ice you'll be
+able to slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to slowly
+lower the temperature and do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the temperature and do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the temperature and do it in a
+more controlled fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more controlled fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more controlled fashion
+the other important thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other important thing about this
+reaction in for day one and day two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in for day one and day two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in for day one and day two
+and i'm sure your tas will emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sure your tas will emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm sure your tas will emphasize
+this when they tell you in lab and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they tell you in lab and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they tell you in lab and you
+guys have a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have a chance to
+have this in front of you but it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this in front of you but it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this in front of you but it is to
+do everything really quickly so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything really quickly so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do everything really quickly so the
+reaction starts as soon as you add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction starts as soon as you add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction starts as soon as you add the
+enzyme so you'll have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so you'll have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so you'll have your
+micropipette you'll stick it right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micropipette you'll stick it right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micropipette you'll stick it right in
+that hole add the enzyme really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hole add the enzyme really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hole add the enzyme really fast
+and then you want to attach your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to attach your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you want to attach your
+pressure tube and then hit go on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure tube and then hit go on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure tube and then hit go on your
+computer to start collecting the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to start collecting the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to start collecting the data
+and that all has to happen in like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all has to happen in like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all has to happen in like a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+so that you don't miss that beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you don't miss that beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you don't miss that beginning of
+your data collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so those are some important things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some important things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are some important things
+if we talk about the data analysis for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about the data analysis for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we talk about the data analysis for
+this reaction it's kind of similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction it's kind of similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction it's kind of similar to
+the other one so you'll calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so you'll calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so you'll calculate the
+concentration of peroxide you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of peroxide you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of peroxide you calculate
+the volume of air above your reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of air above your reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of air above your reaction
+you'll have the initial rate of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the initial rate of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have the initial rate of oxygen
+formation in kilopascals per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in kilopascals per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation in kilopascals per second
+and you can get the initial rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the initial rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the initial rate of
+oxygen formation in mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen formation in mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen formation in mole
+and molarity per second and moles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molarity per second and moles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molarity per second and moles per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+then you can change your rate of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can change your rate of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can change your rate of oxygen
+formation to the rate of peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to the rate of peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation to the rate of peroxide
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+same math and then using the rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same math and then using the rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same math and then using the rate law
+that you determined on day one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you determined on day one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you determined on day one you're
+going to calculate the rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to calculate the rate constant
+so if we have our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have our rate
+our general rate law we'll measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our general rate law we'll measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our general rate law we'll measure this
+in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lab
+or we'll calculate this i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will know this from day one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you'll plug in the value that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll plug in the value that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll plug in the value that you get
+from your first set of calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your first set of calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your first set of calculations
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+and then we measure this in the lab or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we measure this in the lab or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we measure this in the lab or
+we can calculate slash measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can calculate our rate constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can calculate our rate constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can calculate our rate constant
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+if you just rearrange this it'll be k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's not so bad and then in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not so bad and then in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not so bad and then in order
+to get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get our
+activation energy out of this we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy out of this we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy out of this we are
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+going to take the natural log of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think that i did that out correctly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nope no plus sign here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope no plus sign here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nope no plus sign here
+all right so this is your linear form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is your linear form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is your linear form of
+this equation so we have again y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so we have again y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation so we have again y
+equals b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals b
+m and x so if we do our reaction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and x so if we do our reaction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and x so if we do our reaction at
+different temperatures then we will know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures then we will know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperatures then we will know
+the temperature of our reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of our reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature of our reaction
+and then we will get k from our rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will get k from our rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we will get k from our rate
+constant from our rate law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant from our rate law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant from our rate law
+and you'll calculate that for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll calculate that for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll calculate that for each of
+your trials as well based on the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trials as well based on the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trials as well based on the rate
+and then our slope is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our slope is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our slope is going to be the
+activation energy over the ideal gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy over the ideal gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy over the ideal gas
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+so we can get the activation energy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get the activation energy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can get the activation energy from
+the slope of a graph of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of a graph of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of a graph of
+one over t times the natural log of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over t times the natural log of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over t times the natural log of k
+versus the natural log of k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the natural log of k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the natural log of k
+and then you can also get your collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also get your collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can also get your collision
+frequency factor this a term from your y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency factor this a term from your y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency factor this a term from your y
+intercept so you'll also be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept so you'll also be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept so you'll also be able to
+determine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that
+and then you'll use your alignus program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll use your alignus program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll use your alignus program
+to get the errors in all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the errors in all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the errors in all of these things
+and that is essentially day one and day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is essentially day one and day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is essentially day one and day
+two of the lab do you guys have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the lab do you guys have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the lab do you guys have any
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that
+there's a lot of math so again there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of math so again there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of math so again there's
+another data chart that you can make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data chart that you can make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another data chart that you can make for
+day two of the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two of the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day two of the lab
+that has all of the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has all of the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has all of the information that
+you're going to need for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need for these
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+and then this is hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this is hopefully
+something that your what your graph will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that your what your graph will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that your what your graph will
+look like it should be linear with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it should be linear with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like it should be linear with a
+negative slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative slope
+um and then the negative will get taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the negative will get taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the negative will get taken
+care of with that negative sign in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of with that negative sign in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of with that negative sign in the
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+this will be posted on stellar yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be posted on stellar yes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be posted on stellar yes yeah
+all of the slides will be posted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the slides will be posted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the slides will be posted on
+stellar so you can see it in a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar so you can see it in a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar so you can see it in a larger
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+because i know they didn't print out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know they didn't print out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know they didn't print out
+super well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we can take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can take a look at the
+reaction that you're going to do in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that you're going to do in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that you're going to do in a
+slightly different form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you may have seen this before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may have seen this before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may have seen this before but
+we're going to do it anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it anyway
+so hydrogen peroxide if it's sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen peroxide if it's sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen peroxide if it's sitting in
+a bottle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bottle in
+i mean you probably have you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you probably have you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you probably have you may have
+some at your house they sell it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at your house they sell it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some at your house they sell it in a
+drugstore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drugstore
+it's like three percent so it's not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like three percent so it's not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like three percent so it's not as
+concentrated as the stuff that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated as the stuff that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated as the stuff that we're
+going to be using in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using in the lab
+but nonetheless hydrogen peroxide it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless hydrogen peroxide it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless hydrogen peroxide it's a
+thing that you can buy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can buy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you can buy and
+um it naturally decomposes over time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it naturally decomposes over time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it naturally decomposes over time so
+this reaction is always happening if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is always happening if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction is always happening if you
+have a bottle of hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bottle of hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bottle of hydrogen peroxide
+usually the caps are vented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the caps are vented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the caps are vented
+because if you seal it for too long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you seal it for too long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you seal it for too long
+you'll build a pressure of oxygen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll build a pressure of oxygen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll build a pressure of oxygen and
+that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem
+the stuff that we have in the lab is 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we have in the lab is 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that we have in the lab is 30
+so that's definitely vented and we store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's definitely vented and we store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's definitely vented and we store
+it in the refrigerator so that we slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the refrigerator so that we slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the refrigerator so that we slow
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+this reaction and keep our product for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction and keep our product for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction and keep our product for
+longer so it is always happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so it is always happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer so it is always happening and
+you can speed it up in a number of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed it up in a number of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed it up in a number of ways
+so one of the ways is obviously using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ways is obviously using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the ways is obviously using
+enzymes catalase that'll speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes catalase that'll speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzymes catalase that'll speed up the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+but there are other catalysts that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other catalysts that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are other catalysts that you
+can use as well so have you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use as well so have you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use as well so have you guys
+seen the elephant toothpaste reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the elephant toothpaste reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the elephant toothpaste reaction
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+yes what is do you guys know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what is do you guys know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what is do you guys know what the
+catalyst is that we use for this i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst is that we use for this i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyst is that we use for this i mean
+there's a few that you can use but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few that you can use but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few that you can use but
+does anyone remember so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+react hydrogen peroxide with potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react hydrogen peroxide with potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react hydrogen peroxide with potassium
+iodide in this case and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide in this case and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide in this case and you can use
+there's a couple different ones like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple different ones like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple different ones like
+manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese
+dioxide i believe works you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide i believe works you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dioxide i believe works you can use
+different iodide salts but potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different iodide salts but potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different iodide salts but potassium
+iodide is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide is the one that
+i have today and we're going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have today and we're going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have today and we're going to do a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit of an experiment so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an experiment so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an experiment so we're going to
+use we said that concentration affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we said that concentration affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use we said that concentration affects
+rate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right
+so we will try our first reaction with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will try our first reaction with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will try our first reaction with
+some hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hydrogen peroxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hydrogen peroxide
+and i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pour out about 10 milliliters of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour out about 10 milliliters of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pour out about 10 milliliters of this
+and then dilute it so that our constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then dilute it so that our constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then dilute it so that our constant
+our new concentration is about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new concentration is about seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new concentration is about seven
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can pour yeah that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can pour yeah that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can pour yeah that's fine
+so we'll pour that in there and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll pour that in there and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll pour that in there and then we
+want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use
+this is a potassium iodide solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can pour some of this in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can pour some of this in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can pour some of this in here
+and then we have the oxygen bubbles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the oxygen bubbles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the oxygen bubbles and
+who did the catalase reaction yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the catalase reaction yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who did the catalase reaction yesterday
+in lab anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lab anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lab anybody
+was here yeah so what did you guys see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here yeah so what did you guys see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was here yeah so what did you guys see
+when you added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you added the
+enzyme to your peroxide in the tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to your peroxide in the tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme to your peroxide in the tube
+bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubbles
+good but it didn't foam up right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it didn't foam up right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but it didn't foam up right because
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+they just popped and formed oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just popped and formed oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just popped and formed oxygen so
+the way that we can get this to foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we can get this to foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that we can get this to foam
+is by adding some soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is just powdered soap and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just powdered soap and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just powdered soap and we can
+add a couple of scoops of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now hopefully if all goes well when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now hopefully if all goes well when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now hopefully if all goes well when
+i add these together we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add these together we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i add these together we will see
+the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i can probably hold it up so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can probably hold it up so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can probably hold it up so you can
+see what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what's happening
+so what's happening in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's bubbling good excellent so what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bubbling good excellent so what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bubbling good excellent so what are
+the bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bubbles
+oxygen all right so it's it's taken its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen all right so it's it's taken its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen all right so it's it's taken its
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so while that is going we can set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while that is going we can set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while that is going we can set up
+another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this time we won't dilute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time we won't dilute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time we won't dilute the
+hydrogen peroxide so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll just use 40 milliliters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just use 40 milliliters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just use 40 milliliters of
+hydrogen peroxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we need our soap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah yeah so it looks like toothpaste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah so it looks like toothpaste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah so it looks like toothpaste
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toothpaste that an elephant would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothpaste that an elephant would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toothpaste that an elephant would use
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+what elephant toothpaste yeah so you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what elephant toothpaste yeah so you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what elephant toothpaste yeah so you may
+i also in the course of doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also in the course of doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i also in the course of doing some
+research for this found that some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for this found that some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research for this found that some people
+call it old foamy like a geyser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it old foamy like a geyser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it old foamy like a geyser
+so you may have heard it uh by that name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and then if we add the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then if we add the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then if we add the same
+amount of potassium iodide hopefully i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of potassium iodide hopefully i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of potassium iodide hopefully i
+measured this out properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this out properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured this out properly
+oh yeah okay so if that was seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay so if that was seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay so if that was seven
+percent hydrogen peroxide what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent hydrogen peroxide what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent hydrogen peroxide what do we
+think is going to happen if we use 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is going to happen if we use 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is going to happen if we use 30
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faster let's find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so can you see the steam coming off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you see the steam coming off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can you see the steam coming off of
+it yeah so what does that mean about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so what does that mean about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah so what does that mean about the
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+it's exothermic yeah it's very hot if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exothermic yeah it's very hot if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exothermic yeah it's very hot if
+you come up here and touch this it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up here and touch this it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up here and touch this it is
+quite warm um but yeah so that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite warm um but yeah so that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite warm um but yeah so that went
+faster right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster right
+so we can do a little bit of math uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do a little bit of math uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do a little bit of math uh
+about how much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how much faster
+the potassium iodide makes the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potassium iodide makes the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potassium iodide makes the reaction
+go than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go than just
+what would happen in your bottle at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen in your bottle at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen in your bottle at home
+and so our activation energy of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our activation energy of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our activation energy of hydrogen
+peroxide decomposition that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide decomposition that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide decomposition that is
+uncatalyzed just happens in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncatalyzed just happens in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncatalyzed just happens in nature
+is 75 kilojoules per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 75 kilojoules per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 75 kilojoules per mole
+so if we use our arrhenius equation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use our arrhenius equation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we use our arrhenius equation then
+we can plug in 75 kilojoules or 75 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug in 75 kilojoules or 75 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can plug in 75 kilojoules or 75 000
+joules to match our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules to match our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joules to match our
+gas law units our gas constant units and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas law units our gas constant units and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas law units our gas constant units and
+then the activation energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the activation energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the activation energy of the
+decomposition as catalyzed by potassium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition as catalyzed by potassium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition as catalyzed by potassium
+iodide is about 56 kilojoules per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide is about 56 kilojoules per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iodide is about 56 kilojoules per mole
+so it lowers it makes the reaction go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it lowers it makes the reaction go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it lowers it makes the reaction go
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+if you do this math out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this math out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do this math out
+i don't want to get my numbers wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to get my numbers wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to get my numbers wrong
+here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is
+so it's about 2500 times faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about 2500 times faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's about 2500 times faster
+or 2400 times faster than what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2400 times faster than what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 2400 times faster than what would
+happen in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if we talk about uh catalase and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we talk about uh catalase and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if we talk about uh catalase and you
+guys will calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will calculate the
+actual activation energy of the catalase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual activation energy of the catalase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual activation energy of the catalase
+catalyzed reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed reaction
+but i will start and tell you that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will start and tell you that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i will start and tell you that it is
+less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than
+10 kilojoules per mole so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilojoules per mole so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 kilojoules per mole so that is a
+pretty significant change right going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant change right going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty significant change right going
+from 75 kilojoules per mole down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 75 kilojoules per mole down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 75 kilojoules per mole down to
+10 or less that's a lot so if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or less that's a lot so if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or less that's a lot so if you do
+this math out where you go from 75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math out where you go from 75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math out where you go from 75
+000 joules to 10 000 joules does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 joules to 10 000 joules does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 joules to 10 000 joules does anyone
+have any guesses as to how much faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any guesses as to how much faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any guesses as to how much faster
+the catalase is than just normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalase is than just normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalase is than just normal
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a lot faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can be thinking about that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can be thinking about that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can be thinking about that when
+you are thinking about what happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are thinking about what happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are thinking about what happens in
+the cells of your body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of your body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells of your body
+because you are forming these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are forming these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are forming these
+uh superoxide radicals and hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh superoxide radicals and hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh superoxide radicals and hydrogen
+peroxide all the time in your cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide all the time in your cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxide all the time in your cells
+and this reaction is happening on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reaction is happening on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this reaction is happening on this
+scale or the reaction that you just saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or the reaction that you just saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale or the reaction that you just saw
+is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is happening
+this many times faster in your body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many times faster in your body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this many times faster in your body and
+you will see it happen also in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it happen also in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see it happen also in your
+flask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flask
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no all right well thank you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right well thank you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no all right well thank you guys can
+head to lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Th2N_rDfkDw.txt b/Th2N_rDfkDw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..658ff65a7842aa4f67f8cfc0d6ab31196c317131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Th2N_rDfkDw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're gonna go in and outline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're gonna go in and outline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're gonna go in and outline
+it how do you navigate an airplane it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do you navigate an airplane it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how do you navigate an airplane it's
+become a lot easier now in the GPS age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a lot easier now in the GPS age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a lot easier now in the GPS age
+but you still have to know a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still have to know a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you still have to know a little bit
+about how people used to do it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how people used to do it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how people used to do it in the
+old days partly to pass the exam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days partly to pass the exam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old days partly to pass the exam and
+partly because it's interesting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's interesting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's interesting all
+right so we're gonna talk about looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna talk about looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're gonna talk about looking
+out the window that's called pilotage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window that's called pilotage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window that's called pilotage
+planning your flight and then looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning your flight and then looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning your flight and then looking
+out the window we'll talk about the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window we'll talk about the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the window we'll talk about the old
+non-directional beacons basically homing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-directional beacons basically homing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-directional beacons basically homing
+in on a radio station 1950s there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on a radio station 1950s there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in on a radio station 1950s there were
+something called the vor that we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the vor that we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the vor that we'll talk
+about it lets you figure out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it lets you figure out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it lets you figure out exactly
+your magnetic heading to or from a radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic heading to or from a radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your magnetic heading to or from a radio
+station and finally the way that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and finally the way that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station and finally the way that most
+people get around these days is the GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get around these days is the GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get around these days is the GPS
+and the moving map okay so when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moving map okay so when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the moving map okay so when you're
+doing pilotage you come up an advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pilotage you come up an advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing pilotage you come up an advanced
+with a bunch of visual landmarks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of visual landmarks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of visual landmarks that
+you think you'll be able to see from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you'll be able to see from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you'll be able to see from the
+air you're gonna cross the river you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you're gonna cross the river you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air you're gonna cross the river you're
+gonna find a reservoir you're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find a reservoir you're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find a reservoir you're gonna see
+a big radio tower you're gonna pass a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big radio tower you're gonna pass a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big radio tower you're gonna pass a
+town that has the name of the town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town that has the name of the town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town that has the name of the town
+written in a high school athletic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a high school athletic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a high school athletic field
+and the VFR charts they emphasize I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the VFR charts they emphasize I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the VFR charts they emphasize I
+think you saw that maybe with the iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you saw that maybe with the iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you saw that maybe with the iPad
+or we have charts up here we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we have charts up here we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we have charts up here we can look at
+it later but they emphasize objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later but they emphasize objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it later but they emphasize objects that
+you can as a practical matter see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as a practical matter see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can as a practical matter see from
+the air so the procedure we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air so the procedure we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air so the procedure we'll go
+through this carefully is you plot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this carefully is you plot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this carefully is you plot your
+plan course using a pencil and a ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan course using a pencil and a ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan course using a pencil and a ruler
+essentially on the chart you select what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on the chart you select what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially on the chart you select what
+checkpoints are going to be visible on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints are going to be visible on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints are going to be visible on
+your flight you measure the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight you measure the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your flight you measure the distance
+from point to point and then you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point to point and then you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from point to point and then you've got
+this plan of what heading you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of what heading you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plan of what heading you're gonna
+steer you get the forecast winds as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer you get the forecast winds as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer you get the forecast winds as well
+so you say look I'm gonna fly this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say look I'm gonna fly this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say look I'm gonna fly this it's
+gonna I'm gonna be going 100 knots over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm gonna be going 100 knots over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm gonna be going 100 knots over
+the ground I'm gonna be being blown off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground I'm gonna be being blown off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground I'm gonna be being blown off
+course very slightly by a crosswind from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course very slightly by a crosswind from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course very slightly by a crosswind from
+the north you plan all that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north you plan all that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the north you plan all that and then
+you've got your nav log so as you reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your nav log so as you reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your nav log so as you reach
+each checkpoint you can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each checkpoint you can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each checkpoint you can make a
+correction and well it took me a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and well it took me a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction and well it took me a little
+bit longer to get here I'm a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer to get here I'm a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer to get here I'm a little bit
+left of where I thought I was so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of where I thought I was so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of where I thought I was so you can
+make these Corrections as you go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these Corrections as you go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these Corrections as you go along
+all right so here's an example let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's an example let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's an example let's say
+you wanted to go from MIT to Bennington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to go from MIT to Bennington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to go from MIT to Bennington
+College to visit a friend well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College to visit a friend well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+College to visit a friend well there's
+an airport right there called DDH and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport right there called DDH and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an airport right there called DDH and
+it's about 90 nautical miles I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 90 nautical miles I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 90 nautical miles I think I
+did this with the sky vector so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this with the sky vector so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this with the sky vector so your
+planning goal is to come up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning goal is to come up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning goal is to come up with this
+navigation log so you're gonna say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation log so you're gonna say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation log so you're gonna say okay
+I'm gonna depart Hanscom field up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna depart Hanscom field up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna depart Hanscom field up there
+at the top and it's gonna take me looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and it's gonna take me looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top and it's gonna take me looks
+like it's gonna take me nine nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's gonna take me nine nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's gonna take me nine nine
+nautical miles before I reach my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical miles before I reach my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nautical miles before I reach my
+cruising altitude and about four minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising altitude and about four minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cruising altitude and about four minutes
+then after that it's gonna take me five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that it's gonna take me five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after that it's gonna take me five
+minutes to reach Fitchburg Airport which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to reach Fitchburg Airport which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to reach Fitchburg Airport which
+is an airport two great landmarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an airport two great landmarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an airport two great landmarks
+they're very easy to see and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very easy to see and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very easy to see and they have
+distinctive shapes and notice here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive shapes and notice here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctive shapes and notice here the
+magnetic course is 298 but with the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic course is 298 but with the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic course is 298 but with the wind
+we're gonna have to correct that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to correct that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have to correct that and
+steer to 92 and of course the compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer to 92 and of course the compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer to 92 and of course the compass
+card with the deviations indicated might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with the deviations indicated might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card with the deviations indicated might
+give us another degree or two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us another degree or two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us another degree or two but
+basically from the wind that wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from the wind that wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from the wind that wind
+correction is going to have a steering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction is going to have a steering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction is going to have a steering a
+slightly different course anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different course anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different course anyway so
+you're going to come up with this nav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come up with this nav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to come up with this nav
+log of how long it's going to take what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of how long it's going to take what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of how long it's going to take what
+course you're gonna steer from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're gonna steer from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you're gonna steer from your
+compass and as you go along you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass and as you go along you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass and as you go along you're
+basically doing what's called dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing what's called dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically doing what's called dead
+reckoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's tough over the ocean because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tough over the ocean because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tough over the ocean because
+there's not any landmarks oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not any landmarks oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not any landmarks oh you know
+those early pilots who went over oceans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early pilots who went over oceans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early pilots who went over oceans
+were real heroes if you're going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were real heroes if you're going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were real heroes if you're going over
+the land you can actually make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land you can actually make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land you can actually make these
+Corrections so the procedure is just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections so the procedure is just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections so the procedure is just as
+I said you plot the course on the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you plot the course on the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you plot the course on the chart
+you measure the true course so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the true course so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure the true course so let's say
+you're going straight north that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going straight north that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going straight north that's going
+to be zero then you correct two for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero then you correct two for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero then you correct two for the
+forecast wind to find the true heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast wind to find the true heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast wind to find the true heading
+and you correct for the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you correct for the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you correct for the magnetic
+variation because remember you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation because remember you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation because remember you're in
+aircraft sources are magnetic heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft sources are magnetic heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft sources are magnetic heading
+not true heading and finally you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true heading and finally you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true heading and finally you're
+going to estimate the ground speed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate the ground speed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to estimate the ground speed and
+estimated time and route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated time and route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated time and route
+leg alright let's talk about some terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg alright let's talk about some terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg alright let's talk about some terms
+when you think of them let's reinforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of them let's reinforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think of them let's reinforce
+them your course with the direction over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them your course with the direction over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them your course with the direction over
+the ground but your heading is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground but your heading is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground but your heading is going to
+be in general different from the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in general different from the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in general different from the course
+due to wind true is you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to wind true is you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to wind true is you know if you
+steer true north you'll get to the North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer true north you'll get to the North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer true north you'll get to the North
+Pole and hang out with Santa Claus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole and hang out with Santa Claus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pole and hang out with Santa Claus if
+you go magnetic you'll go to a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go magnetic you'll go to a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go magnetic you'll go to a slightly
+different place every time all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place every time all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different place every time all right
+magnetic variation we had this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic variation we had this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic variation we had this chart
+pretty much before so unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much before so unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much before so unless you're
+somewhere down in Florida or looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere down in Florida or looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere down in Florida or looks like
+in Chicago there's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chicago there's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Chicago there's going to be some
+correction from true to magnetic the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction from true to magnetic the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction from true to magnetic the
+local magnetic variation remember is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local magnetic variation remember is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local magnetic variation remember is
+indicated on the chart so it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated on the chart so it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated on the chart so it's right
+here 14 degrees west and remember again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 14 degrees west and remember again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 14 degrees west and remember again
+if you get confused about how to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get confused about how to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get confused about how to how
+true and magnetic relate just look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and magnetic relate just look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and magnetic relate just look at a
+vor diagram here's an example a compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor diagram here's an example a compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor diagram here's an example a compass
+card that you might see in your aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that you might see in your aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card that you might see in your aircraft
+I haven't seen any you know that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't seen any you know that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't seen any you know that are
+quite this dramatic I think this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite this dramatic I think this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite this dramatic I think this is for
+effect but you can see it says look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but you can see it says look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but you can see it says look if
+you want to fly you know 60 degrees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to fly you know 60 degrees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to fly you know 60 degrees a
+heading of zero six zero oh if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of zero six zero oh if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of zero six zero oh if you want
+to go east instead of steering zero nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go east instead of steering zero nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go east instead of steering zero nine
+zero steer 85 on your compass it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero steer 85 on your compass it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero steer 85 on your compass it gets
+updated every couple years I think and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated every couple years I think and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated every couple years I think and
+as an editor earlier if you have things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an editor earlier if you have things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an editor earlier if you have things
+in the airplane or systems like a heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the airplane or systems like a heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the airplane or systems like a heated
+wind chill turned on the compass may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind chill turned on the compass may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind chill turned on the compass may
+become kind of worthless all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become kind of worthless all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become kind of worthless all right so
+let's get out the tools we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get out the tools we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get out the tools we're gonna go
+through these more with flight planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these more with flight planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these more with flight planning
+but basically you get your sectional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you get your sectional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you get your sectional
+chart Tina showed you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart Tina showed you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart Tina showed you this
+I have one too I just got it yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one too I just got it yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one too I just got it yesterday
+at East Coast Aero Club front desk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at East Coast Aero Club front desk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at East Coast Aero Club front desk
+flight schools usually sell them I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools usually sell them I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight schools usually sell them I think
+there are missing out on the revenue now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are missing out on the revenue now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are missing out on the revenue now
+that it's all free on skyvector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's all free on skyvector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's all free on skyvector and
+similar sites you've got your plotter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sites you've got your plotter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar sites you've got your plotter so
+this is basically a ruler and the ruler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a ruler and the ruler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically a ruler and the ruler
+is on top and statute miles I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on top and statute miles I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on top and statute miles I'm not sure
+when you would ever want to use that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you would ever want to use that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you would ever want to use that but
+on the bottom you have nautical miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom you have nautical miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom you have nautical miles
+which is what we generally use in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we generally use in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what we generally use in the
+aviation world and you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation world and you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation world and you have this
+protractor that you might remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protractor that you might remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protractor that you might remember from
+elementary school that helps you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school that helps you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary school that helps you figure
+out on the chart what the true course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the chart what the true course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the chart what the true course is
+going to be all right so I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all right so I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be all right so I think you
+guys can probably figure out how to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can probably figure out how to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can probably figure out how to use
+that this is the e6b flight computer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the e6b flight computer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the e6b flight computer so
+I think the e6b designation comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the e6b designation comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the e6b designation comes from
+the US military I'm not exactly sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US military I'm not exactly sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US military I'm not exactly sure
+when this came out probably it says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this came out probably it says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this came out probably it says in
+Wikipedia but I'm assuming it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia but I'm assuming it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia but I'm assuming it was a
+World War 2 era kind of device and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War 2 era kind of device and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War 2 era kind of device and it
+lets you make all kinds of computations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you make all kinds of computations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets you make all kinds of computations
+of density altitude of how fast you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of density altitude of how fast you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of density altitude of how fast you're
+going you know truly through the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know truly through the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going you know truly through the air
+depending on what as a function of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what as a function of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what as a function of your
+altitude and what you're seeing on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude and what you're seeing on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude and what you're seeing on your
+airspeed indicator it lets you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator it lets you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed indicator it lets you on the
+backside correct for wind you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside correct for wind you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backside correct for wind you can make
+pencil marks and then start twisting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil marks and then start twisting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil marks and then start twisting to
+figure out whether the wind is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether the wind is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out whether the wind is going to
+give you a reduction or a boost in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a reduction or a boost in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a reduction or a boost in
+airspeed and also how much of a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed and also how much of a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airspeed and also how much of a course
+correction you're going to need so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction you're going to need so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction you're going to need so it's
+a very useful instrument now fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful instrument now fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very useful instrument now fortunately
+it comes with instructions because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes with instructions because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes with instructions because your
+modern pilots have mostly forgotten how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern pilots have mostly forgotten how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern pilots have mostly forgotten how
+to use this it's kind of a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this it's kind of a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this it's kind of a historical
+artifact at this point but we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact at this point but we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifact at this point but we'll go
+through some of it so you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of it so you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through some of it so you'll get a
+flavor for it and it is fun all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for it and it is fun all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for it and it is fun all right so
+you put your plotter down on the chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your plotter down on the chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your plotter down on the chart
+and as you can see you'll be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see you'll be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you can see you'll be able to
+read from the protractor depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the protractor depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read from the protractor depending on
+the line that you've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what the course is I will tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the course is I will tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the course is I will tell you that
+one of the most important skills of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important skills of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important skills of your
+old school flight instructor is drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old school flight instructor is drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old school flight instructor is drawing
+a straight line from one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line from one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line from one side of the
+chart to the other I can't tell you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart to the other I can't tell you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart to the other I can't tell you how
+to do it it's a really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it it's a really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it it's a really complicated
+folding system that enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding system that enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folding system that enables you to
+actually draw a coarse line when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw a coarse line when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually draw a coarse line when you
+have to flip the chart over to get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to flip the chart over to get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to flip the chart over to get from
+your source and destination airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source and destination airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source and destination airports
+okay using the plotter you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using the plotter you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay using the plotter you can see
+people's charts they would have to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's charts they would have to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's charts they would have to buy
+new ones you know every few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ones you know every few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ones you know every few weeks
+because they would be so marked up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they would be so marked up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they would be so marked up with
+pencils here we find the true course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencils here we find the true course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencils here we find the true course is
+zero three eight so as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three eight so as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three eight so as you can see
+they're just reading that off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just reading that off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just reading that off the
+protractor part there are paper East six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protractor part there are paper East six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protractor part there are paper East six
+B's and metal ones so this is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's and metal ones so this is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B's and metal ones so this is a picture
+of a paper one again you can kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paper one again you can kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a paper one again you can kind of see
+that you can just set up for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just set up for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can just set up for example
+that we're gonna go 90 knots and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna go 90 knots and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're gonna go 90 knots and then
+that's here if we go 90 knots then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here if we go 90 knots then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's here if we go 90 knots then it
+will take us ten minutes to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take us ten minutes to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take us ten minutes to go
+fifteen miles not very exciting the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen miles not very exciting the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteen miles not very exciting the wind
+side is more interesting you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is more interesting you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is more interesting you can get
+your ground correct you can get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ground correct you can get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your ground correct you can get your
+ground speed and your wind correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground speed and your wind correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground speed and your wind correction
+angle that's the most important thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this one is hard enough to use that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is hard enough to use that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is hard enough to use that they
+actually put the instructions right on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the instructions right on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually put the instructions right on
+the top here on the back of the e6b so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here on the back of the e6b so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top here on the back of the e6b so
+they say you know place the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say you know place the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say you know place the wind
+direction under the true index we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction under the true index we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction under the true index we'll go
+through this anyway the winds from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this anyway the winds from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this anyway the winds from two
+one zero and we're trying to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero and we're trying to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero and we're trying to fly
+straight south a true course of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight south a true course of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight south a true course of one
+eight zero at an airspeed of 147 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero at an airspeed of 147 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero at an airspeed of 147 knots
+through the air we've already computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the air we've already computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the air we've already computed
+that and the winds twenty knots from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the winds twenty knots from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and the winds twenty knots from two
+one zero so we're trying to go south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero so we're trying to go south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero so we're trying to go south
+let's say this is let's say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is let's say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this is let's say this is
+South at one eight zero and the wind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South at one eight zero and the wind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South at one eight zero and the wind is
+coming from the right so when we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the right so when we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the right so when we're all
+done I sure hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I sure hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I sure hope
+that the answer will be that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer will be that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the answer will be that we have to
+steer a little bit to the right of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer a little bit to the right of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steer a little bit to the right of one
+eight zero true at least alright so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero true at least alright so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight zero true at least alright so here
+we are on the wind side we start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on the wind side we start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are on the wind side we start by
+marking 147 knots it looks like and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking 147 knots it looks like and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking 147 knots it looks like and then
+we rotate it you can see that pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rotate it you can see that pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we rotate it you can see that pencil
+mark has been rotated off it started at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark has been rotated off it started at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark has been rotated off it started at
+210 let's let's go back yeah so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+210 let's let's go back yeah so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+210 let's let's go back yeah so we had
+the we had it set up to 210 says wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we had it set up to 210 says wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we had it set up to 210 says wind
+direction under true index then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction under true index then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction under true index then we
+marked the velocity then we twisted it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked the velocity then we twisted it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked the velocity then we twisted it a
+little bit so now we've got an index of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so now we've got an index of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so now we've got an index of
+South and we can read that our ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South and we can read that our ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South and we can read that our ground
+speed will have fallen right there under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed will have fallen right there under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed will have fallen right there under
+the little grommet there to 129 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little grommet there to 129 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little grommet there to 129 knots
+and the wind correction angle is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wind correction angle is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wind correction angle is going
+to be 4 degrees you can read that off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 4 degrees you can read that off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 4 degrees you can read that off of
+this little scale here see it says 5 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little scale here see it says 5 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little scale here see it says 5 and
+10 anyway so we do all that which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 anyway so we do all that which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 anyway so we do all that which is
+very tedious it's based on a forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tedious it's based on a forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tedious it's based on a forecast
+again of the winds aloft so it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of the winds aloft so it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again of the winds aloft so it's never
+going to be exactly right and we use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly right and we use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly right and we use it
+to fill out one of these navigation log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill out one of these navigation log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fill out one of these navigation log
+forms once it's all filled out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms once it's all filled out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms once it's all filled out you can
+see that it's a lot easier to do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's a lot easier to do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that it's a lot easier to do if you
+just ask some computer application to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask some computer application to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask some computer application to do
+it for you like sky vector is free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you like sky vector is free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for you like sky vector is free and
+it will will do it for you using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will will do it for you using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will will do it for you using the
+forecast winds then when you're flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast winds then when you're flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast winds then when you're flying
+along as I said you make corrections so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along as I said you make corrections so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along as I said you make corrections so
+here for example unfortunately the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example unfortunately the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for example unfortunately the one
+bad thing about sky vector I put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing about sky vector I put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad thing about sky vector I put in
+these user fixes beam the Fitchburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these user fixes beam the Fitchburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these user fixes beam the Fitchburg
+Airport and crossing the Connecticut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport and crossing the Connecticut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport and crossing the Connecticut
+River I think because I thought those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River I think because I thought those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+River I think because I thought those
+would be easy to see from the air but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easy to see from the air but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be easy to see from the air but
+unfortunately there's no way to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there's no way to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there's no way to name
+them in sky vector so they're just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in sky vector so they're just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in sky vector so they're just come
+out as user fix but you know maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as user fix but you know maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as user fix but you know maybe you
+could write that in with the pencil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write that in with the pencil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write that in with the pencil
+anyway so you can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so you can see here
+the wind is forecast to be you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind is forecast to be you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind is forecast to be you know from
+272 at 15 knots you're going 140 knots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+272 at 15 knots you're going 140 knots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+272 at 15 knots you're going 140 knots
+of true airspeed your track over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true airspeed your track over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true airspeed your track over the
+ground is supposed to be 287 true minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground is supposed to be 287 true minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground is supposed to be 287 true minus
+2 degrees wind correction angle I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 degrees wind correction angle I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 degrees wind correction angle I just
+did this actually for Sunday night I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this actually for Sunday night I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this actually for Sunday night I
+think the true heading therefore will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true heading therefore will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the true heading therefore will be
+285 but then you'll have to add 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+285 but then you'll have to add 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+285 but then you'll have to add 16
+degrees for the local variation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees for the local variation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees for the local variation so
+you'll end up with a magnetic heading of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a magnetic heading of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll end up with a magnetic heading of
+301 so you steer that for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+301 so you steer that for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+301 so you steer that for a while
+see how it goes it's supposed to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes it's supposed to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes it's supposed to take
+you about 12 minutes from the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about 12 minutes from the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about 12 minutes from the time you
+took off to the time you reach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off to the time you reach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took off to the time you reach that
+point and you write down what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you write down what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and you write down what actually
+happened and if you see the airport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and if you see the airport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and if you see the airport
+while let's see it's supposed to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while let's see it's supposed to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while let's see it's supposed to be on
+our left if you see the airport on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our left if you see the airport on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our left if you see the airport on your
+right you say well the winds not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say well the winds not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say well the winds not quite
+what I thought I'm gonna steer 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I thought I'm gonna steer 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I thought I'm gonna steer 10
+degrees right and then that river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees right and then that river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees right and then that river
+crossing I guess isn't really ideal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing I guess isn't really ideal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing I guess isn't really ideal for
+heading correction you probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading correction you probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading correction you probably want to
+find some other landmarks as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some other landmarks as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some other landmarks as well
+all right why we did so question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they do I think Tina might know I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do I think Tina might know I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do I think Tina might know I think
+the wins are all off your forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wins are all off your forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wins are all off your forecast
+either 24 or 30 hours in advance yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 24 or 30 hours in advance yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either 24 or 30 hours in advance yeah
+that's a good question we can look that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question we can look that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question we can look that
+up we can look that up for you later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we can look that up for you later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up we can look that up for you later but
+yeah so you can do it about you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can do it about you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you can do it about you can also
+you can kind of predict to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of predict to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of predict to some extent
+with prevailing winds some of some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prevailing winds some of some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with prevailing winds some of some of
+these applications will work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications will work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these applications will work with
+averages and so forth if it's not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and so forth if it's not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages and so forth if it's not there
+but yeah within 24 hours you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah within 24 hours you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yeah within 24 hours you have a
+pretty good wind forecast but again with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good wind forecast but again with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good wind forecast but again with
+the modern GPS system you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern GPS system you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modern GPS system you know you can
+kind of immediately see what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediately see what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of immediately see what you're
+going of course and the autopilot may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going of course and the autopilot may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going of course and the autopilot may
+automatically make the correction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically make the correction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically make the correction for
+you anyway so this is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anyway so this is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you anyway so this is kind of a
+historical lecture it's good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical lecture it's good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical lecture it's good to know
+what I would say is well yeah so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is well yeah so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would say is well yeah so what I
+would say is it's still worth doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is it's still worth doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say is it's still worth doing but
+I would say generate the nav log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say generate the nav log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say generate the nav log
+electronically it's not really worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically it's not really worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically it's not really worth
+doing anymore like the full pain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anymore like the full pain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing anymore like the full pain the
+knowledge test does have a built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge test does have a built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge test does have a built-in
+electronic e6b the tests are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic e6b the tests are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic e6b the tests are not that
+demanding except that you will need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding except that you will need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanding except that you will need the
+plotter so they'll give you a supplement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotter so they'll give you a supplement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotter so they'll give you a supplement
+with a bit of a chart and you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit of a chart and you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bit of a chart and you kind of
+need the plotter to figure out how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the plotter to figure out how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the plotter to figure out how far
+it is from place to place on the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is from place to place on the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is from place to place on the real
+test that's if you want to get a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the yeah you see the summary of how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah you see the summary of how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah you see the summary of how it
+works it's a fun skill I will tell you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's a fun skill I will tell you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's a fun skill I will tell you I
+saw I had two interactions on basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw I had two interactions on basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw I had two interactions on basically
+the same day I met an alum an alumna of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day I met an alum an alumna of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same day I met an alum an alumna of
+this course at East Coast Aero Club and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course at East Coast Aero Club and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course at East Coast Aero Club and
+she was hearing tearing up a storm with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was hearing tearing up a storm with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was hearing tearing up a storm with
+an e6b and fulfilling out the nav log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e6b and fulfilling out the nav log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e6b and fulfilling out the nav log
+and doing all this I said what why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing all this I said what why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doing all this I said what why are
+you doing that every every East Coast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing that every every East Coast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you doing that every every East Coast
+area called plane has a garmin 430 in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called plane has a garmin 430 in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area called plane has a garmin 430 in it
+you know just punch in your destination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just punch in your destination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just punch in your destination
+and you can go and she said and if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go and she said and if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can go and she said and if that
+doesn't work you know call up air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work you know call up air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work you know call up air
+traffic control and tell him you're lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic control and tell him you're lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic control and tell him you're lost
+so she said well like every flight with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she said well like every flight with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so she said well like every flight with
+my instructor he you know he fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my instructor he you know he fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my instructor he you know he fails
+everything he makes me you know go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything he makes me you know go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything he makes me you know go back
+and assume that everything's broken and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume that everything's broken and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assume that everything's broken and
+do it all old-school and manually so she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all old-school and manually so she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it all old-school and manually so she
+was doing this on every cross-country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing this on every cross-country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing this on every cross-country
+flight that she was doing both dual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight that she was doing both dual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight that she was doing both dual and
+solo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solo
+and I said well you know that's good I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said well you know that's good I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I said well you know that's good I'm
+not sure how much relationship has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how much relationship has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure how much relationship has to
+safety because the other interaction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety because the other interaction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety because the other interaction I
+had that day was with a commercial pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that day was with a commercial pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that day was with a commercial pilot
+instrument-rated who we wanted to rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument-rated who we wanted to rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument-rated who we wanted to rent
+the Cirrus and I was the previous user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus and I was the previous user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cirrus and I was the previous user
+of the airplane so I said how much fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the airplane so I said how much fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the airplane so I said how much fuel
+do you want he said I wanted topped off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want he said I wanted topped off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want he said I wanted topped off
+I said you're gonna fly for six hours we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you're gonna fly for six hours we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you're gonna fly for six hours we
+go where where you go I said I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go where where you go I said I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go where where you go I said I'm going
+to Albany I said what it's an hour away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Albany I said what it's an hour away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Albany I said what it's an hour away
+what do you want six hours of fuel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want six hours of fuel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you want six hours of fuel for
+he said the airport I'm going to doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the airport I'm going to doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said the airport I'm going to doesn't
+have any fuel I said Albany's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any fuel I said Albany's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any fuel I said Albany's a
+crosswind runway runway there is longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosswind runway runway there is longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosswind runway runway there is longer
+than hanscom's main runway it's 7,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than hanscom's main runway it's 7,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than hanscom's main runway it's 7,500
+feet you know I got a beautiful FBO it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you know I got a beautiful FBO it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet you know I got a beautiful FBO it's
+basically free what do you mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically free what do you mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically free what do you mean they
+have no fuel and he wanted to go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no fuel and he wanted to go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no fuel and he wanted to go to this
+other Airport it was on the east side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Airport it was on the east side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Airport it was on the east side of
+town it was actually farther from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town it was actually farther from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town it was actually farther from his
+destination he was taking his son to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination he was taking his son to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destination he was taking his son to
+Rensselaer and the big airports actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rensselaer and the big airports actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rensselaer and the big airports actually
+closer and this was a twenty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and this was a twenty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and this was a twenty five
+hundred foot airport with a note in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred foot airport with a note in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred foot airport with a note in the
+chart supplement saying to call a phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart supplement saying to call a phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart supplement saying to call a phone
+number before you even try to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number before you even try to go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number before you even try to go there
+to check out the local conditions it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check out the local conditions it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check out the local conditions it's
+unattended if you blow a tire there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended if you blow a tire there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unattended if you blow a tire there's no
+way to get a mechanic out there other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get a mechanic out there other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get a mechanic out there other
+than maybe driving from Albany or Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maybe driving from Albany or Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than maybe driving from Albany or Boston
+so it has a displace threshold to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a displace threshold to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a displace threshold to is
+2500 feet but because of the trees on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 feet but because of the trees on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2500 feet but because of the trees on
+both ends you're not supposed to land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ends you're not supposed to land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both ends you're not supposed to land
+right on the numbers you actually land a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the numbers you actually land a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the numbers you actually land a
+few like 500 feet or 400 feet down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few like 500 feet or 400 feet down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few like 500 feet or 400 feet down the
+runway so I said you know the Cirrus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway so I said you know the Cirrus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway so I said you know the Cirrus
+takes about 2,100 feet to land over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about 2,100 feet to land over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about 2,100 feet to land over a
+50-foot obstacle so you're budgeting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-foot obstacle so you're budgeting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50-foot obstacle so you're budgeting to
+use more than 60% of the runway which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more than 60% of the runway which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use more than 60% of the runway which
+you know the airline minimum is you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the airline minimum is you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the airline minimum is you have
+to plan to land in 60% that way if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan to land in 60% that way if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plan to land in 60% that way if you
+are a little bit sloppy you don't go off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit sloppy you don't go off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit sloppy you don't go off
+the end of the runway and hit something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the runway and hit something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the runway and hit something
+so I said you know like why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said you know like why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I said you know like why would you
+give yourself with your son less safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself with your son less safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give yourself with your son less safety
+margin and a to pilot and airline crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin and a to pilot and airline crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin and a to pilot and airline crew
+and so he said well you know like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said well you know like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he said well you know like I
+don't want to deal with an FBO which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to deal with an FBO which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to deal with an FBO which was
+really weird to me so basically there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird to me so basically there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird to me so basically there's
+no point to that story other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point to that story other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no point to that story other than
+now there is a point to that story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a point to that story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a point to that story
+there's no point to that story you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point to that story you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point to that story you know
+safety is not about like doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is not about like doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety is not about like doing
+everything really tedious it's it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really tedious it's it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything really tedious it's it's more
+about you know having reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know having reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know having reasonable
+judgment and asking like why am I better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment and asking like why am I better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment and asking like why am I better
+than a two-pilot arrow airline crew so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a two-pilot arrow airline crew so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a two-pilot arrow airline crew so
+yeah it's not she was smart she's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not she was smart she's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's not she was smart she's an
+engineer so of course it doesn't over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer so of course it doesn't over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer so of course it doesn't over
+tax her to do this kind of stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax her to do this kind of stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax her to do this kind of stuff but
+let's not really confuse it with adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not really confuse it with adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not really confuse it with adding
+safety which is more about having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety which is more about having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety which is more about having the
+judgment to know when to take a copilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment to know when to take a copilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment to know when to take a copilot
+or when to make your life easier by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when to make your life easier by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or when to make your life easier by
+going to an airport with a really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to an airport with a really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to an airport with a really long
+runway alright let's talk about ATF's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway alright let's talk about ATF's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runway alright let's talk about ATF's
+this was very exciting in 1952
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very exciting in 1952
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was very exciting in 1952
+have a look there that was Lear some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look there that was Lear some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look there that was Lear some of
+you have probably heard of Learjet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have probably heard of Learjet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have probably heard of Learjet so
+the founder of Learjet was also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder of Learjet was also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the founder of Learjet was also the
+inventor of the first kind of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor of the first kind of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventor of the first kind of practical
+car radios so all the money that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car radios so all the money that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car radios so all the money that was
+made on car radios was eventually turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on car radios was eventually turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on car radios was eventually turned
+into an aviation company and before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an aviation company and before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an aviation company and before the
+Learjet there were these avionics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learjet there were these avionics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learjet there were these avionics that
+made it super easy to figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it super easy to figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it super easy to figure out where
+the station was so they have I think at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the station was so they have I think at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the station was so they have I think at
+the very first the pilot would tune or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first the pilot would tune or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first the pilot would tune or
+the Navigator more likely would twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Navigator more likely would twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Navigator more likely would twist
+this dial and here when of this tone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dial and here when of this tone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dial and here when of this tone
+reached some kind of maximum and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached some kind of maximum and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached some kind of maximum and then
+there was the automatic direction finder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the automatic direction finder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was the automatic direction finder
+which would just point the needle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would just point the needle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would just point the needle in
+that direction of the station see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction of the station see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction of the station see here
+it's just pointing if yeah here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pointing if yeah here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just pointing if yeah here's
+something you know this is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know this is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know this is from the
+pilots handbook I think on how to use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots handbook I think on how to use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots handbook I think on how to use an
+NDB but you can see that with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDB but you can see that with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NDB but you can see that with a with a
+heavy wind you don't end up really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy wind you don't end up really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy wind you don't end up really
+tracking exactly towards the station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking exactly towards the station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking exactly towards the station
+alright so relative bearing is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so relative bearing is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so relative bearing is you know
+how far do your left your right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far do your left your right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far do your left your right the
+station is and then you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is and then you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is and then you can get the
+magnetic bearing if you add your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic bearing if you add your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic bearing if you add your own
+heading in there so it's not rocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading in there so it's not rocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading in there so it's not rocket
+science if you're going south and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science if you're going south and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science if you're going south and the
+station is 90 degrees to your left then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is 90 degrees to your left then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station is 90 degrees to your left then
+the magnetic bearing to the station is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic bearing to the station is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic bearing to the station is
+going to be I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I guess the bearing to the station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess the bearing to the station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess the bearing to the station
+would be zero nine zero in that case all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero nine zero in that case all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be zero nine zero in that case all
+right this was an exciting thing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was an exciting thing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this was an exciting thing where
+you could actually turn the card on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually turn the card on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could actually turn the card on your
+ADF so if you were heading Northwest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADF so if you were heading Northwest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ADF so if you were heading Northwest of
+heading a330 you would twist that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading a330 you would twist that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading a330 you would twist that and
+then you just without having to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just without having to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just without having to think
+you can see it would be you have to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it would be you have to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it would be you have to fly
+roughly with no wind you would fly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly with no wind you would fly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly with no wind you would fly to
+one zero and to get to the station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll find that it's only a plane I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that it's only a plane I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that it's only a plane I
+guess some planes that operate in Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some planes that operate in Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess some planes that operate in Europe
+a lot they were requiring this to later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot they were requiring this to later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot they were requiring this to later
+planes that just have a lot of stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that just have a lot of stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes that just have a lot of stuff in
+the panel still may have this but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel still may have this but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panel still may have this but in
+general they're hard to find now the ORS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they're hard to find now the ORS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general they're hard to find now the ORS
+are still around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still around
+they have 360 radials that the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have 360 radials that the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have 360 radials that the radio
+receiver can just identify so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver can just identify so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver can just identify so the
+receiver can just say I know that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver can just say I know that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver can just say I know that I'm
+exactly south or I know that I'm exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly south or I know that I'm exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly south or I know that I'm exactly
+east or I know that I'm exactly zero six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east or I know that I'm exactly zero six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east or I know that I'm exactly zero six
+zero direction from this station so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero direction from this station so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero direction from this station so
+you'll be able to know where you are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to know where you are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to know where you are and
+if you can tune in to different ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can tune in to different ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can tune in to different ones and
+you've got your handy pencil out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your handy pencil out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your handy pencil out and
+your chart in the aircraft you can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chart in the aircraft you can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chart in the aircraft you can draw
+intersecting lines and figure out where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting lines and figure out where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting lines and figure out where
+you are on the chart so again in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are on the chart so again in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are on the chart so again in the
+moving map GPS days this is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving map GPS days this is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving map GPS days this is not as
+exciting a skill as it once was I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting a skill as it once was I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting a skill as it once was I think
+there are a few questions about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few questions about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few questions about you know
+symbols on the chart for different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols on the chart for different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols on the chart for different kinds
+of vor s so one thing is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vor s so one thing is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vor s so one thing is distance
+measuring equipment where by sending out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring equipment where by sending out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring equipment where by sending out
+a pulse and having the station send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pulse and having the station send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pulse and having the station send that
+back to the aircraft it's possible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the aircraft it's possible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the aircraft it's possible by
+measuring the transit time to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the transit time to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the transit time to actually
+get your distance in nautical miles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your distance in nautical miles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your distance in nautical miles you
+know read out to you and the cockpit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know read out to you and the cockpit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know read out to you and the cockpit
+be advised that's the actual you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be advised that's the actual you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be advised that's the actual you know
+distance through the air so it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance through the air so it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance through the air so it's not the
+horizontal distance projected over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance projected over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal distance projected over the
+ground but if you're up a few miles it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground but if you're up a few miles it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground but if you're up a few miles it
+might be and you're close to the vor I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and you're close to the vor I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be and you're close to the vor I
+might be slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be slightly different
+service volumes there are these terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service volumes there are these terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service volumes there are these terminal
+VOR s I think a lot of maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VOR s I think a lot of maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VOR s I think a lot of maybe
+decommissioned or being decommissioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decommissioned or being decommissioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decommissioned or being decommissioned
+now but the FAA has made various kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but the FAA has made various kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but the FAA has made various kinds
+of vor s these high-altitude ones will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vor s these high-altitude ones will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vor s these high-altitude ones will
+probably be the last to go because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be the last to go because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably be the last to go because
+actually with airliners the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with airliners the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with airliners the
+certification costs of new avionics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification costs of new avionics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certification costs of new avionics are
+so high that you know the last aircraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that you know the last aircraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high that you know the last aircraft
+flying without a GPS will be some huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying without a GPS will be some huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying without a GPS will be some huge
+Boeing it won't be a little you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing it won't be a little you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing it won't be a little you know a
+piper or Stearman or something okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper or Stearman or something okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piper or Stearman or something okay the
+parts of the vor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the vor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the vor
+so you have this thing called the Omni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this thing called the Omni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have this thing called the Omni
+bearing selector which you can tune here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing selector which you can tune here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing selector which you can tune here
+and on the canonical instrument here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the canonical instrument here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the canonical instrument here all
+it does is rotate this card around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is rotate this card around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is rotate this card around the
+top so that is to pick out the radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so that is to pick out the radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top so that is to pick out the radio
+that you want and then you get the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want and then you get the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want and then you get the two
+from flag so you can see here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flag so you can see here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flag so you can see here this is
+showing you that the three six serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you that the three six serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you that the three six serial
+three six zero radial is off to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three six zero radial is off to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three six zero radial is off to your
+left and if we were to fly we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and if we were to fly we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and if we were to fly we don't have
+to this is not related to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is not related to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is not related to the actual
+heading of the aircraft but if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of the aircraft but if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading of the aircraft but if we were
+to fly basically north we'd be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly basically north we'd be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly basically north we'd be going
+away from the vor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the vor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the vor
+okay we'll get we're going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll get we're going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll get we're going to get into
+this more the HSI down there offers you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more the HSI down there offers you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more the HSI down there offers you
+the same information but superimposed on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information but superimposed on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same information but superimposed on
+the aircraft's actual heading which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft's actual heading which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aircraft's actual heading which
+makes life a lot easier okay how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life a lot easier okay how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes life a lot easier okay how do you
+test your vor know that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your vor know that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test your vor know that it's actually
+going to work there are these vor test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work there are these vor test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work there are these vor test
+stations or vo T's test facilities if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations or vo T's test facilities if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stations or vo T's test facilities if
+you can remember Cessna 182
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can remember Cessna 182
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can remember Cessna 182
+every VOT puts out the same signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every VOT puts out the same signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every VOT puts out the same signal and
+what you should see is an indication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should see is an indication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you should see is an indication of
+- when you dial up and it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- when you dial up and it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- when you dial up and it should be
+centered on the 180 radio so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on the 180 radio so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered on the 180 radio so that's how
+you know if your view are always working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if your view are always working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if your view are always working
+if you're gonna use it for instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna use it for instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna use it for instrument
+flight you have to test them every 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you have to test them every 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight you have to test them every 30
+days alright let's have a look you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days alright let's have a look you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days alright let's have a look you're
+gonna probably have to study and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna probably have to study and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna probably have to study and think
+about this a little bit more at home but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit more at home but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this a little bit more at home but
+one easy way to think about this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one easy way to think about this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one easy way to think about this is to
+sort of build yourself a virtual HSI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of build yourself a virtual HSI so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of build yourself a virtual HSI so
+if you see a test question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a test question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see a test question
+and it shows the indicator set up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows the indicator set up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows the indicator set up to
+tune to like the zero three zero radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune to like the zero three zero radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tune to like the zero three zero radio
+just like draw a little airplane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like draw a little airplane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like draw a little airplane or
+imagine an airplane actually heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an airplane actually heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine an airplane actually heading
+northeast on a zero three zero heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeast on a zero three zero heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northeast on a zero three zero heading
+so you can see this airplane in the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this airplane in the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this airplane in the at
+left this one it's showing that the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this one it's showing that the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this one it's showing that the zero
+three zero radio is to the right of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero radio is to the right of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero radio is to the right of the
+wing assuming we were actually heading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing assuming we were actually heading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wing assuming we were actually heading
+zero three zero and that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three zero and that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero three zero and that we're going
+vaguely to towards the vor because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely to towards the vor because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely to towards the vor because the
+two flag is set up over here it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flag is set up over here it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two flag is set up over here it's the
+same but it's the front flag over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but it's the front flag over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but it's the front flag over here
+on the right we've got the radial off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right we've got the radial off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right we've got the radial off to
+our left and we're going from the vor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our left and we're going from the vor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our left and we're going from the vor
+over here again the radials to our left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again the radials to our left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here again the radials to our left
+and we're going to so just like let that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to so just like let that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to so just like let that
+sink in a little bit I think I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink in a little bit I think I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sink in a little bit I think I'm gonna
+show you an FAA written test question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an FAA written test question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an FAA written test question so
+you just know says the vor is turned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just know says the vor is turned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just know says the vor is turned to
+the Elizabeth City vor that I believe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Elizabeth City vor that I believe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Elizabeth City vor that I believe is
+right over if you want to know the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over if you want to know the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right over if you want to know the value
+of a marketing degree this Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a marketing degree this Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a marketing degree this Elizabeth
+City is right next to a big place called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City is right next to a big place called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City is right next to a big place called
+the dismal swamp the dismal swamp park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dismal swamp the dismal swamp park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dismal swamp the dismal swamp park
+anyway so if you've there anywhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so if you've there anywhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so if you've there anywhere near
+the dismal swamp and you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dismal swamp and you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dismal swamp and you want to go
+visit and you're at Elizabeth City tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and you're at Elizabeth City tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and you're at Elizabeth City tuned
+to the vor it says the aircraft just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vor it says the aircraft just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vor it says the aircraft just
+positioned over Shaw borrow one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned over Shaw borrow one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positioned over Shaw borrow one of the
+hardest things about this is finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest things about this is finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardest things about this is finding
+Shaw bar on the map that I've drawn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaw bar on the map that I've drawn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaw bar on the map that I've drawn it
+there for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there for you
+so we're northeast of the vor and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're northeast of the vor and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're northeast of the vor and it
+says which vor indication is correct to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says which vor indication is correct to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says which vor indication is correct to
+which is at the top there eight or nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at the top there eight or nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is at the top there eight or nine
+on the bottom what do you guys think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom what do you guys think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the bottom what do you guys think so
+we're we're northeast of Shaw borough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who wants to vote for two two-one-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to vote for two two-one-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wants to vote for two two-one-zero
+from nobody who wants to vote for eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nobody who wants to vote for eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from nobody who wants to vote for eight
+that's zero three zero two who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero three zero two who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's zero three zero two who wants to
+vote for nine a few hands yay okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for nine a few hands yay okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote for nine a few hands yay okay so
+basically we're right on the radio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're right on the radio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're right on the radio so
+show up or oh you can see here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up or oh you can see here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up or oh you can see here at the
+end of the arrow it is I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the arrow it is I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the arrow it is I think that
+actually might say I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might say I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually might say I don't know what
+that says actually have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says actually have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says actually have no idea
+ten twenty thirty yeah it's right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten twenty thirty yeah it's right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten twenty thirty yeah it's right there
+at the 30 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 30 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the 30 okay
+so it's definitely on the zero three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's definitely on the zero three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's definitely on the zero three
+zero radio which is also the two one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero radio which is also the two one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero radio which is also the two one
+zero radio the reciprocal I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero radio the reciprocal I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero radio the reciprocal I mean this is
+not a total trivial question but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a total trivial question but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a total trivial question but if we
+were to fly to one zero we would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to fly to one zero we would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to fly to one zero we would be
+going to the flag should be two if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the flag should be two if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the flag should be two if we
+were actually flying Southwest we'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually flying Southwest we'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were actually flying Southwest we'd be
+heading towards the vor so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading towards the vor so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading towards the vor so it should be
+a two flag if we're flying away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two flag if we're flying away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two flag if we're flying away from the
+vor further out on zero three zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor further out on zero three zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vor further out on zero three zero and
+it should be a from flag which is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a from flag which is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should be a from flag which is not an
+eight and this one is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and this one is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and this one is the only one
+that's consistent as if we actually were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent as if we actually were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent as if we actually were
+to fly zero three zero we'd be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly zero three zero we'd be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fly zero three zero we'd be going
+away from the vor don't sweat it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the vor don't sweat it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the vor don't sweat it if you
+haven't got it there is actually a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got it there is actually a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't got it there is actually a cool
+simulator and Adobe Flash which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and Adobe Flash which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator and Adobe Flash which was
+actually cool when you guys were born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cool when you guys were born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cool when you guys were born
+and a oppa also I've linked here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a oppa also I've linked here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a oppa also I've linked here to the
+airline the airplane owners and Pilots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline the airplane owners and Pilots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline the airplane owners and Pilots
+Association the big lobbying group for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association the big lobbying group for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Association the big lobbying group for
+private aviation they have a list of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private aviation they have a list of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private aviation they have a list of I
+don't think they're free unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they're free unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think they're free unfortunately
+that sim that web simulator is free but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sim that web simulator is free but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sim that web simulator is free but
+there's little simulators you can get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little simulators you can get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's little simulators you can get on
+your phone for vor s that used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone for vor s that used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone for vor s that used to be
+really important I mean GPS is now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important I mean GPS is now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important I mean GPS is now more
+important basically it was a 1973 US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important basically it was a 1973 US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important basically it was a 1973 US
+military ID idea if you just broadcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military ID idea if you just broadcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military ID idea if you just broadcast
+the time and the position of a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and the position of a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and the position of a bunch of
+satellites from the satellites then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites from the satellites then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellites from the satellites then the
+receiver can see how long did it take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver can see how long did it take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver can see how long did it take to
+get from the satellite to where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the satellite to where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the satellite to where the
+receiver is so if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is so if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver is so if you think about it
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+one of the transmitters is by that exit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the transmitters is by that exit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the transmitters is by that exit
+sign so if I know my distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if I know my distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so if I know my distance from the
+exit sign that puts me on a sphere of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit sign that puts me on a sphere of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exit sign that puts me on a sphere of
+uncertainty right I could be up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty right I could be up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty right I could be up in the
+ceiling I could be down on the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling I could be down on the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceiling I could be down on the first
+floor I could be in a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor I could be in a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor I could be in a lot of different
+places as long as I know that I'm let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places as long as I know that I'm let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places as long as I know that I'm let's
+call it 30 feet from the exit sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it 30 feet from the exit sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it 30 feet from the exit sign okay
+well that's not great because I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not great because I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's not great because I'm still
+pretty uncertain about where I am but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uncertain about where I am but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uncertain about where I am but
+how about you know if there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you know if there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about you know if there's another
+transmitter in that corner of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter in that corner of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter in that corner of the room
+that gives me a second sphere two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a second sphere two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me a second sphere two
+spheres will intersect intersect in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres will intersect intersect in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres will intersect intersect in a
+circle I believe so now we have a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I believe so now we have a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle I believe so now we have a circle
+of uncertainty and we pick up another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty and we pick up another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty and we pick up another
+transmitter maybe somewhere over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter maybe somewhere over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitter maybe somewhere over there
+so the more satellites we can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more satellites we can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the more satellites we can see the
+more intersecting spheres we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intersecting spheres we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more intersecting spheres we have and
+eventually we'll get down to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get down to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we'll get down to a very
+small little area of uncertainty indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little area of uncertainty indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small little area of uncertainty indeed
+so that's how GPS works you just rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how GPS works you just rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how GPS works you just rely on
+the fact that the speed of light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the speed of light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the speed of light is
+constant if you know the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if you know the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant if you know the distance to
+each of a bunch of satellites and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of a bunch of satellites and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of a bunch of satellites and you
+know where they are then at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they are then at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they are then at that point
+you know where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thirty-two satellites as of 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thirty-two satellites as of 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thirty-two satellites as of 2016
+we're up 31 we're in use you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're up 31 we're in use you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're up 31 we're in use you can always
+see five for IFR the idea is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see five for IFR the idea is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see five for IFR the idea is to try to
+get some redundancy there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some redundancy there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some redundancy there are some
+tweaks to that system I think what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaks to that system I think what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaks to that system I think what I
+just described would work really well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described would work really well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described would work really well in
+outer space there's no atmosphere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer space there's no atmosphere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer space there's no atmosphere to
+bend or distort any of the radio signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend or distort any of the radio signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend or distort any of the radio signals
+but there is a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there is a certain amount of
+distortion that happens and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion that happens and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion that happens and there are
+these ground-based reference stations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ground-based reference stations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ground-based reference stations so
+you know exactly where they are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly where they are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know exactly where they are they
+don't move and they listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move and they listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move and they listen to the
+signals and they try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and they try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals and they try to figure out how
+much error there is as a result of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much error there is as a result of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much error there is as a result of the
+signals traveling through the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals traveling through the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals traveling through the atmosphere
+at that location those Corrections are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that location those Corrections are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that location those Corrections are
+then pushed back up into space and sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pushed back up into space and sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pushed back up into space and sent
+back down from the satellites to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down from the satellites to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down from the satellites to
+ordinary receivers and with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary receivers and with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary receivers and with those
+Corrections you can become really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections you can become really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections you can become really
+accurate you can get accurate enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate you can get accurate enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate you can get accurate enough to
+actually fly down right towards a runway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly down right towards a runway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fly down right towards a runway
+so the GPS signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the GPS signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the GPS signal
+the GPS system which launched in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS system which launched in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS system which launched in the
+mid-90s you know that enabled the moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-90s you know that enabled the moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-90s you know that enabled the moving
+map and you never were lost again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and you never were lost again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and you never were lost again you
+always knew where you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always knew where you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always knew where you were
+but the Waze system is what enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Waze system is what enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Waze system is what enables
+these GPS approaches where you navigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these GPS approaches where you navigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these GPS approaches where you navigate
+in 3d you know to within I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d you know to within I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d you know to within I don't know
+ten feet or something of precision right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten feet or something of precision right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten feet or something of precision right
+down to the runway all right what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the runway all right what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the runway all right what does
+it look like in practice this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like in practice this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it look like in practice this is the
+pilots view this is a modern Garmin 750
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots view this is a modern Garmin 750
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilots view this is a modern Garmin 750
+it's a single box that actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single box that actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single box that actually has
+three sub boxes and the sub boxes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sub boxes and the sub boxes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sub boxes and the sub boxes are
+the GPS anavra do which lets you tune up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS anavra do which lets you tune up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPS anavra do which lets you tune up
+via wores and instrument landing system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via wores and instrument landing system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via wores and instrument landing system
+for approaching the runway Tina may talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for approaching the runway Tina may talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for approaching the runway Tina may talk
+about that a little bit tomorrow and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little bit tomorrow and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little bit tomorrow and a
+little IFR intro and also a comm radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little IFR intro and also a comm radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little IFR intro and also a comm radio
+and they actually I think they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually I think they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually I think they actually
+have three separate power supplies so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three separate power supplies so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three separate power supplies so
+there's a connection to the Box maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a connection to the Box maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a connection to the Box maybe
+for power but after that you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power but after that you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for power but after that you can you can
+have tremendous amount of failure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tremendous amount of failure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tremendous amount of failure and
+inside the box and still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the box and still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the box and still have the
+functions the sub you know a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the sub you know a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions the sub you know a subset of
+the functions working I guess if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions working I guess if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions working I guess if the
+screen fails you're kind of out of luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen fails you're kind of out of luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen fails you're kind of out of luck
+which is by most IFR sort of every IFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by most IFR sort of every IFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is by most IFR sort of every IFR
+certified airplane that I know of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified airplane that I know of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified airplane that I know of it's
+newish has a second one of these usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newish has a second one of these usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newish has a second one of these usually
+smaller a Garmin 650 which is physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller a Garmin 650 which is physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller a Garmin 650 which is physically
+smaller on the Garmin g1000 you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller on the Garmin g1000 you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller on the Garmin g1000 you know
+it's even bigger it's on this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even bigger it's on this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even bigger it's on this huge
+multifunction display if that fails you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifunction display if that fails you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multifunction display if that fails you
+can swap all the information over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can swap all the information over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can swap all the information over to the
+primary flight display or vice versa so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary flight display or vice versa so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary flight display or vice versa so
+that just gives you a little view to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives you a little view to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives you a little view to it
+here and here here's your comm radio on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here here's your comm radio on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here here's your comm radio on
+the g1000 and here's your nav radio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g1000 and here's your nav radio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the g1000 and here's your nav radio and
+see it's even identified the vor spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's even identified the vor spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's even identified the vor spot
+Morse code signal and the garment has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse code signal and the garment has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morse code signal and the garment has
+listened to it and identified it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to it and identified it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to it and identified it as the
+PPG vor the fjr vor all right the g1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPG vor the fjr vor all right the g1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPG vor the fjr vor all right the g1000
+they also actually this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also actually this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also actually this is one of the
+worst human factors design I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst human factors design I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst human factors design I think I've
+ever seen wonder who else can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen wonder who else can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen wonder who else can identify
+this like what what is tara what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like what what is tara what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like what what is tara what is
+truly terrible about this design i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly terrible about this design i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly terrible about this design i'll
+give you a hint it kind of well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint it kind of well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint it kind of well there's
+the all the engine instruments on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the engine instruments on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the engine instruments on the
+left there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left there too
+so what what kind of pretty common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what kind of pretty common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what kind of pretty common
+failure accident causing failure does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure accident causing failure does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure accident causing failure does
+this really not help you prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrical that's not very common like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical that's not very common like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical that's not very common like
+most most airplay I'll tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most airplay I'll tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most most airplay I'll tell you that
+most airplanes that you know have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most airplanes that you know have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most airplanes that you know have an
+accident are in perfect mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident are in perfect mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident are in perfect mechanical
+electrical and sheetmetal condition fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and sheetmetal condition fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical and sheetmetal condition fuel
+starvation so look yeah like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation so look yeah like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starvation so look yeah like your
+battery your amps I mean basically fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery your amps I mean basically fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery your amps I mean basically fuel
+is given the same status as all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given the same status as all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given the same status as all of this
+stuff fuel is almost always relevant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff fuel is almost always relevant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff fuel is almost always relevant and
+this other stuff is almost never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff is almost never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other stuff is almost never
+relevant and here it is it's small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and here it is it's small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and here it is it's small as
+you run out of fuel as you get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of fuel as you get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run out of fuel as you get really
+down into the red zone does this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the red zone does this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into the red zone does this thing
+grow you think it would grow to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow you think it would grow to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow you think it would grow to consume
+half of the display it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the display it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the display it doesn't do
+anything like that so I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that so I think it's a
+terrible terrible design and aviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible terrible design and aviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible terrible design and aviation
+really needs need some help a benign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs need some help a benign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really needs need some help a benign is
+a little better I think on the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better I think on the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little better I think on the user
+interface this is a kind of a legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this is a kind of a legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface this is a kind of a legacy
+system from the Cirrus this shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is NEXRAD data link weather we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is NEXRAD data link weather we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is NEXRAD data link weather we're
+going to talk about that in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's just a little thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a little thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's just a little thing about
+navigation if you're going anywhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation if you're going anywhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation if you're going anywhere near
+the DC area either get your instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC area either get your instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DC area either get your instrument
+rating and file IFR and then it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating and file IFR and then it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating and file IFR and then it becomes
+like everywhere else or you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everywhere else or you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everywhere else or you have to take
+this online course at some point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this online course at some point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this online course at some point and
+learn about the special rules in the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the special rules in the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about the special rules in the DC
+area they're not that hard to go down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area they're not that hard to go down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area they're not that hard to go down to
+Gaithersburg you have to VFR you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaithersburg you have to VFR you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaithersburg you have to VFR you have to
+go in from certain gates you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in from certain gates you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in from certain gates you have to
+file a flight plan in advance and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file a flight plan in advance and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file a flight plan in advance and you
+have to keep a unique transponder code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep a unique transponder code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep a unique transponder code
+so that air traffic control can track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that air traffic control can track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that air traffic control can track
+you so if you have any brilliant ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so if you have any brilliant ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so if you have any brilliant ideas
+for how folks in DC could do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how folks in DC could do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how folks in DC could do things
+better you can just get in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can just get in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better you can just get in a little
+Piper or Cessna or Cirrus that Hanscom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper or Cessna or Cirrus that Hanscom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Piper or Cessna or Cirrus that Hanscom
+zip down to Gaithersburg and there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip down to Gaithersburg and there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zip down to Gaithersburg and there you
+are all right after the navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right after the navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all right after the navigation
+mistake so let's say you bust into class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so let's say you bust into class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake so let's say you bust into class
+Bravo airspace without a clearance or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo airspace without a clearance or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bravo airspace without a clearance or do
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+that's you shouldn't have done the FAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you shouldn't have done the FAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you shouldn't have done the FAA
+and NASA are really not there to bust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and NASA are really not there to bust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and NASA are really not there to bust
+you there's a special form you can fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a special form you can fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you there's a special form you can fill
+out where you write down what you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where you write down what you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where you write down what you did
+why you did it how you think things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you did it how you think things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you did it how you think things
+could be improved you know maybe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be improved you know maybe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be improved you know maybe it was
+a user interface issue maybe somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user interface issue maybe somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a user interface issue maybe somebody
+else was using the airplane before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else was using the airplane before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else was using the airplane before you
+and turned off all the airspace alerts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned off all the airspace alerts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned off all the airspace alerts
+you just fill up this form and mail it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just fill up this form and mail it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just fill up this form and mail it
+in and that kind of limits the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that kind of limits the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and that kind of limits the amount of
+discipline that they can subject you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that they can subject you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that they can subject you to
+I mean it doesn't protect you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it doesn't protect you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean it doesn't protect you from
+intentional violations all right here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional violations all right here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentional violations all right here's
+a summary pilotage ndb's vor and GPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a summary pilotage ndb's vor and GPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a summary pilotage ndb's vor and GPS
+that was the progression over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the progression over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the progression over that
+you've seen now a hundred years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen now a hundred years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've seen now a hundred years of
+aviation navigation and I hope that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation navigation and I hope that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aviation navigation and I hope that
+actually one thing that I hope this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one thing that I hope this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one thing that I hope this does
+this give you a new appreciation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you a new appreciation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this give you a new appreciation for
+some of the achievements people who flew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the achievements people who flew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the achievements people who flew
+around the world in the 60s or the 50s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world in the 60s or the 50s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world in the 60s or the 50s
+there's a woman jerry mauck I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a woman jerry mauck I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a woman jerry mauck I think is
+her name it's a great book she flew a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her name it's a great book she flew a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her name it's a great book she flew a
+Cessna tail dragger around the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna tail dragger around the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cessna tail dragger around the world in
+the 1960s and you know she was often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s and you know she was often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s and you know she was often
+lost she'd be over the ocean with icing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost she'd be over the ocean with icing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost she'd be over the ocean with icing
+on her wings he would be having to track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her wings he would be having to track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on her wings he would be having to track
+you know ndb's in egypt or whatever so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ndb's in egypt or whatever so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know ndb's in egypt or whatever so a
+lot of that stuff has gotten so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that stuff has gotten so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of that stuff has gotten so much
+easier it's almost not fair you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it's almost not fair you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier it's almost not fair you know and
+you've got these data links so we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these data links so we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got these data links so we can't
+compare our achievements to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare our achievements to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare our achievements to the
+achievements of pilots or the risk they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements of pilots or the risk they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievements of pilots or the risk they
+were taking to what the risk that folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking to what the risk that folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking to what the risk that folks
+were taking in the old days you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking in the old days you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were taking in the old days you know
+they didn't have EPIRBs if they went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have EPIRBs if they went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have EPIRBs if they went
+into the water they didn't have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water they didn't have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the water they didn't have you know
+a moving map so they just didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving map so they just didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving map so they just didn't know
+where they were most of the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were most of the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were most of the time you
+know they had a vague idea all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they had a vague idea all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they had a vague idea all right so
+this is for Francis this is a quote from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for Francis this is a quote from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for Francis this is a quote from
+captain Sully's book the single pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully's book the single pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain Sully's book the single pilot
+airbus hero according to most to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airbus hero according to most to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airbus hero according to most to you so
+he's got a failed GPS and a failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a failed GPS and a failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's got a failed GPS and a failed
+compass Francis he says he could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass Francis he says he could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compass Francis he says he could just
+keep Venus in the left front corner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Venus in the left front corner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep Venus in the left front corner of
+the windshield and we would reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windshield and we would reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windshield and we would reach
+California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California
+what else could captain Saleh have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could captain Saleh have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could captain Saleh have done
+as an alternative to using Venus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Sun well it's nighttime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what Polaris yes actually the helicopter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Polaris yes actually the helicopter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Polaris yes actually the helicopter
+follow an interstate highway that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow an interstate highway that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow an interstate highway that's a
+helicopter common helicopter technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter common helicopter technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopter common helicopter technique
+probably because the interstates always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because the interstates always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably because the interstates always
+go through the to the lowest points how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the to the lowest points how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the to the lowest points how
+about this one request vectors SFO you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one request vectors SFO you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this one request vectors SFO you
+could probably climb right out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably climb right out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could probably climb right out of the
+hands come and call up Boston approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands come and call up Boston approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands come and call up Boston approach
+and they would be happy to help at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would be happy to help at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they would be happy to help at any
+time actually and that is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time actually and that is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time actually and that is a good
+question that's actually a good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's actually a good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's actually a good point
+into crew resource management you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into crew resource management you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into crew resource management you know
+don't try to be a single pilot hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to be a single pilot hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't try to be a single pilot hero
+ideally if it's a challenging flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally if it's a challenging flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally if it's a challenging flight
+you've got a co-pilot and even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a co-pilot and even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a co-pilot and even if you
+don't have a co-pilot you always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a co-pilot you always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a co-pilot you always have
+air traffic control as another crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic control as another crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air traffic control as another crew
+member all right let's take a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member all right let's take a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member all right let's take a few
+questions who's got questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions who's got questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions who's got questions about
+navigation so the question is can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation so the question is can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigation so the question is can the
+airplane show you your true altitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane show you your true altitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane show you your true altitude
+based on the GPS signal and it's buried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the GPS signal and it's buried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the GPS signal and it's buried
+in there it's not it can't be shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there it's not it can't be shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there it's not it can't be shown you
+know on your altimeter in your primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on your altimeter in your primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on your altimeter in your primary
+flight display but you can dig it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight display but you can dig it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight display but you can dig it out of
+a you know either a separated GPS like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know either a separated GPS like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know either a separated GPS like
+the Garmin for 750 or 430 or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Garmin for 750 or 430 or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Garmin for 750 or 430 or you know
+the integrated glass panels like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated glass panels like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrated glass panels like the
+g1000 yes what you're navigating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1000 yes what you're navigating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g1000 yes what you're navigating from
+how you're being separated from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're being separated from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you're being separated from other
+aircraft that's all based on the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that's all based on the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft that's all based on the static
+information but if you just want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but if you just want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information but if you just want to see
+I know that mountains 8,000 feet high I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that mountains 8,000 feet high I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that mountains 8,000 feet high I
+want to make sure it says at least 8,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure it says at least 8,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure it says at least 8,000
+and why for actual altitude you can dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why for actual altitude you can dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why for actual altitude you can dig
+that out and I think the terrain warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and I think the terrain warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out and I think the terrain warning
+system will use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'll repeat the question back for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'll repeat the question back for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'll repeat the question back for
+the tape and anybody didn't hear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape and anybody didn't hear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tape and anybody didn't hear so
+basically in an older okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this phone has more computing power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phone has more computing power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phone has more computing power and
+better design than everything inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better design than everything inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better design than everything inside a
+Boeing 747 or an Airbus a380 in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing 747 or an Airbus a380 in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boeing 747 or an Airbus a380 in fact I
+talked to the mayor bus a320 captain so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to the mayor bus a320 captain so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked to the mayor bus a320 captain so
+they said they wanted to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they wanted to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they wanted to get rid of
+everything in the airplane except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the airplane except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the airplane except the
+attitude indicator and they just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator and they just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude indicator and they just wanted
+to navigate off of an iPad running an at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to navigate off of an iPad running an at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to navigate off of an iPad running an at
+a European app called sky demon which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a European app called sky demon which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a European app called sky demon which is
+kind of like the American four foot your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the American four foot your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like the American four foot your
+Garmin pas they said you know that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garmin pas they said you know that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garmin pas they said you know that would
+be just way better to just use the iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just way better to just use the iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just way better to just use the iPad
+for everything so as a practical matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything so as a practical matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything so as a practical matter
+in your you know ancient airplane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your you know ancient airplane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your you know ancient airplane that
+might not even have an electrical system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even have an electrical system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even have an electrical system
+yes of course you can navigate quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes of course you can navigate quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes of course you can navigate quite
+effectively with some battery-powered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively with some battery-powered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively with some battery-powered
+electronics or portable electronics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics or portable electronics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics or portable electronics that
+you stick around the aircraft and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick around the aircraft and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stick around the aircraft and the
+interface can be very good and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface can be very good and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface can be very good and they have
+you know comprehensive databases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know comprehensive databases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know comprehensive databases of
+everything you'd want to know for legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you'd want to know for legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you'd want to know for legal
+purposes and for practical ones for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and for practical ones for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes and for practical ones for
+instrument flying you have to have FA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flying you have to have FA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument flying you have to have FA
+certified stuff that's hardwired to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified stuff that's hardwired to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified stuff that's hardwired to the
+aircraft and that's in the panel and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and that's in the panel and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft and that's in the panel and you
+know that makes sense because think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that makes sense because think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that makes sense because think
+about it you know your phone may die the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you know your phone may die the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you know your phone may die the
+battery may die so it's nice to have if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery may die so it's nice to have if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery may die so it's nice to have if
+you want to do an instrument approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do an instrument approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do an instrument approach
+for example you're going to need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you're going to need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you're going to need to have
+something like even in an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like even in an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like even in an experimental
+airplane you got to have one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you got to have one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane you got to have one of those
+certified like a Garmin 750 in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tpnla9TdOyY.txt b/Tpnla9TdOyY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..704b39f138b505cb688fe47c751ddfb97f2316f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tpnla9TdOyY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9936 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+is um the next chunk of um next group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the next chunk of um next group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um the next chunk of um next group of
+topics in uh 6033 called fault tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in uh 6033 called fault tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics in uh 6033 called fault tolerance
+and the goal here is to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal here is to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the goal here is to learn how to
+build U reliable systems um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build U reliable systems um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build U reliable systems um in the
+extreme case or at least our ideal goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case or at least our ideal goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case or at least our ideal goal
+is to try to build systems that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to build systems that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to try to build systems that will
+never fail um and what we'll find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fail um and what we'll find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fail um and what we'll find is
+that we really can't do that but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really can't do that but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really can't do that but what
+we'll try to do is just build systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to do is just build systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to do is just build systems
+which maybe fail less than less often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe fail less than less often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which maybe fail less than less often
+than if you buil them without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you buil them without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if you buil them without the
+principles that we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles that we're going to talk
+about so the idea is how to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so the idea is how to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so the idea is how to build
+reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems so in order to understand how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so in order to understand how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems so in order to understand how to
+build reliable systems we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build reliable systems we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build reliable systems we need to
+understand what makes systems unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what makes systems unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what makes systems unreliable
+and that has to do with understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to do with understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that has to do with understanding
+what Faults Are you know what um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Faults Are you know what um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Faults Are you know what um what
+problems occur in systems that cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems occur in systems that cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems occur in systems that cause
+systems um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um to
+fail and you've actually seen many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and you've actually seen many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and you've actually seen many
+examples of faults already uh informally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of faults already uh informally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of faults already uh informally
+a fault is just some kind of a flaw or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fault is just some kind of a flaw or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fault is just some kind of a flaw or
+an error or or a mistake that causes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error or or a mistake that causes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an error or or a mistake that causes a
+component or a module not to perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or a module not to perform the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component or a module not to perform the
+way it's supposed to perform and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's supposed to perform and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's supposed to perform and we'll
+formalize this notion a little bit today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this notion a little bit today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this notion a little bit today
+as we go along so there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along so there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go along so there are many
+examples of faults several of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of faults several of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of faults several of which
+you've already seen the system could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen the system could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen the system could
+fail because it has a software fault you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because it has a software fault you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because it has a software fault you
+know a bug in a piece of software so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a bug in a piece of software so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a bug in a piece of software so
+when you when you run it um it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you run it um it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you run it um it doesn't
+work according to the way you expect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work according to the way you expect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work according to the way you expect and
+that causes um something bad to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes um something bad to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that causes um something bad to happen
+might have Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have Hardware
+fults you store some data on a disk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fults you store some data on a disk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fults you store some data on a disk you
+go back and read it and it isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and read it and it isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and read it and it isn't there
+or it's been corrupted and that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's been corrupted and that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it's been corrupted and that's an
+example of a fault that might cause bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a fault that might cause bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a fault that might cause bad
+things to happen if you build a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen if you build a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to happen if you build a system
+that relies on a disk storing data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relies on a disk storing data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relies on a disk storing data um
+persistently you might have design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faults where a design fault might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults where a design fault might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults where a design fault might be
+something where you um try to let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you um try to let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where you um try to let's say
+figure out how much uh buffering to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much uh buffering to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much uh buffering to put
+into a a network switch and you put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a network switch and you put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a a network switch and you put into
+little buffering so what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little buffering so what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little buffering so what ends up
+happening is too many packets get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is too many packets get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is too many packets get
+dropped so you might actually just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped so you might actually just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped so you might actually just have
+a bad um you know some bad logic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad um you know some bad logic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad um you know some bad logic in
+there and that causes you to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that causes you to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that causes you to design
+something U that isn't quite um going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something U that isn't quite um going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something U that isn't quite um going to
+work out you might of course have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out you might of course have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out you might of course have
+implementation faults where you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation faults where you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation faults where you have a
+design and then you implement it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and then you implement it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and then you implement it and
+you've made a mistake in how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a mistake in how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made a mistake in how it's
+implemented and that could cause um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and that could cause um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and that could cause um
+faults as well and another example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults as well and another example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults as well and another example of a
+kind of fault is an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fault is an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fault is an operational
+fault um sometimes called human error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault um sometimes called human error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault um sometimes called human error
+where a user actually does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a user actually does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a user actually does something
+that you didn't anticipate or was told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't anticipate or was told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you didn't anticipate or was told
+not to do and that caused um bad things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do and that caused um bad things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to do and that caused um bad things
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+happen now for all of these faults there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now for all of these faults there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen now for all of these faults there
+are really two categories of faults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really two categories of faults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really two categories of faults
+regardless of you know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of you know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of you know what kind of
+fault it is um the first category of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault it is um the first category of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault it is um the first category of
+faults are latent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+faults so an example of a latent fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults so an example of a latent fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults so an example of a latent fault
+is um you know let's say that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know let's say that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um you know let's say that you have a
+bug in in a in a program where instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug in in a in a program where instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug in in a in a program where instead
+of uh you know testing if a less than b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know testing if a less than b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh you know testing if a less than b
+you test if a greater than b so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test if a greater than b so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you test if a greater than b so that's
+that's a bug in a program um but until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bug in a program um but until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bug in a program um but until
+it actually runs until that line of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually runs until that line of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually runs until that line of code
+runs this fault in the program isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs this fault in the program isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs this fault in the program isn't
+actually going to do anything bad it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do anything bad it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to do anything bad it
+isn't going to have any um adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to have any um adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to have any um adverse
+effect therefore this fault is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect therefore this fault is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect therefore this fault is an
+example of a latent fault now nothing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a latent fault now nothing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a latent fault now nothing is
+happening until it gets triggered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening until it gets triggered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening until it gets triggered and
+when it gets triggered that latent fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets triggered that latent fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets triggered that latent fault
+might become an active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fault now the problem when a lat fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault now the problem when a lat fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault now the problem when a lat fault
+becomes an active fault is that um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an active fault is that um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an active fault is that um when
+you run that line of code you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that line of code you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run that line of code you might have
+a mistake coming out at the output um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake coming out at the output um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake coming out at the output um
+which we're going to call an error so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to call an error so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to call an error so
+when an active fault is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an active fault is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when an active fault is
+exercised it leads to an error and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised it leads to an error and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercised it leads to an error and the
+problem with errors is that if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with errors is that if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with errors is that if you're
+not careful about how you deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not careful about how you deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not careful about how you deal with
+errors and most of what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and most of what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and most of what we're going to
+talk about is how to deal with errors if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is how to deal with errors if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is how to deal with errors if
+you're not careful about how you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful about how you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not careful about how you deal
+with errors that leads to a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so somewhat more formally a fault is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somewhat more formally a fault is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somewhat more formally a fault is
+just any flaw in an underlying component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any flaw in an underlying component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any flaw in an underlying component
+or an underlying subsystem that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an underlying subsystem that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an underlying subsystem that your
+system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is
+using now if the fault um turns out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using now if the fault um turns out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using now if the fault um turns out not
+to be exercised then nothing there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exercised then nothing there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be exercised then nothing there's no
+error there's no error that results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error there's no error that results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error there's no error that results and
+there's no failure that results it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no failure that results it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no failure that results it's
+only when you have an active fault um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you have an active fault um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when you have an active fault um
+that you might have an error and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have an error and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have an error and when
+you have an error you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an error you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an error you might have a
+failure and what we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and what we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and what we're going to try to
+do is to understand how to um deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to understand how to um deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to understand how to um deal with
+these errors so when errors occur we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors so when errors occur we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors so when errors occur we're
+going to try to hide them or mask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to hide them or mask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to hide them or mask them
+or do something such that these errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do something such that these errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or do something such that these errors
+don't propagate to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failures so the general goal as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so the general goal as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so the general goal as I
+mentioned before is to build um systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before is to build um systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before is to build um systems
+that don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't
+fail so in order to build systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so in order to build systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail so in order to build systems that
+don't fail um there are two approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fail um there are two approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fail um there are two approaches
+at 50,000 foot level one approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50,000 foot level one approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 50,000 foot level one approach to
+build a system that doesn't fail is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system that doesn't fail is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system that doesn't fail is to
+build it out of make sure every system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it out of make sure every system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build it out of make sure every system
+is going to be built out of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be built out of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be built out of components
+or modules and those modules are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or modules and those modules are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or modules and those modules are going
+to be built out of modules themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built out of modules themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be built out of modules themselves
+one approach might be to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach might be to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one approach might be to make sure that
+no module ever fails that no component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no module ever fails that no component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no module ever fails that no component
+that you use to build your bigger system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use to build your bigger system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use to build your bigger system
+ever fails and it'll turn out that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever fails and it'll turn out that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever fails and it'll turn out that for
+reasons that'll become clear based on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that'll become clear based on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons that'll become clear based on an
+understanding of the techniques we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the techniques we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the techniques we're
+going to employ to build systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to employ to build systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to employ to build systems that
+don't fail it'll turn out this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fail it'll turn out this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fail it'll turn out this is
+extremely expensive it's just not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely expensive it's just not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely expensive it's just not going
+to work out for us to make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out for us to make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work out for us to make sure that you
+know our discs never fail and memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our discs never fail and memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know our discs never fail and memory
+never fails and you know uh networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fails and you know uh networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fails and you know uh networks
+never fail and so on it's just too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fail and so on it's just too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never fail and so on it's just too
+expensive and um um nearly impossible so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and um um nearly impossible so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and um um nearly impossible so
+what we're going to do actually is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do actually is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do actually is to
+start with unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components and we're going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we're going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and we're going to build
+reliable system out systems out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable system out systems out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable system out systems out of
+unreliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable
+components or modules more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally what this means is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what this means is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what this means is that the
+system that you buil had better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you buil had better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that you buil had better be
+tolerant of faults that these components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant of faults that these components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant of faults that these components
+these underlying components have which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying components have which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these underlying components have which
+is why the design of systems that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why the design of systems that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why the design of systems that um
+don't fail or rarely fail um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fail or rarely fail um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't fail or rarely fail um is
+essentially the same as designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same as designing
+systems that are tolerant of faults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are tolerant of faults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are tolerant of faults
+hence fault tolerance so that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence fault tolerance so that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hence fault tolerance so that that's the
+reason why we care about uh fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we care about uh fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we care about uh fault
+tolerance so let's take an example of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance so let's take an example of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerance so let's take an example of of
+the kinds of uh just to crystallize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of uh just to crystallize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds of uh just to crystallize
+these Notions of faults and failures a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Notions of faults and failures a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Notions of faults and failures a
+little bit more so let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more so let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more so let's say you have a
+big system that has a module let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big system that has a module let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big system that has a module let's call
+it M1 and this module uses a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it M1 and this module uses a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it M1 and this module uses a couple of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+modules M2 and M3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules M2 and M3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules M2 and M3
+and let's say M2 uses another module M4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say M2 uses another module M4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say M2 uses another module M4
+where uses might be an invocation or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uses might be an invocation or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uses might be an invocation or you
+know imagine this is um an RPC call for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example and let's say that M4 in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and let's say that M4 in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and let's say that M4 in here
+has some component inside M4 like a disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some component inside M4 like a disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some component inside M4 like a disk
+or something some piece of software in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something some piece of software in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something some piece of software in
+M4 and let's say that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M4 and let's say that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M4 and let's say that that
+fails so it has a fault it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails so it has a fault it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails so it has a fault it gets
+triggered it becomes active leads to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered it becomes active leads to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered it becomes active leads to an
+error it actually fails that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it actually fails that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error it actually fails that little
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when this fault becomes a failure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this fault becomes a failure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this fault becomes a failure a
+couple of things could happen M4 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things could happen M4 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of things could happen M4 which
+which is the module to which this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the module to which this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the module to which this little
+failure belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure belongs
+um might do one of can do one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might do one of can do one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um might do one of can do one of two
+things one possibility is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one possibility is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things one possibility is that this
+fault that caused a failure gets exposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault that caused a failure gets exposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault that caused a failure gets exposed
+to the caller so M4 count actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the caller so M4 count actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the caller so M4 count actually
+hasn't managed to figure out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't managed to figure out a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't managed to figure out a way to
+hide this failure from from M2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide this failure from from M2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide this failure from from M2 which
+means that the fault propagates up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the fault propagates up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the fault propagates up the
+failure gets visible and the fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure gets visible and the fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure gets visible and the fault
+propagates up to M2 and now M2 actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates up to M2 and now M2 actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates up to M2 and now M2 actually
+sees um the underlying components um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees um the underlying components um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees um the underlying components um
+failure now the point here is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure now the point here is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure now the point here is that this
+little component fail fault caused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little component fail fault caused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little component fail fault caused a
+failure here which caused M4 itself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here which caused M4 itself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here which caused M4 itself to
+fail because M4 now reported couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because M4 now reported couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail because M4 now reported couldn't
+hide this um underlying failure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide this um underlying failure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide this um underlying failure and
+reported um you know something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported um you know something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported um you know something that was
+a failure that was um an output that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure that was um an output that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a failure that was um an output that
+didn't conform to the specification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't conform to the specification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't conform to the specification of
+M4 out to M2 now as far as M2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M4 out to M2 now as far as M2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M4 out to M2 now as far as M2 is
+concerned all that has happened so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned all that has happened so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned all that has happened so far
+is that the failure of this module M4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the failure of this module M4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the failure of this module M4
+has shown up as a fault to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has shown up as a fault to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has shown up as a fault to
+M2 right because an underlying module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 right because an underlying module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 right because an underlying module
+has failed it doesn't mean that M2 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has failed it doesn't mean that M2 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has failed it doesn't mean that M2 has
+failed it just means that M2 is now seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed it just means that M2 is now seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed it just means that M2 is now seen
+a fault and M2 now might manage to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fault and M2 now might manage to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fault and M2 now might manage to hide
+this fault which meant which would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fault which meant which would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fault which meant which would mean
+that M1 doesn't actually see anything it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M1 doesn't actually see anything it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that M1 doesn't actually see anything it
+doesn't see um the underlying um fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see um the underlying um fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't see um the underlying um fault
+that caused failure at all but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused failure at all but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that caused failure at all but of course
+if M2 now couldn't hide this or couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if M2 now couldn't hide this or couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if M2 now couldn't hide this or couldn't
+mask this failure then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask this failure then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mask this failure then it would
+propagate um an erroneous output out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate um an erroneous output out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate um an erroneous output out to
+M1 an output that didn't conform to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 an output that didn't conform to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 an output that didn't conform to the
+specification of M2 leading M1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of M2 leading M1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification of M2 leading M1 to
+observe this as a fault and so on so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this as a fault and so on so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this as a fault and so on so the
+general idea is that um failures of sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea is that um failures of sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general idea is that um failures of sub
+modules tend to show up as faults in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules tend to show up as faults in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules tend to show up as faults in the
+higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+module and our goal is to try to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and our goal is to try to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module and our goal is to try to somehow
+design these systems that use lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design these systems that use lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design these systems that use lots of
+modules and components where um at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and components where um at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules and components where um at some
+level we would in the end we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we would in the end we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level we would in the end we would like
+to avoid failing overall but inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid failing overall but inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid failing overall but inside here
+um we won't be able to go about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we won't be able to go about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we won't be able to go about making
+everything failure free I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything failure free I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything failure free I mean there
+might there might be failures inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might there might be failures inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might there might be failures inside
+subm modules but the idea is to ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm modules but the idea is to ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subm modules but the idea is to ensure
+or to try to ensure that M1 itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to try to ensure that M1 itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to try to ensure that M1 itself the
+highest level system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest level system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest level system doesn't
+fail so let's start with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples in fact these are all examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in fact these are all examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples in fact these are all examples
+of things that we've already seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we've already seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we've already seen and
+we've um even though we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've um even though we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've um even though we haven't
+discussed it as such we've seen a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it as such we've seen a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it as such we've seen a lot of
+examples of fall tolerance in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of fall tolerance in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of fall tolerance in uh the
+class so far so um for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so far so um for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so far so um for example if you
+have um bad synchronization code like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um bad synchronization code like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um bad synchronization code like
+you didn't use the Locking discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't use the Locking discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't use the Locking discipline
+properly or didn't use uh um any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly or didn't use uh um any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly or didn't use uh um any of the
+other synchronization property um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other synchronization property um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other synchronization property um
+Primitives properly you might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives properly you might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Primitives properly you might have a
+software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software
+fault that leads to the failure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault that leads to the failure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault that leads to the failure of a
+module um another example um that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module um another example um that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+module um another example um that we saw
+when we talked about networking is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about networking is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about networking is when
+we talked about routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about routing
+where the idea in here was that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the idea in here was that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the idea in here was that you know
+we talked about routing protocols that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about routing protocols that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about routing protocols that
+could handle failures of links so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could handle failures of links so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could handle failures of links so
+certain links could fail leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain links could fail leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain links could fail leading to
+certain paths not being useful usable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain paths not being useful usable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain paths not being useful usable
+but the routing system managed to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the routing system managed to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the routing system managed to find
+other paths around the network and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other paths around the network and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other paths around the network and that
+was because there were other paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because there were other paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because there were other paths
+available because the network itself was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because the network itself was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available because the network itself was
+built with some degree of redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built with some degree of redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built with some degree of redundancy
+underneath U and the routing protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath U and the routing protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath U and the routing protocol
+was able to U exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to U exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to U exploit
+that uh another example um that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh another example um that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh another example um that we saw
+again from networks is packet loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from networks is packet loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again from networks is packet loss
+you know we had best effort networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had best effort networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had best effort networks
+that would lose packets and uh it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lose packets and uh it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would lose packets and uh it didn't
+mean that your actual transfer of a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that your actual transfer of a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that your actual transfer of a file
+at the end to endend layer would miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to endend layer would miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end to endend layer would miss
+data you know we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data you know we came up with
+retransmissions as a mechanism to um use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmissions as a mechanism to um use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmissions as a mechanism to um use
+again another form of redundancy where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again another form of redundancy where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again another form of redundancy where
+you try the same thing again to get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try the same thing again to get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try the same thing again to get your
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through um another example of a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um another example of a failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um another example of a failure
+um that we saw was congestion collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where there was too much data being sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was too much data being sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was too much data being sent
+out into the network too fast and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the network too fast and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the network too fast and the
+network would collapse and our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network would collapse and our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network would collapse and our solution
+to this problem was really to shed load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this problem was really to shed load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this problem was really to shed load
+was to run the system slower than um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to run the system slower than um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to run the system slower than um it
+otherwise would by having the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would by having the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise would by having the people
+sending data send data slower um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending data send data slower um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending data send data slower um in
+order to alleviate this problem another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to alleviate this problem another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to alleviate this problem another
+example which we saw last time was or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which we saw last time was or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which we saw last time was or
+briefly saw last time was the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly saw last time was the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly saw last time was the domain
+name system where domain name servers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name system where domain name servers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name system where domain name servers
+are replicated so if you couldn't reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replicated so if you couldn't reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replicated so if you couldn't reach
+one to resolve your domain name you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to resolve your domain name you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to resolve your domain name you
+could go to another one and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to another one and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to another one and all of these
+or most of these actually are use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or most of these actually are use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or most of these actually are use the
+same techniques that we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same techniques that we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same techniques that we're going to talk
+about and all of these techniques are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and all of these techniques are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and all of these techniques are
+built around some form of redundancy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around some form of redundancy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built around some form of redundancy or
+another um except probably the Locking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um except probably the Locking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another um except probably the Locking
+thing but all of the others are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but all of the others are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but all of the others are built
+around some form of redundancy um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some form of redundancy um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around some form of redundancy um and
+we'll understand this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll understand this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll understand this more
+systematically um today and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically um today and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically um today and the next
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+classes so our goal here is to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so our goal here is to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so our goal here is to develop a
+systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach um to build a systems um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach um to build a systems um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach um to build a systems um that
+are fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fall
+tolerant and the general approach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant and the general approach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant and the general approach for
+all fall tolerant systems is uh to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fall tolerant systems is uh to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fall tolerant systems is uh to use
+three techniques the first one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three techniques the first one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three techniques the first one we've
+already seen which is don't build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen which is don't build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen which is don't build a
+monolithic system always build it around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modules the reason is that it'll turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules the reason is that it'll turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules the reason is that it'll turn
+out to be easier for us to isolate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be easier for us to isolate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be easier for us to isolate these
+modules firstly one from another but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules firstly one from another but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules firstly one from another but
+then when modules fail it'll be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when modules fail it'll be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when modules fail it'll be easier
+for us to treat those failures as faults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to treat those failures as faults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to treat those failures as faults
+and then try to hide hide those faults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to hide hide those faults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then try to hide hide those faults
+and apply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and apply the same
+technique which brings us to the Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which brings us to the Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique which brings us to the Second
+Step which is when um failures occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step which is when um failures occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step which is when um failures occur
+causing errors um we need a plan for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing errors um we need a plan for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing errors um we need a plan for the
+calling module for the higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling module for the higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling module for the higher level
+module to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors so failure results in an error we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so failure results in an error we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors so failure results in an error we
+got to figure out a way to make we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out a way to make we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to figure out a way to make we have
+to know that it's happened which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it's happened which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know that it's happened which means
+we need techniques to detect it and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need techniques to detect it and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need techniques to detect it and of
+course once we detect an error we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course once we detect an error we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course once we detect an error we have a
+bunch of things we could do with it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things we could do with it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things we could do with it but
+ideally if you want to prevent a failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally if you want to prevent a failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally if you want to prevent a failure
+of that that system of a system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that system of a system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that system of a system that's
+observed errors you need a way to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed errors you need a way to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed errors you need a way to hide
+these errors um the jargon for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors um the jargon for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these errors um the jargon for this is
+mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+errors and if we do this if we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and if we do this if we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors and if we do this if we build
+systems that do this then it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that do this then it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that do this then it's possible
+for us to build systems that conform to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to build systems that conform to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to build systems that conform to
+spec so the goal here is to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec so the goal here is to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec so the goal here is to try to make
+sure that systems conform to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+specification and if things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification and if things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification and if things don't
+conform to a specification then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to a specification then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conform to a specification then that's
+when we call it it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we call it it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we call it it a
+failure and sometimes we'll play some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and sometimes we'll play some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and sometimes we'll play some
+tricks where in order to build systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks where in order to build systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks where in order to build systems
+that um you know quote never fail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know quote never fail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you know quote never fail um
+we'll scale back the specification to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll scale back the specification to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll scale back the specification to
+actually allow for things that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allow for things that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allow for things that you know
+are would in fact be considered failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are would in fact be considered failures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are would in fact be considered failures
+but are things that still would conform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are things that still would conform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are things that still would conform
+to the spec so we we'll relax the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the spec so we we'll relax the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the spec so we we'll relax the
+specification to make sure that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification to make sure that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification to make sure that we could
+still meet um you know the notion of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still meet um you know the notion of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still meet um you know the notion of a a
+failure-free system or a fault tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure-free system or a fault tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure-free system or a fault tolerance
+system um and we'll see some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and we'll see some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system um and we'll see some examples of
+that actually in the next uh lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually in the next uh lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually in the next uh lecture
+and the general trick I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general trick I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general trick I've already
+mentioned the general trick uh for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the general trick uh for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the general trick uh for all
+of these um systems that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um systems that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these um systems that we're going to
+study examples that we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study examples that we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study examples that we're going to study
+um is to use some form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+redundancy and that's the way in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy and that's the way in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy and that's the way in which
+we're going to mask errors and um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mask errors and um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mask errors and um it
+almost all systems all every system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all systems all every system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all systems all every system that
+I know of that SP tolerant uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know of that SP tolerant uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know of that SP tolerant uses
+redundancy in some form or another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in some form or another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy in some form or another and
+often it's not obvious how it uses it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's not obvious how it uses it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it's not obvious how it uses it
+but it it does actually use redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to now give an example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to now give an example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to now give an example that
+will turn out to be the same example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be the same example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will turn out to be the same example
+we'll use for the next three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use for the next three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use for the next three or four
+lectures and so you may as well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and so you may as well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and so you may as well you know
+you should probably get familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably get familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should probably get familiar with
+this example because we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example because we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example because we're going to see
+this over and over again it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over again it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over and over again it's a really
+simple example but it'll it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example but it'll it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example but it'll it it's
+complicated enough that everything uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough that everything uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough that everything uh we
+want to learn about fall tolerance will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn about fall tolerance will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to learn about fall tolerance will
+be visible in this example so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be visible in this example so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be visible in this example so it starts
+with a person who wants to do a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person who wants to do a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a person who wants to do a bank
+transaction um at an ATM or a PC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or on your computer um you want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on your computer um you want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on your computer um you want to do a
+bank transaction and the way this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank transaction and the way this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank transaction and the way this works
+as you as you probably knows it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you probably knows it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you probably knows it goes
+over some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some kind of a
+network um and then you know if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um and then you know if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network um and then you know if you want
+to do this a bank um transaction it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this a bank um transaction it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this a bank um transaction it goes
+to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+server is usually which is run by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is usually which is run by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is usually which is run by your
+bank and the way this normally works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and the way this normally works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank and the way this normally works is
+that the server has um a module that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the server has um a module that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the server has um a module that it
+uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses
+uh a database system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which deals with managing uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which deals with managing uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which deals with managing uh you know
+your account information and because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your account information and because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your account information and because you
+don't want to forget and the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to forget and the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to forget and the bank
+shouldn't forget how much money you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't forget how much money you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't forget how much money you have
+uh this's data that's stored on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this's data that's stored on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this's data that's stored on
+disk and we're going to be doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk and we're going to be doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk and we're going to be doing things
+that are um actions of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are um actions of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are um actions of the following
+form we're going to be asking to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we're going to be asking to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we're going to be asking to uh
+transfer you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer you know
+from some account to another account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some account to another account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some account to another account
+some amount of money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now of course anything could fail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of course anything could fail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now of course anything could fail in
+between so for example um there could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so for example um there could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so for example um there could be
+problem in the network and the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the network and the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in the network and the network
+could fail or the software running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fail or the software running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could fail or the software running on
+the server could fail or the software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server could fail or the software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server could fail or the software
+running in this database system could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in this database system could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in this database system could
+you know could crash or you know report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could crash or you know report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know could crash or you know report
+bad values or something the dis could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad values or something the dis could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad values or something the dis could
+fail and we want systematic techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and we want systematic techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and we want systematic techniques
+by which um this transfer here or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which um this transfer here or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by which um this transfer here or all
+these you know these calls that look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know these calls that look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you know these calls that look a
+lot like transfer do the right thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like transfer do the right thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like transfer do the right thing and
+so this doing the right thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this doing the right thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this doing the right thing is
+actually what is an informal way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what is an informal way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what is an informal way of
+saying meet a specification so we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying meet a specification so we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying meet a specification so we first
+have to decide what we want for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide what we want for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide what we want for a
+specification um that has to hold true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification um that has to hold true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification um that has to hold true
+no matter what happens no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happens no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter what happens no matter what
+failures occur so one example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures occur so one example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures occur so one example of a
+specification might be to say no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification might be to say no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification might be to say no matter
+what happens if I invoke this and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I invoke this and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I invoke this and it
+returns then this much amount this am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns then this much amount this am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns then this much amount this am
+this amount of money has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of money has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount of money has to be
+transferred from here to here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from here to here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred from here to here so that
+could be a specification that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a specification that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a specification that you might
+expect um it also turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um it also turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect um it also turns out that
+specification is extremely hard to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification is extremely hard to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification is extremely hard to meet
+and we're not even going to try to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not even going to try to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not even going to try to do it
+this is the weasel wording I said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the weasel wording I said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the weasel wording I said before
+about we'll modify the specification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll modify the specification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we'll modify the specification so
+we'll change the specification going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll change the specification going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll change the specification going
+forward for this example to mean if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward for this example to mean if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward for this example to mean if this
+call returns then no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call returns then no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call returns then no matter what
+failures occur either a transfer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures occur either a transfer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures occur either a transfer has
+happened exactly once or the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened exactly once or the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened exactly once or the state of
+the system is as if the transfer didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is as if the transfer didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is as if the transfer didn't
+even get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even get
+started okay which is reasonable I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay which is reasonable I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started okay which is reasonable I mean
+you and then um you know if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then um you know if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then um you know if you really
+care about moving the money and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about moving the money and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about moving the money and you
+determine that it hasn't been move you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that it hasn't been move you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that it hasn't been move you
+or some program might try it again which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some program might try it again which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some program might try it again which
+actually is another form of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is another form of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is another form of using
+redundancy where you just try it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy where you just try it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundancy where you just try it over
+again um and the reason and you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um and the reason and you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um and the reason and you won't
+understand we won't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we won't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand we won't understand
+completely why um a specification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely why um a specification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely why um a specification that
+says you have to do this exactly once if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have to do this exactly once if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you have to do this exactly once if
+it returns it why that's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns it why that's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it returns it why that's hard to
+implement why that's hard to achieve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement why that's hard to achieve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement why that's hard to achieve uh
+we'll see that in the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that in the next couple of
+classes so for now just realize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so for now just realize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes so for now just realize that the
+specification here is it should happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification here is it should happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification here is it should happen
+exactly once or it should be as if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once or it should be as if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once or it should be as if it
+didn't it didn't even you know nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it didn't even you know nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't it didn't even you know nothing
+no partial action corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no partial action corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no partial action corresponding to the
+internals of this transfer happened so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internals of this transfer happened so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internals of this transfer happened so
+state of the system must be as if um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system must be as if um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the system must be as if um the
+system never saw this transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+request so any module could fail here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so any module could fail here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so any module could fail here so
+let's take some examples of failures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take some examples of failures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take some examples of failures in
+order to get some terminology um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get some terminology um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get some terminology um that
+will help us understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help us understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help us understand
+faults so one thing that could happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults so one thing that could happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults so one thing that could happen is
+that you could have a dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have a dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could have a dis
+failure so the dis could just fail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so the dis could just fail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure so the dis could just fail and
+um one example of a dis failure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one example of a dis failure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one example of a dis failure is the
+dis fails and then it just stops working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis fails and then it just stops working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis fails and then it just stops working
+and it tells the database system that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells the database system that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it tells the database system that's
+trying to read and write data from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to read and write data from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to read and write data from it
+that it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it isn't
+working so if that kind of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so if that kind of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working so if that kind of failure
+happens where it just where this module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens where it just where this module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens where it just where this module
+here or this component just completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or this component just completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or this component just completely
+stops and tells the higher level module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and tells the higher level module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops and tells the higher level module
+that it stopped uh that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it stopped uh that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it stopped uh that's an example of
+a failure that's called a fail stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failure and more generally any module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and more generally any module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and more generally any module
+that tells the higher level module that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells the higher level module that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells the higher level module that
+it's just stopped working U without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just stopped working U without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just stopped working U without
+reporting anything else uh no outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting anything else uh no outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting anything else uh no outputs
+that's Sal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop CU you could have discs and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop CU you could have discs and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop CU you could have discs and most
+discs today you might have failures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs today you might have failures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs today you might have failures that
+aren't fail stop you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't fail stop you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't fail stop you might have
+something where um there's some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where um there's some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where um there's some kind of
+error checking associated with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error checking associated with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error checking associated with every
+sector on your disk and risk might start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector on your disk and risk might start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector on your disk and risk might start
+reporting um errors that say that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting um errors that say that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting um errors that say that this
+is a bad sector so it doesn't fail stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad sector so it doesn't fail stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bad sector so it doesn't fail stop
+but it tells the higher level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tells the higher level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tells the higher level the
+database system in this case that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database system in this case that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database system in this case that some
+data that's it's read or data that been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's it's read or data that been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's it's read or data that been
+um written there's a bad SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um written there's a bad SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um written there's a bad SE
+which means that the checkm doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the checkm doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the checkm doesn't
+match um the data that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match um the data that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match um the data that's being
+read when you have an error like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read when you have an error like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read when you have an error like that
+where um it doesn't stop working but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um it doesn't stop working but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where um it doesn't stop working but it
+tells you that something bad is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that something bad is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that something bad is going on
+that's an example of a failure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a failure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of a failure that's
+called a fail fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failure I actually don't think these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure I actually don't think these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure I actually don't think these
+terms are most of these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are most of these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are most of these terms are
+particularly important fail stop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important fail stop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly important fail stop is
+usually important and worth knowing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually important and worth knowing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually important and worth knowing but
+the reason to go through these terms is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason to go through these terms is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason to go through these terms is
+more that more to understand that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that more to understand that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that more to understand that there
+are various kinds of failures possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various kinds of failures possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are various kinds of failures possible
+so so one case it stops working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one case it stops working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one case it stops working in
+another case it just tells you that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case it just tells you that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case it just tells you that it's
+not working but continues working it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working but continues working it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not working but continues working it
+tells you that certain operations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that certain operations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that certain operations are
+not haven't been correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done now another thing that could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now another thing that could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done now another thing that could happen
+when for example the disk has you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for example the disk has you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when for example the disk has you know
+has fail stopped has fail is failing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has fail stopped has fail is failing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has fail stopped has fail is failing uh
+fail fast is that the database system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail fast is that the database system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail fast is that the database system
+might decide that um write operations it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide that um write operations it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might decide that um write operations it
+doesn't really you're not allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really you're not allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really you're not allowed to
+write things to disk because the disk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things to disk because the disk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write things to disk because the disk is
+um you know either failed completely or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know either failed completely or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know either failed completely or
+failed fast but it might allow read only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed fast but it might allow read only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed fast but it might allow read only
+actions or requests that are read only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or requests that are read only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions or requests that are read only
+so for example it might allow users to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it might allow users to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example it might allow users to
+come up to an ATM machine and just read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to an ATM machine and just read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to an ATM machine and just read
+how much money they have from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money they have from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money they have from their
+account because it might be that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account because it might be that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account because it might be that there's
+a cache um of the data that's in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cache um of the data that's in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cache um of the data that's in memory
+in the database so it might allow read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the database so it might allow read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the database so it might allow read
+only actions um in which case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only actions um in which case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only actions um in which case the
+systems perform is is functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems perform is is functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems perform is is functioning
+um with only a subset of the actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with only a subset of the actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with only a subset of the actions
+that it's supposed to be taking and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's supposed to be taking and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's supposed to be taking and if
+that happens that kind of failure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens that kind of failure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens that kind of failure is
+called a fail soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failure where uh it doesn't you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure where uh it doesn't you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure where uh it doesn't you know not
+all of the interfaces are available but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the interfaces are available but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the interfaces are available but
+a subset of the interfaces are available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the interfaces are available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of the interfaces are available
+and correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+working and the last kind of failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and the last kind of failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and the last kind of failure
+that could happen is that uh for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen is that uh for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen is that uh for example
+in this in this in this example um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this in this example um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this in this example um let's
+say that failures are occurring when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that failures are occurring when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that failures are occurring when
+there's a large number of people trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large number of people trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large number of people trying
+to do make these requests at ATMs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do make these requests at ATMs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do make these requests at ATMs and
+there's some problem that um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problem that um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problem that um you know
+there's some problems that have Arisen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problems that have Arisen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some problems that have Arisen
+and the somebody determines that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the somebody determines that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the somebody determines that the
+problem arises when there's too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem arises when there's too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem arises when there's too many
+people gaining access to the system at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gaining access to the system at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people gaining access to the system at
+the same time and the system might now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and the system might now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time and the system might now
+move to a mode where it allows only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to a mode where it allows only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move to a mode where it allows only a
+small number of actions at a time a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of actions at a time a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of actions at a time a
+small number of concurrent actions at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of concurrent actions at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small number of concurrent actions at a
+time or maybe one action at a time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or maybe one action at a time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or maybe one action at a time so
+one user can come at a time to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one user can come at a time to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one user can come at a time to the
+system which means the systems U there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which means the systems U there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which means the systems U there's
+there has been a failure but the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been a failure but the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has been a failure but the way the
+system is dealing with it is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is dealing with it is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is dealing with it is that it
+determines that the failure doesn't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that the failure doesn't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines that the failure doesn't get
+triggered when um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered when um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered when um
+you know the load is low so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the load is low so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the load is low so it might
+function at low performance um it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at low performance um it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at low performance um it still
+provides all of the interfaces but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides all of the interfaces but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides all of the interfaces but just
+at very low performance or a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low performance or a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very low performance or a lower
+performance and that kind of behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that kind of behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and that kind of behavior is
+called fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called fail
+safe so it's moved to a mode where um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe so it's moved to a mode where um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safe so it's moved to a mode where um
+it's just scaled back how much work it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just scaled back how much work it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just scaled back how much work it's
+willing to do um and does it at degraded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do um and does it at degraded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do um and does it at degraded
+performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so the plan now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the plan now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so the plan now
+is for the rest of today so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the rest of today so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for the rest of today so from
+tomorrow from next lecture on what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow from next lecture on what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow from next lecture on what we're
+going to do is understand the algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is understand the algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is understand the algorithms
+for how we go about and how you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how we go about and how you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how we go about and how you build
+systems um that actually do one or all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um that actually do one or all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems um that actually do one or all
+of these in order to meet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these in order to meet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these in order to meet the
+specification that we want um but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification that we want um but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification that we want um but before
+we do that we have to understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we have to understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do that we have to understand a
+little bit about um models for faults in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about um models for faults in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about um models for faults in
+order to build fault tolerance systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to build fault tolerance systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to build fault tolerance systems
+it's usually a good idea to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know a little bit more
+quantitatively models um of faults that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively models um of faults that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively models um of faults that
+occur in systems and primarily this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in systems and primarily this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in systems and primarily this
+discussion is going to be focused on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is going to be focused on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion is going to be focused on um
+Hardware faults because most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware faults because most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware faults because most people
+don't understand how software Faults Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand how software Faults Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't understand how software Faults Are
+to be modeled but since all systems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be modeled but since all systems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be modeled but since all systems are
+going to be built on Hardware typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be built on Hardware typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be built on Hardware typically
+for example diss are going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example diss are going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example diss are going to be really
+common or network links are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common or network links are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common or network links are going to be
+common and all of those conform nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and all of those conform nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and all of those conform nicely
+to models uh it's worth understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to models uh it's worth understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to models uh it's worth understanding
+how that works so for example um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works so for example um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that works so for example um you
+know a dis manufacturer might report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a dis manufacturer might report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a dis manufacturer might report
+that the error rate of undetected errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the error rate of undetected errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the error rate of undetected errors
+so diss usually have a fair amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diss usually have a fair amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diss usually have a fair amount of
+error detection in them but they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error detection in them but they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error detection in them but they might
+report that the the error rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that the the error rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report that the the error rate of
+undetected errors is say 10 Theus 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetected errors is say 10 Theus 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetected errors is say 10 Theus 12th
+or 10 Theus 13th and that number looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 Theus 13th and that number looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 10 Theus 13th and that number looks
+really small that says that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small that says that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really small that says that that you
+know out of that many bits maybe one bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know out of that many bits maybe one bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know out of that many bits maybe one bit
+is corrupted and you can't detect it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupted and you can't detect it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is corrupted and you can't detect it but
+you have to realize that given modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to realize that given modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to realize that given modern
+workloads for example take Google as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workloads for example take Google as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workloads for example take Google as an
+example um that you saw from last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um that you saw from last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um that you saw from last uh
+recitation the amount of data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation the amount of data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation the amount of data that's
+being stored in a system like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stored in a system like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stored in a system like that or
+you know the world in general um is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the world in general um is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the world in general um is so
+huge that a 10 Theus 13th error rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge that a 10 Theus 13th error rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge that a 10 Theus 13th error rate
+means that you're probably seeing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're probably seeing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're probably seeing some
+bad data in file that you can never fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad data in file that you can never fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad data in file that you can never fix
+or never detect um you know every couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or never detect um you know every couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or never detect um you know every couple
+of days um or you know Network people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of days um or you know Network people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of days um or you know Network people
+would tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would tell you that
+optic fiber optic links have an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic fiber optic links have an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic fiber optic links have an error
+rate of one error and 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of one error and 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of one error and 10 to the
+12th but you have to realize that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th but you have to realize that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th but you have to realize that these
+links are sending so many gigabits per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links are sending so many gigabits per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links are sending so many gigabits per
+second that one error in 10 the 12th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that one error in 10 the 12th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that one error in 10 the 12th
+means something like there's an error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something like there's an error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means something like there's an error
+that you can't detect um maybe you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't detect um maybe you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't detect um maybe you know
+every couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every couple of
+hours what that really means is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours what that really means is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours what that really means is that at
+the higher layers you need to do more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher layers you need to do more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher layers you need to do more
+work in order to make sure that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in order to make sure that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in order to make sure that your
+data is protected um because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is protected um because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is protected um because you can't
+actually rely on the fact that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rely on the fact that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually rely on the fact that your
+underlying components have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying components have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying components have these
+amazingly low numbers because there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly low numbers because there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly low numbers because there's so
+much data going on um being sent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data going on um being sent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much data going on um being sent or
+being stored on these systems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stored on these systems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being stored on these systems that you
+need to have other techniques at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have other techniques at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have other techniques at a
+higher layer to protect um if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher layer to protect um if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher layer to protect um if you really
+care about the Integrity of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the Integrity of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the Integrity of your
+data um in addition to these raw numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um in addition to these raw numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um in addition to these raw numbers
+um there's two uh or three other metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's two uh or three other metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's two uh or three other metrics
+that people use um to understand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use um to understand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people use um to understand uh
+faults the first one or and failures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults the first one or and failures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faults the first one or and failures the
+first one is the number of tolerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failures so for example if you build um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so for example if you build um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures so for example if you build um
+a system to store data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to store data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system to store data
+and you're you're worried about discs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're you're worried about discs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're you're worried about discs
+failing or Diss reporting erroneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing or Diss reporting erroneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing or Diss reporting erroneous
+values you might replicate that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you might replicate that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values you might replicate that data
+across many many disks and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many many disks and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across many many disks and then when you
+design your system one of the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design your system one of the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design your system one of the things you
+would want to analyze and report is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to analyze and report is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to analyze and report is the
+number of tolerated failures of diss so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tolerated failures of diss so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of tolerated failures of diss so
+for example if you build a system out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you build a system out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you build a system out of
+you know seven discs you might say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know seven discs you might say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know seven discs you might say that
+you can handle up to two two failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can handle up to two two failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can handle up to two two failed
+discs something like that depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs something like that depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs something like that depending on
+how you've designed your system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you've designed your system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you've designed your system and
+that's usually a good thing to report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually a good thing to report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's usually a good thing to report
+because then people who use your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then people who use your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then people who use your system
+can know how to provision or engineer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know how to provision or engineer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know how to provision or engineer um
+their system uh um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system uh um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their system uh um your
+system the second uh metric which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the second uh metric which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the second uh metric which we're
+going to spend a few more minutes on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a few more minutes on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend a few more minutes on is
+something called meantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+failure and what this says is it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and what this says is it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and what this says is it takes a
+model where you have a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where you have a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where you have a system that
+starts at time zero and it's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at time zero and it's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at time zero and it's running
+fine and then at some point in time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then at some point in time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then at some point in time it
+fails and then when it fails somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and then when it fails somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails and then when it fails somebody
+you know that error that failure is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that error that failure is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that error that failure is made
+known to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to an
+operator or it's made known to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or it's made known to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator or it's made known to some
+higher level that has a plan to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level that has a plan to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher level that has a plan to work
+around it to repair this failure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it to repair this failure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it to repair this failure and
+then once the failure gets repaired it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once the failure gets repaired it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once the failure gets repaired it
+takes some time for the failure to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some time for the failure to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some time for the failure to get
+repaired and once it gets repaired it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired and once it gets repaired it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired and once it gets repaired it
+starts running again and then it fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts running again and then it fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts running again and then it fails
+at some other point in the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other point in the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some other point in the future and
+when it goes through the cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes through the cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes through the cycle of
+failures and repairs you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and repairs you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and repairs you end up with a
+timeline that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you might start at Time Zero um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might start at Time Zero um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might start at Time Zero um and
+the system's working fine and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's working fine and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system's working fine and then
+there's a failure that happens here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a failure that happens here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a failure that happens here and
+then the system's down for a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the system's down for a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the system's down for a certain
+period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of
+time and then somebody repairs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then somebody repairs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then somebody repairs the
+system and then it continues to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then it continues to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and then it continues to work and
+then it fails again and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on and so for each of the dur of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so for each of the dur of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so for each of the dur of time
+that the system is working it's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is working it's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is working it's let's
+assume it's starting at zero each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's starting at zero each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume it's starting at zero each of
+these defines a period of time that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these defines a period of time that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these defines a period of time that I'm
+going to call ttf for time to fail okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call ttf for time to fail okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call ttf for time to fail okay
+so this is the first time to fail um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first time to fail um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first time to fail um
+interval this is the second time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fail this is the second time to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail this is the second time to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail this is the second time to fail
+interval and then this is a time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then this is a time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and then this is a time to
+repair and this is the third time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair and this is the third time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair and this is the third time to
+fail interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail interval
+and so on and analogously in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and analogously in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and analogously in between
+here I could Define these time to repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could Define these time to repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I could Define these time to repair
+intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals
+ttr1 ttr2 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttr1 ttr2 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttr1 ttr2 and so
+on so the mean time to failure is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the mean time to failure is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so the mean time to failure is just
+the mean of these values there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of these values there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of these values there's some
+duration of time here like 3 hours the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of time here like 3 hours the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duration of time here like 3 hours the
+system worked and then it um crashed um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system worked and then it um crashed um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system worked and then it um crashed um
+that's ttf1 and then it somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ttf1 and then it somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ttf1 and then it somebody
+repaired it it worked now for 6 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired it it worked now for 6 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repaired it it worked now for 6 hours
+that's ttf2 and so on if you take run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ttf2 and so on if you take run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's ttf2 and so on if you take run
+your system for a long enough period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system for a long enough period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your system for a long enough period of
+time um like a dis or anything else and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um like a dis or anything else and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time um like a dis or anything else and
+then you observe all these time to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you observe all these time to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you observe all these time to fail
+samples that tells you and take the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that tells you and take the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples that tells you and take the mean
+of that that tells you a mean time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that tells you a mean time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that that tells you a mean time to
+failure now the reason this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure now the reason this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure now the reason this is
+interesting is that you could use you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you could use you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that you could use you
+could run your system for a really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run your system for a really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could run your system for a really long
+period of time U and build up a metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time U and build up a metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time U and build up a metric
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+availability so for example if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so for example if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability so for example if you're
+running a website um and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a website um and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running a website um and you know the
+way this website works is everyone it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this website works is everyone it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this website works is everyone it
+runs for a while and then every once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs for a while and then every once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs for a while and then every once in
+a while it crashes or it's crashes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while it crashes or it's crashes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a while it crashes or it's crashes and
+people can't get to you so you could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't get to you so you could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't get to you so you could run
+this for months or years on end and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for months or years on end and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for months or years on end and then
+observe these values and then um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these values and then um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe these values and then um you
+know you could run this every month you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could run this every month you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could run this every month you
+could decide what the availability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decide what the availability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could decide what the availability is
+and decide if it's good enough or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide if it's good enough or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide if it's good enough or if you
+want to make it higher or lower so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it higher or lower so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make it higher or lower so you
+can now Define your availability to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now Define your availability to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now Define your availability to be
+the total amount the fraction of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount the fraction of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount the fraction of time
+that your system is up and running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your system is up and running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your system is up and running the
+fraction of time that the system is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of time that the system is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of time that the system is up
+and running is the fraction of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running is the fraction of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running is the fraction of time on
+this timeline that you have the uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this timeline that you have the uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this timeline that you have the uh um
+this U this kind of shade thing okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U this kind of shade thing okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this U this kind of shade thing okay so
+that's just equal to the sum of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just equal to the sum of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just equal to the sum of all of
+the time to failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to failure
+numbers divided by the total time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers divided by the total time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers divided by the total time the
+total time is just you know the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total time is just you know the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total time is just you know the sum of
+all the ttfs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ttrs okay and that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttrs okay and that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ttrs okay and that's that's what
+availability means it's the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability means it's the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability means it's the fraction of
+time that your system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that your system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that your system is
+available is up now if you divide both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is up now if you divide both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available is up now if you divide both
+the top and the Bottom by n um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the Bottom by n um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the Bottom by n um this
+number works out to be the meantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number works out to be the meantime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number works out to be the meantime to
+failure divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by divided by the meantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by divided by the meantime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by divided by the meantime to
+failure plus the meantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repair so this is a useful notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair so this is a useful notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair so this is a useful notion
+because now it tells you that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now it tells you that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now it tells you that you you
+can watch your system for a really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch your system for a really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch your system for a really long
+period of time and build up a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and build up a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time and build up a mean
+estimate of mean of mean values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of mean of mean values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of mean of mean values of the
+time to failure and the time to repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to failure and the time to repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to failure and the time to repair
+and um you know just come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know just come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um you know just come up with a
+notion of what the availability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what the availability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what the availability of the
+system is and then decide based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is and then decide based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is and then decide based on
+whether it's high enough or not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's high enough or not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's high enough or not um
+whether you want to improve some aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to improve some aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to improve some aspect
+of the system and whether it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing so it turns out this meantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it turns out this meantime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing so it turns out this meantime to
+failure um and therefore availability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure um and therefore availability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure um and therefore availability is
+related for component for uh components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related for component for uh components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related for component for uh components
+to uh a notion called the failure rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a notion called the failure rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh a notion called the failure rate
+so let me Define the failure rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me Define the failure rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me Define the failure rate
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second so the failure rate um is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the failure rate um is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so the failure rate um is defined
+as it's also called a hazard function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's also called a hazard function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's also called a hazard function
+that's why people use the term h of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people use the term h of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why people use the term h of T
+the hazard rate that's defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hazard rate that's defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hazard rate that's defined as the
+probability that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you have a
+failure of a system or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of a system or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure of a system or a
+component in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T to t plus delta T given that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to t plus delta T given that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T to t plus delta T given that it's
+working I'm going to say okay at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I'm going to say okay at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working I'm going to say okay at time
+T okay so it's a conditional probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so it's a conditional probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so it's a conditional probability
+it's it's a probability that you fail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a probability that you fail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a probability that you fail in
+the next time instant given that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time instant given that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next time instant given that it's
+correctly working and has been correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly working and has been correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly working and has been correctly
+working it's correctly working at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it's correctly working at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it's correctly working at time T
+so if you look at this for a dis um most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this for a dis um most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this for a dis um most
+diss look like um the picture shown up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss look like um the picture shown up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diss look like um the picture shown up
+here this is also called the bathtub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is also called the bathtub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is also called the bathtub
+curve because it looks like a bathtub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because it looks like a bathtub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because it looks like a bathtub
+what you see at the Left End here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see at the Left End here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see at the Left End here are
+new discs so the x-axis here shows time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new discs so the x-axis here shows time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new discs so the x-axis here shows time
+I guess it's a little shifted below you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's a little shifted below you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's a little shifted below you
+can't read some stuff that's written at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read some stuff that's written at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't read some stuff that's written at
+the bottom but the xaxis shows time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom but the xaxis shows time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom but the xaxis shows time and
+the y- axis shows the failure rate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y- axis shows the failure rate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y- axis shows the failure rate so
+when you take a new component like a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a new component like a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a new component like a new
+light bulb or a new disc and anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb or a new disc and anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light bulb or a new disc and anything
+new um there's a pretty high chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new um there's a pretty high chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new um there's a pretty high chance that
+it'll actually fail this is why if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually fail this is why if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually fail this is why if you
+buy you know man manufacturers when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you know man manufacturers when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy you know man manufacturers when they
+sell you stuff don't actually sell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you stuff don't actually sell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell you stuff don't actually sell you
+uh things without actually burning them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things without actually burning them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things without actually burning them
+in first so for semiconductors that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first so for semiconductors that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first so for semiconductors that's
+also called yield they make a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called yield they make a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called yield they make a whole
+number of large number of chips and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of large number of chips and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of large number of chips and then
+they burn in a few and then they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they burn in a few and then they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they burn in a few and then they only
+give you the rest and the stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the rest and the stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the rest and the stuff that's
+you know survived the burn in is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know survived the burn in is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know survived the burn in is is the
+fraction that survives the burn in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that survives the burn in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction that survives the burn in is
+also called the yield so what you see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the yield so what you see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called the yield so what you see on
+the left uh the colorful term for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left uh the colorful term for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left uh the colorful term for that
+is also infant mortality so it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also infant mortality so it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also infant mortality so it's you
+know things that die when they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things that die when they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know things that die when they're really
+really young then once you get past that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really young then once you get past that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really young then once you get past that
+early mortality period you end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early mortality period you end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early mortality period you end up with a
+flat failure conditional probability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat failure conditional probability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat failure conditional probability for
+failure and what this says is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and what this says is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure and what this says is that um
+and I'll get to this in a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll get to this in a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll get to this in a little bit but
+what this says is that once you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that once you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that once you're in
+the flat region it says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat region it says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat region it says that the
+probability of failure is is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure is is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure is is essentially
+independent of what's happened in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+past then what you you stay here for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past then what you you stay here for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past then what you you stay here for a
+while and then if the system has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then if the system has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then if the system has been
+operating like a dis has been operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating like a dis has been operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating like a dis has been operating
+for a while let's say 3 years or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while let's say 3 years or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while let's say 3 years or five
+years typically for discs then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years typically for discs then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years typically for discs then the
+probability of failure starts going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure starts going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure starts going up
+again because that's usual usually due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because that's usual usually due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again because that's usual usually due
+to wear and tear which which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wear and tear which which for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wear and tear which which for
+Hardware components is certainly uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware components is certainly uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware components is certainly uh the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+there are a couple of interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of interesting things
+about um this curve that you should um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um this curve that you should um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um this curve that you should um
+realize particularly when you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize particularly when you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize particularly when you read
+specifications for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications for things like
+discs disk manufacturers will report a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs disk manufacturers will report a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs disk manufacturers will report a
+number like a meantime to failure number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like a meantime to failure number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like a meantime to failure number
+and the me meantime to failure number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the me meantime to failure number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the me meantime to failure number
+that they report might usually I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they report might usually I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they report might usually I mean
+for discs might be 200,000 hours or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discs might be 200,000 hours or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for discs might be 200,000 hours or
+300,000 hours I mean that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 hours I mean that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300,000 hours I mean that's a really
+long period of time that's 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time that's 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period of time that's 30
+years so when you look at a number like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so when you look at a number like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so when you look at a number like
+that you have to ask whether what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to ask whether what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to ask whether what it
+means is that diss really survive 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that diss really survive 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that diss really survive 30
+years and if you've you know anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and if you've you know anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and if you've you know anybody
+who's owned a computer knows that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's owned a computer knows that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's owned a computer knows that their
+dis you know has never you know most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis you know has never you know most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis you know has never you know most
+discs don't survive 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs don't survive 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discs don't survive 30
+years so they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so they're actually
+reporting one over the reciprocal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting one over the reciprocal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting one over the reciprocal of
+this thing at the flat region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at the flat region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing at the flat region of the
+curve because this conditional failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because this conditional failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve because this conditional failure
+probability rate at the norm at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability rate at the norm at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability rate at the norm at this
+operation time when the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation time when the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation time when the only reason
+things fail is completely random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fail is completely random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things fail is completely random
+failures not related to wear and tear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures not related to wear and tear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures not related to wear and tear so
+when disk manufacturers report a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when disk manufacturers report a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when disk manufacturers report a
+meantime to failure number um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime to failure number um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meantime to failure number um they're
+actually reporting something that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reporting something that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reporting something that isn't
+it isn't that that's the time that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't that that's the time that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it isn't that that's the time that your
+dis is going to like is likely to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis is going to like is likely to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis is going to like is likely to work
+what that number really says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number really says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that number really says is that
+during the period of time that the dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the period of time that the dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the period of time that the dis
+is normally working the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normally working the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is normally working the probability of a
+random failure is one over the meantime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random failure is one over the meantime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random failure is one over the meantime
+to failure so that's what it really says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to failure so that's what it really says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to failure so that's what it really says
+so the other number that they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other number that they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the other number that they also
+report um often in smaller print is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report um often in smaller print is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report um often in smaller print is the
+expected operational Lifetime and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected operational Lifetime and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected operational Lifetime and that's
+usually something like 3 years or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually something like 3 years or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually something like 3 years or four
+years or 5 years I whatever it is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or 5 years I whatever it is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or 5 years I whatever it is they
+report and that's where this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and that's where this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report and that's where this thing
+starts going up and get Beyond a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts going up and get Beyond a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts going up and get Beyond a point
+where the probability of failure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the probability of failure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the probability of failure is
+above some threshold they report that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above some threshold they report that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above some threshold they report that as
+the expected operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected operational
+lifetime now for software this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime now for software this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime now for software this curve
+doesn't actually apply because or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually apply because or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually apply because or at
+least nobody really knows what the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least nobody really knows what the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least nobody really knows what the curve
+is for software um what is true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for software um what is true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for software um what is true for
+software though is infant mortality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software though is infant mortality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software though is infant mortality
+things where the the conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where the the conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things where the the conditional
+probability of failure is high for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure is high for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of failure is high for new
+software which is why you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software which is why you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software which is why you know you're
+sort of well advised not you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of well advised not you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of well advised not you know the
+moment a new upgrade of something comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment a new upgrade of something comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment a new upgrade of something comes
+around you know most people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know most people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you know most people who are
+prudent wait a little bit to just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prudent wait a little bit to just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prudent wait a little bit to just make
+sure all the bugs are ironed out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all the bugs are ironed out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure all the bugs are ironed out and
+things get a little bit stable so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get a little bit stable so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get a little bit stable so they
+wait a few months you're always a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a few months you're always a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a few months you're always a couple
+of revisions behind so I I I do believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revisions behind so I I I do believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of revisions behind so I I I do believe
+that for software the left side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for software the left side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for software the left side of the
+curve holds uh it's totally unclear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve holds uh it's totally unclear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve holds uh it's totally unclear that
+there is a flat region and it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a flat region and it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a flat region and it's totally
+unclear that things start Rising again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear that things start Rising again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear that things start Rising again
+um with um with uh with age so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with um with uh with age so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with um with uh with age so the
+reason for this curve um being the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this curve um being the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this curve um being the way
+it is is um a lot of this is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is um a lot of this is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is is um a lot of this is based on
+the fact that things are mechanical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that things are mechanical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that things are mechanical and
+have we intense care but the motivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we intense care but the motivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we intense care but the motivation
+for this kind of curve actually comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of curve actually comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this kind of curve actually comes
+from demographics and from Human um life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from demographics and from Human um life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from demographics and from Human um life
+spans so this is uh picture that I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans so this is uh picture that I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spans so this is uh picture that I got
+from um it's a website called mortality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um it's a website called mortality.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from um it's a website called mortality.
+org which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+org which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+org which is
+a uh which is which is a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh which is which is a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh which is which is a research
+project run by demographers and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project run by demographers and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project run by demographers and they
+have amazing data there's way more data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amazing data there's way more data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have amazing data there's way more data
+available about human life expectancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available about human life expectancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available about human life expectancy
+and demographics than anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demographics than anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demographics than anything about
+software um what this shows here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software um what this shows here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software um what this shows here is
+actually the same bathtub curve as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same bathtub curve as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the same bathtub curve as in
+the previous chart it just doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous chart it just doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous chart it just doesn't look
+like that because the X the y axis is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because the X the y axis is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that because the X the y axis is on
+a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log
+scale so given that the you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so given that the you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so given that the you know it's
+rising linearly between 0.001 and 0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising linearly between 0.001 and 0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rising linearly between 0.001 and 0.01
+on a linear scale that looks essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a linear scale that looks essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a linear scale that looks essentially
+flat so human beings for uh you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so human beings for uh you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so human beings for uh you know the
+probability of death given at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of death given at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of death given at a certain
+time given that you're alive at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given that you're alive at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given that you're alive at a
+certain time um that follows this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time um that follows this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain time um that follows this curve
+here essentially a bathtub curve um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially a bathtub curve um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially a bathtub curve um at
+the Left End of course there's infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Left End of course there's infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Left End of course there's infant
+mortality this I think I pulled the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality this I think I pulled the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality this I think I pulled the data
+down this is from an article that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is from an article that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is from an article that
+appeared where the data is for the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared where the data is for the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared where the data is for the US
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+1999 U it starts off again with infant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 U it starts off again with infant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 U it starts off again with infant
+mortality and then it's flat for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and then it's flat for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortality and then it's flat for a while
+and then it rises up um now there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it rises up um now there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it rises up um now there's a
+lot of controversy it turns out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of controversy it turns out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of controversy it turns out for
+whether you know the bathtub curve at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know the bathtub curve at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know the bathtub curve at
+the Right End holds for human beings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Right End holds for human beings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Right End holds for human beings or
+not and some people believe it does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and some people believe it does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and some people believe it does and
+some people believe it doesn't but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people believe it doesn't but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people believe it doesn't but the
+point here is that for human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that for human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that for human beings
+anyway the rule of thumb that insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the rule of thumb that insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the rule of thumb that insurance
+companies use is for determining you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies use is for determining you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies use is for determining you
+know insurance premiums is that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know insurance premiums is that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know insurance premiums is that the um
+log of the death rate the log of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the death rate the log of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the death rate the log of the
+probability of dying at a certain age um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of dying at a certain age um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of dying at a certain age um
+is linear grows linearly with um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear grows linearly with um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear grows linearly with um the
+time that somebody's been alive that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that somebody's been alive that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that somebody's been alive that's
+what this graph shows that on a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this graph shows that on a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this graph shows that on a log
+scale on the y- axis you have a line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on the y- axis you have a line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on the y- axis you have a line and
+that's what they use for determining um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they use for determining um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they use for determining um
+insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+premiums okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premiums okay
+so the reason this batop curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason this batop curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason this batop curve is
+actually useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually useful
+is so if you go back let's go back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if you go back let's go back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if you go back let's go back here
+the reason both these numbers useful the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason both these numbers useful the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason both these numbers useful the
+flat portion of the bathtub curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat portion of the bathtub curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat portion of the bathtub curve and
+the expected operational lifetime is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected operational lifetime is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected operational lifetime is the
+following it's not like this flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it's not like this flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following it's not like this flat
+portion of the curve where the dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the curve where the dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the curve where the dis
+manufacturer reports the meantime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer reports the meantime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer reports the meantime to
+failure that's 30 years it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure that's 30 years it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure that's 30 years it's not like
+that's useless um even though your disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useless um even though your disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useless um even though your disc
+only might run for 3 to four years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only might run for 3 to four years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only might run for 3 to four years the
+reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is
+that if you have a project if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a project if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a project if you have a
+system where you're willing to upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you're willing to upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you're willing to upgrade
+your disk every three years where you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your disk every three years where you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your disk every three years where you've
+budgeted for upgrading your discs every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeted for upgrading your discs every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeted for upgrading your discs every
+say 3 years then you might be better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 3 years then you might be better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 3 years then you might be better off
+buying a disc whose expected lifetime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a disc whose expected lifetime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying a disc whose expected lifetime is
+only 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 5
+years but whose flat portion is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but whose flat portion is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but whose flat portion is really
+low so in particular if you're given um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so in particular if you're given um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low so in particular if you're given um
+two discs one of which has a curve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two discs one of which has a curve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two discs one of which has a curve that
+looks like that and another that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that and another that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that and another that has a
+curve that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and let's say this is you know 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let's say this is you know 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let's say this is you know 5
+years and this is three year uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and this is three year uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and this is three year uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years if you're if you're building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years if you're if you're building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years if you're if you're building a
+system and you've bought targeted for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you've bought targeted for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you've bought targeted for
+upgrading your discs every four years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading your discs every four years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrading your discs every four years
+then you're probably better off using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're probably better off using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're probably better off using
+the thing with the higher with the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing with the higher with the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing with the higher with the lower
+value of meantime to failure because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of meantime to failure because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of meantime to failure because
+it's expected lifetime is longer but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected lifetime is longer but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's expected lifetime is longer but if
+you're willing to upgrade your discs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to upgrade your discs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to upgrade your discs
+every two years or one year then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two years or one year then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every two years or one year then you
+might be better off with this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be better off with this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be better off with this thing here
+with a lower meantime to failure even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lower meantime to failure even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a lower meantime to failure even
+though it's expected operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's expected operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's expected operational
+lifetime is smaller so both these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is smaller so both these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime is smaller so both these
+numbers are actually meaningful and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are actually meaningful and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are actually meaningful and it
+depends a lot on how you're planning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on how you're planning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on how you're planning to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+it I mean it's a lot like spare tires on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it's a lot like spare tires on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean it's a lot like spare tires on
+your car I mean the spare tire will run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car I mean the spare tire will run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your car I mean the spare tire will run
+perfectly fine as long as you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine as long as you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fine as long as you don't
+exceed 100 miles the moment you exceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed 100 miles the moment you exceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed 100 miles the moment you exceed
+100 miles then you don't want to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 miles then you don't want to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 miles then you don't want to use it
+at all and it might be a lot cheaper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and it might be a lot cheaper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and it might be a lot cheaper to
+build a spare tire that runs just 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a spare tire that runs just 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a spare tire that runs just 100
+miles because the uses you're guaranteed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles because the uses you're guaranteed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles because the uses you're guaranteed
+that you'll get to a you know a repair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get to a you know a repair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll get to a you know a repair
+shop within 100 miles same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one of the things that we can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that we can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the things that we can Define
+once we have this conditional failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have this conditional failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have this conditional failure
+rate is the reliability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system we'll Define that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we'll Define that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we'll Define that as the
+probability R of T is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability R of T is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability R of T is the probability
+that the system is working at time T um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is working at time T um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the system is working at time T um
+given that it was working at Time Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it was working at Time Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that it was working at Time Zero
+or more generally that you know assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally that you know assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more generally that you know assuming
+that everything is always working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is always working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is always working at
+Time Zero it's the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Zero it's the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time Zero it's the probability
+that you're okay at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and it turns out that for components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and it turns out that for components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and it turns out that for components
+in the flat region of this curve where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flat region of this curve where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flat region of this curve where
+the H oft the conditional failure rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H oft the conditional failure rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H oft the conditional failure rate
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant on systems that satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on systems that satisfy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant on systems that satisfy that
+and which satisfy the property that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which satisfy the property that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which satisfy the property that the
+actual unconditional failure rate is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual unconditional failure rate is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual unconditional failure rate is a
+memoryless process where the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless process where the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless process where the probability
+of failure doesn't depend on how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failure doesn't depend on how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of failure doesn't depend on how long
+the system has been running it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system has been running it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system has been running it turns out
+for systems that satisfy those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for systems that satisfy those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for systems that satisfy those
+conditions um which apparently discs do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um which apparently discs do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions um which apparently discs do
+in the you know in their operation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you know in their operation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you know in their operation when
+they're actually not at the right edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually not at the right edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually not at the right edge
+of the curve which discs do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve which discs do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the curve which discs do the
+reliability is um this function goes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability is um this function goes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability is um this function goes as
+a very nice simple function which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice simple function which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice simple function which is an
+exponential decaying function e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decaying function e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decaying function e the
+minus t over mttf and this is under two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t over mttf and this is under two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t over mttf and this is under two
+conditions hft has to be flat and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions hft has to be flat and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions hft has to be flat and the
+unconditional failure rate has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional failure rate has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional failure rate has to be
+something that doesn't depend on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't depend on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that doesn't depend on how
+long the system has been running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the system has been running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the system has been running
+and for those systems um it's not hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those systems um it's not hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those systems um it's not hard
+to show that your reliability is just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that your reliability is just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that your reliability is just an
+exponential decaying function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decaying function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decaying function which
+means you can do a lot of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can do a lot of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you can do a lot of things like
+predict how long the system is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how long the system is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how long the system is likely to
+be running and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running and so
+on and that'll tell you you know when to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that'll tell you you know when to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and that'll tell you you know when to
+upgrade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upgrade
+things okay so given all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so given all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so given all of this
+stuff we now want techniques to cope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we now want techniques to cope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff we now want techniques to cope
+with failures cope with fults and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with failures cope with fults and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with failures cope with fults and that's
+what we're going to be looking at um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be looking at um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be looking at um for
+the next few lectures um let's take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures um let's take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures um let's take one
+simple example of of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of of a system
+first and like I said before all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and like I said before all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and like I said before all of
+these systems use redundancy in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems use redundancy in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems use redundancy in some
+form so you know disc fails at a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so you know disc fails at a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form so you know disc fails at a certain
+rate just put in multiple discs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate just put in multiple discs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate just put in multiple discs
+replicate the data across them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate the data across them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate the data across them and then
+hope that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+survive so the first kind of redundancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so the first kind of redundancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive so the first kind of redundancy
+that you might have is is in the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have is is in the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have is is in the example
+that I just talked about is spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just talked about is spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just talked about is spatial
+redund spatial redundancy where the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redund spatial redundancy where the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redund spatial redundancy where the idea
+is that um you know you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you know you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um you know you have multiple
+copies of the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the same thing
+and the games we're going to play all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the games we're going to play all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the games we're going to play all
+have to do with how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with how we're going to
+manage all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage all these
+copies and actually this will turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and actually this will turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies and actually this will turn out
+to be um quite complicated we'll use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um quite complicated we'll use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be um quite complicated we'll use
+these spatial copies in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spatial copies in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spatial copies in a number of
+different ways um in some examples we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways um in some examples we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways um in some examples we'll
+apply error correcting codes to um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply error correcting codes to um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply error correcting codes to um you
+know make copies of the data or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make copies of the data or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know make copies of the data or other
+use other codes to replicate the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use other codes to replicate the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use other codes to replicate the data
+um we might replicate data in make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might replicate data in make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we might replicate data in make
+copies of data in the form of logs which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of data in the form of logs which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of data in the form of logs which
+keep back of you know you run an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep back of you know you run an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep back of you know you run an
+operation you store some results but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you store some results but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation you store some results but at
+the same time before you store those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time before you store those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time before you store those
+results you also store um something in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you also store um something in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results you also store um something in a
+log so if the original data went away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so if the original data went away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log so if the original data went away
+your log can tell you what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your log can tell you what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your log can tell you what to
+do or you might just do plain and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or you might just do plain and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do or you might just do plain and simple
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+copies followed by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies followed by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies followed by uh
+voting so the idea is that you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting so the idea is that you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting so the idea is that you run
+multiple ver you know you have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ver you know you have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ver you know you have multiple
+copies of something and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of something and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of something and then you know
+you write to all of them and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write to all of them and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write to all of them and the
+simplest of schemes you might write to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest of schemes you might write to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest of schemes you might write to
+all of them and then when you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and then when you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them and then when you want to
+read something you read read from all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read something you read read from all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read something you read read from all of
+them and then just vote and go with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then just vote and go with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then just vote and go with the
+majority so intuitively that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority so intuitively that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority so intuitively that can
+tolerate a certain number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate a certain number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerate a certain number of
+failures and all of these approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and all of these approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures and all of these approaches
+have been used and people will Contin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used and people will Contin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used and people will Contin
+will continue to build systems along all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to build systems along all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue to build systems along all
+of these ideas but in addition uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas but in addition uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ideas but in addition uh we're
+also going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temporal redundancy and the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal redundancy and the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal redundancy and the idea here is
+um try it again so this is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try it again so this is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um try it again so this is different
+from copies uh what it says is you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from copies uh what it says is you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from copies uh what it says is you you
+try something if it doesn't work and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try something if it doesn't work and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try something if it doesn't work and you
+determine that it doesn't work try it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that it doesn't work try it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that it doesn't work try it
+again so retry is an example of temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so retry is an example of temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so retry is an example of temporal
+uh tricks but it'll turn out we'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tricks but it'll turn out we'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tricks but it'll turn out we'll also
+use not just moving forward and retrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not just moving forward and retrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use not just moving forward and retrying
+something that we know should be retried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we know should be retried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we know should be retried
+we'll also use the trick of undoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also use the trick of undoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also use the trick of undoing
+things that we have done so we'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we have done so we'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we have done so we'll move
+both directions on the time axis we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions on the time axis we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both directions on the time axis we'll
+retry stuff but at the same time we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retry stuff but at the same time we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retry stuff but at the same time we'll
+also undo things because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also undo things because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also undo things because sometimes
+things have happened that shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have happened that shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have happened that shouldn't have
+happened you know things went halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you know things went halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened you know things went halfway
+and we really want to back things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really want to back things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we really want to back things out
+and we're going to use um both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+techniques so one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques so one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques so one example
+of spatial redundancy is a voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme and you know you can apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and you know you can apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme and you know you can apply this
+to a bunch of many different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bunch of many different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bunch of many different kinds of
+systems but let's just applied to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but let's just applied to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems but let's just applied to a
+simple example of you know there's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of you know there's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example of you know there's data
+stored in multiple locations and then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in multiple locations and then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored in multiple locations and then um
+you know whenever data is written it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whenever data is written it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whenever data is written it's
+written to all of them and then when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to all of them and then when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written to all of them and then when you
+read it you read from all of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you read from all of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it you read from all of them and
+then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vote and in a simple model where these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote and in a simple model where these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote and in a simple model where these
+components are failed stop which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are failed stop which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components are failed stop which means
+if they fail they just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they fail they just um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they fail they just um
+fail well excuse me on a simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail well excuse me on a simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail well excuse me on a simple model
+where these um things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these um things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these um things
+are not not fail stop or fa fail fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not not fail stop or fa fail fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not not fail stop or fa fail fast
+but just report bad data to you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just report bad data to you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just report bad data to you so you
+know you're voting on it and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're voting on it and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're voting on it and these
+results come back you've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results come back you've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results come back you've written
+something and then when you read things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then when you read things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and then when you read things
+back arbitrary values might get returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back arbitrary values might get returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back arbitrary values might get returned
+if there's a failure and if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a failure and if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a failure and if there's no
+failure here correct values get returned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here correct values get returned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here correct values get returned
+then as long as two of these copies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as long as two of these copies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as long as two of these copies are
+correctly working or two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly working or two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly working or two of these
+versions are correctly working then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions are correctly working then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions are correctly working then the
+vote will actually return to you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote will actually return to you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote will actually return to you the
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+output and that's the idea behind voting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and that's the idea behind voting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and that's the idea behind voting
+so if the reliability of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the reliability of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the reliability of each of these
+components is some some R that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is some some R that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components is some some R that's the
+probability that the system is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the system is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the system is working
+at time T according to that definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T according to that definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time T according to that definition
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+reliability then under the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability then under the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability then under the assumption
+that these are completely independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are completely independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are completely independent of
+each other which is a big assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other which is a big assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other which is a big assumption
+particularly for software but might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for software but might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for software but might be a
+reasonable assumption for something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption for something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption for something like
+a dis under the assumption that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dis under the assumption that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dis under the assumption that these
+are completely independent then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely independent then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely independent then you
+could write out the reliability of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write out the reliability of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write out the reliability of this
+three voting scheme of this thing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three voting scheme of this thing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three voting scheme of this thing where
+you're voting on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're voting on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're voting on three
+outputs you know that the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs you know that the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs you know that the systems
+correctly working if any two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly working if any two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly working if any two of these
+are correctly working so that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correctly working so that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correctly working so that happens
+under two conditions firstly all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under two conditions firstly all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under two conditions firstly all three
+are correctly working right or some two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correctly working right or some two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are correctly working right or some two
+of the three are correctly working and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three are correctly working and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the three are correctly working and
+there's three ways in which you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three ways in which you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three ways in which you could
+choose some two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some two of the
+three and one of them is wrongly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and one of them is wrongly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and one of them is wrongly
+working and it turns out that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and it turns out that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working and it turns out that this
+number actually is very very large much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number actually is very very large much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number actually is very very large much
+larger than R when as when R is close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than R when as when R is close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than R when as when R is close to
+one and in general this is bigger than R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in general this is bigger than R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in general this is bigger than R
+uh when each of the components um has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when each of the components um has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when each of the components um has
+high enough reliability namely bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough reliability namely bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough reliability namely bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+half and so you know let's say that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and so you know let's say that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and so you know let's say that each
+of these component has a failure has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these component has a failure has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these component has a failure has a
+reliability of 95% if you work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability of 95% if you work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliability of 95% if you work this
+number out it turns out to be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number out it turns out to be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number out it turns out to be a pretty
+big number much higher than 95% much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number much higher than 95% much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number much higher than 95% much
+closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to
+one of course you know this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of course you know this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of course you know this kind of
+voting is a bad idea if the reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting is a bad idea if the reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting is a bad idea if the reliability
+of these components is really low if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these components is really low if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these components is really low if
+it's below one2 then chances are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's below one2 then chances are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's below one2 then chances are that
+you know you're more likely that two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're more likely that two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're more likely that two of
+them are just wrong and you agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are just wrong and you agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are just wrong and you agree on
+that result and it turns out to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result and it turns out to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that result and it turns out to reduce
+the reliability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reliability of the
+system now in general you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now in general you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system now in general you might think
+that you can build systems out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can build systems out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can build systems out of this
+basic voting idea and it um for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic voting idea and it um for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic voting idea and it um for various
+reasons turns out that this idea has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons turns out that this idea has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons turns out that this idea has
+limited applicability for the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited applicability for the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited applicability for the kinds of
+things we want to do and a lot of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do and a lot of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do and a lot of that
+stems from the fact that these are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems from the fact that these are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stems from the fact that these are not
+in general in computer systems it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general in computer systems it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general in computer systems it's very
+hard to design components that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to design components that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to design components that are
+completely independent of each other it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of each other it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely independent of each other it
+might work out okay for certain Hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work out okay for certain Hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might work out okay for certain Hardware
+components um where you might do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components um where you might do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components um where you might do this
+voting or you know other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting or you know other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting or you know other forms of
+spatial redundancy U that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial redundancy U that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial redundancy U that gives you
+these impressive reliability uh numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impressive reliability uh numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these impressive reliability uh numbers
+but for software independ this independ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for software independ this independ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for software independ this independ
+assumption turns out to be really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption turns out to be really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption turns out to be really hard
+to meet and there is an approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet and there is an approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to meet and there is an approach to
+building software like this it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building software like this it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building software like this it's called
+inversion programming and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion programming and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion programming and it's it's
+still a topic of research where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a topic of research where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a topic of research where people
+try to build systems software systems um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build systems software systems um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build systems software systems um
+out of voting um but you have to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of voting um but you have to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of voting um but you have to pay a
+lot of attention and care to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of attention and care to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of attention and care to make sure
+that these software components these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these software components these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these software components these
+that are doing the same function are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing the same function are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are doing the same function are
+actually independent um maybe written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually independent um maybe written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually independent um maybe written by
+different people different running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people different running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people different running on
+different operating systems and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operating systems and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different operating systems and so on
+and that turns out to be a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that turns out to be a pretty
+expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive
+undertaking now still sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking now still sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undertaking now still sometimes
+necessary if you want to build something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary if you want to build something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary if you want to build something
+highly reli able but um because of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reli able but um because of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly reli able but um because of its
+cost it's not something that is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's not something that is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost it's not something that is the sort
+of cookie cutter cookie cutter technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cookie cutter cookie cutter technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cookie cutter cookie cutter technique
+for achieving highly Reliable Software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for achieving highly Reliable Software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for achieving highly Reliable Software
+systems and so what we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so what we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and so what we're going to see
+starting from next time is a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from next time is a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting from next time is a somewhat
+different approach for achieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach for achieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach for achieving
+software reliability that doesn't rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software reliability that doesn't rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software reliability that doesn't rely
+on voting which won't actually achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on voting which won't actually achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on voting which won't actually achieve
+the same degree of reliability as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same degree of reliability as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same degree of reliability as these
+kinds of systems um but will achieve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of systems um but will achieve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of systems um but will achieve a
+different kind of reliability that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of reliability that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kind of reliability that we'll
+talk about starting from next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U13m6L6R58w.txt b/U13m6L6R58w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b728a23f579a843777e18e35bdc029923afc427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U13m6L6R58w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+throughout these lectures we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout these lectures we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout these lectures we have been
+considering the analysis and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the analysis and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the analysis and the
+implementation of discrete time linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of discrete time linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of discrete time linear
+shift and variance systems or what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems or what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and variance systems or what we've
+been referring to as digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been referring to as digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been referring to as digital
+filters in this lecture I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in this lecture I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in this lecture I would like to
+begin the discussion of the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the discussion of the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin the discussion of the design of
+digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+filters now the rationale for digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters now the rationale for digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters now the rationale for digital
+filters is exactly the same as it is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters is exactly the same as it is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters is exactly the same as it is for
+analog filters in particular we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filters in particular we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filters in particular we have
+taken advantage several times of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken advantage several times of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken advantage several times of the
+important property of linear shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property of linear shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property of linear shift and
+variance systems that complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance systems that complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance systems that complex
+exponentials are igen functions of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are igen functions of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials are igen functions of this
+class of systems in other words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems in other words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of systems in other words that
+with a complex exponential input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a complex exponential input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a complex exponential input the
+output is a complex exponential of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a complex exponential of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is a complex exponential of the
+same complex frequency multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same complex frequency multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same complex frequency multiplied by the
+system function HV to the J Omega or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function HV to the J Omega or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function HV to the J Omega or
+equivalently with a sinusoidal input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently with a sinusoidal input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently with a sinusoidal input the
+output is likewise sinusoidal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is likewise sinusoidal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is likewise sinusoidal with the
+same frequency but with a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but with a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same frequency but with a change in
+amplitude and with a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and with a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and with a change in
+Phase now what this property of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase now what this property of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase now what this property of linear
+linear shift and variance systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance systems
+permits us to consider is the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits us to consider is the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permits us to consider is the separation
+of signals that have been added when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signals that have been added when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signals that have been added when
+these signals occupy different frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signals occupy different frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these signals occupy different frequency
+bands specifically we can consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands specifically we can consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands specifically we can consider a
+signal composed of the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal composed of the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal composed of the sum of two
+signals one of which we want the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals one of which we want the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals one of which we want the other
+of which we don't want or we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which we don't want or we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of which we don't want or we would like
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+suppress and if those two signals are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress and if those two signals are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppress and if those two signals are in
+different frequency bands in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency bands in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frequency bands in other words
+their Spectra are occupy different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Spectra are occupy different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their Spectra are occupy different
+segments of the frequency axis then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the frequency axis then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segments of the frequency axis then we
+can choose the system function for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose the system function for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can choose the system function for the
+linear shift and variance system so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance system so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear shift and variance system so that
+it is unity in the the band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is unity in the the band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is unity in the the band of
+frequencies that we want to keep and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that we want to keep and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies that we want to keep and at
+zero in the band of frequencies that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the band of frequencies that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in the band of frequencies that we
+want to reject that of course is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reject that of course is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to reject that of course is exactly
+the same notion as we have in continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same notion as we have in continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same notion as we have in continuous
+time or analog systems or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or analog systems or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or analog systems or
+filters so for example if we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so for example if we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so for example if we had a
+signal which was the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which was the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal which was the sum of two
+components one of which was low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one of which was low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components one of which was low
+frequency and that we wanted to keep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and that we wanted to keep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and that we wanted to keep and
+the other of which was high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of which was high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other of which was high frequency
+and that we wanted to suppress then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we wanted to suppress then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that we wanted to suppress then we
+can consider extracting The Wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider extracting The Wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider extracting The Wanted
+signal with a system whose frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal with a system whose frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal with a system whose frequency
+response ideally is Unity at the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response ideally is Unity at the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response ideally is Unity at the low
+frequency end and at zero at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency end and at zero at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency end and at zero at the high
+frequency end or after some cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency end or after some cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency end or after some cut off
+frequency which I've denoted by Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which I've denoted by Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which I've denoted by Omega
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+P so this then is one type of filter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so this then is one type of filter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so this then is one type of filter in
+one class of filtering problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class of filtering problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class of filtering problems
+generally what we would refer to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what we would refer to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally what we would refer to as
+frequency selective filters we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency selective filters we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency selective filters we've
+Illustrated that here with the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated that here with the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Illustrated that here with the example
+of a low pass filter but of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a low pass filter but of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a low pass filter but of course there
+are other kinds of frequency selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other kinds of frequency selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other kinds of frequency selective
+filters for example High Pass band pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters for example High Pass band pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters for example High Pass band pass
+band stop U multiple band filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band stop U multiple band filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band stop U multiple band filters
+Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc
+furthermore the filtering problem both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore the filtering problem both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore the filtering problem both
+digital and analog is of course not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital and analog is of course not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital and analog is of course not
+restricted to just simply frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to just simply frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted to just simply frequency
+selective filters we can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters we can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters we can think of
+problems we can talk about a wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can talk about a wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can talk about a wide
+variety of problems in fact where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of problems in fact where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of problems in fact where the
+frequency characteristics that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics that are
+desired are not peace wise constant as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired are not peace wise constant as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired are not peace wise constant as
+they are in the frequency selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the frequency selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in the frequency selective
+filter case but might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter case but might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter case but might
+be uh non- piecewise constants such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh non- piecewise constants such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh non- piecewise constants such as
+for example with the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with the case of a
+differentiator in which case the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator in which case the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiator in which case the desired
+frequency characteristic is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic is in fact
+linear with frequency or in the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with frequency or in the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with frequency or in the inverse
+filtering problem where the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering problem where the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering problem where the desired
+frequency characteristic is uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic is uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic is uh in
+general of a somewhat arbitrary shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general of a somewhat arbitrary shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general of a somewhat arbitrary shape
+and so in this more General sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this more General sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this more General sense the
+filtering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering
+problem can be thought of in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be thought of in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be thought of in terms of
+the implementation of a linear shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of a linear shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation of a linear shift and
+variance system with a specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system with a specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance system with a specified
+frequency response characteristic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response characteristic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response characteristic that
+we wish wish to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish wish to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish wish to
+achieve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve to
+carry out the discussion all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the discussion all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry out the discussion all of the
+discussion that we'll be carrying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that we'll be carrying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that we'll be carrying out
+today and in fact throughout most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and in fact throughout most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and in fact throughout most of
+these lectures on digital filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures on digital filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lectures on digital filter design
+I'll relate primarily to frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll relate primarily to frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll relate primarily to frequency
+selective filters and in fact to low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters and in fact to low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective filters and in fact to low
+pass filters although it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filters although it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filters although it's important to
+keep in mind that the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that the digital filter
+problem the digital filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the digital filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the digital filter design
+problem is not restricted to just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not restricted to just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is not restricted to just that
+class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of
+filters well for for the case of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters well for for the case of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters well for for the case of an
+ideal low pass filter or a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal low pass filter or a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal low pass filter or a low pass
+filter this is the desired frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter this is the desired frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter this is the desired frequency
+characteristic and so what's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and so what's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and so what's the problem
+well we have seen in the last several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have seen in the last several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we have seen in the last several
+lectures that for the implementation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that for the implementation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures that for the implementation of
+digital filters it's particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters it's particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters it's particularly
+convenient to have a filter or a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to have a filter or a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to have a filter or a system
+whose system function is representable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose system function is representable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose system function is representable
+as a rational function of Z or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a rational function of Z or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a rational function of Z or
+equivalently whose input output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently whose input output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently whose input output
+characteristic can be related by means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic can be related by means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic can be related by means
+of a linear constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear constant coefficient
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+equation a linear constant coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a linear constant coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation a linear constant coefficient
+difference equation or a rational system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation or a rational system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation or a rational system
+function can't achieve exactly an ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can't achieve exactly an ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can't achieve exactly an ideal
+low pass filter characteristic as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter characteristic as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass filter characteristic as we
+have here and in general can't achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here and in general can't achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here and in general can't achieve
+any ideal frequency selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideal frequency selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideal frequency selective
+characteristic where where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic where where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic where where the
+transition from one band to another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from one band to another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from one band to another is
+as abrupt as we would like it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as abrupt as we would like it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as abrupt as we would like it to be
+ideally so in fact what we what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally so in fact what we what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally so in fact what we what's
+required is to approximate this ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required is to approximate this ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required is to approximate this ideal
+frequency characteristic and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic and the
+approximation of the ideal frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the ideal frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the ideal frequency
+characteristic and the design of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and the design of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and the design of a
+rational transfer function to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational transfer function to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational transfer function to implement
+that approximation is what the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approximation is what the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that approximation is what the digital
+filter design problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design problem is
+about so whereas we talk ideally about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so whereas we talk ideally about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so whereas we talk ideally about a
+filter characteristic as I've indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter characteristic as I've indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter characteristic as I've indicated
+here in fact we have to allow some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact we have to allow some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in fact we have to allow some
+deviation from this ideal characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from this ideal characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation from this ideal characteristic
+so that the we would permit as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the we would permit as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the we would permit as an
+example a frequency response rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a frequency response rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a frequency response rather than
+being unity in the pass band to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being unity in the pass band to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being unity in the pass band to deviate
+from Unity by some amount and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Unity by some amount and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Unity by some amount and let's
+design at that by say Delta subp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design at that by say Delta subp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design at that by say Delta subp
+denoting a passband deviation so that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting a passband deviation so that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denoting a passband deviation so that in
+fact what we might specify is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we might specify is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what we might specify is a
+filter which in the pass band in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which in the pass band in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter which in the pass band in the
+band of frequencies that we wish to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of frequencies that we wish to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band of frequencies that we wish to pass
+rather than being exactly Unity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being exactly Unity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being exactly Unity is
+constrained in the interval between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in the interval between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained in the interval between
+unity and one minus Delta sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and one minus Delta sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unity and one minus Delta sub
+P similarly we might permit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P similarly we might permit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P similarly we might permit the
+frequency characteristics rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristics rather than
+requiring them to be exactly zero in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring them to be exactly zero in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring them to be exactly zero in a
+stop band region we might permit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band region we might permit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band region we might permit the
+frequency characteristic to deviate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic to deviate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic to deviate from
+zero by some amount which we can denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero by some amount which we can denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero by some amount which we can denote
+as Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Delta
+Subs which is the stop band deviation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs which is the stop band deviation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs which is the stop band deviation in
+which case we would ask that the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we would ask that the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we would ask that the filter
+fall between zero and Delta Subs that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall between zero and Delta Subs that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall between zero and Delta Subs that is
+that the filter that we actually design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filter that we actually design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the filter that we actually design
+be restricted to this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be restricted to this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be restricted to this frequency
+range and finally recognizing that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and finally recognizing that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and finally recognizing that in
+reality we can't achieve a discontinuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we can't achieve a discontinuity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality we can't achieve a discontinuity
+in the frequency response as sharp as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency response as sharp as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the frequency response as sharp as
+I've indicated here we would permit also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here we would permit also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've indicated here we would permit also
+a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition
+region that is we would permit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is we would permit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region that is we would permit a
+region after which the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region after which the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region after which the frequency
+characteristic must be below Delta subs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic must be below Delta subs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic must be below Delta subs
+and before which the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before which the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and before which the frequency
+characteristic must be between 1 and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic must be between 1 and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic must be between 1 and 1
+minus Delta subp but allowing a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta subp but allowing a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Delta subp but allowing a region
+for it to make the transition from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to make the transition from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to make the transition from the
+pass band to the stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band to the stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass band to the stop
+band so these then are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so these then are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so these then are the kinds of
+specifications on a filter and a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications on a filter and a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications on a filter and a typical
+kind of characteristic then that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of characteristic then that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of characteristic then that might
+result is a filter perhaps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a filter perhaps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is a filter perhaps that
+ripples between these limits one and 1us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples between these limits one and 1us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripples between these limits one and 1us
+a in the pass band and then makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the pass band and then makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in the pass band and then makes the
+transition into a stop band region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition into a stop band region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition into a stop band region and
+perhaps Wiggles around in the stop band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps Wiggles around in the stop band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps Wiggles around in the stop band
+region sometimes perhaps touching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region sometimes perhaps touching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region sometimes perhaps touching the
+limits and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and sometimes
+not so what the digital filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so what the digital filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so what the digital filter design
+problem is then is given a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is then is given a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is then is given a set of
+specifications on the filter recognizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications on the filter recognizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications on the filter recognizing
+that we can Implement an ideal filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can Implement an ideal filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can Implement an ideal filter
+but in fact allowing some deviation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact allowing some deviation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact allowing some deviation from
+the ideal filter the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal filter the digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal filter the digital filter
+design problem is then to design a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design problem is then to design a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design problem is then to design a
+rational transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational transfer
+function which approximates in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which approximates in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which approximates in some
+sense this ideal filter maintaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this ideal filter maintaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this ideal filter maintaining the
+specifications of stop pass band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications of stop pass band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications of stop pass band and
+stop band deviation that we've imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band deviation that we've imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop band deviation that we've imposed
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+problem now there are several classes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now there are several classes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now there are several classes of
+design techniques that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design techniques that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design techniques that we can
+consider the first class of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the first class of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the first class of design
+techniques which in fact we won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which in fact we won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques which in fact we won't be
+talking much about is the class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking much about is the class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking much about is the class that
+I've referred to as analytical design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've referred to as analytical design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've referred to as analytical design
+techniques basically what I mean by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques basically what I mean by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques basically what I mean by that
+are design techniques that permit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are design techniques that permit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are design techniques that permit the
+approximation of the ideal frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the ideal frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of the ideal frequency
+characteristic the approximation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic the approximation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic the approximation is
+carried out in an analy through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out in an analy through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried out in an analy through an
+analytical procedure and result in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical procedure and result in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytical procedure and result in a
+closed form transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed form transfer
+function that in fact is a very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that in fact is a very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that in fact is a very common
+class of techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of techniques
+for continuous time or analog filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous time or analog filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for continuous time or analog filter
+design and that leads us to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and that leads us to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and that leads us to the second
+class of design techniques namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of design techniques namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of design techniques namely the
+class of design techniques that I refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of design techniques that I refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of design techniques that I refer
+to as mapping continuous time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as mapping continuous time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as mapping continuous time to
+discreete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreete
+time well why in the world would we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well why in the world would we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well why in the world would we ever
+want a map from continuous time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a map from continuous time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a map from continuous time to
+discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+time well the reason very simply is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well the reason very simply is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well the reason very simply is that
+a lot of work and a lot of results have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work and a lot of results have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work and a lot of results have
+developed for the analys for the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for the analys for the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed for the analys for the design
+of continuous time filters and in fact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous time filters and in fact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of continuous time filters and in fact a
+lot of these procedures are analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these procedures are analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these procedures are analytical
+procedures they lead to analytical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures they lead to analytical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures they lead to analytical or
+they lead to closed form designs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lead to closed form designs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lead to closed form designs and
+their analytical procedures that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their analytical procedures that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their analytical procedures that can be
+used now if it's possible to map those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used now if it's possible to map those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used now if it's possible to map those
+designs to digital designs then in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs to digital designs then in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs to digital designs then in fact
+that's something we should do simply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we should do simply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we should do simply to
+take advantage of the kinds of results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of the kinds of results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of the kinds of results
+that have been worked out previously in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been worked out previously in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been worked out previously in
+the design of analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of analog
+filters an important point to keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters an important point to keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters an important point to keep in
+mind however is that we don't mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind however is that we don't mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind however is that we don't mean by
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+approximating a an analog filter with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating a an analog filter with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximating a an analog filter with a
+digital filter filter that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter filter that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter filter that's not the
+objective that's a point that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective that's a point that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective that's a point that we've
+stressed throughout these lectures our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed throughout these lectures our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stressed throughout these lectures our
+objective is not to approximate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is not to approximate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective is not to approximate an
+analog filter with a digital filter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter with a digital filter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter with a digital filter but
+if in fact we can utilize analog designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact we can utilize analog designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact we can utilize analog designs
+in designing digital filters then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in designing digital filters then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in designing digital filters then that's
+something we should do and in fact there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should do and in fact there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we should do and in fact there
+are some procedures that allow us to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some procedures that allow us to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some procedures that allow us to do
+this that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that are very
+successful the third class of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful the third class of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful the third class of design
+techniques are what I refer to to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are what I refer to to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques are what I refer to to as
+algorithmic or computerated design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic or computerated design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic or computerated design
+techniques and the basic idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and the basic idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and the basic idea here is
+that there are a variety of algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a variety of algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are a variety of algorithmic
+procedures iterative procedures that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures iterative procedures that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures iterative procedures that we
+can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through
+to carry out the digital filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the digital filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out the digital filter design
+and we'll see a brief discussion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see a brief discussion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see a brief discussion of a
+number of these in the next several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these in the next several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of these in the next several
+lectures both for infinite imp impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures both for infinite imp impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures both for infinite imp impulse
+response filters and for finite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filters and for finite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response filters and for finite impulse
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+filters now in fact on the issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters now in fact on the issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters now in fact on the issue of
+infinite impulse response and finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response and finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response and finite
+impulse response it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response it turns out that the
+it's convenient to separate the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient to separate the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's convenient to separate the design
+issues for infinite impulse response and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for infinite impulse response and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for infinite impulse response and
+for finite impulse response filters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite impulse response filters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite impulse response filters
+there are techniques for the finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are techniques for the finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are techniques for the finite
+impulse response case that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response case that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response case that are not
+applicable to the infinite impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to the infinite impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to the infinite impulse
+response case and vice versa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response case and vice versa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response case and vice versa and
+consequently as we talk about digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently as we talk about digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently as we talk about digital
+filter design techniques we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design techniques we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design techniques we'll be
+talking first about the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking first about the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking first about the design of
+infinite impulse response or what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response or what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response or what we
+alternatively refer to as recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively refer to as recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively refer to as recursive
+digital filters and then we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters and then we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters and then we'll talk
+separately about some design procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately about some design procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately about some design procedures
+for finite impulse response or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite impulse response or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for finite impulse response or
+non-recursive digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-recursive digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-recursive digital
+filters so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so for this
+lecture and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and in fact
+for part of for for this lecture and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part of for for this lecture and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for part of for for this lecture and the
+next lecture and in fact for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and in fact for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lecture and in fact for the next
+for this and the next two lectures we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and the next two lectures we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this and the next two lectures we'll
+be focusing entirely on the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing entirely on the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be focusing entirely on the design of
+infinite impulse response digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite impulse response digital
+filters and the lecture following that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and the lecture following that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters and the lecture following that
+will consider some design procedures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider some design procedures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will consider some design procedures for
+finite impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite impulse response
+filters all right well the first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters all right well the first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters all right well the first class
+of procedures design techniques that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of procedures design techniques that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of procedures design techniques that I'd
+like to discuss are ones related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss are ones related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to discuss are ones related to
+mapping from continuous time to discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from continuous time to discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from continuous time to discrete
+time that is taking analog filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is taking analog filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that is taking analog filter design
+design techniques and utilizing them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design techniques and utilizing them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design techniques and utilizing them for
+the design of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of digital
+filters so the procedure basically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so the procedure basically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters so the procedure basically is
+that we're mapping from continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're mapping from continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're mapping from continuous time
+to discrete time we have a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discrete time we have a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discrete time we have a continuous
+time system function h sub a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time system function h sub a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time system function h sub a of
+s which is the lass transform of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is the lass transform of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s which is the lass transform of the
+impulse response H sub a of T the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response H sub a of T the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response H sub a of T the a
+standing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing for
+analog and we'd like to map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog and we'd like to map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog and we'd like to map
+that to a digital filter transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a digital filter transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a digital filter transfer
+function h of Z or equivalently map the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function h of Z or equivalently map the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function h of Z or equivalently map the
+impulse response to a digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response to a digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response to a digital filter
+unit sample response h of N and we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response h of N and we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response h of N and we'd
+like to do this of course in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do this of course in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do this of course in such a way
+that if this was a good filter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this was a good filter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this was a good filter in the
+analog domain then this would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog domain then this would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog domain then this would be a good
+filter in the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter in the digital
+domain well of course in designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain well of course in designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain well of course in designing
+digital filters by implementing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters by implementing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filters by implementing a
+mapping of the type that we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the type that we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping of the type that we're talking
+about there are some obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are some obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about there are some obvious
+restrictions that we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that we would like to
+impose one of which is that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose one of which is that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose one of which is that we would
+like the behavior of H sub of s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the behavior of H sub of s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the behavior of H sub of s the
+analog system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog system
+function on the J Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the J Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on the J Omega
+axis to map to a corresponding behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis to map to a corresponding behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis to map to a corresponding behavior
+on the unit circle the point of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit circle the point of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit circle the point of course
+is that a an analog system function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a an analog system function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a an analog system function or
+an analog filter an analog frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analog filter an analog frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an analog filter an analog frequency
+response when we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when we talk about the
+frequency response we're looking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response we're looking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response we're looking in the
+S plane on the J Omega axis and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S plane on the J Omega axis and for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S plane on the J Omega axis and for the
+digital fil filter it is the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital fil filter it is the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital fil filter it is the behavior of
+the system function on the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system function on the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system function on the unit circle
+that dictates what the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictates what the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dictates what the frequency
+response is like if the analog filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is like if the analog filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is like if the analog filter
+has a good frequency response in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a good frequency response in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a good frequency response in other
+words it has a good behavior on the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it has a good behavior on the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it has a good behavior on the J
+Omega axis that's what we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis that's what we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis that's what we would like to
+have mapped over to a good behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mapped over to a good behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mapped over to a good behavior in
+the zplane on the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zplane on the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zplane on the unit
+circle so this then is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so this then is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle so this then is the first
+condition that we would like to impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we would like to impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we would like to impose
+and a second condition that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a second condition that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a second condition that it's
+reasonable to impose is that an a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to impose is that an a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable to impose is that an a stable
+analog system function ma to a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog system function ma to a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog system function ma to a stable
+digital system function in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital system function in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital system function in other words
+we'd like to be confident that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to be confident that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to be confident that our
+design procedure is such that if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design procedure is such that if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design procedure is such that if we had
+a good analog filter and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good analog filter and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good analog filter and it was
+stable that when we were all done we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that when we were all done we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable that when we were all done we
+would end up with a good digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up with a good digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would end up with a good digital filter
+that was also stable so these then are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was also stable so these then are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was also stable so these then are
+two of the conditions that are basic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the conditions that are basic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of the conditions that are basic to
+any design procedure that maps from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any design procedure that maps from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any design procedure that maps from
+continuous time to discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time to discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous time to discrete
+time well there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well there are a number of
+procedures that are available one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that are available one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that are available one of the
+first that tends to come to mind when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that tends to come to mind when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first that tends to come to mind when
+you think of mapping a continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of mapping a continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of mapping a continuous time
+filter to a discrete time filter is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to a discrete time filter is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to a discrete time filter is to
+approximate in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate in some sense
+let's say the differential equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the differential equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the differential equation for
+the analog filter by simply replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog filter by simply replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog filter by simply replacing
+the derivatives by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives by
+differences so the first method that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so the first method that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences so the first method that I'd
+like to talk about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about is a
+method which corresponds to going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which corresponds to going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which corresponds to going from
+the analog filter to the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog filter to the digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog filter to the digital filter
+by mapping differentials in the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mapping differentials in the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mapping differentials in the analog
+domain to differences in the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to differences in the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain to differences in the digital
+domain and let me tell you in advance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and let me tell you in advance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and let me tell you in advance
+that what we'll see in fact is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we'll see in fact is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we'll see in fact is that
+although this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although this is
+intuitively one of the first methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively one of the first methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively one of the first methods
+that tends to come to mind that in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to come to mind that in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tends to come to mind that in fact
+it is not a particularly good method in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not a particularly good method in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not a particularly good method in
+terms of the basic guidelines that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the basic guidelines that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the basic guidelines that we've
+set down but let's go through the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set down but let's go through the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set down but let's go through the method
+anyway here we have an analog system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here we have an analog system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway here we have an analog system
+function H Suba of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H Suba of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function H Suba of
+s and the corresponding differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and the corresponding differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and the corresponding differential
+equation the filter then is described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the filter then is described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the filter then is described in
+terms of a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of a linear combination of
+derivatives of the output equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the output equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the output equal to a
+linear combination of derivatives of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of derivatives of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of derivatives of the
+input now we want to convert this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input now we want to convert this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input now we want to convert this in
+some way to a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to a difference
+equation and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and so we can
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider
+replacing y sub a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing y sub a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing y sub a of
+T by y of n y of n of course is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T by y of n y of n of course is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T by y of n y of n of course is the
+output of the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the digital filter
+in such a way that the derivative a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the derivative a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the derivative a
+first derivative sampled at t equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative sampled at t equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative sampled at t equal to n
+* capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* capital
+T gets replaced by the first difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T gets replaced by the first difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T gets replaced by the first difference
+of the output of the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output of the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the output of the digital
+filter where the first difference I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter where the first difference I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter where the first difference I'm
+defining as the first forward difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining as the first forward difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining as the first forward difference
+that is y of n + 1 minus y of n /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is y of n + 1 minus y of n /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is y of n + 1 minus y of n /
+capital T so the idea here is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T so the idea here is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T so the idea here is basically
+to say well look look I can generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well look look I can generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well look look I can generate a
+difference equation from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference equation from this
+differential equation by replacing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation by replacing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation by replacing the
+derivatives by differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by differences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives by differences in the
+particular case I'm talking about by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case I'm talking about by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case I'm talking about by
+forward differences and what will result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward differences and what will result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward differences and what will result
+is a difference equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a difference equation and
+consequently what also results as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently what also results as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently what also results as a
+digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital
+filter incidentally I'm talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter incidentally I'm talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter incidentally I'm talking about
+this here for the case of forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here for the case of forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here for the case of forward
+differences in the text to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the text to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in the text to see the
+contrast we we it we talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast we we it we talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast we we it we talk about a
+similar procedure but with the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar procedure but with the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar procedure but with the use of
+backward differences rather than forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences rather than forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward differences rather than forward
+differences all right well let's see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences all right well let's see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences all right well let's see in
+fact what happens then we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what happens then we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact what happens then we want to
+replace a first derivative by a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a first derivative by a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace a first derivative by a first
+forward difference more generally what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference more generally what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference more generally what
+we would want to replace a kith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to replace a kith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would want to replace a kith
+derivative by is the kith forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative by is the kith forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative by is the kith forward
+difference where the Ki forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference where the Ki forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference where the Ki forward
+difference is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is defined
+iteratively in other words the K forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively in other words the K forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteratively in other words the K forward
+difference of Y of n is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of Y of n is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of Y of n is the first
+forward difference of the K minus first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference of the K minus first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference of the K minus first
+forward difference of Y of n simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference of Y of n simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward difference of Y of n simply the
+K forward difference to correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K forward difference to correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K forward difference to correspond to
+the K derivative is the first difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K derivative is the first difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K derivative is the first difference
+implemented over and over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented over and over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented over and over and over again
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+times so what results then by repl by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so what results then by repl by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so what results then by repl by
+making this substance subtitution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this substance subtitution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this substance subtitution is
+that the differential equation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the differential equation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the differential equation that we
+had which was a linear combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had which was a linear combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had which was a linear combination of
+the derivatives of Y of t equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of Y of t equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives of Y of t equal to a
+linear combination of the derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the derivatives of
+X of T that's replaced by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T that's replaced by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X of T that's replaced by the same
+linear combination of the Ki difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the Ki difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the Ki difference
+of Y of n equal to the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y of n equal to the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y of n equal to the corresponding
+linear combination of the Ki differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the Ki differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination of the Ki differences
+of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X
+event and this then is a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and this then is a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event and this then is a difference
+equation because of the fact that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because of the fact that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation because of the fact that each
+of these differences each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these differences each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these differences each of these
+forward differences or the K forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward differences or the K forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward differences or the K forward
+difference involves differences of Y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference involves differences of Y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference involves differences of Y of
+n that is y of n + 1 minus y of n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that is y of n + 1 minus y of n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n that is y of n + 1 minus y of n so
+this is a difference equation derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a difference equation derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a difference equation derived
+from the differential equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the differential equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the differential equation by
+replacing the kith derivative by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the kith derivative by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the kith derivative by the
+kith forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kith forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kith forward
+difference well let's see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well let's see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference well let's see what this
+means in terms of the mapping from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of the mapping from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of the mapping from the
+plane to the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane to the Z
+plane first of all let me remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane first of all let me remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane first of all let me remind you
+that in the continuous time domain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the continuous time domain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the continuous time domain the
+llas transform of the derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform of the derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform of the derivative of a
+Time function is equal to S times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time function is equal to S times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time function is equal to S times the
+llas transform of the time function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform of the time function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llas transform of the time function that
+is the operation of differentiation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the operation of differentiation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the operation of differentiation in
+the lass transform domain gets carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lass transform domain gets carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lass transform domain gets carried
+over to a multiplication by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a multiplication by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to a multiplication by
+S similarly we can look at the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S similarly we can look at the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S similarly we can look at the Z
+transform of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the first
+difference the Z transform of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the Z transform of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference the Z transform of the first
+difference y of n + 1us y of n / capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference y of n + 1us y of n / capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference y of n + 1us y of n / capital
+T simply by applying the properties of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T simply by applying the properties of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T simply by applying the properties of Z
+transforms results in Z minus1 / capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms results in Z minus1 / capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms results in Z minus1 / capital
+T times the Z transform of Y of n so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the Z transform of Y of n so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T times the Z transform of Y of n so the
+operation of taking the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of taking the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of taking the first
+difference corresponds to multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference corresponds to multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference corresponds to multiplying
+the Z trans form by Z minus1 / capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z trans form by Z minus1 / capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z trans form by Z minus1 / capital T
+So In The Continuous time domain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So In The Continuous time domain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So In The Continuous time domain the
+derivative correspondent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative correspondent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative correspondent to
+multiplication by s in the Z transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by s in the Z transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by s in the Z transform
+domain first differencing corresponded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain first differencing corresponded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain first differencing corresponded
+to multiplication by Z minus one /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiplication by Z minus one /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiplication by Z minus one /
+capital T and it's straightforward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T and it's straightforward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T and it's straightforward to
+show that in fact the Ki forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in fact the Ki forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that in fact the Ki forward
+difference corresponds to multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference corresponds to multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference corresponds to multiplying by
+zus 1 / t k and we know that the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus 1 / t k and we know that the K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zus 1 / t k and we know that the K
+derivative corresponds to multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative corresponds to multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative corresponds to multiplication
+by S to the K so if you track that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by S to the K so if you track that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by S to the K so if you track that
+through put that into the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through put that into the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through put that into the difference
+equation and compare obtain the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and compare obtain the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and compare obtain the system
+function for the digital system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the digital system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the digital system and
+compare it with the system function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with the system function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it with the system function for
+the analog system what you see resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog system what you see resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog system what you see resulting
+is that the operation of replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the operation of replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the operation of replacing
+differentials by by differences Cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials by by differences Cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentials by by differences Cor
+responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to
+obtaining the transfer function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining the transfer function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining the transfer function of the
+digital filter from the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter from the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter from the transfer
+function of the analog filter by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the analog filter by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the analog filter by the
+substitution s = to z-1 / capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution s = to z-1 / capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution s = to z-1 / capital
+T so it's basically a mapping then s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so it's basically a mapping then s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so it's basically a mapping then s
+being replaced by Z -1 / capital T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being replaced by Z -1 / capital T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being replaced by Z -1 / capital T or
+equivalently Z is equal to 1 + s *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently Z is equal to 1 + s *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently Z is equal to 1 + s *
+capital T first point then is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T first point then is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T first point then is that this
+technique in fact corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in fact corresponds to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique in fact corresponds to a
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+with s replaced by a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with s replaced by a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with s replaced by a function of
+Z well let's see what this mapping is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well let's see what this mapping is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z well let's see what this mapping is in
+fact and decide whether it satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and decide whether it satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and decide whether it satisfies the
+objectives that we set down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives that we set down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectives that we set down
+before here is a picture of the S plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here is a picture of the S plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before here is a picture of the S plane
+and here's the J Omega axis below we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the J Omega axis below we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the J Omega axis below we
+have the Z plane the imaginary axis real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Z plane the imaginary axis real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Z plane the imaginary axis real
+axis and the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the unit
+circle and the first question is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and the first question is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle and the first question is what
+does the J Omega axis in the S plane map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the J Omega axis in the S plane map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the J Omega axis in the S plane map
+to in the Z plane well we substitute s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the Z plane well we substitute s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to in the Z plane well we substitute s
+equal J Omega so that Z is equal to 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal J Omega so that Z is equal to 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal J Omega so that Z is equal to 1 +
+J Omega time capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega time capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega time capital
+T consequently the J Omega axis in the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T consequently the J Omega axis in the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T consequently the J Omega axis in the S
+plane for this particular method maps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane for this particular method maps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane for this particular method maps to
+this line in the Z plane well is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line in the Z plane well is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line in the Z plane well is that
+good no it's not good because it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no it's not good because it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good no it's not good because it says
+that if we saw a good filter as we ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we saw a good filter as we ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we saw a good filter as we ran
+up and down this axis we would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down this axis we would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down this axis we would see a
+good filter as we run up and down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good filter as we run up and down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good filter as we run up and down this
+line however where we are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line however where we are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line however where we are interested in
+the filter characteristics ending up are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter characteristics ending up are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the filter characteristics ending up are
+on the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the unit circle
+which in fact are only close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact are only close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in fact are only close to this
+line when we're in the vicinity of zal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when we're in the vicinity of zal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line when we're in the vicinity of zal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+1 so in fact our first the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so in fact our first the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so in fact our first the first
+condition that we wanted isn't satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we wanted isn't satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that we wanted isn't satisfied
+namely the J Omega axis does not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the J Omega axis does not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely the J Omega axis does not get
+mapped to the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the unit
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+furthermore stable analog filters do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore stable analog filters do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore stable analog filters do not
+necessarily map to stable digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily map to stable digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily map to stable digital
+filters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters for
+example if we had a pole let's say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we had a pole let's say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we had a pole let's say in
+the S plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane
+there then it would fall in the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then it would fall in the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then it would fall in the Z plane
+let's say there well that's all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there well that's all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there well that's all right
+that's a stable pole stable analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a stable pole stable analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a stable pole stable analog
+filter mapping to a stable digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter mapping to a stable digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter mapping to a stable digital
+filter however here's an even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter however here's an even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter however here's an even more
+stable analog filter and if this pole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable analog filter and if this pole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable analog filter and if this pole is
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+enough is negative enough then in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough is negative enough then in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough is negative enough then in fact
+it falls outside the unit circle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls outside the unit circle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it falls outside the unit circle in the
+Z plane and consequently the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plane and consequently the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plane and consequently the digital
+filter will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter will be
+unstable that incidentally is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable that incidentally is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable that incidentally is a
+well-known property in numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known property in numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known property in numerical
+analysis of forward differences that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of forward differences that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of forward differences that is
+the notion that forward differences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that forward differences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion that forward differences are
+unstable and this is one way of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and this is one way of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable and this is one way of seeing
+that by interpreting it in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by interpreting it in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by interpreting it in terms of a
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from the S plane to the Z plane
+we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know
+incidentally that in at least in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that in at least in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally that in at least in an
+intuitive sense it's reasonable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive sense it's reasonable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive sense it's reasonable to
+imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that
+if we pick samples of an of a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick samples of an of a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick samples of an of a continuous
+time signal close enough together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signal close enough together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time signal close enough together that
+at least intuitively we ought to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least intuitively we ought to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least intuitively we ought to be able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+approximate a derivative by a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a derivative by a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate a derivative by a difference
+and in fact the that fits in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the that fits in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the that fits in with the
+kinds of things that we've been seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we've been seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things that we've been seeing
+here in the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the following
+sense if we very highly oversample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if we very highly oversample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if we very highly oversample the
+signal much higher than the night Quist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal much higher than the night Quist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal much higher than the night Quist
+rate then in in fact the portion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then in in fact the portion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then in in fact the portion of the
+Z plane where the signal Spectrum Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plane where the signal Spectrum Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z plane where the signal Spectrum Falls
+is the portion of the Z plane around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the portion of the Z plane around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the portion of the Z plane around in
+the vicinity of Z equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity of Z equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity of Z equal to
+1 and you can see that in that case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and you can see that in that case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and you can see that in that case that
+portion of the unit circle is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the unit circle is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the unit circle is pretty
+close to this line which was the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this line which was the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to this line which was the mapping
+from the J Omega axis into the S into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the J Omega axis into the S into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the J Omega axis into the S into
+the Z plane and so consequently if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z plane and so consequently if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z plane and so consequently if we
+oversample rather extensively then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversample rather extensively then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversample rather extensively then we
+can in fact map more or less our analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in fact map more or less our analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in fact map more or less our analog
+filter to a digital filter but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to a digital filter but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter to a digital filter but in fact
+it's in the more usual case the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the more usual case the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the more usual case the the
+digital signal Spectrum occupies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signal Spectrum occupies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital signal Spectrum occupies the
+entire unit circle and clearly away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire unit circle and clearly away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire unit circle and clearly away from
+the region Z equals 1 the unit circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region Z equals 1 the unit circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region Z equals 1 the unit circle
+deviates rather dramatically from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates rather dramatically from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviates rather dramatically from this
+vertical line all right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line all right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line all right so this is a
+method then of filter design which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method then of filter design which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method then of filter design which
+didn't satisfy either one of our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't satisfy either one of our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't satisfy either one of our initial
+guidelines namely it didn't map the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines namely it didn't map the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines namely it didn't map the J
+Omega axis to the unit circle and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis to the unit circle and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega axis to the unit circle and also
+it didn't map a stable filter stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't map a stable filter stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't map a stable filter stable
+analog filter to a stable digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter to a stable digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter to a stable digital
+filter well let's go on to a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well let's go on to a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well let's go on to a second
+method which is better in both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is better in both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method which is better in both of those
+respects and this is a method that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects and this is a method that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects and this is a method that is
+commonly referred to as the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly referred to as the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly referred to as the method of
+impulse and variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and variance
+and again it's a filter design method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's a filter design method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's a filter design method
+which intuitively is very reasonable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which intuitively is very reasonable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which intuitively is very reasonable the
+basic idea of impulse and variance is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of impulse and variance is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea of impulse and variance is to
+convert a an analog filter to a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a an analog filter to a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert a an analog filter to a digital
+filter simply by choosing the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter simply by choosing the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter simply by choosing the unit
+sample response of the digital filter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response of the digital filter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response of the digital filter to
+be equally spaced samples of the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equally spaced samples of the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equally spaced samples of the impulse
+response of the analog fil filter so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the analog fil filter so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of the analog fil filter so the
+unit sample response h of n is chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response h of n is chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response h of n is chosen to
+be equally spaced samples sample space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equally spaced samples sample space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equally spaced samples sample space
+by capital T equally space samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by capital T equally space samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by capital T equally space samples of
+the analog or continuous time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog or continuous time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog or continuous time
+filter well in at least one sense we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well in at least one sense we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter well in at least one sense we can
+see that this certainly leads to a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this certainly leads to a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this certainly leads to a good
+filter and that is if we had a Contin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and that is if we had a Contin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and that is if we had a Contin
+time analog filter that had good impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time analog filter that had good impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time analog filter that had good impulse
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+characteristics then those good impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics then those good impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics then those good impulse
+response characteristics would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristics would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristics would be
+carried over to the digital filter unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried over to the digital filter unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried over to the digital filter unit
+sample response for example if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response for example if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response for example if we were
+interested in a filter with very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a filter with very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in a filter with very low
+ringing or very short impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringing or very short impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ringing or very short impulse response
+then if we had an analog filter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we had an analog filter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we had an analog filter with
+those characteristics then the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those characteristics then the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those characteristics then the digital
+filter would likewise have good impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter would likewise have good impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter would likewise have good impulse
+response characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristics
+however we've been phrasing most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we've been phrasing most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however we've been phrasing most of our
+discussion in terms of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in terms of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion in terms of frequency
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+characteristics we know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics we know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics we know from the
+discussion of sampling that we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of sampling that we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of sampling that we had a
+number of lectures ago that periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lectures ago that periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lectures ago that periodic
+sampling of this type results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling of this type results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling of this type results in a
+frequency response for the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response for the digital
+system which is basically an alias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is basically an alias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system which is basically an alias
+version of the frequency response for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the frequency response for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of the frequency response for
+the analog system that is the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog system that is the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog system that is the digital
+frequency response is given by the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is given by the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is given by the sum
+that I've indicated here which consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've indicated here which consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've indicated here which consists
+of scaled replicas of the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scaled replicas of the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scaled replicas of the forier
+transform of the analog of the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the analog of the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of the analog of the digital
+filter of the analog filter repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter of the analog filter repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter of the analog filter repeated
+over and over again with a spacing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again with a spacing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again with a spacing in
+little Omega of 2 pi well let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Omega of 2 pi well let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Omega of 2 pi well let's take a
+look at that in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detail here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail here we have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+analog frequency response and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency response and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency response and let's say
+that we're considering this for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're considering this for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're considering this for the case
+of a low pass filter which is what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a low pass filter which is what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a low pass filter which is what we've
+tended to focus on in this lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to focus on in this lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to focus on in this lecture so
+that if we had an analog low pass filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we had an analog low pass filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we had an analog low pass filter
+cut off frequency between minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off frequency between minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off frequency between minus Omega
+Suba and plus Omega sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suba and plus Omega sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suba and plus Omega sub a
+then in forming the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in forming the digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in forming the digital filter
+frequency response we first want to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response we first want to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response we first want to form
+H sub a of J Omega divided capital T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H sub a of J Omega divided capital T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H sub a of J Omega divided capital T and
+then shift that in in little Omega by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then shift that in in little Omega by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then shift that in in little Omega by
+integer multiples of 2 pi and add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiples of 2 pi and add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer multiples of 2 pi and add up
+those results so the first step is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those results so the first step is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those results so the first step is the
+scaling basically replacing Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling basically replacing Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling basically replacing Capital
+Omega by little Omega / capital T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega by little Omega / capital T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega by little Omega / capital T in
+which case case plotted as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case case plotted as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case case plotted as a function of
+little Omega the cut off frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Omega the cut off frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Omega the cut off frequency is
+then Omega sub a capital T and minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Omega sub a capital T and minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Omega sub a capital T and minus
+Omega sub capital T so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sub capital T so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega sub capital T so that this
+Step results in a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step results in a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step results in a linear
+scaling of the frequency axis so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of the frequency axis so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of the frequency axis so that
+Capital Omega is replaced by little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Omega is replaced by little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Omega is replaced by little
+Omega ided capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega ided capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega ided capital
+T the Second Step then is to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the Second Step then is to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T the Second Step then is to add
+together replicas of this analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together replicas of this analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together replicas of this analog
+frequency response separated in little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response separated in little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response separated in little
+Omega by integer multiples of 2 pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega by integer multiples of 2 pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega by integer multiples of 2 pi and
+that's what I've indicated here uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've indicated here uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I've indicated here uh of
+course this periodically repeats over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this periodically repeats over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this periodically repeats over
+and over again but I've sketched it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again but I've sketched it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over again but I've sketched it just
+from minus 2 pi to plus 2 pi we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus 2 pi to plus 2 pi we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus 2 pi to plus 2 pi we have the
+factor of 1 over capital T out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 over capital T out in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 1 over capital T out in front
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+amplitude but an important aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but an important aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but an important aspect of
+this is that we have in going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that we have in going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that we have in going from the
+analog frequency variable to the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency variable to the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog frequency variable to the digital
+frequency variable a linear scaling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency variable a linear scaling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency variable a linear scaling in
+the frequency axis that doesn't show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency axis that doesn't show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency axis that doesn't show up
+particularly for a peie wise constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for a peie wise constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly for a peie wise constant
+frequency characteristic as I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic as I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency characteristic as I have here
+but generally if I had some complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally if I had some complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally if I had some complicated
+shape then when I convert to H sub a of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape then when I convert to H sub a of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape then when I convert to H sub a of
+J Omega over capital T that basic shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega over capital T that basic shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J Omega over capital T that basic shape
+will be preserved and it will only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be preserved and it will only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be preserved and it will only be
+distorted by a a linear scaling in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted by a a linear scaling in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distorted by a a linear scaling in the
+frequency axis and that is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis and that is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency axis and that is an important
+advantage of the technique of impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the technique of impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the technique of impulse
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+variance now there are some problems one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance now there are some problems one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance now there are some problems one
+in particular and this is the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular and this is the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular and this is the major
+problem and that is that as I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that is that as I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and that is that as I've drawn
+this example we're we've considered a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we're we've considered a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we're we've considered a an
+analog filter whose frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter whose frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter whose frequency response
+is strictly band limited and so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly band limited and so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly band limited and so of
+course there is no aliasing that results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is no aliasing that results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there is no aliasing that results
+but more generally the kind of frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally the kind of frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally the kind of frequency
+characteristic that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that we would
+have would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have would
+look perhaps like this as a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look perhaps like this as a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look perhaps like this as a an
+approximation admittedly a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation admittedly a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation admittedly a somewhat
+crude approximation to this ideal low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude approximation to this ideal low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude approximation to this ideal low
+pass filter in which case as we add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter in which case as we add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass filter in which case as we add up
+the replicas of the scaled frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replicas of the scaled frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replicas of the scaled frequency
+response then we in general will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then we in general will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response then we in general will have
+inter or aliasing between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter or aliasing between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter or aliasing between different
+terms in this sum so that in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this sum so that in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in this sum so that in that case
+while we start with an analog frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we start with an analog frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we start with an analog frequency
+characteristic that's desirable the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that's desirable the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that's desirable the
+resulting digital frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting digital frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting digital frequency
+characteristic will be distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic will be distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic will be distorted
+somewhat because of the aliasing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat because of the aliasing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat because of the aliasing that
+results due to the separate terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results due to the separate terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results due to the separate terms that
+are added together in this sum and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added together in this sum and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added together in this sum and one
+of the important aspects of implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important aspects of implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important aspects of implementing
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+uh an Impulse invariant filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an Impulse invariant filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an Impulse invariant filter design
+then is to in some way account for and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is to in some way account for and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is to in some way account for and
+hopefully minimize the effected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully minimize the effected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully minimize the effected this
+aliasing all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing all right
+so the with the impulse and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the with the impulse and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the with the impulse and variant
+method one of the important advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one of the important advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method one of the important advantages
+of impulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of impulse and
+variance is the fact that it tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is the fact that it tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is the fact that it tends to
+preserve good time domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve good time domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve good time domain
+characteristics that is the impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that is the impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics that is the impulse
+response characteristics were preserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristics were preserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response characteristics were preserved
+ered and also it car it provides a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ered and also it car it provides a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ered and also it car it provides a
+linear scaling from analog frequency to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scaling from analog frequency to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear scaling from analog frequency to
+digital frequency so that if we had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency so that if we had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital frequency so that if we had an
+analog filter with a very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter with a very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog filter with a very complicated
+frequency response then we could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response then we could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response then we could be
+assured that the corresponding digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that the corresponding digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assured that the corresponding digital
+filter except for aliasing would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter except for aliasing would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter except for aliasing would have
+that same shape but only with a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same shape but only with a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same shape but only with a linear
+scaling of the frequency axis it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of the frequency axis it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling of the frequency axis it should
+be pointed out incidentally that impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pointed out incidentally that impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pointed out incidentally that impulse
+invariance doesn't imply step invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance doesn't imply step invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance doesn't imply step invariance
+and you'll see this in the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see this in the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see this in the problems that
+you work through the study guide impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work through the study guide impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work through the study guide impulse
+invariance does not imply step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance does not imply step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance does not imply step
+invariance so that in fact if it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so that in fact if it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance so that in fact if it was the
+step response characteristics that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response characteristics that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step response characteristics that we
+wanted to preserve then the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to preserve then the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to preserve then the technique
+here isn't what we would use we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here isn't what we would use we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here isn't what we would use we would
+use a modify technique which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a modify technique which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a modify technique which would be
+not impulse and variance but but step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impulse and variance but but step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not impulse and variance but but step
+invariance well let's finally look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance well let's finally look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance well let's finally look at
+what impulse invariance means in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impulse invariance means in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what impulse invariance means in terms
+of a mapping from the S plane to the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mapping from the S plane to the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a mapping from the S plane to the Z
+plane let's look at it in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane let's look at it in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane let's look at it in a slightly
+different way than we've looked at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than we've looked at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than we've looked at it
+here and we can do that by expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we can do that by expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we can do that by expressing
+the analog system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog system
+function in a partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in a partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in a partial fraction
+expansion in terms of a sum of factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in terms of a sum of factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in terms of a sum of factors
+of this form so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form so we have
+residu a subk poles s at s equal s subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residu a subk poles s at s equal s subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residu a subk poles s at s equal s subk
+and we're expressing the system function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're expressing the system function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're expressing the system function
+as a linear combination of terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination of terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a linear combination of terms of this
+form if there are multiple order poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if there are multiple order poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form if there are multiple order poles
+this expression is slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression is slightly more
+complicated and what I'm about to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and what I'm about to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and what I'm about to say
+can be generalized to that case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generalized to that case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be generalized to that case but
+let's consider it here just for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider it here just for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider it here just for the case
+of simple poles so that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple poles so that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple poles so that the system
+function in fact can be expanded out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in fact can be expanded out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in fact can be expanded out in
+the form that I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form that I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form that I have here
+all right well if this is the analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well if this is the analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well if this is the analog
+system function then you should recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function then you should recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system function then you should recall
+that the analog impulse response that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the analog impulse response that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the analog impulse response that is
+the inverse lla transform of this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse lla transform of this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse lla transform of this is a
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+exponentials with amplitudes a subk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials with amplitudes a subk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials with amplitudes a subk the
+same amplitudes as we have here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitudes as we have here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitudes as we have here and
+complex exponentials e to the S subk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials e to the S subk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex exponentials e to the S subk and
+this should be a little T not a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a little T not a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be a little T not a capital
+T that is that is time Little T So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that is that is time Little T So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that is that is time Little T So this
+then is the form of the impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the form of the impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is the form of the impulse response
+which corresponds to this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which corresponds to this system
+function and now the impulse invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now the impulse invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and now the impulse invariant
+method says replace this by a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method says replace this by a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method says replace this by a unit
+sample response for the digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response for the digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response for the digital filter
+which is obtained by replacing Little T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obtained by replacing Little T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obtained by replacing Little T
+by n * capital T that is just sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n * capital T that is just sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n * capital T that is just sampling
+obtaining the unit sample response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining the unit sample response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtaining the unit sample response of
+the digital filter by sampling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital filter by sampling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital filter by sampling the
+impulse response of the analog filter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response of the analog filter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response of the analog filter in
+which case we get the sum of a subk e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we get the sum of a subk e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case we get the sum of a subk e to
+the S Sub K and now time T is replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S Sub K and now time T is replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S Sub K and now time T is replaced
+by n * capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n * capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n * capital
+T A sampled unit step a sampled analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T A sampled unit step a sampled analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T A sampled unit step a sampled analog
+unit Step results in a discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Step results in a discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Step results in a discrete time
+unit step and so consequently the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step and so consequently the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit step and so consequently the unit
+sample response that we end up with is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response that we end up with is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response that we end up with is a
+K the same coefficients as we had here e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the same coefficients as we had here e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K the same coefficients as we had here e
+to the S Sub k n * capital T * the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S Sub k n * capital T * the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S Sub k n * capital T * the unit
+step well we can write that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well we can write that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step well we can write that in a
+slightly different way we can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way we can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way we can write that
+as the sum of a sub K and some Factor e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of a sub K and some Factor e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum of a sub K and some Factor e
+to the S of K capital t is what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S of K capital t is what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the S of K capital t is what it is
+some Factor raised to the N Power Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Factor raised to the N Power Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Factor raised to the N Power Times
+the unit step and consequently we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step and consequently we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit step and consequently we can
+write down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down by
+inspection the Z transform or system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection the Z transform or system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection the Z transform or system
+function that corresponds to this unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that corresponds to this unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that corresponds to this unit
+sample response in particular it is H of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response in particular it is H of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response in particular it is H of
+Z equal to the sum of a subk * 1 - e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to the sum of a subk * 1 - e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z equal to the sum of a subk * 1 - e to
+S subk * capital t z the minus1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S subk * capital t z the minus1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S subk * capital t z the minus1 that's
+simply by inspection of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by inspection of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply by inspection of this
+expression all right well so we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression all right well so we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression all right well so we started
+with an analog system function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an analog system function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an analog system function of this
+form these coefficients and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these coefficients and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form these coefficients and these
+poles we ended up with a digital system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles we ended up with a digital system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles we ended up with a digital system
+function of this form the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this form the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of this form the same
+coefficients and poles instead of at S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and poles instead of at S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and poles instead of at S
+subk as they were in the analog case at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk as they were in the analog case at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk as they were in the analog case at
+e to the S subk capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the S subk capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the S subk capital
+T So this says then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this says then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T So this says then
+that the impulse and variant method Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the impulse and variant method Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the impulse and variant method Maps
+a pole in the S plane which was at s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole in the S plane which was at s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole in the S plane which was at s
+subk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk
+Maps it to a pole in the Z plane at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps it to a pole in the Z plane at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps it to a pole in the Z plane at Z
+equal to e to the S of K capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e to the S of K capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e to the S of K capital
+T well does that mean that impulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well does that mean that impulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T well does that mean that impulse and
+variance is basically a method which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is basically a method which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is basically a method which
+Maps s to Z according to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps s to Z according to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps s to Z according to this
+transformation well no it doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well no it doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well no it doesn't do
+that what it does is it Maps the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it does is it Maps the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it does is it Maps the poles
+in the S plane to poles in the Z plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the S plane to poles in the Z plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the S plane to poles in the Z plane
+according to this mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to this mapping
+the other thing that it preserves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that it preserves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing that it preserves are
+these coefficients the coefficients a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients the coefficients a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these coefficients the coefficients a
+subk that is the residues of the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk that is the residues of the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk that is the residues of the poles
+so it maintains the residues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it maintains the residues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it maintains the residues of the
+poles it Maps the poles according to zal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles it Maps the poles according to zal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles it Maps the poles according to zal
+e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the
+St the zeros by the way in general will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St the zeros by the way in general will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St the zeros by the way in general will
+not come out to have been mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come out to have been mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not come out to have been mapped
+according to the same mapping zal Z to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the same mapping zal Z to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the same mapping zal Z to
+the St in other words if we had a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St in other words if we had a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the St in other words if we had a zero
+at s equal S Sub 0 as we'll see actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at s equal S Sub 0 as we'll see actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at s equal S Sub 0 as we'll see actually
+in an example that will work next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an example that will work next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an example that will work next time
+the zero in the Z plane will not come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero in the Z plane will not come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero in the Z plane will not come
+out will not come out at zal e to the s0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will not come out at zal e to the s0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out will not come out at zal e to the s0
+capital T the poles are mapped according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T the poles are mapped according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T the poles are mapped according
+to that mapping and the residues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that mapping and the residues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that mapping and the residues are
+preserved and that is essentially what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and that is essentially what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and that is essentially what
+defines the impulse and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the impulse and variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the impulse and variant
+mapping well we had our two initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping well we had our two initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping well we had our two initial
+guidelines one is that we want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines one is that we want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guidelines one is that we want the
+behavior on the J Omega axis to map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior on the J Omega axis to map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior on the J Omega axis to map to
+the behavior in the digital domain on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior in the digital domain on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior in the digital domain on
+the unit circle does the impulse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle does the impulse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle does the impulse and
+variant method do that well it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant method do that well it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant method do that well it does
+except for the effective aliasing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the effective aliasing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for the effective aliasing but
+basically it is the analog frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it is the analog frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it is the analog frequency
+response that dictates what the digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that dictates what the digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that dictates what the digital
+frequency response is and so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is and so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency response is and so in that
+sense impulse and variance satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense impulse and variance satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense impulse and variance satisfies
+that objective the second question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that objective the second question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that objective the second question is
+whether it maintains stability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it maintains stability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it maintains stability of the
+filter and the answer there also is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the answer there also is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and the answer there also is that
+it does and we can see that very easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does and we can see that very easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does and we can see that very easily
+in particular if we have an analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if we have an analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular if we have an analog
+pole with a real part Sigma subk an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole with a real part Sigma subk an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole with a real part Sigma subk an
+imaginary part Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part Omega
+subk then the digital pole the pole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk then the digital pole the pole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk then the digital pole the pole of
+the digital filter maps to Zu subk equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital filter maps to Zu subk equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the digital filter maps to Zu subk equal
+to e to the S subk capital t e to the J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the S subk capital t e to the J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to e to the S subk capital t e to the J
+Omega subk capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega subk capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega subk capital
+T and the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and the magnitude of
+this is equal to of course the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to of course the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to of course the magnitude
+the product of the magnitudes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the magnitudes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of the magnitudes the
+magnitude of this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of this term is
+Unity so all that we care about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity so all that we care about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unity so all that we care about is the
+magnitude e to the sigma subk capital T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude e to the sigma subk capital T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude e to the sigma subk capital T
+well if the analog filter is stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the analog filter is stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if the analog filter is stable
+Sigma sub K is negative if Sigma subk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma sub K is negative if Sigma subk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma sub K is negative if Sigma subk is
+negative then either the sigma sub K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then either the sigma sub K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then either the sigma sub K
+capital T has a magnitude less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T has a magnitude less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital T has a magnitude less than one
+so consequently if the real part of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consequently if the real part of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consequently if the real part of s
+subk is less than zero negative then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk is less than zero negative then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subk is less than zero negative then the
+magnitude of Z subk the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z subk the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of Z subk the magnitude of the
+pole is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole is less than
+one so this in fact is a digital filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this in fact is a digital filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this in fact is a digital filter
+design technique that has a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design technique that has a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design technique that has a number of
+advantages and uh in fact it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and uh in fact it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and uh in fact it's a very
+useful design technique it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful design technique it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful design technique it's one of the
+standard digital filter design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard digital filter design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard digital filter design
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+techniques in the next lecture I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in the next lecture I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques in the next lecture I will
+briefly present an example of an Impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly present an example of an Impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly present an example of an Impulse
+invariant design just simply to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant design just simply to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant design just simply to remind
+you actually again of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually again of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually again of the fact that
+aliasing is an issue number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing is an issue number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aliasing is an issue number one and
+number two that it Maps poles according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two that it Maps poles according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two that it Maps poles according
+to zal Z to the St but not Zer in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zal Z to the St but not Zer in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zal Z to the St but not Zer in fact
+the zeros end up someplace else and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros end up someplace else and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros end up someplace else and in
+addition in that lecture we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition in that lecture we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition in that lecture we'll talk
+about another design technique which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another design technique which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another design technique which is
+likewise one of the classical digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise one of the classical digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise one of the classical digital
+filter design methods which is referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design methods which is referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter design methods which is referred
+to as the bilinear transformation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the bilinear transformation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as the bilinear transformation in the
+lecture following that then I will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture following that then I will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture following that then I will uh
+show some examples of digital some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some examples of digital some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show some examples of digital some
+digital filter designs using both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter designs using both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital filter designs using both
+impulse and variance and the bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and variance and the bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse and variance and the bilinear
+transformation to compare them thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U4zZhQz1Xqc.txt b/U4zZhQz1Xqc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18549082e9276eeaa8e618e6128242239bee8651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U4zZhQz1Xqc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things you will be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you will be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things you will be thinking
+about in the homework is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the homework is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the homework is the definition
+of gauge invariant observables so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gauge invariant observables so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gauge invariant observables so an
+operator off is a gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator off is a gauge invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator off is a gauge invariant
+observable gauge invariant observable if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable gauge invariant observable if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable gauge invariant observable if
+say I'm there a gauge transformation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm there a gauge transformation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I'm there a gauge transformation all
+can change the operator can change under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the operator can change under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change the operator can change under
+a gauge transformation you say oh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gauge transformation you say oh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gauge transformation you say oh but
+isn't it supposed to be gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it supposed to be gauge invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it supposed to be gauge invariant
+but well it's not quite the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well it's not quite the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but well it's not quite the operator
+itself that is gauge invariant it is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that is gauge invariant it is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that is gauge invariant it is its
+expectation value so you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value so you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value so you should have
+that side prime of all prime side prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side prime of all prime side prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side prime of all prime side prime
+is equal to psi OH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigh so the operator may change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh so the operator may change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh so the operator may change and
+that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay
+the wave function will change as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function will change as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function will change as well so
+the question is that if you put the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is that if you put the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is that if you put the new
+wave function and the new operator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and the new operator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function and the new operator and
+you find the expectation value do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the expectation value do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the expectation value do you
+get the same thing that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the same thing that's what you
+really can ask you cannot ask more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can ask you cannot ask more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can ask you cannot ask more than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and you will see very funny things when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see very funny things when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see very funny things when
+you do this you will see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this you will see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do this you will see that this
+operator P the opera the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator P the opera the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator P the opera the momentum
+operator that you like that you find has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that you like that you find has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator that you like that you find has
+been intuitive for you so far it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been intuitive for you so far it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been intuitive for you so far it's not
+gauge invariant you cannot compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge invariant you cannot compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge invariant you cannot compute the
+expectation value of it and expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of it and expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of it and expect
+something physical it's not gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something physical it's not gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something physical it's not gauge
+invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thing that is gauge invariant is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that is gauge invariant is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that is gauge invariant is P
+minus Q over C a is gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's some small calculations you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's some small calculations you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's some small calculations you will
+do in order to get the gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to get the gauge invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in order to get the gauge invariant
+operator you do in general have to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you do in general have to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you do in general have to put
+in a dependence that's the funny thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dependence that's the funny thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a dependence that's the funny thing
+so this thing will not be gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing will not be gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing will not be gauge
+invariant and you know it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and you know it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant and you know it's almost
+obvious that P is not gauge invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that P is not gauge invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that P is not gauge invariant
+why because P and they're engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because P and they're engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because P and they're engaged
+transformation well the gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well the gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation well the gauge
+transformations say change a change Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations say change a change Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations say change a change Phi
+Prime's chain sy but it doesn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime's chain sy but it doesn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime's chain sy but it doesn't say
+change P so in their gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change P so in their gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change P so in their gauge
+transformation P goes to P but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation P goes to P but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation P goes to P but then
+let's look at sy prime psi prime is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at sy prime psi prime is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at sy prime psi prime is it
+equal to psi psi well here you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to psi psi well here you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to psi psi well here you have the
+side prime is sy times e to the minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side prime is sy times e to the minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side prime is sy times e to the minus I
+Q lambda over h-bar see you have P here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q lambda over h-bar see you have P here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q lambda over h-bar see you have P here
+and e to the IQ lambda over h-bar see sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e to the IQ lambda over h-bar see sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and e to the IQ lambda over h-bar see sy
+prime not sy that's the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime not sy that's the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime not sy that's the left hand side
+and this P is such that it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this P is such that it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this P is such that it takes
+derivatives and lambda depends on space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and lambda depends on space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and lambda depends on space
+so this is going to give you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to give you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to give you something
+this is not gonna cancel this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not gonna cancel this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not gonna cancel this is not
+going to cancel and therefore the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel and therefore the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cancel and therefore the left
+hand side is not gonna be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is not gonna be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is not gonna be equal to the
+right hand side the faces don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side the faces don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side the faces don't go
+across each other so therefore there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across each other so therefore there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across each other so therefore there it
+is please no good not intuitive not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is please no good not intuitive not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is please no good not intuitive not
+physical not observable it's it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical not observable it's it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical not observable it's it's a very
+strange thing that once you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing that once you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange thing that once you put
+electromagnetic fields P the canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields P the canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic fields P the canonical
+generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator
+of translation loses its privileged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation loses its privileged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of translation loses its privileged
+status not anymore we can think of peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status not anymore we can think of peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status not anymore we can think of peace
+so easily and love however if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easily and love however if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so easily and love however if you had
+here P - Q a P - Q a is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P - Q a P - Q a is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here P - Q a P - Q a is precisely the
+kind of thing that you can move the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that you can move the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that you can move the face
+across and you will see that then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and you will see that then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across and you will see that then it
+works you get something to simplify and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you get something to simplify and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you get something to simplify and
+it's all very nice so gauge invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all very nice so gauge invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all very nice so gauge invariance
+makes for funny things to happen I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes for funny things to happen I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes for funny things to happen I want
+to do an example that illustrates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an example that illustrates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an example that illustrates a
+quantization another pretty surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization another pretty surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantization another pretty surprising
+thing so we have quite a few things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we have quite a few things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so we have quite a few things to
+do today so let me try to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today so let me try to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today so let me try to do this
+magnetic fields example magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields example magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields example magnetic field
+on a torus so we've talked about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a torus so we've talked about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a torus so we've talked about what is
+a circle and we say a circle is the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle and we say a circle is the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle and we say a circle is the line
+with the identification X equal X plus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the identification X equal X plus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the identification X equal X plus L
+so the point zero is identified with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point zero is identified with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point zero is identified with the
+point L and that's a circle this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point L and that's a circle this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point L and that's a circle this line
+and this point is the same as this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point is the same as this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this point is the same as this one
+so you return a torus that we use so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you return a torus that we use so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you return a torus that we use so
+this is a circle a torus which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a circle a torus which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a circle a torus which is
+something that we sometimes think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we sometimes think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we sometimes think of
+like this is on the other hand an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is on the other hand an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is on the other hand an
+identification of the following kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the following kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of the following kind
+here's the x-axis here is the y-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the x-axis here is the y-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the x-axis here is the y-axis
+here is LX here is ly and we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is LX here is ly and we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is LX here is ly and we say that
+any point XY is identified with x plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point XY is identified with x plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point XY is identified with x plus
+ly LX and every point XY is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly LX and every point XY is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ly LX and every point XY is
+identified with X y plus ly which is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with X y plus ly which is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified with X y plus ly which is to
+say that any point with some value of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that any point with some value of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that any point with some value of x
+is identified with the point with x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified with the point with x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified with the point with x
+increasing by LX so this line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing by LX so this line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing by LX so this line is
+supposed to be glued to this line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be glued to this line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be glued to this line and
+this line is supposed to be glued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is supposed to be glued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is supposed to be glued to
+that line so this is identified and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line so this is identified and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line so this is identified and this
+is identified perhaps the most intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified perhaps the most intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified perhaps the most intuitive
+way of thinking of this is take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking of this is take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking of this is take this
+strip take these two sides deal them now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip take these two sides deal them now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip take these two sides deal them now
+you have a cylinder and now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cylinder and now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a cylinder and now you're
+supposed to glue this and to the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to glue this and to the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to glue this and to the book
+first and so you glue them like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and so you glue them like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and so you glue them like that and
+you form something like this so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form something like this so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you form something like this so here is
+a torus now we try to put a magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torus now we try to put a magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a torus now we try to put a magnetic
+field on the stars so you could say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the stars so you could say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field on the stars so you could say well
+this is X Y X and y there is a torus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X Y X and y there is a torus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X Y X and y there is a torus
+there's the Z Direction let's put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Z Direction let's put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the Z Direction let's put a
+magnetic field that goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field that goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field that goes through the
+torus in the Z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torus in the Z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torus in the Z direction
+a BZ be in the Z direction and we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a BZ be in the Z direction and we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a BZ be in the Z direction and we'll put
+a constant 1b constant so it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant 1b constant so it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant 1b constant so it's time
+independent and space independent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and space independent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and space independent and
+then you say okay let's look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say okay let's look at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you say okay let's look at my
+Maxwell's equations divergence of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations divergence of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations divergence of B
+equals zero this constant good curl of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero this constant good curl of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero this constant good curl of B
+is related to current there's no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to current there's no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related to current there's no current
+plus B EDT displacement current there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B EDT displacement current there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus B EDT displacement current there's
+no electric field good equation curl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electric field good equation curl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no electric field good equation curl of
+E is minus DB DT now if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is minus DB DT now if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E is minus DB DT now if there's no
+problem obviously so B for any constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem obviously so B for any constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem obviously so B for any constant
+value of B so it satisfies Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B so it satisfies Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of B so it satisfies Maxwell's
+equations so any constant value of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so any constant value of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations so any constant value of B
+should be an allowed magnetic field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an allowed magnetic field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be an allowed magnetic field or
+so we would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would think
+it actually is not so why does it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is not so why does it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually is not so why does it go
+wrong this intuition we'll see but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this intuition we'll see but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this intuition we'll see but let's
+let's put an assumption the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put an assumption the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put an assumption the assumption
+is that we're doing quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're doing quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're doing quantum mechanics
+and there exists a particle with charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a particle with charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there exists a particle with charge
+and I'll call it this time Q just so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call it this time Q just so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call it this time Q just so if
+we're doing quantum mechanics and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing quantum mechanics and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing quantum mechanics and there
+exists a particle of charge Q I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a particle of charge Q I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a particle of charge Q I need
+potentials to describe the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials to describe the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials to describe the quantum
+mechanics I need an a field to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I need an a field to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I need an a field to describe
+this so I know B is consistent and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I know B is consistent and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I know B is consistent and it
+makes sense and we can use it if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and we can use it if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and we can use it if and
+only if I can find a vector potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if I can find a vector potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if I can find a vector potential so
+our task is to find a vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our task is to find a vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our task is to find a vector potential
+on this stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this stars
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well at first sight that doesn't sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at first sight that doesn't sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at first sight that doesn't sound
+too difficult you can say alright let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too difficult you can say alright let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too difficult you can say alright let's
+find the vector potential that's is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the vector potential that's is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the vector potential that's is to
+find an a such that curl of a is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an a such that curl of a is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an a such that curl of a is equal
+to B so B Z is the X a Y minus dy a X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B so B Z is the X a Y minus dy a X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B so B Z is the X a Y minus dy a X so
+let's simplify my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's simplify my life
+let's taken a Y to be equal to B Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's taken a Y to be equal to B Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's taken a Y to be equal to B Z and
+let's call this magnetic field B 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this magnetic field B 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this magnetic field B 0 the
+constant value B 0 constant so a Y would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value B 0 constant so a Y would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant value B 0 constant so a Y would
+be equal to B 0 times X and a X would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to B 0 times X and a X would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to B 0 times X and a X would be
+0 ok that's it look a Y is equal to B 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 ok that's it look a Y is equal to B 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 ok that's it look a Y is equal to B 0
+X so I take the derivative DX of a why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I take the derivative DX of a why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I take the derivative DX of a why I
+get B 0 the Y of AX is 0 perfect all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B 0 the Y of AX is 0 perfect all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B 0 the Y of AX is 0 perfect all
+done we would say you found the a Y but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we would say you found the a Y but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done we would say you found the a Y but
+there's a problem with you say I what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem with you say I what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem with you say I what is
+the problem if if this is a torus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem if if this is a torus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem if if this is a torus it
+means this point are the same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this point are the same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means this point are the same as this
+point so I should have the the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I should have the the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so I should have the the vector
+potential here must be the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here must be the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential here must be the same as the
+vector potential there because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector potential there because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector potential there because it is
+after all the same point you're gluing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the same point you're gluing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all the same point you're gluing
+this surface but ok this point at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface but ok this point at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this surface but ok this point at this
+point differ by Y and this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point differ by Y and this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point differ by Y and this vector
+potential doesn't depend on Y so flu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential doesn't depend on Y so flu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential doesn't depend on Y so flu
+that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good
+a is well-defined because it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is well-defined because it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is well-defined because it has the
+same value anywhere here as anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value anywhere here as anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same value anywhere here as anywhere
+there so I can write it as a Y of X y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I can write it as a Y of X y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I can write it as a Y of X y
+plus ly at any point x and y plus L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ly at any point x and y plus L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus ly at any point x and y plus L is
+the same thing as a y of X Y so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as a y of X Y so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing as a y of X Y so that's
+very good but we're gonna run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good but we're gonna run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good but we're gonna run into
+trouble in a second now because the a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble in a second now because the a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble in a second now because the a y
+should be the same here and here too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same here and here too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same here and here too
+because that's also the same points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also the same points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's also the same points in
+the Taurus this line is identified with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Taurus this line is identified with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Taurus this line is identified with
+this so when I change X by L X a Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when I change X by L X a Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so when I change X by L X a Y
+should not change and here it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not change and here it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not change and here it seems like
+a y at X plus LX and the same point y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y at X plus LX and the same point y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a y at X plus LX and the same point y is
+not the same as a y at X Y and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as a y at X Y and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same as a y at X Y and this is a
+Taurus so this point X plus LX and y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taurus so this point X plus LX and y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taurus so this point X plus LX and y and
+y should be the same so this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y should be the same so this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y should be the same so this vector
+potential is not the same here as here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not the same here as here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not the same here as here
+so actually this vector position doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually this vector position doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually this vector position doesn't
+look good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look good
+you thought you could write the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought you could write the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thought you could write the magnetic
+field in terms of a vector potential but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in terms of a vector potential but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field in terms of a vector potential but
+this vector potential doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector potential doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector potential doesn't seem to
+live on the torus it's just not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the torus it's just not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the torus it's just not a
+well-defined magnetic vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined magnetic vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined magnetic vector potential
+in the torus it doesn't have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the torus it doesn't have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the torus it doesn't have the same
+value here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here and here
+so in principle we're not through or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle we're not through or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in principle we're not through or not
+out of the woods here we have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the woods here we have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the woods here we have not been
+able to find a good vector potential yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find a good vector potential yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find a good vector potential yet
+but here the gauge transformations come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the gauge transformations come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the gauge transformations come
+a little to the rescue when you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little to the rescue when you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little to the rescue when you work
+with vector potentials you don't read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vector potentials you don't read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vector potentials you don't read
+mede that the vector potential be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mede that the vector potential be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mede that the vector potential be the
+same here as here it is enough if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here as here it is enough if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here as here it is enough if the
+vector potential here and here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector potential here and here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector potential here and here which is
+the same point they differ by a gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point they differ by a gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same point they differ by a gauge
+transformation so the vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so the vector potential
+is a subtle object here is the torus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subtle object here is the torus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subtle object here is the torus in
+one part of the torus it has a formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the torus it has a formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the torus it has a formula
+in the other part it may look like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other part it may look like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other part it may look like it's
+not consistent but you can use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not consistent but you can use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not consistent but you can use another
+formula related by a gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula related by a gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula related by a gauge
+transformation so this vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation so this vector potential
+here is okay if I manage to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is okay if I manage to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is okay if I manage to show that
+what I get on this side is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get on this side is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I get on this side is just the
+gauge transformation of what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformation of what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformation of what I was
+getting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting here
+so physically these are the same and yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically these are the same and yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so physically these are the same and yes
+you have a unique configuration on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a unique configuration on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a unique configuration on the
+torus if the vector potential here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torus if the vector potential here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torus if the vector potential here is
+gauge equivalent to the vector potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge equivalent to the vector potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge equivalent to the vector potential
+there so let's try to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so gauge transformations to the rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gauge transformations to the rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so gauge transformations to the rescue
+okay a Y of X + LX y I now it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a Y of X + LX y I now it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a Y of X + LX y I now it to be a
+gate wanted to be a gauge transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate wanted to be a gauge transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate wanted to be a gauge transformation
+of the field at a Y X Y so remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field at a Y X Y so remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the field at a Y X Y so remember a
+prime plus a plus gradient of lambda so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus a plus gradient of lambda so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus a plus gradient of lambda so
+I'm gonna write this as a at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write this as a at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna write this as a at the same
+point which is XY it's physically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is XY it's physically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is XY it's physically the
+same point plus the gradient of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point plus the gradient of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same point plus the gradient of lambda
+in this case would be V Y lambda ok now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case would be V Y lambda ok now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case would be V Y lambda ok now
+I have to find the gauge parameter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to find the gauge parameter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to find the gauge parameter to
+show that there gauge equivalent here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there gauge equivalent here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that there gauge equivalent here
+and here I must find the gauge parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I must find the gauge parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I must find the gauge parameter
+that's it that's the lambda so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's the lambda so let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it that's the lambda so let's do
+the formula here this is b0 there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula here this is b0 there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula here this is b0 there's a
+formula here B 0 times X so X plus L X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here B 0 times X so X plus L X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here B 0 times X so X plus L X
+times X plus X is equal to B 0 times X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X plus X is equal to B 0 times X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times X plus X is equal to B 0 times X
+plus dy lambda so I cancel here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dy lambda so I cancel here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus dy lambda so I cancel here and I
+get B 0 LX is equal to B Y lambda ok all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B 0 LX is equal to B Y lambda ok all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B 0 LX is equal to B Y lambda ok all
+right so well it seems that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so well it seems that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so well it seems that we're
+succeeding again against all odds and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding again against all odds and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeding again against all odds and we
+could take lambda for example to be B 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take lambda for example to be B 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could take lambda for example to be B 0
+LX x y and that would be our gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX x y and that would be our gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LX x y and that would be our gauge
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so are we happy already have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we happy already have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so are we happy already have we
+shown that everything is working well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that everything is working well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that everything is working well
+there's still a problem this time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a problem this time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still a problem this time the
+gauge parameter doesn't seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge parameter doesn't seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge parameter doesn't seem to be
+well-defined on the torus as well when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined on the torus as well when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-defined on the torus as well when I
+change you know we didn't have problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you know we didn't have problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you know we didn't have problems
+with Y here we had prompt with eggs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y here we had prompt with eggs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y here we had prompt with eggs when
+we try to fix it with eggs we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to fix it with eggs we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we try to fix it with eggs we find the
+gauge parameter but the gauge parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge parameter but the gauge parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge parameter but the gauge parameter
+doesn't seem to have it does have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to have it does have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to have it does have
+problems with y it's not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with y it's not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with y it's not the same as
+this at this point and at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this point and at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this point and at this point
+because at those points y differs by ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at those points y differs by ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at those points y differs by ly
+and the gauge parameter again doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gauge parameter again doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the gauge parameter again doesn't
+quite seem to live on the torus it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite seem to live on the torus it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite seem to live on the torus it seems
+like an endless amount of complication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an endless amount of complication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an endless amount of complication
+but we're near the end of the road now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're near the end of the road now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're near the end of the road now
+the thing that comes to our rescue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that comes to our rescue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that comes to our rescue is
+that lambda in fact doesn't quite have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda in fact doesn't quite have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda in fact doesn't quite have
+to be well that well defined why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well that well defined why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well that well defined why because
+the gauge transformation of the charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gauge transformation of the charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gauge transformation of the charged
+particle says that you need to do i q--
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle says that you need to do i q--
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle says that you need to do i q--
+/ HC lambda times pi that's how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ HC lambda times pi that's how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ HC lambda times pi that's how you do
+gauge transformations and in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformations and in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge transformations and in fact this
+remember this is the u thing and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the u thing and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is the u thing and even
+though we write a prime as a b lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we write a prime as a b lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we write a prime as a b lambda
+this term can be written in terms of U u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term can be written in terms of U u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term can be written in terms of U u
+is the master quantity that has all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the master quantity that has all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the master quantity that has all the
+information in fact D lambda is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in fact D lambda is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in fact D lambda is roughly
+u minus 1 gradient of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus 1 gradient of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u minus 1 gradient of U
+up to a series of factors so everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a series of factors so everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a series of factors so everything
+depends on you so we don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on you so we don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on you so we don't have to worry
+too much if lambda is not well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much if lambda is not well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much if lambda is not well-defined
+on the torus what has to be well-defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the torus what has to be well-defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the torus what has to be well-defined
+on the torus is you the exponential of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the torus is you the exponential of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the torus is you the exponential of
+lambda and that it's a saver because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and that it's a saver because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and that it's a saver because you
+now is e to the I Q lambda is B not L X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is e to the I Q lambda is B not L X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is e to the I Q lambda is B not L X
+Y over H bar C that's you and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y over H bar C that's you and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y over H bar C that's you and you will
+be well defined on the torus if when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well defined on the torus if when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well defined on the torus if when you
+change y plus y plus ly this doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change y plus y plus ly this doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change y plus y plus ly this doesn't
+change and for that this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and for that this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and for that this whole thing
+when you change Y by L Y must change by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change Y by L Y must change by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you change Y by L Y must change by
+a factor of 2 pi so if you see you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 2 pi so if you see you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of 2 pi so if you see you're
+living dangerously with AC it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living dangerously with AC it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living dangerously with AC it just
+doesn't want to exist on a torus but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to exist on a torus but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to exist on a torus but if
+this happens to be equal to 2 pi and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be equal to 2 pi and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens to be equal to 2 pi and so
+if you have Q be not LX ly / HC equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have Q be not LX ly / HC equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have Q be not LX ly / HC equal to
+2 pi n everything is OK that thing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n everything is OK that thing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n everything is OK that thing when
+you change Y for y plus ly this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change Y for y plus ly this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change Y for y plus ly this whole
+exponent changes by 2 pi n and I times 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent changes by 2 pi n and I times 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent changes by 2 pi n and I times 2
+pi n is 1 so U is well-defined on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n is 1 so U is well-defined on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi n is 1 so U is well-defined on the
+torus so we're almost there here it is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torus so we're almost there here it is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torus so we're almost there here it is B
+not there's a quantization B naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's a quantization B naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's a quantization B naught
+times the area of the torus is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area of the torus is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area of the torus is equal to
+2 pi n I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 pi n I and
+h c / q and so you cannot have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h c / q and so you cannot have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h c / q and so you cannot have arbitrary
+magnetic field the magnetic field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the magnetic field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the magnetic field is
+such that the flux is quantized so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the flux is quantized so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that the flux is quantized so here
+is the illustration of an example I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the illustration of an example I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the illustration of an example I
+wanted to mention from the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to mention from the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to mention from the beginning
+that if you have a magnetic field that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a magnetic field that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a magnetic field that
+solves Maxwell's equations you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves Maxwell's equations you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves Maxwell's equations you're not
+done you have to find potentials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you have to find potentials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you have to find potentials and
+sometimes they're funny things happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're funny things happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they're funny things happening
+and in particular here is the funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular here is the funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular here is the funny
+thing that has happened here is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has happened here is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that has happened here is that in
+order to have a well-defined vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have a well-defined vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have a well-defined vector
+potential on the torus you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on the torus you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential on the torus you've been
+forced to quantize the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to quantize the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to quantize the magnetic field
+and B naught times a is equal to Phi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B naught times a is equal to Phi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B naught times a is equal to Phi the
+flux and this flux is a multiple of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and this flux is a multiple of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and this flux is a multiple of this
+one technique which is sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique which is sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one technique which is sometimes called
+the quantum of flux the least possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum of flux the least possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantum of flux the least possible
+flux and the flux quantum so this flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and the flux quantum so this flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and the flux quantum so this flux
+quantum it has a famous it is a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum it has a famous it is a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum it has a famous it is a famous
+number in fact they have it somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in fact they have it somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in fact they have it somewhere
+here some a note yes here it is find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some a note yes here it is find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some a note yes here it is find out
+for electrons for Q equal to e fine not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons for Q equal to e fine not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for electrons for Q equal to e fine not
+these are units that you know you seldom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are units that you know you seldom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are units that you know you seldom
+use but it's about two point zero six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but it's about two point zero six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use but it's about two point zero six
+eight times ten to the minus 15 Weber's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times ten to the minus 15 Weber's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times ten to the minus 15 Weber's
+who knows what the Weber is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or to point all six eight times ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to point all six eight times ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to point all six eight times ten to
+the minus seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maxwell's I know the matter okay a Weber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's I know the matter okay a Weber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's I know the matter okay a Weber
+this a unit of flux is Tesla times meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a unit of flux is Tesla times meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a unit of flux is Tesla times meter
+squared that's far too big the Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that's far too big the Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared that's far too big the Maxwell
+it's a more natural thing Maxwell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a more natural thing Maxwell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a more natural thing Maxwell is
+Gauss per centum times centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss per centum times centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss per centum times centimeters
+squared so you know the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so you know the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so you know the magnetic field
+of the earth is about half a Gauss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth is about half a Gauss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the earth is about half a Gauss a
+centimeter square you can imagine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter square you can imagine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter square you can imagine and
+that's the value of the flux quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of the flux quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the value of the flux quantum
+which will have a role later for us
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/U6fI3brP8V4.txt b/U6fI3brP8V4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e00fde3eaea487e4973780c4ff6f18e595775b95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/U6fI3brP8V4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16725 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today's task is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today's task is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today's task is
+going to be to outline some of the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to outline some of the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to outline some of the basic
+experimental facts that we will both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental facts that we will both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental facts that we will both
+have to deal with and that our aim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with and that our aim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with and that our aim
+should be to understand and model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to understand and model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be to understand and model
+through the rest of the course um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rest of the course um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rest of the course um
+physics uh doesn't tell you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh doesn't tell you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics uh doesn't tell you some
+abstract truth about why the universe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract truth about why the universe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract truth about why the universe is
+the way it is physics gives you models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is physics gives you models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is physics gives you models
+to understand how things work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how things work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand how things work and
+predict what will happen next and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what will happen next and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what will happen next and what
+we will be aiming to do is develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be aiming to do is develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be aiming to do is develop
+models that give us some intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that give us some intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models that give us some intuition for
+the phenomena and allow us to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena and allow us to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenomena and allow us to make
+predictions and these are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and these are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and these are going to be
+the experimental facts I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental facts I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental facts I would like to
+both explain develop an intuition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both explain develop an intuition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both explain develop an intuition for
+and be able to predict uh consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to predict uh consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be able to predict uh consequences
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll start off with um so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start off with um so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll start off with um so let me
+just outline them so first fact atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just outline them so first fact atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just outline them so first fact atoms
+exist I'll go over some of the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist I'll go over some of the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist I'll go over some of the arguments
+for that Randomness definitely present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that Randomness definitely present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that Randomness definitely present
+in the world Atomic Spectra are discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world Atomic Spectra are discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world Atomic Spectra are discreet
+and structured we have a photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structured we have a photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and structured we have a photoelectric
+effect which I'll describe in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which I'll describe in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect which I'll describe in some
+detail um electrons uh do some funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um electrons uh do some funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail um electrons uh do some funny
+things in particular electron defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in particular electron defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in particular electron defraction
+and six and Fin finally um Bells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six and Fin finally um Bells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six and Fin finally um Bells
+inequality uh something that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh something that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh something that we will
+come back to at the very end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to at the very end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to at the very end of the
+class uh which I like to think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh which I like to think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class uh which I like to think of as a
+sort of a frame for the entirety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a frame for the entirety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a frame for the entirety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so good we'll stick with this for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we'll stick with this for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good we'll stick with this for the
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+so everyone in here knows that atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone in here knows that atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone in here knows that atoms are
+made of electrons and nuclei in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of electrons and nuclei in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of electrons and nuclei in
+particular um you know that electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um you know that electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular um you know that electrons
+exist because you've seen a cathode ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist because you've seen a cathode ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist because you've seen a cathode ray
+tube I used to be able to say you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube I used to be able to say you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube I used to be able to say you've
+seen a t but you all have flat panel TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a t but you all have flat panel TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a t but you all have flat panel TV
+so this is useless so cathod ray tube is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is useless so cathod ray tube is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is useless so cathod ray tube is
+a gun that shoots electrons at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gun that shoots electrons at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gun that shoots electrons at a
+phosphorescent screen and every time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorescent screen and every time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorescent screen and every time the
+electron hits the screen it induces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hits the screen it induces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hits the screen it induces a
+little phosphorescence a little glow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phosphorescence a little glow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little phosphorescence a little glow and
+that's how you see on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you see on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you see on a
+CRT um and so as was ply uh stated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRT um and so as was ply uh stated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRT um and so as was ply uh stated um
+Long Ago by a very famous physicist if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long Ago by a very famous physicist if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Long Ago by a very famous physicist if
+you can spray them they exist it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spray them they exist it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spray them they exist it's
+pretty good argument um there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good argument um there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good argument um there's there's
+a better argument for the existence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better argument for the existence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better argument for the existence of
+electrons which is that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which is that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons which is that we can actually
+see them individually and this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them individually and this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them individually and this is one of
+the most famous images in high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous images in high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most famous images in high energy
+physics it's from an experiment called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics it's from an experiment called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics it's from an experiment called
+Gargamel which was a 30 30 cubic meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gargamel which was a 30 30 cubic meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gargamel which was a 30 30 cubic meter
+uh tank of liquid Freon pulsing just at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tank of liquid Freon pulsing just at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tank of liquid Freon pulsing just at
+its vapor pressure 60 times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its vapor pressure 60 times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its vapor pressure 60 times a
+second and what this image is is apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and what this image is is apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and what this image is is apart
+from all the Schmutz you're watching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the Schmutz you're watching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the Schmutz you're watching a
+trail of bubbles in this depressurizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail of bubbles in this depressurizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail of bubbles in this depressurizing
+fron that wants to create bubbles but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fron that wants to create bubbles but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fron that wants to create bubbles but
+you have to nucleate Bubbles what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to nucleate Bubbles what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to nucleate Bubbles what you're
+seeing there in that central line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing there in that central line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing there in that central line that
+goes up and then curls around is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and then curls around is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up and then curls around is a
+single electron that was nailed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron that was nailed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron that was nailed by a
+neutrino incident from a beam at CERN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino incident from a beam at CERN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrino incident from a beam at CERN
+where currently the LHC is running and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where currently the LHC is running and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where currently the LHC is running and
+this experiment revealed two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment revealed two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment revealed two things
+first to us it will reveal that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to us it will reveal that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first to us it will reveal that you can
+see individual electrons and by studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see individual electrons and by studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see individual electrons and by studying
+the images of them moving through fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images of them moving through fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the images of them moving through fluids
+and leaving a disturbing wake of bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaving a disturbing wake of bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leaving a disturbing wake of bubbles
+behind them we can study their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them we can study their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind them we can study their their
+properties in some considerable detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in some considerable detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties in some considerable detail
+the second thing it taught us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing it taught us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing it taught us is
+something that we're not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we're not going to talk
+about in detail uh is that it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in detail uh is that it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in detail uh is that it's possible
+for neutrino to hit an electron and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neutrino to hit an electron and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for neutrino to hit an electron and that
+process is called a weak neutral current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called a weak neutral current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called a weak neutral current
+for sort of stupid historical reasons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of stupid historical reasons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sort of stupid historical reasons um
+it's actually a really good name uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a really good name uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually a really good name uh uh
+and that was awesome and surprising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was awesome and surprising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was awesome and surprising and
+so this picture is both a monument to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this picture is both a monument to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this picture is both a monument to
+the technology of the experiment but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology of the experiment but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology of the experiment but
+also to the physics of weak neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the physics of weak neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to the physics of weak neutral
+currents and electrons they exist if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and electrons they exist if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents and electrons they exist if you
+can discover neutrinos by watching them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discover neutrinos by watching them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discover neutrinos by watching them
+okay secondly nuclei we know that nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay secondly nuclei we know that nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay secondly nuclei we know that nuclei
+exists because you can shoot alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists because you can shoot alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists because you can shoot alpha
+particles which come from radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which come from radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles which come from radioactive
+decay at atoms and you have your atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay at atoms and you have your atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay at atoms and you have your atom
+which is some you know sort of vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some you know sort of vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is some you know sort of vague
+thing and I'm gonna make the atom I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm gonna make the atom I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and I'm gonna make the atom I'm
+gonna find the atom by making a sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find the atom by making a sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna find the atom by making a sheet of
+atoms maybe a foil very thin foil of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms maybe a foil very thin foil of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms maybe a foil very thin foil of
+stuff and then I'm going to shoot very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then I'm going to shoot very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then I'm going to shoot very
+high energy alpha particles incident at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy alpha particles incident at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energy alpha particles incident at
+this probably everyone has heard of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably everyone has heard of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probably everyone has heard of this
+experiment it was done by Rutherford and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it was done by Rutherford and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment it was done by Rutherford and
+guer and Marsden in particular his I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guer and Marsden in particular his I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guer and Marsden in particular his I
+guess students at the time or postto I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess students at the time or postto I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess students at the time or postto I
+don't recall um and you shoot these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recall um and you shoot these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't recall um and you shoot these
+alpha particles in and if you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles in and if you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles in and if you think of
+these guys as some sort of jellyish lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys as some sort of jellyish lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys as some sort of jellyish lump
+then maybe they'll they'll deflect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe they'll they'll deflect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe they'll they'll deflect a
+little bit but if you shoot you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but if you shoot you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but if you shoot you know a
+bullet through Jello it just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet through Jello it just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet through Jello it just sort of
+maybe it gets deflected a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it gets deflected a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it gets deflected a little bit but
+Jello I mean come on and the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jello I mean come on and the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jello I mean come on and the thing that
+was shocking is you shoot these alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shocking is you shoot these alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shocking is you shoot these alpha
+particles in and every once in a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in and every once in a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles in and every once in a while
+they bounce back at 100 you know 180 160
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bounce back at 100 you know 180 160
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bounce back at 100 you know 180 160
+degrees butf likened this to uh to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees butf likened this to uh to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees butf likened this to uh to uh
+rolling a bowling ball uh against a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling a bowling ball uh against a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling a bowling ball uh against a
+piece of paper and having it bounce back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper and having it bounce back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of paper and having it bounce back
+uh kind of surprising and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of surprising and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kind of surprising and the
+explanation here that people eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation here that people eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation here that people eventually
+came up upon is that atoms are mostly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up upon is that atoms are mostly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up upon is that atoms are mostly uh
+zero density except they have very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero density except they have very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero density except they have very very
+high density cores which are many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density cores which are many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high density cores which are many times
+smaller than the size of the atom uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the size of the atom uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the size of the atom uh but
+where most of the mass is Con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the mass is Con
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where most of the mass is Con
+concentrated and as a consequence most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated and as a consequence most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated and as a consequence most
+of the inertia and so we know that atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inertia and so we know that atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inertia and so we know that atoms
+have substructure and the picture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substructure and the picture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have substructure and the picture we
+have is that well if you scrape this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that well if you scrape this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that well if you scrape this
+pile of metal you can pull off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of metal you can pull off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of metal you can pull off the
+electrons leaving behind nuclei which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons leaving behind nuclei which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons leaving behind nuclei which
+have positive charge because you've stra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive charge because you've stra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive charge because you've stra
+scraped off the electrons that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraped off the electrons that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scraped off the electrons that have
+negative charge so we have a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so we have a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so we have a picture
+from these experiments that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these experiments that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these experiments that there are
+electrons and there are nuclei which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and there are nuclei which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and there are nuclei which
+I'll just write n as plus um which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just write n as plus um which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just write n as plus um which uh
+which are the constituents of atoms now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the constituents of atoms now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the constituents of atoms now
+this leads to a very natural picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to a very natural picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to a very natural picture of
+what an atom is if you're a 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an atom is if you're a 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an atom is if you're a 19th century
+physicist or even early 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist or even early 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist or even early 20th century
+physicist it's very natural to say aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist it's very natural to say aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist it's very natural to say aha
+well if I know if I have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I know if I have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I know if I have a positive
+charge and I have a negative charge then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and I have a negative charge then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and I have a negative charge then
+they attract each other with a 1 / R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attract each other with a 1 / R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they attract each other with a 1 / R
+minus q1 Q2 sorry q1 Q2 over R potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus q1 Q2 sorry q1 Q2 over R potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus q1 Q2 sorry q1 Q2 over R potential
+this is just like gravity right the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like gravity right the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just like gravity right the the
+Earth and and the sun are attracted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and and the sun are attracted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth and and the sun are attracted with
+an inverse R potential this leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse R potential this leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse R potential this leads to
+klarian orbits and uh so maybe an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+klarian orbits and uh so maybe an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+klarian orbits and uh so maybe an atom
+is just some sort of orbiting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just some sort of orbiting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just some sort of orbiting uh
+classical uh combination of of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical uh combination of of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical uh combination of of an
+electron and nucleus positively charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and nucleus positively charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and nucleus positively charged
+nucleus the problem with this picture as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the problem with this picture as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus the problem with this picture as
+you explore in detail in your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explore in detail in your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explore in detail in your first
+problem on the problem set is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on the problem set is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem on the problem set is that it
+doesn't work what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work what happens when you
+accelerate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate a
+charge it radiates yeah exactly so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it radiates yeah exactly so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it radiates yeah exactly so if
+it's radiating it's got a lose energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's radiating it's got a lose energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's radiating it's got a lose energy
+it's dumping energy into the out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dumping energy into the out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dumping energy into the out of the
+system so it's got to fall lower into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it's got to fall lower into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so it's got to fall lower into
+the potential Falls lower it speeds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential Falls lower it speeds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential Falls lower it speeds up
+it radiates more because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it radiates more because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it radiates more because it's
+accelerating more to stay in a circular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating more to stay in a circular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating more to stay in a circular
+orbit radiates more that means it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit radiates more that means it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit radiates more that means it has to
+fall further down so on the problem say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall further down so on the problem say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall further down so on the problem say
+you're going to calculate how long that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to calculate how long that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to calculate how long that
+takes and it's not very long and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes and it's not very long and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes and it's not very long and so the
+fact that we persist for more than a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we persist for more than a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we persist for more than a few
+Pico seconds tells you that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico seconds tells you that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico seconds tells you that it's not
+that this is not a correct picture of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not a correct picture of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is not a correct picture of of
+a of an atom okay so in classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of an atom okay so in classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of an atom okay so in classical
+mechanics atoms could not exist and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics atoms could not exist and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics atoms could not exist and yet
+atoms exist so we have to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms exist so we have to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms exist so we have to explain
+that that's going to be our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to be our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's going to be our first
+challenge okay now interestingly gerer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge okay now interestingly gerer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge okay now interestingly gerer
+who was this uh this collaborator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was this uh this collaborator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was this uh this collaborator of
+Rutherford Young Junior collaborator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford Young Junior collaborator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford Young Junior collaborator of
+Rutherford um went on uh to develop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford um went on uh to develop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford um went on uh to develop a
+really neat instrument so suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat instrument so suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really neat instrument so suppose you
+want to see radiation we do this all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see radiation we do this all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see radiation we do this all the
+time I'm looking at you and I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm looking at you and I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'm looking at you and I'm seeing
+radiation seeing light but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation seeing light but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation seeing light but I'm not
+seeing ultra high energy radiation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing ultra high energy radiation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing ultra high energy radiation I'm
+seeing energy radiation in the op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing energy radiation in the op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing energy radiation in the op
+electromagnetic waves in the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves in the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves in the optical
+Spectrum meanwhile I'm also not seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum meanwhile I'm also not seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum meanwhile I'm also not seeing
+alpha particles so what guer wanted was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles so what guer wanted was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles so what guer wanted was
+a way to detect without using your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to detect without using your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way to detect without using your eyes
+radiation that's you know hard to see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that's you know hard to see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation that's you know hard to see so
+the way he did this is he he took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he did this is he he took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he did this is he he took a
+capacitor and he filled the surrounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and he filled the surrounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and he filled the surrounded
+the capacitor with some noble gas it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor with some noble gas it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor with some noble gas it
+doesn't interact there's no it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't interact there's no it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't interact there's no it's very
+hard to ionize and uh if you crank up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to ionize and uh if you crank up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to ionize and uh if you crank up
+the potential across his capacitor plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential across his capacitor plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential across his capacitor plate
+high enough what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough what do you
+get a spark right you all know this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a spark right you all know this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a spark right you all know this if
+you crank up a capacitor eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crank up a capacitor eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crank up a capacitor eventually
+breaks down because a dialectric in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down because a dialectric in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down because a dialectric in
+between breaks down you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between breaks down you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between breaks down you get a
+spontaneous sparking so what he's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous sparking so what he's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous sparking so what he's what
+he figured was look if I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he figured was look if I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he figured was look if I take a
+capacitor plane and I charge it up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor plane and I charge it up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor plane and I charge it up but
+not quite to break down just a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite to break down just a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite to break down just a good
+potential and another charge particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and another charge particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and another charge particle
+comes flying through like an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes flying through like an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes flying through like an alpha
+particle which carries charge plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which carries charge plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle which carries charge plus two
+that positive charge will disturb things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive charge will disturb things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive charge will disturb things
+and will add extra field effectively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will add extra field effectively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will add extra field effectively and
+lead to the nucleation of a spark so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the nucleation of a spark so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to the nucleation of a spark so the
+presence of a spark when this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a spark when this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of a spark when this potential
+is not strong enough to induce a spark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not strong enough to induce a spark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not strong enough to induce a spark
+spontaneously indicates the passage of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously indicates the passage of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously indicates the passage of a
+Charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Charged
+particle Guyer worked later with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Guyer worked later with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Guyer worked later with um
+Marson Mueller Mueller I guess um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marson Mueller Mueller I guess um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marson Mueller Mueller I guess um uh
+heck I don't even remember and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck I don't even remember and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck I don't even remember and uh and
+developed this into a device now known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this into a device now known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this into a device now known
+as the Giger counter um and so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Giger counter um and so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the Giger counter um and so you've
+probably all seen simul or seen uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all seen simul or seen uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all seen simul or seen uh or
+heard um guer counters going off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard um guer counters going off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard um guer counters going off in
+movies right they go ping ping ping ping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies right they go ping ping ping ping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies right they go ping ping ping ping
+ping ping ping ping ping ping ping right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping ping ping ping ping ping ping right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ping ping ping ping ping ping ping right
+they bounce off randomly this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bounce off randomly this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bounce off randomly this is an
+extremely important lesson which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important lesson which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important lesson which is
+tantum out to the lesson of our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tantum out to the lesson of our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tantum out to the lesson of our second
+experiment yesterday the 50/50 when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment yesterday the 50/50 when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment yesterday the 50/50 when we
+didn't expect it the white electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect it the white electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect it the white electrons
+into the hardness box then into a color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hardness box then into a color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the hardness box then into a color
+box again come out 50/50 not 100% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box again come out 50/50 not 100% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box again come out 50/50 not 100% and
+they come out in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come out in a way that's
+unpredictable we have no ability to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable we have no ability to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpredictable we have no ability to our
+knowledge and more than our knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and more than our knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and more than our knowledge
+we'll come back to that with B andil we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that with B andil we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to that with B andil we
+have no ability to predict which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no ability to predict which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no ability to predict which
+electron will come out of that third box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will come out of that third box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron will come out of that third box
+White or black right similarly with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White or black right similarly with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+White or black right similarly with a
+Geer counter you hear that atoms Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geer counter you hear that atoms Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geer counter you hear that atoms Decay
+but they Decay randomly the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they Decay randomly the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they Decay randomly the radiation
+comes out of a pile of radioactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a pile of radioactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of a pile of radioactive
+material totally at random we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material totally at random we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material totally at random we know the
+probabilistic description of that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic description of that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic description of that we're
+going to develop that but we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop that but we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to develop that but we don't know
+exactly when and that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when and that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when and that's a really
+powerful example both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful example both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful example both of those
+experiments are powerful examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are powerful examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments are powerful examples of
+Randomness and so we're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and so we're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness and so we're going to have to
+incorporate that into our laws of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into our laws of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate that into our laws of
+physics into our model of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics into our model of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics into our model of quantum
+phenomena as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+questions I usually have a Geer counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I usually have a Geer counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I usually have a Geer counter
+the point which is totally awesome um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point which is totally awesome um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point which is totally awesome um so
+I'll I'll try to produce the Geer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll try to produce the Geer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll try to produce the Geer
+counter demo later but the person with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter demo later but the person with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter demo later but the person with
+the Geer counter turns out to have left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Geer counter turns out to have left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Geer counter turns out to have left
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+continent made it a little challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent made it a little challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continent made it a little challenging
+um uh okay um it's just sort of since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh okay um it's just sort of since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh okay um it's just sort of since
+we're at MIT an interesting side note um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at MIT an interesting side note um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at MIT an interesting side note um
+this strategy of so-called hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy of so-called hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strategy of so-called hard
+scattering of taking some object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of taking some object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of taking some object and
+sending it at very high velocity at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it at very high velocity at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending it at very high velocity at some
+other object and looking for the rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other object and looking for the rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other object and looking for the rare
+events when they bounce off at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events when they bounce off at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events when they bounce off at some
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large
+angle so-called hard scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so-called hard scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so-called hard scattering
+which is you know used to detect dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know used to detect dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know used to detect dense
+cores of objects um it didn't stop with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores of objects um it didn't stop with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cores of objects um it didn't stop with
+Rutherford people didn't just give up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford people didn't just give up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rutherford people didn't just give up at
+that point similar experiments in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point similar experiments in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point similar experiments in the
+60s and 70s which were conducted at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and 70s which were conducted at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s and 70s which were conducted at
+slack um were uh involved not uh alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack um were uh involved not uh alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slack um were uh involved not uh alpha
+particles incident on atoms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles incident on atoms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles incident on atoms but
+individual electrons incident on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual electrons incident on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual electrons incident on
+protons so not shooting into the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons so not shooting into the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons so not shooting into the nucleus
+but shooting and looking for the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shooting and looking for the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but shooting and looking for the effect
+of hitting individual protons inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting individual protons inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hitting individual protons inside the
+nucleus and through this process it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and through this process it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and through this process it was
+discovered uh that in fact so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh that in fact so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered uh that in fact so this was
+done in the 60s and 70s that in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the 60s and 70s that in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in the 60s and 70s that in fact the
+proton itself is also not a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton itself is also not a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton itself is also not a fundamental
+particle the proton is itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composite um and in particular it's made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite um and in particular it's made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite um and in particular it's made
+out of uh eventually people understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh eventually people understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of uh eventually people understood
+that it's made out of morally speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's made out of morally speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's made out of morally speaking
+I'm going to put this in quotation marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put this in quotation marks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put this in quotation marks
+asked me about it in office hours three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corks which are some particles and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corks which are some particles and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corks which are some particles and the
+the reason we you know all this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we you know all this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we you know all this tells
+you is that it's some object we've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that it's some object we've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that it's some object we've given
+it the name cork but indeed there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the name cork but indeed there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the name cork but indeed there are
+three point- like particles that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point- like particles that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point- like particles that in some
+sense make up a prot done it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense make up a prot done it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense make up a prot done it's actually
+much more complicated than that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated than that but
+these corks among other things have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corks among other things have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these corks among other things have very
+strange properties like they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange properties like they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange properties like they have
+fractional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+charge and um this was discovered by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and um this was discovered by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and um this was discovered by a
+large group of people um uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large group of people um uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large group of people um uh in
+particular uh led by Kendall and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh led by Kendall and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh led by Kendall and
+Freedman and also Richard Taylor Kendall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedman and also Richard Taylor Kendall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freedman and also Richard Taylor Kendall
+and Freedman were at MIT uh Richard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Freedman were at MIT uh Richard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Freedman were at MIT uh Richard
+Taylor was at Stanford uh and in 1990
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor was at Stanford uh and in 1990
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taylor was at Stanford uh and in 1990
+they shared the Nobel Prize uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shared the Nobel Prize uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they shared the Nobel Prize uh for the
+discovery of the the ponic structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the the ponic structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the the ponic structure of
+the nucleons um so these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleons um so these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleons um so these sorts of
+techniques that people have been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that people have been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that people have been using
+for a very long time continue to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time continue to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very long time continue to be
+useful and awesome in particular uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and awesome in particular uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and awesome in particular uh the
+experiment the experimental version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the experimental version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment the experimental version of
+this that's currently going on that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's currently going on that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's currently going on that I
+particularly love is something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly love is something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly love is something called
+The relativistic Heavy ion collider uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The relativistic Heavy ion collider uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The relativistic Heavy ion collider uh
+which is going on at Brookhaven so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going on at Brookhaven so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going on at Brookhaven so here
+what you're doing is you take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you take two
+protons and you blow them into each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and you blow them into each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and you blow them into each
+other okay at ultra high energy two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay at ultra high energy two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay at ultra high energy two
+protons Collide them and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons Collide them and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons Collide them and see what
+happens and that's what happens okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that's what happens okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and that's what happens okay you
+get massive shrapnel coming flying out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get massive shrapnel coming flying out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get massive shrapnel coming flying out
+so instead of having a simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having a simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of having a simple thing
+where one of the protons just bounces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one of the protons just bounces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where one of the protons just bounces
+back because there's some hardcore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because there's some hardcore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back because there's some hardcore
+instead what happens is just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what happens is just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead what happens is just just
+trapnel everywhere right so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapnel everywhere right so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trapnel everywhere right so you might
+think well how do we interpret that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well how do we interpret that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well how do we interpret that at
+all how do you make sense out of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all how do you make sense out of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all how do you make sense out of you
+know 14,000 particles coming out of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 14,000 particles coming out of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 14,000 particles coming out of two
+protons bouncing into each other how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons bouncing into each other how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons bouncing into each other how
+does that make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make any
+sense and the answer turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the answer turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and the answer turns out to be
+kind of awesome and so this touches on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of awesome and so this touches on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of awesome and so this touches on
+my research so I want to uh make a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research so I want to uh make a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my research so I want to uh make a quick
+comment on it just for color um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on it just for color um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on it just for color um the
+answer turns out to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer turns out to be really
+interesting first off uh the interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting first off uh the interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting first off uh the interior
+constituents of protons interact very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of protons interact very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituents of protons interact very
+strongly with each other but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly with each other but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly with each other but at the
+brief moment when protons collide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief moment when protons collide with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief moment when protons collide with
+each other what you actually form is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other what you actually form is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other what you actually form is not
+uh a point like quk and another Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a point like quk and another Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a point like quk and another Point
+like quk in fact protons aren't made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quk in fact protons aren't made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like quk in fact protons aren't made out
+of point- like quirks at all protons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point- like quirks at all protons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of point- like quirks at all protons are
+big bags with quirks and gluons and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bags with quirks and gluons and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big bags with quirks and gluons and all
+sorts of particles fluctuating in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of particles fluctuating in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of particles fluctuating in and
+out of existence in a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of existence in a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of existence in a complicated
+fashion and what you actually get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and what you actually get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and what you actually get is
+amazingly a liquid for a brief brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly a liquid for a brief brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly a liquid for a brief brief
+moment of time the parts of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of time the parts of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of time the parts of those
+protons that overlap think of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons that overlap think of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons that overlap think of them as
+two spheres and they overlap in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spheres and they overlap in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two spheres and they overlap in some
+sort of almond shaped region the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almond shaped region the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almond shaped region the parts
+of those protons that overlap form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those protons that overlap form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those protons that overlap form a
+liquid at ultra high temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at ultra high temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid at ultra high temperature and
+ultra high density it's Rel it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra high density it's Rel it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultra high density it's Rel it's called
+the Rick Fireball or the cour Glon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rick Fireball or the cour Glon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rick Fireball or the cour Glon
+plasma although it's not actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma although it's not actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma although it's not actually a
+plasma but it's a liquid like water and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma but it's a liquid like water and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasma but it's a liquid like water and
+what I mean by saying it's a liquid like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by saying it's a liquid like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by saying it's a liquid like
+water if you push it it spreads in waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if you push it it spreads in waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water if you push it it spreads in waves
+and like water it's dissipative those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like water it's dissipative those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like water it's dissipative those
+waves dissipate but it's a really funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves dissipate but it's a really funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves dissipate but it's a really funny
+bit of liquid imagine you take your cup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of liquid imagine you take your cup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of liquid imagine you take your cup
+of coffee you drink it you're drinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coffee you drink it you're drinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coffee you drink it you're drinking
+your coffee as I want to do and uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coffee as I want to do and uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your coffee as I want to do and uh it
+cools down over time this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools down over time this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cools down over time this is very
+frustrating so you pour in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating so you pour in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrating so you pour in a little bit
+of hot coffee now when you pour in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hot coffee now when you pour in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hot coffee now when you pour in that
+hot coffee the system is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot coffee the system is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot coffee the system is out of
+equilibrium it hasn't thermalized so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it hasn't thermalized so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it hasn't thermalized so
+what you want is you want to wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is you want to wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you want is you want to wait for
+all of the system to to wait until it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the system to to wait until it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the system to to wait until it's
+come to equilibrium so you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to equilibrium so you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to equilibrium so you don't get a
+you know Swig of hot or Swig of cold you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Swig of hot or Swig of cold you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Swig of hot or Swig of cold you
+want some sort of goldilox in in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some sort of goldilox in in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want some sort of goldilox in in between
+so you can ask how long does it take for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can ask how long does it take for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can ask how long does it take for
+for this coffee to come to thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this coffee to come to thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this coffee to come to thermal
+equilibrium well it takes a while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well it takes a while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium well it takes a while you
+know a few seconds a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few seconds a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a few seconds a few minutes
+depending on exactly how you mess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly how you mess with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly how you mess with
+it but let me ask you a quick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but let me ask you a quick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but let me ask you a quick question
+how does that time scale compare to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that time scale compare to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that time scale compare to the
+time it takes for light to cross your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mug slower much much much slower right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mug slower much much much slower right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mug slower much much much slower right
+by orders of magnitude um for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by orders of magnitude um for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by orders of magnitude um for this
+liquid that's formed in the ultra high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's formed in the ultra high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid that's formed in the ultra high
+energy Collision of two protons the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Collision of two protons the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Collision of two protons the time
+it takes for the system which starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes for the system which starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes for the system which starts out
+crazy out of equilibrium with all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy out of equilibrium with all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy out of equilibrium with all sorts
+of quirks here and gluons there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quirks here and gluons there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quirks here and gluons there and
+stuff flying about the time it takes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff flying about the time it takes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff flying about the time it takes for
+it to equilib to come to thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to equilib to come to thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to equilib to come to thermal
+equilibrium is a order the time it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a order the time it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is a order the time it takes
+for light to cross the little puddle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light to cross the little puddle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for light to cross the little puddle of
+liquid this is a crazy liquid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid this is a crazy liquid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid this is a crazy liquid it's
+called a Quantum liquid it has all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Quantum liquid it has all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a Quantum liquid it has all sorts
+of wonderful properties and the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wonderful properties and the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wonderful properties and the best
+thing about it to my mind is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about it to my mind is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about it to my mind is that it's
+very well modeled by black holes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well modeled by black holes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well modeled by black holes which
+is a totally separate issue but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a totally separate issue but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a totally separate issue but it's a
+fun example so um so from these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun example so um so from these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun example so um so from these sorts of
+collisions from SE these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions from SE these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions from SE these sorts of
+collisions we know a great deal about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions we know a great deal about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions we know a great deal about
+the existence of atoms uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of atoms uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of atoms uh and and
+Randomness as you can see that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness as you can see that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness as you can see that's a
+fairly random story okay so moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly random story okay so moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly random story okay so moving on to
+more 804 things um back to atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more 804 things um back to atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more 804 things um back to atoms so
+let's look at specifics of I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at specifics of I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at specifics of I'm not
+kidding they really are related to black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding they really are related to black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding they really are related to black
+holes like I get paid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes like I get paid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes like I get paid for
+this so so here's a nice fact so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so here's a nice fact so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so here's a nice fact so let's
+let's get to Atomic Spectra so to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get to Atomic Spectra so to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get to Atomic Spectra so to to
+study Atomic Spectra here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Atomic Spectra here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study Atomic Spectra here's the
+experiment I want to run the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I want to run the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I want to run the experiment
+I want to run starts out with a uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to run starts out with a uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to run starts out with a uh you
+know some sort of power plant and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some sort of power plant and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some sort of power plant and out of
+the power plant come two wires right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power plant come two wires right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power plant come two wires right uh
+and I'm going to run these wires across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to run these wires across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to run these wires across
+a spark gap uh you know a piece of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spark gap uh you know a piece of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spark gap uh you know a piece of metal
+here and a piece of metal here and put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a piece of metal here and put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and a piece of metal here and put
+them inside uh a container which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them inside uh a container which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them inside uh a container which has
+some gas like H2 or neon or whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gas like H2 or neon or whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some gas like H2 or neon or whatever you
+want but some simple gas inside here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but some simple gas inside here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but some simple gas inside here so
+I've got uh electric potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got uh electric potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got uh electric potential
+established across it again we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established across it again we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established across it again we don't
+want so much potential that it Sparks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so much potential that it Sparks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want so much potential that it Sparks um
+but we do want to excite the H2 so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do want to excite the H2 so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do want to excite the H2 so you
+know we can even make it spark it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can even make it spark it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can even make it spark it
+doesn't really matter too much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter too much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter too much the
+important thing is that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is that we're going to
+excite the hydrogen and in exciting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite the hydrogen and in exciting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite the hydrogen and in exciting the
+hydrogen the excited hydrogen is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen the excited hydrogen is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen the excited hydrogen is going
+to send out light and I'm going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send out light and I'm going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send out light and I'm going to take
+this light doesn't do that light goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light doesn't do that light goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light doesn't do that light goes in
+straight lines so uh we we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines so uh we we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight lines so uh we we take the
+light um and uh and I'm going to shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and uh and I'm going to shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um and uh and I'm going to shine
+this on a prism something I was taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a prism something I was taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on a prism something I was taught
+to do by Newton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do by Newton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do by Newton
+and um metaphorically speaking and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um metaphorically speaking and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um metaphorically speaking and look
+at the image of this light uh having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the image of this light uh having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the image of this light uh having
+passed through the uh the prism and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through the uh the prism and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed through the uh the prism and what
+you find is you find a very distinct set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is you find a very distinct set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is you find a very distinct set
+of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of
+patterns you do not get a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you do not get a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns you do not get a continuous
+band in fact what you get I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band in fact what you get I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band in fact what you get I'm going to
+have a hard time drawing this so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time drawing this so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hard time drawing this so let me
+draw it down here um I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it down here um I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it down here um I'm not going to
+draw the intensity of the light incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the intensity of the light incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the intensity of the light incident
+on this screen on this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this screen on this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this screen on this piece of
+paper people really used to use pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper people really used to use pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper people really used to use pieces
+of paper for this which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper for this which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper for this which is kind of
+awesome as a function of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome as a function of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome as a function of the wavelength
+and I'll measure it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll measure it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll measure it in
+angstroms okay and what you discover is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms okay and what you discover is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms okay and what you discover is
+here's around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's around a
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+angstroms you get a bunch of lines get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms you get a bunch of lines get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms you get a bunch of lines get
+these spikes and they start to spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spikes and they start to spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spikes and they start to spread
+out okay and then there aren't so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and then there aren't so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay and then there aren't so many
+and then at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at around
+3,000 you get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set and then at around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then at around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and then at around
+10,000 you get another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10,000 and here's the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 and here's the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 and here's the interesting thing
+about these so the discovery of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these so the discovery of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these so the discovery of these
+lines these These are named after a guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these These are named after a guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these These are named after a guy
+named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+Lyman these are lemon lman these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyman these are lemon lman these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lyman these are lemon lman these are
+named after a guy named um shoot would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after a guy named um shoot would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after a guy named um shoot would
+um Balmer thank you Steve Balmer right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Balmer thank you Steve Balmer right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Balmer thank you Steve Balmer right
+Balmer uh and these are passion like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balmer uh and these are passion like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balmer uh and these are passion like
+passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion
+fruit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit um
+so everyone needs a pneumonic okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone needs a pneumonic okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone needs a pneumonic okay um so
+uh uh so you know these these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so you know these these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh so you know these these people
+identify these lines and and and explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify these lines and and and explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify these lines and and and explain
+various things about them but here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things about them but here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various things about them but here's an
+interesting fact if you replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact if you replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting fact if you replace this
+nuclear power plant with a coal plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant with a coal plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear power plant with a coal plant
+makes no difference if you replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no difference if you replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no difference if you replace this
+Prism by a different prism it makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prism by a different prism it makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prism by a different prism it makes no
+difference to where the lines are if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to where the lines are if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to where the lines are if you
+uh if you change this mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you change this mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you change this mechanism of
+exciting the hydrogen it makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the hydrogen it makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting the hydrogen it makes no
+difference as long as it's hydrogen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference as long as it's hydrogen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference as long as it's hydrogen as
+long as it's hydrogen in here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's hydrogen in here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as it's hydrogen in here you get
+the same lines maybe with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same lines maybe with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same lines maybe with different
+intensities depending on exactly how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities depending on exactly how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities depending on exactly how you
+do the experiment but you got the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experiment but you got the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the experiment but you got the same
+position of the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the lines
+okay and that's a really striking thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a really striking thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's a really striking thing
+now if you use a different chemical a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you use a different chemical a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you use a different chemical a
+different gas in here like neon you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gas in here like neon you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gas in here like neon you got
+a very different set of lines and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different set of lines and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very different set of lines and a very
+different effective color out that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different effective color out that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different effective color out that when
+you eyeball this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eyeball this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eyeball this thing
+so um so Balmer incidentally um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so Balmer incidentally um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so Balmer incidentally um and I
+think this is actually why he got blamed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is actually why he got blamed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is actually why he got blamed
+for the particular series although I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular series although I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the particular series although I
+don't know the history bomber noticed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the history bomber noticed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the history bomber noticed by
+being depending on which biography you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being depending on which biography you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being depending on which biography you
+read very clever or very obsessed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read very clever or very obsessed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read very clever or very obsessed that
+these guys uh this particular set could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys uh this particular set could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys uh this particular set could
+be wavelengths if you wrote their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wavelengths if you wrote their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be wavelengths if you wrote their
+wavelength and label them by an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and label them by an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and label them by an integer
+n where n ran from three to any positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n ran from three to any positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n where n ran from three to any positive
+integer above three uh could be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer above three uh could be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer above three uh could be written
+as 36 so this is pure numerology 3646
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 36 so this is pure numerology 3646
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 36 so this is pure numerology 3646
+angstroms uh times the function n^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms uh times the function n^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms uh times the function n^2 over
+n^2 minus 4 where n is equal to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 minus 4 where n is equal to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 minus 4 where n is equal to three
+four dot dot dot integer okay and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dot dot dot integer okay and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dot dot dot integer okay and it
+turns out that if you just plug in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that if you just plug in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that if you just plug in these
+integers you get a pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you get a pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers you get a pretty good
+approximation to this series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this series of
+lines this is a hall tradition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines this is a hall tradition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines this is a hall tradition a
+phenomenological fit to some data where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological fit to some data where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological fit to some data where
+did it come from it came from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it come from it came from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it come from it came from his
+creative or obsessed mind so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative or obsessed mind so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creative or obsessed mind so this was
+balber and this is specifically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balber and this is specifically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balber and this is specifically for
+hydrogen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen gas
+H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2
+okay so ridberg and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so ridberg and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so ridberg and
+Ritz RNR uh said well actually we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ritz RNR uh said well actually we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ritz RNR uh said well actually we can do
+one better now that they realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better now that they realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one better now that they realize that
+this is true they looked at the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true they looked at the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true they looked at the whole
+sequence and they found a really neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and they found a really neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and they found a really neat
+little expression which is that one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little expression which is that one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little expression which is that one over
+the wavelength is equal to a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is equal to a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is equal to a single
+constant parameter not just for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant parameter not just for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant parameter not just for all
+these but for all of them one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but for all of them one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these but for all of them one single
+numerical uh coefficient Time 1 m^ 2us 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical uh coefficient Time 1 m^ 2us 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical uh coefficient Time 1 m^ 2us 1
+n^ 2 N is an integer greater than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^ 2 N is an integer greater than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^ 2 N is an integer greater than zero
+and greater than particular than M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greater than particular than M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greater than particular than M and
+if you plug in any value of N and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug in any value of N and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you plug in any value of N and any
+value of M for sufficiently reasonable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of M for sufficiently reasonable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of M for sufficiently reasonable I
+mean you you know put in 10 million and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you you know put in 10 million and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you you know put in 10 million and
+you're just not going to see it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just not going to see it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just not going to see it because
+it's way out there but if you put in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way out there but if you put in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's way out there but if you put in or
+rather in here um if you um if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in here um if you um if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in here um if you um if you put
+in um if you put in any value of N and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um if you put in any value of N and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um if you put in any value of N and M
+um you will get one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will get one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you will get one of these
+lines so again why you know as it's said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so again why you know as it's said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines so again why you know as it's said
+who ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ordered
+that okay so this is experimental result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is experimental result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so this is experimental result
+three that we're going to have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that we're going to have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that we're going to have to deal
+with when you look at atoms and you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when you look at atoms and you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with when you look at atoms and you look
+at the Spectre of light coming off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Spectre of light coming off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Spectre of light coming off of
+them their Spectre are discreet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them their Spectre are discreet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them their Spectre are discreet but
+they're not just stupidly discreet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just stupidly discreet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just stupidly discreet
+they're discreet with real structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're discreet with real structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're discreet with real structure
+something that begs for an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that begs for an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that begs for an explanation
+no this is obviously more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is obviously more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is obviously more than
+numerology because it explains with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerology because it explains with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerology because it explains with one
+tunable coefficient a tremendous number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable coefficient a tremendous number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunable coefficient a tremendous number
+of of spectral lines and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of spectral lines and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of spectral lines and there's a
+different and crucially these both work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and crucially these both work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and crucially these both work
+specifically for hydrogen for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for hydrogen for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically for hydrogen for different
+atoms you need a totally different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you need a totally different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms you need a totally different
+formula but again there's always some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but again there's always some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula but again there's always some
+formula that Nails those spectral lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um
+so speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so speaking
+of speaking of atomic Spectra oops I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speaking of atomic Spectra oops I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of speaking of atomic Spectra oops I
+went one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two4 here's a different experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two4 here's a different experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two4 here's a different experiment so
+people notice the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people notice the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people notice the following
+thing people notice that if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing people notice that if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing people notice that if you take a
+piece of metal and you shine light at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal and you shine light at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal and you shine light at it
+you know by taking the Sun or better yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by taking the Sun or better yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know by taking the Sun or better yet
+you know these days we'd use a laser but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these days we'd use a laser but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these days we'd use a laser but
+you shine light on this piece of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shine light on this piece of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shine light on this piece of metal
+uh something that is done all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that is done all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh something that is done all the time
+in condensed matter Labs it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in condensed matter Labs it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in condensed matter Labs it's a very
+useful Technique we really do use lasers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful Technique we really do use lasers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful Technique we really do use lasers
+not the Sun but still continuous to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Sun but still continuous to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the Sun but still continuous to be
+useful effect to this day you shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect to this day you shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful effect to this day you shine
+light on a piece of metal and every once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a piece of metal and every once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light on a piece of metal and every once
+in a while what happens is electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while what happens is electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a while what happens is electrons
+come flying off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come flying off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come flying off
+and the more light and the the stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more light and the the stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more light and the the stronger
+the light you shine uh you see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light you shine uh you see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light you shine uh you see uh
+changes in the way that electrons bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the way that electrons bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the way that electrons bounce
+off so we'd like to measure that I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so we'd like to measure that I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so we'd like to measure that I'd
+like to make that precise and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make that precise and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make that precise and this was
+done in A really lovely experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in A really lovely experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in A really lovely experiment
+here's the experiment the basic idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the experiment the basic idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the experiment the basic idea of
+the experiment is I want to check to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is I want to check to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment is I want to check to see
+as I change the features of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I change the features of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I change the features of the light
+the intensity the frequency whatever I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity the frequency whatever I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity the frequency whatever I
+want to see how that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see how that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see how that changes the
+properties of the electrons that bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the electrons that bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the electrons that bounce
+off now one obvious way one obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off now one obvious way one obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off now one obvious way one obvious
+feature of an electron that flew off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of an electron that flew off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of an electron that flew off a
+piece of metal is how fast is it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal is how fast is it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal is how fast is it going
+how much energy does it have what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy does it have what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much energy does it have what's its
+kinetic energy so I'd like to build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so I'd like to build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so I'd like to build an
+experiment that measures the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that measures the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that measures the kinetic
+energy of an electron that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of an electron that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of an electron that's been
+excited through this photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited through this photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited through this photoelectric
+effect through emission after Shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect through emission after Shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect through emission after Shining
+Light on a piece of metal cool so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light on a piece of metal cool so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Light on a piece of metal cool so I want
+to build that experiment so here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build that experiment so here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build that experiment so here's how
+that experiment goes well if this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment goes well if this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that experiment goes well if this if
+this electron comes flying off with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron comes flying off with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron comes flying off with some
+kinetic energy and I want to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and I want to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and I want to measure
+that kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kinetic
+energy imagine the following circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy imagine the following circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy imagine the following circuit
+okay first off imagine I just take um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first off imagine I just take um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay first off imagine I just take um uh
+I just take a second piece of metal over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take a second piece of metal over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just take a second piece of metal over
+here and I'm I'm going to put a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm I'm going to put a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm I'm going to put a little
+current meter here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current meter here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current meter here an
+ameter and here's what here's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameter and here's what here's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameter and here's what here's what this
+circuit does when I shine light on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit does when I shine light on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit does when I shine light on this
+piece of metal we'll put a screen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal we'll put a screen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal we'll put a screen to
+protect the other piece of metal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the other piece of metal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect the other piece of metal the
+electrons come flying off they get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come flying off they get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons come flying off they get over
+here and uh now I've got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh now I've got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh now I've got a bunch of
+extra electrons over here and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons over here and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra electrons over here and I'm
+missing electrons over here so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing electrons over here so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing electrons over here so this is
+negative this is positive and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is positive and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative this is positive and the
+electrons will now flow along this wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will now flow along this wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will now flow along this wire
+back here to neutralize the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here to neutralize the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here to neutralize the system the
+more light I shine the more electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light I shine the more electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more light I shine the more electrons
+will go through the circuit and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through the circuit and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through the circuit and as a
+consequence there will be a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence there will be a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence there will be a current
+running through this current meter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through this current meter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running through this current meter that
+cool to everyone okay so we haven't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to everyone okay so we haven't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to everyone okay so we haven't yet
+measured the kinetic energy though how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the kinetic energy though how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured the kinetic energy though how
+do we measure the kinetic energy I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we measure the kinetic energy I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we measure the kinetic energy I want
+to know how much energy with how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much energy with how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how much energy with how much
+energy were these electrons ejected well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy were these electrons ejected well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy were these electrons ejected well
+I can do that by the following clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that by the following clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do that by the following clever
+trick I'm going to put now a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick I'm going to put now a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick I'm going to put now a voltage
+source here which I can tune the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source here which I can tune the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source here which I can tune the voltage
+of okay with a voltage V now what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay with a voltage V now what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay with a voltage V now what that's
+going to do is set up a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is set up a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is set up a potential
+difference across these and the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across these and the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference across these and the energy
+in that is the charge times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that is the charge times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that is the charge times the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+difference so I know that the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so I know that the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so I know that the potential
+difference it takes so the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it takes so the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it takes so the amount of
+energy it takes to overcome this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it takes to overcome this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it takes to overcome this
+potential difference is Q * V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference is Q * V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential difference is Q * V
+that cool so now imagine I send in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool so now imagine I send in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cool so now imagine I send in an
+electron I send in light and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron I send in light and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron I send in light and and it
+leads an electron to jump across and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads an electron to jump across and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads an electron to jump across and it
+has kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has kinetic energy
+K well if the kinetic energy is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well if the kinetic energy is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K well if the kinetic energy is less
+than this will it get across not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this will it get across not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this will it get across not so much
+it'll just fall back but if the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just fall back but if the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just fall back but if the kinetic
+energy is greater than the energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is greater than the energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is greater than the energy it
+takes to cross it'll cross and induce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to cross it'll cross and induce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to cross it'll cross and induce a
+current yeah so as a so the the upshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current yeah so as a so the the upshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current yeah so as a so the the upshot
+is that as a function of the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as a function of the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that as a function of the voltage
+what I should see is that um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should see is that um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I should see is that um there's
+some critical minimum voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical minimum voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical minimum voltage and
+depending on how you set up the sign the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you set up the sign the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you set up the sign the
+sign could be either way but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign could be either way but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign could be either way but there's
+some critical minimal voltage where for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical minimal voltage where for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical minimal voltage where for
+Less voltage the uh the uh electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Less voltage the uh the uh electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Less voltage the uh the uh electron
+doesn't get across and for any greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get across and for any greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get across and for any greater
+voltage um the or sorry for any closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage um the or sorry for any closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage um the or sorry for any closer
+to zero voltage the electron has enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero voltage the electron has enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero voltage the electron has enough
+kinetic energy to get across uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy to get across uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy to get across uh and so
+the current should increase so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current should increase so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current should increase so there's a
+critical voltage V critical where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical voltage V critical where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical voltage V critical where the
+current running through the system it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current running through the system it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current running through the system it
+runs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs to
+zero okay you make it harder for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay you make it harder for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay you make it harder for the
+electrons by making the voltage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons by making the voltage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons by making the voltage in
+magnitude even larger you make it harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude even larger you make it harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude even larger you make it harder
+for the electrons to get across none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electrons to get across none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electrons to get across none
+will get across make it a little easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get across make it a little easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get across make it a little easier
+more and more will get across and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more will get across and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more will get across and the
+current will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current will go up
+cool okay so what you want to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so what you want to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool okay so what you want to do to
+measure this kinetic energy is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this kinetic energy is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure this kinetic energy is you want
+to measure the critical voltage at which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the critical voltage at which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the critical voltage at which
+the current goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so now the question is what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now the question is what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so now the question is what do we
+expect to see and remember the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see and remember the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to see and remember the things we
+can tune in this experiment are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tune in this experiment are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tune in this experiment are the
+intensity of the light which is like e^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light which is like e^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of the light which is like e^2
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+B2 and we can tune the frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and we can tune the frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B2 and we can tune the frequency of the
+light we can vary that now does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we can vary that now does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we can vary that now does the
+total energy does the frequency show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy does the frequency show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy does the frequency show up
+in the total energy of a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total energy of a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the total energy of a classic
+electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic
+wave no if it's an electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave no if it's an electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave no if it's an electromagnetic wave
+it it it cancels out you just get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it cancels out you just get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it it cancels out you just get the
+total total uh intensity which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total total uh intensity which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total total uh intensity which is the
+square of the field um so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the field um so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the field um so this is just
+like a harmonic oscillator the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a harmonic oscillator the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a harmonic oscillator the energy is
+is um uh is in the amplitude the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh is in the amplitude the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um uh is in the amplitude the
+frequency of the oscillator doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the oscillator doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the oscillator doesn't
+matter you push the swing harder it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you push the swing harder it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you push the swing harder it gets
+more kinetic energy it's got more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinetic energy it's got more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more kinetic energy it's got more
+energy okay um so so what do we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay um so so what do we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay um so so what do we expect
+to see as we vary for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see as we vary for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see as we vary for example the
+intensity so here's a natural guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so here's a natural guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity so here's a natural guess if
+you if you take so you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you take so you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you take so you can think about
+the light here as getting a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light here as getting a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light here as getting a person
+literally like get the person next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like get the person next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally like get the person next to
+you to take a bat and hit a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a bat and hit a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a bat and hit a piece of
+metal right if they hit it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right if they hit it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right if they hit it really
+lightly they're probably not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly they're probably not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly they're probably not going to
+excite electrons with a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite electrons with a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite electrons with a lot of energy
+they just whack the heck out of it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just whack the heck out of it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just whack the heck out of it then
+you wouldn't be too surprising if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be too surprising if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't be too surprising if you
+get much more energy in the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much more energy in the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get much more energy in the particles
+that come flying off hit it hard enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come flying off hit it hard enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come flying off hit it hard enough
+things are just going to shrapnel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just going to shrapnel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are just going to shrapnel and
+disintegrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrate
+so the the expectation here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the expectation here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the expectation here is the
+following that if you have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that if you have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following that if you have a more
+intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beam then you should get more um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam then you should get more um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam then you should get more um the
+electrons coming off should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons coming off should be more
+energetic because you're hitting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic because you're hitting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic because you're hitting them
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and remember that the potential which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that the potential which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that the potential which I
+will call v0 the stopping voltage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call v0 the stopping voltage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call v0 the stopping voltage or
+sorry v0 the stopping voltage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry v0 the stopping voltage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry v0 the stopping voltage so
+therefore V 0 should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore V 0 should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore V 0 should be
+greater in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater in
+magnitude so this anticipates that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so this anticipates that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude so this anticipates that the
+way this curve should look as we vary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this curve should look as we vary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this curve should look as we vary uh
+int the current as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int the current as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+int the current as a function of
+v if we have a low voltage uh sorry if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v if we have a low voltage uh sorry if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v if we have a low voltage uh sorry if
+we have a low intensity beam it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a low intensity beam it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a low intensity beam it
+shouldn't take too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't take too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't take too much
+uh potential to to impede the motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential to to impede the motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh potential to to impede the motion
+right but if we have a so this is a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we have a so this is a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if we have a so this is a low
+intensity be but if we have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity be but if we have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity be but if we have a high
+intensity beam it should take a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity beam it should take a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity beam it should take a really
+large voltage to impede the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large voltage to impede the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large voltage to impede the electric
+Flow Electric current because high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flow Electric current because high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flow Electric current because high
+intensity beam you're just whacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity beam you're just whacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity beam you're just whacking
+those electrons really hard and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons really hard and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons really hard and they're
+coming off with a lot of kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off with a lot of kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming off with a lot of kinetic energy
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intensity everyone down with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity everyone down with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity everyone down with that
+intuition this is what you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition this is what you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition this is what you get from
+Maxwell's Electro is what you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's Electro is what you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's Electro is what you'd
+expect and in particular as we vary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and in particular as we vary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect and in particular as we vary so
+this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predictions in particular as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions in particular as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions in particular as we
+vary so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary so this is one
+two uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh with
+greater intensity and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater intensity and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater intensity and the second
+prediction is that um V KN should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is that um V KN should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction is that um V KN should be
+independent of frequency because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of frequency because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of frequency because the
+energy density in electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density in electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy density in electromagnetic wave
+is independent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of the
+frequency it just depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it just depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency it just depends on the
+amplitude and I will use new to den know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and I will use new to den know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and I will use new to den know
+the frequency okay so those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency okay so those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency okay so those are the
+predictions that come from 802 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+803 but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 but this is
+804 and here's what the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+804 and here's what the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+804 and here's what the experimental
+results actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results actually look
+like so here's the intensity here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's the intensity here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so here's the intensity here's the
+potential and if we look at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if we look at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and if we look at high
+potential it turns out if we look sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it turns out if we look sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential it turns out if we look sorry
+if we look at intermediate potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at intermediate potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at intermediate potentials
+it's true that the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that the high
+intensity leads to a larger current and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity leads to a larger current and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity leads to a larger current and
+the low intensity leads to a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low intensity leads to a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low intensity leads to a lower
+current but here's the funny thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but here's the funny thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current but here's the funny thing that
+happens as you go down to the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voltage their critical voltages are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage their critical voltages are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage their critical voltages are the
+same V not what that tells you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same V not what that tells you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same V not what that tells you is that
+the kinetic energy kicked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy kicked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy kicked
+out electric the kinetic energy of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out electric the kinetic energy of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out electric the kinetic energy of an
+electron kicked out of this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron kicked out of this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron kicked out of this piece of
+metal by the light is independent of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal by the light is independent of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal by the light is independent of how
+intense that beam is no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense that beam is no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense that beam is no matter how
+intense that beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense that beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense that beam
+is no matter how strong the light you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no matter how strong the light you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no matter how strong the light you
+shine on the material the electrons all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine on the material the electrons all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine on the material the electrons all
+come out with the same energy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out with the same energy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out with the same energy this
+should be like you know taking a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be like you know taking a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be like you know taking a a
+baseball and and hitting it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and and hitting it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball and and hitting it with a
+really powerful you know swing or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful you know swing or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really powerful you know swing or a
+really weak swing and seeing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weak swing and seeing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weak swing and seeing that the
+electron dribbles away with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron dribbles away with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron dribbles away with the same
+amount of energy this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+counterintuitive but so more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive but so more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterintuitive but so more
+surprisingly so V is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly so V is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly so V is actually
+independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of
+intensity but here's the real shocker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity but here's the real shocker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity but here's the real shocker
+vot varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vot varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vot varies
+linearly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly in the
+frequency what does change vot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what does change vot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency what does change vot is
+changing the frequency of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the frequency of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the frequency of the light
+that's incident that means that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incident that means that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's incident that means that if you
+take an incredibly diffuse light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an incredibly diffuse light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take an incredibly diffuse light
+incredibly diffuse light you can barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly diffuse light you can barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly diffuse light you can barely
+see it of a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it of a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it of a very high
+frequency then it takes a lot of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then it takes a lot of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency then it takes a lot of energy
+to impede the the electrons that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impede the the electrons that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impede the the electrons that come
+popping off the electrons that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping off the electrons that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping off the electrons that come
+popping off have a large energy but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping off have a large energy but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popping off have a large energy but if
+you take a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a low
+frequency light with extremely high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency light with extremely high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency light with extremely high
+intensity then those electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity then those electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity then those electrons are
+really easy to stop powerful beam but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to stop powerful beam but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to stop powerful beam but
+low frequency it's easy to stop those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency it's easy to stop those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency it's easy to stop those
+electrons weak little tiny Beam at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons weak little tiny Beam at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons weak little tiny Beam at high
+frequency very hard to stop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency very hard to stop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency very hard to stop the
+electrons that do come off so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that do come off so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons that do come off so this is
+very counterintuitive and it doesn't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very counterintuitive and it doesn't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very counterintuitive and it doesn't fit
+at all with the maxwan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all with the maxwan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all with the maxwan
+picture questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture questions about
+that so this led Einstein to uh to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this led Einstein to uh to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this led Einstein to uh to make
+a prediction uh that this was his 1905
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction uh that this was his 1905
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prediction uh that this was his 1905
+result um one of his many totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um one of his many totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result um one of his many totally
+breathtaking papers of that year and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathtaking papers of that year and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathtaking papers of that year and he
+didn't really propose a model or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really propose a model or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really propose a model or a
+detailed theoretical understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed theoretical understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed theoretical understanding of
+this but he he proposed a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but he he proposed a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but he he proposed a very simple
+idea and he said you know look if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and he said you know look if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and he said you know look if you
+want to fit this if you want to fit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fit this if you want to fit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to fit this if you want to fit this
+experiment with um some simple equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with um some simple equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with um some simple equations
+here's the way to explain it um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way to explain it um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way to explain it um I
+claim I hear means Einstein not me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim I hear means Einstein not me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim I hear means Einstein not me I
+claim that light comes in packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that light comes in packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that light comes in packets
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chunks with definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy and the energy is linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the energy is linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and the energy is linearly
+proportional to the frequency energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the frequency energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the frequency energy is
+equal to something times new and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something times new and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something times new and we'll
+call the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the coefficient
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+okay the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the intensity of
+light or the amplitude squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or the amplitude squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or the amplitude squared the
+intensity is like the number of packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a more intense Beam at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a more intense Beam at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a more intense Beam at
+the same frequency the energy of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency the energy of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same frequency the energy of each
+individual chunk of light is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual chunk of light is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual chunk of light is the same
+there are just a lot more chunks flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just a lot more chunks flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are just a lot more chunks flying
+around and so to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and so to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and so to explain the
+photoelectric effect Einstein observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect Einstein observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect Einstein observed
+the following look he said the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following look he said the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following look he said the electrons
+are stuck onto the metal and it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuck onto the metal and it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuck onto the metal and it takes
+some work to pull them off so now what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to pull them off so now what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some work to pull them off so now what's
+the kinetic energy of an electron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of an electron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of an electron that
+comes flying off well the whoops K3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes flying off well the whoops K3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes flying off well the whoops K3
+Barton might have a laugh about that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barton might have a laugh about that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barton might have a laugh about that one
+uh kinetic K not three um so the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinetic K not three um so the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinetic K not three um so the kinetic
+energy of an electron that comes flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of an electron that comes flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of an electron that comes flying
+off well it's the energy deposited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off well it's the energy deposited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off well it's the energy deposited by
+the photon the chunk of of light H new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon the chunk of of light H new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon the chunk of of light H new
+but we have to subtract off the work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to subtract off the work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have to subtract off the work it
+took minus the work to uh extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took minus the work to uh extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took minus the work to uh extract the
+electron from the material you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the material you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the material you can think
+of this as how much energy does it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as how much energy does it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as how much energy does it take
+to suck it off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suck it off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suck it off the
+surface okay and the consequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay and the consequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface okay and the consequence of this
+is that the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of an electron uh should be look if H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of an electron uh should be look if H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of an electron uh should be look if H
+new is too small if the if the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is too small if the if the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new is too small if the if the frequency
+is too low then the kinetic energy would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too low then the kinetic energy would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is too low then the kinetic energy would
+be negative but that doesn't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative but that doesn't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative but that doesn't make any
+sense you can't have negative kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can't have negative kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can't have negative kinetic
+energy it's a strictly positive quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's a strictly positive quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy it's a strictly positive quantity
+so it just doesn't work until you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just doesn't work until you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it just doesn't work until you have a
+critical value where the frequency time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value where the frequency time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical value where the frequency time
+H this coefficient is equal to the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this coefficient is equal to the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H this coefficient is equal to the work
+it takes to extract and after that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to extract and after that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to extract and after that the
+kinetic energy Rises with a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy Rises with a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy Rises with a frequency
+with a slope equal to H and that fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slope equal to H and that fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a slope equal to H and that fits
+the data like a chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so no matter let's think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no matter let's think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so no matter let's think about what
+this is saying again no matter what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying again no matter what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying again no matter what you
+do if your light is very low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if your light is very low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if your light is very low frequency
+and you you know pick some definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know pick some definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know pick some definite
+piece of metal that has a def very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal that has a def very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal that has a def very
+definite work function very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite work function very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite work function very different
+amount of energy it takes to extract an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy it takes to extract an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy it takes to extract an
+electron from the surface no matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the surface no matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from the surface no matter how
+intense your beam if the frequency is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense your beam if the frequency is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense your beam if the frequency is
+insufficiently high no electrons come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficiently high no electrons come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficiently high no electrons come
+off none right so it turns out none is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off none right so it turns out none is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off none right so it turns out none is a
+little over statement because what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over statement because what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over statement because what you
+can have is two Photon processes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have is two Photon processes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have is two Photon processes where
+two chunks hit one electron at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chunks hit one electron at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two chunks hit one electron at the right
+just at the same time roughly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the same time roughly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the same time roughly speaking
+at the same time and they have twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time and they have twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time and they have twice the
+energy but you can imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but you can imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy but you can imagine that the
+probability of two photons hitting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two photons hitting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of two photons hitting one
+electron at the same time is pretty low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at the same time is pretty low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at the same time is pretty low
+so the intensity has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the intensity has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the intensity has to be
+preposterously high and you see those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposterously high and you see those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preposterously high and you see those
+sorts of multiphoton effects but as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of multiphoton effects but as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of multiphoton effects but as long
+as we're not talking about insanely High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're not talking about insanely High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we're not talking about insanely High
+intensities uh this is an absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities uh this is an absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities uh this is an absolutely
+fantastic uh probe of the of the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic uh probe of the of the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic uh probe of the of the physics
+now there's a whole long subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a whole long subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a whole long subsequent
+story in the development of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in the development of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story in the development of quantum
+mechanics about this particular effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics about this particular effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics about this particular effect
+and it turns out the photoelectric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the photoelectric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out the photoelectric
+effect is a little more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is a little more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is a little more complicated than
+this but the story line is a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the story line is a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but the story line is a very useful
+one for organizing your understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for organizing your understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for organizing your understanding of
+uh of the uh of the photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the uh of the photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the uh of the photoelectric effect
+and in particular this relation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular this relation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular this relation that
+Einstein proposed out of the blue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein proposed out of the blue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein proposed out of the blue with
+no other basis no one else had ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other basis no one else had ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other basis no one else had ever seen
+uh this sort of statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sort of statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this sort of statement that the
+electrons or that the energy of of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or that the energy of of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons or that the energy of of light
+of a beam of light um should be made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a beam of light um should be made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a beam of light um should be made up
+of uh some number of chunks Each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh some number of chunks Each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh some number of chunks Each of
+which has a definite minimum amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a definite minimum amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has a definite minimum amount of
+energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy
+so you can take what you've learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take what you've learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can take what you've learned from
+02 and 03 and extract a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 and 03 and extract a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 and 03 and extract a little bit more
+information out of this so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of this so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information out of this so here's
+something you learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you learned from
+02 in 802 you learn that the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 in 802 you learn that the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+02 in 802 you learn that the energy of
+an electromagnetic wave is equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electromagnetic wave is equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electromagnetic wave is equal to c
+times the momentum carried by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the momentum carried by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the momentum carried by that
+wave whoops O2 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave whoops O2 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave whoops O2 and in
+803 you should have learned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 you should have learned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+803 you should have learned that the
+wavelength of an electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of an electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of an electromagnetic wave
+times the uh frequency is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh frequency is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the uh frequency is equal to the
+speed of light see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light see
+and we just had Einstein tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us or declare without you know further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or declare without you know further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us or declare without you know further
+Evidence just saying look this fits uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evidence just saying look this fits uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evidence just saying look this fits uh
+that the energy of a chunk of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy of a chunk of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy of a chunk of light
+should be H times the frequency so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be H times the frequency so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be H times the frequency so if
+you combine these together you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine these together you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine these together you get
+another nice relation that's similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice relation that's similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another nice relation that's similar to
+this one which says that the momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which says that the momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one which says that the momentum of
+a chunk of light is equal to H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+okay so these are two enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are two enormously
+influential expressions uh which come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential expressions uh which come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential expressions uh which come
+out of this argument from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this argument from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this argument from the
+photoelectric effect from Einstein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect from Einstein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photoelectric effect from Einstein and
+they're going to be uh their legacy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be uh their legacy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be uh their legacy will
+be with us throughout the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with us throughout the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be with us throughout the rest of the
+semester now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester now this
+coefficient has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has a
+name uh and it was named after plunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh and it was named after plunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name uh and it was named after plunk
+it's called plunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant and the reason that it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the reason that it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and the reason that it's called
+planks constant has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planks constant has nothing to do with
+the photoelectric effect it was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photoelectric effect it was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photoelectric effect it was first
+this this idea uh that the that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this idea uh that the that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this idea uh that the that a
+electromagnetic wave that light has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave that light has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave that light has an
+energy which is linearly proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is linearly proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is linearly proportional to
+its intensity squared none of that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intensity squared none of that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its intensity squared none of that but
+just linearly proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just linearly proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just linearly proportional to the
+frequency first came up in an analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency first came up in an analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency first came up in an analysis
+of black body radiation by plun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of black body radiation by plun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of black body radiation by plun and
+you'll you'll go through this in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll go through this in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll go through this in some
+detail in 8044 later in the semester so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in 8044 later in the semester so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in 8044 later in the semester so
+I'm not going to dwell in it at length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to dwell in it at length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to dwell in it at length
+now but I do want to give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I do want to give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but I do want to give you a little
+bit of perspective on it so plunk ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of perspective on it so plunk ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of perspective on it so plunk ran
+across this idea that e is equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this idea that e is equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this idea that e is equal to H
+new um uh through the through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new um uh through the through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new um uh through the through the
+process of trying to fit an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of trying to fit an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of trying to fit an experimental
+curve there was a theory of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve there was a theory of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve there was a theory of how much
+energy should be uh in should be emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should be uh in should be emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy should be uh in should be emitted
+by an object that's hot and glowing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an object that's hot and glowing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an object that's hot and glowing as a
+function of frequency and that theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency and that theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of frequency and that theory
+turned out to be in total disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be in total disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to be in total disagreement
+with experiment spectacular disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experiment spectacular disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with experiment spectacular disagreement
+the curve for the theory went up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve for the theory went up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve for the theory went up the
+curve for the experiment went down they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for the experiment went down they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve for the experiment went down they
+were totally different so plonc set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were totally different so plonc set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were totally different so plonc set
+about writing down a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing down a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about writing down a function that
+described the data literally curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the data literally curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described the data literally curve
+fitting that's all he was doing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting that's all he was doing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting that's all he was doing and this
+is the the the depths of desperation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the depths of desperation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the the depths of desperation to
+which he was led he curvefitting he's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he was led he curvefitting he's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he was led he curvefitting he's an
+adult he shouldn't be doing this but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult he shouldn't be doing this but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adult he shouldn't be doing this but he
+was curve fitting and so he fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curve fitting and so he fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was curve fitting and so he fits the
+curve and in order to get it to fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and in order to get it to fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and in order to get it to fit the
+only thing that he can get to work even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that he can get to work even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that he can get to work even
+vaguely well is if he puts in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely well is if he puts in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaguely well is if he puts in this
+calculation of H new he says well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of H new he says well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of H new he says well maybe
+when I sum over all the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I sum over all the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I sum over all the possible
+energies I should restrict the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies I should restrict the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies I should restrict the energies
+which proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proportional to the
+frequency and it was forced on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it was forced on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and it was forced on him
+because it fit from the function it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it fit from the function it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it fit from the function it's
+just functional analysis hated it hated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just functional analysis hated it hated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just functional analysis hated it hated
+it he completely hated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he completely hated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he completely hated it
+uh he was really frustrated by this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was really frustrated by this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he was really frustrated by this it
+fit perfectly he became very famous he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit perfectly he became very famous he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit perfectly he became very famous he
+was already famous but he became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already famous but he became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was already famous but he became
+ridiculously famous just totally loathed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously famous just totally loathed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously famous just totally loathed
+this idea okay so it's now become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea okay so it's now become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea okay so it's now become a
+Cornerstone of quantum mechanics but he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornerstone of quantum mechanics but he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cornerstone of quantum mechanics but he
+wasn't so happy about it and to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so happy about it and to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so happy about it and to give you
+a sense for how bold and Punchy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense for how bold and Punchy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense for how bold and Punchy this
+paper by Einstein was that said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Einstein was that said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper by Einstein was that said look
+seriously seriously guys equals H new um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously seriously guys equals H new um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously seriously guys equals H new um
+here's what plun had to say when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what plun had to say when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what plun had to say when he
+wrote a letter of recommendation to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter of recommendation to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter of recommendation to get
+Einstein into the Prussian Academy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein into the Prussian Academy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein into the Prussian Academy of
+Sciences in 1917 or 1913 so he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences in 1917 or 1913 so he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sciences in 1917 or 1913 so he said
+there is hardly one among the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is hardly one among the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is hardly one among the great
+problems in physics to which Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in physics to which Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in physics to which Einstein
+has not made an important contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not made an important contribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not made an important contribution
+that he may sometimes have missed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he may sometimes have missed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he may sometimes have missed the
+Target in his speculations as in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in his speculations as in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in his speculations as in his
+hypothesis of photons cannot really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis of photons cannot really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis of photons cannot really be
+held too much against him it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held too much against him it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held too much against him it's not
+possible to introduce new ideas without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to introduce new ideas without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to introduce new ideas without
+occasionally taking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally taking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally taking a
+risk Einstein who subsequently went on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk Einstein who subsequently went on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk Einstein who subsequently went on
+to develop special relativity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop special relativity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop special relativity and
+general relativity and prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity and prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity and prove the
+existence of atoms and the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of atoms and the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of atoms and the best
+measurement of avagadro's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of avagadro's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement of avagadro's constant
+subsequently got the Nobel Prize not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently got the Nobel Prize not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequently got the Nobel Prize not for
+avagadro Consin not for proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro Consin not for proving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagadro Consin not for proving the
+existence of atoms not for relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of atoms not for relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of atoms not for relativity
+but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for
+photons because of guys like Punk right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons because of guys like Punk right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons because of guys like Punk right
+this is crazy so this this was a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is crazy so this this was a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is crazy so this this was a pretty
+bold idea and here to get a sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold idea and here to get a sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bold idea and here to get a sense for
+why let me leave that up because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why let me leave that up because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why let me leave that up because it's
+just sort of fun to see these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of fun to see these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of fun to see these guys
+scowling and smiling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scowling and smiling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scowling and smiling on
+the there's incidentally there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's incidentally there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's incidentally there's a
+there's a great book about um Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great book about um Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great book about um Einstein's
+years in Berlin by um Tom levenson who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in Berlin by um Tom levenson who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in Berlin by um Tom levenson who's
+a professor here um a great writer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor here um a great writer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor here um a great writer and
+and a sort of historian of science um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sort of historian of science um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a sort of historian of science um
+you should take a class from him which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should take a class from him which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should take a class from him which
+is really great uh but but I encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really great uh but but I encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really great uh but but I encourage
+you to read this book it talks about why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read this book it talks about why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to read this book it talks about why
+plon is not looking so pleased right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plon is not looking so pleased right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plon is not looking so pleased right
+there um among many other things um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um among many other things um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um among many other things um it's
+a great story so let's step back for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great story so let's step back for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great story so let's step back for a
+second why was plonc so upset by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second why was plonc so upset by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second why was plonc so upset by this
+and why was in fact everyone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why was in fact everyone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why was in fact everyone so
+flustered by this idea that it led to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flustered by this idea that it led to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flustered by this idea that it led to uh
+you know the best prize you can give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the best prize you can give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the best prize you can give a
+physicist you know apart from a happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist you know apart from a happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist you know apart from a happy
+home and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got that
+one that's the one that matters to me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the one that matters to me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's the one that matters to me um
+so uh uh so why why is this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh so why why is this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh so why why is this so
+surprising and the answer is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and the answer is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising and the answer is really
+simple we know that it's false we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know that it's false we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know that it's false we know
+empirically we've known for 200 and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically we've known for 200 and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically we've known for 200 and some
+years that that light is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that that light is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that that light is a wave
+empirically this isn't like people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically this isn't like people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirically this isn't like people like
+oh I think it'd be nice if it was a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think it'd be nice if it was a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I think it'd be nice if it was a wave
+it's a wave so how do we know that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave so how do we know that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a wave so how do we know that so
+this goes back to the double slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to the double slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to the double slit
+experiment from Young um Young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment from Young um Young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment from Young um Young
+performance of this was in 1803 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of this was in 1803 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance of this was in 1803 uh
+intimations of it come much earlier uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimations of it come much earlier uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimations of it come much earlier uh
+but this is really where it gets nailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really where it gets nailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is really where it gets nailed
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+wall um and um here's the experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall um and um here's the experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall um and um here's the experiment so
+how many people in here have not seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people in here have not seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people in here have not seen a
+double slit experiment described yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slit experiment described yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slit experiment described yeah
+exactly okay so so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so so I'm just going to
+quickly remind you of how this goes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly remind you of how this goes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly remind you of how this goes so
+we have a source for waves we let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a source for waves we let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a source for waves we let the
+waves get big until they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves get big until they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves get big until they're basically
+plane waves and then we take a barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and then we take a barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves and then we take a barrier
+and we poke two slits in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we poke two slits in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we poke two slits in it
+and these plane waves induce they act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these plane waves induce they act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these plane waves induce they act
+like sources at the slits and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sources at the slits and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sources at the slits and we get
+new and you get Crest and troughs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and you get Crest and troughs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and you get Crest and troughs and
+you look at some distant screen and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at some distant screen and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at some distant screen and you
+look at the pattern and the pattern you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the pattern and the pattern you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the pattern and the pattern you
+get has a maximum but then it falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get has a maximum but then it falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get has a maximum but then it falls off
+and it has these Wiggles these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has these Wiggles these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it has these Wiggles these
+interference fringes and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes and these
+interference fringes are of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes are of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes are of course
+extremely important and what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important and what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important and what's going on
+here is that the waves sometimes add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the waves sometimes add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that the waves sometimes add in
+so the amplitude of the wave the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amplitude of the wave the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amplitude of the wave the height
+of the wave sometimes adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave sometimes adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave sometimes adds
+constructively and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructively and sometimes
+destructively so that sometimes you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively so that sometimes you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destructively so that sometimes you get
+twice the height and sometimes you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the height and sometimes you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice the height and sometimes you get
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+okay so just because it's fun to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just because it's fun to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just because it's fun to see
+this here's Young's actual diagram from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's Young's actual diagram from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here's Young's actual diagram from
+his original uh note on the double slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his original uh note on the double slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his original uh note on the double slit
+experiment so he's like this is so A and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so he's like this is so A and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so he's like this is so A and
+B are the slits and CDE and F are the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are the slits and CDE and F are the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are the slits and CDE and F are the of
+uh on the screen the distance screen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the screen the distance screen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the screen the distance screen um
+do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do by
+hand it's pretty good um so so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's pretty good um so so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand it's pretty good um so so we've
+known for a very long time uh that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for a very long time uh that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known for a very long time uh that that
+light because of the double set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light because of the double set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light because of the double set
+experiment light is clearly a wave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment light is clearly a wave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment light is clearly a wave it
+behaves like a wave what are the senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like a wave what are the senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves like a wave what are the senses
+in which it behaves like a wave there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it behaves like a wave there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which it behaves like a wave there
+are two important senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two important senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two important senses
+here the first is answered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first is answered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the first is answered by the
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+question where did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where did the
+wave hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen okay so where did when we send in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay so where did when we send in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen okay so where did when we send in
+a wave you know I I drop a stone one big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave you know I I drop a stone one big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave you know I I drop a stone one big
+pulsive wave comes out it splits into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsive wave comes out it splits into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulsive wave comes out it splits into
+you know it leads to New Waves being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it leads to New Waves being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it leads to New Waves being
+instigated here and the interfere where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigated here and the interfere where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instigated here and the interfere where
+did that wave hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyone yeah exactly it didn't hit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone yeah exactly it didn't hit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone yeah exactly it didn't hit this
+wave at at the screen at anyone spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave at at the screen at anyone spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave at at the screen at anyone spot
+some amplitude shows up everywhere the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amplitude shows up everywhere the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amplitude shows up everywhere the
+wave is a distributed object it does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a distributed object it does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is a distributed object it does not
+exist at one spot and it's by virtue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist at one spot and it's by virtue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist at one spot and it's by virtue of
+the fact that it is not a localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it is not a localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it is not a localized
+object it is not a point-like object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it is not a point-like object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object it is not a point-like object
+that it can interfere with itself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can interfere with itself right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can interfere with itself right
+the wave is a big large phenomena in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is a big large phenomena in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave is a big large phenomena in a
+in a liquid in a in you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a liquid in a in you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a liquid in a in you know some
+thing so it's sort of essential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's sort of essential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so it's sort of essential that
+it's uh that it's not a localized object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh that it's not a localized object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh that it's not a localized object
+so not localized the answer is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+localized and let's contrast this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and let's contrast this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and let's contrast this with
+what happens if you take this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you take this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you take this double
+slit experiment and you do it with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit experiment and you do it with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slit experiment and you do it with you
+know I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I don't know
+take who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take who
+um Tim Wakefield let's give some love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Tim Wakefield let's give some love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Tim Wakefield let's give some love to
+that guy so baseball player and have him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy so baseball player and have him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that guy so baseball player and have him
+throw baseballs at uh at a screen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw baseballs at uh at a screen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw baseballs at uh at a screen with
+two slits in it okay and he's got pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits in it okay and he's got pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits in it okay and he's got pretty
+good he's he's got terrible accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good he's he's got terrible accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good he's he's got terrible accuracy
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+um so every once in a while he'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so every once in a while he'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so every once in a while he'll make
+it through the slit so um so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the slit so um so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it through the slit so um so let's let's
+imagine first blocking off one he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine first blocking off one he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine first blocking off one he's a
+knuckle baller right so uh every once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knuckle baller right so uh every once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knuckle baller right so uh every once a
+while uh it goes the baseball will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh it goes the baseball will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while uh it goes the baseball will go
+through the lit and let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lit and let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the lit and let's think about
+what happens so let's cover one slit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so let's cover one slit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so let's cover one slit and
+what we expect to happen is well it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect to happen is well it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we expect to happen is well it'll
+go through more or less straight but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through more or less straight but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through more or less straight but
+sometimes it'll scrape the edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it'll scrape the edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it'll scrape the edge and
+it'll go off to the side and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go off to the side and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll go off to the side and sometimes
+it'll come over here but if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come over here but if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll come over here but if you take a
+whole bunch of baseballs and so any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of baseballs and so any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of baseballs and so any one
+baseball where does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball where does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball where does it
+hit some spot right one spot not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit some spot right one spot not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit some spot right one spot not
+distributed one spot and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed one spot and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed one spot and as a
+consequence you know one goes here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence you know one goes here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence you know one goes here one
+goes there one goes there and now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there one goes there and now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes there one goes there and now uh
+there's you know there's nothing like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know there's nothing like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know there's nothing like
+interference effects but what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects but what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects but what happens is
+as it sort of doesn't yeah you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it sort of doesn't yeah you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it sort of doesn't yeah you get some
+distribution if you look at where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you look at where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution if you look at where they
+all hit yeah every cool with that and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hit yeah every cool with that and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all hit yeah every cool with that and if
+we had covered over this slot slit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had covered over this slot slit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had covered over this slot slit and
+let the base balls go through this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the base balls go through this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the base balls go through this one
+same thing would have happened now if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing would have happened now if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing would have happened now if we
+leave them both open what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave them both open what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave them both open what happens is
+sometimes it goes here sometimes it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes here sometimes it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it goes here sometimes it goes
+here so now it's pretty useful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now it's pretty useful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now it's pretty useful that
+we've got a knuckle baller and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a knuckle baller and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a knuckle baller and what you
+actually get is the prob the Total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get is the prob the Total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get is the prob the Total
+distribution looks like this it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution looks like this it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution looks like this it's the
+sum of the two but at any given time any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two but at any given time any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of the two but at any given time any
+one baseball you say ah the baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one baseball you say ah the baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one baseball you say ah the baseball
+either went through the top slit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either went through the top slit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either went through the top slit and
+more or less goes up here or it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less goes up here or it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less goes up here or it went
+through the bottom slit and more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bottom slit and more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the bottom slit and more or less
+goes down here right so for chunks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down here right so for chunks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down here right so for chunks for
+so this is for waves for chunks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for waves for chunks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is for waves for chunks or
+localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized
+particles they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+localized and as a consequence we get no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interference okay so for waves they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay so for waves they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay so for waves they are
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+localized and we do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and we do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and we do get
+interference yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interference okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference okay
+so on your problem set you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on your problem set you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on your problem set you're going to
+deal with some calculations involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some calculations involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with some calculations involving
+these interference effects and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interference effects and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these interference effects and I'm going
+to uh I'm going to brush over them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I'm going to brush over them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh I'm going to brush over them
+anyway the point of the point of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point of the point of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point of the point of of
+these um of the double slit experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um of the double slit experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these um of the double slit experiment
+is that whatever else you want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that whatever else you want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that whatever else you want to say
+about baseballs or anything else light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about baseballs or anything else light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about baseballs or anything else light
+as we've learned since 1803 in Young's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've learned since 1803 in Young's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've learned since 1803 in Young's
+double slit experiment light behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slit experiment light behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double slit experiment light behaves
+like a wave it is not localized it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wave it is not localized it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a wave it is not localized it hits
+the screen over its entire extent and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen over its entire extent and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen over its entire extent and as
+a consequence we get interference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consequence we get interference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consequence we get interference the
+amplitud add the intensity is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitud add the intensity is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitud add the intensity is the square
+of the amplitude if the int if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amplitude if the int if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amplitude if the int if the
+intensities add so sorry if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities add so sorry if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensities add so sorry if the
+amplitudes add amplitude total is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes add amplitude total is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitudes add amplitude total is equal
+to A1 Plus A2 the intensity which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A1 Plus A2 the intensity which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A1 Plus A2 the intensity which is the
+square of a1+ A2 squared has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a1+ A2 squared has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of a1+ A2 squared has
+interference terms the cross terms from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference terms the cross terms from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference terms the cross terms from
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so whoops where am I um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whoops where am I um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so whoops where am I um
+so light from this point of view is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light from this point of view is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so light from this point of view is an
+electromagnetic wave it interferes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave it interferes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave it interferes with
+itself it's made of chunks and I I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's made of chunks and I I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's made of chunks and I I can't
+help but think about it this way this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help but think about it this way this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help but think about it this way this is
+literally the metaphor I use in my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the metaphor I use in my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the metaphor I use in my head
+um light is creamy and smooth like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um light is creamy and smooth like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um light is creamy and smooth like a
+wave um uh chunks are very different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave um uh chunks are very different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave um uh chunks are very different uh
+but here's the funny thing light is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the funny thing light is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the funny thing light is both
+smooth like a wave it is also chunky it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth like a wave it is also chunky it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth like a wave it is also chunky it
+is super chunky as we have learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super chunky as we have learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is super chunky as we have learned from
+the photoelectric effect okay um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photoelectric effect okay um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photoelectric effect okay um so
+light is both at once so it's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is both at once so it's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is both at once so it's the best
+of both worlds right it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both worlds right it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both worlds right it's you know
+everyone will be satisfied or unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will be satisfied or unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone will be satisfied or unless
+you're not from the US in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not from the US in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not from the US in which case
+this is deeply disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is deeply disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is deeply disturbing
+um so of course the original Super chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so of course the original Super chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so of course the original Super chunk
+is a band um so uh so we've learned now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a band um so uh so we've learned now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a band um so uh so we've learned now
+from Young that light is a wave we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Young that light is a wave we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Young that light is a wave we've
+learned from the photoelectric effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the photoelectric effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the photoelectric effect
+that light is a bunch of chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is a bunch of chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light is a bunch of chunks
+okay both experimental results are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both experimental results are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both experimental results are are
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+so uh how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how does that
+work well we're going to have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well we're going to have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work well we're going to have to deal
+with that but enough about light if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but enough about light if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that but enough about light if this
+is true of light if light depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true of light if light depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true of light if light depending on
+what experiment you and how you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what experiment you and how you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what experiment you and how you do the
+experiment sometimes it seems like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment sometimes it seems like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment sometimes it seems like it's
+a wave sometimes it seems like it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave sometimes it seems like it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave sometimes it seems like it's a
+chunk or particle which is true which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk or particle which is true which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk or particle which is true which is
+the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better
+description so it's actually worthwhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so it's actually worthwhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description so it's actually worthwhile
+to not think about light all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not think about light all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not think about light all the time
+let's think about something more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about something more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about something more General
+um let's stick to electrons so as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's stick to electrons so as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's stick to electrons so as we saw
+from yesterday's uh lecture you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yesterday's uh lecture you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from yesterday's uh lecture you probably
+want to be a little bit wary when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little bit wary when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be a little bit wary when
+thinking about individual electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about individual electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about individual electrons
+things could be a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could be a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could be a little bit different
+than your classical intuition um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your classical intuition um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your classical intuition um but
+here's a crucial thing before doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a crucial thing before doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a crucial thing before doing
+anything else we can just think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else we can just think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else we can just think what
+which which one of these two is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which one of these two is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which one of these two is more
+likely to describe electrons well well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to describe electrons well well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to describe electrons well well
+electrons are localized when you throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are localized when you throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are localized when you throw
+an electron at a CRT it does not hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron at a CRT it does not hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron at a CRT it does not hit the
+whole CRT with a wavy distribution when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole CRT with a wavy distribution when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole CRT with a wavy distribution when
+you take a single electron you throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a single electron you throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a single electron you throw it
+at a CRT it goes ping and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a CRT it goes ping and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a CRT it goes ping and there's a
+little glowing spot electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glowing spot electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little glowing spot electrons are
+localized and we know that localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and we know that localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized and we know that localized
+things don't lead to interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right some guys at Hitachi really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some guys at Hitachi really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right some guys at Hitachi really good
+scientist and Engineers developed some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and Engineers developed some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and Engineers developed some
+really awesome technology a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awesome technology a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really awesome technology a couple of
+decades ago and they were trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago and they were trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decades ago and they were trying to
+figure out a good way to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a good way to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a good way to demonstrate
+their technology and they decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their technology and they decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their technology and they decided that
+you know what would be really awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what would be really awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what would be really awesome
+this thought experiment that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thought experiment that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thought experiment that people
+always talk about that's never been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talk about that's never been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always talk about that's never been done
+really well of send an electron through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well of send an electron through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well of send an electron through
+a two slit experiment in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two slit experiment in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two slit experiment in this case it
+was like 10 slits effectively was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like 10 slits effectively was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like 10 slits effectively was a
+grading send an electron a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading send an electron a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading send an electron a bunch of
+electrons one at a time throw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one at a time throw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one at a time throw the
+electron wait throw the electron waight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wait throw the electron waight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wait throw the electron waight
+like our french guy with the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our french guy with the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like our french guy with the boat
+so do this experiment with our techology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do this experiment with our techology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do this experiment with our techology
+and let's see what happens okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see what happens okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see what happens okay and this
+this really is one of my favorite uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is one of my favorite uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is one of my favorite uh
+this is one of Let's see how do I close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of Let's see how do I close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of Let's see how do I close
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+screens aha okay this is going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens aha okay this is going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screens aha okay this is going to take a
+little bit of and it's broken oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of and it's broken oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of and it's broken oh no
+oh oh that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sad yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad yeah
+come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come
+on oh I'm just GNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh I'm just GNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on oh I'm just GNA
+let yeah right uh let's see if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let yeah right uh let's see if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let yeah right uh let's see if we can
+we'll get part of the way I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get part of the way I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get part of the way I don't want
+to destroy it so um so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy it so um so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to destroy it so um so what they
+actually did is they said look let's we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did is they said look let's we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did is they said look let's we
+want to see what happens we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what happens we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see what happens we want to
+actually do this experiment because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this experiment because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this experiment because
+we're so awesome at Hitachi research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so awesome at Hitachi research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're so awesome at Hitachi research
+Labs let's do it so here's what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs let's do it so here's what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs let's do it so here's what they did
+and I'm going to turn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to turn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to turn off the
+lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+great okay and um and I set this to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay and um and I set this to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay and um and I set this to some
+music because I like it okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music because I like it okay here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music because I like it okay here's
+what's happening one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening one at a time
+individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons so they look pretty localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's not a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure and now they're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and now they're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and now they're going to start
+speeding it up this is 100 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding it up this is 100 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speeding it up this is 100 times the
+actual speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so those guys who know what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so those guys who know what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so those guys who know what they're
+doing um let's there we go so um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um let's there we go so um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing um let's there we go so um I think
+I don't know of a more Vivid example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of a more Vivid example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know of a more Vivid example of
+electron interference in that one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interference in that one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interference in that one it's
+totally obvious you see individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious you see individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally obvious you see individual
+electrons they run through the apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they run through the apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons they run through the apparatus
+you wait they run through the apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait they run through the apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait they run through the apparatus
+you wait one at a time single electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait one at a time single electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wait one at a time single electron
+like a baseball being pitched through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a baseball being pitched through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a baseball being pitched through
+two slits and what you see is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits and what you see is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits and what you see is an
+interference effect but you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect but you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect but you don't see
+the interference effect like you do from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference effect like you do from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference effect like you do from
+light in from waves on the sea you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in from waves on the sea you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in from waves on the sea you see
+the interference effect by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference effect by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interference effect by looking at
+the cumulative stacking up of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cumulative stacking up of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cumulative stacking up of all the
+electrons as they hit look at where all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as they hit look at where all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as they hit look at where all
+the electrons hit one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons hit one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons hit one at a
+time so is an electron behaving like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so is an electron behaving like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so is an electron behaving like a
+wave in aond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p no no does a wave in a pond hit at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p no no does a wave in a pond hit at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p no no does a wave in a pond hit at a
+spot no it's a distributed Beast you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot no it's a distributed Beast you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot no it's a distributed Beast you
+okay yes it interferes but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes it interferes but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes it interferes but it's not
+localized well is it behaving like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized well is it behaving like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized well is it behaving like a
+baseball well it's localized but on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball well it's localized but on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball well it's localized but on when
+I look at a whole bunch of electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at a whole bunch of electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at a whole bunch of electrons
+they do that they seem to interfere but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that they seem to interfere but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that they seem to interfere but
+there's only one electron going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one electron going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one electron going through
+at a time so in some sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so in some sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time so in some sense it's
+interfering with itself how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with itself how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with itself how does that
+work is an electron a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does an electron uh hit at many spots at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an electron uh hit at many spots at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does an electron uh hit at many spots at
+once no so is an electron a wave no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once no so is an electron a wave no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once no so is an electron a wave no is
+an electron a baseball no it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron a baseball no it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron a baseball no it's an
+electron okay so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron okay so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron okay so this is something
+you're going to have to deal with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to deal with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to have to deal with that
+every once in a while we every once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while we every once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while we every once in
+while we have these wonderful moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we have these wonderful moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while we have these wonderful moments
+where it's useful to think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's useful to think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's useful to think about an
+electron as behaving in a wavelike sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as behaving in a wavelike sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as behaving in a wavelike sense
+sometimes it's useful to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's useful to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's useful to think about it
+as behaving in a particle likee sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as behaving in a particle likee sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as behaving in a particle likee sense
+but it is not a particle like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not a particle like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is not a particle like you
+normally conceive of a baseball and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally conceive of a baseball and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally conceive of a baseball and it
+is not a wave like you normally conceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a wave like you normally conceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a wave like you normally conceive
+of a wave on the surface of a pond it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave on the surface of a pond it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave on the surface of a pond it's
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron let's see if we get oh uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron let's see if we get oh uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron let's see if we get oh uh so
+uh yeah so um I like to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so um I like to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so um I like to think about this
+like an elephant uh you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an elephant uh you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an elephant uh you know if you're
+closing your eyes and you walk up to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing your eyes and you walk up to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing your eyes and you walk up to an
+elephant you might think like I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant you might think like I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant you might think like I've got a
+snake and I've got a tree trunk and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake and I've got a tree trunk and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snake and I've got a tree trunk and you
+know there's a fan over here um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a fan over here um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's a fan over here um and you
+wouldn't know like maybe it's a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know like maybe it's a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't know like maybe it's a wave
+maybe it's a particle I can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a particle I can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's a particle I can't really
+tell but if you could just see the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell but if you could just see the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell but if you could just see the thing
+the way it is not through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is not through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it is not through the
+preconceived sort of Notions you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceived sort of Notions you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceived sort of Notions you have
+you it's an elephant yes that is the STA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's an elephant yes that is the STA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's an elephant yes that is the STA
+Center so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center so
+uh look everything has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look everything has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look everything has to happen
+sometime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so so Heisenberg it's often it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Heisenberg it's often it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so Heisenberg it's often it's often
+people often give the false impression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often give the false impression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often give the false impression
+in popular books on physics so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in popular books on physics so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in popular books on physics so I want to
+subvert this that the ear in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert this that the ear in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subvert this that the ear in the early
+days of quantum mechanics the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of quantum mechanics the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days of quantum mechanics the early
+people like Bourne and Oppenheimer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Bourne and Oppenheimer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like Bourne and Oppenheimer and
+and uh and and and Heisenberg who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and and Heisenberg who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and and Heisenberg who
+invented quantum mechanics um they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented quantum mechanics um they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented quantum mechanics um they were
+really tortured about you know is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tortured about you know is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tortured about you know is an
+electron is a wave it's a wave particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a wave it's a wave particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is a wave it's a wave particle
+duality it's both and this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality it's both and this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality it's both and this is one of the
+best subversions of that sort of siless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best subversions of that sort of siless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best subversions of that sort of siless
+that I know of so what Heisenberg says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of so what Heisenberg says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I know of so what Heisenberg says
+the two mental pictures which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two mental pictures which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two mental pictures which
+experiments lead us to form the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments lead us to form the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments lead us to form the one of
+particles the other of waves are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the other of waves are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the other of waves are both
+incomplete and have only the validity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete and have only the validity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomplete and have only the validity of
+analogies which which are accurate only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies which which are accurate only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies which which are accurate only
+limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting
+cases the apparent Duality arises in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the apparent Duality arises in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the apparent Duality arises in the
+limitation of our language okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of our language okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation of our language okay and then
+he goes on to say look you developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on to say look you developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes on to say look you developed
+your intuition by throwing rocks and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition by throwing rocks and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intuition by throwing rocks and you
+know swimming and duh that's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know swimming and duh that's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know swimming and duh that's not going
+to be very good for atoms so um I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very good for atoms so um I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very good for atoms so um I this
+will be posted it's really wonderful his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted it's really wonderful his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be posted it's really wonderful his
+whole lecture is is really the lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture is is really the lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lecture is is really the lectures
+are really quite lovely um and that's by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite lovely um and that's by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really quite lovely um and that's by
+the way that's him in the middle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's him in the middle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's him in the middle there
+poly all the way on the right um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly all the way on the right um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly all the way on the right um I guess
+they were pleased um okay so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pleased um okay so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were pleased um okay so so that's
+the Hitachi thing so um so now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitachi thing so um so now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitachi thing so um so now let's
+pick up on this though let's pick up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up on this though let's pick up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up on this though let's pick up on
+this and think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and think about what
+happens I want to think in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I want to think in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I want to think in a little more
+detail about this Hitachi experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about this Hitachi experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail about this Hitachi experiment and
+I want to think about it in the Contex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think about it in the Contex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to think about it in the Contex
+of a simple two slit experiment so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple two slit experiment so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a simple two slit experiment so here
+here's our source of electrons it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our source of electrons it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's our source of electrons it's a
+it's a you know literally a gun an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know literally a gun an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know literally a gun an
+electron gun and it's firing off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gun and it's firing off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron gun and it's firing off
+electrons and here's our barrier and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and here's our barrier and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and here's our barrier and it
+has two slits in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two slits in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two slits in it
+okay and we know that any individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know that any individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we know that any individual
+electron hits at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hits at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron hits at some
+spot right but when we take many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot right but when we take many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot right but when we take many of them
+we get an interference effect we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an interference effect we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an interference effect we get
+interference fringes and so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes and so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes and so the number
+that hit at a given spot fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up construct this this distribution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up construct this this distribution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up construct this this distribution so
+here's the question I want to ask when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the question I want to ask when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the question I want to ask when I
+take a single electron I shoot one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a single electron I shoot one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a single electron I shoot one
+electron at a time through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at a time through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron at a time through this
+experiment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment one
+electron he could go through the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron he could go through the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron he could go through the top
+slate it could go through the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate it could go through the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate it could go through the bottom
+slate while it's inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate while it's inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slate while it's inside the
+apparatus which path does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take good so did it take the top path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take good so did it take the top path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take good so did it take the top path
+how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know good let's block the bottom okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good let's block the bottom okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know good let's block the bottom okay to
+for force it to go through the top slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for force it to go through the top slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for force it to go through the top slit
+so we'll block the bottom slit now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll block the bottom slit now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll block the bottom slit now the
+only electrons that make it through go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only electrons that make it through go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only electrons that make it through go
+through the top slit okay half of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the top slit okay half of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the top slit okay half of them
+don't make it through but those that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it through but those that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't make it through but those that do
+make it through give you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it through give you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it through give you this
+distribution no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution no
+interference but I didn't tell you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference but I didn't tell you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference but I didn't tell you these
+are hundreds of thousands of kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hundreds of thousands of kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hundreds of thousands of kilometers
+apart the person who threw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the person who threw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart the person who threw in the
+electron didn't know whether there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron didn't know whether there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron didn't know whether there was a
+barrier here the electron how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here the electron how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here the electron how could it
+possibly know whether there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly know whether there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly know whether there was a
+barrier here if it went through the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here if it went through the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier here if it went through the top
+this is exactly like our boxes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly like our boxes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly like our boxes right
+it's exactly like our boxes did it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly like our boxes did it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly like our boxes did it go
+through an electron when the when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an electron when the when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an electron when the when the
+slits are both open and we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits are both open and we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slits are both open and we know that
+Ensemble average it will give us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble average it will give us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensemble average it will give us an
+interference effect did the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect did the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect did the electron
+inside the apparatus go through the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the apparatus go through the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the apparatus go through the top
+path no did it go through the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path no did it go through the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path no did it go through the bottom
+path did it go through both because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path did it go through both because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path did it go through both because we
+always see one electron did it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always see one electron did it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always see one electron did it go
+through neither it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through neither it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through neither it is in
+a of having gone through the top and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of having gone through the top and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of having gone through the top and the
+bottom of being along the top path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of being along the top path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of being along the top path and
+being along the bottom path this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being along the bottom path this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being along the bottom path this is a
+classic example of the two box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example of the two box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example of the two box
+experiment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay
+so I want to tie that together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so let's Nuance this just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's Nuance this just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so let's Nuance this just a little
+bit though because it's going to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit though because it's going to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit though because it's going to have an
+interesting implication for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gravity so here's the Nuance I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity so here's the Nuance I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity so here's the Nuance I want to
+pull on this one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on this one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull on this one let's
+cheat okay suppose I want to I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat okay suppose I want to I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat okay suppose I want to I want to
+measure which slit the electron actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which slit the electron actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which slit the electron actually
+did go through how might I do that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did go through how might I do that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did go through how might I do that well
+you know I could do the coar thing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I could do the coar thing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I could do the coar thing I've
+been doing I could block it and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing I could block it and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing I could block it and just
+catch the catch electrons that go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the catch electrons that go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch the catch electrons that go
+through in that spot but that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in that spot but that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through in that spot but that's a little
+heavy-handed probably I can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed probably I can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed probably I can do something
+a little more delicate and so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more delicate and so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more delicate and so here's
+more delicate thing I want to do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more delicate thing I want to do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more delicate thing I want to do I want
+to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+detector okay that uses very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector okay that uses very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector okay that uses very very very
+weak light extremely weak light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak light extremely weak light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak light extremely weak light to
+detect whether the particle went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect whether the particle went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect whether the particle went through
+here or here and the way I can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here and the way I can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or here and the way I can do that
+is I can sort of shine light through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can sort of shine light through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can sort of shine light through and
+uh and I just want to I'm going to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just want to I'm going to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I just want to I'm going to you
+know bounce so here's my my source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bounce so here's my my source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know bounce so here's my my source of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+and I'll be able to tell whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be able to tell whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll be able to tell whether the
+electron went through this slit or went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron went through this slit or went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron went through this slit or went
+through this slit cool so imagine I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this slit cool so imagine I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this slit cool so imagine I did
+that so obviously I don't want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so obviously I don't want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so obviously I don't want to use
+some giant huge ultra high energy laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some giant huge ultra high energy laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some giant huge ultra high energy laser
+because it would just blast the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would just blast the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would just blast the thing
+out of the way it would destroy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way it would destroy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way it would destroy the
+experience I want to use something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I want to use something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I want to use something very
+diffuse very low energy very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse very low energy very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse very low energy very low
+intensity you know electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you know electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity you know electromagnetic
+wave and the idea here is that okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the idea here is that okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and the idea here is that okay it's
+true that when I bounce this light off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that when I bounce this light off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that when I bounce this light off
+an electron let's say it bounces off an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron let's say it bounces off an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron let's say it bounces off an
+electron here uh it's it's true it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here uh it's it's true it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron here uh it's it's true it's
+going to you know impart some momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know impart some momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know impart some momentum
+and the electron's going to change scor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron's going to change scor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron's going to change scor
+but if it's really really weak low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's really really weak low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it's really really weak low
+energy light then it's going to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy light then it's going to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy light then it's going to you know
+it's going to deflect it only a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to deflect it only a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to deflect it only a little
+tiny bit so it will change the pattern I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit so it will change the pattern I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit so it will change the pattern I
+get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get over
+here but it'll change it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it'll change it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but it'll change it in some
+relatively minor way because I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively minor way because I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively minor way because I've just
+thrown in very very low energy uh light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in very very low energy uh light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown in very very low energy uh light
+yeah that make sense so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that make sense so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that make sense so this is the
+experiment I want to do this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I want to do this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment I want to do this experiment
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+work why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's it's true that you know it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's true that you know it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's true that you know it turns
+out that those are correlated fact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that those are correlated fact but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that those are correlated fact but
+here's the problem uh I can run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the problem uh I can run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the problem uh I can run this
+experiment without anyone actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment without anyone actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment without anyone actually
+knowing what happens until you know long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what happens until you know long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what happens until you know long
+afterwards so knowing doesn't seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so knowing doesn't seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards so knowing doesn't seem to
+play any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play any
+role it it turns out to be it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role it it turns out to be it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role it it turns out to be it's very
+tempting often to say no but it it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting often to say no but it it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempting often to say no but it it turns
+out that it's really not about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's really not about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that it's really not about what you
+know it's really just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's really just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's really just about the
+experiment you're doing so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you're doing so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you're doing so what
+principle that we've already run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we've already run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that we've already run into
+today makes it impossible to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today makes it impossible to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today makes it impossible to make this
+work I want to shine really low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I want to shine really low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I want to shine really low energy
+really fuse light through and have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fuse light through and have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fuse light through and have it
+scatter weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah exactly that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly that's exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah exactly that's exactly right
+so when I say really low energy light I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say really low energy light I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I say really low energy light I
+don't I really can't mean because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I really can't mean because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I really can't mean because we've
+already done this experiment I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this experiment I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done this experiment I cannot
+possibly mean low intensity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly mean low intensity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly mean low intensity because
+intensity doesn't control the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity doesn't control the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity doesn't control the energy
+imparted by the light right the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted by the light right the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imparted by the light right the thing
+that controls the energy imparted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the energy imparted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the energy imparted by a
+collision of the light with the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of the light with the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision of the light with the electron
+is the frequency the energy in a chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the frequency the energy in a chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the frequency the energy in a chunk
+of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light
+is proportional to the frequency so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the frequency so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the frequency so now
+if I want to make the the effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to make the the effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to make the the effect the
+energy or the momentum similarly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the momentum similarly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or the momentum similarly the
+momentum where did it go remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum where did it go remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum where did it go remember the
+momentum goes like H over Lambda if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum goes like H over Lambda if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum goes like H over Lambda if I
+want to make the energy really low I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make the energy really low I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make the energy really low I
+need to make the frequency really low if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make the frequency really low if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make the frequency really low if
+I want to make the momentum really low I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make the momentum really low I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make the momentum really low I
+need to make the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make the wavelength
+what really big right so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really big right so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really big right so in order to
+make the momentum imparted by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the momentum imparted by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the momentum imparted by this
+Photon really low I need to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon really low I need to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon really low I need to make the
+wavelength really long but now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength really long but now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength really long but now here's
+the problem if I make the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem if I make the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem if I make the wavelength
+really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long
+so if I use a really long wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I use a really long wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I use a really long wavelength
+wave like this long wavelength are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave like this long wavelength are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave like this long wavelength are you
+ever going to be able to tell which slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be able to tell which slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever going to be able to tell which slit
+it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went
+through no because it you know particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through no because it you know particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through no because it you know particle
+could have been anywhere could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been anywhere could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been anywhere could have
+scattered this light if it was here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered this light if it was here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered this light if it was here if
+it was here if it was here right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was here if it was here right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was here if it was here right in
+order to measure where the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to measure where the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to measure where the electron is
+to some reasonable Precision so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some reasonable Precision so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some reasonable Precision so for
+example to this sort of wavelength I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to this sort of wavelength I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example to this sort of wavelength I
+need to be able to send in light with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to send in light with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to send in light with a
+wavelength that's comparable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's comparable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that's comparable to
+comparable to the scale that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to the scale that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable to the scale that I want to
+measure okay and it turns out that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay and it turns out that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay and it turns out that if
+you run through and just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run through and just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run through and just do the
+calculation suppose I send in and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation suppose I send in and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation suppose I send in and this
+is done in the books in I think all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in the books in I think all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done in the books in I think all all
+four but this is done in the books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but this is done in the books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four but this is done in the books on
+the reading list um if you send in a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading list um if you send in a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading list um if you send in a a
+wave with with a short enough wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave with with a short enough wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave with with a short enough wavelength
+to be able to distinguish between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to distinguish between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to distinguish between these
+two slits which slit did it go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits which slit did it go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slits which slit did it go through
+the momentum that it imparts precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum that it imparts precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum that it imparts precisely
+wases washes out is just enough to wash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wases washes out is just enough to wash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wases washes out is just enough to wash
+out the interference effect and break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the interference effect and break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the interference effect and break up
+these fringes so you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fringes so you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fringes so you don't see
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+effects it's not about what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects it's not about what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects it's not about what you know
+it's about the particulate nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the particulate nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about the particulate nature of
+light and the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and the fact that the
+momentum of a chunk of light goes like H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a chunk of light goes like H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of a chunk of light goes like H
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Lambda okay but this tells you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay but this tells you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda okay but this tells you something
+really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really
+interesting did I have to use light to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting did I have to use light to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting did I have to use light to
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+measurement I could have sent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement I could have sent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement I could have sent in
+anything right I didn't have to bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right I didn't have to bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right I didn't have to bounce
+light off these things I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light off these things I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light off these things I could have
+bounced off you know gravitational waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced off you know gravitational waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced off you know gravitational waves
+so if I had a gravitational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I had a gravitational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I had a gravitational wave
+detector so uh Matt works on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so uh Matt works on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector so uh Matt works on on
+gravitational wave detectors and so um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detectors and so um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detectors and so um I
+didn't tell you this but Matt gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you this but Matt gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't tell you this but Matt gave me a
+pretty killer gravitational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty killer gravitational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty killer gravitational wave
+detector and it's you know here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and it's you know here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and it's you know here it is
+there's my awesome gravitation wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my awesome gravitation wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my awesome gravitation wave
+detector and I'm now going to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and I'm now going to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and I'm now going to build
+Supernova okay and they're creating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supernova okay and they're creating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supernova okay and they're creating on
+this black hole it's going to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black hole it's going to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this black hole it's going to create
+giant gravitational waves and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant gravitational waves and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant gravitational waves and I'm going
+to use those gravitational waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those gravitational waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those gravitational waves and
+detect them with the super Advanced ligo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them with the super Advanced ligo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect them with the super Advanced ligo
+and I'm going to detect which slit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to detect which slit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to detect which slit it
+went through but gravitational waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through but gravitational waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went through but gravitational waves
+those aren't photons so I really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't photons so I really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aren't photons so I really can
+make a low intensity gravitational wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a low intensity gravitational wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a low intensity gravitational wave
+and then I can tell which slit it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can tell which slit it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I can tell which slit it went
+through without destroying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through without destroying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through without destroying the
+interference effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effect
+right that would be awesome what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be awesome what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that would be awesome what does
+that tell you about gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you about gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tell you about gravitational
+waves they must come in chunks right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves they must come in chunks right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves they must come in chunks right in
+order for this all to fit together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this all to fit together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this all to fit together
+logically you need all the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically you need all the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logically you need all the interactions
+that you could scatter off this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could scatter off this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could scatter off this to
+satisfy these quantization properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy these quantization properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy these quantization properties
+that the energy is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the energy is proportional to the
+frequency now the the line I just gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now the the line I just gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency now the the line I just gave
+you as a heuristic and making it precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a heuristic and making it precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as a heuristic and making it precise
+is one of the great challenges of sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the great challenges of sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the great challenges of sort
+of modern contemporary high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern contemporary high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of modern contemporary high energy
+physics of dealing with the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of dealing with the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of dealing with the quantum
+mechanics and gravity together but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and gravity together but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics and gravity together but this
+gives you a strong uh a strong picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a strong uh a strong picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a strong uh a strong picture
+of of why we need to treat all forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of why we need to treat all forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of why we need to treat all forces
+and all interactions Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all interactions Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all interactions Quantum
+mechanically in order for the world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically in order for the world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically in order for the world to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+consistent okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um good okay questions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good okay questions at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good okay questions at this
+point okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay um
+so oh I forgot about this one so um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh I forgot about this one so um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh I forgot about this one so um uh
+there there are actually two more so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are actually two more so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are actually two more so I
+want to just quickly show you uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just quickly show you uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just quickly show you uh well
+okay so this is a gorgeous experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a gorgeous experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a gorgeous experiment so
+remember I told you the story of the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you the story of the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I told you the story of the guy
+with the boat and the opaque wall and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the boat and the opaque wall and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the boat and the opaque wall and it
+turns out that's a cheat it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that's a cheat it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that's a cheat it turns out
+that the um that this opaque screen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um that this opaque screen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um that this opaque screen uh
+doesn't actually give you uh Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually give you uh Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually give you uh Quantum
+mechanically uh isolated photons um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically uh isolated photons um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically uh isolated photons um
+they're still in a in a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still in a in a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still in a in a very important
+way classical so this experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way classical so this experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way classical so this experiment was
+done um uh truly with a source that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um uh truly with a source that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um uh truly with a source that
+gives you Quantum mechanically isolated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Quantum mechanically isolated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you Quantum mechanically isolated
+single photons one at a time so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single photons one at a time so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single photons one at a time so this is
+the analog of the Hitachi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of the Hitachi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of the Hitachi
+experiment um and it was done by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um and it was done by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um and it was done by this
+pretty awesome Japanese group uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awesome Japanese group uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty awesome Japanese group uh some
+number of years ago um and I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago um and I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of years ago um and I just want
+to emphasize that it gives you exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that it gives you exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that it gives you exactly
+the same effects we see that photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effects we see that photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effects we see that photons
+this is this should look essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this should look essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this should look essentially
+identical to what we saw at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we saw at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to what we saw at the end of
+the Hitachi video and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitachi video and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hitachi video and that's because
+it's exactly the same physics it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same physics it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same physics it's a
+grading with something like 10 slits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading with something like 10 slits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading with something like 10 slits and
+uh individual particles going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual particles going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh individual particles going through
+one at a time and hitting the screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time and hitting the screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a time and hitting the screen and
+going Bing so what you see is the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going Bing so what you see is the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going Bing so what you see is the light
+going Bing on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going Bing on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going Bing on a
+CCD uh it's a pretty spectacular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCD uh it's a pretty spectacular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CCD uh it's a pretty spectacular uh
+experiment okay so so let's get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay so so let's get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment okay so so let's get back to
+electrons I want another probe of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I want another probe of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I want another probe of
+whether electrons are really waves or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether electrons are really waves or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether electrons are really waves or
+not so this other experiment again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this other experiment again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so this other experiment again
+you're going to study this on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to study this on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to study this on your
+problem set this other experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set this other experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set this other experiment was
+done by a couple of characters named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by a couple of characters named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by a couple of characters named
+Davidson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+germer and um in this experiment what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germer and um in this experiment what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germer and um in this experiment what
+they did is they took a crystal and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they took a crystal and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did is they took a crystal and a
+crystal is just a lattice of regularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is just a lattice of regularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal is just a lattice of regularly
+uh local located uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh local located uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh local located uh
+ions like diamond or something yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what sorry exactly the same um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what sorry exactly the same um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what sorry exactly the same um you
+mean for different electrons yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for different electrons yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for different electrons yeah well
+they can be different if the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be different if the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be different if the initial
+conditions are different but they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are different but they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are different but they could
+be if if the initial conditions are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if if the initial conditions are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if if the initial conditions are the
+same then the probabilities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then the probabilities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then the probabilities are
+identical yeah so every electron behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical yeah so every electron behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical yeah so every electron behaves
+identically to every other electron in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically to every other electron in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically to every other electron in
+that sense is that what you you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense is that what you you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sense is that what you you were
+asking yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah sure oh absolutely so so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah sure oh absolutely so so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah sure oh absolutely so so the the the
+issue there is just a technological one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue there is just a technological one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue there is just a technological one
+of trying to build a beam that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to build a beam that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to build a beam that's
+perfectly columnated and that's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly columnated and that's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly columnated and that's just not
+doable so there's always some dispersion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable so there's always some dispersion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doable so there's always some dispersion
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+beam so in practice it's very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam so in practice it's very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam so in practice it's very hard to
+make them identical but in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them identical but in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them identical but in principle
+they could be if you were infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be if you were infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be if you were infinitely
+powerful as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as a
+experimentalist again I was banned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist again I was banned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist again I was banned from
+a lab so it's not me um so so here's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab so it's not me um so so here's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lab so it's not me um so so here's our
+Crystal you can think of this as diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal you can think of this as diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal you can think of this as diamond
+or nickel or whatever I think they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nickel or whatever I think they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or nickel or whatever I think they
+actually use nickel but I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use nickel but I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use nickel but I don't remember
+exactly um and they sent in a beam of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons so they sent in a beam of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so they sent in a beam of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so they sent in a beam of
+electrons and what they discover is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and what they discover is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and what they discover is that
+um if you send in uh uh these electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you send in uh uh these electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you send in uh uh these electrons
+and watch how they scatter at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch how they scatter at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch how they scatter at various
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+angles um I'm going to call the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles um I'm going to call the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles um I'm going to call the angle
+here of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta what they discover is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta what they discover is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta what they discover is that the
+intensity excuse me the intensity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity excuse me the intensity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity excuse me the intensity of the
+reflected beam as a function of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam as a function of theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam as a function of theta
+shows interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects and in particular they gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and in particular they gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and in particular they gave a
+whole calculation for this which I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole calculation for this which I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole calculation for this which I'm not
+going to go through right now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through right now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through right now because
+it's not terribly germine for us um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly germine for us um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not terribly germine for us um
+you're going to go through it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go through it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to go through it on your
+problem set so that'll be good and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so that'll be good and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set so that'll be good and it's
+a perfect thing for your recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect thing for your recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfect thing for your recitation
+instructors to go through um but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors to go through um but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors to go through um but the
+important thing is the upshot so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is the upshot so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is the upshot so if the
+distance between these Crystal planes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these Crystal planes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these Crystal planes is
+L um or sorry D let me call it D so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L um or sorry D let me call it D so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L um or sorry D let me call it D so if
+the distance between the crystal planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the crystal planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between the crystal planes
+is d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d
+um what they discover is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they discover is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what they discover is that the
+interference effects that they observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects that they observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference effects that they observed
+these Maxima and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Maxima and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Maxima and
+Minima uh are consistent with the um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima uh are consistent with the um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minima uh are consistent with the um uh
+with the wavelength of light or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wavelength of light or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the wavelength of light or sorry
+with the with the electrons behaving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the electrons behaving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the electrons behaving as
+if they were waves with a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were waves with a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were waves with a definite
+wavelength with the wavelength Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength with the wavelength Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength with the wavelength Lambda
+being equal to uh um some integer n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to uh um some integer n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equal to uh um some integer n over
+2D sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2D sin
+Theta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay
+so they this is the data that they these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they this is the data that they these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they this is the data that they these
+are the data they actually saw data R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the data they actually saw data R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the data they actually saw data R
+plural um these are the data they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural um these are the data they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plural um these are the data they
+actually saw and they infer from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saw and they infer from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually saw and they infer from this
+that the electrons are behaving as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electrons are behaving as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the electrons are behaving as if
+they were wav likee with this wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were wav likee with this wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were wav likee with this wavelength
+now what they actually see are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they actually see are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what they actually see are
+individual individual electrons hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual individual electrons hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual individual electrons hitting
+one by one although in their experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one although in their experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by one although in their experiment
+they couldn't resolve individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't resolve individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't resolve individual
+electrons but that is what they see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but that is what they see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons but that is what they see and
+so in particular putting plugging all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular putting plugging all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular putting plugging all of
+this back into the experiment you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back into the experiment you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this back into the experiment you you
+send in the the electrons with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in the the electrons with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send in the the electrons with some
+energy which corresponds to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which corresponds to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which corresponds to some
+definite momentum this leads us back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite momentum this leads us back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definite momentum this leads us back to
+the same expression as before that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expression as before that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expression as before that the
+momentum is equal to H Lambda with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is equal to H Lambda with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is equal to H Lambda with this
+Lambda Associated so it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Associated so it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda Associated so it turns out that
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+correct so the electrons defract off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so the electrons defract off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so the electrons defract off the
+crystal as if they have a momentum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal as if they have a momentum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal as if they have a momentum which
+comes uh with a definite uh wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes uh with a definite uh wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes uh with a definite uh wavelength
+corresponding to its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment so that's experimental result oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so that's experimental result oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so that's experimental result oh
+I forgot to check off four that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot to check off four that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I forgot to check off four that's
+experimental result five that electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental result five that electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental result five that electrons
+defract we already saw the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defract we already saw the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defract we already saw the electron
+defraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction
+um so something to to uh to emphasize is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so something to to uh to emphasize is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so something to to uh to emphasize is
+that so these experiences we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these experiences we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so these experiences we've
+described them we done with photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described them we done with photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described them we done with photons and
+with electrons but um you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrons but um you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrons but um you could imagine
+doing the experiment with soccer balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the experiment with soccer balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the experiment with soccer balls
+this is of course hard Quantum effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course hard Quantum effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course hard Quantum effects
+for macroscopic objects are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for macroscopic objects are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for macroscopic objects are usually
+insignificantly small however this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificantly small however this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insignificantly small however this
+experiment was done with Bucky Balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done with Bucky Balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment was done with Bucky Balls
+which are the same shape as soccer balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the same shape as soccer balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are the same shape as soccer balls
+in some sense but they're huge they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense but they're huge they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense but they're huge they're
+gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigantic
+objects and so here here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so here here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and so here here's the
+experiment in which this was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which this was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which this was actually
+done um so uh the these these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um so uh the these these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done um so uh the these these guys are
+just totally amazing so this is zelinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally amazing so this is zelinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just totally amazing so this is zelinger
+lab um and it doesn't look like all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab um and it doesn't look like all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab um and it doesn't look like all I
+mean it looks kind of you know it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it looks kind of you know it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it looks kind of you know it's it's
+hideous right I mean to a theorist it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideous right I mean to a theorist it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideous right I mean to a theorist it's
+like come on you've got to be kidding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come on you've got to be kidding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come on you've got to be kidding
+that that's um but here's the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's um but here's the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's um but here's the the the
+here's what a theorist is happy about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what a theorist is happy about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what a theorist is happy about um
+you know because it looks simple um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it looks simple um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it looks simple um we
+really love lying to ourselves about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love lying to ourselves about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love lying to ourselves about
+that so here's an oven we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's an oven we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so here's an oven we're going to
+cook up uh some Bucky Balls and emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook up uh some Bucky Balls and emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook up uh some Bucky Balls and emit
+them with some definite known thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with some definite known thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with some definite known thermal
+energy um known to to some accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um known to to some accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy um known to to some accuracy
+we're going to column them by sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to column them by sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to column them by sending
+them through a single slit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through a single slit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them through a single slit and then
+we're going to send them through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to send them through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to send them through a
+defraction grading which again is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction grading which again is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defraction grading which again is just a
+whole bunch of slits and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of slits and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of slits and then we're
+going to image them using photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to image them using photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to image them using photo
+ionization and see where they uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and see where they uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization and see where they uh where
+they pop through so here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pop through so here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pop through so here is the
+horizontal position this way along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal position this way along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal position this way along the
+the uh the grading and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the grading and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the grading and this is the
+number that come through this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that come through this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that come through this is
+literally one by one counts because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally one by one counts because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally one by one counts because
+they're going bing bing bing as the C60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going bing bing bing as the C60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going bing bing bing as the C60
+molecule goes through so without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule goes through so without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule goes through so without the
+grading you just get a peak but with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading you just get a peak but with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading you just get a peak but with the
+grading you get these side bands you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading you get these side bands you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grading you get these side bands you get
+interference fringes so these guys again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes so these guys again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes so these guys again
+they're going through one by one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going through one by one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going through one by one a
+single bucky ball 60 carbons going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bucky ball 60 carbons going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bucky ball 60 carbons going
+through one by one is interfering with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one by one is interfering with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one by one is interfering with
+itself this is a gigantic object by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this is a gigantic object by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this is a gigantic object by any
+sort of uh comparison to uh single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh comparison to uh single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of uh comparison to uh single
+electrons um and we're seeing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um and we're seeing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um and we're seeing these
+interference fringes so this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes so this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference fringes so this is a pretty
+CH to force experiment but I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH to force experiment but I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH to force experiment but I just want
+to emphasize that if you could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that if you could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that if you could do this
+with you know your neighbor it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know your neighbor it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you know your neighbor it would
+work you just have to isolate the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you just have to isolate the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you just have to isolate the system
+well enough and that's a technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough and that's a technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well enough and that's a technological
+challenge but not an in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but not an in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge but not an in principle
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay
+and yeah good okay so um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah good okay so um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah good okay so um one
+last we have we have one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last we have we have one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last we have we have one last
+experimental fact to deal with and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental fact to deal with and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental fact to deal with and this
+is Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Bell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Bell's
+inequality and this is my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one so bills inequality for many years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so bills inequality for many years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so bills inequality for many years
+uh languished in obscurity until someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh languished in obscurity until someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh languished in obscurity until someone
+realized that it could actually be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that it could actually be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that it could actually be done
+uh beautifully in an experiment it led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beautifully in an experiment it led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beautifully in an experiment it led
+to a very concrete experiment that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very concrete experiment that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very concrete experiment that they
+could actually do and that they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do and that they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually do and that they wanted
+to do and we now think of it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and we now think of it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and we now think of it as a
+enormously influential idea uh uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously influential idea uh uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormously influential idea uh uh which
+which Nails the coffin closed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Nails the coffin closed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Nails the coffin closed for
+classical mechanics and it starts with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and it starts with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics and it starts with a
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple
+question I claim that the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I claim that the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I claim that the following
+inequality is true the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is true the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality is true the
+number of undergraduate of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of undergraduate of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of undergraduate of the number of
+people in the room who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the room who are
+undergraduates which I'll denote as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates which I'll denote as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates which I'll denote as
+and not blonde which I will denote it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not blonde which I will denote it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not blonde which I will denote it as
+Barb so undergraduates who are not blond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barb so undergraduates who are not blond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barb so undergraduates who are not blond
+actually let me write this out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me write this out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let me write this out in
+English it's going to be easier number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's going to be easier number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's going to be easier number
+who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undergrads and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+blonde plus the number of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde plus the number of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde plus the number of people in the
+room who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room who are
+blonde but not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Massachusetts is strictly great than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is strictly great than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is strictly great than or
+equal to the number of people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the number of people in the
+room who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room who are
+undergraduates and not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Massachusetts I claim that this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I claim that this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I claim that this is true
+I haven't checked in this room but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't checked in this room but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't checked in this room but I
+claim this let's check how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this let's check how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this let's check how many people
+are undergraduates who are not blonde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undergraduates who are not blonde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undergraduates who are not blonde
+this is going to jeez okay that's yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to jeez okay that's yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to jeez okay that's yeah
+so lot okay how many people are blonde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lot okay how many people are blonde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so lot okay how many people are blonde
+but not from Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not from Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not from Massachusetts
+okay uh uh a smattering oh God this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh a smattering oh God this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh uh a smattering oh God this is
+this is actually going to be terrible um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to be terrible um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually going to be terrible um
+uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh shoot
+uh this is a really large class okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a really large class okay um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a really large class okay um
+small um and how many people are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um and how many people are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um and how many people are uh
+undergraduates are not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates are not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates are not from
+Massachusetts yeah this is oh God this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts yeah this is oh God this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts yeah this is oh God this
+county is going to be so let's I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county is going to be so let's I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+county is going to be so let's I'm going
+to do this just so I can do the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this just so I can do the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this just so I can do the counting
+with the first two rows here okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first two rows here okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first two rows here okay my
+life is going to be easier this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is going to be easier this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is going to be easier this way so
+how many people in the first two rows uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people in the first two rows uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people in the first two rows uh
+in the center section are undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center section are undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center section are undergraduates
+but not not blonde okay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not blonde okay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not not blonde okay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+9 10 11 12 13 14 we could dispute some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 10 11 12 13 14 we could dispute some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 10 11 12 13 14 we could dispute some
+of those but we'll we'll take it for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those but we'll we'll take it for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those but we'll we'll take it for the
+moment so 14 um I me you're probably all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so 14 um I me you're probably all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so 14 um I me you're probably all
+undergraduates so um blonde and not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates so um blonde and not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates so um blonde and not from
+Massachusetts one awesome undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts one awesome undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts one awesome undergraduates
+not from Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from Massachusetts
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equality okay so so that that and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay so so that that and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality okay so so that that and so you
+might say well look you should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well look you should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well look you should have been
+nervous there uh you know and admittedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous there uh you know and admittedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous there uh you know and admittedly
+sometimes there's experimental error but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's experimental error but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there's experimental error but
+uh but but I I want to convince you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but I I want to convince you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but I I want to convince you that
+I should never ever ever be nervous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should never ever ever be nervous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should never ever ever be nervous
+about this moment in 804 and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this moment in 804 and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this moment in 804 and the reason
+is the following I want to prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following I want to prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following I want to prove this
+for you and the way I'm going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and the way I'm going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you and the way I'm going to prove
+it is slightly more General in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is slightly more General in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is slightly more General in more
+generality I want to prove to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality I want to prove to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality I want to prove to you that
+the number of if I have a set or soor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of if I have a set or soor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of if I have a set or soor
+the number of people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of people who are
+undergraduates and not blonde which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates and not blonde which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates and not blonde which I'll
+write as B bar plus the number who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as B bar plus the number who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as B bar plus the number who are
+blonde but not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde but not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde but not for
+Massachusetts is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts is greater than or equal
+to the number that are undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number that are undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number that are undergraduates
+and not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not from
+Massachusetts so how do I prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so how do I prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts so how do I prove this
+well if you're an undergraduate and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're an undergraduate and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you're an undergraduate and not
+blonde you may or you may not be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde you may or you may not be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde you may or you may not be from
+massachusett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massachusett
+so this is equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to the number of
+undergraduates who are not blonde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates who are not blonde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates who are not blonde and
+are from Massachusetts plus the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from Massachusetts plus the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from Massachusetts plus the number
+of undergraduates who are not blonde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of undergraduates who are not blonde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of undergraduates who are not blonde and
+are not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not from
+Massachusetts it could hardly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts it could hardly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts it could hardly be
+otherwise you either are or you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you either are or you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise you either are or you are not
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+Massachusetts not the sort of thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts not the sort of thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts not the sort of thing I
+normally see in a physics so um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally see in a physics so um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally see in a physics so um so this
+is so similar the number of people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so similar the number of people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so similar the number of people who
+are blonde and not from Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blonde and not from Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are blonde and not from Massachusetts
+number of people who are blonde who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are blonde who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who are blonde who are
+so if you're blonde and not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're blonde and not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're blonde and not from
+Massachusetts you may or may not be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts you may or may not be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts you may or may not be an
+undergraduate so this is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate so this is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate so this is the number of
+people who are undergraduates blonde and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are undergraduates blonde and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are undergraduates blonde and
+not from Massachusetts plus the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from Massachusetts plus the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from Massachusetts plus the number
+of people who are not undergraduates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are not undergraduates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are not undergraduates are
+blonde oops are blonde and are not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde oops are blonde and are not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde oops are blonde and are not from
+Massachusetts and on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts and on the right hand side
+so adding these two together gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding these two together gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adding these two together gives us
+plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus on the right hand side the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus on the right hand side the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus on the right hand side the number
+of people who are undergraduates and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are undergraduates and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who are undergraduates and not
+from Massachusetts well each one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Massachusetts well each one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Massachusetts well each one could
+be either blonde or not blonde so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either blonde or not blonde so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either blonde or not blonde so this
+is equal to the number that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the number that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the number that are
+undergraduates blonde and not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates blonde and not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates blonde and not from
+Massachusetts plus the number that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts plus the number that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts plus the number that that
+are undergraduates not blonde and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undergraduates not blonde and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are undergraduates not blonde and not
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+Massachusetts agreed I am now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts agreed I am now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts agreed I am now going to
+use the awesome power of and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the awesome power of and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the awesome power of and so this is
+what we want to prove I'm now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to prove I'm now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we want to prove I'm now going to
+use the awesome power of subtraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the awesome power of subtraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the awesome power of subtraction and
+note that ubm bar ubm bar these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that ubm bar ubm bar these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that ubm bar ubm bar these guys
+cancel and U Bar Bar M Bar U Bar Bar M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and U Bar Bar M Bar U Bar Bar M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and U Bar Bar M Bar U Bar Bar M
+Bar these guys canceled and we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar these guys canceled and we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bar these guys canceled and we're left
+with the following proposition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following proposition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the following proposition the
+number of undergraduates who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of undergraduates who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of undergraduates who are not
+blonde but are from Massachusetts plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde but are from Massachusetts plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde but are from Massachusetts plus
+the number of undergrad of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of undergrad of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of undergrad of not
+undergraduates who are blonde but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates who are blonde but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduates who are blonde but not
+from Massachusetts must be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Massachusetts must be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Massachusetts must be greater than
+or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+zero can you have a number of people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero can you have a number of people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero can you have a number of people in
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+room satisfying some condition be less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room satisfying some condition be less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room satisfying some condition be less
+than zero can minus three of you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero can minus three of you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero can minus three of you be
+blonde undergraduates not from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde undergraduates not from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blonde undergraduates not from
+Massachusetts not so much this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts not so much this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts not so much this is a
+strictly positive number because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive number because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly positive number because it's
+enumerative it's counting problem how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerative it's counting problem how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerative it's counting problem how
+many are undergraduates not BL and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are undergraduates not BL and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many are undergraduates not BL and from
+Massachusetts yeah everyone cool with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts yeah everyone cool with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts yeah everyone cool with
+that so it could hardly have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it could hardly have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it could hardly have been
+otherwise it had to work out like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it had to work out like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it had to work out like this
+and here's the more general statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the more general statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the more general statement
+the more general statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more general statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more general statement is
+that the number of people or the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of people or the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of people or the number
+of elements of any set where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of any set where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of elements of any set where each
+element in that set has binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in that set has binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in that set has binary
+properties a b and c a or not a b or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties a b and c a or not a b or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties a b and c a or not a b or not
+b c or not C satisfies the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c or not C satisfies the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b c or not C satisfies the following
+inequality number who are a but not B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality number who are a but not B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality number who are a but not B
+plus the number who are B but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the number who are B but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the number who are B but not
+C is greater than or equal to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is greater than or equal to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C is greater than or equal to the number
+who are a but not C and this is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are a but not C and this is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are a but not C and this is exactly
+the same argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this inequality which is a topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inequality which is a topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inequality which is a topology
+really is called Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inequality and it's obviously true what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and it's obviously true what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality and it's obviously true what
+did I use to derive this logic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I use to derive this logic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I use to derive this logic and
+integers right I mean that's Bedrock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers right I mean that's Bedrock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers right I mean that's Bedrock
+stuff here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here's the
+problem I didn't mention this last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I didn't mention this last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I didn't mention this last time
+but in fact electrons have a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact electrons have a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact electrons have a third
+property in addition to electrons have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in addition to electrons have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property in addition to electrons have a
+third property in addition to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property in addition to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property in addition to uh
+hardness and color the third property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness and color the third property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness and color the third property is
+called Whimsy and you can either be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Whimsy and you can either be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Whimsy and you can either be
+Whimsical or not Whimsical and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical or not Whimsical and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical or not Whimsical and every
+electron when measured is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when measured is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron when measured is either
+Whimsical or not Whimsical you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical or not Whimsical you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical or not Whimsical you never
+have a boring electron you never have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boring electron you never have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a boring electron you never have a
+ambiguous electron always Whimsical or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous electron always Whimsical or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous electron always Whimsical or
+not Whimsical so we have hardness we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Whimsical so we have hardness we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not Whimsical so we have hardness we
+have color we have Whimsy okay and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have color we have Whimsy okay and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have color we have Whimsy okay and I can
+perform the following experiment from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the following experiment from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform the following experiment from a
+set of electrons I can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of electrons I can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of electrons I can measure the
+number that are hard uh but um hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that are hard uh but um hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that are hard uh but um hard and
+uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not
+black and whims plus the number that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and whims plus the number that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and whims plus the number that are
+black uh but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black uh but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black uh but not
+Whimsical and I can measure the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical and I can measure the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical and I can measure the number
+that are hard and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are hard and not
+Whimsical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whimsical
+okay and I want to just open up the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to just open up the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I want to just open up the case
+a little bit and tell you that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and tell you that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and tell you that the
+hardness here really is the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness here really is the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness here really is the angular
+momentum of the electron along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the electron along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of the electron along the
+xaxis color is the angular momentum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis color is the angular momentum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xaxis color is the angular momentum of
+the electron along the y- AIS and Whimsy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron along the y- AIS and Whimsy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron along the y- AIS and Whimsy
+is the angular momentum of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angular momentum of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the angular momentum of the electron
+along the z-axis these are things I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the z-axis these are things I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the z-axis these are things I can
+measure because I can measure angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure because I can measure angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure because I can measure angular
+momenta so I can perform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta so I can perform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momenta so I can perform this
+experiment with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons and it needn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and it needn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and it needn't be
+satisfied in particular we will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied in particular we will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied in particular we will show
+that the number of electrons just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of electrons just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of electrons just to be
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+precise the number of electrons in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise the number of electrons in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise the number of electrons in a
+given set which are have positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given set which are have positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given set which are have positive
+angular momentum along the uh x-axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum along the uh x-axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum along the uh x-axis and
+down along the y- AIS plus up along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down along the y- AIS plus up along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down along the y- AIS plus up along the
+y- axis and down along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis and down along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y- axis and down along the
+z-axis is less than the number that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis is less than the number that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis is less than the number that are
+up actually let me do this in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up actually let me do this in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up actually let me do this in a very
+particular way up uh zero down at Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way up uh zero down at Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way up uh zero down at Theta
+up at Theta down at 2 Theta is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at Theta down at 2 Theta is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at Theta down at 2 Theta is greater
+than the number that are up at zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number that are up at zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the number that are up at zero and
+down at Theta now here's the thing 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at Theta now here's the thing 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down at Theta now here's the thing 2
+Theta you can't at the moment understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you can't at the moment understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta you can't at the moment understand
+what this equation means but if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this equation means but if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this equation means but if I just
+tell you that these are three binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that these are three binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that these are three binary
+properties of the electron okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the electron okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the electron okay and that
+it violates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it violates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it violates this
+inequality there is something deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality there is something deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality there is something deeply
+troubling about this result Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling about this result Bell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling about this result Bell's
+inequality which we count which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which we count which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality which we count which we
+proved trivially using integers using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved trivially using integers using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved trivially using integers using
+logic is false in quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is false in quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic is false in quantum mechanics and
+it's not just false in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just false in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just false in quantum mechanics
+we will at the end of the course derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will at the end of the course derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will at the end of the course derive
+the the quantum mechanical prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantum mechanical prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the quantum mechanical prediction
+for this result and show that it leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this result and show that it leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this result and show that it leads
+to a predicted violation of bells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a predicted violation of bells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a predicted violation of bells
+inequality this experiment has been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality this experiment has been done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality this experiment has been done
+and the real world violates Bell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real world violates Bell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real world violates Bell's
+inequality logic and integers and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality logic and integers and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality logic and integers and adding
+probabilities as we have done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities as we have done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities as we have done is
+misguided and our job which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misguided and our job which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misguided and our job which we will
+begin with the next lecture is to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with the next lecture is to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with the next lecture is to find a
+better way to add probabilities than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to add probabilities than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to add probabilities than
+classically and that will be quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically and that will be quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically and that will be quantum
+mechanics see you on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics see you on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics see you on Tuesday
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UgKrQ2ywVfs.txt b/UgKrQ2ywVfs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d2c2566fef410f3cf923f84538c91d323f00211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UgKrQ2ywVfs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,866 @@
+Hi.
+
+In the session, we'll
+be solving
+
+the Monty Hall problem.
+
+And this problem is based on
+an old game show that was
+
+called "Let's Make a Deal."
+And the host of this game
+
+show, his name was Monty Hall,
+which is why this problem is
+
+now known as the Monty
+Hall problem.
+
+And this problem is actually
+pretty well-known, because
+
+there was some disagreement at
+the time over what the right
+
+answer to this problem
+should be.
+
+Even some really smart people
+didn't agree on what the right
+
+answer should be.
+
+And part of what might explain
+that disagreement is that they
+
+probably were considering
+slightly different variations
+
+of the problem, because as in
+all probability problems, the
+
+assumptions that you're
+working with are very
+
+important, because otherwise you
+may be solving an actually
+
+different problem.
+
+And so what we'll do first is
+really layout concretely what
+
+all the assumptions are, what
+the rules of the game are.
+
+And then we'll go through the
+methodology to solve for the
+
+actual answer.
+
+So the game is actually
+relatively simple.
+
+So you're on a game
+show and you're
+
+presented with three doors.
+
+These doors are closed.
+
+And behind one of these doors is
+a prize, let's say, a car.
+
+And behind the other two
+doors, there's nothing.
+
+You don't know which
+one it is.
+
+And the rules of the game are
+that, first, you get to choose
+
+any one of these three.
+
+So you pick one of the
+doors that you want.
+
+They don't show you what's
+behind that door, but your
+
+friend, who actually knows
+which door has the prize
+
+behind it, will look at
+the remaining doors.
+
+So let's, just for example,
+let's say you chose door one.
+
+Your friend will look at
+the other two doors
+
+and open one of them.
+
+And you will make sure
+that the one
+
+that he opens is empty.
+
+That is the prize not
+behind that one.
+
+And at this point, one of the
+doors is open and its empty,
+
+you have your original door plus
+another unopened door.
+
+And you're given an option--
+you could either stay with
+
+your initial choice or
+you can switch to the
+
+other unopened door.
+
+And whichever one is your
+final choice, they
+
+will open that door.
+
+And if there's a price behind
+it, you win, and if there not,
+
+then you don't win.
+
+So the question that we're
+trying to answer is what is
+
+the better strategy here?
+
+Is the better strategy to stay
+with your initial choice or is
+
+it better to switch to the
+other unopened door?
+
+OK, so it turns out that the
+specific rules here actually
+
+are very important.
+
+Specifically, the rule about
+how your friend chooses to
+
+open doors.
+
+And the fact that he will always
+open one of the two
+
+other door that you haven't
+picked and he will make sure
+
+that that door doesn't have
+a prize behind it.
+
+And let's see how that actually
+
+plays out in this problem.
+
+So the simplest way, I think, of
+thinking about this problem
+
+is just to think about under
+what circumstances does
+
+staying with your initial
+choice win?
+
+So if you think about it, the
+only way that you can win by
+
+staying with your initial choice
+is if your initial
+
+choice happened to be the door
+that has a prize behind it.
+
+And because you're sticking with
+the initial choice, you
+
+can actually kind of forget
+about the rest of the game,
+
+about opening of the other
+door and about switching.
+
+It's as if you're playing a
+simpler game, which is just
+
+you have three doors, one of
+them has a prize behind it,
+
+and you choose one of them.
+
+And if you guessed right,
+then you win.
+
+If you didn't, then
+you don't win.
+
+And because the another
+important assumption is that
+
+the prize has an equal
+probability of being behind
+
+any one of three doors so one
+third, one third, one third.
+
+Because of that, then if you
+stay with your first choice,
+
+you win only if your first
+choice happened
+
+to the right one.
+
+And that is the case with
+probably one third.
+
+So with that simple argument you
+can convince yourself that
+
+the probability of winning,
+given the strategy of staying
+
+with your first choice,
+is one third.
+
+Now, let's think
+about the other
+
+strategy, which is to switch.
+
+So under what circumstances does
+switching win for you?
+
+Well, if your first choice
+happened to be the right door,
+
+then switching away from that
+door will always lose.
+
+But let's say, that happens
+with probably one third.
+
+But the rest of the time with
+probably 2/3, your first
+
+choice would be wrong.
+
+So let's give an example here.
+
+Let's say, the prize, which I'll
+denote by happy face, is
+
+behind door two.
+
+And your first choice
+was door one.
+
+So your first choice
+was wrong.
+
+Now, your friend can open door
+two, because door two has the
+
+prize behind it.
+
+He also doesn't open the door
+that you initially picked.
+
+So he has to open door three.
+
+So door three is open, and now
+you have an option of sticking
+
+with your first choice--
+door one--
+
+or switching to door two.
+
+So in this case, it's
+obvious to see that
+
+switching wins for you.
+
+And now, if instead, you picked
+door one first, and the
+
+prize was behind door three,
+again, you are wrong.
+
+And again, your friend is
+forced to open door two.
+
+And switching, again,
+wins for you.
+
+And so if you think about it,
+switching will win for you, as
+
+long as your initial
+pick was wrong.
+
+If your initial pick was wrong,
+then the prize is
+
+behind one of the doors.
+
+Your friend has to open one of
+the doors, but he can't open
+
+the door that has the
+prize behind it.
+
+So he has to open the other
+bad door, leaving the good
+
+door with the prize behind
+it, as the one that
+
+you can switch to.
+
+And so by switching you will
+win in this scenario.
+
+And what is the probability
+of that happening?
+
+Well, that happens if your
+initial pick was wrong, which
+
+happens with probably 2/3.
+
+So the final answer then, it's
+pretty simple, the probability
+
+of winning if you stay is one
+third, and the probability of
+
+winning if you switch is 2/3.
+
+And so maybe counterintuitively
+the result
+
+is that it's actually better
+for you, twice as good for
+
+you, to switch rather
+than stay.
+
+And so that was the argument,
+the kind of simple argument.
+
+We can also be more methodical
+about this and actually list
+
+out all of the possible
+outcomes.
+
+Because it's relatively small
+problem-- there's only three
+
+doors-- we can actually
+just list out all
+
+the possible outcomes.
+
+So for example, if you chose
+door one first, and the prize
+
+was behind door one, your
+friend has a choice.
+
+He can open door two or
+door three, because
+
+they're both empty.
+
+And then in that case, if you
+stay, you win, you picked the
+
+door correctly.
+
+And if you switch to two or
+three, then you lose.
+
+But if you chose door one, the
+prize is behind door two, then
+
+your friend has to open door
+three, he is forced to do
+
+that, then staying with lose
+but switching would win.
+
+And so on for the other cases.
+
+And so again, this is just an
+exhaustive list of all the
+
+possible outcomes, from which
+you can see that, in fact,
+
+staying wins, only if your
+first choice was correct.
+
+And switching wins in
+all the other cases.
+
+And so one third of the time,
+staying would win, 2/3 of the
+
+time switching would win.
+
+OK, so now, we have
+the answer.
+
+Let's try to figure out and
+convince ourselves that it is
+
+actually right, because you
+might think before going
+
+through this process that
+maybe it doesn't matter
+
+whether you stay or you switch,
+they both have the
+
+same probably of winning, or
+maybe even staying is better.
+
+So why is staying worse
+and switching better?
+
+Well, the first argument really
+is something that we've
+
+already talked about.
+
+By staying, you're essentially
+banking on your first choice
+
+being correct, which is a
+relatively poor bet, because
+
+you have only one in three
+chance of being right.
+
+But by switching, you're
+actually banking on your first
+
+choice being wrong, which is a
+relatively better bet, because
+
+you're more likely to be wrong
+than right in your first
+
+choice, because you're
+just picking blindly.
+
+OK, so that is one intuitive
+explanation for why
+
+switching is better.
+
+Another slightly different way
+to think about it is that
+
+instead of picking single doors,
+you're actually picking
+
+groups of doors.
+
+So let's say that your first
+pick was door one.
+
+Then you're actually really
+deciding between door one or
+
+doors two and three combined.
+
+So why is that?
+
+It's because by staying
+with door one, you're
+
+staying with door one.
+
+But by switching, you're
+actually getting two doors for
+
+the price of one, because you
+know that your friend will
+
+reveal one of these to be empty,
+and the other one will
+
+stay closed.
+
+But switching really kind of
+buys you both of these.
+
+And so because it buys you two
+opportunities to win, you get
+
+2/3 chance of winning, versus
+a one third chance.
+
+ 
+
+Another way of thinking about
+this is to increase the scale
+
+of the problem, and maybe that
+will help visualize the
+
+counterintuitive answer.
+
+So instead of having three
+doors, imagine that you have
+
+1,000 doors that are closed.
+
+And again, one prize is behind
+one of the doors.
+
+And the rules are similar-- you
+pick one door first, and
+
+then your friend will open
+998 other doors.
+
+And these doors are guaranteed
+to be empty.
+
+And now you're left with your
+initial door plus one other
+
+door that is unopened.
+
+So now the question is should
+you stay with your first
+
+choice or switch to
+your other choice?
+
+And it should be more
+intuitively obvious now that
+
+the better decision would be
+to switch, because you're
+
+overwhelmingly more likely to
+have picked incorrectly for
+
+your first pick.
+
+You have only 1 in 1,000 chance
+of getting it right.
+
+So that is kind of just taking
+this to a bigger extreme and
+
+really driving home
+the intuition.
+
+OK, so what we've really
+discovered is that the fact
+
+that the rules of the game are
+that your friend has to open
+
+one of the other two doors and
+cannot reveal the prize plays
+
+a big role in this problem.
+
+And that is an important
+assumption.
+
+OK, so now let's think
+about a slightly
+
+different variation now.
+
+So a different strategy.
+
+Instead of just always staying
+or always switching, we have a
+
+specific other strategy, which
+is that you will choose door
+
+one first and then, depending on
+what your friend does, you
+
+will act accordingly.
+
+So if your friend opens door
+two, you will not switch.
+
+And if your friend opens door
+three, you will switch.
+
+So let's draw out exactly
+what happens here.
+
+So you have door one
+that you've chosen.
+
+ 
+
+And the prize can be behind
+doors one, two, or three.
+
+And again, it's equally
+likely.
+
+So the probabilities of these
+branches are one third, one
+
+third, and one third.
+
+And now given that, your friend
+in this scenario has a
+
+choice between opening
+doors two or three.
+
+And so because of doors, you
+chose one, the prize actually
+
+is behind one, and so two and
+three are both empty, so he
+
+can choose whichever one
+he wants to open.
+
+ 
+
+And the problem actually hasn't
+specified how your
+
+friend actually decides
+between this.
+
+So we'll leave it in general.
+
+So we'll say that the
+probability p, your friend
+
+will open two, door
+two, in this case.
+
+And with the remaining
+probability 1 minus p, he will
+
+open door three.
+
+What about in this case?
+
+Well, you chose door one.
+
+The prize is actually
+behind door two.
+
+So following the rules of the
+game, your friend is forced to
+
+open door three.
+
+So this happens with
+probability 1.
+
+And similarly, if the prize is
+behind door three, your friend
+
+is forced to open door two,
+which, again, happens with
+
+probably 1.
+
+So now let's see how this
+strategy works.
+
+When do you win?
+
+You win when, according to the
+strategy, your final choice is
+
+the right door.
+
+So according to the strategy,
+in this case, your friend
+
+opened door two.
+
+And according to your strategy,
+if door two is open,
+
+you don't switch.
+
+So you stay with your
+first choice of one.
+
+And that happens to the right
+one, so you win in this case.
+
+But what about here?
+
+Your friend opened door three,
+and by your strategy, you do
+
+switch, which is the wrong
+choice here, so you lose.
+
+Here, you switch, because you
+open door three, and you
+
+switch to the right door,
+so that wins.
+
+And this one, you don't
+switch, and you lose.
+
+All right, so what is the final
+probability of winning?
+
+And the final probably of
+winning is the probability of
+
+getting to these two outcomes,
+which happens with probability
+
+one third times p plus
+one third times 1.
+
+So one third.
+
+So the final answer is one
+third p plus one third.
+
+And notice now that the answer
+isn't just a number.
+
+Like in this case, the answer
+was one third and 2/3.
+
+And it didn't actually matter
+how your friend chose between
+
+these two doors when
+he had a choice.
+
+But in this case, it actually
+doesn't matter, because p
+
+stays in the answer.
+
+But one thing that we can do
+is we can compare this with
+
+these strategies.
+
+So what we see is that, well p
+is a probability, so it has to
+
+be between 0 and 1.
+
+So this probability winning for
+this strategy is somewhere
+
+between one third times 0 plus
+one third, which is one third.
+
+And one third times 1 plus
+one third, which is 2/3.
+
+So the strategy is somewhere
+between 2/3 and one third.
+
+So what we see is that no matter
+what, this strategy is
+
+at least as good as staying all
+the time, because that was
+
+only one third.
+
+And no matter what it can't be
+any better than switching,
+
+which was 2/3.
+
+So you can also come up with
+lots of other different
+
+strategies and see what the
+probabilities of winning are
+
+in that case.
+
+OK, so what have we learned
+in this problem?
+
+What are the key takeaways?
+
+One important takeaway is that
+it's important to really
+
+understand a problem and arrive
+at a concrete and
+
+precise set of assumptions.
+
+So really have a precise problem
+that you're solving.
+
+And another important takeaway
+is to think about your final
+
+answer, make sure that that
+actually makes sense to you,
+
+make sure that you can justify
+it somehow intuitively.
+
+In that case, you can actually
+convince yourself that your
+
+answer is actually correct,
+because sometimes go through a
+
+lot of formulas, and sometimes
+your formula may have an error
+
+in there somewhere.
+
+But you could take the final
+answer and ask yourself does
+
+this actually makes
+sense intuitively?
+
+That's often a very good check
+and sometimes you can catch
+
+errors in your calculations
+that way.
+
+OK so we'll see next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V-RPM3e8Ws0.txt b/V-RPM3e8Ws0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84ea82919663a59a48b7f8b0f29e0b6b4bc1b07d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V-RPM3e8Ws0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9127 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just take 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds all right
+so do someone want to explain uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do someone want to explain uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so do someone want to explain uh why
+this is the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the correct
+answer and we have a syringe highlighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we have a syringe highlighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and we have a syringe highlighter
+you probably never had something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably never had something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably never had something like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before okay so the fifth the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so the fifth the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay so the fifth the fourth
+excited state is n equal 5 and then IE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state is n equal 5 and then IE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state is n equal 5 and then IE
+is opposite of the uh negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is opposite of the uh negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is opposite of the uh negative number
+shown so it would be the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown so it would be the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown so it would be the positive
+version of that right so I is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that right so I is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that right so I is always
+going to be positive and you have to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive and you have to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be positive and you have to pay
+attention to what n equals when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what n equals when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what n equals when you're
+in the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the excited
+state Okay so we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Okay so we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state Okay so we've been talking about
+the hydrogen atom and binding energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom and binding energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen atom and binding energies
+what comes out of the shring durur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out of the shring durur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes out of the shring durur
+equation we have The Binding energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have The Binding energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we have The Binding energies
+that come out and we also have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out and we also have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come out and we also have wave
+functions So today we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions So today we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions So today we're going to be
+talking about wave functions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about wave functions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about wave functions which are
+often referred to as orbitals in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often referred to as orbitals in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often referred to as orbitals in
+chemistry for the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry for the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry for the hydrogen atom
+so when you solve the Shing jur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you solve the Shing jur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you solve the Shing jur
+equation you get out this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get out this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get out this information
+about wave functions and what comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wave functions and what comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about wave functions and what comes out
+of it is these quantum numbers and we al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is these quantum numbers and we al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is these quantum numbers and we al
+already saw quantum number n coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw quantum number n coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw quantum number n coming out
+but there three quantum numbers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there three quantum numbers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there three quantum numbers that are
+going to come out of the shring jur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out of the shring jur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come out of the shring jur
+equation and those three quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and those three quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and those three quantum numbers
+are necessary to describe the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessary to describe the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are necessary to describe the wave
+function or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or the
+orbital so we have n the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so we have n the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so we have n the principal
+quantum number we've already talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we've already talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number we've already talked
+about that and we've already seen that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and we've already seen that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that and we've already seen that n
+is an integer so I'll just put that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer so I'll just put that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integer so I'll just put that down
+here so n can equal 1 2 3 onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so n can equal 1 2 3 onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so n can equal 1 2 3 onto
+Affinity so this describes the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so this describes the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Affinity so this describes the energy
+level or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level or the
+shell then we have L which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell then we have L which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell then we have L which we haven't
+talked about yet so that's the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yet so that's the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about yet so that's the angular
+momentum quantum number so it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number so it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum quantum number so it tells you
+about the angular momentum it also tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the angular momentum it also tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the angular momentum it also tells
+you about the subshell or the the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the subshell or the the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the subshell or the the shape
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+orbital and so L is related to n and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and so L is related to n and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and so L is related to n and it
+can be 0er 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be 0er 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be 0er 1 2
+3 onward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 onward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 onward to
+nus1 so its biggest number is n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 so its biggest number is n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nus1 so its biggest number is n minus
+one then we have m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we have m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then we have m
+the magnetic quantum number and we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic quantum number and we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic quantum number and we often
+see this also listed as M sub L because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this also listed as M sub L because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this also listed as M sub L because
+m is related back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is related back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m is related back to
+L and this is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this is equal to minus
+l dot dot dot to zero dot dot dot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l dot dot dot to zero dot dot dot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l dot dot dot to zero dot dot dot to
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+l and m describes the behavior in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and m describes the behavior in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l and m describes the behavior in a
+magnetic field it also describes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field it also describes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field it also describes the
+orientation of the orbital respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the orbital respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the orbital respect to
+with respect to an axes and it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an axes and it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to an axes and it tells you
+about the specific orbital in question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific orbital in question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific orbital in question
+so we need all three of these to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need all three of these to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we need all three of these to
+describe any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe any
+orbital all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital all right
+so let's look at this um in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this um in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at this um in a slightly
+other way so or we're going to have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so or we're going to have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way so or we're going to have lots
+of different sort of nomenclatures for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different sort of nomenclatures for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different sort of nomenclatures for
+the same thing so to describe an orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so to describe an orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so to describe an orbital
+we need those three quantum numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need those three quantum numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need those three quantum numbers we
+need n l and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need n l and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need n l and
+m and this can also be expressed as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and this can also be expressed as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m and this can also be expressed as our
+wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function
+sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub
+nlm and again we talked about this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlm and again we talked about this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nlm and again we talked about this last
+time we're going to talk more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to talk more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're going to talk more about it
+so our wave function is also described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our wave function is also described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our wave function is also described
+by R the radius and Theta and fi which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by R the radius and Theta and fi which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by R the radius and Theta and fi which
+are two angles and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two angles and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two angles and we're going to talk
+about a lot about those today so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot about those today so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a lot about those today so the
+wave function for the ground state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for the ground state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function for the ground state is
+abbreviated wave function sub 1 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated wave function sub 1 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated wave function sub 1 0 0
+because it's the ground state so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the ground state so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the ground state so n
+equals 1 and l and m are zero so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and l and m are zero so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and l and m are zero so what
+you see down here the 1 Z 0 refers back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see down here the 1 Z 0 refers back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see down here the 1 Z 0 refers back
+to what is n what is L what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is n what is L what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is n what is L what is
+M and this also has another name so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and this also has another name so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M and this also has another name so in
+the terminology of chemist we call wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology of chemist we call wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminology of chemist we call wave
+function 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function 1 0
+1 s or the 1 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s or the 1 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 s or the 1 s
+orbital so let's uh look again now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so let's uh look again now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so let's uh look again now at
+the same things we just talked about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things we just talked about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things we just talked about but
+going through kind of chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through kind of chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through kind of chemistry
+lingo so again n describes the shell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo so again n describes the shell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo so again n describes the shell or
+the energy level again its integers 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy level again its integers 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy level again its integers 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc l in chemistry lingo the subshell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc l in chemistry lingo the subshell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc l in chemistry lingo the subshell or
+the shape of the orbital and instead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the orbital and instead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the orbital and instead in
+of listing it this way we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of listing it this way we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of listing it this way we have another
+way to list it if we're a chemist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to list it if we're a chemist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to list it if we're a chemist and
+that is um SP PD F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um SP PD F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um SP PD F
+Etc so chemist like numbers but we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so chemist like numbers but we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc so chemist like numbers but we also
+throw in some letters every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in some letters every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in some letters every once in a
+while and then M again designates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then M again designates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while and then M again designates this
+orbital orientation or the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital orientation or the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital orientation or the specific
+orbital so for S there's only s it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so for S there's only s it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so for S there's only s it
+doesn't have uh any any uh any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have uh any any uh any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have uh any any uh any other
+designation as we'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation as we'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designation as we'll talk more about
+later but for p we start having uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but for p we start having uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but for p we start having uh
+suborbitals and there's a difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suborbitals and there's a difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suborbitals and there's a difference in
+terms of the orientation of this so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the orientation of this so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the orientation of this so we
+have PX py pz so that's what m tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have PX py pz so that's what m tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have PX py pz so that's what m tells us
+about so it if we have all three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so it if we have all three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so it if we have all three of
+these numbers we get down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers we get down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers we get down to the
+specific orbital we can say oh that's pz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific orbital we can say oh that's pz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific orbital we can say oh that's pz
+for example so we need all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so we need all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example so we need all of these
+three numbers to define the orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers to define the orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three numbers to define the orbital and
+this is in then the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in then the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in then the chemistry
+lingo all right also a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo all right also a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo all right also a little bit more
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+lingo so here we have L equals z so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo so here we have L equals z so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingo so here we have L equals z so that
+is the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the S
+orbital when L equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital when L equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital when L equals
+1 that's the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbital L equal 2 is the D orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital L equal 2 is the D orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital L equal 2 is the D orbital
+and Lal 3 is the F orbital and frankly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lal 3 is the F orbital and frankly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lal 3 is the F orbital and frankly
+we don't really uh go much beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really uh go much beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really uh go much beyond that
+and in this part of the course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this part of the course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this part of the course we're
+really only going to be talking mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only going to be talking mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really only going to be talking mostly
+about S and P orbitals um we get to D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about S and P orbitals um we get to D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about S and P orbitals um we get to D
+orbitals around Thanksgiving time so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals around Thanksgiving time so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals around Thanksgiving time so you
+can look forward to that and pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look forward to that and pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look forward to that and pretty much
+we're not going to really talk about F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to really talk about F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to really talk about F
+orbitals very much at all um you'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals very much at all um you'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals very much at all um you'll need
+to know some things about them but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know some things about them but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know some things about them but we're
+not going to go into them in any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into them in any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into them in any kind of
+detail all right so if we keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail all right so if we keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail all right so if we keep going
+then uh we can think about lals 1 or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we can think about lals 1 or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we can think about lals 1 or our
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P
+orbitals and then when L equals 1 then M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and then when L equals 1 then M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and then when L equals 1 then M
+um can equal 0 + one or minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can equal 0 + one or minus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um can equal 0 + one or minus one and
+when m equals z that's by definition the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m equals z that's by definition the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when m equals z that's by definition the
+pz orbital so when you see um m equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz orbital so when you see um m equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz orbital so when you see um m equals z
+that's going to be pz and when m is +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be pz and when m is +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be pz and when m is +
+one or minus one those are the PX or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or minus one those are the PX or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or minus one those are the PX or the
+py orbitals and this is just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py orbitals and this is just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+py orbitals and this is just something
+that you need to remember that Z is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to remember that Z is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to remember that Z is the
+one that's special it's the one that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's special it's the one that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's special it's the one that has
+m equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m equals
+z all right so we can take all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z all right so we can take all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z all right so we can take all of these
+uh nomenclatures now and use it to fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nomenclatures now and use it to fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nomenclatures now and use it to fill
+in this awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this awesome
+table so this will help you kind of keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so this will help you kind of keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so this will help you kind of keep
+track of all the different ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of all the different ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of all the different ways you can
+designate the same things and we'll fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate the same things and we'll fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designate the same things and we'll fill
+this in so first um State label what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so first um State label what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so first um State label what do
+I mean by this by this I mean this one0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by this by this I mean this one0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by this by this I mean this one0
+0 to generate this wave function of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to generate this wave function of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to generate this wave function of uh
+where we have this one z0 listed below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have this one z0 listed below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have this one z0 listed below
+the wave function here and so now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function here and so now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function here and so now this
+is just a little color coding um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little color coding um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a little color coding um but
+it's a blank in your handout so n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a blank in your handout so n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a blank in your handout so n equals
+1 so n is first L is the second number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so n is first L is the second number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so n is first L is the second number
+and M is the third here so 1 0 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M is the third here so 1 0 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and M is the third here so 1 0 and what
+kind of orbital is this can just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of orbital is this can just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of orbital is this can just yell it
+out yeah so that's the one s orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah so that's the one s orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah so that's the one s orbital and
+so the 1 Nal 1 that's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 1 Nal 1 that's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the 1 Nal 1 that's 1
+s and now we have our uh binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and now we have our uh binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and now we have our uh binding
+energies again and so we can write those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies again and so we can write those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies again and so we can write those
+in two different ways so we saw for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways so we saw for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two different ways so we saw for the
+hydrogen atom before it comes out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom before it comes out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom before it comes out of the
+Schrodinger equation that The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation that The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation that The Binding
+energy of the electron for the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron for the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron for the nucleus
+is minus the ridberg constant RH ided n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the ridberg constant RH ided n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus the ridberg constant RH ided n
+SAR and here n is 1 so divided 1 SAR so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR and here n is 1 so divided 1 SAR so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR and here n is 1 so divided 1 SAR so
+this is just uh the value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh the value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just uh the value for the
+ridberg uh constant the negative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg uh constant the negative value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridberg uh constant the negative value
+and binding energies again are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and binding energies again are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and binding energies again are always
+negative so we have our first one down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we have our first one down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we have our first one down
+so now for the second what number am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now for the second what number am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now for the second what number am I
+going to write here for the state label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write here for the state label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write here for the state label
+you can just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just yell it
+out yeah 200 or two 0 0 and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah 200 or two 0 0 and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out yeah 200 or two 0 0 and then you
+would put it this way where the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put it this way where the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put it this way where the state
+label is by the wave function what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is by the wave function what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+label is by the wave function what
+orbital is this 2s and then we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is this 2s and then we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is this 2s and then we also know
+the binding energies for this so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energies for this so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binding energies for this so here we
+have minus RH Over N 2ar where n is 2 2^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus RH Over N 2ar where n is 2 2^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus RH Over N 2ar where n is 2 2^
+squared and we saw this number last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we saw this number last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and we saw this number last time
+so we can keep going now we have 2 one 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can keep going now we have 2 one 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can keep going now we have 2 one 1
+so we can write that down we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write that down we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write that down we can write
+it both ways what orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yeah so it's a two p and because m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so it's a two p and because m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah so it's a two p and because m
+is + one and not zero it's either X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y do we have a different or the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y do we have a different or the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y do we have a different or the same
+binding energy here we have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy here we have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energy here we have the same
+right because it's just over n SAR we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's just over n SAR we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's just over n SAR we're
+still talking about Nal 2 so 2^2 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking about Nal 2 so 2^2 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still talking about Nal 2 so 2^2 so it's
+the same value here now we have M = 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value here now we have M = 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same value here now we have M = 0 so
+we write 2 one0 and now what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbital 2 pz right because that's m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital 2 pz right because that's m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital 2 pz right because that's m
+equals z by the definition I gave you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z by the definition I gave you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z by the definition I gave you so
+we know that one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that one for
+sure and again the energies are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and again the energies are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and again the energies are going to
+be the same and then the last one so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same and then the last one so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same and then the last one so now
+we write 2 one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write 2 one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we write 2 one minus
+one and now it's again a 2p orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now it's again a 2p orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now it's again a 2p orbital and
+it's either y or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either y or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either y or
+X and the energies are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the energies are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and the energies are going to be the
+same so these are just a table that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so these are just a table that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so these are just a table that kind
+of interconverts different ways that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interconverts different ways that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interconverts different ways that you
+will see things written and you'll know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see things written and you'll know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see things written and you'll know
+if you see it one way what orbital to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see it one way what orbital to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see it one way what orbital to
+put down and we can also think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down and we can also think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down and we can also think about the
+binding energies for those particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies for those particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding energies for those particular
+orbitals or for electrons in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals or for electrons in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals or for electrons in those
+particular orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular orbitals
+all right so why don't why don't you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so why don't why don't you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so why don't why don't you try
+a a clicker question on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds ah
+excellent right so you're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent right so you're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent right so you're getting the
+hang of this it's great some things it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang of this it's great some things it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang of this it's great some things it's
+always nice when there's some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nice when there's some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always nice when there's some things
+that are pretty straightforward uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are pretty straightforward uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are pretty straightforward uh so
+Nal 5 um Lal 1 which means p orbital and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 5 um Lal 1 which means p orbital and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nal 5 um Lal 1 which means p orbital and
+M equals z which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M equals z which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M equals z which means
+pz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz
+okay so let's think now about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think now about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's think now about these
+orbitals again and we looked at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals again and we looked at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals again and we looked at that
+table and saw that if we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and saw that if we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and saw that if we were talking
+about Nal 2 they all seem to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Nal 2 they all seem to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Nal 2 they all seem to have the
+same energy so for hydrogen at at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy so for hydrogen at at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy so for hydrogen at at and
+it'll get more complicated when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get more complicated when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get more complicated when we start
+talking about things with more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things with more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things with more than one
+electron but for a hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but for a hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron but for a hydrogen atom
+orbitals have this that have the same n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals have this that have the same n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals have this that have the same n
+value have the same energy so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value have the same energy so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value have the same energy so here we
+have n equals 1 um L equals 0 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n equals 1 um L equals 0 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n equals 1 um L equals 0 this is
+our uh 1 s we have Nal 2 our 2s and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh 1 s we have Nal 2 our 2s and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh 1 s we have Nal 2 our 2s and our
+two P orbitals n equals three we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P orbitals n equals three we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two P orbitals n equals three we have
+our uh 3s 3 p and 3D and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh 3s 3 p and 3D and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our uh 3s 3 p and 3D and in this case
+these all all these orbitals are what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all all these orbitals are what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all all these orbitals are what's
+known as degenerate from with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as degenerate from with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as degenerate from with respect to
+each other they have the same energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they have the same energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other they have the same energy and
+so for NE n with a hydrogen atom or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for NE n with a hydrogen atom or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for NE n with a hydrogen atom or any
+one electron uh system for n um shells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron uh system for n um shells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron uh system for n um shells
+there are N squared to generate or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are N squared to generate or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are N squared to generate or for
+any n they're N squared to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any n they're N squared to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any n they're N squared to generate
+orbitals so they're all going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so they're all going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so they're all going to be the
+same energy and that changes when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and that changes when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same energy and that changes when we go
+to more complicated systems for but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated systems for but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to more complicated systems for but for
+hydrogen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen this
+holds okay so now I'm going to um tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds okay so now I'm going to um tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds okay so now I'm going to um tell
+you why you should care a little about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why you should care a little about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you why you should care a little about
+these energy levels again and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels again and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these energy levels again and today
+you're going to hear um in your own in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to hear um in your own in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to hear um in your own in
+their own words um from a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own words um from a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own words um from a graduate
+student um in the physical chemistry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student um in the physical chemistry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student um in the physical chemistry uh
+division my name is Benjamin ooro Kai I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division my name is Benjamin ooro Kai I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division my name is Benjamin ooro Kai I
+currently going I'm entering my third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently going I'm entering my third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently going I'm entering my third
+year of graduate school in the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of graduate school in the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year of graduate school in the chemistry
+Department here at MIT um and the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department here at MIT um and the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department here at MIT um and the that
+I've been focusing on for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been focusing on for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been focusing on for the last
+couple of years involves nanoscale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years involves nanoscale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of years involves nanoscale
+magnetic resonance imaging or nanom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance imaging or nanom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic resonance imaging or nanom
+MRI when you think of like typical MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI when you think of like typical MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI when you think of like typical MRI
+what comes to mind for most people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes to mind for most people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what comes to mind for most people is
+sort of the image of like a brain scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the image of like a brain scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the image of like a brain scan
+or a heart scan or some sort of organ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a heart scan or some sort of organ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a heart scan or some sort of organ
+scan inside the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan inside the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan inside the human
+body the way that MRI works now the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the way that MRI works now the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body the way that MRI works now the way
+that you take a picture of anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take a picture of anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you take a picture of anything in
+your body is you use water and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body is you use water and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body is you use water and the
+reason that you use water is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you use water is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that you use water is because
+it's made up of hydrogen atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's made up of hydrogen atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's made up of hydrogen atoms and
+oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms actually
+generate a magnetic signal and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a magnetic signal and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a magnetic signal and so you
+can take a picture pict of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a picture pict of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a picture pict of
+that the idea behind nanom MRI is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the idea behind nanom MRI is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the idea behind nanom MRI is is
+that you want to you want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to you want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to you want to take a
+picture you want to do the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you want to do the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you want to do the same kind of
+Imaging but on a considerably smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging but on a considerably smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imaging but on a considerably smaller
+scale we have this probe which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we have this probe which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale we have this probe which is
+sensitive to local magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to local magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to local magnetic
+fields and the way that the probe works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the way that the probe works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and the way that the probe works
+is that you have these electrons there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have these electrons there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have these electrons there's
+a ground state for these electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ground state for these electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ground state for these electrons and
+two excited States for these electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two excited States for these electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two excited States for these electrons
+which are actually degenerate with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are actually degenerate with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are actually degenerate with each
+other and degenerate means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and degenerate means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and degenerate means that they
+just have the exact same energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the exact same energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have the exact same energy level
+As you move the probe around anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you move the probe around anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As you move the probe around anything
+that's in the environment that generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the environment that generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in the environment that generates
+a magnetic field will change what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnetic field will change what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnetic field will change what the
+energy levels of these two excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of these two excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels of these two excited
+States is so when you're far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is so when you're far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is so when you're far away
+there's no change in they're exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no change in they're exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no change in they're exactly the
+same and as you get closer and closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and as you get closer and closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and as you get closer and closer
+these levels start to split and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels start to split and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these levels start to split and what we
+actually care about is what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about is what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually care about is what is the
+splitting between these two levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting between these two levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting between these two levels
+because that's what tells us what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what tells us what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what tells us what the
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field
+is in traditional MRI the probe that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in traditional MRI the probe that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in traditional MRI the probe that we
+use the thing that measures the fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the thing that measures the fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the thing that measures the fields
+itself is very very big it's person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is very very big it's person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is very very big it's person
+sized the probe that we're using in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized the probe that we're using in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sized the probe that we're using in this
+nanom MRI is nanometer sized so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom MRI is nanometer sized so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanom MRI is nanometer sized so this
+gives us the ability to look at things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the ability to look at things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the ability to look at things
+that are on the nanometer scale and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the nanometer scale and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are on the nanometer scale and to
+give you a sense of size that's like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of size that's like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of size that's like one
+10,000th the width of a human hair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000th the width of a human hair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000th the width of a human hair so
+that includes viruses cells parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes viruses cells parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that includes viruses cells parts of
+proteins not just the entire protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins not just the entire protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins not just the entire protein and
+on top of that we'll be able to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that we'll be able to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that we'll be able to look
+within objects so you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within objects so you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within objects so you're not just
+sensitive to what's on the surface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to what's on the surface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive to what's on the surface you
+can actually see how are things what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see how are things what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually see how are things what's
+the Constitution what's the makeup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution what's the makeup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution what's the makeup of
+things within the object that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things within the object that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things within the object that you want
+to image so the longterm goal the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to image so the longterm goal the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to image so the longterm goal the one
+thing that I I would really love to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I I would really love to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I I would really love to see
+this this technology be able to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this technology be able to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this technology be able to do is
+say okay we've got this virus let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we've got this virus let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay we've got this virus let's just
+see how it works let's let's watch it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it works let's let's watch it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it works let's let's watch it in
+real time let's see if we can see how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time let's see if we can see how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real time let's see if we can see how it
+attaches to cells and and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches to cells and and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches to cells and and you know
+invades them and and ultimately kills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so I always think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I always think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so I always think this is a
+great time of year to show this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time of year to show this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great time of year to show this video
+because pretty much viruses I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pretty much viruses I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because pretty much viruses I think
+start to be on people's minds everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to be on people's minds everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to be on people's minds everyone
+has sinuses and colds and other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sinuses and colds and other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sinuses and colds and other things
+going on and so uh understanding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and so uh understanding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and so uh understanding you
+know we're still very far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're still very far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're still very far away from
+having a real cure for the common cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a real cure for the common cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a real cure for the common cold
+so I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think it's a
+very very timely to uh be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh talking about this research I'll also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about this research I'll also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh talking about this research I'll also
+use this to remind myself to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to remind myself to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this to remind myself to tell you
+that um if you qualify for extra time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you qualify for extra time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you qualify for extra time on
+the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam
+you should get me your form for the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get me your form for the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get me your form for the exam
+and it reminded me of to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reminded me of to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reminded me of to say that
+because Ben who is a former ta for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Ben who is a former ta for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Ben who is a former ta for this
+class always Proctors the extra time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class always Proctors the extra time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class always Proctors the extra time
+folks so you'll get to meet him in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks so you'll get to meet him in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks so you'll get to meet him in real
+life uh if you qualify for for extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh if you qualify for for extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life uh if you qualify for for extra
+time on exams okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on exams okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on exams okay
+so hydrogen is in fact important I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen is in fact important I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hydrogen is in fact important I'm
+excited to get on to um elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to get on to um elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited to get on to um elements that
+have uh more than one electron but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh more than one electron but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh more than one electron but
+hydrogen actually does turn out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen actually does turn out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen actually does turn out to be
+extremely important a lot of Imaging as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important a lot of Imaging as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely important a lot of Imaging as
+you heard from Ben is based on hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard from Ben is based on hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard from Ben is based on hydrogen
+so we're spending a lot of time on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're spending a lot of time on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're spending a lot of time on
+hydrogen but hydrogen really really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen but hydrogen really really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen but hydrogen really really is
+an important element okay so continuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important element okay so continuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important element okay so continuing
+on now um what is the significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on now um what is the significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on now um what is the significance of
+this wave function um what why do why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function um what why do why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function um what why do why do
+we care about about this and so really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about about this and so really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we care about about this and so really
+we're interested in trying to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in trying to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in trying to understand
+not just how tightly the electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just how tightly the electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just how tightly the electron is
+bound to the nucleus but kind of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the nucleus but kind of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the nucleus but kind of how the
+electrons exist around the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons exist around the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons exist around the nucleus
+and so the wave function really gets at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the wave function really gets at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the wave function really gets at
+this it gets at the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it gets at the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it gets at the probability density
+the likelihood that you'll find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood that you'll find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the likelihood that you'll find an
+electron um at a certain location um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron um at a certain location um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron um at a certain location um the
+probability per unit volume and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per unit volume and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability per unit volume and again
+this is a three-dimensional problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a three-dimensional problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a three-dimensional problem so
+our wave function depends on our radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wave function depends on our radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our wave function depends on our radius
+R but it also depends on two angles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R but it also depends on two angles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R but it also depends on two angles the
+Theta and fi and so you can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and fi and so you can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and fi and so you can kind of
+think of those as latitude and longitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as latitude and longitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of those as latitude and longitude
+if you will and so we want to know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will and so we want to know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will and so we want to know um
+what the probability is that an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability is that an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the probability is that an electron
+will be at a certain R Theta and fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at a certain R Theta and fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be at a certain R Theta and fi
+position in a particular small unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in a particular small unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in a particular small unit
+volume um in that area how how well can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um in that area how how well can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um in that area how how well can
+we understand where the electron is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand where the electron is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understand where the electron is and
+this gives rise to a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives rise to a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives rise to a lot of the
+properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the
+elements so propability density density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so propability density density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements so propability density density
+per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit
+volume so really when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so really when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume so really when we're talking
+about where electrons are we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where electrons are we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where electrons are we're thinking
+about a shape of an orbital a shape of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a shape of an orbital a shape of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a shape of an orbital a shape of a
+probability density of where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density of where that
+electron might be so now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron might be so now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron might be so now we're going to
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+shapes so we can define a wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes so we can define a wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes so we can define a wave function
+in terms of two properties a radial wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of two properties a radial wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of two properties a radial wave
+function and an angular wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and an angular wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and an angular wave function so
+again the wave function has these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the wave function has these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the wave function has these three
+things we're considered with the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're considered with the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're considered with the radius
+and these two angles so we can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two angles so we can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two angles so we can rewrite
+this is breaking up these two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is breaking up these two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is breaking up these two different
+components the radial component that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the radial component that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components the radial component that
+depends on the radius so that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the radius so that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the radius so that's easy to
+remember radial radius and the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember radial radius and the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember radial radius and the angular
+component that depends on the angles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that depends on the angles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that depends on the angles um
+so the nomenclature here is pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nomenclature here is pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the nomenclature here is pretty good
+all right so we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we have these two
+components so now I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so now I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components so now I'm going to show you
+a table that is uh largely from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table that is uh largely from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a table that is uh largely from your
+book don't let it scare you you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book don't let it scare you you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book don't let it scare you you do not
+need to memorize any of these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to memorize any of these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to memorize any of these things and
+I'm showing this to you because I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing this to you because I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing this to you because I want
+you to believe me about certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to believe me about certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to believe me about certain
+properties um of these two functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um of these two functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties um of these two functions so
+here they are solved you can look them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are solved you can look them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are solved you can look them
+up um actually I think we just uh typed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um actually I think we just uh typed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um actually I think we just uh typed
+a new copy of this so it was easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new copy of this so it was easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new copy of this so it was easier to
+see if you find any typos uh please let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you find any typos uh please let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you find any typos uh please let
+me know um but there's a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me know um but there's a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me know um but there's a couple of
+important points so on this side we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points so on this side we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important points so on this side we have
+the radial wave function and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial wave function and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial wave function and over here
+we have the angular wave function for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the angular wave function for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the angular wave function for
+various values of N and L so again not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various values of N and L so again not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various values of N and L so again not
+an exhaustive list here and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhaustive list here and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhaustive list here and a lot of
+these are written in terms of a0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are written in terms of a0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are written in terms of a0 which
+is the bore radius which is a constant 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bore radius which is a constant 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bore radius which is a constant 5
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+52.9 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52.9 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52.9 uh
+Peters all right so now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters all right so now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peters all right so now let's just
+consider the ground state so we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the ground state so we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the ground state so we'll start
+with that lowest energy state or most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that lowest energy state or most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that lowest energy state or most
+stable State the 1s orbital for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable State the 1s orbital for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable State the 1s orbital for the
+hydrogen atom so we have our wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so we have our wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom so we have our wave
+function one0 0 here and this is 1 s up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one0 0 here and this is 1 s up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one0 0 here and this is 1 s up
+here again Nal 1 Lal 0 so that's 1 s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again Nal 1 Lal 0 so that's 1 s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again Nal 1 Lal 0 so that's 1 s and
+Z for hydrogen atom is one so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for hydrogen atom is one so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z for hydrogen atom is one so I've
+gotten rid of all the Z's to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of all the Z's to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten rid of all the Z's to make it a
+little simpler so here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler so here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler so here we have the
+radial wave function times the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial wave function times the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial wave function times the angular
+wave function which is listed up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function which is listed up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function which is listed up here
+and the thing that I really want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that I really want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that I really want you to
+notice is that for all of the S orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that for all of the S orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that for all of the S orbitals
+this is a constant so this is always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant so this is always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a constant so this is always the
+angular component for all s orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular component for all s orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular component for all s orbitals and
+in fact there are no angular components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are no angular components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there are no angular components
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+there so all 1 s 2s 3s all have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so all 1 s 2s 3s all have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so all 1 s 2s 3s all have this
+same constant and that leads to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constant and that leads to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constant and that leads to a very
+important property of s orbitals which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property of s orbitals which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property of s orbitals which
+is that they're spherically symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're spherically symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're spherically symmetrical
+they're in other words they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in other words they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in other words they're
+independent of those angles of theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of those angles of theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of those angles of theta and
+fi and so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi and so that means that the
+probability of finding the electron away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding the electron away
+from the nucleus is just going to depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nucleus is just going to depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nucleus is just going to depend
+on R there's only R in this equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on R there's only R in this equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on R there's only R in this equation the
+angles are not part of the equation so s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are not part of the equation so s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are not part of the equation so s
+is spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is spherically
+symmetrical the probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical the probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical the probability of finding
+the electron just depends on the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron just depends on the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron just depends on the radius
+so we can draw a picture or multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can draw a picture or multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can draw a picture or multiple
+pictures um of what that could look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures um of what that could look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures um of what that could look like
+and these are three common plots so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are three common plots so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are three common plots so I'll
+tell you that on your handout the plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that on your handout the plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that on your handout the plots
+are listed on one page page and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are listed on one page page and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are listed on one page page and then the
+plots are shown on the next page and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots are shown on the next page and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots are shown on the next page and I'm
+going to kind of go back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of go back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kind of go back and forth
+between things um so the plots don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things um so the plots don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between things um so the plots don't
+have to write this down they're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this down they're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write this down they're on the
+other page but if you want to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other page but if you want to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other page but if you want to pay
+attention to which kind of plot goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to which kind of plot goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to which kind of plot goes
+with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which
+plot so these are three different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so these are three different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so these are three different ways
+to quote visualize and some people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote visualize and some people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to quote visualize and some people say
+can you give me another visualization um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me another visualization um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give me another visualization um
+these are really we're really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really we're really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are really we're really just
+trying to think about probabilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about probabilities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to think about probabilities of
+finding electrons here here and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding electrons here here and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding electrons here here and so you
+you can't sort of take a picture of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sort of take a picture of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sort of take a picture of an
+orbital so these are just different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so these are just different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so these are just different ways
+to help people think about that possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people think about that possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help people think about that possible
+distribution of electrons around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of electrons around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of electrons around the
+nucleus all right so one thing that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right so one thing that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus all right so one thing that that
+everyone's feeling pretty good about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's feeling pretty good about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's feeling pretty good about is
+that it should be um spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should be um spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it should be um spherically
+symmetrical for an S orbital and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical for an S orbital and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical for an S orbital and so we
+have a circle and so the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a circle and so the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a circle and so the probability
+density which is shown in this plot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which is shown in this plot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density which is shown in this plot and
+the probability density plots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density plots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability density plots are
+basically just dots where the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just dots where the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just dots where the more
+concentrated the dots are the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated the dots are the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated the dots are the higher the
+probability density um for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density um for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density um for that
+particular the probability for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the probability for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the probability for that
+particular volume um exists so in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular volume um exists so in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular volume um exists so in here
+there's sort of more dots and then less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of more dots and then less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of more dots and then less
+dots as you come out and so that is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots as you come out and so that is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots as you come out and so that is a a
+circle which is what it's uh symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which is what it's uh symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle which is what it's uh symmetrical
+so that's the uh you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the uh you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the uh you can always
+recognize the 1s you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the 1s you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the 1s you have the
+symmetrical thing so this is the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical thing so this is the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical thing so this is the wave
+function squared is this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared is this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function squared is this probability
+ility uh density plot another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ility uh density plot another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ility uh density plot another kind of
+plot that you can see looks at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that you can see looks at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot that you can see looks at the
+radial uh wave function plotted against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial uh wave function plotted against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial uh wave function plotted against
+um the the distance R here distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the distance R here distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the distance R here distance from
+the nucleus and then a third kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and then a third kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus and then a third kind of
+plot is another probability plot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is another probability plot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is another probability plot like
+this one up here but instead of the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one up here but instead of the dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one up here but instead of the dots
+indicating uh the higher probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating uh the higher probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicating uh the higher probability
+density you have a radial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you have a radial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density you have a radial probability
+distribution and so at the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so at the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and so at the nucleus
+um at zero um it will then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at zero um it will then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um at zero um it will then the
+probability goes up the electron is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability goes up the electron is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability goes up the electron is not
+going to crash into the nucleus so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crash into the nucleus so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crash into the nucleus so it
+won't be right on top of the nucleus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be right on top of the nucleus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be right on top of the nucleus but
+as you get out a little bit farther away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get out a little bit farther away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you get out a little bit farther away
+there's a high probability that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high probability that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a high probability that it's
+there and then that decreases again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that decreases again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that decreases again so
+the top one and the bottom one both talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top one and the bottom one both talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top one and the bottom one both talk
+about the probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of finding an
+electron in a particular unit and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a particular unit and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in a particular unit and I'll
+give you just a a little more definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you just a a little more definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you just a a little more definition
+of this and this is on the same page um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and this is on the same page um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and this is on the same page um
+above those different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above those different plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above those different plots
+so the radial dist um probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the radial dist um probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the radial dist um probability
+distribution reports on the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution reports on the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution reports on the probability
+of finding an electron um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding an electron um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of finding an electron um in the
+spherical Shell at some little distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical Shell at some little distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical Shell at some little distance
+Dr from the origin and one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr from the origin and one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr from the origin and one thing that
+comes out of this which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of this which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of this which is pretty
+important is the most probable value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the most probable value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is the most probable value for
+that distance R which is denoted R MP so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance R which is denoted R MP so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance R which is denoted R MP so
+most probable distance and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable distance and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probable distance and for a
+hydrogen atom this is a zero the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom this is a zero the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom this is a zero the bore
+radius and you can see it expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and you can see it expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius and you can see it expressed in
+different units um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different units um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different units um over
+here and from the plot that will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and from the plot that will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and from the plot that will be the
+the um top part of the plot the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um top part of the plot the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um top part of the plot the most
+probable distance in this case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable distance in this case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable distance in this case that's
+the bore radius for the hydrogen atom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore radius for the hydrogen atom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore radius for the hydrogen atom so
+we have now these three different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now these three different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have now these three different kinds
+of plots that you'll see and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots that you'll see and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plots that you'll see and I want to
+point out that they're different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that they're different plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that they're different plots
+sometimes if people are thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if people are thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if people are thinking that
+they're sort of one plot and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of one plot and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of one plot and they're
+trying to read one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to read one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to read one of them is
+probability density and that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density and that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density and that's not what
+it is so we'll look at these um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so we'll look at these um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is so we'll look at these um again
+all right so going back and just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so going back and just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so going back and just look at
+them again now that we sort of talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again now that we sort of talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again now that we sort of talked
+about what all of them are again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what all of them are again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what all of them are again we have
+our sort of dot density probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of dot density probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our sort of dot density probability
+density plot our um wave function plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density plot our um wave function plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density plot our um wave function plot
+and our radial probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our radial probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our radial probability distribution
+plot and for 1s this is uh you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and for 1s this is uh you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and for 1s this is uh you know we
+have the dots closer to the nucleus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dots closer to the nucleus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the dots closer to the nucleus here
+probability goes up and goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability goes up and goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability goes up and goes down and
+here this is really think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is really think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is really think you're
+thinking about this as the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this as the amplitude of
+finding an electron As you move away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron As you move away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron As you move away
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+nucleus so 1s is pretty simple and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so 1s is pretty simple and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so 1s is pretty simple and I
+think these plots are a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these plots are a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think these plots are a lot more
+meaningful when we go on to look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful when we go on to look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful when we go on to look at um
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+orbitals so let's think about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so let's think about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so let's think about those
+other orbitals and we'll finish the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orbitals and we'll finish the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other orbitals and we'll finish the uh
+other plots so um this is just a you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plots so um this is just a you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other plots so um this is just a you can
+actually stay on this page so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stay on this page so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stay on this page so we're
+going a lot of back and forth today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a lot of back and forth today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going a lot of back and forth today so
+here is your uh table that we had before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your uh table that we had before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is your uh table that we had before
+and here's 1 s here's 2s here's 3s these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's 1 s here's 2s here's 3s these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's 1 s here's 2s here's 3s these
+terms are in fact different as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are in fact different as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms are in fact different as you can
+see but the angular term as we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the angular term as we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see but the angular term as we mentioned
+before is still the same so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is still the same so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is still the same so that means
+2s and 3s are still symmetrical so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 3s are still symmetrical so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2s and 3s are still symmetrical so we're
+still thinking about the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thinking about the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still thinking about the probability of
+finding an electron in some volume as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron in some volume as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron in some volume as
+just going out as a distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going out as a distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going out as a distance of
+R so let's look now at the three plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so let's look now at the three plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R so let's look now at the three plots
+and compare those plots and this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare those plots and this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare those plots and this is uh
+the one on your handout so we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on your handout so we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on your handout so we looked at
+I showed you this and now we have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you this and now we have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I showed you this and now we have all of
+these three plots together here and In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three plots together here and In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three plots together here and In
+the comparison of these three I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison of these three I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the comparison of these three I think it
+helps differentiate what you're seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps differentiate what you're seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps differentiate what you're seeing
+in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+plots so important point they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots so important point they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots so important point they're
+spherical 1s 2s 3s they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical 1s 2s 3s they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical 1s 2s 3s they're all
+spherical and here we see the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical and here we see the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical and here we see the dot
+density increase and then the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density increase and then the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density increase and then the dot
+density goes to zero and that's known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes to zero and that's known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes to zero and that's known as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+node and so a node is a value um of r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and so a node is a value um of r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and so a node is a value um of r or
+Theta or fi for which the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta or fi for which the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta or fi for which the wave function
+and wave function squared or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wave function squared or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wave function squared or the
+probability density is zero and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is zero and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is zero and in this
+particular case the type of node that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the type of node that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case the type of node that
+we're seeing is a radial node node and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is a radial node node and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're seeing is a radial node node and
+so that's a value of R for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a value of R for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a value of R for which the
+wave function wave function squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function wave function squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function wave function squared
+probability density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density is
+zero so it goes to zero we have a node a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it goes to zero we have a node a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so it goes to zero we have a node a
+radial node then there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node then there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node then there's more
+probability and then it increases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then it increases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and then it increases and
+then starts decreasing again and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then starts decreasing again and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then starts decreasing again and so if
+you plot this with our with the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot this with our with the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot this with our with the radial
+wave function versus R you see it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function versus R you see it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function versus R you see it go
+down and it crosses uh the zero line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it crosses uh the zero line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it crosses uh the zero line
+here and that's the node and that's at 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's the node and that's at 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's the node and that's at 2
+a0 and then it goes back up and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and then it goes back up and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 and then it goes back up and this
+plot often bothers people they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot often bothers people they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot often bothers people they're saying
+what there's now negative probability no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's now negative probability no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what there's now negative probability no
+these are not the probability diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the probability diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not the probability diagrams
+this is thinking about the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is thinking about the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is thinking about the amplitude of
+finding an electron so we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron so we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding an electron so we don't have to
+worry it can have a positive or A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry it can have a positive or A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry it can have a positive or A
+negative phase to it and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase to it and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase to it and if you look at
+this plot the radial probability um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot the radial probability um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot the radial probability um uh
+distribution plot then you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution plot then you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution plot then you'll see that
+actually the radius the most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the radius the most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the radius the most probable
+radius is in this region over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is in this region over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is in this region over here and
+you see that this is concentrated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is concentrated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that this is concentrated uh
+dots up here so if we think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots up here so if we think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots up here so if we think about these
+two which are really probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which are really probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two which are really probability
+distribution diagrams we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution diagrams we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution diagrams we're thinking
+about the probability of finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the probability of finding an
+electron you have a pro a probability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you have a pro a probability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you have a pro a probability in
+here close to the nucleus then you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here close to the nucleus then you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here close to the nucleus then you get a
+node and then you have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then you have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and then you have another
+probability High probability of finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability High probability of finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability High probability of finding
+the electron in fact that's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in fact that's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron in fact that's the most
+probable radius here for 2s and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable radius here for 2s and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable radius here for 2s and then it
+decreases so this line shows you what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so this line shows you what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases so this line shows you what a
+radial node looks like in all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node looks like in all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial node looks like in all three
+plots in this um ra this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots in this um ra this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots in this um ra this probability
+diagram um wave function squared plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um wave function squared plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram um wave function squared plot it
+looks like there's just an empty space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's just an empty space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like there's just an empty space
+no dots at all down here it's where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dots at all down here it's where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no dots at all down here it's where it
+crosses the line and in the bottom plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the line and in the bottom plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the line and in the bottom plot
+it is where you go up and down and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is where you go up and down and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is where you go up and down and again
+touches the line before going back up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the line before going back up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches the line before going back up so
+you should be able to look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to look at these
+plots and think about what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots and think about what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots and think about what they
+mean for 3s we see the same thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for 3s we see the same thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for 3s we see the same thing but
+now we have um an intense spot in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have um an intense spot in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have um an intense spot in the
+middle through or in the middle near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle through or in the middle near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle through or in the middle near the
+nucleus that is um indicated down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that is um indicated down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus that is um indicated down here
+there's probability of finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability of finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's probability of finding the
+electron near the nucleus then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron near the nucleus then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron near the nucleus then there's a
+node and that's in this plot where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and that's in this plot where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and that's in this plot where it
+crosses the line and in this plot where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the line and in this plot where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses the line and in this plot where
+you have the empty space then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the empty space then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the empty space then you have
+more probability of finding the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probability of finding the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probability of finding the electron
+you have another bump here and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another bump here and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have another bump here and then we
+have another node indicated by touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another node indicated by touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another node indicated by touching
+the zero line here touching here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero line here touching here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero line here touching here that's
+at 7.1 AO and then we have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 7.1 AO and then we have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 7.1 AO and then we have more
+probability of finding uh the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding uh the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of finding uh the electron
+and this is where the uh most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the uh most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is where the uh most probable
+radius is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is at
+11.5 so again you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.5 so again you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11.5 so again you need to be able to
+look at these diagrams and recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these diagrams and recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these diagrams and recognize
+what constitutes a radial node and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitutes a radial node and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what constitutes a radial node and a
+node is a place where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is a place where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is a place where there is no
+probability that you're going to find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electron so now let's think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so now let's think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so now let's think about how
+many nodes or radial nodes you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nodes or radial nodes you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many nodes or radial nodes you should
+have when you have different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you have different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have when you have different types of
+orbitals and this is just a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is just a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals and this is just a similar
+diagram to what I just showed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to what I just showed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram to what I just showed this is
+the wave function squared U probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function squared U probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function squared U probability
+uh diagram and now instead of blue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagram and now instead of blue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diagram and now instead of blue you
+have orange dots but otherwise should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orange dots but otherwise should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have orange dots but otherwise should be
+the same so for 1s for 2s um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so for 1s for 2s um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so for 1s for 2s um and
+3s so for the 1s orbital we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so for the 1s orbital we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so for the 1s orbital we can
+calculate how many radial nodes that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how many radial nodes that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate how many radial nodes that we
+should have by using this handy formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have by using this handy formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have by using this handy formula
+n -1 - L so for 1 s we have 1 - 1 and L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n -1 - L so for 1 s we have 1 - 1 and L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n -1 - L so for 1 s we have 1 - 1 and L
+is zero so we have zero radial nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so we have zero radial nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so we have zero radial nodes and
+we can see that from that diagram there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that from that diagram there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see that from that diagram there
+are zero radial nodes 2s now two and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero radial nodes 2s now two and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero radial nodes 2s now two and is
+2 Min - one - 0 so that's one radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Min - one - 0 so that's one radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Min - one - 0 so that's one radial
+node and the radial node again in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and the radial node again in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node and the radial node again in this
+kind of diagram is the empty space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of diagram is the empty space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of diagram is the empty space and
+that uh radial node is at 2 um8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh radial node is at 2 um8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh radial node is at 2 um8
+a0 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 for
+3s we have n = 3 -1 - L which is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s we have n = 3 -1 - L which is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s we have n = 3 -1 - L which is still
+zero so we have two radial nodes and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we have two radial nodes and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we have two radial nodes and so
+again the empty space here and the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the empty space here and the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the empty space here and the at
+1.9 AO and then at 7.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 AO and then at 7.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.9 AO and then at 7.1
+AO so why don't you give this a try now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AO so why don't you give this a try now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AO so why don't you give this a try now
+and tell me what kind of radial nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me what kind of radial nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tell me what kind of radial nodes
+you would expect for 4 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay 10 seconds these are pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so again we have to do n which is 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so again we have to do n which is 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so again we have to do n which is 4
+minus 1 and then what is l in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then what is l in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 and then what is l in this
+case one so that gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one so that gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case one so that gives you
+two all right so 4 - one - one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so 4 - one - one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two all right so 4 - one - one or
+two radial notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two radial notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two radial notes
+all right don't put your clickers away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right don't put your clickers away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right don't put your clickers away
+let's try uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else so now tell me which of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so now tell me which of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so now tell me which of these is
+correct both in terms of the indicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct both in terms of the indicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct both in terms of the indicated
+number of radial nodes and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of radial nodes and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of radial nodes and in terms of
+the plot for a 5S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orbital for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds we're veing it up in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds we're veing it up in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds we're veing it up in terms of
+uh in terms of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in terms of of the
+plots okay so uh maybe someone someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots okay so uh maybe someone someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots okay so uh maybe someone someone
+want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say
+uh say what the right answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say what the right answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say what the right answer is
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um so by the formula we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so by the formula we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um so by the formula we just did
+you know that has four radial nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that has four radial nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that has four radial nodes and
+if you look at the graph of one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the graph of one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the graph of one there's
+three and then there's another one at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then there's another one at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then there's another one at
+the origin so that's four radial nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right wait um actually oh I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wait um actually oh I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wait um actually oh I just
+realized that let me count here so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that let me count here so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that let me count here so this
+answer here we should have four uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here we should have four uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer here we should have four uh
+radial nodes that is correct because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes that is correct because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes that is correct because we
+have n minus one minus L actually this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n minus one minus L actually this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n minus one minus L actually this I
+think this is going to this an this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to this an this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is going to this an this
+should be going to this answer cuz if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be going to this answer cuz if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be going to this answer cuz if we
+count 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count 1 2 3
+4 sorry the new plot is like highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 sorry the new plot is like highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 sorry the new plot is like highly
+confusing I have to count yeah so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing I have to count yeah so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing I have to count yeah so the
+one at the origin should actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at the origin should actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at the origin should actually not
+count this is not a node um and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this is not a node um and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count this is not a node um and uh so
+this this is this so we have 1 two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is this so we have 1 two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is this so we have 1 two three
+four should be our four radial nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four should be our four radial nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four should be our four radial nodes
+that's a nucleus and there isn't one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nucleus and there isn't one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a nucleus and there isn't one
+there but that's doesn't count as a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that's doesn't count as a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but that's doesn't count as a node
+so this should be here I guess that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be here I guess that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be here I guess that's
+the PR but thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PR but thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PR but thank you very much
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and let see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here well you were brave enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well you were brave enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well you were brave enough to
+answer yeah there's a question Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah there's a question Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yeah there's a question Yeah
+question y should there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question y should there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question y should there
+also should there also be a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also should there also be a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also should there also be a certain
+number of peaks in the um in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of peaks in the um in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of peaks in the um in the graph
+as well as notes yeah so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as notes yeah so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as notes yeah so if you look at
+um the Peaks these These are really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Peaks these These are really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Peaks these These are really hard
+to draw and I think that's partly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw and I think that's partly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw and I think that's partly what
+the problem is but when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is but when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is but when we look
+um later in the handout where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later in the handout where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um later in the handout where they're
+drawn a little bit more carefully you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a little bit more carefully you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a little bit more carefully you do
+have it does increase so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it does increase so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it does increase so there are
+different numbers so we'll have a we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers so we'll have a we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers so we'll have a we'll
+have nodes going down here but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nodes going down here but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nodes going down here but then
+we'll have more distributions but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have more distributions but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have more distributions but often
+the ones at the at as you go along it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones at the at as you go along it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones at the at as you go along it
+does indicate where the most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does indicate where the most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does indicate where the most probable
+radius is as the taller ones and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is as the taller ones and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius is as the taller ones and that
+there it's you it's usually drawn at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's you it's usually drawn at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's you it's usually drawn at the
+end so we have some plots and I'll point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so we have some plots and I'll point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end so we have some plots and I'll point
+this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+okay we're going to look at more plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to look at more plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're going to look at more plots
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+worry so if anyone's good at drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry so if anyone's good at drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry so if anyone's good at drawing
+those let me know because they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those let me know because they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those let me know because they're really
+hard to draw so a lot of them are copied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to draw so a lot of them are copied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to draw so a lot of them are copied
+from the book but then they don't copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the book but then they don't copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the book but then they don't copy
+very well okay so let's consider other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well okay so let's consider other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well okay so let's consider other
+kinds of nodes and we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nodes and we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of nodes and we're going to come
+back to radial nodes all right so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to radial nodes all right so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to radial nodes all right so what
+about P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about P
+orbitals so here we have our table again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so here we have our table again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals so here we have our table again
+these are our P orbitals over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our P orbitals over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are our P orbitals over here um
+and uh and we have our our n equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we have our our n equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and we have our our n equals 2
+cases here and our L equals 1 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here and our L equals 1 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases here and our L equals 1 so this
+these are X Y and Z so our three p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are X Y and Z so our three p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are X Y and Z so our three p
+orbitals over here and the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals over here and the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals over here and the important
+point is not to memorize what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is not to memorize what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is not to memorize what these
+values are but now all of a sudden we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are but now all of a sudden we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are but now all of a sudden we
+have dependence on angles so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dependence on angles so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dependence on angles so we're going
+to have an angular component to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an angular component to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an angular component to these
+and that means the probability density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means the probability density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means the probability density
+as you go out uh from the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go out uh from the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go out uh from the nucleus
+doesn't just depend on R anymore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just depend on R anymore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just depend on R anymore it
+depends on uh Theta and five which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on uh Theta and five which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on uh Theta and five which are
+sort of the uh equivalent in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the uh equivalent in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the uh equivalent in sort of
+math in sort of uh and to latitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math in sort of uh and to latitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math in sort of uh and to latitude and
+longitude if you're thinking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude if you're thinking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude if you're thinking about uh
+geography all right so let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography all right so let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geography all right so let's see what
+that looks like so that means then the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like so that means then the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like so that means then the P
+orbitals are not spherically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are not spherically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals are not spherically
+symmetrical because it depends on angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical because it depends on angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical because it depends on angle
+so you just don't go out and have have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just don't go out and have have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just don't go out and have have
+the probability depend on the radius and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability depend on the radius and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability depend on the radius and
+it's symmetrical in all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetrical in all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetrical in all the different
+directions and here are what some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and here are what some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and here are what some of
+them look like these figures are uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them look like these figures are uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them look like these figures are uh in
+your handouts here are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handouts here are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your handouts here are some other
+figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the orbitals consist of two lobes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the orbitals consist of two lobes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the orbitals consist of two lobes so
+you could view this as a lobe up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could view this as a lobe up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could view this as a lobe up here
+and a lobe down here or you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lobe down here or you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lobe down here or you have these
+lobes as these two different colors over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes as these two different colors over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes as these two different colors over
+here and the lobes are separated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the lobes are separated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the lobes are separated by a
+nodal plane and the nodal plane is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane and the nodal plane is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal plane and the nodal plane is a
+plane on which um the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane on which um the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane on which um the probability of
+finding the electrons is uh zero so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electrons is uh zero so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the electrons is uh zero so in
+the top drawing the nodal plane is drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top drawing the nodal plane is drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top drawing the nodal plane is drawn
+as a plane and in the bottom uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plane and in the bottom uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a plane and in the bottom uh uh
+bottom drawings you don't see a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom drawings you don't see a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom drawings you don't see a plane
+you just see an empty space between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see an empty space between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just see an empty space between the
+loes so empty space here empty space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes so empty space here empty space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loes so empty space here empty space
+here empty space there and so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here empty space there and so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here empty space there and so if it
+helps you to kind of think about an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you to kind of think about an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you to kind of think about an
+actual uh plane in between that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh plane in between that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual uh plane in between that's good
+or you can just think that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just think that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just think that there's a
+break between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break between these
+nodes and again the nodal plane um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and again the nodal plane um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and again the nodal plane um
+there's no probability of finding um an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no probability of finding um an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no probability of finding um an
+electron in the nodal planes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the nodal planes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in the nodal planes and the
+nodal planes are at the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal planes are at the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodal planes are at the nucleus
+therefore there is zero probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there is zero probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore there is zero probability of
+finding a p electron at the nucleus s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a p electron at the nucleus s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a p electron at the nucleus s
+can get pretty close to the nucleus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get pretty close to the nucleus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get pretty close to the nucleus but
+with a p orbital there's a nodal plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a p orbital there's a nodal plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a p orbital there's a nodal plane
+there no no electrons are going to be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no no electrons are going to be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no no electrons are going to be um
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+nucleus so now if you're going out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so now if you're going out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so now if you're going out from
+the nucleus the probability of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus the probability of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus the probability of an
+electron finding it you could be going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron finding it you could be going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron finding it you could be going
+if you're going out in this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going out in this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going out in this direction
+there's you know you're not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know you're not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know you're not going to do
+very well if you're going in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well if you're going in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well if you're going in this
+direction you should do a lot better so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you should do a lot better so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you should do a lot better so
+here the angular components really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the angular components really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the angular components really
+matter that defines the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that defines the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that defines the shape of the
+orbital and where you're going what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and where you're going what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital and where you're going what
+direction you're going in what angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're going in what angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you're going in what angles
+you're going in matters in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going in matters in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going in matters in terms of
+whether you're going to find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're going to find that
+electron or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or
+not so another way to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so another way to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so another way to think about this
+um in this sort of these these nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this sort of these these nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this sort of these these nodal
+planes um so here we'll just uh Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes um so here we'll just uh Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes um so here we'll just uh Define
+what plane it is so we have our pz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plane it is so we have our pz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what plane it is so we have our pz
+orbital that's a nodal plane then in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that's a nodal plane then in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that's a nodal plane then in X
+and Y and so X and Y are over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and so X and Y are over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y and so X and Y are over here um
+our PX orbital is going to be in or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our PX orbital is going to be in or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our PX orbital is going to be in or the
+notal plane is going to be in YZ plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notal plane is going to be in YZ plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notal plane is going to be in YZ plane
+so over here and py will be in XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here and py will be in XZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so over here and py will be in XZ
+plane so again these noal planes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so again these noal planes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so again these noal planes there's
+no uh electron density there and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh electron density there and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh electron density there and this
+this arise from these angular nodes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arise from these angular nodes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arise from these angular nodes in
+the wave function so angular nodes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function so angular nodes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function so angular nodes then
+are are these angular nodal planes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are these angular nodal planes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are these angular nodal planes are
+values of theta and fi for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta and fi for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of theta and fi for which the
+wave function wave function squared are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function wave function squared are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function wave function squared are
+zero so this is very diff different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is very diff different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so this is very diff different from
+the S case where we only had radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S case where we only had radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S case where we only had radial
+nodes but now when in the P orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes but now when in the P orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes but now when in the P orbitals
+where the angular component matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the angular component matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the angular component matters
+they're angular nodes as well so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're angular nodes as well so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're angular nodes as well so we can
+think about how to calculate the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to calculate the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how to calculate the angular
+nodes um so so total nodes is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes um so so total nodes is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes um so so total nodes is going to
+be equal to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be equal to n
+minus1 the angular nodes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 the angular nodes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 the angular nodes is
+L and as we saw before the radial nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and as we saw before the radial nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and as we saw before the radial nodes
+are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n
+-1-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1-
+l all right so let's have more practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l all right so let's have more practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l all right so let's have more practice
+in calculating these and then we'll look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculating these and then we'll look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in calculating these and then we'll look
+at some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some more
+diagrams so for 2 s total nodes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so for 2 s total nodes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so for 2 s total nodes and you
+can just yell this out total nodes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just yell this out total nodes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just yell this out total nodes will
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+what one 2 - one are one angular nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one 2 - one are one angular nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one 2 - one are one angular nodes
+are zero zero for One S there is none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero zero for One S there is none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero zero for One S there is none
+and if you forget L equals zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you forget L equals zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you forget L equals zero there
+radial nodes is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be right 2 - 1 - 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right 2 - 1 - 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right 2 - 1 - 0 or
+1 all right let's try three or sorry 2 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right let's try three or sorry 2 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right let's try three or sorry 2 p
+is next total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is next total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is next total
+nodes one again so 2 - one are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes one again so 2 - one are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes one again so 2 - one are one
+angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular
+nodes 1 l = 1 here and Radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes 1 l = 1 here and Radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes 1 l = 1 here and Radial
+nodes right 2 - 1 - one or zero so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes right 2 - 1 - one or zero so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes right 2 - 1 - one or zero so since
+there's only one total node if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one total node if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one total node if you
+figured out there was one angular node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out there was one angular node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out there was one angular node
+you could even realize that there had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even realize that there had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could even realize that there had to
+be zero there it's a way to check maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero there it's a way to check maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero there it's a way to check maybe
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+equations all right so let's try uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all right so let's try uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations all right so let's try uh for
+3D now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing all right let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right let's just do 10 more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all right let's just do 10 more
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and let's just uh work that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's just uh work that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's just uh work that out
+over here so total nodes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so total nodes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here so total nodes for
+3D we have 3 minus one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D we have 3 minus one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3D we have 3 minus one or
+two angular nodes L equal 2 for D so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angular nodes L equal 2 for D so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angular nodes L equal 2 for D so so
+radial nodes we have 3 -1 - 2 or zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes we have 3 -1 - 2 or zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial nodes we have 3 -1 - 2 or zero
+all right so bring these handouts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so bring these handouts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so bring these handouts on
+Wednesday because we need to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because we need to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because we need to go back and
+look at more radial probability diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more radial probability diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at more radial probability diagrams
+and talk more about nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+all right let's just do 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good job everyone all right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good job everyone all right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good job everyone all right I'm
+gonna let's let's look through this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let's let's look through this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna let's let's look through this a
+little bit and you can sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and you can sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and you can sort of uh
+everyone can help uh yell out some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can help uh yell out some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can help uh yell out some
+responses so this was 2s and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so this was 2s and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses so this was 2s and that was
+the correct uh answer which uh type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct uh answer which uh type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct uh answer which uh type of
+orbital is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+2p and if you couldn't read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p and if you couldn't read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2p and if you couldn't read this
+information here you should have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here you should have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information here you should have been
+able to read the information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read the information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to read the information about the
+no nod what kind what equation is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nod what kind what equation is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no nod what kind what equation is that
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+nodes yeah n -1 - L For What kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes yeah n -1 - L For What kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes yeah n -1 - L For What kind of
+nodes radial nodes right so if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes radial nodes right so if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes radial nodes right so if you know
+what it means if L equals Z versus L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means if L equals Z versus L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means if L equals Z versus L
+equals 1 and you knew this was L then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and you knew this was L then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and you knew this was L then
+you could tell if it was an S orbital or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell if it was an S orbital or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could tell if it was an S orbital or
+a p orbital and then whether it was 2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p orbital and then whether it was 2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a p orbital and then whether it was 2 or
+3 p is from the N so even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 p is from the N so even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 p is from the N so even if you
+couldn't read this if you know knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't read this if you know knew that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't read this if you know knew that
+expression then you were okay um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then you were okay um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then you were okay um what
+kind of orbital was in plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of orbital was in plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of orbital was in plot
+C this was a 3 S L equals z and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this was a 3 S L equals z and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C this was a 3 S L equals z and then
+this is a what 3 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and l equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and l equals
+2 louder d right so do 3 PX 3 py and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 louder d right so do 3 PX 3 py and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 louder d right so do 3 PX 3 py and 3
+pz have different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz have different plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pz have different plots
+no they wouldn't have they wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they wouldn't have they wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no they wouldn't have they wouldn't have
+different plots okay so we'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots okay so we'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plots okay so we'll continue
+to uh to look at this um and uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to look at this um and uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to look at this um and uh we're
+going to be starting with the handout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be starting with the handout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be starting with the handout
+from last time and so let's continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time and so let's continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last time and so let's continue
+with Monday and continue with these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Monday and continue with these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Monday and continue with these uh
+radial probability uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distributions okay so this is again from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay so this is again from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions okay so this is again from
+Monday page six we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday page six we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday page six we're talking about
+orbital size and we've already looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital size and we've already looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital size and we've already looked at
+this a little bit today so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit today so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit today so we should
+should be able to uh go through this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to uh go through this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to uh go through this now
+in a little bit more detail you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit more detail you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit more detail you've
+already thought about it so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already thought about it so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already thought about it so here we have
+the 2s orbital and we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2s orbital and we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2s orbital and we're going to have
+one node using our equation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node using our equation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node using our equation that you
+just told me nus oneus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told me nus oneus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told me nus oneus
+L and when we go from 2s to 2p here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and when we go from 2s to 2p here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and when we go from 2s to 2p here we
+have no radial nodes um and we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no radial nodes um and we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no radial nodes um and we can look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+rmp which is the radius of ma the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmp which is the radius of ma the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmp which is the radius of ma the
+maximal probability of find finding an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal probability of find finding an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal probability of find finding an
+electron and you can note that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you can note that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and you can note that when you
+go from from the 2s to the 2p the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from from the 2s to the 2p the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from from the 2s to the 2p the radius
+actually decreases so the most probable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decreases so the most probable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually decreases so the most probable
+radius for 2p is less than that of 2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius for 2p is less than that of 2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius for 2p is less than that of 2s
+now let's consider the 3 n = 3 so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's consider the 3 n = 3 so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's consider the 3 n = 3 so we
+have the 3 S situation over here um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 3 S situation over here um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 3 S situation over here um and
+so L equals z we have two nodes here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L equals z we have two nodes here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so L equals z we have two nodes here and
+now if you look at the radius um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the radius um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the radius um the
+axis over here you'll see that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis over here you'll see that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis over here you'll see that the most
+probable for 2s is you know close to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable for 2s is you know close to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probable for 2s is you know close to 5
+AO where AO is the bore radius and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AO where AO is the bore radius and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AO where AO is the bore radius and over
+here you're talking between 10 and 15 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're talking between 10 and 15 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're talking between 10 and 15 so
+we see an increase in size going this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an increase in size going this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see an increase in size going this
+way and then when we go from 3S to 3 p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then when we go from 3S to 3 p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and then when we go from 3S to 3 p
+so here we have 3 - 1 - L which is 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have 3 - 1 - L which is 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have 3 - 1 - L which is 1 so
+we have 1 one node down to 3D 3 - 1 - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 1 one node down to 3D 3 - 1 - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 1 one node down to 3D 3 - 1 - 2
+zero nodes and you see that there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nodes and you see that there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero nodes and you see that there is a
+decrease here in the most probable uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease here in the most probable uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease here in the most probable uh
+radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius
+so okay interesting all right so um 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay interesting all right so um 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay interesting all right so um 3D
+has the smallest next 3 p next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the smallest next 3 p next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the smallest next 3 p next
+3s so there's two different Trends we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so there's two different Trends we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3s so there's two different Trends we're
+seeing one as we increase L within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing one as we increase L within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing one as we increase L within the
+same n number and one going from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same n number and one going from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same n number and one going from a
+smaller n value of n to a larger value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller n value of n to a larger value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller n value of n to a larger value
+and then again within the three within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again within the three within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again within the three within
+the N value as we change l so again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N value as we change l so again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N value as we change l so again to
+uh say the same thing a different way um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say the same thing a different way um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say the same thing a different way um
+as n increases from 2 to three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n increases from 2 to three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as n increases from 2 to three the
+radius most probable radius or the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius most probable radius or the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius most probable radius or the size
+increas inrees so from here to here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increas inrees so from here to here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increas inrees so from here to here we
+have an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an increase in
+size and I just want to make sure people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and I just want to make sure people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and I just want to make sure people
+have time to kind of get all of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to kind of get all of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to kind of get all of this uh
+down but should be good um I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but should be good um I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but should be good um I have a
+little picture that just shows they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture that just shows they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture that just shows they're
+very different in size okay so we'll go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in size okay so we'll go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different in size okay so we'll go
+back to uh to this again and then as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh to this again and then as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to uh to this again and then as I
+also said as L increases for a given n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also said as L increases for a given n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also said as L increases for a given n
+so from L equals z to Lal 1 here then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from L equals z to Lal 1 here then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from L equals z to Lal 1 here then we
+have a decrease in the size so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a decrease in the size so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a decrease in the size so you can
+see the most probable radius moves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the most probable radius moves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the most probable radius moves over
+and then here is another within n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is another within n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here is another within n and
+nals 3 we see again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 3 we see again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nals 3 we see again this
+decrease so those are the two trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so those are the two trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease so those are the two trends
+that you observe when you look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe when you look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you observe when you look at these
+radial probability distributions so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distributions so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial probability distributions so for
+exam one next week you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one next week you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam one next week you should be able to
+draw distri butions like this you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw distri butions like this you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw distri butions like this you should
+be able to tell me how many radial nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell me how many radial nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to tell me how many radial nodes
+you have for different types of orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for different types of orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for different types of orbitals
+um and you should know these Trends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you should know these Trends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you should know these Trends in
+size so um I think uh in the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so um I think uh in the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so um I think uh in the exam
+instructions it says up to uh a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions it says up to uh a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions it says up to uh a five
+case you don't have to go on forever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't have to go on forever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't have to go on forever to
+be able to draw them but you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw them but you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to draw them but you should be
+able to look at these and tell what kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at these and tell what kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at these and tell what kind
+of orbital it is and uh where the nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orbital it is and uh where the nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of orbital it is and uh where the nodes
+are be able to draw where the nodes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are be able to draw where the nodes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are be able to draw where the nodes are
+one node here one two one node here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node here one two one node here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node here one two one node here this
+kind of thing will be on the exam next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing will be on the exam next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing will be on the exam next
+week all right so there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week all right so there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week all right so there's something
+that's a little counterintuitive when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little counterintuitive when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little counterintuitive when it
+comes to this size issue and that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to this size issue and that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes to this size issue and that has to
+do with how this correlates um to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how this correlates um to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how this correlates um to the
+amount of Shield shielding and as we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Shield shielding and as we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Shield shielding and as we see
+later to the energy levels so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later to the energy levels so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later to the energy levels so only
+electrons in the S State here really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the S State here really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the S State here really
+have any kind of substantial probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of substantial probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any kind of substantial probability
+that they'll be close to the nucleus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll be close to the nucleus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll be close to the nucleus so
+we have this little blip over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this little blip over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this little blip over here um
+that is close to the nucleus that are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is close to the nucleus that are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is close to the nucleus that are at
+very small radi very small values of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small radi very small values of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small radi very small values of R
+even though the most probable is out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the most probable is out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the most probable is out
+here if we compare 3S to 3p and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we compare 3S to 3p and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if we compare 3S to 3p and look at
+where the electrons are that are closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are that are closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the electrons are that are closest
+to the nucleus they're quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nucleus they're quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nucleus they're quite a bit
+farther away than in the 3s or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away than in the 3s or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther away than in the 3s or there's
+more probability that there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probability that there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more probability that there's going to
+be some closer here and then the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some closer here and then the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some closer here and then the closest
+uh probability over here for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability over here for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probability over here for these
+electrons is quite a bit farther away so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is quite a bit farther away so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is quite a bit farther away so
+we see these circles kind of move out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see these circles kind of move out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see these circles kind of move out so
+even though the overall um radius the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the overall um radius the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the overall um radius the
+sort of size of the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of size of the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of size of the whole thing is
+decreasing the probability that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the probability that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the probability that they're
+going to be electrons really close is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be electrons really close is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be electrons really close is
+actually going in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going in the opposite direction
+and so what this means is that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what this means is that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what this means is that s
+electrons are the least shielded because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are the least shielded because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are the least shielded because
+there's higher probability that there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's higher probability that there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's higher probability that there'll
+be some close to the nucleus there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some close to the nucleus there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some close to the nucleus there's
+more penetration close to the nucleus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more penetration close to the nucleus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more penetration close to the nucleus so
+um s electrons are the least shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um s electrons are the least shielded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um s electrons are the least shielded
+and we're going to come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to come back to this
+when we move on to today's handout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we move on to today's handout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we move on to today's handout this
+is really important in terms of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important in terms of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important in terms of thinking
+about the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the energy
+levels and I'm going to have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and I'm going to have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and I'm going to have these
+diagrams on the handout um for today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams on the handout um for today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams on the handout um for today so
+we'll see them again all right so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see them again all right so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see them again all right so before
+we move to that handout we got to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move to that handout we got to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move to that handout we got to finish
+our quantum numbers um and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quantum numbers um and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our quantum numbers um and talk about
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+spin so the fourth quantum number descri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so the fourth quantum number descri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so the fourth quantum number descri
+describes the spin on the electron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the spin on the electron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the spin on the electron and
+we already saw the magnetic quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw the magnetic quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already saw the magnetic quantum
+number M we saw m sub L and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number M we saw m sub L and now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number M we saw m sub L and now we have
+M subs and the S stands for spin so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M subs and the S stands for spin so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M subs and the S stands for spin so
+there's some nomenclature that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some nomenclature that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some nomenclature that actually
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense so there are two possible spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so there are two possible spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so there are two possible spin
+values for an electron Ms can equal plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for an electron Ms can equal plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for an electron Ms can equal plus
+a half spin up or minus a half spin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half spin up or minus a half spin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half spin up or minus a half spin down
+and here are some uh little pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so this Ms term this spin magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this Ms term this spin magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this Ms term this spin magnetic
+quantum number completes the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number completes the description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum number completes the description
+of the electron but it's not dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron but it's not dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electron but it's not dependent
+on the orbital to describe an orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the orbital to describe an orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the orbital to describe an orbital
+completely you only need three quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you only need three quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely you only need three quantum
+numbers but to describe the electron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but to describe the electron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but to describe the electron you
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+four and that is shown again here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and that is shown again here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and that is shown again here on
+this picture so or on this slide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so or on this slide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture so or on this slide you
+need three quantum numbers you need n l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three quantum numbers you need n l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need three quantum numbers you need n l
+and m sub L to describe the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m sub L to describe the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m sub L to describe the quantum
+number describe the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number describe the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number describe the orbital
+completely but you need a fourth one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but you need a fourth one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but you need a fourth one
+this M Subs to describe the electron so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this M Subs to describe the electron so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this M Subs to describe the electron so
+if you see wave function NL M sub L you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see wave function NL M sub L you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see wave function NL M sub L you
+say that's telling me what the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's telling me what the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's telling me what the orbital
+is and if we add the M Subs then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if we add the M Subs then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and if we add the M Subs then you
+look at that and said oh that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and said oh that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that and said oh that's going to
+tell me all the way to the electron what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me all the way to the electron what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me all the way to the electron what
+is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going
+on so this final quantum number um led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this final quantum number um led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this final quantum number um led
+to what we know as Paul's Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we know as Paul's Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we know as Paul's Exclusion
+Principle which is that no two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle which is that no two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle which is that no two electrons
+can have the same four quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the same four quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have the same four quantum numbers
+they can't have the same no two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't have the same no two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't have the same no two
+electrons can have the same spin in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can have the same spin in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can have the same spin in
+other words so if we are drawing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so if we are drawing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words so if we are drawing a
+configuration for neon with 10 electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for neon with 10 electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration for neon with 10 electrons
+we're going to have with one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have with one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have with one electron
+being up spin the next one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being up spin the next one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being up spin the next one is going to
+be down because if we had two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down because if we had two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down because if we had two of these
+both going up they would have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both going up they would have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both going up they would have the same
+four quantum numbers and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quantum numbers and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four quantum numbers and that's not
+allowed by Paul's Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed by Paul's Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed by Paul's Exclusion
+Principle so when you have two here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle so when you have two here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle so when you have two here one
+spin up one spin down in an orbital then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up one spin down in an orbital then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin up one spin down in an orbital then
+we say that those electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that those electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say that those electrons are
+paired and an important thing that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired and an important thing that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired and an important thing that kind
+of comes out of all of this is that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes out of all of this is that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes out of all of this is that one
+orbital can't hold more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital can't hold more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital can't hold more than two
+electrons if it did there'd be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons if it did there'd be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons if it did there'd be another
+electron that would have the same four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that would have the same four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that would have the same four
+quantum numbers because you need three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers because you need three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers because you need three
+quantum numbers to describe the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers to describe the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers to describe the electron
+uh or the orbital we need three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the orbital we need three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or the orbital we need three to
+describe say that it's nals 1 that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe say that it's nals 1 that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe say that it's nals 1 that it's
+and then it's s State um so we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's s State um so we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's s State um so we need
+those other ones to describe the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other ones to describe the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those other ones to describe the orbital
+and then the fourth one to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the fourth one to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the fourth one to describe
+describe the spin so if we add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the spin so if we add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the spin so if we add another
+electron you'd have two that were spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you'd have two that were spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you'd have two that were spin
+up say and that just wouldn't work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up say and that just wouldn't work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up say and that just wouldn't work so
+you cannot have more than two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have more than two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot have more than two electrons
+in the same orbital and this makes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same orbital and this makes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same orbital and this makes a lot
+of sense when you think about why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense when you think about why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense when you think about why you
+would be putting electrons in orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be putting electrons in orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be putting electrons in orbitals
+that are higher energy why not just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are higher energy why not just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are higher energy why not just keep
+putting them in the low energy orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in the low energy orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting them in the low energy orbital
+and it's because you can't do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's because you can't do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's because you can't do that you
+can't put more than two electrons in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put more than two electrons in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't put more than two electrons in and
+so therefore once you filled a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore once you filled a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore once you filled a lower
+energy orbital you got to move up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy orbital you got to move up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy orbital you got to move up to the
+next lowest energy orbital
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V3XHn35BLfo.txt b/V3XHn35BLfo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b60583b66ac27ae76699cd596137d4ea4fc8aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V3XHn35BLfo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1391 @@
+Good morning, class.    
+
+I just wanted to spend the first couple minutes clearing up three  
+
+issues.  None is a major conceptual issue, but we like to focus on  
+
+details and get them right,  get them correct here as well.   
+
+Firstly, I misdrew a reaction last time that described why RNA is  
+
+alkali labile,  i.e., if we have high pH we call  
+
+that an alkali pH,  or an alkaline pH, actually,   
+
+to use the adjective.  And we said that hydroxyl groups can  
+
+cause the cleavage of the phosphodiester bonds of RNA but not  
+
+DNA.  And the way I described that happening is that the alkali group  
+
+causes the formation of this five-membered ring right here,   
+
+two carbons, two oxygens and a phosphate.  And that resolves  
+
+eventually to this where there's no longer any connection with the  
+
+ribonucleoside monophosphate below.  And I drew it like this,   
+
+without an oxygen, and that's a no-no because,   
+
+in fact, in truth,  and as many of you picked up,   
+
+this reverts to a two prime hydroxyl.  So, please note there's a mistake  
+
+there.  There's also a couple other mistakes.  For example,   
+
+in the textbook it gives you the impression that when you polymerize  
+
+nucleic acids you use a monophosphate to do so.   
+
+And, if you listened to my lecture last time, that doesn't make any  
+
+sense, because you need to invest the energy of a triphosphate in  
+
+order to create enough energy to generate enough energy for the  
+
+polymerization.  The textbook is incorrect there.   
+
+Textbooks are written by people,  for better or worse,   
+
+and as such, like everything else,  they are a mortal and fallible.  So,   
+
+the truth of the matter is, when you're polymerizing DNA or RNA you  
+
+need one of the four ribonucleoside or deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates  
+
+in order to donate the energy that makes possible this polymerization.   
+
+And please note that is a mistake in the book.  Recall,   
+
+as I said last time,  the fact that ATP is really the  
+
+currency of energy in the cell,  and that its energy is stored and  
+
+coiled up in this pent up spring where the mutual electrostatic  
+
+repulsion between the three negatively charged phosphates  
+
+carries with it enormous potential energy.   
+
+And some of that potential energy can be realized,   
+
+during the synthesis of polymerization of nucleic acids by  
+
+cleaving this bond here.  One can also generate potential  
+
+energy by cleaving this bond here.  This is the alpha, the beta and the  
+
+gamma-phosphate.  And cleavage of either can create  
+
+substantial energy,  which in turn can, as we'll indicate  
+
+shortly, be invested in other reactions.  The reaction  
+
+of polymerization.  A second point I'd like to make to  
+
+you is the following,  and you'd say it's kind of  
+
+coincidence.  The currency of energy in the cell is ATP,   
+
+adenosine triphosphate,  we see its structure here,   
+
+and this happens to be one of the four precursors of the RNA.   
+
+So, the same molecule is used in these two different ostensively  
+
+unrelated applications.  One, to polymerize to make RNA  
+
+where genetic information is stored and conveyed.   
+
+Or, alternatively it's used here in this context in order to serve as a  
+
+currency for energy.  High energy as ATP.  ADP with a  
+
+little lower energy.  AMP monophosphate with even lower  
+
+energy.  And you might ask yourself,  scratch your head and say why is the  
+
+same molecule used for these two different things?   
+
+In fact, there are yet other applications of these  
+
+ribonucleosides which also seem to be unrelated to the storage or the  
+
+conveyance of genetic information.  And it is believed,   
+
+probably correctly, that the reason why the same molecule is used for  
+
+these totally different applications is that early in the evolution of  
+
+life on this planet there really were a rather small number of  
+
+biological molecules that existed.  Indeed, as we'll mention again  
+
+later, it's probably the case that the first organisms didn't use DNA  
+
+as genomes.  It's an article of faith with us that one stores  
+
+genetic information in DNA molecules.   
+
+And I implied that quite explicitly last time.  But,   
+
+the fact of the matter is,  it's probably the case that the  
+
+first organism,  the first pre-cellular life forms  
+
+used RNA as the genetic material,  RNA to store things, replicating RNA  
+
+via double-stranded RNA molecules as a way of archiving genetic  
+
+information.  And only later during the evolution of life on this planet,   
+
+when that later was we can't tell,  but it could have been a hundred or  
+
+two hundred years later.  Obviously, if we're talking about  
+
+the origin of life as between 3.  and 3.5 billion years ago, we can't  
+
+really localize that in time very well, but only later was DNA  
+
+assigned the job of storing,  in a stable fashion, genetic  
+
+information.  And as a consequence,  we come to realize as well yet  
+
+another discovery,  which is that all the catalysts that  
+
+we're going to talk about today,  the enzymes as we call them, almost  
+
+all modern-day enzymes are proteins.  And we talked about them briefly  
+
+before.  But over the last 15 years,  20 years there's been the discovery  
+
+that certain RNA molecules also posses the ability to catalyze  
+
+certain kinds of reactions.  When I was taking biochemistry,   
+
+if somebody would have told me that,  I would have called the psychiatric  
+
+ward because that was such an outlandish idea.   
+
+How can an RNA molecule catalyze a biochemical reaction?   
+
+It doesn't have all the side groups that one needs to create the  
+
+catalytic sites for reactions.  But we now realize, on the basis of  
+
+research which actually led to a Nobel Prize being awarded about five  
+
+years ago, that RNA molecules are able to catalyze certain kinds of  
+
+reactions.  And that begins to give us an insight into how life  
+
+originated on this planet because RNA molecules may have stored  
+
+genetic information,  as I said before, RNA molecules,   
+
+or their precursors like ATP, may have been their currency for storing  
+
+high energy bonds, as is indicated here.   
+
+And RNA molecules may well have been the first enzymes to catalyze many  
+
+of the reactions in the most primitive life forms that first  
+
+existed on this planet.  And, therefore, what I'm saying is  
+
+that as life developed in the first hundred or two hundred million years,   
+
+who knows how long it took,  gradually DNA took over the job of  
+
+storing information from RNA and gradually proteins took over the job  
+
+of mediating catalysis,  of acting as enzymes to taking over  
+
+the job from RNA molecules.  Today there are certain vestigial  
+
+biochemical reactions which we believe are relics,   
+
+echoes of the beginning of life on earth, which are still mediated by  
+
+RNA catalysts.  We think that they are throwbacks  
+
+to these very early steps,  maybe even in pre-cellular life form  
+
+where RNA was delegated with the task of acting as a catalyst.   
+
+We're going to focus a lot today on the whole issue of biochemical  
+
+reactions and the issue of energy.  And this gets us into the  
+
+realization that there really are two kinds of biochemical reactions.   
+
+Some of you may have learned this a long time ago.   
+
+Either exergonic reactions that release energy,   
+
+that produce energy as they proceed,  or conversely endergonic reactions  
+
+which require an investment of energy in order to move forward.   
+
+So, here, obviously,  if this is a high energy state and  
+
+we're talking about the free energy of the system,   
+
+which is one way to depict in thermodynamic language how much  
+
+energy is in a molecule,  if we go from a high energy state to  
+
+a low energy state then we can draw this like this and we can realize  
+
+that in order to conserve energy,  the energy that was inherent in this  
+
+molecule, the high potential energy is released as this ball or this  
+
+molecule rolls down the hill.  And, therefore,   
+
+the reaction yields energy,  it's exergonic.  And, conversely,   
+
+if we want this reaction to proceed,  we need to invest free energy in  
+
+order to make it happen.  The free energy happens to be,   
+
+more often than not, in the form of chemical bonds,   
+
+i.e., energy that can be invested,  for example, by taking advantage of  
+
+the potential energy stored in these phosphodiester,   
+
+in these phosphate-phosphate linkages indicated right here.   
+
+Here, by the way,  is the space-filling model of ATP  
+
+just for your information.  That's the way it actually would  
+
+look in life, and this is the way we actually draw it.   
+
+Now, having said that,  if we look at the free energy  
+
+profile of various biochemical changes then we can depict them,   
+
+once again, in this very schematic way here.   
+
+And, by the way,  free energy is called G,   
+
+the Gibbs free energy after Josiah Gibbs who was a thermodynamic wiz in  
+
+the 19th century at Yale in New Haven.  And here what we see is that  
+
+the change in free energy between the reactants and the products is  
+
+given by delta G.  So, by definition,   
+
+we start out the reaction with reactants.   
+
+And we end up at the end of the reaction with products.   
+
+And, overall, if the reaction is exergonic and will proceed forward,   
+
+it releases energy.  And the net release of energy is indicated here  
+
+by delta G.  But,  more often than not,   
+
+biochemical reactions that are energetically favored,   
+
+that are exergonic actually can't happen spontaneously.   
+
+They don't happen spontaneously because, for various reasons,   
+
+they have to pass through an intermediate state.   
+
+Which actually represents a much higher free energy than the initial  
+
+reactants posses.  And this higher free energy,   
+
+that they need to acquire in order to move over the hill and down into  
+
+the valley, is called the energy of activation, the activation energy.   
+
+And, therefore, if I were to supply these reactants with energy,   
+
+for instance, let's say I were to heat up these reactants and  
+
+therefore give them a higher degree of thermal energy which they might  
+
+be able to use to move up to this high energy state.   
+
+I supplied them with free energy by giving them heat.   
+
+Then they might be able to move up to here and then roll down the hill.   
+
+But in the absence of actually actively intervening and supplying  
+
+them that energy,  they'll remain right here,   
+
+and they may remain right there for a million years,   
+
+even though in principle,  if they were to reach down here,   
+
+they would be much happier in terms of reaching a much lower  
+
+energy state.  To state the obvious,   
+
+all these kinds of reactions wish to reach the lowest energy state  
+
+possible.  But in real-time it can't happen if there is a high energy of  
+
+activation.  Now,  what do enzymes do?   
+
+As always, I'm glad I asked that question.  What they do is they  
+
+lower the energy of activation.  And this is in one sense obvious,   
+
+and in one sense it's subtle,  because enzymes have no affect on  
+
+the free energy state of the reactants, they have no affect on  
+
+the free energy of the products.  All they do is to lower the hump,   
+
+and they may lower it very substantially.   
+
+And because they lower it substantially,   
+
+it might be that some of the reactants here may,   
+
+just through a chance,  acquisition of thermal energy,   
+
+be able to move over the much lowered hump and move down into this  
+
+state right here.  Now, the actual difference in the  
+
+Gibbs free energy is totally unaffected.   
+
+All that happens is that the enzyme,  by lowering the energy of activation,   
+
+make this possible in real-time.  The fact is that ultimately, if one  
+
+were to plot many kinds of reactions,  many reactions,   
+
+as is indicated here,  have a very high activation energy,   
+
+and therefore we look at it like this.  But there could be other  
+
+reactions which might have an activation energy that looks like  
+
+this, almost nothing at all.  And these reactions could happen  
+
+spontaneously at room temperature in the absence of any intervention by  
+
+an enzyme.  For example,  let's say we're talking about a  
+
+carboxyl group which discharges a proton.  We've talked about that  
+
+already.  Well,  that reaction happens spontaneously  
+
+at room temperature.  It doesn‘t need an enzyme to make  
+
+it happen.  It can happen because there's essentially not  
+
+energy of activation.  But the great majority of  
+
+biochemical reactions do have such an activation energy,   
+
+and therefore do require a lowering like this in order to take place.   
+
+Now, let's imagine other versions of the energy profile of a reaction.   
+
+And keep in mind that what I'm showing here on the abscissa is just  
+
+the course of the reaction.  You could imagine I'm not really  
+
+plotting time.  I'm just talking about a situation  
+
+where to the left the reaction hasn't happened and to the right it  
+
+has happened.  Can you see this over there?  Then I won't write over  
+
+there.  All right.  Let's see if this works.   
+
+Boy, here we are in the 21st century and we still haven't worked this out.   
+
+OK.  Everybody can see this right here, right?  OK.   
+
+So, look.  Let's imagine we have a reaction that looks like this,   
+
+a reaction profile that looks like this, where these two energies are  
+
+actually equivalent.  OK?  I've tried to draw them on.   
+
+Well, they're not exactly,  but they're pretty much on exactly  
+
+the same level.  And let's say we start out with a  
+
+large number of molecules right over here.  Now, if there were an enzyme  
+
+around, the enzyme might lower the activation energy and,   
+
+in so doing, make it possible for molecules to tunnel through this  
+
+hill and move over here.  The fact that when a molecule gets  
+
+over here it has the same free energy as over there means that the  
+
+catalyst may, in principle,  also facilitate a back reaction.   
+
+What do I mean by a back reaction?  I mean going in exactly the  
+
+opposite direction.  And so, once molecules over here  
+
+are formed, the energy lowering affects of the enzyme may allow them  
+
+to move in both directions.  And, therefore, what we will have  
+
+is ultimately the establishment of an equilibrium.   
+
+If these two energy states are equivalent then,   
+
+I will tell you, 50% of the molecules end up here and 50% of the  
+
+molecules end up here.  And here we're beginning now to  
+
+wrestle between two different independent concepts,   
+
+the rate of the reaction and the equilibrium state of the reaction.   
+
+Note that the enzyme has no affect whatsoever on the equilibrium state.   
+
+These two are at equal free energies, the equilibrium state.   
+
+Whether the energy barrier is this high or whether it's this  
+
+high is irrelevant.  The fact is if the enzyme makes  
+
+possible this motion back and forth,  the ultimate equilibrium state will  
+
+be 50% of the molecules here and 50% of the molecules there.   
+
+And, therefore, the enzyme really only affects the rate at which the  
+
+reaction takes place.  Will it happen in a microsecond or  
+
+will it happen in a day or will it happen in a million years?   
+
+The enzyme has no affect whatsoever on the ultimate end product,   
+
+which in this case is the equilibrium.   
+
+Of course, there is a simple mathematic formalism which relates  
+
+the difference in free energies with the equilibrium.   
+
+Here we might have a situation where 80% of the molecules end up at  
+
+equilibrium over here and 20% end up here.  Or, we might end up as a  
+
+state where 99.  % of the molecules end up here and 0.   
+
+% of the molecules end up here.  But that ultimate equilibrium state  
+
+is no way influenced by the enzyme.  They just make it happen in  
+
+real-time.  And,  therefore, to repeat and echo a  
+
+point I made last time,  if most biochemical reactions are to  
+
+occur in real-time,  i.e., in the order of seconds or  
+
+minutes, an enzyme has to be around to make sure they happen.   
+
+In the absence of such an enzyme of its intermediation,   
+
+it just won't happen in real-time.  Even though, in principle,   
+
+it's energetically favored.  So, let's just keep that very much  
+
+in mind in the course of discussions that happen.  And let's just begin  
+
+now to look at an important energy-generating reaction in the  
+
+cell which is called glycolysis.  We already know the prefix glycol.   
+
+Glyco refers to sugar.  And lysis,  L-Y-S-I-S refers to the breakdown of  
+
+a certain compound.  I am not going to ask you,   
+
+nor is anyone else in the room going to ask you to memorize this  
+
+sequence of reactions.  But I'd like you to look at it and  
+
+see what take-home lessons we can distill out of that,   
+
+what wisdom we can learn from looking at such a complex series of  
+
+reactions.  Perhaps,  the first thing we can learn is that  
+
+when we think about biochemical reactions, we don't think of them as  
+
+happening in isolation.  Here I'm talking about,   
+
+for example, in this case I could be talking A plus B going to C plus D,   
+
+and there might be a back reaction to reach equilibrium.   
+
+And we're just isolating that simple reaction from all others around it.   
+
+But in the real world in living cells most reactions are parts of  
+
+very long pathways where each of these steps here indicates one of  
+
+the others, a step in the pathway.  What we're interested in here is  
+
+how glucose, which I advertised two lectures ago as being an important  
+
+energy source, is actually broken down.   
+
+How does the cell harvest the energy,  which is inherent in glucose,   
+
+in order to generate, among other things, ATP, which we've said  
+
+repeatedly is the energy currency?  ATP is used by hundreds of  
+
+different biochemical reactions in order to make them happen.   
+
+These other biochemical reactions are endergonic,   
+
+they require the investment of energy, and almost invariably,   
+
+but not invariably, but almost invariably the cell will grab hold  
+
+of an ATP molecule,  break it down usually to AMP or ADP.   
+
+And then utilize the energy,  which derives from breaking down ATP,   
+
+it will invest that energy in an endergonic reaction,   
+
+which in the otherwise would not happen.  So, here we reach the idea  
+
+that perhaps by investing energy in a reaction, the equilibrium is  
+
+shifted.  Because by investing energy, actually,   
+
+the cell is able to lower the free energy state between these two.   
+
+And that makes it possible for their equilibrium to be much more favored.   
+
+Let's look at this glycolytic pathway.  Glycolytic refers,   
+
+obviously, to glycolysis.  And here we start out with glucose.   
+
+We're drawing it out flat rather than the circular structure we  
+
+talked about last time.  And let's look at what happens here,   
+
+again, not because anyone wants you to memorize this,   
+
+but because some of the details are in themselves very illustrative.   
+
+The goal of this exercise is to create ATP for the cell,   
+
+but the first step in the reaction is actually totally  
+
+counterproductive.  Look at the first thing that  
+
+happens.  The first thing that happens is that the cell invests an  
+
+ATP molecule to make glucose-6-phosphate.   
+
+I've advertised the goal of this is to generate ATP from ADP,   
+
+adenosine diphosphate.  But the first thing here,   
+
+this is an endergonic reaction in which the cell invests energy to  
+
+create this molecule here.  So, this doesn't make sense.   
+
+But ostensively it must make sense,  at one level or another, because you  
+
+and I, we're all here,  and everybody in this room,   
+
+at least this moment is metabolically active.   
+
+All right.  So, we've got this molecule here,   
+
+glucose-6-phosphate.  And this can isomerize.   
+
+You see, here's glucose-6-phosphate,  fructose-6-phosphate.   
+
+And, the fact of the matter is,  there's no oxidation reduction  
+
+reaction here.  It's just an isomerization.   
+
+And this molecule and this molecule are virtually in the same free  
+
+energy state.  It happens to be the case that their profile will look  
+
+very much like the one I drew you before.  Their energy profile will  
+
+look like this.  And one needs an enzyme to lower it,   
+
+but there's no energy that needs to be invested in converting one to the  
+
+other because they're very similar molecules and therefore incomparable  
+
+free energy states.  Now look at the next step.   
+
+The next step is again another ostensively totally  
+
+counterproductive way of generating energy.  Because,   
+
+once again, ATP, the gamma-phosphate,  its energy is invested in creating a  
+
+dephosphorylated hexose,  fructose 1, 6-diphosphate where the  
+
+numbers refer obviously to the identities of the carbon.   
+
+And now we have a dephosphorylated fructose molecule.   
+
+And so here you can actually see what the three-dimensional,   
+
+what we would imagine closer to what the three-dimensional structures of  
+
+these molecules look like.  And we shouldn't focus this time on  
+
+whether it's this or this.  For all practical purposes,   
+
+let's just focus on this pathway here.  And here,   
+
+for the first time,  what now happens is that this hexose  
+
+is broken down into two trioses,  i.e., into two three carbon sugars.   
+
+And this is a slightly exergonic reaction.   
+
+It yields, it happens without the investment of energy.   
+
+And there's an enzyme,  once again, that's required in order  
+
+to catalyze it.  But let's be really clear now.   
+
+Now we have to follow the fate of two molecules.   
+
+The first triose and the second triose.  They have different names,   
+
+but we're not going to focus on the names.  One thing you notice about  
+
+these trioses is that they're readily interconvertible.   
+
+Once again, we can image that we have a situation that  
+
+looks like this.  These are flipping back and forth.   
+
+And therefore, for all practical purposes from our point of view,   
+
+these two are equivalent because they can be exchanged virtually  
+
+instantaneously one with the other.  Now, so far we've actually expended  
+
+energy.  We haven't harvested energy.  But, keep in mind,   
+
+the old economic dictum; you have to invest money to make money.   
+
+And that's what's going on here.  The first thing that happens is we  
+
+have an oxidation reaction.  What's an oxidation reaction?   
+
+We want to strip some electrons,  a pair of electrons off of this  
+
+particular triose,  the 3 carbon sugar.   
+
+And by stripping off a pair of electrons we donate the electrons  
+
+from NAD+ to NADH.  And here these structures are given  
+
+in your book.  But NADH,  it turns out, is the electrons are  
+
+pulled away from the triose and they're used to reduce NAD+ to NADH.   
+
+Keep in mind that in an oxidation reaction, one molecule that's being  
+
+oxidized is deprived,  is denied a pair of electrons.   
+
+The other molecule that's being reduced, in this case NAD,   
+
+acquires a pair of electrons.  And you can focus, if you want,   
+
+about the charge of these molecules,  one or the other.  But, keep in mind,   
+
+that in these oxidation reduction reactions, whether it's plus charged  
+
+or minus charged is irrelevant.  The real name of the game is the  
+
+electrons.  Forget about the protons,   
+
+whether it has a plus charge or it's neutral.  The real name of the game  
+
+here is that two electrons are being used to reduce this molecule to this.   
+
+By the way, third mistake I forgot to tell you before,   
+
+there's a double-bond in one of the pyrimidines in the book that doesn't  
+
+make any sense.  Whoever finds it gets a prize,   
+
+but no one's figured out what the prize is yet.  So,   
+
+this double bond gets reduced.  You see the difference between this  
+
+and this over here.  And this NADH, it turns out,   
+
+is a high energy molecule.  The street value of NADH is three  
+
+ATPs, i.e., in the mitochondria NADH can be used to generate three ATPs,   
+
+and that's worth something.  So,  NADH on its own is a high energy  
+
+molecule.  It can't be used for that many things, but it can be pulled  
+
+into the mitochondria where it's converted to three ATPs.   
+
+So, we say, well, we're starting to make some money out of this  
+
+investment because we've made,  in fact, these NADHs.   
+
+See right here.  Why do we say two NADHs?   
+
+Because there are two trioses we're working with, and each one of the  
+
+trioses gives you an NADH.  So, everything that's going on  
+
+after this, starting from the top here, is now double because we're  
+
+looking at the parallel behaviors of two identical three carbon sugars.   
+
+So, here we've so far generated, in principle, six ATPs.   
+
+How much did we invest already up to this point?  Two.   
+
+We invested two but we harvested six.  Already we're starting to make  
+
+a little money because I told you the street value of an NADH is three  
+
+ATPs on the black market.  OK, so what happens next?   
+
+Next is another good thing.  Each of the trioses, one can  
+
+actually cause each of the trioses to generate an ATP molecule  
+
+from an ADP.  What happens here?   
+
+It turns out that this phosphate over here is actually in a pretty  
+
+high energy state,  in no small part because of electron  
+
+negative-negative repulsion.  And by stripping this phosphate off  
+
+this high energy phosphate stripped off of this molecule here,   
+
+whose name we will ignore, allows us to phosphorylate an ATP.   
+
+And since there are two trioses being converted, we're  
+
+going to get two ATPs.  So, in effect,   
+
+now we're actually ahead.  We started out investing two,   
+
+we got six back from the NADHs,  and we're getting two back here.   
+
+So, we've made two ATPs.  This is a good thing.  Keep in mind,   
+
+ADP is lower energy, ATP is a high energy.  Once again,   
+
+we have an isomerization where these two molecules are at comparable  
+
+states here and here,  where the phosphate just jumps over  
+
+to this state.  And this hydrolyzes spontaneously  
+
+and we get this molecule right over here, phosphoenolpyruvate at the end.   
+
+And, once again,  we harvest two ATPs,   
+
+one ATP from each of the trioses.  And we end up, at the end of this  
+
+reaction, with pyruvate.  And you'll say this is terrific  
+
+because we invested two ATPs,  we harvested four, plus we got six  
+
+from the NADHs, right?  Two NADHs, each NADH gives us three  
+
+each, so let's do the arithmetic.  Let's do the balance sheet.  We  
+
+invested to begin with,  with the one glucose, we invested  
+
+two ATPs.  That was early on.  Then the return was first two NADHs,   
+
+which I've told you equals six ATPs.  Because an NADH is worth three ATPs.   
+
+This is so far good.  And now subsequently we've made four ATPs so  
+
+that the net yield looks pretty useful.  Six plus four is ten minus  
+
+two, a profit of eight ATPs from one glucose molecule.   
+
+This is terrific you may say,  but there's a rub.   
+
+There's a catch.  If glycolysis is occurring in the  
+
+absence of oxygen,  if that happens, then we have a  
+
+problem here, because the only way that these NADHs can generate ATP is  
+
+if there is oxygen around to take these electron pairs and use them to  
+
+reduce an oxygen molecule.  That is, by the way, part of the  
+
+reason we breathe.  Keep in mind that when you generate  
+
+an NADH from an NAD molecule,  you need to regenerate the NAD.   
+
+You can't just accumulate more and more NADHs.  You need to regenerate  
+
+the NAD.  And,  therefore, this NADH,   
+
+with their electron pairs,  the electron pairs have some to be  
+
+disposed of.  You have to regenerate NAD.  You can't just make more and  
+
+more and more of this.  So, how do cells get rid of it?   
+
+Well, how they get rid of it is simple.   
+
+You take the electron pairs and you slap them onto oxygen,   
+
+and that's really called combustion.  And you get a lot of energy out of  
+
+that.  But what happens if all of this is occurring anaerobically?   
+
+Anaerobically means the reaction is occurring in the absence of oxygen.   
+
+Well, if you have a yeast that's growing 14 feet underground,   
+
+this is happening anaerobically.  If you have a yeast that's  
+
+fermenting in a big keg to make wine or beer, it's also probably  
+
+happening anaerobically.  If you start running in a 100 yard  
+
+sprint, or let's say you had to run a mile, then initially there's  
+
+enough oxygen,  there's a lot of oxygen around to  
+
+allow you to get rid of these NADHs and dump the electrons that they  
+
+have acquired onto the oxygen molecule.  And that's fine.   
+
+That's worth a lot because,  in effect, what you're doing is  
+
+you're taking oxygen and hydrogen and you're combusting them together.   
+
+And that's great.  But as you start running down the  
+
+street, soon the oxygen supply to your muscles is going to run out,   
+
+and soon a lot of the energy production in your muscles happens  
+
+anaerobically.  Why?  Because you can't get oxygen  
+
+quickly enough to your muscles,  and therefore, for a period of time,   
+
+you start feeling that burning sensation in your muscles because  
+
+oxidation of NADH isn't happening.  And these NADHs instead are  
+
+regenerated by another way.  How are they regenerated?  The  
+
+electron pairs of the NADHs,  must be, are dumped back onto this  
+
+molecule right here,  pyruvate.  They're not used to make  
+
+ATP because they can't be used to make ATP because there's no oxygen  
+
+around to accept the electron pairs that these NADHs have acquired.   
+
+And so, what happens with these valuable NADHs?   
+
+Under anaerobic conditions this doesn't happen.   
+
+These NADHs are used instead,  their electrons are donated to our  
+
+friend pyruvate here,  these three carbon sugar.   
+
+And what happens, when they are donated back to the pyruvate,   
+
+in order to regenerate NAD you need more NAD to pick up to use later in  
+
+the reaction, to use over again in another reaction.   
+
+When you donate the electrons from NADH back onto pyruvate,   
+
+what happens?  You get lactic acid.  Lactic acid is what makes your  
+
+muscles burn when you're running very quickly and you can't get  
+
+enough oxygen into them to begin to burn up the NADH.   
+
+So, instead of using NADH to generate ATP, it's diverted to make  
+
+lactic acid.  That's in one sense good because you regenerate NAD.   
+
+Why do you need to regenerate NAD?  Because you need a lot of NAD  
+
+around for the earlier steps in the reaction.  Keep in mind,   
+
+early in the reaction you need NAD here.  If you don't regenerate it  
+
+then glycolysis grinds to a halt.  So, even though you make NADH and  
+
+it's a good thing in principle,  in practice it has to be recycled.   
+
+And if it's not recycled to make more new NAD to allow this step to  
+
+happen then the whole glycolytic reaction will shut down  
+
+and you're in a mess.  However, sadly,   
+
+in the absence of oxygen,  the only way to recycle this is to  
+
+dump these electrons not onto oxygen which is energy rich,   
+
+it's dump them back onto pyruvic acid creating lactic acid.   
+
+So, you reduce this bond right here.  So, you get CH,   
+
+COH.  This bond right here is reduced and you get lactic acid.   
+
+So, instead of a carbonyl bond here you have CH and COH right here,   
+
+that's a reduction reaction.  And now you're able to regenerate the  
+
+NAD.  And now you say that's a great thing.  But, keep in mind,   
+
+that now the entire glycolytic reaction, how much is our net profit  
+
+now?  Before I was gloating about the fact that we made eight ATPs,   
+
+we netted eight ATPs out of this.  What are we back down to now?   
+
+What's the whole net yield now?  Well, the TAs can't answer.   
+
+It's two, because we invested two and we got out four.   
+
+And it's only two.  Now,  why is this so interesting?   
+
+Well, until about six hundred million years ago there wasn't that  
+
+much oxygen in the atmosphere.  And in the absence of oxygen this  
+
+is almost the only reaction that could be used in order to generate  
+
+energy.  And about six hundred million years ago more and more  
+
+oxygen from photosynthesis became dumped into the atmosphere.   
+
+And soon oxygen became available to organisms like our ancestors.   
+
+And then they could actually begin to recycle this NADH in a much more  
+
+productive way.  And as a consequence what happened,   
+
+instead of having glycolysis yielding two, we could go up to this  
+
+theoretical eight because the NADHs could now deposit their electrons on  
+
+oxygen, which is much more profitable.   
+
+In fact, I've just told you now that in the absence of oxygen you can  
+
+only make two ATPs.  I will tell you, without providing  
+
+it to you, that in the presence of oxygen you can make 34 ATPs.   
+
+And 34 is, we can agree, much better than two in the  
+
+presence of oxygen.  Higher life forms could not evolve  
+
+until this much more effective way of generating energy became  
+
+available.  And,  therefore, if our ancestors who  
+
+lived longer than six hundred million years ago were very sluggish  
+
+and they weren't very smart,  the reason why they were sluggish  
+
+and they weren't very smart is because they couldn't generate the  
+
+energy that was required to efficiently drive metabolism.   
+
+The metabolism, anaerobic metabolism, i.   
+
+., occurring in the absence of energy, is extremely inefficient.   
+
+It just doesn't happen very well.  Now, what actually happens if we  
+
+have oxygen around?  Well, what happens is something  
+
+like this.  We take the pyruvate,  which is the product of glycolysis  
+
+and which is this much more primitive pathway,   
+
+and we dump it into the mitochondria.  And now we generate through this  
+
+cycle here, which I'm not asking you memorize, please,   
+
+don't do that.  We generate the reactions which go from here and get  
+
+us up to this 34 ATP yield per glucose.  And the essence of the  
+
+citric acid cycle,  which happens in the mitochondria,   
+
+keep in mind that the mitochondria look like this.   
+
+Keep in mind that the mitochondrion are the decedents of bacteria which  
+
+parasitized the cytoplasm of cells probably 1.5 billion years ago.   
+
+But if we now look at what happens in the mitochondrion,   
+
+the pyruvate that we generated in the cytosol, in the soluble part of  
+
+the cytoplasm is now pumped into the mitochondria, and there's a whole  
+
+series of reactions that go on here,  which takes this three-carbon  
+
+sugar.  The first thing that happens is that  
+
+carbon is boiled off.  Carbon dioxide, that's released.   
+
+Now we're down to a two carbon sugar.  And then this two carbon  
+
+sugar is added to a four carbon sugar and progressively oxidized.   
+
+And as it's oxidized what's spun off?  Well, what's spun off is,   
+
+for example, there's NADH which is spun off, there's ATP.   
+
+See, there's an NADH which is spun off.  Here's an NADH that's spun off.   
+
+Here is a cousin of NADH.  It's called FADH which,   
+
+once again, generates a high energy molecule.  Once again,   
+
+the carbon molecules are oxidized,  electrons are stripped away and used  
+
+to create these high energy molecules, FADH and NADH.   
+
+By the way, FADH, a cousin of NADH,  is only worth two ATPs on the open  
+
+market.  Whereas,  NADH, as I've told you repeatedly,   
+
+is worth three.  And by the time we add up all of the NADHs that have  
+
+been generated by this cycling and the carbon dioxides that are  
+
+releases, at the end of this cycle here we start with two carbons,   
+
+add it to four and we get a six carbon molecule.   
+
+We spew off some carbon dioxides here and go back to four carbon  
+
+sugar.  Add another two,  go up to six carbons.  Go around  
+
+again, spin around the wheel.  And each time we do that we  
+
+generate a lot of NADHs,  we generate a lot of FADHs,   
+
+and we generate a lot of ATP.  In all cases, these are highly  
+
+profitable reactions simply because the NADHs and the FADHs can be used  
+
+in the mitochondrion to generate ATP.  So, let's look at the energy  
+
+profile of the entire thing.  Put it all together.  This is where  
+
+we started out at the beginning,  and this is the end of glycolysis,   
+
+OK?  So, now we're adding up the energy  
+
+profiles of the whole sequence of reactions that constituted  
+
+glycolysis, which begins up here and ends right here because pyruvate,   
+
+as you will recall, is the product of glycolysis,   
+
+the first step.  The Krebs Cycle happens,   
+
+or sometimes it's called the Citric Acid Cycle.  So,   
+
+let's just get these words straight.  Citric Acid Cycle because it  
+
+happens to be one of the cycles,  or it's sometimes called the Krebs  
+
+Cycle after the person who really discovered it, Krebs.   
+
+The Krebs Cycle begins here.  You see how the shading changes  
+
+from pyruvate.  And here we go all the way down  
+
+there.  And let's now look at what happens in terms of energy exchange.   
+
+Recall that early on we needed to invest ATPs to kick up the energy  
+
+state up to here.  We invested ATPs at this stage  
+
+right here, and then we began to get some back.   
+
+We got these two NADHs,  one NADH coming from each of the  
+
+three carbon sugars.  We got some more ATPs here and we  
+
+got some more ATPs here,  but these NADHs could not be used  
+
+productively for generating ATP in the absence of oxygen,   
+
+but in the presence of oxygen now we can begin to use these very  
+
+profitably.  Each of these makes three ATPs and each of these,   
+
+obviously, makes ATPs.  And then let's look at what happens  
+
+in the mitochondrion.  Keep in mind here's the borderline  
+
+between the cytosol,  the cytoplasm and the mitochondrion.   
+
+Here is where the oxygen is actually used and here we generate  
+
+all these NADHs here,  here and here, FADHs.  And I keep  
+
+saying, and it's still true,  just in spite of the fact I keep  
+
+saying it, that these NADHs can be converted to ATPs,   
+
+and the ATPs can then be diffused,  transmitted throughout the entire  
+
+cell where they're then used invested in endergonic reactions.   
+
+Here we see all these NADHs.  And look at the overall change in  
+
+free energy.  The initial steps in glycolysis didn't really take  
+
+advantage.  Glucose has inherent in it almost 680 kilocalories per mole  
+
+of energy.  It's pretty high up here.  But by the time we get from here  
+
+down to here, there's an enormous release of energy,   
+
+it's harvested in the form of these molecules which are then reinvested.   
+
+In the absence of oxygen,  this entire procedure can only go  
+
+from here down to here.  And a lot of this drop from six to  
+
+seven is futile because we have to reinvest this NADH.   
+
+These cannot be used,  actually, to generate more ATPs,   
+
+as I've said repeatedly.  So, this means in the end that we can  
+
+generate an enormous amount of energy in the form of these  
+
+coupled reactions.  Having said that,   
+
+let's actually look at what happens inside of the mitochondria.   
+
+Inside of the mitochondria there are actually different physical  
+
+compartments.  See the blue space there, the intermembrane space,   
+
+the blue spaces there?  The matrix is on the inside.   
+
+The intermembrane space is between the two, the inner and the outer  
+
+membrane, and outside is the cytoplasm.  The outer membrane,   
+
+the inner membrane, in between it.  So, look what happens, actually, in  
+
+the mitochondrion.  Those NADHs are used to pump  
+
+protons from the inner space of the mitochondrion into the intermembrane  
+
+space.  I'm not showing you that happening.   
+
+But you'll have to take it on my word.  So, protons pictured here are  
+
+extracted from NADH and FADH,  and they're used to pump protons out  
+
+here.  And, therefore,  protons are moved from here to here.   
+
+Obviously, when you pump protons out the pH gets lower on the outside  
+
+than it does on the inside,  and because there's a gradient,   
+
+there's a higher concentration of protons here than on the inside.   
+
+The protons begin to accumulate outside here in the intermembrane  
+
+space.  Are they in the cytoplasm?  No.  They're in the space between  
+
+the inner and the outer membrane.  You start to accumulate in this  
+
+blue space lots of protons.  And this pumping of protons into  
+
+the space between the two membranes requires energy,   
+
+and the energy comes from our friends NADH and FADH  
+
+as it turns out.  They are responsible for causing  
+
+this accumulation of protons in the space between the inner and the  
+
+outer membrane.  So, now we get lots of protons out  
+
+there.  And what happens now,  the protons like to flow back in  
+
+because there is a higher concentration here as they are  
+
+inside the space that's called the mitochondrial matrix,   
+
+on the inside of the mitochondrion.  So, what happens?   
+
+Here, yet another Nobel Prize winning discovery is the discovery  
+
+of a very interesting molecule,  or complex of proteins I should say,   
+
+that looks in three-dimensions roughly like this.   
+
+And what this complex does is as the protons flow through the inner  
+
+channel here, they're moving down an energy gradient.   
+
+They're going from a state of high concentration to a state of low  
+
+concentration.  What that does,   
+
+that diffusional pressure actually yields energy.   
+
+And this complex right here harvests that energy in order to convert ADP  
+
+into ATP.  So,  when I talk about NADH as being  
+
+worth, each of them being worth three ATPs, what I'm really talking  
+
+about is the fact that NADHs can be used to pump protons in the  
+
+mitochondria outside here,  and these protons can then be used,   
+
+can then be pumped, can then flow in this way through this proton pump,   
+
+which then uses ADP in the inner cavity of the mitochondria  
+
+to create ATP.  And here we get finally the  
+
+conversion of ADP into ATP.  We can realize, finally, this much  
+
+promised benefit.  And then these ATP molecules are  
+
+exported from the mitochondria throughout the entire cell and used  
+
+to drive many reactions.  We've already encountered one  
+
+important set of reactions,  and those reactions are the  
+
+polymerization of nucleic acids.  Now, one final point I want to make  
+
+is the following.  We've just talked about metabolic,   
+
+we've talked about the pathway of energy production in the cell.   
+
+And you might have had the illusion,  for a brief instant,   
+
+that those are all, that's the sum of all the biochemical reactions in  
+
+the cell.  But,  in fact, if we plot out all the  
+
+biochemical reactions in the cell,  they're much more complicated.  Here  
+
+is the glycolytic pathway.  You see it right down here where  
+
+nothing is named?  Here is the Krebs Cycle right here.   
+
+And we're not even talking about energy here.  And as molecules move  
+
+down this pathway from here to here to here to here,   
+
+some of these molecules are diverted for other applications.   
+
+Not for energy production but for other applications.   
+
+And what happens out here,  they are converted through a series  
+
+of complex biochemical steps into other essential biological  
+
+molecules.  What do I mean by that?   
+
+If you give E. coli, a bacterium,  you give it a simple carbon source  
+
+like glucose and you give it phosphate and you give it a simple  
+
+nitrogen source like ammonium acetate or something,   
+
+E. coli can, from those simple atoms generate all the amino acids,   
+
+can generate the purines and the pyrimidines, can generate all kinds  
+
+of different complex biological molecules just from those  
+
+simple building blocks.  And so, the process of biosynthesis  
+
+involves not only the creation of macromolecules,   
+
+these steps of what are called intermediary metabolism are used to  
+
+synthesize all the other biochemical entities that one needs to make a  
+
+cell.  They're used to synthesize purines and pyrimidines.   
+
+They're used to synthesize lipids,  they're used to synthesize amino  
+
+acids, and they're used to synthesize literally hundreds of  
+
+other compounds.  And when we see this chart like  
+
+this, and nobody on the face of the planet has ever memorized this chart,   
+
+each one of these steps,  going from one molecule to the next,   
+
+represents another biochemical reaction.  And the vast majority of  
+
+these biochemical reactions going from A to B to C to D.   
+
+Each one of these steps requires the intervention of an enzyme,   
+
+a catalyst that is specialized for that particular step.   
+
+So, this begins to give you an appreciation of how many distinct  
+
+biochemical steps one needs in a cell.  The numbers probably to make  
+
+a simple cell,  you probably need about a thousand  
+
+distinct biochemical reactions,  each of one of which requires the  
+
+involvement of an enzyme.  And many of these steps,   
+
+importantly, many of these biochemical steps are endergonic  
+
+reactions.  Where do they get the energy for driving these reactions  
+
+forward if they're endergonic?  ATP.  So, the ATP from the energy  
+
+generating furnace down here is the then spread throughout the cell to  
+
+power all of these energy consuming reactions.  Have a great weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VHyCh1mDneE.txt b/VHyCh1mDneE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eedf4c75d6635e08fee5aabd648bd53deb3c4580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VHyCh1mDneE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
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+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
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+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
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+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so let's let's turn the page to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's turn the page to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's let's turn the page to
+storyboarding which for us you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding which for us you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding which for us you know you
+know no matter what sort of video you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no matter what sort of video you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no matter what sort of video you're
+doing live-action animation or some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing live-action animation or some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing live-action animation or some sort
+of combination is is vital to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination is is vital to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of combination is is vital to the
+process because and here's why it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because and here's why it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process because and here's why it allows
+you basically a you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically a you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically a you know a lot of
+freedom to not have to make any really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to not have to make any really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom to not have to make any really
+high-stakes creative decisions and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-stakes creative decisions and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-stakes creative decisions and just
+sort of be creative at a very early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be creative at a very early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be creative at a very early
+stage you don't have to commit to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage you don't have to commit to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage you don't have to commit to any
+sort of production at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of production at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of production at that point
+that's why we've that's why we do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we've that's why we do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we've that's why we do it and
+it's why we share it with clients before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why we share it with clients before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's why we share it with clients before
+we commit to doing any animation because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we commit to doing any animation because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we commit to doing any animation because
+it's very time consuming for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very time consuming for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very time consuming for us to
+animate and we want the client to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate and we want the client to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animate and we want the client to know
+what we're doing before we commit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing before we commit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing before we commit to
+doing any of that really labor-intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any of that really labor-intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing any of that really labor-intensive
+work it serves as a blueprint for timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it serves as a blueprint for timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it serves as a blueprint for timing
+and visual flow so you can get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual flow so you can get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and visual flow so you can get a sense
+of the pacing of the video whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pacing of the video whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pacing of the video whether or
+not you know as Elizabeth was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know as Elizabeth was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you know as Elizabeth was saying
+things are going to get stale at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to get stale at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to get stale at a
+certain point it can help you make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point it can help you make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point it can help you make those
+sorts of creative decisions without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of creative decisions without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of creative decisions without
+having to commit a lot of resources the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to commit a lot of resources the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to commit a lot of resources the
+storyboard can reveal you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard can reveal you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard can reveal you know where
+you're going to need to shoot what props
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to shoot what props
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need to shoot what props
+you're going to need the types of shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need the types of shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to need the types of shots
+you're going to you're going to employ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to you're going to employ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to you're going to employ
+all that decision making gets made and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that decision making gets made and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that decision making gets made and
+the storyboarding process and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storyboarding process and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storyboarding process and another
+really crucial thing is so often when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crucial thing is so often when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crucial thing is so often when
+we're doing a storyboard room we realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a storyboard room we realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing a storyboard room we realize
+that the script needs to be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the script needs to be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the script needs to be different
+you write something maybe you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write something maybe you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write something maybe you have some
+visual sense when you're writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual sense when you're writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual sense when you're writing a
+script and that's good because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and that's good because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and that's good because you've
+you know and I've done it a lot so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I've done it a lot so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I've done it a lot so a lot
+of times I am thinking visually but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I am thinking visually but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times I am thinking visually but I'm
+not always thinking visually and I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always thinking visually and I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always thinking visually and I'm I'm
+not it's not my strong suit all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not my strong suit all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's not my strong suit all the time
+when I'm script writing so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm script writing so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm script writing so a lot of
+times will be in a story board meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times will be in a story board meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times will be in a story board meeting
+will say well you know this line is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say well you know this line is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say well you know this line is sort
+of dumb you know why don't we say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dumb you know why don't we say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dumb you know why don't we say this
+so that we can show this you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can show this you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can show this you know so
+that integration of visual and aural you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integration of visual and aural you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integration of visual and aural you
+know the voice is is a really crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the voice is is a really crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the voice is is a really crucial
+part of the story of storyboarding you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story of storyboarding you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the story of storyboarding you
+know so that's why we storyboard and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's why we storyboard and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's why we storyboard and let
+me just show you an example of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you an example of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you an example of one of
+our storyboard so I'll there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our storyboard so I'll there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our storyboard so I'll there are many
+different ways to storyboard but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to storyboard but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to storyboard but I'll
+just show you one example the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you one example the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you one example the first is
+well I'll show you this storyboard for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll show you this storyboard for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'll show you this storyboard for
+this video we did for NASA actually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video we did for NASA actually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video we did for NASA actually and
+it was produced by Dobby na T in in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was produced by Dobby na T in in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was produced by Dobby na T in in New
+York and they asked us to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and they asked us to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York and they asked us to create a
+series of videos about different physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of videos about different physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of videos about different physics
+topics and this one is on centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and this one is on centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and this one is on centripetal
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+so I'll just switch over to let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just switch over to let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just switch over to let's see
+episode so this is essentially this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode so this is essentially this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode so this is essentially this is
+our this is our storyboard method we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our this is our storyboard method we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our this is our storyboard method we we
+do an Excel spreadsheet with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an Excel spreadsheet with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an Excel spreadsheet with three
+columns shot narrator and notes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns shot narrator and notes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns shot narrator and notes very
+simple I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I can
+I'm email me and I'll send you this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm email me and I'll send you this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm email me and I'll send you this too
+I'll send you this storyboard you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you this storyboard you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll send you this storyboard you can
+use it in your own work if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in your own work if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it in your own work if you want
+imagine you've got a tennis ball so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you've got a tennis ball so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine you've got a tennis ball so we
+start the shot on the tennis ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the shot on the tennis ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the shot on the tennis ball
+we either pull back I think it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we either pull back I think it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we either pull back I think it will
+watch the video I can't remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the video I can't remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch the video I can't remember the
+camera pulls back or we jump cut or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera pulls back or we jump cut or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera pulls back or we jump cut or
+something attached to a piece of string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something attached to a piece of string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something attached to a piece of string
+and we pull back further and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pull back further and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we pull back further and you start
+swinging it and then when did we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging it and then when did we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging it and then when did we have
+this idea for the dog I mean I probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea for the dog I mean I probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea for the dog I mean I probably
+this came in in the storyboard meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came in in the storyboard meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this came in in the storyboard meeting
+like okay well that will have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay well that will have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay well that will have this nice
+dog element to the to the experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog element to the to the experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog element to the to the experience in
+circles and so gradually the cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and so gradually the cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and so gradually the cameras
+getting further back and now we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting further back and now we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting further back and now we can see
+the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoa now watch out for your buddy it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa now watch out for your buddy it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa now watch out for your buddy it you
+know this is not for adults by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not for adults by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not for adults by the way
+I'm sorry I should have mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I should have mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry I should have mentioned that
+this is for like elementary and middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for like elementary and middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for like elementary and middle
+schoolers so if you find this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolers so if you find this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolers so if you find this little
+facile and dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facile and dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facile and dumb
+just imagine you're 13 years old watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine you're 13 years old watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine you're 13 years old watch
+out for your buddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for your buddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out for your buddy
+so the the guy on the the skateboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the guy on the the skateboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the guy on the the skateboard
+ducks down and then he goes past and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ducks down and then he goes past and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ducks down and then he goes past and in
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take so so we start with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take so so we start with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take so so we start with you know
+my attitude about this in a lot of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attitude about this in a lot of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my attitude about this in a lot of cases
+is to start with action like start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start with action like start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to start with action like start with
+something that's really compelling like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really compelling like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's really compelling like
+some you know you don't have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know you don't have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know you don't have to start
+right away explaining things just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away explaining things just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away explaining things just sort
+of start with with imagining something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start with with imagining something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of start with with imagining something
+or doing something there's that old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing something there's that old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or doing something there's that old
+comment I think I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I think I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I think I think this is
+Hemingway said this in many talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hemingway said this in many talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hemingway said this in many talked about
+in media stressed start in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in media stressed start in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in media stressed start in the middle of
+things so don't start with elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so don't start with elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so don't start with elaborate
+sort of explanations just start like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explanations just start like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of explanations just start like in
+the middle of the action so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the action so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle of the action so something
+needs to be happening at the video at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be happening at the video at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be happening at the video at
+the beginning of a video so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a video so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of a video so that's why
+we chose to start you know get this ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose to start you know get this ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose to start you know get this ball
+spinning you know there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning you know there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning you know there's something
+going on there's this dog there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there's this dog there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there's this dog there's
+there's the kids skateboarding by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the kids skateboarding by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the kids skateboarding by your
+you're starting with a high level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting with a high level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're starting with a high level of
+engagement and interest you know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement and interest you know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement and interest you know let's
+take a closer look at the fascinating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a closer look at the fascinating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a closer look at the fascinating
+physics of this simple action okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of this simple action okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of this simple action okay and
+then we go into the the deep more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go into the the deep more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we go into the the deep more
+detailed analysis of what's really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed analysis of what's really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed analysis of what's really going
+on we talk about F equals MA Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we talk about F equals MA Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we talk about F equals MA Newton's
+second law and how it relates to objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law and how it relates to objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law and how it relates to objects
+moving so I'm not going to show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so I'm not going to show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so I'm not going to show you the
+whole story board but you start to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story board but you start to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole story board but you start to get a
+sense of how we put this thing together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how we put this thing together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of how we put this thing together
+visually in a very methodical way before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually in a very methodical way before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually in a very methodical way before
+we did any work they I mean this is work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did any work they I mean this is work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did any work they I mean this is work
+but before we did any you know animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we did any you know animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before we did any you know animation
+or illustration and I think John did all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or illustration and I think John did all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or illustration and I think John did all
+the artwork for this and and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artwork for this and and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artwork for this and and it's very
+basic she's basically a stick figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic she's basically a stick figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic she's basically a stick figure
+but John makes really nice stick figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but John makes really nice stick figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but John makes really nice stick figures
+so he has that talent so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has that talent so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he has that talent so let me just
+show you the video and it came out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the video and it came out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the video and it came out of
+that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hold on a second here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whoops that's not the right one there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops that's not the right one there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops that's not the right one there we
+go this is a minute and 46 so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this is a minute and 46 so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this is a minute and 46 so our
+challenge was to do these topics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge was to do these topics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge was to do these topics in
+about a minute and a half minute 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minute and a half minute 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a minute and a half minute 45
+seconds imagine you've got a tennis ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds imagine you've got a tennis ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds imagine you've got a tennis ball
+attached to a piece of string and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a piece of string and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to a piece of string and you
+start swinging it-- in circles whoa now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start swinging it-- in circles whoa now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start swinging it-- in circles whoa now
+watch out for your buddy let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for your buddy let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch out for your buddy let's take a
+closer look at the fascinating physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look at the fascinating physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer look at the fascinating physics
+of this simple action you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this simple action you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this simple action you've probably
+heard of Newton's second law of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Newton's second law of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Newton's second law of motion
+as it relates to objects moving in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it relates to objects moving in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it relates to objects moving in a
+straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+turns out Newton's second law also tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out Newton's second law also tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out Newton's second law also tells
+us about the net force on an object as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the net force on an object as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us about the net force on an object as
+it moves in a circle when an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves in a circle when an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves in a circle when an object
+moves in a circle its velocity changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in a circle its velocity changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves in a circle its velocity changes
+direction since the velocity is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction since the velocity is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction since the velocity is changing
+that means we have an acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we have an acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means we have an acceleration and
+we know from Newton's second law that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from Newton's second law that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know from Newton's second law that if
+we have an acceleration we have a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an acceleration we have a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an acceleration we have a net
+force now back to our spinning ball for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now back to our spinning ball for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force now back to our spinning ball for
+objects undergoing circular motion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects undergoing circular motion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects undergoing circular motion the
+net force on the object is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net force on the object is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net force on the object is called the
+centripetal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force
+it's a weird-sounding word but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weird-sounding word but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a weird-sounding word but it's
+latin for the phrase center seeking its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin for the phrase center seeking its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latin for the phrase center seeking its
+name centripetal because the centripetal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name centripetal because the centripetal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name centripetal because the centripetal
+force always points to the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force always points to the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force always points to the center of the
+circle the ball has a tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the ball has a tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the ball has a tangential
+velocity so if you suddenly cut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so if you suddenly cut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so if you suddenly cut the
+string it would fly off in whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string it would fly off in whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string it would fly off in whatever the
+tangential direction was at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential direction was at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangential direction was at the moment
+you made the cut but assuming you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made the cut but assuming you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you made the cut but assuming you don't
+cut the string and you keep swinging the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the string and you keep swinging the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut the string and you keep swinging the
+ball the balls tangential velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball the balls tangential velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball the balls tangential velocity is
+constantly changing directions this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing directions this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly changing directions this
+means the ball is accelerating and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the ball is accelerating and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the ball is accelerating and the
+reason it's accelerating is due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's accelerating is due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason it's accelerating is due to the
+centripetal force the centripetal force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force the centripetal force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force the centripetal force
+acting on the ball is constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the ball is constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on the ball is constantly
+directing the ball towards the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing the ball towards the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directing the ball towards the center of
+the circle your hand this combined with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle your hand this combined with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle your hand this combined with
+the balls velocity keeps the ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balls velocity keeps the ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balls velocity keeps the ball
+swinging in a circle the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging in a circle the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swinging in a circle the same
+centripetal force that keeps the tennis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force that keeps the tennis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centripetal force that keeps the tennis
+ball swinging in a circle also keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball swinging in a circle also keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball swinging in a circle also keeps
+rollercoasters on the track as they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollercoasters on the track as they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rollercoasters on the track as they go
+through a loop-de-loop so the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a loop-de-loop so the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a loop-de-loop so the next time
+you're having a blast on a roller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having a blast on a roller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're having a blast on a roller
+coaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coaster
+you can thank this in Tripp little force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can thank this in Tripp little force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can thank this in Tripp little force
+okay so yeah so that's a pretty short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so that's a pretty short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yeah so that's a pretty short
+little ditty but you can I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ditty but you can I just wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little ditty but you can I just wanted
+to show you how we built it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this next thing is I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this next thing is I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this next thing is I'm not going to
+show the whole thing but I it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the whole thing but I it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the whole thing but I it's it's
+interesting this is a video as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is a video as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this is a video as sort of
+an insight or a look at how Pixar does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insight or a look at how Pixar does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insight or a look at how Pixar does
+their storyboarding and I'll just play a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their storyboarding and I'll just play a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their storyboarding and I'll just play a
+little bit of it and then perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it and then perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of it and then perhaps you
+can watch the whole thing on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch the whole thing on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can watch the whole thing on your own
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so this section is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this section is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so this section is the
+storyboarding process and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding process and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding process and this is where
+instead of writing with words we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing with words we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of writing with words we write
+with drawings and we put them on little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drawings and we put them on little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with drawings and we put them on little
+pieces of paper and it's sort of seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper and it's sort of seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of paper and it's sort of seeing
+the movie in comic book form and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie in comic book form and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movie in comic book form and we'll
+do a section of a movie at a time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a section of a movie at a time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a section of a movie at a time and
+we'll pin them all up on boards and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pin them all up on boards and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll pin them all up on boards and then
+when we get a certain chunk done we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get a certain chunk done we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get a certain chunk done we'll
+show them to the directors or they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them to the directors or they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them to the directors or they will
+show them to us and I don't know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them to us and I don't know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show them to us and I don't know it's
+kind of complicated you know that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complicated you know that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of complicated you know that was a
+really good description about how better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good description about how better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good description about how better
+to do described better than that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do described better than that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do described better than that yeah
+well we could show it yeah let's show it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could show it yeah let's show it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we could show it yeah let's show it
+with storyboards with storyboards okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with storyboards with storyboards okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with storyboards with storyboards okay
+this is the storyboarding process yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the storyboarding process yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the storyboarding process yes
+illustrated by Joe Ranft tower head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by Joe Ranft tower head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrated by Joe Ranft tower head of
+story yes so there's the little cute mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story yes so there's the little cute mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story yes so there's the little cute mr.
+storyboard artist working very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard artist working very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard artist working very
+diligently and happily in January and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligently and happily in January and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligently and happily in January and he
+has a deadline he's working hard to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a deadline he's working hard to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a deadline he's working hard to do
+his sequence every time he does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his sequence every time he does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his sequence every time he does a
+drawing he pins it up on the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing he pins it up on the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing he pins it up on the board and
+there he stands back when he gets done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he stands back when he gets done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he stands back when he gets done
+with the sequence and he says mm-hmm did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sequence and he says mm-hmm did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the sequence and he says mm-hmm did
+I do it the best way and storyboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it the best way and storyboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do it the best way and storyboarding
+actually balances like composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually balances like composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually balances like composition
+cutting staging acting writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting staging acting writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting staging acting writing
+everything that goes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that goes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that goes through the
+storyboard artists mind as he's doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard artists mind as he's doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard artists mind as he's doing it
+so he'll try another pass at it a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll try another pass at it a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he'll try another pass at it a couple
+more times until he feels he's got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more times until he feels he's got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more times until he feels he's got it
+just right just right it's perfect so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right just right it's perfect so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right just right it's perfect so he
+calls in the story Department and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls in the story Department and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls in the story Department and of
+course the director you can see jon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the director you can see jon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the director you can see jon
+laaser thanks Joe and then Joe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laaser thanks Joe and then Joe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laaser thanks Joe and then Joe or
+whoever's pitching well the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's pitching well the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever's pitching well the little
+storyboard artist in this case will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard artist in this case will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard artist in this case will
+pitch the sequence and in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch the sequence and in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch the sequence and in the middle of
+a pitch Jon gets an idea we all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pitch Jon gets an idea we all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pitch Jon gets an idea we all get
+ideas and that's one of the great things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and that's one of the great things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and that's one of the great things
+about storyboarding here at Pixar is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about storyboarding here at Pixar is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about storyboarding here at Pixar is it
+it is a free-for-all once we get in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a free-for-all once we get in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a free-for-all once we get in this
+and everybody is out coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody is out coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody is out coming up with
+ideas to make the sequence better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to make the sequence better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to make the sequence better to
+make the film better and when the pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the film better and when the pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the film better and when the pitch
+the session is done inevitably there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the session is done inevitably there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the session is done inevitably there is
+lots of ideas to make the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ideas to make the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of ideas to make the sequence
+better the storyboard are kind of wakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the storyboard are kind of wakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better the storyboard are kind of wakes
+up from it right we're infamous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from it right we're infamous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up from it right we're infamous for
+putting all our notes on little post-its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting all our notes on little post-its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting all our notes on little post-its
+yeah that's why you see a little yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's why you see a little yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's why you see a little yellow
+squares there and so we'll leave all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares there and so we'll leave all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares there and so we'll leave all
+excited about the great new ideas we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the great new ideas we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the great new ideas we've
+got boom and land the storyboard artist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got boom and land the storyboard artist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got boom and land the storyboard artist
+mr. storyboard artists goes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. storyboard artists goes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. storyboard artists goes back and
+thinks about it and starts over with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about it and starts over with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinks about it and starts over with all
+of his notes that he has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his notes that he has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his notes that he has to do
+Joe ramped often calls it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe ramped often calls it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe ramped often calls it the
+storyboarding process not storyboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding process not storyboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding process not storyboarding
+but story reborn because we work on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but story reborn because we work on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but story reborn because we work on it
+redo it redo it redo it to make each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo it redo it redo it to make each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo it redo it redo it to make each
+sequence to make the entire film as best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to make the entire film as best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to make the entire film as best
+as we possibly can be in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we possibly can be in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we possibly can be in the next
+section you're going to see Joe ramped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you're going to see Joe ramped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section you're going to see Joe ramped
+our head of story on a bugs life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head of story on a bugs life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our head of story on a bugs life
+pitching to Co director Andrew Stanton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching to Co director Andrew Stanton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching to Co director Andrew Stanton
+me and and I think Bob's I think he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and and I think Bob's I think he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and and I think Bob's I think he's
+pitching the circus sequence from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching the circus sequence from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching the circus sequence from a
+bug's life enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug's life enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug's life enjoy
+okay so slim and Frances are hit by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so slim and Frances are hit by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so slim and Frances are hit by the
+spotlight they're not too excited and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlight they're not too excited and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotlight they're not too excited and
+swims let's try la la la la spring is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swims let's try la la la la spring is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swims let's try la la la la spring is in
+the air and I'm a flower with nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and I'm a flower with nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air and I'm a flower with nothing
+interesting to say and then they go ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to say and then they go ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to say and then they go ah
+look I'll be behind Lee comes running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'll be behind Lee comes running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'll be behind Lee comes running
+forward I will be here I come you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I will be here I come you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward I will be here I come you just
+can't catch up and suck it's just you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't catch up and suck it's just you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't catch up and suck it's just you so
+heavy it's just hard for him to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy it's just hard for him to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy it's just hard for him to like
+catch up to ya so he's like your flower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up to ya so he's like your flower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch up to ya so he's like your flower
+slow down slow down ok ok so then he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down slow down ok ok so then he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow down slow down ok ok so then he's
+chasing after him and I am like runs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing after him and I am like runs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chasing after him and I am like runs by
+the stands and is just a little kid even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stands and is just a little kid even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stands and is just a little kid even
+candy corn and he stops he goes turns or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy corn and he stops he goes turns or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy corn and he stops he goes turns or
+he goes Oh candy corn here oh you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes Oh candy corn here oh you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes Oh candy corn here oh you have
+to let me eat it help you let me help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me eat it help you let me help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let me eat it help you let me help
+you to finish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to finish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to finish it
+oh we're thinking of red box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sombrero jujube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sombrero jujube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sombrero jujube
+those are kind of funny the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of funny the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are kind of funny the question is
+what would a fly like as far as candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a fly like as far as candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would a fly like as far as candy
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+well dots but we already have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dots but we already have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well dots but we already have a
+character candy cards pretty funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character candy cards pretty funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character candy cards pretty funny
+though cuz it's really like it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though cuz it's really like it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though cuz it's really like it's a big
+big triangle I think that okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big triangle I think that okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big triangle I think that okay yeah
+that's why I think we should go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think we should go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I think we should go with
+candy cards like is it too Halloween no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy cards like is it too Halloween no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy cards like is it too Halloween no
+okay so he goes OH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he goes OH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so he goes OH
+candy corn here let me help you finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today obviously they went with a candy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today obviously they went with a candy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today obviously they went with a candy
+corn anyway go ahead guys oh sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn anyway go ahead guys oh sure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn anyway go ahead guys oh sure yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay no problem no problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because I've been seeing all these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been seeing all these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been seeing all these very
+gorgeous storyboards like even you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous storyboards like even you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gorgeous storyboards like even you guys
+talk about how like not when the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how like not when the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about how like not when the real
+work starts but obviously that takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work starts but obviously that takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work starts but obviously that takes a
+lot of time and talent so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time and talent so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time and talent so this was a
+storyboard that Ashley did for our very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard that Ashley did for our very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard that Ashley did for our very
+first episode of science at loud just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first episode of science at loud just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first episode of science at loud just to
+show you how basic it can be and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how basic it can be and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how basic it can be and still
+be effective so she did an episode on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be effective so she did an episode on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be effective so she did an episode on
+exoplanets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoplanets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoplanets
+Ashley's came to a video whoo-ahh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashley's came to a video whoo-ahh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ashley's came to a video whoo-ahh and
+what we discovered after she stored word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discovered after she stored word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discovered after she stored word
+in this she's talking about a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this she's talking about a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this she's talking about a very
+abstract cosmic topic so obviously we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract cosmic topic so obviously we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract cosmic topic so obviously we
+can't go into space which made deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go into space which made deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go into space which made deciding
+what the visuals were going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the visuals were going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the visuals were going to be
+surprisingly difficult or maybe should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly difficult or maybe should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprisingly difficult or maybe should
+have been unsurprising but we were noobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been unsurprising but we were noobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been unsurprising but we were noobs
+at the time so it was hard but she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so it was hard but she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so it was hard but she's
+literally just drawing stick figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just drawing stick figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just drawing stick figures
+aligning them with her text and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning them with her text and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aligning them with her text and when we
+were looking at the storyboard we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the storyboard we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were looking at the storyboard we were
+like wow there's not really a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow there's not really a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like wow there's not really a whole lot
+going on except for her just standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on except for her just standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on except for her just standing
+there and basically half of the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and basically half of the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and basically half of the video
+was going to be an animation without her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be an animation without her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be an animation without her
+on screen and there would have been no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen and there would have been no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on screen and there would have been no
+way for us to really anticipate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for us to really anticipate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for us to really anticipate the
+extent to which she was missing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to which she was missing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to which she was missing from
+screen and Toshi storyboarded this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and Toshi storyboarded this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and Toshi storyboarded this out
+for us and so she tweaked not only her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and so she tweaked not only her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us and so she tweaked not only her
+visuals but she ended up tweaking her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals but she ended up tweaking her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals but she ended up tweaking her
+script a lot after she did this to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script a lot after she did this to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script a lot after she did this to sort
+of make room for scenes in which she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make room for scenes in which she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make room for scenes in which she
+could be more present where it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more present where it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be more present where it could be
+more than a fully animated video but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a fully animated video but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a fully animated video but in
+case you wanted to see we actually kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you wanted to see we actually kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you wanted to see we actually kept
+the first six sort of frames pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first six sort of frames pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first six sort of frames pretty
+similar to her original plan and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to her original plan and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to her original plan and we just
+tried to alter the animations to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to alter the animations to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to alter the animations to make it
+a little more engaging so I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more engaging so I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more engaging so I'll show you
+the first part of her video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this rock in Hazzard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is um this animation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um this animation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um this animation was
+actually done by our first editor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done by our first editor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done by our first editor
+twenty-five years ago most people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-five years ago most people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-five years ago most people would
+have told you that there are only nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have told you that there are only nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have told you that there are only nine
+planets in the universe since then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets in the universe since then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planets in the universe since then we've
+lost them sorry Pluto both discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost them sorry Pluto both discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost them sorry Pluto both discovered
+thousands of others so what happened did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of others so what happened did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of others so what happened did
+astronomers suddenly got a new pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers suddenly got a new pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers suddenly got a new pair of
+glasses and now we're meeting all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and now we're meeting all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses and now we're meeting all of our
+new neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new neighbors
+well no it turns out we could have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no it turns out we could have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well no it turns out we could have seen
+these exoplanets all along but we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exoplanets all along but we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exoplanets all along but we only
+recently figured out exactly where and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently figured out exactly where and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently figured out exactly where and
+how to look we call these new planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to look we call these new planets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to look we call these new planets
+exoplanets or so because we knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoplanets or so because we knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exoplanets or so because we knew what
+she wanted to do with the animations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to do with the animations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she wanted to do with the animations
+ahead of time because of her storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time because of her storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time because of her storyboard
+that allowed us to direct her while we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to direct her while we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed us to direct her while we
+were shooting to put her hands down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting to put her hands down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shooting to put her hands down to
+look up at the ceiling and do all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up at the ceiling and do all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up at the ceiling and do all that
+stuff and I'll show you one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I'll show you one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and I'll show you one more
+storyboard that was done a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard that was done a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard that was done a little bit
+differently oh man all that Josh talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently oh man all that Josh talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently oh man all that Josh talk
+again but Alex actually just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but Alex actually just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again but Alex actually just did
+pictures for some of them so he did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures for some of them so he did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures for some of them so he did an
+episode on how carbon nanotubes are made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode on how carbon nanotubes are made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode on how carbon nanotubes are made
+and he had this sort of imagine a blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had this sort of imagine a blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he had this sort of imagine a blank
+opening and so he just took pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and so he just took pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening and so he just took pictures of
+the locations and types of places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations and types of places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the locations and types of places that
+he wanted to go and then from there he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to go and then from there he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wanted to go and then from there he
+literally just drew stick figures so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just drew stick figures so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally just drew stick figures so you
+don't have to draw anything crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to draw anything crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to draw anything crazy
+beautiful no offense to Alex but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful no offense to Alex but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful no offense to Alex but this
+was actually very helpful for us as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually very helpful for us as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually very helpful for us as well
+to sort of see how the pacing of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of see how the pacing of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of see how the pacing of his
+demos were going to go so we altered his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos were going to go so we altered his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demos were going to go so we altered his
+script again after he made this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script again after he made this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script again after he made this because
+we sort of realized that it was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of realized that it was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of realized that it was a lot of
+just him sitting at a table demoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just him sitting at a table demoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just him sitting at a table demoing
+things and we decided that there needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we decided that there needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we decided that there needed
+to be something a little more visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something a little more visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something a little more visually
+engaging besides him just at a table but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging besides him just at a table but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaging besides him just at a table but
+he's talking about how thread made out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about how thread made out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about how thread made out
+of carbon nanotubes could lift up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon nanotubes could lift up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon nanotubes could lift up
+something as heavy as an elephant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as heavy as an elephant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something as heavy as an elephant we
+quickly realized that we wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly realized that we wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly realized that we wouldn't have
+footage for that but this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage for that but this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage for that but this is sort of
+again really basic nothing too crazy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again really basic nothing too crazy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again really basic nothing too crazy but
+helped us a lot in the planning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us a lot in the planning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us a lot in the planning of the
+video so I'll show you the first couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so I'll show you the first couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video so I'll show you the first couple
+bits of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+imaginary material that would let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary material that would let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary material that would let you
+use your phone for weeks without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your phone for weeks without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use your phone for weeks without a
+charge what we're letting you build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge what we're letting you build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge what we're letting you build an
+elevator these elevators and batteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator these elevators and batteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator these elevators and batteries
+can one day exist with a material called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can one day exist with a material called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can one day exist with a material called
+carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes are
+tiny take this human hair for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny take this human hair for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny take this human hair for example
+you need 10,000 carbon nanotubes to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 10,000 carbon nanotubes to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need 10,000 carbon nanotubes to make
+a rope as big as this hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rope as big as this hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rope as big as this hair
+despite being small they're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being small they're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being small they're really
+strong this cotton string holds out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong this cotton string holds out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong this cotton string holds out this
+Lego car fine but if it was made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego car fine but if it was made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lego car fine but if it was made from
+carbon nanotubes it can hold up a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nanotubes it can hold up a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon nanotubes it can hold up a real
+car so originally he was going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so originally he was going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car so originally he was going to talk
+about this model of carbon nanotubes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this model of carbon nanotubes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this model of carbon nanotubes at
+the very beginning of the video but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of the video but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of the video but
+after we saw the storyboard we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we saw the storyboard we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we saw the storyboard we thought
+that we should wait until later on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should wait until later on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should wait until later on to
+explain it and just hit them with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it and just hit them with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it and just hit them with this
+example first so I just wanted to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first so I just wanted to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example first so I just wanted to show
+you guys that so you knew that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys that so you knew that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys that so you knew that your
+storyboards don't have to be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboards don't have to be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboards don't have to be anything
+super complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so some just some we're almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so some just some we're almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so some just some we're almost
+done with this by the way but some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this by the way but some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with this by the way but some some
+quick tips first storyboarding and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tips first storyboarding and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick tips first storyboarding and I
+guess this was something that Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this was something that Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess this was something that Elizabeth
+was just saying it doesn't have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying it doesn't have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just saying it doesn't have to be a
+work of art stick stick figures work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art stick stick figures work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of art stick stick figures work
+focus on details that matter we we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on details that matter we we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on details that matter we we don't
+draw a lot of backgrounds or we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a lot of backgrounds or we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a lot of backgrounds or we just
+draw the the bare minimum of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the the bare minimum of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the the bare minimum of elements
+that will get across the the intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will get across the the intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will get across the the intention
+of the scene or the shot rather should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scene or the shot rather should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scene or the shot rather should
+include a composition in camera angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a composition in camera angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a composition in camera angles
+you know is this wide shot is it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this wide shot is it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is this wide shot is it a
+close-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close-up
+what is the camp you might make a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the camp you might make a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the camp you might make a note
+about what the cameras doing is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the cameras doing is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the cameras doing is it
+pulling back is it on a dolly is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling back is it on a dolly is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling back is it on a dolly is it
+tracking something and just so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking something and just so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking something and just so you guys
+know em since we haven't really talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know em since we haven't really talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know em since we haven't really talked
+about that stuff yet yeah that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that stuff yet yeah that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that stuff yet yeah that's a lot
+of stuff that Chris is going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that Chris is going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff that Chris is going to talk
+about tomorrow so I would suggest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tomorrow so I would suggest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tomorrow so I would suggest that
+you try to keep that stuff in mind and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to keep that stuff in mind and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to keep that stuff in mind and
+then maybe revisit it again after Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe revisit it again after Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe revisit it again after Chris
+talks about tomorrow - yeah you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about tomorrow - yeah you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about tomorrow - yeah you can also
+ask him while he's here - yeah and Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him while he's here - yeah and Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask him while he's here - yeah and Chris
+I mean Chris knows the grammar of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Chris knows the grammar of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean Chris knows the grammar of this
+stuff better than I do I you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff better than I do I you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff better than I do I you know I
+admit I didn't go to film school so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit I didn't go to film school so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admit I didn't go to film school so we
+we use terms of art you know in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use terms of art you know in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use terms of art you know in our
+studio that probably are appropriate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio that probably are appropriate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio that probably are appropriate but
+you know the cameras close-up on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cameras close-up on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cameras close-up on this
+guy the cameras far back from this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the cameras far back from this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy the cameras far back from this guy
+you know the cameras moving while this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cameras moving while this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the cameras moving while this
+guy is talking you know that's sort you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is talking you know that's sort you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is talking you know that's sort you
+know any of that stuff don't don't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any of that stuff don't don't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know any of that stuff don't don't be
+constrained by you know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- using in the shop the tree yeah it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- using in the shop the tree yeah it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- using in the shop the tree yeah it was
+I live in turn sideways like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I live in turn sideways like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I live in turn sideways like yeah
+where's there another shortcut this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's there another shortcut this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's there another shortcut this yeah
+well a note card is very turned sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a note card is very turned sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a note card is very turned sideways
+is perfect you know is a good sixteen by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect you know is a good sixteen by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perfect you know is a good sixteen by
+nine approximation the the the template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine approximation the the the template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine approximation the the the template
+that I'm gonna give you guys is is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna give you guys is is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm gonna give you guys is is you
+know widescreen but yeah definitely have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know widescreen but yeah definitely have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know widescreen but yeah definitely have
+to think about those sorts of things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about those sorts of things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about those sorts of things you
+know you don't want to be doing it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't want to be doing it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't want to be doing it in a
+four by three box you know you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four by three box you know you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four by three box you know you want to
+think about the full frame and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the full frame and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the full frame and this is
+you know this is sort of stupid I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of stupid I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is sort of stupid I don't
+know why I put this make them easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I put this make them easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why I put this make them easy to
+read visually and understand you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read visually and understand you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read visually and understand you know so
+you know I think one thing I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think one thing I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think one thing I wanted to
+really stress is that for us and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stress is that for us and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stress is that for us and I think
+for most people as you saw in the Pixar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people as you saw in the Pixar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people as you saw in the Pixar
+video storyboarding is a collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video storyboarding is a collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video storyboarding is a collaborative
+process so you know you can't this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you know you can't this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so you know you can't this is a
+process this is this kind of art is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this is this kind of art is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this is this kind of art is
+something that comes out of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes out of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that comes out of a lot of
+different minds working together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different minds working together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different minds working together
+creatively and so the story one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively and so the story one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creatively and so the story one reason
+to make the storyboard really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the storyboard really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the storyboard really easy to
+understand is that be somebody else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that be somebody else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that be somebody else is
+gonna have to use it and work on it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to use it and work on it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to use it and work on it it's
+not just what's inside your head your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just what's inside your head your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just what's inside your head your
+this is a part of a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a part of a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a part of a process that
+collaborators are all working on so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators are all working on so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators are all working on so it
+has to communicate very effectively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to communicate very effectively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to communicate very effectively and
+I haven't mentioned this formally yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't mentioned this formally yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't mentioned this formally yet
+but obviously if you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously if you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously if you're going to be
+hosting your video you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting your video you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hosting your video you can't
+simultaneously be shooting it as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously be shooting it as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously be shooting it as well so
+the way that's going to work is will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's going to work is will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's going to work is will
+partner you guys up or we'll figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner you guys up or we'll figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner you guys up or we'll figure
+something out to our basically you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out to our basically you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out to our basically you'll be
+shooting someone else's video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting someone else's video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting someone else's video and
+someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone else
+be shooting yours and the storyboard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shooting yours and the storyboard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shooting yours and the storyboard is
+going to be really important for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really important for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really important for that
+reason because you have to somehow give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because you have to somehow give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason because you have to somehow give
+the instructions to whoever's shooting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions to whoever's shooting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructions to whoever's shooting
+for you exactly how you want things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you exactly how you want things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you exactly how you want things
+framed what you want your shot to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed what you want your shot to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framed what you want your shot to look
+like and things like that so agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and things like that so agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and things like that so agree
+completely it's a very collaborative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it's a very collaborative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely it's a very collaborative and
+necessary thing yeah you know if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary thing yeah you know if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary thing yeah you know if there's
+time make make a few boards like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time make make a few boards like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time make make a few boards like a lot
+of times people in our office will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times people in our office will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times people in our office will make
+some boards independently of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boards independently of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some boards independently of each other
+and then we'll bring them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll bring them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll bring them all together
+and see what we've all got sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we've all got sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what we've all got sometimes
+that's part of our workflow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of our workflow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of our workflow
+if you have time storyboard the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have time storyboard the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have time storyboard the same
+script and in a couple of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and in a couple of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and in a couple of different ways
+you might get different ideas with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get different ideas with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might get different ideas with
+different perspectives and as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives and as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different perspectives and as I said
+before revise the script as needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before revise the script as needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before revise the script as needed
+sometimes a great visual idea doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a great visual idea doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a great visual idea doesn't
+line up with the script focus on visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up with the script focus on visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up with the script focus on visual
+story not adherence to your script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story not adherence to your script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story not adherence to your script
+so if you come up with a cool idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you come up with a cool idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you come up with a cool idea and
+you may expect you know this is hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may expect you know this is hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may expect you know this is hard to
+see I can say this but you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can say this but you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can say this but you just have to
+experience it to really understand it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it to really understand it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience it to really understand it
+you might come up with a cool idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come up with a cool idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might come up with a cool idea but
+the script doesn't quite match what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script doesn't quite match what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script doesn't quite match what
+you're saying so don't feel like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying so don't feel like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying so don't feel like you're
+locked into that script and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked into that script and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locked into that script and finally the
+storyboard is only a guide changes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard is only a guide changes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard is only a guide changes are
+often made in the production and editing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often made in the production and editing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often made in the production and editing
+process so all this stuff is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so all this stuff is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so all this stuff is very
+plastic you know you're you're moving it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic you know you're you're moving it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic you know you're you're moving it
+you're changing it as you go all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing it as you go all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing it as you go all right
+so how to make a storyboard we brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to make a storyboard we brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how to make a storyboard we brought
+some paper templates you can use note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paper templates you can use note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some paper templates you can use note
+cards which a note cut we don't use note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards which a note cut we don't use note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards which a note cut we don't use note
+cards but it's actually an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards but it's actually an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards but it's actually an interesting
+idea which is that then if you put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which is that then if you put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which is that then if you put one
+seam or one shot on each card you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam or one shot on each card you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seam or one shot on each card you can
+start moving the cards around on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving the cards around on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start moving the cards around on the
+wall which might be interesting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall which might be interesting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall which might be interesting an
+interesting way to do it and each frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way to do it and each frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting way to do it and each frame
+should include the script line and basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should include the script line and basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should include the script line and basic
+direction notes we don't always do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction notes we don't always do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction notes we don't always do that
+but we at minimum we include the script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we at minimum we include the script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we at minimum we include the script
+line that's coordinated with that's with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's coordinated with that's with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that's coordinated with that's with
+with the shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's workshop and there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's workshop and there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's workshop and there's a couple
+different ways we can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well first let me go over what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first let me go over what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first let me go over what I think
+we're what I this basic format will John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what I this basic format will John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what I this basic format will John
+and I will sit up here and storyboard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will sit up here and storyboard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I will sit up here and storyboard a
+script and what that script is I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and what that script is I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script and what that script is I want to
+talk to you about in a minute and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about in a minute and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to you about in a minute and then
+once we've done some of it maybe over 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've done some of it maybe over 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we've done some of it maybe over 30
+45 minutes will give we'll break you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes will give we'll break you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes will give we'll break you
+into small groups and you'll continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into small groups and you'll continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into small groups and you'll continue
+the same the same script storyboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the same script storyboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same the same script storyboarding
+it you'll do if you do some frames on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll do if you do some frames on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you'll do if you do some frames on
+your own we'll walk around and help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own we'll walk around and help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own we'll walk around and help you
+and then you guys will present what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you guys will present what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you guys will present what you
+have and we'll just we'll just share and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and we'll just we'll just share and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and we'll just we'll just share and
+discuss them yeah that works that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them yeah that works that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss them yeah that works that would
+work great yeah sure yeah that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work great yeah sure yeah that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work great yeah sure yeah that would
+work great keynote PowerPoint that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work great keynote PowerPoint that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work great keynote PowerPoint that would
+that be great and you don't have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be great and you don't have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be great and you don't have to use
+these paper sheets but unless you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paper sheets but unless you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these paper sheets but unless you have a
+Wacom with you it can be difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wacom with you it can be difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wacom with you it can be difficult to
+draw on your computer so the script that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on your computer so the script that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw on your computer so the script that
+we're going to storyboard we can either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to storyboard we can either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to storyboard we can either
+do a script that we've already done or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a script that we've already done or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a script that we've already done or
+that we've already written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've already written in
+storyboarded and produce but it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarded and produce but it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarded and produce but it would be
+it would be wonderful to storyboard it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be wonderful to storyboard it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be wonderful to storyboard it
+again with all of your input or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with all of your input or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with all of your input or we can
+take one script that you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one script that you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one script that you guys are
+currently working on and just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working on and just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently working on and just get
+started on it with you so either someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on it with you so either someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started on it with you so either someone
+is either someone is either a victim or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either someone is either a victim or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either someone is either a victim or
+very lucky or some combination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lucky or some combination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very lucky or some combination of the
+two in this who votes for storyboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this who votes for storyboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this who votes for storyboarding
+one of our scripts okay somebody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our scripts okay somebody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our scripts okay somebody okay
+who votes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who votes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who votes okay
+so fine so it sounds like you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fine so it sounds like you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fine so it sounds like you want a
+storyboard one of your scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right who wants the storyboard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right who wants the storyboard one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right who wants the storyboard one
+of their scripts oh come on guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their scripts oh come on guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their scripts oh come on guys
+this is absurd oh you mean the hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absurd oh you mean the hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absurd oh you mean the hotel
+works yeah do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works yeah do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works yeah do you have
+should we just storyboard the the latest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we just storyboard the the latest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we just storyboard the the latest
+script that you uploaded to the tumblr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so he's got an idea that he hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he's got an idea that he hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so he's got an idea that he hasn't
+fully scripted yet oh okay yeah it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully scripted yet oh okay yeah it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully scripted yet oh okay yeah it might
+be easier if we have actual like textual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier if we have actual like textual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easier if we have actual like textual
+yeah we need a script just for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we need a script just for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we need a script just for for
+logistical purposes does anyone yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistical purposes does anyone yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistical purposes does anyone yeah
+it's not gonna be your entire script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna be your entire script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not gonna be your entire script
+it's just gonna be a portion a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gonna be a portion a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gonna be a portion a couple
+scenes from it does anything feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes from it does anything feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes from it does anything feel
+comfortable and it's okay if you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and it's okay if you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable and it's okay if you end up
+changing it completely - yeah yeah and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it completely - yeah yeah and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing it completely - yeah yeah and I
+thought that - that was kind of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that - that was kind of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that - that was kind of what we
+were planning to do but I didn't want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planning to do but I didn't want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were planning to do but I didn't want it
+I didn't want to make it all about us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to make it all about us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't want to make it all about us
+but if you think it's instructive then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think it's instructive then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think it's instructive then
+okay okay okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay cool
+so I do have a script here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you want them to do pencil doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want them to do pencil doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you want them to do pencil doesn't
+matter it doesn't matter pencil is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it doesn't matter pencil is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it doesn't matter pencil is nice
+because you can erase it yeah so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can erase it yeah so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can erase it yeah so I think
+what we'll do is we'll start off we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is we'll start off we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll do is we'll start off we'll
+start off with John working and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with John working and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with John working and we'll
+all will chime in and then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all will chime in and then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all will chime in and then you can see
+how John works and then you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how John works and then you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how John works and then you can do it
+yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself
+does that make sense yourselves I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yourselves I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense yourselves I have
+the script actually so you can see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script actually so you can see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the script actually so you can see what
+I was hoping we'd do this is a video at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was hoping we'd do this is a video at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was hoping we'd do this is a video at
+another one of those wnat episodes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those wnat episodes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those wnat episodes on
+mass and force I hope I printed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and force I hope I printed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and force I hope I printed out
+enough of these I may not have okay some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of these I may not have okay some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of these I may not have okay some
+people are gonna have to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are gonna have to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are gonna have to share
+unfortunately okay so John we use flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately okay so John we use flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately okay so John we use flash
+a lot just for for illustration and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot just for for illustration and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot just for for illustration and for
+storyboarding and for some animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding and for some animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding and for some animation
+components I won't go into all that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I won't go into all that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I won't go into all that but
+what John has here is a Wacom tablet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what John has here is a Wacom tablet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what John has here is a Wacom tablet and
+it allows us to just get our ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows us to just get our ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows us to just get our ideas in
+the computer basically so I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer basically so I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer basically so I need the
+script alright so let's just let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script alright so let's just let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script alright so let's just let's just
+focus on the first paragraph okay and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the first paragraph okay and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the first paragraph okay and in
+order for this work to work I please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this work to work I please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for this work to work I please
+chime in and participate in this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because what I'll end up happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'll end up happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I'll end up happening is
+we'll end up with exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with exactly the same thing
+we already did and I don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already did and I don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already did and I don't want to do
+that mass is a measure of an object's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass is a measure of an object's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass is a measure of an object's
+ability to resist being accelerated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to resist being accelerated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to resist being accelerated by a
+force that means the more massive an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that means the more massive an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force that means the more massive an
+object is the hard it is to make it move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the hard it is to make it move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the hard it is to make it move
+if it's at rest or to stop it if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's at rest or to stop it if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's at rest or to stop it if it's
+moving so so thinking about the need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so so thinking about the need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so so thinking about the need to
+make the beginning of a video very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the beginning of a video very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the beginning of a video very
+interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and
+immediately engage of you or how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately engage of you or how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately engage of you or how do we
+want to start this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay mass is a measure of an object's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mass is a measure of an object's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay mass is a measure of an object's so
+we've got an object what kind of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an object what kind of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an object what kind of object
+do we want huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we want huh
+a fat man something big something iconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fat man something big something iconic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fat man something big something iconic
+something something that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something something that really
+symbolizes mass a building a monument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolizes mass a building a monument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolizes mass a building a monument
+how about what are you gonna say Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that could work okay a brass wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that could work okay a brass wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that could work okay a brass wait
+yeah an anvil those are iconic things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah an anvil those are iconic things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah an anvil those are iconic things
+yeah yeah that's that'd be loot that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's that'd be loot that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's that'd be loot that the
+Looney Tunes approach for sure okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looney Tunes approach for sure okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Looney Tunes approach for sure okay so
+what do you think John should we go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think John should we go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think John should we go with
+you know something big that falls is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something big that falls is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something big that falls is it
+good do we need the word mass on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good do we need the word mass on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good do we need the word mass on the
+screen okay something big that falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why don't we do the let's go with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do the let's go with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do the let's go with it
+let's go with let's try out this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with let's try out this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go with let's try out this idea of
+the word mass being made out of stone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word mass being made out of stone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word mass being made out of stone
+that's kind of interesting it falls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting it falls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting it falls and
+like crumbles pennant like creates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crumbles pennant like creates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like crumbles pennant like creates this
+sort of cloud of dust and stuff it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cloud of dust and stuff it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cloud of dust and stuff it
+sounds good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such a question yeah how many no story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- what yeah that's a good question what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what yeah that's a good question what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- what yeah that's a good question what
+do you think about that John I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about that John I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about that John I think
+that's up to you I mean I'm a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up to you I mean I'm a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's up to you I mean I'm a very
+visual person so for me I'd like to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual person so for me I'd like to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual person so for me I'd like to draw
+maybe three or four frames of this mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three or four frames of this mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three or four frames of this mass
+dropping down but for you maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down but for you maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping down but for you maybe you
+could just make one drawing and next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just make one drawing and next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just make one drawing and next to
+the storyboard explain the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storyboard explain the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storyboard explain the action
+explain what's going on yeah a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what's going on yeah a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what's going on yeah a lot of
+times we draw red arrows to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we draw red arrows to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times we draw red arrows to indicate
+movement so you could draw the word mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so you could draw the word mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement so you could draw the word mass
+at the bottom of the screen with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom of the screen with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom of the screen with the
+clouds and and have a red arrow facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds and and have a red arrow facing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clouds and and have a red arrow facing
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you definitely want to do another board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely want to do another board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you definitely want to do another board
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and John is drawing in like a like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John is drawing in like a like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and John is drawing in like a like just
+a horizon here so you have a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizon here so you have a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizon here so you have a sense of
+the scene just in a bear at a very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene just in a bear at a very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene just in a bear at a very basic
+level and where you know this the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and where you know this the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and where you know this the back
+where the background is going to be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the background is going to be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the background is going to be and
+where the word is going to land and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the word is going to land and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the word is going to land and I
+think that's enough for the first line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's enough for the first line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's enough for the first line
+yeah and this is just the beginning to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is just the beginning to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and this is just the beginning to a
+lot of times with our storyboards we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times with our storyboards we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times with our storyboards we'll
+just draw out our ideas and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw out our ideas and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw out our ideas and then we'll
+come to the end of the whole storyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the end of the whole storyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to the end of the whole storyboard
+and take a look at it and we'll say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look at it and we'll say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a look at it and we'll say oh
+we have this ending but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this ending but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this ending but it doesn't
+really match at the beginning so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really match at the beginning so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really match at the beginning so then we
+go back and maybe we change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and maybe we change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and maybe we change the
+beginning to more match the end you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to more match the end you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to more match the end you know
+we're just getting all our ideas out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just getting all our ideas out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just getting all our ideas out but
+you're not locked into this idea now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not locked into this idea now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not locked into this idea now
+that we've drawn it right okay so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've drawn it right okay so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've drawn it right okay so next
+line that means the more massive an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that means the more massive an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that means the more massive an
+object is the hearted it the harder it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the hearted it the harder it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is the hearted it the harder it
+is to make it move if it's at rest or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make it move if it's at rest or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make it move if it's at rest or to
+stop it if it's moving and that yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it if it's moving and that yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it if it's moving and that yeah so
+what do you think about that one we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about that one we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think about that one we've
+got this object that's fallen onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this object that's fallen onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this object that's fallen onto the
+screen and now we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and now we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and now we're talking about
+moving it and stopping it yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's a natural very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a natural very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a natural very very
+iconic way of doing that so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic way of doing that so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iconic way of doing that so we have a
+character now who comes in and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character now who comes in and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character now who comes in and you know
+like this oh god you know I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this oh god you know I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this oh god you know I was trying
+to push this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and either for the second portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either for the second portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either for the second portion
+in the in the thing slums then the mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the thing slums then the mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the thing slums then the mess
+will come sliding up to the guy he is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come sliding up to the guy he is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come sliding up to the guy he is to
+try to stop if I can see it's like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to stop if I can see it's like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to stop if I can see it's like that
+key to the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to the wall
+okay what if what if this little guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if what if this little guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what if what if this little guy
+tries to push it and then maybe an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to push it and then maybe an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to push it and then maybe an
+elephant comes on the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant comes on the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elephant comes on the other side of the
+word and pushes and if it is effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and pushes and if it is effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and pushes and if it is effective
+at pushing it towards him and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pushing it towards him and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at pushing it towards him and then he
+has to like go like this to get it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to like go like this to get it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to like go like this to get it just
+he's like oh my god and he can't stop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like oh my god and he can't stop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's like oh my god and he can't stop it
+and he gets pushed off the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gets pushed off the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gets pushed off the screen
+something like that with that uh-huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that with that uh-huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that with that uh-huh
+oh that's a good idea yeah so then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a good idea yeah so then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's a good idea yeah so then it's
+gravity is working on the the word then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is working on the the word then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity is working on the the word then
+that could that could work yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah he tries to get out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great so that covers the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so that covers the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so that covers the first
+paragraph for me or you guys you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph for me or you guys you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph for me or you guys you think
+we're this is a good start so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is a good start so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is a good start so let's
+let's start with the next sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the next sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the next sentence
+are you all set yep okay the nifty thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you all set yep okay the nifty thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you all set yep okay the nifty thing
+about mass is that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass is that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass is that it doesn't
+necessarily have to do with size think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to do with size think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to do with size think
+of a big pile of rocks and a big pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big pile of rocks and a big pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big pile of rocks and a big pile of
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+volume but it would take a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but it would take a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but it would take a lot more
+effort or force to move the pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort or force to move the pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort or force to move the pile of
+rocks than it would to move the pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks than it would to move the pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks than it would to move the pile of
+feathers the reason rocks have more mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers the reason rocks have more mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers the reason rocks have more mass
+than feathers because they're more dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than feathers because they're more dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than feathers because they're more dense
+all right so how do we tackle this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+cool maybe it may that's nice well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool maybe it may that's nice well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool maybe it may that's nice well I
+like the idea of coke making it cohesive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of coke making it cohesive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the idea of coke making it cohesive
+you know like it's all come it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like it's all come it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like it's all come it's all
+working together so maybe the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together so maybe the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together so maybe the mass
+slides down the ramp and and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides down the ramp and and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides down the ramp and and hit
+something and breaks apart into a pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and breaks apart into a pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and breaks apart into a pile
+of rocks or there's a pile of rocks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rocks or there's a pile of rocks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rocks or there's a pile of rocks on
+one side of this screen what's that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea
+that's an interesting idea oh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting idea oh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting idea oh so this
+characters a bird I like that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so he's pushing against it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so he's pushing against it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so he's pushing against it and then
+it starts then things tilt and it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts then things tilt and it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts then things tilt and it starts
+to slide forward yeah but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide forward yeah but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to slide forward yeah but but it's
+somebody suggesting that this guy's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody suggesting that this guy's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody suggesting that this guy's a
+bird yes okay so how are we going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird yes okay so how are we going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bird yes okay so how are we going to do
+this in a kind of fun nonviolent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a kind of fun nonviolent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a kind of fun nonviolent way
+that this this bird like you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this bird like you know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this this bird like you know yeah
+well I mean they could just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean they could just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I mean they could just sort of
+divinely appear like they could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divinely appear like they could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divinely appear like they could just
+fall from the top of the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall from the top of the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall from the top of the screen
+you know yeah yeah and let me back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah yeah and let me back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know yeah yeah and let me back up
+for a second because let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second because let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second because let's think about
+this in terms of so this this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of so this this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in terms of so this this first
+scene obviously we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene obviously we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene obviously we're talking about
+animation here like we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation here like we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation here like we're not going to
+do this live action right but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this live action right but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this live action right but let's
+let's imagine that the next scene this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that the next scene this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that the next scene this
+the second paragraph is live action so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second paragraph is live action so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second paragraph is live action so
+then we're talking about more of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're talking about more of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're talking about more of like an
+idea like you have you know where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea like you have you know where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea like you have you know where you
+have some actual people moving rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some actual people moving rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some actual people moving rocks
+around and you have maybe somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you have maybe somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you have maybe somebody
+dumping out feathers right do is out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping out feathers right do is out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping out feathers right do is out is
+that what we want to do is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we want to do is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we want to do is kind of a
+combo here I know I may be bringing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combo here I know I may be bringing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combo here I know I may be bringing it
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+of Weber comes in the mess were forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Weber comes in the mess were forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Weber comes in the mess were forced
+into his head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into his head
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you're talking about a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're talking about a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're talking about a nice
+transition between between that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between between that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition between between that could be
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so then we have a yeah so then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then we have a yeah so then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so then we have a yeah so then we
+have a host at the throughout we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a host at the throughout we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a host at the throughout we start
+with a host a talking head and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a host a talking head and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a host a talking head and then we
+have the mass fall down beside him you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mass fall down beside him you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the mass fall down beside him you
+see how this gets complicated right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this gets complicated right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how this gets complicated right
+there's lots of different ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of different ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of different ways to do
+things right well for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right well for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right well for the sake of
+simplicity let's let's continue as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity let's let's continue as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplicity let's let's continue as if
+this we're just gonna animate this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're just gonna animate this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're just gonna animate this video
+okay is that okay with you Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that okay with you Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is that okay with you Elizabeth
+wait okay just just so that we you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait okay just just so that we you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait okay just just so that we you guys
+get the sense of the process but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sense of the process but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sense of the process but you can
+already see that there are so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see that there are so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already see that there are so many
+options right there's so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options right there's so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options right there's so many different
+ways to do things okay so back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do things okay so back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do things okay so back to our
+feathers the nifty thing about mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers the nifty thing about mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers the nifty thing about mass is
+that it doesn't necessarily necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't necessarily necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it doesn't necessarily necessarily
+have to do with size all right so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with size all right so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with size all right so we've
+got this this mass that's rolled down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this this mass that's rolled down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this this mass that's rolled down
+the hill and I like the idea of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill and I like the idea of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hill and I like the idea of that
+hitting something and turning into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting something and turning into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting something and turning into a
+pile of rocks are we gonna go with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of rocks are we gonna go with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of rocks are we gonna go with that
+idea okay yeah it goes off a cliff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay yeah it goes off a cliff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea okay yeah it goes off a cliff
+a pillow factory that's funny yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pillow factory that's funny yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pillow factory that's funny yeah
+that's funny all right so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny all right so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's funny all right so here we have
+our cliff and this will cut you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cliff and this will cut you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cliff and this will cut you know
+this action will cover the nifty thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action will cover the nifty thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this action will cover the nifty thing
+about mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then down in the valley for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down in the valley for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down in the valley for the
+canyon is the Acme pillow company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bellows RS okay so so we've got to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellows RS okay so so we've got to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellows RS okay so so we've got to do
+think of a big pile of rocks and a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a big pile of rocks and a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a big pile of rocks and a big
+pile of feathers boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then maybe we cut then we cut to a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we cut then we cut to a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe we cut then we cut to a pilot
+we cut to a pile of rocks and a pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut to a pile of rocks and a pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cut to a pile of rocks and a pile of
+feathers so this is kind of a jump cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers so this is kind of a jump cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers so this is kind of a jump cut
+to a close-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both piles are the same size or volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both piles are the same size or volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both piles are the same size or volume
+but it would take a lot more effort or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would take a lot more effort or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would take a lot more effort or
+force to move the pile of rocks than it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to move the pile of rocks than it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to move the pile of rocks than it
+would new to move the pile of feathers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would new to move the pile of feathers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would new to move the pile of feathers
+so maybe our protagonists are our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe our protagonists are our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe our protagonists are our little
+guy who was holding the the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was holding the the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who was holding the the the the the
+mast thing needs to come back in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast thing needs to come back in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mast thing needs to come back in here
+what do you what should he do now yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what should he do now yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you what should he do now yeah
+we could do it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do it that way
+wind is hmm potentially yeah yeah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is hmm potentially yeah yeah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind is hmm potentially yeah yeah or
+maybe he well any other ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that could work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that could work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that could work
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+by adding on to that maybe he tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding on to that maybe he tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding on to that maybe he tries to
+blow the rocks and nothing happens then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow the rocks and nothing happens then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow the rocks and nothing happens then
+he kicks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we have we have a leaf blower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have we have a leaf blower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we have we have a leaf blower
+we have cleaning up scenario you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cleaning up scenario you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have cleaning up scenario you want to
+try the leaf blower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the leaf blower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try the leaf blower
+sure or anything else is there any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure or anything else is there any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure or anything else is there any way
+we can connect this with the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can connect this with the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can connect this with the beginning
+in the beginning he's trying to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning he's trying to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the beginning he's trying to move
+this word mass is there anything there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word mass is there anything there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word mass is there anything there
+is he maybe you know that janitor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he maybe you know that janitor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is he maybe you know that janitor and
+this this mass is making is in his way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this mass is making is in his way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this mass is making is in his way
+he doesn't like it there and then he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't like it there and then he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he doesn't like it there and then he's
+trying to do the same thing here he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the same thing here he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the same thing here he's
+trying to clean up this mess I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to clean up this mess I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to clean up this mess I don't
+know just spitballing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just spitballing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just spitballing here
+is there a way we can tie the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way we can tie the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a way we can tie the two things
+together is the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I was thinking that he's running or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was thinking that he's running or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was thinking that he's running or
+with because he's running away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because he's running away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with because he's running away from
+their singing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their singing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their singing
+he runs a along with the maze and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs a along with the maze and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he runs a along with the maze and
+crashes and boom it lands in dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes and boom it lands in dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashes and boom it lands in dependency
+it's like getting away from a favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like getting away from a favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like getting away from a favorite
+this case of fetters then she tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of fetters then she tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case of fetters then she tries to
+clear the wrong that's an interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the wrong that's an interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear the wrong that's an interesting so
+it's what does it say here think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what does it say here think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what does it say here think of a
+big pile of rocks and big pile of petal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pile of rocks and big pile of petal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big pile of rocks and big pile of petal
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+volume but would take a lot more effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but would take a lot more effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but would take a lot more effort
+or force to move the pile of rocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or force to move the pile of rocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or force to move the pile of rocks and
+when to move the pile of pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to move the pile of pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when to move the pile of pile of
+feathers so I think we're back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers so I think we're back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers so I think we're back to a
+scenario where we need to have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where we need to have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario where we need to have some sort
+of like we need to show force being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like we need to show force being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like we need to show force being
+exerted you know so it would take a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted you know so it would take a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerted you know so it would take a lot
+more effort or force to move the big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort or force to move the big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more effort or force to move the big the
+pile of rocks so what sort of how can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of rocks so what sort of how can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile of rocks so what sort of how can we
+show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that
+I mean we've almost already showed it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we've almost already showed it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we've almost already showed it in
+a way yeah or maybe just our character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way yeah or maybe just our character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way yeah or maybe just our character
+like trying to push this pile of rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to push this pile of rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to push this pile of rocks
+again like he's it's like oh man not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like he's it's like oh man not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like he's it's like oh man not
+again I got to push something else you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I got to push something else you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I got to push something else you
+know what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right right
+deck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he's on his way to school or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on his way to school or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on his way to school or something
+and this adventure happens yeah yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this adventure happens yeah yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this adventure happens yeah yeah and
+the audience's kids you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience's kids you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience's kids you know this is
+middle schoolers yeah so we could add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle schoolers yeah so we could add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle schoolers yeah so we could add a
+note you know to the first scene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you know to the first scene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note you know to the first scene that
+like kid with backpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so we we agree that so this kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we we agree that so this kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we we agree that so this kid
+is going to try to move these rocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try to move these rocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to try to move these rocks in
+some way he's trying to push him or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way he's trying to push him or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way he's trying to push him or or
+gets his back up against him and tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his back up against him and tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets his back up against him and tries
+to get him out of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the effectively isn't a right to cater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effectively isn't a right to cater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effectively isn't a right to cater
+faders yeah or on someone sleeping at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faders yeah or on someone sleeping at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faders yeah or on someone sleeping at
+one of them and the rocks will be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and the rocks will be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them and the rocks will be this
+like construction truck the TV thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like construction truck the TV thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like construction truck the TV thing
+comes in it loose it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in it loose it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in it loose it up
+yeah yeah does that does that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah does that does that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah does that does that really
+just show the notion of differing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show the notion of differing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show the notion of differing
+amounts of force being neaten required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of force being neaten required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts of force being neaten required
+that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah place
+maybe we use the heavy machinery to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we use the heavy machinery to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we use the heavy machinery to move
+the rocks and then we just move our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocks and then we just move our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rocks and then we just move our
+little character and he can move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little character and he can move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little character and he can move the
+feathers yeah that could work yeah like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers yeah that could work yeah like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers yeah that could work yeah like
+a big backhoe has to move the rocks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big backhoe has to move the rocks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big backhoe has to move the rocks but
+the the character is able to just either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the character is able to just either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the character is able to just either
+blow on the feathers or move them out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on the feathers or move them out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow on the feathers or move them out of
+the way really easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah that's nice that work does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's nice that work does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's nice that work does
+that sell it as we say so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sell it as we say so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sell it as we say so we need to
+show that the do we need to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the do we need to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that the do we need to show the
+backhoe first it would take a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backhoe first it would take a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backhoe first it would take a lot more
+effort or force to move the pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort or force to move the pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort or force to move the pile of
+rocks and then we have another shot then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks and then we have another shot then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks and then we have another shot then
+it would to move the pile of feathers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back COFA yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we see the rocks gone in the next scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it gets so the feathers are gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then we've got another line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got another line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we've got another line here
+the reason rocks have more mass than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason rocks have more mass than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason rocks have more mass than
+feathers because they're more dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is yeah right right if I'm not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah right right if I'm not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is yeah right right if I'm not a
+scientist and you guys can help me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and you guys can help me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist and you guys can help me with
+this but this this density really equate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this this density really equate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this this density really equate
+to weight like to do if we just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight like to do if we just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight like to do if we just show
+them on a scale does that really showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a scale does that really showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on a scale does that really showing
+that one is more dense than the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+could we do something like just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do something like just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we do something like just very
+simple where we just the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple where we just the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple where we just the character
+extends two hands and when one hand is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends two hands and when one hand is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extends two hands and when one hand is a
+rock and then the other is a feather and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and then the other is a feather and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and then the other is a feather and
+we just and we put we put the words more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just and we put we put the words more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just and we put we put the words more
+dense above the hand with the rock in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense above the hand with the rock in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense above the hand with the rock in it
+or something like that how do you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that how do you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that how do you how do
+you how do you visually tell say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you visually tell say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how do you visually tell say
+something's more dense like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's more dense like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's more dense like how do you
+show that baby machine was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that baby machine was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that baby machine was because
+trolled they're all soft into the ocean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trolled they're all soft into the ocean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trolled they're all soft into the ocean
+you see the rough sinking and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the rough sinking and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the rough sinking and in the
+messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages
+maybe just landing on a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finish your stencil SN I'm not sure how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish your stencil SN I'm not sure how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish your stencil SN I'm not sure how
+familiar the kids were the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar the kids were the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar the kids were the concept of
+density yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density yeah
+but having the water sinking floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having the water sinking floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having the water sinking floating
+the point a bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point a bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point a bit better
+okay well if you are you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if you are you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well if you are you like you
+already introduced all hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already introduced all hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already introduced all hand
+so I'm do like to introduce density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm do like to introduce density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm do like to introduce density
+would really be doing like what came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really be doing like what came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would really be doing like what came
+from to the bar not to do it do it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to the bar not to do it do it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to the bar not to do it do it just
+it's like density is volume and mass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like density is volume and mass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like density is volume and mass so
+if you're able to have volume and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're able to have volume and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're able to have volume and then
+go to mass after that I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to mass after that I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to mass after that I think that's
+where they connect that the mass can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they connect that the mass can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they connect that the mass can be
+different even though the volume is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different even though the volume is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different even though the volume is the
+same and you select different constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it may not even why maybe it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it may not even why maybe it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it may not even why maybe it's okay
+to just say one's more dense than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just say one's more dense than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just say one's more dense than the
+other right it's like a what couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right it's like a what couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right it's like a what couple
+minute videos yeah yeah the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute videos yeah yeah the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute videos yeah yeah the point is
+really about how things that have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about how things that have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about how things that have more
+mass require more force mm-hmm if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass require more force mm-hmm if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass require more force mm-hmm if you
+start going into the density I'm afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going into the density I'm afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going into the density I'm afraid
+that people would also want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would also want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people would also want to talk
+about what the difference between weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the difference between weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the difference between weight
+and mass are yeah true yeah so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mass are yeah true yeah so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mass are yeah true yeah so again
+it's like at one point are you branching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like at one point are you branching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like at one point are you branching
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+from the main point of the video I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the main point of the video I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the main point of the video I don't
+think I knew the story that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I knew the story that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I knew the story that's a good
+point yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the reason rocks have more mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the reason rocks have more mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the reason rocks have more mass
+than feathers because they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than feathers because they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than feathers because they're more
+different yes and maybe remember what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes and maybe remember what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes and maybe remember what we
+did and then with the video we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and then with the video we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and then with the video we actually
+ended up producing but I I think I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up producing but I I think I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up producing but I I think I would
+go with with the hint with the hands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with with the hint with the hands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with with the hint with the hands for
+displaying the two things you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying the two things you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displaying the two things you sort of
+think about how they're essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how they're essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how they're essentially the
+same size but one is very light and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size but one is very light and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same size but one is very light and what
+is one is one is this rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one is one is this rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one is one is this rock
+you know it's dense can um is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's dense can um is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's dense can um is it
+possible to sort of zoom in on the rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to sort of zoom in on the rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to sort of zoom in on the rock
+intensity is really that there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is really that there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity is really that there's like
+more stuff per space right mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff per space right mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stuff per space right mm-hmm
+so somehow like have the rock bulge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow like have the rock bulge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somehow like have the rock bulge a
+little bit to show that that frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to show that that frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to show that that frame is
+like stuffed with as much stuff as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stuffed with as much stuff as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like stuffed with as much stuff as
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+yeah then show the feathers and show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then show the feathers and show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah then show the feathers and show
+like a lot more air and space in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot more air and space in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a lot more air and space in between
+the feathers mm and you can still put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feathers mm and you can still put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feathers mm and you can still put
+the label more intense but maybe there'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label more intense but maybe there'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the label more intense but maybe there'd
+be some sort of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some sort of visual
+with that as well yeah potentially hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as well yeah potentially hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that as well yeah potentially hmm
+this is a toughy you say maybe we cut to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a toughy you say maybe we cut to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a toughy you say maybe we cut to
+a new shot where we see a rock and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new shot where we see a rock and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new shot where we see a rock and a
+feather side-by-side and then maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather side-by-side and then maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feather side-by-side and then maybe we
+see like a a view of each one under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like a a view of each one under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see like a a view of each one under a
+microscope I like that idea the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope I like that idea the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope I like that idea the the
+microscope image like we show like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope image like we show like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope image like we show like the
+crystalline structure of the the rock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline structure of the the rock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline structure of the the rock is
+like really you know it's like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really you know it's like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really you know it's like a lot of
+stuff packed in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's complicated so your tip to go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated so your tip to go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complicated so your tip to go with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+like I don't know the word dance like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think we have to I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we have to I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we have to I don't know if
+we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to
+yeah well let's let's think of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well let's let's think of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well let's let's think of another
+strategy here how necessary do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here how necessary do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy here how necessary do you think
+this line is in the script I mean is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is in the script I mean is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line is in the script I mean is it
+is it vital to the script itself I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it vital to the script itself I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it vital to the script itself I mean
+to the whole story I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole story I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whole story I don't know I
+haven't given you guys a chance to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given you guys a chance to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't given you guys a chance to read
+the whole thing but maybe this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing but maybe this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing but maybe this is one of
+those moments where we take this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those moments where we take this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those moments where we take this line
+out and we end this we end the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we end this we end the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and we end this we end the the
+paragraph with moving the feathers yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph with moving the feathers yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph with moving the feathers yeah
+it is easier and it might and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is easier and it might and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is easier and it might and it might
+be one of those moments where this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of those moments where this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of those moments where this line
+is a distraction from the yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distraction from the yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a distraction from the yeah yeah
+so let's let's say okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's say okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's say okay we're going to
+remove this line for now and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this line for now and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove this line for now and and you
+know some some client is going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some some client is going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some some client is going to come
+to you and say why did you guys take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and say why did you guys take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you and say why did you guys take
+that line out you know we really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line out you know we really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line out you know we really need
+that and then you have to argue for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you have to argue for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then you have to argue for that
+that's part of the that's all part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the that's all part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of the that's all part of
+the process right like well we you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process right like well we you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process right like well we you know
+we talked about this for about an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this for about an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about this for about an hour
+and we realized that this wasn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we realized that this wasn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we realized that this wasn't really
+important to the process you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the process you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to the process you know and
+that it happens all the time yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it happens all the time yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it happens all the time yeah yeah
+in my professional opinion and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my professional opinion and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my professional opinion and that's
+when I have to sort of fake this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have to sort of fake this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have to sort of fake this
+professional persona we don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional persona we don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional persona we don't think you
+should have this line in the script and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this line in the script and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have this line in the script and
+in retrospect what this line is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrospect what this line is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in retrospect what this line is in the
+video we but we didn't have 15 people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we but we didn't have 15 people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we but we didn't have 15 people to
+talk about it with we only had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people okay with taking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay with taking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay with taking that
+like you see why maybe that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see why maybe that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see why maybe that's a good
+choice would you have reacted that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would you have reacted that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would you have reacted that's
+positively to the idea of taking us out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively to the idea of taking us out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively to the idea of taking us out
+maybe five days ago before we've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five days ago before we've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe five days ago before we've gone
+through this class because I feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this class because I feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this class because I feel like
+that is the reaction of a lot of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the reaction of a lot of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the reaction of a lot of science
+it's like wait wait you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like wait wait you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like wait wait you know this is
+accurate but it's not precise like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but it's not precise like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate but it's not precise like
+George's talking about you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's talking about you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George's talking about you know you have
+to talk about density and that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about density and that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about density and that's sort of
+but I mean I want to tie this back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean I want to tie this back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean I want to tie this back to
+the work that you guys are doing out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you guys are doing out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you guys are doing out you
+guys see how this process is like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see how this process is like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys see how this process is like really
+making you examine what is truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you examine what is truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making you examine what is truly
+necessary and what is it to the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and what is it to the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and what is it to the project
+right cuz this is gonna happen to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz this is gonna happen to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz this is gonna happen to your
+scripts - you're gonna sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts - you're gonna sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts - you're gonna sit down and
+storyboard and you're gonna rack your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard and you're gonna rack your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard and you're gonna rack your
+brain over one sentence that you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain over one sentence that you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain over one sentence that you can't
+think of an appropriate efficient before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an appropriate efficient before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of an appropriate efficient before
+and maybe that's key for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's key for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe that's key for you to
+reconsider whether or not that part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsider whether or not that part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconsider whether or not that part is
+truly vital but you would not force to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly vital but you would not force to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly vital but you would not force to
+do that until you think about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that until you think about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that until you think about things
+like storyboarding and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like storyboarding and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like storyboarding and think about
+things like an overall narrative to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like an overall narrative to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like an overall narrative to your
+video cause otherwise you're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video cause otherwise you're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video cause otherwise you're gonna do
+what most scientists do at night I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what most scientists do at night I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what most scientists do at night I mean
+I like say this as a former amateur look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like say this as a former amateur look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like say this as a former amateur look
+but like the tendency is to just throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the tendency is to just throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like the tendency is to just throw
+as much information out there to cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much information out there to cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much information out there to cover
+your guns yeah and I and I think if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guns yeah and I and I think if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guns yeah and I and I think if I
+remember correctly this script was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly this script was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly this script was a lot
+more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated
+we received a kind of rough script from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we received a kind of rough script from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we received a kind of rough script from
+the client and I had to edit it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client and I had to edit it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client and I had to edit it down and
+get it into something that that worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into something that that worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it into something that that worked
+you know in the for the medium and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the for the medium and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the for the medium and and
+we had some discussions about well like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some discussions about well like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had some discussions about well like
+what why can't we say that I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why can't we say that I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what why can't we say that I mean that
+exactly what you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what you're talking about
+happened and I think that this one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and I think that this one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened and I think that this one just
+sort of slipped through you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of slipped through you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of slipped through you know this
+one got through and in retrospect maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one got through and in retrospect maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one got through and in retrospect maybe
+we shouldn't have produced that line but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't have produced that line but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shouldn't have produced that line but
+I love that we're thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love that we're thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love that we're thinking about this
+you know I think this is a really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think this is a really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think this is a really cool
+this is a really important part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really important part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a really important part of the
+process for another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process for another one
+you know your audience right the growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your audience right the growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know your audience right the growing
+about your audience and you know I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your audience and you know I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your audience and you know I was
+actually earlier today company one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually earlier today company one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually earlier today company one of my
+graduate fellows applied for the Masters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate fellows applied for the Masters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate fellows applied for the Masters
+of journalism program here and she has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of journalism program here and she has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of journalism program here and she has
+to write a 500-word piece of it and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a 500-word piece of it and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write a 500-word piece of it and she
+was trying her hardest to consolidate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying her hardest to consolidate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying her hardest to consolidate an
+experiment right and she was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right and she was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment right and she was trying to
+think about what the lay audience cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the lay audience cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what the lay audience cares
+about and it was so hard for her and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and it was so hard for her and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and it was so hard for her and she
+distilled it down the lane two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled it down the lane two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled it down the lane two and a
+half sentences but I I told her even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sentences but I I told her even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half sentences but I I told her even
+that was too much bird library York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was too much bird library York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was too much bird library York
+Times piece that don't cares about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times piece that don't cares about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times piece that don't cares about which
+mice were chosen and why for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice were chosen and why for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mice were chosen and why for this
+experiment and that this video is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and that this video is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and that this video is the
+crux of like what I think is the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crux of like what I think is the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crux of like what I think is the hardest
+thing right when they're words I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right when they're words I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right when they're words I think
+on Monday we heard that phrase kill your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday we heard that phrase kill your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday we heard that phrase kill your
+darlings you know there's that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darlings you know there's that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darlings you know there's that you know
+yeah yeah yeah exactly and and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah exactly and and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah exactly and and kind of
+and I think in retrospect than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think in retrospect than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think in retrospect than
+introducing the notion of density into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the notion of density into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the notion of density into
+this is a real distraction you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real distraction you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real distraction you know it's
+not what this is about so yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what this is about so yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what this is about so yeah so I
+would say let's strike that line that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say let's strike that line that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say let's strike that line that we
+have the luxury of doing that so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the luxury of doing that so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the luxury of doing that so I want
+to stop there with our portion of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop there with our portion of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop there with our portion of it and
+then kind of let you guys break up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of let you guys break up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then kind of let you guys break up into
+groups and do maybe the next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and do maybe the next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and do maybe the next two
+paragraphs if you make it further that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs if you make it further that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs if you make it further that's
+fine and then we'll walk around and kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then we'll walk around and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and then we'll walk around and kind
+of talk to you about your ideas but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk to you about your ideas but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of talk to you about your ideas but so
+how many of us are that there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of us are that there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of us are that there's one
+there's seven eight okay so that is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven eight okay so that is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's seven eight okay so that is nice
+two groups of four and yeah I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups of four and yeah I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two groups of four and yeah I'll let you
+divide up however you want if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up however you want if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide up however you want if you just
+want to go with you for over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go with you for over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go with you for over here and
+then you four over here is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you four over here is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you guys from this are you guys I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys from this are you guys I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys from this are you guys I would
+say you know not not all three of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know not not all three of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know not not all three of you
+guys together because you know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys together because you know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys together because you know each
+other and all that but yeah that's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and all that but yeah that's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and all that but yeah that's let's
+get started with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea
+yeah yeah let's take a break before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah let's take a break before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah let's take a break before you
+start thank you so what do you what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thank you so what do you what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thank you so what do you what do
+you guys got is this thing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys got is this thing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys got is this thing on
+sorry all right hot mic all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right hot mic all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry all right hot mic all right
+so we put a separate pair ago yeah let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put a separate pair ago yeah let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we put a separate pair ago yeah let's
+see how to show how well pictures do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to show how well pictures do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to show how well pictures do it
+in in integer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in integer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in integer so
+teacher so the students like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher so the students like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher so the students like really
+happy a little bit teacher fired because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy a little bit teacher fired because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy a little bit teacher fired because
+he has to do this exercise with you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to do this exercise with you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has to do this exercise with you I
+guess probably fight brother being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess probably fight brother being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess probably fight brother being
+played and then and then he zooms up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played and then and then he zooms up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played and then and then he zooms up and
+they say they're sitting on a chair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they're sitting on a chair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say they're sitting on a chair so
+if you're sure he's shot with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sure he's shot with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're sure he's shot with them
+sitting in a chair and I haven't thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a chair and I haven't thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in a chair and I haven't thrown
+the last what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last what happened
+it's a mr. show from like that in corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mr. show from like that in corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mr. show from like that in corner
+ago where you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at each other let me say so you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other let me say so you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each other let me say so you do the
+classic thing where you have an over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic thing where you have an over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic thing where you have an over
+above shot for the student and a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above shot for the student and a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above shot for the student and a you
+know from the from the bottom for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the from the bottom for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from the from the bottom for the
+for the teacher okay and they're sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the teacher okay and they're sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the teacher okay and they're sitting
+in the chairs okay yeah I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chairs okay yeah I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chairs okay yeah I mean that's
+enough I mean it sounds like you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I mean it sounds like you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I mean it sounds like you guys
+went further than that but okay go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went further than that but okay go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went further than that but okay go ahead
+and share it be curious to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wow yes sir so then thank you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow yes sir so then thank you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow yes sir so then thank you so you
+just push it you hope I guess you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just push it you hope I guess you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just push it you hope I guess you want
+some a little bit of comic oh that's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a little bit of comic oh that's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a little bit of comic oh that's for
+soup on the side but because it does but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's this little line okay okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this little line okay okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this little line okay okay cool
+I like where that's going that sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like where that's going that sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like where that's going that sounds
+cool did you guys have any just thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool did you guys have any just thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool did you guys have any just thoughts
+or feelings about the process like just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or feelings about the process like just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or feelings about the process like just
+give you a sense of like what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of like what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a sense of like what it's
+really like to do this stuff and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to do this stuff and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like to do this stuff and like
+have to run these scenarios through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run these scenarios through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to run these scenarios through your
+brain and visualize them fix your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and visualize them fix your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain and visualize them fix your
+student teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student teacher
+like that's just we have a dream of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's just we have a dream of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's just we have a dream of the
+student for the teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student for the teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student for the teachers
+picture student right right so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture student right right so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture student right right so you're
+thinking about directorial sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about directorial sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about directorial sort of
+things like how you're gonna how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how you're gonna how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how you're gonna how that
+voiceover is going to change as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceover is going to change as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voiceover is going to change as a result
+of these visual decisions you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these visual decisions you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these visual decisions you're making
+yeah that's cool you guys it sounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's cool you guys it sounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's cool you guys it sounded
+like there was less of a hum going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was less of a hum going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there was less of a hum going on
+over here did you got what do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here did you got what do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here did you got what do you have
+for that third paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically you have the kid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have the kid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have the kid that's
+standing there from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing there from
+the last part you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last part you know it
+this went away yeah yeah and the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went away yeah yeah and the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went away yeah yeah and the teacher
+walks up with two holy chants okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks up with two holy chants okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks up with two holy chants okay cool
+it sit down there's a poof of smoke and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sit down there's a poof of smoke and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sit down there's a poof of smoke and
+that's my transitions to the live action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my transitions to the live action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my transitions to the live action
+oh okay I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay I like that
+that's a cool idea and the teacher grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cool idea and the teacher grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cool idea and the teacher grows
+also yes she's massive oh the teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yes she's massive oh the teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yes she's massive oh the teacher
+grows in light this is how are you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows in light this is how are you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows in light this is how are you gonna
+grow the teacher oh oh that's funny so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow the teacher oh oh that's funny so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow the teacher oh oh that's funny so
+like maybe you stop stop action where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe you stop stop action where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe you stop stop action where
+you take a frame and and then you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a frame and and then you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a frame and and then you put
+one more pillow in or take another frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more pillow in or take another frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more pillow in or take another frame
+and you you know you get like maybe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know you get like maybe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you know you get like maybe and
+then you do between frames and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do between frames and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do between frames and you've
+got like maybe 30 or 60 frames of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like maybe 30 or 60 frames of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got like maybe 30 or 60 frames of of
+this student of this teacher getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this student of this teacher getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this student of this teacher getting
+bigger and bigger that could be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger that could be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger that could be really
+funny good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny good idea
+any thoughts about the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make it
+visually engaging I guess ya have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually engaging I guess ya have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually engaging I guess ya have enough
+interesting shots but not too much yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting shots but not too much yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting shots but not too much yeah
+true it's like that fine line right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's like that fine line right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true it's like that fine line right you
+don't want to overdo it you want to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to overdo it you want to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to overdo it you want to you
+it really really boils down to this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really really boils down to this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really really boils down to this kind
+of empathy for the viewer right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empathy for the viewer right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of empathy for the viewer right for
+their ability to understand things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to understand things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to understand things and
+and free maintaining this balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and free maintaining this balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and free maintaining this balance
+between your desire to have them engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your desire to have them engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your desire to have them engaged
+and their - and their need to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their - and their need to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their - and their need to be to
+understand and kind of threading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and kind of threading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and kind of threading that
+that that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have so many shots that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have so many shots that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have so many shots that are just
+changing too quickly it can be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing too quickly it can be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing too quickly it can be a very
+sort of non gaining experience for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of non gaining experience for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of non gaining experience for the
+viewer and I wrote you guys about kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer and I wrote you guys about kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewer and I wrote you guys about kind
+of put in the videos that we made where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put in the videos that we made where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of put in the videos that we made where
+that happened it would just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened it would just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened it would just about the
+two rapid you know so we slowed it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rapid you know so we slowed it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rapid you know so we slowed it down
+okay that yeah that's that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that yeah that's that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that yeah that's that's a really
+good point to last really small things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point to last really small things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point to last really small things
+that we didn't get to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't get to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't get to talk about
+after-effects but it's essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after-effects but it's essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after-effects but it's essentially a
+piece of software that lets you layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software that lets you layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of software that lets you layer
+video and artwork on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and artwork on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and artwork on top of each other
+in time and you know I'm sure Elizabeth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and you know I'm sure Elizabeth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time and you know I'm sure Elizabeth
+will talk a little bit about it but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a little bit about it but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk a little bit about it but if
+you want to email me and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to email me and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to email me and you have a
+specific thing you want to animate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific thing you want to animate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific thing you want to animate and
+you want some advice about how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some advice about how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some advice about how to do it
+feel free you can come by the studio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free you can come by the studio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free you can come by the studio and
+say hey I've got this problem how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I've got this problem how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey I've got this problem how would
+I animate this we can give you some tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I animate this we can give you some tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I animate this we can give you some tips
+about how you would go about doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all the mats are outfitted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the mats are outfitted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the mats are outfitted with
+after effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after effects
+the entire Adobe Creative Suite and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire Adobe Creative Suite and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire Adobe Creative Suite and you
+guys have access to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that after-effects pitiful for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after-effects pitiful for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after-effects pitiful for my
+Cintiq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm asking about maybe getting a license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking about maybe getting a license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking about maybe getting a license
+for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class
+just sign up on Adobe and get a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sign up on Adobe and get a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sign up on Adobe and get a month
+free trial of all the Adobe Creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trial of all the Adobe Creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free trial of all the Adobe Creative
+Suite things so you can just sign up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suite things so you can just sign up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suite things so you can just sign up
+with any email and download the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any email and download the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any email and download the program
+to me and then the last thing I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and then the last thing I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me and then the last thing I wanted
+to do is just show you the video that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just show you the video that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is just show you the video that we
+actually ended up producing for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ended up producing for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ended up producing for this
+script so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we go mass is a measure of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go mass is a measure of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we go mass is a measure of an
+object's ability to resist being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object's ability to resist being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object's ability to resist being
+accelerated by a force that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated by a force that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated by a force that means the
+more massive an object is the harder it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more massive an object is the harder it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more massive an object is the harder it
+is to make it move if it's at rest or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make it move if it's at rest or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make it move if it's at rest or
+stop it if it's moving the Nifty thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it if it's moving the Nifty thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop it if it's moving the Nifty thing
+about mass is that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass is that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about mass is that it doesn't
+necessarily have to do with size think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to do with size think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to do with size think
+of a big pile of rocks and a big pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big pile of rocks and a big pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a big pile of rocks and a big pile of
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers both piles are the same size or
+volume but it would take a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but it would take a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume but it would take a lot more
+effort or force to move the pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort or force to move the pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort or force to move the pile of
+rocks then it would to move the pile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks then it would to move the pile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks then it would to move the pile of
+feathers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers
+the reason rocks have more mass than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason rocks have more mass than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason rocks have more mass than
+feathers because they're more dense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers because they're more dense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feathers because they're more dense to
+show how it's harder to accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how it's harder to accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how it's harder to accelerate
+something with more mass picture a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with more mass picture a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with more mass picture a
+student and a teacher each sitting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and a teacher each sitting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student and a teacher each sitting at
+rest in a rolling chair facing each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest in a rolling chair facing each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest in a rolling chair facing each
+other let's also say the teacher is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other let's also say the teacher is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other let's also say the teacher is more
+massive than the student when they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive than the student when they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive than the student when they both
+push off each other they go rolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push off each other they go rolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push off each other they go rolling
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+notice how the student goes back much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how the student goes back much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice how the student goes back much
+farther and faster than the teacher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther and faster than the teacher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther and faster than the teacher the
+teacher accelerates less since she is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher accelerates less since she is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher accelerates less since she is
+the more massive of the two objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more massive of the two objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more massive of the two objects and
+it takes more force to accelerate her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes more force to accelerate her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes more force to accelerate her
+than it does the student all this has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it does the student all this has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it does the student all this has to
+do with Newton's second law of motion F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with Newton's second law of motion F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with Newton's second law of motion F
+equals MA it says for a set acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA it says for a set acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals MA it says for a set acceleration
+an object with more mass requires more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with more mass requires more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object with more mass requires more
+force to get it moving at that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to get it moving at that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force to get it moving at that set
+acceleration as mass increases the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration as mass increases the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration as mass increases the force
+required to accelerate or decelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to accelerate or decelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to accelerate or decelerate
+that mass increases as well now don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass increases as well now don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mass increases as well now don't
+you feel massively smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so that's what we ended up doing so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we ended up doing so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we ended up doing so you
+know you can see how the timing allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see how the timing allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see how the timing allowed
+us to sort of cheat a few lines like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to sort of cheat a few lines like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to sort of cheat a few lines like the
+density line we just sort of let let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density line we just sort of let let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density line we just sort of let let it
+play through you know we so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play through you know we so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play through you know we so you know
+there's some moments here where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some moments here where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some moments here where you're
+allowing the viewer to kind of take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the viewer to kind of take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing the viewer to kind of take in
+what's going on there's not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there's not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on there's not constant
+action going on you'll notice but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action going on you'll notice but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action going on you'll notice but the
+action is that keep key moments you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is that keep key moments you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is that keep key moments you know
+where we need to you know keep thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need to you know keep thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we need to you know keep thinking
+it's this is so abstract but again there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is so abstract but again there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this is so abstract but again there
+are no right there were no right answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no right there were no right answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no right there were no right answers
+but there are some there are if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some there are if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are some there are if you do
+it long enough you'll sort of start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it long enough you'll sort of start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it long enough you'll sort of start to
+get get a sense of what decisions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get a sense of what decisions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get get a sense of what decisions to
+make yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would say you know John you can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say you know John you can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say you know John you can help
+me remember all this but you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remember all this but you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me remember all this but you know the
+script was maybe a couple of days you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script was maybe a couple of days you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script was maybe a couple of days you
+know revisions and so forth and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know revisions and so forth and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know revisions and so forth and then we
+probably probably sat down for at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably sat down for at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably sat down for at least
+four to six hours you know almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to six hours you know almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to six hours you know almost a
+whole day storyboarding it every scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole day storyboarding it every scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole day storyboarding it every scene
+is the comp is a complex thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the comp is a complex thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the comp is a complex thing you know
+and we were not we're not physicists so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were not we're not physicists so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we were not we're not physicists so
+you know we had to understand this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had to understand this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we had to understand this stuff
+we had to do some background research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to do some background research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to do some background research
+about a day storyboarding and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a day storyboarding and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a day storyboarding and then a
+total of three people doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of three people doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of three people doing the
+animation and illustration and that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation and illustration and that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation and illustration and that took
+maybe three weeks so I'd say about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three weeks so I'd say about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe three weeks so I'd say about a
+month to do the whole thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure I can do that that's okay we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I can do that that's okay we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I can do that that's okay we can we
+can hang out so thanks guys thanks I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean Josh gave you guys all his info so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Josh gave you guys all his info so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean Josh gave you guys all his info so
+for today's assignment you guys will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's assignment you guys will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's assignment you guys will be
+storyboarding one scene from your script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding one scene from your script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding one scene from your script
+which is why it should it'll be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why it should it'll be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why it should it'll be a good
+idea to have some semblance of a script
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to have some semblance of a script
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to have some semblance of a script
+together I know that you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I know that you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I know that you're still
+revising all that stuff too which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising all that stuff too which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising all that stuff too which is why
+we're only having a storyboard one scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only having a storyboard one scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only having a storyboard one scene
+and then tomorrow Chris will help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tomorrow Chris will help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then tomorrow Chris will help you
+shoot that scene so as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot that scene so as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot that scene so as far as the
+storyboard growth you can use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard growth you can use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboard growth you can use these
+sheets you can use PowerPoint you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets you can use PowerPoint you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheets you can use PowerPoint you can
+use note cards but just upload upload
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use note cards but just upload upload
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use note cards but just upload upload
+them as images onto tumblr and then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as images onto tumblr and then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as images onto tumblr and then all
+the assignment details are on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment details are on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment details are on the
+syllabus I wanted to mention this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus I wanted to mention this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus I wanted to mention this was
+something that I was gonna show you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I was gonna show you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I was gonna show you guys
+during the editing portion but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the editing portion but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the editing portion but you can
+actually storyboard in post-production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually storyboard in post-production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually storyboard in post-production
+after you shot things so this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you shot things so this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you shot things so this was an
+episode on snot that I had filmed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode on snot that I had filmed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+episode on snot that I had filmed with
+George and basically after we got all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and basically after we got all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George and basically after we got all of
+the raw footage from the first takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw footage from the first takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the raw footage from the first takes
+these are sort of like stills from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of like stills from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are sort of like stills from each
+major scene of the video there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major scene of the video there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major scene of the video there is a
+portion where I did a demo of this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion where I did a demo of this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion where I did a demo of this like
+fake snot that I made but I had filmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake snot that I made but I had filmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake snot that I made but I had filmed
+it in Katharina rebec's lab and the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Katharina rebec's lab and the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Katharina rebec's lab and the Sun
+had set and my delivery was terrible I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set and my delivery was terrible I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had set and my delivery was terrible I
+was super tired that night so there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was super tired that night so there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was super tired that night so there were
+a couple things that jumped out to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things that jumped out to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things that jumped out to us
+after we watched everything one being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we watched everything one being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we watched everything one being
+that I'm lit very dramatically and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm lit very dramatically and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm lit very dramatically and I
+wanted to have more of a casual feel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have more of a casual feel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have more of a casual feel to
+my parts and I felt like we should only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parts and I felt like we should only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parts and I felt like we should only
+dramatically like Katharina Ribbeck the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically like Katharina Ribbeck the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically like Katharina Ribbeck the
+other was that I thought well how bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was that I thought well how bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other was that I thought well how bad
+was that decision really like is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that decision really like is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that decision really like is it
+really worth shooting again so we shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth shooting again so we shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really worth shooting again so we shot
+it again because we had the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again because we had the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again because we had the time and
+then it was a matter of deciding which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was a matter of deciding which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was a matter of deciding which
+set of footage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of footage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of footage to
+so what we're doing right now is we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing right now is we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we're doing right now is we just
+put together a cut of the video using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a cut of the video using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put together a cut of the video using
+both clips but another thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both clips but another thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both clips but another thing that you
+can do is storyboard the stills from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is storyboard the stills from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is storyboard the stills from the
+footage that you take day of so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that you take day of so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage that you take day of so here I
+can see how that scene looks in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how that scene looks in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how that scene looks in the
+context of everything else we shot so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of everything else we shot so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of everything else we shot so I
+see that like I'm wearing a lot of blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that like I'm wearing a lot of blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that like I'm wearing a lot of blue
+the the whole video looks fairly blue I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole video looks fairly blue I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole video looks fairly blue I
+look a lot more like Katerina rebec in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot more like Katerina rebec in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look a lot more like Katerina rebec in
+this set of footage than I do the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of footage than I do the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of footage than I do the rest
+of me right like the way I'm lit and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me right like the way I'm lit and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me right like the way I'm lit and all
+the other scenes is really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other scenes is really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other scenes is really different
+from this so that's what the reshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so that's what the reshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this so that's what the reshot
+footage looks like one the snot demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage looks like one the snot demo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+footage looks like one the snot demo
+went a lot better the second time we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a lot better the second time we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went a lot better the second time we did
+it my delivery was also a lot better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my delivery was also a lot better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it my delivery was also a lot better but
+I'm also lit a lot more flat I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also lit a lot more flat I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm also lit a lot more flat I actually
+think that the the footage that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the footage that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the the footage that we had
+before it looks a lot better like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it looks a lot better like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it looks a lot better like the
+lighting is a lot more flattering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting is a lot more flattering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting is a lot more flattering but
+it's a lot more formal and traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more formal and traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot more formal and traditional
+and it's hard to know how much that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hard to know how much that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hard to know how much that
+jumps out in the context of the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps out in the context of the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumps out in the context of the rest of
+your video until you line up all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your video until you line up all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your video until you line up all these
+stills any sort of storyboard this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stills any sort of storyboard this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stills any sort of storyboard this way
+so we haven't actually finished this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't actually finished this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we haven't actually finished this
+video I'm in the process right now like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I'm in the process right now like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video I'm in the process right now like
+this is exactly where I am with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly where I am with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly where I am with this
+video but I thought I would show it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but I thought I would show it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video but I thought I would show it to
+you today since we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today since we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you today since we've been talking about
+storyboarding to show how you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding to show how you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding to show how you can do it
+not just in pre-production but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in pre-production but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just in pre-production but also
+after you've shot material so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've shot material so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you've shot material so we have
+about 20 minutes left in class I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 minutes left in class I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 minutes left in class I thought
+that it would be good to give you guys a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be good to give you guys a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it would be good to give you guys a
+chance to get started on storyboarding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to get started on storyboarding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to get started on storyboarding
+your scene while we're around so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scene while we're around so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scene while we're around so if you
+guys have questions I'll be here until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have questions I'll be here until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have questions I'll be here until
+the end of class and a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class and a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of class and a little bit later
+you can ask Josh as long as he's around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask Josh as long as he's around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask Josh as long as he's around
+but does anyone have any questions right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does anyone have any questions right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does anyone have any questions right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+about what they need to do tonight about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they need to do tonight about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what they need to do tonight about
+storyboarding writing yeah we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding writing yeah we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storyboarding writing yeah we can also
+talk about scripts right now too because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about scripts right now too because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about scripts right now too because
+take advantage of Josh's background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of Josh's background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of Josh's background in
+writing as well like three to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as well like three to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as well like three to four
+minutes five is the absolute max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I think I've seen those sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+locations almost and so let me go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations almost and so let me go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations almost and so let me go back
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry my lap bye Jamie a scene kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry my lap bye Jamie a scene kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry my lap bye Jamie a scene kind of
+encompasses a general statement so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses a general statement so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encompasses a general statement so that
+the way I broke up the storyboard was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I broke up the storyboard was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I broke up the storyboard was I
+basically just did stills of each scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just did stills of each scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just did stills of each scene
+you can kind of consider the whole top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of consider the whole top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of consider the whole top
+row as like a general scene one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row as like a general scene one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row as like a general scene one which is
+how I originally scripted it it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I originally scripted it it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I originally scripted it it was just
+sort of like the visual introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the visual introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like the visual introduction to
+the video but breaking it up into scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video but breaking it up into scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video but breaking it up into scenes
+is nice because then you'll notice like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice because then you'll notice like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice because then you'll notice like
+if one scene has a lot of text and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one scene has a lot of text and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one scene has a lot of text and then
+you have a scene right afterwards that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scene right afterwards that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a scene right afterwards that's
+very short and you just have a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short and you just have a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short and you just have a series of
+like really quick scenes maybe you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really quick scenes maybe you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really quick scenes maybe you can
+think about restructuring or spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about restructuring or spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about restructuring or spreading
+out the material a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the material a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the material a little bit more
+because like I said what you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like I said what you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like I said what you don't want
+is either really long shots or really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either really long shots or really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either really long shots or really
+long scenes where you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long scenes where you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long scenes where you're not really
+changing that much or if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that much or if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing that much or if you're doing
+too many really quick changes but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many really quick changes but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many really quick changes but I
+don't know I don't have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I don't have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know I don't have a good
+definition for like what a scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for like what a scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for like what a scene
+technically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a unit of information yeah you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of information yeah you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unit of information yeah you know when
+I think about writing I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about writing I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about writing I think about
+paragraphs you know like this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs you know like this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs you know like this is this is
+a kind of a discrete unit you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a discrete unit you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a discrete unit you know
+that's imparting us a certain part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's imparting us a certain part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's imparting us a certain part of
+the narrative yeah and I think the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative yeah and I think the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the narrative yeah and I think the way
+I'd scripted it though those four shots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd scripted it though those four shots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd scripted it though those four shots
+are all different locations but I listed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all different locations but I listed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all different locations but I listed
+at a scene one and like where you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a scene one and like where you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a scene one and like where you see
+professor ryebeck and then I'm right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor ryebeck and then I'm right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor ryebeck and then I'm right
+there in front of her I also chunk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in front of her I also chunk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in front of her I also chunk that
+together as one scene but then when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as one scene but then when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together as one scene but then when we
+were editing and sort of taking note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were editing and sort of taking note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were editing and sort of taking note of
+all the clips we denoted one is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the clips we denoted one is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the clips we denoted one is like
+scene five and then the one after has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene five and then the one after has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene five and then the one after has
+seen five a but in general like it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen five a but in general like it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen five a but in general like it's the
+same sort of idea where in her lab in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of idea where in her lab in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sort of idea where in her lab in
+that portion does anyone have any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portion does anyone have any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portion does anyone have any other
+questions and so in this particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so in this particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and so in this particular one
+I wanted to highlight the research that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to highlight the research that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to highlight the research that
+was going on here and I also wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on here and I also wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on here and I also wanted to
+get her involved because I knew her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her involved because I knew her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get her involved because I knew her and
+I really liked and it was sort of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really liked and it was sort of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really liked and it was sort of like a
+quirky breaking down the fourth wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirky breaking down the fourth wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quirky breaking down the fourth wall
+moment so what happens in the scene is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so what happens in the scene is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so what happens in the scene is I
+set it up in the previous scene as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up in the previous scene as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it up in the previous scene as
+saying like it's not as more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like it's not as more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like it's not as more than just
+this and then it jumps to her and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then it jumps to her and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then it jumps to her and she
+finishes my sentence and she goes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes my sentence and she goes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishes my sentence and she goes it's
+actually X Y Z and then it cuts to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually X Y Z and then it cuts to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually X Y Z and then it cuts to a
+wider shot reviewing that I'm in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider shot reviewing that I'm in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wider shot reviewing that I'm in front
+of her interviewing and you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her interviewing and you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of her interviewing and you see the
+camera interviewing her and I'm like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera interviewing her and I'm like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera interviewing her and I'm like and
+then I go she would know and then her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I go she would know and then her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I go she would know and then her
+name sort of pops up partially because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name sort of pops up partially because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name sort of pops up partially because
+we wanted to have her in the video but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to have her in the video but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to have her in the video but
+we didn't want it to be really formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't want it to be really formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't want it to be really formal
+like because that shot is like a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because that shot is like a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like because that shot is like a very
+traditional formal interview so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional formal interview so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditional formal interview so we
+wanted to make it quirky and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make it quirky and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make it quirky and we also
+wanted to sort of like in formalize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sort of like in formalize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to sort of like in formalize it
+so that's why we broke out of that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we broke out of that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why we broke out of that and I
+I did the whole like she would know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did the whole like she would know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did the whole like she would know and
+then we could make that setup a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could make that setup a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we could make that setup a little
+more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun
+don't you think about like the authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you think about like the authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you think about like the authority
+of the host right because you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the host right because you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the host right because you can say
+things that are easily verifiable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are easily verifiable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are easily verifiable right
+but then if you're gonna say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you're gonna say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you're gonna say something
+about snot that like most people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about snot that like most people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about snot that like most people don't
+know right then like you know on whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right then like you know on whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know right then like you know on whose
+authority do you say this you have watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority do you say this you have watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority do you say this you have watch
+like an Alton Brown thing there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an Alton Brown thing there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an Alton Brown thing there's like
+alright that's wrong in like piggy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's wrong in like piggy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright that's wrong in like piggy are
+talking about other things that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about other things that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about other things that I want
+to know and now I don't know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and now I don't know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know and now I don't know what you're
+lying yeah well I mean part of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying yeah well I mean part of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying yeah well I mean part of it is
+like that's the responsibility that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's the responsibility that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's the responsibility that you
+have as the host is that the viewer has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as the host is that the viewer has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have as the host is that the viewer has
+sort of by default place their trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of by default place their trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of by default place their trust in
+you I think with us we're not gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think with us we're not gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I think with us we're not gonna have
+as much of a problem to prove because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of a problem to prove because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much of a problem to prove because
+everyone knows that all the hosts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows that all the hosts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone knows that all the hosts are
+students at MIT and in our YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at MIT and in our YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students at MIT and in our YouTube
+descriptions we say that all the scripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions we say that all the scripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions we say that all the scripts
+were fact-checked by postdoc researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fact-checked by postdoc researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were fact-checked by postdoc researchers
+for this I mean that was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I mean that was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I mean that was one of the
+reasons why we used her is because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we used her is because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why we used her is because I
+could explain her research or I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could explain her research or I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could explain her research or I could
+just have her say it which I thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have her say it which I thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have her say it which I thought was
+like a cooler window into the world here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cooler window into the world here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a cooler window into the world here
+which which is what I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is what I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which is what I was talking about
+on the first day like how do you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day like how do you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first day like how do you create
+the window into the world that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window into the world that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window into the world that people
+don't have access to I also studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access to I also studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have access to I also studied
+bioengineering for my undergrad so with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering for my undergrad so with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bioengineering for my undergrad so with
+all the material for the script came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the material for the script came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the material for the script came
+from the class that I took from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the class that I took from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the class that I took from
+Professor Rubik but I think you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Rubik but I think you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Rubik but I think you don't
+take the time in your video to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time in your video to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the time in your video to to
+introduce yourself necessarily and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce yourself necessarily and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce yourself necessarily and maybe
+you should like that's always something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should like that's always something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should like that's always something
+we've considered is is that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've considered is is that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've considered is is that something
+that we need to introduce into science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to introduce into science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to introduce into science
+out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out loud
+the host saying at the beginning like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host saying at the beginning like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host saying at the beginning like
+I'm Jack and I you know work at a my T's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Jack and I you know work at a my T's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm Jack and I you know work at a my T's
+D lab and that's sort of what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D lab and that's sort of what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D lab and that's sort of what we did
+with Lindsay's episode just a tiny bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lindsay's episode just a tiny bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lindsay's episode just a tiny bit
+but there are ways of establishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are ways of establishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are ways of establishing
+Authority where you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority where you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority where you don't have to
+vocally do it so in Lindsay's episode we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocally do it so in Lindsay's episode we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocally do it so in Lindsay's episode we
+filmed MIT SD lab and instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed MIT SD lab and instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filmed MIT SD lab and instead of saying
+like we're at MIT SD lab we just spent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're at MIT SD lab we just spent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we're at MIT SD lab we just spent a
+few seconds doing shots of the sign that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds doing shots of the sign that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few seconds doing shots of the sign that
+said D lab basically if you guys want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said D lab basically if you guys want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said D lab basically if you guys want to
+see it making sure you later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it making sure you later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it making sure you later
+but I don't have a good answer for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have a good answer for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't have a good answer for that
+because I think that even if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that even if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that even if you're
+Stephen Hawking people can question your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Hawking people can question your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen Hawking people can question your
+authority to say the things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to say the things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to say the things you're
+saying and the point of the video isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and the point of the video isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying and the point of the video isn't
+necessarily to establish that at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to establish that at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily to establish that at least
+the point of these videos your material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of these videos your material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of these videos your material
+should be accurate though yeah and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accurate though yeah and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accurate though yeah and so
+George made me wear the goggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George made me wear the goggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George made me wear the goggles
+partially because I think he was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because I think he was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially because I think he was trying
+to torture me but there there are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to torture me but there there are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to torture me but there there are like
+some environmental health safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some environmental health safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some environmental health safety
+standards and since we were technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and since we were technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards and since we were technically
+in a lab even though I wasn't work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab even though I wasn't work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab even though I wasn't work with
+any working with anything biohazard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any working with anything biohazard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any working with anything biohazard
+related the lab itself required goggles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the lab itself required goggles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related the lab itself required goggles
+so that's why I wore gloves and a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I wore gloves and a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I wore gloves and a lab
+coat and goggles if you guys plan on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and goggles if you guys plan on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat and goggles if you guys plan on
+filming in any sort of environment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming in any sort of environment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming in any sort of environment or
+that might be an issue we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an issue we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be an issue we'll talk about
+it more during producing but just keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more during producing but just keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more during producing but just keep
+that in mind too we took shots of me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind too we took shots of me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in mind too we took shots of me
+with and without the COG oles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and without the COG oles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and without the COG oles
+just in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'll let you guys work and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll let you guys work and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll let you guys work and we'll
+just sort of circulate through and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of circulate through and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of circulate through and see
+if you need any help but again I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need any help but again I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need any help but again I just
+wanted to give you some time to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give you some time to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give you some time to make the
+most of the resources here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VMyJ_v3K0Tw.txt b/VMyJ_v3K0Tw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a3621d2095a9442be3af6618f8fba2c19cf8ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VMyJ_v3K0Tw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to talk about
+Bayesian Bayesian parameter estimation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayesian Bayesian parameter estimation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayesian Bayesian parameter estimation
+and privatization in general so at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and privatization in general so at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and privatization in general so at the
+end last time we were we were writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end last time we were we were writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end last time we were we were writing
+down the expressions for the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the expressions for the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the expressions for the probability
+of observing a mean measurement if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observing a mean measurement if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of observing a mean measurement if you
+know what the model is so let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the model is so let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the model is so let's let's
+try do that again so suppose I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try do that again so suppose I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try do that again so suppose I have a
+model that predicts some observable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that predicts some observable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that predicts some observable it
+depends on some knobs that spenting some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some knobs that spenting some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some knobs that spenting some
+parameters okay and suppose for because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay and suppose for because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay and suppose for because
+I have great powers of faith that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have great powers of faith that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have great powers of faith that I
+believe this model is 100% correct with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this model is 100% correct with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this model is 100% correct with
+every core of my being and also because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every core of my being and also because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every core of my being and also because
+I have tremendous confidence and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have tremendous confidence and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have tremendous confidence and all the
+people who built by apparatus and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who built by apparatus and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who built by apparatus and the
+knobs that I turn actually correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs that I turn actually correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs that I turn actually correspond to
+the real values and I have tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real values and I have tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real values and I have tremendous
+competent all the literature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent all the literature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competent all the literature that
+reports the parameter values it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports the parameter values it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports the parameter values it's not
+absolutely certain that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely certain that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely certain that this is the
+truth okay so we'll start from position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth okay so we'll start from position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth okay so we'll start from position
+of absolute certainty and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolute certainty and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of absolute certainty and then we'll
+degrade into doubt as the lecture goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade into doubt as the lecture goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade into doubt as the lecture goes
+on so let's start from the position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let's start from the position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let's start from the position of
+someone whose absolute absolute faith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone whose absolute absolute faith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone whose absolute absolute faith
+that this is the truth is true okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the truth is true okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the truth is true okay so I
+have a model I really I really believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model I really I really believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a model I really I really believe
+this model okay so for example I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model okay so for example I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model okay so for example I believe
+that the kilogram weight in the SI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kilogram weight in the SI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the kilogram weight in the SI
+Institute in Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute in Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute in Paris
+weighs exactly one kilogram I believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs exactly one kilogram I believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs exactly one kilogram I believe
+that with every core of my being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with every core of my being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with every core of my being
+completely confidence that model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely confidence that model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely confidence that model is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+okay so there's some things I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's some things I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's some things I'm really
+confident about so that's one all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident about so that's one all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident about so that's one all right
+and then maybe you guys have some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe you guys have some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then maybe you guys have some things
+you really believe do so let's go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really believe do so let's go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really believe do so let's go with
+things we really believe and so I plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we really believe and so I plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we really believe and so I plan
+to conduct some experiments that measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conduct some experiments that measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conduct some experiments that measure
+this observable and are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observable and are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this observable and are real
+to this model and so I'm gonna do n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this model and so I'm gonna do n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this model and so I'm gonna do n
+repeats of measuring Y okay so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats of measuring Y okay so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats of measuring Y okay so I'm gonna
+get the the kilogram blob that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the kilogram blob that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the kilogram blob that's in
+Paris and I'm gonna stick it in with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris and I'm gonna stick it in with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paris and I'm gonna stick it in with my
+really expensive scale that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive scale that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expensive scale that I really
+believe is great and I'm gonna measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is great and I'm gonna measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is great and I'm gonna measure
+its weight and then I gonna put it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its weight and then I gonna put it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its weight and then I gonna put it back
+and then we gonna put it back and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we gonna put it back and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we gonna put it back and put it
+back and put it back and we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and put it back and we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and put it back and we could get
+another really great scale that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really great scale that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really great scale that I really
+believe is great I'm gonna measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is great I'm gonna measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is great I'm gonna measure it
+there - okay so I've got a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there - okay so I've got a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there - okay so I've got a lot of
+repeats of measuring the weight of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats of measuring the weight of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats of measuring the weight of this
+kilogram and I believe it's really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and I believe it's really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram and I believe it's really a
+kilogram but the stupid measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram but the stupid measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram but the stupid measurements
+don't say a kilogram they say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say a kilogram they say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't say a kilogram they say you know
+when one point zero zero zero three zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one point zero zero zero three zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when one point zero zero zero three zero
+point nine nine nine ninety five all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine nine nine ninety five all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point nine nine nine ninety five all
+kinds of numbers not equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of numbers not equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of numbers not equal to one
+kilogram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilogram
+all right so now I'm gonna try to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm gonna try to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now I'm gonna try to figure
+out what the probability is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the probability is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the probability is that it
+would have measured some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have measured some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have measured some particular
+value of y so what is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y so what is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of y so what is the probability
+that my experimental is between some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my experimental is between some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my experimental is between some
+value say Y dy all right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value say Y dy all right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value say Y dy all right so that's a
+question if you so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if you so what's the
+probability this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry what
+okay so we think to the probability y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we think to the probability y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we think to the probability y is
+in this interval given that the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval given that the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval given that the model is
+true and I know the whole thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I know the whole thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I know the whole thing to
+values perfectly and I know the X values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values perfectly and I know the X values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values perfectly and I know the X values
+perfectly is equal to some integral a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly is equal to some integral a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly is equal to some integral a
+but I'll do the bell the bounds e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll do the bell the bounds e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'll do the bell the bounds e
+undergo probably y2 y plus dy simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo probably y2 y plus dy simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo probably y2 y plus dy simply
+then let's see what's the integrand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry but right so what is it you wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but right so what is it you wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry but right so what is it you wrote
+down last time I think so you suppose n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down last time I think so you suppose n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down last time I think so you suppose n
+is large so normal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large so normal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large so normal right
+so chippie yeah whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chippie yeah whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so chippie yeah whatever
+sing the root of 2pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I mean here so like that try this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this means given that the model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means given that the model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means given that the model is
+true and I know these theta values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I know these theta values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and I know these theta values are
+exactly the certain numbers and the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the certain numbers and the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the certain numbers and the X
+values are exactly certain numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are exactly certain numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are exactly certain numbers
+what's the probability that I would make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I would make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that I would make
+a measurement whose average would fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement whose average would fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement whose average would fall
+in this interval so this line means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval so this line means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this interval so this line means
+given that this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that this is true
+what's probability do that okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's probability do that okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's probability do that okay that's
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+is it surprising this is okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it surprising this is okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it surprising this is okay so this
+what we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean
+so we say that a probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say that a probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we say that a probably the
+distribution converges to a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution converges to a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution converges to a Gaussian
+distribution so what we expect so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so what we expect so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so what we expect so we
+expect to have been this large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have been this large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to have been this large enough
+that this should be true all right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should be true all right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this should be true all right yeah
+yeah this is very important this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is very important this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is very important this is like
+the whole the whole course actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole the whole course actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole the whole course actually
+that's the whole section it's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole section it's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the whole section it's just one
+equation so I just wanna make sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I just wanna make sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I just wanna make sure you
+really get with this s and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get with this s and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get with this s and if you don't
+like the integral you can make dy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the integral you can make dy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the integral you can make dy really
+small and then it's just this times do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and then it's just this times do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and then it's just this times do
+you want all right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want all right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want all right okay
+I don't actually mean that's a citations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually mean that's a citations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually mean that's a citations
+like this bullet I think I should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this bullet I think I should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this bullet I think I should do
+this way this this is a number let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way this this is a number let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way this this is a number let's get
+rid the integral let's make dy really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid the integral let's make dy really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid the integral let's make dy really
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is the probability
+density that we would observe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that we would observe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that we would observe this is
+the experimental value why do we observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental value why do we observe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental value why do we observe
+them from the mean and this is the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the mean and this is the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them from the mean and this is the our
+little width of our tiny little interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little width of our tiny little interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little width of our tiny little interval
+all right yes yes ah what is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yes yes ah what is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right yes yes ah what is Sigma
+that's a great question we didn't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question we didn't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question we didn't write
+down what signal was what is Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what signal was what is Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down what signal was what is Sigma
+that's not the standard vation exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the standard vation exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the standard vation exactly
+it's innovation of the mean right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's innovation of the mean right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's innovation of the mean right it's
+the yeah so there's two Sigma's we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah so there's two Sigma's we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the yeah so there's two Sigma's we have
+the Sigma of Y if the measurements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma of Y if the measurements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma of Y if the measurements and
+that's equal to average value of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to average value of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to average value of Y
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+- right so that's that we just figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- right so that's that we just figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- right so that's that we just figured
+that for how many experiments we do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for how many experiments we do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for how many experiments we do we
+just get the average of Y squared the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the average of Y squared the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get the average of Y squared the
+average apply subtract them that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average apply subtract them that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average apply subtract them that's the
+variance and then Sigma that are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and then Sigma that are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and then Sigma that are using
+that equation there is one over n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation there is one over n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation there is one over n times
+Sigma Y and we call this the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Y and we call this the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Y and we call this the variance of
+the mean it's the uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean it's the uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean it's the uncertainty in the
+mean value of y all right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of y all right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of y all right and the
+theorem the central limit theorem said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the central limit theorem said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem the central limit theorem said
+that as long as n gets really large we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as long as n gets really large we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as long as n gets really large we
+expected this should converge to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected this should converge to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected this should converge to this
+right we talked last time about how when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we talked last time about how when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we talked last time about how when
+we end gets bigger these averages don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end gets bigger these averages don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end gets bigger these averages don't
+really change when it gets big they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change when it gets big they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really change when it gets big they're
+just in the average and but but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the average and but but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the average and but but this
+number declined as n gets big because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number declined as n gets big because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number declined as n gets big because of
+this 1 over N for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 over N for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 1 over N for me
+all right and to understand that suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and to understand that suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and to understand that suppose
+I the weight and I measure should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the weight and I measure should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the weight and I measure should be
+every one kilogram but in fact I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one kilogram but in fact I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one kilogram but in fact I measure
+big measurements are all over here lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big measurements are all over here lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big measurements are all over here lots
+of measurements so they have a variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements so they have a variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of measurements so they have a variance
+something like this but the if I look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but the if I look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this but the if I look if
+I make a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as I as I as I run I compute the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I as I as I run I compute the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I as I as I run I compute the average
+the running average so wanting to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running average so wanting to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the running average so wanting to run
+the first two in the first two points I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two in the first two points I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two in the first two points I
+get some average value here after I run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some average value here after I run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some average value here after I run
+27 points more the average I use here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 points more the average I use here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 points more the average I use here
+after every 1000 repeats the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every 1000 repeats the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after every 1000 repeats the average
+value this here is getting pretty close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this here is getting pretty close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this here is getting pretty close
+to this and the uncertainty in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and the uncertainty in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and the uncertainty in this
+numbers get smaller and smaller as I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers get smaller and smaller as I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers get smaller and smaller as I do
+it better or better averages average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better or better averages average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it better or better averages average
+more and more repeats so make sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more repeats so make sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more repeats so make sense okay
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so from this key equation I can drive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this key equation I can drive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from this key equation I can drive a
+lot of things and depends what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things and depends what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things and depends what you want
+to do so one thing people do a lot is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so one thing people do a lot is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do so one thing people do a lot is to
+do what's called model validation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's called model validation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's called model validation and
+what does this mean it means I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean it means I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean it means I have a
+model I believe it's true I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I believe it's true I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I believe it's true I have some
+parameters I believe they're true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I believe they're true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters I believe they're true but
+there's some foolish skeptics out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some foolish skeptics out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some foolish skeptics out there
+who don't have the faith that I do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have the faith that I do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who don't have the faith that I do and
+they think that my model is baloney or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that my model is baloney or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think that my model is baloney or
+my parameter values are wrong or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parameter values are wrong or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my parameter values are wrong or
+something and so to prove I'm right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so to prove I'm right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and so to prove I'm right I'm
+going to make some experiments and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some experiments and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some experiments and I'm
+gonna show that I make a plot that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show that I make a plot that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna show that I make a plot that looks
+like the experiment the model agree okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the experiment the model agree okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the experiment the model agree okay
+so you might have done this in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have done this in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have done this in your life
+yes all right right make a parity plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right right make a parity plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes all right right make a parity plot
+or something yeah you've seen these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah you've seen these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something yeah you've seen these
+things before now this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before now this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things before now this is like
+confidence builder you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence builder you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence builder you're trying to get
+the skeptics out there to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skeptics out there to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skeptics out there to believe that
+there's some reason some evidence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reason some evidence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some reason some evidence to
+back up your face that this model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up your face that this model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up your face that this model is
+perfect okay and what you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect okay and what you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect okay and what you really want to
+know is like is the if the measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is like is the if the measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is like is the if the measurement
+that I measure the average from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I measure the average from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I measure the average from my
+10,000 repeated measurements I expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 repeated measurements I expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10,000 repeated measurements I expect
+that this quantity should be pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity should be pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this quantity should be pretty big
+somehow in some way but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in some way but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow in some way but now
+quantitatively saying what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively saying what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively saying what that means
+exactly what's good you know what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's good you know what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's good you know what's a
+good fit what's a bad fit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit what's a bad fit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit what's a bad fit this is
+actually a kind of difficult question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a kind of difficult question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a kind of difficult question
+and we'll come back to this one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to this one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll come back to this one but
+that's a very common common use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common common use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very common common use of this
+equation is to try to validation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to try to validation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is to try to validation
+okay now because it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now because it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now because it's kind of
+complicated most people don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated most people don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated most people don't actually
+do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it
+sounds they just said what they do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds they just said what they do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds they just said what they do is
+they just plot some data points and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just plot some data points and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just plot some data points and they
+plot your model curve and as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot your model curve and as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot your model curve and as long as
+they look good then you're done okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look good then you're done okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look good then you're done okay so
+that's the normal way that it's done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the normal way that it's done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the normal way that it's done in
+the literature currently but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature currently but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the literature currently but of course
+they completely unquiet ativ it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they completely unquiet ativ it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they completely unquiet ativ it doesn't
+really say whether the model and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say whether the model and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say whether the model and the
+data really agree it just means they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really agree it just means they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data really agree it just means they
+looked sort of like each other okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked sort of like each other okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked sort of like each other okay so
+that's like a human qualitative thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a human qualitative thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a human qualitative thing
+now the purpose of validation is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the purpose of validation is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the purpose of validation is just to
+convince humans then that you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince humans then that you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince humans then that you've done
+the purpose right now if your purpose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose right now if your purpose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose right now if your purpose is
+to like try to quantitatively say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like try to quantitatively say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like try to quantitatively say
+something then you really have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then you really have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something then you really have to get
+into this equation which usually is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this equation which usually is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this equation which usually is not
+done but would be the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but would be the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but would be the right thing to do
+for validation now the alternative view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for validation now the alternative view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for validation now the alternative view
+is disproving a model but I just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is disproving a model but I just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is disproving a model but I just say
+that this has the same there's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this has the same there's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this has the same there's several
+ways this can happen you can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this can happen you can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways this can happen you can try
+disprove a model but you might also show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove a model but you might also show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disprove a model but you might also show
+that the theta values are incorrect or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theta values are incorrect or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the theta values are incorrect or
+you might show that the experiment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might show that the experiment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might show that the experiment is
+wrong all right these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong all right these are all
+possibilities reasons why the model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities reasons why the model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities reasons why the model the
+data might not agree with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might not agree with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data might not agree with each other
+okay so this this equation only holds if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this equation only holds if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this this equation only holds if
+the model is really true if the if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is really true if the if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model is really true if the if the
+parameter values are all perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values are all perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values are all perfectly
+correct if we know exactly what all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if we know exactly what all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct if we know exactly what all the
+knob values are perfectly if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob values are perfectly if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob values are perfectly if any of
+those things are not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are not true
+then you should have some discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should have some discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you should have some discrepancy
+and there should be a way to show it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a way to show it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there should be a way to show it and
+really what you're showing is that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you're showing is that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what you're showing is that you'd
+observe some some why that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe some some why that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe some some why that is very
+unlikely to be observed so probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be observed so probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to be observed so probably
+observing that why it's very extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing that why it's very extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing that why it's very extremely
+unlikely if all those other things were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely if all those other things were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely if all those other things were
+true so if all these things are true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if all these things are true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true so if all these things are true and
+you compute this value in this night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute this value in this night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute this value in this night
+very tiny then it makes you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny then it makes you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tiny then it makes you think that
+it's unlikely that you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unlikely that you would have
+observed that and therefore you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that and therefore you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed that and therefore you might
+try to use that as an argument to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use that as an argument to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to use that as an argument to say
+that the something must be wrong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the something must be wrong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the something must be wrong the
+model is wrong parameters are wrong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is wrong parameters are wrong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is wrong parameters are wrong the
+knobs are wrong something's wrong okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs are wrong something's wrong okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs are wrong something's wrong okay
+my y-values are wrong all right it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my y-values are wrong all right it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my y-values are wrong all right it could
+be any of those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any of those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be any of those things
+and so this is how often the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is how often the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is how often the most
+exciting papers to publish you publish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting papers to publish you publish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting papers to publish you publish a
+paper you take some model a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you take some model a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper you take some model a lot of
+people believe you tell and they're full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe you tell and they're full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people believe you tell and they're full
+of baloney it's completely wrong my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baloney it's completely wrong my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of baloney it's completely wrong my
+Mike's great experiment shows you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike's great experiment shows you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike's great experiment shows you're
+completely wrong okay and so you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong okay and so you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely wrong okay and so you'll see
+a lot of these in nature I should warn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these in nature I should warn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these in nature I should warn
+you letters get retracted later a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you letters get retracted later a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you letters get retracted later a very
+high retraction rate in nature because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high retraction rate in nature because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high retraction rate in nature because
+they would they want to publish papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they want to publish papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would they want to publish papers
+like that that show that the common view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that show that the common view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that show that the common view
+is incorrect and sometimes it's true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorrect and sometimes it's true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorrect and sometimes it's true but
+oftentimes the convey was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes the convey was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes the convey was actually
+correct there's something wrong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there's something wrong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct there's something wrong the
+experiment or the interpretation or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or the interpretation or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment or the interpretation or how
+they computed this equation or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they computed this equation or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they computed this equation or whatever
+and so actually turns out the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so actually turns out the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so actually turns out the common
+view is perfectly fine and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is perfectly fine and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view is perfectly fine and it's just
+that the foolish authors went off on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the foolish authors went off on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the foolish authors went off on a
+tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent
+all right so and then they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and then they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so and then they have to
+publish you know six months later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish you know six months later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish you know six months later
+publish retraction by the way sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish retraction by the way sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish retraction by the way sorry
+paper is completely wrong and so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is completely wrong and so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper is completely wrong and so you'll
+see a lot of that alright so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of that alright so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of that alright so that's the
+second kind of thing and we'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second kind of thing and we'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second kind of thing and we'll talk more
+about that a little bit later too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little bit later too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that a little bit later too and
+then another thing is to reduce my I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing is to reduce my I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another thing is to reduce my I'll
+relax my assumptions so I'll say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax my assumptions so I'll say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax my assumptions so I'll say well
+I'm sure that the model is true but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that the model is true but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that the model is true but and
+I'm sure that my knob settings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that my knob settings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure that my knob settings are
+perfect I know what they are but I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect I know what they are but I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect I know what they are but I'm not
+really sure about all the parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure about all the parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure about all the parameters and
+therefore I want to use the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I want to use the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I want to use the experiment
+to try to refine parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm trying to take my why's that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to take my why's that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm trying to take my why's that I
+measure and somehow infer something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and somehow infer something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure and somehow infer something
+about the status okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the status okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the status okay
+and this is a very common thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very common thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very common thing to do
+right so my group we've tried to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my group we've tried to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so my group we've tried to measure
+the rate coefficient for a reaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate coefficient for a reaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate coefficient for a reaction you
+know we believe there is a value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we believe there is a value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we believe there is a value that
+data and in fact we probably have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in fact we probably have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in fact we probably have an
+estimate of what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of what it is
+but we're not sure the exact number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not sure the exact number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not sure the exact number and
+we'd like to do an experiment to refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do an experiment to refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to do an experiment to refine
+the number and get it more accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number and get it more accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number and get it more accurately
+determined okay so that's another useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined okay so that's another useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined okay so that's another useful
+thing to do and this leads into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and this leads into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do and this leads into two
+somewhat different points of view about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different points of view about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different points of view about
+this one you've probably done already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you've probably done already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one you've probably done already
+called Li Li squares fitting okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Li Li squares fitting okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Li Li squares fitting okay that's
+that's one view and the other is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one view and the other is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one view and the other is this
+Bayesian view that I'll tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayesian view that I'll tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bayesian view that I'll tell you about
+this okay so there's sort of a and B one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so there's sort of a and B one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so there's sort of a and B one
+I'll call Bayesian and one they'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call Bayesian and one they'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call Bayesian and one they'll call
+these squares they're sort of related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares they're sort of related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these squares they're sort of related to
+each other but not exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but not exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other but not exactly the same
+conceptually so try to explain that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually so try to explain that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually so try to explain that all
+right so the Bayesian view is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Bayesian view is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Bayesian view is
+probabilistic so it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic so it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic so it's actually pretty
+straightforward to write down remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to write down remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to write down remember
+that we wrote that the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote that the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we wrote that the probability of a
+and B is equal to the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is equal to the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B is equal to the probability of a
+time's the probability of B given a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the probability of B given a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time's the probability of B given a and
+it's also equal to probability B times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also equal to probability B times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also equal to probability B times
+the probability of a given B and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a given B and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability of a given B and what we
+have here is one of these conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is one of these conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here is one of these conditional
+probabilities if theaters have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if theaters have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities if theaters have a certain
+value this is certain probability so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this is certain probability so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value this is certain probability so I
+should be able to use that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to use that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to use that formula
+somehow so I can write down that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so I can write down that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow so I can write down that the
+probability of measuring Y given theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of measuring Y given theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of measuring Y given theta
+is equal to the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the probability
+why times probability of theta given why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/ okay so I just took this formula and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ okay so I just took this formula and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ okay so I just took this formula and I
+plugged in wise and theta is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in wise and theta is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged in wise and theta is instead of
+A's and B's all right so I said these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and B's all right so I said these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's and B's all right so I said these
+two are equal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are equal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two are equal to each other
+rearrange it so then I can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it so then I can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange it so then I can rewrite this
+this is the way we haven't written here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we haven't written here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way we haven't written here
+why probability of measuring Y given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why probability of measuring Y given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why probability of measuring Y given
+theta let's flip it around so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta let's flip it around so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta let's flip it around so the
+probability data given that we measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability data given that we measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability data given that we measured
+Y is equal to the probability times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to the probability times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y is equal to the probability times the
+probability observing Y if they'd it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability observing Y if they'd it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability observing Y if they'd it was
+true divided by the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+handwriting there okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting there okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handwriting there okay right
+that's this algebra so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this algebra so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this algebra so this is what we
+want to know we want to know what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know we want to know what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know we want to know what's the
+probability distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of the
+parameter value is y because some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value is y because some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter value is y because some of
+them are uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are uncertain
+now before we started the experiment we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before we started the experiment we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now before we started the experiment we
+had some idea of what the ranges were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some idea of what the ranges were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some idea of what the ranges were
+for all the parameter values right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the parameter values right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the parameter values right like
+I'm trying to measure a rate coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to measure a rate coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to measure a rate coefficient
+I know from experience with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know from experience with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know from experience with other
+similar reactions from a quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar reactions from a quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar reactions from a quantum
+chemistry calculation from some indirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry calculation from some indirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry calculation from some indirect
+evidence from some other more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from some other more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence from some other more
+complicated experiment I have some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated experiment I have some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated experiment I have some idea
+that this rate coefficient has to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this rate coefficient has to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this rate coefficient has to be in
+a certain range now it could be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain range now it could be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain range now it could be pretty
+uncertain it might be five orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain it might be five orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain it might be five orders
+magnitude uncertain but you know I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uncertain but you know I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uncertain but you know I know
+it's on less than zero I know it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on less than zero I know it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on less than zero I know it can't
+be faster than the diffusion limit how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be faster than the diffusion limit how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be faster than the diffusion limit how
+fast things come together so for sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast things come together so for sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast things come together so for sure I
+know some range and oftentimes I know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some range and oftentimes I know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some range and oftentimes I know a
+pretty much narrower range than that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much narrower range than that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much narrower range than that so
+I have some information about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some information about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have some information about these
+parameter values before I even start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values before I even start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values before I even start
+some of the parameters the model I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the parameters the model I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the parameters the model I know
+perfectly right we're pretty well so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly right we're pretty well so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly right we're pretty well so you
+know maybe there's a Planck's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe there's a Planck's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe there's a Planck's constant
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+the heat of formation of one of my kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of formation of one of my kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat of formation of one of my kind
+of coals or something like that shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coals or something like that shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coals or something like that shows up
+and then in the numbers and I might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the numbers and I might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then in the numbers and I might know
+that parameter really pretty accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter really pretty accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter really pretty accurately
+where is the pretty good rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the pretty good rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the pretty good rate
+coefficient care about is the thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient care about is the thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient care about is the thing I
+really don't know very well all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know very well all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know very well all right so
+some of these have tight probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these have tight probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these have tight probability
+distributions ahead of time and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions ahead of time and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions ahead of time and some of
+them have loose ones and this thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have loose ones and this thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them have loose ones and this thing has
+a name it's called the prior it's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name it's called the prior it's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name it's called the prior it's our
+prior information before we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior information before we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior information before we did the
+experiment and this one after we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and this one after we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and this one after we're done
+the experiment we're gonna change it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment we're gonna change it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment we're gonna change it so
+we're gonna say previously people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say previously people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say previously people
+thought that the parameters all lied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the parameters all lied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the parameters all lied in
+these certain ranges and now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certain ranges and now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certain ranges and now I'm going
+to get a tighter range because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a tighter range because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a tighter range because I have
+some additional experimental information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional experimental information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional experimental information
+so this is called the posterior means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the posterior means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called the posterior means
+after this means before means after okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this means before means after okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this means before means after okay
+so all right this is what I know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right this is what I know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right this is what I know about
+the parameter values before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter values before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter values before and after
+the experiment this is the the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment this is the the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment this is the the formula
+that I have over there right say it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have over there right say it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have over there right say it's a
+probability that if the theta has had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that if the theta has had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that if the theta has had a
+certain value probably what if observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value probably what if observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain value probably what if observed
+what I saw yeah this is sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I saw yeah this is sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I saw yeah this is sorry this is
+the prior this is the mysterious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probably and those of you who are paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and those of you who are paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably and those of you who are paying
+attention notation realize I'm not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention notation realize I'm not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention notation realize I'm not doing
+this very nicely because these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nicely because these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very nicely because these are
+continuous variables and I'm running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variables and I'm running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous variables and I'm running
+capital P RS and this should be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital P RS and this should be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital P RS and this should be in the
+hospital p RS it should be probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital p RS it should be probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital p RS it should be probability
+density functions instead so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functions instead so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density functions instead so let's
+rewrite it nicely so the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it nicely so the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite it nicely so the probability of
+theta given Y private a density is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given Y private a density is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta given Y private a density is equal
+to probability density of data initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probability density of data initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to probability density of data initially
+times the probability of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh you don't city find it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you don't city find it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you don't city find it by the
+probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right and why just basically did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and why just basically did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and why just basically did was
+I this is the correct equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the correct equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I this is the correct equation the
+previous other one is all multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous other one is all multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous other one is all multiplied by
+D theta dy it should be done that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D theta dy it should be done that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D theta dy it should be done that way
+all right so this is okay now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is okay now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is okay now this is
+the prior information I have about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior information I have about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prior information I have about the
+parameter values I know that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values I know that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values I know that they have
+to fall into some ranges and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall into some ranges and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fall into some ranges and this is the
+really on doing is I'm correcting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on doing is I'm correcting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really on doing is I'm correcting that
+information I'm improving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I'm improving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I'm improving the
+information and then tighten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then tighten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and then tighten the
+distribution so initially I know that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so initially I know that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so initially I know that my
+rate constant you know here's my rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant you know here's my rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate constant you know here's my rate
+constant I know that it's it's gotta be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I know that it's it's gotta be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I know that it's it's gotta be
+greater than zero and I don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and I don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero and I don't think it's
+really down there zero anyway I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really down there zero anyway I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really down there zero anyway I think
+it's somewhere in here I really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere in here I really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhere in here I really don't
+know much and I really don't think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much and I really don't think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know much and I really don't think it's
+all the way up but the diffusion limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up but the diffusion limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up but the diffusion limit
+in no way it's higher than diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no way it's higher than diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in no way it's higher than diffusion
+weather so that's my initial information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather so that's my initial information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather so that's my initial information
+that I have about the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have about the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have about the probability
+distribution of K okay so that's a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of K okay so that's a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of K okay so that's a rate
+coefficient I want to know and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I want to know and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient I want to know and I know
+it's bigger than zero and I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger than zero and I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's bigger than zero and I know it's
+less than infinity and actually know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than infinity and actually know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than infinity and actually know
+there's there's some physical limit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some physical limit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's some physical limit it
+can't be higher than something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be higher than something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be higher than something right
+alright so and you could do this for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so and you could do this for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so and you could do this for any
+problem right I give you any parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right I give you any parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem right I give you any parameter
+you should be able to tell me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to tell me something
+about it you might be uncertain by 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you might be uncertain by 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it you might be uncertain by 20
+orders of magnitude but at least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude but at least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders of magnitude but at least you
+have an error bar some width it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an error bar some width it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an error bar some width it can't be
+it can't be anything right a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be anything right a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't be anything right a lot of
+parameters have to be positive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters have to be positive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters have to be positive for
+example you know that alright and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that alright and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know that alright and you
+usually know something you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually know something you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually know something you might not
+think you know anything but you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know anything but you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know anything but you do you
+actually do that before you start so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that before you start so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do that before you start so you
+actually know this is the PE of theta to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know this is the PE of theta to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know this is the PE of theta to
+start with okay and after I've done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with okay and after I've done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with okay and after I've done the
+experiment hopefully going to know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment hopefully going to know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment hopefully going to know more
+information about it I might know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about it I might know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about it I might know that
+I'm going to get this quantity here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this quantity here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to get this quantity here is
+gonna be like a Gaussian distribution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be like a Gaussian distribution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be like a Gaussian distribution it
+might have a kind of goofball dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a kind of goofball dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a kind of goofball dependence
+on theta comment that so this notice how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta comment that so this notice how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta comment that so this notice how
+theta appears inside F right so theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta appears inside F right so theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta appears inside F right so theta
+the theta is up in the exponent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta is up in the exponent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta is up in the exponent it's
+sort of inside a Gaussian but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inside a Gaussian but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of inside a Gaussian but it's
+multiplied it's like processed by F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it's like processed by F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied it's like processed by F and
+so the observer will might have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observer will might have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the observer will might have a pretty
+goofball dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofball dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goofball dependence
+this rate coefficient so this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate coefficient so this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate coefficient so this thing
+could be some weird thing okay but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some weird thing okay but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some weird thing okay but for
+sure when it gets when I change data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure when it gets when I change data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure when it gets when I change data so
+this changes a lot it's going to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes a lot it's going to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this changes a lot it's going to make a
+pretty big difference because it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big difference because it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big difference because it's up
+inside the exponent of a gap of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the exponent of a gap of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the exponent of a gap of a
+Gaussian so it's gonna drop off a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian so it's gonna drop off a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian so it's gonna drop off a lot
+somewhere so I should get something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so I should get something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere so I should get something that
+looks something like this maybe for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this maybe for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this maybe for my
+experiment so this is this one is P P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so this is this one is P P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so this is this one is P P of
+K initially the prior this one is P of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K initially the prior this one is P of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K initially the prior this one is P of Y
+okay and what this equation says is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this equation says is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what this equation says is I
+want to multiply those two together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply those two together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply those two together and
+so I'm going to multiply this times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to multiply this times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to multiply this times this
+and I'm gonna get some new thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like that okay when I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay when I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay when I multiply
+this times that okay and so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times that okay and so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times that okay and so that's my
+new numerator of this equation now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new numerator of this equation now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new numerator of this equation now this
+tau nominator doesn't make too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau nominator doesn't make too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau nominator doesn't make too much
+sense this is that what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is that what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is that what's the
+probability that I made measured the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I made measured the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I made measured the
+mean I measured it doesn't given nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I measured it doesn't given nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I measured it doesn't given nothing
+so this is sorta like the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sorta like the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is sorta like the prior
+probability they would have measured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability they would have measured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability they would have measured it
+or something I don't know what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't know what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something I don't know what this is
+so instead what people do is they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what people do is they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead what people do is they say
+forget this but instead let's multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget this but instead let's multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget this but instead let's multiply
+this by constant that's gonna normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by constant that's gonna normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by constant that's gonna normalize
+it to make it a probability density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make it a probability density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to make it a probability density so
+that it integrates to 1 okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it integrates to 1 okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it integrates to 1 okay so that's
+the way bayes's theorem is is used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way bayes's theorem is is used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way bayes's theorem is is used this
+is called Bayesian analysis and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Bayesian analysis and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called Bayesian analysis and so what
+it's telling you is how to take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling you is how to take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's telling you is how to take your
+experimental information as expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental information as expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental information as expressed in
+this formula and and convert it and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and and convert it and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and and convert it and use
+all your previous information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your previous information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your previous information about the
+parameters put them all together it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters put them all together it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters put them all together it is
+you know now we have a cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now we have a cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know now we have a cumulative
+information about everything okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about everything okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about everything okay so we
+some parameters that came into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters that came into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters that came into our
+problem into my experiment but from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into my experiment but from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem into my experiment but from
+previous work I also knew something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work I also knew something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous work I also knew something
+about those parameters now I put it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those parameters now I put it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those parameters now I put it all
+together and I get a new value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and I get a new value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and I get a new value of
+probability distribution of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of those
+parameters and if my experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and if my experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and if my experiment was
+really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good
+it would make this really tight and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would make this really tight and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would make this really tight and then
+when I multiply these together it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply these together it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I multiply these together it's
+gonna make this really sharp and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make this really sharp and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make this really sharp and we have
+a really good value of K okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good value of K okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good value of K okay so that's
+like the ideal case if I have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ideal case if I have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the ideal case if I have a really
+great well-designed experiment executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great well-designed experiment executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great well-designed experiment executed
+perfectly with great precision then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly with great precision then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly with great precision then I
+can do this more generally when I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this more generally when I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this more generally when I don't
+think about it I get some distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it I get some distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it I get some distribution
+like this okay I still learn something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay I still learn something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this okay I still learn something
+compared to what I had before but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what I had before but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what I had before but it
+might not be much so now I can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be much so now I can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be much so now I can end up
+with some distribution that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some distribution that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some distribution that's a little
+tighter than before okay it's okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter than before okay it's okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighter than before okay it's okay so
+far alright now this is super simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far alright now this is super simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far alright now this is super simple
+right I didn't have to do solve anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I didn't have to do solve anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I didn't have to do solve anything
+all I had to do is multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I had to do is multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I had to do is multiply two
+distributions together okay so in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions together okay so in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions together okay so in some
+respects this is what you should always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects this is what you should always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respects this is what you should always
+do alright all you do is you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do alright all you do is you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do alright all you do is you take your
+experiment you multiply it the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you multiply it the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you multiply it the probably
+distribution of corresponds to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of corresponds to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of corresponds to your
+experiment times with the prior and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment times with the prior and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment times with the prior and you
+get some posterior and that's my new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some posterior and that's my new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some posterior and that's my new
+information about the distribution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the distribution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the distribution and
+if I have a distribution like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a distribution like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a distribution like this
+suppose this is my new distribution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is my new distribution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose this is my new distribution here
+I can still get a central value that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can still get a central value that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can still get a central value that's
+my mean value okay I can get an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mean value okay I can get an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mean value okay I can get an estimate
+of the range of K so I end up with a K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the range of K so I end up with a K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the range of K so I end up with a K
+plus or minus DK maybe from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus DK maybe from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus DK maybe from the from
+just looking at the plot and in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the plot and in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the plot and in fact I
+never even have to evaluate with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even have to evaluate with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never even have to evaluate with this
+constant is in order to do this I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is in order to do this I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is in order to do this I can
+just go look at the plot see where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go look at the plot see where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go look at the plot see where the
+peak is figure out the width and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak is figure out the width and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak is figure out the width and then I
+can report now because of my experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report now because of my experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can report now because of my experiment
+k plus minus DK is more precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus minus DK is more precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k plus minus DK is more precisely
+determined than it was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined than it was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined than it was before
+okay now a practical challenge with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now a practical challenge with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now a practical challenge with this
+is that theta is usually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that theta is usually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that theta is usually a lot of
+parameters and I only draw drew the plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I only draw drew the plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters and I only draw drew the plot
+here in one dimension but really it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in one dimension but really it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in one dimension but really it's a
+dimensional plot so really what looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plot so really what looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional plot so really what looked
+like supposed to have two parameters I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like supposed to have two parameters I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like supposed to have two parameters I
+have like hey I care about and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like hey I care about and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like hey I care about and I have
+some other parameter theta to that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other parameter theta to that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other parameter theta to that also
+it shows up in my my model and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows up in my my model and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows up in my my model and say
+before I started I knew theta to felon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I started I knew theta to felon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I started I knew theta to felon
+this is kind of range and I knew okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of range and I knew okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of range and I knew okay so
+this generation okay so really before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generation okay so really before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this generation okay so really before I
+started if I if I think when it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started if I if I think when it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started if I if I think when it looks
+like I really had sort of a blobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I really had sort of a blobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I really had sort of a blobby
+rectangular contour plot where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular contour plot where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular contour plot where I think
+you know it's more likely that the kit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's more likely that the kit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's more likely that the kit
+that the K value is somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the K value is somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the K value is somewhere in the
+state of true value are somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of true value are somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of true value are somewhere in
+this range and the most likely one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range and the most likely one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this range and the most likely one is
+maybe somewhere in the middle there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somewhere in the middle there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somewhere in the middle there but
+I really didn't know much so it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really didn't know much so it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really didn't know much so it could
+have been anywhere in this whole blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been anywhere in this whole blob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been anywhere in this whole blob
+now when I do the experiment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I do the experiment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I do the experiment the
+experimental value depends on both K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental value depends on both K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental value depends on both K and
+theta two and commonly what will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta two and commonly what will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta two and commonly what will happen
+is that the distribution from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the distribution from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the distribution from the
+experiment any colored chalk here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment any colored chalk here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment any colored chalk here okay
+so this is my probably distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my probably distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my probably distribution
+that's my prior I do the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my prior I do the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my prior I do the experiment
+maybe I'll have something like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll have something like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I'll have something like this that
+the experiment says that the guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment says that the guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment says that the guys have
+to be somewhere in a contour plot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere in a contour plot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be somewhere in a contour plot like
+this because I can get pretty good fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I can get pretty good fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because I can get pretty good fits
+the data with different values of K as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data with different values of K as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data with different values of K as
+long as I compensate with the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I compensate with the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I compensate with the value of
+theta - all right now if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta - all right now if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta - all right now if I multiply
+these two dimensional function see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two dimensional function see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two dimensional function see this
+is this is original as a blob blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is original as a blob blob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is original as a blob blob
+function and this is a stretched-out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a stretched-out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a stretched-out
+blob and I multiply a stretched-out blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob and I multiply a stretched-out blob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob and I multiply a stretched-out blob
+times a fat blob I'll get some stretched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a fat blob I'll get some stretched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a fat blob I'll get some stretched
+out blob that looks something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out blob that looks something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out blob that looks something you know
+like the intersection of these guys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the intersection of these guys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the intersection of these guys and
+so I end up with some kind of blob like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I end up with some kind of blob like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I end up with some kind of blob like
+that so this is my posterior it's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is my posterior it's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is my posterior it's some
+kind of blob like this okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of blob like this okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of blob like this okay so now I
+know a little bit more about these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit more about these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a little bit more about these two
+parameters than I did before I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters than I did before I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters than I did before I started
+it gives my experiment it's okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives my experiment it's okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives my experiment it's okay I
+really can't say I know what the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't say I know what the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't say I know what the real
+value of K is or the ideas ADA - I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K is or the ideas ADA - I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of K is or the ideas ADA - I know
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+combinations of K and theta two that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of K and theta two that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of K and theta two that are
+sort of in this range all that will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in this range all that will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in this range all that will give
+me pretty good fist to my data and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pretty good fist to my data and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me pretty good fist to my data and also
+be consistent with all the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent with all the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be consistent with all the previous
+information I have about this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I have about this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I have about this parameter
+values is that right now I only do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is that right now I only do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values is that right now I only do it
+with two parameters in a lot of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two parameters in a lot of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two parameters in a lot of models
+we have we have five parameter or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have five parameter or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have we have five parameter or six
+parameter seven parameters nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter seven parameters nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter seven parameters nine
+parameters 14 parameters okay they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 14 parameters okay they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 14 parameters okay they have
+a lot of parameters and so then you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of parameters and so then you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of parameters and so then you try
+to make this plot even how to display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this plot even how to display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this plot even how to display
+the plot it's like a little problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot it's like a little problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot it's like a little problematic
+okay so but it's there right and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but it's there right and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but it's there right and and
+somehow it's still we still narrow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's still we still narrow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow it's still we still narrow down
+the hypervolume in the parameter space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypervolume in the parameter space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypervolume in the parameter space
+from whatever it was to begin with to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever it was to begin with to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from whatever it was to begin with to
+now we know something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we know something a little bit
+better we have a narrower range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we have a narrower range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better we have a narrower range of the
+parameters that will really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that will really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that will really be
+consisting with all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting with all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting with all the information
+available including my new experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available including my new experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available including my new experiment
+all right and then the next guy does his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the next guy does his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then the next guy does his
+experiment and he does an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and he does an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and he does an experiment
+that shows that these guys have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that these guys have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows that these guys have to be
+somewhere in this range in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this range in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this range in order to be
+consistent with his experiment and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with his experiment and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with his experiment and so
+now I can narrow down the range could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can narrow down the range could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can narrow down the range could be
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+and the next person does their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next person does their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next person does their
+experiment and they get something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and they get something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and they get something else
+and something else and something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else and something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something else and something else
+and eventually by 2050 we have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually by 2050 we have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually by 2050 we have a pretty
+nice termination of the parameter values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice termination of the parameter values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice termination of the parameter values
+okay so that's the advance of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the advance of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the advance of science
+all right as drawn in chalk by professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as drawn in chalk by professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right as drawn in chalk by professor
+green it all right all right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green it all right all right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green it all right all right so that's
+this is very important way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very important way to think
+about it is what you're doing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is what you're doing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it is what you're doing when you
+do experiments is you're generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments is you're generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do experiments is you're generally
+restricting the range of parameter space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the range of parameter space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting the range of parameter space
+that's still consistent with everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still consistent with everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still consistent with everything
+and we mean consistent we mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we mean consistent we mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we mean consistent we mean that the
+probability that you would have observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you would have observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you would have observed
+with what you did observe is reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you did observe is reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what you did observe is reasonably
+high you'll still have to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high you'll still have to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high you'll still have to come back to
+quantitatively figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively figure out what
+reasonably high means okay now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably high means okay now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably high means okay now when you
+do this before when you're kids nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this before when you're kids nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this before when you're kids nobody
+mentioned the word Bayes our Bayesian or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the word Bayes our Bayesian or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the word Bayes our Bayesian or
+probability conditional probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability conditional probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability conditional probabilities
+right so they just said ah just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they just said ah just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they just said ah just do a
+least-squares fit yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least-squares fit yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least-squares fit yeah
+how have you did that before all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how have you did that before all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how have you did that before all right
+okay so somebody told you before forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so somebody told you before forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so somebody told you before forget
+this stuff that we're going to never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff that we're going to never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff that we're going to never
+mention this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention this stuff
+we're just gonna do a least-squares fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now where did that least first idea came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where did that least first idea came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where did that least first idea came
+from it came from looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it came from looking at this
+formula and saying you know this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and saying you know this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and saying you know this is this
+the deviations between the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviations between the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviations between the experiment
+and the model prediction and I weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the model prediction and I weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the model prediction and I weight
+him somehow and the nice and I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him somehow and the nice and I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him somehow and the nice and I have the
+square and that's the thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and that's the thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square and that's the thing I want to
+make small if I have a good high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make small if I have a good high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make small if I have a good high
+probability of that what I observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that what I observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of that what I observed
+really happened or I'll probably even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happened or I'll probably even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happened or I'll probably even
+observe this it's got to be that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this it's got to be that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe this it's got to be that this
+these guys have to be reasonably close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have to be reasonably close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys have to be reasonably close
+to each other they're really different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other they're really different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other they're really different
+then this could be very small because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this could be very small because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this could be very small because
+it's inside and exponential and if those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inside and exponential and if those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's inside and exponential and if those
+guys are really different and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are really different and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are really different and this
+squared thing is really just is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared thing is really just is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared thing is really just is really
+large then the property is incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then the property is incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large then the property is incredibly
+small that I would have observed that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that I would have observed that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small that I would have observed that so
+we think that this thing should be small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that this thing should be small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that this thing should be small
+and in fact if I want to get the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if I want to get the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if I want to get the very
+best fit I can get in which means like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fit I can get in which means like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fit I can get in which means like
+the probability was the highest of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability was the highest of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability was the highest of what
+I observed being the real observation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observed being the real observation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observed being the real observation or
+something and I really want to if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I really want to if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I really want to if I'm
+free to adjust when these Thetas I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to adjust when these Thetas I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to adjust when these Thetas I can
+adjust the data trying to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the data trying to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust the data trying to make this
+thing like equal to zero or as small as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like equal to zero or as small as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing like equal to zero or as small as
+I can okay so that's where the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can okay so that's where the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can okay so that's where the concept
+of least squares comes from now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of least squares comes from now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of least squares comes from now when
+you're doing least squares you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing least squares you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing least squares you almost
+always have multiple parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have multiple parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have multiple parameters and
+therefore you're going to have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you're going to have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you're going to have to have
+multiple data they can't just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple data they can't just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple data they can't just be a
+repeat of one number can't be your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of one number can't be your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat of one number can't be your data
+it's not sufficient to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sufficient to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sufficient to determine the
+parameters so you normally when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so you normally when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so you normally when you do
+an experiment you have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment you have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment you have to change the
+knobs where you have to like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs where you have to like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knobs where you have to like make
+measurements and cut a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and cut a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and cut a couple different
+conditions like so for example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions like so for example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions like so for example in
+kinetics you often want the arena si
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics you often want the arena si
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics you often want the arena si
+factor and the EA and so I gotta run an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and the EA and so I gotta run an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and the EA and so I gotta run an
+experiment at more than one temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at more than one temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment at more than one temperature
+I'm never going to be able to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never going to be able to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm never going to be able to figure
+that out so I have to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out so I have to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out so I have to change the
+temperature my reactor make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature my reactor make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature my reactor make some
+measurements at one temperature make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements at one temperature make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements at one temperature make
+some measurements a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurements a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurements a different
+temperature okay and for almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay and for almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay and for almost
+everything in life that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in life that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in life that you want to
+measure you're gonna have to do this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you're gonna have to do this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure you're gonna have to do this you
+know you vary the concentration of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you vary the concentration of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you vary the concentration of your
+enzyme if you want to see you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme if you want to see you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme if you want to see you know how
+the enzyme kinetics been something you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme kinetics been something you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme kinetics been something you
+have to you can't just keep running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you can't just keep running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you can't just keep running
+exactly the same condition over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same condition over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same condition over and over
+you'll get that number really precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get that number really precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get that number really precise
+but it's not enough information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not enough information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not enough information to
+really fill out the parameters in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fill out the parameters in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fill out the parameters in your
+model so you're gonna have to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so you're gonna have to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so you're gonna have to run
+several different experiments with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different experiments with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different experiments with
+different knob settings also normally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different knob settings also normally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different knob settings also normally we
+don't just measure one quantity one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just measure one quantity one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just measure one quantity one
+observable in each experiment we usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable in each experiment we usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable in each experiment we usually
+try to measure as many things as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to measure as many things as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to measure as many things as we can
+so we actually have several observables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually have several observables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually have several observables
+at each knob setting and we have several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each knob setting and we have several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each knob setting and we have several
+knob settings so we have quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob settings so we have quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knob settings so we have quite a lot of
+data and each one of those repeated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and each one of those repeated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and each one of those repeated a
+whole bunch of time so we're confident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of time so we're confident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of time so we're confident
+that we can use this Gaussian formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use this Gaussian formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use this Gaussian formula
+and so what we really have is the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we really have is the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we really have is the eighth
+observable measured at the case knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable measured at the case knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable measured at the case knob
+position alpha knob position okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position alpha knob position okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position alpha knob position okay
+no sorry tells like any there's used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry tells like any there's used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no sorry tells like any there's used by
+in your notes or something else M there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes or something else M there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes or something else M there
+we go okay say VDS knob position now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go okay say VDS knob position now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go okay say VDS knob position now
+normally you have several knobs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you have several knobs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you have several knobs so
+that's a vector and we have you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector and we have you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a vector and we have you have a
+lot of observables we can make it each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of observables we can make it each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of observables we can make it each
+position all right so this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position all right so this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position all right so this thing is
+measurement and we repeated this global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and we repeated this global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement and we repeated this global
+time so I can get the average and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I can get the average and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so I can get the average and we're
+also gonna have a corresponding Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma I M which is the the variance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I M which is the the variance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma I M which is the the variance of
+the mean so it's the variance that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean so it's the variance that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean so it's the variance that's
+gonna be divided by the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be divided by the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be divided by the square root of
+the number of repeats for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of repeats for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of repeats for that
+particular experiment in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experiment in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular experiment in that particular
+observable okay so this is your incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable okay so this is your incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observable okay so this is your incoming
+data set and you also have your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and you also have your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set and you also have your model
+which predicts you know why model it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which predicts you know why model it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which predicts you know why model it
+predicts the observable I or that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the observable I or that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicts the observable I or that's
+equal to fi of X K right so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to fi of X K right so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to fi of X K right so if you have
+certain off settings like temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain off settings like temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain off settings like temperature
+and you have your parameter values then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have your parameter values then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have your parameter values then
+you can calculate what you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate what you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate what you should have
+what do you think the model thing should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the model thing should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think the model thing should
+be the observable value and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the observable value and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the observable value and then you can
+actually measure it and measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure it and measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure it and measure it
+variance all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance all right
+so that's the normal situation and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the normal situation and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the normal situation and now
+you want to figure out are there some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out are there some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to figure out are there some
+values of the theta that make the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the theta that make the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the theta that make the model
+and the and the data agree and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the data agree and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the data agree and that's
+the least course of anything so well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least course of anything so well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least course of anything so well we
+can define as a new quantity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define as a new quantity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define as a new quantity the
+residual weighted residual vector e J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual weighted residual vector e J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual weighted residual vector e J
+which is defined to be okay okay to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined to be okay okay to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined to be okay okay to be
+consistent with Jo Scott's notes now M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Jo Scott's notes now M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with Jo Scott's notes now M
+is the knob positions Alto BK is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right man
+too many indices okay so that's this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many indices okay so that's this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many indices okay so that's this is
+the residual between the model position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual between the model position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the residual between the model position
+and now our man I'm sorry 10 km I'm Caze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now our man I'm sorry 10 km I'm Caze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now our man I'm sorry 10 km I'm Caze
+an index over I and him so okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index over I and him so okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an index over I and him so okay it's
+just going to list all the diddy got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to list all the diddy got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to list all the diddy got
+some of the data came from the same knob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the data came from the same knob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the data came from the same knob
+setting some came from different up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting some came from different up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting some came from different up
+settings yeah thank you yes right at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings yeah thank you yes right at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings yeah thank you yes right at all
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess no okay all right yeah okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess no okay all right yeah okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess no okay all right yeah okay it's
+okay it's one of these indices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's one of these indices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's one of these indices that
+carry you've combined two indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry you've combined two indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry you've combined two indices
+together and put them together just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put them together just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and put them together just like
+you did in your PD problems all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+I wrote down this Sigma but actually if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote down this Sigma but actually if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wrote down this Sigma but actually if
+you're measuring multiple things at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring multiple things at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring multiple things at the
+same experiment you should expect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment you should expect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same experiment you should expect them
+to be correlated so really what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correlated so really what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be correlated so really what we
+should worry about is the C the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should worry about is the C the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should worry about is the C the
+covariance matrix that we define last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix that we define last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix that we define last
+time all right so you should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so you should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so you should also
+compute that thing and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that thing and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that thing and so what you
+should expect is the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect is the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should expect is the probability
+guessing that we would measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing that we would measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing that we would measure the
+residuals that we measure any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals that we measure any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals that we measure any particular
+residuals if the model is true and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals if the model is true and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals if the model is true and if we
+have these certain parameters theta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these certain parameters theta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these certain parameters theta this
+should be equal to two pi K to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to two pi K to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to two pi K to determine
+C negative one half exponential negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C negative one half exponential negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C negative one half exponential negative
+one half epsilon transpose C inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half epsilon transpose C inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one half epsilon transpose C inverse
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+so this is the multi measurement version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the multi measurement version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the multi measurement version
+of the same equation here okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same equation here okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same equation here okay so this
+is the quantity that we think should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quantity that we think should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the quantity that we think should be
+small if we have good parameter values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if we have good parameter values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small if we have good parameter values
+and we did a good experiment actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did a good experiment actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did a good experiment actually
+even we did bad experiments still should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we did bad experiments still should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we did bad experiments still should
+be small be a good perimeter device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small be a good perimeter device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small be a good perimeter device
+all right and that's because the C's if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's because the C's if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and that's because the C's if
+we did a bad experiment will have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a bad experiment will have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did a bad experiment will have a high
+variance or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance or something
+then we should see the seasonal give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should see the seasonal give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we should see the seasonal give us
+waiting reflect that yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that oh I'm sorry this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capital K this is the number the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K this is the number the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital K this is the number the number
+of data points so k little K is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data points so k little K is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data points so k little K is equal to
+1 to capital e it's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to capital e it's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to capital e it's the number of
+distinct data values after you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct data values after you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct data values after you've
+already averaged over repeats so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already averaged over repeats so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already averaged over repeats so it's
+you you do M experiments at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you do M experiments at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you do M experiments at each
+experiment you measure capital I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you measure capital I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you measure capital I
+observables so it's like m times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables so it's like m times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables so it's like m times I
+that's okay if you measured everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay if you measured everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay if you measured everything
+in every experiment is equal to PI times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now there's two ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now there's two ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now there's two ways that
+people approach this in literature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people approach this in literature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people approach this in literature the
+fancy way is you say you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way is you say you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy way is you say you know this
+covariance matrix comes in in a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix comes in in a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix comes in in a pretty
+important way into this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important way into this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important way into this probability
+distribution function and so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function and so maybe I
+need to worry a lot about whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry a lot about whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to worry a lot about whether I
+really know the covariance matrix and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the covariance matrix and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know the covariance matrix and my
+my uncertainty in the mean drops pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uncertainty in the mean drops pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uncertainty in the mean drops pretty
+fast as I do averaging but I'm not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as I do averaging but I'm not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast as I do averaging but I'm not so
+confident that my uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that my uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that my uncertainty in the
+covariance matrix was small so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix was small so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance matrix was small so what
+people do sometimes is they'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do sometimes is they'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people do sometimes is they'll try to
+vary both C and theta and try to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary both C and theta and try to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary both C and theta and try to get a
+best fit where they're very see but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fit where they're very see but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best fit where they're very see but then
+they have additional constraints on C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have additional constraints on C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have additional constraints on C
+that C has to satisfy the equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C has to satisfy the equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that C has to satisfy the equations that
+gave last time about how you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave last time about how you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave last time about how you calculate
+the covariance of injuries from data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance of injuries from data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance of injuries from data and
+so I was saying well I want the C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was saying well I want the C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was saying well I want the C to
+photography those equations pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography those equations pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography those equations pretty well
+but the true covariance of my experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the true covariance of my experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the true covariance of my experiment
+is not equal no to covariance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal no to covariance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not equal no to covariance of the
+world of the system is not the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of the system is not the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of the system is not the same as
+what I actually measure by just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I actually measure by just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I actually measure by just
+measuring say five repeats of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring say five repeats of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring say five repeats of an
+experiment and so I might want to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so I might want to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so I might want to vary
+the see you try to bury the see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the see you try to bury the see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the see you try to bury the see this
+turns out to be kind of complicated math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be kind of complicated math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be kind of complicated math
+so not many people doing even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not many people doing even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not many people doing even though
+conceptually it makes some sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually it makes some sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually it makes some sense that
+you should worry about the fact you not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should worry about the fact you not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should worry about the fact you not
+really sure about the covariance so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure about the covariance so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sure about the covariance so what
+a lot of people do is they say let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people do is they say let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people do is they say let's
+just use this see that's computed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this see that's computed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use this see that's computed from
+the formulas that gave you last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas that gave you last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas that gave you last time
+experimentally so just say let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally so just say let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally so just say let's just
+take C experimental put them in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take C experimental put them in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take C experimental put them in here and
+they'll this is a constant and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll this is a constant and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll this is a constant and now the
+only thing that that varies in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that that varies in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that that varies in this
+problem is is betas which just come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is betas which just come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is is betas which just come into
+the epsilon because the epsilon depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon because the epsilon depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon because the epsilon depend
+on theta and so in that case I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta and so in that case I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on theta and so in that case I can just
+try to to maximize this probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to maximize this probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to to maximize this probability and
+what that happens to do is to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that happens to do is to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that happens to do is to minimize
+this quantity in the exponent and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity in the exponent and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity in the exponent and so all
+I need to do is say for example theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to do is say for example theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to do is say for example theta
+past is equal to R and theta epsilon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is equal to R and theta epsilon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past is equal to R and theta epsilon the
+theta C all right and so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta C all right and so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta C all right and so this is the
+least squares fitting problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares fitting problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least squares fitting problem that you
+guys have probably done before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have probably done before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have probably done before and
+probably what you did was you assumed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what you did was you assumed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what you did was you assumed I
+had perfectly uncorrelated data and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had perfectly uncorrelated data and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had perfectly uncorrelated data and all
+my heirs were the same and so see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my heirs were the same and so see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my heirs were the same and so see what's
+just identity matrix and I take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just identity matrix and I take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just identity matrix and I take it out
+if I do that before yeah that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do that before yeah that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do that before yeah that's pretty
+dangerous today what people do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous today what people do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous today what people do a lot
+which is a little bit less dangerous is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit less dangerous is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a little bit less dangerous is
+at least say well you know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least say well you know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least say well you know when I
+measure the concentration of species X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the concentration of species X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the concentration of species X
+by GC I have an r bar of plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by GC I have an r bar of plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by GC I have an r bar of plus or minus
+5% and when I measure the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and when I measure the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% and when I measure the temperature
+with my thermocouple I have an RA bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my thermocouple I have an RA bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my thermocouple I have an RA bar
+plus or minus 2 degrees and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 2 degrees and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus 2 degrees and so the
+variances of these guys should be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of these guys should be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances of these guys should be a lot
+different temperature and and GC signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature and and GC signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature and and GC signal
+and therefore I definitely need to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I definitely need to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore I definitely need to wait
+my deviation somehow and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my deviation somehow and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my deviation somehow and it's really
+what you do is you keep the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you keep the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you keep the diagonal
+entries of this that's all that's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of this that's all that's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries of this that's all that's often
+done and we just forget the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we just forget the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done and we just forget the fact that
+they might be covert covariant but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be covert covariant but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be covert covariant but you
+actually be done the experiments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be done the experiments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be done the experiments you
+actually do have enough in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do have enough in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do have enough in from
+compute this thing anyway see Moscow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing anyway see Moscow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this thing anyway see Moscow to
+seize the experimental value okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seize the experimental value okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seize the experimental value okay so
+this is the least-squares thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the least-squares thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the least-squares thing now
+let's think what the heck is this doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think what the heck is this doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think what the heck is this doing
+we're saying all of a sudden we grabbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying all of a sudden we grabbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying all of a sudden we grabbed
+all the parameters in the model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parameters in the model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the parameters in the model which
+might include things like the molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might include things like the molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might include things like the molecular
+weight of hydrogen or something and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of hydrogen or something and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of hydrogen or something and we
+we can find the very best values of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find the very best values of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find the very best values of them
+that would make my our data and match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make my our data and match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would make my our data and match
+the experiment as best as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment as best as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment as best as possible
+and you know in some sense that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in some sense that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know in some sense that's great
+we know the best values the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the best values the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the best values the parameters
+for our experiment but of course if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our experiment but of course if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our experiment but of course if we
+vary the molecular weight of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the molecular weight of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary the molecular weight of hydrogen
+it's gonna screw up somebody else's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna screw up somebody else's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna screw up somebody else's
+experiment because somebody else did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because somebody else did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because somebody else did
+some other experiment that depend on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other experiment that depend on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other experiment that depend on the
+molecular weight of hydrogen and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight of hydrogen and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular weight of hydrogen and they
+they had to get some other value to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to get some other value to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to get some other value to make
+it match their experiment right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it match their experiment right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it match their experiment right so in
+these parameter set anything I do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameter set anything I do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameter set anything I do to
+vary those parameters I got to watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary those parameters I got to watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary those parameters I got to watch out
+that maybe some of those parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe some of those parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe some of those parameters are
+involved in somebody else's model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in somebody else's model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in somebody else's model and
+create some other experiments and if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some other experiments and if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some other experiments and if I'm
+not really free to marry them all freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really free to marry them all freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really free to marry them all freely
+so this is the idea from the Bayesian of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the idea from the Bayesian of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the idea from the Bayesian of
+doing the prior and the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the prior and the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the prior and the prior
+information is now you know some ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is now you know some ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is now you know some ranges
+on these Thetas already and some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these Thetas already and some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these Thetas already and some of them
+you might know really sharp sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know really sharp sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might know really sharp sharp
+distributions like the molecular weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions like the molecular weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions like the molecular weight
+of hydrogen you might know that to a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen you might know that to a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hydrogen you might know that to a lot
+of decimal places and so when people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decimal places and so when people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of decimal places and so when people do
+this normally you don't vary all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normally you don't vary all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this normally you don't vary all of the
+Thetas usually what you do is you select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thetas usually what you do is you select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thetas usually what you do is you select
+a set of Thetas that you feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of Thetas that you feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of Thetas that you feel free to
+vary because they're so uncertain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary because they're so uncertain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary because they're so uncertain and
+other Thetas that you think well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Thetas that you think well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Thetas that you think well I
+better not touch them because my if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not touch them because my if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better not touch them because my if I
+adjust them I may go too crazy values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust them I may go too crazy values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust them I may go too crazy values
+that are didn't get too soon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are didn't get too soon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are didn't get too soon with
+somebody else's experiment so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's experiment so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else's experiment so a lot of
+times like the molecular weights you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times like the molecular weights you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times like the molecular weights you
+would not touch them you would just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not touch them you would just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not touch them you would just say
+I gotta just stick to the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gotta just stick to the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I gotta just stick to the you know the
+recommended values and the tables I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended values and the tables I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended values and the tables I'm
+not free to vary the rate of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not free to vary the rate of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not free to vary the rate of hydrogen
+even though if I did it would make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though if I did it would make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though if I did it would make my
+data match my experiment better make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data match my experiment better make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data match my experiment better make
+sure I model the experiment match or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I model the experiment match or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I model the experiment match or
+more precisely so deciding which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely so deciding which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely so deciding which
+parameters to vary and this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to vary and this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters to vary and this is a really
+crucial thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a lot of the art of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of the art of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot of the art of doing this
+has to do with that issue also you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with that issue also you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with that issue also you don't
+have to keep the Thetas in the form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep the Thetas in the form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to keep the Thetas in the form you
+have them you could do a transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them you could do a transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them you could do a transformation
+so you could change to say double use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could change to say double use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could change to say double use
+that's equal to some say some matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to some say some matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to some say some matrix
+times the Thetas and I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the Thetas and I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the Thetas and I could have
+expressed the equation in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed the equation in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed the equation in terms of the
+double use so I could transform my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double use so I could transform my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double use so I could transform my
+original representation of parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original representation of parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original representation of parameters of
+some of other parameters and oftentimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of other parameters and oftentimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of other parameters and oftentimes
+your experiment might be really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment might be really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment might be really good at
+determining some of these double use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining some of these double use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining some of these double use
+even if it might be incapable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it might be incapable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it might be incapable of
+determining any of the Thetas so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining any of the Thetas so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining any of the Thetas so you
+often might know some linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often might know some linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often might know some linear combination
+of parameters or maybe not linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters or maybe not linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters or maybe not linear
+combinations some non-linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations some non-linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations some non-linear
+accommodation parameters might be might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation parameters might be might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodation parameters might be might
+actually be determinable very well from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be determinable very well from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be determinable very well from
+your experiment even though you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment even though you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your experiment even though you can't
+determine things separately and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine things separately and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine things separately and this
+gets into the idea of dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the idea of dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets into the idea of dimensionless
+numbers so your experiment might depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so your experiment might depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so your experiment might depend
+on some dimensionless number very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some dimensionless number very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some dimensionless number very
+sensitively and you can be quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitively and you can be quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitively and you can be quite quite
+confident from your neural data what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident from your neural data what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident from your neural data what the
+value of that dimensionless number must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that dimensionless number must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of that dimensionless number must
+be but if you look inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but if you look inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be but if you look inside the
+dimensionless number it depends a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number it depends a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless number it depends a lot of
+different things and you might not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and you might not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things and you might not have
+any information about them separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any information about them separately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any information about them separately
+all you know is about your experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know is about your experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you know is about your experiment
+just tells you the value of that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you the value of that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tells you the value of that one
+parameter very accurately so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter very accurately so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter very accurately so this is
+another big part of the art of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big part of the art of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big part of the art of doing the
+model versus data is setting up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model versus data is setting up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model versus data is setting up your
+experiment your model in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment your model in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment your model in terms of
+parameters that you really can determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that you really can determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that you really can determine
+and getting out all the ones you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting out all the ones you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting out all the ones you can't
+determine and fixing them so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and fixing them so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine and fixing them so we're
+really going to generally change do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to generally change do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really going to generally change do this
+kind of thing but we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing but we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing but we're going to say
+that some some theaters are fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some some theaters are fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some some theaters are fixed and
+and also we might say we might change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we might say we might change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also we might say we might change to
+a different representation change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different representation change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different representation change to
+double use instead yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah let's go example so suppose I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's go example so suppose I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah let's go example so suppose I was
+doing a reactor that had a equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a reactor that had a equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a reactor that had a equilibrium
+would be and I was really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and I was really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be and I was really interested in
+KF the forward rate for hey going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KF the forward rate for hey going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KF the forward rate for hey going to be
+I'm a cadet assist I'd love to know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a cadet assist I'd love to know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a cadet assist I'd love to know he
+goes to be however if I says experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to be however if I says experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to be however if I says experiment
+wrong it might be that this reaction ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it might be that this reaction ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong it might be that this reaction ran
+all over the equilibrium and what I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the equilibrium and what I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the equilibrium and what I see
+in the products is actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the products is actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the products is actually just
+equilibrium ratio of A to B so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium ratio of A to B so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium ratio of A to B so what I'm
+measuring might be something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring might be something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring might be something that's
+dependent reeling a camp over kr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent reeling a camp over kr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent reeling a camp over kr and
+that might be the quantity I can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the quantity I can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be the quantity I can really
+determine because that's the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine because that's the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine because that's the equilibrium
+constant but I could try if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but I could try if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but I could try if I didn't
+think about it I could just try to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it I could just try to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it I could just try to have
+the experiment you know the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment you know the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment you know the model
+fitting procedure just optimize to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting procedure just optimize to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting procedure just optimize to find
+the very best value of KF and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very best value of KF and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very best value of KF and in that
+situation it might have a lot of trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it might have a lot of trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it might have a lot of trouble
+because it might be quite indeterminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might be quite indeterminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it might be quite indeterminate
+what the KF is just really all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the KF is just really all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the KF is just really all that
+matters is the ratio also I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is the ratio also I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is the ratio also I think about
+this a more suppose I run had at short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a more suppose I run had at short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a more suppose I run had at short
+times and I measure the time dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and I measure the time dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and I measure the time dependence
+what I'm really measuring is KF plus kr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm really measuring is KF plus kr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm really measuring is KF plus kr
+remember we do that analysis Vagos to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we do that analysis Vagos to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we do that analysis Vagos to be
+one of the early homework problems in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the early homework problems in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the early homework problems in
+the time the time the time cost that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the time the time cost that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time the time the time cost that it
+actually KF plus kr naught naught KF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually KF plus kr naught naught KF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually KF plus kr naught naught KF
+separately and so if I measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and so if I measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and so if I measure the
+exponential decay time constant I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay time constant I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay time constant I'm
+really determining KF plus kr I might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determining KF plus kr I might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determining KF plus kr I might be
+able to turn that very well we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to turn that very well we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to turn that very well we've
+actually my lab I could do a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my lab I could do a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually my lab I could do a great job
+for this I have an instrument that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I have an instrument that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this I have an instrument that can
+measure the time constant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the time constant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the time constant the
+exponential decay really precisely but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay really precisely but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential decay really precisely but
+it's determining the sum it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's determining the sum it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's determining the sum it's not
+determining either one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining either one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determining either one of them
+separately and I might have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and I might have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately and I might have to do a
+separate experiment say a thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate experiment say a thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate experiment say a thermo
+experiment to get the ratio and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to get the ratio and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to get the ratio and then
+from the two I could put them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two I could put them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the two I could put them together
+and get the the two values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the the two values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get the the two values that
+distinctly alright so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly alright so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctly alright so this will be
+example of this would be a W my W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this would be a W my W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this would be a W my W is
+camp plus kr the matrix would be 1 0 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp plus kr the matrix would be 1 0 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp plus kr the matrix would be 1 0 0 1
+1 1 don't like that alright add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 don't like that alright add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 don't like that alright add these
+two guys right KF kr is my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys right KF kr is my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys right KF kr is my two
+parameters 1 plus 1 and I could do I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 1 plus 1 and I could do I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters 1 plus 1 and I could do I can
+determine W 1 now very accurately sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now W in terms of W this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now W in terms of W this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now W in terms of W this
+has two parameters no W 1 and W 2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two parameters no W 1 and W 2 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two parameters no W 1 and W 2 I
+can't determine W 2 from my experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't determine W 2 from my experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't determine W 2 from my experiment
+but I can determine W 1 really well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can determine W 1 really well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can determine W 1 really well so
+then when I do the least squares fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I do the least squares fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I do the least squares fitting
+I should marry W 1 I can fix it for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should marry W 1 I can fix it for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should marry W 1 I can fix it for my
+experimental data and just leave W to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and just leave W to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data and just leave W to
+fix to some value I can't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix to some value I can't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix to some value I can't do anything
+about that all right ok no do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that all right ok no do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that all right ok no do you get
+the difference in these two points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in these two points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference in these two points of
+view this is like completely I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is like completely I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is like completely I don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+- completely way still different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- completely way still different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- completely way still different ways to
+look at the problem you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the problem you can think about
+it as these parameters are free for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as these parameters are free for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as these parameters are free for me
+to vary and I just have to be careful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vary and I just have to be careful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vary and I just have to be careful to
+select the ones I'm really free to vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the ones I'm really free to vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the ones I'm really free to vary
+and that's the least squares fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the least squares fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the least squares fitting
+point of view or I could say I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view or I could say I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view or I could say I'm not
+really determining anything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determining anything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really determining anything in
+particular all I'm doing is taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular all I'm doing is taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular all I'm doing is taking the
+whole range of uncertainty that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of uncertainty that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole range of uncertainty that we have
+about parameters and by my experiment I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parameters and by my experiment I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about parameters and by my experiment I
+narrowed it down in the Bayesian view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed it down in the Bayesian view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrowed it down in the Bayesian view
+this is the two different points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the two different points of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the two different points of view
+to do this one I need to make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this one I need to make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this one I need to make sure I
+have enough data to determine something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough data to determine something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough data to determine something
+so have to have enough data determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have to have enough data determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so have to have enough data determine
+some parameter at least one otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter at least one otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameter at least one otherwise
+there's no point in doing this this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in doing this this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in doing this this one
+I can do even if I can't determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do even if I can't determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do even if I can't determine
+anything because I could still narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because I could still narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because I could still narrow
+down the range of parameters but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the range of parameters but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the range of parameters but this
+might be harder to report in a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be harder to report in a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be harder to report in a table
+because all I have at the end is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I have at the end is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all I have at the end is a new
+probability density function of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability density function of multiple
+parameters all right ok we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters all right ok we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters all right ok we're done
+see you guys on Friday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VQcvVx-niG4.txt b/VQcvVx-niG4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0d5017621672ae1c43c1784359978d93b10f7c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VQcvVx-niG4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4286 @@
+PROFESSOR: Continue today.
+
+We're still in the
+spirit of origami.
+
+And we're going to do some
+origami design and foldability
+
+again.
+
+There are two main topics
+here on the design side
+
+we're going to talk about--
+universal hinge patterns, which
+
+are the things that make
+underlying this robot, which
+
+I showed in lecture one.
+
+You may recall.
+
+So it's called a
+box pleat pattern.
+
+It's a square grid with
+alternating diagonal creases.
+
+And the idea with
+the robot is you're
+
+constrained to only-- you have
+to build the creases ahead
+
+of time.
+
+You can't say, you
+can't build one sheet
+
+that can fold
+anywhere at anytime.
+
+You want to build
+a sheet that can
+
+fold at any of the crease
+lines, at the built
+
+crease lines whenever you want.
+
+And so whereas with
+something like Origamizer,
+
+every design has a completely
+different crease pattern
+
+and it's difficult to
+control that, here we
+
+wanted to make one.
+
+It's not exactly
+a crease pattern,
+
+because you're not
+using all the creases.
+
+It's what we call
+a hinge pattern,
+
+all the possible places
+you could fold that thing
+
+and make lots of
+different shapes
+
+from that one hinge pattern.
+
+So that's the first
+part of the lecture.
+
+And the second part of the
+lecture will be about hardness.
+
+And we'll see, I think,
+four different kinds
+
+of origami problems
+which are all NP-hard.
+
+And I'll tell you
+what NP-hard means.
+
+And we'll prove all that.
+
+So there are lots
+of problems that
+
+are computationally intractable.
+
+And we're going to cluster them
+all together into one lecture.
+
+Because it's kind of fun
+to see them together.
+
+Mostly we've been talking
+about positive results so far.
+
+All right, so let's do
+universal hinge patterns.
+
+This is pretty recent work.
+
+It just appeared at the
+big origami math conference
+
+this summer.
+
+And its work by Nadia, and me,
+and Marty, and Aviv Ovadya,
+
+who I think actually came out
+of this class three years ago,
+
+if I recall.
+
+It just took us awhile
+to write it all up.
+
+And it's why the robot
+has a box pleat pattern.
+
+So the idea is to require that
+the crease pattern of whatever
+
+you want to fold must be a
+subset of some fixed hinge
+
+pattern.
+
+And the goal is to make one
+hinge pattern to rule them
+
+all, one hinge pattern
+that you can make anything.
+
+I mean you can't make literally
+anything, I don't think.
+
+I was wondering
+about this yesterday.
+
+But we're not going to
+try to make everything out
+
+of one hinge pattern.
+
+But we want to make
+lots of different things
+
+somehow from one hinge pattern.
+
+And here's the theorem
+that formalizes
+
+this idea of lots of things.
+
+We're going to take the box
+pleat pattern from an n by n.
+
+Grid so that's you take
+a square grid, n by n.
+
+And then you fill in
+alternating diagonals.
+
+Then that thing
+that hinge pattern
+
+can make by using a
+subset of those creases,
+
+you can make any
+polycube of n cubes.
+
+I'm sorry, order n cubes.
+
+And what else?
+
+You can even do it seamless.
+
+So a polycube made of n cubes
+is just you take n cubes.
+
+And you start
+gluing them together
+
+face to face until you
+have one connected monster.
+
+And that's a polycube.
+
+So you can make, for
+example, I don't know,
+
+all the Tetris pieces.
+
+Tetris pieces would
+be four cubes.
+
+Normally they're squares, but
+you can 3-dimensionalize them.
+
+That's a four cube polycube.
+
+And you get the general idea.
+
+So this is cool because
+there are exponentially
+
+many polycubes with n cubes.
+
+And here is one pattern
+that can make all of them.
+
+And if you imagine
+some crazy 3D shape,
+
+you can, of course,
+approximate it by cubes,
+
+sort of voxelization
+is the usual term,
+
+the same way that
+we pixelize images.
+
+And then you can make
+basically anything
+
+you want up to the resolution
+provided by your sheet.
+
+So that's the sense in
+which this is universal.
+
+So let's prove that.
+
+It's actually not too hard
+to do in at least one way.
+
+The first idea is to build
+something called a cube gadget.
+
+We're going to use the idea
+of a gadget a lot, especially
+
+in this lecture.
+
+But in general, it's a
+useful algorithmic tool.
+
+A gadget is just something
+that you reuse many times.
+
+It's like a tool.
+
+And in this case, we're going
+to use this folding many times.
+
+At a high level, it's just
+a way to fold a single cube.
+
+But it has lots of
+nice properties.
+
+So this is a crease pattern.
+
+Red lines are mountains.
+
+Blue dashed lines are valleys.
+
+It folds into this thing,
+which you can see is a cube.
+
+Here it's some
+semi-transparent material.
+
+And there's some pleats coming
+out in the four directions.
+
+But it's basically
+a cube on a plane.
+
+So we started with a
+plane, a rectangle.
+
+We fold that pattern.
+
+And you get a rectangle
+plus a cube sticking out.
+
+OK, so in particular, I can make
+a one cube polycube out of this
+
+if I just made this, got
+rid of the rectangular part.
+
+But by using this
+gadget n times,
+
+I claim I can make
+an n cube polycube.
+
+And this kind of a crazy
+idea that, so for example,
+
+suppose the starting sheet
+was not just a rectangle.
+
+But suppose it was a rectangle
+with a cube sticking out
+
+right here.
+
+I could still do this folding.
+
+Because this folding
+didn't touch The gray lines
+
+are not creases.
+
+They're just hinges.
+
+If I had a cube sticking out
+here. and I folded this thing,
+
+it would now be a rectangle
+with a cube in the center
+
+and a cube sticking
+out of this corner.
+
+Because that corner just
+folds to right there.
+
+In fact, I could have a cube
+sticking out right here also.
+
+And then there'd be a
+cube sticking out here
+
+in the finished product.
+
+And the idea is to just
+keep using this gadget.
+
+And make your sheet
+bumpier and bumpier
+
+with more and more
+cubes sticking out.
+
+And this is the
+sort of thing if you
+
+wanted to make-- so
+there I had cubes
+
+that were separated
+from each other.
+
+If you want to have cubes that
+are attached to each other,
+
+you can do that too.
+
+Because all right, say here,
+if you apply the cube gadget
+
+at this center
+square, so you want
+
+to pull a cube out from there.
+
+Maybe I should show you
+in the previous diagram.
+
+So you have these four squares
+around the center square
+
+make up the four sides of the
+cube, other than the top side.
+
+And so if you already had
+a cube on that side face,
+
+when you fold this
+thing, you end up
+
+with a cube that has a
+cube attached on its right.
+
+So if I wave my hands
+enough, I believe
+
+that it's possible to
+make anything in this way.
+
+Let me convince you a
+little more formally.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Here's a real example.
+
+It gives you an idea of
+how you can make even
+
+overhanging cubes.
+
+All I did was initially
+I made this first cube.
+
+Then I made this cube with
+this one attached to the side,
+
+just like the previous picture.
+
+And then I just made another
+cube right underneath that one,
+
+so this cube was already
+attached to the center square.
+
+And it just got raised
+up by another cube.
+
+So now you've got
+this L overhang.
+
+And this is not quite
+the crease pattern.
+
+This is there's some lines
+that are not drawn here.
+
+But it's a rough sketch
+of the crease pattern.
+
+Let's see.
+
+I'll worry about the rest next.
+
+Let me give you a little bit
+of an argument why this works.
+
+So a cube gadget
+let's say transforms
+
+a constant number of rows
+and columns of the grid
+
+into a cube that's
+sticking out of your sheet.
+
+And the key property is
+it works even if there
+
+are bumps on your
+sheet elsewhere.
+
+So when I say elsewhere, let me
+show you the cube gadget again.
+
+There's actually two columns
+sort of getting used up here.
+
+And there's one row
+getting used up there.
+
+Sorry, actually one row here.
+
+So there's one row and two
+columns in this corner.
+
+And there's actually one
+row and two columns used up
+
+in each corner.
+
+And that material disappears
+in some sense from the folding
+
+up here.
+
+But all the other
+stuff, this column,
+
+everything out in this
+corner, and those four squares
+
+around the center
+and the center square
+
+itself, those can
+all have bumps.
+
+You better not have bumps
+here where I need to fold.
+
+But everywhere else
+can have bumps.
+
+And it's OK-- so I just need
+to set up my bump pattern so
+
+that when I finish
+making that cube,
+
+I have the bumps
+in the right place.
+
+So it's sort of a working
+backwards process.
+
+And the idea is to
+make a tree of cubes.
+
+So if you want to make
+something that has cycles in it,
+
+like a big n by n
+by n cube array,
+
+you can just cut it
+up, subdivide it,
+
+so that it's just
+a tree of objects.
+
+So for example, suppose I wanted
+to build this shape, which
+
+is not really a tree.
+
+I can just pretend that
+there's a slice here.
+
+So these guys are
+connected in a path.
+
+But they're not connected here.
+
+In general, you can
+just keep slicing
+
+until your thing is
+connected like a tree.
+
+Then once you have a tree,
+you may know this fact,
+
+every tree has at least two
+leaves except in winter.
+
+But in this context,
+we're thinking of a tree.
+
+Here the tree is just this path.
+
+And a leaf is a vertex
+that has degree one.
+
+And every leaf has
+at least, every tree
+
+has at least two leaves
+is a fun fact about trees.
+
+And so what we do to make
+this thing is make a leaf.
+
+So what I mean is we
+start with a blank sheet.
+
+And we'll say OK, here's a leaf.
+
+I'm going to build
+that cube first.
+
+So you apply cube gadget.
+
+You build a cube.
+
+Then you effectively
+remove that leaf.
+
+Just pretend it was never there.
+
+This is sort of a
+conceptual thing.
+
+You're not really removing
+it, but and then you repeat.
+
+It's actually a super
+simple algorithm.
+
+The details are a
+little bit tricky,
+
+because we have to make
+sure that this works.
+
+But once I remove that cube,
+now my graph is like this.
+
+So I have a choice.
+
+I could either fold this leaf
+next, or I could fold this one.
+
+I just keep going.
+
+In this case, I could just
+go linearly along the path,
+
+like I did for making
+the overhanging L.
+
+And you will make all the cubes.
+
+And the property you'll have is
+that whenever I build a cube,
+
+all the things that
+were hanging off of it
+
+have already been built.
+
+Because I'm always working
+from the leaves up the tree.
+
+This is, for those
+who know trees,
+
+this is called a
+post-order traversal.
+
+It just means whenever
+I touch a node, whenever
+
+I create a node, all
+of its descendants, all
+
+of the leaves below it,
+have already been built.
+
+And that's exactly how
+this thing needs to work.
+
+Because you can have
+existing bumps which
+
+are the things that were
+attached to that cube
+
+and sort of are
+deeper in the tree.
+
+Those are harder.
+
+You can't make those later.
+
+As long as they're
+already built,
+
+you just sort of keep
+working up the tree.
+
+And the stuff you've
+already built hangs off.
+
+In the end, you'll
+have your entire tree.
+
+And you'll have your polycube.
+
+That's it.
+
+So there are obviously details
+here that I'm skipping.
+
+But I think this is
+a fun essence of it.
+
+Another fact, this is
+essentially optimal.
+
+So I'm using an n by n grid
+to make around n cubes.
+
+You might hope in some
+cases you can do better.
+
+In some cases, you can make
+n squared cubes out of an n
+
+by n grid.
+
+That's the best case.
+
+The worst case
+really is n cubes.
+
+Because if you want to
+make a super long polycube,
+
+a one by one by n grid, then
+the diameter of this thing
+
+is about n.
+
+And the diameter of my
+square paper is like
+
+maybe root 2 times n.
+
+So maybe I could
+save a root 2 factor.
+
+But just to get this diameter
+n, I'm going to need about an n
+
+by n sheet.
+
+So in the worst case,
+this is the best
+
+you can hope for from
+our usual diameter
+
+argument like last class.
+
+But sometimes you can do better.
+
+So for example, here is an
+MIT made by Aviv Ovadya.
+
+And this is much more
+efficient, in some sense
+
+because everything
+here is height one.
+
+You can share a lot
+of those pleats.
+
+You don't have to waste rows
+for every single gadget.
+
+You just, you can
+share those wasted rows
+
+along all the guys
+who are aligned.
+
+And general picture,
+this is actually
+
+Aviv's master's thesis.
+
+The way I described it, if you
+wanted to make two cubes right
+
+next to each other, you fold
+two separate cube gadgets
+
+that each use up their
+rows and columns.
+
+You can be a little bit more
+clever like I was saying
+
+and share those used up
+rows between the two guys.
+
+Because they are
+horizontally aligned.
+
+And it's a little
+more efficient.
+
+And that's essentially
+what's done in that example.
+
+But there's still some
+sort of wastage here.
+
+You don't really
+need to do that.
+
+You really want to build
+the two by one thing.
+
+And with some fancier version of
+the algorithm, you can do that.
+
+If you want to check
+it out, you can
+
+see Aviv's [INAUDIBLE]
+thesis, which
+
+was just completed last month.
+
+And yeah, we don't have a formal
+sense in which in how much
+
+better this is.
+
+But it's sort of
+opportunistic, tries
+
+to be as good as possible.
+
+And that is one version
+of box pleating.
+
+But in the same spirit, I want
+to talk about another situation
+
+where we can do very well.
+
+And here we can prove
+that we can do very well.
+
+So again, trying to
+be more efficient
+
+and this sort of square wasted.
+
+We have n squared of material.
+
+We only make n things.
+
+Be really nice if we could make
+n squared things out of an n
+
+by n grid.
+
+And oh, here's another
+fun example which uses
+
+all those optimizations
+building a car.
+
+This one there's a real version
+of, but I don't have it here.
+
+And where we can be particularly
+efficient is maze folding.
+
+So suppose you take a
+graph on an n by n grid.
+
+Here it happens
+not to be square.
+
+And then you just sort
+of extrude that graph
+
+out from the sheet.
+
+That would give you
+a bunch of walls
+
+in an orthogonal, 3D pattern.
+
+Let's say I extrude by one
+unit, one unit of this square.
+
+And I claim I can
+fold this 3D shape
+
+from a square of paper
+that is just 3n by 3n.
+
+So it's just a constant
+factor shrinkage.
+
+And this is essentially the
+best you could hope for.
+
+Yeah, should I try to argue it.
+
+So if you look at where did
+this material come from,
+
+well you've got to go up
+this wall, down this wall,
+
+over the side, up the
+wall, down the wall,
+
+over, over, over,
+over, up, down.
+
+And in general, you
+have to go up and down
+
+and along the floor.
+
+So that's three for every
+square that you have here.
+
+So that's maze folding.
+
+And this is work with
+Jason Ku and Marty, also
+
+from the big origami
+conference this summer.
+
+So you could call it a maze.
+
+You could call it a graph.
+
+But it's orthogonal.
+
+It's on the grid.
+
+And it's extruded from an
+n by n square let's say.
+
+And that thing can be
+folded from an order n
+
+by order n square of paper.
+
+And if you're extruding by one
+unit, this big O at that three.
+
+And to me this is
+really exciting.
+
+Because one of the big mysteries
+to me in origami design
+
+is in practical origami, you
+usually start with a sheet.
+
+And you make something that's
+like two or three times smaller
+
+and never much more.
+
+And it would be really nice
+to capture theoretically
+
+what things can you make by only
+shrinking by a constant factor.
+
+Like checkerboards,
+we know, or we think,
+
+you have to shrink a lot.
+
+For an n by n
+checkerboard, you have
+
+to shrink by like factor
+of n over 2, n over 4,
+
+whatever the best bound is.
+
+But it seems the more
+complicated you want,
+
+the more you have to fold.
+
+Here, I can make a
+super complicated maze.
+
+It could be a
+million by million.
+
+And I'm still only shrinking
+the sheet by a factor of three.
+
+So this is one of
+the few results
+
+we know where you can
+get a large class,
+
+and yet you're only
+shrinking by small factor.
+
+The proof of this is also
+pretty easy, in fact even easier
+
+than the previous one.
+
+Again, we're going
+to use gadgets.
+
+And we're going to combine
+them in different ways.
+
+But the idea is we
+just make a gadget
+
+for each possible
+vertex in this graph.
+
+So a vertex in the graph could
+have no edges incident to it.
+
+So we call this degree 0.
+
+Or it could have one incident
+edge and the rest are absent.
+
+That's degree 1.
+
+Or it could have
+two incident edges.
+
+And there's two ways
+it could be like that.
+
+It could be a turn or
+it could be straight.
+
+You could have three
+incident edges.
+
+Or you could have
+four incident edges.
+
+So that's all the
+possible vertices
+
+in our orthogonal graph.
+
+And we're just going to make
+a crease pattern, a folding
+
+for each one of these and then
+just combine them together.
+
+Now it takes a lot of care
+in designing those patterns
+
+that they actually fit together.
+
+But all you need to know
+is that it can be done.
+
+And they're not trivial.
+
+But once you have
+them, it's easy.
+
+So you've got
+degree 0 on the top,
+
+degree 2 straight, degree 4,
+degree 3, degree 1, degree 2
+
+turned.
+
+And they're at, I guess, an
+increasing order of difficulty.
+
+And we need to know
+that these things exist.
+
+One way is to in some
+sense just to draw
+
+the picture of the folded state.
+
+But there's so many layers
+here it's a little hard to see,
+
+and so in order to really
+prove that these things exist,
+
+Jason drew diagrams of how
+these things could actually
+
+be folded in isolation.
+
+In some sense, we only care
+about this final 3D picture
+
+in knowing that it works and is
+non self-intersecting and all
+
+that.
+
+But to show that
+these exist, one way
+
+is to actually
+build them or show
+
+the sequence that got there.
+
+But in reality, you
+wouldn't fold it this way.
+
+Because what you do is you
+take these crease patterns
+
+on the left and just start
+pasting them together.
+
+It's like a big
+cut and paste job.
+
+So you say, oh well maybe like
+if I made the square of turns,
+
+I would just take one of
+these, copy, rotate, put it
+
+here, copy, rotate, put it
+here, copy, rotate, put it here.
+
+And that would make a
+square root of turns.
+
+And what you need
+for that to work
+
+is that the interfaces
+here are compatible.
+
+You can think of it
+in the crease pattern,
+
+or you can think of
+it in the 3D state.
+
+The interface in all
+of these pictures
+
+is that when you have an
+actual edge that's raised,
+
+it's very simple.
+
+It just goes over,
+up, down, over.
+
+And when you have an edge that
+doesn't exist, you go over
+
+and then you have
+a pleat underneath.
+
+And then you go over.
+
+And it's important that those
+are the same total length.
+
+Because you need to be
+able to choose whether it's
+
+a raised edge or
+a non-raised edge.
+
+And because all of those
+interfaces are the same,
+
+all of the down edges are
+this kind of double pleat.
+
+And all of the up edges
+are just the ridge.
+
+These things fit together.
+
+And you can see that in
+the crease pattern also.
+
+Here's what the
+pleat looks like.
+
+And it can match with
+this pleat or this one.
+
+You can rotate.
+
+Here is the ridge.
+
+It just goes up and back down.
+
+And you just paste
+those together.
+
+And you get your
+desired crease pattern.
+
+So here's a simple example.
+
+The graph has almost all the
+vertices, everything except 0
+
+I think, and straights.
+
+All right, not
+quite all of them.
+
+But I've color coded here.
+
+So like you take the graph.
+
+You just embed it on a
+slightly larger grid.
+
+And you replace each
+of those vertices
+
+with the crease pattern
+that makes that thing.
+
+You just have to rotate
+it for it to work out.
+
+And then you see that
+all of these creases
+
+just meet up correctly.
+
+And then that's your crease
+pattern, which will fold this.
+
+So that once you
+have the gadgets,
+
+the algorithm is super
+simple, just a bunch
+
+of cutting and pasting.
+
+And you can do more
+complicated examples.
+
+Here's an actual maze.
+
+Get some pretty complicated
+crease patterns.
+
+Not so easy to fold.
+
+But it can be done.
+
+I didn't bring the
+physical model of this,
+
+because it actually looks
+better in photograph.
+
+It's a challenge.
+
+This was folded by an
+undergrad here, Chris Chin.
+
+And in fact, it's such
+an easy an algorithm,
+
+I implemented it as
+a web application.
+
+It runs in JavaScript.
+
+And you can go play with it.
+
+It's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And you can say, OK
+give me a random maze.
+
+And you get a 3D representation.
+
+And you get your crease pattern.
+
+You hit print.
+
+It will print out this
+part in vector forms,
+
+nice high resolution,
+and all that.
+
+You can make more mazes.
+
+If you really want to
+make a particular maze,
+
+you can fool around with that.
+
+And you can also write
+important messages
+
+like something like that.
+
+And then you get this
+3D representation,
+
+which you can fold by this
+simple crease pattern.
+
+If you make that, one
+please send it to me.
+
+But that may take several hours
+and use a big sheet of paper.
+
+I mean, you're only shrinking
+by a constant factor.
+
+How hard could it be?
+
+The answer is quite hard,
+because the gadgets interact.
+
+It's tricky.
+
+All right, that's maze folding.
+
+Any questions about maze
+folding or this stuff?
+
+I think that's the end of
+positive results for today.
+
+And we move into NP-hardness.
+
+Good?
+
+All right, well every
+origamist knows,
+
+and if you've been
+working on a problem set,
+
+you should know by
+now origami is hard.
+
+And we'd like to
+prove that formally.
+
+And because we're
+computer scientists,
+
+we like to know what we
+can't know essentially.
+
+There are a lot
+of problems where
+
+there's no efficient algorithm.
+
+And instead of
+just giving up, we
+
+like to prove that no one can
+find an efficient algorithm.
+
+Because then we know
+we're kind of done.
+
+That's comforting.
+
+And NP-hardness,
+let me change this,
+
+I don't want to
+formally define it.
+
+Because it's a
+little bit technical.
+
+But a working
+definition, there are
+
+lots of working definitions
+that are super easy to tell you.
+
+So the informal version
+is that NP-hard problems
+
+are computationally
+intractable problems,
+
+meaning there's no tractable
+way, no efficient way, to solve
+
+it on a computer.
+
+But what it really means,
+or what it really implies,
+
+is if a problem is NP-hard, then
+there's no efficient algorithm.
+
+I wish we could just say that.
+
+But there's a slight
+catch, unless P=NP.
+
+How many people know
+about NP-hardness?
+
+Well, how many people don't?
+
+Just a few.
+
+All right, I'm going to go
+relatively quickly then.
+
+Those who haven't heard
+NP-hardness and haven't heard
+
+of P=NP?
+
+Good.
+
+So you've all heard about
+this famous problem.
+
+It's almost certainly the
+case that P does not equal NP.
+
+Pretty much everyone
+believes that,
+
+unless you watch my April Foo;s
+video and search for P equals
+
+NP in YouTube.
+
+And what this means intuitively
+is that there's no cheating.
+
+There's no trick to make
+lucky guesses in life.
+
+If you've got two choices
+and you don't know which is
+
+the right choice,
+and you're computer,
+
+you can't-- computers
+aren't lucky.
+
+The best they can do
+is try both options.
+
+That's what P does not
+equal NP means basically.
+
+There are no lucky, there's
+no way to simulate luckiness.
+
+That's the technical version.
+
+Those who know NP
+should agree with me.
+
+That is real.
+
+It's not how most
+people explain it.
+
+But it's how I like
+to think about it.
+
+And from that perspective,
+it's kind of obvious.
+
+But it's very annoying.
+
+It's unlikely anyone will
+prove this in the near future,
+
+says Scott Aaronson,
+who bet $200,000
+
+that that was the case.
+
+Right.
+
+So you don't need to know
+the definition of NP-hardness
+
+except that it probably means
+there's no efficient algorithm.
+
+For what we need here is
+this idea of reduction,
+
+that we can take some
+hard problem, known
+
+NP-hard problems.
+
+Why did I write ness there?
+
+NP-hard problems
+show that a problem
+
+that we care about,
+like origami design,
+
+is even harder than
+those problems.
+
+Therefore, it's also NP-hard.
+
+That's the usual
+way for NP-hardness.
+
+It's always showing that your
+problem is harder than another.
+
+Or showing that one
+of these problems
+
+is easier than your problem.
+
+And therefore, yours is harder.
+
+So I'm going to need
+three problems today.
+
+I'll start just by defining two
+of them, which you've probably
+
+seen before.
+
+One is called partition.
+
+And I give you n numbers.
+
+I want to know, can I split
+them into equal halves?
+
+Be a little more precise.
+
+Two halves of equal sum.
+
+So suppose you're playing
+video game Team Deathmatch.
+
+You've got two teams.
+
+You've got a ranking
+for every player.
+
+You'd like to divide
+your players so
+
+that the sum of the
+rankings on the red side
+
+is the same as the sum of the
+rankings on the blue side,
+
+so it's an even game,
+more fun, whatever.
+
+This problem, sadly, is NP-hard.
+
+There's no way to do
+that, even approximately.
+
+The only catch is this
+problem is hard only
+
+when these integers
+are super big,
+
+like exponentially large in n.
+
+This problem is
+called weakly NP-hard.
+
+So as long as your player
+rankings are nice and small,
+
+there actually is an
+efficient way to solve that.
+
+Problem but when the integers
+are big, this is NP-hard.
+
+An even nastier problem
+is satisfiability, or SAT.
+
+Here you're given
+some Boolean formula.
+
+So it has a bunch
+variables, like x and y.
+
+You can do and.
+
+You can do not.
+
+And you can do or, let's say.
+
+That's all you need,
+x and not y or z.
+
+And you want to know, can
+I make that formula true?
+
+Is there some setting to
+the variables x, y, and z,
+
+or in general there's
+n variables, so
+
+that the formula is true?
+
+So we'd say the
+formula's satisfied.
+
+And that's NP-hard.
+
+And here there's not even
+any numbers to make it hard.
+
+So we call this problem
+strongly NP-hard.
+
+And this is really the
+prototypical hard problem,
+
+NP-hard problem, is the very
+first one is proved NP-hard.
+
+It's the only one
+really that we usually
+
+prove without a
+reduction, you could say.
+
+So what we're going to do it
+for four different origami
+
+problems is show those problems
+are easier than our problems.
+
+Therefore, our problems
+are NP-hard also.
+
+How do we show that,
+say a partition
+
+is easier than some problem?
+
+Well, we just take a parti--
+we show that partition
+
+is a special case
+of our problem.
+
+It's a special case.
+
+Clearly it's easier.
+
+So to show that, we take one
+of these partition problems,
+
+like n integers.
+
+We want to know whether you
+can split them in equal halves.
+
+I'm going to convert
+that into my problem,
+
+so that that problem has
+a yes answer if and only
+
+if the partition problem
+has a yes answer.
+
+Therefore, really this
+problem becomes a special case
+
+of the one I care about.
+
+Therefore, that problem
+is harder, and therefore
+
+also NP-hard.
+
+So I'm going to start out with
+a super simple example which
+
+we did in the problem
+session on Monday.
+
+Someone pose this to me after
+class last week, I think.
+
+I think two lectures ago.
+
+So here's a problem.
+
+I give you a single
+vertex hinge pattern.
+
+Someone built some crazy
+robot with some crazy pattern
+
+of hinges all around
+a single vertex.
+
+You want to know, can I
+make anything out of it?
+
+Does some subset
+of those hinges,
+
+if I take that as a
+crease pattern, fold flat?
+
+Who posed this problem?
+
+Anybody remember?
+
+All right.
+
+Maybe he's not here.
+
+I forgot, unfortunately.
+
+He asked me, so what
+about this problem?
+
+I said, yeah it's
+obviously NP-hard.
+
+And we thought about
+it for five minutes.
+
+And then after five minutes,
+it's obviously NP-hard.
+
+So let me show you the
+obvious proof once we have it.
+
+We're going to show
+that this problem is
+
+harder than partition.
+
+So we take n integers, want
+to know how to divide them.
+
+And it's really simple.
+
+So suppose someone
+gives us n integers.
+
+For integers, we're
+going to scale them
+
+all by the same scale factor,
+so that their sum equals
+
+360 degrees.
+
+And now, lo and
+behold, those integers
+
+are angles in a crease
+pattern, in a hinge pattern.
+
+So you just take those numbers.
+
+You turn them.
+
+You put them on a wheel.
+
+OK.
+
+Now presumably, it's not a flat,
+foldable, single vertex crease
+
+pattern.
+
+Otherwise, the
+answer would be yes.
+
+We want to know, can I
+remove some the creases
+
+to make it flat foldable?
+
+Now if you think about
+Kawasaki's theorem,
+
+the sum, the alternating
+sum of angles equals 0.
+
+Remember how that proof worked?
+
+We said, OK you follow
+one angle for a while.
+
+Then you turn.
+
+Then you go back.
+
+And somehow, you have to end
+up back where you started.
+
+That's the equals zero part.
+
+And it's the
+alternating sum part.
+
+Now in this case, we have
+a choice at every crease.
+
+We could include it or not.
+
+If we include the
+crease, we turn around.
+
+If we remove the crease,
+we keep going straight.
+
+So now the problem is I
+give you all these integers.
+
+And I can go right.
+
+And now I have a choice.
+
+Do I go right or left by
+the next integer, theta 2.
+
+There's theta 1, theta 2.
+
+Each one, I have a choice.
+
+Do I go right or left?
+
+In the end, the sum
+must equal zero.
+
+So this problem is
+the same problem
+
+really as given a
+bunch of numbers,
+
+can I assign signs of plus or
+minus so that they add up to 0?
+
+But assigning signs of plus
+or minus so they add up to
+
+is the same as saying all the
+plus guys equal all the minus
+
+guys.
+
+So really, this problem becomes
+assigning pluses and minuses,
+
+so that the sum with
+the appropriate pluses
+
+or minuses of
+theta i is equal 0.
+
+That's the Kawasaki version.
+
+But that's the same thing as
+saying the sum of the pluses
+
+equals the sum of the minuses.
+
+And if that's the case,
+then really you've
+
+partitioned your numbers
+into two halves of equal sum.
+
+So this is going to be
+possible exactly when there's
+
+a partition.
+
+And so you've
+converted partition
+
+into this problem, which
+means this problem is harder.
+
+Because it has other
+situations maybe.
+
+But you take any
+partition, and are actually
+
+pretty much identical.
+
+But partition becomes a
+special case with this problem.
+
+Therefore, this problem is
+harder, and therefore NP-hard.
+
+It's only weakly NP-hard.
+
+But that's a minor detail.
+
+Clear?
+
+All right.
+
+Now we move on to the
+more, I don't know,
+
+that's a brand new result,
+and a very simple one.
+
+Now we move on to the sort of
+more established, well-studied
+
+problems.
+
+The NP-hardness proofs are
+quite a bit more complicated.
+
+But they're still, they
+all follow the same spirit.
+
+And they're a lot of fun,
+because they involve gadgets.
+
+Here there aren't
+really any gadgets.
+
+We represented an
+integer by an angle.
+
+It's pretty direct.
+
+But in some sense,
+that's the gadget.
+
+And we just used n of them.
+
+All of the other proofs are
+going to use tons of gadgets.
+
+And they're kind of fun.
+
+I love NP-hard proofs.
+
+They're one of my
+favorite things.
+
+All right, one of
+the first things
+
+we talked about in this
+class was simple folds.
+
+And we showed that in
+one dimension, if you
+
+had a one dimensional
+piece of paper,
+
+simple folds were universal.
+
+You could make any flat,
+foldable crease pattern.
+
+And if you remember,
+at the very end,
+
+we talked about
+map folding, which
+
+is where you have a bunch
+of orthogonal creases
+
+in a rectangular paper, and
+maybe also with mountain valley
+
+assignment.
+
+And we showed that
+this problem really
+
+is a bunch of one
+dimensional problems.
+
+And so if we wanted to
+solve it was simple folds,
+
+where you only fold along
+a single line at a time
+
+by 180 degrees, then
+really this turned
+
+into a one dimensional
+problem in one dimension, then
+
+a one dimensional problem
+in the other dimension.
+
+You just kept doing
+that until either you
+
+got stuck, in which case the
+thing was not flat foldable,
+
+or you flat folded it.
+
+So this is an example where
+simple folding is easy.
+
+But in general,
+deciding whether you
+
+can fold a crease pattern flat
+by simple folds is NP-hard.
+
+So for this special
+case, it's easy.
+
+For another situation, which
+is when the polygons are not
+
+just rectangles, but are
+a little more general,
+
+then it becomes NP-hard.
+
+So in general, the problem
+is given a crease pattern,
+
+possibly with mountain
+valley assignments,
+
+doesn't really matter, can it
+be folded flat by simple folds,
+
+by a sequence of simple folds?
+
+Initially we thought maybe
+this problem was polynomially
+
+solvable, because simple
+folds are so damn simple.
+
+We were wishful,
+but it's not true.
+
+This turns out to be NP-hard.
+
+If we take this situation,
+the map situation,
+
+and we add 45 degree
+folds, creases, so I just
+
+add some things like that.
+
+It looks kind of crazy.
+
+Got to do some sub division.
+
+I just add 45 degree folds.
+
+Then this problem
+becomes NP-hard.
+
+So with orthogonal creases
+in a rectangle, it's easy.
+
+But you had one more
+direction, it's hard.
+
+Another version that's hard.
+
+If I keep all the creases
+horizontal and vertical
+
+but I make an orthogonal polygon
+instead of just a rectangle,
+
+then it's also NP-hard.
+
+I'm going to show this
+one because it's easier.
+
+But this actually just converts.
+
+You can set up 45
+degree folds so
+
+that you are forced to make a
+particular orthogonal polygon
+
+to get started.
+
+And then it's the same proof.
+
+So I think I have
+the proof here.
+
+So again, we're going to
+reduce from partition.
+
+So we're given n integers.
+
+We want to know whether
+we can divide them
+
+into equal summing halves.
+
+And we're going to
+represent those integers
+
+by these lengths.
+
+So here's an, then
+a3, and a2, and a1.
+
+So the lengths in the top part
+of the staircase are integers.
+
+We want to somehow divide
+those into equal halves.
+
+And when they have two halves,
+and I suppose at their sum
+
+is L, capital L. I can
+just add them all up.
+
+I should get 2L.
+
+I divide by 2, I could get
+what the target sum is.
+
+So I know ahead of time without
+solving the partition problem
+
+what L ought to be, and
+what twice L ought to be.
+
+And then I build this frame
+over on the right whose height
+
+is exactly twice
+L. And so there's
+
+these creases in the horizontal
+creases down the staircase.
+
+All these creases have
+to get folded eventually,
+
+and by simple folds.
+
+And then there's also
+these two vertical creases
+
+bounding the frame.
+
+So the idea is, well you make
+some of the horizontal creases.
+
+Then you fold one of
+those horizontal creases.
+
+And then eventually you
+have to fold-- I'm sorry,
+
+one of those vertical creases.
+
+I always get horizontal
+and vertical confused,
+
+which causes me great
+difficulty when trying to sleep.
+
+But so when I fold the first
+vertical crease, whatever's
+
+over here comes over here.
+
+If it hits the frame,
+I'm in big trouble.
+
+Because then how
+am I going to fold
+
+the other horizontal,
+other vertical crease
+
+without colliding
+with the frame?
+
+If I want to avoid collision
+with the frame by simple folds,
+
+and I fold the vertical
+crease, I really
+
+should not be
+touching the frame.
+
+So you try to fold through it.
+
+They're both valleys
+in this case.
+
+It doesn't matter too much.
+
+So what I really need to do
+is fold this thing compactly
+
+like this, so that it just
+fits inside the frame.
+
+And the only way to
+do that is for each
+
+of those vertical
+segments of the staircase
+
+to decide should it go
+up, or should it go down?
+
+And you do that in
+actually pretty much
+
+the same way this proof works.
+
+For each of these
+segments here, we
+
+were deciding should I
+keep going straight and go,
+
+or should I turn around?
+
+Over here, it's the same deal.
+
+I either keep going
+straight, whichever direction
+
+I was going, up or
+down, or I turn around.
+
+But I always have a
+choice at every crease.
+
+I'll just fold it or not to make
+it go up or down how I want.
+
+The up guys are going
+to be one of the halves.
+
+And the down guys are going
+to be the other halves.
+
+Here, it's the other
+side of the paper,
+
+the dark blue versus
+the light blue.
+
+As long as those numbers
+add up to exactly L,
+
+I've got this twice.
+
+Then I start here at
+the middle of the frame.
+
+If I can get them
+to balance out,
+
+I will end over here,
+also at the middle.
+
+And then I go up by L.
+And then I go down by 2L.
+
+And that will just
+fit inside the frame.
+
+But only if I stay in
+the middle will that 2L
+
+fit inside the frame.
+
+And so the only way
+for these two creases
+
+to be foldable and not
+collide with the frame
+
+is if I can solve the
+partition problem.
+
+Therefore, so finding
+simple fold sequences
+
+is actually way harder than
+partition in some sense.
+
+Because this is just
+a very specific kind
+
+of map, specific kind of crease
+pattern you might want to fold.
+
+And folding that is
+exactly partition.
+
+So the general simple
+foldability problem
+
+is going to be NP-hard,
+because it includes partition
+
+as a special case.
+
+Clear?
+
+Good.
+
+That's our easiest proof
+among the next three.
+
+Going to get increasingly
+difficult, I guess.
+
+But I'll just getting
+increasingly sketchy,
+
+so it will be easy for me.
+
+I mean, the more
+complicated a proof gets,
+
+somehow I feel like the
+number of interesting details
+
+in a proof remains constant.
+
+If the proof gets
+more complicated,
+
+then I throw away more
+of the messy details.
+
+All right, the next theorem is
+also about flat foldability.
+
+But now I don't just
+care about simple folds,
+
+I want to look at
+regular origami
+
+folds, which are folded states.
+
+So we talked a couple lectures
+ago about local foldability,
+
+which was can we
+assign mountains
+
+and valleys to
+some crease pattern
+
+so that each vertex, if you
+cut it out into a little disk,
+
+would by itself fold flat.
+
+And that was easy, polynomially
+solvable, actually linear time.
+
+And that was a result
+by Bern and Hayes.
+
+Another result in the same
+paper by Bern and Hayes,
+
+which is actually sort
+of the bigger result
+
+that everyone knows about,
+is that if I give you
+
+an arbitrary crease
+pattern, I want
+
+to know just does it fold
+flat, that's NP-hard.
+
+They proved actually two
+NP-hard hardness results.
+
+So this is way back in '96.
+
+This is one of
+the oldest results
+
+in computational origami.
+
+So I give you a crease pattern.
+
+I just want to know, is it
+flat foldable in the global,
+
+in the regular sense?
+
+This is strongly NP-hard.
+
+The proof I just gave is
+actually weakly NP-hard.
+
+It is not known whether that
+problem is strongly or weakly
+
+hard, but at least weekly.
+
+The other thing they
+proved is that if you're
+
+given a flat foldable, even I
+tell you it's flat foldable,
+
+and I even give you the
+mountains and valleys that
+
+make it work, still flat
+folding thing is NP-hard.
+
+So if I give you a flat foldable
+mountain valley pattern,
+
+all that's left is to decide
+I can fold each vertex.
+
+And then there's this
+issue of layering.
+
+If I have two layers of
+paper that are overlapping,
+
+they could be like this.
+
+Or they could be like this.
+
+And if I have, for
+example, two crimps,
+
+I could decide
+how the layers go.
+
+Figuring out what the
+right layer ordering is
+
+is really the heart
+of the problem.
+
+This is what makes it NP-hard.
+
+Because we know finding a
+mountain valley assignment--
+
+locally things work-- is easy.
+
+But getting that
+layering to work is hard.
+
+That's what all
+these proofs say.
+
+So I'm going to talk about
+the proof of the first result
+
+though, because the second
+one is pretty complicated.
+
+It's the same spirit,
+just a lot more details.
+
+Again, we're going
+to do a reduction.
+
+And we have these two nice
+problems, partition and SAT.
+
+I'm not going to
+use either of them,
+
+though in theory
+you could use SAT.
+
+I'm going to reduce from one
+of my favorite problems, one
+
+of my favorite NP-hard
+problems, I should say.
+
+Wait, no.
+
+That's the next proof.
+
+This is not my favorite.
+
+It's a pretty good one, though.
+
+I do like it.
+
+Is just a little more technical.
+
+All positive, not
+all equal 3SAT,
+
+has anyone heard of
+this problem before?
+
+Nadia's heard of it, because
+she TA'd this class before.
+
+It's no surprise.
+
+So you've read the book.
+
+This is, there aren't a lot
+of proofs that use this one.
+
+But not all equal 3SAT is
+actually fairly common.
+
+All positive is just makes
+a little more convenient.
+
+I think actually the original
+proof didn't use all positive.
+
+But our book does.
+
+Because it simplifies things.
+
+So let me tell you
+what this problem is.
+
+Most people don't know it.
+
+So don't worry.
+
+You could technically,
+it's a version of SAT.
+
+But instead of giving
+a Boolean formula,
+
+I'm going to think of that
+it's really a Boolean formula.
+
+But I'm going to think of
+it in a simpler way, which
+
+is I give you a bunch of triples
+if variables, so like xi,
+
+xj xk.
+
+And I want to know is
+there a Boolean assignment
+
+to those variables?
+
+I want to set each of
+them to true or false.
+
+Say there's n variables.
+
+So that no triple is
+all equal, no triple
+
+is all true or all false.
+
+Maybe we could call it
+the all state problem.
+
+I've been watching too many ads.
+
+All right, so if not all equal
+3SAT, that's this version.
+
+Actually, it's
+also all positive,
+
+meaning I don't have
+any nots in here.
+
+So ignore that.
+
+Ignore the technical term.
+
+This is the right definition.
+
+So I have a bunch of
+triples of variables.
+
+I just don't want them all to
+be true or all to be false.
+
+So two of them could be true
+and one false, or two of them
+
+could be false, and one true.
+
+That's all.
+
+It turns out this is
+basically equivalent to SAT.
+
+But the proof of that
+is kind of messy.
+
+So I don't want to do it here.
+
+And so that problem is NP-hard.
+
+Just take that on faith.
+
+And now I want to show that
+global flat foldability
+
+includes all positive
+not all will equal 3SAT
+
+as a special case.
+
+And therefore,
+it's also NP-hard.
+
+So I'll give you a preview.
+
+Start with a high level, what
+we need in terms of gadgets.
+
+And then I'll show
+you the gadgets,
+
+and then show you how
+they fit together.
+
+So this is a general
+picture, in fact,
+
+of what a SAT kind of
+NP-hardness proof looks like.
+
+If you haven't done many
+of them, now you'll know.
+
+If you have done
+many of them, you
+
+will recognize
+this pattern, which
+
+is to represent
+Boolean-ness, we need
+
+something that represents
+true and false.
+
+And that's usually
+called a wire.
+
+We think of digital
+signals like chips.
+
+And then we've got to be able
+to connect those wires together
+
+to do interesting things.
+
+In this case, the interesting
+thing we need to do
+
+is tell if I have
+a triple of them,
+
+are they all true or
+all false, and somehow
+
+force them to not be
+all true or all false.
+
+And in this case, that will
+be a not all equal clause.
+
+It'll be a gadget
+the folds flat,
+
+exactly when those wires that
+come together, three wires
+
+come together.
+
+And if they're all truth,
+they won't fold flat.
+
+If they're all false,
+it won't fold flat.
+
+In all of the cases,
+it will fold flat.
+
+So if we could
+build that, that'll
+
+constrain the variables
+that I connect together
+
+with a not all equal clause.
+
+But how do I actually
+move the wires around
+
+to make them connect
+together at these clauses?
+
+Well, I need something
+called a turn gadget.
+
+If I have a wire
+going straight, I'd
+
+like to be able to turn
+it to some other angle.
+
+I could just sort
+of move them around.
+
+It's harder than it sounds.
+
+And I'll also need a split.
+
+Because in this, it's maybe not
+obvious from this formulation,
+
+but I have these n variables.
+
+I might have many
+more than n clauses.
+
+Each variable, like
+x1, might appear
+
+in 100 different triples.
+
+And so I actually
+need 100 copies of x1.
+
+And that's what a
+split gadget does.
+
+And we're going to
+build one gadget called
+
+a reflector, which actually
+does both of those in one
+
+fell swoop.
+
+And the last thing we
+need is a crossover.
+
+Because you make all these
+connections between variables
+
+and clauses or triples.
+
+And they might have
+to cross each other.
+
+And we want them to
+cross each other,
+
+but not affect each other.
+
+And because we're
+in a sheet of paper,
+
+we've got to deal with that.
+
+It's going to be these wires
+to go right through each other.
+
+We got to make it
+still flat foldable
+
+without affecting either wire.
+
+That's all.
+
+That's pretty standard
+for this kind of proof.
+
+These are the proofs that
+I like the most, actually.
+
+Pretty fun.
+
+So in our case, a wire is
+going to be super easy.
+
+It's just pleat, so two very
+nearby parallel creases.
+
+And because they're nearby,
+I mean, if you look locally,
+
+it's like a one
+dimensional problem.
+
+They can't both be valley
+or both be mountain.
+
+Because then these
+two big panels
+
+would intersect each other.
+
+So one of them is valley,
+one of them is mountain.
+
+There's exactly two choices.
+
+I'm going to always
+have an arrow on my wire
+
+so I have a sense
+of orientation,
+
+which way the signal is going.
+
+And once I have an
+orientation, the left side,
+
+if the left side is
+valley, that's true.
+
+If the left side is
+mountain, that's false.
+
+That's just I'm going
+to decide it that way.
+
+It doesn't actually matter,
+because in this problem,
+
+true and false are symmetric.
+
+But I just need to be
+consistent about which is which.
+
+OK, so that was the wire gadget.
+
+The next one is the
+not all equal gadget.
+
+And I'm guessing this is
+where Bern and Hayes started.
+
+Because it's sort of
+the heart of the proof.
+
+Then there's all these details
+to connect up with the wires,
+
+and split them, and whatnot.
+
+But this is something
+called a triangular twist.
+
+You may have folded one before.
+
+It's kind of classic.
+
+So the crease pattern's
+in the top left.
+
+And the idea is I have
+three wires coming together.
+
+I want this thing to fold flat
+if, and only if, the wires are
+
+not all the same.
+
+And I've drawn here sort of
+three of the possible patterns
+
+you could have.
+
+Here I have one
+truth and two false.
+
+That folds flat.
+
+Here I have three false.
+
+And here I have two
+true and one false.
+
+This also folds flat.
+
+In all cases, this is what
+the folded state looks like.
+
+I maybe never mentioned this.
+
+But this is an
+important concept.
+
+If you take a crease pattern and
+you say I want to fold it flat,
+
+you can tell where
+all the stuff is
+
+going to go in
+terms of geometry.
+
+What you can't tell
+is the layer ordering.
+
+That depends on the
+mountain valley assignment.
+
+That depends on how you
+decide the layers to stack.
+
+But you can tell already where
+everything goes in the plane.
+
+Because you pick, let's see,
+did anything stay fixed here.
+
+Yeah, the triangle stayed fix.
+
+So you pick some face to
+stay fixed, like that center
+
+triangle.
+
+You put it there.
+
+And then you say, OK.
+
+Well, where is this flap?
+
+Where is this face of the
+crease pattern going to go?
+
+Well, it gets reflected
+through that horizontal line.
+
+So it goes here.
+
+And you can just keep
+playing this reflection game.
+
+Because you know every
+crease geometrically,
+
+it's a reflection.
+
+It could be a reflection
+this way or this way.
+
+But it just, as soon
+as you cross a crease,
+
+you end up reflecting
+your material.
+
+And so you can draw this
+picture without knowing anything
+
+about how it's folded.
+
+Just if there's a flat folding,
+it's got to look like this.
+
+And the annoying
+thing about this
+
+set up, because that angle
+up there is 35 degrees,
+
+these guys are going to
+overlap in this common center.
+
+And in this situation where
+it's all false or all true,
+
+you get an intersection there.
+
+It's a little tricky to prove.
+
+And you've just got
+to fiddle with one.
+
+I should have brought
+one, but that is true.
+
+And so in the all false and
+symmetrically the all true
+
+case, this thing
+does not fold flat.
+
+In all the other
+situations, it folds fine.
+
+Because the layers
+get out of the way.
+
+OK, also over here, and there's
+a bunch of these in the book,
+
+are little analyses of
+which of the creases
+
+have to have the same
+mountain valley assignment
+
+and which have to
+have different.
+
+That's actually how
+these patterns are drawn.
+
+This is from our old local
+analysis of a single vertex
+
+crease pattern, right.
+
+You've got these four creases.
+
+Check it out.
+
+The only one that could
+be crimped is this one.
+
+Because it's globally smallest.
+
+All the other guys have a bigger
+neighbor or are in trouble.
+
+So this guy has to be crimped.
+
+So these two are not equal.
+
+And therefore, these
+two must be equal.
+
+And that's symmetrical
+all the way around.
+
+So in fact, you know
+that this crease
+
+is different from this
+one, is equal to this one.
+
+You already knew that
+these two are different.
+
+So that's OK.
+
+So you can figure out
+these crease patterns.
+
+There's a little bit of flexi--
+once you have the mountains
+
+and valleys coming in, you know
+how the mountains and valleys
+
+have to be in the center.
+
+Just makes life easier.
+
+There's only one mountain
+valley assignment
+
+you need to consider.
+
+And the symmetric one
+turns out to be bad.
+
+So that's two gadgets.
+
+We got the wire, the
+not all equal clause.
+
+Of course, if we're
+lucky, all the wires
+
+will just meet at
+the right points.
+
+But I'm going to need
+many copies of them.
+
+I've got to move
+them around to reach
+
+all the different clauses,
+all the different triples.
+
+So next up is reflector.
+
+This is actually in
+some sense really easy.
+
+So we have, here's our input.
+
+What the reflector is
+going to do is it's
+
+going to make two copies, one
+down here which is negated,
+
+and one up here, which
+is the same value.
+
+And it also effectively
+turns the signal
+
+two different directions.
+
+So to see why it works
+is actually pretty easy.
+
+It's just a local
+analysis again.
+
+You look at this vertex.
+
+This is the only increase
+they could be crimped.
+
+So we know that these two
+guys have opposite assignment.
+
+Therefore, these two wires
+will have opposite value.
+
+And actually, they
+have the same value
+
+if they're pointing
+in the same direction.
+
+But they'll have
+opposite value because I
+
+decided this one's
+pointing down.
+
+So if this one's a mountain,
+this one has to be a valley.
+
+And so if this is true because
+it's valley on the left,
+
+this one's false because
+it's mountain on the left.
+
+OK, and then you can
+do the same thing.
+
+Then you also know these
+two guys are equal.
+
+And because again, this is
+the only crimpable pair here,
+
+these two creases are not equal.
+
+And so you know these
+two guys are equal
+
+and these two guys are equal.
+
+And so you know that this
+valley is propagated up there.
+
+And therefore, these two
+wires have the same value.
+
+So you've split the signal.
+
+You've made a positive
+copy and a negated copy.
+
+And if you just do
+this again, you'll
+
+get-- this will make
+another negated copy
+
+and a positive copy.
+
+So I get two positive
+copies and a negated one.
+
+You can just keep
+doing this and you'll
+
+get tons of positive copies,
+tons of negative copies.
+
+So it doesn't even matter
+if it's all positive.
+
+But if you take
+all positive ones.
+
+Let the others go
+off to infinity.
+
+And now you want to
+move around so that they
+
+hit those not all equal clauses.
+
+How do I move them around?
+
+I just use more reflectors.
+
+If I come in at some
+angle, I can now
+
+turn by however much that is.
+
+Or I can turn by
+however much that is.
+
+I'm not going to try to figure
+out what those angles are.
+
+But it turns out, this is
+enough to make everything work.
+
+The last thing you need are
+a bunch of crossover gadgets.
+
+This is one of them.
+
+There's a second one.
+
+I'll just wave my
+hands and say, if you
+
+take two pleats in
+the obvious way,
+
+they really don't
+care about each other.
+
+Because the way to
+fold this locally,
+
+is to fold this diagonal
+pleat and then fold
+
+the vertical pleat.
+
+And it will work whether
+one pleat is true or false.
+
+It doesn't matter which side is
+valley, which side is mountain.
+
+It always works.
+
+So crossovers aren't
+actually that big a deal.
+
+Once you have that,
+you take those gadgets.
+
+And you put them together
+into a monstrosity
+
+of a crease pattern, which
+looks something like this.
+
+And this took forever
+to draw, I remember.
+
+So we have on the left
+side our variables.
+
+These are just wires.
+
+They're pleats.
+
+And each one could be
+folded true or false,
+
+left over right or
+right over left.
+
+And then I do a whole
+bunch of reflectors,
+
+just reflect, reflect,
+reflect, reflect, reflect,
+
+just to make a whole
+bunch of copies.
+
+And then at the top there, way
+at that little yellow triangle,
+
+is a not all equal clause.
+
+And is a not all equal
+clause between x3,
+
+where we make a copy.
+
+Wow, this is crazy.
+
+I end up making a copy,
+negate it downwards,
+
+and I flip it around.
+
+And it goes up straight.
+
+And then I turn it at an angle
+to hit the triangle dead on,
+
+the way it's supposed to.
+
+Then I also take x1
+up the top, just get
+
+a copy straight
+off the top there.
+
+And x2, I take a copy here.
+
+For some reason I feel like
+negating it, and turning it
+
+around, and spitting
+it up there.
+
+And then I turn it back down.
+
+It hits the yellow triangle
+at just the right angle.
+
+And therefore, if this
+thing's going to fold flat,
+
+it must be that x1, x2,
+and x3 are not all equal.
+
+And you just keep doing
+that, one for every triple.
+
+Remember, we're given as input
+one of these not all equal SAT
+
+problems.
+
+I give you a bunch of triples.
+
+I just put the wires together
+according to those triples.
+
+This thing we flat
+foldable if and only
+
+if this formula is satisfiable.
+
+You can set the pleats so that
+the desired triples are not
+
+equal.
+
+So that's pretty crazy.
+
+This is in some sense
+one of the hardest proofs
+
+that we will see.
+
+But in the end,
+you get NP-hardness
+
+of flat foldability.
+
+Questions?
+
+OK, I want to do one
+more proof sketch.
+
+This is yet another
+paper that was
+
+at this year's Origami in
+Science Math and Education
+
+conference.
+
+This is, it's fun
+to teach this class.
+
+Because it changes so much
+over a period of three years.
+
+Lots of new results.
+
+This is a result
+with a guy named
+
+Sandor Fekete from Germany.
+
+He does a lot of optimization,
+and Robert Lang, and myself.
+
+So disk packing is something
+we talked about last class
+
+in the context of the tree
+method of origami design.
+
+We said, in particular we were
+thinking of this situation
+
+where we wanted to make them
+a Margulis napkin counter
+
+example.
+
+So this was equivalent.
+
+If we wanted to build this
+uniaxial base and sides,
+
+was the same thing as packing
+n disks into a square.
+
+That's what the
+tree method shows.
+
+So in some sense, I'm
+talking about this problem.
+
+But equivalently, I'm
+talking about this problem
+
+of packing disks into a square.
+
+Now if I give you n unit
+disks all the same size,
+
+I want to pack them in a square,
+that problem cannot be NP-hard.
+
+That's annoying.
+
+But the input is only n.
+
+It's not very interesting.
+
+So to make it harder, be able
+to show that this problem is
+
+computationally
+intractable, I'm going
+
+to consider
+generalization, which
+
+is I still have this
+kind of star tree,
+
+still a very simple
+kind of uniaxial base I
+
+might want to build.
+
+But now all the limbs
+are different lengths.
+
+So what that corresponds to is
+I have disks of various sizes.
+
+It's kind of fun.
+
+It's like bubbles.
+
+They all have to fit.
+
+They can't overlap each other.
+
+All of the centers of the
+disks are inside the square.
+
+And I want to know,
+can I-- how big
+
+a square do I need to pack them?
+
+OK, I'm going to formulate it as
+a decision question, yes or no.
+
+Can you place n given disks,
+I give you the sizes of them.
+
+I want them to be
+non-overlapping.
+
+They can touch on the
+boundary but the interiors
+
+can't overlap.
+
+And I need the centers
+to lie in a given square.
+
+So I want to know, can I
+make this uniaxial base
+
+from this square paper?
+
+And I claim that as NP-hard.
+
+So good luck solving
+it perfectly.
+
+And what tree maker
+does is it solves
+
+it approximately
+with a heuristic.
+
+For those who know
+approximation algorithims,
+
+this is a problem you can find
+a constant factor approximation.
+
+There's one in the same paper.
+
+But it's still not,
+still unresolved
+
+how close to
+optimal you can get.
+
+But I want to focus
+here on the NP-hardness.
+
+So I should say this
+problem is NP-hard.
+
+So we're going to prove that.
+
+And now I get to reduce
+for my favorite problem,
+
+favorite NP-hard.
+
+It's my favorite partly
+because not many people know it
+
+unless you've done NP-hardness
+proofs with me before.
+
+And it's very powerful.
+
+Whenever you have a problem
+that involves numbers,
+
+and this problem
+involves numbers.
+
+It's the radii of the disk's.
+
+Three partition is the
+problem you should know.
+
+Partition is all right.
+
+The three partition
+is like 50% better.
+
+Because partition is like you've
+partitioned it to two parts.
+
+So it's like two partition.
+
+Three partition,
+you partition into?
+
+Does not one have
+the right answer?
+
+I hear three parts
+and five parts.
+
+Any other guesses?
+
+AUDIENCE: Seven
+
+PROFESSOR: Seven.
+
+Keep going.
+
+n over three parts
+is the answer.
+
+So it's not so obvious.
+
+Maybe it should be called
+n over 3 partition.
+
+So instead of the number
+of parts being three,
+
+the size of each part is three.
+
+So n should be divisible by 3.
+
+So I'm going to
+partition it to n over
+
+3 triples of numbers
+of equal sum.
+
+This problem is cool for
+this technical reason
+
+that it is strongly NP-hard.
+
+So even when the numbers are
+really small, like about n,
+
+this problem is NP-hard.
+
+With partition, the numbers
+had to be exponential and n
+
+for the problem to be hard.
+
+And that's kind of
+artificial here.
+
+So this is actually
+strongly NP-hard.
+
+So this problem
+is hard even when
+
+the disk sizes are
+not that different.
+
+There's like a range between
+one and n, let's say.
+
+If I reduce from partition,
+I'd need some disks
+
+to be microscopic and
+some to be ginormous,
+
+exponential difference.
+
+I'm going to reduce
+from three partition
+
+because I get a better result.
+
+I get a stronger result the
+says even when the disks are not
+
+so different in size,
+this problem is NP-hard.
+
+That's my problem that
+I've got to start from.
+
+So I give you n integers.
+
+I want to somehow triple
+them up using a disk packing.
+
+So somehow solving a
+disk packing problem
+
+is going to solve this
+three partition problem.
+
+And it's kind of crazy.
+
+I'll give you the
+high level picture.
+
+It's n over three
+identical pockets.
+
+So in this case, there
+is kind of like the proof
+
+where we had the simple folds
+and we a frame and some stuff.
+
+We're going to have some
+infrastructure, which
+
+in that case was the frame.
+
+That was sort of a basic
+thing that always exists.
+
+In this case, we're going to
+have some infrastructure which
+
+is a whole bunch of disks
+that just sort of set,
+
+instead of having this very
+open problem, open playing
+
+field with a square, and like
+you could put disks anywhere,
+
+I want to partition
+my square into lots
+
+of little pockets, all the
+same size, all the same shape.
+
+And all other pockets are
+going to be much smaller.
+
+So it's a little
+hard to draw this.
+
+Because while I said
+that the disks aren't
+
+that different size,
+they're only a factor of n
+
+different in size, if you
+try to draw these pictures,
+
+it gets tiny very quickly.
+
+So here's the high
+level picture.
+
+You have a square.
+
+And I'm going to put
+down these disks.
+
+There's 20 disks here, I
+think, 4 times 4 is 16 plus 5.
+
+I'm sorry, 21.
+
+So these 21 disks, they
+have a unique package,
+
+this one right here.
+
+You can see that
+because these four disks
+
+have to be in the corners,
+can't fit one in the center
+
+and have room for the others.
+
+Then this guy has
+to go right there.
+
+And then these four disks are
+unique if you set it up right.
+
+It's a little bit,
+it's hard to draw.
+
+But these are little bit
+wedged over to the right.
+
+So you set up these disks.
+
+That's infrastructure.
+
+It's the only way to put them.
+
+And then there's these
+little pockets here.
+
+They're nice.
+
+They're symmetric.
+
+They're like a triangle,
+an equilateral triangle
+
+so to speak, except
+they have curved edges.
+
+They're all the same size.
+
+That gives me four pockets.
+
+But I want n over 3 pockets.
+
+So I'm going to need a lot more.
+
+So I take each of these pockets.
+
+That's these three disks.
+
+And this is the triangular
+pocket in the center.
+
+And I put down these 17 disks.
+
+It's almost the same.
+
+And I can see it's not
+quite drawn perfectly.
+
+This is supposed to touch here.
+
+This guy is floating
+a little bit.
+
+And what we end up, this
+guy's uniquely placed.
+
+And then these guys have got
+to go in the three remaining
+
+pockets.
+
+What we end up getting is
+another equilateral whole
+
+pocket right there.
+
+And these three will have the
+same size and be identical.
+
+If I do that in
+all four of these,
+
+now I'll have 16 pockets.
+
+And each time I do
+this, side I quadruple
+
+the number of pockets.
+
+So after I do it,
+whatever log n times,
+
+or I apply that
+gadget around n times,
+
+I get around n over 3 pockets.
+
+They're all identical.
+
+The ones I don't want, I'll
+just throw a disk in there
+
+to destroy it.
+
+That's the infrastructure.
+
+Now I've got n over
+three identical pockets.
+
+There are these other pockets.
+
+Just throw in disks in there.
+
+I mean, I can't force
+them to go there.
+
+But if you set disks
+to the right size,
+
+they really have to go there.
+
+And so all of the other
+pockets will get even tinier.
+
+It will destroy them.
+
+That's the infrastructure.
+
+It's already pretty crazy.
+
+But then the last
+part is actually kind,
+
+is very cool and elegant.
+
+So I've got these
+n over 3 pockets.
+
+And this was the central
+idea we started with.
+
+It actually took us
+awhile to find this way
+
+to force a bunch of
+identical pockets.
+
+It's easy if you start
+from a triangle of paper
+
+or a rectangle of paper.
+
+But we really wanted
+to start from a square.
+
+So that's the case we
+care about in origami.
+
+And so we came up
+with that proof.
+
+This is hard to draw perfectly.
+
+Here's an equilateral
+triangle, so to speak,
+
+of equal radius disks
+pairwise kissing.
+
+A little slightly
+wrong aspect ratio.
+
+But you get the idea.
+
+I'm going to put a disk here
+that has a little bit of slack.
+
+I'm going to put a disk
+here that-- actually, I'm
+
+going to draw them
+without slack first.
+
+And then I'm going to
+say how the slack is.
+
+Because that'll be
+clearer what I mean.
+
+So suppose this guy was
+actually kissing all three.
+
+And this guy was
+kissing three and it's
+
+like a bunch of threesomes here.
+
+All right, now I want to
+make each of these disks
+
+a little bit bigger, which
+will make this impossible.
+
+But then I'm going to make
+this guy a little bit smaller.
+
+So I'm going to make
+this one ai bigger.
+
+I'm going to make
+this one aj bigger.
+
+I'm going to make
+this one ak bigger.
+
+And this one, what did
+I call it, L, smaller.
+
+So L is the target
+sum for a triple,
+
+meaning I take all the
+integers that I'm given.
+
+And I add them all up.
+
+And then I divide by n over 3.
+
+That's what every
+triple should sum to.
+
+Because they're all
+supposed to be the same.
+
+So I call that L. This is
+the sum divided by n over 3.
+
+So I'm going to make this
+one that much smaller.
+
+This is all slightly
+approximate.
+
+Bear with me.
+
+So that gives it a
+little bit of slack,
+
+which is good because these
+guys are little bit bigger.
+
+And if they are bigger, in total
+if the sum of these two values
+
+is L, this will barely fit.
+
+If it's bigger than
+L, it won't fit.
+
+If it's less than
+L, it will fit.
+
+But because L has
+to be, L is always
+
+the average sum of the
+triples, if they're all
+
+going to-- if you have
+a bunch of triples,
+
+all of whose sum is less
+than or equal to L, in fact
+
+they all have to be exactly
+equal L. Because there's
+
+no slack.
+
+So the only way for these guys
+to pack, now I said this is ai,
+
+aj, ak, in fact I'm just giving
+you a heap, a bag of disks.
+
+I don't say which ones go where.
+
+You have to choose.
+
+So clearly, these are
+all the same size.
+
+And they're just going
+to go in the center.
+
+And they'll wiggle
+around a little.
+
+These guys, you get to
+choose how I triple them up
+
+and how I put them into
+these n over 3 pockets.
+
+So that's your flexibility
+in disk packing.
+
+It's your only flexibility
+in disk packing,
+
+is how you triple them up.
+
+And the only way
+for it to work is
+
+if you can triple them up
+so that their sums, the sum
+
+of the amount by
+which they are bigger,
+
+is exactly L. Because that's
+exactly the slack of this disk.
+
+And it will just fit.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So the fact that you
+have an increase in the ai, j,
+
+k [INAUDIBLE] geometry work out
+with some tangents and stuff?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, all right.
+
+So you raise a good point, which
+is I said this is ai bigger.
+
+I didn't really mean that
+the radius is ai bigger,
+
+although it's actually
+close to that.
+
+ai is an integer.
+
+If I made it that much
+bigger, it might be huge.
+
+But what I really
+mean is I take ai,
+
+I multiply it by a very small
+number greater than zero
+
+called epsilon.
+
+And all of these are
+actually by epsilon.
+
+And that is actually how
+much you change the radius.
+
+Maybe there's a
+second order term.
+
+But to the first order, yeah you
+think, oh, there's this trig.
+
+And I've got to do tangents
+and all this funny stuff.
+
+It turns out to the
+first order, actually
+
+things work really simply.
+
+If I shrink this disk
+by an additive amount,
+
+or sorry, if I grow these
+disks by and additive amount,
+
+I shrink this by
+the same amount,
+
+this will still work up
+to the first order, so up
+
+to the first derivative.
+
+So you might have to do
+a little bit of fudging.
+
+I can just subtract off an
+epsilon squared or something
+
+to give me just a
+little bit of freedom.
+
+And then this is actually
+how big the disks are.
+
+But you raise a good point.
+
+There's details I'm hiding here.
+
+It's actually pretty clean.
+
+You work out the
+tangents and things just
+
+are pretty, surprisingly.
+
+We thought this would be messy.
+
+But it actually
+works pretty well.
+
+Other the questions?
+
+All right.
+
+Now you're experts at
+NP-hardness of origami.
+
+So here's the no equal
+set clause gadget.
+
+And if we fold it here
+with all of the incoming
+
+signals the same direction,
+in the center they collide.
+
+You can't go all
+the way to flat.
+
+This thing is not yet folded.
+
+And it's stuck in the center.
+
+But if I flip one of
+them, I'll flip this guy,
+
+then it very happily folds flat.
+
+Because you don't get that
+collision because the center
+
+ends up going off to the side.
+
+And you can check that for all
+three, it's actually symmetric.
+
+But no matter how these guys
+are set, if they're all equal,
+
+you get collision in the center.
+
+If they're not all
+equal, it folds flat.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WDzRrlTlv5o.txt b/WDzRrlTlv5o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7417e19d2ce669de71f1539dc671b9ef9e8c6415
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WDzRrlTlv5o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+after your class exercise that has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your class exercise that has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after your class exercise that has to do
+with vectors and ligation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vectors and ligation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with vectors and ligation
+you should be able to find compatible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to find compatible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to find compatible
+ends and figure out whether or not they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and figure out whether or not they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends and figure out whether or not they
+will ligate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ligate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ligate
+or not and you should understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and you should understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and you should understand the
+concept of a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a vector
+and how this is used to carry a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how this is used to carry a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how this is used to carry a piece of
+dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna
+and to amplify a piece of dna that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to amplify a piece of dna that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to amplify a piece of dna that you
+are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want now to move to our last topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want now to move to our last topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want now to move to our last topic
+in this discussion today and that is got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion today and that is got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this discussion today and that is got
+the acronym or the abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronym or the abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acronym or the abbreviation
+pcr pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcr pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pcr pcr
+stands for polymerase chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for polymerase chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for polymerase chain reaction
+polymerase chain reaction pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase chain reaction pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase chain reaction pcr
+and it is a very cool technique that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a very cool technique that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a very cool technique that
+allows one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows one
+to exponentially amplify dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponentially amplify dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponentially amplify dna
+in a test tube in the lab exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a test tube in the lab exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a test tube in the lab exponential
+amplification or synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification or synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification or synthesis
+of dna in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna in the lab
+why do we care about this why is pcr of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about this why is pcr of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care about this why is pcr of
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+it's of interest because it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of interest because it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of interest because it means that
+you can take a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can take a tiny
+tiny amount of starting dna and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount of starting dna and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny amount of starting dna and you can
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+lots and lots and lots and huge amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots and huge amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots and lots and lots and huge amounts
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+when we talked about molecular cloning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about molecular cloning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about molecular cloning
+you also amplify dna a great deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also amplify dna a great deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also amplify dna a great deal
+but you have to start off with quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to start off with quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to start off with quite a
+bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more
+dna than you do for pcr with pcr you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna than you do for pcr with pcr you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna than you do for pcr with pcr you can
+start with one molecule of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with one molecule of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with one molecule of dna
+and you can use it to do all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use it to do all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can use it to do all sorts of
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+including if you look on this slide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including if you look on this slide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including if you look on this slide you
+can do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do things like
+diagnose disease you can get a very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose disease you can get a very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose disease you can get a very tiny
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+of cells from the patient you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells from the patient you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cells from the patient you can
+extract the dna really quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the dna really quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the dna really quickly
+and you can do a pcr reaction to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do a pcr reaction to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do a pcr reaction to figure
+out if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if any
+one of a number of different viruses is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of a number of different viruses is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of a number of different viruses is
+present or pathogens is present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or pathogens is present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or pathogens is present in the
+patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient
+you can use pcr for forensics you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use pcr for forensics you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use pcr for forensics you can
+use pcr for a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pcr for a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pcr for a whole
+huge number of different things it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of different things it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number of different things it is a
+technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique
+that really has had an enormous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really has had an enormous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really has had an enormous amount
+of traction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of traction
+in genetic engineering and that's why i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genetic engineering and that's why i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in genetic engineering and that's why i
+want to discuss with you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss with you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss with you now
+the basic idea behind pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea behind pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea behind pcr
+here's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the basic idea
+you start off with a dna molecule a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start off with a dna molecule a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start off with a dna molecule a
+double-stranded dna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded dna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double-stranded dna molecule
+you denature it you break it apart into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you denature it you break it apart into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you denature it you break it apart into
+two single strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two single strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two single strands
+and then you use something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you use something called a
+primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer
+to amplify both of the strands so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amplify both of the strands so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to amplify both of the strands so that
+you get more dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more dna
+and if this sounds kind of familiar it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this sounds kind of familiar it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this sounds kind of familiar it
+should it's how dna synthesis works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it's how dna synthesis works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it's how dna synthesis works and
+what we talked about before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talked about before
+but there's a little difference that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a little difference that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a little difference that
+i'll tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you about
+that allows this to be useful so let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows this to be useful so let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows this to be useful so let us
+start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off
+with double stranded dna we'll make it 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with double stranded dna we'll make it 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with double stranded dna we'll make it 5
+prime 3 prime and 3 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 3 prime and 3 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime 3 prime and 3 prime
+to 5 prime as ever and you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 prime as ever and you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5 prime as ever and you're going to
+break apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break apart
+those two strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two strands
+one strand five prime to three prime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand five prime to three prime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one strand five prime to three prime the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+three prime to five prime as you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime to five prime as you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime to five prime as you as
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+and then you're going to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're going to add to
+the mix small pieces of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix small pieces of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mix small pieces of dna
+that are complementary to the ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are complementary to the ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are complementary to the ends
+of each of those molecules let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of those molecules let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each of those molecules let us
+separate the strands and this is usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the strands and this is usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the strands and this is usually
+done at high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done at high temperature
+let's say 95 degrees celsius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 95 degrees celsius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 95 degrees celsius
+high temp got that in your notes now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temp got that in your notes now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temp got that in your notes now and
+now we're going to add a primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add a primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to add a primer
+that hybridizes one to one strand one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hybridizes one to one strand one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hybridizes one to one strand one to
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+okay so we're going to say we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to say we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to say we're now
+going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add
+primers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers that are
+complementary that can base pair with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary that can base pair with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complementary that can base pair with
+each of the strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the strands
+and these are short pieces of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are short pieces of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are short pieces of dna
+you can synthesize them in a special dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can synthesize them in a special dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can synthesize them in a special dna
+synthesizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizer
+okay and what these primers do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what these primers do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what these primers do
+is to give you a three prime hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you a three prime hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you a three prime hydroxyl
+from which dna synthesis can proceed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which dna synthesis can proceed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which dna synthesis can proceed and
+i threw this at you when we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i threw this at you when we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i threw this at you when we talked about
+dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna synthesis
+several lectures back but now you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures back but now you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several lectures back but now you will
+be able to go back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go back to that
+that class and think about dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class and think about dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class and think about dna synthesis
+in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a slightly
+more informed way so these are short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more informed way so these are short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more informed way so these are short
+pieces of dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of dna
+they have the three prime hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the three prime hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the three prime hydroxyl
+to allow polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow polymer
+elongation or dna polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation or dna polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongation or dna polymerization
+let's see what this looks like for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what this looks like for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what this looks like for the
+five prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime
+to three prime strand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three prime strand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to three prime strand the
+primer would actually be a bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer would actually be a bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer would actually be a bit of the
+other strand you synthesize it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strand you synthesize it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other strand you synthesize it but the
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+is complementary so here it is it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complementary so here it is it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is complementary so here it is it would
+just be a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a little bit
+okay so here is your strand this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is your strand this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is your strand this would
+be your primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your primer
+this would be your template and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be your template and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be your template and now
+you can get dna synthesis from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get dna synthesis from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get dna synthesis from that
+three prime hydroxyl of the primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl of the primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three prime hydroxyl of the primer
+and you can get it in pcr with a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get it in pcr with a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get it in pcr with a special
+kind of dna polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dna polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dna polymerase
+that comes from organisms that grow at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from organisms that grow at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from organisms that grow at
+very high temperature comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high temperature comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high temperature comes from
+bacteria that grow at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that grow at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria that grow at very high
+temperature and i'll tell you why that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and i'll tell you why that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and i'll tell you why that's
+useful in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in a moment
+and this is called tac polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called tac polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called tac polymerase
+there's that ase again it tells you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that ase again it tells you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that ase again it tells you it's
+an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an enzyme
+dna polymerase is the enzyme that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna polymerase is the enzyme that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna polymerase is the enzyme that makes
+the dna polymers and this is a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna polymers and this is a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna polymers and this is a special
+kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind
+of dna polymerase called tac polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna polymerase called tac polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dna polymerase called tac polymerase
+and the outcome of this is that you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcome of this is that you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outcome of this is that you now
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+replicated your little dna molecule no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated your little dna molecule no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated your little dna molecule no
+big deal you say we do that all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal you say we do that all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal you say we do that all the time
+sure we do and you can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we do and you can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure we do and you can do the same thing
+to the other strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other strand
+where you have your three prime to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have your three prime to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have your three prime to five
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+strand and you put on a primer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and you put on a primer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand and you put on a primer
+got a free 3-prime hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a free 3-prime hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a free 3-prime hydroxyl
+and you'll get dna synthesis and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get dna synthesis and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get dna synthesis and you'll
+get out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of it
+another dna molecule okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dna molecule okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another dna molecule okay
+so you started with one dna molecule on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you started with one dna molecule on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you started with one dna molecule on
+the first board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first board
+and you now have two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you now have two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you now have two okay
+that's good so what's the big deal well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so what's the big deal well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good so what's the big deal well
+the big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big deal
+is that you do this again and again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you do this again and again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you do this again and again and
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+and again and you can do it in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and you can do it in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again and you can do it in the same
+test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube
+because this special tac polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this special tac polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this special tac polymerase
+is able to withstand the very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to withstand the very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is able to withstand the very high
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+of breaking the dna strands apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaking the dna strands apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of breaking the dna strands apart
+before they can be used for dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they can be used for dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they can be used for dna
+synthesis again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis again
+okay so let's write on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's write on the next
+board that what happens is you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that what happens is you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board that what happens is you repeat
+the cycle and the cycle looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and the cycle looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle and the cycle looks like
+strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand
+separation not just of your first dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation not just of your first dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation not just of your first dna
+molecule but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule but now
+the two dna molecules you've made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two dna molecules you've made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two dna molecules you've made in
+your first round of pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first round of pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first round of pcr
+primer annealing and dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer annealing and dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer annealing and dna
+polymerization or dna synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization or dna synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization or dna synthesis
+and you can do this all in one tube the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this all in one tube the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this all in one tube the
+strand separation occurs at about 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand separation occurs at about 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand separation occurs at about 95
+degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees
+the primers anneal when you bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primers anneal when you bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primers anneal when you bring the
+temperature down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature down
+automatically in a special machine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically in a special machine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically in a special machine to
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+55 degrees and then the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 degrees and then the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55 degrees and then the dna
+polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerization
+you can do at a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do at a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do at a slightly different
+temperature maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature maybe
+something like 65 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 65 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 65 degrees
+you can repeat the cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat the cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can repeat the cycle
+automatically in a special machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically in a special machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically in a special machine
+and you can do this because the tac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this because the tac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do this because the tac
+polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase
+is heat stable most proteins when heated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heat stable most proteins when heated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heat stable most proteins when heated
+to 95 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 95 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 95 degrees
+will undergo a change in their structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undergo a change in their structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will undergo a change in their structure
+they will denature and they will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will denature and they will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will denature and they will be
+non-functional not tack polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-functional not tack polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-functional not tack polymerase
+it can survive and be used again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can survive and be used again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can survive and be used again and
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+okay because the polymerase is heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the polymerase is heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the polymerase is heat
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+and this is unusual for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is unusual for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is unusual for
+most proteins so this is a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most proteins so this is a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most proteins so this is a way that
+bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria
+that grow in hot springs at very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grow in hot springs at very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that grow in hot springs at very high
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+have been used in a way that is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used in a way that is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used in a way that is useful
+for molecular biology okay so you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for molecular biology okay so you repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for molecular biology okay so you repeat
+the cycle over and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle over and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle over and over
+and after about 30 cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after about 30 cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after about 30 cycles
+you have taken one dna molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have taken one dna molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have taken one dna molecule
+to about a billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about a billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about a billion
+10 to the ninth molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the ninth molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the ninth molecules
+that is enough to do all sorts of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is enough to do all sorts of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is enough to do all sorts of things
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+if we look on the slides you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look on the slides you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look on the slides you'll see that
+i've shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown you
+how primers work and you will have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how primers work and you will have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how primers work and you will have to be
+able to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to design
+primers the easiest way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers the easiest way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primers the easiest way
+is to look at the double-stranded dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the double-stranded dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at the double-stranded dna
+and then if you want a primer that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you want a primer that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you want a primer that will
+elongate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongate
+your top strand you'll take a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your top strand you'll take a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your top strand you'll take a little bit
+of the sequence that would have been on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence that would have been on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sequence that would have been on
+the bottom strand it's complementary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom strand it's complementary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom strand it's complementary to
+the top strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top strand
+it's got to have the three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have the three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have the three prime
+hydroxyl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxyl
+facing in such a direction that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing in such a direction that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing in such a direction that it can
+elongate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongate
+and you can get the full molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the full molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can get the full molecule
+replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicated
+remember you could never add on to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you could never add on to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember you could never add on to a
+five prime end so it's always got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime end so it's always got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five prime end so it's always got to be
+the three prime end that is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end that is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end that is available
+for polymerization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polymerization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for polymerization
+and then you get out of your dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get out of your dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get out of your dna
+synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis
+the complete molecule that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete molecule that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete molecule that has been
+filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in
+schematically the polymerase chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically the polymerase chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically the polymerase chain
+reaction starts with one molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction starts with one molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction starts with one molecule
+cycle one gives you two molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle one gives you two molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle one gives you two molecules
+cycle two will give you four molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle two will give you four molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle two will give you four molecules
+cycle 3 8 and so on until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle 3 8 and so on until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle 3 8 and so on until
+you go to cycle 30 and you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to cycle 30 and you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to cycle 30 and you'll get
+a billion molecules or more and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion molecules or more and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billion molecules or more and you can
+do more cycles as well sometimes you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more cycles as well sometimes you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do more cycles as well sometimes you go
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+40 or so cycles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 or so cycles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 or so cycles okay
+so pcr gives exponential dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pcr gives exponential dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pcr gives exponential dna
+amplification in a test tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification in a test tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification in a test tube
+because of exploiting this property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of exploiting this property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of exploiting this property of
+the heat stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat stable
+thermophilus aquaticus tac polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermophilus aquaticus tac polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermophilus aquaticus tac polymerase
+very cool technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'd like you to practice now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'd like you to practice now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'd like you to practice now
+designing some primers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing some primers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing some primers
+and figuring out how you would pcr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out how you would pcr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out how you would pcr
+amplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify
+a piece of dna
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WXlcxHX0R_Y.txt b/WXlcxHX0R_Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4134287000e37022a01cc4e85ce941f3da421ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WXlcxHX0R_Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+We're now in a position to define our what
+it means to be a digital processing element.
+
+We say a device is a "combinational device"
+if it meets the following four criteria:
+
+First, it should have digital inputs, by which
+we mean the device uses our signaling convention,
+
+interpreting input voltages below V_L as the
+digital value 0, and voltages above V_H as
+
+the digital value 1.
+
+Second, the device's outputs should also be
+digital, producing outputs of 0 by generating
+
+voltages less than or equal to V_L and outputs
+of 1 by generating voltages greater than or
+
+equal to V_H.
+
+With these two criteria, we should be able
+to hook the output of one combinational device
+
+to the input of another and expect the signals
+passing between them to be interpreted correctly
+
+as 0's and 1's.
+
+Next, a combinational device is required to
+have a functional specification that details
+
+the value of each output for every possible
+combination of digital values on the inputs.
+
+In the example, the device has three digital
+inputs, and since each input can take on one
+
+of two digital values, there are 2*2*2 or
+eight possible input configurations.
+
+So the functional specification simply has
+to tell us the value of the output Y when
+
+the inputs are 000, and the output when the
+inputs are 001, and so on, for all 8 input
+
+patterns.
+
+A simple table with eight rows would do the
+trick.
+
+Finally, a combinational device has a timing
+specification that tells us how long it takes
+
+for the output of the device to reflect changes
+in its input values.
+
+At a minimum, there must a specification of
+the propagation delay, called t_PD, that is
+
+an upper bound on the time from when the inputs
+reach stable and valid digital values, to
+
+when the output is guaranteed to have a stable
+and valid output value.
+
+Collectively, we call these four criteria
+the "static discipline," which must be satisfied
+
+by all combinational devices.
+
+In order to build larger combinational systems
+from combinational components, we'll follow
+
+the composition rules set forth below.
+
+First, each component of the system must itself
+be a combinational device.
+
+Second, each input of each component must
+be connected a system input, or to exactly
+
+one output of another device, or to a constant
+voltage representing the value 0 or the value
+
+1.
+
+Finally, the interconnected components cannot
+contain any directed cycles, i.e., paths through
+
+the system from its inputs to its outputs
+will only visit a particular component at
+
+most once.
+
+Our claim is that systems built using these
+composition rules will themselves be combinational
+
+devices.
+
+In other words, we can build big combinational
+devices out of combinational components.
+
+Unlike our flaky analog system from the start
+of the chapter, the system can be of any size
+
+and still be expected to obey the static discipline.
+
+Why is this true?
+
+To see why the claim is true, consider the
+following system built from the combinational
+
+devices A, B and C.
+Let's see if we can show that the overall
+
+system, as indicated by the containing blue
+box, will itself be combinational.
+
+We'll do this by showing that the overall
+system does, in fact, obey the static discipline.
+
+First, does the overall system have digital
+inputs?
+
+Yes!
+
+The system's inputs are inputs to some of
+the component devices.
+
+Since the components are combinational, and
+hence have digital inputs, the overall system
+
+has digital inputs.
+
+In this case, the system is inheriting its
+properties from the properties of its components.
+
+Second, does the overall system have digital
+outputs?
+
+Yes, by the same reasoning.
+
+All the system's outputs are connected to
+one of the components and since the components
+
+are combinational, the outputs are digital.
+
+Third, can we derive a functional specification
+for the overall system, i.e., can we specify
+
+the expected output values for each combination
+of digital input values?
+
+Yes, we can by incrementally propagating information
+about the current input values through the
+
+component modules.
+
+In the example shown, since A is combinational,
+we can determine the value on its output given
+
+the value on its inputs by using A's functional
+specification.
+
+Now we know the values on all of B's inputs
+and can use its functional specification to
+
+determine its output value.
+
+Finally, since we've now determined the values
+on all of C's inputs, we can compute its output
+
+value using C's functional specification.
+
+In general, since there are no cycles in the
+circuit, we can determine the value of every
+
+internal signal by evaluating the behavior
+of the combinational components in an order
+
+that's determined by the circuit topology.
+
+Finally, can we derive the system's propagation
+delay, t_PD, using the t_PDs of the components?
+
+Again, since there are no cycles, we can enumerate
+the finite-length paths from system inputs
+
+to system outputs.
+
+Then, we can compute the t_PD along a particular
+path by summing the t_PDs of the components
+
+along the path.
+
+The t_PD of the overall system will be the
+maximum of the path t_PDs considering all
+
+the possible paths from inputs to outputs,
+i.e, the t_PD of the longest such path.
+
+So the overall system does in fact obey the
+static discipline and so it is indeed a combinational
+
+device. Pretty neat!
+
+We can use our composition
+rules to build combinational devices of arbitrary
+
+complexity.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WYrDTn37m-I.txt b/WYrDTn37m-I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e1aeed5ba5aa1a88f8e95920a94c0f0bc6a5474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WYrDTn37m-I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+Let us discuss data sources
+in the health care industry.
+
+So the industry is data-rich,
+but data may be hard to access.
+
+Sometimes it involves
+unstructured data
+
+like doctor's notes.
+
+Often the data is hard
+to get due to differences
+
+in technology.
+
+Hospitals in southern
+Massachusetts versus California
+
+might use different technologies
+and different platforms.
+
+Finally there are strong
+privacy laws, HIPAA,
+
+around health care data sharing.
+
+So what is available?
+
+Claims data is a major source.
+
+Claims data are requests
+for reimbursement submitted
+
+to insurance companies or
+state-provided insurance
+
+from doctors, hospitals
+and pharmacies.
+
+Another source of data is
+the eligibility information
+
+for employees.
+
+And finally demographic
+information: gender and age.
+
+Let me give you some
+examples on claims data.
+
+So this shows six
+different claims.
+
+Let's consider this one.
+
+So this is the provider's name.
+
+The corresponding
+diagnostic code.
+
+This is about upper
+respiratory disorders.
+
+This is another code
+associated with the diagnosis.
+
+This is the scientific
+term for the diagnosis.
+
+The specific code again.
+
+This was an office visit, and
+it's an established patient.
+
+The date.
+
+And the amount of money that
+was claimed by the physician.
+
+Others claims are similar.
+
+As we see, the claims data is
+a rich, structured data source.
+
+It is very high dimensional.
+
+For example, claims
+involving diagnosis
+
+involve thousands
+of different codes.
+
+Similarly with drugs, where
+there are tens of thousands,
+
+and procedures.
+
+However, this collection
+of data does not
+
+capture all aspects of a
+person's treatment or health.
+
+Many things must be inferred.
+
+Unlike electronic
+medical records,
+
+we do not know the
+results of a test,
+
+only that the test
+was administered.
+
+For example, we do not know
+the results of a blood test,
+
+but we do know that the
+blood test was administered.
+
+The specific exercise we are
+going to see in this lecture
+
+is an analytics approach
+to building models starting
+
+with 2.4 million people
+over a three year span.
+
+The observation period
+was 2001 to 2003.
+
+This is where this
+data is coming from.
+
+And then out of sample,
+we make predictions
+
+for the period of 2003 and 2004.
+
+This was in the early
+years of D2Hawkeye.
+
+Out of the 2.4 million people,
+we included only people
+
+with data for at least 10
+months in both periods,
+
+both in the observation
+period and the results period.
+
+This decreased the
+data to 400,000 people.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Wc0PmAIEUhM.txt b/Wc0PmAIEUhM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a9c3cd49eadc22d38fcb9f729abdc9e9f7856ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Wc0PmAIEUhM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+about five years ago um we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years ago um we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years ago um we started
+thinking about our classes in the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our classes in the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our classes in the area
+of aircraft systems and spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aircraft systems and spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of aircraft systems and spacecraft
+systems in the department and we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the department and we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the department and we started
+realizing that there was a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that there was a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that there was a particular
+class that we didn't have and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we didn't have and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class that we didn't have and something
+that seemed very important to us and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seemed very important to us and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seemed very important to us and
+also very important to people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very important to people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very important to people in
+industry and that is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and that is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and that is a general
+introduction to systems engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to systems engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to systems engineering
+uh systems engineering is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh systems engineering is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh systems engineering is essentially
+the Art and Science of coordinating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Art and Science of coordinating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Art and Science of coordinating and
+putting together the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting together the different
+disciplines in order to create safe um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines in order to create safe um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines in order to create safe um
+efficient uh flying systems not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh flying systems not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient uh flying systems not just
+flying systems but systems in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying systems but systems in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying systems but systems in general
+and so we decided to create a sixun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we decided to create a sixun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we decided to create a sixun
+class which is a half class that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is a half class that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is a half class that would
+focus on the methodology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the methodology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on the methodology and the
+processes of systems engineering which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of systems engineering which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes of systems engineering which
+is going all the way from stakeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going all the way from stakeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going all the way from stakeholder
+needs and expectations all the way to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and expectations all the way to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs and expectations all the way to a
+functioning system that can be deployed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning system that can be deployed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning system that can be deployed
+in the field this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field this class
+16842 is really a door opener to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16842 is really a door opener to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16842 is really a door opener to the
+world of systems engineering and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of systems engineering and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of systems engineering and what we
+use in the class to orient everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the class to orient everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in the class to orient everybody is
+the classic V model of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic V model of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic V model of systems
+engineering now what is the V model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering now what is the V model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering now what is the V model the
+V model takes you step by step through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V model takes you step by step through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V model takes you step by step through
+the life cycle of a system starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of a system starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of a system starting with
+the left side of the V which is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of the V which is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left side of the V which is why
+should the system exist in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the system exist in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the system exist in the first
+place who are the stakeholders what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place who are the stakeholders what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place who are the stakeholders what are
+their expectation expectations how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their expectation expectations how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their expectation expectations how how
+do you formulate a concept of operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you formulate a concept of operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you formulate a concept of operations
+for a system and then going step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system and then going step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a system and then going step by step
+through the v through the requirements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the v through the requirements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the v through the requirements
+definition concept generation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition concept generation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition concept generation and
+selection driving the system design all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection driving the system design all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection driving the system design all
+the way to the details to every little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the details to every little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to the details to every little
+part and piece and component and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and piece and component and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and piece and component and then
+moving up the right side of the V where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up the right side of the V where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving up the right side of the V where
+you reintegrate all these pieces into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reintegrate all these pieces into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reintegrate all these pieces into
+subsystems and modules you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and modules you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsystems and modules you do
+verification validation testing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification validation testing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification validation testing you
+commission the system and bring it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission the system and bring it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commission the system and bring it into
+operations and even then the job isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and even then the job isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and even then the job isn't
+done you have to accompany the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you have to accompany the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done you have to accompany the system
+throughout its life cycle through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its life cycle through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout its life cycle through
+maintenance upgrades repair making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance upgrades repair making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance upgrades repair making sure
+the system is really operating as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is really operating as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system is really operating as
+efficiently as it can so what the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as it can so what the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently as it can so what the class
+does is takes students systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is takes students systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is takes students systematically
+through every portion of the V so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every portion of the V so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through every portion of the V so that
+at the end of it they have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of it they have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of it they have a good
+overview over what is systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview over what is systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview over what is systems
+engineering and what are the key steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and what are the key steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and what are the key steps
+in the life cycle of a system
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XEETOp5jo9w.txt b/XEETOp5jo9w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40a24af8c6169fa83315fdfbefd5faadf414209c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XEETOp5jo9w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8643 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so we started with the something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we started with the something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we started with the something a
+little boring basic definitions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boring basic definitions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little boring basic definitions and the
+first thing we had to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we had to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we had to do is to
+understand how do we measure output at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how do we measure output at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how do we measure output at
+the aggregate level it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate level it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aggregate level it's very easy to
+understand what output is at the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what output is at the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what output is at the level
+of an Factory but but at the AG level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an Factory but but at the AG level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an Factory but but at the AG level is
+a little tricky and so we had an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tricky and so we had an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tricky and so we had an example
+of a very simple economy with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very simple economy with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a very simple economy with two
+companies one that produces steel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies one that produces steel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies one that produces steel and
+the other one that produces cars and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one that produces cars and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one that produces cars and in
+this particular example the steel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example the steel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular example the steel
+company doesn't sell anything to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company doesn't sell anything to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company doesn't sell anything to the
+final consumers it sells all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final consumers it sells all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final consumers it sells all its
+production to the car company and we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production to the car company and we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production to the car company and we ask
+a question where is the GDP of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question where is the GDP of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question where is the GDP of this
+economy H the simplest answer would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy H the simplest answer would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy H the simplest answer would have
+been well 300 no I some what the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been well 300 no I some what the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been well 300 no I some what the the the
+output of the two companies and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the two companies and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the two companies and that
+could be one answer but then I show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one answer but then I show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one answer but then I show you
+through three different methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three different methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three different methods that
+that's the wrong answer and um method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wrong answer and um method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wrong answer and um method
+one H was h a definition is um GDP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one H was h a definition is um GDP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one H was h a definition is um GDP is
+the value of final goods only okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of final goods only okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of final goods only okay and
+final goods in this simple example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final goods in this simple example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final goods in this simple example is
+well this company is not producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this company is not producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this company is not producing
+anything as a final good because all its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as a final good because all its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as a final good because all its
+sales are going to as an input into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales are going to as an input into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales are going to as an input into
+other companies production and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies production and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other companies production and so this
+one doesn't count at all in our simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't count at all in our simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one doesn't count at all in our simple
+example this one counts and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this one counts and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this one counts and then the
+answer is $200 okay not 3300 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is $200 okay not 3300 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is $200 okay not 3300 but
+$200 method two was to count only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200 method two was to count only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$200 method two was to count only the
+value added in each company and value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added in each company and value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value added in each company and value
+added is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added is the difference between the
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+output that is the revenue from sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that is the revenue from sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that is the revenue from sales
+minus whatever that company spends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus whatever that company spends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus whatever that company spends on
+intermediate inputs in this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate inputs in this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate inputs in this simple
+example this company the steel company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this company the steel company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this company the steel company
+is not spending anything on intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not spending anything on intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not spending anything on intermediate
+inputs it's a strange production of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it's a strange production of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs it's a strange production of a
+steel but anyways it is what it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel but anyways it is what it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel but anyways it is what it is in
+example and so this is entire this $100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and so this is entire this $100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and so this is entire this $100
+is is value added completely value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is value added completely value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is value added completely value added
+there's no expenses on intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no expenses on intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no expenses on intermediate
+inputs for the car company however the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs for the car company however the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs for the car company however the
+revenue from C is 200 but the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue from C is 200 but the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue from C is 200 but the company
+spends 100 on intermediate input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends 100 on intermediate input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends 100 on intermediate input
+therefore the value out of this company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the value out of this company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the value out of this company
+is 200 minus 100 so you get 100 value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 200 minus 100 so you get 100 value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 200 minus 100 so you get 100 value
+out from this one 100 value out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from this one 100 value out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from this one 100 value out from
+that one total value added 200 so same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one total value added 200 so same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one total value added 200 so same
+answer and the third method these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the third method these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and the third method these are
+the two method that I just described are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two method that I just described are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two method that I just described are
+production methods no you're measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production methods no you're measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production methods no you're measuring
+the production side the alternative is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production side the alternative is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production side the alternative is
+to look at the income side okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the income side okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the income side okay and the
+income side let's says just let's sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income side let's says just let's sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income side let's says just let's sum
+all the incomes in the economy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the incomes in the economy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the incomes in the economy and the
+incomes are income to workers wages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes are income to workers wages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes are income to workers wages and
+income to the owners of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to the owners of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to the owners of capital
+profits ER income to way to workers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits ER income to way to workers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits ER income to way to workers is
+$80 plus 70 is 100 50 income to owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$80 plus 70 is 100 50 income to owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$80 plus 70 is 100 50 income to owners
+of capital is 20 + 30 that's 50 so 150
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital is 20 + 30 that's 50 so 150
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital is 20 + 30 that's 50 so 150
+plus 50 is again 200 okay so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 50 is again 200 okay so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 50 is again 200 okay so these are
+three equivalent ways of er er measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equivalent ways of er er measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equivalent ways of er er measuring
+output and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and I said
+ER you know and one of the features I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER you know and one of the features I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER you know and one of the features I I
+I I show you of of of of this method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I show you of of of of this method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I show you of of of of this method is
+that they are immune to organizational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are immune to organizational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are immune to organizational
+structure within the economy so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure within the economy so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure within the economy so for
+example if these two companies were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if these two companies were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if these two companies were to
+merge no clearly the sum of incomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge no clearly the sum of incomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge no clearly the sum of incomes
+would not change would still be 100 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not change would still be 100 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not change would still be 100 it
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+200 ER this one would not change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 ER this one would not change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 ER this one would not change because
+if they were to merge then the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were to merge then the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they were to merge then the whole
+production of the revenues from sales of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of the revenues from sales of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production of the revenues from sales of
+the car company would be value added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car company would be value added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car company would be value added
+everything would be produced in house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would be produced in house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would be produced in house
+and still the answer would be 200 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still the answer would be 200 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still the answer would be 200 then
+no because this company would disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because this company would disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because this company would disappear
+it would emerge inside here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would emerge inside here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would emerge inside here and you
+would get still get 200 and the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get still get 200 and the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get still get 200 and the same
+happen with h method one because still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with h method one because still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with h method one because still
+the sales of final goods is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales of final goods is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sales of final goods is only
+200 the naive approach of just summing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 the naive approach of just summing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 the naive approach of just summing
+output you know would be terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you know would be terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output you know would be terrible
+because once you merge it output would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you merge it output would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you merge it output would
+collapse from 300 to 200 that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse from 300 to 200 that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse from 300 to 200 that tells you
+that's not the right way of doing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way of doing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the right way of doing things
+okay so while the three methods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so while the three methods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so while the three methods we
+propose do H work are immune to to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose do H work are immune to to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propose do H work are immune to to this
+organiz changes in organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organiz changes in organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organiz changes in organization
+structure The Next Step was to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure The Next Step was to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure The Next Step was to H
+highlight that when we say out output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that when we say out output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight that when we say out output
+we're really after real output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really after real output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really after real output and
+there's a distinction between nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a distinction between nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a distinction between nominal
+output and real output nominal output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and real output nominal output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and real output nominal output is
+simply the quantity of final goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the quantity of final goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the quantity of final goods
+measured at current prices while real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured at current prices while real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured at current prices while real
+output is measured at some fixed set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is measured at some fixed set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is measured at some fixed set of
+prices okay of one fixed year and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay of one fixed year and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices okay of one fixed year and I
+think I gave you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I gave you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I gave you an
+example this is example I gave you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is example I gave you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this is example I gave you and
+then in the in the in the pets you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the in the in the pets you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the in the in the pets you had
+more complicated examples with multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated examples with multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated examples with multiple
+Goods here you have an economy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods here you have an economy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods here you have an economy that
+produces only one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces only one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces only one good
+cars and that PES 10 cars here 12 cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and that PES 10 cars here 12 cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and that PES 10 cars here 12 cars
+here 13 cars here the price of the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 13 cars here the price of the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 13 cars here the price of the cars
+is rising so the nominal GDP is rising a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rising so the nominal GDP is rising a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rising so the nominal GDP is rising a
+lot while the real GDP is rising less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot while the real GDP is rising less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot while the real GDP is rising less
+how do we measure real GDP here we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we measure real GDP here we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we measure real GDP here we use
+to to 12 in this particular example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to 12 in this particular example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to 12 in this particular example we
+use the prices here 12 10 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the prices here 12 10 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the prices here 12 10 times the
+price of the car in 2012 is 24,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the car in 2012 is 24,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the car in 2012 is 24,000
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+240 obviously for the base year nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+240 obviously for the base year nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+240 obviously for the base year nominal
+GDP is the same as real GDP and then 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is the same as real GDP and then 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP is the same as real GDP and then 12
+13 is 13 not time 26,000 but times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 is 13 not time 26,000 but times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 is 13 not time 26,000 but times
+24,000 and we get that now in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24,000 and we get that now in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24,000 and we get that now in this
+particular example of only one e one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example of only one e one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular example of only one e one
+good ER you can pick any any base year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ER you can pick any any base year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good ER you can pick any any base year
+and you'll get exactly the same rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get exactly the same rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll get exactly the same rate of
+growth of real output if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of real output if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of real output if you have
+multiple Goods that's not true because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Goods that's not true because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Goods that's not true because
+the relative prices of goods are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative prices of goods are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative prices of goods are moving
+over time okay but uh but that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time okay but uh but that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time okay but uh but that's the
+basic idea so I mean again you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea so I mean again you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea so I mean again you should
+know these things they're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these things they're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these things they're not going to
+be tremendously important in the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tremendously important in the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tremendously important in the quiz
+but they will show up in your quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they will show up in your quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they will show up in your quiz
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay and then we went some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we went some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we went some some
+definitions the unemployment rate know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions the unemployment rate know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions the unemployment rate know
+being the number of unemployed over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the number of unemployed over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the number of unemployed over the
+labor force not population that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force not population that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor force not population that's
+important H we talked about inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important H we talked about inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important H we talked about inflation
+rate as well that's the rate of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as well that's the rate of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate as well that's the rate of change
+of prices and there are different prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prices and there are different prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prices and there are different prices
+in the economy one of them is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy one of them is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy one of them is the
+deflator the other one is CPI and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflator the other one is CPI and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflator the other one is CPI and so on
+so forth that's it so that was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth that's it so that was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth that's it so that was the first
+uh lecture relevant for the quiz any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture relevant for the quiz any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lecture relevant for the quiz any
+question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about
+that good keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moving okay then we move to when then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay then we move to when then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving okay then we move to when then we
+began to really get serious because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to really get serious because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to really get serious because we
+began to construct sort of a foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to construct sort of a foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to construct sort of a foundation
+for the islm model okay and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the islm model okay and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the islm model okay and the first
+thing we did is we look at the Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we did is we look at the Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we did is we look at the Goods
+Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh no and and what we did here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no and and what we did here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no and and what we did here is just
+was say we describ the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was say we describ the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was say we describ the different
+components of of aggregate demand and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of of aggregate demand and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of of aggregate demand and we
+said in this econ for for now at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in this econ for for now at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said in this econ for for now at least
+we're going to make this economy close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this economy close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make this economy close
+so we we remove exports and imports and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we remove exports and imports and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we remove exports and imports and
+for your quiz absolutely you not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your quiz absolutely you not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your quiz absolutely you not going
+to see anything about exports or Imports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see anything about exports or Imports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see anything about exports or Imports
+okay so this is your aggregate demand ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is your aggregate demand ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is your aggregate demand ER
+we wanted to build a little more so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to build a little more so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to build a little more so we
+had to have some behavioral assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have some behavioral assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to have some behavioral assumptions
+H we made it initially very simple we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H we made it initially very simple we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H we made it initially very simple we
+assumed this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed this was
+exogenous the Govern expension was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous the Govern expension was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous the Govern expension was
+exogenous taxes were also exogenous t h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous taxes were also exogenous t h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exogenous taxes were also exogenous t h
+and the only behavioral equation we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only behavioral equation we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the only behavioral equation we had
+was this consumption function we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this consumption function we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this consumption function we said
+consumption is increasing disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is increasing disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is increasing disposable
+income okay so and we we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay so and we we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income okay so and we we assume
+something linear like this disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something linear like this disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something linear like this disposable
+income is just income minus taxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is just income minus taxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is just income minus taxes and
+remember income remember from the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember income remember from the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember income remember from the from
+the alternative ways of measuring GDP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative ways of measuring GDP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alternative ways of measuring GDP
+income is the same as output no so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is the same as output no so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is the same as output no so when
+I say income because as is relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say income because as is relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say income because as is relevant for
+the consump consumer well but it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consump consumer well but it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consump consumer well but it's the
+same as output so that's was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as output so that's was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as output so that's was our
+consumption function it had an upward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption function it had an upward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption function it had an upward
+slope it was upward sloping because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope it was upward sloping because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope it was upward sloping because
+there's a marginal propensity to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a marginal propensity to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a marginal propensity to consume
+C1 H and then then a key Assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 H and then then a key Assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 H and then then a key Assumption of
+this part of the course is that that H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course is that that H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the course is that that H
+output is aggregate demand determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is aggregate demand determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is aggregate demand determined
+prices were completely fixed H and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were completely fixed H and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices were completely fixed H and and
+we said well but you know output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well but you know output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well but you know output is
+whatever demand wants that's what output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever demand wants that's what output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever demand wants that's what output
+is so this is an equilibrium condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this is an equilibrium condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so this is an equilibrium condition
+okay this is the aggregate demand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the aggregate demand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is the aggregate demand this
+is an equilibrium condition so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equilibrium condition so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equilibrium condition so we can
+solve out because I can say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve out because I can say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve out because I can say in
+equilibrium Z is equal to Y and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Z is equal to Y and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium Z is equal to Y and I can
+solve for equilibrium output from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for equilibrium output from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for equilibrium output from that
+equation okay and that's exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and that's exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and that's exactly what we
+did in this slide and you got to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in this slide and you got to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did in this slide and you got to an
+expression like this knowing how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like this knowing how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression like this knowing how to do
+that is very important for you okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very important for you okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very important for you okay so
+you you better be sure that you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you better be sure that you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you better be sure that you know how
+to find equilibrium output in in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find equilibrium output in in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find equilibrium output in in in this
+model I mean it's going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I mean it's going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I mean it's going to be very
+difficult to do I M if you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do I M if you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to do I M if you don't know
+these steps so so you better know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps so so you better know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these steps so so you better know this
+stuff H and remember something we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff H and remember something we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff H and remember something we call
+this guy here in the simple economy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here in the simple economy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy here in the simple economy the
+multiplier why the multiplier well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier why the multiplier well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier why the multiplier well
+because given certain sort of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given certain sort of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given certain sort of something
+we call exogenous expenditure the 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call exogenous expenditure the 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call exogenous expenditure the 1
+minus C1 multiplies that if the marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 multiplies that if the marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C1 multiplies that if the marginal
+to consume is very high say it's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume is very high say it's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume is very high say it's close
+to one then the multipli is very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one then the multipli is very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one then the multipli is very very
+high if the marginal Pro to consume say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high if the marginal Pro to consume say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high if the marginal Pro to consume say
+is 05 then how much is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplier two okay good so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier two okay good so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier two okay good so the
+multiplier is two okay good and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is two okay good and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is two okay good and that was
+our equilibrium now we had the aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equilibrium now we had the aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our equilibrium now we had the aggregate
+demand the slope was less than the 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the slope was less than the 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the slope was less than the 45
+degree line because C1 is a number less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line because C1 is a number less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line because C1 is a number less
+than one and so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and so you have some
+equilibrium output there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output there that's
+equilibrium output at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output at this point
+aggregate demand is equal to well agre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is equal to well agre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand is equal to well agre
+demand is equal to agre supply that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is equal to agre supply that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is equal to agre supply that's
+that's always true uh but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true uh but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always true uh but that's
+consistent also with aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent also with aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent also with aggregate demand
+okay with the with the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with the with the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with the with the function of
+aggregate demand and and the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand and and the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand and and the important
+for for this equilibrium output is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this equilibrium output is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for this equilibrium output is that
+that equilibrium output is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equilibrium output is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equilibrium output is a function of
+a lot of things that we took as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that we took as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that we took as
+parameters in this aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in this aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in this aggregate demand
+curve what did we take as parameters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve what did we take as parameters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve what did we take as parameters in
+the agregate bank care just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examples well investment government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples well investment government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples well investment government
+expenditure and taxes at the very least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure and taxes at the very least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditure and taxes at the very least
+tax also parameters like autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax also parameters like autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax also parameters like autonomous
+consumption that c0 were taking as given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption that c0 were taking as given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption that c0 were taking as given
+anything if any of those things move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if any of those things move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything if any of those things move
+this the position of this aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the position of this aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the position of this aggregate
+demand curve will shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve will shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve will shift
+around okay and that was one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay and that was one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around okay and that was one example
+suppose autonomous consumption C zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose autonomous consumption C zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose autonomous consumption C zero
+goes up so suddenly consumers decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up so suddenly consumers decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up so suddenly consumers decide to
+spend more okay well then then what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more okay well then then what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend more okay well then then what we
+had is is that aggregate demand shift up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is is that aggregate demand shift up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had is is that aggregate demand shift up
+and equilibrium output ends up changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equilibrium output ends up changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equilibrium output ends up changing
+by more than the initial change in c z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by more than the initial change in c z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by more than the initial change in c z
+why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is
+that so this is the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so this is the change in
+c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0
+but uh but the change in output and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but the change in output and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but the change in output and so
+the initial change c0 leads to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial change c0 leads to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial change c0 leads to an
+initial change in output which is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial change in output which is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial change in output which is equal
+to c0 that's up to here but then we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c0 that's up to here but then we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c0 that's up to here but then we end
+up with final equilibrium output is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with final equilibrium output is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with final equilibrium output is is
+is higher than the initial response all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the initial response all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the initial response all
+this happens infinitely fast in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens infinitely fast in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens infinitely fast in this
+model why is this change greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model why is this change greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model why is this change greater than
+c0 there is a multiplier in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 there is a multiplier in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 there is a multiplier in front
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+we change c0 by one but then you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change c0 by one but then you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we change c0 by one but then you have to
+multiply by 1/ 1 minus C1 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 1/ 1 minus C1 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by 1/ 1 minus C1 and that's
+what we Illustrated in this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we Illustrated in this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we Illustrated in this picture
+there okay good and so you should move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay good and so you should move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay good and so you should move
+anything you you can move here around no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you you can move here around no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you you can move here around no
+move G up T up or stuff like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move G up T up or stuff like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move G up T up or stuff like that and
+see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what
+happens the last thing I did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the last thing I did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens the last thing I did in this
+section is is uh I show you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is is uh I show you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is is uh I show you an
+alternative way entirely equivalent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way entirely equivalent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative way entirely equivalent way
+of of illustrating equilibrium which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of illustrating equilibrium which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of illustrating equilibrium which was
+saving equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving equal to
+investment H remember and I derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment H remember and I derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment H remember and I derive
+this and I got to an expression like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got to an expression like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I got to an expression like
+that that's exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly the same as
+aggregate demand equal to aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand equal to aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand equal to aggregate
+supply no a investment which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply no a investment which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply no a investment which in this
+particular basic model is fixed is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular basic model is fixed is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular basic model is fixed is equal
+to saving by the government which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saving by the government which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saving by the government which is
+also in this basic model is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in this basic model is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in this basic model is fixed
+because it's G minus t which is fixed H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's G minus t which is fixed H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's G minus t which is fixed H
+sorry it's T minus G which is fixed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's T minus G which is fixed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it's T minus G which is fixed and
+then private saving and and then I show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then private saving and and then I show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then private saving and and then I show
+you a an interesting result which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a an interesting result which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a an interesting result which is
+called known the Paradox of savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called known the Paradox of savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called known the Paradox of savings
+which says the following if for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says the following if for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which says the following if for whatever
+reason consumers decide to save more say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason consumers decide to save more say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason consumers decide to save more say
+for example because c z now comes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because c z now comes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example because c z now comes down
+okay so now out they have certain income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now out they have certain income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now out they have certain income
+out of that same income they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that same income they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that same income they want to
+save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save
+more then from this very simple equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then from this very simple equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more then from this very simple equation
+I know that what happens to Output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why because savings go up consum Dem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because savings go up consum Dem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because savings go up consum Dem
+goes down and then also investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and then also investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down and then also investment
+suppos to go down and then no investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos to go down and then no investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppos to go down and then no investment
+doesn't go down here because it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go down here because it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go down here because it's fixed
+in this this B Bas basic example not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this this B Bas basic example not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this this B Bas basic example not
+islm yes but that's that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm yes but that's that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+islm yes but that's that's that's an
+explanation which is is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which is is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation which is is the right
+explanation but it's is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but it's is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but it's is it's the
+explanation in the other space output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation in the other space output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation in the other space output
+and and and and the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and and the income
+I want it in the space of saving an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it in the space of saving an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want it in the space of saving an
+investment so let me give it to you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so let me give it to you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment so let me give it to you very
+quickly but your answer is correct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but your answer is correct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly but your answer is correct but
+but but it's not what I wanted here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's not what I wanted here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's not what I wanted here
+because what I wanted to say is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I wanted to say is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I wanted to say is the
+following if for whatever reason for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if for whatever reason for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following if for whatever reason for any
+given level of income savings go up then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given level of income savings go up then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given level of income savings go up then
+we have an imbalance saving total saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an imbalance saving total saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an imbalance saving total saving
+is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than
+investment the only variable that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment the only variable that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment the only variable that can
+adjust here so we restore equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust here so we restore equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust here so we restore equilibrium
+investment equal to saving is for output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment equal to saving is for output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment equal to saving is for output
+to bring come down because if output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring come down because if output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring come down because if output
+comes down savings come down and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down savings come down and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down savings come down and that's
+the way you restore equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you restore equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you restore equilibrium
+I told you this way of looking at thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you this way of looking at thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I told you this way of looking at thing
+is entirely equivalent as we had already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely equivalent as we had already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is entirely equivalent as we had already
+done so I can also do what you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I can also do what you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so I can also do what you wanted to
+do which is represent that in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is represent that in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do which is represent that in the space
+of output and aggregate demand and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output and aggregate demand and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of output and aggregate demand and and
+output or or income and and the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or or income and and the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or or income and and the an
+increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in
+c0 a reduction in c0 would lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 a reduction in c0 would lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 a reduction in c0 would lead to a
+decline in aggregate demand and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in aggregate demand and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in aggregate demand and then
+through the multiply larger increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the multiply larger increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the multiply larger increase in
+output so this is the way we characteriz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so this is the way we characteriz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so this is the way we characteriz
+it before this is a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before this is a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before this is a slightly different
+way of of characterizing which is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of of characterizing which is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of of characterizing which is is
+what gives rise to what is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives rise to what is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives rise to what is called the
+Paradox of saving because suddenly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox of saving because suddenly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paradox of saving because suddenly you
+decide to save more supposed to be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to save more supposed to be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to save more supposed to be good
+well in the short run it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the short run it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the short run it's not really
+good it causes a recession okay anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it causes a recession okay anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good it causes a recession okay anyway
+it's cute but it may show up in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cute but it may show up in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cute but it may show up in your
+future so I wanted to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that was the Goods Market side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the Goods Market side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was the Goods Market side
+oops then we look at financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops then we look at financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops then we look at financial markets
+and we we trivialized financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we trivialized financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we trivialized financial markets
+really we said let's assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we said let's assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really we said let's assume the
+financial markets are very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets are very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets are very very simple
+money and bonds that's it nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ER and the first sort of behavior the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and the first sort of behavior the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER and the first sort of behavior the
+the only behavioral equation we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only behavioral equation we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only behavioral equation we really
+had here was money demand and we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here was money demand and we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here was money demand and we say
+well money demand is increasing in nomal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well money demand is increasing in nomal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well money demand is increasing in nomal
+GDP because if nominal GDP is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP because if nominal GDP is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GDP because if nominal GDP is larger
+then you need to do more transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to do more transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you need to do more transactions
+you need more money more cash ER cash or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more money more cash ER cash or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more money more cash ER cash or
+deposit but here we're looking only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit but here we're looking only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposit but here we're looking only at
+cash but it's decreasing in the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash but it's decreasing in the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash but it's decreasing in the interest
+rate money money is decreasing the Reon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate money money is decreasing the Reon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate money money is decreasing the Reon
+why it's decreasing in interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's decreasing in interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's decreasing in interest rate
+interest rate is the return on the bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is the return on the bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is the return on the bonds
+no why is money demand decreasing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why is money demand decreasing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why is money demand decreasing in the
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate yeah the opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate yeah the opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate yeah the opportunity cost of
+holding cash in your pocket is higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding cash in your pocket is higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding cash in your pocket is higher
+you didn't care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't care about this
+stuff you know a year ago but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know a year ago but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you know a year ago but now you
+know it cost you 5% to hold cash that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it cost you 5% to hold cash that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it cost you 5% to hold cash that's
+what you get in a in a one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get in a in a one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get in a in a one year
+certificate Bond you treasury bond at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate Bond you treasury bond at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate Bond you treasury bond at
+this moment so it's more significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment so it's more significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment so it's more significant
+maybe it's not that relevant for you but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not that relevant for you but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's not that relevant for you but
+Corporation makes a big difference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation makes a big difference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation makes a big difference I
+guarantee you right than keeping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you right than keeping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee you right than keeping the
+thing in the checking account now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the checking account now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the checking account now
+they're really buying short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really buying short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're really buying short-term
+treasuries and stuff like that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries and stuff like that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries and stuff like that okay
+um good so so that's the reason this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good so so that's the reason this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good so so that's the reason this is
+downward sloping um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping um and
+uh and that's the concept here so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the concept here so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that's the concept here so then
+what the Central Bank controls is money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Central Bank controls is money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the Central Bank controls is money
+how much money it injects in the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money it injects in the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money it injects in the economy
+that is how much H you know when okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how much H you know when okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how much H you know when okay
+how much money it injects into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money it injects into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money it injects into the
+economy how does let me say just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy how does let me say just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy how does let me say just that
+for now and so that's like money supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and so that's like money supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now and so that's like money supply
+so the equilibrium interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equilibrium interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the equilibrium interest rate is
+simply uh the point in which money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh the point in which money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply uh the point in which money
+demand is equal to the money exogenous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is equal to the money exogenous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand is equal to the money exogenous
+money supply and I said in the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money supply and I said in the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money supply and I said in the modern
+world the central banks don't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the central banks don't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world the central banks don't tell you
+Ms they tell you this is the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms they tell you this is the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms they tell you this is the interest
+rate we want and then they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we want and then they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we want and then they provide
+whatever M they need in order to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever M they need in order to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever M they need in order to get the
+interest rate they have told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate they have told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate they have told you that
+the they want to have okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they want to have okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they want to have okay so that's the
+case of an expansionary monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of an expansionary monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of an expansionary monetary policy
+suppose the FED wants to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the FED wants to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the FED wants to lower the
+interest rate from here to here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate from here to here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate from here to here well
+what it needs to do is increase money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it needs to do is increase money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it needs to do is increase money
+and increase money means it goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increase money means it goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and increase money means it goes out
+there and open market operation and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and open market operation and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and open market operation and and
+and the buys bonds from the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the buys bonds from the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the buys bonds from the private
+sector okay buys bonds takes Bonds in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector okay buys bonds takes Bonds in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector okay buys bonds takes Bonds in
+and gives them Cash Money okay that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives them Cash Money okay that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gives them Cash Money okay that's an
+expansion in monetary policy an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in monetary policy an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in monetary policy an
+expansionary monetary policy will lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary monetary policy will lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary monetary policy will lower
+the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate that's an open market operation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's an open market operation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate that's an open market operation so
+that's what we just saw was exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just saw was exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we just saw was exactly that
+the the FED wants to lower the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the FED wants to lower the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the FED wants to lower the interest
+rate what it does is it goes out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what it does is it goes out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what it does is it goes out there
+it buys bonds from the private sector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it buys bonds from the private sector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it buys bonds from the private sector so
+it's balance sheet on the asset side has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's balance sheet on the asset side has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's balance sheet on the asset side has
+more bonds now but it has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bonds now but it has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bonds now but it has more
+liabilities because it gives cash to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities because it gives cash to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liabilities because it gives cash to
+people and that's the liability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that's the liability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and that's the liability of the
+central banks okay so that's that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks okay so that's that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks okay so that's that's an
+open market operation that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market operation that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market operation that's an
+expansionary open market operation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary open market operation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansionary open market operation which
+is designed to lower the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed to lower the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is designed to lower the interest rate
+okay then I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then I talked about the
+relationship between the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the interest rate
+and the price of the bond okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price of the bond okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price of the bond okay and
+that's that's a return on a bond no is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a return on a bond no is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a return on a bond no is
+is is the face value of the bond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the face value of the bond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the face value of the bond what
+you get in when the bond matures say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in when the bond matures say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get in when the bond matures say
+it's 100 it's a B for 100 minus whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100 it's a B for 100 minus whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100 it's a B for 100 minus whatever
+you pay divided by whatever you pay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay divided by whatever you pay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay divided by whatever you pay so
+say if you pay today $95 for a bond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you pay today $95 for a bond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say if you pay today $95 for a bond that
+will pay you $100 a year from now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay you $100 a year from now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pay you $100 a year from now that's
+approximately a 5% interest rate no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a 5% interest rate no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately a 5% interest rate no it's
+a little more but but that's about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more but but that's about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more but but that's about it
+okay H which is also helps in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay H which is also helps in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay H which is also helps in the
+understand a little bit what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a little bit what what what
+happens during an open market operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during an open market operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens during an open market operation
+in an open market operation an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an open market operation an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an open market operation an expansion
+in monetary policy the Central Bank goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monetary policy the Central Bank goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monetary policy the Central Bank goes
+out there and buys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and buys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and buys
+bonds what typically happens to a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds what typically happens to a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds what typically happens to a price
+of a good that is a good or an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good that is a good or an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good that is a good or an asset
+that is been bought by somebody big that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is been bought by somebody big that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is been bought by somebody big that
+has goes up or down now we have a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has goes up or down now we have a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has goes up or down now we have a big
+buyer out there that goes and buys Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer out there that goes and buys Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buyer out there that goes and buys Bond
+do you think the price of bonds will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the price of bonds will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think the price of bonds will go
+up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or
+down up no big guy buyer got into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up no big guy buyer got into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down up no big guy buyer got into the
+market to buy bonds the price of bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to buy bonds the price of bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market to buy bonds the price of bonds
+go up but if the P price of bonds goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up but if the P price of bonds goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up but if the P price of bonds goes
+up that means the interest rate goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that means the interest rate goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that means the interest rate goes
+down that's an intuitive way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's an intuitive way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that's an intuitive way of
+understanding how monetary policy lowers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how monetary policy lowers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how monetary policy lowers
+interest rate it's a big buyer buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it's a big buyer buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it's a big buyer buying
+bonds the price of bonds will go up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds the price of bonds will go up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds the price of bonds will go up but
+the interest rate and the price of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate and the price of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate and the price of the
+bond are inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related you you can see that now suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related you you can see that now suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related you you can see that now suppose
+that the initial price of the bond was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial price of the bond was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the initial price of the bond was
+95 and now the price of the bone goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 and now the price of the bone goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95 and now the price of the bone goes to
+100 the interest rate goes from a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 the interest rate goes from a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 the interest rate goes from a little
+more than 5% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 5% to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+good then I we talk about intermediaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then I we talk about intermediaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then I we talk about intermediaries
+forget it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so then we got into two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so then we got into two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so then we got into two lectures
+about the islm about the basic islm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the islm about the basic islm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the islm about the basic islm
+model and then we did one more on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then we did one more on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then we did one more on on the
+extended islm model and I told you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended islm model and I told you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended islm model and I told you that
+at least two third of your quiz will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two third of your quiz will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two third of your quiz will be
+about this so and and I I I already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so and and I I I already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so and and I I I already know
+what is in the quiz and I guarantee you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in the quiz and I guarantee you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is in the quiz and I guarantee you
+that I honor my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I honor my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I honor my my
+commitment okay so so you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment okay so so you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment okay so so you better
+understand the slm mod very very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the slm mod very very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the slm mod very very well
+now understanding the slm mod also me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now understanding the slm mod also me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now understanding the slm mod also me
+understanding the previous two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the previous two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the previous two lectures
+because we're building the islm model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're building the islm model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're building the islm model
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ER so the first thing we did here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER so the first thing we did here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER so the first thing we did here is
+said well to make this stuff a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well to make this stuff a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well to make this stuff a little
+more interest we already had a model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interest we already had a model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interest we already had a model in
+which we could find equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could find equilibrium output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we could find equilibrium output
+remember that was in in lecture three we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was in in lecture three we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was in in lecture three we
+had that that but we said but but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that that but we said but but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that that but we said but but we
+took many things as exogenous there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took many things as exogenous there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took many things as exogenous there that
+are really not exogenous in practice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really not exogenous in practice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really not exogenous in practice in
+particular private investment private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular private investment private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular private investment private
+investment certainly something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment certainly something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment certainly something that
+responds to aggregate activity and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to aggregate activity and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds to aggregate activity and to
+the cost of borrowing and things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of borrowing and things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of borrowing and things of that
+nature so what we did the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so what we did the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature so what we did the first thing we
+did here is we we changed the investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here is we we changed the investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here is we we changed the investment
+function for some constant for something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for some constant for something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for some constant for something
+that was a function of output and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a function of output and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a function of output and the
+interest rate that component here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that component here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that component here this
+this the fact that was increasing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fact that was increasing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the fact that was increasing in
+output just increased the multiplier but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output just increased the multiplier but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output just increased the multiplier but
+it didn't change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't change anything
+qualitatively in the analysis but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively in the analysis but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively in the analysis but the
+fact that it depends on the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it depends on the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it depends on the interest
+rate is important because now we have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is important because now we have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is important because now we have as
+a parameter in the in in the goods Mar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter in the in in the goods Mar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parameter in the in in the goods Mar
+in the aggregate demand curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aggregate demand curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the aggregate demand curve the
+interest rate okay when you solve out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay when you solve out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay when you solve out
+the whole thing the interest rate is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing the interest rate is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole thing the interest rate is one
+of the things that can move agregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that can move agregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that can move agregate
+demand around and and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand around and and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand around and and and that's
+important because now you can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because now you can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because now you can begin to
+see the connection between what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the connection between what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the connection between what the
+Central Bank does and how it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank does and how it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank does and how it affects
+aggregate activity because what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate activity because what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate activity because what the
+Central Bank does affect the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank does affect the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central Bank does affect the interest
+rate the Central Bank cannot go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the Central Bank cannot go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the Central Bank cannot go out
+there and buy hamburgers as I said it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and buy hamburgers as I said it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and buy hamburgers as I said it
+can go out there and buy bonds and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out there and buy bonds and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out there and buy bonds and with
+that it affects the interest rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it affects the interest rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it affects the interest rate and
+and for that to matter for the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that to matter for the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that to matter for the economy
+not only to bond holders it better be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to bond holders it better be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to bond holders it better be
+the case that that interest rate matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that that interest rate matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that that interest rate matters
+for the equilibrium level of output and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equilibrium level of output and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the equilibrium level of output and
+it does so by affecting real investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so by affecting real investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does so by affecting real investment
+okay so that's a mechanism through which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a mechanism through which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a mechanism through which
+monetary policy affect real activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy affect real activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policy affect real activity is
+through the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cost of
+borrowing we simply in in in reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing we simply in in in reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing we simply in in in reality
+consumers are also affected by that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are also affected by that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers are also affected by that by
+interest rate and so on but the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and so on but the but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate and so on but the but
+let's keep things simple and have only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep things simple and have only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep things simple and have only
+investment as a function of the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment as a function of the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment as a function of the interest
+rate and and very importantly it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and and very importantly it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and and very importantly it's a
+decreasing function of the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function of the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing function of the interest rate
+the higher interest rates the lower is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher interest rates the lower is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher interest rates the lower is
+investment for any given of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment for any given of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment for any given of output
+because it's more costly to borrow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more costly to borrow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's more costly to borrow to
+fund that investment so that gave us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund that investment so that gave us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund that investment so that gave us our
+a curve which is a the combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve which is a the combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a curve which is a the combinations of
+output and interest rate that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and interest rate that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and interest rate that are
+consistent with equilibrium in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with equilibrium in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with equilibrium in the
+Market that is when output is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market that is when output is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market that is when output is equal to
+aggregate demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand
+okay so I say yes so that point belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I say yes so that point belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I say yes so that point belongs
+to one is for one interest rate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one is for one interest rate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one is for one interest rate here
+okay so how do we construct the is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we construct the is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so how do we construct the is well
+we start moving the interest rate no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start moving the interest rate no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start moving the interest rate no so
+uh suppose we start from this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose we start from this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh suppose we start from this this is
+one point in the the point I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in the the point I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point in the the point I just showed
+you supposing that we now we increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you supposing that we now we increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you supposing that we now we increase
+the interest rate we look at the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate we look at the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate we look at the new
+equilibrium output well that Al belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output well that Al belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output well that Al belongs
+to this is okay and you can keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is okay and you can keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this is okay and you can keep moving
+the interest rate around so you move ZZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate around so you move ZZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate around so you move ZZ
+around only by moving the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around only by moving the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around only by moving the interest rate
+don't move g t anything else only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move g t anything else only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't move g t anything else only by
+moving the interest rate and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the interest rate and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving the interest rate and then you
+can trace an is curve okay if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trace an is curve okay if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trace an is curve okay if you move
+other parameter than the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameter than the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parameter than the interest rate
+then it's a move it's a shift in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a move it's a shift in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a move it's a shift in the
+curve it's not a movement along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's not a movement along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve it's not a movement along the
+curve so if for example if I increase G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so if for example if I increase G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so if for example if I increase G
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happens with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with this
+curve the curve shift to the right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the curve shift to the right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the curve shift to the right okay
+because now for any given level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now for any given level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now for any given level of
+interest rate output will be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate output will be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate output will be higher
+because aggregate demand moves up and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because aggregate demand moves up and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because aggregate demand moves up and so
+that's a shift to the right of theare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a shift to the right of theare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a shift to the right of theare
+good that's an example of the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's an example of the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's an example of the opposite
+is an increasing taxes well it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an increasing taxes well it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an increasing taxes well it will
+shift the yes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+left the L relationship is we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the L relationship is we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the L relationship is we already
+described it is is no equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it is is no equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it is is no equilibrium in
+financial markets but we said the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets but we said the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets but we said the way
+monetary policies conducted is the Fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policies conducted is the Fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monetary policies conducted is the Fed
+sets the interest rate and then money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the interest rate and then money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the interest rate and then money is
+whatever the market needs in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the market needs in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever the market needs in order for
+that to be the equilibrium interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be the equilibrium interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be the equilibrium interest rate
+so the mod LM if you will is horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mod LM if you will is horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mod LM if you will is horizontal
+it's like that okay so now we're set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that okay so now we're set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that okay so now we're set
+because once the FED decides to set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once the FED decides to set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once the FED decides to set this
+interest rate we can find not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate we can find not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate we can find not only the
+equilibrium combinations of interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium combinations of interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium combinations of interest
+rate and output that are consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and output that are consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and output that are consistent with
+equilibrium in the Goods Market but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Goods Market but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Goods Market but the
+particular equilibrium level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equilibrium level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equilibrium level of output
+that is consistent with that interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consistent with that interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is consistent with that interest
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+and that's exactly equilibrium out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly equilibrium out okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly equilibrium out okay
+so given the LM now I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given the LM now I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given the LM now I looked at
+intersection with my is and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with my is and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with my is and that gives
+me equilibrium output for that level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me equilibrium output for that level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me equilibrium output for that level of
+the interest rate which has been set by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate which has been set by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate which has been set by
+the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then you can use this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can use this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can use this model
+this is a very powerful little model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very powerful little model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very powerful little model
+because now you can do lots of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you can do lots of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you can do lots of things
+with it no for example H that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it no for example H that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it no for example H that's a
+contractionary fiscal policy that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contractionary fiscal policy that's what
+happens when you reduce G or when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you reduce G or when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you reduce G or when you
+you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T what happens if you reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what happens if you reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T what happens if you reduce
+G and T by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amount you see what I'm doing and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you see what I'm doing and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount you see what I'm doing and maybe
+if you that that's often done is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you that that's often done is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you that that's often done is okay
+you can increase govern expend but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase govern expend but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can increase govern expend but then
+you find a source of Revenue or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a source of Revenue or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a source of Revenue or or or
+reduced govern expenditure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced govern expenditure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced govern expenditure but
+then you don't need to generate fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need to generate fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need to generate fiscal
+Surplus so on so when I'm saying this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus so on so when I'm saying this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surplus so on so when I'm saying this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+Balan Balan budget fiscal policy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balan Balan budget fiscal policy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Balan Balan budget fiscal policy that's
+what it's called okay what if I move G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called okay what if I move G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's called okay what if I move G
+and T by the same amount does that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move
+yeah because the multip next to T is c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the multip next to T is c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the multip next to T is c0
+in the equation original equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation original equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the equation original equation so
+c0 C1 okay perfect yeah yeah so in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 C1 okay perfect yeah yeah so in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 C1 okay perfect yeah yeah so in which
+direction does it move so if I reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction does it move so if I reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction does it move so if I reduce
+G and reduce T by the same amount what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and reduce T by the same amount what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and reduce T by the same amount what
+happens to the I moves to the left or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the I moves to the left or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to the I moves to the left or to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+right yeah it moves to the left left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah it moves to the left left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah it moves to the left left
+because why is that I can always go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is that I can always go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why is that I can always go back
+to my basic Goods market equilibrium mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my basic Goods market equilibrium mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my basic Goods market equilibrium mod
+if I reduce G by one that reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I reduce G by one that reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I reduce G by one that reduces
+aggregate demand one by one one for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand one by one one for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand one by one one for one
+and then the multiplier sort of kicks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the multiplier sort of kicks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the multiplier sort of kicks in
+if I REM but the initial change shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I REM but the initial change shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I REM but the initial change shift
+down is one if I if I reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is one if I if I reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down is one if I if I reduce
+taxes I increase aggregate demand but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes I increase aggregate demand but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxes I increase aggregate demand but by
+C1 times one no and so I had a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 times one no and so I had a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 times one no and so I had a reduction
+in a demand of one and I had an increas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a demand of one and I had an increas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a demand of one and I had an increas
+in aggre demand of C1 1 minus C1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aggre demand of C1 1 minus C1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in aggre demand of C1 1 minus C1 is
+greater than zero that's the reason you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero that's the reason you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero that's the reason you
+have a net a reduction in in agre demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hint this is not a random thought I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint this is not a random thought I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint this is not a random thought I have
+okay so so do understand it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's monetary
+policy ER so um we that's an expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy ER so um we that's an expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy ER so um we that's an expansion
+in monetary policy and in equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monetary policy and in equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in monetary policy and in equilibrium
+why is spary so cutting interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is spary so cutting interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is spary so cutting interest rate
+course it will increase equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it will increase equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it will increase equilibrium
+output that's a case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's a case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output that's a case in
+which the FED probably is unhappy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the FED probably is unhappy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the FED probably is unhappy with
+this low level of output maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low level of output maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this low level of output maybe it's a
+recession so one of the main policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession so one of the main policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession so one of the main policy
+tools we have to fight a recession is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we have to fight a recession is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we have to fight a recession is to
+lower the interest rate and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the interest rate and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the interest rate and you can see
+here how lowering the interest rate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how lowering the interest rate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here how lowering the interest rate will
+increase equilibrium output how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase equilibrium output how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase equilibrium output how does it
+happen why is it that this happen why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen why is it that this happen why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen why is it that this happen why is
+it that equilibrium output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rises exactly it's because increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises exactly it's because increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rises exactly it's because increasing
+investment that gives us the first kick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that gives us the first kick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment that gives us the first kick
+and once equilibrium starts Rising then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once equilibrium starts Rising then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once equilibrium starts Rising then
+consumption Rises and we get the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Rises and we get the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption Rises and we get the whole
+the whole multiply but the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole multiply but the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole multiply but the initial
+impulse is exactly because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse is exactly because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse is exactly because there
+increase in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+investment H how does it Implement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment H how does it Implement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment H how does it Implement that
+open market operation so what the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market operation so what the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open market operation so what the FED
+will do if it wants to cut the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do if it wants to cut the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do if it wants to cut the interest
+rate it goes out there buys bonds from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it goes out there buys bonds from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate it goes out there buys bonds from
+the public and gives him money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public and gives him money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public and gives him money in
+exchange okay and that's what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange okay and that's what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange okay and that's what happens
+here and then I talk about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I talk about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I talk about different
+policy mixes no this this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy mixes no this this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy mixes no this this is what
+typically when an economy is deep into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when an economy is deep into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when an economy is deep into
+recession you're going to see both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession you're going to see both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recession you're going to see both
+policies that work at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that work at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that work at the same time
+that's very powerful that's a case in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very powerful that's a case in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very powerful that's a case in
+which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in
+which you know we have a very we cut we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know we have a very we cut we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know we have a very we cut we
+have an expansionary monetary policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expansionary monetary policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an expansionary monetary policy
+that shift is down and an expansionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift is down and an expansionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shift is down and an expansionary
+fiscal policy and uh you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy and uh you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal policy and uh you know that's
+definitely what we did during covid was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely what we did during covid was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely what we did during covid was
+massive and during the global financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive and during the global financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive and during the global financial
+crisis so typically big recessions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis so typically big recessions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis so typically big recessions will
+lead to any recession will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to any recession will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to any recession will lead to
+something like that obviously if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that obviously if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that obviously if it is
+Big you're going to have to a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big you're going to have to a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big you're going to have to a bigger
+combination of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of this kind of
+stuff some problems that that monetary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff some problems that that monetary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff some problems that that monetary
+policy May face is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy May face is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy May face is that you know
+sometimes you hit a Zer lower bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you hit a Zer lower bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you hit a Zer lower bound and
+then when you hit a zero lower bound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you hit a zero lower bound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you hit a zero lower bound is
+you just can't lower the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't lower the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't lower the interest rate
+more you lose monetary policy you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you lose monetary policy you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you lose monetary policy you need
+to do other stuff and typically fiscal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do other stuff and typically fiscal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do other stuff and typically fiscal
+policy then becomes very very active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy then becomes very very active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy then becomes very very active
+okay and this is not just a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is not just a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is not just a the
+theoretical curiosity I mean we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical curiosity I mean we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical curiosity I mean we have
+been against zero lower Bound for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been against zero lower Bound for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been against zero lower Bound for a
+sustain amount of time during the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain amount of time during the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain amount of time during the last
+20 years or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh that's another policy mix as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh that's another policy mix as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh that's another policy mix as well
+that suppose that you need to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose that you need to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose that you need to do a
+fiscal adjustment I said so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal adjustment I said so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiscal adjustment I said so you want to
+reduce the deficit reduce G but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the deficit reduce G but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the deficit reduce G but you
+don't want to have a recession as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have a recession as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have a recession as a
+result of that one way you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that one way you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of that one way you can do that
+is by you know you have a a contraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by you know you have a a contraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by you know you have a a contraction
+in G or increase in taxes that's contra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G or increase in taxes that's contra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G or increase in taxes that's contra
+actionary but you can offset it with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionary but you can offset it with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actionary but you can offset it with an
+expansion in monetary policy I think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in monetary policy I think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion in monetary policy I think in
+the quiz somewhere you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz somewhere you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz somewhere you have a question
+not I don't think there specific to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't think there specific to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I don't think there specific to this
+but in which you're asked to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in which you're asked to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in which you're asked to compensate
+for something with something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something with something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something with something and
+something like that okay so some curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so some curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that okay so some curve
+move and then you are asked to offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and then you are asked to offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and then you are asked to offset
+that effect on output okay so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effect on output okay so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that effect on output okay so you should
+understand these kind of things The Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these kind of things The Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these kind of things The Next
+Step was to extend a little bit our eslm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step was to extend a little bit our eslm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step was to extend a little bit our eslm
+model and by extension we said well look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and by extension we said well look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and by extension we said well look
+at this moment we have only a um prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment we have only a um prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this moment we have only a um prices
+are completely fixed but in reality we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely fixed but in reality we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are completely fixed but in reality we
+have inflation and so the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inflation and so the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have inflation and so the nominal
+interest rate is not really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is not really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is not really the
+effective cost of capital for a company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective cost of capital for a company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective cost of capital for a company
+a company that wants to fund a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that wants to fund a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company that wants to fund a real
+investment is more concerned with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is more concerned with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment is more concerned with the
+real interest rate is pain not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is pain not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is pain not the
+nominal interest rate so with prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate so with prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate so with prices
+that are constant There's no distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are constant There's no distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are constant There's no distinction
+but if you have positive inflation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have positive inflation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have positive inflation then
+then then the distinction makes a makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the distinction makes a makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then the distinction makes a makes
+a difference that's the reason we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference that's the reason we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a difference that's the reason we wanted
+to talk about that and the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that and the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about that and the second thing
+is that the same firms are are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the same firms are are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the same firms are are very
+unlikely to pay the same that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to pay the same that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to pay the same that the
+treasury pays for borrowing pay it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury pays for borrowing pay it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury pays for borrowing pay it's a
+risky proposition to invest in bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky proposition to invest in bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky proposition to invest in bonds
+issued by a corporation and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by a corporation and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued by a corporation and therefore
+they're going to have to pay a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have to pay a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have to pay a risk
+premium for that okay and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium for that okay and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium for that okay and so the
+importance of these two things is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of these two things is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of these two things is that
+ER we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER we ended
+up with an islm M that have now had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an islm M that have now had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an islm M that have now had
+something a little more complicated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more complicated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little more complicated here
+because it didn't have only the nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't have only the nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't have only the nominal
+interest rate but also had expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate but also had expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate but also had expected
+inflation if for any given nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation if for any given nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation if for any given nominal
+interest rate if if uh we expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate if if uh we expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate if if uh we expect a
+higher inflation that means a lower real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher inflation that means a lower real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher inflation that means a lower real
+interest rate okay so so for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay so so for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate okay so so for any given
+nominal interest rate if expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate if expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal interest rate if expected
+inflation goes up that's expansionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation goes up that's expansionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation goes up that's expansionary
+really for firms okay it's like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for firms okay it's like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really for firms okay it's like it's
+cheaper in a sense to borrow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper in a sense to borrow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper in a sense to borrow okay
+conversely if x goes up the great spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if x goes up the great spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversely if x goes up the great spread
+goes up that's contractionary because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up that's contractionary because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up that's contractionary because
+it's now more expensive for the firms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now more expensive for the firms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now more expensive for the firms to
+borrow for any given real interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow for any given real interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow for any given real interest rate
+okay so we can we can this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can we can this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can we can this is called
+extended islm model simply because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended islm model simply because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended islm model simply because it
+has been extended to incorporate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extended to incorporate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been extended to incorporate this
+these add additional factors and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these add additional factors and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these add additional factors and now you
+have two more parameters in your in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two more parameters in your in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two more parameters in your in your
+model which is expected inflation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is expected inflation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is expected inflation and
+the credit spreads okay so if you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit spreads okay so if you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the credit spreads okay so if you move
+either of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either of
+these you're going to going to move your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you're going to going to move your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you're going to going to move your
+aggregate demand curve in the Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand curve in the Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand curve in the Goods
+Market no and it's going to move for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market no and it's going to move for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market no and it's going to move for
+exactly the same reasons that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same reasons that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same reasons that that
+aggregate demand move when you move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand move when you move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand move when you move the
+interest rate it enters symmetrically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it enters symmetrically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate it enters symmetrically in
+this model these guys here enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model these guys here enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model these guys here enter
+completely symmetrically with then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely symmetrically with then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely symmetrically with then the
+interest rate so whatever was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so whatever was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so whatever was the
+comparative Statics you had with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative Statics you had with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparative Statics you had with respect
+to the nominal interest rate before they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nominal interest rate before they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the nominal interest rate before they
+appli to x minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appli to x minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appli to x minus
+Pi what I'm trying to say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi what I'm trying to say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi what I'm trying to say is
+if I if you know how what is the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if you know how what is the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if you know how what is the change
+in equilibrium output as a response as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium output as a response as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in equilibrium output as a response as a
+result of an increase in 100 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of an increase in 100 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of an increase in 100 basis
+points on the nominal interest rate then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the nominal interest rate then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on the nominal interest rate then
+you know what is a response of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is a response of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what is a response of
+equilibrium output to an increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output to an increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium output to an increasing
+credit spreads of 100 basis points or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit spreads of 100 basis points or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit spreads of 100 basis points or to
+a reduction or or to a reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction or or to a reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction or or to a reduction in
+expected inflation of 100 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation of 100 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation of 100 basis points
+the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire
+symmetric okay because that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay because that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay because that's a that's a
+channel is the it's the real it's a cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel is the it's the real it's a cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel is the it's the real it's a cost
+of capital Channel you know for the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital Channel you know for the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital Channel you know for the firm
+that's they're all entering exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's they're all entering exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's they're all entering exactly
+through the same the same place but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same the same place but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the same the same place but the
+but the the FED doesn't control this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the FED doesn't control this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the FED doesn't control this guy
+it controls only the nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it controls only the nominal interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it controls only the nominal interest
+rate okay so anyways so these are new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay so anyways so these are new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay so anyways so these are new
+parameters here so this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here so this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here so this is an example
+here that's an example in which credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's an example in which credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's an example in which credit
+spreads or respected inflation went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads or respected inflation went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads or respected inflation went
+up sorry whether CR spreads went down or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sorry whether CR spreads went down or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up sorry whether CR spreads went down or
+expected inflation went up up okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation went up up okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation went up up okay and
+that's expansionary that will increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's expansionary that will increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's expansionary that will increase
+aggregate demand because for any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand because for any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate demand because for any given
+level of output now there will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output now there will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output now there will be more
+investment okay cre spreads are lower or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay cre spreads are lower or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment okay cre spreads are lower or
+expected inflation is higher mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is higher mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected inflation is higher mean the
+real interest rate is lower for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is lower for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate is lower for any
+given nominal interest rate so if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given nominal interest rate so if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given nominal interest rate so if the if
+if the FED doesn't react to that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the FED doesn't react to that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the FED doesn't react to that that's
+going to lead to an expansion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+output of course the FED could react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of course the FED could react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of course the FED could react to
+that suppose the FED is okay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose the FED is okay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose the FED is okay with the
+level of output we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of output we
+have okay suppose it's a level of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay suppose it's a level of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay suppose it's a level of output
+and the F seeing credit spreads falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the F seeing credit spreads falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the F seeing credit spreads falling
+so output is expanding but the FED says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so output is expanding but the FED says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so output is expanding but the FED says
+no no no the level of output y z was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no the level of output y z was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no no the level of output y z was
+what I needed I don't want y1 what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I needed I don't want y1 what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I needed I don't want y1 what would
+the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FED
+do increase the interest rate exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do increase the interest rate exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do increase the interest rate exactly
+and it's very easy to see in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very easy to see in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very easy to see in this
+expression here that that if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here that that if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here that that if you don't
+want this guy the total sum to move then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this guy the total sum to move then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this guy the total sum to move then
+if this guy moves down or or this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this guy moves down or or this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this guy moves down or or this guy
+moves up then I need to move I exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up then I need to move I exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up then I need to move I exactly
+to offset that and that's it it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offset that and that's it it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offset that and that's it it's very
+easy to calculate I don't need to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to calculate I don't need to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to calculate I don't need to solve
+my whole model actually you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my whole model actually you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my whole model actually you know you
+tell me this thing in net went down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me this thing in net went down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me this thing in net went down by
+100 basis points if I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 basis points if I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 basis points if I don't want to
+change output then I need to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change output then I need to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change output then I need to increase
+the interest rate by 100 basis points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate by 100 basis points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate by 100 basis points so
+I don't change the cost of borrowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't change the cost of borrowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't change the cost of borrowing the
+effective cost of borrowing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective cost of borrowing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective cost of borrowing for
+corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations
+okay in fact this is exactly what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact this is exactly what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact this is exactly what is
+going on right now in the US economy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now in the US economy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on right now in the US economy you
+know every time markets get very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every time markets get very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know every time markets get very excited
+credit specs are compressed the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit specs are compressed the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit specs are compressed the stock
+market goes up the FED comes out and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market goes up the FED comes out and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market goes up the FED comes out and say
+come on guys I mean we have inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on guys I mean we have inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on guys I mean we have inflation
+problem I'm going to need to keep hiking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm going to need to keep hiking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I'm going to need to keep hiking
+interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates
+because I need to offset Your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to offset Your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I need to offset Your
+Enthusiasm they don't use those words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enthusiasm they don't use those words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enthusiasm they don't use those words
+but that's exactly what happened I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly what happened I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's exactly what happened I mean
+chairman pow was testifying in Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman pow was testifying in Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairman pow was testifying in Congress
+yesterday and today and that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and today and that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and today and that's what he
+said I me just giving you a summary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I me just giving you a summary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I me just giving you a summary of
+what he said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now a problem that the Central Bank May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a problem that the Central Bank May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a problem that the Central Bank May
+face suppose you have the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face suppose you have the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face suppose you have the opposite
+situation is that one in which credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is that one in which credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is that one in which credit
+spreads are going up a lot and expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads are going up a lot and expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreads are going up a lot and expected
+inflation is declining a lot and the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is declining a lot and the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is declining a lot and the FED
+doesn't want output to the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want output to the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want output to the client
+because that combination will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that combination will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that combination will lead to
+reduction in output so the FED wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in output so the FED wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction in output so the FED wants to
+cut interest rate what problem may it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+face it's zero lower bound it may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's zero lower bound it may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's zero lower bound it may not be
+able to bring interest rate as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to bring interest rate as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to bring interest rate as much as
+because suppose that the the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because suppose that the the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because suppose that the the interest
+rate today is is a is a 50 basis point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate today is is a is a 50 basis point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate today is is a is a 50 basis point
+it's not the case today but it was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case today but it was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the case today but it was two
+years ago 50 basis point 25 basis points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago 50 basis point 25 basis points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago 50 basis point 25 basis points
+and cre spreads go up by 200 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cre spreads go up by 200 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cre spreads go up by 200 basis
+points well there's no way the FED can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points well there's no way the FED can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points well there's no way the FED can
+upset that no because he has maximum 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that no because he has maximum 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that no because he has maximum 25
+basis points to lower and cre the spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points to lower and cre the spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points to lower and cre the spread
+went up by 100 basis points and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up by 100 basis points and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up by 100 basis points and that's
+when you start seeing all these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start seeing all these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start seeing all these more
+exotic policies quantitive eing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic policies quantitive eing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exotic policies quantitive eing and
+other things to offset the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to offset the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things to offset the negative
+impact of the of the increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the of the increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the of the increase in the
+greater spreads in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater spreads in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater spreads in the
+economy and the last thing we we did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and the last thing we we did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and the last thing we we did was
+to begin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to begin a
+a our transitions to medium run issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a our transitions to medium run issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a our transitions to medium run issues
+and and the whole thing began from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the whole thing began from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the whole thing began from the
+labor market now you're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market now you're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor market now you're going to get a
+little bit in the quiz of that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the quiz of that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the quiz of that but it's
+not going to be as important as what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be as important as what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be as important as what I
+just described but a little bit you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described but a little bit you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just described but a little bit you're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+have and the basic uh well definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the basic uh well definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and the basic uh well definitions
+you should should know the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should should know the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should should know the basic
+definitions well this was the first a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions well this was the first a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions well this was the first a a
+important equation we have a a wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equation we have a a wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important equation we have a a wage
+setting equation that says essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting equation that says essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting equation that says essentially
+that wages are increasing in expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wages are increasing in expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wages are increasing in expected
+prices obviously the nominal wage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices obviously the nominal wage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices obviously the nominal wage the
+workers are going to demand is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are going to demand is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers are going to demand is going to
+be higher if they expect the price level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher if they expect the price level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher if they expect the price level
+to be higher in the future but important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be higher in the future but important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be higher in the future but important
+is decreasing in unemployment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decreasing in unemployment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decreasing in unemployment and
+increasing in this in this variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in this in this variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing in this in this variable that
+represents sort of their bargaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents sort of their bargaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents sort of their bargaining
+power and so on H then we look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so on H then we look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and so on H then we look at what
+happened on the on the product on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the on the product on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the on the product on the
+price setting side meaning what firms do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting side meaning what firms do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price setting side meaning what firms do
+and for that we had to start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we had to start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for that we had to start with the
+production function we had a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function we had a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function we had a very simple
+production function which said if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function which said if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production function which said if you
+want to produce one more unit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce one more unit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to produce one more unit of the
+good you need to have one more worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you need to have one more worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you need to have one more worker
+that means that the marginal cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the marginal cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the marginal cost of
+production is the wage so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is the wage so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is the wage so it's very
+simple and then we said we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and then we said we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and then we said we're going to
+have a very simple model in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very simple model in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very simple model in which the
+the firms charge their marginal cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms charge their marginal cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the firms charge their marginal cost
+which is the wage times a marup 1 plus M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the wage times a marup 1 plus M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the wage times a marup 1 plus M
+so m is a number like say2 okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is a number like say2 okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so m is a number like say2 okay so if
+the wage is 100 the markup is 20% they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage is 100 the markup is 20% they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wage is 100 the markup is 20% they
+want the price of they're want to charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the price of they're want to charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the price of they're want to charge
+a price of 120 we can rearrange this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price of 120 we can rearrange this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price of 120 we can rearrange this in
+terms of wages and you can say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of wages and you can say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of wages and you can say well the
+firm the maximum real wage that firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the maximum real wage that firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the maximum real wage that firms
+collectively are willing to pay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively are willing to pay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectively are willing to pay is
+really one over one plus the market okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one over one plus the market okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one over one plus the market okay
+that's just from that so then we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just from that so then we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just from that so then we look at
+a concept that that is important which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept that that is important which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concept that that is important which
+is the natural rate of unemployment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural rate of unemployment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the natural rate of unemployment and
+we said the natural rate of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the natural rate of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said the natural rate of unemployment
+has nothing of natural it just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing of natural it just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has nothing of natural it just means
+that is the level of unemployment when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the level of unemployment when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the level of unemployment when
+the price is equal to expected price or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is equal to expected price or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price is equal to expected price or
+expected price equal to the price you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price equal to the price you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price equal to the price you
+pick okay so all that we did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so all that we did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick okay so all that we did was to
+replacing the weight setting equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the weight setting equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the weight setting equation
+the expected price for the actual price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected price for the actual price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected price for the actual price
+and then we divided both sides and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we divided both sides and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we divided both sides and now
+we have this real wage Demand by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this real wage Demand by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this real wage Demand by by
+workers when the price is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers when the price is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers when the price is equal to
+expected price and we also had a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price and we also had a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected price and we also had a price
+set in equation we can and I said when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in equation we can and I said when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in equation we can and I said when
+we replace P for p then I get the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace P for p then I get the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace P for p then I get the right
+to put an n superscript n there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an n superscript n there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put an n superscript n there that's
+the natural rate of unemployment because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural rate of unemployment because
+that's my definition of the natural rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my definition of the natural rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my definition of the natural rate
+ofemployment what happens when I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofemployment what happens when I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofemployment what happens when I can
+replace in the weight setting equation H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace in the weight setting equation H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace in the weight setting equation H
+the the expected price for the price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expected price for the price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the expected price for the price and
+we look at the at the natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the at the natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the at the natural rate of
+unemployment what is equilibrium here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment what is equilibrium here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment what is equilibrium here of
+the price setting equation has an imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price setting equation has an imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price setting equation has an imply
+real wage of 1 over 1 plus M and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real wage of 1 over 1 plus M and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real wage of 1 over 1 plus M and that's
+a wage setting equation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wage setting equation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wage setting equation which is
+obviously decreasing unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously decreasing unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously decreasing unemployment
+because the higher is unemployment the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the higher is unemployment the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the higher is unemployment the
+lower the wage Demand by the workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the wage Demand by the workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower the wage Demand by the workers
+okay and that's one natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's one natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's one natural rate of
+unemployment again nothing natural is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment again nothing natural is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment again nothing natural is a
+function of parameters which parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of parameters which parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of parameters which parameters
+well it's a function of that markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a function of that markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's a function of that markup
+parameter it's a function of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's a function of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's a function of this
+institutional variable Z for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional variable Z for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional variable Z for example
+okay so that's in equations that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's in equations that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's in equations that's an
+example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in
+which Z goes up so suppose that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Z goes up so suppose that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Z goes up so suppose that somehow
+you know unions go up or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unions go up or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know unions go up or something like
+unionization goes up something of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unionization goes up something of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unionization goes up something of that
+kind or an employment benefits go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind or an employment benefits go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind or an employment benefits go up
+something of that kind which in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that kind which in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of that kind which in in
+principle is supportive of workers well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is supportive of workers well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle is supportive of workers well
+in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model
+that will immediately lead to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will immediately lead to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will immediately lead to an
+increasing wage demand for at this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing wage demand for at this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing wage demand for at this level
+of unemployment there going to be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment there going to be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unemployment there going to be a a
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+demand higher real wage Demand by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand higher real wage Demand by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand higher real wage Demand by the
+workers because they have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers because they have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers because they have more
+bargaining power now in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power now in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargaining power now in this particular
+model that that cannot happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that that cannot happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that that cannot happen because
+the real wage that firms can are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real wage that firms can are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real wage that firms can are willing
+to pay is only this one one plus M so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay is only this one one plus M so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay is only this one one plus M so in
+order to restore equilibrium in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to restore equilibrium in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to restore equilibrium in the in
+the labor market what has to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market what has to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the labor market what has to happen is
+unemployment natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment natural rate of
+unemployment will go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment will go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment will go up
+and and that that will restore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that will restore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that that will restore
+equilibrium here because well workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium here because well workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium here because well workers
+the the the bargaining power workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the bargaining power workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the bargaining power workers
+gain through those benefits in Z they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain through those benefits in Z they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain through those benefits in Z they
+end up losing by an increas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up losing by an increas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up losing by an increas in the
+equilibrium level of unemployment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium level of unemployment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium level of unemployment okay
+so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+reason hear this stuff backfiring as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason hear this stuff backfiring as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason hear this stuff backfiring as to
+the workers because you know you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers because you know you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the workers because you know you end up
+with higher natural rate of unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher natural rate of unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with higher natural rate of unemployment
+so Europe for example has much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Europe for example has much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Europe for example has much higher
+labor protection than the US well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor protection than the US well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor protection than the US well they
+typically have a much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have a much higher
+unemployment rate than the US okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate than the US okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate than the US okay so
+that tradeoffs all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tradeoffs all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tradeoffs all these
+things that's a case of increaseing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's a case of increaseing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's a case of increaseing the
+markup and increasing the markup means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup and increasing the markup means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup and increasing the markup means
+effectively that the firms are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively that the firms are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively that the firms are going
+offering a lower real wage well at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering a lower real wage well at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offering a lower real wage well at this
+level of unemployment workers are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of unemployment workers are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of unemployment workers are not
+going to take that lower real wage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that lower real wage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take that lower real wage so
+what will have to happen for workers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will have to happen for workers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will have to happen for workers to
+take that low lower real wage is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that low lower real wage is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that low lower real wage is for
+unemployment to rise okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment to rise okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment to rise okay so those are
+the two canonical experiments you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two canonical experiments you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two canonical experiments you can
+have here it's what happens when markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here it's what happens when markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here it's what happens when markets
+go up and that can go they can go up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and that can go they can go up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and that can go they can go up for
+for the wrong reason it could be for oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wrong reason it could be for oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wrong reason it could be for oil
+shocks and stuff like that it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and stuff like that it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks and stuff like that it could be
+because the market becomes less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market becomes less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the market becomes less
+competitive allistic firms and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive allistic firms and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive allistic firms and so on but
+the final outcome here is that we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final outcome here is that we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final outcome here is that we end up
+with a higher natural rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher natural rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher natural rate of
+unemployment which again highlights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment which again highlights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment which again highlights the
+idea that this is not a g given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that this is not a g given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that this is not a g given
+unemployment rate so it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate so it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment rate so it's not it's not
+good in any sense it's it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in any sense it's it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in any sense it's it's just
+whatever it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibri okay uh anyway so you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibri okay uh anyway so you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibri okay uh anyway so you should
+understand well what these two type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well what these two type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand well what these two type of
+shocks do to the natur rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks do to the natur rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocks do to the natur rate of
+unemployment I think that's because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment I think that's because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unemployment I think that's because then
+lecture nine is not for this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quiz that's all I want to say any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y this I think so I think is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this I think so I think is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y this I think so I think is that the
+same a as next to the yeah this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same a as next to the yeah this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same a as next to the yeah this is the
+C you you want me to explain this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you you want me to explain this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C you you want me to explain this this
+this yeah yeah it is a CR spread I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah yeah it is a CR spread I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah yeah it is a CR spread I said
+that's the way you calculate this CR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way you calculate this CR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way you calculate this CR
+spread here it's um remember there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread here it's um remember there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread here it's um remember there are
+two reasons why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um do you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do you really want to
+know in anyway let me let me say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in anyway let me let me say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in anyway let me let me say so
+there are two reasons why the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two reasons why the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two reasons why the credit
+Express really happen one is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express really happen one is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express really happen one is the actual
+probability of the fault of a bond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the fault of a bond which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the fault of a bond which
+the treasury has a very low priority def
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury has a very low priority def
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury has a very low priority def
+fall corporations depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall corporations depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall corporations depending on the
+ratings they may have higher or lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings they may have higher or lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings they may have higher or lower
+and the other one which is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one which is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one which is very
+significant is how risk averse investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant is how risk averse investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant is how risk averse investors
+are and that risk aversion changes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that risk aversion changes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and that risk aversion changes a lot
+over the business cycle H we capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the business cycle H we capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the business cycle H we capture
+everything through just that X spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything through just that X spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything through just that X spread
+which we we capture it through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we we capture it through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we we capture it through this
+probability of theault but you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of theault but you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of theault but you can think
+that prity of the fault as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prity of the fault as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prity of the fault as being the
+perceived priority of the fault and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived priority of the fault and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived priority of the fault and when
+you're very scared you perceive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very scared you perceive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're very scared you perceive that
+terrible things can happen so so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible things can happen so so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible things can happen so so it's a
+subjective priority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective priority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjective priority of the
+fault so when that priority of the fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault so when that priority of the fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault so when that priority of the fault
+is different from zero then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from zero then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from zero then you start
+getting a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a positive
+spread how impactful is the actual def I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread how impactful is the actual def I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread how impactful is the actual def I
+know there were some recent defaults in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there were some recent defaults in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there were some recent defaults in
+at least the European like real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the European like real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the European like real estate
+markets yeah um like how I guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets yeah um like how I guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets yeah um like how I guess is
+there a difference between like a fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a difference between like a fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a difference between like a fear
+of a default and like an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a default and like an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a default and like an actual
+implications as oh this is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications as oh this is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications as oh this is all about
+perceived risk so it's because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived risk so it's because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived risk so it's because this is
+this determines the the borrowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determines the the borrowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determines the the borrowing that
+firms can do the cost for firms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms can do the cost for firms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms can do the cost for firms of
+borrowing if you already defaulted you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing if you already defaulted you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing if you already defaulted you
+cannot borrow so that's that's over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot borrow so that's that's over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot borrow so that's that's over that
+that has other consequences it may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has other consequences it may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has other consequences it may have
+impact on the balance sheet of the banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the balance sheet of the banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact on the balance sheet of the banks
+it's destruction of wealth it may lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's destruction of wealth it may lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's destruction of wealth it may lead
+to other problems but the problem we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other problems but the problem we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to other problems but the problem we're
+highlighting here in this model is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting here in this model is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting here in this model is the
+cost of borrowing and that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of borrowing and that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of borrowing and that is something
+that happens only before you default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean actual defaults especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean actual defaults especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean actual defaults especially
+typically in developers and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in developers and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically in developers and stuff like
+that can and that's what happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can and that's what happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can and that's what happen in the
+Great Recession ER can have consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Recession ER can have consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Recession ER can have consequences
+especially for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially for the
+banks that typically lend to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that typically lend to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that typically lend to this
+developers and so on but I I may do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and so on but I I may do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and so on but I I may do
+something about financial crisis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about financial crisis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about financial crisis but
+much later in the course at the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later in the course at the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much later in the course at the end okay
+well good luck enjoy it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good luck enjoy it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well good luck enjoy it if you
+understood what I said today you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what I said today you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood what I said today you're
+you're in good shape for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XOfD39Pr4ZU.txt b/XOfD39Pr4ZU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6868156ba1ddbe3323a854b0a0cf1b633427b6af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XOfD39Pr4ZU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+think how does one understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how does one understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how does one understand the
+passage of time how do we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of time how do we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passage of time how do we understand the
+evolution of humanity's most dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of humanity's most dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of humanity's most dynamic
+invention the city look closely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention the city look closely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention the city look closely and
+carefully try to see how the layers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully try to see how the layers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully try to see how the layers of
+history have accumulated cities are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history have accumulated cities are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history have accumulated cities are the
+products of the actions of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the actions of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products of the actions of millions of
+people and countless decisions public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and countless decisions public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and countless decisions public
+and private how do all the pieces styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and private how do all the pieces styles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and private how do all the pieces styles
+and times fit together how does one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times fit together how does one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and times fit together how does one
+understand processes as trends at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand processes as trends at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand processes as trends at once
+part of the past and of the future and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the past and of the future and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the past and of the future and
+how will the new fit into the fabric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the new fit into the fabric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the new fit into the fabric
+when it loses that newness in a place as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it loses that newness in a place as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it loses that newness in a place as
+old as Cambridge what's a dormitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old as Cambridge what's a dormitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old as Cambridge what's a dormitory
+today might easily have played host to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today might easily have played host to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today might easily have played host to
+critical junctures in history without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical junctures in history without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical junctures in history without
+understanding our surroundings we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding our surroundings we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding our surroundings we can
+only inhabit the prison signs may reveal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inhabit the prison signs may reveal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only inhabit the prison signs may reveal
+that which is all but forgotten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is all but forgotten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which is all but forgotten and
+invisible that which may seem eternal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible that which may seem eternal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invisible that which may seem eternal
+like a river may be subject to great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a river may be subject to great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a river may be subject to great
+change on our own campus the great domes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change on our own campus the great domes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change on our own campus the great domes
+date stone recalls its own construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date stone recalls its own construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date stone recalls its own construction
+while the columns that support it allude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the columns that support it allude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the columns that support it allude
+to things far older preserving the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things far older preserving the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things far older preserving the past
+is often impossible all around MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often impossible all around MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is often impossible all around MIT and
+the region as a whole construction sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region as a whole construction sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region as a whole construction sites
+testified to the constant destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testified to the constant destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testified to the constant destruction
+and remaking of the city even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remaking of the city even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remaking of the city even when
+structures stand the test of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures stand the test of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures stand the test of time the
+ways of life that they represent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of life that they represent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of life that they represent and
+that they once enabled are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they once enabled are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they once enabled are often
+irrevocably lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrevocably lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrevocably lost
+in Fort Point fading signs for leather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fort Point fading signs for leather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Fort Point fading signs for leather
+and metal manufacturing advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metal manufacturing advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and metal manufacturing advertise
+services that have long since departed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that have long since departed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services that have long since departed
+across the channel in the city's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the channel in the city's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the channel in the city's
+financial district economic trends such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial district economic trends such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial district economic trends such
+as the need for office space may be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the need for office space may be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the need for office space may be too
+great to save more than the facade of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to save more than the facade of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great to save more than the facade of an
+old warehouse at street level the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old warehouse at street level the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old warehouse at street level the
+walking city is preserved but tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking city is preserved but tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking city is preserved but tall
+buildings now rise above the old mansard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings now rise above the old mansard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings now rise above the old mansard
+roofs why do office towers sprout in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roofs why do office towers sprout in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roofs why do office towers sprout in the
+center of the hub well spaces of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the hub well spaces of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the hub well spaces of work
+always dominate downtown's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always dominate downtown's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always dominate downtown's what
+processes might disrupt the practice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes might disrupt the practice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes might disrupt the practice and
+how will the city adapt adaptation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the city adapt adaptation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the city adapt adaptation is
+after all everywhere the street in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all everywhere the street in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all everywhere the street in
+Beacon Hill for example was laid out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beacon Hill for example was laid out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beacon Hill for example was laid out
+more than a century before the invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a century before the invention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a century before the invention
+of the car what could have proceeded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car what could have proceeded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car what could have proceeded the
+proliferation of parking here along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of parking here along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation of parking here along the
+waterfront in the Back Bay signs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfront in the Back Bay signs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waterfront in the Back Bay signs and
+symbols share space on a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols share space on a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols share space on a single
+structure institutions giving way to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure institutions giving way to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure institutions giving way to the
+pervasive social process of shopping how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive social process of shopping how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive social process of shopping how
+can you read the past and the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you read the past and the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you read the past and the present
+here on newbury street signs of the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on newbury street signs of the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on newbury street signs of the past
+signs of the future are visible in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of the future are visible in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs of the future are visible in all
+parts of the city with old maps in hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the city with old maps in hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the city with old maps in hand
+and a keen eye when can sense the trends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a keen eye when can sense the trends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a keen eye when can sense the trends
+that propel the city's development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that propel the city's development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that propel the city's development and
+reason out whether they'll continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason out whether they'll continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason out whether they'll continue to
+stretch and flex or with the right force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and flex or with the right force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch and flex or with the right force
+applied snap completely you can read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied snap completely you can read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied snap completely you can read the
+traces of the past a history of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces of the past a history of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces of the past a history of the city
+that is visible and can be communicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is visible and can be communicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is visible and can be communicated
+photographed and assembled into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed and assembled into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed and assembled into a
+meaningful form as you walk the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful form as you walk the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful form as you walk the streets
+and alleys it should become clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alleys it should become clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alleys it should become clear
+history is not only to be found in books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is not only to be found in books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is not only to be found in books
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YHW7TwF00Rs.txt b/YHW7TwF00Rs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c66e0a4abce0d0f2984b42a739981cc2e843d7ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YHW7TwF00Rs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11661 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu jonon send the email uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu jonon send the email uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu jonon send the email uh if
+you have question you still need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have question you still need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have question you still need a
+clarification uh you send him but say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification uh you send him but say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarification uh you send him but say we
+still expect you do you decide to redo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still expect you do you decide to redo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still expect you do you decide to redo
+it you should do it yourself you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you should do it yourself you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you should do it yourself you don't
+there no discussions you can go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no discussions you can go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there no discussions you can go back and
+look at any books but uh you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any books but uh you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at any books but uh you do
+yourself okay any clarification in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+okay uh so uh then let's come back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh then let's come back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh then let's come back I
+spent this is the chapter I spent the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent this is the chapter I spent the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent this is the chapter I spent the uh
+most time uh in terms of per chapter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most time uh in terms of per chapter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most time uh in terms of per chapter so
+far uh uh we're really talking about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh uh we're really talking about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far uh uh we're really talking about uh
+the transport law and uh uh the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport law and uh uh the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transport law and uh uh the content
+we talked is best applied to ballistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked is best applied to ballistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked is best applied to ballistic
+transport uh meaning there's no scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport uh meaning there's no scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport uh meaning there's no scatter
+you can still treat with scattering but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still treat with scattering but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still treat with scattering but
+say right now what we're saying is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right now what we're saying is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say right now what we're saying is if I
+want to know the transport between any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the transport between any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the transport between any
+two points right and I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points right and I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points right and I know the
+transmittance so we learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance so we learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance so we learned how to
+calculate transmittance of interface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate transmittance of interface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate transmittance of interface and
+transmittance of film multier vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance of film multier vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance of film multier vacuum
+tunneling all those in theory now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling all those in theory now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tunneling all those in theory now you
+can at least say uh you're not afraid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least say uh you're not afraid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can at least say uh you're not afraid of
+dealing with this type of problems so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this type of problems so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with this type of problems so if
+you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the
+transmittance and they let flux whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance and they let flux whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance and they let flux whatever
+flux here uh uh I'm doing the uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux here uh uh I'm doing the uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux here uh uh I'm doing the uh heat
+flux so H by Omega is energy and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so H by Omega is energy and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so H by Omega is energy and uh uh
+so uh I'm doing 1 to two minus 2 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm doing 1 to two minus 2 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I'm doing 1 to two minus 2 to 1
+uh but uh at the end apply the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh at the end apply the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but uh at the end apply the principle
+of detail balance which is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail balance which is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of detail balance which is essentially
+Second Law it says at equinum uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law it says at equinum uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law it says at equinum uh the
+lead flux must be zero uh and otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead flux must be zero uh and otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead flux must be zero uh and otherwise
+you have creating uh imbalance heat can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have creating uh imbalance heat can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have creating uh imbalance heat can
+go spontaneously from from hard and cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go spontaneously from from hard and cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go spontaneously from from hard and cold
+sides so that's not valid and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so that's not valid and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides so that's not valid and that's the
+principle deta balance so essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle deta balance so essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle deta balance so essentially
+you can say when we want to calc flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say when we want to calc flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say when we want to calc flux is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+transmittance the quantity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance the quantity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance the quantity that
+transported here is one mode right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported here is one mode right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported here is one mode right
+Quantum State and then the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State and then the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum State and then the uh
+distribution uh uh function difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh uh function difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution uh uh function difference
+uh they uh State uh how many particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they uh State uh how many particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they uh State uh how many particles
+we have either corresponding temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have either corresponding temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have either corresponding temperature
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+potential and of course the energy so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and of course the energy so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and of course the energy so uh
+uh the detail balance really saved us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the detail balance really saved us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the detail balance really saved us
+from calculating both sides because say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculating both sides because say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from calculating both sides because say
+you you can take any of the sides and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can take any of the sides and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can take any of the sides and do
+your calculation as long as you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculation as long as you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculation as long as you know the
+transmittance from that starting side to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance from that starting side to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmittance from that starting side to
+the other side or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side or other
+point and uh uh I emphasize at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and uh uh I emphasize at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and uh uh I emphasize at the end
+of last lecture uh those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last lecture uh those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last lecture uh those kind of
+Transport is a high long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport is a high long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transport is a high long
+equilibrium so it's actually uh hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so it's actually uh hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so it's actually uh hard to
+really Define a quantity that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Define a quantity that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really Define a quantity that they were
+used to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to even
+temperature uh camera potential those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh camera potential those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh camera potential those
+are all thermodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all thermodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all thermodynamic
+quantities and uh the uh example we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and uh the uh example we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and uh the uh example we uh
+spend some time to explain is uh theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time to explain is uh theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend some time to explain is uh theral
+bound resistance when I have acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound resistance when I have acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound resistance when I have acoustic
+wave comes toward the interface and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave comes toward the interface and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave comes toward the interface and on
+this side this is my in fact this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side this is my in fact this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side this is my in fact this is my
+te1 the corresponding distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te1 the corresponding distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+te1 the corresponding distribution of
+Fons coming from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons coming from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fons coming from this
+side and uh uh reflect it and transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh uh reflect it and transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and uh uh reflect it and transmit
+it right and on the other side I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and on the other side I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right and on the other side I have
+the incoming with a characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming with a characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming with a characteristic
+temperature at T2 reflected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at T2 reflected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at T2 reflected and
+transmitted so locally I do not have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so locally I do not have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted so locally I do not have at
+the interface on each side of interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface on each side of interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interface on each side of interface
+I do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do not have
+equilibrium and uh when I force my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and uh when I force my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and uh when I force my
+temperature definition is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature definition is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature definition is this
+temperature the local energy is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the local energy is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the local energy is not
+actually just a te1 characteristics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a te1 characteristics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just a te1 characteristics but
+also transmission of te2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transmission of te2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also transmission of te2
+characteristics so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics so if you
+redefine a local temperature or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine a local temperature or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine a local temperature or if you
+do charge transfer a local chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do charge transfer a local chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do charge transfer a local chemical
+potential electrochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential electrochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential electrochemical
+potential right it's not the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right it's not the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right it's not the incoming
+one and you have to recalculate what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you have to recalculate what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you have to recalculate what's
+the local for example if I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local for example if I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local for example if I want the
+force temperature to be equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force temperature to be equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force temperature to be equivalent
+measure of a local energy density I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a local energy density I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a local energy density I will
+Define the local temperature based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the local temperature based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the local temperature based on
+local energy density that'll give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local energy density that'll give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local energy density that'll give me a
+different temperature than this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature than this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature than this one so
+those are a highly L qu process I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a highly L qu process I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a highly L qu process I think
+the best way you understand this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way you understand this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best way you understand this is
+taking the undergradu problem of black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the undergradu problem of black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the undergradu problem of black
+body radiation right if I have two black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation right if I have two black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body radiation right if I have two black
+surfaces and this is a T1 and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and this is a T1 and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and this is a T1 and this is a
+T2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2
+and uh uh now if you look at the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh now if you look at the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh now if you look at the inside
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+photons coming from 1 to two and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons coming from 1 to two and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons coming from 1 to two and this
+has a characteristic of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a characteristic of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a characteristic of temperature
+one and then I have Photon going the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I have Photon going the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and then I have Photon going the
+other side and have a characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and have a characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and have a characteristic of
+temperature two right and uh then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature two right and uh then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature two right and uh then you
+ask what's the photon temperature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the photon temperature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what's the photon temperature you
+say there's no equilibrium clearly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's no equilibrium clearly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's no equilibrium clearly right
+you can't Define a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't Define a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't Define a photon
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+inside and now if say say okay I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and now if say say okay I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and now if say say okay I imagine
+I have a detector with two face both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a detector with two face both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a detector with two face both
+side is black so I have a small detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is black so I have a small detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is black so I have a small detector
+with both sides black and one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both sides black and one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with both sides black and one side
+absorbs the temperature heat from with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs the temperature heat from with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbs the temperature heat from with
+the temperature T1 the other side with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature T1 the other side with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature T1 the other side with
+the temperature T2 and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature T2 and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature T2 and you have
+equilibrium temperature here because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium temperature here because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium temperature here because the
+absorber thermalized right this two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber thermalized right this two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorber thermalized right this two
+temperature two two group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature two two group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature two two group of
+photons and that temperature is flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and that temperature is flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons and that temperature is flat
+inside it's because there's no change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it's because there's no change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside it's because there's no change it
+depends on going from one side to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on going from one side to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on going from one side to the
+other there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's no
+change so if you say okay my Define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if you say okay my Define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so if you say okay my Define the
+photon conductance if I Define based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon conductance if I Define based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon conductance if I Define based on
+the photon temperature here at the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon temperature here at the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon temperature here at the two
+sides you know there's no delta T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides you know there's no delta T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides you know there's no delta T and
+your conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your conductance
+infinite but if I Define based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but if I Define based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite but if I Define based on the
+temperature of the solid I can measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the solid I can measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of the solid I can measure
+this easily I don't have that detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easily I don't have that detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this easily I don't have that detector
+right but I can Define if I put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I can Define if I put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but I can Define if I put my
+theral couple to measure two Solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral couple to measure two Solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral couple to measure two Solid
+Surfaces so solid object black body I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surfaces so solid object black body I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surfaces so solid object black body I'll
+measure T1 I measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure T1 I measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure T1 I measure
+T2 my thalo is not measuring the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 my thalo is not measuring the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 my thalo is not measuring the photon
+temperature my thalo is measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature my thalo is measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature my thalo is measuring the
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+temperature in fact my ther is measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in fact my ther is measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in fact my ther is measuring
+the full on temperature so you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full on temperature so you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full on temperature so you actually
+F in this case right but that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in this case right but that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in this case right but that's what you
+your engineering calculation that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your engineering calculation that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your engineering calculation that's a
+definition you'll be using so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you'll be using so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition you'll be using so so this is
+the temperature you'll be using you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature you'll be using you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature you'll be using you're
+using the solid temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the solid temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the solid temperature
+there so I give another example where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I give another example where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I give another example where uh
+uh say people measure the conductance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say people measure the conductance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say people measure the conductance of
+a wire electric conductance right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire electric conductance right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire electric conductance right they
+put a two metal pro for example you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a two metal pro for example you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a two metal pro for example you do
+carbon L Tu right they put a two big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon L Tu right they put a two big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon L Tu right they put a two big
+electrod you measure voltage here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrod you measure voltage here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrod you measure voltage here that's
+like you're measuring this two solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're measuring this two solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're measuring this two solid
+temperature you can't measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can't measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you can't measure
+the electron chemical potential exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron chemical potential exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron chemical potential exactly
+at the contact you don't have a say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the contact you don't have a say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the contact you don't have a say
+proof that easily measure that local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that easily measure that local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that easily measure that local
+voltage if you measure that local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if you measure that local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage if you measure that local
+voltage again the electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage again the electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage again the electron in the
+ballistic regime there's no voltage drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic regime there's no voltage drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic regime there's no voltage drop
+you should get a infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get a infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should get a infinite
+conductance okay so this definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay so this definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance okay so this definition
+dependent when you do your experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent when you do your experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent when you do your experiment
+you need to know what they comparing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what they comparing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to know what they comparing to
+don't compare orange with apples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so uh with this basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh with this basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh with this basically you
+can really uh if you do uh Nan scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really uh if you do uh Nan scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really uh if you do uh Nan scale
+transport this could be a foundation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this could be a foundation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this could be a foundation to
+understand a lot of papers in literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot of papers in literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a lot of papers in literature
+people are studying different kind of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are studying different kind of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are studying different kind of N
+scale transport problems right we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale transport problems right we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale transport problems right we talked
+about conductance and uh many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conductance and uh many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conductance and uh many other
+examples so just take the Caron L tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so just take the Caron L tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples so just take the Caron L tube
+right and if you write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you write down
+say uh uh the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh uh the electric
+conductivity uh so there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity uh so there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity uh so there is this
+Universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductance and turns out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and turns out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and turns out that that
+Universal conductance for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal conductance for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal conductance for one
+dimensional object it doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object it doesn't depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional object it doesn't depend on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+material and the conductance g per mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the conductance g per mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the conductance g per mode
+per Quantum Channel Quantum state right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Quantum Channel Quantum state right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Quantum Channel Quantum state right
+is uh um e s uh H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh um e s uh H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh um e s uh H
+bar um let me Che whether there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar um let me Che whether there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar um let me Che whether there is a
+factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of
+two now s pi H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar right so if you substitute a lambra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar right so if you substitute a lambra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar right so if you substitute a lambra
+this conductance or equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conductance or equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this conductance or equivalent
+resistance which is inverse uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance which is inverse uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance which is inverse uh of the
+conductance is 1 12 265 ohm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so through each Channel you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so through each Channel you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so through each Channel you add
+another Channel you have two parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Channel you have two parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Channel you have two parallel
+Channel The conductance Doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel The conductance Doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel The conductance Doubles
+resistance reduced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance reduced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance reduced by
+half right the quantum States so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right the quantum States so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half right the quantum States so people
+have in the past measure uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the past measure uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in the past measure uh in fact
+there was experiment doing uh say vers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was experiment doing uh say vers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was experiment doing uh say vers
+Quantum transport partic low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum transport partic low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum transport partic low
+temperatures and uh uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and uh uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and uh uh this is
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+and you can do thermal right if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do thermal right if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can do thermal right if I have
+two temperature difference at two uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two temperature difference at two uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two temperature difference at two uh
+between two points and the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points and the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two points and the thermal
+conductance for one dimensional object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance for one dimensional object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance for one dimensional object
+is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh
+um Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Pi
+KB t or KB Square t and divide by six H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB t or KB Square t and divide by six H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KB t or KB Square t and divide by six H
+bar okay and this one uh uh so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay and this one uh uh so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar okay and this one uh uh so it's not
+this is a again Universal because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a again Universal because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a again Universal because it
+doesn't have a material property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a material property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a material property
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right and if you plug in your Lumber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you plug in your Lumber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you plug in your Lumber
+conductance here I I get about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance here I I get about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance here I I get about this is
+10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the
+12 time times T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 time times T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 time times T and
+what M Square K so this L will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what M Square K so this L will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what M Square K so this L will be
+interesting for some of my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for some of my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for some of my students
+doing the interface resistance right say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the interface resistance right say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the interface resistance right say
+they we know they uh uh oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we know they uh uh oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they we know they uh uh oh this is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive
+12 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 let me
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+wait I have some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I have some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait I have some number
+problem Pi KB t² KB 46 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Pi KB t² KB 46 10us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem Pi KB t² KB 46 10us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Watt met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Watt met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and Watt met
+Square so the uh no I think I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so the uh no I think I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so the uh no I think I have some
+I have to check this number um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to check this number um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to check this number um it
+doesn't look right because it's G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right because it's G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right because it's G
+typically is 10 to Lin this is minus 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is 10 to Lin this is minus 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically is 10 to Lin this is minus 12
+so uh maybe I I'll check okay I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh maybe I I'll check okay I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh maybe I I'll check okay I don't
+know where it's wrong now okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it's wrong now okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it's wrong now okay so that's
+the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universal
+conductance and uh if we do for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and uh if we do for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance and uh if we do for example
+we do near field I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do near field I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do near field I have two
+plates right and uh I have typically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates right and uh I have typically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates right and uh I have typically uh
+the wave comes in and has reflection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave comes in and has reflection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave comes in and has reflection and
+has transmission right we said that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has transmission right we said that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has transmission right we said that when
+the two surface are brought close by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two surface are brought close by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two surface are brought close by you
+have a tel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a tel
+phenomenal and uh and again you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal and uh and again you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenal and uh and again you with
+that you can calculate transmittance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can calculate transmittance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can calculate transmittance and
+you do your integration over all states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your integration over all states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do your integration over all states
+you can get the uh T the increase heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the uh T the increase heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get the uh T the increase heat
+transfer due to the tunneling or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer due to the tunneling or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer due to the tunneling or if
+you're interested in uh charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in uh charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in uh charge
+electrical charge tunneling all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical charge tunneling all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical charge tunneling all those
+can be down now so um uh I I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be down now so um uh I I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be down now so um uh I I think it's
+a uh you'll be I encourage now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you'll be I encourage now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh you'll be I encourage now you can
+look at literature people study all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at literature people study all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at literature people study all this
+uh different say the uh Nano structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different say the uh Nano structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different say the uh Nano structure
+conductance transport and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance transport and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance transport and this is a very
+often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh
+discussed what I have not finished is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed what I have not finished is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed what I have not finished is
+what's the Velocity in turn in terms out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Velocity in turn in terms out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the Velocity in turn in terms out
+this one is actually a one that uh uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is actually a one that uh uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is actually a one that uh uh we
+ask at the beginning how fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask at the beginning how fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask at the beginning how fast the
+particle really travels right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh let's discuss this velocity group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and this is a
+concept sometimes very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept sometimes very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept sometimes very hard to
+appreciate to me uh to to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate to me uh to to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate to me uh to to understand
+what is group velocity right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is group velocity right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is group velocity right so uh
+definition wise will be relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition wise will be relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition wise will be relatively easy
+but why we say the group velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why we say the group velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but why we say the group velocity is
+typically when we use when we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we use when we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we use when we calculate
+the charge the heat that's the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge the heat that's the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge the heat that's the velocity
+I do in my V VX here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do in my V VX here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do in my V VX here for
+example why I use group velocity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example why I use group velocity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example why I use group velocity so
+first say uh let let me take a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first say uh let let me take a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first say uh let let me take a picture
+of fullon dispersion where in specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fullon dispersion where in specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fullon dispersion where in specific
+Direction I have K I have GA and I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I have K I have GA and I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction I have K I have GA and I have
+acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acoustic
+Fong one branch only I'm looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fong one branch only I'm looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fong one branch only I'm looking at it
+and the group velocity is tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the group velocity is tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the group velocity is tangent of
+every point and that's the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point and that's the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point and that's the group
+velocity and it's this velocity velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it's this velocity velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it's this velocity velocity
+we use when we substitute into the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use when we substitute into the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use when we substitute into the an
+transport that's how fast how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that's how fast how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport that's how fast how much
+energy uh say a fullon will carry at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh say a fullon will carry at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh say a fullon will carry at
+that specific modes frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific modes frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that specific modes frequency
+right why I use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why I use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right why I use that
+velocity and first let's look at a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and first let's look at a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and first let's look at a wave
+because I've been talking about uh plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been talking about uh plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been talking about uh plan
+wave representation right so a wave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave representation right so a wave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave representation right so a wave that
+I usually use either vector or scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually use either vector or scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I usually use either vector or scalar
+now I just write the simple scalar wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just write the simple scalar wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I just write the simple scalar wave
+is minus I Omega tus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus I Omega tus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus I Omega tus
+KX right I'm assuming that K is in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX right I'm assuming that K is in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX right I'm assuming that K is in the X
+Direction simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction simple
+and this is the plan wave representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the plan wave representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the plan wave representation
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+right what's the origin of my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the origin of my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the origin of my time
+what's the end of the time here for True
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the end of the time here for True
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the end of the time here for True
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W that's minus infinite to plus infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that's minus infinite to plus infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W that's minus infinite to plus infinite
+that's a true plan wave right there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a true plan wave right there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a true plan wave right there's no
+ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+okay anytime I have ending point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anytime I have ending point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay anytime I have ending point
+I don't just have one single frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't just have one single frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't just have one single frequency
+there so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so um
+uh for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a periodic signal I can say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a periodic signal I can say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a periodic signal I can say this is
+omega0 but only has a final time span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega0 but only has a final time span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega0 but only has a final time span
+right let's say t t0 you only has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say t t0 you only has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's say t t0 you only has a
+final time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final time
+span and normally you say okay I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span and normally you say okay I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span and normally you say okay I have a
+periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic
+signal but mathematically that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but mathematically that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal but mathematically that's not
+quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite
+correct right because this signal does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct right because this signal does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct right because this signal does
+not go from minus infinite to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go from minus infinite to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go from minus infinite to plus
+infinite and if I have periodic signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and if I have periodic signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite and if I have periodic signal
+over only segment of time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over only segment of time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over only segment of time or
+length I can do FAL Series right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I can do FAL Series right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I can do FAL Series right so you
+can do your foral analysis and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do your foral analysis and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do your foral analysis and you see
+the real frequency of this wave is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real frequency of this wave is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real frequency of this wave is not
+let's say the here the Omega Z is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the here the Omega Z is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the here the Omega Z is my
+uh fundamental frequency of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamental frequency of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fundamental frequency of this
+wave right and then I have omega0 I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right and then I have omega0 I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave right and then I have omega0 I have
+harmonics Omega 0 will be my highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics Omega 0 will be my highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics Omega 0 will be my highest
+modes and two Z and so right different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and two Z and so right different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and two Z and so right different
+frequency around the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency around the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency around the central
+frequency that's when I do the fal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's when I do the fal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's when I do the fal
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now because of this because in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now because of this because in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now because of this because in a
+solid or whatever there's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid or whatever there's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid or whatever there's never
+really uh wave that go from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh wave that go from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh wave that go from minus
+infinite to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite to plus
+infinite the generators for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite the generators for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite the generators for example the
+atomical vibration a electron transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomical vibration a electron transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomical vibration a electron transition
+from high energy to low energy they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high energy to low energy they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from high energy to low energy they only
+spend certain amount of time right all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend certain amount of time right all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend certain amount of time right all
+the event only spend certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event only spend certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event only spend certain amount of
+time so so I have to consider what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so so I have to consider what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so so I have to consider what
+happens when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the
+actual event is up for example happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual event is up for example happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual event is up for example happening
+at a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a short
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+right and in this case I have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case I have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in this case I have multiple
+frequencies not just one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies not just one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies not just one single
+frequency so if I have modular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if I have modular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so if I have modular frequency
+let's look at the simplest if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the simplest if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the simplest if I just
+have two frequency what happens right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two frequency what happens right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two frequency what happens right
+let's say one frequency is omega0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one frequency is omega0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say one frequency is omega0 plus
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+Omega and correspondingly I have k0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and correspondingly I have k0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and correspondingly I have k0 plus
+Delta K right because it's not linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K right because it's not linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K right because it's not linear so
+I have omega 0us Delta Omega and K 0us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have omega 0us Delta Omega and K 0us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have omega 0us Delta Omega and K 0us
+Delta K so those are two different waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K so those are two different waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta K so those are two different waves
+with slightly different they all Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slightly different they all Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slightly different they all Center
+at the Omega zero but they are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Omega zero but they are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Omega zero but they are small
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+spreading right Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading right Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading right Delta
+Omega and Delta k and now I have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and Delta k and now I have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and Delta k and now I have really
+what's propagating are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's propagating are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's propagating are this
+simultaneously two wave I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously two wave I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously two wave I
+generated and the superposition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and the superposition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated and the superposition of this
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+waves right so if I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so if I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves right so if I look at the
+superimposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed
+Wave A I'm assuming they are same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave A I'm assuming they are same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wave A I'm assuming they are same
+amplitude just to make our life simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude just to make our life simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude just to make our life simpler
+and minus I Omega 0 + Delta Omega T Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus I Omega 0 + Delta Omega T Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus I Omega 0 + Delta Omega T Min
+k + Delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + Delta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k + Delta k
+uh x k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh x k
+z and plus the other frequency and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and plus the other frequency and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z and plus the other frequency and we
+Vector is min I Omega 0 Delta Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is min I Omega 0 Delta Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector is min I Omega 0 Delta Omega
+T k0 minus Delta k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T k0 minus Delta k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T k0 minus Delta k
+x and I have the superposition of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and I have the superposition of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and I have the superposition of this
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+signal the propagating in the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal the propagating in the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal the propagating in the media
+because it has two waves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has two waves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has two waves in the
+signal and when I add this up you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and when I add this up you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and when I add this up you have a
+central frequency Omega k0 I can pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central frequency Omega k0 I can pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central frequency Omega k0 I can pull
+out then I have a plus term a minus term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then I have a plus term a minus term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out then I have a plus term a minus term
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+exponent so you do your algebra what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so you do your algebra what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so you do your algebra what you
+get is 2 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is 2 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is 2 a
+cosine Delta Omega * T Delta K *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Delta Omega * T Delta K *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Delta Omega * T Delta K *
+X and then poti Mass I Oma 0 tus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k0x so this is the result when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0x so this is the result when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k0x so this is the result when I
+have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two
+waves that with a small separation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that with a small separation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves that with a small separation in
+frequency and uh V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and uh V
+vector and you look at this now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you look at this now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you look at this now the
+what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's
+propagating here I have a high high say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating here I have a high high say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating here I have a high high say
+frequenc Omega 0 K 0 Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequenc Omega 0 K 0 Central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequenc Omega 0 K 0 Central
+one here I have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here I have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here I have another
+cosign that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosign that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosign that the
+modulate this frequency right so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate this frequency right so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulate this frequency right so what I
+really have is a cosine signal that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have is a cosine signal that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have is a cosine signal that's a
+Delta Omega Delta K so which is slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega Delta K so which is slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Omega Delta K so which is slower
+typically and then this is the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically and then this is the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically and then this is the amplitude
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the right so at the center I have omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so at the center I have omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right so at the center I have omega
+0 k0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 k0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 k0
+modulated so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated so this is
+the FM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal is a a is a am or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is a a is a am or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is a a is a am or
+FM AM signal you're modulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM AM signal you're modulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FM AM signal you're modulating the
+amplitude of the central frequency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the central frequency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the central frequency right
+so uh uh what now this is a so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh what now this is a so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh uh what now this is a so now I
+have the alter envelope is cosine Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the alter envelope is cosine Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the alter envelope is cosine Omega
+tus KX now if you think about the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus KX now if you think about the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tus KX now if you think about the what
+energy say the pointing Vector for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy say the pointing Vector for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy say the pointing Vector for
+example when I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I think about
+electromagnetic wave my pointing Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave my pointing Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave my pointing Vector
+is e cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e cross
+H right and of course I have one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H right and of course I have one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H right and of course I have one half
+real part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real part of
+that now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if I
+have this term inside e cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term inside e cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this term inside e cross
+H right e has this term H complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H right e has this term H complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H right e has this term H complex
+conjugator also has this term but has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugator also has this term but has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugator also has this term but has a
+plus you know that this term actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know that this term actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you know that this term actually
+drop out when you do eoss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out when you do eoss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out when you do eoss
+Ed so what is really then the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed so what is really then the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ed so what is really then the energy is
+actually the front term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the front term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the front term
+here so what energy is propagating is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what energy is propagating is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what energy is propagating is
+like in this case is a slower packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case is a slower packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in this case is a slower packet
+propagating that's a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating that's a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating that's a wave
+packet and the speed of this propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the speed of this propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and the speed of this propagation
+now if I look at this Factor there is DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I look at this Factor there is DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I look at this Factor there is DT
+D DX DT so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D DX DT so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D DX DT so the
+DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX
+DT is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT is Delta
+Omega Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Delta
+K so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so this is
+actually what the propagation this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the propagation this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what the propagation this V
+packet is propagating at this speed new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is propagating at this speed new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet is propagating at this speed new
+speed there and this speed in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed there and this speed in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed there and this speed in the limit
+of very larrow Delta Omega Delta K I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very larrow Delta Omega Delta K I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very larrow Delta Omega Delta K I
+have a derivative right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a derivative right so this is a
+equals D Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals D Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals D Omega
+DK and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DK and this is my
+VG group velocity that's why I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VG group velocity that's why I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VG group velocity that's why I'm doing
+the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group
+velocity and when I do trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and when I do trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and when I do trans
+transport I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport I
+use way the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use way the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use way the group
+velocity the phe velocity is face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the phe velocity is face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity the phe velocity is face
+velocity is Omega over k that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is Omega over k that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is Omega over k that's this
+triangle here that's the face velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here that's the face velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle here that's the face velocity
+and in fact if you go to check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you go to check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you go to check your
+density of States when you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of States when you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of States when you calculate
+space you invol face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you invol face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you invol face
+velocity you invol both face velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you invol both face velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity you invol both face velocity
+and group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and group
+velocity okay but so when I do transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay but so when I do transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay but so when I do transport
+when I think about how fast the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think about how fast the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I think about how fast the particle
+or energy is going from one place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy is going from one place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or energy is going from one place to
+other the we packet and I should use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the we packet and I should use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the we packet and I should use the
+group velocity for the ACT transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity for the ACT transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity for the ACT transport
+speed and when I calculate the D when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and when I calculate the D when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and when I calculate the D when I
+convert this modes into D through d sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this modes into D through d sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this modes into D through d sub
+States I should be careful some is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I should be careful some is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I should be careful some is the
+group velocity some is the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+velocity and uh of course this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and uh of course this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and uh of course this is only
+one direction and in three Direction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and in three Direction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction and in three Direction in
+general so group velocity is a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so group velocity is a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general so group velocity is a vector
+right so this one is for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this one is for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this one is for example if you
+do cartisan coordinate for k space is D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cartisan coordinate for k space is D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do cartisan coordinate for k space is D
+Omega D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega D
+KX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX
+KX and D Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and D Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX and D Omega
+dky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dky
+KY and D Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY and D Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KY and D Omega
+dkz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dkz
+KZ so that's a general group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ so that's a general group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ so that's a general group
+velocity and with that you can say now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and with that you can say now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and with that you can say now
+if I go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go back to
+fongs right and uh this is the uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fongs right and uh this is the uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fongs right and uh this is the uh when I
+have the object Fon acoustic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object Fon acoustic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the object Fon acoustic
+Fon right if you look at the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon right if you look at the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon right if you look at the group
+velocity very small K this what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity very small K this what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity very small K this what the
+tangent here is much larger then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent here is much larger then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent here is much larger then at the
+end of the K zom boundary K typal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the K zom boundary K typal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the K zom boundary K typal is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+flat so here is the speed of sound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so here is the speed of sound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat so here is the speed of sound that
+you can measure and here I zom boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure and here I zom boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure and here I zom boundary
+group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity
+zero so the P the Fallon group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the P the Fallon group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so the P the Fallon group is
+changing after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing after
+Fallon the group elocity is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fallon the group elocity is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fallon the group elocity is typically
+very small even though the face velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small even though the face velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small even though the face velocity
+is very high Omega over K right Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high Omega over K right Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very high Omega over K right Omega is
+very large face velocity is large uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large face velocity is large uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large face velocity is large uh is
+is large but group velocity is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large but group velocity is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large but group velocity is very
+small and when you do specific heat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and when you do specific heat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and when you do specific heat it
+turns out the simple model or plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the simple model or plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the simple model or plus
+Einstein model is fine but when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein model is fine but when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein model is fine but when you do
+transport this velocity becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this velocity becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport this velocity becomes more
+important so even though most models in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so even though most models in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so even though most models in
+literature and in fact 90% of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and in fact 90% of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and in fact 90% of those
+papers you check now lot this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you check now lot this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers you check now lot this we
+typically simplify as the buy model or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically simplify as the buy model or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically simplify as the buy model or
+inant model we do heat transfer thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inant model we do heat transfer thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inant model we do heat transfer thermal
+connectivity but that will typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity but that will typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity but that will typically
+lead to very different result from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to very different result from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to very different result from
+reality because the use of the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality because the use of the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality because the use of the group
+velocity there would be major factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there would be major factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity there would be major factor
+and this is the case of Fon and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the case of Fon and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the case of Fon and uh you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also so you think about electron so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so you think about electron so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so you think about electron so for
+example I have electron this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I have electron this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I have electron this is the
+energy this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy this is a
+k that's typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k that's typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k that's typical
+dispersion right and uh um so I they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion right and uh um so I they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dispersion right and uh um so I they
+Center the minimum the group velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center the minimum the group velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center the minimum the group velocity is
+zero this is because it's parabolic band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is because it's parabolic band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is because it's parabolic band
+right we said some electron in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said some electron in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we said some electron in fact in
+the problem in in the midterm we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem in in the midterm we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem in in the midterm we see
+some of this graphine they have but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this graphine they have but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this graphine they have but I
+say uh a linear dispersion so at k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh a linear dispersion so at k equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh a linear dispersion so at k equal
+Z the velocity is not zero but say most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the velocity is not zero but say most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the velocity is not zero but say most
+time this is zero and velocity zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is zero and velocity zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is zero and velocity zero so
+you if you think about the parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think about the parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you think about the parabolic
+band the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band the group
+velocity right let's say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right let's say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right let's say here
+KX is D Omega Omega is e/ H bar right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX is D Omega Omega is e/ H bar right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX is D Omega Omega is e/ H bar right
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+Omega and D KX let's say in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and D KX let's say in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and D KX let's say in the X
+Direction and uh e if it's a parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and uh e if it's a parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and uh e if it's a parabolic
+band right then you can say is H bar k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band right then you can say is H bar k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band right then you can say is H bar k
+x/ m so this is p/ M momentum divid Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x/ m so this is p/ M momentum divid Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x/ m so this is p/ M momentum divid Mass
+that's consistent when we have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent when we have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's consistent when we have in the
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+limit right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit right
+right so uh but on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh but on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh but on the other hand if you
+say okay my H E equals H bar Square k s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay my H E equals H bar Square k s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay my H E equals H bar Square k s
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2
+m right so this is a this is typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right so this is a this is typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m right so this is a this is typical
+parabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parabolic
+band right and uh uh uh if I just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band right and uh uh uh if I just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band right and uh uh uh if I just use
+the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face
+velocity of this by uh I will not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this by uh I will not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity of this by uh I will not get
+the same as a group velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as a group velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as a group velocity
+so group velocity is like my speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so group velocity is like my speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so group velocity is like my speed of
+the free pole here because the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free pole here because the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free pole here because the face
+velocity you get a factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difference but there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference but there are some
+interesting case this is actually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case this is actually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case this is actually we
+always say most of time that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say most of time that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say most of time that group
+velocity is the one you calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is the one you calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is the one you calculate
+transport there are trickier cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport there are trickier cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport there are trickier cases where
+this become very this is the actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this become very this is the actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this become very this is the actually
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+right and if you check a literature over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you check a literature over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if you check a literature over
+probably last 15 years there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably last 15 years there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably last 15 years there actually
+discussion people say well some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion people say well some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion people say well some of this
+goes over the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes over the speed of
+light right and in fact if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right and in fact if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right and in fact if you look at
+the opal constant we know that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opal constant we know that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opal constant we know that the uh
+speed of light in a media is c0 or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light in a media is c0 or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light in a media is c0 or n
+right this is a face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a face
+velocity and it turns out that you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it turns out that you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and it turns out that you check
+the op constant of some median
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op constant of some median
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the op constant of some median
+refractive index real part this is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index real part this is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive index real part this is n
+this is Omega and that some omega Z you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Omega and that some omega Z you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Omega and that some omega Z you
+may have this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have this is a
+one this is a one and the Su of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a one and the Su of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is a one and the Su of this
+Omega look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this refractive index real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this refractive index real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this refractive index real
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+so what happens is here of course n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is here of course n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is here of course n is
+less than one so the face velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one so the face velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one so the face velocity is
+much larger than the speed of Knight but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the speed of Knight but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than the speed of Knight but
+that's fine you'll say okay that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you'll say okay that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you'll say okay that's not
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+velocity okay so you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay so you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity okay so you're still
+comfortable but then if you go to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable but then if you go to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable but then if you go to take
+uh the uh derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the uh derivative of
+DN d uh say Omega you find that even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN d uh say Omega you find that even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DN d uh say Omega you find that even the
+group velocity in this region could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity in this region could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity in this region could be
+larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than
+one so you run into are you violating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you run into are you violating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so you run into are you violating
+Einstein's relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's relativity
+principle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle right
+and the reason then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason then is
+that in this case is actually not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case is actually not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this case is actually not the
+group velocity as the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity as the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group velocity as the energy
+velocity right and when uh this varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right and when uh this varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity right and when uh this varies
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+rapidly when this Omega zero or Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly when this Omega zero or Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly when this Omega zero or Omega
+vers or or k vers very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vers or or k vers very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vers or or k vers very
+rapidly and uh those quantities is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and uh those quantities is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly and uh those quantities is a
+strong function of Omega k so you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong function of Omega k so you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong function of Omega k so you cannot
+pull out and do the what we the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out and do the what we the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out and do the what we the analysis
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+here so in that case there is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in that case there is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so in that case there is actually a
+so-called signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called signal
+velocity and a few about 15 or uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and a few about 15 or uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and a few about 15 or uh I
+remember probably in the 90s there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember probably in the 90s there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember probably in the 90s there
+actually some sensation people actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some sensation people actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually some sensation people actually
+measure some of the signal first reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some of the signal first reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure some of the signal first reach
+beyond the speed of light or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the speed of light or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the speed of light or anything
+beyond stepid light Ein say is Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond stepid light Ein say is Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond stepid light Ein say is Einstein
+still valid right then say it's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid right then say it's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still valid right then say it's the the
+the people who do the work will say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who do the work will say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who do the work will say this
+is lot of violation of Einstein the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lot of violation of Einstein the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lot of violation of Einstein the
+relativity principle because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity principle because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity principle because this is
+only the first part of the signal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first part of the signal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the first part of the signal the
+signal has not complete gone through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal has not complete gone through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal has not complete gone through it
+so you night even though you you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you night even though you you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you night even though you you the
+front of that signal comes but not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of that signal comes but not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of that signal comes but not all
+the information has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information has to be
+transferred so you're still not in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred so you're still not in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred so you're still not in the
+Einstein principle but there are lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein principle but there are lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein principle but there are lot of
+news coverage all that time and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news coverage all that time and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news coverage all that time and uh so
+anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's
+a a sid trck so that's why when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a sid trck so that's why when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a sid trck so that's why when we do
+the calculation we will use the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation we will use the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation we will use the group
+velocity so we have now uh say answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have now uh say answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity so we have now uh say answered
+pretty much all the questions right say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all the questions right say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all the questions right say
+how fast that's group velocity uh say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast that's group velocity uh say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast that's group velocity uh say uh
+how many right dens of states and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many right dens of states and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many right dens of states and then
+each state the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each state the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each state the distribution
+function right and uh uh so with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and uh uh so with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right and uh uh so with those
+uh say how how far and uh uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say how how far and uh uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh say how how far and uh uh in in
+certain case this transmission tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain case this transmission tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain case this transmission tells us
+tells us how much is going forward how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how much is going forward how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how much is going forward how
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+backward and what we're going next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward and what we're going next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backward and what we're going next is
+here all the discussion is based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all the discussion is based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all the discussion is based on the
+wave picture right but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave picture right but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave picture right but if you think
+about the your mechanical engineer long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the your mechanical engineer long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the your mechanical engineer long
+of the equations you learned so far was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equations you learned so far was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the equations you learned so far was
+based on Wave picture right how we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Wave picture right how we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Wave picture right how we go
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+wave to completely ignor the wave to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to completely ignor the wave to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave to completely ignor the wave to
+trade them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade them as
+particles so this is another very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so this is another very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so this is another very very
+deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep
+subject okay and it's one that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject okay and it's one that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject okay and it's one that people
+still doing a lot of research on and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing a lot of research on and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing a lot of research on and I'm
+going to give you my sh at making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you my sh at making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you my sh at making a
+transition of forgetting those pH of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of forgetting those pH of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition of forgetting those pH of the
+wave and uh going to the particle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and uh going to the particle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and uh going to the particle right
+so one of the my objective is for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the my objective is for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the my objective is for you to
+say when you should get varied right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you should get varied right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say when you should get varied right at
+which domain you should be varied about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which domain you should be varied about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which domain you should be varied about
+wave effects classical size effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave effects classical size effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave effects classical size effect and
+you feel comfortable using your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel comfortable using your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel comfortable using your
+Continuum equations so that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum equations so that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continuum equations so that's one of the
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+objective and uh now now I'm shooting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and uh now now I'm shooting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective and uh now now I'm shooting at
+after group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after group
+velocity is a wave to particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and this is
+where I see we're still for example even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I see we're still for example even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I see we're still for example even
+know we're writing trying to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're writing trying to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're writing trying to write a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+pay and there are many uh is see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and there are many uh is see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay and there are many uh is see uh
+concept uh that I learned before I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh that I learned before I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh that I learned before I had
+to revise it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revise it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to revise it
+constantly is a picture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly is a picture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly is a picture that
+hard to actually uh clarify and lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to actually uh clarify and lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to actually uh clarify and lot of
+research being done uh in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research being done uh in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research being done uh in different
+aspect of this so the question is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this so the question is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this so the question is when I
+deal with wave I saw Max wave equation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with wave I saw Max wave equation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with wave I saw Max wave equation I
+saw acoustic wave equation and uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw acoustic wave equation and uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw acoustic wave equation and uh uh the
+question is when can I neglect them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is when can I neglect them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is when can I neglect them
+right when I do the wave I carry the pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I do the wave I carry the pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right when I do the wave I carry the pH
+that complex Lum there right is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex Lum there right is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that complex Lum there right is uh it
+gives me a lot of variation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a lot of variation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me a lot of variation which is
+good if you want a variation that's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if you want a variation that's most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if you want a variation that's most
+beautiful okay you can uh uh but say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay you can uh uh but say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay you can uh uh but say uh
+one kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one kind
+neglector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglector
+right and let me uh go back to uh what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let me uh go back to uh what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let me uh go back to uh what I
+mentioned before the in reality you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the in reality you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before the in reality you do
+not have extended wave you have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have extended wave you have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have extended wave you have wave
+packet right so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet right so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet right so in a
+material right I have a atom jiggling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material right I have a atom jiggling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material right I have a atom jiggling
+locally it emit a Time signal a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally it emit a Time signal a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally it emit a Time signal a
+p right and there could be a p lens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p right and there could be a p lens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p right and there could be a p lens over
+a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain amount of
+time right and also over certain spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and also over certain spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right and also over certain spatial
+extent so this is a uh this is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packet right compos a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+frequencies and uh uh if let's say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and uh uh if let's say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and uh uh if let's say there
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+frequency uh spread is Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new and uh uh in Optics there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and uh uh in Optics there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and uh uh in Optics there is
+definition of coherence lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in fact a coherence is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact a coherence is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact a coherence is a very
+extensive discuss discuss in Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive discuss discuss in Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive discuss discuss in Optics
+books if you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books if you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books if you want to understand
+coherence you should read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence you should read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence you should read
+that and there's Quantum coherence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's Quantum coherence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and there's Quantum coherence
+there's classical coherence and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's classical coherence and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's classical coherence and there's
+spal coherence there's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spal coherence there's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spal coherence there's time
+coherence okay and here I'm giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence okay and here I'm giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence okay and here I'm giving the
+simple is the time coherence so uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is the time coherence so uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is the time coherence so uh if I
+have uh we pack that has n say frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we pack that has n say frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh we pack that has n say frequency
+spread then there is also corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread then there is also corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread then there is also corresponding
+space spread because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spread because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space spread because they have
+propagating different velocity so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating different velocity so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating different velocity so this
+uh space spread is coherence length this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space spread is coherence length this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space spread is coherence length this
+is of the order of Delta C Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the order of Delta C Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of the order of Delta C Delta
+new the speed of light divide by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new the speed of light divide by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new the speed of light divide by the
+spread right that gives you the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread right that gives you the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread right that gives you the lens
+scale so uh uh so physically this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so uh uh so physically this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so uh uh so physically this way
+packet also cover some lens scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet also cover some lens scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet also cover some lens scale
+and the space coherence is at two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the space coherence is at two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the space coherence is at two points
+whether the we packet are correlated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the we packet are correlated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the we packet are correlated or
+lot right and typically with a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right and typically with a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right and typically with a random
+thermal source for example I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal source for example I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal source for example I have
+vibration Atomic vibration here another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration Atomic vibration here another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration Atomic vibration here another
+place I typically just ignore this spal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I typically just ignore this spal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place I typically just ignore this spal
+coherence the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence the two
+vibrations are specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations are specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations are specially
+uncorrelated but there are other cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated but there are other cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated but there are other cases
+where they are actually correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are actually correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are actually correlated
+okay but see uh What uh I actually had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but see uh What uh I actually had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but see uh What uh I actually had a
+lot of uh M understanding myself over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh M understanding myself over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh M understanding myself over
+this process many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process many
+years but first let's say I I mention if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but first let's say I I mention if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but first let's say I I mention if
+you recall if I have we pocket if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall if I have we pocket if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you recall if I have we pocket if I have
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface right and it comes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interface and the some of this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the some of this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface and the some of this were
+transmitted and you you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and you you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and you you can see that
+it's still the same packet right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the same packet right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the same packet right
+transmitted reflected the some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted reflected the some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted reflected the some of this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected
+right so at that zero thickness at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at that zero thickness at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so at that zero thickness at the
+interface the reflection and incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the reflection and incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface the reflection and incoming
+are spal it's the correlated this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spal it's the correlated this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are spal it's the correlated this is the
+same way packet so you have to if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way packet so you have to if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way packet so you have to if it's a
+perfect interface there you have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect interface there you have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect interface there you have to use
+your re wave mechanics to deal with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your re wave mechanics to deal with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your re wave mechanics to deal with it's
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+wave right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's a single simple interface then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what about the
+film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film
+right so if I think about the film of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I think about the film of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I think about the film of
+thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D and my we pocket comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and my we pocket comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and my we pocket comes
+in right the I'm looking at the treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right the I'm looking at the treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right the I'm looking at the treating
+the same because if the are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because if the are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same because if the are the
+same if they overlap specially you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if they overlap specially you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if they overlap specially you have
+to include that pH addition they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include that pH addition they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include that pH addition they
+interfere with each other if they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each other if they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfere with each other if they come
+from different way packet they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different way packet they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different way packet they are not
+correlated because the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated because the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated because the one that
+immediate say in the next time step may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate say in the next time step may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate say in the next time step may
+not be correlated with the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be correlated with the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be correlated with the one that
+emitted by the previous time step right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by the previous time step right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emitted by the previous time step right
+so two different way packet I don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two different way packet I don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so two different way packet I don't care
+I'm considering consider the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm considering consider the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm considering consider the one that
+somewhere coming from a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere coming from a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere coming from a source
+propagating inside the film and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating inside the film and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating inside the film and now
+reflected so whether I consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so whether I consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so whether I consider
+interference or notot then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference or notot then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference or notot then this is the
+same way packet maybe different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way packet maybe different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way packet maybe different
+amplitude but they come from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but they come from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude but they come from the same
+parent right so if this specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent right so if this specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent right so if this specially
+overlap you have to include the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap you have to include the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap you have to include the
+interference you have to use the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you have to use the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference you have to use the wave
+super position that we deal before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super position that we deal before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super position that we deal before
+so so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the
+criteria is so if D is much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria is so if D is much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria is so if D is much larger than
+cerence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cerence
+lens if this is very large the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens if this is very large the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens if this is very large the same way
+packet of course at the interface I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet of course at the interface I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet of course at the interface I have
+to use that frel formula which is a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that frel formula which is a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that frel formula which is a wave
+result but uh once they away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but uh once they away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result but uh once they away from
+interface most of the region in the film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface most of the region in the film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface most of the region in the film
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+window this packet will not overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window this packet will not overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window this packet will not overlap
+so you can just Trace them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just Trace them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can just Trace them as a
+particles trajectories forget about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles trajectories forget about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles trajectories forget about the
+face because you do face you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face because you do face you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face because you do face you get the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+right so that's one scenario in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one scenario in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's one scenario in fact I
+thought this was the most scenario one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was the most scenario one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought this was the most scenario one
+was a uh the first paper when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a uh the first paper when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a uh the first paper when I was a
+student I wrote a PhD student I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student I wrote a PhD student I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student I wrote a PhD student I wrote
+was on this problem and uh I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on this problem and uh I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on this problem and uh I thought
+that that will answer the way particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will answer the way particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that will answer the way particle
+transition and in fact uh in Optics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and in fact uh in Optics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and in fact uh in Optics so
+there two ways one is the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two ways one is the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there two ways one is the transfer
+Matrix to calculate reflectance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to calculate reflectance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix to calculate reflectance the
+other is just completely ignore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is just completely ignore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is just completely ignore the
+interference and do retracing energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and do retracing energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and do retracing energy
+bounce back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back and
+forth right but you look at the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right but you look at the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth right but you look at the formula
+is very different so I I I actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different so I I I actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very different so I I I actually was
+just cook up of formula and then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cook up of formula and then say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cook up of formula and then say
+then my w say oh you should look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my w say oh you should look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then my w say oh you should look at
+Theory so I went to check it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so I went to check it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so I went to check it turns out
+there is all this Optical cerent Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is all this Optical cerent Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is all this Optical cerent Theory
+and I use the theory and I say that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use the theory and I say that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I use the theory and I say that's
+the transition so this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition so this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition so this is where the
+demarcation come from film is a sick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demarcation come from film is a sick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demarcation come from film is a sick you
+neglect say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect say
+inference then you don't inference seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference then you don't inference seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference then you don't inference seem
+all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very
+logical but then uh years later I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but then uh years later I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but then uh years later I
+realize this is a problem um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this is a problem um other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this is a problem um other
+people probably know this very well but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people probably know this very well but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people probably know this very well but
+uh the problem is if I have a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem is if I have a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the problem is if I have a black
+body which has a spread and in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body which has a spread and in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body which has a spread and in fact you
+can calculate effective bre spread black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate effective bre spread black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can calculate effective bre spread black
+body has a right it's a peig right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body has a right it's a peig right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body has a right it's a peig right you
+say zero to infinite of frequency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero to infinite of frequency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero to infinite of frequency but
+they can calculate effective bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can calculate effective bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can calculate effective bandwidth
+of that zero to infinite because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that zero to infinite because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that zero to infinite because it
+picks around wind slow right so uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks around wind slow right so uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks around wind slow right so uh uh
+but see when I calculate the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see when I calculate the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see when I calculate the uh
+multi-layer structure particularly super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer structure particularly super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer structure particularly super
+latis we mentioned before Brock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis we mentioned before Brock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latis we mentioned before Brock
+reflector right Brock reflector is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector right Brock reflector is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflector right Brock reflector is a one
+12 one2 repeating structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and uh it turns out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh it turns out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh it turns out that you
+really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't
+get this result the you say the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this result the you say the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this result the you say the limit
+even it's very thick you still get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it's very thick you still get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even it's very thick you still get your
+wave result you can never get the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave result you can never get the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave result you can never get the result
+where you neglect completely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you neglect completely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you neglect completely the
+interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference
+effect so I thought about this and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so I thought about this and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect so I thought about this and now
+the physical explanation is again is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical explanation is again is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical explanation is again is the
+same parent say the we pocket came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parent say the we pocket came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parent say the we pocket came from
+the same parent the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same parent the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same parent the actual
+overlap why if you say okay here I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap why if you say okay here I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap why if you say okay here I have
+a packet comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet comes
+in and they go into the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they go into the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and they go into the first
+layer and that packet and reflect once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and that packet and reflect once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and that packet and reflect once
+refract to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refract to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refract to the second
+layer reflect the once right this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer reflect the once right this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer reflect the once right this is
+this from the split from the same parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the split from the same parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this from the split from the same parent
+packet there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet there
+of course because of the time delay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course because of the time delay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course because of the time delay I
+don't have overlap between this one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have overlap between this one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have overlap between this one and
+this one right because this one already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right because this one already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one right because this one already
+this one travel longer time so when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one travel longer time so when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one travel longer time so when this
+W packet come into this layer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W packet come into this layer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W packet come into this layer it's
+already this one already gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this one already gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this one already gone
+out however but this one has a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out however but this one has a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out however but this one has a lot
+reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection
+here another reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another reflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here another reflection
+back and that's coming from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and that's coming from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and that's coming from the same
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+and these two can specially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two can specially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two can specially
+overlap and hence even though you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and hence even though you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and hence even though you have
+very thick one they can still interfere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thick one they can still interfere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very thick one they can still interfere
+with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+other so your structure actually gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so your structure actually gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so your structure actually gave
+this packet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this packet a
+coherence so you cannot completely just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence so you cannot completely just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence so you cannot completely just
+use the cerent lens simple cerence lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the cerent lens simple cerence lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the cerent lens simple cerence lens
+to neglect the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neglect the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to neglect the wave
+effect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect okay
+so that's a say uh uh in uh lesson learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a say uh uh in uh lesson learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a say uh uh in uh lesson learn
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Optics and the Le lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and the Le lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optics and the Le lesson
+is uh the fullon scatter which will dive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the fullon scatter which will dive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the fullon scatter which will dive
+in in the uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the uh next
+lecture and uh for on foron scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh for on foron scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and uh for on foron scattering
+so when I have uh say uh lat vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I have uh say uh lat vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I have uh say uh lat vibration
+and they are typically three full on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are typically three full on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are typically three full on
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+process so in this case what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have is the in elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the in elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the in elastic
+scale so now you have to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so now you have to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale so now you have to look at the
+scaron so in elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaron so in elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaron so in elastic
+scaron is uh we have one Fon Omega 1 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaron is uh we have one Fon Omega 1 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaron is uh we have one Fon Omega 1 two
+Fon comes in and they interact they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon comes in and they interact they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fon comes in and they interact they form
+third Fon and the energy of the third is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Fon and the energy of the third is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third Fon and the energy of the third is
+the sum of Omega 1 plus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of Omega 1 plus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of Omega 1 plus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those kind of process pops up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those kind of process pops up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those kind of process pops up
+randomly in the solid because foron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly in the solid because foron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly in the solid because foron
+propagate anywhere they are not fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate anywhere they are not fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate anywhere they are not fixed
+right so those scatter those process are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those scatter those process are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those scatter those process are
+usually considered as a pH destroying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually considered as a pH destroying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually considered as a pH destroying so
+in elastic scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typically if your process is dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if your process is dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically if your process is dominated
+by in elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by in elastic
+scattering and that gives you the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and that gives you the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering and that gives you the uh uh
+let's say the mean free path the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the mean free path the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say the mean free path the
+distance between the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between the scattering
+event right and of course say uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event right and of course say uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event right and of course say uh the
+scattering itself may involve pH is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering itself may involve pH is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering itself may involve pH is uh
+the F this uh face uh super position but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F this uh face uh super position but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the F this uh face uh super position but
+between one point to the other the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one point to the other the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one point to the other the way
+once the scatter it propagates as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the scatter it propagates as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the scatter it propagates as a
+packet the next instant is scattered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet the next instant is scattered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet the next instant is scattered to
+another Direction as a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction as a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Direction as a complete
+different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way
+packet because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet because they
+lose their parental information it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their parental information it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose their parental information it's
+random so in this case I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so in this case I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random so in this case I can
+consider the waves I can forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the waves I can forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the waves I can forget about
+the the the superposition of waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the superposition of waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the superposition of waves
+between different scattered waves so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different scattered waves so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different scattered waves so I
+trade them as particles uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade them as particles uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade them as particles uncorrelated
+particles so in elastic scattering is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so in elastic scattering is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so in elastic scattering is uh
+typically you can treat as a um uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you can treat as a um uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically you can treat as a um uh say
+particle if this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if this process
+dominant but there's another process for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant but there's another process for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant but there's another process for
+example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I
+have uh say a solid or impur atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh say a solid or impur atom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh say a solid or impur atom in the
+material and the wave comes in whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the wave comes in whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and the wave comes in whether
+it's a electron wave or Fon wave they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a electron wave or Fon wave they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a electron wave or Fon wave they
+comes in at Omega it goes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in at Omega it goes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in at Omega it goes out and
+another om the same Omega they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another om the same Omega they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another om the same Omega they just
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+right this is a light for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a light for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a light for example
+typically when you have dust in the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you have dust in the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you have dust in the sky
+the light comes in the defract to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light comes in the defract to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light comes in the defract to your
+eye this kind of process the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye this kind of process the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye this kind of process the particle
+position is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is fixed
+right but the scattering Direction could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the scattering Direction could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but the scattering Direction could
+be depends on the solution you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be depends on the solution you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be depends on the solution you have to
+solve the max equation for that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the max equation for that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the max equation for that problem
+is classic called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is classic called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is classic called
+me or you solve the uh uh uh the uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or you solve the uh uh uh the uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me or you solve the uh uh uh the uh uh
+electron atom all those problems so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom all those problems so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom all those problems so
+because this guy is fixed so the scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this guy is fixed so the scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this guy is fixed so the scatter
+one actually have a fixed face relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually have a fixed face relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one actually have a fixed face relation
+different direction you have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction you have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different direction you have different
+fixed wave so this are the elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scatter and typically elastic scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter and typically elastic scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter and typically elastic scatter
+really does not destroy pH right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does not destroy pH right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really does not destroy pH right because
+say this position is fixed it just got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this position is fixed it just got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this position is fixed it just got
+deflective different direction May a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflective different direction May a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflective different direction May a
+different pH but this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pH but this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pH but this one and this one
+has a fixed face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relationship so then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship so then the question
+is do I TR them as particles if this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I TR them as particles if this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do I TR them as particles if this one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+dominant turns out here you got really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant turns out here you got really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant turns out here you got really
+complicated possibilities for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated possibilities for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated possibilities for example
+you have for uh can have many particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for uh can have many particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have for uh can have many particles
+in it and you can have a wave comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and you can have a wave comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it and you can have a wave comes in
+and get say scatter into here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get say scatter into here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get say scatter into here and
+Scatter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scatter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scatter into
+here and you could also have wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you could also have wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you could also have wave
+scattered back along the same pass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered back along the same pass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered back along the same pass and
+completely cancel the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely cancel the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely cancel the incoming
+way so those kind of wave super position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so those kind of wave super position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so those kind of wave super position
+is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+localization so if it's in elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization so if it's in elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization so if it's in elastic
+scatter you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+localization and you could also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization and you could also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization and you could also have
+where because at least the each one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where because at least the each one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where because at least the each one you
+can have complete pattern of scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have complete pattern of scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have complete pattern of scattering
+even though the fix is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the fix is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the fix is different
+direction is the fix with regarding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the fix with regarding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is the fix with regarding to
+the incoming one but you consider many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming one but you consider many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming one but you consider many
+of them especially they're random enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them especially they're random enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them especially they're random enough
+you actually can negle neglect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually can negle neglect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually can negle neglect those
+face super position so in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face super position so in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face super position so in that case you
+can go again into the particle picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go again into the particle picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go again into the particle picture
+if it's a localization you cannot but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a localization you cannot but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a localization you cannot but in
+the other limit you can neglect the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other limit you can neglect the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other limit you can neglect the face
+just treat them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Poors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poors okay
+here you will say when I can do it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you will say when I can do it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you will say when I can do it I
+can't tell you it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you it's very
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+okay and the idea of if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the idea of if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the idea of if you actually
+read because you know we discuss several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read because you know we discuss several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read because you know we discuss several
+times photonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times photonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times photonic
+Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal
+right and uh the photonic Crystal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh the photonic Crystal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and uh the photonic Crystal that
+concept the name was coined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the name was coined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept the name was coined by
+yovich but in the same year there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yovich but in the same year there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yovich but in the same year there was
+another paper studying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper studying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another paper studying the same
+phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena
+uh that's uh by uh John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's uh by uh John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's uh by uh John
+Sanji and he was studying same structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanji and he was studying same structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sanji and he was studying same structure
+and he wants to look at when the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wants to look at when the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wants to look at when the wave
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+localized so they're complete different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized so they're complete different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized so they're complete different
+angle looking at the same problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle looking at the same problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle looking at the same problem so
+yeah phonic CER is actually typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah phonic CER is actually typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah phonic CER is actually typically
+acced to two people yo and Johnson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acced to two people yo and Johnson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acced to two people yo and Johnson
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+okay so you look at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you look at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you look at the different
+literature it turns out in Optics people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature it turns out in Optics people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature it turns out in Optics people
+people talk a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people talk a lot of
+coherence and say of course in electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence and say of course in electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence and say of course in electron
+transport a lot of people also talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport a lot of people also talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport a lot of people also talk
+coherence and one of the biggest problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence and one of the biggest problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence and one of the biggest problem
+with the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the quantum
+Computing is how you can keep the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is how you can keep the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is how you can keep the wave
+face you don't lose the face you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face you don't lose the face you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face you don't lose the face you lose
+the face your superposition of waves is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face your superposition of waves is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face your superposition of waves is
+gone right so maintain the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone right so maintain the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone right so maintain the face
+coherence time and uh uh uh electric if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence time and uh uh uh electric if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence time and uh uh uh electric if
+you read the lit there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the lit there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read the lit there are many
+different lens for example there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lens for example there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lens for example there's this
+uh I think it's a very uh thoughtless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's a very uh thoughtless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's a very uh thoughtless
+lens different lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scales and uh uh of course there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and uh uh of course there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and uh uh of course there
+diffusion L all those so talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion L all those so talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion L all those so talking about
+those transition picture very very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transition picture very very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those transition picture very very uh
+complicated and uh uh we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and uh uh we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and uh uh we have been
+studying heat conduction in super lus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying heat conduction in super lus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying heat conduction in super lus
+and uh uh re we we think we have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh re we we think we have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh re we we think we have really
+found the evidence that there is a fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the evidence that there is a fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found the evidence that there is a fe
+coherence contribution to theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence contribution to theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence contribution to theral
+connectivity and there is another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity and there is another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity and there is another very
+uh mysterious result on theroc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mysterious result on theroc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mysterious result on theroc
+conductivity of Nano wires where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of Nano wires where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of Nano wires where there
+are some rough nanare people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some rough nanare people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some rough nanare people
+reporting way below what the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting way below what the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting way below what the classical
+size effect could predict and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size effect could predict and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size effect could predict and now the
+paper been WR and uh some speculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper been WR and uh some speculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper been WR and uh some speculation
+with the localization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the localization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the localization
+is uh the reason or not but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the reason or not but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the reason or not but there's
+really no strong proof so doing Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no strong proof so doing Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no strong proof so doing Theory
+doing uh experiment in all those regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh experiment in all those regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh experiment in all those regime
+are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+okay so uh given what I said so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh given what I said so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh given what I said so you see
+this is the area needs more research you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the area needs more research you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the area needs more research you
+might be interested in doing it but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in doing it but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be interested in doing it but now
+I'm making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm making the
+transition I say I'm jump jumping from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition I say I'm jump jumping from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition I say I'm jump jumping from
+the case where I consider the face of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where I consider the face of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case where I consider the face of
+the wave as I do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave as I do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave as I do in this
+chapter to the case in the next stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter to the case in the next stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter to the case in the next stage
+I'm going to trade all those energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to trade all those energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to trade all those energy
+carriers as a particles I completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers as a particles I completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers as a particles I completely
+ignore the phase right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the phase right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the phase right this is a
+different level of grity remember when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level of grity remember when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different level of grity remember when
+we talk about Einstein wave particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about Einstein wave particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about Einstein wave particle
+duality is a waves is both wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality is a waves is both wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duality is a waves is both wave and
+particle it has momentum it has a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it has momentum it has a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle it has momentum it has a phase
+right but what I'm saying is the I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what I'm saying is the I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what I'm saying is the I'm
+migrating into a classical regime where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating into a classical regime where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating into a classical regime where
+I completely drop out the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I completely drop out the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I completely drop out the phase
+information I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I look at
+trajectory of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory of those
+particles so there this is where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so there this is where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so there this is where we're
+migrating to the next uh chapter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating to the next uh chapter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrating to the next uh chapter and
+chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+six so chapter six what start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so chapter six what start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six so chapter six what start talking
+about the the transport by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the transport by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the the transport by
+particles okay and uh uh let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay and uh uh let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay and uh uh let's start
+with a a general equation in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a general equation in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a a general equation in this case
+Lal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so L equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so L equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so L equation
+describe the uh uh say particle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the uh uh say particle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the uh uh say particle in a
+system how they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system how they move
+and uh it's very general uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's very general uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it's very general uh because
+let's suppose I have um n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I have um n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose I have um n
+particles in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and let's suppose each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and let's suppose each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and let's suppose each
+particle has uh say 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has uh say 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has uh say 2
+m each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m each
+particle 2 m degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this degrees of
+freom represent for example if I have XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freom represent for example if I have XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freom represent for example if I have XY
+Z in CTI coate translational degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in CTI coate translational degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z in CTI coate translational degree
+freedom I will also have VX v y VZ right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I will also have VX v y VZ right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom I will also have VX v y VZ right
+so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have
+momentum I have coordinate space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I have coordinate space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I have coordinate space
+coordinate or if you think about angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or if you think about angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate or if you think about angular
+Theta five you have angular momentum so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta five you have angular momentum so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta five you have angular momentum so
+2 m means if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m means if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 m means if I have
+R right uh say um R the ice particle I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right uh say um R the ice particle I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right uh say um R the ice particle I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+R1 to R I say I this is space degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 to R I say I this is space degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 to R I say I this is space degree
+of see uh uh say freedom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see uh uh say freedom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see uh uh say freedom and
+correspondingly I have p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly I have p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly I have p
+i1 and p momentum I am so I have 2 m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and p momentum I am so I have 2 m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 and p momentum I am so I have 2 m
+right I'm going to use the rotation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to use the rotation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm going to use the rotation okay
+my total number of degree of the freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my total number of degree of the freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my total number of degree of the freedom
+is 2 n = 2 m * n that's total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 n = 2 m * n that's total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 n = 2 m * n that's total number of
+degree of Freedom see I have n particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom see I have n particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of Freedom see I have n particle
+in the system 10^ the 23rd of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system 10^ the 23rd of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system 10^ the 23rd of constant
+right if each particle is mon Atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if each particle is mon Atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if each particle is mon Atomic
+it's only doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only doing
+translation so I have six because the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so I have six because the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so I have six because the m
+is three for XY Z and the VX v v z gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three for XY Z and the VX v v z gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three for XY Z and the VX v v z gives
+me six so each part need six and 6 * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me six so each part need six and 6 * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me six so each part need six and 6 * n
+gives me total number of degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me total number of degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me total number of degree of
+freedom but I have say uh I use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but I have say uh I use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom but I have say uh I use a
+generalize so if I General this one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so if I General this one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize so if I General this one I
+have 2 N say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 N say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 2 N say
+RN and uh p and those are my generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN and uh p and those are my generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN and uh p and those are my generalized
+coordinate right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate right so so
+if if capital N is one say one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if capital N is one say one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if capital N is one say one a
+constant this is a six because I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is a six because I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant this is a six because I just
+explain 6n is my uh say uh divide by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain 6n is my uh say uh divide by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain 6n is my uh say uh divide by two
+is 3 n is uh is say space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 n is uh is say space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 3 n is uh is say space
+coordinate and momentum coordinate right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and momentum coordinate right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and momentum coordinate right
+so this is a huge Lum high order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a huge Lum high order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a huge Lum high order
+space right and each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right and each point
+if I have one point in that space I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have one point in that space I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have one point in that space I know
+the whole system because I know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system because I know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system because I know every
+particles position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles position and
+momentum right so now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right so now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum right so now you have to
+generalize your 3D to n Dimension 2 N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize your 3D to n Dimension 2 N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize your 3D to n Dimension 2 N
+Dimension and nobody can draw that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and nobody can draw that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimension and nobody can draw that of
+course and uh this is my face space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh this is my face space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh this is my face space so
+this one forms my face space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and
+uh now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now if you
+recall in uh chapter 4 when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in uh chapter 4 when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall in uh chapter 4 when we
+discuss the generalized theory of ter I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the generalized theory of ter I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the generalized theory of ter I
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+statistics we mention now that I say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we mention now that I say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics we mention now that I say you
+don't need to really uh uh uh will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to really uh uh uh will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to really uh uh uh will not
+to test it as as you see right but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test it as as you see right but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test it as as you see right but I did
+mention the emle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the emle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the emle
+concept right so in Sample is if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right so in Sample is if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right so in Sample is if I take
+a system either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system either
+isolated and or constant temperature or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and or constant temperature or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and or constant temperature or
+constant temperature and constant number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature and constant number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant temperature and constant number
+say uh constant chemical potential right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh constant chemical potential right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh constant chemical potential right
+so I take each Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take each Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I take each Quantum
+State rather than do time average I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State rather than do time average I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State rather than do time average I do
+each Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each Quantum
+state is uh uh see uh uh see in Sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is uh uh see uh uh see in Sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state is uh uh see uh uh see in Sample
+is one system in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one system in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one system in my
+emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble
+right so each Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so each Quantum
+State now has one set of RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now has one set of RN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State now has one set of RN
+PN right because I know the position I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN right because I know the position I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN right because I know the position I
+know the momentum of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the momentum of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the momentum of all the
+particles so one set of RM PN and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so one set of RM PN and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so one set of RM PN and if I
+have many Quantum States I have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many Quantum States I have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many Quantum States I have many
+point that many points in my face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that many points in my face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that many points in my face
+space right so in the my face space now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so in the my face space now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space right so in the my face space now
+I can draw it so I'm going to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can draw it so I'm going to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can draw it so I'm going to simplify
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+RN my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PN right I have in this emble each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+represent a Quantum state of the emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a Quantum state of the emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a Quantum state of the emble
+in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the face
+space okay and of course now I have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and of course now I have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and of course now I have many
+many parles in my face space so I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parles in my face space so I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many parles in my face space so I can do
+density I can do probability density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I can do probability density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density I can do probability density and
+uh my uh so that I introduce the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my uh so that I introduce the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my uh so that I introduce the uh
+particle distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution
+function so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so the uh
+FN so this one is a l of poles and T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN so this one is a l of poles and T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN so this one is a l of poles and T and
+r n p n right this is the n particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r n p n right this is the n particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r n p n right this is the n particle
+capital N I have n particle in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N I have n particle in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital N I have n particle in the
+system distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system distribution
+function and what it means is if I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what it means is if I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and what it means is if I know
+this distribution function I multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution function I multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distribution function I multiply by
+the volume of this face space in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of this face space in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume of this face space in this
+near that point R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near that point R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near that point R and
+PN and that gives me the L of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+systems systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems systems
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+emble having the coordinated rmp at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble having the coordinated rmp at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble having the coordinated rmp at time
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+right so this one is my uh n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle distribution function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so as my time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as my time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as my time
+evolves right now I'm doing going to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves right now I'm doing going to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolves right now I'm doing going to mix
+my time with emble as time evolves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time with emble as time evolves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my time with emble as time evolves the
+system stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stay
+change right that means each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right that means each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right that means each of the
+emble will also evolve in time each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble will also evolve in time each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emble will also evolve in time each of
+the system in the emble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in the emble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system in the emble
+right but say because each system start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but say because each system start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but say because each system start
+with a Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a Quantum
+State as the time goes on the two system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State as the time goes on the two system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State as the time goes on the two system
+can never have the same Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never have the same Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can never have the same Quantum
+state right otherwise you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right otherwise you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state right otherwise you go
+back you will say if the stuff is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you will say if the stuff is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back you will say if the stuff is the
+same you go back it will time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you go back it will time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you go back it will time
+reversal you will be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal you will be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversal you will be the same
+so uh so what that does that mean is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so what that does that mean is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so what that does that mean is
+this each point as time goes you form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this each point as time goes you form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this each point as time goes you form a
+streamline now you can think of FL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline now you can think of FL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streamline now you can think of FL
+mechanics right you form a streamline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right you form a streamline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics right you form a streamline
+and this streamline do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this streamline do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this streamline do not
+intersect it's actually incompressible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect it's actually incompressible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect it's actually incompressible
+flow in this n-dimensional face space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in this n-dimensional face space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow in this n-dimensional face space
+two IND dimensional face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two IND dimensional face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two IND dimensional face
+space okay if it's a incompressible flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay if it's a incompressible flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay if it's a incompressible flow
+and the particle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particle is
+conserved you can write actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved you can write actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved you can write actually a
+equation of motion for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of motion for this
+FN right and FN is incompressible and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN right and FN is incompressible and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN right and FN is incompressible and if
+you think about this is a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this is a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this is a if
+you gone through two5 2 6 it derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gone through two5 2 6 it derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gone through two5 2 6 it derive
+actually the uh like a mature derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the uh like a mature derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the uh like a mature derivative
+all those stuff so you can do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those stuff so you can do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those stuff so you can do actually
+uh differential volume you see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differential volume you see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh differential volume you see what
+comes in what goes out what comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in what goes out what comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in what goes out what comes in
+what goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes
+out right and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and because
+incompressible so at the end what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible so at the end what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompressible so at the end what we
+have is the equation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the equation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is the equation for this
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what I have is
+DF n DT this is time and and then Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF n DT this is time and and then Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF n DT this is time and and then Sigma
+I = 1 to n and uh see R time derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I = 1 to n and uh see R time derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I = 1 to n and uh see R time derivative
+so I will do a DOT is drdt because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will do a DOT is drdt because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will do a DOT is drdt because I'm
+doing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing time
+Evolution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution and
+DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF
+n d r n plus I = 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n d r n plus I = 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n d r n plus I = 1 to
+n and uh P time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh P time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and uh P time
+derivative uh no so I should not do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh no so I should not do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative uh no so I should not do I
+this is I this is not n because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I this is not n because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I this is not n because I'm
+doing summation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DP
+dfn d uh Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfn d uh Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dfn d uh Pi
+I and this is a incompressible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this is a incompressible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this is a incompressible
+flow and this is the essentially uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and this is the essentially uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow and this is the essentially uh the
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay nobody solves it it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nobody solves it it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay nobody solves it it's hard to
+solve right you have if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve right you have if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve right you have if you think about
+degree of freedom is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of freedom is 2
+N avag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N avag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N avag
+constant right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant right
+but it's the start and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the start and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's the start and from
+here the um physics Branch into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directions and uh one is the from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and uh one is the from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and uh one is the from here
+one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the
+Borman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+okay and both bman how to go from lovo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and both bman how to go from lovo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and both bman how to go from lovo
+equation to bman equation there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to bman equation there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation to bman equation there are
+books a whole book devoted to it many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books a whole book devoted to it many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books a whole book devoted to it many
+many layers of distri say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers of distri say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many layers of distri say
+approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation
+okay and uh uh we spend three chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh we spend three chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh uh we spend three chapters
+discussing BMA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and uh then uh there is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh then uh there is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and uh then uh there is also
+the uh linear response Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you uh if we have enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh if we have enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh if we have enough time
+chapter line chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter line chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter line chapter
+10 chapter line is sort of start of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 chapter line is sort of start of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 chapter line is sort of start of a
+linear response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear response
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+bman of course say uh is a uh uh way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bman of course say uh is a uh uh way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bman of course say uh is a uh uh way
+earlier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier than
+Einstein and Einstein's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Einstein's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein and Einstein's one of
+Einstein's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's
+motivation in his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation in his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation in his PhD
+thesis was his PhD thesis was on Brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis was his PhD thesis was on Brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis was his PhD thesis was on Brown
+motion one is to use Brown motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion one is to use Brown motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion one is to use Brown motion
+determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the
+atomic molecular size one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic molecular size one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic molecular size one of this
+motivation but another motivation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but another motivation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation but another motivation is
+that bman equation is only applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bman equation is only applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bman equation is only applicable to
+dilute gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute gas
+okay so I said I can trade parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I said I can trade parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I said I can trade parallel
+electron Fon Photon molecules but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Fon Photon molecules but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron Fon Photon molecules but I
+can't trade liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't trade liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't trade liquid
+right liquid is not a d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right liquid is not a d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right liquid is not a d
+gas and uh what Einstein started is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and uh what Einstein started is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and uh what Einstein started is
+trying to develop a parallel Theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop a parallel Theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to develop a parallel Theory to
+Borman so he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borman so he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Borman so he is
+actually he La the say the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he La the say the starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he La the say the starting
+point of this Branch linear response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this Branch linear response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of this Branch linear response
+Theory and if you do molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and if you do molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory and if you do molecular
+Dynamics this is actually the uh say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics this is actually the uh say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics this is actually the uh say you
+start from noal equation you don't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from noal equation you don't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start from noal equation you don't try
+to simplify it you solve each atom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it you solve each atom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to simplify it you solve each atom right
+computer now becomes more powerful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now becomes more powerful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer now becomes more powerful so
+you can actually do your impart problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do your impart problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do your impart problem
+FAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FAL
+ma but say you have to know you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma but say you have to know you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ma but say you have to know you need to
+know the linear response Theory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the linear response Theory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the linear response Theory that's
+the foundation for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foundation for all the
+analysis and in fact it's conceptu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and in fact it's conceptu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and in fact it's conceptu is
+very easy equal to do FAL ma but how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy equal to do FAL ma but how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy equal to do FAL ma but how to
+get into the understanding is the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the understanding is the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the understanding is the where
+that's this theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this theoretical
+Foundation okay so uh this is the L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation okay so uh this is the L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation okay so uh this is the L
+equation and also there is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and also there is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and also there is very
+interesting if you go to for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you go to for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you go to for example uh
+um talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um talk about
+those how how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those how how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those how how the
+entropy right eventually come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy right eventually come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy right eventually come out of
+those equations is still very heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations is still very heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equations is still very heavily
+debated right because those most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debated right because those most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debated right because those most of
+those equation is time reversal you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equation is time reversal you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those equation is time reversal you put
+a negative time goes back to original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative time goes back to original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative time goes back to original
+point but entropy is not a Time reversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but entropy is not a Time reversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but entropy is not a Time reversal
+it's time increasing right so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time increasing right so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time increasing right so that's a
+that's another say uh uh still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another say uh uh still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another say uh uh still very
+confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing
+point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so
+uh let's go from here to bman equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go from here to bman equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's go from here to bman equation
+we're not going to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and bman equation is a tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and bman equation is a tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and bman equation is a tremendous
+simplification and here we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and here we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification and here we have in
+the in they say uh Lal equation I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in they say uh Lal equation I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in they say uh Lal equation I have a
+n particle distribution function and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n particle distribution function and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n particle distribution function and is
+avagard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avagard
+constant what BMA equation does is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what BMA equation does is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what BMA equation does is one
+partic distribution function from 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic distribution function from 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic distribution function from 10 to
+23rd down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd down to
+one that's a simplification that's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a simplification that's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's a simplification that's many
+order that's why I say not the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that's why I say not the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that's why I say not the books
+R right and the uh bman equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right and the uh bman equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right and the uh bman equation is
+defining the one particle now is Ft R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the one particle now is Ft R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining the one particle now is Ft R
+and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and P
+right any particle that has location rmp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any particle that has location rmp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right any particle that has location rmp
+or maybe I can just write this is a let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I can just write this is a let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe I can just write this is a let
+me start with one particle rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me start with one particle rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me start with one particle rather than
+the TR R1 P1 right and then I generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TR R1 P1 right and then I generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TR R1 P1 right and then I generalize
+R1 P1 because say just any particle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 P1 because say just any particle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 P1 because say just any particle so
+RP and what it has is the average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP and what it has is the average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP and what it has is the average of the
+over all other if I have 10 to 23rd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all other if I have 10 to 23rd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all other if I have 10 to 23rd
+particle so I average over the all other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so I average over the all other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so I average over the all other
+10 23r minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 23r minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 23r minus one
+particles so what I have what I have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so what I have what I have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so what I have what I have is
+in definition is I have the N factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in definition is I have the N factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in definition is I have the N factorial
+and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one
+factorial and that is averaging over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and that is averaging over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and that is averaging over the
+all the other particles right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other particles right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other particles right so this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+FN but then I'm integrating our dr2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN but then I'm integrating our dr2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FN but then I'm integrating our dr2
+to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d
+r uh n and D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r uh n and D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r uh n and D
+P2 D PN you can say I'm averaging all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 D PN you can say I'm averaging all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 D PN you can say I'm averaging all
+the rest of the particle I say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the particle I say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the particle I say this is
+my one particle distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function okay and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and because of
+this now this particle other than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this particle other than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now this particle other than a
+system in the emble right it l interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the emble right it l interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in the emble right it l interact
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+other systems in the same emble it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems in the same emble it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other systems in the same emble it's
+parallel incompressible non interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel incompressible non interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel incompressible non interacting
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+Lal now I'm one particle in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal now I'm one particle in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lal now I'm one particle in the system
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+system you will interact it will collide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you will interact it will collide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you will interact it will collide
+with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other
+particles right so if you do your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles right so if you do your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles right so if you do your
+integration averaging over the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration averaging over the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration averaging over the low
+theorem you got all the block of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you got all the block of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem you got all the block of the
+other particle that's the one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particle that's the one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particle that's the one particle
+interacting with the other so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the other so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the other so what I
+have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the bards man equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bards man equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the bards man equation is
+DF uh now I do this F uh in general I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF uh now I do this F uh in general I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF uh now I do this F uh in general I'll
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+DF uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DF uh
+DT I don't write the Y anymore is Dr R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I don't write the Y anymore is Dr R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I don't write the Y anymore is Dr R
+DT and Delta r f right this R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and Delta r f right this R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and Delta r f right this R is
+generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized
+coordinate for one particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for one particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for one particle and
+DP generalized momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DT and the gradient with respect to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the gradient with respect to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT and the gradient with respect to uh
+P F this is one particle I'm averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P F this is one particle I'm averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P F this is one particle I'm averaging
+over other 23 par 10 to 23rd particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over other 23 par 10 to 23rd particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over other 23 par 10 to 23rd particles
+that averaging term is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that averaging term is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that averaging term is not
+zero and I'm putting here right now just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm putting here right now just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm putting here right now just
+into a symbol that's the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a symbol that's the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a symbol that's the interaction
+that's my Coalition term of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my Coalition term of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my Coalition term of this
+particle with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rest okay and this is halfway to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest okay and this is halfway to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest okay and this is halfway to the
+boards V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards V
+equation right so it's simplifying 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so it's simplifying 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right so it's simplifying 10 to
+the 23rd huge L to one particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 23rd huge L to one particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 23rd huge L to one particle
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function and uh uh of course uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh uh of course uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and uh uh of course uh
+dpdt you can write f/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpdt you can write f/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dpdt you can write f/
+M that's a and then this P could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's a and then this P could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M that's a and then this P could be
+changing to Velocity because say this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing to Velocity because say this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing to Velocity because say this a
+derivative whether you write Delta v f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative whether you write Delta v f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative whether you write Delta v f
+so if dpdt is then times because the M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if dpdt is then times because the M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if dpdt is then times because the M
+right p is in the D in the denominator p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right p is in the D in the denominator p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right p is in the D in the denominator p
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+MV so you can write the m one or M or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV so you can write the m one or M or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MV so you can write the m one or M or
+you can even write into uh the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even write into uh the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can even write into uh the quantum
+Form K right P equals h k right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Form K right P equals h k right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Form K right P equals h k right so it
+will be H bar *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be H bar *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be H bar *
+K uh no one or H bar because this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh no one or H bar because this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K uh no one or H bar because this one
+equal also is in terms of K is one or H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal also is in terms of K is one or H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal also is in terms of K is one or H
+bom so there are different ways to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bom so there are different ways to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bom so there are different ways to write
+this momentum term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but the most complicated is here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction and uh uh I will discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and uh uh I will discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and uh uh I will discuss
+this in the next lecture that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next lecture that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the next lecture that's a very
+complic term but what I want to drop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complic term but what I want to drop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complic term but what I want to drop to
+you is the bman equation is based on if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is the bman equation is based on if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is the bman equation is based on if
+you know one partic distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one partic distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one partic distribution the
+Assumption if you know one partic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption if you know one partic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption if you know one partic
+distribution function you know the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function you know the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function you know the all
+the other partic distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other partic distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other partic distribution
+function and the reason is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the reason is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the reason is this
+molecular chos chos assumption right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular chos chos assumption right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular chos chos assumption right so
+molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KS and just to say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS and just to say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS and just to say the
+particles do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles do not
+really interfere with each other they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interfere with each other they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interfere with each other they
+scatter they interact but I say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter they interact but I say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter they interact but I say you know
+that this distribution function of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this distribution function of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this distribution function of one
+particle then you know the all the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then you know the all the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle then you know the all the N
+particles so this is the n particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so this is the n particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so this is the n particle
+distribution function T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution function T
+RN PN that's what we want right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN PN that's what we want right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN PN that's what we want right in the
+lower equation and molecular chaos is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower equation and molecular chaos is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower equation and molecular chaos is
+just this is fub1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is fub1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this is fub1 T
+R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1
+P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P1
+times right the same t uh one t RN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PN so if I know this distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN so if I know this distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PN so if I know this distribution
+function as general function of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as general function of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as general function of space
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+momentum I know they or they say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I know they or they say n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I know they or they say n
+particle distribution function so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution function so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle distribution function so this
+is the it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the it's a
+independent so you do have Collision but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so you do have Collision but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so you do have Collision but
+after Collision they forget the where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Collision they forget the where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Collision they forget the where
+they came from they lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from they lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from they lost the
+memory and some molecular kills that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and some molecular kills that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory and some molecular kills that's a
+fundamental in how you can get from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in how you can get from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental in how you can get from the
+Lal theorem equation to the B man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation okay and uh uh just one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and uh uh just one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and uh uh just one more
+common is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common is for
+example uh BMA equation uh when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh BMA equation uh when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh BMA equation uh when you have
+dense fluids it doesn't apply so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense fluids it doesn't apply so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense fluids it doesn't apply so what
+the people had tried to modify is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people had tried to modify is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people had tried to modify is
+actually do two particle and consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do two particle and consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do two particle and consider
+final size of the molecule there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final size of the molecule there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final size of the molecule there's
+another equation called ancco which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation called ancco which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another equation called ancco which is a
+two- partical distribution function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- partical distribution function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- partical distribution function but
+the equation became very hard to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation became very hard to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation became very hard to handle
+not many people ever solved it and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many people ever solved it and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many people ever solved it and uh so
+that's it since the 60s more effort were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it since the 60s more effort were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it since the 60s more effort were
+actually going to the Nar response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to the Nar response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to the Nar response
+because computer become available people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because computer become available people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because computer become available people
+can do computational analysis and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do computational analysis and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do computational analysis and go
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+theor okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YOABS3tTHVc.txt b/YOABS3tTHVc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91ace1d43a43f4fdb7460c2c0606a7c759190409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YOABS3tTHVc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+We can tweak the design of the DM cache a
+little to take advantage of locality and save
+
+some of the overhead of tag fields and valid
+bits.
+
+We can increase the size of the data field
+in a cache from 1 word to 2 words, or 4 words,
+
+etc.
+
+The number of data words in each cache line
+is called the "block size" and is always a
+
+power of two.
+
+Using a larger block size makes sense.
+
+If there's a high probability of accessing
+nearby words, why not fetch a larger block
+
+of words on a cache miss, trading the increased
+cost of the miss against the increased probability
+
+of future hits.
+
+Compare the 16-word DM cache shown here with
+a block size of 4 with a different 16-word
+
+DM cache with a block size of 1.
+
+In this cache for every 128 bits of data there
+are 27 bits of tags and valid bit, so ~17%
+
+of the SRAM bits are overhead in the sense
+that they're not being used to store data.
+
+In the cache with block size 1, for every
+32 bits of data there are 27 bits of tag and
+
+valid bit, so ~46% of the SRAM bits are overhead.
+
+So a larger block size means we'll be using
+the SRAM more efficiently.
+
+Since there are 16 bytes of data in each cache
+line, there are now 4 offset bits.
+
+The cache uses the high-order two bits of
+the offset to select which of the 4 words
+
+to return to the CPU on a cache hit.
+
+There are 4 cache lines, so we'll need two
+cache line index bits from the incoming address.
+
+And, finally, the remaining 26 address bits
+are used as the tag field.
+
+Note that there's only a single valid bit
+for each cache line, so either the entire
+
+4-word block is present in the cache or it's
+not.
+
+Would it be worth the extra complication to
+support caching partial blocks?
+
+Probably not.
+
+Locality tells us that we'll probably want
+those other words in the near future, so having
+
+them in the cache will likely improve the
+hit ratio.
+
+What's the tradeoff between block size and
+performance?
+
+We've argued that increasing the block size
+from 1 was a good idea.
+
+Is there a limit to how large blocks should
+be?
+
+Let's look at the costs and benefits of an
+increased block size.
+
+With a larger block size we have to fetch
+more words on a cache miss and the miss penalty
+
+grows linearly with increasing block size.
+
+Note that since the access time for the first
+word from DRAM is quite high, the increased
+
+miss penalty isn't as painful as it might
+be.
+
+Increasing the block size past 1 reduces the
+miss ratio since we're bringing words into
+
+the cache that will then be cache hits on
+subsequent accesses.
+
+Assuming we don't increase the overall cache
+capacity, increasing the block size means
+
+we'll make a corresponding reduction in the
+number of cache lines.
+
+Reducing the number of lines impacts the number
+of separate address blocks that can be accommodated
+
+in the cache.
+
+As we saw in the discussion on the size of
+the working set of a running program, there
+
+are a certain number of separate regions we
+need to accommodate to achieve a high hit
+
+ratio: program, stack, data, etc.
+
+So we need to ensure there are a sufficient
+number of blocks to hold the different addresses
+
+in the working set.
+
+The bottom line is that there is an optimum
+block size that minimizes the miss ratio and
+
+increasing the block size past that point
+will be counterproductive.
+
+Combining the information in these two graphs,
+we can use the formula for AMAT to choose
+
+the block size the gives us the best possible
+AMAT.
+
+In modern processors, a common block size
+is 64 bytes (16 words).
+
+DM caches do have an Achilles heel.
+
+Consider running the 3-instruction LOOPA code
+with the instructions located starting at
+
+word address 1024 and the data starting at
+word address 37 where the program is making
+
+alternating accesses to instruction and data,
+e.g., a loop of LD instructions.
+
+Assuming a 1024-line DM cache with a block
+size of 1, the steady state hit ratio will
+
+be 100% once all six locations have been loaded
+into the cache since each location is mapped
+
+to a different cache line.
+
+Now consider the execution of the same program,
+but this time the data has been relocated
+
+to start at word address 2048.
+
+Now the instructions and data are competing
+for use of the same cache lines.
+
+For example, the first instruction (at address
+1024) and the first data word (at address
+
+2048) both map to cache line 0, so only one
+them can be in the cache at a time.
+
+So fetching the first instruction fills cache
+line 0 with the contents of location 1024,
+
+but then the first data access misses and
+then refills cache line 0 with the contents
+
+of location 2048.
+
+The data address is said to "conflict" with
+the instruction address.
+
+The next time through the loop, the first
+instruction will no longer be in the cache
+
+and it's fetch will cause a cache miss, called
+a "conflict miss".
+
+So in the steady state, the cache will never
+contain the word requested by the CPU.
+
+This is very unfortunate!
+
+We were hoping to design a memory system that
+offered the simple abstraction of a flat,
+
+uniform address space.
+
+But in this example we see that simply changing
+a few addresses results in the cache hit ratio
+
+dropping from 100% to 0%.
+
+The programmer will certainly notice her program
+running 10 times slower!
+
+So while we like the simplicity of DM caches,
+we'll need to make some architectural changes
+
+to avoid the performance problems caused by
+conflict misses.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Zi1VqtFE9Jc.txt b/Zi1VqtFE9Jc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1ad4fa9ebfb22ad31064e5a475bfffc81f6c96f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Zi1VqtFE9Jc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6464 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so it is Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it is Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it is Friday
+and we are we are where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are we are where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are we are where
+um problem set is due today problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problem set is due today problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um problem set is due today problem that
+will go out later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go out later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go out later
+today and um we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and um we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and um we're going
+to continue today with binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue today with binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue today with binary phase
+diagrams we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we're
+still very much firmly in dof chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very much firmly in dof chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still very much firmly in dof chapter
+10 and today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 and today we're going to talk about
+paratactic systems and intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paratactic systems and intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paratactic systems and intermediate
+phases and start spending more time uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and start spending more time uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and start spending more time uh
+with the calad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the calad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the calad
+software okay so let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software okay so let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software okay so let's talk about
+paratactic reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so tic reaction we defined earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tic reaction we defined earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so tic reaction we defined earlier
+now we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to do
+peritectic and this is a partic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectic and this is a partic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectic and this is a partic reaction
+so I'll Define it formally and then I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll Define it formally and then I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll Define it formally and then I'll
+show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some
+examples just as we did for the ectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples just as we did for the ectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples just as we did for the ectic
+case so a peritectic reaction is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so a peritectic reaction is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so a peritectic reaction is a
+liquid and a solid at high temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and a solid at high temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and a solid at high temp
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+transforming into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforming into a
+solid at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid at low
+temp so that is our partic reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp so that is our partic reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp so that is our partic reaction so
+as before we have the Gibbs phase rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we have the Gibbs phase rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before we have the Gibbs phase rule
+gives us C minus F + 2al 1 so just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us C minus F + 2al 1 so just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us C minus F + 2al 1 so just as
+with the TIC case this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the TIC case this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the TIC case this is a
+line in t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in t
+p composition space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+tactic as for tic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactic as for tic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tactic as for tic
+case and by the way speaking of tics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and by the way speaking of tics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and by the way speaking of tics I
+hope um some people were able to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope um some people were able to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope um some people were able to check
+out that that video demo of the indium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that video demo of the indium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that that video demo of the indium
+gallium system and as with ECT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+toids we have peritectoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toids we have peritectoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toids we have peritectoid
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+kind of like a partic but not quite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a partic but not quite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a partic but not quite and
+this is a peritectoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a peritectoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a peritectoid
+solid one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid one plus
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+two going to solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two going to solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two going to solid
+three right okay so let's see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right okay so let's see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right okay so let's see some
+examples because right now this is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples because right now this is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples because right now this is kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dry okay so here's the copper zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry okay so here's the copper zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dry okay so here's the copper zinc
+system we have again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we have again
+brass and um right so we've seen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass and um right so we've seen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brass and um right so we've seen this
+system before I like to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system before I like to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system before I like to come back to
+systems that you've seen just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you've seen just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that you've seen just from
+familiarity so we have um pure copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity so we have um pure copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity so we have um pure copper
+and solid solution of copper with zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid solution of copper with zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solid solution of copper with zinc
+here that's the alpha phase and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the alpha phase and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's the alpha phase and then we
+have several other solid phases there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several other solid phases there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have several other solid phases there's
+the beta phase and the gamma phase Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta phase and the gamma phase Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta phase and the gamma phase Delta
+phase Epsilon phase and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Epsilon phase and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase Epsilon phase and then there's
+pure zinc which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ada
+um and what I I want to highlight now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what I I want to highlight now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and what I I want to highlight now
+are these Transformations so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these Transformations so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these Transformations so I'm going
+to flip back and forth here um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip back and forth here um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip back and forth here um this
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this region here is bounded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+liquidus the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidus the Delta
+phase and two isotherms here one at 697
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and two isotherms here one at 697
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase and two isotherms here one at 697
+and one at 594 and you could see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one at 594 and you could see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one at 594 and you could see that
+this this region here is what somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this region here is what somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this region here is what somebody
+tell me please what is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me please what is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me please what is the phase
+composition in this region that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in this region that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition in this region that I'm
+I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marking Delta and liquid Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking Delta and liquid Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marking Delta and liquid Delta and
+liquid right two-phase region Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid right two-phase region Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid right two-phase region Delta and
+liquid and you see you can cool down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and you see you can cool down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid and you see you can cool down and
+enter this Epsilon solid solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this Epsilon solid solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter this Epsilon solid solution so
+right there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is a
+partic so um just as your eye can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic so um just as your eye can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic so um just as your eye can start
+to pick out tics with this go Wing shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out tics with this go Wing shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick out tics with this go Wing shape
+your eye can start to pick out ter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye can start to pick out ter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your eye can start to pick out ter
+partic it looks like a um a beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic it looks like a um a beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic it looks like a um a beam
+balancing on a triangle right there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing on a triangle right there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing on a triangle right there's a
+triangle and there's a beam and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and there's a beam and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and there's a beam and and and
+they sort of you know visually your eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of you know visually your eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they sort of you know visually your eye
+can start to pick these out so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to pick these out so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to pick these out so there's a
+partic here's another one so right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic here's another one so right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partic here's another one so right here
+is beta and liquid two-phase region this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta and liquid two-phase region this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta and liquid two-phase region this
+little sliver is beta and liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sliver is beta and liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little sliver is beta and liquid
+two-phase region and then down here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region and then down here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase region and then down here is a
+gamma and so there we have again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so there we have again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and so there we have again a
+little beam balancing on a triangle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little beam balancing on a triangle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little beam balancing on a triangle and
+there we have another partic and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have another partic and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we have another partic and there's
+another one there and what I I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one there and what I I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one there and what I I picked
+out Five partic Points here and um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Five partic Points here and um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Five partic Points here and um just
+so that you've seen it these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you've seen it these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you've seen it these are
+sometimes called invariant points same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called invariant points same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes called invariant points same
+as with tic it refers to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with tic it refers to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as with tic it refers to the fact that
+although they are in fact lines on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are in fact lines on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they are in fact lines on a
+binary phase diagram at fixed pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary phase diagram at fixed pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary phase diagram at fixed pressure
+they appear as points so they occur at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear as points so they occur at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear as points so they occur at
+only one given composition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one given composition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one given composition of
+temperature as long as you're at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atmosphere right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so perect toids here I have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so perect toids here I have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so perect toids here I have uh
+chosen in the copper tin system now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen in the copper tin system now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen in the copper tin system now the
+copper tin system is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper tin system is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper tin system is definitely
+complicated I'll start with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I'll start with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated I'll start with these
+peritectic points here for instance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectic points here for instance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectic points here for instance is
+copper and liquid two-phase region here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and liquid two-phase region here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper and liquid two-phase region here
+copper solid solution and liquid and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper solid solution and liquid and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper solid solution and liquid and if
+you cool down you reenter this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cool down you reenter this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cool down you reenter this nice
+purple solid solution which is labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple solid solution which is labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple solid solution which is labeled
+as it's got this funny label high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's got this funny label high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's got this funny label high
+temperature phase of copper 85
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase of copper 85
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature phase of copper 85
+10.15 so that's a that's a peritectic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.15 so that's a that's a peritectic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.15 so that's a that's a peritectic
+here's another peritectic Point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another peritectic Point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another peritectic Point here
+here's a nice uh typical partic here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice uh typical partic here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice uh typical partic here's
+the beam balancing on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam balancing on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam balancing on a little
+point so up here we have uh coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so up here we have uh coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so up here we have uh coexistence
+between a solid and a liquid and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a solid and a liquid and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a solid and a liquid and down
+here we have a solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a solid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a solid solution
+phase those are partic but we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase those are partic but we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase those are partic but we also have
+parite toid and I don't want to dwell on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parite toid and I don't want to dwell on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parite toid and I don't want to dwell on
+this for too long because they're less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for too long because they're less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for too long because they're less
+common but if you look I zoomed way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but if you look I zoomed way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common but if you look I zoomed way in
+here and if you look in this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you look in this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and if you look in this little
+triangle region here this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle region here this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle region here this little
+triangle region is a two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle region is a two-phase region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle region is a two-phase region
+where we have coexistence between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have coexistence between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have coexistence between this
+phase which is copper 31 high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is copper 31 high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is copper 31 high
+temperature and this phase here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this phase here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and this phase here which is
+copper 310 room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper 310 room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper 310 room
+temperature in this little triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in this little triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature in this little triangle
+region at equilibrium the system will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region at equilibrium the system will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region at equilibrium the system will
+phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase
+separate into solid one plus solid two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate into solid one plus solid two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate into solid one plus solid two
+and if we cool down right into this tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we cool down right into this tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we cool down right into this tiny
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+sliver then we enter a single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliver then we enter a single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliver then we enter a single phase
+region which is copper 10 10 three high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which is copper 10 10 three high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region which is copper 10 10 three high
+temperature so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so
+um right so for every one of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so for every one of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right so for every one of these uh
+Transformations that we can find in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations that we can find in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations that we can find in a
+phase diagram there is often a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram there is often a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram there is often a type
+there's a label tic partic Ecto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a label tic partic Ecto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a label tic partic Ecto
+peritectoid we have others that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectoid we have others that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peritectoid we have others that that we
+haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't
+discussed I think that's all I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed I think that's all I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed I think that's all I have to
+say on partic and Par tector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider it um a series of labels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it um a series of labels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider it um a series of labels to
+characterize common visual motifs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize common visual motifs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize common visual motifs in
+these pH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pH
+diagrams there are pretty substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams there are pretty substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams there are pretty substantial
+implications of these types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of these types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications of these types of
+Transformations for materials processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations for materials processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations for materials processing
+but that really goes beyond the scope of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that really goes beyond the scope of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that really goes beyond the scope of
+o2o and veers into kinetics and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2o and veers into kinetics and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2o and veers into kinetics and of
+course materials processing which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course materials processing which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course materials processing which you
+take later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take later
+on right questions on partic please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right questions on partic please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right questions on partic please
+before we move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we move on
+okay I'll move back to the the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll move back to the the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll move back to the the board
+we're going to now talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now talk
+about another feature of binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another feature of binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about another feature of binary phase
+diagrams and that is intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases intermediate phases so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases intermediate phases so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases intermediate phases so an
+intermediate phase is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+composition but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition but
+not for Pure components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a phase that does not exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a phase that does not exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a phase that does not exist in
+the pure component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pure component
+case and it is structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinct structurally distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct structurally distinct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct structurally distinct from
+reference St structurally distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference St structurally distinct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference St structurally distinct from
+reference St so um let's Show an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference St so um let's Show an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference St so um let's Show an example
+chromium iron so here is chromium iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium iron so here is chromium iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium iron so here is chromium iron
+and this this is generated using Thermo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is generated using Thermo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this is generated using Thermo
+and chromium iron is a kind of a fun um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chromium iron is a kind of a fun um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and chromium iron is a kind of a fun um
+uh fun system it has this weird looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fun system it has this weird looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fun system it has this weird looking
+thing which we'll come to but what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we'll come to but what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which we'll come to but what I
+want to focus on now is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on now is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to focus on now is this
+intermediate phase so you see there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase so you see there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase so you see there is
+um something that looks like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that looks like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um something that looks like a a
+spinodal this whole region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal this whole region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal this whole region
+here is BCC this whole region here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is BCC this whole region here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is BCC this whole region here is a
+BCC solid solution and it looks as if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC solid solution and it looks as if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC solid solution and it looks as if uh
+chromium iron are fully missible in BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium iron are fully missible in BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium iron are fully missible in BCC
+except that that missil is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that that missil is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that that missil is
+interrupted right and there is this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted right and there is this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrupted right and there is this sort
+of teardrop shape here intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teardrop shape here intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teardrop shape here intermediate
+phase which is unlike BCC it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is unlike BCC it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase which is unlike BCC it is
+structurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally
+distinct and um oh how come I can't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct and um oh how come I can't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct and um oh how come I can't uh
+get my laser pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my laser pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my laser pointer
+here right okay so we have BCC and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right okay so we have BCC and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right okay so we have BCC and then
+this region here is a two-phase BCC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here is a two-phase BCC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here is a two-phase BCC and
+sigma coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma coexistence
+this is a sigma solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sigma solid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sigma solid solution
+intermediate phase and then if we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase and then if we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase and then if we keep
+on moving to the right we have a sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on moving to the right we have a sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on moving to the right we have a sigma
+and BCC two-phase region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BCC two-phase region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BCC two-phase region
+again and um if we drop sufficiently low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and um if we drop sufficiently low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and um if we drop sufficiently low
+temperature Sigma is no longer stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Sigma is no longer stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature Sigma is no longer stable
+and we have a very typical spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a very typical spinodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a very typical spinodal
+pattern which is um chromium Rich BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which is um chromium Rich BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern which is um chromium Rich BCC
+and iron rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and iron rich
+BCC coexisting in this wide two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC coexisting in this wide two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC coexisting in this wide two-phase
+region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region
+right and these are indeed very distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these are indeed very distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and these are indeed very distinct
+structures so BCC Body Center cubic is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so BCC Body Center cubic is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures so BCC Body Center cubic is a
+a structure that that you know um it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure that that you know um it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a structure that that you know um it has
+only one site there's only one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one site there's only one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one site there's only one type of
+site in a BCC lattice and has Eightfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site in a BCC lattice and has Eightfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site in a BCC lattice and has Eightfold
+coordination whereas this intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination whereas this intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination whereas this intermediate
+Sigma phase I had to look this up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma phase I had to look this up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma phase I had to look this up this
+is a structurally very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a structurally very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a structurally very complicated
+material there are five inequivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there are five inequivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material there are five inequivalent
+crystallographic sites and they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic sites and they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographic sites and they have
+um different coordinations of 12 15 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different coordinations of 12 15 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um different coordinations of 12 15 14
+12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and
+14 so yeah this is kind of a complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so yeah this is kind of a complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 so yeah this is kind of a complicated
+thing and this structure does not form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this structure does not form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and this structure does not form
+for Pure chromium and it does not form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure chromium and it does not form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure chromium and it does not form
+for Pure iron but it does form for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure iron but it does form for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure iron but it does form for this
+chromium iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium iron
+solution as you might guess from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as you might guess from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution as you might guess from the
+coordination numbers do you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination numbers do you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination numbers do you think this
+is a um more closely packed structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a um more closely packed structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a um more closely packed structure
+than BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or less closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less closely
+packed well I'll ask what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed well I'll ask what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed well I'll ask what is the
+coordination number for a close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packed either FCC or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed either FCC or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed either FCC or
+hcp who remembers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcp who remembers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hcp who remembers
+this nobody remembers this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nobody remembers this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nobody remembers this from
+structure or even from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or even from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or even from
+3091 coordination number for a closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 coordination number for a closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3091 coordination number for a closely
+packed flus is it 12 12 right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed flus is it 12 12 right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed flus is it 12 12 right so this
+this this crystal structure here has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this crystal structure here has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this crystal structure here has
+coordinations which are 12 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations which are 12 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinations which are 12 and
+higher and um as you might guess the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and um as you might guess the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher and um as you might guess the way
+it does that is it has atoms of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that is it has atoms of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does that is it has atoms of two
+different sizes you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sizes you can't get
+coordination number higher than 12 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number higher than 12 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination number higher than 12 if
+you only have one type of atom but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one type of atom but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only have one type of atom but you
+can find ways to pack in more atoms if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find ways to pack in more atoms if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find ways to pack in more atoms if
+you have atoms of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have atoms of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have atoms of two different
+sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes
+and you know you might guess that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you might guess that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you might guess that this
+phase becomes more stable at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase becomes more stable at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase becomes more stable at higher
+pressure right it seems more dense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure right it seems more dense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure right it seems more dense and
+you'd be right so um you might guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be right so um you might guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be right so um you might guess
+that the the the range of stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the range of stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the the range of stability of
+this solid solution might be expanded as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid solution might be expanded as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solid solution might be expanded as
+you increase the pressure but right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the pressure but right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you increase the pressure but right now
+we're just sticking at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sticking at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just sticking at one
+atmosphere okay um so right let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere okay um so right let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere okay um so right let's go
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board okay so how do the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so how do the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so how do the free energy
+compostition diagram look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for
+example chromium iron is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example chromium iron is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example chromium iron is a
+case of a spinodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interrupted by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate so let's draw a free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so let's draw a free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate so let's draw a free energy
+composition diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so we know what a spinodal free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we know what a spinodal free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we know what a spinodal free
+energy composition looks like like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition looks like like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition looks like like let's
+draw it in a region of phase separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in a region of phase separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw it in a region of phase separation
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+here right that's a typical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that's a typical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right that's a typical solution
+model for a system that undergo spinola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition
+okay but now let's say that I'm in at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now let's say that I'm in at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now let's say that I'm in at a
+temperature for which the sigma phase is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for which the sigma phase is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature for which the sigma phase is
+stable for intermediate compositions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for intermediate compositions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for intermediate compositions
+would somebody please tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody please tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would somebody please tell me
+qualitatively how I should draw this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively how I should draw this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively how I should draw this the
+sigma phase solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma phase solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma phase solution
+model so this is the BCC phase model how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is the BCC phase model how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so this is the BCC phase model how
+should the sigma phase model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look right we know it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right we know it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look right we know it's going to be
+stable for some intermediate composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for some intermediate composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable for some intermediate composition
+so somewhere in the middle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somewhere in the middle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somewhere in the middle of this
+diagram we want that Sigma model to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we want that Sigma model to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram we want that Sigma model to be a
+stable solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution and we know that we need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we know that we need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we know that we need this
+BCC phase to be stable on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phase to be stable on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phase to be stable on the left hand
+side of the diagram and we need this BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diagram and we need this BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the diagram and we need this BC
+C face to be stable on the right side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C face to be stable on the right side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C face to be stable on the right side of
+the diagram as well and that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram as well and that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram as well and that there's
+going to be a regions of two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coexistence so we need need some common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence so we need need some common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence so we need need some common
+tangents think about the tot rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construction how should I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction how should I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction how should I draw
+Sigma so would it be a parabola that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so would it be a parabola that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so would it be a parabola that's
+like a u shape yeah good it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a u shape yeah good it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a u shape yeah good it's like a
+plunger right imagine the tot rope I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger right imagine the tot rope I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plunger right imagine the tot rope I'm
+gonna I'm gonna risk really messing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm gonna risk really messing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna I'm gonna risk really messing up
+here imagine the tot rope like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here imagine the tot rope like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here imagine the tot rope like
+this don't worry I ordered more Sharpies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't worry I ordered more Sharpies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't worry I ordered more Sharpies
+they were delivered to my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were delivered to my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were delivered to my office
+so we will be back in business imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be back in business imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we will be back in business imagine
+that this is a t oh man I really messed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a t oh man I really messed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a t oh man I really messed
+up imagine this is the taut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up imagine this is the taut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up imagine this is the taut
+rope I should have drawn this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope I should have drawn this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope I should have drawn this more
+straight imagine that there was no Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight imagine that there was no Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight imagine that there was no Sigma
+phase in that case I would have the tot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in that case I would have the tot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase in that case I would have the tot
+rope like this single phase spinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope like this single phase spinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rope like this single phase spinal
+decomposition single phase does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition single phase does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition single phase does that
+make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense
+Sarah did I draw that decently and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah did I draw that decently and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah did I draw that decently and now
+I'm going to introduce the sigma phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce the sigma phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to introduce the sigma phase
+and the sigma phase is going to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sigma phase is going to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sigma phase is going to be like
+a plunger that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down and it pushed my tot rope into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it pushed my tot rope into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and it pushed my tot rope into a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so now my rope got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pushed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushed
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around right
+so this phase came down and pushed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this phase came down and pushed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this phase came down and pushed the
+tot rope and now I have what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tot rope and now I have what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tot rope and now I have what I want to
+have which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which
+is I have solid solution BCC two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have solid solution BCC two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I have solid solution BCC two-phase
+region solid solution Sigma two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region solid solution Sigma two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region solid solution Sigma two-phase
+region solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region solid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region solid solution
+BCC thank you for that so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC thank you for that so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC thank you for that so you can see
+how introducing the intermediate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how introducing the intermediate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how introducing the intermediate phase
+disrupts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spinodal and so we're going to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal and so we're going to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal and so we're going to spend
+um some time now now in thermal so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some time now now in thermal so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some time now now in thermal so what
+I want to do is I want to share my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is I want to share my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do is I want to share my
+thermal screen okay can you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal screen okay can you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal screen okay can you see
+thermal is it open yep we can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal is it open yep we can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal is it open yep we can see it
+okay wonderful so so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wonderful so so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay wonderful so so what I'm going to
+do is I'm going to um generate the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to um generate the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to um generate the iron
+pH iron chromium phas diagram and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH iron chromium phas diagram and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH iron chromium phas diagram and by the
+way this this stands in as a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this this stands in as a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this this stands in as a bit of a
+tutorial on using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial on using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial on using
+thermal and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal and there are
+also tutorial videos on thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tutorial videos on thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also tutorial videos on thermal
+available on the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the course
+website that I shot previously so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that I shot previously so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that I shot previously so if you
+find yourself stuck on just how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself stuck on just how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find yourself stuck on just how to
+navigate this you know the software um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate this you know the software um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate this you know the software um
+their resources available so what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their resources available so what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their resources available so what I did
+is I clicked on phase diagram because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I clicked on phase diagram because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I clicked on phase diagram because
+that's a good template to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with all right here I am so I was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all right here I am so I was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all right here I am so I was able
+to define the system system definer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the system system definer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the system system definer you
+see this this um this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this um this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this this um this this sort of
+project window here I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project window here I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project window here I'm going to keep
+iron demo database and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron demo database and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron demo database and I'm going to
+click on chromium and iron and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on chromium and iron and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on chromium and iron and so the
+generic um project has the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic um project has the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic um project has the system
+definition an equilibrium calculator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition an equilibrium calculator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition an equilibrium calculator and
+a plot renderer and the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot renderer and the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot renderer and the equilibrium
+calculator is configured to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator is configured to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator is configured to calculate
+the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase
+diagram right at at one atmosphere as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right at at one atmosphere as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram right at at one atmosphere as a
+function of temperature and composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and composition
+so the first thing I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first thing I'm going to do is
+just um run this and generate a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um run this and generate a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just um run this and generate a phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+and I did save a version of this project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did save a version of this project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I did save a version of this project
+with everything already computed of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything already computed of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything already computed of like
+on a cooking show right I've got I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a cooking show right I've got I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a cooking show right I've got I've
+got the cake baked in in the other oven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the cake baked in in the other oven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the cake baked in in the other oven
+um but I want to at least step through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I want to at least step through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I want to at least step through
+some of this in front of you so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this in front of you so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this in front of you so that
+those of you who have not seen thermog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have not seen thermog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have not seen thermog
+used you know in certain ways will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used you know in certain ways will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used you know in certain ways will will
+um feel a little more comfortable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feel a little more comfortable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um feel a little more comfortable with
+it because we're going to be using it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we're going to be using it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because we're going to be using it a
+fair amount on the upcoming problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what it's doing is it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what it's doing is it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what it's doing is it is um
+solving the common tangent construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the common tangent construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the common tangent construction
+it's solving the tot rope construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solving the tot rope construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's solving the tot rope construction
+which is also called the convex Hull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also called the convex Hull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also called the convex Hull
+construction if we were getting into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if we were getting into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if we were getting into the
+numerics of this it would be the convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerics of this it would be the convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerics of this it would be the convex
+Hull it's solving for that that convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hull it's solving for that that convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hull it's solving for that that convex
+Hull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hull
+solution for this system and although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for this system and although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for this system and although
+the iron chromium phase diagram is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron chromium phase diagram is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iron chromium phase diagram is
+already known therm does everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already known therm does everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already known therm does everything from
+scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch
+so here we go um here is the iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go um here is the iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go um here is the iron
+chromium system just as promised it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium system just as promised it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium system just as promised it has
+this intermediate phase now you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate phase now you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate phase now you've
+probably discovered that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably discovered that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably discovered that sometimes
+mousing over is effective and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mousing over is effective and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mousing over is effective and sometimes
+it's ineffective right now it's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ineffective right now it's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ineffective right now it's telling
+me I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I'm in
+bcc2 folks can see that BCC A2 so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcc2 folks can see that BCC A2 so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcc2 folks can see that BCC A2 so it's a
+BCC phase that thermak has labeled as A2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phase that thermak has labeled as A2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC phase that thermak has labeled as A2
+for some reason and it's this wide rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason and it's this wide rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason and it's this wide rent
+of solid solubility and here is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid solubility and here is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid solubility and here is another
+solid solution and for some reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution and for some reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solution and for some reason is
+insufficient information but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient information but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient information but that's not
+true because all I need to do is mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because all I need to do is mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because all I need to do is mouse
+over the two-phase region and it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two-phase region and it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two-phase region and it tells
+me this is BCC A2 plus Sigma and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is BCC A2 plus Sigma and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this is BCC A2 plus Sigma and that's
+what I was expecting to see right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was expecting to see right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was expecting to see right this
+is a BCC and sigma two-phase region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a BCC and sigma two-phase region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a BCC and sigma two-phase region and
+here is also the BCC and sigma two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is also the BCC and sigma two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is also the BCC and sigma two-phase
+region and down here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and down here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and down here is a
+BCC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC and
+BCC right region of spinal decomposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC right region of spinal decomposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC right region of spinal decomposition
+one more thing which I want to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing which I want to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing which I want to highlight
+which is kind of interesting for Pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of interesting for Pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of interesting for Pure
+iron pure iron transforms from FCC at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron pure iron transforms from FCC at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron pure iron transforms from FCC at
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+temperature from BCC at low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from BCC at low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature from BCC at low temperature
+into FCC and interm mediate temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into FCC and interm mediate temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into FCC and interm mediate temperatures
+and back to BCC at high temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back to BCC at high temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back to BCC at high temperatures
+iron is a funny uh a funny creature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron is a funny uh a funny creature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron is a funny uh a funny creature in
+that way BCC FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way BCC FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way BCC FCC
+BCC and we've reminded you time a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC and we've reminded you time a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC and we've reminded you time a number
+of times in this class that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times in this class that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times in this class that if you look
+along the Y AIS of binary phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Y AIS of binary phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the Y AIS of binary phase diagrams
+for Pure components you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure components you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Pure components you're looking at a
+slice of a unary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of a unary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice of a unary phase
+diagram so I want to show you quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so I want to show you quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram so I want to show you quickly
+I'm just going to switch over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to switch over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to switch over to
+PowerPoint how we are in fact looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint how we are in fact looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint how we are in fact looking at
+a slice of the unary phase diagram so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice of the unary phase diagram so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice of the unary phase diagram so
+here's the unary phase diagram of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the unary phase diagram of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the unary phase diagram of iron
+unary so we're able to plot temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary so we're able to plot temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary so we're able to plot temperature
+and pressure now on one you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure now on one you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pressure now on one you know two
+dimensional sheet because we have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sheet because we have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional sheet because we have no
+composition variable and if we focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition variable and if we focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition variable and if we focus
+here at one atmosphere that is one bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at one atmosphere that is one bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at one atmosphere that is one bar
+we see Alpha iron BCC gamma iron FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Alpha iron BCC gamma iron FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see Alpha iron BCC gamma iron FCC
+Delta iron back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta iron back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta iron back to
+BCC so BCC FCC BCC liquid right BCC FCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC so BCC FCC BCC liquid right BCC FCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC so BCC FCC BCC liquid right BCC FCC
+BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC
+liquid so iron is a funny creature that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so iron is a funny creature that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid so iron is a funny creature that
+way and of course that has implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and of course that has implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and of course that has implications
+for steel making but anyway back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for steel making but anyway back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for steel making but anyway back to the
+back to the binary you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the binary you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the binary you can see that
+behavior by tracing the pure iron along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior by tracing the pure iron along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior by tracing the pure iron along
+the right hand side of the binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side of the binary phase
+diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram
+okay um questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um questions on
+that right you should I want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you should I want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you should I want you to be
+able to look at binary phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at binary phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to look at binary phase diagrams
+and read off some information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read off some information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and read off some information about the
+unary systems for instance chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary systems for instance chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unary systems for instance chromium
+appears to melt at around nearly 2200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to melt at around nearly 2200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears to melt at around nearly 2200
+Kelvin right you can just read up the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin right you can just read up the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin right you can just read up the y
+axis say BTC BTC only one structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis say BTC BTC only one structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis say BTC BTC only one structure of
+chromium until it melts becomes a liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium until it melts becomes a liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium until it melts becomes a liquid
+right you can you can get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can you can get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can you can get a lot of
+information from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from
+these okay but I wanted to show you free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay but I wanted to show you free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these okay but I wanted to show you free
+energy composition diagrams so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy composition diagrams so what I'm
+going to do is I'm going to ask theral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to ask theral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is I'm going to ask theral
+to plot for me free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot for me free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot for me free energy composition
+diagrams at three different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams at three different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams at three different
+temperatures in this region where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures in this region where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures in this region where it's
+just a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a simple
+spinodal in this region where there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal in this region where there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinodal in this region where there's an
+intermediate phase and this region right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase and this region right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase and this region right
+above the end of that SP that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the end of that SP that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the end of that SP that
+intermediate phase region so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase region so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phase region so I'm going
+to plot 700 Kelvin 900 Kelvin and 1,114
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot 700 Kelvin 900 Kelvin and 1,114
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to plot 700 Kelvin 900 Kelvin and 1,114
+Kelvin right there above the end of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin right there above the end of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin right there above the end of that
+region and so I want to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and so I want to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and so I want to show you how to
+do that first I'm going to rename these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that first I'm going to rename these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that first I'm going to rename these
+modules just to make things visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules just to make things visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules just to make things visually
+simpler you don't have to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler you don't have to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler you don't have to do this but
+you know you can do this so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can do this so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can do this so this is um
+phase diagram calc right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram calc right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram calc right that's the
+calculation of the phase diagram I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the phase diagram I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation of the phase diagram I'm
+going to rename this phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rename this phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rename this phase diagram
+plot so now I want to create a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so now I want to create a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so now I want to create a new
+successor to the system definer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor to the system definer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successor to the system definer it's
+going to be equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equilibrium
+calculator I want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator I want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator I want to calculate the
+equilibrium of this system I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of this system I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium of this system I'm going to
+rename this I'm going to call this 700k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename this I'm going to call this 700k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rename this I'm going to call this 700k
+C I'm going to calculate some properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I'm going to calculate some properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I'm going to calculate some properties
+of this system at 700 Kelvin over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system at 700 Kelvin over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system at 700 Kelvin over here
+is my setup window I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my setup window I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my setup window I'm going to make
+this a one axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a one axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a one axis
+calculation so I'm going to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so I'm going to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so I'm going to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin I want to plot mole fraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin I want to plot mole fraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin I want to plot mole fraction and
+I want my AIS to be mole fraction from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want my AIS to be mole fraction from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want my AIS to be mole fraction from 0
+to 1 so what I've just done is I've set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 so what I've just done is I've set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 so what I've just done is I've set
+this up to calculate the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up to calculate the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up to calculate the equilibrium
+properties of the system at 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the system at 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the system at 700
+Kelvin as a function of mole fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin as a function of mole fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin as a function of mole fraction
+iron for iron going from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron for iron going from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron for iron going from zero to
+one and by the way while I'm at it I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and by the way while I'm at it I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and by the way while I'm at it I'll
+go over here to the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here to the phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over here to the phase diagram
+calculator and change this into mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and change this into mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator and change this into mole
+fraction so that I can deal with mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so that I can deal with mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction so that I can deal with mole
+fraction instead of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction instead of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction instead of mass
+present okay so this calculator here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present okay so this calculator here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present okay so this calculator here is
+going toal calate properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toal calate properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going toal calate properties of the
+system at 700° now I want to plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at 700° now I want to plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at 700° now I want to plot that
+when it's done so I open up a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's done so I open up a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's done so I open up a plot
+renderer and I'm going to call that plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderer and I'm going to call that plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderer and I'm going to call that plot
+renderer 700k plot again you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderer 700k plot again you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renderer 700k plot again you don't have
+to name these things I can name them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name these things I can name them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to name these things I can name them
+apple and banana but it helps me keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and banana but it helps me keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and banana but it helps me keep it
+clear so the 700 Kelvin plot I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so the 700 Kelvin plot I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear so the 700 Kelvin plot I'm going
+to have the x-axis be composition M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the x-axis be composition M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the x-axis be composition M
+fraction iron in the Y AIS I want free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction iron in the Y AIS I want free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction iron in the Y AIS I want free
+energy so gives enery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so gives enery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so gives enery
+per mole for All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole for All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole for All
+Phases okay so I go back up here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phases okay so I go back up here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phases okay so I go back up here I'm
+going to do perform the tree and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do perform the tree and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do perform the tree and it's
+going to do all the calculations in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tree and again if I've apologized once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and again if I've apologized once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and again if I've apologized once
+I'll apologize a 100 times for turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll apologize a 100 times for turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll apologize a 100 times for turning
+these parts of lectures into software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts of lectures into software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parts of lectures into software
+tutorials I don't like being subject um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials I don't like being subject um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials I don't like being subject um
+to the whims of software and waiting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whims of software and waiting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the whims of software and waiting for
+software to run but I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to run but I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software to run but I think this is
+important not only because we ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not only because we ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important not only because we ask you to
+do these things on pie at a but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things on pie at a but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these things on pie at a but uh
+because it really is quite an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really is quite an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really is quite an important
+job function for people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job function for people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job function for people that
+are designing and making materials for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designing and making materials for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are designing and making materials for a
+living which is where many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living which is where many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living which is where many of you are
+headed and I will also mention that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed and I will also mention that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+headed and I will also mention that uh
+that you know one of The Originators of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know one of The Originators of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know one of The Originators of
+this approach to designing materials is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach to designing materials is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach to designing materials is
+Professor Greg olssen who will be giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Greg olssen who will be giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Greg olssen who will be giving
+a guest lecture in this class next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest lecture in this class next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest lecture in this class next week
+talking about some of his experiences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some of his experiences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about some of his experiences in
+Industry using calad software to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry using calad software to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industry using calad software to design
+really cool real world things so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool real world things so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool real world things so all
+right with that justification it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with that justification it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with that justification it should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finishing okay wonderful so now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing okay wonderful so now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing okay wonderful so now I have
+two plots I have the phase diagram plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plots I have the phase diagram plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two plots I have the phase diagram plot
+which um for some reason is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um for some reason is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which um for some reason is still in
+mass percent probably because I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass percent probably because I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass percent probably because I still
+have it plotted as mass perent and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it plotted as mass perent and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it plotted as mass perent and then
+we have the um 700k plot this is a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the um 700k plot this is a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the um 700k plot this is a plot
+of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free
+energy as a function of mole fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of mole fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as a function of mole fraction of
+iron at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron at
+700° for All Phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700° for All Phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700° for All Phases
+plotted and so you're a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted and so you're a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted and so you're a little bit
+familiar with these sorts of plots now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with these sorts of plots now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with these sorts of plots now
+from pet six I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pet six I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from pet six I
+believe this is the free energy of iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is the free energy of iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe this is the free energy of iron
+of sorry chromium Rich BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry chromium Rich BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry chromium Rich BCC
+and then the data kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the data kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the data kind of
+flatlines and the data flatlines not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatlines and the data flatlines not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatlines and the data flatlines not
+because uh this suddenly becomes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this suddenly becomes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh this suddenly becomes uh
+composition independent but simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition independent but simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition independent but simply
+because the software the database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the software the database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the software the database
+doesn't have data for this region and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have data for this region and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have data for this region and so
+it extrapolates it does a weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it extrapolates it does a weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it extrapolates it does a weird thing
+the programmer has decided to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer has decided to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programmer has decided to make it
+flat right this flat region is not real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat right this flat region is not real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat right this flat region is not real
+data and you could say the same down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you could say the same down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and you could say the same down
+here this is iron rich BCC there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is iron rich BCC there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is iron rich BCC there's a
+solution model it looks real it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model it looks real it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model it looks real it's got
+some curvature to it it looks as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some curvature to it it looks as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some curvature to it it looks as we
+expect for you know let's say a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for you know let's say a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for you know let's say a regular
+solution model and then that flat lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model and then that flat lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution model and then that flat lines
+so what's going on what what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on what what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's going on what what do we
+actually expect here between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expect here between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expect here between these two
+regions of the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model I'm moving my mouse a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I'm moving my mouse a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model I'm moving my mouse a common
+tangent a common tangent so one funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent a common tangent so one funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent a common tangent so one funny
+feature of um thermal calcul If instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of um thermal calcul If instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of um thermal calcul If instead
+of plotting All Phases you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plotting All Phases you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plotting All Phases you plot
+system it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it will
+stop plotting the different phases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop plotting the different phases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop plotting the different phases with
+different colors and it will just plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and it will just plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors and it will just plot
+the free energy of the system as a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy of the system as a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free energy of the system as a whole
+as one line and so although you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one line and so although you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one line and so although you lose the
+the sort of common tangent construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of common tangent construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of common tangent construction
+it becomes a little bit not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a little bit not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes a little bit not obvious
+where the tangent starts and stops you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tangent starts and stops you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the tangent starts and stops you
+do now get an accurate plot showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now get an accurate plot showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now get an accurate plot showing the
+free energy of the system as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of the system as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy of the system as a function
+of composition so there's a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of composition so there's a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of composition so there's a straight
+line right there that's your common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right there that's your common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line right there that's your common
+tangent and we can flip back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and we can flip back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent and we can flip back and forth
+between these views between all phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these views between all phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these views between all phases
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+system another funny feature or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system another funny feature or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system another funny feature or you
+might call it a bug in thermog is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it a bug in thermog is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might call it a bug in thermog is that
+if you instead of plotting per mole you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you instead of plotting per mole you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you instead of plotting per mole you
+plot for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot for no
+normalization the actual numbers don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization the actual numbers don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization the actual numbers don't
+change but the way that it extrapolates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but the way that it extrapolates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but the way that it extrapolates
+to regions of no data does change so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regions of no data does change so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regions of no data does change so the
+actual data has not changed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data has not changed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data has not changed this is
+still the Sol the solution model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the Sol the solution model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the Sol the solution model for
+chromium BCC this is still the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium BCC this is still the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium BCC this is still the solution
+model for iron rich BCC and it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for iron rich BCC and it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for iron rich BCC and it's the
+same data but for some reason now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data but for some reason now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same data but for some reason now when
+you plot no normalization instead of per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot no normalization instead of per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot no normalization instead of per
+mole it decides to add this zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole it decides to add this zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole it decides to add this zero point
+and makes a big straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes a big straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes a big straight
+line and these Crossing straight lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and these Crossing straight lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and these Crossing straight lines
+they're not real data you should not pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not real data you should not pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not real data you should not pay
+any attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any attention to
+them um I won't make excuses for therm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um I won't make excuses for therm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um I won't make excuses for therm
+it's it's the way it is so right getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the way it is so right getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the way it is so right getting
+back to the actual thermodynamics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the actual thermodynamics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the actual thermodynamics at
+700°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700°
+Kelvin we expect a spinodal like system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin we expect a spinodal like system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin we expect a spinodal like system
+of phase separation between chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase separation between chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase separation between chromium
+rich and iron rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich and iron rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich and iron rich
+BCC and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is just what we see now let's do it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just what we see now let's do it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just what we see now let's do it at
+900 covin where we have an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase so equilibrium calculator I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so equilibrium calculator I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so equilibrium calculator I'm
+going to rename this I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rename this I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rename this I'm going to call
+it 900k Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm going to uh make this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to uh make this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to uh make this a
+calculation at 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation at 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation at 900
+Kelvin one axis and again I want my Axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin one axis and again I want my Axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin one axis and again I want my Axis
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be Iron composition I'm going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Iron composition I'm going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Iron composition I'm going to change
+my composition unit to Mo fraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my composition unit to Mo fraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my composition unit to Mo fraction and
+I'm going to make sure I can plot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results so I'll call this plot renderer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so I'll call this plot renderer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so I'll call this plot renderer
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+900k plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900k plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900k plot
+and I'm going to plot composition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to plot composition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to plot composition and
+mole fraction on the xaxis and the yis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction on the xaxis and the yis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole fraction on the xaxis and the yis
+again I'm going to plot gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to plot gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm going to plot gives
+energy per mole for All Phases let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per mole for All Phases let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per mole for All Phases let's see
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+aha oh looks like the point density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha oh looks like the point density is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha oh looks like the point density is a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+low instead of plotting 50 points let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low instead of plotting 50 points let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low instead of plotting 50 points let's
+plot 100 points across the axis 9 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot 100 points across the axis 9 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot 100 points across the axis 9 okay
+try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try again
+that looks a little better a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks a little better a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks a little better a little
+smoother all right so here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother all right so here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother all right so here I
+have a solution model Point density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution model Point density is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution model Point density is a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+low lack of data an intermediate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low lack of data an intermediate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low lack of data an intermediate phase
+lack of data and another solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of data and another solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of data and another solution
+model and if I plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and if I plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and if I plot
+this for the system instead of All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the system instead of All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for the system instead of All
+Phases you now see the solution model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phases you now see the solution model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phases you now see the solution model is
+connected with tie lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and looking back at the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking back at the phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and looking back at the phase diagram
+for 900 Kelvin right solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 900 Kelvin right solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 900 Kelvin right solid
+solution two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution two-phase
+region intermediate phase solid solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region intermediate phase solid solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region intermediate phase solid solution
+two-phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase
+region solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+right okay um I was going to uh finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um I was going to uh finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay um I was going to uh finish
+this and plot it at 11 1,114 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and plot it at 11 1,114 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and plot it at 11 1,114 Kelvin
+where we can just see that it be becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can just see that it be becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we can just see that it be becomes
+a single solid solution almost across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single solid solution almost across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single solid solution almost across
+the entire composition range I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire composition range I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire composition range I'll do
+that um in a minute if time allows but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in a minute if time allows but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in a minute if time allows but I
+want to pause and ask for questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pause and ask for questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to pause and ask for questions
+either on the thermodynamics or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+software okay I want to show you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software okay I want to show you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software okay I want to show you one
+more neat thing before I come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neat thing before I come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more neat thing before I come back to
+this at 1400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at 1400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at 1400
+Kelvin I mentioned I think in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin I mentioned I think in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin I mentioned I think in the last
+lecture what happens if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what happens if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture what happens if you were to
+imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine the
+non-existence of a particular phase I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existence of a particular phase I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-existence of a particular phase I
+think was Liquid I said imagine that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was Liquid I said imagine that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was Liquid I said imagine that we
+could turn the liquid phase Off remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn the liquid phase Off remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could turn the liquid phase Off remove
+it from consideration how would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from consideration how would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from consideration how would the
+phase diagram change now I'll ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram change now I'll ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram change now I'll ask you
+imagine if the sigma phase didn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if the sigma phase didn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if the sigma phase didn't exist
+how would this phase diagram change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would this phase diagram change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would this phase diagram change what
+would you think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen um would you just get regular BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um would you just get regular BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen um would you just get regular BCC
+PCC separation like for the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCC separation like for the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCC separation like for the lower
+section right right see that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section right right see that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section right right see that I want to
+show you how you can do that go up to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how you can do that go up to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how you can do that go up to my
+project and go to the system definer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and go to the system definer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project and go to the system definer the
+system definer we chose the atoms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system definer we chose the atoms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system definer we chose the atoms right
+chromium and iron but there's a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium and iron but there's a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromium and iron but there's a bunch
+more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more information
+here species well chromium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+iron there's also phases in Phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron there's also phases in Phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron there's also phases in Phase
+Constitution and these are the phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and these are the phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and these are the phases
+for which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which the
+system uh over which the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh over which the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system uh over which the system
+calculates equilibrium right each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates equilibrium right each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates equilibrium right each one of
+these phases is a solution model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phases is a solution model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phases is a solution model for
+which theral has at least some data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theral has at least some data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which theral has at least some data
+right so here is kind of like the guts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here is kind of like the guts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here is kind of like the guts
+that we've been playing with this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been playing with this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been playing with this these
+solution models and I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution models and I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution models and I'm just going to
+uncheck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncheck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncheck
+Sigma so now what the system is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so now what the system is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma so now what the system is going to
+do is everything it did before except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is everything it did before except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is everything it did before except
+it's not going to include the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to include the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to include the sigma
+facee so you can kind of play God and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facee so you can kind of play God and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facee so you can kind of play God and
+going to perform the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+treat so we solving the top rope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat so we solving the top rope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat so we solving the top rope
+construction here for a world in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction here for a world in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction here for a world in which
+the chromium iron system does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromium iron system does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromium iron system does not have a
+sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase so Shane guessed that this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so Shane guessed that this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase so Shane guessed that this would
+look like a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a a
+BCC region of phase separation or I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC region of phase separation or I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BCC region of phase separation or I'll
+just call it a a spinodal right a BCC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it a a spinodal right a BCC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call it a a spinodal right a BCC
+spinodal so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good this might take a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this might take a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good this might take a little bit of
+time oh look there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh look there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time oh look there it
+goes look at that so here is the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes look at that so here is the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes look at that so here is the phase
+diagram of iron iron chromium in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of iron iron chromium in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of iron iron chromium in an
+alternate universe in which the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate universe in which the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate universe in which the sigma
+phase does not exist and so you see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase does not exist and so you see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase does not exist and so you see we
+have a spinodal we have a uh right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spinodal we have a uh right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a spinodal we have a uh right this
+we we didn't get rid of the FCC phase we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we didn't get rid of the FCC phase we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we didn't get rid of the FCC phase we
+didn't get rid of the liquid but we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get rid of the liquid but we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get rid of the liquid but we did
+get rid of that Sigma phase and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that Sigma phase and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that Sigma phase and what do
+we think the uh the free energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think the uh the free energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think the uh the free energy
+composition diagrams will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagrams will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition diagrams will look like
+they'll look a little more boring let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look a little more boring let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll look a little more boring let's
+have a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a look
+700k there's the two-phase region phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700k there's the two-phase region phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+700k there's the two-phase region phase
+separation 900k same thing well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation 900k same thing well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation 900k same thing well the
+point density is a little poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point density is a little poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point density is a little poor
+but common tangent phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but common tangent phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but common tangent phase
+separation okay so in the um on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation okay so in the um on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation okay so in the um on the
+problem the problem today that goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem today that goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the problem today that goes out
+later today we have uh a number of tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today we have uh a number of tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today we have uh a number of tasks
+for you but half the tasks are here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but half the tasks are here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you but half the tasks are here in
+theral and involve not the iron chromium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral and involve not the iron chromium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theral and involve not the iron chromium
+system but um a different system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but um a different system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but um a different system where
+we ask you to generate these plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to generate these plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to generate these plots
+generate data then extract the data then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate data then extract the data then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate data then extract the data then
+we ask you to analyze data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to analyze data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ask you to analyze data in
+a data analysis software of your choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data analysis software of your choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data analysis software of your choice
+Excel or mat lab or Mathematica or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel or mat lab or Mathematica or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel or mat lab or Mathematica or what
+have you and then the final part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and then the final part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you and then the final part of the
+problem set is you're going to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set is you're going to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set is you're going to then
+simulate the free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulate the free energy composition
+diagram and the resulting phase diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and the resulting phase diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and the resulting phase diagrams
+using a phase diagram simulation tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a phase diagram simulation tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a phase diagram simulation tool
+which we've built for this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've built for this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've built for this class and
+then I'm going to introduce on on Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to introduce on on Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to introduce on on Monday
+so if you look at the problem Set uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the problem Set uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at the problem Set uh the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+part you could start on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you could start on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part you could start on this
+afternoon the second part I advise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon the second part I advise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon the second part I advise that
+you know you could wait and start on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could wait and start on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could wait and start on it
+after Monday uh when we introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Monday uh when we introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Monday uh when we introduce the
+phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram
+Explorer what it's going to boil down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Explorer what it's going to boil down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Explorer what it's going to boil down to
+is going into thermaco looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going into thermaco looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going into thermaco looking at a
+phase diagram then reverse engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram then reverse engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagram then reverse engineering
+the phase diagram understanding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram understanding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phase diagram understanding what
+models are underlying the phase diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are underlying the phase diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models are underlying the phase diagram
+what data I need to populate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data I need to populate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data I need to populate those
+models and then how do I simulate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then how do I simulate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models and then how do I simulate those
+models in another piece of software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in another piece of software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in another piece of software and
+by the time we're done with this next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time we're done with this next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time we're done with this next
+week and this next problem Set uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and this next problem Set uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and this next problem Set uh you
+will all be experts at not just reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be experts at not just reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will all be experts at not just reading
+phase diagrams but understanding how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams but understanding how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase diagrams but understanding how
+they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constructed okay so that is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed okay so that is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed okay so that is almost
+everything I wanted to get through today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I wanted to get through today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I wanted to get through today
+I um did not have time to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um did not have time to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um did not have time to talk about uh
+more General free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General free energy composition
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+for intermediate phases mainly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intermediate phases mainly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for intermediate phases mainly because
+the software was too slow to load it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software was too slow to load it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the software was too slow to load it's
+not going to be terribly important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be terribly important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to be terribly important for
+um for this P set so so I'm not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this P set so so I'm not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for this P set so so I'm not I'm not
+too concerned about it but if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too concerned about it but if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too concerned about it but if you want
+to know what you're missing I was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what you're missing I was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what you're missing I was going
+to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through well
+there's a nice schematic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice schematic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a nice schematic in
+dehoff of intermediate phases and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehoff of intermediate phases and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dehoff of intermediate phases and the
+free energy composition diagram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free energy composition diagram that
+intermediate phases in general produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phases in general produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phases in general produce
+and I I reproduce the picture right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I reproduce the picture right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I reproduce the picture right here
+in so de half figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so de half figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so de half figure
+10.19 know a general binary phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.19 know a general binary phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10.19 know a general binary phase
+diagram with an intermediate phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram with an intermediate phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram with an intermediate phase and
+here's um you know flip book style the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's um you know flip book style the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's um you know flip book style the
+way that the free energy composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the free energy composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the free energy composition
+diagram evolves to give you these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram evolves to give you these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram evolves to give you these
+intermediate phas out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phas out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate phas out
+so just further views of the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just further views of the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just further views of the type of
+phenomena which we um which we saw about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we um which we saw about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena which we um which we saw about
+half an hour ago
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_S1CREXGfvE.txt b/_S1CREXGfvE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0395a7b0015a1d3047bb5b90a35433b0cac2b8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_S1CREXGfvE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome back to a20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to a20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to a20 special
+relativity in this little video i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this little video i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in this little video i want
+to continue with my introduction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue with my introduction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue with my introduction and
+talk about the research i'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the research i'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the research i'm interested
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+but this is not strictly on the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not strictly on the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not strictly on the topic of
+special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special relativity
+but you will see some of the influences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see some of the influences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will see some of the influences
+of my research in the class as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my research in the class as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my research in the class as well as
+we move along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move along
+so what am i interested in and what i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am i interested in and what i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what am i interested in and what i'm
+working on i work on the large hadron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on i work on the large hadron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on i work on the large hadron
+collider you see behind me here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collider you see behind me here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collider you see behind me here a
+picture of the cms detector cms detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the cms detector cms detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the cms detector cms detector
+is one of two omnipurpose detectors at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of two omnipurpose detectors at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of two omnipurpose detectors at
+the large hadron colliders there's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large hadron colliders there's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large hadron colliders there's also
+lhcb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhcb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lhcb
+and release two more dedicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release two more dedicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and release two more dedicated
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+the large hotron collider collides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large hotron collider collides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large hotron collider collides
+protons at the highest possible energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons at the highest possible energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons at the highest possible energies
+in some units 13 tv terror electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some units 13 tv terror electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some units 13 tv terror electron volt
+collision energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision energy
+collision happen around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision happen around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision happen around
+40 million times per second in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 million times per second in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 million times per second in this
+machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine
+when it's operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's operational
+um and we have made great progress in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have made great progress in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we have made great progress in
+understanding nature uh using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding nature uh using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding nature uh using this
+machine in the last about decade uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine in the last about decade uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine in the last about decade uh the
+large hadron collider started operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large hadron collider started operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large hadron collider started operating
+in 2009
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2009
+we are currently in a shutdown phase but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are currently in a shutdown phase but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are currently in a shutdown phase but
+we hope to restart next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope to restart next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope to restart next year
+with even higher center of mars energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even higher center of mars energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with even higher center of mars energies
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+for for our studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for our studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for our studies
+so why do we need a machine like this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we need a machine like this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why do we need a machine like this um
+colliding particles at higher energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding particles at higher energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding particles at higher energies
+allows us to probe the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to probe the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to probe the structure of
+matter um like with the big microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um like with the big microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter um like with the big microscope
+and so we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we can
+look very deeply into into the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very deeply into into the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very deeply into into the structure
+of the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton
+at the very same time we can this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very same time we can this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very same time we can this
+high center of mass energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high center of mass energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high center of mass energies and
+collisions produce perhaps new particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions produce perhaps new particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collisions produce perhaps new particles
+unexpected particles we will later see e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected particles we will later see e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected particles we will later see e
+equal m c square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m c square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal m c square
+as a result of special relativity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of special relativity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result of special relativity that
+when you have enough energy you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have enough energy you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have enough energy you might be
+able to produce a new particle of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce a new particle of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to produce a new particle of high
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+and so that's kind of the holy grail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of the holy grail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's kind of the holy grail and
+what we're trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do
+and the other thing we do here is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing we do here is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing we do here is by
+colliding protons and sometimes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding protons and sometimes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colliding protons and sometimes even
+lead ions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead ions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead ions um
+we are able to create a very hot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to create a very hot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are able to create a very hot and
+dense form of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense form of matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense form of matter
+similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to
+the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment
+after the big bang and we are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the big bang and we are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the big bang and we are able to
+study this this new form of of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how
+mars and mata are being built if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mars and mata are being built if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mars and mata are being built if you
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+the table in front of you and you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table in front of you and you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table in front of you and you start
+looking in detail you start seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in detail you start seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking in detail you start seeing
+molecules and atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and atoms
+the atoms are built out of electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms are built out of electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms are built out of electrons and
+the nuclei the nuclei itself is built of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei the nuclei itself is built of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei the nuclei itself is built of
+protons and neutrons and if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and neutrons and if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protons and neutrons and if you look
+more precisely drill deeply into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely drill deeply into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precisely drill deeply into the
+structure you see that a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you see that a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you see that a proton
+you know on the surface is built out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the surface is built out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on the surface is built out of
+quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks
+up quarks to up quarks and a down clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up quarks to up quarks and a down clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up quarks to up quarks and a down clock
+if you further investigate the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you further investigate the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you further investigate the structure
+of the proton you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the proton you see that
+there's much more going on there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much more going on there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's much more going on there's
+gluons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons
+particles holding the quarks together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles holding the quarks together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles holding the quarks together
+and there's also bunches of quarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also bunches of quarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also bunches of quarks and
+antiquarks this is by now well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks this is by now well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antiquarks this is by now well
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+if you ask what is the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask what is the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ask what is the mass of the
+proton it's about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton it's about one
+giga electron volts or 938 mega electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giga electron volts or 938 mega electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giga electron volts or 938 mega electron
+volts um but where does the mass come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts um but where does the mass come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts um but where does the mass come
+from the mass of the proton comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mass of the proton comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mass of the proton comes in
+parts of the mass from the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the mass from the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the mass from the mass of the
+quarks but in most parts uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks but in most parts uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarks but in most parts uh from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gluons or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gluons or the
+fields which holds the quarks together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields which holds the quarks together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields which holds the quarks together
+that's kind of surprising but if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of surprising but if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of surprising but if you had
+eight or two already you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or two already you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or two already you know that
+there's energy stored in a field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's energy stored in a field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's energy stored in a field and
+that energy again is equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy again is equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy again is equivalent to the
+mass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+energy stored in the gluon field holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy stored in the gluon field holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy stored in the gluon field holding
+the quarks together gives mass to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks together gives mass to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quarks together gives mass to the
+proton and this works quite well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and this works quite well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton and this works quite well there's
+a theory which describes all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory which describes all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory which describes all of this
+it's called qcd quantum chromodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called qcd quantum chromodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called qcd quantum chromodynamics
+and you know if you with some assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you with some assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know if you with some assumption
+you can calculate the masses of a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the masses of a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the masses of a bunch
+of particles so this this plot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles so this this plot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particles so this this plot here
+shows the lightheartron spectrum which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the lightheartron spectrum which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the lightheartron spectrum which
+can be calculated using the squishy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated using the squishy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated using the squishy
+event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event
+what i'm actually interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm actually interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm actually interested in
+is the mass of elementary particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of elementary particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of elementary particles so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+discussion so far uh was a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so far uh was a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion so far uh was a brief
+overview and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and how
+composite particles like your table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite particles like your table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite particles like your table
+becomes massive but how does the quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes massive but how does the quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes massive but how does the quark
+itself acquire mass how does an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself acquire mass how does an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself acquire mass how does an electron
+acquire mass or a neuron in ital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mass or a neuron in ital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mass or a neuron in ital
+this picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture here
+shows you all known elementary particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you all known elementary particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you all known elementary particles
+um we can put them in three boxes quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can put them in three boxes quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can put them in three boxes quarks
+those are the particles the up quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the particles the up quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the particles the up quarks
+and the dunk rocks we found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dunk rocks we found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dunk rocks we found in the
+proton the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton the electron
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+makes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes uh
+together with the proton makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the proton makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with the proton makes a
+hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atom
+there's neutrinos those are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neutrinos those are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neutrinos those are called
+electrons and then there's force carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then there's force carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and then there's force carrier
+and we just met the gluons but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just met the gluons but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just met the gluons but there's
+also a photon the w and the z boson and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a photon the w and the z boson and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a photon the w and the z boson and
+the w z both on they are themselves also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w z both on they are themselves also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the w z both on they are themselves also
+mass masses particles how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass masses particles how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass masses particles how do they
+acquire mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire mass
+the answer was found passed about eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was found passed about eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer was found passed about eight
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+with the discovery of the higgs boson a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discovery of the higgs boson a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the discovery of the higgs boson a
+new particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new particle
+and the underlying theory explains how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the underlying theory explains how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the underlying theory explains how
+particles acquire mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles acquire mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles acquire mass
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+basically solve right not quite so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve right not quite so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically solve right not quite so this
+is really mysterious to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really mysterious to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really mysterious to see how
+different the masses of those elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the masses of those elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the masses of those elementary
+particles actually are you see this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles actually are you see this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles actually are you see this on
+this logarithmic table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logarithmic table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this logarithmic table here
+again here our friends the down quarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here our friends the down quarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here our friends the down quarks
+the up quark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up quark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up quark
+and the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electron
+and if you compare this for example with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you compare this for example with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you compare this for example with
+the heaviest known elementary particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heaviest known elementary particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heaviest known elementary particle
+the top quarks you see many many orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top quarks you see many many orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top quarks you see many many orders
+of magnitude different yes so how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude different yes so how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude different yes so how does
+this actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually work
+and then you see some of the bosons the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see some of the bosons the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you see some of the bosons the
+force carriers are massive others like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force carriers are massive others like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force carriers are massive others like
+the photon and the clue ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and the clue ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon and the clue ones
+are mass less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mass less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mass less
+the answer to this was the higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this was the higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to this was the higgs
+mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism
+and a very simple explanation how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very simple explanation how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very simple explanation how the
+the fix mechanism actually works for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix mechanism actually works for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix mechanism actually works for
+fermions for those quarks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions for those quarks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions for those quarks of the
+electron for example is given in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron for example is given in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron for example is given in this
+cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoon
+um so the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the idea is that
+a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a field
+fills all of space it's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills all of space it's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills all of space it's basically a
+property of the vacuum and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the vacuum and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the vacuum and then you
+travel as an elementary particle through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel as an elementary particle through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel as an elementary particle through
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum
+you interact with this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interact with this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you interact with this field
+and the stronger you interact the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stronger you interact the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stronger you interact the more
+drag you kind of get some sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag you kind of get some sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drag you kind of get some sort of you
+feel an inertia and this inertia is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel an inertia and this inertia is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel an inertia and this inertia is what
+we we know as the mass of the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know as the mass of the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know as the mass of the elementary
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+so there is an equivalence between how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an equivalence between how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is an equivalence between how
+strongly you couple to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly you couple to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly you couple to this
+to the vacuum to the higgs field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vacuum to the higgs field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the vacuum to the higgs field and
+your mass and so a top quark is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mass and so a top quark is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mass and so a top quark is
+coupled strongly to the sixth field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled strongly to the sixth field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled strongly to the sixth field
+while an electron only so lightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great um so we have understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so we have understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great um so we have understood
+everything so we you know the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so we you know the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so we you know the question
+is why do we uh still and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we uh still and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why do we uh still and you know
+collide protons important at the lhc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide protons important at the lhc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collide protons important at the lhc
+um is there anything else to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is there anything else to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is there anything else to be
+discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered
+so it turns out that we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that we have a very
+sophisticated theory describes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated theory describes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated theory describes those
+particles and their interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and their interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and their interactions
+but this theory fails to explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this theory fails to explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this theory fails to explain the
+observe all of the observations we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe all of the observations we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe all of the observations we have
+in nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nature
+and so that is kind of the driving force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is kind of the driving force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is kind of the driving force
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+the experiment i'm conducting right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment i'm conducting right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment i'm conducting right now
+and so for example we know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example we know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example we know that there's
+dark matter when we look at the rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter when we look at the rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark matter when we look at the rotation
+of stars in galaxies we find that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stars in galaxies we find that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stars in galaxies we find that they
+don't behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't behave
+um as you would expect simply all based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you would expect simply all based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you would expect simply all based
+on the distribution of matter in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the distribution of matter in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the distribution of matter in those
+galaxies there must be something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies there must be something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies there must be something else
+out there and that's what since it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and that's what since it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there and that's what since it's not
+visible it's called dark matter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible it's called dark matter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible it's called dark matter and
+those dark matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dark matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dark matter
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that dark matter could be a particle we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dark matter could be a particle we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that dark matter could be a particle we
+might be able to produce at the lhc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to produce at the lhc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to produce at the lhc so
+that's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an interesting
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+um also when we look out in the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also when we look out in the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also when we look out in the universe
+we see a lot of matter you don't see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a lot of matter you don't see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see a lot of matter you don't see a
+lot of anti-matter so there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of anti-matter so there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of anti-matter so there must be
+in the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the symmetry
+behind between how matter and antimatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind between how matter and antimatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind between how matter and antimatter
+is being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being produced
+and so that is also not fully understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is also not fully understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that is also not fully understood
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+and then there's more question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's more question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's more question for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+those neutrinos they're really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neutrinos they're really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neutrinos they're really really
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+you know on this leg scale i had a cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on this leg scale i had a cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know on this leg scale i had a cut
+off um and then the neutrino masses do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um and then the neutrino masses do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off um and then the neutrino masses do
+neutrinos acquire mars as an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos acquire mars as an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrinos acquire mars as an electron
+does as a top quark does or is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does as a top quark does or is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does as a top quark does or is a
+different mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different mechanism
+we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know
+um gravity is not even included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gravity is not even included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um gravity is not even included in the
+standard model and the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard model and the fact that the
+higgs boson was discovered at a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs boson was discovered at a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higgs boson was discovered at a specific
+mass which is rather small is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is rather small is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is rather small is also a
+little bit unnatural and so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit unnatural and so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit unnatural and so there is
+this entire list of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire list of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire list of questions
+and unresolved mysteries which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unresolved mysteries which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and unresolved mysteries which we're
+trying to uh to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh to answer
+and the way we do this is with big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we do this is with big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way we do this is with big
+cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras
+so this is cms detector a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is cms detector a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is cms detector a similar
+picture as behind me um it's a you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture as behind me um it's a you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture as behind me um it's a you can
+think about it as a big camera looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a big camera looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it as a big camera looking
+at the interaction of of the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interaction of of the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the interaction of of the collision
+of two protons and it starts off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two protons and it starts off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two protons and it starts off with
+around this interaction region with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this interaction region with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this interaction region with the
+pieces of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of silicon
+which we use to track charged particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we use to track charged particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we use to track charged particles
+going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through
+we put all of this in a magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all of this in a magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put all of this in a magnetic field
+and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+listen to 802 already you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to 802 already you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to 802 already you know the
+charged particle in magnetic field they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle in magnetic field they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particle in magnetic field they
+follow a curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a curvature
+and from the radius of the curvature we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the radius of the curvature we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from the radius of the curvature we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+um calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um calculate the
+momentum of those particles and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of those particles and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum of those particles and then we
+stop the particles in order to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the particles in order to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the particles in order to measure
+the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy
+so we do this in calorimeters and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do this in calorimeters and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we do this in calorimeters and what
+we use here is the lead tungsten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use here is the lead tungsten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use here is the lead tungsten
+electromagnetic calorimeter and a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic calorimeter and a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic calorimeter and a second
+calorimeter for particles which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeter for particles which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeter for particles which are
+harder to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to stop
+um so those are called hydronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are called hydronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those are called hydronic
+calorimeters and then the silver part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeters and then the silver part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calorimeters and then the silver part in
+the middle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle here
+gives the cms detector it's its name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the cms detector it's its name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the cms detector it's its name
+it's the as a solenoid it's a two-part a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the as a solenoid it's a two-part a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the as a solenoid it's a two-part a
+3.8 tesla superconducting magnet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.8 tesla superconducting magnet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.8 tesla superconducting magnet and
+then we have more detectors out there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have more detectors out there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have more detectors out there to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+whether or not some particles might to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not some particles might to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not some particles might to
+escape and we try to measure those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape and we try to measure those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape and we try to measure those as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+there's another very nice picture after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very nice picture after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another very nice picture after
+opening the detector you see this silver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the detector you see this silver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening the detector you see this silver
+thing in the middle here is the pipe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the middle here is the pipe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the middle here is the pipe in
+which the protons zoom through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the protons zoom through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the protons zoom through the
+detector and are brought into this car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and are brought into this car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and are brought into this car
+and to collision in the very center part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to collision in the very center part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to collision in the very center part
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+all right and then we take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and then we take those
+pictures here's one and this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here's one and this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures here's one and this is a very
+famous one it's a higgs candidate event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous one it's a higgs candidate event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous one it's a higgs candidate event
+where the higgs boson might have decayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the higgs boson might have decayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the higgs boson might have decayed
+into two z bosons and then the z bosons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two z bosons and then the z bosons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two z bosons and then the z bosons
+themselves decayed again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves decayed again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves decayed again
+into a pair of electrons shown here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair of electrons shown here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a pair of electrons shown here and
+a pair of muon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of muon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pair of muon here
+and then we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can use
+those individual particles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individual particles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those individual particles to
+reconstruct the property of the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the property of the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the property of the exponent
+here's another candidate where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another candidate where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another candidate where there's
+two photons being reconstructed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two photons being reconstructed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two photons being reconstructed and
+again those two photons can then be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those two photons can then be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again those two photons can then be used
+in order to reconstruct for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reconstruct for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to reconstruct for example the
+mass of the particle which is the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the particle which is the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the particle which is the origin
+first two protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have done this for the last years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have done this for the last years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have done this for the last years
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i collected quite some data and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i collected quite some data and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i collected quite some data and if we
+look at the entirety of the data we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the entirety of the data we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the entirety of the data we can
+make this plot here and what this plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this plot here and what this plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this plot here and what this plot
+here shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here shows
+is the mass of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mass of the particle
+and the coupling of the particle to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coupling of the particle to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the coupling of the particle to the
+hex field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hex field
+and what you see there is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see there is a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see there is a linear
+relationship in this log-log plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in this log-log plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in this log-log plot
+between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+gives us some confidence that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some confidence that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us some confidence that the
+elementary particle like a muon here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particle like a muon here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary particle like a muon here
+like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+tau laptop here like the top quark here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau laptop here like the top quark here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tau laptop here like the top quark here
+they acquire mass through the coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquire mass through the coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they acquire mass through the coupling
+of the higgs field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the higgs field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the higgs field
+and so there's this linear relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's this linear relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's this linear relationship
+the correspondence between mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correspondence between mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correspondence between mass and
+coupling to the x field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the x field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to the x field
+great so we have this all together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we have this all together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we have this all together and
+it gives us a complete theory again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us a complete theory again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us a complete theory again
+there's a large number of open mysteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large number of open mysteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large number of open mysteries
+and questions we'd like to to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and questions we'd like to to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and questions we'd like to to answer
+and the way i look at this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i look at this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way i look at this is a little
+similar to you know the exploration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to you know the exploration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to you know the exploration of
+for columbus so what we are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for columbus so what we are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for columbus so what we are trying to do
+is we go to higher and higher energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we go to higher and higher energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we go to higher and higher energies
+to higher and higher intensities to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher and higher intensities to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to higher and higher intensities to find
+out whether or not we find first hints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether or not we find first hints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out whether or not we find first hints
+of something new and unexploited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something new and unexploited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something new and unexploited
+so we made this discovery we made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we made this discovery we made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we made this discovery we made the
+discovery of the higgs boson but whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the higgs boson but whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the higgs boson but whether
+or not this particle is really the higgs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this particle is really the higgs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not this particle is really the higgs
+boson is still out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson is still out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boson is still out there
+we are trying to measure it's this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to measure it's this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are trying to measure it's this more
+and more position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more position
+maybe we find deviations from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we find deviations from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we find deviations from its
+expected properties to the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected properties to the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected properties to the ones we
+observe similarly christopher columba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe similarly christopher columba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe similarly christopher columba
+when columbus when he sailed off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when columbus when he sailed off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when columbus when he sailed off from
+spain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spain
+he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he
+tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to
+reach the indies or asia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the indies or asia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the indies or asia
+and in his lifetime he never figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in his lifetime he never figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in his lifetime he never figured out
+that he didn't actually accomplish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he didn't actually accomplish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he didn't actually accomplish this
+and similarly maybe we have discovered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly maybe we have discovered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly maybe we have discovered a
+new project which helps us to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new project which helps us to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new project which helps us to understand
+you know more about the inner structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more about the inner structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more about the inner structure
+of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_tdj84EV7BI.txt b/_tdj84EV7BI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0b7c691510786dd2f20fdfd804a923eb705cc84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_tdj84EV7BI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so what I wanted to do today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what I wanted to do today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so what I wanted to do today
+was talk about thermal properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talk about thermal properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was talk about thermal properties of
+foams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foams
+and um Foams are often used for thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um Foams are often used for thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um Foams are often used for thermal
+insulation and it's always closed cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and it's always closed cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and it's always closed cell
+Foams that are used for thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foams that are used for thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foams that are used for thermal
+insulation and we'll see why and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and we'll see why and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and we'll see why and the
+Foams tend to have a low thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foams tend to have a low thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foams tend to have a low thermal
+conductivity and that's largely because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and that's largely because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and that's largely because
+gases have lower conductivity than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases have lower conductivity than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases have lower conductivity than
+solids and if you have mostly gas you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids and if you have mostly gas you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids and if you have mostly gas you're
+going to have a lower conductivity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lower conductivity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a lower conductivity so
+they have a low conductivity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a low conductivity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a low conductivity because
+they have a high volume fraction of gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a high volume fraction of gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a high volume fraction of gas
+and they've got a low volume fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've got a low volume fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've got a low volume fraction of
+the solid uh they also have cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid uh they also have cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid uh they also have cells and
+the heat is transferred partly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat is transferred partly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat is transferred partly by
+radiation and convection and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and convection and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and convection and if you have
+small cells you reduce the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cells you reduce the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cells you reduce the amount of
+convection and and radiation and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection and and radiation and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection and and radiation and we'll
+see that so that by having a cellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that so that by having a cellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that so that by having a cellular
+structure and in particular by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and in particular by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and in particular by having
+small cells you can decrease the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cells you can decrease the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cells you can decrease the heat
+transfer okay so let me write some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer okay so let me write some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer okay so let me write some of
+this stuff down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so closed cell Foams are widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used for thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insulation and the only materials with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and the only materials with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and the only materials with
+lower thermal conductivity than Clos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower thermal conductivity than Clos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower thermal conductivity than Clos
+cell Foams or aerogels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll talk a little bit more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll talk a little bit more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll talk a little bit more about
+aels later on today uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aels later on today uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aels later on today uh but the
+difficulty with aels is that they tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty with aels is that they tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty with aels is that they tend
+to be very weak and brittle like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very weak and brittle like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very weak and brittle like
+ridiculously weak and brittle so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously weak and brittle so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculously weak and brittle so we had
+a project on aels a couple of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project on aels a couple of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a project on aels a couple of years ago
+and the students um who I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students um who I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the students um who I was
+collaborating with would make a gels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with would make a gels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborating with would make a gels and
+they'd bring it up to my office and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd bring it up to my office and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd bring it up to my office and I
+would pick it up and like I would pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick it up and like I would pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick it up and like I would pick
+it up like this and it would break so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up like this and it would break so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up like this and it would break so so
+so they're you know they have very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're you know they have very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're you know they have very low
+thermal conductivity but they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity but they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity but they're very
+brittle and I brought a few of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle and I brought a few of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brittle and I brought a few of our
+samples of AA gels just so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of AA gels just so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of AA gels just so you can see
+what they look like uh and I'll pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like uh and I'll pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they look like uh and I'll pass
+them around in that little tube so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around in that little tube so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them around in that little tube so you
+can kind of play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them okay so we're going to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so we're going to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay so we're going to focus on
+Foams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foams and
+oops use this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops use this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops use this piece of
+chop and we can say the low thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop and we can say the low thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chop and we can say the low thermal
+conductivity of foams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of foams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of foams
+arises mostly from the high volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises mostly from the high volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises mostly from the high volume
+fraction of gas and that the gas has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of gas and that the gas has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of gas and that the gas has a
+low Lambda a low thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Lambda is thermal conductivity so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda is thermal conductivity so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Lambda is thermal conductivity so I'm
+just going to put Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there and then has a small volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then has a small volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then has a small volume
+fraction of solid which has a higher uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of solid which has a higher uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of solid which has a higher uh
+thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity and then the Foams have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and then the Foams have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and then the Foams have a
+relatively small cell size so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small cell size so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively small cell size so one of the
+things we're going to look at is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to look at is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're going to look at is how
+does the cell size affect the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the cell size affect the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the cell size affect the thermal
+transfer the thermal conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acity okay so there's lots of applic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acity okay so there's lots of applic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acity okay so there's lots of applic
+ations for Foams and I guess one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations for Foams and I guess one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ations for Foams and I guess one of the
+main ones is in buildings uh insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ones is in buildings uh insulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main ones is in buildings uh insulating
+buildings also insulating refrigerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings also insulating refrigerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings also insulating refrigerated
+Vehicles things like LNG tankers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles things like LNG tankers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles things like LNG tankers so
+there's lots of applications for using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of applications for using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of applications for using
+Foams for thermal insulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Foams in addition to having a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Foams in addition to having a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Foams in addition to having a low
+thermal conductivity they also have good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity they also have good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity they also have good
+thermal shock resistance so thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal shock resistance so thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal shock resistance so thermal
+shock is if you have a material you heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock is if you have a material you heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock is if you have a material you heat
+it up and then you suddenly cool the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and then you suddenly cool the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up and then you suddenly cool the
+surface of it for example so say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of it for example so say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of it for example so say you
+take something and you quench it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something and you quench it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something and you quench it in
+water or quench it in some fluid then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or quench it in some fluid then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water or quench it in some fluid then
+the surface uh it wants to shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface uh it wants to shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface uh it wants to shrink
+because its temperature drops but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because its temperature drops but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because its temperature drops but it's
+connected to everything underneath it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to everything underneath it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to everything underneath it
+and it can't really shrink and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can't really shrink and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can't really shrink and so it's
+constrained and you can get cracking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained and you can get cracking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained and you can get cracking and
+spalling and so it turns out F Foams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spalling and so it turns out F Foams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spalling and so it turns out F Foams
+have a good resistance to that thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good resistance to that thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good resistance to that thermal
+shot kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot kind of
+loading and we'll see why that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+too so roughly you can see if the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so roughly you can see if the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so roughly you can see if the um
+thermal expansion strain is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion strain is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal expansion strain is the thermal
+expansion coefficient times the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient times the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient times the change
+in temperature then the stress that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature then the stress that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in temperature then the stress that you
+might generate is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might generate is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might generate is just going to be
+related to the modulus time Alpha time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the modulus time Alpha time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the modulus time Alpha time
+delta T and because we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and because we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T and because we're going to see
+that the alpha for the foam is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha for the foam is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the alpha for the foam is the same
+as Alpha for the solid but the E of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Alpha for the solid but the E of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Alpha for the solid but the E of the
+foam is going to be a lot less than e of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is going to be a lot less than e of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is going to be a lot less than e of
+a solid would be so because the modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid would be so because the modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solid would be so because the modulus
+is smaller you would get uh a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller you would get uh a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller you would get uh a better
+thermal shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal shock
+resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance
+okay so I wanted to go over couple of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I wanted to go over couple of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I wanted to go over couple of um
+sort of laws of heat conduction so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of laws of heat conduction so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of laws of heat conduction so we
+can uh talk about what thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh talk about what thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh talk about what thermal
+conductivity is and how we Define it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is and how we Define it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity is and how we Define it so
+the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here first one here is for steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conduction so when we say steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction so when we say steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction so when we say steady state
+conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+what we mean is that the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean is that the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean is that the temperature is
+constant with time the the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with time the the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant with time the the temperature
+doesn't change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so time's not going to come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so time's not going to come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so time's not going to come into
+the equation here and heat transfer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation here and heat transfer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation here and heat transfer for
+steady state conduction where there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state conduction where there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady state conduction where there's no
+change in the temperature with time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the temperature with time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the temperature with time it
+is is described by Fier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+law and that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and that says that the
+heat flux Q is equal to minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux Q is equal to minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux Q is equal to minus Lambda
+time the gradient in temperature and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the gradient in temperature and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the gradient in temperature and if
+we want to think about just a 1D version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think about just a 1D version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to think about just a 1D version
+of that it's equal to minus Lambda * DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's equal to minus Lambda * DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that it's equal to minus Lambda * DT
+by DX so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DX so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by DX so
+here Q is our heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux so that would have units of jewles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so that would have units of jewles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux so that would have units of jewles
+per me squ per second so how which heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per me squ per second so how which heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per me squ per second so how which heat
+transfer per unit area per unit time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer per unit area per unit time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer per unit area per unit time
+Lambda is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity and it has units of watts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and it has units of watts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and it has units of watts
+per meter K so degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per meter K so degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per meter K so degrees
+Kelvin and then Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and then Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin and then Delta
+or and then this is our temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and then this is our temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and then this is our temperature
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's furias law and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's furias law and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's furias law and we're
+going to use that later on uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that later on uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that later on uh when we
+talk about the Foams and then just so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Foams and then just so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the Foams and then just so
+that we have things a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have things a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have things a little more
+complete if you have non-steady heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete if you have non-steady heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete if you have non-steady heat
+conduction if the temperature varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction if the temperature varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction if the temperature varies
+with time then there's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time then there's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time then there's a different
+equation that involves the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diffusivity so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so if we have
+nonsteady heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conduction so t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction so t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction so t
+varies with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with
+time and I'm going to call time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to then the partial differentiation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then the partial differentiation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then the partial differentiation the
+partial derivative of temperature with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of temperature with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivative of temperature with
+respect to time is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time is equal to the
+diffusivity that's given the symbol a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity that's given the symbol a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity that's given the symbol a
+times the second derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the second derivative of
+temperature with respect to distance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with respect to distance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature with respect to distance so
+with respect to X2 so here a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X2 so here a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to X2 so here a is the
+thermal diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U and it is equal to the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and it is equal to the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and it is equal to the thermal
+conductivity divided by the density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity divided by the density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity divided by the density and
+divided by the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the specific
+heat so here row is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so here row is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat so here row is the
+density and CP is the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat and the specific heat is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and the specific heat is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat and the specific heat is the heat
+required to raise the temperature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to raise the temperature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to raise the temperature of a
+unit Mass by a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Mass by a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Mass by a unit
+temperature and so the density times CP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so the density times CP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so the density times CP
+is the volumetric heat capacity it's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volumetric heat capacity it's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the volumetric heat capacity it's how
+much you would how much energy you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you would how much energy you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you would how much energy you would
+need to raise a certain volume by um say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to raise a certain volume by um say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to raise a certain volume by um say
+one degree K instead of a certain Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so on the table here on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on the table here on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on the table here on the screen
+uh we have different materials and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have different materials and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have different materials and we
+have the thermal conductivity Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thermal conductivity Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the thermal conductivity Lambda and
+we have the thermal diff diffusivity a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the thermal diff diffusivity a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the thermal diff diffusivity a
+and I guess I should also say a has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I should also say a has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess I should also say a has
+units of me squar per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+second so this table is arranged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this table is arranged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so this table is arranged in
+order of decreasing thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of decreasing thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of decreasing thermal conductivity
+so here's oops I this on there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's oops I this on there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's oops I this on there we go
+here's copper up at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's copper up at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's copper up at the top
+384 watts per meter K here's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+384 watts per meter K here's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+384 watts per meter K here's you know
+different Metals here's aluminum here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Metals here's aluminum here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Metals here's aluminum here's
+a couple of Ceramics they're about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of Ceramics they're about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of Ceramics they're about a
+factor of 10 less than the metals here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 less than the metals here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of 10 less than the metals here's
+the polymers another factor of 10 less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymers another factor of 10 less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymers another factor of 10 less
+than that and here's uh some gases air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and here's uh some gases air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and here's uh some gases air
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+025 carbon dioxide's a little less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 carbon dioxide's a little less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 carbon dioxide's a little less than
+that trior fluoromethane which used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trior fluoromethane which used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that trior fluoromethane which used to
+be used as a gas in Foams because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as a gas in Foams because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as a gas in Foams because it's
+got such low thermal conductivity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got such low thermal conductivity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got such low thermal conductivity as
+0.008 but it's no longer used because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.008 but it's no longer used because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.008 but it's no longer used because
+it's a what do you call it a chloro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a what do you call it a chloro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a what do you call it a chloro
+chlorocarbon anyway it it decreases our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorocarbon anyway it it decreases our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chlorocarbon anyway it it decreases our
+ozone layer so they don't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone layer so they don't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ozone layer so they don't use that
+anymore here's some woods so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore here's some woods so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore here's some woods so that's one
+sort of cellular solid they're around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cellular solid they're around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of cellular solid they're around
+.004 something like that and here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.004 something like that and here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+.004 something like that and here's a
+group of polymer Foams and they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of polymer Foams and they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of polymer Foams and they're a
+little over 025 so if you think of if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over 025 so if you think of if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over 025 so if you think of if
+you had the gas air if air was the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the gas air if air was the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had the gas air if air was the gas
+inside the foam 02 5 is Lambda for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the foam 02 5 is Lambda for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the foam 02 5 is Lambda for the
+gas so you're not going to get lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so you're not going to get lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so you're not going to get lower
+than that and you have to use a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and you have to use a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that and you have to use a low
+conductivity gas to get uh these values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity gas to get uh these values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity gas to get uh these values
+like 025 here 020 017 and then here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 025 here 020 017 and then here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 025 here 020 017 and then here's
+some other sorts of sort of mineral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sorts of sort of mineral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other sorts of sort of mineral
+fibers glass Foams glass wools okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers glass Foams glass wools okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fibers glass Foams glass wools okay so
+that's just a table so that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a table so that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a table so that you have
+some data there all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes bones if they are closed cell with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bones if they are closed cell with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes bones if they are closed cell with a
+different gas right because if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gas right because if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gas right because if they're
+open cell gas always air gas is gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cell gas always air gas is gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cell gas always air gas is gonna go
+and in fact one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact one of the one of the
+difficulties with using the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties with using the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties with using the lower
+conductivity gases is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity gases is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity gases is there's a
+phenomena called Aging that if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena called Aging that if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena called Aging that if you know
+you've got your gas inside your foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your gas inside your foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got your gas inside your foam
+it's going to diffuse out into the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to diffuse out into the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to diffuse out into the air
+and air is going to diffuse in so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air is going to diffuse in so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and air is going to diffuse in so over
+time the thermal conductivity tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the thermal conductivity tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the thermal conductivity tends to
+increase because you're getting air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because you're getting air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase because you're getting air
+coming in in the low conductivity gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in in the low conductivity gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in in the low conductivity gas
+going out um but I think typically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out um but I think typically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out um but I think typically that
+process takes a number of years years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process takes a number of years years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process takes a number of years years
+it's not you know doesn't happen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know doesn't happen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not you know doesn't happen in a
+week but if you're designing a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but if you're designing a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week but if you're designing a building
+and you want the building to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want the building to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want the building to be there
+for 50 years it occurs faster than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 50 years it occurs faster than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 50 years it occurs faster than that
+so it's not ideal from that point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not ideal from that point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not ideal from that point of
+view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view
+okay all right um so let me talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um so let me talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right um so let me talk a
+little bit more about thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about thermal
+diffusivity let me scoot over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so materials with a high value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so materials with a high value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so materials with a high value of that
+thermal diffusivity a they rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal diffusivity a they rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal diffusivity a they rapidly
+adjust their temperature to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust their temperature to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust their temperature to their
+surroundings so if they have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings so if they have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings so if they have a high
+value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of
+what it really means is they've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really means is they've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it really means is they've got a
+say a high value of Lambda so a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a high value of Lambda so a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a high value of Lambda so a high
+thermal conductivity and say a low value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity and say a low value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity and say a low value
+of this volumetric heat capacity so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this volumetric heat capacity so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this volumetric heat capacity so it
+doesn't take much energy to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much energy to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much energy to change their
+temperature and they also conduct heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and they also conduct heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and they also conduct heat
+well so they tend to adjust their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so they tend to adjust their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so they tend to adjust their
+temperature to their surroundings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to their surroundings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to their surroundings
+quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so then let's talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then let's talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then let's talk about the
+thermal conductivity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foam so I'm going to call that Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam so I'm going to call that Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam so I'm going to call that Lambda
+star so the star is the foam and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so the star is the foam and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star so the star is the foam and then
+we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk
+about um Lambda s will be the Lambda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um Lambda s will be the Lambda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um Lambda s will be the Lambda for
+the solid that it's made from so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid that it's made from so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid that it's made from so if you
+think of the thermal conductivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the thermal conductivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the thermal conductivity of the
+foam there's contributions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam there's contributions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam there's contributions from
+different types of heat transfer so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of heat transfer so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of heat transfer so you
+could have conduction through the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have conduction through the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have conduction through the solid
+I'm going to call that Lambda s you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call that Lambda s you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call that Lambda s you
+could have conduction through the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have conduction through the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have conduction through the gas
+you could have convection within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have convection within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have convection within the
+cells so convection has to do with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so convection has to do with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so convection has to do with um
+having say within the cell it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having say within the cell it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having say within the cell it might be a
+different temperature on one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature on one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different temperature on one side of the
+cell to the other side of the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to the other side of the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to the other side of the cell and
+the warmer side of the cell the gas is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the warmer side of the cell the gas is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the warmer side of the cell the gas is
+going to tend to rise to the warmer side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tend to rise to the warmer side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tend to rise to the warmer side
+and then fall to the cooler side and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fall to the cooler side and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then fall to the cooler side and you
+get a convection current set up so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a convection current set up so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a convection current set up so you
+can get heat transfer from that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get heat transfer from that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get heat transfer from that and you
+can also get heat transfer by radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get heat transfer by radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also get heat transfer by radiation
+so radiation can cause heat transfer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radiation can cause heat transfer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radiation can cause heat transfer as
+well so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contributions from conduction through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from conduction through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from conduction through
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solid so the amount of conduction in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so the amount of conduction in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so the amount of conduction in the
+foam from the solid I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam from the solid I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam from the solid I'm going to call
+Lambda star s so Lambda s would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda star s so Lambda s would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda star s so Lambda s would be the
+conductivity of the solid and Lambda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the solid and Lambda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the solid and Lambda the
+star s is the thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star s is the thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star s is the thermal conductivity
+contribution from the solid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the solid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the solid in the
+foam uh so we get conductivity through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam uh so we get conductivity through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam uh so we get conductivity through
+the through the solid we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the through the solid we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the through the solid we get
+conductivity through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity through the
+gas so that's Lambda star G for gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so that's Lambda star G for gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so that's Lambda star G for gas and
+then we could have convection within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cells so I'm going call that Lambda star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so I'm going call that Lambda star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells so I'm going call that Lambda star
+C and then we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation through the cell walls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation through the cell walls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation through the cell walls and
+across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+voids I'll call that Lambda star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids I'll call that Lambda star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voids I'll call that Lambda star
+R and so the thermal conductivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and so the thermal conductivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and so the thermal conductivity of the
+foam is just the sum of those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is just the sum of those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is just the sum of those four
+contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we're just going to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're just going to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're just going to go through
+each of those uh contributions in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those uh contributions in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those uh contributions in turn
+and work out how much thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work out how much thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work out how much thermal
+conductivity you get from each of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you get from each of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity you get from each of them
+and it turns out most of the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out most of the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out most of the thermal
+conductivity comes through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity comes through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity comes through the
+gas so if we first look at just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so if we first look at just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so if we first look at just
+conduction through the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we've got that the contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've got that the contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we've got that the contribution to
+the conductivity of the foam from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity of the foam from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity of the foam from the
+solid is just equal to some efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid is just equal to some efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid is just equal to some efficiency
+Factor times the thermal conductivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor times the thermal conductivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor times the thermal conductivity of
+the solid times the volume fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid times the volume fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid times the volume fraction of
+the solid or the relative density and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid or the relative density and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid or the relative density and
+here ITA is is a efficiency Factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it accounts for the tortuosity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it accounts for the tortuosity in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it accounts for the tortuosity in
+the foam so if you think of the solid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam so if you think of the solid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam so if you think of the solid in
+the foam it's it's not like we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam it's it's not like we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam it's it's not like we have
+Little Fibers that just go from one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Fibers that just go from one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Little Fibers that just go from one side
+to the other like this and the heat just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other like this and the heat just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other like this and the heat just
+moves along those fibers you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves along those fibers you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves along those fibers you know the
+foam cells have some complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam cells have some complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam cells have some complicated
+geometry and the heat has to kind of run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and the heat has to kind of run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry and the heat has to kind of run
+along that complicated geometry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that complicated geometry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along that complicated geometry and
+people have made estimates of what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made estimates of what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have made estimates of what this
+is and it's roughly a factor of 2/3 so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it's roughly a factor of 2/3 so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and it's roughly a factor of 2/3 so I
+guess it would depend on exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it would depend on exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it would depend on exactly the
+foam cell geometry but typically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam cell geometry but typically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam cell geometry but typically it's
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2/3 so that's conduction through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so that's conduction through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 so that's conduction through the
+solid that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid that's
+straightforward and conduction through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and conduction through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and conduction through
+the gas is similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas is similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas is similarly
+straightforward it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward it's just the
+conductivity of the gas times the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the gas times the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the gas times the amount
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+gas and the volume fraction of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and the volume fraction of the gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and the volume fraction of the gas
+is just one minus volume fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one minus volume fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one minus volume fraction of the
+solid so it's just one minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so it's just one minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so it's just one minus the
+relative density so the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density so the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density so the conduction
+through the the gas is just Lambda G * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the gas is just Lambda G * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the gas is just Lambda G * 1
+minus the relative density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we can do a little example here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do a little example here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can do a little example here and
+you can see how much of the conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how much of the conduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how much of the conduction
+comes from the solid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas so for example if we look at a foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so for example if we look at a foam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas so for example if we look at a foam
+that's 2.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 2.5%
+dense and say it's a closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense and say it's a closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dense and say it's a closed
+cell poly I done poly sty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the total thermal conductivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total thermal conductivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total thermal conductivity of the
+foam is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is about
+004 watts per meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K and the thermal conductivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the thermal conductivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and the thermal conductivity of
+polystyrene is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene is
+0.15 watts per meter k and the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.15 watts per meter k and the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.15 watts per meter k and the thermal
+conductivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of
+air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.025 so let's assume it's just blown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.025 so let's assume it's just blown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.025 so let's assume it's just blown
+with air and then if I just add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air and then if I just add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with air and then if I just add up
+what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the
+contribution of conduction through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of conduction through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of conduction through the
+solid and conduction through the gas so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and conduction through the gas so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and conduction through the gas so
+if I just use those two little equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just use those two little equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I just use those two little equations
+conduction through the solid is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction through the solid is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction through the solid is going to
+be 2/3 of this value Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2/3 of this value Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 2/3 of this value Lambda
+s times the amount of the solids that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times the amount of the solids that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s times the amount of the solids that's
+025 and then plus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 and then plus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 and then plus Lambda
+G which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G which is
+025 times the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 times the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+025 times the amount of
+the gas which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gas which is
+975 and if I work those two things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+975 and if I work those two things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+975 and if I work those two things out
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+0.003 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.024 so that total is 027 watts per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.024 so that total is 027 watts per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.024 so that total is 027 watts per
+meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K so you can see if the total is 004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you can see if the total is 004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so you can see if the total is 004
+most of it's come from the gas a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it's come from the gas a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it's come from the gas a little
+bits come from the solid and the rest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits come from the solid and the rest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits come from the solid and the rest is
+going to be from con convection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+typical and that's the reason that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and that's the reason that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical and that's the reason that they
+sometimes use low thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes use low thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes use low thermal conductivity
+gases to blow Foams for thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases to blow Foams for thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases to blow Foams for thermal
+insulation because the gas makes up such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation because the gas makes up such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation because the gas makes up such
+a big um fraction of the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big um fraction of the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big um fraction of the total
+conductivity if you can reduce that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity if you can reduce that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity if you can reduce that you
+reduce the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity so we'll say Foams for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so we'll say Foams for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity so we'll say Foams for
+insulation are blown with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation are blown with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation are blown with
+low conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gases but as I mentioned you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases but as I mentioned you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases but as I mentioned you have this
+problem with aging that over time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with aging that over time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with aging that over time that
+gas is going to diffuse out and a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is going to diffuse out and a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is going to diffuse out and a is
+going to diffuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in and then the overall thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then the overall thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and then the overall thermal
+conductivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the
+foam is going to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the
+conduction and then the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and then the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction and then the next uh
+contribution is from convection so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is from convection so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution is from convection so
+imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we
+have one of our little cells here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of our little cells here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one of our little cells here
+and it's hotter on that side than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hotter on that side than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's hotter on that side than it is
+on that side then hot air is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that side then hot air is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that side then hot air is going to
+rise cold air is going to fall so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise cold air is going to fall so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise cold air is going to fall so you
+get a convection current set up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a convection current set up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a convection current set up and
+because of the density changes you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the density changes you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the density changes you get a
+buoyancy force in the air so that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy force in the air so that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buoyancy force in the air so that's kind
+of driving the convection but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of driving the convection but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of driving the convection but you also
+have a viscous drag so the the air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a viscous drag so the the air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a viscous drag so the the air is
+moving past the wall of the foam and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving past the wall of the foam and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving past the wall of the foam and
+there's going to be some viscous drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some viscous drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some viscous drag
+associated with that and how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that and how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with that and how much
+convection you get depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection you get depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection you get depends on the
+balance between this buoyancy force and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between this buoyancy force and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance between this buoyancy force and
+the viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drag so we'll say the gas Rises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Falls due to density changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and the density changes give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the density changes give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and the density changes give
+rise to buoyancy forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we also have these viscous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forces from the drag of the air against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces from the drag of the air against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces from the drag of the air against
+the walls of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the air moving past the walls this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the air moving past the walls this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the air moving past the walls this is
+kind of a fluid mechanics thing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fluid mechanics thing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a fluid mechanics thing so the
+air is a fluid and in fluid mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is a fluid and in fluid mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is a fluid and in fluid mechanics
+there's they often use dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's they often use dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's they often use dimensionless
+numbers and there's a dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and there's a dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and there's a dimensionless
+number called the Ry number and the Ry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number called the Ry number and the Ry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number called the Ry number and the Ry
+number you can think of it it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can think of it it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you can think of it it's not
+quite the balance of the buoyancy Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the balance of the buoyancy Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the balance of the buoyancy Force
+against the the viscous forces but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the the viscous forces but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the the viscous forces but it
+involves those forces and convection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves those forces and convection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves those forces and convection is
+important if this Raley number is over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if this Raley number is over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if this Raley number is over a
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here's what the Raleigh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's the density of the fluid times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the density of the fluid times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's the density of the fluid times
+the acceleration of gravity times beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of gravity times beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration of gravity times beta
+beta is the volume expansion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the volume expansion coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the volume expansion coefficient
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+gas times the temperature change and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas times the temperature change and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas times the temperature change and
+we're going to look at a temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a temperature
+change across a cell and then times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change across a cell and then times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change across a cell and then times the
+length that's going to be the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that's going to be the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that's going to be the cell
+size and we divide that by the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and we divide that by the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and we divide that by the fluid
+viscosity and the um thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity and the um thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity and the um thermal
+diffusivity so let me write down where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so let me write down where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity so let me write down where
+all these things are so row is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things are so row is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things are so row is the
+density of the gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh G's gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acceleration beta is the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration beta is the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration beta is the volume
+expansion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gas and for a constant pressure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and for a constant pressure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and for a constant pressure that's
+equal to one over the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then Delta TC is the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Delta TC is the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Delta TC is the temperature
+difference across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cell and L is the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and L is the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and L is the cell
+size and mu is the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and mu is the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and mu is the dynamic
+viscosity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fluid and a is our thermal diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to do is just work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is just work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is just work out
+for um for kind of a typical typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for kind of a typical typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um for kind of a typical typical
+example how big of a cell size do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how big of a cell size do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example how big of a cell size do you
+need to get this Raleigh number to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get this Raleigh number to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get this Raleigh number to be a
+thousand and we're going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and we're going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand and we're going to see that
+typically um that cell size is is Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um that cell size is is Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically um that cell size is is Big
+it's like 20 millim so most Foams the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 20 millim so most Foams the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like 20 millim so most Foams the
+convection really isn't very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection really isn't very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection really isn't very important
+at all so typically people don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so typically people don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so typically people don't worry
+about conection but let me just show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conection but let me just show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about conection but let me just show you
+how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works so for our rallying number which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so for our rallying number which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so for our rallying number which
+is RA for the ring number to be th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is RA for the ring number to be th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is RA for the ring number to be th000
+say we had air in the cells and say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had air in the cells and say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we had air in the cells and say the
+temperature was room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature then the volume coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then the volume coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature then the volume coefficient
+of expansion is just 1 over T so it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expansion is just 1 over T so it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expansion is just 1 over T so it's 1
+over 300 say degrees K Theus one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 300 say degrees K Theus one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 300 say degrees K Theus one let's
+say our change in temperature across one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our change in temperature across one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our change in temperature across one
+cell was 1°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell was 1°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell was 1°
+K bless you the viscosity of air is 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K bless you the viscosity of air is 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K bless you the viscosity of air is 2 *
+10-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-
+5 Pascal seconds the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+air is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is
+1.2 kilg per cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meter and the thermal diffusivity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and the thermal diffusivity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and the thermal diffusivity for
+air is 2 * 10-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is 2 * 10-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is 2 * 10-
+5 m squ per and if you plug all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 m squ per and if you plug all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 m squ per and if you plug all of these
+into that equation for the Raleigh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that equation for the Raleigh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that equation for the Raleigh
+number and you solve for the cell size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you solve for the cell size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and you solve for the cell size
+you find that the L the cell size L is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the L the cell size L is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that the L the cell size L is
+20 mm so that says convection is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 mm so that says convection is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 mm so that says convection is only
+important if the cell size is bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if the cell size is bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if the cell size is bigger
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and so most Foams have cells much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so most Foams have cells much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so most Foams have cells much
+smaller than that and convection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that and convection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than that and convection is
+negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so by having closed cells then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by having closed cells then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by having closed cells then the
+heat's not transferred so easily from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat's not transferred so easily from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat's not transferred so easily from
+one cell to another by the gas moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell to another by the gas moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one cell to another by the gas moving
+and by having small cells the convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by having small cells the convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by having small cells the convection
+drops out so you don't have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out so you don't have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops out so you don't have to worry
+about that so the last contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so the last contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that so the last contribution to
+heat transfer is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops and there's something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and there's something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and there's something called
+Stefan's law that describes the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stefan's law that describes the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stefan's law that describes the heat
+flux for radiative heat transfer from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux for radiative heat transfer from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux for radiative heat transfer from a
+surface at one temperature to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface at one temperature to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface at one temperature to another
+surface at a different temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface at a different temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface at a different temperature
+across a vacuum so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a vacuum so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across a vacuum so we can
+say we have a heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a heat flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have a heat flux
+QR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KN from a surface at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so I'm going to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I'm going to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so I'm going to call that
+T1 to one at a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature I'm going to call that t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I'm going to call that t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature I'm going to call that t
+KN with a vacuum in between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is Stefan's law so it says the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Stefan's law so it says the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is Stefan's law so it says the
+radiative heat flux is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative heat flux is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative heat flux is equal to the
+emissivity of the of the surfaces which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity of the of the surfaces which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissivity of the of the surfaces which
+is beta 1 times a constant called Stefan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta 1 times a constant called Stefan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is beta 1 times a constant called Stefan
+Conant Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Conant Sigma
+times the fourth power of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the fourth power of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the fourth power of the
+temperatures I'm taking the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures I'm taking the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures I'm taking the difference
+of the temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here the Stefan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sigma and that's equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and that's equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma and that's equal
+to 5.67 * 10-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5.67 * 10-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5.67 * 10-
+8 and that's in watts per me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and that's in watts per me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and that's in watts per me
+squar per K 4th and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar per K 4th and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar per K 4th and
+beta is a is a constant describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is a is a constant describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is a is a constant describing the
+emissivity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surfaces so it gives the radiant heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so it gives the radiant heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces so it gives the radiant heat
+flux per unit area of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux per unit area of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux per unit area of the sample
+relative to a black body and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a black body and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a black body and that's a
+characteristic of the emissivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so then so if we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes H so right now forget the foam we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes H so right now forget the foam we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes H so right now forget the foam we
+have no foam we just have two surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no foam we just have two surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no foam we just have two surfaces
+with a vacuum between them and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vacuum between them and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a vacuum between them and I'm going
+to stick a foam between the surfaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick a foam between the surfaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stick a foam between the surfaces and
+we're going to see how that changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see how that changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see how that changes the
+heat flux okay so the next step is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux okay so the next step is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat flux okay so the next step is we
+put the foam between those two surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the foam between those two surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the foam between those two surfaces
+and the heat flux is going to be reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the heat flux is going to be reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the heat flux is going to be reduced
+because the radiation is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the radiation is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the radiation is going to be
+absorbed by the solid and reflected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the solid and reflected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbed by the solid and reflected by
+the cell walls and so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell walls and so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell walls and so we're going to
+characterize how much it's reduced so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize how much it's reduced so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize how much it's reduced so
+there's another law called Beer's Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another law called Beer's Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another law called Beer's Law
+which characterizes the reduction oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which characterizes the reduction oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which characterizes the reduction oops
+in the uh heat flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+piece of Chalk's getting too small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so Beer's Law gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Beer's Law gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Beer's Law gives us the
+attenuation so the sort of reduction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation so the sort of reduction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation so the sort of reduction in
+the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat
+flow so QR is equal to QR KN that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so QR is equal to QR KN that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow so QR is equal to QR KN that would
+be the heat flux if we just had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the heat flux if we just had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the heat flux if we just had the
+vacuum and then there's an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and then there's an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum and then there's an exponential
+law and it's the exponential of minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and it's the exponential of minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and it's the exponential of minus
+Kar tar and here Kar is an Extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kar tar and here Kar is an Extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kar tar and here Kar is an Extinction
+coefficient for the F talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for the F talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for the F talk a little bit
+more about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minute and T star is just the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and T star is just the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and T star is just the thickness
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foam and then this thing is called beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam and then this thing is called beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam and then this thing is called beer
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we have very thin walls and struts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have very thin walls and struts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have very thin walls and struts
+and we're just going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're just going to consider
+optically thin walls and struts to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically thin walls and struts to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically thin walls and struts to make
+life easy then we can say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easy then we can say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life easy then we can say that if
+they're optically thin they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're optically thin they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're optically thin they're
+transparent to radiation they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to radiation they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparent to radiation they're
+optically thin if they're less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically thin if they're less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optically thin if they're less than
+about 10 microns then this Extinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 microns then this Extinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 microns then this Extinction
+coefficient is just the amount of solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is just the amount of solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is just the amount of solid
+times the extension coefficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the extension coefficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the extension coefficient for the
+solid so it's just the relative density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so it's just the relative density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid so it's just the relative density
+times the extinction coefficient for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the extinction coefficient for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the extinction coefficient for the
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then I can say the heat flux by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I can say the heat flux by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I can say the heat flux by
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can use two equations to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use two equations to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use two equations to write that
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now and then I'm going to let them be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then I'm going to let them be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and then I'm going to let them be
+equal to get the thermal conductivity I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to get the thermal conductivity I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to get the thermal conductivity I
+can say QR is going to equal to Lambda R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say QR is going to equal to Lambda R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say QR is going to equal to Lambda R
+* DT by DX so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* DT by DX so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* DT by DX so
+that's that's the furias law that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the furias law that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the furias law that we
+started out with and then I've also got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with and then I've also got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with and then I've also got
+QR that I'm going to get by combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR that I'm going to get by combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR that I'm going to get by combining
+the Stefan's law with the Beer's Law up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stefan's law with the Beer's Law up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stefan's law with the Beer's Law up
+there so if I do that I get that QR is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if I do that I get that QR is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so if I do that I get that QR is
+beta 1 * Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 * Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 1 * Sigma
+time T1 4th minus t KN to the 4th so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T1 4th minus t KN to the 4th so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T1 4th minus t KN to the 4th so
+that's the QR KN up there from down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the QR KN up there from down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the QR KN up there from down
+there and then I've got my exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I've got my exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then I've got my exponential
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+attenuation and instead of K star I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation and instead of K star I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation and instead of K star I'm
+going to put the relative density times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the relative density times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the relative density times
+KS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then I've got the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got the thickness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I've got the thickness of the
+foam tar as well okay so that's QR but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam tar as well okay so that's QR but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam tar as well okay so that's QR but
+that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to
+equal Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Lambda
+R time DT by DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so I'm going to use some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so I'm going to use some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so I'm going to use some
+approximations here and I'm going to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations here and I'm going to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations here and I'm going to end
+up with an expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with an expression for the
+contribution from radiation to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from radiation to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from radiation to heat
+transfer in the foam yeah so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer in the foam yeah so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer in the foam yeah so when you
+say optically thin walls where T is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say optically thin walls where T is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say optically thin walls where T is less
+than 10 microns you mean like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 microns you mean like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 10 microns you mean like
+the walls of the foam yeah yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls of the foam yeah yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls of the foam yeah yeah so it's
+a different T than the t t star is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different T than the t t star is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different T than the t t star is the
+thickness of the whole thing so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the whole thing so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the whole thing so imagine
+we had our two surfaces and they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had our two surfaces and they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had our two surfaces and they might
+be you know like 100 millimeters apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know like 100 millimeters apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be you know like 100 millimeters apart
+or something T star is the the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something T star is the the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something T star is the the sort of
+thickness of the foam in between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the foam in between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the foam in between the two
+surfaces and the optically thin is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and the optically thin is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces and the optically thin is the
+cell walls which are you know microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls which are you know microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell walls which are you know microns
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+thickness okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to make some approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that's going to allow me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's going to allow me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's going to allow me to
+solve for T star so I'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for T star so I'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for T star so I'm going to say
+that DT by DX is approximately equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DT by DX is approximately equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that DT by DX is approximately equal to
+just T1 minus t KN over the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just T1 minus t KN over the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just T1 minus t KN over the thickness of
+the foam or I'll call that delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam or I'll call that delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam or I'll call that delta
+T over T star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over T star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over T star
+and then the other approximation I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other approximation I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the other approximation I'm
+going to use is that T1 4th minus t 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is that T1 4th minus t 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use is that T1 4th minus t 4th
+is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal
+to 4 * delta T time the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 * delta T time the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 4 * delta T time the average
+temperature cubed so here T Bar is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature cubed so here T Bar is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature cubed so here T Bar is the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+temperature T1 plus t/ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then if I use those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then if I use those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then if I use those two
+approximations I can write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations I can write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations I can write that
+QR our heat flux from radiative transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR our heat flux from radiative transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QR our heat flux from radiative transfer
+I've got the beta 1 I've got the sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the beta 1 I've got the sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the beta 1 I've got the sigma
+and instead of the difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of the difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of the difference of the
+fourth power I'm going to write 4 delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power I'm going to write 4 delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power I'm going to write 4 delta
+T T Bar cubed and then I've got my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exponential uh blah blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh blah blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential uh blah blah blah blah
+blah so then here's the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so then here's the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah so then here's the relative
+density time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density time
+KS time T star the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS time T star the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KS time T star the overall
+thickness that's going to equal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness that's going to equal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness that's going to equal the
+radiative contribution to the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative contribution to the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiative contribution to the thermal
+conductivity of the foam and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the foam and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the foam and instead of
+t DT by DX I'm going to have delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t DT by DX I'm going to have delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t DT by DX I'm going to have delta
+T over T star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over T star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over T star
+here so part of the reason for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so part of the reason for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so part of the reason for doing
+these approximations is I end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approximations is I end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these approximations is I end up with a
+delta T term on both sides and now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T term on both sides and now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta T term on both sides and now I can
+cancel that out and if I just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel that out and if I just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel that out and if I just take this
+mess here and multiply it by T star then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess here and multiply it by T star then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess here and multiply it by T star then
+I've got Lambda R star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that's our thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's our thermal conductivity
+contribution from radiation so one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from radiation so one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from radiation so one of
+the things to notice here is that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things to notice here is that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things to notice here is that as the
+relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative
+density goes down then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes down then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density goes down then the
+contribution from radiation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from radiation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from radiation to the
+thermal conductivity of the foam goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this chart here shows thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this chart here shows thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this chart here shows thermal
+conductivity as a function of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity as a function of relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity as a function of relative
+density and it breaks down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and it breaks down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and it breaks down the
+contributions from the gas gas g the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the gas gas g the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions from the gas gas g the
+solid s and the radiation R and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid s and the radiation R and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid s and the radiation R and you can
+kind of see the gas contribution doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see the gas contribution doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of see the gas contribution doesn't
+change that much these are relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that much these are relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that much these are relative
+densities between you know a little over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities between you know a little over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities between you know a little over
+two and little less than 5% so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and little less than 5% so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and little less than 5% so the
+amount of gas it's mostly gas um in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of gas it's mostly gas um in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of gas it's mostly gas um in all
+of these things uh the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things uh the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things uh the solid
+contribution increases as the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution increases as the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution increases as the relative
+relative density increases so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density increases so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative density increases so you'd
+expect that and then as I just said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that and then as I just said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that and then as I just said the
+um as the relative density goes down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the relative density goes down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as the relative density goes down the
+amount of radiation uh contribution goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radiation uh contribution goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of radiation uh contribution goes
+up and so you can kind of see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so you can kind of see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and so you can kind of see how that
+all fits together another plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fits together another plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all fits together another plot that
+shows the thermal conductivity versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the thermal conductivity versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the thermal conductivity versus
+the relative density these are for a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density these are for a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density these are for a few
+different types of Foams you can see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Foams you can see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of Foams you can see for
+this plot here you reach a minimum in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot here you reach a minimum in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot here you reach a minimum in
+the thermal conductivity and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity and that's
+because youve kind of got this trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because youve kind of got this trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because youve kind of got this trade-off
+between the contribution from the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the contribution from the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the contribution from the solid
+and the contribution from the radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contribution from the radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the contribution from the radiation
+and and those two kind of trade off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those two kind of trade off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those two kind of trade off and
+you get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to a
+minimum so let me write some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so let me write some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum so let me write some of this
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'll just say that yeah hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just say that yeah hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just say that yeah hang
+on start over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again so this is this is looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this is this is looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so this is this is looking at the
+overall thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity and we can say the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contributions of Lambda solid Lambda gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of Lambda solid Lambda gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of Lambda solid Lambda gas
+Lambda radiation I'll just say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda radiation I'll just say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda radiation I'll just say this
+shown in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+figure and I'll just say the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and I'll just say the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure and I'll just say the next
+figure shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimum in the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductivity and I'll just say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and I'll just say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity and I'll just say there's
+the tradeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the conduction through the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the conduction through the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the conduction through the solid
+and the conduction from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radiation and then we also have a plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and then we also have a plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and then we also have a plot
+here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that
+shows the conductivity versus the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the conductivity versus the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows the conductivity versus the cell
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that the
+conductivity uh increases with cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size and the reason for that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and the reason for that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and the reason for that is the
+bigger the cells get the U radiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the cells get the U radiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the cells get the U radiation is
+reflected less often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one thing I wanted to mention with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cell size is that if you look at AA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell size is that if you look at AA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell size is that if you look at AA
+gels the way AA gels work is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gels the way AA gels work is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gels the way AA gels work is that they
+have a very small cell size a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small cell size a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very small cell size a very small
+pore size so typically it's less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pore size so typically it's less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pore size so typically it's less than
+100 nanometers and the mean-free path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 nanometers and the mean-free path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 nanometers and the mean-free path of
+air is 68 nanometers so so the mean free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is 68 nanometers so so the mean free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air is 68 nanometers so so the mean free
+path is the average distance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is the average distance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is the average distance the
+molecules move before they collide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules move before they collide with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules move before they collide with
+another molecule and if your pore size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule and if your pore size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another molecule and if your pore size
+is less than the mean-free path then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the mean-free path then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than the mean-free path then
+that reduces the um thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the um thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reduces the um thermal conductivity
+it reduces the ability of the atoms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces the ability of the atoms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reduces the ability of the atoms to
+um pass the heat along between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pass the heat along between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pass the heat along between one
+another so the way the a gels work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so the way the a gels work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another so the way the a gels work is
+they have a very small pore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size and what what's important is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and what what's important is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and what what's important is how
+big the pores are relative to the meanf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the pores are relative to the meanf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the pores are relative to the meanf
+free path of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's the thermal conductivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the thermal conductivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the thermal conductivity
+I wanted to talk about a few other uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to talk about a few other uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to talk about a few other uh
+thermal properties of Foams as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal properties of Foams as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal properties of Foams as well
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one is the specific heat and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is the specific heat and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one is the specific heat and since
+the specific heat is the energy required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific heat is the energy required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specific heat is the energy required
+to raise the temperature by a unit Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise the temperature by a unit Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to raise the temperature by a unit Mass
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then uh then the mass is the same you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then the mass is the same you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh then the mass is the same you
+know if you have certain mass of foam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have certain mass of foam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have certain mass of foam or
+certain mass of solid the specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mass of solid the specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain mass of solid the specific heat
+for the foam is the same as the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the specific heat for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the specific heat for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the specific heat for the
+foam is the same as the specific heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is the same as the specific heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam is the same as the specific heat
+for the uh solid so that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh solid so that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the uh solid so that would have
+units of jewels per kilogram per degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of jewels per kilogram per degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of jewels per kilogram per degree
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops and the next property is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and the next property is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops and the next property is the
+thermal expansion coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's a similar thing the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a similar thing the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a similar thing the thermal
+expansion coefficient for the foam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient for the foam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion coefficient for the foam is
+equal to the thermal coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the thermal coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the thermal coefficient of
+expansion for the solid so imagine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for the solid so imagine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expansion for the solid so imagine you
+have say you had something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say you had something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have say you had something like a
+honeycomb if you heat it up a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb if you heat it up a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honeycomb if you heat it up a certain
+amount every member is going to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount every member is going to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount every member is going to expand
+by Alpha and if every member expands by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alpha and if every member expands by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Alpha and if every member expands by
+Alpha the whole thing expands by Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the whole thing expands by Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the whole thing expands by Alpha
+it's just the same and it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the same and it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the same and it's the same
+idea with a foam so if every member just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with a foam so if every member just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea with a foam so if every member just
+gets longer by Alpha then the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets longer by Alpha then the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets longer by Alpha then the whole
+thing gets bigger by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Alpha okay so the last uh topic I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha okay so the last uh topic I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha okay so the last uh topic I wanted
+to talk about was the thermal shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about was the thermal shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about was the thermal shock
+resistance and thermal shock is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and thermal shock is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and thermal shock is the idea
+is that if you have something that's hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have something that's hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you have something that's hot
+and say you quench it in a liquid so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you quench it in a liquid so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say you quench it in a liquid so you
+put it suddenly in a liquid the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it suddenly in a liquid the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it suddenly in a liquid the surface
+is going to cool down faster than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to cool down faster than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to cool down faster than the
+bulk of it and because the surface is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of it and because the surface is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulk of it and because the surface is
+trying to contract because it's cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to contract because it's cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to contract because it's cooling
+down but it's attached to the bulk of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's attached to the bulk of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but it's attached to the bulk of it
+and it's constrained it can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's constrained it can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's constrained it can't really
+cool down then um you generate stresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down then um you generate stresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down then um you generate stresses
+and if the stresses are big enough you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the stresses are big enough you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the stresses are big enough you
+can cause fracture and have the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause fracture and have the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause fracture and have the thing
+crack and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spall so we'll say if the materials is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spall so we'll say if the materials is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spall so we'll say if the materials is
+subjected to a sudden change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected to a sudden change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjected to a sudden change in the
+surface temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that induces thermal stresses at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that induces thermal stresses at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that induces thermal stresses at the
+surface and can induce spalling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and can induce spalling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and can induce spalling and
+cracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to think about a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to think about a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to think about a material
+at one temperature that's dropped into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one temperature that's dropped into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one temperature that's dropped into
+say a liquid at a different temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the surface temperature is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the surface temperature is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the surface temperature is going to
+drop to the cooler liquid temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop to the cooler liquid temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop to the cooler liquid temperature
+and it's going to contract the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+layers and the fact that they're bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and the fact that they're bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and the fact that they're bound
+to the layers underneath that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the layers underneath that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the layers underneath that are not
+Contracting as quickly means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting as quickly means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contracting as quickly means that you
+generate a um thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops so the thermal strain is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so the thermal strain is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops so the thermal strain is going to
+be the coefficient of thermal expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the coefficient of thermal expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the coefficient of thermal expansion
+times the change in temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so you're going to constrain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're going to constrain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you're going to constrain the
+surface to the original dimensions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to the original dimensions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface to the original dimensions and
+and then you're going to induce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stress so if it's a planer thing it's e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so if it's a planer thing it's e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress so if it's a planer thing it's e
+Alpha Delta T and then there's a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Delta T and then there's a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Delta T and then there's a factor
+of 1 minus new um just because it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 minus new um just because it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 minus new um just because it's a a
+plane in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane in a
+plane and then you'll get cracking or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then you'll get cracking or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and then you'll get cracking or
+spalling when that stress equals some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spalling when that stress equals some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spalling when that stress equals some
+failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stress and so I can rearrange this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and so I can rearrange this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and so I can rearrange this and
+solve for the critical delta T that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the critical delta T that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the critical delta T that you
+can withstand without getting cracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can withstand without getting cracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can withstand without getting cracking
+so if I just rearrange this and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I just rearrange this and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I just rearrange this and say
+Sigma is equal to Sigma f it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is equal to Sigma f it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma is equal to Sigma f it would be
+Sigma f * 1 - new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma f * 1 - new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma f * 1 - new
+over e and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over e and over
+Alpha so that's the critical change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so that's the critical change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha so that's the critical change in
+temperature to just cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cracking so now what I can do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking so now what I can do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracking so now what I can do is I can
+substitute in there for what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in there for what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in there for what you would
+have for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foam and I'm going to do it just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam and I'm going to do it just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foam and I'm going to do it just for the
+open cells just because it's easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cells just because it's easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cells just because it's easier to
+write the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for the foam I would have some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the foam I would have some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the foam I would have some sort
+of fracture strength so when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fracture strength so when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fracture strength so when we did the
+modeling of the Foams we said that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of the Foams we said that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of the Foams we said that was
+equal to about2 * the modulus of rupture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to about2 * the modulus of rupture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to about2 * the modulus of rupture
+time the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the relative
+density to the 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density to the 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density to the 3
+power and one minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and one minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and one minus
+new and if I divide by the modulus of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and if I divide by the modulus of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new and if I divide by the modulus of
+the foam that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foam that's
+estimes the relative density squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimes the relative density squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimes the relative density squared and
+then we just said Al for the foam was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just said Al for the foam was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we just said Al for the foam was
+the same as alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as alpha
+s so then I can rearrange this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so then I can rearrange this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so then I can rearrange this
+slightly and say it's equal to0 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and say it's equal to0 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and say it's equal to0 2 over
+the relative density to the 1/2 power so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density to the 1/2 power so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relative density to the 1/2 power so
+I'm canceling out these relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm canceling out these relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm canceling out these relative
+densities here and then I can combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities here and then I can combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities here and then I can combine
+all the solid properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solid properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solid properties
+together and I'm going to say that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and I'm going to say that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and I'm going to say that new
+for the solid is about equal to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the solid is about equal to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the solid is about equal to the same
+as new for the foam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what I can do here is I can group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I can do here is I can group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I can do here is I can group
+all the solid properties together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solid properties together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the solid properties together and
+this just is delta T critical for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just is delta T critical for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just is delta T critical for the
+solid right so this is saying that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right so this is saying that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid right so this is saying that the
+critical temperature range before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical temperature range before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical temperature range before you
+get cracking in the foam is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cracking in the foam is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get cracking in the foam is equal to the
+range for the solid but multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for the solid but multiplied by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range for the solid but multiplied by
+this factor of2 and divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor of2 and divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factor of2 and divided by the
+square root of the relative density so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the relative density so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the relative density so
+if the square the relative density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the square the relative density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the square the relative density is
+going to be less than one so this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than one so this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be less than one so this number
+here is going to be bigger than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be bigger than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is going to be bigger than one so
+it's saying that the temperature range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that the temperature range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that the temperature range
+that'll give you spalling in the foam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you spalling in the foam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll give you spalling in the foam is
+going to be bigger than the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bigger than the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be bigger than the temperature
+range in the solid so the foam is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in the solid so the foam is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range in the solid so the foam is going
+to be better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be better than the
+solid okay and that uses our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay and that uses our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid okay and that uses our little
+models from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before so I think I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so I think I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so I think I'm going to stop
+there partly because my throat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there partly because my throat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there partly because my throat is
+starting to get too sore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get too sore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to get too sore
+um there's a little case study in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a little case study in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a little case study in the
+notes and I'll just I'll put that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'll just I'll put that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'll just I'll put that on the
+notes on the Stellar site and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on the Stellar site and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on the Stellar site and it's it's
+like one page and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one page and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one page and it's really
+straightforward you can just read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward you can just read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward you can just read that
+okay so so this is the end of the bit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the end of the bit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the end of the bit on
+thermal conductivity this just this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity this just this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity this just this one
+lecture and this is really the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and this is really the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and this is really the end of
+the whole section on modeling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole section on modeling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole section on modeling of the
+Honeycombs and the Foams so that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honeycombs and the Foams so that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Honeycombs and the Foams so that's kind
+of the first half of the term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first half of the term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first half of the term is
+modeling the Honeycombs and the Foams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the Honeycombs and the Foams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the Honeycombs and the Foams
+and the second half of the term we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second half of the term we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second half of the term we're
+kind of applying those models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of applying those models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of applying those models to
+different situations so next week we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations so next week we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations so next week we'll
+have the review on Monday have the test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the review on Monday have the test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the review on Monday have the test
+on weddingday week after that is spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on weddingday week after that is spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on weddingday week after that is spring
+break I can't believe we're at Spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break I can't believe we're at Spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break I can't believe we're at Spring
+break already and then after that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break already and then after that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break already and then after that we'll
+start we'll do the tacular bone for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we'll do the tacular bone for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start we'll do the tacular bone for a
+week we'll do tissue engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we'll do tissue engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week we'll do tissue engineering
+scaffolds and cell Mechanics for two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolds and cell Mechanics for two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolds and cell Mechanics for two or
+three lectures we'll look at um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures we'll look at um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lectures we'll look at um some
+other applications to engineering design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications to engineering design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other applications to engineering design
+look at energy absorption and sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at energy absorption and sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at energy absorption and sandwich
+panels and then I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and then I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panels and then I'm going to talk about
+plants a little bit at the very end Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants a little bit at the very end Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants a little bit at the very end Okay
+so we've already covered a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already covered a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've already covered a lot of the
+kind of deriving equations part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of deriving equations part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of deriving equations part of the
+course the rest of the course is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the rest of the course is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the rest of the course is more
+applying the equations to lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the equations to lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying the equations to lots of
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+situations okay so I'm going to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay so I'm going to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay so I'm going to stop
+there just because my throat is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just because my throat is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just because my throat is giving
+out
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aNe5O7dxYOc.txt b/aNe5O7dxYOc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89b0226f8767285f19f14c8c2b8f73630e513be7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aNe5O7dxYOc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6993 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT open courseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we're going to start
+talking about polyatomic molecules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about polyatomic molecules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about polyatomic molecules and
+the easy thing to do with polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy thing to do with polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy thing to do with polyatomic
+molecules is to let them rotate because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is to let them rotate because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is to let them rotate because
+that's a relatively small subject and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a relatively small subject and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a relatively small subject and uh
+so I'm really going to kill that uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm really going to kill that uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm really going to kill that uh and
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the goal today is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal today is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the goal today is to understand
+symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric
+Tops on Wednesday we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tops on Wednesday we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tops on Wednesday we'll talk about
+asymmetric tops and on Thursday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric tops and on Thursday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric tops and on Thursday we'll
+talk about transitions pure rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about transitions pure rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about transitions pure rotation
+transitions in the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions in the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions in the general
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+case Okay so first of all in a diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so first of all in a diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Okay so first of all in a diatomic
+molecule you have two atoms and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you have two atoms and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you have two atoms and it
+doesn't take much imagination to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much imagination to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't take much imagination to think
+about a coordinate system in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a coordinate system in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a coordinate system in which the
+datomic molecule rotates you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datomic molecule rotates you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datomic molecule rotates you're going to
+rotate about the center mass and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about the center mass and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate about the center mass and it's
+not too hard for a diatomic molecule to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard for a diatomic molecule to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too hard for a diatomic molecule to
+figure out where the center of mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where the center of mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where the center of mass is
+and that's it uh and if the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it uh and if the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it uh and if the molecule
+vibrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrates
+uh the Center of mass you still you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Center of mass you still you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the Center of mass you still you can
+still think of where is the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think of where is the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still think of where is the center of
+mass during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass during the
+vibration uh and the vibration doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration uh and the vibration doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration uh and the vibration doesn't
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+anything uh complicated it changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh complicated it changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything uh complicated it changes the
+moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of
+inertia uh and so you have to average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia uh and so you have to average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia uh and so you have to average
+over the moment of inertia to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the moment of inertia to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the moment of inertia to see how
+the rotational constant changes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational constant changes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotational constant changes with
+vibrational quantum number but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quantum number but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational quantum number but there's
+nothing terribly mysterious the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing terribly mysterious the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing terribly mysterious the whole
+thing changes as soon as you go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing changes as soon as you go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing changes as soon as you go away
+from datomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules so what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so what we're going to
+do is we're going to derive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to derive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we're going to derive the
+rotational hamiltonian for datomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational hamiltonian for datomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational hamiltonian for datomic
+molecules and we'll show that it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and we'll show that it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and we'll show that it has the
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+of rx2 over IX + r y^ 2 over i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rx2 over IX + r y^ 2 over i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rx2 over IX + r y^ 2 over i
+y r z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y r z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y r z
+or i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i z
+where these are components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these are components of the
+rotation angular momentum the uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation angular momentum the uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation angular momentum the uh which
+we normally call J for polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normally call J for polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normally call J for polyatomic
+molecules but you know for uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but you know for uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules but you know for uh for
+diatomics we called the rotation Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics we called the rotation Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomics we called the rotation Vector
+R and for polyatomics when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and for polyatomics when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and for polyatomics when we have
+vibrational when we have angular momenta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational when we have angular momenta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational when we have angular momenta
+uh Spin and orbital angular momenta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spin and orbital angular momenta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Spin and orbital angular momenta and
+vibrational angular momenta will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational angular momenta will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational angular momenta will will
+add those to make J and so at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those to make J and so at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add those to make J and so at least for
+now I'm going to just write this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to just write this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to just write this these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+the principal components of the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal components of the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principal components of the inertial
+tensor and so most of what we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and so most of what we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and so most of what we'll be
+doing today is discovering that yes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing today is discovering that yes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing today is discovering that yes in
+fact we need to worry about a inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we need to worry about a inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we need to worry about a inertial
+tensor but we can automatically we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor but we can automatically we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor but we can automatically we can
+diagonalize that thing and write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize that thing and write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize that thing and write the
+hamiltonian in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+so uh we'll derive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll derive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we'll derive this
+hamiltonian uh and then we'll simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh and then we'll simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh and then we'll simplify
+it and uh um so we'll we'll figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh um so we'll we'll figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and uh um so we'll we'll figure out
+we'll find the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll find the center of
+mass which is easy but when you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is easy but when you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass which is easy but when you think
+about a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a molecule
+vibrating and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrating and uh
+uh the center of mass is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the center of mass is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the center of mass is going to
+have no defin I mean the body frame is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no defin I mean the body frame is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no defin I mean the body frame is
+determined entirely by where the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined entirely by where the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined entirely by where the atoms
+are and the center of mass is not such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the center of mass is not such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and the center of mass is not such a
+trivial concept although uh um we'll not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial concept although uh um we'll not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial concept although uh um we'll not
+worry that about that too much okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry that about that too much okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry that about that too much okay and
+then we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rigid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid
+body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body
+motion and that will involve a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that will involve a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and that will involve a little
+bit of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of vector
+analysis and and uh we'll discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and and uh we'll discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and and uh we'll discover that
+we can write the hamiltonian as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um object like this where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um object like this where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um object like this where this
+is a a tensor quantity which relates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a tensor quantity which relates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a a tensor quantity which relates the
+uh the angular momentum the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the angular momentum the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the angular momentum the classical
+angular momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum and
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes okay
+so let's just begin I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just begin I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just begin I'm
+very oh I forgot to erase this I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very oh I forgot to erase this I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very oh I forgot to erase this I'm very
+foggy today and so I'm not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foggy today and so I'm not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foggy today and so I'm not going to be
+able to do a very good job of leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do a very good job of leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do a very good job of leading
+through the algebra but I'm going to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the algebra but I'm going to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the algebra but I'm going to I
+think still be able to tell you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think still be able to tell you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think still be able to tell you what's
+important okay so we have a polyatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so we have a polyatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay so we have a polyatomic
+molecule and the first thing we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the first thing we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and the first thing we need to
+do is find the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and
+uh it's always a good thing when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's always a good thing when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's always a good thing when we're
+going between quantum mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going between quantum mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going between quantum mechanics and
+classical mechanics which is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics which is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical mechanics which is what we're
+doing uh to use cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh to use cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh to use cartisian
+coordinates because when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates because when you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates because when you use
+cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+coordinates uh you can always symmetrize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh you can always symmetrize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates uh you can always symmetrize
+things you don't get involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you don't get involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you don't get involved in
+complicated hidden commutation problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated hidden commutation problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated hidden commutation problems
+and so let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's just
+worry about the uh uh Center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the uh uh Center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about the uh uh Center of mass
+okay so we have three cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have three cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have three cartisian
+coordinate uh equations where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate uh equations where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate uh equations where we have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+masses and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses and the
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+each so this is the coordinate of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so this is the coordinate of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each so this is the coordinate of each
+atom this is the center of mass we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this is the center of mass we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom this is the center of mass we're
+going to find the center of mass and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the center of mass and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the center of mass and the
+center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass
+satis enables you this equation enables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satis enables you this equation enables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satis enables you this equation enables
+you to find the center of mass these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the center of mass these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the center of mass these are
+three cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cartisian
+equations for X Y and Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinates let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ammonia ammonia has enough geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia ammonia has enough geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia ammonia has enough geometric
+complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity
+uh to illustrate all the key points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to illustrate all the key points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to illustrate all the key points and
+so let's just uh draw some uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just uh draw some uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just uh draw some uh simple
+minded diagrams for ammonia okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minded diagrams for ammonia okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minded diagrams for ammonia okay
+here is one simpleminded diagram for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is one simpleminded diagram for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is one simpleminded diagram for
+ammonia uh we have a nitrogen with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia uh we have a nitrogen with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ammonia uh we have a nitrogen with its
+lone pair here uh and we have three CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair here uh and we have three CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair here uh and we have three CH
+uh NH bonds we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NH bonds we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh NH bonds we can also
+project into the uh into a plane we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project into the uh into a plane we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project into the uh into a plane we know
+the angle between the hydrogens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between the hydrogens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle between the hydrogens is
+120° and we can use these Di diagrams to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° and we can use these Di diagrams to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° and we can use these Di diagrams to
+calculate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate uh
+the cartisian coordinates of each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartisian coordinates of each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartisian coordinates of each of the
+atoms and we need the cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and we need the cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and we need the cartisian
+coordinates of each of the atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of each of the atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates of each of the atoms in
+order to calculate the F to locate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to calculate the F to locate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to calculate the F to locate the
+center Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we start with uh uh the coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with uh uh the coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we start with uh uh the coordinates
+of the first Hydrogen in spherical polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first Hydrogen in spherical polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first Hydrogen in spherical polar
+coordinates because that's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh
+so we can choose one of the hydrogens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can choose one of the hydrogens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can choose one of the hydrogens to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+um we can choose this hydrogen to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can choose this hydrogen to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we can choose this hydrogen to be in
+coincident with the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident with the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincident with the Z
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z-axis no I'm sorry um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh you can see what I see what you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see what I see what you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see what I see what you're in
+for today I'm really not here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today I'm really not here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today I'm really not here to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so uh one of the first Hydrogen is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the first Hydrogen is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh one of the first Hydrogen is going
+to be the one where the FI axis is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the one where the FI axis is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the one where the FI axis is uh
+the FI angle is zero and so the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FI angle is zero and so the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FI angle is zero and so the bond
+length is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is
+r and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and now we want to convert that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to convert that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we want to convert that to
+cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+coordinates X1 y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X1 y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates X1 y1
+Z1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we
+have this angle down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this angle down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this angle down from
+the that's not what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so here's the z-axis here's H1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the z-axis here's H1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so here's the z-axis here's H1
+and uh this angle is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this angle is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh this angle is
+Theta and so once we do that we know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and so once we do that we know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and so once we do that we know uh
+the X and Y uh coordinates for that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and Y uh coordinates for that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X and Y uh coordinates for that a
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+that atom and so we have R sin Theta R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom and so we have R sin Theta R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atom and so we have R sin Theta R
+cos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cos
+Theta and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're actually getting the XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coordinate okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so
+uh yes so this is X and that's Z and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so this is X and that's Z and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes so this is X and that's Z and
+what does it say in the notes x and z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so we can do that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can do that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we can do that sort of
+thing for each of the hydrogen atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for each of the hydrogen atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing for each of the hydrogen atoms and
+we can uh we can start with the nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh we can start with the nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can uh we can start with the nitrogen
+at 0 0 which is what I should have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 0 which is what I should have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 0 0 which is what I should have said
+at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the
+beginning okay so we use these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay so we use these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning okay so we use these equations
+in your notes I'm not going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes I'm not going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes I'm not going to write
+them all down because I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all down because I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all down because I'm going to make
+a big mess of them uh and we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big mess of them uh and we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big mess of them uh and we can solve
+the Z equation for the the location of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z equation for the the location of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z equation for the the location of
+the center of mass in the Z Direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass in the Z Direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass in the Z Direction so
+that zero is equal to the sum of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero is equal to the sum of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that zero is equal to the sum of all of
+the atoms M mass of the atoms z i minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms M mass of the atoms z i minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms M mass of the atoms z i minus
+E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cm and so we have we we started out with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and so we have we we started out with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm and so we have we we started out with
+the the nitrogen at zero and so uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nitrogen at zero and so uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nitrogen at zero and so uh all
+we have is three times the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is three times the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have is three times the mass of the
+hydrogen times R Co Theta minus c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c okay and so we can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c okay and so we can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c okay and so we can solve for the
+center of ma the Z coordinate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of ma the Z coordinate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of ma the Z coordinate of the
+center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of
+mass simply by uh uh rearranging this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass simply by uh uh rearranging this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass simply by uh uh rearranging this
+equation and we have 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we have 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we have 3
+MH over 3 MH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH over 3 MH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH over 3 MH
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+MN R Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN R Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MN R Co
+Theta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta this
+is just the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the total
+mass I'm embarrassed to be actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I'm embarrassed to be actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass I'm embarrassed to be actually
+wasting your time with this derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting your time with this derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasting your time with this derivation
+but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want
+to write on the board over here where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write on the board over here where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write on the board over here where I
+can not obscure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the center the coordinate the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center the coordinate the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center the coordinate the position
+of the hydrogens in the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogens in the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogens in the center of mass
+coordinate system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are R
+sin Theta z r Co beta MN /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta z r Co beta MN /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta z r Co beta MN /
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the first step and whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first step and whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the first step and whether
+you I mean I didn't teach you how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean I didn't teach you how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I mean I didn't teach you how to do
+this you can you you can do this better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can you you can do this better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can you you can do this better
+than I can whenever you have a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can whenever you have a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I can whenever you have a molecule
+that you want to look at rotation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to look at rotation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to look at rotation you
+figure out what the coordinates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the coordinates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the coordinates are
+in the center of mass and you do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of mass and you do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center of mass and you do it in
+cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you're going to use
+that okay now we're interested we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now we're interested we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay now we're interested we always
+start out with classical mechanics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with classical mechanics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out with classical mechanics and
+we're interested in what will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in what will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in what will be the
+hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian for
+rotation and the hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and the hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation and the hamiltonian for
+rotation will be a kinetic energy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation will be a kinetic energy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation will be a kinetic energy term
+Plus l a potential energy term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus l a potential energy term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus l a potential energy term
+moleculees free so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moleculees free so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moleculees free so this is
+zero okay the kinetic energy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the kinetic energy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay the kinetic energy the
+rotational kinetic energy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational kinetic energy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational kinetic energy is going to
+be it's so well kinetic energy is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's so well kinetic energy is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it's so well kinetic energy is always
+12 Mi v s now the trick is to go from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Mi v s now the trick is to go from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 Mi v s now the trick is to go from uh
+uh linear velocities to angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear velocities to angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh linear velocities to angular
+velocities and so now we have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and so now we have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities and so now we have a little
+bit of vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of vector
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here
+is uh the vector Omega which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the vector Omega which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh the vector Omega which is the
+angular velocity and this is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity and this is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity and this is uh the
+angular velocity is about an axis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity is about an axis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity is about an axis and so
+we have an axis here and the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an axis here and the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an axis here and the length of
+this Vector is the uh magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is the uh magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector is the uh magnitude of the
+angular velocity now suppose we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity now suppose we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular velocity now suppose we have a
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+Qi and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi and it has
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+Mi and what we'd like what we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi and what we'd like what we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi and what we'd like what we need to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to um is to work out what is the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um is to work out what is the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um is to work out what is the angle
+of this coordinate relative to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coordinate relative to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this coordinate relative to this and
+so we want q i perpendicular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want q i perpendicular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want q i perpendicular and
+Qi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi
+parallel where we we're where we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel where we we're where we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel where we we're where we want
+the projection of Q parallel to Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of Q parallel to Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection of Q parallel to Omega
+and the projection of Q perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projection of Q perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the projection of Q perpendicular
+and if we can do that uh that and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we can do that uh that and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we can do that uh that and we're
+interested that angle we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested that angle we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested that angle we can calculate
+what the angle is and we can get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the angle is and we can get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the angle is and we can get all the
+good stuff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so q i parallel well what if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q i parallel well what if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so q i parallel well what if you want
+something that's parallel to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's parallel to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's parallel to you you
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+Qi do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi do
+Omega right that's um that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right that's um that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right that's um that's the
+projection a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what am I doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what am I doing
+here I want this is correct I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want this is correct I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I want this is correct I'm just
+jumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead
+qi. Omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qi. Omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qi. Omega over
+magnitude uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude uh
+Omega is how you calculate a component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is how you calculate a component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega is how you calculate a component
+of a vector parallel to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector parallel to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a vector parallel to another
+vector and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and this
+is uh qi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh qi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh qi
+Omega I cos Theta over Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I okay and uh to get Qi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and uh to get Qi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay and uh to get Qi
+perpendicular well instead of using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular well instead of using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular well instead of using a
+DOT product you're going to use a cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT product you're going to use a cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOT product you're going to use a cross
+product and uh so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and uh so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and uh so for this
+diagram where is it where's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where is it where's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram where is it where's my
+diagram oh here so for this diagram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram oh here so for this diagram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram oh here so for this diagram here
+if we want uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want uh
+q i cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q i cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q i cross
+Omega so we use the right hand rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so we use the right hand rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so we use the right hand rule and
+so we have Qi and we have omega and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Qi and we have omega and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Qi and we have omega and it
+says that the uh the direction is out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the uh the direction is out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says that the uh the direction is out of
+the uh plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh plane and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and Omega corresponds to a rotation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega corresponds to a rotation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Omega corresponds to a rotation like
+this and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so
+uh the cross product is pointing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cross product is pointing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the cross product is pointing that
+way we want we know the velocity is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we want we know the velocity is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we want we know the velocity is this
+way so uh we have a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh we have a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so uh we have a minus
+sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so
+VI is minus Qi do Omega cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI is minus Qi do Omega cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI is minus Qi do Omega cross
+Omega Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Okay so
+VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+Qi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Qi
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+sin Theta and so now we have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta and so now we have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta and so now we have uh a
+uh we know the magnitudes of Q and Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know the magnitudes of Q and Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know the magnitudes of Q and Omega
+and so uh we have a sufficient amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh we have a sufficient amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh we have a sufficient amount of
+information to calculate the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to calculate the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to calculate the velocity
+VI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI
+squar is going to be V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is going to be V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar is going to be V
+VI parallel squ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI parallel squ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VI parallel squ +
+VI I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry so we do this and we get Qi Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so we do this and we get Qi Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry so we do this and we get Qi Omega
+squared minus Qi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus Qi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared minus Qi
+do Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared whether you whether you followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whether you whether you followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared whether you whether you followed
+my derivation or not I wouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my derivation or not I wouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my derivation or not I wouldn't have
+been able to follow it this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh qi^ 2 Omega 2 this is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh qi^ 2 Omega 2 this is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh qi^ 2 Omega 2 this is the actual
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+velocity and uh uh this gives rise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and uh uh this gives rise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity and uh uh this gives rise to
+all of the critical complexities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the critical complexities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the critical complexities that we
+have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to deal with
+when we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+um so when we calculate the classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we calculate the classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so when we calculate the classical
+kinetic energy 12 Mi VI i^ 2 sum over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy 12 Mi VI i^ 2 sum over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy 12 Mi VI i^ 2 sum over I
+this is where we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we get
+the the new thing the thing that datomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new thing the thing that datomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the new thing the thing that datomic
+molecules can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules can't
+do we get the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we get the rotational
+hiltonium is 12 Su over I Mi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiltonium is 12 Su over I Mi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiltonium is 12 Su over I Mi I
+time x i^ 2 + y i 2 + z^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x i^ 2 + y i 2 + z^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time x i^ 2 + y i 2 + z^
+2 Omega X2 + Omega y^ 2 plus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega X2 + Omega y^ 2 plus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Omega X2 + Omega y^ 2 plus Omega
+z^2 minus a whole bunch of other stuff x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 minus a whole bunch of other stuff x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z^2 minus a whole bunch of other stuff x
+i Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i Omega
+X+ y i Omega y plus Z Omega Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared so this is a horrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression and a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and a little
+algebra simplifies it to the form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra simplifies it to the form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra simplifies it to the form that
+we almost begin to like we have sumar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we almost begin to like we have sumar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we almost begin to like we have sumar I
+Mi I and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi I and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mi I and now we
+have x i 2 + y i 2ar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x i 2 + y i 2ar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have x i 2 + y i 2ar
+W Omega z^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W Omega z^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W Omega z^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x i^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x i^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus x i^
+2 Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 Z
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+SAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SAR
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2
+plus Yi 2 Z 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Yi 2 Z 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Yi 2 Z 2
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+X2 minus a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 minus a whole bunch of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+stuff notice these are perpend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff notice these are perpend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff notice these are perpend this
+gives the square of the perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the square of the perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the square of the perpendicular
+direct the direction perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the direction perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct the direction perpendicular to
+the z-axis this gives the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis this gives the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the z-axis this gives the square of the
+distance along the perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x-axis these are things that we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis these are things that we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis these are things that we'd like
+to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away and these are these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and these are these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and these are these are called
+moments of inertia these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia these are called
+products of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so if we write the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega and we write I as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and we write I as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and we write I as
+ixx I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixx I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixx I
+XY I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XY I
+XZ x y y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ x y y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XZ x y y
+xzz and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xzz and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xzz and other
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+X X is M sum over i m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i y i s+ z 2 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y i s+ z 2 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i y i s+ z 2 so the
+XX moment of inertia has the D the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX moment of inertia has the D the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XX moment of inertia has the D the
+squares of the distance perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the distance perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the distance perpendicular to
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ixy is defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i x i y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+right so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have this
+thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and
+the rotational hamiltonian has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega I
+Omega so this is just the transpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is just the transpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so this is just the transpose of
+this this is this tensor and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is this tensor and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is this tensor and this is
+this thing again this gives in a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing again this gives in a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing again this gives in a compact
+form what the rotational hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a real symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a real symmetric
+matrix it's always possible to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transformation that converts this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a diagonal
+matrix so we have written a class iCal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so we have written a class iCal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so we have written a class iCal
+hamiltonian in compact elegant form we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in compact elegant form we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian in compact elegant form we
+have an El we have an item inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an El we have an item inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an El we have an item inside it
+this moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this moment of inertia
+tensor it's a symmetric Matrix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor it's a symmetric Matrix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor it's a symmetric Matrix that
+means we can find a unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can find a unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we can find a unitary
+transformation that diagonalizes it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that diagonalizes it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation that diagonalizes it and
+that means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rewrite the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the U
+hamiltonian in this convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for Okay so we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Okay so we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Okay so we've just
+taken we have a unitary Matrix and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken we have a unitary Matrix and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken we have a unitary Matrix and T
+dagger is the inverse of the unitary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is the inverse of the unitary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is the inverse of the unitary
+Matrix so this is just one and so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this is just one and so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this is just one and so I have
+now written the uh the quantities we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now written the uh the quantities we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now written the uh the quantities we're
+really interested in this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested in this is the
+diagonal matrix and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um the things that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the things that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the things that uh
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are the components of the angular moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the components of the angular moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the components of the angular moment
+in the reference frame where we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reference frame where we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the reference frame where we have an
+inertial tensor so what have we done we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial tensor so what have we done we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial tensor so what have we done we
+we found a geometric transformation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found a geometric transformation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found a geometric transformation that
+diagonalizes this thing this just means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes this thing this just means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalizes this thing this just means
+we've chosen a new XYZ coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system in in order to uh uh Define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in in order to uh uh Define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in in order to uh uh Define our
+angular momentum so these are the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so these are the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum so these are the the uh
+um angular velocities in that special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um angular velocities in that special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um angular velocities in that special
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system so what we call these things T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what we call these things T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so what we call these things T
+dagger Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger Omega is
+just uh Omega a Omega B Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh Omega a Omega B Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh Omega a Omega B Omega
+C I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I should have
+written um so these are the uh uh Ang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written um so these are the uh uh Ang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written um so these are the uh uh Ang
+velocities about the a axis the B axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities about the a axis the B axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities about the a axis the B axis
+and the C axis three axes that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C axis three axes that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the C axis three axes that three
+orthogonal axis that in a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal axis that in a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal axis that in a coordinate
+system that has the con convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has the con convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that has the con convenient
+property that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal okay
+so back to problem s that you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to problem s that you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to problem s that you'd be
+interested in uh we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in uh we're interested in
+finding not the full inertial tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding not the full inertial tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding not the full inertial tensor
+we're interested in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in finding
+the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the
+components uh I a ib and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh I a ib and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components uh I a ib and
+IC now for a general problem you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC now for a general problem you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IC now for a general problem you have to
+just diagonalize that thing you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just diagonalize that thing you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just diagonalize that thing you just
+choose a coordinate system and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a coordinate system and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a coordinate system and you ask
+your computer to find the igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer to find the igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your computer to find the igen vectors
+and igen values and there you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen values and there you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and igen values and there you have it
+but for most small molecules which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most small molecules which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for most small molecules which is
+what we're in the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're in the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're in the business
+of you can usually diagonalize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you can usually diagonalize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you can usually diagonalize these
+things by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by
+inspection so if you have a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection so if you have a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection so if you have a molecule
+which has some symmetry the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some symmetry the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has some symmetry the first thing
+you do is you uh look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+highest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest order
+rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis so if you have a C3 axis as you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so if you have a C3 axis as you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so if you have a C3 axis as you do
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ammonia that's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z-axis and then you look for a sigma V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis and then you look for a sigma V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis and then you look for a sigma V
+plane you're looking for a plane of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane you're looking for a plane of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane you're looking for a plane of
+symmetry which contains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if there's only one of them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's only one of them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if there's only one of them it's
+it's called the XZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane and so if um so this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and so if um so this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and so if um so this is one of the
+symmetry axis axes the another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis axes the another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry axis axes the another is
+perpendicular to uh the XZ plane that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to uh the XZ plane that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to uh the XZ plane that's
+the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y
+axis and the third axis is perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the third axis is perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the third axis is perpendicular
+to these two so you find the highest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two so you find the highest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these two so you find the highest
+order rotation axis if if it's C3 you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order rotation axis if if it's C3 you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order rotation axis if if it's C3 you're
+pretty much guaranteed that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much guaranteed that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much guaranteed that you're going
+to have a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a symmetric
+top uh if it's not C3 if it's only C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh if it's not C3 if it's only C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh if it's not C3 if it's only C2
+there's if there's still a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's still a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's if there's still a a
+plane uh uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane uh uh of
+symmetry U as there is in C in form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry U as there is in C in form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry U as there is in C in form
+Malahide in c2v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malahide in c2v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malahide in c2v
+molecules then you have another you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules then you have another you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules then you have another you have
+another uniquely defined direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uniquely defined direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uniquely defined direction and
+you can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then
+diagonalize the inertial tensor by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the inertial tensor by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the inertial tensor by
+construction and that's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and that's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction and that's convenient
+because you don't have to do any hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to do any hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't have to do any hard
+work and you can be looking at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you can be looking at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you can be looking at what's
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you might ask well Suppose there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might ask well Suppose there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you might ask well Suppose there
+is no Sigma V plane but just a sigma H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no Sigma V plane but just a sigma H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no Sigma V plane but just a sigma H
+plane as there is in the S1 state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane as there is in the S1 state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane as there is in the S1 state of
+acetylene does that mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene does that mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acetylene does that mean you
+can uh write the inertial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh write the inertial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh write the inertial
+tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh in diagonal form by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in diagonal form by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in diagonal form by
+inspection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspection
+well just let's look at this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just let's look at this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just let's look at this for a
+second so we have the z-axis like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we have the z-axis like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so we have the z-axis like this
+we have a reflection plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reflection plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reflection plane
+here and uh so that means that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh so that means that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh so that means that uh the
+reflection plane doesn't help us because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection plane doesn't help us because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection plane doesn't help us because
+we already found and so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already found and so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already found and so we know that
+there's going to be an axis two axes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be an axis two axes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be an axis two axes in
+this plane of the molecule but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane of the molecule but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plane of the molecule but we don't
+know where they are so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they are so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where they are so we have to
+diagonalize a 2X two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deal okay so I really wanted to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay so I really wanted to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal okay so I really wanted to get
+through all of this because now we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of this because now we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all of this because now we get
+back to quantum mechanics and the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to quantum mechanics and the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to quantum mechanics and the stuff
+that that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we know
+well you find the unique coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you find the unique coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you find the unique coordinate
+system where the moment of inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where the moment of inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where the moment of inertia
+tensor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagonal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and
+then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we
+write the the hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the the hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the the hamiltonian for
+rotation in the form 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in the form 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation in the form 12
+J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J
+dagger IUS one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger IUS one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger IUS one
+J because J is equal to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J because J is equal to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J because J is equal to I
+Omega and the kinetic energy uh is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and the kinetic energy uh is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and the kinetic energy uh is well
+for for linear momentum T is equal to P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for linear momentum T is equal to P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for linear momentum T is equal to P
+^2 over 2 m and so uh generalizing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 over 2 m and so uh generalizing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 over 2 m and so uh generalizing to
+rotation uh we're going to have j^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation uh we're going to have j^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation uh we're going to have j^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega two j^2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega two j^2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega two j^2 over 2
+I okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so this is
+the form of the classical hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the classical hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form of the classical hamiltonian
+that we use to begin doing quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics okay so we have X Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay so we have X Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics okay so we have X Y and
+Z and we have a b and c this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we have a b and c this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z and we have a b and c this is an
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point x y and z are defined by symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x y and z are defined by symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point x y and z are defined by symmetry
+elements a B and C are defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements a B and C are defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements a B and C are defined by the
+relative magnitudes of the principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitudes of the principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative magnitudes of the principal
+components I a ib i c we've diagonalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I a ib i c we've diagonalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I a ib i c we've diagonalized
+the inertial tensor and we have of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial tensor and we have of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial tensor and we have of these
+three things and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three things and by
+convention they are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention they are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention they are in this
+order how universally is that convention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order how universally is that convention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order how universally is that convention
+absolute okay this is absolute the XYZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute okay this is absolute the XYZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute okay this is absolute the XYZ
+conventions differ from one uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions differ from one uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions differ from one uh uh
+practitioner to another usually Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioner to another usually Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practitioner to another usually Z is
+always the symmetry A the highest order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the symmetry A the highest order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the symmetry A the highest order
+axis and X and Y depending on who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and X and Y depending on who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and X and Y depending on who's
+doing it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it uh
+are sometimes reversed and that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes reversed and that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sometimes reversed and that has the
+unpleasant effect that we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant effect that we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpleasant effect that we have in
+certain groups such as c2v we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups such as c2v we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain groups such as c2v we have
+symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species A1 A2 B1 and B2 and the ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species A1 A2 B1 and B2 and the ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species A1 A2 B1 and B2 and the ones and
+twos here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reversed it's very bad and so you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed it's very bad and so you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed it's very bad and so you it's
+always based on which is X and which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always based on which is X and which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always based on which is X and which is
+y and there is nothing overwhelming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and there is nothing overwhelming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y and there is nothing overwhelming to
+for force a universal agreement so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for force a universal agreement so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for force a universal agreement so of
+course people don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course people don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course people don't
+agree all right but this is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree all right but this is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree all right but this is simple
+because these are this is the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are this is the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are this is the smallest
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+largest and that's always done this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and that's always done this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest and that's always done this way
+as for as you will see in a moment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for as you will see in a moment okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for as you will see in a moment okay
+so we can write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can write the
+hamiltonian as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian as
+J uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh
+remember this is a diagonal matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a diagonal matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is a diagonal matrix and
+these are three components and so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three components and so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are three components and so it's a
+trivial thing to multiply out we have j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing to multiply out we have j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial thing to multiply out we have j
+a 2 over I A Plus J b^ 2 over I B+ J c^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 over I A Plus J b^ 2 over I B+ J c^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 2 over I A Plus J b^ 2 over I B+ J c^
+2 over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over I
+C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay once we're at this point we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once we're at this point we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay once we're at this point we're
+going to want to somehow be able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to somehow be able to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to somehow be able to find
+out a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use this basis set in order to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this basis set in order to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this basis set in order to work out
+the Matrix elements of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian so there is a clever little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so there is a clever little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so there is a clever little
+trick that enables us to be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that enables us to be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that enables us to be able to use
+this basis set and this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis set and this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis set and this is the same
+basis set and we use this basis set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set and we use this basis set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis set and we use this basis set to
+deal with symmetric as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with symmetric as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with symmetric as well as
+asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric
+tops Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+call a the a rotational constant H over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a the a rotational constant H over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a the a rotational constant H over
+c 1 8 pi^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 1 8 pi^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c 1 8 pi^
+2ar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2ar I
+a so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is
+just uh we we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh we we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh we we get the
+uh I I lost my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I lost my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I lost my
+twos yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so when we apply an angular momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we apply an angular momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when we apply an angular momentum
+operator to an angular momentum function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to an angular momentum function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to an angular momentum function
+we get an har squared uh we get an H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an har squared uh we get an H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get an har squared uh we get an H bar
+for each angular so we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each angular so we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each angular so we're going to get
+an H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an H bar
+squared uh when we apply and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh when we apply and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared uh when we apply and so that's
+being cancelled by that uh we have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cancelled by that uh we have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being cancelled by that uh we have a uh
+so we have a 4 pi^ 2 in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a 4 pi^ 2 in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a 4 pi^ 2 in the denominator
+another two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two
+is from the 1/2 then we have the IIA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the 1/2 then we have the IIA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is from the 1/2 then we have the IIA and
+this is just to put things in reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to put things in reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to put things in reciprocal
+centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+units okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units okay so we have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b and c so we can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c so we can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b and c so we can rewrite this
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+um in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in in
+the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard
+form we have rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form we have rotational
+amonium as j a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s a j a 2 plus b JB 2 plus c JC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let us now
+consider two special cases a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prolate and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolate and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolate and an
+oate symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+top a prate top is like this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top a prate top is like this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top a prate top is like this piece of
+chalk it's got one small moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk it's got one small moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalk it's got one small moment of
+inertia about the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis and if it's got a small moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and if it's got a small moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and if it's got a small moment of
+inertia it has a large rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia it has a large rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia it has a large rotational
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+so and then it has two equal moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then it has two equal moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and then it has two equal moments of
+inertia like this and like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and we have an oblate top and an O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we have an oblate top and an O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we have an oblate top and an O
+top uh is like a frisbee the Symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh is like a frisbee the Symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top uh is like a frisbee the Symmetry
+axis uh of the of the frisbee is the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis uh of the of the frisbee is the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis uh of the of the frisbee is the C
+axis it's the heavy uh uh um axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it's the heavy uh uh um axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis it's the heavy uh uh um axis and
+so uh we have C which is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we have C which is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we have C which is the the
+unique uh rotational constant it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique uh rotational constant it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique uh rotational constant it's the
+smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so we have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have these two
+limits and the beautiful thing is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and the beautiful thing is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits and the beautiful thing is when
+we have these two special limiting cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two special limiting cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these two special limiting cases
+we can trivially manipulate this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can trivially manipulate this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can trivially manipulate this thing
+into a wonderful form where it's uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wonderful form where it's uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a wonderful form where it's uh uh
+can its Matrix elements in the J km
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can its Matrix elements in the J km
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can its Matrix elements in the J km
+basis can be taken automatically without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis can be taken automatically without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis can be taken automatically without
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+thought okay so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay so let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay so let's look at this
+one so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so we have a
+unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique
+axis and we have two that are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we have two that are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and we have two that are the same
+so let's just suppress C for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just suppress C for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just suppress C for the time
+being because it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being because it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being because it's really the
+same okay uh so we have now we have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay uh so we have now we have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay uh so we have now we have we
+have a j a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a j a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a j a
+2 plus b * J b^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus b * J b^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 plus b * J b^
+2+ J c^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 which is equal to j^2 minus J A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is equal to j^2 minus J A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 which is equal to j^2 minus J A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that I I love this because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that I I love this because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that I I love this because you know
+you're wandering around and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wandering around and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're wandering around and you're
+wondering when are you going how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering when are you going how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering when are you going how are you
+going to deal with this and as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with this and as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with this and as soon as
+you say I've chosen two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I've chosen two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say I've chosen two of the
+rotational constants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotational constants to be
+equal everything simplifies and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal everything simplifies and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal everything simplifies and so for
+the prolate top the rotational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prolate top the rotational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prolate top the rotational
+hamiltonian is a j a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is a j a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is a j a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus uh
+B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B
+J 2 - 3 a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 2 - 3 a^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J 2 - 3 a^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+b j^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b j^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b j^ 2
+plus a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a minus
+b j a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so
+J2 is the angular momentum operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 is the angular momentum operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J2 is the angular momentum operator that
+corresponds to the J label in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the J label in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the J label in the
+jkm and Ja a is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jkm and Ja a is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jkm and Ja a is just
+like uh what we had for diatomics JZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what we had for diatomics JZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh what we had for diatomics JZ
+and so uh this gives K squ so we get JJ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this gives K squ so we get JJ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so uh this gives K squ so we get JJ
++ one here and K squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so it's almost like an honorary di
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's almost like an honorary di
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's almost like an honorary di
+an honorary diatomic that's right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an honorary diatomic that's right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an honorary diatomic that's right and
+whether it's oblate or prolate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's oblate or prolate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's oblate or prolate it
+doesn't matter it's just that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's just that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter it's just that uh
+uh what we do is for so so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we do is for so so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we do is for so so that's a
+prolate and for an oblate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have B
+j^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j^2
+plus uh C minus B J c^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 again K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 again K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 again K
+squar C minus B is negative a minus B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar C minus B is negative a minus B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar C minus B is negative a minus B is
+positive that's the whole that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that's the whole that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive that's the whole that's the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+world I mean so whether it's oblate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean so whether it's oblate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world I mean so whether it's oblate or
+prolate we have two convenient limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolate we have two convenient limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolate we have two convenient limits
+the hamiltonian is really trivial no off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian is really trivial no off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian is really trivial no off
+diagonal elements we just get simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements we just get simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal elements we just get simple
+energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formulas so you know the only what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so you know the only what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas so you know the only what's
+countered to well there's a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countered to well there's a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countered to well there's a lot of work
+you have to do to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do to figure out what the
+moments of inertia are and St and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia are and St and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments of inertia are and St and so on
+uh but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but that's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+just algebra and geometry once you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just algebra and geometry once you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just algebra and geometry once you make
+this wonderful simplification which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful simplification which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wonderful simplification which is
+only true for molecules with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true for molecules with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true for molecules with a certain
+symmetry okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry okay
+so I haven't solved the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't solved the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I haven't solved the problem
+generally but I've created a basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally but I've created a basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally but I've created a basis set
+that enables us to understand both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to understand both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that enables us to understand both uh
+symmetric tops and uh asymmetric tops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tops and uh asymmetric tops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tops and uh asymmetric tops
+what time is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time is it
+okay now what happens if the molecule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what happens if the molecule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what happens if the molecule is
+very close to being prate or very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to being prate or very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to being prate or very close
+to being oate but it's wonderful but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being oate but it's wonderful but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being oate but it's wonderful but you
+but but not but not really you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but not but not really you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but not but not really you know how
+how out of pricity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how out of pricity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how out of pricity or
+up well I just can't resist although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well I just can't resist although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up well I just can't resist although
+this is the subject of Wednesday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the subject of Wednesday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the subject of Wednesday's
+lecture I'm going to have to say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to have to say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to have to say some
+things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about
+this okay well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay well first of all
+if the molecule has a certain minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecule has a certain minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the molecule has a certain minimum
+amount of symmetry you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of symmetry you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of symmetry you know it's a
+prolate or an oblate top you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolate or an oblate top you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prolate or an oblate top you know it's a
+symmetric top and so if it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top and so if it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top and so if it has a
+C3 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C3 or
+uh there's a um is it the d2h group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a um is it the d2h group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's a um is it the d2h group
+there's a there's a there's a group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a there's a group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a there's a group that
+doesn't have a C3 but it has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a C3 but it has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a C3 but it has two
+perpendiculars C2 axes and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendiculars C2 axes and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendiculars C2 axes and those are
+guaranteed to be symmetric tops and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be symmetric tops and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteed to be symmetric tops and in
+the early days of microwave spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early days of microwave spectroscopy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early days of microwave spectroscopy
+before there were good computers people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there were good computers people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there were good computers people
+went to Great Lengths to synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Great Lengths to synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to Great Lengths to synthesize
+molecules that were symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that were symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that were symmetric
+tops because they just thought the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops because they just thought the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tops because they just thought the
+Spectre were so beautiful but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectre were so beautiful but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectre were so beautiful but now
+suppose we draw a little diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oblate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oblate and
+U now what do I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now what do I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now what do I I want to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+um J is a good quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um J is a good quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um J is a good quantum
+number no matter what if space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number no matter what if space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number no matter what if space is
+isotropic J is total angular momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic J is total angular momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotropic J is total angular momentum is
+conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved
+so uh we can draw all the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we can draw all the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we can draw all the energy levels
+for a given J in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given J in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given J in both
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+so let's uh let's do J equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's do J equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's uh let's do J equal
+2 okay so we have k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 K =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 K =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 K =
+1 and there's two of them and k equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 so this is the prolate limit and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is the prolate limit and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so this is the prolate limit and so we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have k equals z there's one that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have k equals z there's one that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have k equals z there's one that so
+that's um this term is gone uh k equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um this term is gone uh k equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's um this term is gone uh k equal 1
+we get 1 a minus B and when k equals 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1 a minus B and when k equals 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1 a minus B and when k equals 2
+we get 4 A minus B and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and
+3 a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B okay over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B okay over
+here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we
+have K =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 K
+1 k =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 k =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 k =
+2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+um now this this pattern is distorted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this this pattern is distorted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now this this pattern is distorted in
+the this is 1 to three but this is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is 1 to three but this is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is 1 to three but this is small
+compared to that because C is small a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that because C is small a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to that because C is small a is
+Big okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big okay but
+now and how do we know why I mean k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and how do we know why I mean k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and how do we know why I mean k
+equal 0 is always singly degenerate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 is always singly degenerate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 0 is always singly degenerate you
+can't have two of them whereas k equal 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have two of them whereas k equal 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have two of them whereas k equal 1
+you can have kalal 1 and kalal minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have kalal 1 and kalal minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have kalal 1 and kalal minus one
+and so you can make the plus linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can make the plus linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can make the plus linear
+combination of plus one and minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of plus one and minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of plus one and minus one
+and the minus linear com so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus linear com so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the minus linear com so you know
+there's going to be pairs but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be pairs but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be pairs but there's
+nothing about the hamiltonian that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about the hamiltonian that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing about the hamiltonian that tells
+you the difference because look you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the difference because look you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the difference because look you got
+you got this quantum number squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this quantum number squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this quantum number squared
+here so we know that J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we know that J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we know that J
+km you can have K ranging from plus J to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km you can have K ranging from plus J to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+km you can have K ranging from plus J to
+minus J in steps of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J in steps of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus J in steps of
+one but there there's nothing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there there's nothing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there there's nothing about this
+hamiltonian that distinguishes plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that distinguishes plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that distinguishes plus K
+from minus K and so this is how we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus K and so this is how we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus K and so this is how we get
+now what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we we know that there are no other if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know that there are no other if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we know that there are no other if we
+go away from the the symmetric top limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away from the the symmetric top limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go away from the the symmetric top limit
+there are no other good quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no other good quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no other good quantum numbers
+and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a a correlation diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which exploits the non-crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rule and this tells us qualitatively if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and this tells us qualitatively if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and this tells us qualitatively if
+I don't draw the lines too crookedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't draw the lines too crookedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't draw the lines too crookedly
+what the energy levels look like near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy levels look like near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy levels look like near
+the oblate and near the prolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oblate and near the prolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oblate and near the prolate
+limit and that there is a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and that there is a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit and that there is a parameter
+called the asymmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the asymmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the asymmetry
+parameter which goes between plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which goes between plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter which goes between plus one
+and minus one which tells you where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one which tells you where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and minus one which tells you where they
+are where you are between these limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where you are between these limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are where you are between these limits
+now what is this magical noncrossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this magical noncrossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what is this magical noncrossing
+rule did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule did you
+invoke um if you have two states of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke um if you have two states of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoke um if you have two states of the
+same Symmetry and you change a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Symmetry and you change a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Symmetry and you change a parameter
+in the hamiltonian they can cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian they can cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian they can cross
+through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each
+other but recall when we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but recall when we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other but recall when we looked at
+perturbations in diatomic molecules if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in diatomic molecules if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations in diatomic molecules if
+we have two states that can perturb each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two states that can perturb each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have two states that can perturb each
+other because they don't have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they don't have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because they don't have a a
+symmetry which is uh corresponds to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry which is uh corresponds to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry which is uh corresponds to an
+operator which commutes with the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which commutes with the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator which commutes with the exact
+temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp
+tonian then uh you get avoided Crossings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonian then uh you get avoided Crossings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tonian then uh you get avoided Crossings
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+uh this simpleminded diagram where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this simpleminded diagram where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this simpleminded diagram where this
+is upside down and small and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upside down and small and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upside down and small and this is
+right side up and large that's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side up and large that's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side up and large that's basically
+all you need to know to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to know to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you need to know to understand
+qualitatively all rotational energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively all rotational energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitatively all rotational energy
+levels we can do a hell of a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels we can do a hell of a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels we can do a hell of a lot better
+because when we say okay it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we say okay it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we say okay it's not a
+symmetric top there are certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top there are certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric top there are certain things
+that don't quite go away and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't quite go away and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't quite go away and they're
+going to be related to Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be related to Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be related to Matrix
+elements of J of things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared and uh and so uh and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and uh and so uh and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and uh and so uh and that's what
+we'll work out tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work out tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll work out tomorrow
+so uh I apologize for the fact that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I apologize for the fact that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh I apologize for the fact that I'm
+not capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not capable of
+doing Vector analysis in front of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Vector analysis in front of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Vector analysis in front of an
+audience at least not today uh but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience at least not today uh but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience at least not today uh but we'll
+be doing quantum mechanics from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing quantum mechanics from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing quantum mechanics from here
+on
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/amf5lTZ0UTc.txt b/amf5lTZ0UTc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43675b3f56a695f89f74d3170dcbae19861146b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/amf5lTZ0UTc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2985 @@
+PROFESSOR: Well, yesterday we
+learned a bit about symbolic
+
+manipulation, and we wrote a
+rather stylized program to
+
+implement a pile of calculus
+rule from the calculus book.
+
+Here on the transparencies, we
+see a bunch of calculus rules
+
+from such a book.
+
+And, of course, what we did is
+sort of translate these rules
+
+into the language
+of the computer.
+
+But, of course, that's a
+sort of funny strategy.
+
+Why should we have to translate
+these rules into the
+
+language of the computer?
+
+And what do I really
+mean by that?
+
+These are--the program we wrote
+
+yesterday was very stylized.
+
+It was a conditional, a dispatch
+on the type of the
+
+expression as observed
+by the rules.
+
+What we see here are rules that
+say if the object being
+
+the derivative is being taken
+of, if that expression is a
+
+constant, then do one thing.
+
+If it's a variable,
+do another thing.
+
+If it's a product of a constant
+times a variable, do
+
+something and so on.
+
+There's sort of a dispatch
+there on a type.
+
+Well, since it has such a
+stylized behavior and
+
+structure, is there some other
+way of writing this program
+
+that's more clear?
+
+Well, what's a rule,
+first of all?
+
+What are these rules?
+
+Let's think about that.
+
+Rules have parts.
+
+If you look at these rules in
+detail, what you see, for
+
+example, is the rule has
+a left-hand side and a
+
+right-hand side.
+
+Each of these rules has a
+left-hand side and the
+
+right-hand side.
+
+The left-hand side is somehow
+compared with the expression
+
+you're trying to take
+the derivative of.
+
+The right-hand side is the
+replacement for that
+
+expression.
+
+So all rules on this page
+are something like this.
+
+I have patterns, and somehow,
+I have to produce, given a
+
+pattern, a skeleton.
+
+This is a rule.
+
+A pattern is something that
+matches, and a skeleton is
+
+something you substitute into
+in order to get a new
+
+expression.
+
+So what that means is that the
+pattern is matched against the
+
+expression, which is the
+source expression.
+
+And the result of the
+application of the rule is to
+
+produce a new expression, which
+I'll call a target, by
+
+instantiation of a skeleton.
+
+That's called instantiation.
+
+So that is the process by which
+
+these rules are described.
+
+What I'd like to do today is
+build a language and a means
+
+of interpreting that language,
+a means of executing that
+
+language, where that language
+allows us to directly express
+
+these rules.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+instead of bringing the rules
+
+to the level of the computer by
+writing a program that is
+
+those rules in the computer's
+language--
+
+at the moment, in a Lisp--
+
+we're going to bring the
+computer to the level of us by
+
+writing a way by which the
+computer can understand rules
+
+of this sort.
+
+This is slightly emphasizing the
+idea that we had last time
+
+that we're trying to make
+a solution to a class of
+
+problems rather than
+a particular one.
+
+The problem is if I want to
+write rules for a different
+
+piece of mathematics, say,
+to simple algebraic
+
+simplification or something like
+that, or manipulation of
+
+trigonometric functions,
+I would have to write a
+
+different program in using
+yesterday's method.
+
+Whereas I would like to
+encapsulate all of the things
+
+that are common to both of those
+programs, meaning the
+
+idea of matching, instantiation,
+the control
+
+structure, which turns out to be
+very complicated for such a
+
+thing, I'd like to encapsulate
+that separately from the rules
+
+themselves.
+
+So let's look at, first of
+all, a representation.
+
+I'd like to use the
+overhead here.
+
+I'd like-- there it is.
+
+I'd like to look at a
+representation of the rules of
+
+calculus for derivatives in a
+sort of simple language that
+
+I'm writing right here.
+
+Now, I'm going to avoid--I'm
+going to avoid
+
+worrying about syntax.
+
+We can easily pretty this, and
+I'm not interested in making--
+
+this is indeed ugly.
+
+This doesn't look like the
+beautiful text set dx by dt or
+
+something that I'd
+like to write,
+
+but that's not essential.
+
+That's sort of an accidental
+phenomenon.
+
+Here, we're just worrying
+about the fact that the
+
+structure of the rules is that
+there is a left-hand side
+
+here, represents the thing I
+want to match against the
+
+derivative expression.
+
+This is the representation
+I'm going to say for the
+
+derivative of a constant, which
+we will call c with
+
+respect to the variable we will
+call v. And what we will
+
+get on the right-hand
+side is 0.
+
+So this represents a rule.
+
+The next rule will be the
+derivative of a variable,
+
+which we will call v with
+respect to the same variable
+
+v, and we get a 1.
+
+However, if we have the
+derivative of a variable
+
+called u with respect to
+a different variables
+
+v, we will get 0.
+
+I just want you look at these
+rules a little bit and see how
+
+they fit together.
+
+For example, over here, we're
+going to have the derivative
+
+of the sum of an expression
+called x1 and an
+
+expression called x2.
+
+These things that begin with
+question marks are called
+
+pattern variables in the
+language that we're inventing,
+
+and you see we're just making
+it up, so pattern variables
+
+for matching.
+
+And so in this--
+
+here we have the derivative of
+the sum of the expression
+
+which we will call x1.
+
+And the expression we will call
+x2 with respect to the
+
+variable we call v will be--
+here is the right-hand side:
+
+the sum of the derivative of
+that expression x1 with
+
+respect to v-- the right-hand
+side is the skeleton--
+
+and the derivative of x2 with
+respect to v. Colons here will
+
+stand for substitution
+objects.
+
+They're--we'll call them
+skeleton evaluations.
+
+So let me put up here on the
+blackboard for a second some
+
+syntax so we'll know
+what's going on
+
+for this rule language.
+
+First of all, we're going to
+have to worry about the
+
+pattern matching.
+
+We're going to have things like
+a symbol like foo matches
+
+exactly itself.
+
+The expression f of a and b will
+be used to match any list
+
+whose first element is f, whose
+second element is a, and
+
+whose third element is b.
+
+Also, another thing we might
+have in a pattern is that--
+
+a question mark with some
+variable like x.
+
+And what that means, it says
+matches anything, which we
+
+will call x.
+
+Question mark c x will
+match only constants.
+
+So this is something which
+matches a constant colon x.
+
+And question mark v x will
+match a variable,
+
+which we call x.
+
+This is sort of the language
+we're making up now.
+
+If I match two things against
+each other, then they are
+
+compared element by element.
+
+But elements in the pattern may
+contain these syntactic
+
+variables, pattern variables,
+which will be used to match
+
+arbitrary objects.
+
+And we'll get that object as the
+value in the name x here,
+
+for example.
+
+Now, when we make skeletons
+for instantiation.
+
+Well, then we have
+things like this.
+
+foo, a symbol, instantiates
+to itself.
+
+Something which is a list
+like f of a and b,
+
+instantiates to--
+
+well, f instantiates to a
+3-list, a list of three
+
+elements, okay, which are the
+results of instantiating each
+
+of f, a, and b.
+
+And x well--we instantiate to
+the value of x as in the
+
+matched pattern.
+
+So going back to the overhead
+here, we see--we see that all
+
+of those kinds of objects, we
+see here a pattern variable
+
+which matches a constant, a
+pattern variable which matches
+
+a variable, a pattern variable
+which will match anything.
+
+And if we have two instances of
+the same name, like this is
+
+the derivative of the expression
+which is a variable
+
+only whose name will be v with
+respect to some arbitrary
+
+expression which we will call v,
+since this v appears twice,
+
+we're going to want that to mean
+they have to be the same.
+
+The only consistent match is
+that those are the same.
+
+So here, we're making
+up a language.
+
+And in fact, that's a very
+nice thing to be doing.
+
+It's so much fun to make
+up a language.
+
+And you do this all the time.
+
+And the really most powerful
+design things you ever do are
+
+sort of making up a language to
+solve problems like this.
+
+Now, here we go back here and
+look at some of these rules.
+
+Well, there's a whole
+set of them.
+
+I mean, there's one for
+addition and one for
+
+multiplication, just
+like we had before.
+
+The derivative of the product of
+x1 and x2 with respect to v
+
+is the sum of the product of x1
+and the derivative x2 with
+
+respect to v and the
+product of the
+
+derivative of x1 and x2.
+
+And here we have
+exponentiation.
+
+And, of course, we run off
+the end down here.
+
+We get as many as we like.
+
+But the whole thing over here,
+I'm giving this--this list of
+
+rules the name "derivative
+rules."
+
+What would we do with such
+a thing once we have it?
+
+Well, one of the nicest ideas,
+first of all, is I'm going to
+
+write for you, and we're going
+to play with it all day.
+
+What I'm going to write for
+you is a program called
+
+simplifier, the general-purpose
+simplifier.
+
+And we're going to say something
+like define dsimp to
+
+be a simplifier of the
+derivative rules.
+
+And what simplifier is going
+to do is, given a set of
+
+rules, it will produce for
+me a procedure which will
+
+simplify expressions containing
+the things that are
+
+referred to by these rules.
+
+So here will be a procedure
+constructed for your purposes
+
+to simplify things with
+derivatives in them such that,
+
+after that, if we're typing at
+some list system, and we get a
+
+prompt, and we say dsimp, for
+example, of the derivative of
+
+the sum of x and y with
+respect to x--
+
+note the quote here because
+I'm talking about the
+
+expression which is
+the derivative--
+
+then I will get back as
+a result plus 1 0.
+
+Because the derivative of x plus
+y is the derivative of x
+
+plus derivative y.
+
+The derivative of x with
+respect to x is 1.
+
+The derivative of y with
+respect to x is 0.
+
+It's not what we're
+going to get.
+
+I haven't put any simplification
+at that level--
+
+algebraic simplification--
+
+yet.
+
+Of course, once we have such a
+thing, then we can--then we
+
+can look at other rules.
+
+So, for example, we can, if
+we go to the slide, OK?
+
+Here, for example, are other
+rules that we might have,
+
+algebraic manipulation rules,
+ones that would be used for
+
+simplifying algebraic
+expressions.
+
+For example, just looking at
+some of these, the left-hand
+
+side says any operator applied
+to a constant e1 and a
+
+constant e2 is the result of
+evaluating that operator on
+
+the constants e1 and e2.
+
+Or an operator, applied to e1,
+any expression e1 and a
+
+constant e2, is going to move
+the constant forward.
+
+So that'll turn into
+the operator with
+
+e2 followed by e1.
+
+Why I did that, I don't know.
+
+It wouldn't work if I had
+division, for example.
+
+So there's a bug in the
+rules, if you like.
+
+So the sum of 0 and e is e.
+
+The product of 1 and any
+expression e is e.
+
+The product of 0 and any
+expression e is 0.
+
+Just looking at some more of
+these rules, we could have
+
+arbitrarily complicated ones.
+
+We could have things like the
+product of the constant e1 and
+
+any constant e2 with e3 is the
+result of multiplying the
+
+result of--multiplying now the
+constants e1 and e2 together
+
+and putting e3 there.
+
+So it says combine the constants
+that I had, which
+
+was if I had a product of e1 and
+e2 and e3 just multiply--I
+
+mean and e1 and e2 are both
+constants, multiply them.
+
+And you can make up the
+rules as you like.
+
+There are lots of them here.
+
+There are things as complicated,
+for example, as--
+
+oh, I suppose down here some
+distributive law, you see.
+
+The product of any object c and
+the sum of d and e gives
+
+the result as the same as the
+sum of the product of c and d
+
+and the product of c and e.
+
+Now, what exactly these
+rules are doesn't very
+
+much interest me.
+
+We're going to be writing the
+language that will allow us to
+
+interpret these rules so that
+we can, in fact, make up
+
+whatever rules we like, another
+whole language of
+
+programming.
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+I haven't told you how we're
+going to do this.
+
+And, of course, for a while,
+we're going to work on that.
+
+But there's a real question of
+what is--what am I going to do
+
+at all at a large scale?
+
+How do these rules work?
+
+How is the simplifier program
+going to manipulate these
+
+rules with your expression to
+produce a reasonable answer?
+
+Well, first, I'd like to think
+about these rules as being
+
+some sort of deck of them.
+
+So here I have a whole bunch
+of rules, right?
+
+Each rule--
+
+here's a rule--
+
+has a pattern and a skeleton.
+
+I'm trying to make up a control
+structure for this.
+
+Now, what I have is a matcher,
+and I have something which is
+
+an instantiater.
+
+And I'm going to pass from the
+matcher to the instantiater
+
+some set of meaning for the
+pattern variables, a
+
+dictionary, I'll call it.
+
+A dictionary, which will say
+x was matched against the
+
+following subexpression and y
+was matched against another
+
+following subexpression.
+
+And from the instantiater, I
+will be making expressions,
+
+and they will go into
+the matcher.
+
+They will be expressions.
+
+And the patterns of the rules
+will be fed into the matcher,
+
+and the skeletons from the same
+rule will be fed into the
+
+instantiater.
+
+Now, this is a little
+complicated because when you
+
+have something like an algebraic
+expression, where
+
+someth--the rules are intended
+to be able to allow you to
+
+substitute equal for equal.
+
+These are equal transformation
+rules.
+
+So all subexpressions
+of the expression
+
+should be looked at.
+
+You give it an expression,
+this thing, and the rules
+
+should be cycled around.
+
+First of all, for every
+subexpression of the
+
+expression you feed in, all
+of the rules must be
+
+tried and looked at.
+
+And if any rule matches, then
+this process occurs.
+
+The dictionary--the dictionary
+is to have some values in it.
+
+The instantiater makes a new
+expression, which is basically
+
+replaces that part of the
+expression that was matched in
+
+your original expression.
+
+And then, then, of course, we're
+going to recheck that,
+
+going to go around these rules
+again, seeing if that could be
+
+simplified further.
+
+And then, then we're going
+to do that for every
+
+subexpression until the thing
+no longer changes.
+
+You can think of this as sort
+of an organic process.
+
+You've got some sort
+of stew, right?
+
+You've got bacteria or
+something, or enzymes in some,
+
+in some gooey mess.
+
+And there's these--and these
+enzymes change things.
+
+They attach to your expression,
+change it, and
+
+then they go away.
+
+And they have to match.
+
+The key-in-lock phenomenon.
+
+They match, they change
+it, they go away.
+
+You can imagine it as a parallel
+process of some sort.
+
+So you stick an expression into
+this mess, and after a
+
+while, you take it out, and
+it's been simplified.
+
+And it just keeps changing
+until it no
+
+longer can be changed.
+
+But these enzymes can attach
+to any part of the, of the
+
+expression.
+
+OK, at this point, I'd like to
+stop and ask for questions.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: This implies that the
+matching program and the
+
+instantiation program
+are separate
+
+programs; is that right?
+
+Or is that-- they are.
+
+PROFESSOR: They're separate
+little pieces.
+
+They fit together in
+a larger structure.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I'm going through
+and matching and passing the
+
+information about what I matched
+to an instantiater,
+
+which makes the changes.
+
+And then I pass that back
+to the matcher?
+
+PROFESSOR: It won't
+make a change.
+
+It will make a new expression,
+which has, which has
+
+substituted the values of the
+pattern variable that were
+
+matched on the left-hand side
+for the variables that are
+
+mentioned, the skeleton
+variables or evaluation
+
+variables or whatever I called
+them, on the right-hand side.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then that's passed
+back into the matcher?
+
+PROFESSOR: Then this is going
+to go around again.
+
+This is going to go through
+this mess until
+
+it no longer changes.
+
+AUDIENCE: And it seems that
+there would be a danger of
+
+getting into a recursive loop.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Yes, if you do not write your
+rules nicely, you are--
+
+indeed, in any programming
+language you invent, if it's
+
+sufficiently powerful to do
+anything, you can write
+
+programs that will go
+into infinite loops.
+
+And indeed, writing a program
+for doing algebraic
+
+manipulation for long will
+produce infinite loops.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Some language
+designers feel that this
+
+feature is so important that it
+should become part of the
+
+basic language, for example,
+scheme in this case.
+
+What are your thoughts on--
+
+PROFESSOR: Which language
+feature?
+
+AUDIENCE: The pairs matching.
+
+It's all application of
+such rules should be--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, you
+mean like Prolog?
+
+AUDIENCE: Like Prolog, but it
+becomes a more general--
+
+PROFESSOR: It's possible.
+
+OK, I think my feeling about
+that is that I would like to
+
+teach you how to do it so you
+don't depend upon some
+
+language designer.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: You make
+it yourself.
+
+You can roll your own.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+Now we have to tell
+you how it works.
+
+It conveniently breaks up
+into various pieces.
+
+I'd like to look now
+at the matcher.
+
+The matcher has the following
+basic structure.
+
+It's a box that takes as its
+input an expression and a
+
+pattern, and it turns
+out a dictionary.
+
+A dictionary, remember, is a
+mapping of pattern variables
+
+to the values that were found
+by matching, and it puts out
+
+another dictionary, which is the
+result of augmenting this
+
+dictionary by what was found
+in matching this expression
+
+against this pattern.
+
+So that's the matcher.
+
+Now, this is a rather
+complicated program, and we
+
+can look at it on the overhead
+over here and see, ha, ha,
+
+it's very complicated.
+
+I just want you to look
+at the shape of it.
+
+It's too complicated to look
+at except in pieces.
+
+However, it's a fairly large,
+complicated program with a lot
+
+of sort of indented structure.
+
+At the largest scale--
+
+you don't try to read those
+characters, but at the largest
+
+scale, you see that there is a
+case analysis, which is all
+
+these cases lined up.
+
+What we're now going to do is
+look at this in a bit more
+
+detail, attempting to understand
+how it works.
+
+Let's go now to the first slide,
+showing some of the
+
+structure of the matcher
+at a large scale.
+
+And we see that the matcher, the
+matcher takes as its input
+
+a pattern, an expression,
+and a dictionary.
+
+And there is a case analysis
+here, which is made out of
+
+several cases, some of which
+have been left out over here,
+
+and the general case, which
+I'd like you to see.
+
+Let's consider this
+general case.
+
+It's a very important pattern.
+
+The problem is that we have
+to examine two trees
+
+simultaneously.
+
+One of the trees is the tree
+of the expression, and the
+
+other is the tree
+of the pattern.
+
+We have to compare them with
+each other so that the
+
+subexpressions of the expression
+are matched against
+
+subexpressions of the pattern.
+
+Looking at that in a bit more
+detail, suppose I had a
+
+pattern, a pattern, which was
+the sum of the product of a
+
+thing which we will call x and
+a thing which we will call y,
+
+and the sum of that, and the
+same thing we call y.
+
+So we're looking for a sum of a
+product whose second--whose
+
+second argument is the
+same as the second
+
+argument of the sum.
+
+That's a thing you might
+be looking for.
+
+Well, that, as a pattern,
+looks like this.
+
+There is a tree, which consists
+of a sum, and a
+
+product with a pattern variable
+question mark x and
+
+question mark y, the other
+pattern variable, and question
+
+mark y, just looking at the
+same, just writing down the
+
+list structure in
+a different way.
+
+Now, suppose we were matching
+that against an expression
+
+which matches it, the sum of,
+say, the product of 3 and x
+
+and, say, x.
+
+That's another tree.
+
+It's the sum of the product
+of 3 and x and of x.
+
+So what I want to do is traverse
+these two trees
+
+simultaneously.
+
+And what I'd like to do is
+walk them like this.
+
+I'm going to say are
+these the same?
+
+This is a complicated object.
+
+Let's look at the
+left branches.
+
+Well, that could be the car.
+
+How does that look?
+
+Oh yes, the plus looks
+just fine.
+
+But the next thing here is
+a complicated thing.
+
+Let's look at that.
+
+Oh yes, that's pretty
+fine, too.
+
+They're both asterisks.
+
+Now, whoops!
+
+My pattern variable, it
+matches against the 3.
+
+Remember, x equals 3 now.
+
+That's in my dictionary, and
+the dictionary's going to
+
+follow along with me:
+x equals three.
+
+Ah yes, x equals 3 and y
+equals x, different x.
+
+The pattern x is the expression
+x, the pattern y.
+
+Oh yes, the pattern variable
+y, I've already
+
+got a value for it.
+
+It's x.
+
+Is this an x?
+
+Oh yeah, sure it is.
+
+That's fine.
+
+Yep, done.
+
+I now have a dictionary,
+which I've accumulated
+
+by making this walk.
+
+Well, now let's look at this
+general case here and see how
+
+that works.
+
+Here we have it.
+
+I take in a pattern variable--a
+pattern, an
+
+expression, and a dictionary.
+
+And now I'm going to do a
+complicated thing here, which
+
+is the general case.
+
+The expression is made out of
+two parts: a left and a right
+
+half, in general.
+
+Anything that's complicated is
+made out of two pieces in a
+
+Lisp system.
+
+Well, now what do
+we have here?
+
+I'm going to match the car's of
+the two expressions against
+
+each other with respect to the
+dictionary I already have,
+
+producing a dictionary as its
+value, which I will then use
+
+for matching the cdr's
+against each other.
+
+So that's how the dictionary
+travels,
+
+threads the entire structure.
+
+And then the result of that is
+the dictionary for the match
+
+of the car and the cdr, and
+that's what's going to be
+
+returned as a value.
+
+Now, at any point, a
+match might fail.
+
+It may be the case, for example,
+if we go back and
+
+look at an expression that
+doesn't quite match, like
+
+supposing this was a 4.
+
+Well, now these two don't match
+any more, because the x
+
+that had to be-- sorry, the y
+that had to be x here and this
+
+y has to be 4.
+
+But x and 4 were not the same
+object syntactically.
+
+So this wouldn't match, and
+that would be rejected
+
+sometimes, so matches
+may fail.
+
+Now, of course, because this
+matcher takes the dictionary
+
+from the previous match as
+input, it must be able to
+
+propagate the failures.
+
+And so that's what the
+first clause of
+
+this conditional does.
+
+It's also true that if it turned
+out that the pattern
+
+was not atomic--
+
+see, if the pattern was atomic,
+I'd go into this
+
+stuff, which we haven't
+looked at yet.
+
+But if the pattern is
+not atomic and the
+
+expression is atomic--
+
+it's not made out of pieces--
+
+then that must be a failure,
+and so we go over here.
+
+If the pattern is not atomic
+and the pattern is not a
+
+pattern variable--
+
+I have to remind myself
+of that--
+
+then we go over here.
+
+So that way, failures
+may occur.
+
+OK, so now let's look at the
+insides of this thing.
+
+Well, the first place to look
+is what happens if I have an
+
+atomic pattern?
+
+That's very simple.
+
+A pattern that's not made
+out of any pieces: foo.
+
+That's a nice atomic pattern.
+
+Well, here's what we see.
+
+If the pattern is atomic, then
+if the expression is atomic,
+
+then if they are the same thing,
+then the dictionary I
+
+get is the same one
+as I had before.
+
+Nothing's changed.
+
+It's just that I matched plus
+against plus, asterisk against
+
+asterisk, x against x.
+
+That's all fine.
+
+However, if the pattern is
+not the one which is the
+
+expression, if I have two
+separate atomic objects, then
+
+it was matching plus against
+asterisk, which case I fail.
+
+Or if it turns out that the
+pattern is atomic but the
+
+expression is complicated,
+it's not atomic,
+
+then I get a failure.
+
+That's very simple.
+
+Now, what about the various
+kinds of pattern variables?
+
+We had three kinds.
+
+I give them the names.
+
+They're arbitrary constants,
+arbitrary variables, and
+
+arbitrary expressions.
+
+A question mark x is an
+arbitrary expression.
+
+A question mark cx is an
+arbitrary constant, and a
+
+question mark vx is an
+arbitrary variable.
+
+Well, what do we do here?
+
+Looking at this, we see that
+if I have an arbitrary
+
+constant, if the pattern is an
+arbitrary constant, then it
+
+had better be the case
+that the expression
+
+had better be a constant.
+
+If the expression is
+not a constant,
+
+then that match fails.
+
+If it is a constant, however,
+then I wish to extend the
+
+dictionary.
+
+I wish to extend the dictionary
+with that pattern
+
+being remembered to be that
+expression using the old
+
+dictionary as a starting
+point.
+
+So really, for arbitrary
+variables, I have to check
+
+first if the expression is a
+variable by matching against.
+
+If so, it's worth extending
+the dictionary so that the
+
+pattern is remembered to
+be matched against that
+
+expression, given the original
+dictionary, and this makes a
+
+new dictionary.
+
+Now, it has to check.
+
+There's a sorts of failure
+inside extend dictionary,
+
+which is that--
+
+if one of these pattern
+variables already has a value
+
+and I'm trying to match the
+thing against something else
+
+which is not equivalent to the
+one that I've already matched
+
+it against once, then a failure
+will come flying out
+
+of here, too.
+
+And I will see that some time.
+
+And finally, an arbitrary
+expression does not have to
+
+check anything syntactic about
+the expression that's being
+
+matched, so all it does is
+it's an extension of the
+
+dictionary.
+
+So you've just seen a complete,
+very simple matcher.
+
+Now, one of the things that's
+rather remarkable about this
+
+is people pay an awful lot of
+money these days for someone
+
+to make a, quote, AI expert
+system that has nothing more
+
+in it than a matcher and maybe
+an instantiater like this.
+
+But it's very easy to do, and
+now, of course, you can start
+
+up a little start-up company and
+make a couple of megabucks
+
+in the next week taking some
+people for a ride.
+
+20 years ago, this
+was remarkable,
+
+this kind of program.
+
+But now, this is sort of easy.
+
+You can teach it to freshmen.
+
+Well, now there's an
+instantiater as well.
+
+The problem is they're all
+going off and making more
+
+money than I do.
+
+But that's always been
+true of universities.
+
+As expression, the purpose of
+the instantiater is to make
+
+expressions given a dictionary
+and a skeleton.
+
+And that's not very
+hard at all.
+
+We'll see that very simply in
+the next, the next slide here.
+
+To instantiate a skeleton,
+given a particular
+
+dictionary--
+
+oh, this is easy.
+
+We're going to do a recursive
+tree walk over the skeleton.
+
+And for everything which is
+a skeleton variable--
+
+I don't know, call it a
+skeleton evaluation.
+
+That's the name and the abstract
+syntax that I give it
+
+in this program: a skeleton
+evaluation, a thing beginning
+
+with a colon in the rules.
+
+For anything of that case, I'm
+going to look up the answer in
+
+the dictionary, and we'll worry
+about that in a second.
+
+Let's look at this as a whole.
+
+Here, I have--
+
+I'm going to instantiate a
+skeleton, given a dictionary.
+
+Well, I'm going to define some
+internal loop right there, and
+
+it's going to do something
+very simple.
+
+Even if a skeleton--even if a
+skeleton is simple and atomic,
+
+in which case it's nothing more
+than giving the skeleton
+
+back as an answer, or in
+the general case, it's
+
+complicated, in which case
+I'm going to make up the
+
+expression which is the result
+of instantiating--
+
+calling this loop
+recursively--
+
+instantiating the car of the
+skeleton and the cdr.
+
+So here is a recursive
+tree walk.
+
+However, if it turns out to be a
+skeleton evaluation, a colon
+
+expression in the skeleton, then
+what I'm going to do is
+
+find the expression that's
+in the colon--
+
+the CADR in this case.
+
+It's a piece of abstract syntax
+here, so I can change
+
+my representation of rules.
+
+I'm going to evaluate that
+relative to this dictionary,
+
+whatever evaluation means.
+
+We'll find out a lot about
+that sometime.
+
+And the result of that
+is my answer.
+
+so.
+
+I start up this loop-- here's
+my initialization--
+
+by calling it with the whole
+skeleton, and this will just
+
+do a recursive decomposition
+into pieces.
+
+Now, one more little bit
+of detail is what
+
+happens inside evaluate?
+
+I can't tell you that
+in great detail.
+
+I'll tell you a little
+bit of it.
+
+Later, we're going to see--look
+into this in much
+
+more detail.
+
+To evaluate some form, some
+expression with respect to a
+
+dictionary, if the expression is
+an atomic object, well, I'm
+
+going to go look it up.
+
+Nothing very exciting there.
+
+Otherwise, I'm going to do
+something complicated here,
+
+which is I'm going to apply a
+procedure which is the result
+
+of looking up the operator part
+in something that we're
+
+going to find out
+about someday.
+
+I want you realize you're
+seeing magic now.
+
+This magic will become clear
+very soon, but not today.
+
+Then I'm looking at--looking
+up all the pieces, all the
+
+arguments to that in
+the dictionary.
+
+So I don't want you to look
+at this in detail.
+
+I want you to say that there's
+more going on here, and we're
+
+going to see more about this.
+
+But it's--
+
+the magic is going to stop.
+
+This part has to do with Lisp,
+and it's the end of that.
+
+OK, so now we know about
+matching and instantiation.
+
+Are there any questions
+for this segment?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it possible to
+bring up a previous slide?
+
+It's about this define
+match pattern.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+You'd like to see the overall
+slide define match pattern.
+
+Can somebody put up the--
+
+no, the overhead.
+
+That's the biggest scale one.
+
+What part would you
+like to see?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, the
+top would be fine.
+
+Any of the parts where you're
+passing failed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The idea is to pass
+failed back to the dictionary;
+
+is that right?
+
+PROFESSOR: The dictionary is the
+answer to a match, right?
+
+And it is either some mapping
+or there's no match.
+
+It doesn't match.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: So what you're seeing
+over here is, in fact,
+
+because the fact that a match
+may have another match pass in
+
+the dictionary, as you see in
+the general case down here.
+
+Here's the general case where
+a match passes another match
+
+to the dictionary.
+
+When I match the cdr's, I match
+them in the dictionary
+
+that is resulting from
+matching the car's.
+
+OK, that's what I have here.
+
+So because of that, if the match
+of the car's fails, then
+
+it may be necessary that the
+match of the cdr's propagates
+
+that failure, and that's
+what the first line is.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, well, I'm still
+unclear what matches--
+
+what comes out of one instance
+of the match?
+
+PROFESSOR: One of two
+possibilities.
+
+Either the symbol failed, which
+means there is no match.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Or some mapping,
+which is an abstract thing
+
+right now, and you should know
+about the structure of it,
+
+which relates the pattern
+variables to their values as
+
+picked up in the match.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, so it is--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's constructed
+by extend dictionary.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the recursive
+nature brings about the fact
+
+that if ever a failed gets
+passed out of any calling of
+
+match, then the first condition
+will pick it up--
+
+PROFESSOR: And just propagate
+it along without any further
+
+ado, right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, right.
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's just the
+fastest way to get that
+
+failure out of there.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: If I don't fail, that
+means that I've matched a
+
+pattern, and I run the procedure
+extend dict and then
+
+pass in the pattern
+in the expression.
+
+But the substitution will
+not be made at that
+
+point; is that right?
+
+I'm just--
+
+PROFESSOR: No, no.
+
+There's no substitution being
+there because there's no
+
+skeleton to be substituted in.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+So what--
+
+PROFESSOR: All you've got there
+is we're making up the
+
+dictionary for later
+substitution.
+
+AUDIENCE: And what would the
+dictionary look like?
+
+Is it ordered pairs?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's--that's
+not told to you.
+
+We're being abstract.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Why do you
+want to know?
+
+What it is, it's a function.
+
+It's a function.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, the reason
+I want to know is--
+
+PROFESSOR: A function
+abstractly is a
+
+set of ordered pairs.
+
+It could be implemented as
+a set of list pairs.
+
+It could be implemented as some
+fancy table mechanism.
+
+It could be implemented
+as a function.
+
+And somehow, I'm building
+up a function.
+
+But I'm not telling you.
+
+That's up to George, who's going
+to build that later.
+
+I know you really badly want
+to write concrete things.
+
+I'm not going to let
+you do that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, let me at
+least ask, what is the
+
+important information
+there that's being
+
+passed to extend dict?
+
+I want to pass the
+pattern I found--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+The pattern that's matched
+against the expression.
+
+You want to have the pattern,
+which happens to be in those
+
+cases pattern variables,
+right?
+
+All of those three
+cases for extend
+
+dict are pattern variables.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: So you have a pattern
+variable that is to be
+
+given a value in a dictionary.
+
+AUDIENCE: Mm-hmm.
+
+PROFESSOR: The value is the
+expression that it matched
+
+against. The dictionary is the
+set of things I've already
+
+figured out that I have
+memorized or learned.
+
+And I am going to make a new
+dictionary, which is extended
+
+from the original one by having
+that pattern variable
+
+have a value with the
+new dictionary.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess what I don't
+understand is why can't the
+
+substitution be made right
+as soon as you find--
+
+PROFESSOR: How do I know what
+I'm going to substitute?
+
+I don't know anything
+about this skeleton.
+
+This pattern, this matcher
+is an independent unit.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I see.
+
+OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: I take the matcher.
+
+I apply the matcher.
+
+If it matches, then it was worth
+doing instantiation.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, good.
+
+Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you just do that
+answer again using that
+
+example on the board?
+
+You know, what you just passed
+back to the matcher.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh yes.
+
+OK, yes.
+
+You're looking at
+this example.
+
+At this point when I'm
+traversing this structure, I
+
+get to here: x.
+
+I have some dictionary,
+presumably an empty dictionary
+
+at this point if this is
+the whole expression.
+
+So I have an empty dictionary,
+and I've matched x against 3.
+
+So now, after this point,
+the dictionary
+
+contains x is 3, OK?
+
+Now, I continue walking
+along here.
+
+I see y.
+
+Now, this is a particular
+x, a pattern x.
+
+I see y, a pattern y.
+
+The dictionary says, oh yes, the
+pattern y is the symbol x
+
+because I've got
+a match there.
+
+So the dictionary now contains
+at this point two entries.
+
+The pattern x is 3, and the
+pattern y is the expression x.
+
+Now, I get that, I can
+walk along further.
+
+I say, oh, pattern y
+also wants to be 4.
+
+But that isn't possible,
+producing a failure.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Let's take a break.
+
+OK, you're seeing your first
+very big and hairy program.
+
+Now, of course, one of the goals
+of this subsegment is to
+
+get you to be able to read
+something like this and not be
+
+afraid of it.
+
+This one's only about
+four pages of code.
+
+By the end of the subject, I
+hope a 50-page program will
+
+not look particularly
+frightening.
+
+But I don't expect-- and I don't
+want you to think that I
+
+expect you to be getting
+it as it's coming out.
+
+You're supposed to feel the
+flavor of this, OK?
+
+And then you're supposed to
+think about it because it is a
+
+big program.
+
+There's a lot of stuff
+inside this program.
+
+Now, I've told you about the
+language we're implementing,
+
+the pattern match substitution
+language.
+
+I showed you some rules.
+
+And I've told you about matching
+and instantiation,
+
+which are the two halves
+of how a rule works.
+
+Now we have to understand the
+control structure by which the
+
+rules are applied to the
+expressions so as to do
+
+algebraic simplification.
+
+Now, that's also a big
+complicated mess.
+
+The problem is that there is
+a variety of interlocking,
+
+interwoven loops, if you
+will, involved in this.
+
+For one thing, I
+have to apply--
+
+I have to examine every
+subexpression of my expression
+
+that I'm trying to simplify.
+
+That we know how to do.
+
+It's a car cdr recursion of some
+sort, or something like
+
+that, and some sort
+of tree walk.
+
+And that's going to
+be happening.
+
+Now, for every such place, every
+node that I get to in
+
+doing my traversal of the
+expression I'm trying to
+
+simplify, I want to apply
+all of the rules.
+
+Every rule is going to
+look at every node.
+
+I'm going to rotate
+the rules around.
+
+Now, either a rule will
+or will not match.
+
+If the rule does not match,
+then it's not very
+
+interesting.
+
+If the rule does match, then I'm
+going to replace that node
+
+in the expression by an
+alternate expression.
+
+I'm actually going
+to make a new
+
+expression, which contains--
+
+everything contains that new
+value, the result of
+
+substituting into the skeleton,
+instantiating the
+
+skeleton for that rule
+at this level.
+
+But no one knows whether that
+thing that I instantiated
+
+there is in simplified form.
+
+So we're going to have to
+simplify that, somehow to call
+
+the simplifier on the thing
+that I just constructed.
+
+And then when that's done, then
+I sort of can build that
+
+into the expression I
+want as my answer.
+
+Now, there is a basic idea
+here, which I will call a
+
+garbage- in, garbage-out
+simplifier.
+
+It's a kind of recursive
+simplifier.
+
+And what happens is the way you
+simplify something is that
+
+simple objects like variables
+are simple.
+
+Compound objects, well,
+I don't know.
+
+What I'm going to do is I'm
+going to build up from simple
+
+objects, trying to make simple
+things by assuming that the
+
+pieces they're made
+out of are simple.
+
+That's what's happening here.
+
+Well, now, if we look
+at the first slide--
+
+no, overhead, overhead.
+
+If we look at the overhead, we
+see a very complicated program
+
+like we saw before for the
+matcher, so complicated that
+
+you can't read it like that.
+
+I just want you to get the feel
+of the shape of it, and
+
+the shape of it is that this
+program has various
+
+subprograms in it.
+
+One of them--this part is the
+part for traversing the
+
+expression, and this part is
+the part for trying rules.
+
+Now, of course, we can look at
+that in some more detail.
+
+Let's look at--let's look at the
+first transparency, right?
+
+The simplifier is made
+out of several parts.
+
+Now, remember at the very
+beginning, the simplifier is
+
+the thing which takes a rules--a
+set of rules and
+
+produces a program which will
+simplify it relative to them.
+
+So here we have our
+simplifier.
+
+It takes a rule set.
+
+And in the context where that
+rule set is defined, there are
+
+various other definitions
+that are done here.
+
+And then the result of this
+simplifier procedure is, in
+
+fact, one of the procedures
+that was defined.
+
+Simplify x.
+
+What I'm returning as the
+value of calling the
+
+simplifier on a set of rules is
+a procedure, the simplify x
+
+procedure, which is defined in
+that context, which is a
+
+simplification procedure
+appropriate for using those
+
+set of rules.
+
+That's what I have there.
+
+Now, the first two of these
+procedures, this one and this
+
+one, are together going to be
+the recursive traversal of an
+
+expression.
+
+This one is the general
+simplification for any
+
+expression, and this is the
+thing which simplifies a list
+
+of parts of an expression.
+
+Nothing more.
+
+For each of those, we're going
+to do something complicated,
+
+which involves trying
+the rules.
+
+Now, we should look at
+the various parts.
+
+Well let's look first at the
+recursive traversal of an
+
+expression.
+
+And this is done in a
+sort of simple way.
+
+This is a little nest of
+recursive procedures.
+
+And what we have here
+are two procedures--
+
+one for simplifying an
+expression, and one for
+
+simplifying parts of
+an expression.
+
+And the way this works
+is very simple.
+
+If the expression I'm trying
+to simplify is a compound
+
+expression, I'm going to
+simplify all the parts of it.
+
+And that's calling--that
+procedure, simplify parts, is
+
+going to make up a new
+expression with all the parts
+
+simplified, which I'm then
+going to try the
+
+rules on over here.
+
+If it turns out that the
+expression is not compound, if
+
+it's simple, like just a symbol
+or something like pi,
+
+then in any case, I'm going to
+try the rules on it because it
+
+might be that I want in my set
+of rules to expand pi to
+
+3.14159265358979,
+dot, dot, dot.
+
+But I may not.
+
+But there is no reason
+not to do it.
+
+Now, if I want to simplify the
+parts, well, that's easy too.
+
+Either the expression is an
+empty one, there's no more
+
+parts, in which case I have
+the empty expression.
+
+Otherwise, I'm going to make a
+new expression by cons, which
+
+is the result of simplifying
+the first part of the
+
+expression, the car, and
+simplifying the rest of the
+
+expression, which is the cdr.
+
+Now, the reason why I'm showing
+you this sort of stuff
+
+this way is because I want you
+get the feeling for the
+
+various patterns that are very
+important when writing
+
+programs. And this could be
+written a different way.
+
+There's another way to write
+simplified expressions so
+
+there would be only
+one of them.
+
+There would only be one
+little procedure here.
+
+Let me just write that on the
+blackboard to give you a
+
+feeling for that.
+
+This in another idiom,
+if you will.
+
+To simplify an expression
+called x, what
+
+am I going to do?
+
+I'm going to try the rules on
+the following situation.
+
+If--
+
+on the following expression--
+
+compound, just like
+we had before.
+
+If the expression is compound,
+well, what am I going to do?
+
+I'm going to simplify
+all the parts.
+
+But I already have a cdr
+recursion, a common pattern of
+
+usage, which has been captured
+as a high-order procedure.
+
+It's called map.
+
+So I'll just write that here.
+
+Map simplify the expression,
+all the parts of the
+
+expression.
+
+This says apply the
+simplification operation,
+
+which is this one, every part
+of the expression, and then
+
+that cuts those up into a list.
+It's every element of
+
+the list which the expression is
+assumed to be made out of,
+
+and otherwise, I have
+the expression.
+
+So I don't need the helper
+procedure, simplify parts,
+
+because that's really this.
+
+So sometimes, you just
+write it this way.
+
+It doesn't matter very much.
+
+Well, now let's take
+a look at--
+
+let's just look at how
+you try rules.
+
+If you look at this slide,
+we see this is a
+
+complicated mess also.
+
+I'm trying rules on
+an expression.
+
+It turns out the expression
+I'm trying it on is some
+
+subexpression now of the
+expression I started with.
+
+Because the thing I just
+arranged allowed us to try
+
+every subexpression.
+
+So now here we're taking in
+a subexpression of the
+
+expression we started with.
+
+That's what this is.
+
+And what we're going to define
+here is a procedure called
+
+scan, which is going
+to try every rule.
+
+And we're going to start it up
+on the whole set of rules.
+
+This is going to go cdr-ing down
+the rules, if you will,
+
+looking for a rule to apply.
+
+And when it finds one,
+it'll do the job.
+
+Well, let's take a look at
+how try rules works.
+
+It's very simple:
+the scan rules.
+
+Scan rules, the way
+of scanning.
+
+Well, is it so simple?
+
+It's a big program, of course.
+
+We take a bunch of rules,
+which is a sublist
+
+of the list of rules.
+
+We've tried some of them
+already, and they've not been
+
+appropriate, so we
+get to some here.
+
+We get to move to
+the next one.
+
+If there are no more rules, well
+then, there's nothing I
+
+can do with this expression,
+and it's simplified.
+
+However, if it turns out that
+there are still rules to be
+
+done, then let's match the
+pattern of the first rule
+
+against the expression using the
+empty dictionary to start
+
+with and use that as
+the dictionary.
+
+If that happens to
+be a failure, try
+
+the rest of the rules.
+
+That's all it says here.
+
+It says discard that rule.
+
+Otherwise, well, I'm going to
+get the skeleton of the first
+
+rule, instantiate that relative
+to the dictionary,
+
+and simplify the result, and
+that's the expression I want.
+
+So although that was a
+complicated program, every
+
+complicated program is made out
+of a lot of simple pieces.
+
+Now, the pattern of recursions
+here is very complicated.
+
+And one of the most important
+things is not
+
+to think about that.
+
+If you try to think about the
+actual pattern by which this
+
+does something, you're going
+to get very confused.
+
+I would.
+
+This is not a matter of you
+can do this with practice.
+
+These patterns are hard.
+
+But you don't have to
+think about it.
+
+The key to this--
+
+it's very good programming and
+very good design-- is to know
+
+what not to think about.
+
+The fact is, going back to this
+slide, I don't have to
+
+think about it because I have
+specifications in my mind for
+
+what simplify x does.
+
+I don't have to know
+how it does it.
+
+And it may, in fact, call scan
+somehow through try rules,
+
+which it does.
+
+And somehow, I've got another
+recursion going on here.
+
+But since I know that simplify
+x is assumed by wishful
+
+thinking to produce the
+simplified result, then I
+
+don't have to think
+about it anymore.
+
+I've used it.
+
+I've used it in a
+reasonable way.
+
+I will get a reasonable
+answer.
+
+And you have to learn how
+to program that way--
+
+with abandon.
+
+Well, there's very little
+left of this thing.
+
+All there is left is a few
+details associated with what a
+
+dictionary is.
+
+And those of you who've been
+itching to know what a
+
+dictionary is, well, I will flip
+it up and not tell you
+
+anything about it.
+
+Dictionaries are easy.
+
+It's represented in terms of
+something else called an A
+
+list, which is a particular
+pattern of usage for making
+
+tables in lists.
+
+They're easy.
+
+They're made out of pairs,
+as was asked a bit ago.
+
+And there are special procedures
+for dealing with
+
+such things called assq, and you
+can find them in manuals.
+
+I'm not terribly excited
+about it.
+
+The only interesting thing here
+in extend dictionary is I
+
+have to extend the dictionary
+with a pattern, a datum, and a
+
+dictionary.
+
+This pattern is, in fact, at
+this point a pattern variable.
+
+And what do I want to do?
+
+I want to pull out the name of
+that pattern variable, the
+
+pattern variable name, and I'm
+going to look up in the
+
+dictionary and see if it
+already has a value.
+
+If not, I'm going to
+add a new one in.
+
+If it does have one, if it has a
+value, then it had better be
+
+equal to the one that was
+already stored away.
+
+And if that's the case, the
+dictionary is what I
+
+expected it to be.
+
+Otherwise, I fail.
+
+So that's easy, too.
+
+If you open up any program,
+you're going to find inside of
+
+it lots of little pieces,
+all of which are easy.
+
+So at this point, I suppose,
+I've just told you some
+
+million-dollar valuable
+information.
+
+And I suppose at this point
+we're pretty much done with
+
+this program.
+
+I'd like to ask about
+questions.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, can you give me
+the words that describe the
+
+specification for a simplified
+expression?
+
+PROFESSOR: Sure.
+
+A simplified expression takes
+an expression and produces a
+
+simplified expression.
+
+That's it, OK?
+
+How it does it is very easy.
+
+In compound expressions, all the
+pieces are simplified, and
+
+then the rules are tried
+on the result.
+
+And for simple expressions, you
+just try all the rules.
+
+AUDIENCE: So an expression
+is simplified by
+
+virtue of the rules?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's,
+of course, true.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: And the way this
+works is that simplifi
+
+expression, as you see here,
+what it does is it breaks the
+
+expression down into the
+smallest pieces, simplifies
+
+building up from the bottom
+using the rules to be the
+
+simplifier, to do the
+manipulations, and constructs
+
+a new expression
+as the result.
+
+Eventually, one of things you
+see is that the rules
+
+themselves, the try rules, call
+a simplified expression
+
+on the results when it changes
+something, the
+
+results of a match.
+
+I'm sorry, the results of
+instantiation of a skeleton
+
+for a rule that has matched.
+
+So the spec of a simplified
+expression is that any
+
+expression you put into it comes
+out simplified according
+
+to those rules.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Let's take a break.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/awdQqF9CFt0.txt b/awdQqF9CFt0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a24d9f0e0f03c977fabd895728fc1fb259b4051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/awdQqF9CFt0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu so let's consider our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's consider our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu so let's consider our
+reaction and consider the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and consider the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and consider the effect of
+temperature on this reaction on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on this reaction on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on this reaction on the
+thermodynamics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics of the
+reaction so this is the decomposition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this is the decomposition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this is the decomposition of
+sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium
+bicarbonate does anyone know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate does anyone know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bicarbonate does anyone know what
+another name for bicarbonate is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for bicarbonate is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another name for bicarbonate is if you
+were going to send someone to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to send someone to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to send someone to the
+grocery store to buy some what would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store to buy some what would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store to buy some what would you
+tell them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to
+get yeah so um you would probably say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yeah so um you would probably say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yeah so um you would probably say uh
+yeah look for baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look for baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah look for baking
+soda um does anyone know um what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda um does anyone know um what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda um does anyone know um what this is
+used for or how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for or how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for or how it
+works baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works baking
+yes so what what is baking soda doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what what is baking soda doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what what is baking soda doing
+what are you what step of baking are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you what step of baking are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you what step of baking are you
+using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it
+for yeah bread Rising so in this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah bread Rising so in this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for yeah bread Rising so in this uh in
+this reaction you're forming gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction you're forming gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction you're forming gas and
+that gas helps um bread to rise so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gas helps um bread to rise so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gas helps um bread to rise so this
+this process happening while it's baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process happening while it's baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this process happening while it's baking
+allows for for um for bread rising and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for for um for bread rising and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows for for um for bread rising and
+things like that so baking soda you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so baking soda you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so baking soda you
+always want to make sure you add your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to make sure you add your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to make sure you add your
+baking soda all right so let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baking soda all right so let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baking soda all right so let's consider
+the thermodynamics of this reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamics of this reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermodynamics of this reaction
+Delta H knot is a positive value 1 35.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H knot is a positive value 1 35.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H knot is a positive value 1 35.6
+kilog and why don't you tell me which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog and why don't you tell me which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilog and why don't you tell me which of
+these you think is going to be the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you think is going to be the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these you think is going to be the Delta
+s of these options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right just 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds yep so the positive value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep so the positive value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds yep so the positive value that
+is a very good guess and that is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good guess and that is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good guess and that is correct
+um because we're going from solids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we're going from solids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because we're going from solids to
+gases so you would predict that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases so you would predict that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gases so you would predict that entropy
+would be increasing things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be increasing things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be increasing things are not
+moving very much with a solid with a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving very much with a solid with a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving very much with a solid with a gas
+the can you have more disorder more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can you have more disorder more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the can you have more disorder more
+freedom all right so that is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom all right so that is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom all right so that is in fact the
+correct value for this Delta s knot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value for this Delta s knot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct value for this Delta s knot is
+plus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus.
+334 kles I already put it in kles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+334 kles I already put it in kles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+334 kles I already put it in kles for
+you and now we can calculate the Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now we can calculate the Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now we can calculate the Delta G
+for this reaction and let's first do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction and let's first do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction and let's first do it
+at room temperature so we have Delta h H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature so we have Delta h H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at room temperature so we have Delta h H
+positive value and endothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value and endothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value and endothermic reaction
+room we'll do it at room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we'll do it at room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we'll do it at room temperature
+first in kelvin so we can cancel our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in kelvin so we can cancel our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in kelvin so we can cancel our
+units um and we put in our our um Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units um and we put in our our um Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units um and we put in our our um Delta
+s value here and then we can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s value here and then we can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s value here and then we can calculate
+it out and Delta G KN is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and Delta G KN is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out and Delta G KN is plus
+36.1 K per mole that is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36.1 K per mole that is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36.1 K per mole that is not a
+spontaneous reaction so our bread is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous reaction so our bread is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous reaction so our bread is not
+going to rise and our baking will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rise and our baking will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rise and our baking will be
+failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed
+except that we're probably not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we're probably not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that we're probably not going to
+be baking it in the oven at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be baking it in the oven at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be baking it in the oven at room
+temperature so uh this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so uh this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so uh this would be
+nonspontaneous but when we bake we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous but when we bake we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous but when we bake we're
+going to heat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to heat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to heat the
+oven and so usually 350 or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oven and so usually 350 or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oven and so usually 350 or something
+which is 450
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 450
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 450
+Kelvin so now we can do the uh equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin so now we can do the uh equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin so now we can do the uh equation
+again we plug in our Delta H our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we plug in our Delta H our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we plug in our Delta H our new
+temperature and our Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and our Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and our Delta
+s and we get a negative value Delta G KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we get a negative value Delta G KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s and we get a negative value Delta G KN
+is min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is min
+-4.7 K per mole at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4.7 K per mole at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4.7 K per mole at
+450° Kelvin so this would be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450° Kelvin so this would be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450° Kelvin so this would be spontaneous
+so when you're baking you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're baking you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're baking you want to
+remember to turn your oven on heat it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to turn your oven on heat it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to turn your oven on heat it up
+and put in your baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in your baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in your baking
+soda all right so let's think about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda all right so let's think about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda all right so let's think about now
+this type of a a reaction that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of a a reaction that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of a a reaction that has a
+positive Delta h and a positive Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Delta h and a positive Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive Delta h and a positive Delta
+s so these both have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so these both have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so these both have the same
+sign and if both Delta H and Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and if both Delta H and Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign and if both Delta H and Delta s
+have the same sign temperature can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sign temperature can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same sign temperature can be
+used to control spontaneity it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to control spontaneity it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to control spontaneity it'll be
+non-spontaneous at one temperature but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous at one temperature but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous at one temperature but
+spontaneous at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous at another
+temperature and if we assume Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and if we assume Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and if we assume Delta H
+knot and Delta s knot are independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and Delta s knot are independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and Delta s knot are independent of
+temperature which is fine to do that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is fine to do that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is fine to do that's a
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+assumption then Delta G KN which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then Delta G KN which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption then Delta G KN which is
+definitely dependent on temperature um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely dependent on temperature um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely dependent on temperature um
+is linear is a linear function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear is a linear function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear is a linear function with
+temperature so let's plot now those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so let's plot now those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so let's plot now those two
+temperature or those two values of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or those two values of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature or those two values of Delta
+G that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+calculated so here's our plot we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated so here's our plot we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated so here's our plot we have
+Delta G KN K per mole on the y axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G KN K per mole on the y axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G KN K per mole on the y axis and
+temperature on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature on the
+x-axis and let's put in the numbers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and let's put in the numbers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis and let's put in the numbers that
+we had so we had calculated a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had so we had calculated a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had so we had calculated a room
+temperature around 300 Kelvin um a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature around 300 Kelvin um a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature around 300 Kelvin um a value
+of about 26 positive 26 K per mole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 26 positive 26 K per mole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 26 positive 26 K per mole and
+we calculated then at about 450 Kelvin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculated then at about 450 Kelvin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculated then at about 450 Kelvin a
+value about minus 14.7 almost minus5 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value about minus 14.7 almost minus5 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value about minus 14.7 almost minus5 K
+per mole and when you have two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole and when you have two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole and when you have two points
+you can draw beautiful straight line um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw beautiful straight line um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw beautiful straight line um
+when you have more sometimes it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more sometimes it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have more sometimes it's more
+complicated but it is linear Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it is linear Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it is linear Delta G is
+linear with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear with
+temperature all right so now let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so now let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so now let's think
+about this is a straight line and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a straight line and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is a straight line and we can
+think about an equation for a straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an equation for a straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an equation for a straight
+line so the equation that we know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the equation that we know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so the equation that we know and
+love Delta g equals Delta H minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love Delta g equals Delta H minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love Delta g equals Delta H minus t
+Delta s can be now rearranged we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s can be now rearranged we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s can be now rearranged we have
+Delta G on the Y AIS here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G on the Y AIS here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G on the Y AIS here we have
+temperature is our x axis so now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is our x axis so now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is our x axis so now we've
+just rearranged we've pulled Delta minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearranged we've pulled Delta minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rearranged we've pulled Delta minus
+Delta s knot over here and Delta H knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s knot over here and Delta H knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s knot over here and Delta H knot
+are over here so Delta H is our Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are over here so Delta H is our Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are over here so Delta H is our Y
+intercept and for some reason your notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept and for some reason your notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept and for some reason your notes
+just say y Das I I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say y Das I I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say y Das I I don't know what
+happened to intercept part um but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to intercept part um but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to intercept part um but anyway
+that's the Y intercept is Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Y intercept is Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Y intercept is Delta H
+knot and what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope yeah so the slope is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope yeah so the slope is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope yeah so the slope is negative
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+s so if you plotted Delta G's versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if you plotted Delta G's versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so if you plotted Delta G's versus
+temperature you could get out your Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you could get out your Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature you could get out your Delta
+H or you could get out from the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H or you could get out from the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H or you could get out from the slope
+your Delta s and let's think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Delta s and let's think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Delta s and let's think about these
+different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot so over here Delta Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so over here Delta Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot so over here Delta Delta G is
+greater than zero it's a positive value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it's a positive value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it's a positive value
+and what does that mean about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what does that mean about the
+spontaneity of the reaction if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity of the reaction if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneity of the reaction if it's
+Delta G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G is
+positive right so that's non-spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right so that's non-spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive right so that's non-spontaneous
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+here we have Delta G minus value less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have Delta G minus value less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have Delta G minus value less
+than zero so there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero so there it's
+spontaneous so at some temperatures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous so at some temperatures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous so at some temperatures the
+reaction is non-spontaneous and in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is non-spontaneous and in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is non-spontaneous and in other
+temperatures the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the reaction
+spontaneous and there is a certain value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and there is a certain value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and there is a certain value
+of t t star that is the temperature at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t t star that is the temperature at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t t star that is the temperature at
+which it switches from non-spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it switches from non-spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it switches from non-spontaneous
+to spontaneous or if you're decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spontaneous or if you're decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spontaneous or if you're decreasing
+temperature spontaneous to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature spontaneous to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature spontaneous to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+nonspontaneous and for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous and for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous and for a particular
+reaction you can calculate what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can calculate what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction you can calculate what that
+temperature value is what tar is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature value is what tar is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature value is what tar is so
+let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do
+that so we can calculate T star and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can calculate T star and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can calculate T star and so
+again this is the temperature at Delta g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the temperature at Delta g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the temperature at Delta g
+equals zero where you have that switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero where you have that switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero where you have that switch
+point between spontaneous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between spontaneous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point between spontaneous and
+non-spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+so we can set Delta G equal to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can set Delta G equal to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can set Delta G equal to zero and
+then we can solve for tar so T star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can solve for tar so T star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can solve for tar so T star
+would just be Delta h not over Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be Delta h not over Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just be Delta h not over Delta s
+knot because this is set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot because this is set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot because this is set to
+zero and we can plug these values in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we can plug these values in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and we can plug these values in so
+Delta H again was plus 136 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H again was plus 136 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H again was plus 136 K per
+mole and Delta s knot was plus. 334 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and Delta s knot was plus. 334 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and Delta s knot was plus. 334 K
+per Kelvin per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Kelvin per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per Kelvin per
+mole and we can calculate out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and we can calculate out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and we can calculate out a
+temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of
+46 Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46 Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46 Kelvin
+so this is the temperature at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the temperature at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the temperature at which you
+have this switch from a spontaneous to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this switch from a spontaneous to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this switch from a spontaneous to a
+non-spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+process so if you're cooking your bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so if you're cooking your bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process so if you're cooking your bread
+below 406 you get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 406 you get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 406 you get something that looks
+like this um the first time my husband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um the first time my husband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this um the first time my husband
+is is the chef in our family and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the chef in our family and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the chef in our family and the
+first time I was tasked with making um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I was tasked with making um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I was tasked with making um
+cupcakes for my daughter's school I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupcakes for my daughter's school I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cupcakes for my daughter's school I
+forgot to put the baking soda in um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to put the baking soda in um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot to put the baking soda in um but
+if you put enough frosting on it and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put enough frosting on it and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put enough frosting on it and the
+kids are four years old it totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are four years old it totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids are four years old it totally
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+matter anyway if I had put in the baking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter anyway if I had put in the baking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter anyway if I had put in the baking
+soda and cooked it at temperatures above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda and cooked it at temperatures above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda and cooked it at temperatures above
+406 Kelvin I would have had something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+406 Kelvin I would have had something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+406 Kelvin I would have had something
+that looked a whole lot better I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked a whole lot better I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looked a whole lot better I
+wouldn't have even had to put frosting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have even had to put frosting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have even had to put frosting
+on but no I would have four years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but no I would have four years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but no I would have four years old
+you have to put frosting never mind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put frosting never mind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put frosting never mind it
+all worked out okay so there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all worked out okay so there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all worked out okay so there is this
+temperature at which you have a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which you have a switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature at which you have a switch
+if the sign of Delta H and the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the sign of Delta H and the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the sign of Delta H and the sign of
+Delta s are the same all right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s are the same all right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s are the same all right so now
+let's think about another case where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about another case where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about another case where you
+have Delta Delta hot and Delta s are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Delta Delta hot and Delta s are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Delta Delta hot and Delta s are
+both negative values what would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both negative values what would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both negative values what would this
+plot look like and here are some options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot look like and here are some options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot look like and here are some options
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's just do 10 more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds
+nice 90% excellent all right so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice 90% excellent all right so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice 90% excellent all right so that is
+correct so we can draw that now in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so we can draw that now in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct so we can draw that now in your
+handout so here if they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout so here if they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout so here if they're both
+negative down here we have Delta s is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative down here we have Delta s is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative down here we have Delta s is a
+negative value um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value um
+spontaneous you'll have a negative Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous you'll have a negative Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous you'll have a negative Delta
+G and here you have a negative Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and here you have a negative Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and here you have a negative Delta H
+minus t * a negative Delta s so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t * a negative Delta s so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t * a negative Delta s so this
+will be a positive term and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a positive term and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a positive term and this will be
+a negative term and to be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative term and to be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative term and to be spontaneous
+you want a negative overall so at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a negative overall so at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a negative overall so at low
+temperatures the unfavorable Delta s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the unfavorable Delta s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the unfavorable Delta s is
+down weighted so at low temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down weighted so at low temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down weighted so at low temperatures
+you're spontaneous but as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spontaneous but as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spontaneous but as the
+temperature increases you'll get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature increases you'll get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature increases you'll get to a
+magic temperature a t star in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic temperature a t star in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic temperature a t star in which this
+T Delta s term now becomes greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Delta s term now becomes greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T Delta s term now becomes greater than
+the Delta H term this will be a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta H term this will be a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta H term this will be a big
+positive value compared to a smaller one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value compared to a smaller one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value compared to a smaller one
+and you'll switch to a positive Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll switch to a positive Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll switch to a positive Delta G
+and a non spont aneous process all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a non spont aneous process all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a non spont aneous process all right
+let's consider all the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider all the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider all the options
+now okay one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more all right 10 more seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great okay yeah I knew those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay yeah I knew those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay yeah I knew those other
+clicker questions were going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker questions were going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicker questions were going to be
+deciding the winners I feel like okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the winners I feel like okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding the winners I feel like okay so
+yes this is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is always going to be
+spontaneous so if we remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous so if we remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous so if we remember the
+equation and if you don't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if you don't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and if you don't have it
+memorized yet you will soon um even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized yet you will soon um even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized yet you will soon um even
+though it'll be on an equation sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it'll be on an equation sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it'll be on an equation sheet
+most people don't need it you use it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't need it you use it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people don't need it you use it so
+much so when Delta H knot is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so when Delta H knot is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so when Delta H knot is negative
+and this is positive Delta G is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is positive Delta G is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is positive Delta G is always
+going to be negative so it'll always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative so it'll always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be negative so it'll always be
+spontaneous and so when Delta Delta G KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and so when Delta Delta G KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and so when Delta Delta G KN
+will always be negative at every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature so now let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so now let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so now let's think about
+this one positive Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one positive Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one positive Delta H
+negative Delta s what will this be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta s what will this be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative Delta s what will this be you
+can just yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just yell it
+out never spontaneous right so O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out never spontaneous right so O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out never spontaneous right so O
+positive and then here with another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then here with another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and then here with another
+positive a minus a minus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive a minus a minus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive a minus a minus another
+positive it'll never be spontaneous how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it'll never be spontaneous how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive it'll never be spontaneous how
+sad for it so Delta G will always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad for it so Delta G will always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad for it so Delta G will always be
+positive at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive at all
+temperatures so here are cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so here are cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures so here are cases where
+Delta H and Delta s have um have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and Delta s have um have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H and Delta s have um have
+different um signs but now we have cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um signs but now we have cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um signs but now we have cases
+where they're both positive or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're both positive or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're both positive or they're
+both negative so for the both positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both negative so for the both positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both negative so for the both positive
+case this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this will
+be sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sometimes
+spontaneous it'll depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous it'll depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous it'll depend on
+T so when will Delta G be negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so when will Delta G be negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so when will Delta G be negative and
+therefore the reaction be spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the reaction be spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the reaction be spontaneous
+when T is greater or smaller than T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is greater or smaller than T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is greater or smaller than T
+star greater right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star greater right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star greater right
+so here we have a positive Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a positive Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have a positive Delta H
+endothermic reaction we have a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction we have a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endothermic reaction we have a positive
+Delta s and so when this term when T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s and so when this term when T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s and so when this term when T is
+Big here this term will dominate and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big here this term will dominate and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big here this term will dominate and you
+can still get a negative Delta G KN so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still get a negative Delta G KN so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still get a negative Delta G KN so
+when temperatures are above that magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when temperatures are above that magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when temperatures are above that magic
+temperature and then our last case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then our last case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and then our last case when
+we have a negative Delta H an exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a negative Delta H an exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a negative Delta H an exothermic
+reaction and a negative Delta s knot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and a negative Delta s knot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and a negative Delta s knot and
+again that will depend on on temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that will depend on on temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that will depend on on temperature
+so when they have the same signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they have the same signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when they have the same signs
+temperature makes a difference and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature makes a difference and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature makes a difference and here
+you will have a negative Delta G when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a negative Delta G when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have a negative Delta G when
+you have a smaller temperature because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a smaller temperature because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a smaller temperature because
+here you want the Delta H term that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you want the Delta H term that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you want the Delta H term that's
+the negative term and you want that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative term and you want that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative term and you want that to
+be the bigger term and so you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the bigger term and so you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the bigger term and so you want to
+have smaller temperatures that will down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller temperatures that will down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller temperatures that will down
+weight the um the positive uh Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight the um the positive uh Delta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight the um the positive uh Delta s
+knot over here or negative Delta s not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot over here or negative Delta s not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot over here or negative Delta s not
+sorry over here so these are our four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry over here so these are our four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry over here so these are our four
+possibilities always spontaneous never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities always spontaneous never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities always spontaneous never
+spontaneous and then sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and then sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and then sometimes
+spontaneous and it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous and it depends on the
+temperature compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature compared to
+Tar and T star again is the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tar and T star again is the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tar and T star again is the temperature
+at which you switch between spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you switch between spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you switch between spontaneous
+and non-spontaneous so temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-spontaneous so temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-spontaneous so temperature is
+important temperature is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important temperature is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important temperature is important to
+thermodynamics and temperature is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and temperature is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics and temperature is also
+important to kinetics most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to kinetics most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to kinetics most of the time
+you can speed up a reaction or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed up a reaction or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed up a reaction or at least
+an elementary reaction when you increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elementary reaction when you increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elementary reaction when you increase
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+temperature all right so now let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so now let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature all right so now let's think
+about thermodynamics in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thermodynamics in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about thermodynamics in biological
+systems and think about a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and think about a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and think about a very important
+um interaction in biological systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interaction in biological systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interaction in biological systems
+which is hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is hydrogen
+bonding so this is also great review for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so this is also great review for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding so this is also great review for
+the exam on Monday so hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on Monday so hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam on Monday so hydrogen bonding
+are interactions between hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interactions between hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interactions between hydrogen bond
+donors so what is a hydrogen bond donor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors so what is a hydrogen bond donor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors so what is a hydrogen bond donor
+a hydrogen bond donor is a hydrogen in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen bond donor is a hydrogen in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen bond donor is a hydrogen in a
+polar bond so this is why it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond so this is why it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond so this is why it's good
+review for exam two um because for exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for exam two um because for exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review for exam two um because for exam
+two you should be able to identify polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you should be able to identify polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you should be able to identify polar
+and non-polar bonds so a hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-polar bonds so a hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and non-polar bonds so a hydrogen bond
+donor is a hydrogen in a polar bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor is a hydrogen in a polar bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor is a hydrogen in a polar bond and
+a hydrogen bond acceptor is an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen bond acceptor is an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hydrogen bond acceptor is an electron
+negative atom with a lone pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative atom with a lone pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative atom with a lone pair and
+electr negativity is also a topic on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negativity is also a topic on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electr negativity is also a topic on
+exam 2 so might as well learn it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam 2 so might as well learn it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam 2 so might as well learn it for
+Monday then continue to learn it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday then continue to learn it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday then continue to learn it because
+you'll also need it for thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also need it for thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll also need it for thermodynamics
+and later on as well all right so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on as well all right so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later on as well all right so here
+we have a bond between something X and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bond between something X and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a bond between something X and a
+hydrogen and here we have y that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and here we have y that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and here we have y that's an
+electronegative atom with a lone pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom with a lone pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative atom with a lone pair
+and this little squiggly plus thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this little squiggly plus thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this little squiggly plus thing here
+indicates that it has um sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that it has um sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that it has um sort of a
+partial uh positive charge and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial uh positive charge and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial uh positive charge and here you
+have a negative charge and that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative charge and that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative charge and that's going
+to make for a nice favorable interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make for a nice favorable interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make for a nice favorable interaction
+this hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydrogen bond
+so X is something that will lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X is something that will lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X is something that will lead to a
+polar bond such as nitrogen oxygen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond such as nitrogen oxygen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond such as nitrogen oxygen or
+Florine nitrogen oxygen being the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine nitrogen oxygen being the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Florine nitrogen oxygen being the most
+relevant to biological systems so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to biological systems so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant to biological systems so if you
+have n or o here that's a polar bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n or o here that's a polar bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n or o here that's a polar bond and
+so that will then form a hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will then form a hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that will then form a hydrogen bond
+with an electr negative atom that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an electr negative atom that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an electr negative atom that has a
+lone pair and examples of that are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair and examples of that are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair and examples of that are also
+nitrogen oxygen Florine and nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen Florine and nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen oxygen Florine and nitrogen and
+oxygen again being the most relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen again being the most relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen again being the most relevant for
+biological systems so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems so we have this
+interaction because these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction because these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction because these sort of
+partial charges here that form this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial charges here that form this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial charges here that form this nice
+hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding
+interaction so if we look at one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so if we look at one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so if we look at one of the
+most important molecules that hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important molecules that hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important molecules that hydrogen
+bonds which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds which is
+water we see that water has polar bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water we see that water has polar bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water we see that water has polar bonds
+between the oxygen and the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oxygen and the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the oxygen and the hydrogen
+because those have electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those have electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those have electro negativity
+difference of greater than 04 and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of greater than 04 and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of greater than 04 and it has
+two lone pairs so water is capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs so water is capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lone pairs so water is capable of
+being a hydrogen bond donor with its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a hydrogen bond donor with its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a hydrogen bond donor with its
+hydrogen and also a hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and also a hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and also a hydrogen bond
+acceptor and so if we draw the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor and so if we draw the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor and so if we draw the hydrogen
+bonds as dotted lines here we see this o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds as dotted lines here we see this o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds as dotted lines here we see this o
+polar bond is a hydrogen bond donor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond is a hydrogen bond donor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar bond is a hydrogen bond donor and
+this oxygen here with its lone pair is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxygen here with its lone pair is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxygen here with its lone pair is
+the hydrogen bond acceptor so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen bond acceptor so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen bond acceptor so here we
+have this network of hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this network of hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this network of hydrogen bonding
+interactions both on the board and on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions both on the board and on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions both on the board and on my
+t-shirt I also have water hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt I also have water hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirt I also have water hydrogen
+bonding on my t-shirt today um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding on my t-shirt today um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding on my t-shirt today um so this
+these hydrogen bonds in water are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hydrogen bonds in water are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these hydrogen bonds in water are really
+important for life this is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for life this is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for life this is a very very
+important property now just for exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property now just for exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important property now just for exam
+review um what is the shape of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review um what is the shape of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review um what is the shape of that
+molecule bent what angle do we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule bent what angle do we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule bent what angle do we expect
+between the hydrogen oxygen and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hydrogen oxygen and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the hydrogen oxygen and the
+nitrogen less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen less than
+109.5 that's right what would be the SN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 that's right what would be the SN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109.5 that's right what would be the SN
+number four yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four yes okay
+good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good good
+okay if those answers seem like I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if those answers seem like I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if those answers seem like I have
+no idea what everyone's talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what everyone's talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no idea what everyone's talking about
+you know what your weekend is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what your weekend is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what your weekend is going to
+involve those are things that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve those are things that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve those are things that are going
+to be on the exam Vesper yes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the exam Vesper yes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be on the exam Vesper yes okay so
+let's compare now polar um polar or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compare now polar um polar or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's compare now polar um polar or
+hydrogen bonds with calent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds with calent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds with calent
+bonds so here we have a hydrogen bond uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so here we have a hydrogen bond uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so here we have a hydrogen bond uh
+donor and acceptor versus a Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor and acceptor versus a Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor and acceptor versus a Cove valent
+interaction so calent interaction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so calent interaction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction so calent interaction where
+you have a bond where you have bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bond where you have bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bond where you have bonding
+electrons um are being shared between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um are being shared between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um are being shared between
+the two so coal bonds are stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so coal bonds are stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two so coal bonds are stronger than
+hydrogen bonds for sure and let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds for sure and let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds for sure and let's look
+at some examples so if we consider this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some examples so if we consider this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some examples so if we consider this
+X as an oxygen here and a oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as an oxygen here and a oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as an oxygen here and a oxygen
+hydrogen polar bond interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen polar bond interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen polar bond interacting with
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+oxygen the value for that hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the value for that hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the value for that hydrogen bond
+would be about 20 kog per mole as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be about 20 kog per mole as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be about 20 kog per mole as
+opposed to the coent bond here just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the coent bond here just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the coent bond here just the
+hydrogen and oxygen has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and oxygen has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and oxygen has
+463 kog per mole so the hydrogen bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+463 kog per mole so the hydrogen bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+463 kog per mole so the hydrogen bond is
+considerably weaker than a Cove valent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably weaker than a Cove valent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably weaker than a Cove valent
+Bond but it's still weak bonds turn out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond but it's still weak bonds turn out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond but it's still weak bonds turn out
+to be really important in biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really important in biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be really important in biological
+systems now let's consider a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now let's consider a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems now let's consider a case where
+we have nitrogen as the acceptor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nitrogen as the acceptor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nitrogen as the acceptor so
+we're going to have a nitrogen acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a nitrogen acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a nitrogen acceptor
+here so if this is O donating to n then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if this is O donating to n then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if this is O donating to n then
+we have 29 K per mole NH interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 29 K per mole NH interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 29 K per mole NH interacting
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+n14 compared to a Cove valent bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n14 compared to a Cove valent bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n14 compared to a Cove valent bond
+between H and N of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between H and N of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between H and N of
+388 so when you compare to calent bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+388 so when you compare to calent bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+388 so when you compare to calent bonds
+hydrogen bonds are much less but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds are much less but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds are much less but they're
+still super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still super
+important so for bonds that are made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so for bonds that are made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so for bonds that are made up
+um between molecules here inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between molecules here inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um between molecules here inter
+molecular between molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular between molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular between molecules
+um these are the hydrogen bonds are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the hydrogen bonds are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are the hydrogen bonds are the
+strongest kind of interactions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest kind of interactions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongest kind of interactions that are
+between molecules here so hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules here so hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between molecules here so hydrogen bonds
+can be between molecules they can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be between molecules they can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be between molecules they can also
+be made within a molecule so this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made within a molecule so this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be made within a molecule so this just
+shows hydrogen bonding in a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows hydrogen bonding in a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows hydrogen bonding in a protein
+structure between um these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure between um these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure between um these are called
+beta strands here and hydrogen bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta strands here and hydrogen bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta strands here and hydrogen bonding
+is incredibly important in forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly important in forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incredibly important in forming
+protein structure really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein structure really really
+important so hydrogen bonds are respons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so hydrogen bonds are respons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so hydrogen bonds are respons
+responsible um for for protein folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible um for for protein folding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible um for for protein folding
+very important in proteins hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in proteins hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important in proteins hydrogen
+bonds are also really important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are also really important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are also really important for
+DNA so all of the kind of Main and RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so all of the kind of Main and RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so all of the kind of Main and RNA
+all of our kind of macro molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our kind of macro molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our kind of macro molecular
+molecules of Life hydrogen bonding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of Life hydrogen bonding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules of Life hydrogen bonding is
+really important so let's look at a GC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important so let's look at a GC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important so let's look at a GC
+um base pair that forms in DNA and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um base pair that forms in DNA and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um base pair that forms in DNA and we
+can think about the hydrogen bonds here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the hydrogen bonds here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about the hydrogen bonds here
+so here are three of them so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are three of them so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are three of them so we have
+this polar bond between n and H and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polar bond between n and H and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this polar bond between n and H and it's
+the hydrogen bond donor and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen bond donor and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen bond donor and we have the
+lone pair on oxygen accepting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair on oxygen accepting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair on oxygen accepting that
+hydrogen bond here we have a polar bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond here we have a polar bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond here we have a polar bond
+between nitrogen and hydrogen donating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nitrogen and hydrogen donating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nitrogen and hydrogen donating
+over here to a nitrogen loone pair and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to a nitrogen loone pair and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here to a nitrogen loone pair and
+here we have an NH um polar bond as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have an NH um polar bond as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have an NH um polar bond as a
+hydrogen bond donor to the lone pair on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond donor to the lone pair on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond donor to the lone pair on
+this oxygen and this is this hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxygen and this is this hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oxygen and this is this hydrogen
+bonding pattern is what allows DNA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pattern is what allows DNA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding pattern is what allows DNA to
+have its beautiful double helix and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its beautiful double helix and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have its beautiful double helix and is
+very very important okay so let why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important okay so let why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very important okay so let why
+don't you give it a try and tell me how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you give it a try and tell me how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you give it a try and tell me how
+many hydrogen bonds you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hydrogen bonds you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many hydrogen bonds you would get
+between these guys here and I'll leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys here and I'll leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these guys here and I'll leave
+this structure up so you can see what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure up so you can see what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure up so you can see what it
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like all right 10 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right the answer is two let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the answer is two let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right the answer is two let's take a
+look at that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have nitrogen polar bond um over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have nitrogen polar bond um over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have nitrogen polar bond um over
+here making an interaction with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here making an interaction with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here making an interaction with this
+lone pair you have a polar NH Bond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair you have a polar NH Bond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lone pair you have a polar NH Bond here
+hydrogen donor to this lone pair why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen donor to this lone pair why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen donor to this lone pair why is
+that not a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not a hydrogen
+bond because it's carbon hydrogen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond because it's carbon hydrogen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond because it's carbon hydrogen so
+carbon hydrogen the electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen the electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen the electro negativity
+difference is not greater than 04 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not greater than 04 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is not greater than 04 so
+carbon hydrogen is not a polar bond so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen is not a polar bond so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon hydrogen is not a polar bond so
+you need to have both a polar Bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have both a polar Bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have both a polar Bond and
+you need to have an electronegative atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have an electronegative atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to have an electronegative atom
+that has lone pairs to be the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has lone pairs to be the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has lone pairs to be the hydrogen
+bond acceptor so here you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond acceptor so here you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond acceptor so here you have a
+hydrogen bond acceptor but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond acceptor but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond acceptor but you don't
+have a hydrogen bond donor and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen bond donor and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hydrogen bond donor and so this
+actually turns out to be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually turns out to be important
+because you want to specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you want to specifically
+recognize one base with another base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize one base with another base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize one base with another base and
+so the hydrogen bonding pattern is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hydrogen bonding pattern is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the hydrogen bonding pattern is
+essential for that working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for that working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for that working
+out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so
+here um these hydrogen bonds I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um these hydrogen bonds I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um these hydrogen bonds I said
+they're weaker than calent bonds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're weaker than calent bonds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're weaker than calent bonds but
+they're strong enough to help stabilize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're strong enough to help stabilize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're strong enough to help stabilize
+the structure of DNA but they're not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of DNA but they're not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of DNA but they're not so
+strong that they can't DNA cannot unzip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that they can't DNA cannot unzip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong that they can't DNA cannot unzip
+and you need to unzip DNA to read it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to unzip DNA to read it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to unzip DNA to read it um
+and by reading That's essential to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by reading That's essential to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by reading That's essential to make
+another copy to have cell division or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy to have cell division or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another copy to have cell division or to
+uh translate your genetic code so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh translate your genetic code so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh translate your genetic code so that's
+I think why hydrogen bonds are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think why hydrogen bonds are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think why hydrogen bonds are so
+important in biology so you don't want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in biology so you don't want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in biology so you don't want a
+lot of super strong bonds you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of super strong bonds you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of super strong bonds you want
+weaker interactions because in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker interactions because in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaker interactions because in biology
+things are moving moving around so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving moving around so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are moving moving around so let's
+talk about the importance of hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the importance of hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the importance of hydrogen
+bonding and uh for this we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and uh for this we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding and uh for this we have another
+in their own words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their own words
+segment my name is and my research is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment my name is and my research is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment my name is and my research is on
+RNA interference or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA interference or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA interference or
+RNA RNA interference is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA RNA interference is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA RNA interference is simply a
+silencing mechanism that cells use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silencing mechanism that cells use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silencing mechanism that cells use to
+turn down uh the expression of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn down uh the expression of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn down uh the expression of a
+gene double stranded RNA pieces have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene double stranded RNA pieces have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene double stranded RNA pieces have
+some sort of complementarity to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of complementarity to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of complementarity to a
+sequence within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence within the
+genome that double stranded RNA piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome that double stranded RNA piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome that double stranded RNA piece
+binds to a big large protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to a big large protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binds to a big large protein
+complex it unwinds the double stranded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it unwinds the double stranded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex it unwinds the double stranded
+piece takes one of those strands only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece takes one of those strands only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece takes one of those strands only
+and finds the gene that it complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finds the gene that it complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finds the gene that it complements
+with and once it does it binds to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and once it does it binds to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and once it does it binds to that
+particular RNA from that Gene and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular RNA from that Gene and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular RNA from that Gene and it
+destroys it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroys it
+not allowing protein to be made from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowing protein to be made from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowing protein to be made from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+RNA DNA and RNA both can form Base paars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA DNA and RNA both can form Base paars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA DNA and RNA both can form Base paars
+by hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by hydrogen
+bonding the short piece of RNA that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding the short piece of RNA that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding the short piece of RNA that is
+found in this protein complex guides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in this protein complex guides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in this protein complex guides the
+RNA and basically finds this match by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA and basically finds this match by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA and basically finds this match by
+hydrogen bonding so if it forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding so if it forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonding so if it forms a
+hydrogen bond along the whole entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond along the whole entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond along the whole entire
+sequence it knows that has found a match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it knows that has found a match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it knows that has found a match
+somewhere in the sequ sequence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the sequ sequence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the sequ sequence and
+that's how it recognizes the gene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it recognizes the gene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how it recognizes the gene that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+targeting macular degeneration is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting macular degeneration is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeting macular degeneration is a
+disease of the retina there are too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease of the retina there are too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease of the retina there are too many
+blood vessels in the retina and they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessels in the retina and they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood vessels in the retina and they can
+bleed and Scar over time and eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleed and Scar over time and eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleed and Scar over time and eventually
+these patients can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these patients can become
+blind so in patients with this disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so in patients with this disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind so in patients with this disease
+one of the reasons they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons they have an
+outgrowth in the retina is because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgrowth in the retina is because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgrowth in the retina is because there
+is a gene called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gene called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a gene called
+vegf that there's too much of and vegf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegf that there's too much of and vegf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegf that there's too much of and vegf
+tell cells make blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell cells make blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell cells make blood
+vessels RNA interference is being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels RNA interference is being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessels RNA interference is being used
+to silence the expression of this Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to silence the expression of this Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to silence the expression of this Gene
+so that in patients with maal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in patients with maal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in patients with maal
+degeneration you don't get further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration you don't get further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneration you don't get further
+growth of more blood vessels and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of more blood vessels and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth of more blood vessels and more
+bleeding and scarring as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding and scarring as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bleeding and scarring as a
+consequence my dream for RNA will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence my dream for RNA will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence my dream for RNA will be
+that as a patient you will go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a patient you will go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a patient you will go into the
+doctor if you were diagnosed with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor if you were diagnosed with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor if you were diagnosed with some
+sort of disease um the doctor will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disease um the doctor will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of disease um the doctor will go
+into the computer will order you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computer will order you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the computer will order you with
+some double stranded RNA for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some double stranded RNA for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some double stranded RNA for the
+particular Gene that has been mutated or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Gene that has been mutated or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Gene that has been mutated or
+is malfunctioning in your disease and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is malfunctioning in your disease and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is malfunctioning in your disease and
+you would then come back and they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would then come back and they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would then come back and they would
+put that double stranded RNA into you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that double stranded RNA into you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put that double stranded RNA into you
+and you will get better that would be my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will get better that would be my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will get better that would be my
+dream that it could be applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream that it could be applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream that it could be applicable to
+pretty much any disease or viral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any disease or viral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much any disease or viral
+infection that you can think of many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection that you can think of many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection that you can think of many of
+you have heard of like RNA or treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of like RNA or treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have heard of like RNA or treatments
+and things and sort of yeah a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things and sort of yeah a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things and sort of yeah a number of
+people and like customized medicine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and like customized medicine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and like customized medicine I
+mean I think that that would be such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think that that would be such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think that that would be such an
+incredible thing if this works out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible thing if this works out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible thing if this works out to
+really be able to treat every individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be able to treat every individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really be able to treat every individual
+um based on their on their DNA so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on their on their DNA so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um based on their on their DNA so we're
+not there yet but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there yet but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there yet but there's a lot of
+people um who are uh who are working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um who are uh who are working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people um who are uh who are working on
+this and there's a lot being done at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's a lot being done at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and there's a lot being done at at
+MIT research and RNA and that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT research and RNA and that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT research and RNA and that particular
+work was in uh Phil sharp laboratory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was in uh Phil sharp laboratory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was in uh Phil sharp laboratory
+Phil sharp is one of our Nobel laurates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil sharp is one of our Nobel laurates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phil sharp is one of our Nobel laurates
+here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at
+MIT okay so that's why hydren bonding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT okay so that's why hydren bonding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT okay so that's why hydren bonding is
+important so let's just do one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so let's just do one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so let's just do one more
+example of thermodynamics um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of thermodynamics um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of thermodynamics um in
+biological systems and we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems and we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems and we're back to
+thinking about ATP which we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about ATP which we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about ATP which we talked about
+already um and the hydrolysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um and the hydrolysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already um and the hydrolysis of
+ATP so we saw that this is a spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so we saw that this is a spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP so we saw that this is a spontaneous
+reaction before um and this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction before um and this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction before um and this can be
+what's called coupled to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called coupled to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called coupled to a
+nonspontaneous process to drive that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous process to drive that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous process to drive that
+non-spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+reaction so the total change in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the total change in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so the total change in free
+energy of a coupled reaction is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a coupled reaction is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of a coupled reaction is the sum
+of the individual Delta G's so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual Delta G's so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual Delta G's so if you
+have one that is unfavorable and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one that is unfavorable and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one that is unfavorable and one
+that's favorable one that's positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's favorable one that's positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's favorable one that's positive and
+one that's negative you sum that up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's negative you sum that up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's negative you sum that up and
+if it's overall negative then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's overall negative then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's overall negative then it'll
+become a spontaneous coupled reaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a spontaneous coupled reaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a spontaneous coupled reaction so
+let's look at this example again so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this example again so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at this example again so we
+have Delta G for ATP at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Delta G for ATP at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Delta G for ATP at
+310 k then why do you think I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 k then why do you think I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 k then why do you think I'm using
+310 what do you think that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 what do you think that temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 what do you think that temperature
+is body temperature right so we have ATP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is body temperature right so we have ATP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is body temperature right so we have ATP
+so you have triphosphates that's the TP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have triphosphates that's the TP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have triphosphates that's the TP
+and hydris you're losing one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydris you're losing one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hydris you're losing one of the
+phosphates you're going to a DI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates you're going to a DI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphates you're going to a DI
+phosphate and hydrolysis means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and hydrolysis means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate and hydrolysis means a
+cleavage reaction that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage reaction that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleavage reaction that involves
+water so we saw before that the Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so we saw before that the Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water so we saw before that the Delta H
+knot for this is negative it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for this is negative it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for this is negative it's an
+exothermic reaction minus 24 kog per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction minus 24 kog per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exothermic reaction minus 24 kog per
+mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole
+Delta s knot is plus 22 um jewles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s knot is plus 22 um jewles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s knot is plus 22 um jewles per
+Kelvin per mole and so if we plug this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin per mole and so if we plug this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin per mole and so if we plug this
+into our Delta G equation we have Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our Delta G equation we have Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our Delta G equation we have Delta
+H minus t Delta s at body temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus t Delta s at body temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H minus t Delta s at body temperature
+this is a negative value - 31 K per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a negative value - 31 K per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a negative value - 31 K per mole
+so this is spontaneous the hydrolysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is spontaneous the hydrolysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is spontaneous the hydrolysis of
+ATP is spontaneous now we want to couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is spontaneous now we want to couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is spontaneous now we want to couple
+this to something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to something that's
+nonspontaneous and the reaction we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous and the reaction we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonspontaneous and the reaction we're
+going to couple two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to couple two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to couple two that's
+non-spontaneous is the addition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous is the addition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous is the addition of a
+phosphate group to glucose and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group to glucose and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate group to glucose and this
+keeps the glucose in the cell because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the glucose in the cell because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps the glucose in the cell because
+things that have charge don't can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have charge don't can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that have charge don't can't go
+uh come and leave the cell as readily so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come and leave the cell as readily so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh come and leave the cell as readily so
+nature often does this as way of holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature often does this as way of holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature often does this as way of holding
+the things that it wants inside the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that it wants inside the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that it wants inside the cell
+inside the cell but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell but this is a
+non-spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous
+process the Delta G KN is plus7 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the Delta G KN is plus7 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the Delta G KN is plus7 K per
+mole but if we couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole but if we couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole but if we couple
+that to the hydrolysis of ATP which is-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the hydrolysis of ATP which is-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the hydrolysis of ATP which is-
+31 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 K per
+mole and we can add those together so 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and we can add those together so 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and we can add those together so 17
+minus 31 gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 31 gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 31 gives us
+-4 kilog per mole and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 kilog per mole and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-4 kilog per mole and now this
+non-spontaneous reaction is driven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous reaction is driven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-spontaneous reaction is driven
+forward so we've taken something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so we've taken something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so we've taken something that
+wasn't favorable and made it favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't favorable and made it favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't favorable and made it favorable
+by coupling it to ATP hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coupling it to ATP hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by coupling it to ATP hydraulic
+is so if ATP hydrolysis is so favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if ATP hydrolysis is so favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so if ATP hydrolysis is so favorable
+and it's spontaneous why isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's spontaneous why isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's spontaneous why isn't it
+happening all the time which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all the time which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening all the time which would be
+really bad for us because we store our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad for us because we store our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really bad for us because we store our
+energy in the form of ATP so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the form of ATP so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the form of ATP so we want to
+keep it in its good form and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in its good form and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in its good form and the answer
+again is kinetics it's a slow process so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is kinetics it's a slow process so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is kinetics it's a slow process so
+ATP is inert enough that we can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is inert enough that we can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP is inert enough that we can use it
+as an energy storage
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/axiNLT3tkqg.txt b/axiNLT3tkqg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b114232d090b53a3f5692c824ace3176d6de2b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/axiNLT3tkqg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12752 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome
+to uh rna2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh rna2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh rna2
+which of course begins with with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course begins with with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of course begins with with a
+rna one overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna one overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna one overview
+where we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we talked about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+secondary and tertiary structure of rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary and tertiary structure of rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary and tertiary structure of rna
+and how one uh integrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how one uh integrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how one uh integrates
+dynamic programming in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algorithms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms and then
+that lead that that is important in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead that that is important in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead that that is important in
+the way we go about measurements and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we go about measurements and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we go about measurements and it
+affects uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects uh
+certain technical senses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain technical senses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain technical senses
+and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an
+interpretation level affects how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation level affects how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation level affects how we
+think about the quantitation of rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the quantitation of rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the quantitation of rna
+which was the main topic last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the main topic last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the main topic last time
+and then today after we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then today after we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then today after we have
+the data analyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data analyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data analyzed
+so that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rna quantitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna quantitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna quantitation and
+the random systematic errors established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random systematic errors established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the random systematic errors established
+some idea of what the interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what the interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some idea of what the interpretation
+consequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences are
+and maybe time series data the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe time series data the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe time series data the question
+is what do we do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do we do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do we do next
+what we do next is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do next is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we do next is
+basically two things at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two things at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically two things at least for
+today's uh topic we cluster ask which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh topic we cluster ask which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's uh topic we cluster ask which
+gene expression products whether rna or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression products whether rna or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression products whether rna or
+protein go up and down together and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein go up and down together and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein go up and down together and if
+they go up and down together under a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go up and down together under a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go up and down together under a
+variety of conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of conditions
+or time points in various conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time points in various conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time points in various conditions
+then we want to know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want to know why
+what is the mechanism by which they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the mechanism by which they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the mechanism by which they go
+up and down and what to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and what to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down and what to what
+common goal are these gene products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common goal are these gene products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common goal are these gene products
+directed towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed towards
+two different whys why mechanistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different whys why mechanistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different whys why mechanistically
+and why in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why in terms of
+the way that they can help the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they can help the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they can help the entire
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to
+deal with clustering we'll go into quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with clustering we'll go into quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with clustering we'll go into quite
+some detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some detail
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+options that we have for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that we have for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options that we have for doing
+clustering and you'll see there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and you'll see there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and you'll see there are
+quite a number of combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a number of combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a number of combinations
+we'll go through distance of similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through distance of similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through distance of similarity
+measures uh uh higher high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh uh higher high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures uh uh higher high resolution
+online hierarchical clustering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online hierarchical clustering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online hierarchical clustering and
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this is kind of the roadmap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is kind of the roadmap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is kind of the roadmap the
+overview of all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of all the different
+decisions that we need to make in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that we need to make in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that we need to make in order
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+establish gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish gene
+gene expression clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression clustering
+going from uh left to right we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from uh left to right we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from uh left to right we've got
+data normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data normalization
+choices we have distance metrics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we have distance metrics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we have distance metrics to
+choose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+linkage methods when we link two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clusters together or two rna types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters together or two rna types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters together or two rna types
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+what method do we use and finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what method do we use and finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what method do we use and finally the
+clustering method itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the uh far right hand side of slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh far right hand side of slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the uh far right hand side of slide
+three and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then
+the the working backwards from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the working backwards from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the working backwards from the
+clustering method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering method
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+two basic goals you can think uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic goals you can think uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two basic goals you can think uh
+typically when we think of clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we think of clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when we think of clustering
+we're mainly talking about unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're mainly talking about unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're mainly talking about unsupervised
+methods that is to say where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that is to say where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that is to say where we're
+really letting the data tell us what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really letting the data tell us what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really letting the data tell us what it
+has to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to say
+what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of
+gene expression products go together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression products go together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression products go together
+and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's
+possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly
+a alternative or a sequelae to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alternative or a sequelae to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a alternative or a sequelae to that
+would be to ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to ask what
+can we use those discoveries in a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use those discoveries in a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we use those discoveries in a sense
+to make who supervised classification so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make who supervised classification so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make who supervised classification so
+rather than discovering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than discovering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than discovering what
+gene products go up and down together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene products go up and down together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene products go up and down together to
+ask those that go up and down together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask those that go up and down together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask those that go up and down together
+to use this to allow us to classify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this to allow us to classify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this to allow us to classify the
+different conditions from which the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions from which the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions from which the gene
+expression has been ascertained so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression has been ascertained so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression has been ascertained so
+to classify different pathological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify different pathological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify different pathological
+states infectious states cancer states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states infectious states cancer states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states infectious states cancer states
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on
+okay so now we're going to kind of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to kind of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we're going to kind of work
+backwards from the the unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from the the unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards from the the unsupervised
+clustering methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering methods
+and then move into uh into distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move into uh into distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then move into uh into distance
+metrics and linkage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and linkage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and linkage
+so we're basically moving working from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're basically moving working from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're basically moving working from
+right to left on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to left on this
+chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart
+first with an overview of what the goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first with an overview of what the goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first with an overview of what the goals
+of such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such
+quantification classification method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification classification method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantification classification method to
+be this is this has been on on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is this has been on on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this is this has been on on a
+previous lecture but basically we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture but basically we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture but basically we can
+start with the rna data which we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the rna data which we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the rna data which we've
+reduced to a table in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to a table in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced to a table in the previous
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+you can think of it as a table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as a table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as a table of
+rna expressions along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna expressions along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna expressions along the
+vertical axis and different conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis and different conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis and different conditions
+along the horizontal axis where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the horizontal axis where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the horizontal axis where we can
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+full change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full change
+say ratios or absolute levels and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ratios or absolute levels and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say ratios or absolute levels and we can
+do either clustering or classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we do get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do get to
+clustering and discovery one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and discovery one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering and discovery one of the
+things we can do is use motifs to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do is use motifs to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we can do is use motifs to get at
+direct causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these are just some buzzwords that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some buzzwords that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are just some buzzwords that
+you'll find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find
+coming up in this lecture and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in this lecture and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up in this lecture and and
+problem set and outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and outside
+just examples of the two types of goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples of the two types of goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just examples of the two types of goals
+of analysis analyzing gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis analyzing gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis analyzing gene expression
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+even more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more general
+collections of quantitative data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of quantitative data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of quantitative data
+four examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four examples
+four examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unsupervised clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised clustering
+uh k-means clustering self-organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k-means clustering self-organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k-means clustering self-organizing
+maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps
+single value decomposition principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single value decomposition principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single value decomposition principle
+component analysis you may have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis you may have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component analysis you may have heard
+these in various contexts i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in various contexts i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in various contexts i'm going to
+put them i'm lumping them all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them i'm lumping them all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them i'm lumping them all together
+here under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here under
+this category and we will particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this category and we will particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this category and we will particularly
+delve into k-means just as one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delve into k-means just as one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delve into k-means just as one example
+we could delve into any of them but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could delve into any of them but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could delve into any of them but we
+need to get some depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get some depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get some depth
+um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+just for your reference here's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for your reference here's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for your reference here's some
+examples of the supervised learning if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the supervised learning if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the supervised learning if
+you were going to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were going to go into the
+classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's some examples of early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attempts at clustering these are interes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts at clustering these are interes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempts at clustering these are interes
+these are particularly interesting to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are particularly interesting to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are particularly interesting to to
+look at because they were because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at because they were because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at because they were because they
+were early and very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were early and very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were early and very little
+prior uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior uh
+literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+tended to take a fresh fresher look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to take a fresh fresher look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tended to take a fresh fresher look at
+it than you might get in the most recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than you might get in the most recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it than you might get in the most recent
+papers fewer assumptions and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers fewer assumptions and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers fewer assumptions and therefore
+more exposition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exposition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more exposition about
+where they feel uh clustering comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they feel uh clustering comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they feel uh clustering comes in
+from other fields and is applicable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other fields and is applicable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other fields and is applicable to
+this field the main dichotomy that i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field the main dichotomy that i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this field the main dichotomy that i'm
+pointing out here is you can cluster by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out here is you can cluster by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out here is you can cluster by
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+that is to say by rna or gene product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say by rna or gene product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say by rna or gene product
+rna or protein or you can cluster by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna or protein or you can cluster by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna or protein or you can cluster by
+conditioned cell type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned cell type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned cell type
+uh or even time course so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or even time course so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or even time course so you can think
+of that as by gene is this vertical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as by gene is this vertical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that as by gene is this vertical axis
+at least in the formats that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the formats that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the formats that most
+articles and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles and and this
+lecture will have it in and then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will have it in and then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will have it in and then by
+condition will be your horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition will be your horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition will be your horizontal axis
+or you can do by clustering which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do by clustering which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do by clustering which is
+clustering by both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering by both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering by both
+and then down here is an example of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down here is an example of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then down here is an example of one
+of many sources of free software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many sources of free software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many sources of free software that
+you can look at both for microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at both for microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can look at both for microwave
+analysis and for clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the general purpose of this is to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general purpose of this is to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general purpose of this is to divide
+samples into fairly homogeneous groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples into fairly homogeneous groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples into fairly homogeneous groups
+clearly this because of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this because of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly this because of biological
+variation that can be meaningful or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that can be meaningful or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that can be meaningful or
+random these will not be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random these will not be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random these will not be perfectly
+homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous
+when we get when we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get when we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we get when we find the
+co-regulated genes but some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-regulated genes but some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-regulated genes but some of the
+methods we talked about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we talked about at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we talked about at
+classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes
+will want to know what the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to know what the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will want to know what the protein
+complexes are that are mechanistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes are that are mechanistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexes are that are mechanistically
+regulating and the downstream functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating and the downstream functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating and the downstream functions
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again the major dichotomy among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the major dichotomy among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the major dichotomy among the
+unsupervised learning is whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning is whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning is whether you're
+doing hierarchical or non-hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hierarchical or non-hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing hierarchical or non-hierarchical
+we'll show an example of each typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show an example of each typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll show an example of each typically
+a hierarchical is represented by a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchical is represented by a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hierarchical is represented by a tree
+very similar to the trees that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the trees that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to the trees that we had
+for sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sequence
+similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for
+pedigrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pedigrees
+phylogeny and so on these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phylogeny and so on these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phylogeny and so on these are
+basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the
+terminal branches of the tree or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal branches of the tree or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal branches of the tree or the
+leaves of the tree are in the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of the tree are in the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of the tree are in the individual
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+representing a vector of different rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a vector of different rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a vector of different rna
+quantitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation
+with the non-hierarchical you'll tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the non-hierarchical you'll tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the non-hierarchical you'll tend to
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+represented these are visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented these are visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented these are visual
+representations as well as underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations as well as underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations as well as underlying
+algorithms they'll be represented more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms they'll be represented more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms they'll be represented more
+as a as a multi-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a multi-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a multi-dimensional
+uh envelope say a sphere or ellipse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh envelope say a sphere or ellipse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh envelope say a sphere or ellipse that
+that tries to encompass a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to encompass a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to encompass a a
+set of related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of related
+gene expression values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression values
+now we use diagrams like this mainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use diagrams like this mainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we use diagrams like this mainly the
+two on the far left hand side of slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the far left hand side of slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two on the far left hand side of slide
+nine where you'll have a fairly tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine where you'll have a fairly tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine where you'll have a fairly tight
+circular spherical clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular spherical clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular spherical clusters
+where it's pretty evident how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's pretty evident how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's pretty evident how they're
+connected or you can have certainly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected or you can have certainly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected or you can have certainly more
+elongated or more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongated or more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elongated or more um
+interpenetrating clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpenetrating clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpenetrating clusters
+and how do we deal with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we deal with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we deal with these
+the key terms that we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key terms that we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key terms that we'll try to
+define this is actually very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this is actually very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this is actually very similar to
+the ones we talked about before we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we talked about before we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we talked about before we have
+either distance or similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either distance or similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either distance or similarities
+in the flip sides of the same uh coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flip sides of the same uh coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the flip sides of the same uh coin
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+the greater the distance than the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater the distance than the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the greater the distance than the less
+similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+the dendrograms are the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrograms are the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dendrograms are the same kind of
+the trees that we've been seeing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the most general way of discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general way of discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most general way of discussing
+distance measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance measures
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+minkowski metric this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski metric this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minkowski metric this is actually
+a set of metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of metrics
+and what we're going to be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to be talking about
+here two objects which are really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two objects which are really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here two objects which are really two
+plus for the purpose of discussion two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for the purpose of discussion two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus for the purpose of discussion two
+rnas call them rna-x and rna-y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas call them rna-x and rna-y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas call them rna-x and rna-y
+genex and gene y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genex and gene y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genex and gene y
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+key features meaning you have p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key features meaning you have p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key features meaning you have p
+different conditions p time points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions p time points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions p time points uh
+we'll call them dimensions sometimes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them dimensions sometimes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them dimensions sometimes and
+so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this means that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gene expression of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression of x
+under conditions one through p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under conditions one through p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under conditions one through p
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+is compared to the gene expression of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compared to the gene expression of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is compared to the gene expression of y
+under those various conditions too you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those various conditions too you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under those various conditions too you
+can think of these as vectors with p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of these as vectors with p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of these as vectors with p
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+entries in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in them
+and so the distance is going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the distance is going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the distance is going to be some
+root of a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of a sum
+to the r power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the r power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the r power
+and uh we're going to go through three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're going to go through three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we're going to go through three
+different examples of this uh and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples of this uh and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples of this uh and i
+think you'll hopefully by the time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll hopefully by the time we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you'll hopefully by the time we've
+gone through uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through uh it
+you'll see the advantages of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the advantages of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see the advantages of this
+general and the specific forms so three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and the specific forms so three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general and the specific forms so three
+examples we'll have r equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we'll have r equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we'll have r equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and infinity slide 12. these are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and infinity slide 12. these are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and infinity slide 12. these are these
+are the most common metrics and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common metrics and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most common metrics and you'll
+and you should see them as fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see them as fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you should see them as fairly
+familiar when r equals 2 in that formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar when r equals 2 in that formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar when r equals 2 in that formula
+you now have the the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have the the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have the the square root of the
+sum of squares and this is this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares and this is this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squares and this is this should
+remind you of your simple cartesian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of your simple cartesian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of your simple cartesian
+plotting of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting of you know
+two points the distance between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points the distance between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points the distance between two
+points on graph paper where you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on graph paper where you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on graph paper where you can take
+any diagonal the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any diagonal the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any diagonal the shortest path
+on the other hand if you are navigating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you are navigating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you are navigating
+the streets of manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets of manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streets of manhattan
+you will tend not to take diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will tend not to take diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will tend not to take diagonals
+through stone walls you will tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through stone walls you will tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through stone walls you will tend to
+obey the blocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the blocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the blocks and
+you may have to go three blocks this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have to go three blocks this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have to go three blocks this way
+four blocks that way rather than square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four blocks that way rather than square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four blocks that way rather than square
+root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the
+last one is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is the maximum
+distance you might have to go in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you might have to go in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you might have to go in any
+particular direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular direction so
+you can think that if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think that if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think that if you take the
+the r root of the sum of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r root of the sum of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the r root of the sum of the of the
+different the differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different the differences in
+these two measures x and y measures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two measures x and y measures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two measures x and y measures of
+the two rnas at the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two rnas at the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two rnas at the same um
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+that as r goes to infinity you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as r goes to infinity you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as r goes to infinity you're going
+to weight up the most the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight up the most the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to weight up the most the biggest
+distance difference along all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance difference along all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance difference along all the
+different axes and then you'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different axes and then you'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different axes and then you'll take the
+r through that and then we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r through that and then we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r through that and then we'll be
+basically the absolute value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the absolute value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the absolute value of that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+that difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that difference
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+so those are the three measures but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three measures but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are the three measures but
+let's see some specific examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see some specific examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see some specific examples
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+here we have two points so you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have two points so you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have two points so you have this
+is the simplest possible case two rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest possible case two rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest possible case two rnas
+under two different conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under two different conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under two different conditions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's say on this arbitrary scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say on this arbitrary scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say on this arbitrary scale
+uh the distance between y and x along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distance between y and x along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the distance between y and x along
+the dimension horizontal dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension horizontal dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimension horizontal dimensions
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+say you know condition horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know condition horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know condition horizontal
+is four and the condition vertical is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four and the condition vertical is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four and the condition vertical is
+three that's the difference between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's the difference between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's the difference between them
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and where it is absolutely relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it is absolutely relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where it is absolutely relative to
+the origin it doesn't matter in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin it doesn't matter in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin it doesn't matter in the in
+any of these three metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these three metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these three metrics
+um the the diagonal the the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the diagonal the the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the diagonal the the direct
+distance or euclidean distance is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or euclidean distance is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or euclidean distance is going
+to be the square root of four squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the square root of four squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the square root of four squared
+plus three squared which is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three squared which is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus three squared which is going to be
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+and the manhattan distance you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manhattan distance you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the manhattan distance you can't
+take that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that uh
+you can't go as the crow flies you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go as the crow flies you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't go as the crow flies you have
+to go four blocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go four blocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go four blocks
+to the left and three blocks up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and three blocks up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and three blocks up and
+that's seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's seven
+and then the maximum of the two measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the maximum of the two measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the maximum of the two measures
+if you if you think of these is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you think of these is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you think of these is you know
+mult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mult
+many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different
+measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures
+the the most the biggest distance in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most the biggest distance in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the most the biggest distance in any
+particular direction would be four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here's a an example where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a an example where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's a an example where the
+manhattan distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manhattan distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manhattan distance
+is is called the hamming distance when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is called the hamming distance when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is called the hamming distance when
+all the features are binary and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the features are binary and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the features are binary and why is
+this interesting i i mentioned i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting i i mentioned i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this interesting i i mentioned i think
+in the first lecture that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first lecture that many
+biologists and scientists in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists and scientists in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists and scientists in general
+when they have the opportunity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have the opportunity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they have the opportunity will
+classify things as on and off even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify things as on and off even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify things as on and off even when
+there is some underlying quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some underlying quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some underlying quantitative
+nature transistor can be on or off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature transistor can be on or off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature transistor can be on or off for
+all intensive purposes and a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intensive purposes and a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intensive purposes and a gene
+circuit or a particular gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or a particular gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit or a particular gene expression
+can be considered off or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered off or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered off or on
+0 or 1. and so now if you have say 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or 1. and so now if you have say 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 or 1. and so now if you have say 17
+different gene expression levels this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gene expression levels this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different gene expression levels this
+can be considered a 17 digit binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered a 17 digit binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be considered a 17 digit binary
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the two genes a and b here can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two genes a and b here can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two genes a and b here can be
+compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared
+and every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time
+if you talk about distance rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you talk about distance rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you talk about distance rather than
+similarity every time there's a conflict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity every time there's a conflict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity every time there's a conflict
+of 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 0
+1 or 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 or 1 0
+then you you add that to the sum and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you add that to the sum and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you add that to the sum and you
+have a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total of
+five of these cases where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of these cases where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of these cases where there's a
+difference so that the hamming distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so that the hamming distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so that the hamming distance
+is 5 in this case so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 in this case so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5 in this case so you can see that
+this has some intuitive appeal if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has some intuitive appeal if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has some intuitive appeal if you're
+going to be doing this boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system biology say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's another one this is a fourth uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one this is a fourth uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one this is a fourth uh
+measure of similarity or distance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of similarity or distance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of similarity or distance uh
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and and we've brought it up before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we've brought it up before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we've brought it up before the
+correlation coefficient this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient this is a way of
+comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing
+this vector of rna expression levels x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector of rna expression levels x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector of rna expression levels x
+sub i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+y so now instead of taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so now instead of taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so now instead of taking the
+difference between x and y sub i which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between x and y sub i which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between x and y sub i which
+is what we're doing with the minkowski
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're doing with the minkowski
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're doing with the minkowski
+metrics we're taking the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics we're taking the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics we're taking the product of
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+but if you but if x and y are on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you but if x and y are on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you but if x and y are on some
+arbitrary uh scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary uh scale
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that we won't really we won't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't really we won't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we won't really we won't really
+have a way of comparing one experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of comparing one experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a way of comparing one experiment
+to another so we want this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another so we want this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another so we want this is an example
+of normalization we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalization we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalization we're going to use
+normalization a couple of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization a couple of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization a couple of different ways
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+and uh but they're all they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but they're all they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but they're all they're all
+related and that you want to put them on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and that you want to put them on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and that you want to put them on
+a scale that's sort of universally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale that's sort of universally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a scale that's sort of universally
+recognizable typically zero to one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable typically zero to one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizable typically zero to one or
+minus one to one in this case minus 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to one in this case minus 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one to one in this case minus 1 to
+1. and so what you do is in order to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. and so what you do is in order to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. and so what you do is in order to to
+get it to the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it to the same uh
+center you subtract the means from both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you subtract the means from both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center you subtract the means from both
+the x and y so now their their centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x and y so now their their centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x and y so now their their centroid
+is at zero so instead of at x bar which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at zero so instead of at x bar which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at zero so instead of at x bar which
+is just the defined of the mean as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the defined of the mean as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the defined of the mean as usual
+and then to get the scale the same or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to get the scale the same or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then to get the scale the same or on
+some commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some commonly
+referenceable scale you divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenceable scale you divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenceable scale you divide by
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+uh product of squares so the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product of squares so the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh product of squares so the result of
+this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as
+when we previously discussed correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we previously discussed correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we previously discussed correlation
+coefficient is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient is that the
+correlation coefficient varies between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient varies between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient varies between
+minus one and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and one
+if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+flight 16 it means that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight 16 it means that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight 16 it means that they are
+perfectly correlated which is of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly correlated which is of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly correlated which is of course
+rare but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare but
+bear with us that if the if they if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with us that if the if they if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with us that if the if they if the
+gene products go up and down perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene products go up and down perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene products go up and down perfectly
+under all the conditions and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all the conditions and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under all the conditions and all the
+time points that you look at then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points that you look at then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time points that you look at then
+they're going to get a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to get a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to get a linear
+correlation coefficient of one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of one if
+they're perfectly negatively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're perfectly negatively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're perfectly negatively correlated
+then they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they will
+go up and down exactly out of phase or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and down exactly out of phase or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up and down exactly out of phase or
+exactly when one is at this maximum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when one is at this maximum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when one is at this maximum the
+other won't be as minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other won't be as minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other won't be as minimum
+and uh and if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and if there's no
+linear correlation then it will be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear correlation then it will be a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear correlation then it will be a a
+linear coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear coefficient
+correlation coefficient of zero now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of zero now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient of zero now
+there can be all kinds of complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be all kinds of complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be all kinds of complicated
+nonlinear relationships they i mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear relationships they i mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear relationships they i mean they
+could be very very uh codependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very very uh codependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be very very uh codependent
+say quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say quadratic
+and still have a a zero for their linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still have a a zero for their linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and still have a a zero for their linear
+correlation coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation coefficient
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+exercise for the reader which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for the reader which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for the reader which of these
+is one minus one and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one minus one and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one minus one and zero
+let's start with the upper left hand one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the upper left hand one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with the upper left hand one
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+minus one good and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one right and zero great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and zero great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right and zero great
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and you you will see that those have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you will see that those have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you you will see that those have not
+been normalized because the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been normalized because the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been normalized because the correlation
+coefficient will do the normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient will do the normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient will do the normalization
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+in a moment we will deal with uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment we will deal with uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment we will deal with uh we'll
+go back to euclidean distances but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to euclidean distances but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to euclidean distances but we'll
+we will do a normalization first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do a normalization first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will do a normalization first
+now here's example of a hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's example of a hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's example of a hierarchical
+clustering dendrogram this happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering dendrogram this happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering dendrogram this happened to
+be done for tumors and normal tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for tumors and normal tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done for tumors and normal tissues
+and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see
+the tumors designated by t tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors designated by t tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumors designated by t tend to
+cluster together and the normal tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster together and the normal tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster together and the normal tissues
+on the right hand side of slide 18 tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side of slide 18 tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side of slide 18 tend
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+cluster together but it's not perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster together but it's not perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster together but it's not perfect
+there's some inner penetration you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some inner penetration you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some inner penetration you can
+see this would be a challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this would be a challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this would be a challenging
+classification problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the way that that hierarchical tree was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that that hierarchical tree was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that that hierarchical tree was
+derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived
+is you basically start by saying each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you basically start by saying each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you basically start by saying each
+object gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object gene
+and you're going to be measuring gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to be measuring gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to be measuring gene
+expression which typically is rna or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which typically is rna or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression which typically is rna or
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+and you're going to call each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to call each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to call each individual
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cluster
+it's a cluster of one it's a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cluster of one it's a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cluster of one it's a trivial
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+and then as you look through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you look through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you look through each
+step in the in the hierarchy clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the in the hierarchy clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in the in the hierarchy clustering
+very similar to some of the greedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to some of the greedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to some of the greedy
+algorithms we use for for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we use for for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms we use for for uh
+sequence alignment you take the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence alignment you take the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence alignment you take the two
+closest clusters even if they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest clusters even if they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest clusters even if they're a
+cluster one and you'll merge them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster one and you'll merge them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster one and you'll merge them and
+now i call that a new cluster now it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i call that a new cluster now it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i call that a new cluster now it's a
+cluster of two and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of two and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of two and so on and so forth
+until finally everything is in a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until finally everything is in a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until finally everything is in a cluster
+and you trace you've kept track of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you trace you've kept track of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you trace you've kept track of all
+the who's closest to who all the way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the who's closest to who all the way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the who's closest to who all the way and
+that produces a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that produces a tree
+now in order to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to generate
+that tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tree
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+four other clustered methods you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four other clustered methods you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four other clustered methods you've got
+a choice of the distance metric uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice of the distance metric uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice of the distance metric uh the
+way of putting together the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of putting together the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of putting together the distances
+that you've measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've measured
+uh so the business we measured can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the business we measured can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the business we measured can be
+some lenkowski or correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lenkowski or correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lenkowski or correlation
+coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient
+but you can put them together by either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put them together by either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can put them together by either
+focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on
+the nearest neighbor of a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest neighbor of a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nearest neighbor of a cluster
+or the furthest neighbor that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the furthest neighbor that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the furthest neighbor that's the
+single link versus complete length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single link versus complete length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single link versus complete length and
+we'll talk about that and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that and then the other
+methods we won't talk about are centroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we won't talk about are centroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we won't talk about are centroid
+if you can think of the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can think of the center of mass
+for the cluster as it as it emerges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cluster as it as it emerges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cluster as it as it emerges and
+the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average
+um which is just the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is just the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which is just the uh
+say the mean of all the cross-cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the mean of all the cross-cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the mean of all the cross-cluster
+pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs
+if you have two clusters and you do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two clusters and you do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have two clusters and you do all
+pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+okay so let's do the single length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do the single length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's do the single length
+versus the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the uh
+the complete link first the single link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete link first the single link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete link first the single link
+and slide 21.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slide 21.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and slide 21.
+and we're going to use exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to use exactly the same
+distance matrix for both these examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance matrix for both these examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance matrix for both these examples
+so uh so you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so you don't have to
+shift gears too much the main thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears too much the main thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift gears too much the main thing the
+only here we're going to shift between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only here we're going to shift between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only here we're going to shift between
+single and completely and we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single and completely and we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single and completely and we're using
+euclidean distance here um which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean distance here um which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+euclidean distance here um which is the
+sum of these square root of sum squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these square root of sum squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of these square root of sum squares
+and here uh you can see a b are the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here uh you can see a b are the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here uh you can see a b are the two
+closest and a a and b are the furthest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest and a a and b are the furthest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest and a a and b are the furthest
+apart and so that the euclidean distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and so that the euclidean distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and so that the euclidean distance
+for a b is two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a b is two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a b is two and
+ad is 6 for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad is 6 for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ad is 6 for example
+and the so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the so
+in the single link meth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the single link meth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the single link meth
+method this kicks in once you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this kicks in once you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method this kicks in once you start
+collapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsing
+the first link so you make the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first link so you make the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first link so you make the link
+between a and b that's obvious because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b that's obvious because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a and b that's obvious because
+it's the shortest distance but how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the shortest distance but how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the shortest distance but how you
+collapse it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse it depends on
+how you compare it to other points is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you compare it to other points is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you compare it to other points is
+what the single link method is about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the single link method is about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the single link method is about so
+so now a b is going to be treated as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a b is going to be treated as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now a b is going to be treated as one
+unit one cluster and you're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit one cluster and you're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit one cluster and you're going to ask
+how far is a b from c well since this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far is a b from c well since this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far is a b from c well since this is
+a single link you're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single link you're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single link you're interested in the
+closest distance and that's bc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest distance and that's bc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest distance and that's bc
+and bc from the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bc from the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bc from the very first
+leftmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost
+matrix was three so you fill in for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was three so you fill in for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was three so you fill in for the
+a b to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b to c
+at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at three
+and similarly the d is the closest point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the d is the closest point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly the d is the closest point
+betw from a b to d is five it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betw from a b to d is five it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betw from a b to d is five it's the
+diagonal from b to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal from b to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal from b to d
+and so on and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and you get
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's
+how you've lost the top row and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you've lost the top row and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you've lost the top row and it's
+three and five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and five
+and now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when you
+compare these that the next link you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these that the next link you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare these that the next link you're
+going to make is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make is going to be the
+smallest one that whole table which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one that whole table which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest one that whole table which is
+three and that happens to be the a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that happens to be the a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and that happens to be the a b
+cluster is closest to c and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster is closest to c and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster is closest to c and so that's
+going to be the next length you make and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the next length you make and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the next length you make and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the rest of the game is over it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the game is over it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the game is over it's just
+the abc cluster is near d so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abc cluster is near d so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the abc cluster is near d so you can
+already imagine your mind what that tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already imagine your mind what that tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already imagine your mind what that tree
+is going to look like a and b are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like a and b are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to look like a and b are being
+closest and then you bring in c and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest and then you bring in c and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest and then you bring in c and then
+you finally bring in d and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally bring in d and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you finally bring in d and you might
+think at this point that's the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point that's the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think at this point that's the only way
+to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but
+the complete link version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete link version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete link version of this
+exactly the same matrix you start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same matrix you start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same matrix you start at the
+same place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same place
+a b is still the closest one so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b is still the closest one so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b is still the closest one so that's
+the one you're going to link together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you're going to link together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you're going to link together
+first but how you score it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but how you score it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but how you score it
+as you do this linking is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do this linking is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you do this linking is a little
+different now because now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now because now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now because now you're
+concerned about completely all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about completely all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about completely all of the
+distances from the a b cluster to say c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances from the a b cluster to say c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances from the a b cluster to say c
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+b is close but a is far away and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is close but a is far away and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b is close but a is far away and we're
+interested in that greater distance as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that greater distance as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that greater distance as
+well and so the whole cluster of a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so the whole cluster of a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and so the whole cluster of a b
+gets the the distance from a to c the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the the distance from a to c the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the the distance from a to c the
+longest this is five and so five goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest this is five and so five goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest this is five and so five goes in
+that position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that position
+and six goes as the longest this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six goes as the longest this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and six goes as the longest this is from
+a b to d which again is a to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b to d which again is a to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b to d which again is a to d
+and so now you have a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now you have a completely
+different just toggle back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just toggle back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different just toggle back and forth
+between slide 22 and 21 and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between slide 22 and 21 and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between slide 22 and 21 and you can see
+it went from three five four to five six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went from three five four to five six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went from three five four to five six
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now
+when you make the next link the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make the next link the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make the next link the first
+link is obvious in both case a b the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link is obvious in both case a b the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link is obvious in both case a b the
+next link is now cd because the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next link is now cd because the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next link is now cd because the smallest
+one in that in that the 2 by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in that in that the 2 by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in that in that the 2 by 2
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+is 4 and that happens between c and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 and that happens between c and d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 4 and that happens between c and d
+and now c and d are the next link and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now c and d are the next link and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now c and d are the next link and
+then now the game's over you collect c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now the game's over you collect c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now the game's over you collect c d
+and a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a b
+and the link is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the link is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the link is uh
+so now you can see you can get two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can see you can get two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you can see you can get two very
+different trees from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trees from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different trees from these
+the the single link method on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the single link method on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the single link method on the left
+hand side of slide 23 gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+bringing in c and finally d while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in c and finally d while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing in c and finally d while the
+complete length you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete length you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete length you have
+a b and c b as two separate pairs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c b as two separate pairs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b and c b as two separate pairs and
+then they come together again now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they come together again now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they come together again now this
+is the simplest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest possible
+example i could have come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example i could have come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example i could have come up with
+but i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i think
+it combined with the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combined with the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it combined with the next couple of
+slides will drive home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides will drive home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides will drive home
+the importance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the importance of the
+clustering method that you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering method that you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering method that you're using
+here the linkage method part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the linkage method part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the linkage method part of it
+again focus in on the far left-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again focus in on the far left-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again focus in on the far left-hand side
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+where you have sort of more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sort of more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have sort of more compact
+spherical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical
+circular clusters or more elongated ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular clusters or more elongated ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular clusters or more elongated ones
+we're going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take
+three examples here spherical elongated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples here spherical elongated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three examples here spherical elongated
+something in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in between
+single length in the middle of slide 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single length in the middle of slide 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single length in the middle of slide 25
+and then complete length on the far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then complete length on the far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then complete length on the far
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+in a single link now you can kind of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single link now you can kind of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a single link now you can kind of see
+why they're called single length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're called single length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're called single length and
+complete length this is a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete length this is a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete length this is a different way
+of visualizing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visualizing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of visualizing them
+here the single length does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the single length does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the single length does a
+a great job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great job
+for the top and bottom clusters the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the top and bottom clusters the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the top and bottom clusters the the
+the circular and the linear forms when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circular and the linear forms when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circular and the linear forms when
+you start getting something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start getting something that's
+somewhere in between you get this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between you get this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between you get this uh
+weird uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird uh
+single link that i at least to my eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single link that i at least to my eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single link that i at least to my eye
+connects up the two clusters along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects up the two clusters along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects up the two clusters along the
+bottom here and then leaves this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here and then leaves this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here and then leaves this little
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+as the second cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the second cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the second cluster
+the complete link on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete link on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete link on the other hand
+where you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're trying to
+measure all the distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure all the distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure all the distances
+between previous clusters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between previous clusters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between previous clusters and
+and the new clusters you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new clusters you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the new clusters you're going to be
+adding uh does well on the top one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding uh does well on the top one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding uh does well on the top one and
+the middle one it does this weird thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one it does this weird thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one it does this weird thing
+with the with the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the with the uh
+the elongated clusters where it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elongated clusters where it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elongated clusters where it takes a
+small cluster that seems to my eye to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cluster that seems to my eye to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small cluster that seems to my eye to uh
+include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include
+things that are not that related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not that related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are not that related
+so the single link does well on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single link does well on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the single link does well on the top
+and bottom and the complete length as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom and the complete length as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bottom and the complete length as
+well on the top and middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the top and middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well on the top and middle
+and so you can see that depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that depending on
+what you think your date are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think your date are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think your date are going to
+look like where they're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like where they're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like where they're going to look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+closely spaced but compact clusters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced but compact clusters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely spaced but compact clusters that
+might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be
+single length and more elongated but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single length and more elongated but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single length and more elongated but but
+separated by distance then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by distance then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by distance then you might
+want a complete link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a complete link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a complete link
+okay so now where are we in this overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now where are we in this overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now where are we in this overall
+road map of slide 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map of slide 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road map of slide 26
+we've been moving from the right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been moving from the right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been moving from the right where
+we've done gone from clustering method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done gone from clustering method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done gone from clustering method
+supervised unsupervised hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised unsupervised hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supervised unsupervised hierarchical
+hierarchical we've gone through distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical we've gone through distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical we've gone through distance
+metrics and linkage metrics now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and linkage metrics now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics and linkage metrics now let's
+see how it plays out with one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it plays out with one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it plays out with one particular
+non-hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-hierarchical
+method we've been focusing on hieracle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we've been focusing on hieracle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we've been focusing on hieracle
+now we're going to go nine hierarchical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to go nine hierarchical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to go nine hierarchical
+k-means and bring in issues of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means and bring in issues of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-means and bring in issues of data
+normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in this case
+gene normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're
+trying to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put
+genes that are wildly different in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are wildly different in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are wildly different in their
+absolute value of expression on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of expression on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of expression on the same
+scale it may even be they may even uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it may even be they may even uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale it may even be they may even uh so
+one might be a very small fluctuation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be a very small fluctuation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one might be a very small fluctuation at
+a medium level another one could be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium level another one could be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a medium level another one could be very
+large fluctuation from from baseline up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fluctuation from from baseline up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large fluctuation from from baseline up
+to a very high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a very high level
+and you want to account for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to account for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to account for this
+difference in baseline and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in baseline and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in baseline and this
+difference in in scale and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in in scale and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in in scale and so what you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+and that's what all these these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what all these these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what all these these three
+little normalized expressions plots are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little normalized expressions plots are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little normalized expressions plots are
+as they represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they represent
+um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+table as i've mentioned of genes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table as i've mentioned of genes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table as i've mentioned of genes along
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+vertical axis or gene expression levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis or gene expression levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis or gene expression levels
+genes that are going to where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are going to where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are going to where we're
+going to measure expression levels along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure expression levels along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to measure expression levels along
+the vertical axis and the time points or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis and the time points or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical axis and the time points or
+the conditions along the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions along the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions along the horizontal axis
+and so there we have two representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there we have two representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there we have two representations
+one is this kind of dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this kind of dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is this kind of dot
+cluster envelope representation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster envelope representation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster envelope representation in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+where you have the in this case three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the in this case three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have the in this case three
+dimensions but in a case it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but in a case it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions but in a case it's a little
+harder to visualize multi-dimensions 17
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to visualize multi-dimensions 17
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to visualize multi-dimensions 17
+15 dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 dimensions
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's one representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one representation
+where the origin is the essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the origin is the essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the origin is the essentially the
+mean where you normalize the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean where you normalize the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean where you normalize the mean
+becomes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes zero
+and uh and then the distance from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then the distance from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and then the distance from that
+origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin
+can be either positive or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be either positive or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be either positive or negative
+um and it's the number of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's the number of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it's the number of standard
+deviations from the mean that's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the mean that's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the mean that's the way
+that we're going to normalize it so each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to normalize it so each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to normalize it so each
+of these individual plots would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these individual plots would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these individual plots would be the
+average behavior in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average behavior in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average behavior in each of these
+clusters and we'll take a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and we'll take a look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters and we'll take a look at that
+the average and the deviation from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and the deviation from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and the deviation from the
+average but the units here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but the units here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average but the units here in the
+vertical axis these little plots will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis these little plots will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis these little plots will be
+normalized expression number of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized expression number of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized expression number of standard
+deviations within the cluster from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations within the cluster from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations within the cluster from the
+mean of the cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+when we measuring distances between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measuring distances between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measuring distances between
+clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters
+where we have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have a uh
+the same normalized expression data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same normalized expression data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same normalized expression data
+table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table
+and this this this is the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this this is the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this this is the three
+dimension this is the three dimension in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension this is the three dimension in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension this is the three dimension in
+this case or multi-dimensional uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case or multi-dimensional uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case or multi-dimensional uh
+representation where the origin is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation where the origin is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation where the origin is is
+zero or the mean for each of the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or the mean for each of the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or the mean for each of the for
+each of the axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the axes
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance from the
+zero mean is the number of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean is the number of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean is the number of standard
+deviations and when we'll measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and when we'll measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and when we'll measure it
+we'll measure the hidden distance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll measure the hidden distance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll measure the hidden distance the
+square root of the sum of the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the sum of the squares
+over all the dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all the dimensions
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i want to emphasize that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to emphasize that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to emphasize that the
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+each you know each of these clusters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you know each of these clusters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you know each of these clusters is
+not going if if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going if if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going if if if
+uh gene expression were regulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gene expression were regulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh gene expression were regulated by
+transcription factors which bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors which bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors which bound to
+every site with exactly the same binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every site with exactly the same binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every site with exactly the same binding
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then you might and if there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might and if there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might and if there were
+selection pressures forcing this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection pressures forcing this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection pressures forcing this to
+happen where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen where the
+where the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the uh
+forcing everybody to be precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing everybody to be precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing everybody to be precisely
+everything in a cluster would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a cluster would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in a cluster would be
+precisely regulated then these clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely regulated then these clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely regulated then these clusters
+would be really tight it'd be almost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really tight it'd be almost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be really tight it'd be almost a
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and uh there'd be no overlap between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there'd be no overlap between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh there'd be no overlap between
+them but in reality uh there is no such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but in reality uh there is no such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but in reality uh there is no such
+selective pressures and the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective pressures and the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective pressures and the transition
+factors as a result are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors as a result are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors as a result are um
+possibly purposefully diverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly purposefully diverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly purposefully diverse
+and you get these spread clusters and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get these spread clusters and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get these spread clusters and so
+so so these little blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these little blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so these little blue
+bars uh on each of the points on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars uh on each of the points on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bars uh on each of the points on these
+time series plots of normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series plots of normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series plots of normalized
+expression the three-time series plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the three-time series plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the three-time series plots
+those little blue bars don't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little blue bars don't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those little blue bars don't necessarily
+represent experimental error they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent experimental error they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent experimental error they
+represent the diversity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the diversity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the diversity of
+gene expression within a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression within a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression within a cluster
+now if you've accidentally made more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you've accidentally made more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you've accidentally made more
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+assigned fewer clusters than is say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned fewer clusters than is say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned fewer clusters than is say the
+natural number of clusters then you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number of clusters then you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural number of clusters then you'll
+get more dispersion in that number than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more dispersion in that number than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more dispersion in that number than
+uh than you might want and that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than you might want and that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh than you might want and that might be
+a tip off that you actually need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tip off that you actually need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tip off that you actually need more
+plus you divide it up into more clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you divide it up into more clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus you divide it up into more clusters
+and bring this down now obviously uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring this down now obviously uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bring this down now obviously uh
+if you break it up in too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break it up in too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you break it up in too many
+clusters that will have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that will have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters that will have a different
+set of pathologies you'll have uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of pathologies you'll have uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of pathologies you'll have uh the
+distance between clusters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between clusters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between clusters
+some of the clusters will be abnormally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the clusters will be abnormally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the clusters will be abnormally
+close they'll be almost as if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close they'll be almost as if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close they'll be almost as if they were
+right touching each other and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right touching each other and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right touching each other and so that's
+that's the tip off that you have too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tip off that you have too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the tip off that you have too
+many clusters and and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many clusters and and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many clusters and and the number of
+clusters is something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters is something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters is something that you can
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+determine in advance or you can discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine in advance or you can discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine in advance or you can discover
+as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go
+but those those are the examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those those are the examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those those are the examples of
+criteria you might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria you might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria you might use
+too much dispersion in those little blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much dispersion in those little blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too much dispersion in those little blue
+era bars means that you've tried to lump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era bars means that you've tried to lump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+era bars means that you've tried to lump
+too many things into one cluster and too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many things into one cluster and too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too many things into one cluster and too
+short of distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short of distance between
+adjacent clusters means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent clusters means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent clusters means that you
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+divided them too finely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided them too finely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided them too finely
+now how do we begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we begin to
+assess whether the clustering methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether the clustering methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess whether the clustering methods
+that we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're using
+are uh optimal we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh optimal we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh optimal we can
+we've talked about all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about all the different
+clustering methods that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering methods that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering methods that you can use
+uh one of the ways to assess whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the ways to assess whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one of the ways to assess whether
+there are optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are optimal
+uh we'll talk about many but one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll talk about many but one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll talk about many but one is to
+look out way outside the box to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out way outside the box to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look out way outside the box to some
+resource that maybe the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that maybe the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that maybe the the
+the biological community has curated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological community has curated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biological community has curated
+uh functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh functions
+now they may mean this in in very vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they may mean this in in very vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they may mean this in in very vague
+and frustrating ways but they believe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frustrating ways but they believe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frustrating ways but they believe uh
+we believe that they have done a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe that they have done a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we believe that they have done a good
+job and certainly an independent job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and certainly an independent job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job and certainly an independent job of
+the experiment that's being done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment that's being done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment that's being done the
+experiment that's being done is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's being done is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that's being done is a is a
+fresh comprehensive gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh comprehensive gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fresh comprehensive gene expression
+analysis and so if you find a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so if you find a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and so if you find a cluster
+from that gene expression analysis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that gene expression analysis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that gene expression analysis that
+coincides with this completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincides with this completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincides with this completely
+independently curated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently curated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently curated
+database of functional categories uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of functional categories uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database of functional categories uh it
+doesn't matter what means this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what means this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter what means this is some
+abbreviation from an ins for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation from an ins for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviation from an ins for an
+institute the nor does it really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute the nor does it really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institute the nor does it really matter
+what the gene names here mean but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the gene names here mean but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the gene names here mean but what
+you could what you will find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could what you will find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could what you will find is that
+that a particular set of genes once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular set of genes once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a particular set of genes once you
+look it up in this database will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in this database will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it up in this database will
+will set off a flag that says ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will set off a flag that says ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will set off a flag that says ribosome
+and you know what ribosome means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what ribosome means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what ribosome means
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and others will be unknowns but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others will be unknowns but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others will be unknowns but the
+point is that these will be a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an orderly set a set that's perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orderly set a set that's perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orderly set a set that's perhaps
+enriched unexpectedly enriched and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched unexpectedly enriched and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched unexpectedly enriched and you
+want to have some way of quantitating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have some way of quantitating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to have some way of quantitating
+your surprise at finding this many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your surprise at finding this many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your surprise at finding this many of
+one type of function in your rna cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of function in your rna cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one type of function in your rna cluster
+in a way this is what you hope to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way this is what you hope to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way this is what you hope to find
+it's a pleasant surprise you want your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pleasant surprise you want your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pleasant surprise you want your
+clusters to have some coherence in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters to have some coherence in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters to have some coherence in their
+function you also want to find some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you also want to find some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function you also want to find some
+surprises either unknowns or or new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises either unknowns or or new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises either unknowns or or new
+combinations of functions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of functions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of functions that you
+didn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't expect
+now this is an example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an example of a
+of a clustering experiment a popular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a clustering experiment a popular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a clustering experiment a popular way
+of representing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representing it
+here the is the sort of trees we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the is the sort of trees we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the is the sort of trees we've been
+talking about here the the close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here the the close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here the the close the
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+the tips the leaves here are individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tips the leaves here are individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tips the leaves here are individual
+genes you can barely see them at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes you can barely see them at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes you can barely see them at this
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+a small subset of the human genes whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small subset of the human genes whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small subset of the human genes whose
+rna expression has been measured or time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna expression has been measured or time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna expression has been measured or time
+force of serum stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of serum stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of serum stimulation
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+considering that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering that
+the previous slide of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide of different
+functional categorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional categorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional categorization
+what you what you want as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what you want as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you what you want as you
+hierarchically arrange these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically arrange these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchically arrange these things
+you've got time as the natural axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got time as the natural axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got time as the natural axis
+horizontally and then then you tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally and then then you tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontally and then then you tried to
+sort them so they're close together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them so they're close together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort them so they're close together in
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+hierarchical tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical tree
+then you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have uh
+and you've and you've represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've and you've represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you've and you've represented
+whether they're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're uh
+greatly induced or greatly suppressed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly induced or greatly suppressed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly induced or greatly suppressed by
+the during the this serum stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the during the this serum stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the during the this serum stimulation
+you take one of the time zero time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one of the time zero time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take one of the time zero time point
+as a reference point and then greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reference point and then greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reference point and then greatly
+increase or decrease represented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease represented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase or decrease represented by
+red and green respectively and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green respectively and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and green respectively and then
+within each of these clusters you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each of these clusters you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within each of these clusters you have
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+little zones where they all have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zones where they all have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little zones where they all have the
+same kind of pattern of black gray green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of pattern of black gray green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of pattern of black gray green
+and red and so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red and so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red and so for example
+the e on the at the bottom in the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e on the at the bottom in the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e on the at the bottom in the red
+zone here is wound healing and tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone here is wound healing and tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone here is wound healing and tissue
+remodeling and this is these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodeling and this is these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remodeling and this is these are the
+sort of genes that you might expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of genes that you might expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of genes that you might expect to
+be enriched in in a in a growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enriched in in a in a growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be enriched in in a in a growth
+stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulation
+paradigm such as the one here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm such as the one here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradigm such as the one here where
+you're simulating with serum stimulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're simulating with serum stimulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're simulating with serum stimulation
+of fibroblasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fibroblasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fibroblasts
+this is a particular example of of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular example of of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a particular example of of how
+you might but you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might but you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might but you might want to
+quantitate this rather than just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate this rather than just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate this rather than just kind of
+showing it here and we're going to walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it here and we're going to walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it here and we're going to walk
+through exactly how you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exactly how you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exactly how you do that
+quantitation in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation in a moment
+this is just a a quick snapshot of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a a quick snapshot of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a a quick snapshot of how
+far this clustering goes actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far this clustering goes actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far this clustering goes actually goes
+well beyond biology but here's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well beyond biology but here's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well beyond biology but here's something
+that's for the just for slide 32 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for the just for slide 32 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's for the just for slide 32 out of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+range of uh rna expression here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of uh rna expression here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of uh rna expression here we have
+compounds on on the vertical axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds on on the vertical axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds on on the vertical axis and
+targets meaning proteins on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets meaning proteins on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targets meaning proteins on the
+horizontal axis and you can see all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis and you can see all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis and you can see all
+these connections between different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these connections between different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these connections between different um
+cancer chemotherapeutics different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer chemotherapeutics different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer chemotherapeutics different
+cancer cell lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer cell lines
+and and potential targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and potential targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and potential targets
+but now back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now back to the
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we want to ask how do we assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask how do we assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to ask how do we assess
+the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna
+array data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array data
+collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+the clustering methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clustering methods
+and how do we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we go
+and how do we go beyond that in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we go beyond that in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do we go beyond that in various
+directions both as validation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions both as validation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions both as validation of the
+technical aspects but as uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical aspects but as uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical aspects but as uh you know
+showing that we're actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that we're actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that we're actually doing
+discovery and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery and uh
+and getting it mechanism okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting it mechanism okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting it mechanism okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one of the various methods we've used we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the various methods we've used we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the various methods we've used we
+already mentioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already mentioned uh
+looking for functional categories but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for functional categories but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for functional categories but
+another one is looking for motifs if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is looking for motifs if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one is looking for motifs if we
+find a consistent set of motifs this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a consistent set of motifs this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a consistent set of motifs this is
+a part of the validation process as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the validation process as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the validation process as well
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+when these are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these are some of the
+examples of algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of algorithms
+sort of the first one that leaps to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first one that leaps to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the first one that leaps to mind
+when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh
+mathematicians and physicists enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians and physicists enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians and physicists enter the
+field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field
+and the one that we've used a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that we've used a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that we've used a great
+advantage uh in the sequence searching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage uh in the sequence searching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage uh in the sequence searching
+part of this uh course with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this uh course with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this uh course with
+oligonucleotide frequencies you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide frequencies you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide frequencies you can use
+short oligonucleotides as convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short oligonucleotides as convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short oligonucleotides as convenient
+hashing keys or as ways of doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing keys or as ways of doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing keys or as ways of doing a
+lookup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup
+a very rapid lookup for sequences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very rapid lookup for sequences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very rapid lookup for sequences in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+finding matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding matches
+and this is even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is even more
+uh appropriate here for the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appropriate here for the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh appropriate here for the sort of
+motifs involved in transcriptional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs involved in transcriptional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs involved in transcriptional
+regulations because we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations because we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations because we know
+from a variety of biological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a variety of biological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a variety of biological and
+chemical crystallographic studies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical crystallographic studies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical crystallographic studies that
+the motifs are in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motifs are in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motifs are in the range of
+seven to ten nucleotides often base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to ten nucleotides often base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven to ten nucleotides often base
+pairs in double-stranded dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in double-stranded dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs in double-stranded dna
+and so you can use the leaving lego
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use the leaving lego
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use the leaving lego
+nucleotide frequencies however they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide frequencies however they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotide frequencies however they're
+limited in that they're not as rich as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in that they're not as rich as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in that they're not as rich as
+the sort of weight matrices that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of weight matrices that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of weight matrices that we got
+when we got a multi-sequence alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we got a multi-sequence alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we got a multi-sequence alignment
+and when we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we were talking about
+multi-sequence alignments we pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignments we pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignments we pointed out
+that it was hard to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was hard to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was hard to get
+uh the algorithms to go to scale beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the algorithms to go to scale beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the algorithms to go to scale beyond
+the pairwise because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairwise because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pairwise because
+pairwise was was n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise was was n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise was was n squared
+where n is the sequence length and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is the sequence length and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where n is the sequence length and then
+as you as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you go to multi-sequence alignment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to multi-sequence alignment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to multi-sequence alignment it
+goes up exponentially with a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up exponentially with a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up exponentially with a number of
+sequences you want the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences you want the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences you want the number of
+sequences to be large though because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to be large though because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences to be large though because the
+larger it is the more you learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it is the more you learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it is the more you learn about
+the characteristics of that family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of that family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristics of that family of
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+so anyway gibbs sampling was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway gibbs sampling was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway gibbs sampling was one of the
+methods that we said that we would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we said that we would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that we said that we would put
+off to a later class this is the later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a later class this is the later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to a later class this is the later
+class we'll talk about give sampling as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll talk about give sampling as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we'll talk about give sampling as
+as a way of the the idea of sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of the the idea of sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of the the idea of sampling
+this very large space the where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very large space the where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very large space the where the
+large number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of uh
+multi-sequences the multiple sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequences the multiple sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequences the multiple sequences
+you're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're comparing
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that you don't want to get trapped in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to get trapped in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want to get trapped in a
+local minimum you can have these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum you can have these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum you can have these really
+greedy steepest descent algorithms but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy steepest descent algorithms but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greedy steepest descent algorithms but
+you'll get to the bottom of that pit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get to the bottom of that pit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get to the bottom of that pit but
+you won't necessarily find the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't necessarily find the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't necessarily find the global
+if the sampling space is too large even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the sampling space is too large even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the sampling space is too large even
+sampling won't save you because you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling won't save you because you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling won't save you because you'll
+get you'll sample a lot of little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you'll sample a lot of little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you'll sample a lot of little uh
+local minerals you still want it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minerals you still want it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minerals you still want it but
+anyway it gives us an example where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it gives us an example where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it gives us an example where you
+use randomization to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use randomization to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use randomization to find it
+meme is example of uh maximization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meme is example of uh maximization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meme is example of uh maximization of
+expectation uh and plus lw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh and plus lw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation uh and plus lw
+and so forth are other ways of doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth are other ways of doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth are other ways of doing it
+we're going to really focus in on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to really focus in on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to really focus in on one of
+these can't cover everything we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can't cover everything we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these can't cover everything we talk
+about give sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about give sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about give sampling
+and we want to put it in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to put it in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to put it in the context of
+and the thing that might be appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that might be appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that might be appealing
+why can't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why can't we just
+if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if these
+the program for for transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program for for transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program for for transcription factor
+regulation is inherent in the genome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is inherent in the genome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation is inherent in the genome and
+we should just look at the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should just look at the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should just look at the genome
+sequence and be able to see patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and be able to see patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and be able to see patterns of
+of motifs in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motifs in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motifs in front of
+genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and then and then find clusters of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then find clusters of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then find clusters of genes
+that are coexpressed and so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coexpressed and so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coexpressed and so on the
+problem with that picture even for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that picture even for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with that picture even for one
+of the best case scenarios say the yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best case scenarios say the yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the best case scenarios say the yeast
+genome which is about 12 megabases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome which is about 12 megabases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome which is about 12 megabases
+uh is at least as i said these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is at least as i said these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is at least as i said these
+transcription control sites are about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription control sites are about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription control sites are about
+seven bases let's say of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven bases let's say of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven bases let's say of information
+um here's here's one that will that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's here's one that will that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here's here's one that will that will
+be a star for a few slides here today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a star for a few slides here today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a star for a few slides here today uh
+after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the
+now and after break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and after break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and after break
+this is gcn4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gcn4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is gcn4
+you can see it has five really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it has five really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see it has five really you know
+full-scale two-bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-scale two-bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-scale two-bit uh
+conserved bases and then the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved bases and then the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved bases and then the rest of the
+bases in this motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases in this motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases in this motif
+the other five bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other five bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other five bases
+might add up to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might add up to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might add up to another
+two bases of information or fourteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bases of information or fourteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bases of information or fourteen
+bits altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits altogether
+now fourteen bits you can think of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fourteen bits you can think of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now fourteen bits you can think of as
+four to the seventh power about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the seventh power about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four to the seventh power about six
+one match every sixteen hundred sixteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one match every sixteen hundred sixteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one match every sixteen hundred sixteen
+thousand bases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bases
+now if you have a twelve megabase genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a twelve megabase genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you have a twelve megabase genome
+and since it's not symmetric you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's not symmetric you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since it's not symmetric you have to
+look at both strands you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at both strands you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at both strands you have to you
+know think of scan of the transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think of scan of the transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know think of scan of the transcription
+factor scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor scanning
+the dna in both directions then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna in both directions then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dna in both directions then you have
+24 megabytes megabases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 megabytes megabases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 megabytes megabases
+of uh sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh sites
+24 million sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 million sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 million sites
+and at random you expect one over 1600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at random you expect one over 1600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at random you expect one over 1600
+so you have a mean of 1500.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a mean of 1500.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a mean of 1500.
+now here we can bring in our old friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we can bring in our old friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here we can bring in our old friend
+the poisson distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poisson distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poisson distribution
+and we remember that the mean and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we remember that the mean and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we remember that the mean and the
+variance of a poisson distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a poisson distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of a poisson distribution
+are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same
+and so the standard deviation is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the standard deviation is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the standard deviation is going
+to square root of the variance as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root of the variance as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square root of the variance as it is
+for all variances and all standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all variances and all standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all variances and all standard
+deviations and certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations and certain
+standard deviations are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviations are going to be
+about 40. so if you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40. so if you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40. so if you expect
+to convincing convince yourself that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convincing convince yourself that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convincing convince yourself that you
+have something interesting then you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something interesting then you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something interesting then you want
+it to be about two or three standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be about two or three standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be about two or three standard
+deviations above the mean so your noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations above the mean so your noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations above the mean so your noise
+that you're fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're fighting
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+you know you want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you want to get
+two and a half times 40 or about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half times 40 or about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half times 40 or about 100
+sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites
+well many biological phenomena do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well many biological phenomena do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well many biological phenomena do not
+have a hundred sites they're not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hundred sites they're not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hundred sites they're not a
+hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds
+there may not be a hundred gcn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be a hundred gcn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may not be a hundred gcn
+foresights in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foresights in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foresights in the genome
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so what you need is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you need is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you need is a way of
+winnowing down the genome we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnowing down the genome we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winnowing down the genome we're not
+looking through the whole genome but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through the whole genome but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through the whole genome but
+we're enriching in various ways what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're enriching in various ways what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're enriching in various ways what are
+the various ways that we can enrich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various ways that we can enrich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various ways that we can enrich
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first three will lump together as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three will lump together as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three will lump together as
+ways that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can
+biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically
+cluster basically that was the theme of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster basically that was the theme of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster basically that was the theme of
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+you know a few minutes of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few minutes of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few minutes of this lecture
+ways that we can put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we can put together
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+find genes that are where the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find genes that are where the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find genes that are where the gene
+expression products go up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression products go up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression products go up and down
+together and that would be for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that would be for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that would be for example
+whole genome messenger rna data that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole genome messenger rna data that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole genome messenger rna data that's
+the top line of slide 36
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top line of slide 36
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top line of slide 36
+or they could be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they could be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they could be and
+we had a little slide on this earlier of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a little slide on this earlier of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a little slide on this earlier of
+different ways that genes could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that genes could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that genes could could
+show that they should they should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they should they should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that they should they should go
+together they could have shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they could have shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together they could have shared
+phenotype you could do knockouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype you could do knockouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype you could do knockouts
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they uh they have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they uh they have similar
+biochemical or morphological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical or morphological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemical or morphological
+characteristics and so you put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and so you put them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and so you put them in
+the same functional category that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same functional category that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same functional category that might
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+the source of some of the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of some of the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source of some of the functional
+categories we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories we've been talking about
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+they can be conserved among different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be conserved among different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be conserved among different
+species species will inherit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species species will inherit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species species will inherit them
+will tend to inherit them as a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to inherit them as a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tend to inherit them as a group
+and and others so this is the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others so this is the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and others so this is the example
+how why genes should go together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why genes should go together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why genes should go together and
+then you'll reduce the sequence space to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll reduce the sequence space to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll reduce the sequence space to
+be the right the the regulatory elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right the the regulatory elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right the the regulatory elements
+that go with those genes and not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go with those genes and not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go with those genes and not the
+rest of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the genome
+and that that then those are the ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that then those are the ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that then those are the ways of
+selecting the genes but then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the genes but then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the genes but then there's
+selecting the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting the sequence
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+near those genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near those genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near those genes
+or in those genes you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in those genes you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in those genes you might want to
+eliminate protein coding regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate protein coding regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate protein coding regions
+repetitive sequences or any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive sequences or any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive sequences or any other
+sequence is not likely to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is not likely to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is not likely to contain
+control sites this helps you by reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control sites this helps you by reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control sites this helps you by reducing
+your sequence space that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequence space that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sequence space that's kind of a
+trivial help but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial help but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial help but it
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+actually an important help but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important help but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important help but in
+addition to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to that
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want
+they help you by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help you by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they help you by
+removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removing
+traps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traps
+where you know you're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know you're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know you're going to find
+motifs but they make but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs but they make but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs but they make but they are
+unlikely our priority to be relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely our priority to be relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely our priority to be relevant to
+transcription control which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription control which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription control which is what
+you're really trying to get at here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really trying to get at here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really trying to get at here to
+validate and to to extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate and to to extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate and to to extend the
+discoveries you find from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries you find from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries you find from the
+unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised
+clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering
+and why do i say that why would protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do i say that why would protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why do i say that why would protein
+coding regions and repetitive regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding regions and repetitive regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding regions and repetitive regions
+repetitive elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+be of a bias well protein coding regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of a bias well protein coding regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of a bias well protein coding regions
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for genes that cluster together for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for genes that cluster together for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for genes that cluster together for some
+reason or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason or other
+are likely a priori to have proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely a priori to have proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely a priori to have proteins
+that have similar functions they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have similar functions they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have similar functions they're
+clustering together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering together
+because they have similar functions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have similar functions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have similar functions they
+might share protein domains in common so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might share protein domains in common so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might share protein domains in common so
+you will find nucleic acid motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find nucleic acid motifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will find nucleic acid motifs
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+are similar to one another not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to one another not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are similar to one another not because
+they're involved in regulation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're involved in regulation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're involved in regulation but
+because they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they they
+the genetic code turns into protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code turns into protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genetic code turns into protein
+motifs that are similar to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs that are similar to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs that are similar to one another
+so they can accomplish a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can accomplish a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can accomplish a similar
+function and that's why they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that's why they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and that's why they
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and repetitive regions are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repetitive regions are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and repetitive regions are are
+definitely destined to close to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely destined to close to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely destined to close to uh
+to give motifs in common because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give motifs in common because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give motifs in common because
+uh there's of their selfish replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's of their selfish replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's of their selfish replication
+properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties
+they will the entire repetitive sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will the entire repetitive sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will the entire repetitive sequence
+from edge to edge will uh jump around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from edge to edge will uh jump around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from edge to edge will uh jump around
+the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and so there won't be a little these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there won't be a little these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there won't be a little these
+little seven base pair motifs they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little seven base pair motifs they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little seven base pair motifs they'll be
+you know a 10 kilobase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 10 kilobase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a 10 kilobase
+motif and that won't tell you much about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif and that won't tell you much about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif and that won't tell you much about
+transcription now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription now
+having said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having said that
+we're in the business of sequence space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the business of sequence space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're in the business of sequence space
+reduction both the the top three methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction both the the top three methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction both the the top three methods
+and this bottom method will exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this bottom method will exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this bottom method will exclude
+certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of
+discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discoveries
+but once you find the motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you find the motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you find the motif
+by severely restricting the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by severely restricting the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by severely restricting the sequence
+you can then search for that motif and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then search for that motif and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can then search for that motif and
+pick up the examples that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the examples that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the examples that you might have
+eliminated in the first pass in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated in the first pass in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated in the first pass in a in a
+much less noisy manner you've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less noisy manner you've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less noisy manner you've got this
+bona fide motif now you want to find all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bona fide motif now you want to find all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bona fide motif now you want to find all
+the other examples in a way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other examples in a way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other examples in a way you're
+testing the specificity the most so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the specificity the most so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing the specificity the most so for
+example there could be rna regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there could be rna regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example there could be rna regulatory
+elements in protein coding regions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in protein coding regions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in protein coding regions they
+could be some in repetitive reasons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some in repetitive reasons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be some in repetitive reasons in
+the lecture we gave on single nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we gave on single nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture we gave on single nucleotide
+polymorphisms i uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms i uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms i uh
+somewhat perversely chose a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat perversely chose a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat perversely chose a very
+interesting one that occurs in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one that occurs in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one that occurs in one of
+the most common dispersed repeats in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common dispersed repeats in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common dispersed repeats in
+human genome which is the allu repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome which is the allu repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genome which is the allu repeat
+that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+regulatory significance but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory significance but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory significance but we will
+exclude it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude it from
+our search space initially so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our search space initially so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our search space initially so that we
+can get plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get plenty of
+good examples in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good examples in a small
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+okay so these are the main ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the main ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are the main ways of
+reducing search space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing search space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing search space
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+illuminate this with a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate this with a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate this with a particular
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+uh a modification of the give motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a modification of the give motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a modification of the give motif
+sampling which is this one where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling which is this one where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling which is this one where you
+sample the uh the multi-sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the uh the multi-sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the uh the multi-sequence
+alignment space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alignment space
+randomly so you don't get traffic local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so you don't get traffic local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly so you don't get traffic local
+minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+this is called the lineage for alliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the lineage for alliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the lineage for alliance
+nucleic acid conserved elements if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid conserved elements if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid conserved elements if the
+emphasis on nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis on nucleic acid
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+what are the advantages to give the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the advantages to give the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the advantages to give the key
+sampling alliance just through just why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling alliance just through just why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling alliance just through just why
+are we focusing in on it well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we focusing in on it well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we focusing in on it well it's the
+catholic sampling as i said keeps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catholic sampling as i said keeps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catholic sampling as i said keeps you
+out of local minimums you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of local minimums you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of local minimums you have a
+variable number of sites per input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable number of sites per input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable number of sites per input
+sequence it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it could be that
+that in the genes that you found in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the genes that you found in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the genes that you found in your
+cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster
+uh some of them may have three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them may have three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some of them may have three of these
+motifs in front of it others will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs in front of it others will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs in front of it others will have
+one or even zero because it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or even zero because it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or even zero because it could be
+that that that particular gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that particular gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that particular gene
+co-clusters because of some other set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-clusters because of some other set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-clusters because of some other set of
+motifs that happen to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs that happen to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs that happen to have the same
+properties as the motif if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as the motif if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties as the motif if you're
+looking at it at any given moment so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it at any given moment so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it at any given moment so you
+can have zero to to a large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have zero to to a large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have zero to to a large number of
+motifs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs
+and that's important this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's important this algorithm
+handles it other algorithms assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handles it other algorithms assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handles it other algorithms assume
+there's exactly one site per sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one site per sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one site per sequence
+and that introduces a noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that introduces a noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that introduces a noise
+you can distribute the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can distribute the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can distribute the information
+content in various ways you'll see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in various ways you'll see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content in various ways you'll see we
+can we can fine-tune the shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can fine-tune the shape of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can fine-tune the shape of the
+motif in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of these algorithms were based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these algorithms were based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these algorithms were based on
+proteins proteins have only one strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins proteins have only one strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins proteins have only one strand
+they don't have a watson a quick strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a watson a quick strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a watson a quick strand
+going reverse complements to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going reverse complements to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going reverse complements to one another
+and so you need to make a conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you need to make a conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you need to make a conscious
+effort to adapt that algorithm so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to adapt that algorithm so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort to adapt that algorithm so that
+it's caught that it in certain sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's caught that it in certain sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's caught that it in certain sense
+recognizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizes
+the uh duality and the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh duality and the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh duality and the reverse
+complements of dna strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements of dna strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements of dna strands
+and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to
+this multiple distinct motifs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiple distinct motifs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this multiple distinct motifs is
+different from the variable number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the variable number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the variable number of
+sites per sequence once you find motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites per sequence once you find motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites per sequence once you find motif
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+it may be the dominant motif that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be the dominant motif that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may be the dominant motif that you
+find again and again in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find again and again in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find again and again in a
+in a multi-sequence alignment you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multi-sequence alignment you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multi-sequence alignment you have
+to go back and find number two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and find number two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go back and find number two because
+it could be number one isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be number one isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be number one isn't
+the only or isn't the major biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only or isn't the major biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only or isn't the major biologically
+significant motif it could be you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant motif it could be you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant motif it could be you need
+two or three motifs acting in concert so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three motifs acting in concert so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three motifs acting in concert so
+you can't just rest on your laurels when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just rest on your laurels when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just rest on your laurels when
+you find the first motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the first motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find the first motif
+and for each motif there can be multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each motif there can be multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for each motif there can be multiple
+examples of them per sequence anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of them per sequence anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of them per sequence anywhere
+from zero on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero on and off
+so now let's let's make this much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's make this much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's let's make this much more
+concrete and really drill down to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and really drill down to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete and really drill down to a
+specific example this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific example this example
+it's a real example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a real example
+it's taken from the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken from the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken from the amino acid
+biosynthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+genes in the yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes in the yeast
+saccharomyces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccharomyces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saccharomyces
+and so here we've applied the two class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we've applied the two class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here we've applied the two class
+two major classes to sequence reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major classes to sequence reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two major classes to sequence reduction
+the first is by biological uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is by biological uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is by biological uh
+function here these are all amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here these are all amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function here these are all amino acids
+biosynthetics histamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetics histamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetics histamine
+aromatic amino acids isoleucine of alien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic amino acids isoleucine of alien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aromatic amino acids isoleucine of alien
+these are all on the right-hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all on the right-hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all on the right-hand side of
+y-39 but in addition to biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-39 but in addition to biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-39 but in addition to biological
+reduction of just maybe 116 genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of just maybe 116 genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction of just maybe 116 genes that
+are involved in this process we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in this process we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in this process we've also
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+this the sequence space reduction near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the sequence space reduction near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the sequence space reduction near
+the gene to to exclude the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene to to exclude the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene to to exclude the protein
+coding regions and only look at 300 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding regions and only look at 300 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding regions and only look at 300 to
+600 bases upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 bases upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 bases upstream
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+why 300 600 if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why 300 600 if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why 300 600 if it's
+if the genes are really close together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the genes are really close together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the genes are really close together
+you want to you don't want to go much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you don't want to go much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to you don't want to go much
+beyond 300 because you can enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond 300 because you can enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond 300 because you can enter the
+protein coding region of an adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein coding region of an adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein coding region of an adjacent
+gene if the genes are very far apart in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene if the genes are very far apart in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene if the genes are very far apart in
+this particular part of the genome you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular part of the genome you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular part of the genome you
+don't want to go much more than 600 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go much more than 600 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to go much more than 600 or
+else you'll end up in the repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you'll end up in the repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else you'll end up in the repetitive
+sequences or other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences or other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences or other things
+that are other regulatory elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are other regulatory elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are other regulatory elements
+unrelated to your particular protein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to your particular protein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to your particular protein or
+you might end up in an rna encoding gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might end up in an rna encoding gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might end up in an rna encoding gene
+so 300 600 is good for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 300 600 is good for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 300 600 is good for this particular
+organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism
+but you might need a different one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might need a different one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you might need a different one for
+say human you're going to have to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say human you're going to have to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say human you're going to have to look
+in introns and much further upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in introns and much further upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in introns and much further upstream
+which makes it a much more difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it a much more difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes it a much more difficult
+problem anyway this is the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anyway this is the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem anyway this is the sequence
+reduction phase and now let's say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction phase and now let's say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction phase and now let's say well
+do you see the motifs in here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the motifs in here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the motifs in here right
+i mean those of you who are who are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean those of you who are who are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean those of you who are who are good
+at computing you know should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at computing you know should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at computing you know should be able to
+do this algorithm in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this algorithm in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this algorithm in your head
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but here's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here's the answer
+and then we're gonna now we're gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna now we're gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're gonna now we're gonna go
+through and we're going to say how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and we're going to say how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and we're going to say how we
+got to that answer was the give sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to that answer was the give sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to that answer was the give sampling
+a line ace algorithm the answer here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line ace algorithm the answer here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a line ace algorithm the answer here is
+gcn4 uh this particular this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcn4 uh this particular this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcn4 uh this particular this is the one
+we used to illustrate we have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to illustrate we have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used to illustrate we have about
+seven bits of information here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven bits of information here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven bits of information here in this
+snyder logo format and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snyder logo format and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snyder logo format and on the
+lower right it has a map score that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right it has a map score that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower right it has a map score that will
+define uh soon enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define uh soon enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define uh soon enough
+basically the higher the map score the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the higher the map score the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the higher the map score the
+better it has to be greater than zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it has to be greater than zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better it has to be greater than zero to
+be non-random and here's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-random and here's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be non-random and here's on the
+left-hand side of slide 40 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side of slide 40 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side of slide 40 is the
+multi-sequence alignment just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignment just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignment just like the
+multi-sequence alignments we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignments we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignments we talked
+about in the past selector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the past selector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the past selector
+two lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and here all in red all these arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here all in red all these arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here all in red all these arrows
+they point either left right or right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they point either left right or right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they point either left right or right to
+left depending on which strand they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left depending on which strand they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left depending on which strand they're
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+so they're not exact reverse complements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not exact reverse complements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're not exact reverse complements
+all this does have a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this does have a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this does have a little bit of
+symmetry in it but you can see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in it but you can see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry in it but you can see that they
+have anywhere from one to two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anywhere from one to two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anywhere from one to two of these
+in front of each of these genes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of each of these genes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of each of these genes okay so
+now how do we get there let's go step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we get there let's go step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do we get there let's go step by
+step and some of you may find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and some of you may find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step and some of you may find this
+algorithm counterintuitive at first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm counterintuitive at first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm counterintuitive at first so
+so don't be surprised if it is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't be surprised if it is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't be surprised if it is the first
+step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step
+is we randomly see we plop down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we randomly see we plop down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we randomly see we plop down
+say uh 10 more sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh 10 more sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh 10 more sequences
+10 nucleotides long arbitrarily pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 nucleotides long arbitrarily pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 nucleotides long arbitrarily pick
+that as our length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as our length
+and uh plop them down randomly on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh plop them down randomly on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh plop them down randomly on these
+sequences here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+represented seven of the 116 amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented seven of the 116 amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented seven of the 116 amino acid
+biosynthetic gene upstream regions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic gene upstream regions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic gene upstream regions here
+and we just highlighted red arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just highlighted red arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just highlighted red arbitrarily
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+two red ten mirrors on the top one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red ten mirrors on the top one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two red ten mirrors on the top one and
+then none on the second one and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then none on the second one and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then none on the second one and then one
+on the third one and so on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third one and so on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the third one and so on and then
+and then since those are given and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then since those are given and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then since those are given and the
+and which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which is the
+the first position is given then it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first position is given then it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first position is given then it's a
+trivial matter to line them up just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial matter to line them up just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial matter to line them up just take
+all the first positions and you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the first positions and you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the first positions and you take a
+a sum and that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum and that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum and that's that's the
+weight matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix
+now you wouldn't expect since these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you wouldn't expect since these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you wouldn't expect since these were
+all randomly chosen from real sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all randomly chosen from real sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all randomly chosen from real sequences
+you wouldn't expect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't expect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't expect this
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+an astoundingly non-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astoundingly non-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an astoundingly non-random
+weight makers and it's not it has a maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight makers and it's not it has a maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight makers and it's not it has a maps
+for it's negative and as i said that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's negative and as i said that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it's negative and as i said that's
+basically random a few bases tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically random a few bases tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically random a few bases tend to
+stick their head up a little bit above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick their head up a little bit above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick their head up a little bit above
+the the random noise of of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the random noise of of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the random noise of of uh
+you know 0.25 if this were a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0.25 if this were a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 0.25 if this were a random
+genome or whatever the base composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome or whatever the base composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome or whatever the base composition
+is and none of them are full scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and none of them are full scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and none of them are full scale of
+two bits that say none of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits that say none of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two bits that say none of them are
+perfectly represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly represented
+so now what's the next step that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's the next step that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what's the next step that's the
+initial seeding and it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial seeding and it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial seeding and it gives you a
+flavor for what's going to happen next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for what's going to happen next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor for what's going to happen next
+but what but there's there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what but there's there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what but there's there's some
+interesting things that you can do to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that you can do to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things that you can do to to
+increase the chances of getting a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the chances of getting a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the chances of getting a good
+motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif
+so the next thing you do is you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing you do is you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing you do is you add
+either you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you add
+another site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another site
+you add another tenure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add another tenure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add another tenure so
+the first the top row of 542 the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the top row of 542 the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the top row of 542 the top
+sequence already has two but you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence already has two but you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence already has two but you add
+another one you have a third one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one you have a third one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one you have a third one you
+know sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sequence
+uh number two arrow four still doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number two arrow four still doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh number two arrow four still doesn't
+have any but you add to the third one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any but you add to the third one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any but you add to the third one
+randomly at the top and now you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly at the top and now you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly at the top and now you've got
+two sequence alignments you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequence alignments you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sequence alignments you really
+haven't been able to do anything up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to do anything up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't been able to do anything up to
+this point you've got now two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you've got now two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you've got now two
+multi-sequence alignments and you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignments and you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-sequence alignments and you ask
+which one's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one's better
+well let's say the one on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say the one on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's say the one on
+on the right is a little bit better the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is a little bit better the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right is a little bit better the
+one you added the sequence to is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you added the sequence to is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you added the sequence to is a
+little bit better now you don't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better now you don't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better now you don't just
+blind the program doesn't just blindly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind the program doesn't just blindly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind the program doesn't just blindly
+accept this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept this as
+the better multi-sequence alignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better multi-sequence alignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the better multi-sequence alignment
+it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a
+a probability it's a probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability it's a probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a probability it's a probability that
+you will accept this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will accept this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will accept this
+and that's again to keep you from going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's again to keep you from going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's again to keep you from going
+through a completely greedy algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a completely greedy algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a completely greedy algorithm
+everything every improvement is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every improvement is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything every improvement is going to
+be probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be probabilistic
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and that but you will definitely very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that but you will definitely very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that but you will definitely very
+greatly tend to accept each improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly tend to accept each improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatly tend to accept each improvement
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so uh so this was adding a bit a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this was adding a bit a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so this was adding a bit a a
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+that's how you might improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you might improve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how you might improve it
+or you can remove one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can remove one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can remove one
+you remove uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove uh
+you can add and remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add and remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can add and remove
+another two from the top sequence here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two from the top sequence here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another two from the top sequence here
+add one remove one now you ask this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one remove one now you ask this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one remove one now you ask this if
+the multi sequence on the right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi sequence on the right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi sequence on the right is a
+little bit better if it is then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better if it is then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit better if it is then you have
+a high probability of accepting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high probability of accepting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high probability of accepting those
+two you know the add and the remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you know the add and the remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two you know the add and the remove
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+these are adding and removing entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are adding and removing entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are adding and removing entire
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+keep going adding and removing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going adding and removing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going adding and removing okay
+another thing you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you can do is you can
+say well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well maybe
+maybe then the important bases aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then the important bases aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then the important bases aren't
+all smack in a row 10 in a row maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all smack in a row 10 in a row maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all smack in a row 10 in a row maybe uh
+maybe you want to make it a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to make it a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you want to make it a little bit
+longer maybe the key should be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer maybe the key should be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer maybe the key should be a little
+bit longer maybe some of the ones in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer maybe some of the ones in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit longer maybe some of the ones in the
+middle aren't important so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle aren't important so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle aren't important so we'll we'll
+toggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toggle
+one of them off and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them off and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them off and move
+the columns over so now the motif's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns over so now the motif's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the columns over so now the motif's a
+little bit wider but it still has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wider but it still has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit wider but it still has the
+same number of columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number of columns
+and if that improves if that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that improves if that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that improves if that gives you a
+better math score you know a greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better math score you know a greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better math score you know a greater
+surprise in a sense probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise in a sense probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise in a sense probability that
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that you would have this number of sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have this number of sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would have this number of sites
+that are that are shared to this degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that are shared to this degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are that are shared to this degree
+in this number of sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this number of sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this number of sequences
+uh then you have a high probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you have a high probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then you have a high probability of
+accepting that change now you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting that change now you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting that change now you're not
+just changing the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changing the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just changing the collection of
+sequences you think belong to that motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences you think belong to that motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences you think belong to that motif
+family but you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family but you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family but you're actually
+changing the structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element that you're going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that you're going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element that you're going to call the
+weight matrix you're changing the column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix you're changing the column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight matrix you're changing the column
+structure and that's also probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that's also probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and that's also probabilistic
+and out of all this randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of all this randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out of all this randomness
+given many cycles you eventually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given many cycles you eventually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given many cycles you eventually get the
+best motif this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best motif this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best motif this might
+be the best motif for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best motif for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best motif for this particular
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+set but now you want to get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but now you want to get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but now you want to get the second
+best motif because this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best motif because this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best motif because this isn't
+necessarily the biologically best motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the biologically best motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily the biologically best motif
+and this one may not act but alone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one may not act but alone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one may not act but alone and
+they have another one that's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another one that's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have another one that's also
+enriched and it could be that their co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched and it could be that their co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enriched and it could be that their co
+occurrence is even more significant than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence is even more significant than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence is even more significant than
+either one of them occurring singly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them occurring singly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of them occurring singly
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do
+and i think what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think what we're going to do is
+we're going to take a little break and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a little break and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a little break and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+when we come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we come back
+your incredible curiosity will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your incredible curiosity will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your incredible curiosity will be
+satisfied as to how we get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied as to how we get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied as to how we get the second
+motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif
+okay so take a little break
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/b87E-wbR-nI.txt b/b87E-wbR-nI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fe31893be606c2fd17425354c5cdb2d4edea160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b87E-wbR-nI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today on Chalk radio how economics has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio how economics has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio how economics has
+become a powerful and collaborative tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a powerful and collaborative tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a powerful and collaborative tool
+with the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the real world
+impact I realized that economics was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact I realized that economics was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact I realized that economics was the
+the answer to my dream of having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to my dream of having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to my dream of having an
+academic career while having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic career while having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic career while having an
+influence on the world right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on the world right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence on the world right here and
+now for this episode I'm joined by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this episode I'm joined by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for this episode I'm joined by two
+illustrious guests Dr Sarah Ellison a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrious guests Dr Sarah Ellison a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrious guests Dr Sarah Ellison a
+senior lecturer in the MIT economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior lecturer in the MIT economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior lecturer in the MIT economics
+Department and Professor Esther Duo a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department and Professor Esther Duo a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department and Professor Esther Duo a
+Nobel laurate and co-director of japal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel laurate and co-director of japal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel laurate and co-director of japal
+the jam Abdul Latif poverty action lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jam Abdul Latif poverty action lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jam Abdul Latif poverty action lab
+Sarah and Esther have spent much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah and Esther have spent much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah and Esther have spent much of
+their careers looking at how the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their careers looking at how the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their careers looking at how the field
+of Economics can Aid in providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Economics can Aid in providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Economics can Aid in providing
+Equitable outcomes and better policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equitable outcomes and better policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equitable outcomes and better policies
+using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using
+data together they developed the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data together they developed the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data together they developed the course
+14310 X data analysis for social science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14310 X data analysis for social science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14310 X data analysis for social science
+which you can find on mitx and MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find on mitx and MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find on mitx and MIT open
+courseware Sarah and Esther were both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware Sarah and Esther were both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware Sarah and Esther were both in
+France at the time of this interview but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France at the time of this interview but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France at the time of this interview but
+lucky for us they were willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky for us they were willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky for us they were willing to
+connect and explain how they got into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and explain how they got into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect and explain how they got into
+economics in the first place why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in the first place why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in the first place why the
+field might be outgrowing the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field might be outgrowing the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field might be outgrowing the term
+economics and a new vision for the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and a new vision for the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics and a new vision for the field
+that is highly collaborative we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is highly collaborative we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is highly collaborative we also
+discuss Ai and tackled the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss Ai and tackled the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss Ai and tackled the question is
+it possible to visually represent data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to visually represent data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it possible to visually represent data
+in a way that is both honest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is both honest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a way that is both honest and
+compelling we loved this conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling we loved this conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling we loved this conversation
+and we hope you enjoy it as much as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hope you enjoy it as much as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we hope you enjoy it as much as as
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did Welcome to both of you I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Welcome to both of you I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did Welcome to both of you I'm so
+interested in both of your economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in both of your economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in both of your economics
+origin story I I'm curious about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin story I I'm curious about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin story I I'm curious about how you
+got your start in the field what sparked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your start in the field what sparked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got your start in the field what sparked
+your interest where that came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest where that came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your interest where that came from
+Esther what about you where did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther what about you where did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther what about you where did this
+Interest come from so for me it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest come from so for me it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Interest come from so for me it started
+a little bit later in life uh in that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later in life uh in that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit later in life uh in that I
+started doing my undergraduate degree in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing my undergraduate degree in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing my undergraduate degree in
+history first in general social science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history first in general social science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history first in general social science
+then in history I did a master's degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in history I did a master's degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in history I did a master's degree
+in history and during that master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history and during that master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in history and during that master's
+degree I was actually spending a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree I was actually spending a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree I was actually spending a whole
+year in Moscow to research my Master's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in Moscow to research my Master's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in Moscow to research my Master's
+Degree dissertation and I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Degree dissertation and I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Degree dissertation and I had the
+opportunity of being a research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of being a research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity of being a research
+assistant for some economists who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant for some economists who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant for some economists who were
+working in Russia I also had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in Russia I also had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in Russia I also had the
+opportunity to meet Tom PTI who was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to meet Tom PTI who was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to meet Tom PTI who was at
+the time actually an assistant professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time actually an assistant professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time actually an assistant professor
+at MIT but spending quite a bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT but spending quite a bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT but spending quite a bit of time
+in Russia and through this experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Russia and through this experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Russia and through this experience
+and this meeting I realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this meeting I realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this meeting I realized that
+economics was the the answer to my dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics was the the answer to my dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics was the the answer to my dream
+of having an academic career while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having an academic career while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having an academic career while
+having an influence on the world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an influence on the world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an influence on the world right
+here and now which history was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now which history was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and now which history was only
+satisfying the first half of that plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the first half of that plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying the first half of that plan
+so that's when I decided to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when I decided to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's when I decided to to
+transition to economics and came back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to economics and came back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to economics and came back to
+do a MERS and then moved to to MIT for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a MERS and then moved to to MIT for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a MERS and then moved to to MIT for
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+PhD interesting thank you um and Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD interesting thank you um and Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD interesting thank you um and Sarah
+what about you where did your interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about you where did your interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about you where did your interest
+in economics come from well uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics come from well uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in economics come from well uh my
+backstory is maybe the opposite of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backstory is maybe the opposite of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backstory is maybe the opposite of
+Esther I don't know I can remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther I don't know I can remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther I don't know I can remember
+wanting to be an economist since I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to be an economist since I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to be an economist since I was
+in eth grade really which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eth grade really which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eth grade really which is
+extraordinary because I didn't know any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary because I didn't know any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary because I didn't know any
+economists and I didn't really know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists and I didn't really know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists and I didn't really know what
+economics was I just had this notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics was I just had this notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics was I just had this notion
+that it was a way of thinking that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a way of thinking that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was a way of thinking that um
+was appealing to me it was sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was appealing to me it was sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was appealing to me it was sort of
+logical but not sort of as rigid as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but not sort of as rigid as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical but not sort of as rigid as
+maybe the the way that mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the way that mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the way that mathematicians
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+and that appealed to me a lot and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that appealed to me a lot and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that appealed to me a lot and the
+fact that the Frameworks and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the Frameworks and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the Frameworks and the
+constructs that economists use could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs that economists use could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs that economists use could be
+applied to social problems was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to social problems was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to social problems was really
+appealing to me now I I say that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to me now I I say that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appealing to me now I I say that again
+emphasizing I really didn't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing I really didn't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing I really didn't know what
+economists did and I really didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists did and I really didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists did and I really didn't know
+what I was getting myself into but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was getting myself into but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was getting myself into but I'm
+stubborn enough that I kind of stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stubborn enough that I kind of stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stubborn enough that I kind of stuck
+with it so I mean you bring up a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so I mean you bring up a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it so I mean you bring up a really
+good question for people outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question for people outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question for people outside of the
+world of this podcast in this room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of this podcast in this room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of this podcast in this room and
+actually including myself most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually including myself most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually including myself most of the
+time like what is economics if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like what is economics if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like what is economics if you're
+not in the field what what is it and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the field what what is it and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the field what what is it and how
+does it help the world yeah economics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it help the world yeah economics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it help the world yeah economics I
+I suppose there are some textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose there are some textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose there are some textbook
+definitions out there but the way that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions out there but the way that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions out there but the way that I
+think about it is it's a set of models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is it's a set of models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it is it's a set of models
+it's a set of Frameworks it's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set of Frameworks it's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a set of Frameworks it's a set of
+tools and we use all of those models and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and we use all of those models and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and we use all of those models and
+Frameworks and tools to try to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks and tools to try to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks and tools to try to answer
+questions about the way the world works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the way the world works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about the way the world works
+works and the way that people behave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and the way that people behave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and the way that people behave and
+the way that firms behave and who uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that firms behave and who uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that firms behave and who uh
+sort of comes out ahead and who comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes out ahead and who comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes out ahead and who comes
+out behind when things change that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out behind when things change that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out behind when things change that's how
+I think of of Economics now it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of of Economics now it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think of of Economics now it's really
+kind of a very broad field uh and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a very broad field uh and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a very broad field uh and maybe
+that maybe we're even outgrowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we're even outgrowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe we're even outgrowing the
+term economics in some sense Esther I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term economics in some sense Esther I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term economics in some sense Esther I'd
+love to get your take on that do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to get your take on that do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to get your take on that do you
+think that the field is outgrowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the field is outgrowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that the field is outgrowing that
+term well one very short answer for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term well one very short answer for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term well one very short answer for what
+is economics is whatever economists do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economics is whatever economists do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is economics is whatever economists do
+and that's sometimes other social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sometimes other social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sometimes other social
+sciences who think economists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences who think economists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences who think economists have
+imperialistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imperialistic
+Tendencies uh use that definition in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tendencies uh use that definition in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tendencies uh use that definition in a
+disparaging way and I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparaging way and I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparaging way and I use this
+definition in a in a loving way which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in a in a loving way which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition in a in a loving way which is
+I think there are little there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are little there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there are little there are no
+problems that doesn't have some amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that doesn't have some amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that doesn't have some amount
+of economics in it so when you define it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economics in it so when you define it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of economics in it so when you define it
+this way then to become just a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way then to become just a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way then to become just a slightly
+more narrow you can link it to the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more narrow you can link it to the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more narrow you can link it to the way
+of thinking that Sarah mentioned and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking that Sarah mentioned and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking that Sarah mentioned and I
+think maybe one way to uh differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe one way to uh differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe one way to uh differentiate
+it from sociology for example is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from sociology for example is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from sociology for example is that uh
+it's a lot of the same problem we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of the same problem we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of the same problem we are
+thinking about but economists tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about but economists tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about but economists tend to
+think about what are the consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what are the consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what are the consequences of
+some specific things when sociologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific things when sociologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some specific things when sociologists
+tend to think about what are what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think about what are what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to think about what are what are
+the causes of specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causes of specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the causes of specific
+phenomenon and interesting so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and interesting so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon and interesting so in that
+sense we are in term of mindset almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we are in term of mindset almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense we are in term of mindset almost
+closer to to medicine or to the Natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to to medicine or to the Natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to to medicine or to the Natural
+Science in having this linear notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science in having this linear notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science in having this linear notion of
+uh you know you you have a manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you you have a manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know you you have a manipulation
+in the world what effect will it have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world what effect will it have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world what effect will it have on
+the individual who are directly affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual who are directly affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual who are directly affected
+by this manipulation on the individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this manipulation on the individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this manipulation on the individuals
+that close to them or on an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that close to them or on an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that close to them or on an entire
+system yeah that's very interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah that's very interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system yeah that's very interesting and
+and it made me think a lot of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it made me think a lot of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it made me think a lot of your
+research Sarah in industry and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Sarah in industry and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research Sarah in industry and
+Industrial organizations and you've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial organizations and you've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industrial organizations and you've done
+a lot of work in Pharmaceuticals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work in Pharmaceuticals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work in Pharmaceuticals and
+e-commerce what is the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce what is the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-commerce what is the effect of the
+decisions that these industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that these industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that these industrial
+organizations are making on everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are making on everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are making on everyday
+people so I guess one of the themes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so I guess one of the themes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so I guess one of the themes that
+runs through a lot of my research um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through a lot of my research um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs through a lot of my research um in
+industrial organization has been how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial organization has been how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial organization has been how do
+firms decide how to set prices and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms decide how to set prices and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms decide how to set prices and that
+obviously has huge implications on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has huge implications on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously has huge implications on
+consumers and on overall levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and on overall levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumers and on overall levels of
+welfare and so I've studied this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and so I've studied this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare and so I've studied this in
+various settings I've studied it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various settings I've studied it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various settings I've studied it in
+pharmaceutical so you know a asked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical so you know a asked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical so you know a asked and
+tried to answer questions about how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to answer questions about how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to answer questions about how does
+political pressure on pharmaceutical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political pressure on pharmaceutical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political pressure on pharmaceutical
+firms change their pricing behavior um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms change their pricing behavior um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms change their pricing behavior um
+how does sort of a proximity to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does sort of a proximity to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does sort of a proximity to a
+upcoming patent expiration uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming patent expiration uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming patent expiration uh change
+pricing Behavior how does the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing Behavior how does the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing Behavior how does the market
+power of the retailer who's purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the retailer who's purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of the retailer who's purchasing
+the drugs change pricing behavior and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs change pricing behavior and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drugs change pricing behavior and
+then I've also done that in in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've also done that in in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've also done that in in other
+settings like um e-commerce asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings like um e-commerce asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings like um e-commerce asking the
+question of why are prices online not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of why are prices online not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of why are prices online not as
+low as lots of people expected them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as lots of people expected them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low as lots of people expected them to
+be a lot of people sort of at the dawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of people sort of at the dawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of people sort of at the dawn
+of e-commerce expected that people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e-commerce expected that people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of e-commerce expected that people would
+be able to go online and do price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go online and do price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go online and do price
+searches and that would force prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches and that would force prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+searches and that would force prices
+really low and the internet would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low and the internet would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low and the internet would be a
+bargain basement and that didn't happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain basement and that didn't happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bargain basement and that didn't happen
+it doesn't feel like that no it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't feel like that no it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't feel like that no it didn't
+happen and yeah so another set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and yeah so another set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and yeah so another set of
+questions I've studied is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I've studied is looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I've studied is looking at
+Market by market why didn't that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market by market why didn't that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market by market why didn't that happen
+what are the forces going on there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the forces going on there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the forces going on there so
+just to give you one quick example there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you one quick example there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you one quick example there
+are several online markets where firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several online markets where firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several online markets where firms
+uh can use internet Technologies to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can use internet Technologies to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can use internet Technologies to make
+prices harder to find and to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices harder to find and to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices harder to find and to kind of
+obus skate you know to thwart price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obus skate you know to thwart price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obus skate you know to thwart price
+search and to obus skate what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and to obus skate what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search and to obus skate what their
+products and prices are and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and prices are and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and prices are and there are
+certain circumstances when they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain circumstances when they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain circumstances when they would
+have a an incentive to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an incentive to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an incentive to do that and
+that's obviously not good for consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously not good for consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's obviously not good for consumers
+um so that that gives you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that that gives you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that that gives you a little bit
+of a taste of the kinds of things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a taste of the kinds of things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a taste of the kinds of things that
+I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've
+studied yeah that's so interesting I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied yeah that's so interesting I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied yeah that's so interesting I
+mean when I've considered economics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I've considered economics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean when I've considered economics in
+the past I've thought of it largely as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past I've thought of it largely as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past I've thought of it largely as
+like a theoretical field and I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a theoretical field and I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a theoretical field and I really
+wasn't aware of the sort of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't aware of the sort of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't aware of the sort of social
+justice aspects of it or the impacts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice aspects of it or the impacts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice aspects of it or the impacts on
+individuals and communities this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and communities this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and communities this is
+really interesting um so thank you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting um so thank you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting um so thank you uh
+for opening my eyes to that um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for opening my eyes to that um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for opening my eyes to that um and I
+know Esther you won the Nobel Prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Esther you won the Nobel Prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Esther you won the Nobel Prize for
+economics in 2019 along with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in 2019 along with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics in 2019 along with your
+colleagues and you were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and you were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and you were looking at
+poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+alleviation and I'm wondering if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleviation and I'm wondering if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleviation and I'm wondering if you
+could tell us a little bit about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us a little bit about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us a little bit about your
+research what that process was like and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research what that process was like and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research what that process was like and
+and what you found and how it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you found and how it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you found and how it's you know
+impact ing people now yes so my work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact ing people now yes so my work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact ing people now yes so my work is
+definitely very empirical uh as is Sarah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely very empirical uh as is Sarah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely very empirical uh as is Sarah
+for the most part and it's about trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part and it's about trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part and it's about trying
+to understand different aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand different aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand different aspects of
+poverty so often you you when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty so often you you when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty so often you you when people
+think about global poverty poverty in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about global poverty poverty in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about global poverty poverty in
+the world the problems become so large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the problems become so large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world the problems become so large
+that they either become discouraged and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they either become discouraged and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they either become discouraged and
+and decide to stop thinking about it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide to stop thinking about it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decide to stop thinking about it or
+they they think about radical Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they think about radical Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they think about radical Solutions
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+that are supposed to address the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to address the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supposed to address the entire
+problem at once for example I I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at once for example I I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at once for example I I was just
+on radio just before this interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on radio just before this interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on radio just before this interview
+where they kept asking me but don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they kept asking me but don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they kept asking me but don't you
+think the problem is with capitalism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the problem is with capitalism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the problem is with capitalism
+ultimately which you know it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately which you know it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately which you know it might be
+but hey I'm not I'm not so sure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hey I'm not I'm not so sure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hey I'm not I'm not so sure and
+instead my strong belief is one needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead my strong belief is one needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead my strong belief is one needs to
+go Problem by problem a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Problem by problem a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Problem by problem a problem we
+understand by problem we understand cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand by problem we understand cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand by problem we understand cut
+down this huge issue that is poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this huge issue that is poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this huge issue that is poverty
+into manageable issues both as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into manageable issues both as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into manageable issues both as a matter
+of intellectual Pursuits because once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intellectual Pursuits because once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intellectual Pursuits because once we
+have a manageable issue well POS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a manageable issue well POS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a manageable issue well POS
+questions with a bit of luck we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions with a bit of luck we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions with a bit of luck we can find
+the right answer and also in term of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and also in term of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and also in term of
+policies because policy maker all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies because policy maker all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies because policy maker all they
+have that their you know one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that their you know one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that their you know one by one
+policies and their toolkit so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and their toolkit so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies and their toolkit so what I
+started doing pretty early in my career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing pretty early in my career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing pretty early in my career
+and what japal the the lab that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what japal the the lab that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what japal the the lab that I
+co-funded has become known for is to set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-funded has become known for is to set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-funded has become known for is to set
+up a randomized control trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a randomized control trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a randomized control trial
+to test the effectiveness of policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the effectiveness of policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test the effectiveness of policy
+interventions so randomized control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions so randomized control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions so randomized control
+trial is an experiment very much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial is an experiment very much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trial is an experiment very much the
+same way that you would test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that you would test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way that you would test the
+effectiveness of a new drug or a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of a new drug or a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of a new drug or a new
+vaccine there's a treatment group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine there's a treatment group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine there's a treatment group that
+receives the new vaccine and a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the new vaccine and a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receives the new vaccine and a control
+group that doesn't and they are randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that doesn't and they are randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that doesn't and they are randomly
+assigned so you are sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned so you are sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigned so you are sure that the
+difference between the treatment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the treatment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the treatment and the
+control if there is any is due to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control if there is any is due to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control if there is any is due to to the
+vaccine or to the treatment so until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine or to the treatment so until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaccine or to the treatment so until you
+know several decades ago it wasn't used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know several decades ago it wasn't used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know several decades ago it wasn't used
+much or at all for policy instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or at all for policy instruments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or at all for policy instruments
+mostly only in agriculture in fields to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly only in agriculture in fields to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly only in agriculture in fields to
+test various seeds against each other or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test various seeds against each other or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test various seeds against each other or
+in the labs or for drugs and what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labs or for drugs and what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the labs or for drugs and what we've
+developed with gal with Abit Baner with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with gal with Abit Baner with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed with gal with Abit Baner with
+Michael ker and with many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael ker and with many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael ker and with many many many
+others because that's a big movement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others because that's a big movement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others because that's a big movement is
+the use of this experiments on social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of this experiments on social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of this experiments on social
+problems for example if you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for example if you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for example if you want to know
+whether it would help to have computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it would help to have computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it would help to have computers
+in schools then you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools then you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in schools then you could take
+200 schools and randomly assign 100 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 schools and randomly assign 100 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 schools and randomly assign 100 to
+get the new computer and 100 to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the new computer and 100 to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the new computer and 100 to continue
+business as usual follow them for a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business as usual follow them for a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business as usual follow them for a year
+and know what has happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know what has happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and know what has happened to the
+computer and to the teaching and to the
+
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+ align:start position:0%
+kids at the end of a year and you would
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+have learned a lot on whether uh the
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+
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+computers are useful which would give
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+you an idea of whether this is something
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+we could scale up and also would give
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+
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+we could scale up and also would give
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+
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+
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+
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+in the field that you're looking at yes
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+
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+very day we got the Nobel Prize we uh we
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+started saying and haven't stopped since
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+
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+it it wouldn't really change anything of
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+science uh because so many people are
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+
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+
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+involved so if you take for example an
+ 
+
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+involved so if you take for example an
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+
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+
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+cognitive skills across different
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive skills across different
+domains uh both mathematics language Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains uh both mathematics language Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains uh both mathematics language Etc
+but also social skills uh ility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also social skills uh ility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+small kids for example we can now do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small kids for example we can now do uh
+testing of of children as young at 18
+
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+testing of of children as young at 18
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+
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+month which is not something economists
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+
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+month which is not something economists
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+
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+uh which in collaboration with
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+
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+uh which in collaboration with
+psychologists we can do we of course
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+
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+ground which are either NOS but often
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+also government workers and in the case
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+
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+themselves a whole Cadre of people who
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+
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+of a profession and so on and so forth
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+
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+of a profession and so on and so forth
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+so that becomes you know every project
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+
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+so that becomes you know every project
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a large number of co-authors and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to masks even larger teams of
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+
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+that to masks even larger teams of
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+people who are involved in uh in the
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+
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+people who are involved in uh in the
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+
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+
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+ align:start position:0%
+know someone sitting at their desk uh uh
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+
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+in front of a white pigeon and trying to
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+
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+in front of a white pigeon and trying to
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+
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+quite told you is that she is in the
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+
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+sort of Vanguard of young economists who
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+
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+Economics to this kind of
+ 
+
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+Economics to this kind of
+collaborative group level type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative group level type of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative group level type of
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
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+top J would have been sole authored one
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+
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+person working by him well mostly
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+
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+himself occasionally herself to produce
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+
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+economic research a generation ago it
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+
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+would have been half Soul authored and
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+
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+would have been half Soul authored and
+maybe uh you know half two authors and
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+maybe uh you know half two authors and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe uh you know half two authors and
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+
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+now there are these big
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are these big
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+
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+interdisciplinary research teams and
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+it's really a just an absolutely
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+extraordinary change in my time in the
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+
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+profession I mean that's a helpful
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+
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+profession I mean that's a helpful
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+context um and I love the vision and the
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+positionalities that there is room for
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+positionalities that there is room for
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+many many people and perspectives which
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+I think sounds like it's really
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+
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+I think sounds like it's really
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+important for moving the field
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+
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+important for moving the field
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+forward so you two have collaborated as
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+
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+forward so you two have collaborated as
+well as Educators uh and that's its own
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+well as Educators uh and that's its own
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as Educators uh and that's its own
+unique form of um te teamwork um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique form of um te teamwork um you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique form of um te teamwork um you
+came together to teach 14310 which is
+
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+came together to teach 14310 which is
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+
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+came together to teach 14310 which is
+data analysis for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis for social
+scientists Esther could you just share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists Esther could you just share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists Esther could you just share
+kind of an overview of what the course
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+kind of an overview of what the course
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+
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+kind of an overview of what the course
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+
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+is really to cover everything from
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really to cover everything from
+probability to machine learning so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to machine learning so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to machine learning so uh
+this is often done separately in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often done separately in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is often done separately in in
+different uh courses often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh courses often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh courses often the
+probability part is cut short and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability part is cut short and you
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability part is cut short and you
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+start with Statistics and with without
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+
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+start with Statistics and with without
+any Notions of where the statistic is
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+any Notions of where the statistic is
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Notions of where the statistic is
+coming from which does lead in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from which does lead in our
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from which does lead in our
+opinion to some half picked thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion to some half picked thinking
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion to some half picked thinking
+about uh what statistics is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what statistics is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh what statistics is really
+representing or What statistic is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing or What statistic is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing or What statistic is used
+for and how and we wanted to give people
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+for and how and we wanted to give people
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and how and we wanted to give people
+with not necessarily a huge background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not necessarily a huge background
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+with not necessarily a huge background
+but definitely a willingness to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely a willingness to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but definitely a willingness to kind of
+uh hold on to the train to equip them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hold on to the train to equip them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hold on to the train to equip them in
+the course of a semester to be ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a semester to be ready to
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course of a semester to be ready to
+to carry out their own work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out their own work in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry out their own work in
+particular empirical work across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular empirical work across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular empirical work across the
+social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social
+sciences and then Sarah could you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and then Sarah could you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sciences and then Sarah could you give
+us a few examples of the kinds of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a few examples of the kinds of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a few examples of the kinds of social
+programs that students are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that students are interested in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that students are interested in
+evaluating sure I mean it really runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating sure I mean it really runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating sure I mean it really runs
+the gamut let me take a step back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamut let me take a step back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gamut let me take a step back and
+just say that you know there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that you know there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that you know there's sort of a
+set of if I can call them Legacy tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of if I can call them Legacy tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of if I can call them Legacy tools
+from probability statistics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from probability statistics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from probability statistics and
+econometrics that are sort of part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics that are sort of part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econometrics that are sort of part of
+the standard toolkit of empirical social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard toolkit of empirical social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard toolkit of empirical social
+scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+uh so like for instance if we go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so like for instance if we go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so like for instance if we go back to
+the example that Esther mentioned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that Esther mentioned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the example that Esther mentioned a
+couple of minutes ago of you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes ago of you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes ago of you're
+interested in the effect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the effect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the effect that
+introducing computers into schools might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing computers into schools might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing computers into schools might
+have she described in some terms about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have she described in some terms about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have she described in some terms about
+how you would um maybe randomize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would um maybe randomize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you would um maybe randomize uh
+schools 200 schools hundred of them get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools 200 schools hundred of them get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools 200 schools hundred of them get
+the computers and 100 of them don't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computers and 100 of them don't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computers and 100 of them don't and
+then you would get data back in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would get data back in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would get data back in lots of
+different forms you would get data on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms you would get data on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different forms you would get data on uh
+how the the students are performing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the students are performing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the the students are performing in
+these two sets of schools you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets of schools you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two sets of schools you would get
+data on how the faculty uh liked the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on how the faculty uh liked the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data on how the faculty uh liked the
+computers or didn't like the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers or didn't like the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers or didn't like the computers
+uh you would get you know sort of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would get you know sort of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you would get you know sort of data
+in lots of different topics in lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of different topics in lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lots of different topics in lots of
+forms and um you have to know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and um you have to know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and um you have to know how to
+rigorously analyze these data so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously analyze these data so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously analyze these data so you
+need to know you need to be able to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know you need to be able to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know you need to be able to look
+at them and say this is a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and say this is a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at them and say this is a difference
+that could have just happened um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have just happened um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could have just happened um by
+chance sta statistically or this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance sta statistically or this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance sta statistically or this is a
+difference that with very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that with very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that with very very small
+probability could have happened by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability could have happened by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability could have happened by
+chance if there was no actual difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance if there was no actual difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance if there was no actual difference
+between the two sets of schools and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two sets of schools and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two sets of schools and so
+those are the kinds of kind of Legacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the kinds of kind of Legacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the kinds of kind of Legacy
+tools that we teach um students learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we teach um students learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we teach um students learn
+and then you know the course goes beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the course goes beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know the course goes beyond
+that and we talk about issues like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we talk about issues like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and we talk about issues like
+causality and we've introduced some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and we've introduced some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causality and we've introduced some
+machine learning techniques Etc but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning techniques Etc but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning techniques Etc but the
+Legacy tools that we focus on those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacy tools that we focus on those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legacy tools that we focus on those are
+just a standard part of any social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a standard part of any social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a standard part of any social
+empirical social scientists toolkit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical social scientists toolkit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical social scientists toolkit and
+and what they would need to use to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they would need to use to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they would need to use to to
+sort of analyze any kind of policy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analyze any kind of policy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of analyze any kind of policy okay
+interesting could you speak specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting could you speak specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting could you speak specifically
+to the role of AI that is like emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the role of AI that is like emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the role of AI that is like emerging
+every it's at the front of everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every it's at the front of everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every it's at the front of everybody's
+mind um what role is AI going to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um what role is AI going to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind um what role is AI going to have in
+the evaluation of social programs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of social programs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evaluation of social programs when
+thinking about economics yeah my sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about economics yeah my sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about economics yeah my sense
+is that there's just lots of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's just lots of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's just lots of examples
+cropping up in the last few years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cropping up in the last few years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cropping up in the last few years of
+resourceful social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourceful social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resourceful social
+scientists uh using Ai and ml tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists uh using Ai and ml tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists uh using Ai and ml tools
+machine learning tools to enhance or Aid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning tools to enhance or Aid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning tools to enhance or Aid
+their research in various ways so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research in various ways so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their research in various ways so one
+example might be relying on AI to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might be relying on AI to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example might be relying on AI to do
+things somewhat automatically that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things somewhat automatically that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things somewhat automatically that you
+used to have research assistants do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have research assistants do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have research assistants do
+manually so just to take one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually so just to take one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually so just to take one example
+from my research uh so I working on a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my research uh so I working on a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my research uh so I working on a a
+project on the effect of digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on the effect of digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project on the effect of digital
+platforms on the real estate market in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms on the real estate market in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platforms on the real estate market in
+New Hampshire specifically and we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire specifically and we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Hampshire specifically and we want
+to classify we have da a data set on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify we have da a data set on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classify we have da a data set on
+every real estate transaction that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every real estate transaction that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every real estate transaction that's
+happened in the last 20 years in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the last 20 years in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the last 20 years in the
+state of New Hampshire and we want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of New Hampshire and we want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of New Hampshire and we want to um
+classify these properties that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these properties that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify these properties that were
+transacted as being Waterfront or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacted as being Waterfront or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transacted as being Waterfront or not
+Waterfront and you can imagine that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waterfront and you can imagine that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Waterfront and you can imagine that's a
+very you know if you were doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know if you were doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very you know if you were doing it
+manually manually that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually manually that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually manually that would be
+impossible and there are AI tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and there are AI tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible and there are AI tools that
+allow us to kind of automate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to kind of automate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow us to kind of automate that
+process in certain ways so that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in certain ways so that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in certain ways so that's that's
+just one small example but maybe Esther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one small example but maybe Esther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one small example but maybe Esther
+has others yeah Esther I'd love to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has others yeah Esther I'd love to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has others yeah Esther I'd love to get
+your take on kind of the role of AI in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your take on kind of the role of AI in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your take on kind of the role of AI in
+data analysis um and how you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis um and how you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis um and how you see that
+shaping the field and maybe any ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping the field and maybe any ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaping the field and maybe any ethical
+concerns you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns you might
+have I don't know about AI per for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know about AI per for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know about AI per for
+evaluation but uh machine learning for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation but uh machine learning for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation but uh machine learning for
+sure um it seems to be a bit of a grand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um it seems to be a bit of a grand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um it seems to be a bit of a grand
+word for a lot of what machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for a lot of what machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word for a lot of what machine learning
+is doing which is basically estimating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing which is basically estimating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing which is basically estimating
+uh you know which data set is like large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know which data set is like large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know which data set is like large
+just happens to be data set with a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to be data set with a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happens to be data set with a lot
+of variables so you might think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables so you might think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variables so you might think that
+randomized control trials and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trials and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomized control trials and and
+machine learning are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning are not really
+compatible because most of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible because most of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible because most of machine
+learning's objective is to do protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning's objective is to do protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning's objective is to do protection
+given a set of things that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a set of things that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a set of things that you know
+about for example an individual can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for example an individual can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for example an individual can you
+predict what they are going to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what they are going to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what they are going to do next
+so the large language models are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the large language models are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the large language models are very
+much that given a number of given all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that given a number of given all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much that given a number of given all of
+the words that have been being said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that have been being said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that have been being said
+after these first three words can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after these first three words can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after these first three words can you
+predict what comes next so uh AI or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what comes next so uh AI or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what comes next so uh AI or
+machine learning models are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning models are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning models are
+fundamentally at heart prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally at heart prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally at heart prediction
+exercises and randomized control Trail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and randomized control Trail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises and randomized control Trail
+are almost the opposite because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost the opposite because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almost the opposite because they are
+meant to be caal inference and of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be caal inference and of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be caal inference and of very
+single parameter usually one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parameter usually one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parameter usually one which is
+what is the effect of some variable y on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the effect of some variable y on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the effect of some variable y on
+some variable X so you would think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable X so you would think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable X so you would think there
+is very little in common but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very little in common but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very little in common but in fact
+that's not true so a lot of my work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true so a lot of my work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not true so a lot of my work on
+the more theoretical side uh lately uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more theoretical side uh lately uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more theoretical side uh lately uh
+in collaboration with machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaboration with machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collaboration with machine learning
+specialist in our department in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist in our department in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialist in our department in
+particular Victor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Victor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Victor
+chukov has been to uh combine the two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chukov has been to uh combine the two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chukov has been to uh combine the two to
+make experiments more powerful so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make experiments more powerful so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make experiments more powerful so for
+example you might ask ask yourself who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might ask ask yourself who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you might ask ask yourself who
+what type of people are going to be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of people are going to be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of people are going to be most
+affected by by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected by by a
+intervention and then you're back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and then you're back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention and then you're back to a
+prediction model because you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction model because you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction model because you're trying
+to predict the type of people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the type of people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict the type of people that are
+going to be the most affected by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most affected by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the most affected by an
+intervention it's a prediction about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it's a prediction about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention it's a prediction about a
+treatment effect but it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect but it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment effect but it's still a
+prediction it doesn't necessarily have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction it doesn't necessarily have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction it doesn't necessarily have a
+causal interpretation but it can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal interpretation but it can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causal interpretation but it can still
+be useful to guide policy if it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful to guide policy if it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be useful to guide policy if it's done
+well because it could tell the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because it could tell the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well because it could tell the policy
+maker well you have this intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker well you have this intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker well you have this intervention
+said to to improve immunization rates uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to to improve immunization rates uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said to to improve immunization rates uh
+maybe it's going to work better in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's going to work better in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it's going to work better in these
+type of regions than in those type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of regions than in those type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of regions than in those type of
+regions so you can focus the program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so you can focus the program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so you can focus the program in
+the regions where it works the most so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regions where it works the most so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regions where it works the most so
+that's an example uh where you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example uh where you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example uh where you can use
+the two together another place where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two together another place where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two together another place where you
+can AI is starting to play a role or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can AI is starting to play a role or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can AI is starting to play a role or at
+least has the potential to play a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least has the potential to play a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least has the potential to play a role
+is an intervention itself so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an intervention itself so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an intervention itself so for example
+I'm working with zad obber from Berkeley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with zad obber from Berkeley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working with zad obber from Berkeley
+who is boen MD and a statistician on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is boen MD and a statistician on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is boen MD and a statistician on uh
+developing a prediction model to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a prediction model to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing a prediction model to find
+out where older people in in the south
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where older people in in the south
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where older people in in the south
+of India have had a heart attack in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of India have had a heart attack in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of India have had a heart attack in the
+past so when someone has had a one heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so when someone has had a one heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past so when someone has had a one heart
+attack they become more uh susceptible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack they become more uh susceptible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack they become more uh susceptible
+to the for the next one but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the for the next one but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the for the next one but there are
+many things you can do to really lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things you can do to really lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things you can do to really lower
+that risk if you know that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk if you know that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that risk if you know that it has
+happened but in a lot of cases you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but in a lot of cases you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened but in a lot of cases you don't
+know because if they didn't die from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because if they didn't die from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know because if they didn't die from the
+first heart attack or they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heart attack or they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first heart attack or they weren't
+hospitalized then maybe it went they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized then maybe it went they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitalized then maybe it went they
+felt ill for a b of time and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt ill for a b of time and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt ill for a b of time and then they
+go back to uh to run their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to uh to run their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to uh to run their
+lives but it leaves scars which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but it leaves scars which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but it leaves scars which which
+are detectable by very expensive uh test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are detectable by very expensive uh test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are detectable by very expensive uh test
+for a lot of rural people in India so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of rural people in India so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of rural people in India so
+our objective is to see whether uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our objective is to see whether uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our objective is to see whether uh we
+can develop a prediction based on test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop a prediction based on test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can develop a prediction based on test
+that that would be much cheaper to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be much cheaper to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that would be much cheaper to
+do so what we have done is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so what we have done is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so what we have done is we have
+invited 6,000 people to health camps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited 6,000 people to health camps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited 6,000 people to health camps
+where we tested them with the best tests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we tested them with the best tests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we tested them with the best tests
+that there is ECG ultrasound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is ECG ultrasound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is ECG ultrasound
+retina scans and so on as well as things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina scans and so on as well as things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina scans and so on as well as things
+that are much cheaper to do and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much cheaper to do and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much cheaper to do and we have
+just finished collecting the data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished collecting the data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just finished collecting the data and
+our hope is to then train a a model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hope is to then train a a model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hope is to then train a a model that
+helps classify people into green yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps classify people into green yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps classify people into green yellow
+and red with red is or this person needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red with red is or this person needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and red with red is or this person needs
+to be referred because they are at risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be referred because they are at risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be referred because they are at risk
+uh or this person needs to be monitored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or this person needs to be monitored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or this person needs to be monitored
+in orange or this person never had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orange or this person never had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orange or this person never had a
+heart attack had a great heart and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack had a great heart and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart attack had a great heart and we
+can leave it at that so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can leave it at that so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can leave it at that so that would be
+one example of using uh AI for good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of using uh AI for good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of using uh AI for good in
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+settings yeah thank you for that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings yeah thank you for that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings yeah thank you for that it's a
+wonderful example and I think something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful example and I think something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful example and I think something
+you said earlier is actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said earlier is actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said earlier is actually really
+important for Lay people to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for Lay people to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for Lay people to understand
+that ML and AI is largely predictive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ML and AI is largely predictive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ML and AI is largely predictive it
+doesn't get at causation and I think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get at causation and I think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't get at causation and I think for
+people who not in the field it's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who not in the field it's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who not in the field it's easy to
+take something that AI says as true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something that AI says as true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take something that AI says as true
+right you know unless you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know unless you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know unless you're really
+thinking deeply about what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking deeply about what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking deeply about what these
+distinctions mean uh so thank you I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions mean uh so thank you I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinctions mean uh so thank you I'd
+like to talk about the unique aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about the unique aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to talk about the unique aspect of
+this course and that it's offered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and that it's offered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and that it's offered on
+campus but I believe it's also offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus but I believe it's also offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus but I believe it's also offered
+as a moo or a massive open online course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a moo or a massive open online course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a moo or a massive open online course
+um and Sarah I I was wondering if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Sarah I I was wondering if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and Sarah I I was wondering if you
+could speak to that a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could speak to that a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could speak to that a little bit like
+what is the moo offering and how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the moo offering and how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the moo offering and how is it
+connected to the micr Masters program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the micr Masters program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the micr Masters program
+yeah happy to talk about that so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah happy to talk about that so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah happy to talk about that so in fact
+we did uh turn this course into a moo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did uh turn this course into a moo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did uh turn this course into a moo
+and it is available um uh online for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is available um uh online for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is available um uh online for
+anyone who has an internet connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who has an internet connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone who has an internet connection
+they can take the entire thing for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take the entire thing for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take the entire thing for free
+we do uh charge uh if you want to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do uh charge uh if you want to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do uh charge uh if you want to take
+the proctored exam to get a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proctored exam to get a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proctored exam to get a certificate
+saying that you took the course and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you took the course and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that you took the course and
+passed it uh but the the all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed it uh but the the all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed it uh but the the all of the
+material in the course and this includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the course and this includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in the course and this includes
+problem sets and exams and and access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and exams and and access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets and exams and and access to
+uh teaching assistance and things online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teaching assistance and things online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh teaching assistance and things online
+teaching assistance Etc is all available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching assistance Etc is all available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching assistance Etc is all available
+free to anyone so you uh referred to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to anyone so you uh referred to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free to anyone so you uh referred to the
+micr Masters we have a micromasters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr Masters we have a micromasters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micr Masters we have a micromasters
+program which is a credential that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is a credential that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is a credential that um
+Learners can earn if they pass Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners can earn if they pass Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Learners can earn if they pass Five
+courses in sort of a suite of courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in sort of a suite of courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in sort of a suite of courses
+that we have that's related and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that's related and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have that's related and this is
+one of the the courses in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the courses in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the the courses in that in that
+Suite of courses and the focus of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suite of courses and the focus of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Suite of courses and the focus of the
+micromasters is on data economics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromasters is on data economics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micromasters is on data economics and
+development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development
+policy the data analysis course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the data analysis course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy the data analysis course that
+Esther and I taught is just a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther and I taught is just a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Esther and I taught is just a sort of a
+really uh important piece of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh important piece of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh important piece of that
+because in order to think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in order to think about uh
+development economics to policies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics to policies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development economics to policies that
+might address questions of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might address questions of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might address questions of development
+be able to evaluate those policies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to evaluate those policies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to evaluate those policies
+having the the data analysis toolkit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the the data analysis toolkit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the the data analysis toolkit is
+is a prerequisite it's a indispensable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a prerequisite it's a indispensable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a prerequisite it's a indispensable
+part of that wonderful um and S I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that wonderful um and S I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that wonderful um and S I'm
+curious if you could tell us a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious if you could tell us a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious if you could tell us a little
+bit about what made you want to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what made you want to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what made you want to pick
+Sarah to be your partner in this what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah to be your partner in this what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah to be your partner in this what do
+you value about her as an educator or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you value about her as an educator or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you value about her as an educator or as
+a researcher oh it it would take a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a researcher oh it it would take a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a researcher oh it it would take a very
+very long time to speak about everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time to speak about everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time to speak about everything
+I value about Sarah but simply put she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I value about Sarah but simply put she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I value about Sarah but simply put she's
+the best teachers I ever Professor like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best teachers I ever Professor like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best teachers I ever Professor like
+I've ever met uh so uh it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever met uh so uh it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've ever met uh so uh it's hard to
+think of a of a better person to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a of a better person to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a of a better person to teach
+this course or any course so and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course or any course so and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course or any course so and in
+particular it's a material that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's a material that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular it's a material that some
+people would find hard to grasp or would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would find hard to grasp or would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would find hard to grasp or would
+be a little bit uh a little bit scared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit uh a little bit scared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit uh a little bit scared
+uh getting into but the delivery byar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting into but the delivery byar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh getting into but the delivery byar is
+so clear and so devoid of uh Magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clear and so devoid of uh Magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so clear and so devoid of uh Magic
+that you uh immediately get in and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh immediately get in and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you uh immediately get in and when
+we were teaching we in the class we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were teaching we in the class we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were teaching we in the class we used
+to go to each other lectures and I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to each other lectures and I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to each other lectures and I feel
+I understood more probability than I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understood more probability than I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understood more probability than I had
+ever before so I'm hoping that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before so I'm hoping that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever before so I'm hoping that's true
+with students who have had a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students who have had a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with students who have had a little less
+experience than than wow well so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience than than wow well so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience than than wow well so for
+anyone listening out there you know sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone listening out there you know sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone listening out there you know sign
+up for this mve cuz what a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for this mve cuz what a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for this mve cuz what a wonderful
+opportunity I'm just curious about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity I'm just curious about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity I'm just curious about this
+thing you say in the course description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you say in the course description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you say in the course description
+which is that students learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that students learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that students learn how to
+present results in compelling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present results in compelling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present results in compelling and
+truthful ways and Ester I'm just curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful ways and Ester I'm just curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful ways and Ester I'm just curious
+is it hard to be both compelling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it hard to be both compelling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it hard to be both compelling and
+truthful uh no uh it's it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful uh no uh it's it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful uh no uh it's it's perfectly
+possible but it requires a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it requires a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it requires a little bit of
+work tell me more in the sense that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work tell me more in the sense that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work tell me more in the sense that it
+is very easy to present uh data visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy to present uh data visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy to present uh data visually
+uh in a way that distorts the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a way that distorts the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a way that distorts the the
+truth and there is actually a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and there is actually a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth and there is actually a whole
+field of data visualization that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of data visualization that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of data visualization that uh
+tells you what to avoid to avoid doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what to avoid to avoid doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what to avoid to avoid doing
+that you don't necessarily even you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't necessarily even you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't necessarily even you know
+it's not always conscious sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always conscious sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not always conscious sometimes it
+is but often it's not uh it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but often it's not uh it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but often it's not uh it's not
+conscious for example Excel will often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious for example Excel will often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscious for example Excel will often
+when you're trying to do a bar chart uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to do a bar chart uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're trying to do a bar chart uh
+Excel will often default to not start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel will often default to not start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excel will often default to not start
+the bar at zero so if you have a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar at zero so if you have a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar at zero so if you have a for
+example a treatment effect that moves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a treatment effect that moves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a treatment effect that moves a
+percentage of people who decide to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of people who decide to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of people who decide to get
+an imation from 90% to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imation from 90% to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an imation from 90% to
+95% it is a difference but it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% it is a difference but it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+95% it is a difference but it's not a
+humongous difference proportionally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humongous difference proportionally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humongous difference proportionally uh
+but you make it you might make it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you make it you might make it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you make it you might make it look
+really really big if you start your axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really big if you start your axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really big if you start your axis
+at uh 92 for example because then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh 92 for example because then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh 92 for example because then your
+first bar is going to be very low and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bar is going to be very low and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bar is going to be very low and
+the second bar is going to be very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bar is going to be very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second bar is going to be very high
+and our eyes as a reader will think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our eyes as a reader will think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our eyes as a reader will think of
+the proportional change to be from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportional change to be from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proportional change to be from the
+small bar to the big bar even though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bar to the big bar even though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small bar to the big bar even though it
+is written that it starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written that it starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is written that it starts at
+92 so it is misleading to start a bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 so it is misleading to start a bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+92 so it is misleading to start a bar
+chart from somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart from somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart from somewhere in the
+middle but you know it is offered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but you know it is offered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle but you know it is offered by
+default in Excel so I I don't think out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in Excel so I I don't think out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default in Excel so I I don't think out
+this is out of myis but uh so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is out of myis but uh so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is out of myis but uh so there is a
+number of things like that that one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things like that that one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things like that that one has
+to think about so don't charge your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so don't charge your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about so don't charge your
+always start your B chart at zero is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start your B chart at zero is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always start your B chart at zero is one
+of them and to these days I have to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and to these days I have to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and to these days I have to tell
+my students your your Bard is beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students your your Bard is beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students your your Bard is beautiful
+but if you start it at zero it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you start it at zero it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you start it at zero it's going
+to be pre it's not going to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pre it's not going to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be pre it's not going to be as
+impressive yeah yeah well I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive yeah yeah well I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive yeah yeah well I mean this is
+so important for consumers you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important for consumers you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so important for consumers you know like
+I'm not sure that like everyday people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that like everyday people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that like everyday people
+are thinking about that when they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about that when they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about that when they're
+looking at data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at data
+visualizations um so I think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations um so I think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizations um so I think it's really
+important for students to learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for students to learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for students to learn about
+this so that when they communicate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that when they communicate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that when they communicate their
+science it's as truthful as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science it's as truthful as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science it's as truthful as possible and
+but it's also important for consumers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also important for consumers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also important for consumers to
+be looking for things like this and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking for things like this and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking for things like this and to
+question data it is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question data it is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question data it is very important
+because often of course there are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often of course there are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often of course there are people
+who are in the business of impressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the business of impressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in the business of impressing
+and not necessarily in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not necessarily in the business of
+truthfully communicating and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthfully communicating and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthfully communicating and therefore
+we actually look for ways to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually look for ways to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually look for ways to present
+data in a way that's not wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in a way that's not wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in a way that's not wrong but
+that's misleading so it's also useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's misleading so it's also useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's misleading so it's also useful
+for reader and in any statistic class uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reader and in any statistic class uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reader and in any statistic class uh
+that should be part of the of the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be part of the of the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be part of the of the course
+to get some of these pointers about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some of these pointers about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some of these pointers about how
+visualization can can be deceiving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization can can be deceiving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization can can be deceiving or
+truthful on on the other hand especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful on on the other hand especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truthful on on the other hand especially
+when we're looking at Social programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at Social programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at Social programs
+and the impact on real people's lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the impact on real people's lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the impact on real people's lives
+like this is just critical I think which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is just critical I think which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is just critical I think which
+is also why this course is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also why this course is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also why this course is really
+important I'd love to hear from both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'd love to hear from both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I'd love to hear from both of
+you if there's anything you would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if there's anything you would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if there's anything you would like
+to change or add uh to the course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change or add uh to the course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change or add uh to the course in
+future iterations Sarah I see a thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future iterations Sarah I see a thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future iterations Sarah I see a thought
+bubble above your head would you like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble above your head would you like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble above your head would you like to
+go first yeah I guess I would say that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go first yeah I guess I would say that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go first yeah I guess I would say that I
+would love to build out additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to build out additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to build out additional
+scaffolding that goes along with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding that goes along with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding that goes along with this
+course so um you know as I suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so um you know as I suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so um you know as I suggested
+before there's a lot of material in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there's a lot of material in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there's a lot of material in this
+course it's it's dense it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's it's dense it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's it's dense it's difficult
+it's challenging and I mean we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's challenging and I mean we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's challenging and I mean we think
+that's good but there are students who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but there are students who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but there are students who
+approach the material and they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the material and they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the material and they could
+really benefit from some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really benefit from some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really benefit from some extra
+scaffolding and part of what I did uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding and part of what I did uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaffolding and part of what I did uh in
+the past couple of years is I wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past couple of years is I wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past couple of years is I wrote a
+companion textbook for the course and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion textbook for the course and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companion textbook for the course and so
+that provides some of the scaffolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides some of the scaffolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that provides some of the scaffolding
+but I would like to uh work on even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would like to uh work on even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would like to uh work on even more
+uh sort of support materials as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of support materials as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of support materials as well and
+if I can add to that I was hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can add to that I was hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can add to that I was hoping that
+Sarah would mention that because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah would mention that because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah would mention that because I think
+that that's exactly one of the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly one of the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly one of the thing
+that is already H happened and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is already H happened and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is already H happened and one of
+the thing that is also happening is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that is also happening is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that is also happening is to
+We Are trying to work with institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We Are trying to work with institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We Are trying to work with institutions
+around the world for them to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world for them to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world for them to use this
+material as part of their teaching for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material as part of their teaching for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material as part of their teaching for
+their own students to provide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own students to provide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own students to provide this
+Scaffolding in classrooms to uh sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scaffolding in classrooms to uh sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scaffolding in classrooms to uh sessions
+that can be done in compl to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done in compl to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be done in compl to the to the
+classes often people some people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes often people some people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes often people some people might
+need that either for moral support or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that either for moral support or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that either for moral support or
+for technical support or or both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for technical support or or both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for technical support or or both and
+over time what we are doing and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time what we are doing and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time what we are doing and what
+needs to be done even more is to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done even more is to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be done even more is to develop
+tool kits for the faculty who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool kits for the faculty who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool kits for the faculty who is
+teaching this kind of supporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this kind of supporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching this kind of supporting
+sessions oh it's really exciting there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions oh it's really exciting there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions oh it's really exciting there's
+nothing uh more powerful than open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh more powerful than open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing uh more powerful than open
+resources being used in context and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources being used in context and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources being used in context and
+supported by Educators to meet the needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by Educators to meet the needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by Educators to meet the needs
+of specific Learners like that's when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specific Learners like that's when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of specific Learners like that's when it
+all takes off that's the ignition point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all takes off that's the ignition point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all takes off that's the ignition point
+so the two of us are are about to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two of us are are about to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two of us are are about to go to
+Cod Divo where the statistical school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cod Divo where the statistical school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cod Divo where the statistical school
+there Statistical Institute is adopting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Statistical Institute is adopting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there Statistical Institute is adopting
+this class and other classes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and other classes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and other classes in the
+micras but particularly this class and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micras but particularly this class and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micras but particularly this class and a
+basic micro class as part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic micro class as part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic micro class as part of their
+teaching Ah that's fantastic and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching Ah that's fantastic and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching Ah that's fantastic and I I
+just looked up by the way the weather in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked up by the way the weather in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looked up by the way the weather in
+Aban is 90 degrees these days so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aban is 90 degrees these days so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aban is 90 degrees these days so so we
+are pretty delighted that's not why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty delighted that's not why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty delighted that's not why we
+go that's not why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's not why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go that's not why we
+go uh well congratulations to both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh well congratulations to both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go uh well congratulations to both of
+you um and thank you so much for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and thank you so much for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um and thank you so much for being
+here uh it was delightful to speak with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it was delightful to speak with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh it was delightful to speak with
+you I learned a lot I think our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I learned a lot I think our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I learned a lot I think our
+listeners will learn a lot and I hope a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners will learn a lot and I hope a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listeners will learn a lot and I hope a
+lot more people take your Muk because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more people take your Muk because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more people take your Muk because it
+sounds absolutely critical for consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds absolutely critical for consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds absolutely critical for consumers
+um and people just even curious about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people just even curious about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and people just even curious about
+how to get involved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get involved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get involved with
+economics thank you so much for having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics thank you so much for having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics thank you so much for having
+us that was Esther Duo and Sarah Ellison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that was Esther Duo and Sarah Ellison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that was Esther Duo and Sarah Ellison
+co-creators of course 14 310x data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-creators of course 14 310x data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-creators of course 14 310x data
+analysis for social scientists which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for social scientists which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis for social scientists which you
+can find on mitx and open courseware as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find on mitx and open courseware as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find on mitx and open courseware as
+always their materials on MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always their materials on MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always their materials on MIT open
+courseware are openly licensed so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware are openly licensed so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware are openly licensed so you
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reuse and remix them in your own
+teaching and learning you can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning you can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and learning you can help
+others find the materials too by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others find the materials too by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others find the materials too by
+subscribing to the podcast and leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribing to the podcast and leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscribing to the podcast and leaving
+us a rating and review thank you so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a rating and review thank you so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a rating and review thank you so much
+for listening until next time signing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for listening until next time signing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for listening until next time signing
+off from Cambridge Massachusetts I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from Cambridge Massachusetts I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off from Cambridge Massachusetts I'm
+your host Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your host Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your host Sarah Hansen from MIT open
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware MIT chalk radio's producers
+include myself Rett POI and Dave Lansky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include myself Rett POI and Dave Lansky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include myself Rett POI and Dave Lansky
+the show notes for this episode were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show notes for this episode were
+written by Peter Chipman Cheryl seagull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman Cheryl seagull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written by Peter Chipman Cheryl seagull
+built the course on our website Jason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the course on our website Jason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built the course on our website Jason
+player made our episode cassette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player made our episode cassette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player made our episode cassette
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation on YouTube We're funded by MIT
+open learning and supporters like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning and supporters like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open learning and supporters like you
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bJFqcqQcybg.txt b/bJFqcqQcybg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..624a9a1850c2b46cc54899eca88ca7964283c9aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bJFqcqQcybg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dude no running in the laboratory sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude no running in the laboratory sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude no running in the laboratory sorry
+Sally but have you heard about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sally but have you heard about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sally but have you heard about this
+competition it's called em and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it's called em and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition it's called em and I think
+my bacteria bubble could totally win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bacteria bubble could totally win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bacteria bubble could totally win
+this year I thought you were done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I thought you were done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year I thought you were done with
+bacterial bubbles what do you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial bubbles what do you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacterial bubbles what do you know about
+em uh not much except that there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em uh not much except that there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+em uh not much except that there's going
+to be a bunch of losers and me I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bunch of losers and me I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a bunch of losers and me I don't
+think you understand nature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you understand nature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you understand nature of this
+competition IMM the international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition IMM the international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition IMM the international
+genetically engineered machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically engineered machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically engineered machine
+competition is a way to get young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is a way to get young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is a way to get young
+scientists and Engineers working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and Engineers working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientists and Engineers working
+together to engineer biological systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to engineer biological systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to engineer biological systems
+working together where's a competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together where's a competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together where's a competitive
+spirit in that the dude works alone that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit in that the dude works alone that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirit in that the dude works alone that
+way the dude gets all the credit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the dude gets all the credit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the dude gets all the credit you
+need to be a member of a team to join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a member of a team to join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be a member of a team to join
+IMM and you need a professor to lead it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMM and you need a professor to lead it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IMM and you need a professor to lead it
+but I heard it was a Student Competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I heard it was a Student Competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I heard it was a Student Competition
+well yes the competition started in 2004
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes the competition started in 2004
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes the competition started in 2004
+based on an undergraduate class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an undergraduate class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on an undergraduate class
+developed at MIT in 20 2003 for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at MIT in 20 2003 for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at MIT in 20 2003 for their
+short winter session and it continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short winter session and it continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short winter session and it continues to
+be an undergraduate experience but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an undergraduate experience but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an undergraduate experience but not
+without guidance and support last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without guidance and support last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without guidance and support last year
+there were more than 30 teams who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were more than 30 teams who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were more than 30 teams who
+competed from all over the world so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competed from all over the world so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competed from all over the world so
+that's my competition that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my competition that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my competition that's a lot of
+people a lot of people all asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lot of people all asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a lot of people all asking the
+same question can simple biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question can simple biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same question can simple biological
+systems be built from standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems be built from standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems be built from standard
+interchangeable parts and operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable parts and operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interchangeable parts and operate in
+living cells or is biology simply too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells or is biology simply too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living cells or is biology simply too
+complicated to be engineered in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to be engineered in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated to be engineered in this way
+what do you think think biology is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think think biology is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think think biology is not
+too complicated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated for
+me the goals of this competition are to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the goals of this competition are to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the goals of this competition are to
+enable systematic engineering of biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable systematic engineering of biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable systematic engineering of biology
+promote open and transparent development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote open and transparent development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promote open and transparent development
+of tools for engineering biology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools for engineering biology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tools for engineering biology and
+help construct a society that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help construct a society that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help construct a society that can
+productively apply biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productively apply biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productively apply biological
+technology okay I got a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay I got a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology okay I got a lot of work
+ahead of me if we're not going to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of me if we're not going to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of me if we're not going to use my
+bubble idea what else is possible maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble idea what else is possible maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble idea what else is possible maybe
+a better question with be what isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better question with be what isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better question with be what isn't
+possible okay so first off what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay so first off what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible okay so first off what should
+our standard interchangeable part be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard interchangeable part be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our standard interchangeable part be
+actually what parts exist do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what parts exist do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what parts exist do we have to
+make those you'll probably need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those you'll probably need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make those you'll probably need more
+than one but the registry of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but the registry of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one but the registry of standard
+biological Parts is a great resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Parts is a great resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological Parts is a great resource
+with lots of Parts already designed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of Parts already designed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of Parts already designed and
+if we make parts of our own we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make parts of our own we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make parts of our own we should
+add them to the registry in case other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them to the registry in case other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them to the registry in case other
+teams can use them too and help other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams can use them too and help other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams can use them too and help other
+teams what kind of competition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams what kind of competition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams what kind of competition is that
+or is that how so many teams got cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is that how so many teams got cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or is that how so many teams got cool
+projects going last year Pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects going last year Pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects going last year Pleasant
+smelling bacteria a bacteria nightlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelling bacteria a bacteria nightlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smelling bacteria a bacteria nightlight
+a DNA drug delivery system I heard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA drug delivery system I heard one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a DNA drug delivery system I heard one
+team even made a bacterial freeze tag to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team even made a bacterial freeze tag to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team even made a bacterial freeze tag to
+beat those we should get started right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat those we should get started right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat those we should get started right
+now all right well let's brainstorm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right well let's brainstorm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now all right well let's brainstorm for
+a little while before I have to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while before I have to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while before I have to get back
+to work how does that sound great can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work how does that sound great can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work how does that sound great can
+you show me this registry maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show me this registry maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you show me this registry maybe we can
+find some good parts to use good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some good parts to use good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some good parts to use good idea
+dude let's start there this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude let's start there this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dude let's start there this is where
+you'll be able to search oh wow I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to search oh wow I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to search oh wow I really
+like that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bgeWfB0SNEg.txt b/bgeWfB0SNEg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..182e8d0d4b246e465704238d2ec8393a544c8272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bgeWfB0SNEg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+I'm just going to go into the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to go into the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to go into the lecture
+part I was hoping to actually start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I was hoping to actually start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part I was hoping to actually start with
+the pitches but since so many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitches but since so many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitches but since so many people are
+missing when we and do the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing when we and do the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing when we and do the pictures
+after the lecture part of our class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lecture part of our class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the lecture part of our class and
+then we'll end class with a chance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll end class with a chance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll end class with a chance for
+you to play games based on the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play games based on the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to play games based on the lecture
+so it's going to be kind of weird like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be kind of weird like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to be kind of weird like
+lecture talk about your game play games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture talk about your game play games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture talk about your game play games
+related to the lecture and then time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the lecture and then time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the lecture and then time for
+you to talk in your teams about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to talk in your teams about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to talk in your teams about your
+game again - what are you working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again - what are you working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game again - what are you working on
+your projects we're bringing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projects we're bringing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your projects we're bringing the
+prototyping kits for that last bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping kits for that last bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping kits for that last bit so
+you can start building stuff up alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start building stuff up alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start building stuff up alright
+so today's reading was partly what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's reading was partly what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's reading was partly what's my
+copier partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey folks so today's today's reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey folks so today's today's reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey folks so today's today's reading
+where I think chapter 11 and 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think chapter 11 and 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I think chapter 11 and 12
+was that right space control and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that right space control and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that right space control and and
+ these games holder your corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ these games holder your corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ these games holder your corner
+games yes and the reason why I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games yes and the reason why I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games yes and the reason why I wanted
+you to take a look at these because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a look at these because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to take a look at these because it's
+it's got to sort of historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to sort of historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to sort of historical
+investigation well it's got a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation well it's got a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation well it's got a whole
+bunch of its all investigations of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of its all investigations of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of its all investigations of a
+bunch of different games but I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different games but I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different games but I kind of
+goes in-depth into two particular games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in-depth into two particular games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in-depth into two particular games
+one in each chapter so people remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each chapter so people remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in each chapter so people remember
+which game is more competent doesn't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which game is more competent doesn't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which game is more competent doesn't in
+the reading no really close to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading no really close to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reading no really close to that but
+your one letter off yes good and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your one letter off yes good and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your one letter off yes good and the
+other one was chase game called tough oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one was chase game called tough oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one was chase game called tough oh
+yeah the second chapter that I had you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the second chapter that I had you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the second chapter that I had you
+read today starts with like foxing geese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read today starts with like foxing geese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read today starts with like foxing geese
+and a bunch of things but and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of things but and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a bunch of things but and it really
+goes in depth into Tafel and this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in depth into Tafel and this is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in depth into Tafel and this is I
+probably the most in depth sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most in depth sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most in depth sort of
+historical research that you find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical research that you find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical research that you find in
+this entire book most of this book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire book most of this book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this entire book most of this book is
+like the stuff in between go and Tahoe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the stuff in between go and Tahoe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the stuff in between go and Tahoe
+where it's like you know four paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like you know four paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's like you know four paragraphs
+at most on any particular game and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most on any particular game and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most on any particular game and I'm
+just talking about variants right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about variants right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about variants right then
+he talked about reverse e which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about reverse e which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he talked about reverse e which is what
+200 years old something like that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 years old something like that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 years old something like that I can
+remember the exact number but he only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the exact number but he only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the exact number but he only
+gives like maybe like two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives like maybe like two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives like maybe like two or three
+paragraphs on this history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs on this history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraphs on this history and
+everything else is just this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is just this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else is just this is how the
+game is played these are the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is played these are the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is played these are the mechanics
+and so that if you wanted to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that if you wanted to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that if you wanted to figure out
+how this gave all the things that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this gave all the things that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this gave all the things that can
+come out from the game you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out from the game you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out from the game you could
+recreate it just based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate it just based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recreate it just based on the
+illustrations and the mechanics but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations and the mechanics but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations and the mechanics but when
+it comes to girl and when it comes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to girl and when it comes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to girl and when it comes to
+TOEFL it's a little bit more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOEFL it's a little bit more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOEFL it's a little bit more about the
+culture surrounding these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture surrounding these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture surrounding these particular
+games and that's a very different take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and that's a very different take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and that's a very different take
+and an interesting take so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an interesting take so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an interesting take so you're
+interested in doing sort of academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing sort of academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing sort of academic
+research in games that's one that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in games that's one that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in games that's one that's one
+way it hasn't kind of like game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it hasn't kind of like game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it hasn't kind of like game
+archeology game historian work one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archeology game historian work one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archeology game historian work one of
+our grad students who is now doing his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grad students who is now doing his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our grad students who is now doing his
+PhD Jason Beghe is kind of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD Jason Beghe is kind of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD Jason Beghe is kind of doing that
+for training games and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for training games and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for training games and sort of
+evolutional train games even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutional train games even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutional train games even though
+obviously those couldn't have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously those couldn't have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously those couldn't have been
+invented before trains existed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented before trains existed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented before trains existed so
+they're not that old but there are tons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not that old but there are tons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not that old but there are tons
+of them and it's just an either again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and it's just an either again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them and it's just an either again
+tracking this evolution but also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking this evolution but also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking this evolution but also the
+culture the people who play these games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the people who play these games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture the people who play these games
+so let's see how many I feel take oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how many I feel take oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see how many I feel take oh
+okay about five people how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about five people how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about five people how many of you
+have played a version of top old enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played a version of top old enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have played a version of top old enough
+to vote hitch any tough for you you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote hitch any tough for you you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vote hitch any tough for you you you
+feel on people on ipad oh oh yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel on people on ipad oh oh yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel on people on ipad oh oh yeah you
+can find you can actually find like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find you can actually find like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find you can actually find like
+craftsmen making these things tougher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmen making these things tougher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+craftsmen making these things tougher
+boards even though the rules as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards even though the rules as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards even though the rules as if you
+read read the book the rules don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read read the book the rules don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read read the book the rules don't
+aren't really well understood there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really well understood there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't really well understood there
+isn't there's no canonical explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there's no canonical explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there's no canonical explanation
+of here are the pieces and share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here are the pieces and share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of here are the pieces and share the
+rule and here's what you do with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and here's what you do with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and here's what you do with them
+you can i define a little bit of water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can i define a little bit of water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can i define a little bit of water
+you find a little bit of the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a little bit of the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find a little bit of the other so
+there are some some archaea are there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some some archaea are there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some some archaea are there's
+some archaeological evidence for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some archaeological evidence for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some archaeological evidence for here
+are the different pieces for a full set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different pieces for a full set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different pieces for a full set
+of the whole and they don't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole and they don't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whole and they don't tell you
+what to do with it and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with it and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to do with it and then there's
+another set of it's like this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of it's like this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of it's like this is what
+you do with all the pieces but then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with all the pieces but then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do with all the pieces but then it
+seems to be describing a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be describing a different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be describing a different set
+of pieces or a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces or a different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces or a different number of
+pieces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and
+and you're not quite sure you get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not quite sure you get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not quite sure you get a lot
+of stuff like poetic records of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff like poetic records of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff like poetic records of the
+significance of the pieces and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the pieces and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance of the pieces and that
+gives you a clue about what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a clue about what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a clue about what people
+thought of these pieces and gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of these pieces and gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of these pieces and gives you a
+clue of what these pieces can do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue of what these pieces can do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clue of what these pieces can do in the
+game you know that there are some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know that there are some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know that there are some some
+descriptions of particular plays of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of particular plays of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of particular plays of this
+game which gives you an idea of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which gives you an idea of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game which gives you an idea of how
+these pieces can be made but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces can be made but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pieces can be made but you know
+it's viewed within a sort of larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's viewed within a sort of larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's viewed within a sort of larger
+context of here's an asymmetric board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of here's an asymmetric board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of here's an asymmetric board
+game that's you know that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's you know that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's you know that that is
+largely involving one one group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely involving one one group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely involving one one group of
+pieces trying to capture their Hall or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces trying to capture their Hall or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces trying to capture their Hall or a
+particular group of another of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular group of another of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular group of another of the other
+players that's basically the whole genre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that's basically the whole genre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players that's basically the whole genre
+of the chase game of the Fox Aggies type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chase game of the Fox Aggies type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the chase game of the Fox Aggies type
+game and you know viewed from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you know viewed from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and you know viewed from that
+context of here all these other games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of here all these other games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of here all these other games
+that have survived a little bit better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have survived a little bit better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have survived a little bit better
+like the dish Fox Aggies this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dish Fox Aggies this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the dish Fox Aggies this is this is
+what we can this is what we can intuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can this is what we can intuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can this is what we can intuit
+it's kind of a siege game where both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a siege game where both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a siege game where both
+sides have soldiers but one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides have soldiers but one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides have soldiers but one of them is
+explicitly trying to kill a king well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly trying to kill a king well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly trying to kill a king well
+like one side doesn't have a king and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one side doesn't have a king and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one side doesn't have a king and
+he's trying to kill the king and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to kill the king and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's trying to kill the king and then
+the other side has a king and a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side has a king and a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side has a king and a bunch of
+bodyguards and they're trying to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodyguards and they're trying to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodyguards and they're trying to defend
+King and the whole idea is sometimes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King and the whole idea is sometimes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King and the whole idea is sometimes is
+to get the King to escape route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the King to escape route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the King to escape route
+sometimes it's just survived a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just survived a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's just survived a certain
+number of moves or to get to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves or to get to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of moves or to get to a
+particular point on the board and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point on the board and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point on the board and that
+one thing that I would like you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I would like you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I would like you to think
+about if you haven't read it do read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you haven't read it do read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you haven't read it do read
+through these two chapters just to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these two chapters just to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these two chapters just to get a
+slightly better idea of what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better idea of what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly better idea of what you can do
+with space that's one thing that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with space that's one thing that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with space that's one thing that we've
+been noticing that in some of the games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been noticing that in some of the games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been noticing that in some of the games
+that have come that you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come that you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come that you've been
+prototyped in in this class space isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyped in in this class space isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyped in in this class space isn't
+always used very they're very creatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always used very they're very creatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always used very they're very creatively
+we see games that we played out on grids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see games that we played out on grids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see games that we played out on grids
+we've been seeing games where you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been seeing games where you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been seeing games where you you
+know you can move freely throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can move freely throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can move freely throughout the
+whole grid but then what does each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grid but then what does each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole grid but then what does each
+individual square actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual square actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual square actually
+in relation to other pieces on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to other pieces on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in relation to other pieces on the same
+board is something that these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is something that these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board is something that these these
+games actually do really well both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games actually do really well both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games actually do really well both the
+games of territorial capture when she co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of territorial capture when she co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games of territorial capture when she co
+was what was all about and and the chase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was all about and and the chase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was all about and and the chase
+games which are these these asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games which are these these asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games which are these these asymmetric
+games where you try to surround your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where you try to surround your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where you try to surround your
+opponent go and tough are not the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent go and tough are not the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent go and tough are not the only
+two games that described it here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two games that described it here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two games that described it here there's
+a huge amount of variation and thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of variation and thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge amount of variation and thought
+about what you can particularly do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can particularly do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you can particularly do when
+it comes to many manipulating space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to many manipulating space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to many manipulating space
+being surrounded you know what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being surrounded you know what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being surrounded you know what does it
+mean to have two of your opposing pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to have two of your opposing pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to have two of your opposing pieces
+on either side of you or the l-shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side of you or the l-shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on either side of you or the l-shape of
+you what does it mean to be on a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what does it mean to be on a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what does it mean to be on a square
+grid for especially when in-game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid for especially when in-game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid for especially when in-game
+planking I can go it's a game that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planking I can go it's a game that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planking I can go it's a game that's
+played on you know squares on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played on you know squares on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played on you know squares on the
+corners of off squares in particular and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of off squares in particular and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners of off squares in particular and
+it's very very important that what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very important that what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very very important that what was
+to the top and what's to the bottom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top and what's to the bottom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top and what's to the bottom and
+what's taught to the left and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's taught to the left and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's taught to the left and what's the
+right of every piece is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of every piece is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of every piece is really really
+important and what do the diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and what do the diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and what do the diagonals
+isn't really so important until you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really so important until you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really so important until you sort
+of consider the matter strategy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consider the matter strategy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of consider the matter strategy right
+what what's the the effect of a clump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the the effect of a clump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what's the the effect of a clump of
+pieces rather than the single piece the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces rather than the single piece the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces rather than the single piece the
+other thing about the the section on go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing about the the section on go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing about the the section on go
+in particular is that you get this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is that you get this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular is that you get this huge
+amount of vocabulary words like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of vocabulary words like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of vocabulary words like
+liberties the way how our scores are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberties the way how our scores are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberties the way how our scores are
+being added up and this words from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being added up and this words from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being added up and this words from
+different languages Korean and Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages Korean and Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages Korean and Chinese
+and Japanese too but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Japanese too but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Japanese too but most of the
+research in this particular book refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in this particular book refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research in this particular book refers
+specifically to the Japanese tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the Japanese tradition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically to the Japanese tradition
+so most of the terms are using Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the terms are using Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the terms are using Japanese
+don't how many of you heard of Atari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't how many of you heard of Atari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't how many of you heard of Atari
+come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on
+yes Atari yeah okay all right you've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Atari yeah okay all right you've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Atari yeah okay all right you've had
+it that's actually supposed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's actually supposed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's actually supposed to be the
+revision of what are you HSA with which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of what are you HSA with which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revision of what are you HSA with which
+which is a gold term don't ask me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a gold term don't ask me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a gold term don't ask me what
+the term means I don't actually play go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term means I don't actually play go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term means I don't actually play go
+but it's you know these words are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know these words are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's you know these words are kind
+of like worked its way into into even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like worked its way into into even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like worked its way into into even
+cultures that don't they go that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures that don't they go that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultures that don't they go that much
+like like as much of the Western world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like as much of the Western world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like as much of the Western world
+in the same way alia has made its way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way alia has made its way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way alia has made its way
+into into talking about games and chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into talking about games and chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into into talking about games and chance
+because that means dice in that die is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means dice in that die is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means dice in that die is
+specifically enlightened this is a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically enlightened this is a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically enlightened this is a in
+the same way that you know sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that you know sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that you know sometimes we
+talk about being checkmated even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about being checkmated even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about being checkmated even when
+you're not being not not playing a chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not being not not playing a chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not being not not playing a chess
+game you know I'm trying to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know I'm trying to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you know I'm trying to think of
+other chose to Chester terminology that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chose to Chester terminology that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chose to Chester terminology that
+tends to make its way into common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to make its way into common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to make its way into common
+English parlance huh what sucks wine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English parlance huh what sucks wine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English parlance huh what sucks wine
+oh yeah yeah at least worst move yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah at least worst move yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah yeah at least worst move yeah
+yeah that the that's that's that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that the that's that's that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that the that's that's that does
+any time that I don't I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time that I don't I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any time that I don't I'm not sure if
+they're specifically from chess I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specifically from chess I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're specifically from chess I'm
+thinking more about like you know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about like you know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more about like you know yeah
+yeah yeah is a concept that applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah is a concept that applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah is a concept that applies to
+chess in particular a lot well um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess in particular a lot well um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess in particular a lot well um I
+think I will type on games I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I will type on games I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I will type on games I don't
+really think about it in chess so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about it in chess so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really think about it in chess so much
+because I don't play that much chess but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't play that much chess but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't play that much chess but
+but but by hurt call my toes chest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but by hurt call my toes chest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but by hurt call my toes chest
+commentators talk about that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators talk about that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentators talk about that yeah
+general cheating the world as a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general cheating the world as a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general cheating the world as a game
+very Sherlock Holmes II kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Sherlock Holmes II kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Sherlock Holmes II kind of you know
+I I have such a high intellect that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have such a high intellect that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have such a high intellect that the
+world is a game to me and this crime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is a game to me and this crime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world is a game to me and this crime is
+a game thinking of something at that end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game thinking of something at that end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game thinking of something at that end
+with Yahoo so yeah I'm just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Yahoo so yeah I'm just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Yahoo so yeah I'm just trying to
+think of all the chests yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yeah how you the position kind of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how you the position kind of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah how you the position kind of and
+you probably get yeah I think that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably get yeah I think that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably get yeah I think that was a
+terminology that came from outside chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that came from outside chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology that came from outside chess
+and all of slide into chess but but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of slide into chess but but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of slide into chess but but i
+but I definitely heard checkmate being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I definitely heard checkmate being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I definitely heard checkmate being
+used outside of chess facility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used outside of chess facility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used outside of chess facility
+oh yes tell me still make this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes tell me still make this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yes tell me still make this you know
+I mean this is a situation I generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a situation I generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this is a situation I generally
+do associate which has more than any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do associate which has more than any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do associate which has more than any
+other game but you know a stalemate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other game but you know a stalemate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other game but you know a stalemate that
+happens in a business situation or in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a business situation or in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in a business situation or in a
+negotiation right that's you know both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation right that's you know both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation right that's you know both
+of us have no way to be able to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have no way to be able to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have no way to be able to get an
+advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage
+upon each other so that's that that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon each other so that's that that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon each other so that's that that's a
+good way to terminology from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to terminology from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to terminology from something
+that's been as old as chest has been as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been as old as chest has been as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been as old as chest has been as
+well as gold you know we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as gold you know we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as gold you know we haven't
+preserved much from tafolla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved much from tafolla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved much from tafolla
+unfortunately but I can work its way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but I can work its way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but I can work its way to
+sort of common parlance and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of common parlance and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of common parlance and that's
+something that he does in the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that he does in the analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that he does in the analysis
+of gold that I don't see in any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gold that I don't see in any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gold that I don't see in any other
+analysis insight this one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis insight this one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis insight this one particular
+book but you do find it in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but you do find it in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book but you do find it in other
+people's writing there's also a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's writing there's also a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's writing there's also a lot of
+talk about who play go you know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about who play go you know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about who play go you know well
+right now that's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that's the what's the
+difference between kind of the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between kind of the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between kind of the Japanese
+culture of masters but are like a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of masters but are like a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture of masters but are like a few
+you know almost more scholarly than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost more scholarly than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know almost more scholarly than
+scholars kind of rarefied elite who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars kind of rarefied elite who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholars kind of rarefied elite who are
+assumed to be the absolute best players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be the absolute best players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed to be the absolute best players
+of of go at least in Japan although that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of go at least in Japan although that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of go at least in Japan although that
+this you can get the best player of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can get the best player of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you can get the best player of go
+in Japan you're kind of the best player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan you're kind of the best player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Japan you're kind of the best player
+go in general but then in Korea you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in general but then in Korea you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in general but then in Korea you have
+a exactly 100 person professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a exactly 100 person professional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a exactly 100 person professional
+association professional as in you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association professional as in you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association professional as in you're
+gonna make money playing this thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make money playing this thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna make money playing this thing and
+that's like a broadcast culture around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a broadcast culture around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a broadcast culture around
+and it's kind of like eSports before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of like eSports before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of like eSports before the
+II you know they take four games on TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II you know they take four games on TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+II you know they take four games on TV
+right you know and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know and it's a
+and that's a lot of height is about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lot of height is about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a lot of height is about and
+that's money involved in it and it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's money involved in it and it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's money involved in it and it comes
+this rarefied grand master class that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rarefied grand master class that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rarefied grand master class that
+you're trying to get into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to get into you know
+because once you're into that class then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you're into that class then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you're into that class then
+you get to I just make the big bucks say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to I just make the big bucks say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to I just make the big bucks say
+TV personality and Chinese you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV personality and Chinese you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV personality and Chinese you know is
+it in Chinese culture it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Chinese culture it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in Chinese culture it's a little bit
+more of a very historic thing right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a very historic thing right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a very historic thing right is
+this thing that yeah you could play but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that yeah you could play but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that yeah you could play but
+you're playing it for historical reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing it for historical reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're playing it for historical reasons
+it's not a consonant quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a consonant quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a consonant quite as
+contemporary game as mahjong for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary game as mahjong for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary game as mahjong for
+instance which is very much a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance which is very much a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance which is very much a social
+game this is a game that you play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game this is a game that you play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game this is a game that you play with
+friends it's like a game of poker you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends it's like a game of poker you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends it's like a game of poker you
+playing a game of mahjongg you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a game of mahjongg you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing a game of mahjongg you don't
+wait e doesn't have that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait e doesn't have that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait e doesn't have that kind of
+cultural resonance even doesn't you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural resonance even doesn't you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural resonance even doesn't you know
+it's the same physical more or less the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same physical more or less the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same physical more or less the
+same physical game as go I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same physical game as go I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same physical game as go I think there's
+some minor scoring changes but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minor scoring changes but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minor scoring changes but you know
+otherwise the play of the game is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the play of the game is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the play of the game is the
+same so you know the evolution of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so you know the evolution of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same so you know the evolution of how
+this game and I'll started off as kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game and I'll started off as kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game and I'll started off as kind
+of has almost a spiritual activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has almost a spiritual activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of has almost a spiritual activity
+there's something that was promoted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that was promoted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something that was promoted by
+months as something that proved that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months as something that proved that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months as something that proved that
+that helped it meditation and then move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped it meditation and then move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped it meditation and then move
+this way from there into Royal Courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way from there into Royal Courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way from there into Royal Courts
+and then eventually into the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually into the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then eventually into the rest of the
+population for people who aspired to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population for people who aspired to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population for people who aspired to
+those kinds of you know high lofty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of you know high lofty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kinds of you know high lofty
+social positions it was seen to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social positions it was seen to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social positions it was seen to be a
+sort of activity that really smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of activity that really smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of activity that really smart
+people will do and then if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do and then if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do and then if you can
+demonstrate no you're really smart then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate no you're really smart then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate no you're really smart then
+you can get jobs for really smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get jobs for really smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get jobs for really smart people
+that sort of thing which paid which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing which paid which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing which paid which
+apparently pay very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently pay very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently pay very well
+in Asia then then you you've so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia then then you you've so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Asia then then you you've so and then
+you've got the actual description of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the actual description of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the actual description of how
+the game is played but even in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played but even in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is played but even in this
+particular write-up the way how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular write-up the way how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular write-up the way how they
+describe the the play of the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the the play of the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the the play of the game is
+goes beyond the mechanics very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes beyond the mechanics very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes beyond the mechanics very very
+quickly because the nice thing about go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because the nice thing about go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because the nice thing about go
+is that the actual rules of goal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the actual rules of goal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the actual rules of goal are
+pretty darn simple the idea of goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn simple the idea of goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn simple the idea of goal is
+pretty darn simple if what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn simple if what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn simple if what you know
+there are black and white stones each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are black and white stones each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are black and white stones each
+player plays either all black all white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player plays either all black all white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player plays either all black all white
+students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students
+if you you know you you play or the grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not going to draw the exact number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to draw the exact number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to draw the exact number
+of lines but you know it's that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines but you know it's that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lines but you know it's that sort of
+thing but you play on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you play on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but you play on the on the
+intersections and you know if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections and you know if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections and you know if you've got
+a situation like this where you call one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation like this where you call one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation like this where you call one
+color completely surrounded by the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color completely surrounded by the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color completely surrounded by the other
+color on all four sites you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color on all four sites you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color on all four sites you know this
+this piece is the meaning it's captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is the meaning it's captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece is the meaning it's captured
+it's taken off the board and you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken off the board and you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's taken off the board and you can't
+repeat the same board state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the same board state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the same board state and
+immediately yeah like if I have a weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately yeah like if I have a weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately yeah like if I have a weird
+situation look where you know I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation look where you know I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation look where you know I've got a
+black piece here I got a black piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black piece here I got a black piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black piece here I got a black piece
+here I've got a black piece here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know I think that's right yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that's right yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that's right yeah and then
+I immediately place a black piece here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I immediately place a black piece here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I immediately place a black piece here
+so I capture this piece the opponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I capture this piece the opponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I capture this piece the opponent
+comes then put another white piece here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes then put another white piece here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes then put another white piece here
+and really captured that piece because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really captured that piece because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really captured that piece because
+that returns the board back to its the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that returns the board back to its the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that returns the board back to its the
+the state that it was just a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state that it was just a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state that it was just a couple of
+seconds ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds ago
+that's basically the rules there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the rules there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the rules there's a
+whole chunk of rules on how you figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole chunk of rules on how you figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole chunk of rules on how you figure
+out who won by basically scoring things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who won by basically scoring things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who won by basically scoring things
+and I've seen students showed me many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've seen students showed me many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've seen students showed me many
+different ways of scoring that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of scoring that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of scoring that some of
+them pretty elegant some of them pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them pretty elegant some of them pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them pretty elegant some of them pretty
+flimsy but they all add up to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flimsy but they all add up to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flimsy but they all add up to the same
+number so so so so it's basically a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so so so so it's basically a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so so so so it's basically a lot
+of different algorithms to get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different algorithms to get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different algorithms to get the same
+to get the same result but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the same result but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the same result but in the end
+the basic idea is just surround your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is just surround your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is just surround your
+opponent but once you get from that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent but once you get from that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opponent but once you get from that into
+all of the higher-level strategies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the higher-level strategies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the higher-level strategies of
+that okay out of this game mechanic what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay out of this game mechanic what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay out of this game mechanic what
+are all of the things that you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of the things that you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all of the things that you have to
+do to be able to play out this game to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to be able to play out this game to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to be able to play out this game to
+your own advantage you start going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own advantage you start going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own advantage you start going in
+things like how important is it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how important is it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like how important is it to be
+able to capture the coordinates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to capture the coordinates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to capture the coordinates of the
+board for instance you know what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for instance you know what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board for instance you know what are the
+typical opening moves that you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical opening moves that you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical opening moves that you see in
+this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game
+whereas in his same analysis in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in his same analysis in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in his same analysis in the same
+chapter of reversing austell oh it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of reversing austell oh it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter of reversing austell oh it just
+largely comes down to are you playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely comes down to are you playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largely comes down to are you playing
+pieces like this are you playing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces like this are you playing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces like this are you playing your
+pieces like this or do you not have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces like this or do you not have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces like this or do you not have the
+choice at all because you're playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice at all because you're playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice at all because you're playing
+Othello and that's what you start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Othello and that's what you start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Othello and that's what you start with
+you know that's basically the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's basically the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that's basically the entire
+analysis of the opening moves off what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the opening moves off what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of the opening moves off what a
+lot that he gives and but but then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that he gives and but but then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that he gives and but but then when
+he goes into goal is like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes into goal is like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he goes into goal is like there's a
+whole section on on on why the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole section on on on why the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole section on on on why the opening
+moves have such a long-term impact and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves have such a long-term impact and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves have such a long-term impact and
+like chess there is an opening game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chess there is an opening game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like chess there is an opening game
+there's a mid game there's an endgame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mid game there's an endgame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a mid game there's an endgame
+you know the endgame is kind of like no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the endgame is kind of like no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the endgame is kind of like no
+real surprises at that point you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real surprises at that point you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real surprises at that point you're just
+kind of like rounding up what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like rounding up what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like rounding up what was
+developed in the mid game the mid game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the mid game the mid game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed in the mid game the mid game
+is where all the really really sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where all the really really sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where all the really really sort of
+strike from behind call you by surprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike from behind call you by surprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strike from behind call you by surprise
+stuff happens and at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens and at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens and at the beginning of
+the game is just setting up the stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is just setting up the stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is just setting up the stage
+those situations so that that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those situations so that that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those situations so that that kind of
+thing can happen so you know I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can happen so you know I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can happen so you know I I think
+it's nice to be able to try to imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice to be able to try to imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nice to be able to try to imagine
+what a game that has been around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a game that has been around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a game that has been around that
+long that can develop all that richness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that can develop all that richness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that can develop all that richness
+right now so the cultural richness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so the cultural richness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so the cultural richness is
+you know game mechanic and strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know game mechanic and strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know game mechanic and strategy
+richness there's four carat that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness there's four carat that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richness there's four carat that sort of
+linguistic religious I like how nice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic religious I like how nice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic religious I like how nice it
+would be to be like a person who designs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to be like a person who designs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to be like a person who designs
+the game like that except probably no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game like that except probably no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game like that except probably no
+one will ever remember you it is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will ever remember you it is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will ever remember you it is kind of
+sad but also what world you what well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad but also what world you what well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad but also what world you what well
+that kind of game have to have and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of game have to have and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of game have to have and I
+like to ask the indulgence I'll build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to ask the indulgence I'll build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to ask the indulgence I'll build
+like brainstorming it's like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like brainstorming it's like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like brainstorming it's like if you
+wanted to like heroes it's physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to like heroes it's physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to like heroes it's physically
+your goal to work with the team to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal to work with the team to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your goal to work with the team to try
+to develop a game that people be playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a game that people be playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop a game that people be playing
+1,000 years from now what would a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 years from now what would a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,000 years from now what would a game
+have to have what they need need need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have what they need need need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have what they need need need
+need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Chester go in the sense that has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chester go in the sense that has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chester go in the sense that has to be
+simple to learn but an infinite strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to learn but an infinite strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple to learn but an infinite strategy
+mm-hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm
+it has to be weekly entirely unbreakable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be weekly entirely unbreakable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be weekly entirely unbreakable
+unbreakable as in lazy no computer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbreakable as in lazy no computer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbreakable as in lazy no computer we
+never solve in history of humanity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never solve in history of humanity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never solve in history of humanity
+you know just probably never ever well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just probably never ever well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just probably never ever well
+no computers solved it yet I'm not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no computers solved it yet I'm not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no computers solved it yet I'm not sure
+if anyone's proven that it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone's proven that it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if anyone's proven that it can't be
+solved okay yeah yeah chestnuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved okay yeah yeah chestnuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved okay yeah yeah chestnuts and
+numbers are yeah yeah yeah you test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are yeah yeah yeah you test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are yeah yeah yeah you test the
+test doubles are huge yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just lightly printed stickers that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lightly printed stickers that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lightly printed stickers that every
+200 BC it can be solving any rubik's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 BC it can be solving any rubik's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 BC it can be solving any rubik's
+cube can be solved in 20 years he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube can be solved in 20 years he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube can be solved in 20 years he
+removes all right they didn't do this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes all right they didn't do this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes all right they didn't do this by
+considering every possible position like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering every possible position like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering every possible position like
+kind of like they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like they just
+they actually sort of it they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually sort of it they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually sort of it they just
+figure it out with like certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out with like certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure it out with like certain
+symmetries so a game that's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so a game that's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries so a game that's hard to
+reduce into a simple form which that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce into a simple form which that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce into a simple form which that can
+be solved you know gives you an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved you know gives you an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be solved you know gives you an idea
+that alright it's always it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright it's always it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alright it's always it's always
+going to be at least a minimum level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at least a minimum level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at least a minimum level of
+complexity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I can imagine that but there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can imagine that but there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I can imagine that but there was
+sports they've been around for a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports they've been around for a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports they've been around for a real
+long time right and and and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time right and and and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time right and and and you know I
+tried to think of one that's been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to think of one that's been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to think of one that's been around
+for a thousand years and thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a thousand years and thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a thousand years and thinking
+javelin probably has been around at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+javelin probably has been around at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+javelin probably has been around at
+least that long you know those are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that long you know those are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that long you know those are those
+are dextrous games but I can fight they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dextrous games but I can fight they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dextrous games but I can fight they
+kind of make a portkey you're on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make a portkey you're on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of make a portkey you're on a
+bigger ball game they're gonna last last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger ball game they're gonna last last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger ball game they're gonna last last
+a length of time it can't be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a length of time it can't be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a length of time it can't be something
+like a flicking game I've played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flicking game I've played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a flicking game I've played
+flicking games have been around but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicking games have been around but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flicking games have been around but
+maybe not a thousand years how long has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a thousand years how long has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not a thousand years how long has
+just been around someone would Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been around someone would Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just been around someone would Wikipedia
+I should answer that question in the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should answer that question in the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should answer that question in the at
+least yeah I mean it has gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least yeah I mean it has gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least yeah I mean it has gone through
+several different versions like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different versions like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different versions like that's
+the time where the Queen was a Vizier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time where the Queen was a Vizier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time where the Queen was a Vizier
+you know and we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and we're talking about
+versions of the game that existed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the game that existed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the game that existed in
+India and in the Middle East 6th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and in the Middle East 6th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India and in the Middle East 6th century
+yeah I think if the most recent version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think if the most recent version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think if the most recent version
+I was the most recent change I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was the most recent change I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was the most recent change I think
+would be the power of the Queen and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the power of the Queen and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the power of the Queen and that
+was Queen Isabella but that's about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Queen Isabella but that's about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Queen Isabella but that's about when
+she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she
+the zoo but across the board thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah and and I'm not so sure yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and and I'm not so sure yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah and and I'm not so sure yeah
+obviously a lot of like iterations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot of like iterations over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously a lot of like iterations over
+how it tournaments needs to be played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it tournaments needs to be played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it tournaments needs to be played
+out right the little like details but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right the little like details but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right the little like details but
+then things like basic things like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things like basic things like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then things like basic things like how
+does a piece move I think the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a piece move I think the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a piece move I think the biggest
+change was probably the Queen's and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change was probably the Queen's and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change was probably the Queen's and yeah
+so while talking about it like 1,400 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while talking about it like 1,400 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so while talking about it like 1,400 or
+1,600 within dust at the 200 year period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,600 within dust at the 200 year period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,600 within dust at the 200 year period
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+when you have a bunch of really powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a bunch of really powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a bunch of really powerful
+European Queens right and I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European Queens right and I like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European Queens right and I like that
+that inspires this very balance is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inspires this very balance is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inspires this very balance is in
+both sites has a good chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sites has a good chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sites has a good chance of
+succeeding okay yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hey but it's not it doesn't III don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey but it's not it doesn't III don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey but it's not it doesn't III don't
+think resol is saying that it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think resol is saying that it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think resol is saying that it has to be
+exactly balanced just pretty downturns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the 55/45 is not close at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right now it doesn't let you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right now it doesn't let you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right now it doesn't let you get
+something along the lines of life right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something along the lines of life right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something along the lines of life right
+now like the vast majority of games are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like the vast majority of games are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like the vast majority of games are
+any cross yeah but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and go being black is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go being black is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go being black is supposed to be
+exported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exported
+I read issue I wonder does this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read issue I wonder does this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read issue I wonder does this game
+have to be competitive nature does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be competitive nature does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be competitive nature does it
+has to be competitive would you like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be competitive would you like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be competitive would you like a
+cooperative game that extent danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative game that extent danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperative game that extent danger
+competitive rules for each senator oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive rules for each senator oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive rules for each senator oh
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah
+so we have at the board no rules exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have at the board no rules exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have at the board no rules exist
+yep that's right it's a route so rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's right it's a route so rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep that's right it's a route so rules
+don't they met again let's think not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they met again let's think not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they met again let's think not
+necessarily go and chess but also are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go and chess but also are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily go and chess but also are
+things like athletics sports right are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like athletics sports right are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like athletics sports right are
+these all these things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all these things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these all these things that we
+associated games rather they disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated games rather they disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated games rather they disappear
+castle strikes I'm thinking what's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle strikes I'm thinking what's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+castle strikes I'm thinking what's like
+the oldest team game that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldest team game that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oldest team game that we can think
+of it if that is that the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it if that is that the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it if that is that the people
+associate that with basketball or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that with basketball or yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that with basketball or yeah
+yeah I think I think I think rolling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I think I think rolling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think I think I think rolling on
+the ground balls rolling on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground balls rolling on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground balls rolling on the ground
+are a little bit more for more for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit more for more for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a little bit more for more for
+comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being balanced it seems like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being balanced it seems like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being balanced it seems like it's
+helpful if it's the sort of game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if it's the sort of game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful if it's the sort of game where
+you can sort of build up the culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of build up the culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of build up the culture of
+competition around it yeah it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition around it yeah it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition around it yeah it seems like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that seems to help keep things relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to help keep things relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems to help keep things relevant
+implies that there's some type of skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that there's some type of skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that there's some type of skill
+that you can develop and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can develop and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can develop and then you can
+compete against other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me get Laura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which makes a lot of sense and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes a lot of sense and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes a lot of sense and it also
+means that like it done is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that like it done is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that like it done is like
+try to win the strategy because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah the mall you know the better it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the mall you know the better it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the mall you know the better it is
+for you when you start off as white as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you when you start off as white as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you when you start off as white as
+opposed to it be just like a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to it be just like a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to it be just like a you know
+completely balanced thing you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely balanced thing you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely balanced thing you're
+basically considered intelligent if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically considered intelligent if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically considered intelligent if you
+could play well yeah and it's all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play well yeah and it's all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play well yeah and it's all a
+sport it's like you were really help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport it's like you were really help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport it's like you were really help you
+might try we're trying so so I'm what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try we're trying so so I'm what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might try we're trying so so I'm what
+what I'm hearing is like either you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm hearing is like either you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm hearing is like either you end
+a war by playing a game that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war by playing a game that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war by playing a game that's that's
+one way to kiss house are like real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to kiss house are like real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to kiss house are like real
+cultural significance and a lot of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural significance and a lot of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural significance and a lot of like
+you know sort of athletic events you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of athletic events you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sort of athletic events you
+know it picks the kind of about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it picks the kind of about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it picks the kind of about that
+that sort of thing right or you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing right or you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing right or you get a
+king to play your game right and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king to play your game right and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+king to play your game right and they
+really get it you know with which which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get it you know with which which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get it you know with which which
+work I definitely chess chess has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I definitely chess chess has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work I definitely chess chess has had
+like intellectual leaders you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intellectual leaders you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like intellectual leaders you know
+artists for instance I tried remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists for instance I tried remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists for instance I tried remember
+which authors were really meaning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which authors were really meaning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which authors were really meaning to
+chess yeah I wouldn't be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess yeah I wouldn't be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess yeah I wouldn't be surprised
+military leadership where it went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military leadership where it went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military leadership where it went to
+that I'm actually thinking that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm actually thinking that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm actually thinking that maybe
+instead of balance but whether learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of balance but whether learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of balance but whether learning
+to say is that each site has some has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that each site has some has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say is that each site has some has a
+fighting chance right it's not so off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting chance right it's not so off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fighting chance right it's not so off
+balance that games often end in foregone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that games often end in foregone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance that games often end in foregone
+conclusions you know that even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions you know that even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions you know that even when
+black has a disadvantage in it in chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black has a disadvantage in it in chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black has a disadvantage in it in chess
+I can do something like forces tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do something like forces tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do something like forces tell me
+and that gives that both players agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives that both players agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that gives that both players agency
+over the outcome of the game even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the outcome of the game even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the outcome of the game even if
+what they're trying to accomplish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying to accomplish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're trying to accomplish is
+different why is trying to accomplish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why is trying to accomplish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different why is trying to accomplish
+victory like it just trying to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory like it just trying to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victory like it just trying to prevent
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the transaction most recent those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction most recent those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transaction most recent those
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+2001 that's why yeah it's pretty stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 that's why yeah it's pretty stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2001 that's why yeah it's pretty stable
+I'll say that once you've been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say that once you've been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say that once you've been around
+that long you know you've had enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long you know you've had enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that long you know you've had enough
+like tweaks your rules then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tweaks your rules then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tweaks your rules then you know
+that things can work other people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things can work other people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that things can work other people are
+still changing the rules to things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still changing the rules to things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still changing the rules to things like
+American football right you know and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American football right you know and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American football right you know and you
+know that's yeah all right sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's yeah all right sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's yeah all right sometimes
+those rules changes are for things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rules changes are for things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rules changes are for things like
+well we need to make it easier for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need to make it easier for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we need to make it easier for us
+insert ads into this game and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert ads into this game and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert ads into this game and and
+American football that's actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American football that's actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American football that's actually just
+just like that so you know whether that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that so you know whether that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like that so you know whether that
+makes it have longevity I don't know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it have longevity I don't know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it have longevity I don't know but
+it certainly proposed the current health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly proposed the current health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it certainly proposed the current health
+or they just like it works with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they just like it works with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they just like it works with the
+current sort of economics of times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sort of economics of times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sort of economics of times I
+don't know it go and just ever did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it go and just ever did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know it go and just ever did that
+but at least but maybe that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least but maybe that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at least but maybe that's why the
+intellectually if you can't go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually if you can't go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually if you can't go for
+intellectual or in cultural value you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual or in cultural value you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual or in cultural value you
+can go for commercial value that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go for commercial value that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go for commercial value that works
+too right and you have the ideas if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right and you have the ideas if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right and you have the ideas if you
+want to make a game that's gonna dissent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a game that's gonna dissent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make a game that's gonna dissent
+really really stand the test of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really stand the test of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really stand the test of time
+either it's a full game you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's a full game you know our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either it's a full game you know our
+sport or bar cave card game like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also help a bit simple to teach then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help a bit simple to teach then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help a bit simple to teach then
+just like pass on beginning really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like pass on beginning really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like pass on beginning really
+easily yeah you've got to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily yeah you've got to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily yeah you've got to get
+generations to pick it up all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations to pick it up all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations to pick it up all the time
+especially with something like go where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with something like go where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with something like go where
+it's a board and two different colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a board and two different colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a board and two different colored
+rocks so even if you don't have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks so even if you don't have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rocks so even if you don't have like a
+manufacturing board you can just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing board you can just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing board you can just like
+teach someone I think I could wreck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach someone I think I could wreck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach someone I think I could wreck
+enjoyed on the white yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has extreme relative value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I mean in sports you are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean in sports you are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean in sports you are sort of
+like is manure sort of constrained to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is manure sort of constrained to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is manure sort of constrained to
+the situation over there having a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation over there having a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation over there having a large
+enough space flat space that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough space flat space that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough space flat space that you can
+play a game but if that's but assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game but if that's but assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play a game but if that's but assuming
+that's something that's fairly easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that's fairly easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that's fairly easy to
+find around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find around the world
+you know maybe increasingly hard as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe increasingly hard as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe increasingly hard as time
+goes on something like soccer is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on something like soccer is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on something like soccer is very
+easy right you know it's like you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy right you know it's like you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy right you know it's like you don't
+really need a goal you just need things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a goal you just need things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need a goal you just need things
+to mark goal posts and corners and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mark goal posts and corners and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mark goal posts and corners and then
+you can play it's probably a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play it's probably a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can play it's probably a little bit
+harder to do something like baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do something like baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to do something like baseball
+where not only do you need the do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where not only do you need the do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where not only do you need the do you
+need to be able to mark out the playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to mark out the playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be able to mark out the playing
+space but then you've also got to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but then you've also got to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but then you've also got to like
+have all the right you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the right you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the right you know that's a
+stick and a thing that you can throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and a thing that you can throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick and a thing that you can throw
+without hurting anybody right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without hurting anybody right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without hurting anybody right
+I totally you could play baseball with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I totally you could play baseball with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I totally you could play baseball with a
+rock and a stick but you know you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and a stick but you know you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock and a stick but you know you that
+bat games probably not gonna catch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat games probably not gonna catch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat games probably not gonna catch on
+well maybe it does yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to
+they speak up any old objects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they speak up any old objects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they speak up any old objects and
+was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+it is amazing how that's worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is amazing how that's worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is amazing how that's worked with
+chess because chess has so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess because chess has so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess because chess has so many
+different pieces but you know you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces but you know you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces but you know you've
+seen like you know piece of boards being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like you know piece of boards being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen like you know piece of boards being
+made by people who were basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by people who were basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made by people who were basically
+Hermits you know handcrafted stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hermits you know handcrafted stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hermits you know handcrafted stuff and
+and pieces that just like made out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pieces that just like made out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pieces that just like made out of
+like you know by people who were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know by people who were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know by people who were like
+survivors of plane crash you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors of plane crash you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivors of plane crash you know just
+with waiting to be rescued and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with waiting to be rescued and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with waiting to be rescued and things
+like that you can actually you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can actually you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you can actually you know you
+can actually reproduce the board pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reproduce the board pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually reproduce the board pretty
+easily so so yeah you can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so so yeah you can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily so so yeah you can just use
+pieces to be able to reproduce that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to be able to reproduce that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces to be able to reproduce that I'm
+wondering if that's less what point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if that's less what point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if that's less what point of
+complex becomes too complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex becomes too complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex becomes too complex
+because if chess is just on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if chess is just on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if chess is just on the right
+side of you know just easy enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of you know just easy enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of you know just easy enough to
+reproduce because I I can't imagine it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce because I I can't imagine it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce because I I can't imagine it
+gets much harder much more complex than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much harder much more complex than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets much harder much more complex than
+chess to get to the point where we come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess to get to the point where we come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess to get to the point where we come
+just we just kind of really buddies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we just kind of really buddies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just we just kind of really buddies
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+Oh Roger Jesus oh good lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Roger Jesus oh good lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh Roger Jesus oh good lord
+yeah but there's something about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is sort of like a like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is sort of like a like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is sort of like a like an
+accepted there's an acceptance pay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted there's an acceptance pay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted there's an acceptance pay for
+it but you play it right yeah yeah at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you play it right yeah yeah at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you play it right yeah yeah at
+all you just draw draw the icons on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you just draw draw the icons on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you just draw draw the icons on it
+or you can do the Lord of the Rings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do the Lord of the Rings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can do the Lord of the Rings
+chess set for instance where instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess set for instance where instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess set for instance where instead of
+a king you've got you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a king you've got you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a king you've got you know
+Gandalf or something like that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah my calls are great wonders and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my calls are great wonders and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my calls are great wonders and I
+think I would talk a lot about mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I would talk a lot about mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I would talk a lot about mechanics
+but I wonder for something cultural or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wonder for something cultural or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wonder for something cultural or
+symbolical ritualistic and also is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolical ritualistic and also is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolical ritualistic and also is
+required it's like an ecology for sowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required it's like an ecology for sowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required it's like an ecology for sowing
+seeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing senior the bountiful harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing senior the bountiful harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing senior the bountiful harvest
+thing yeah yes kind of this war or yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah yes kind of this war or yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing yeah yes kind of this war or yeah
+we really saw that the 70s but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's a sort of a Taoist monks kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a sort of a Taoist monks kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a sort of a Taoist monks kind
+of thing so there's a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing so there's a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing so there's a certain amount of
+spirituality that's associated with go a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality that's associated with go a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spirituality that's associated with go a
+lot more there's a lot more spiritual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more there's a lot more spiritual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more there's a lot more spiritual
+writing that I've seen on gold and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that I've seen on gold and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing that I've seen on gold and then
+say military strategy writing whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say military strategy writing whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say military strategy writing whereas
+chess is very much a military strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess is very much a military strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chess is very much a military strategy
+thing right then that the Egyptian game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right then that the Egyptian game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right then that the Egyptian game
+of Senet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Senet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Senet
+deficit yeah you're you put the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit yeah you're you put the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deficit yeah you're you put the board
+into the Pharaoh's tomb for the Pharaoh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Pharaoh's tomb for the Pharaoh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the Pharaoh's tomb for the Pharaoh
+to play after the afterlife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you know maybe they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know maybe they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know maybe they're still
+playing it but it but it has no current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it but it but it has no current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it but it but it has no current
+cultural significance right at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural significance right at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural significance right at one point
+it's not having hopeful significance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not having hopeful significance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not having hopeful significance so
+it stopped being played yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stopped being played yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stopped being played yeah that's
+that's a game that people have theorized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a game that people have theorized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a game that people have theorized
+is actually about a journey into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually about a journey into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually about a journey into the
+afterlife so it makes it has cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterlife so it makes it has cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterlife so it makes it has cultural
+resonance for a for a society that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance for a for a society that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance for a for a society that
+thing's very heavily about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's very heavily about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing's very heavily about what happens
+after I die right and you know chess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I die right and you know chess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I die right and you know chess
+makes sense for a society that's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for a society that's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense for a society that's either
+constantly in battle or offered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in battle or offered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly in battle or offered in
+battle and there was a resurgence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle and there was a resurgence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle and there was a resurgence in the
+sixties and seventies here in the u.s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also that most of that celebrities again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that most of that celebrities again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that most of that celebrities again
+this is device to have a king to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is device to have a king to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is device to have a king to tell
+your name all right so couple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name all right so couple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your name all right so couple things
+that are destitute just to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are destitute just to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are destitute just to think about
+you know we've been we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've been we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've been we've been talking
+in class a lot about productizing games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class a lot about productizing games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class a lot about productizing games
+and you know especially when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know especially when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know especially when the
+discussion about the pocket brothers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the pocket brothers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about the pocket brothers and
+what it will take to be able to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it will take to be able to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it will take to be able to make a
+game that's gonna sell the last time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's gonna sell the last time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that's gonna sell the last time we
+had the guests in here to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the guests in here to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the guests in here to talk about
+Kickstarter and patreon a crowdfunding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter and patreon a crowdfunding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kickstarter and patreon a crowdfunding
+and how to put a game in a box and ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to put a game in a box and ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to put a game in a box and ship
+it to people and then also you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to people and then also you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to people and then also you know this
+is the other direction of what if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other direction of what if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the other direction of what if you
+just try to like make a set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to like make a set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just try to like make a set of rules
+that anybody can you know with a ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody can you know with a ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that anybody can you know with a ball
+and field or a you know a chunk of wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and field or a you know a chunk of wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and field or a you know a chunk of wood
+and that you could carve you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you could carve you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you could carve you know a
+bunch of different colored stones or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different colored stones or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different colored stones or
+holes in the ground you know could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in the ground you know could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in the ground you know could
+reproduce and how what's the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce and how what's the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce and how what's the design
+process around designing those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process around designing those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process around designing those kind of
+games you know it might be that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know it might be that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games you know it might be that's a
+perfectly other legitimate application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly other legitimate application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly other legitimate application
+or game design and so I so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or game design and so I so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or game design and so I so you might
+want to think about that and now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about that and now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about that and now that
+everybody's here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's here
+let's hear about your games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hear about your games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's hear about your games
+who needs a protector to today for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who needs a protector to today for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who needs a protector to today for the
+pictures if not you don't have to we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures if not you don't have to we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures if not you don't have to we can
+turn it out no okay all right then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it out no okay all right then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn it out no okay all right then I'm
+gonna shut should protector and ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna shut should protector and ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna shut should protector and ship
+racing team come up here and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing team come up here and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing team come up here and we're going
+to give you feedback on your pitch we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you feedback on your pitch we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you feedback on your pitch we're
+also gonna give you feedback and ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gonna give you feedback and ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gonna give you feedback and ideas
+about tips on the game when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tips on the game when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about tips on the game when you're
+pitching so imagine that that Rick and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching so imagine that that Rick and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching so imagine that that Rick and I
+are the decision makers of the publisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the decision makers of the publisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the decision makers of the publisher
+that you're trying to get money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to get money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to get money from
+okay okay you're trying to get seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay you're trying to get seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay you're trying to get seed
+money to be able to finish design in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to be able to finish design in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money to be able to finish design in
+this game that you're designing maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game that you're designing maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game that you're designing maybe
+you're even employees in like where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're even employees in like where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're even employees in like where the
+heads of Hasbro you are all designers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads of Hasbro you are all designers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads of Hasbro you are all designers in
+it and yeah I said like this is the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and yeah I said like this is the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and yeah I said like this is the game
+we all want to look on next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all want to look on next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all want to look on next
+alright everybody else is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright everybody else is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright everybody else is kind of like
+your competition in the company yes why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competition in the company yes why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your competition in the company yes why
+not what are you doing that they all won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what are you doing that they all won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what are you doing that they all won
+funding to so give us that pitch all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding to so give us that pitch all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding to so give us that pitch all
+right let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's do it
+so as you know well first of all thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know well first of all thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know well first of all thanks
+for having us run through the team real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having us run through the team real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for having us run through the team real
+quick bro yep sorry yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick bro yep sorry yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick bro yep sorry yep
+Matt Jones and we are team ship racing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt Jones and we are team ship racing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matt Jones and we are team ship racing
+and so we're here to tell you why ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're here to tell you why ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're here to tell you why ship
+racing is going to be the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing is going to be the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racing is going to be the number one
+game for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for
+for Phil for Phil rogue studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phil for Phil rogue studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Phil for Phil rogue studios
+and as you know games like a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you know games like a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you know games like a great
+curricula and Shirow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula and Shirow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curricula and Shirow
+are some of the top grossing games in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the top grossing games in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the top grossing games in
+recent history so since we're passionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history so since we're passionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent history so since we're passionate
+about euro-style games and we love path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about euro-style games and we love path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about euro-style games and we love path
+building games why not do a mash-up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building games why not do a mash-up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building games why not do a mash-up of
+the two - two kinds of games so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two - two kinds of games so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two - two kinds of games so that's
+for enter ship racing a mash-up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enter ship racing a mash-up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for enter ship racing a mash-up of
+sorrow and curricula so let me walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorrow and curricula so let me walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorrow and curricula so let me walk you
+through our vision for this game there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our vision for this game there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our vision for this game there's
+gonna be a common core we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a common core we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a common core we're
+experimenting the fourth size right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting the fourth size right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting the fourth size right now
+five by five minutes it's fun and early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five by five minutes it's fun and early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five by five minutes it's fun and early
+prototypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you have a duct ties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to go into spaces and each tile a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as two notes on each side there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two notes on each side there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two notes on each side there'll be
+multiple permutations of paths like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple permutations of paths like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple permutations of paths like this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got you guys have played sir oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got you guys have played sir oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got you guys have played sir oh I'm
+sorry the seats I haven't put so so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the seats I haven't put so so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the seats I haven't put so so okay
+so these tiles will go together and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these tiles will go together and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these tiles will go together and it
+will help navigate your ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if your ship starts here play this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your ship starts here play this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your ship starts here play this
+tile it ends up here so the idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile it ends up here so the idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tile it ends up here so the idea that
+game is to start here the rates in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to start here the rates in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is to start here the rates in the
+race event it's a race to avenge your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race event it's a race to avenge your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race event it's a race to avenge your
+first person you can go from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person you can go from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person you can go from the left
+side of the board to the right side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the board to the right side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the board to the right side of
+the board to the winner the cool part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board to the winner the cool part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board to the winner the cool part is
+that each player is gonna have played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each player is gonna have played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each player is gonna have played
+map and this is going to be a zoomed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and this is going to be a zoomed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and this is going to be a zoomed in
+view and so this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and so this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view and so this is where the
+worker placement euro style turn-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker placement euro style turn-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker placement euro style turn-based
+game comes into play so on your ship via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game comes into play so on your ship via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game comes into play so on your ship via
+simulation and you're gonna get a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and you're gonna get a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation and you're gonna get a really
+good understanding of what it's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good understanding of what it's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good understanding of what it's like to
+be a ship captain you're gonna be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ship captain you're gonna be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a ship captain you're gonna be able
+to steer the ship man the sails act as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steer the ship man the sails act as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to steer the ship man the sails act as a
+navigator using the Sun sky horizon or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigator using the Sun sky horizon or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigator using the Sun sky horizon or
+tools you can populate the crow's nest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools you can populate the crow's nest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools you can populate the crow's nest
+maybe the cook swab the deck you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cook swab the deck you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cook swab the deck you can
+retreat to the captain's quarters to sip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreat to the captain's quarters to sip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retreat to the captain's quarters to sip
+whiskey you can fish off the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskey you can fish off the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whiskey you can fish off the side of the
+boat to get food for your crew and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat to get food for your crew and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat to get food for your crew and as
+we're not quite sure how but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite sure how but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not quite sure how but these are
+the two elements of gameplay that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two elements of gameplay that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two elements of gameplay that we
+want to match together to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to match together to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to match together to really
+question for you guys next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you guys next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question for you guys next year
+is there anything I'm missing I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything I'm missing I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there anything I'm missing I'm gonna
+put this group slump s early closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this group slump s early closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this group slump s early closer
+scripts on it we have a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts on it we have a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scripts on it we have a hundred
+pre-orders already so I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-orders already so I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-orders already so I'm just gonna
+give you a feedback not playing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a feedback not playing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a feedback not playing the
+character I think that'd be a ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character I think that'd be a ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character I think that'd be a ship
+captain is actually do some appointments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain is actually do some appointments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain is actually do some appointments
+okay that's that's the Hokulea trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's the Hokulea trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's that's the Hokulea trying to
+get people excited about the actual game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people excited about the actual game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get people excited about the actual game
+mechanic and everything of like putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic and everything of like putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic and everything of like putting
+the tiles together intellectually and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiles together intellectually and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tiles together intellectually and is
+not early very interesting but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not early very interesting but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not early very interesting but it's not
+the thing that it's going to get okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's like there's a hole in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like there's a hole in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's like there's a hole in the
+market there's you can't be a ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's you can't be a ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's you can't be a ship
+captain in any other game but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain in any other game but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain in any other game but we're
+going to give you a chance to do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a chance to do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you a chance to do that I
+think the we sell the fantasy saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the we sell the fantasy saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the we sell the fantasy saw the
+fantasy ugh this is the kind this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy ugh this is the kind this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy ugh this is the kind this is the
+age of sail you know you want to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of sail you know you want to shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age of sail you know you want to shoot
+captain or the East India Company so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain or the East India Company so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captain or the East India Company so to
+create me you fantasy that you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create me you fantasy that you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create me you fantasy that you're trying
+to do like tickets to right you are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like tickets to right you are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like tickets to right you are at
+the globe continent trotting aristocrat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe continent trotting aristocrat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the globe continent trotting aristocrat
+basically right yeah even though really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right yeah even though really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically right yeah even though really
+the game is nothing about that but if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is nothing about that but if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is nothing about that but if I
+can see they're trying to sell when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they're trying to sell when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see they're trying to sell when they
+try to sell you the box right and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sell you the box right and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to sell you the box right and of
+course that in a full page you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that in a full page you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that in a full page you would
+need to better flesh out what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to better flesh out what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to better flesh out what what the
+decisions that you are doing on the boat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you are doing on the boat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that you are doing on the boat
+how that influences the progress of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that influences the progress of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that influences the progress of the
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+where it look like the title I simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it look like the title I simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it look like the title I simply
+think it's already a game or by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's already a game or by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's already a game or by itself
+right zero and you did make it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right zero and you did make it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right zero and you did make it very
+clear what drives what is that the map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what drives what is that the map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what drives what is that the map
+building drives a shipload interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building drives a shipload interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building drives a shipload interactions
+or the ship mode iterations give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the ship mode iterations give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the ship mode iterations give you the
+ability to be from the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to be from the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to be from the back
+how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't think that that's missed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that that's missed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think that that's missed it
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+I'm curious what is the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious what is the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm curious what is the what are the
+primary secondary sources you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary secondary sources you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary secondary sources you're using
+for how should happen even works why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how should happen even works why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how should happen even works why is
+it that this is how you know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that this is how you know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that this is how you know that you're
+actually showing experiences from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showing experiences from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showing experiences from the
+perspective of this person like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of this person like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of this person like what
+that's the beach or what's the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the beach or what's the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the beach or what's the range of
+dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates
+what's the that's the material you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the that's the material you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the that's the material you're
+using the background very good good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the background very good good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the background very good good
+these are questions that we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are questions that we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are questions that we're asking
+ourselves to so make an explicit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to so make an explicit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves to so make an explicit because
+we really need to dive into the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to dive into the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really need to dive into the research
+we had a lot of game ideas and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of game ideas and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a lot of game ideas and now we're
+just choosing this we're gonna run with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choosing this we're gonna run with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just choosing this we're gonna run with
+it so I think that's a good next step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think so take that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so take that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so take that out
+I think I think bright would be our idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could do a lot worse may just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do a lot worse may just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do a lot worse may just say
+that's all sauce with you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all sauce with you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all sauce with you know we're
+making the Patrick O'Brien game or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the Patrick O'Brien game or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the Patrick O'Brien game or the
+economy in the British Navy you are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in the British Navy you are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy in the British Navy you are one
+of the boats what that was carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boats what that was carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the boats what that was carrying
+cargo is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it helps that every one of those folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps that every one of those folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps that every one of those folks
+has it that the has a cross section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it that the has a cross section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has it that the has a cross section of
+the show pages there's explains all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show pages there's explains all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the show pages there's explains all
+these things in it the rest of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in it the rest of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in it the rest of the book
+is just they'll just use the terms even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just they'll just use the terms even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just they'll just use the terms even
+explain when is all we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain when is all we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain when is all we're gonna have to
+beef up our research never been on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef up our research never been on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beef up our research never been on a
+sailboat personally the fantasy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailboat personally the fantasy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sailboat personally the fantasy is
+something that people like no petitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you took a lot of ideas original I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took a lot of ideas original I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you took a lot of ideas original I'm
+gonna race this so you forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+watch your side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch your side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch your side
+Rick date may 28 1953 the name is Sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rick date may 28 1953 the name is Sir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rick date may 28 1953 the name is Sir
+Edmund Hillary and he'll a 300 feet from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edmund Hillary and he'll a 300 feet from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edmund Hillary and he'll a 300 feet from
+top of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the world
+Philip saved a your name is Tenzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip saved a your name is Tenzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip saved a your name is Tenzing
+Norgay you have what Luke is not in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norgay you have what Luke is not in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norgay you have what Luke is not in your
+entire life and blonder boats at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire life and blonder boats at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire life and blonder boats at the top
+for the first time in the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time in the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first time in the history of
+your people you were going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your people you were going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your people you were going to actually
+read something the winds whipping by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read something the winds whipping by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read something the winds whipping by
+your face you spent the last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face you spent the last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your face you spent the last week
+climbing this thing you're finally at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing this thing you're finally at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing this thing you're finally at
+the top you can open your eyes now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top you can open your eyes now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top you can open your eyes now this
+is the experience that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the experience that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the experience that we are going to
+create with Tenzing Norgay we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create with Tenzing Norgay we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create with Tenzing Norgay we want to
+show people what it was like for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show people what it was like for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show people what it was like for these
+two men that had no idea what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two men that had no idea what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two men that had no idea what was going
+on they were the second attempt to climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they were the second attempt to climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they were the second attempt to climb
+the first to tie I did meet him and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to tie I did meet him and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first to tie I did meet him and
+after twelve twelve days of climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after twelve twelve days of climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after twelve twelve days of climbing
+they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said
+each spot and reach the top we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spot and reach the top we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each spot and reach the top we're gonna
+make a three-dimensional board with 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a three-dimensional board with 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a three-dimensional board with 12
+different base camps nothing's wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base camps nothing's wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different base camps nothing's wrong
+Toby's answer now because that'll take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toby's answer now because that'll take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Toby's answer now because that'll take a
+little bit but each level side you stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but each level side you stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but each level side you stay
+at the base camp if your mood to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base camp if your mood to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the base camp if your mood to get
+deception dissent there is one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deception dissent there is one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deception dissent there is one kind of
+Dungeon Master type player who it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dungeon Master type player who it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dungeon Master type player who it's not
+like dungeon dragons on the master he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dungeon dragons on the master he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dungeon dragons on the master he
+creates the entire game but he controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the entire game but he controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates the entire game but he controls
+the monsters controls traps how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monsters controls traps how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monsters controls traps how they
+interact and stuff like that we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and stuff like that we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and stuff like that we're gonna
+have a similar element with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar element with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a similar element with the
+environment so the environment and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so the environment and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so the environment and the
+challenge that you face various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that you face various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge that you face various
+equipment failures and just the unplug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment failures and just the unplug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment failures and just the unplug
+the unplanned for things that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unplanned for things that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unplanned for things that happen
+during a climb will be laid out by his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a climb will be laid out by his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a climb will be laid out by his
+environment master it will be him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment master it will be him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment master it will be him
+against the two climbers on their on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the two climbers on their on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the two climbers on their on
+their way to the top there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to the top there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their way to the top there will be
+different boundaries placed on you based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different boundaries placed on you based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different boundaries placed on you based
+on the stuff that they had to fight for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stuff that they had to fight for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the stuff that they had to fight for
+the last two base camps you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two base camps you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two base camps you have to
+ascend in 24 hours if you don't he'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascend in 24 hours if you don't he'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ascend in 24 hours if you don't he'll
+die locks to dissociation by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die locks to dissociation by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die locks to dissociation by the same
+logic when these players past second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic when these players past second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic when these players past second
+flies base camp they will have called 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies base camp they will have called 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies base camp they will have called 3
+turns but you'll have to work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but you'll have to work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but you'll have to work on the
+details to reach the top things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to reach the top things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to reach the top things like
+this to make the experience realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make the experience realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to make the experience realistic
+make them feel like they're actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them feel like they're actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them feel like they're actually in
+the on the climb on the mountain trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the climb on the mountain trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the on the climb on the mountain trying
+to reach the top become the first person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach the top become the first person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reach the top become the first person
+in the world to make it and simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world to make it and simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world to make it and simple
+enough to make them top and get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make them top and get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make them top and get down
+with alive you win you go to our mystery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alive you win you go to our mystery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with alive you win you go to our mystery
+goodnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stop good that my friends websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop good that my friends websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop good that my friends websites
+aren't just the climb essentially I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just the climb essentially I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't just the climb essentially I also
+read a book two years ago not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a book two years ago not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read a book two years ago not
+necessarily about this climb but on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily about this climb but on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily about this climb but on the
+1996 Everest disaster which goes into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 Everest disaster which goes into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 Everest disaster which goes into a
+lot of detail on what takes repair to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of detail on what takes repair to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of detail on what takes repair to
+climb Everest the challenges that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb Everest the challenges that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb Everest the challenges that people
+face how they feel while they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face how they feel while they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face how they feel while they're
+climbing and then obviously the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing and then obviously the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing and then obviously the worst
+case scenario of what can happen when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case scenario of what can happen when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case scenario of what can happen when
+you get caught on Basecamp forward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get caught on Basecamp forward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get caught on Basecamp forward the
+good ol Blizzard and 50 people die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes it's in fact obviously you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's in fact obviously you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's in fact obviously you don't
+stop it but I'm trying to do at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a strategy going in I always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a strategy going in I always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a strategy going in I always
+want you to go first 3d for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to go first 3d for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to go first 3d for it
+this is this is about pitch about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is about pitch about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is about pitch about your
+style of pitching more about the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of pitching more about the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of pitching more about the things
+that you said in the finish on the 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you said in the finish on the 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you said in the finish on the 3d
+board really really think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board really really think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board really really think about how
+you're going to be handling that Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be handling that Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to be handling that Monday
+itself right come in with a box that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right come in with a box that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself right come in with a box that can
+actually fit this you find instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fit this you find instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fit this you find instructions
+on how to make sure that it'll hold up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to make sure that it'll hold up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how to make sure that it'll hold up
+to repeat at assembly if necessary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat at assembly if necessary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repeat at assembly if necessary that
+something awesome be something that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something awesome be something that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something awesome be something that may
+not be essential for your game something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be essential for your game something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be essential for your game something
+that clearly caught the attention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clearly caught the attention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that clearly caught the attention of
+people which is really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is really interesting
+where did we met yes when you talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did we met yes when you talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where did we met yes when you talked
+about it and I said I was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I said I was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I said I was thinking about
+three four if I look cool and both Matt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four if I look cool and both Matt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four if I look cool and both Matt
+and Eddie posted the exact same thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eddie posted the exact same thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Eddie posted the exact same thought
+yeah so I was like okay we have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I was like okay we have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I was like okay we have to do it
+you might actually want to incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually want to incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might actually want to incorporate
+the board in your box somehow so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board in your box somehow so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board in your box somehow so that
+the box becomes something that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box becomes something that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box becomes something that can
+actually be used to support the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to consider things I cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is actually a genre of mountain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually a genre of mountain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is actually a genre of mountain
+climbing games that looks like a tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing games that looks like a tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing games that looks like a tube
+police with ropes ropes straight you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police with ropes ropes straight you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police with ropes ropes straight you
+know the suggestion just great point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the suggestion just great point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the suggestion just great point
+attached to it and have wolf attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it and have wolf attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to it and have wolf attached to
+like one wait the part itself to please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one wait the part itself to please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one wait the part itself to please
+at the corner of the bar that slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner of the bar that slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the corner of the bar that slightly
+inclined and out holes in there and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined and out holes in there and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined and out holes in there and that
+we component so the whole idea is get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we component so the whole idea is get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we component so the whole idea is get
+appoint a to the top to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a to the top to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a to the top to the other side
+without falling into at home each player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a couple of ideas that are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of ideas that are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of ideas that are you know
+small mountain climbing it so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small mountain climbing it so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small mountain climbing it so this is
+very specifically I'm not so sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically I'm not so sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very specifically I'm not so sure
+whether it has a generic application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think for me item so if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think for me item so if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think for me item so if it is
+Tenzing Norgay I would have wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tenzing Norgay I would have wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tenzing Norgay I would have wanted
+written you kind of get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written you kind of get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written you kind of get a little bit
+towards yeah I mainly just put that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards yeah I mainly just put that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards yeah I mainly just put that up
+there because it was the first name I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it was the first name I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because it was the first name I
+can't come behind okay so Phelps having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't come behind okay so Phelps having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't come behind okay so Phelps having
+BTS would be very clear like if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTS would be very clear like if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTS would be very clear like if that's
+if that's we gonna go for this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's we gonna go for this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's we gonna go for this actually
+some really interesting stuff going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting stuff going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some really interesting stuff going on
+there he's been you know he's at he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's been you know he's at he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there he's been you know he's at he's a
+local Sherpa I have anyway I am a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Sherpa I have anyway I am a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Sherpa I have anyway I am a local
+sir but he's a Sherpa he's supporting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir but he's a Sherpa he's supporting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sir but he's a Sherpa he's supporting a
+European that's ridiculous please be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European that's ridiculous please be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+European that's ridiculous please be
+support of European climber Europeans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of European climber Europeans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support of European climber Europeans
+coming of his money he's coming in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming of his money he's coming in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming of his money he's coming in with
+knowledge of the area of how to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the area of how to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of the area of how to survive
+and things like that it's just a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that it's just a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that it's just a really
+rich amount of material to dive into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich amount of material to dive into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich amount of material to dive into
+that may or may not be useful for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not be useful for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may or may not be useful for the
+game you want to make so just choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you want to make so just choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you want to make so just choose
+which if you're going to do that choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you're going to do that choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if you're going to do that choose
+why you're doing that so an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're doing that so an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you're doing that so an alternative
+would be what was it the Aspen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically the to to European kind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the to to European kind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the to to European kind is
+going to find the the North Florida
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the the North Florida
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the the North Florida
+South Pole or whatever their their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Pole or whatever their their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South Pole or whatever their their their
+competitors trying to get there first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors trying to get there first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors trying to get there first is
+your game two competitors trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game two competitors trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game two competitors trying to get
+there first but you know so we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there first but you know so we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there first but you know so we thought
+we thought about the two situations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about the two situations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought about the two situations and
+the one we decided you like was to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we decided you like was to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one we decided you like was to be
+working together against one environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together against one environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together against one environment
+okay okay cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay cool
+yeah that's one of the guys wasn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's one of the guys wasn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's one of the guys wasn't quite
+sure about that so that's really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about that so that's really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure about that so that's really great
+that's really interesting I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really interesting I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really interesting I like the
+idea of play of exactly what these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of play of exactly what these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of play of exactly what these two
+people were - actually that's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were - actually that's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were - actually that's a really
+good thing like how much of this is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing like how much of this is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing like how much of this is you
+can start the game off on at the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start the game off on at the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start the game off on at the base
+camp for something unhappy you you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp for something unhappy you you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camp for something unhappy you you start
+with a start out of money and have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a start out of money and have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a start out of money and have to
+buy the various materials or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the various materials or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the various materials or something
+like that yeah yeah there's a lot of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that yeah yeah there's a lot of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that yeah yeah there's a lot of go
+in there the 24 hour limit for xmas to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there the 24 hour limit for xmas to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there the 24 hour limit for xmas to
+asphyxiation really interesting little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asphyxiation really interesting little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asphyxiation really interesting little
+detail so just really think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so just really think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so just really think about the
+levels of abstraction you're using and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of abstraction you're using and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of abstraction you're using and
+how much you're extracting the way how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you're extracting the way how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you're extracting the way how
+much do anything is diesel some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do anything is diesel some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do anything is diesel some of this
+like if you're going to do this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're going to do this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you're going to do this these
+this 24 hour limit then that might mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 24 hour limit then that might mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 24 hour limit then that might mean
+that you're you're focusing on the climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're focusing on the climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're you're focusing on the climb
+itself and you're not worried about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you're not worried about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and you're not worried about how
+you got there you're just setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got there you're just setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got there you're just setting the
+player up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player up with
+they all materials they need to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all materials they need to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all materials they need to do it
+just be consistent throughout the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be consistent throughout the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be consistent throughout the game
+what level of abstraction your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting that you brought up midnight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that you brought up midnight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that you brought up midnight
+at video because that implants luckily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at video because that implants luckily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at video because that implants luckily
+you get to the top here survive the trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the top here survive the trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to the top here survive the trip
+down and possibly getting up to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and possibly getting up to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and possibly getting up to the top
+isn't the enemy and that the game comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the enemy and that the game comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the enemy and that the game comes
+back to what is what I think that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what is what I think that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to what is what I think that he
+does is that they should wear that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is that they should wear that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is that they should wear that this
+thing gets published the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets published the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing gets published the environment
+does not necessarily need to be a GM it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily need to be a GM it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not necessarily need to be a GM it
+could be another player you could send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another player you could send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another player you could send
+you could make it a tool player versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make it a tool player versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could make it a tool player versus
+one player game yesterday so the when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one player game yesterday so the when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one player game yesterday so the when
+you send me your positioning it as a GM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me your positioning it as a GM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send me your positioning it as a GM
+the way we understand it is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we understand it is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we understand it is that they're
+distant your GM's really disinterested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant your GM's really disinterested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distant your GM's really disinterested
+so no well I said I've got compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no well I said I've got compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no well I said I've got compared to
+the set or your plate you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set or your plate you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set or your plate you're actually
+playing you can't steal the first okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you can't steal the first okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing you can't steal the first okay
+great okay it's more than rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay it's more than rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great okay it's more than rules
+enforcement there's a set of rules than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement there's a set of rules than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforcement there's a set of rules than
+everyone else tomorrow no I said that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else tomorrow no I said that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else tomorrow no I said that I
+specified not like dungeon dragon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified not like dungeon dragon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified not like dungeon dragon
+thunder master but where you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunder master but where you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thunder master but where you're actually
+competitive against the other player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive against the other player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive against the other player
+cool and there's a set of rules that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and there's a set of rules that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool and there's a set of rules that you
+both have to work with that hold it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have to work with that hold it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both have to work with that hold it okay
+yeah all right thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you wanna join us okay you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Emma Liz I'm Laura Michael and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emma Liz I'm Laura Michael and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emma Liz I'm Laura Michael and we're
+pitching offensive game title so a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching offensive game title so a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitching offensive game title so a very
+relevant problem in modern day like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant problem in modern day like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant problem in modern day like
+right now is the lack of women in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is the lack of women in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is the lack of women in the
+tech and tech industries and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech and tech industries and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech and tech industries and how they're
+being generally harassing like gaming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generally harassing like gaming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being generally harassing like gaming
+culture and things that are like heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and things that are like heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture and things that are like heavy
+tech wise in general and we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech wise in general and we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech wise in general and we're trying to
+address that by exploring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that by exploring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that by exploring that
+boss-employee dynamic that the women in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss-employee dynamic that the women in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss-employee dynamic that the women in
+the tech industry currently have to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech industry currently have to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech industry currently have to deal
+with and the very much the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and the very much the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and the very much the reason why
+women are hurting the tech industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are hurting the tech industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women are hurting the tech industry
+every day cuz just easier to do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day cuz just easier to do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day cuz just easier to do other
+things so we're planning to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we're planning to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we're planning to do a
+live-action roleplay to explore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live-action roleplay to explore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live-action roleplay to explore this is
+this relationship where one player it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship where one player it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship where one player it
+plays us the boss and he has the ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays us the boss and he has the ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays us the boss and he has the ability
+to create a new role every minute or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a new role every minute or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a new role every minute or
+something like that and one player plays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and one player plays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and one player plays
+of the employee and she has to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the employee and she has to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the employee and she has to follow
+all the rules at the boss says and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rules at the boss says and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rules at the boss says and maybe
+like her at off mobility to produce or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her at off mobility to produce or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like her at off mobility to produce or
+be productive is affected by certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be productive is affected by certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be productive is affected by certain
+phrases at the bosses which he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases at the bosses which he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases at the bosses which he's
+required to say but he isn't sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to say but he isn't sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to say but he isn't sure
+that like he doesn't know that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like he doesn't know that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like he doesn't know that there
+they might affect the person in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might affect the person in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might affect the person in this way
+they're just on the character sheet um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just on the character sheet um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just on the character sheet um
+it would probably be a minimally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would probably be a minimally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would probably be a minimally
+replayable game unless we introduce new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayable game unless we introduce new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replayable game unless we introduce new
+characters and new scenarios may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and new scenarios may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters and new scenarios may be
+modular conditions on like roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular conditions on like roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular conditions on like roles
+introductions and the way they respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions and the way they respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductions and the way they respond
+and both players will have goals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both players will have goals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both players will have goals that
+require the other player to cooperate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the other player to cooperate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require the other player to cooperate in
+order to succeed so they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to succeed so they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to succeed so they're going to
+have to learn to work together in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn to work together in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn to work together in order
+to accomplish sleep to accomplish their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish sleep to accomplish their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accomplish sleep to accomplish their
+goals so they have to like learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so they have to like learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals so they have to like learn to
+communicate despite the rules making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate despite the rules making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate despite the rules making it
+hard for them to do so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to do so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for them to do so in terms of
+source material there's currently a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source material there's currently a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source material there's currently a
+wealth of information on the internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of information on the internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of information on the internet
+about people bringing up this issue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people bringing up this issue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about people bringing up this issue in
+the tech community it's also something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech community it's also something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tech community it's also something
+that's particularly relevant on MIT s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's particularly relevant on MIT s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's particularly relevant on MIT s
+campus just because so many people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus just because so many people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campus just because so many people here
+will go into tech and so for first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into tech and so for first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go into tech and so for first
+source material we're looking at a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source material we're looking at a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source material we're looking at a lot
+of you know there's been a lot of recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know there's been a lot of recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know there's been a lot of recent
+articles written on the subject yes also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles written on the subject yes also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles written on the subject yes also
+I I have a survey that I sent up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have a survey that I sent up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I have a survey that I sent up for
+another project that I did that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another project that I did that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another project that I did that's
+basically asking for women and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically asking for women and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically asking for women and the
+problems they have everyday if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they have everyday if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems they have everyday if they
+encounter every day at work and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter every day at work and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter every day at work and a lot of
+these are in the tech industry and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in the tech industry and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are in the tech industry and even
+if they're not in the texture industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not in the texture industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're not in the texture industry
+they're still boss-employee dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still boss-employee dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still boss-employee dynamics
+that we can use to further explore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to further explore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to further explore that
+topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic
+so if we have the time there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have the time there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have the time there's sort of
+an alternative idea that we haven't had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative idea that we haven't had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alternative idea that we haven't had
+as much a chance to discuss it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much a chance to discuss it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much a chance to discuss it's a
+little less on the side of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less on the side of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less on the side of something
+that's an educational tool that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an educational tool that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an educational tool that that's
+minimally replayable and you just play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimally replayable and you just play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimally replayable and you just play
+once to like try to like end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once to like try to like end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once to like try to like end up
+cooperating and more of a like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating and more of a like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperating and more of a like maybe
+toning down the message a little bit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toning down the message a little bit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toning down the message a little bit for
+the sake of making it more of a game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of making it more of a game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sake of making it more of a game and
+the idea is that is similar where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that is similar where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is that is similar where the
+boss is in charge of the rules as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss is in charge of the rules as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss is in charge of the rules as far as
+the employee goes so that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee goes so that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee goes so that all of the
+rules that are in play for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are in play for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that are in play for a particular
+session are going to be given to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session are going to be given to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session are going to be given to the
+boss at the beginning or over the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss at the beginning or over the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss at the beginning or over the course
+of the game and the employee would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game and the employee would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the game and the employee would be
+only told whatever the boss tells them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only told whatever the boss tells them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only told whatever the boss tells them
+and penalized for whatever the boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and penalized for whatever the boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and penalized for whatever the boss
+decides to penalize them for and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to penalize them for and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides to penalize them for and there
+would be some sort of inadequate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some sort of inadequate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be some sort of inadequate system
+for the employee to like going like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the employee to like going like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the employee to like going like
+disagree and the overall goals might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree and the overall goals might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree and the overall goals might be
+less cooperative and more directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less cooperative and more directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less cooperative and more directly
+opposing where for example the employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing where for example the employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposing where for example the employees
+goal might be to get the boss fired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal might be to get the boss fired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal might be to get the boss fired
+without getting fired themselves first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting fired themselves first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without getting fired themselves first
+and some things that they might do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that they might do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some things that they might do that
+would like let them do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like let them do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like let them do that
+like like finding out things about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like finding out things about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like finding out things about the
+rules might take their focus off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules might take their focus off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules might take their focus off of
+being productive which would generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being productive which would generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being productive which would generally
+lead them to get fired whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead them to get fired whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead them to get fired whereas the
+boss's job and boss's goal could be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss's job and boss's goal could be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss's job and boss's goal could be to
+end up like with a golden parachute end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up like with a golden parachute end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up like with a golden parachute end
+up being profitable end up exploiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being profitable end up exploiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being profitable end up exploiting
+the employee enough to live happily ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee enough to live happily ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the employee enough to live happily ever
+after on their own like quit themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after on their own like quit themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after on their own like quit themselves
+at a time where they have enough to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time where they have enough to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time where they have enough to just
+like go spy for the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go spy for the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like go spy for the rest
+so basically yeah if they get enough out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically yeah if they get enough out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically yeah if they get enough out
+of the employee but they're having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the employee but they're having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the employee but they're having to
+either fire them or ending up in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either fire them or ending up in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either fire them or ending up in trouble
+themselves then that would be the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves then that would be the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves then that would be the other
+side that would be the success for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that would be the success for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that would be the success for the
+boss it's fine communication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss it's fine communication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss it's fine communication is
+absolutely fine their educational in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fine their educational in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely fine their educational in
+fact it's nice to have the clarity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's nice to have the clarity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact it's nice to have the clarity of
+like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is
+you can specify your audience a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can specify your audience a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can specify your audience a building
+or exactly a design you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exactly a design you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or exactly a design you mentioned
+minimally replayable and I'm wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimally replayable and I'm wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimally replayable and I'm wondering
+whether it has some value in saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it has some value in saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it has some value in saying it
+twice but for miracles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice but for miracles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice but for miracles
+yeah that was considered we meant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was considered we meant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that was considered we meant that
+it's just if you keep playing as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just if you keep playing as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just if you keep playing as the
+employee you already know that if you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee you already know that if you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee you already know that if you'd
+like to do and it's even worse if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do and it's even worse if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do and it's even worse if the
+rules stay the same in your code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules stay the same in your code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules stay the same in your code the
+rules right that's completely defeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules right that's completely defeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules right that's completely defeating
+the purpose latex would explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose latex would explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose latex would explore the
+relationship further and maybe like see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship further and maybe like see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship further and maybe like see
+what else you could have done but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else you could have done but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else you could have done but
+fundamentally you know like you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally you know like you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally you know like you know the
+game is just one thing with live action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is just one thing with live action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is just one thing with live action
+does because it's live action because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does because it's live action because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does because it's live action because
+you're two people working together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two people working together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're two people working together
+talking about this stuff even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this stuff even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this stuff even if the
+rules are the same every time employment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are the same every time employment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules are the same every time employment
+and that other person's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that other person's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that other person's gonna be
+different yes not I have don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes not I have don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yes not I have don't worry
+about minimal replay blades very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about minimal replay blades very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about minimal replay blades very
+reliable and definitely reusable about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and definitely reusable about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and definitely reusable about
+in the training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you don't play the game at least and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't play the game at least and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't play the game at least and
+I will say oh man I want you to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say oh man I want you to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say oh man I want you to move
+should be at the evening our coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at the evening our coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be at the evening our coffee
+display how do you talk with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display how do you talk with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display how do you talk with each other
+after the game is over for educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the game is over for educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the game is over for educational
+teammates especially a live-action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teammates especially a live-action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teammates especially a live-action
+indication of music absolutely deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of music absolutely deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of music absolutely deep
+because that sort of Cal sequel reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on what they they should have picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they they should have picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what they they should have picked up
+all that then gave up I really like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that then gave up I really like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that then gave up I really like yeah
+great think that if you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great think that if you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great think that if you can do that
+without requiring a facilitator you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without requiring a facilitator you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without requiring a facilitator you're
+already doing much better than a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already doing much better than a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already doing much better than a lot of
+the games etc it gets there came a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games etc it gets there came a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the games etc it gets there came a
+little bit more peaceful more views your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more peaceful more views your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more peaceful more views your
+players can debrief each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players can debrief each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players can debrief each other
+um you describe specifically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you describe specifically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you describe specifically the
+relationship between a boss and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a boss and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between a boss and an
+employee and it seems like that's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee and it seems like that's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee and it seems like that's and
+that I guess you should be clear whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess you should be clear whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess you should be clear whether
+all of the attention specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the attention specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the attention specifically
+between these two people or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two people or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two people or whether
+there's also any instructions like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also any instructions like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also any instructions like the
+culture say in a stereotypical male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture say in a stereotypical male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture say in a stereotypical male
+class female employee situation that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class female employee situation that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class female employee situation that's a
+lot of culture supporting the mailbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of culture supporting the mailbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of culture supporting the mailbox
+that's not so how do you get the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so how do you get the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not so how do you get the sort of
+touching phrases thing for research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching phrases thing for research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching phrases thing for research
+Michael microaggressions I think this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael microaggressions I think this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael microaggressions I think this is
+one thing that comes up a lot is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that comes up a lot is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that comes up a lot is like a
+good search term to actually just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good search term to actually just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good search term to actually just just
+gender but also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disability song song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability song song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disability song song
+you can totally be computed I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can totally be computed I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can totally be computed I'm doing
+because so just to make clear those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so just to make clear those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so just to make clear those were
+like kind of very very separate yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of very very separate yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of very very separate yeah
+confer future for a don't pitch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confer future for a don't pitch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confer future for a don't pitch to
+ideas I had a hard time quality the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I had a hard time quality the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas I had a hard time quality the
+second one if you're gonna pitch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one if you're gonna pitch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one if you're gonna pitch the
+second I did a very simple two line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I did a very simple two line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I did a very simple two line and
+if we did this other way this is how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did this other way this is how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did this other way this is how it
+would be enough to get a gross I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enough to get a gross I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be enough to get a gross I mean it
+obviously came up here because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously came up here because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously came up here because we're not
+at the stage where we have one yeah well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stage where we have one yeah well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the stage where we have one yeah well
+no but I'm you had that's like yes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but I'm you had that's like yes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no but I'm you had that's like yes what
+we heard a very clear idea I'm still not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard a very clear idea I'm still not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard a very clear idea I'm still not
+specific that's pretty general and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific that's pretty general and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific that's pretty general and then
+if with your with this x-ray of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if with your with this x-ray of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if with your with this x-ray of this
+alternate route it's really just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate route it's really just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternate route it's really just a
+matter of noting to a to hydrogen of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of noting to a to hydrogen of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of noting to a to hydrogen of how
+is this different differ from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this different differ from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this different differ from the other
+without having to go into detail on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to go into detail on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to go into detail on
+describing it I guess as a variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it I guess as a variant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing it I guess as a variant
+in our life like this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our life like this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our life like this is a very
+dignified that they are discussing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignified that they are discussing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dignified that they are discussing with
+right now but then he has a second idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but then he has a second idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but then he has a second idea
+this is just a general pitch yeah it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a general pitch yeah it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a general pitch yeah it's a
+man we haven't talked about it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man we haven't talked about it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man we haven't talked about it if you
+haven't talked about it and I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about it and I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't talked about it and I'll talk
+about it we don't need to hear it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it we don't need to hear it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it we don't need to hear it if you
+were trying to get money you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to get money you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to get money you don't know
+yeah but did she did bring it up I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but did she did bring it up I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but did she did bring it up I just
+go find perspective for the design point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go find perspective for the design point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go find perspective for the design point
+of view I think that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view I think that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view I think that actually
+competitive gaming is my different goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive gaming is my different goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive gaming is my different goals
+is fine but the sort of light opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine but the sort of light opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fine but the sort of light opposed
+rolls and get this present is that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls and get this present is that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls and get this present is that sort
+of thing I think takes the game out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing I think takes the game out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thing I think takes the game out of a
+situation that a lot of people can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that a lot of people can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation that a lot of people can see
+themselves in there's a lot of you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in there's a lot of you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in there's a lot of you love
+actively want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively want to get a
+I already don't see themselves that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already don't see themselves that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already don't see themselves that way
+so so just to be able to make the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just to be able to make the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so just to be able to make the game
+where people can easily make connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people can easily make connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people can easily make connections
+might you live your life the goal should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you live your life the goal should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might you live your life the goal should
+be a little bit closer to one community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit closer to one community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit closer to one community
+give it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any better for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just another quickly thing for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just another quickly thing for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just another quickly thing for
+research we did a an equal pegging jam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research we did a an equal pegging jam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research we did a an equal pegging jam
+two years ago I think and there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago I think and there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years ago I think and there were
+some bunch of things that came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bunch of things that came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bunch of things that came up with
+like talking about specific scenario so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talking about specific scenario so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like talking about specific scenario so
+how this is the the fact women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is the the fact women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this is the the fact women
+definitely have a lot of the time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a lot of the time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely have a lot of the time it was
+thought they had the data to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they had the data to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought they had the data to to get
+about pay raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pay raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pay raise
+so maybe it was just a matter of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it was just a matter of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe it was just a matter of well
+they don't have the data so we just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the data so we just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have the data so we just give
+them the data and help them but think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the data and help them but think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the data and help them but think
+about what are they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what are they like
+I mean really just see like what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean really just see like what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean really just see like what kind of
+scenario you're going to do they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you're going to do they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you're going to do they're
+gonna do are they going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do are they going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do are they going to be very
+specific like going to your employee to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific like going to your employee to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific like going to your employee to
+try to get something that you mean or is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get something that you mean or is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get something that you mean or is
+it going to be what I think I heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be what I think I heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it going to be what I think I heard
+incorrectly too long an employee going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly too long an employee going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrectly too long an employee going
+to a boss to try to just do the job they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a boss to try to just do the job they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a boss to try to just do the job they
+need to do and the boss company can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do and the boss company can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do and the boss company can get
+difficult for them to do it yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for them to do it yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult for them to do it yeah I think
+the whatever situation is portable I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever situation is portable I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whatever situation is portable I was
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+this is a lot of stuff about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of stuff about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot of stuff about how the
+same adjectives we need to use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same adjectives we need to use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same adjectives we need to use to
+describe a female professional and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a female professional and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe a female professional and
+horrible professional is positive at 1/7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this thing definitely a lot of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing definitely a lot of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing definitely a lot of really
+good to see you already did a survey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see you already did a survey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to see you already did a survey
+getting actual phrases that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting actual phrases that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting actual phrases that you can use
+in actual perspective so I guess I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actual perspective so I guess I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in actual perspective so I guess I have
+a question which is how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question which is how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question which is how would you
+recommend dealing with the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend dealing with the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend dealing with the fact that the
+players might not be the gender that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players might not be the gender that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players might not be the gender that
+they're playing yeah I understand I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're playing yeah I understand I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're playing yeah I understand I mean
+the fact that if even what you just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if even what you just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if even what you just said
+about the phrases if you're having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the phrases if you're having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the phrases if you're having a
+conversation and that like word comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and that like word comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation and that like word comes up
+and even like it just won't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even like it just won't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even like it just won't mean
+anything it's just someone in your words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's just someone in your words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it's just someone in your words
+that you can use a mechanical for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use a mechanical for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use a mechanical for that
+if there is if it's known that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is if it's known that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is if it's known that that
+worry is going to have a positive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry is going to have a positive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry is going to have a positive and
+negative effect to that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effect to that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative effect to that particular
+gender then you just you make a mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender then you just you make a mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender then you just you make a mechanic
+around that if you're trying to be your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that if you're trying to be your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that if you're trying to be your
+banker if your mechanics should support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banker if your mechanics should support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banker if your mechanics should support
+these things there's times when yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there's times when yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there's times when yeah you
+don't need a mechanic because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a mechanic because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need a mechanic because these
+players will understand but any game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players will understand but any game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players will understand but any game
+when you're talking about this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about this kind of
+cultural things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural things
+the mechanics kind of just help buttress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics kind of just help buttress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanics kind of just help buttress
+the the message the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the message the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the message the things
+yeah all the researchers lights like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the researchers lights like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all the researchers lights like
+this system still exists video game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system still exists video game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system still exists video game
+mechanics I'm just thinking missus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I'm just thinking missus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics I'm just thinking missus and
+then that stuff should just come out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that stuff should just come out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that stuff should just come out in
+the brief especially up to people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brief especially up to people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brief especially up to people with
+different genders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have a third remember Damon who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a third remember Damon who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a third remember Damon who is
+not here today so forgive us our game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here today so forgive us our game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not here today so forgive us our game is
+mostly explores the dynamics of concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly explores the dynamics of concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly explores the dynamics of concern
+with the balance of power that can occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the balance of power that can occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the balance of power that can occur
+when there's a bunch of when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a bunch of when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's a bunch of when there's
+three people who are sort of all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people who are sort of all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people who are sort of all all
+fearful of the others there and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fearful of the others there and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fearful of the others there and how
+there's there has an unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there has an unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there has an unstable
+equilibrium there where there's this o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there where there's this o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium there where there's this o
+versus unstable equilibrium like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus unstable equilibrium like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus unstable equilibrium like they're
+trying they were each for trying to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying they were each for trying to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying they were each for trying to keep
+up with the other two and make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the other two and make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the other two and make sure that
+no one gets far ahead of them but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one gets far ahead of them but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one gets far ahead of them but the
+EMA dynamics will be such that this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMA dynamics will be such that this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMA dynamics will be such that this will
+is guaranteed to fail in the long run as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to fail in the long run as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is guaranteed to fail in the long run as
+such one of the one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such one of the one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such one of the one of the one of the
+main things that players will have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main things that players will have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main things that players will have to do
+is try to realize when they have a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to realize when they have a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try to realize when they have a large
+enough advantage to strike and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough advantage to strike and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough advantage to strike and it's
+really about finding the moment enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about finding the moment enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about finding the moment enough
+about like finding the moments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like finding the moments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like finding the moments of
+opportunity when they can when they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity when they can when they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity when they can when they can
+when they can make an attack that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they can make an attack that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they can make an attack that'll
+work out well they must look for some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out well they must look for some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out well they must look for some of
+the like is the its intended to be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like is the its intended to be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like is the its intended to be sort
+of a sort of a lighter strata strata a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sort of a lighter strata strata a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sort of a lighter strata strata a
+strategy game but sort of lighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game but sort of lighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game but sort of lighter than
+some of the versions of some cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the versions of some cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the versions of some cover
+similar topics that can take several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar topics that can take several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar topics that can take several
+hours there is it cars a lot of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours there is it cars a lot of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours there is it cars a lot of its
+going to cover a lot of hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover a lot of hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover a lot of hit the
+historical trends around the time such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical trends around the time such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical trends around the time such
+as like the conflict between sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like the conflict between sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as like the conflict between sort of
+populist reformers and the Conservatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populist reformers and the Conservatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populist reformers and the Conservatives
+and like sort of the rise bequest Rhian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like sort of the rise bequest Rhian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and like sort of the rise bequest Rhian
+class and their importance to like in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and their importance to like in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and their importance to like in as
+a power base - as their importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power base - as their importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a power base - as their importance of
+the power bases and the leaders there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power bases and the leaders there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power bases and the leaders there
+and also how the legions the loyalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also how the legions the loyalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also how the legions the loyalty
+allegiance was shifting from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance was shifting from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance was shifting from like
+the Senate's to individuals who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Senate's to individuals who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Senate's to individuals who are
+actually paying them and giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually paying them and giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually paying them and giving them
+their the lands that they would retire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the lands that they would retire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their the lands that they would retire
+to their is so yeah that's that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their is so yeah that's that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to their is so yeah that's that's what
+this game covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+true source material is I have I took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true source material is I have I took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true source material is I have I took a
+class in Roman history and it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in Roman history and it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in Roman history and it's mostly
+just stuff that I remember from that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stuff that I remember from that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stuff that I remember from that I
+I've looked over sources of Mines for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've looked over sources of Mines for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've looked over sources of Mines for
+Kieffer detailed stuff on like exactly I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kieffer detailed stuff on like exactly I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kieffer detailed stuff on like exactly I
+mean unlike the details of numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unlike the details of numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean unlike the details of numbers of
+legions and where they were stationed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legions and where they were stationed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legions and where they were stationed
+and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah feedback so we remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah feedback so we remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah feedback so we remember the
+games about the tribunal the game I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games about the tribunal the game I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games about the tribunal the game I
+don't remember fool what for what for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember fool what for what for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember fool what for what for
+spent on what personal perspective is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on what personal perspective is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent on what personal perspective is
+done it's a loop it should have that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's a loop it should have that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it's a loop it should have that I'm
+sorry I'm sorry I I just totaled it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm sorry I I just totaled it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I'm sorry I I just totaled it yeah
+I yeah so so yeah just yeah just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah so so yeah just yeah just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I yeah so so yeah just yeah just in the
+future so if you want to reiterate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you want to reiterate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future so if you want to reiterate that
+yeah I just probably forgot to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just probably forgot to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I just probably forgot to like
+scrap exactly think it was but yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap exactly think it was but yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrap exactly think it was but yeah it's
+the the velocity through members the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity through members the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the velocity through members the
+first triumvirate and they're all sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first triumvirate and they're all sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first triumvirate and they're all sort
+of the Caesar Pompey and Crassus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Caesar Pompey and Crassus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Caesar Pompey and Crassus and
+they're all in their sort of jocking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in their sort of jocking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all in their sort of jocking for
+influence in an eventual plan to server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in an eventual plan to server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence in an eventual plan to server
+surf the other team and become the sole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surf the other team and become the sole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surf the other team and become the sole
+leader of room for a you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader of room for a you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader of room for a you have to
+assume an audience that you honestly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume an audience that you honestly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume an audience that you honestly
+have heard of season and not realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of season and not realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have heard of season and not realize
+that at the time that your game is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the time that your game is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the time that your game is okay
+he's not in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's not in charge
+yeah because they're honest you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they're honest you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because they're honest you see the
+Caesar each key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definitely who is hump a route across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely who is hump a route across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely who is hump a route across
+especially Christ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you talk a bit about light strategy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk a bit about light strategy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk a bit about light strategy and
+I'm wondering if that means this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering if that means this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm wondering if that means this is
+still working or is it a little bit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working or is it a little bit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still working or is it a little bit one
+political point is did you expect that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political point is did you expect that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political point is did you expect that
+it's going to be like a big three-point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be like a big three-point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be like a big three-point
+face or is it more about squashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead it's nothing it's it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it's nothing it's it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead it's nothing it's it's gonna be
+sort of a a it's not gonna affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a it's not gonna affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a it's not gonna affect your
+going system it's going to be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going system it's going to be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going system it's going to be sort of
+the way you win is by is if I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you win is by is if I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you win is by is if I sort of
+crushing the other two players they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing the other two players they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crushing the other two players they're
+they're multiple like paths that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're multiple like paths that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're multiple like paths that this
+can happen if you really like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen if you really like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen if you really like if you
+meant like you can get enough legions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant like you can get enough legions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant like you can get enough legions to
+become personally loyalty that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become personally loyalty that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become personally loyalty that you can
+just beat the other two people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just beat the other two people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just beat the other two people in the
+Senate kind or you can gain enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate kind or you can gain enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate kind or you can gain enough
+support from various groups in realm but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from various groups in realm but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support from various groups in realm but
+really just start like then you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just start like then you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just start like then you really
+can just start to snow on you can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just start to snow on you can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just start to snow on you can and
+you have a forest and you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a forest and you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a forest and you just have a
+tremendously large force that the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously large force that the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously large force that the other
+players can't deal with there and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players can't deal with there and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players can't deal with there and yeah
+it's it's going to be a it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be a it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's going to be a it's going to
+sort of a work I'll work him but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a work I'll work him but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a work I'll work him but with
+sort of more it's more going it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more it's more going it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of more it's more going it's good
+mostly what is it after his action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly what is it after his action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly what is it after his action
+selection and net the players will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and net the players will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and net the players will have
+a choice of that apply on the interns a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice of that apply on the interns a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a choice of that apply on the interns a
+choice of actions that they can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of actions that they can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of actions that they can take the
+game will probably be such that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game will probably be such that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game will probably be such that you just
+the players core the players well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players core the players well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the players core the players well we'll
+go in order and over the over like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in order and over the over like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in order and over the over like about
+a 10-year period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10-year period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 10-year period
+or maybe a 15-year period they'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe a 15-year period they'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe a 15-year period they'll have
+about four they'll have about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four they'll have about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about four they'll have about four
+actions per year there so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions per year there so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions per year there so that's the
+sense of that for instance if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of that for instance if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of that for instance if the
+players build new buildings or conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players build new buildings or conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players build new buildings or conquer
+new problems does it makes more actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problems does it makes more actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new problems does it makes more actions
+available they're also the struggle if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they're also the struggle if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available they're also the struggle if
+you depending on whether the optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depending on whether the optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you depending on whether the optimize
+the Conservatives or the popularise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Conservatives or the popularise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Conservatives or the popularise that
+populist SAR sort of in power or have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populist SAR sort of in power or have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populist SAR sort of in power or have
+more power different actions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power different actions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power different actions are
+available also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available also
+so I I just had like maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I just had like maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I I just had like maybe three
+different three different with images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different three different with images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different three different with images
+we're just from that last yeah yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just from that last yeah yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just from that last yeah yeah what
+this game could be on one hand you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game could be on one hand you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game could be on one hand you
+despite the robot walking and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the robot walking and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite the robot walking and I'm
+thinking units and piece of this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking units and piece of this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking units and piece of this long
+excellent no it's it is it's very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent no it's it is it's very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent no it's it is it's very much
+you go and you will you sort of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and you will you sort of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go and you will you sort of it's
+it's in much you take sort of it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in much you take sort of it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in much you take sort of it's very
+much ice with the vote where the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much ice with the vote where the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much ice with the vote where the players
+are just choosing like if you want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just choosing like if you want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just choosing like if you want to go
+and make do all you just say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make do all you just say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make do all you just say okay I'm
+like I'm gonna go launch an invasion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm gonna go launch an invasion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I'm gonna go launch an invasion of
+golf here I'm gonna take this set you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf here I'm gonna take this set you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golf here I'm gonna take this set you
+have to prepare you to have to prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prepare you to have to prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prepare you to have to prepare
+for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it
+you've have to make sure that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've have to make sure that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've have to make sure that you have
+like the Pacific that you have like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Pacific that you have like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Pacific that you have like the
+position that you would go do this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that you would go do this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that you would go do this that
+you have the resources to raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the resources to raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the resources to raise the
+legions necessary there you also might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legions necessary there you also might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legions necessary there you also might
+want to apply lon to give your two choir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to apply lon to give your two choir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to apply lon to give your two choir
+your veterans if you're if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your veterans if you're if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your veterans if you're if you're
+successful and then once you launch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and then once you launch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and then once you launch the
+on so invasion would be did be a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so invasion would be did be a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so invasion would be did be a factor
+of luck to determine how successful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck to determine how successful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of luck to determine how successful you
+are there and you would probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there and you would probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there and you would probably
+continue repeating the same at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue repeating the same at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue repeating the same at the same
+few actions to continue your invasion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few actions to continue your invasion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few actions to continue your invasion
+for several years to so and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several years to so and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several years to so and that gives
+me a completely different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a completely different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a completely different different
+image of switches kinetic resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of switches kinetic resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of switches kinetic resources
+maybe to represent them in Cara's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to represent them in Cara's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe to represent them in Cara's maybe
+to relearn the representative tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relearn the representative tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to relearn the representative tokens
+because that's like the second image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's like the second image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's like the second image
+that I think yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think yeah yeah
+this and then use an action selection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then use an action selection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then use an action selection
+and I think that is really just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that is really just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that is really just like
+almost like a almost like a card game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a almost like a card game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like a almost like a card game
+but it's almost like a like a game where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's almost like a like a game where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's almost like a like a game where
+these are the things that I could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that I could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the things that I could be
+doing right now maybe talented physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now maybe talented physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing right now maybe talented physical
+cards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards
+despite if you get the actions were sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite if you get the actions were sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite if you get the actions were sort
+of the actions were sort of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actions were sort of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the actions were sort of the sort of
+will be will be normally part of us sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be will be normally part of us sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be will be normally part of us sort
+of are sort of global there so as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are sort of global there so as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are sort of global there so as in the
+sense that if the is the sense that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if the is the sense that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that if the is the sense that like
+if the like populist SAR empower there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the like populist SAR empower there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the like populist SAR empower there
+there is like there is a set of actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like there is a set of actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is like there is a set of actions
+that the set of actions that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set of actions that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the set of actions that you can
+take is sort of different because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is sort of different because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take is sort of different because the
+political possibilities are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political possibilities are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political possibilities are different
+than because the like political muscle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than because the like political muscle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than because the like political muscle
+so like if the popular term power it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if the popular term power it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like if the popular term power it's
+much easier to get land for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to get land for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much easier to get land for your
+veterans for instance whereas like we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterans for instance whereas like we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterans for instance whereas like we're
+yeah so you saw that assume actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you saw that assume actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you saw that assume actions
+whether it's some of the some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's some of the some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's some of the some of them
+like my kit like grayed out or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my kit like grayed out or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my kit like grayed out or something
+as if specifically what happens is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if specifically what happens is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if specifically what happens is the
+is as the influence ifs I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as the influence ifs I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as the influence ifs I've mentioned
+that the actions will sort of put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the actions will sort of put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the actions will sort of put that
+they'll flip over there like instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll flip over there like instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll flip over there like instead of
+a populist being able to do this instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a populist being able to do this instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a populist being able to do this instead
+we have your able to the concern is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have your able to the concern is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have your able to the concern is able
+to do this that's something you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this that's something you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this that's something you want to
+get a positive yeah you know it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive yeah you know it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a positive yeah you know it's like
+would give you the board you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you the board you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would give you the board you can use
+some hand gestures like you just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hand gestures like you just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some hand gestures like you just did
+referencing games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing games
+referencing other games just so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing other games just so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing other games just so that you
+know wait they're talking about a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wait they're talking about a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know wait they're talking about a game
+we're not trying to help me see it in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not trying to help me see it in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not trying to help me see it in my
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah just one other last thing so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just one other last thing so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just one other last thing so we're
+gonna have three players going to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have three players going to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have three players going to each
+be one member of the triumvirate yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one member of the triumvirate yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one member of the triumvirate yes I
+imagined each of those historical people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined each of those historical people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined each of those historical people
+had different perspectives of how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different perspectives of how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had different perspectives of how they
+saw things were they really equal they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw things were they really equal they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw things were they really equal they
+have the game will power the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the game will power the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the game will power the game is
+going to be proven the game is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be proven the game is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be proven the game is going to
+be portraying them as having as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be portraying them as having as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be portraying them as having as having
+equal views and sort of equal think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal views and sort of equal think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal views and sort of equal think the
+same goals the same views the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same goals the same views the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same goals the same views the same
+perspectives and the other thing but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and the other thing but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspectives and the other thing but it
+treats them different than they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats them different than they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treats them different than they will
+have different starting resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different starting resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different starting resources and
+different advantages and disadvantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different advantages and disadvantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different advantages and disadvantages
+as the game goes them so so like Crassus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the game goes them so so like Crassus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the game goes them so so like Crassus
+like well will have like more money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well will have like more money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well will have like more money in
+bows which acquiring money for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bows which acquiring money for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bows which acquiring money for instance
+I've imagined that Pompey will sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've imagined that Pompey will sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've imagined that Pompey will sort of
+start with Mori sort that with sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Mori sort that with sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Mori sort that with sort of a
+lot more influence than the others yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more influence than the others yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more influence than the others yeah
+like across this is there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like across this is there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like across this is there's nothing
+called the richest men in history there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the richest men in history there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the richest men in history there
+he is known for just acquiring such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is known for just acquiring such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is known for just acquiring such as
+just massive like he had more money than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just massive like he had more money than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just massive like he had more money than
+basically the Roman government so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the Roman government so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the Roman government so so
+that so that's gonna at least help them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's gonna at least help them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so that's gonna at least help them
+with with the player position did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the player position did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with the player position did that
+wealth so I guess what I'm asking is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth so I guess what I'm asking is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth so I guess what I'm asking is is
+that wealth then carried over into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wealth then carried over into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wealth then carried over into the
+kind of actions that he is able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of actions that he is able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of actions that he is able to do
+historically or it wasn't really just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically or it wasn't really just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically or it wasn't really just
+setting up its going it's gonna offer I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up its going it's gonna offer I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up its going it's gonna offer I
+mean I haven't decided whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I haven't decided whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I haven't decided whether or not
+that whether or not it will offer him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether or not it will offer him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whether or not it will offer him
+bonuses towards acquiring wealth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonuses towards acquiring wealth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonuses towards acquiring wealth or
+whether or not you will just have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you will just have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you will just have more
+wealth of the started the game there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of the started the game there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth of the started the game there
+from our point of view for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our point of view for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our point of view for for the
+assignment we're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment we're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment we're really interested in
+seeing the personal perspectives yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the personal perspectives yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing the personal perspectives yeah so
+you could do the generic there each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the generic there each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do the generic there each
+interesting for us to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for us to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting for us to see the
+differences I think are really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I think are really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences I think are really going to
+be are really going to shape their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be are really going to shape their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be are really going to shape their
+strategy and how they sort of and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and how they sort of and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and how they sort of and how
+they start to play so I've been senator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to play so I've been senator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they start to play so I've been senator
+since and Cesar will either have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since and Cesar will either have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since and Cesar will either have sort of
+Cesar will either have a bonus towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesar will either have a bonus towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesar will either have a bonus towards
+campaigning or not necessarily borns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigning or not necessarily borns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaigning or not necessarily borns
+towards military invasions but making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards military invasions but making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards military invasions but making
+his allegiance loyal to him his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his allegiance loyal to him his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his allegiance loyal to him his
+allegiance become loyal to him quicker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance become loyal to him quicker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allegiance become loyal to him quicker
+I'm not sure which I've said which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure which I've said which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure which I've said which of
+these is sort of but in Hampi sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is sort of but in Hampi sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these is sort of but in Hampi sort of
+we'll start out with sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start out with sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start out with sort of more
+powerful and prestigious than the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and prestigious than the others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and prestigious than the others
+but during the first several years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but during the first several years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but during the first several years of
+the Alliance there he was most Jose was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alliance there he was most Jose was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alliance there he was most Jose was
+obsessed as his wife Julia who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed as his wife Julia who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obsessed as his wife Julia who was
+Caesar's daughter that he had merit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar's daughter that he had merit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caesar's daughter that he had merit
+there and and he was really and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and he was really and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and and he was really and he was
+like neglecting lots of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neglecting lots of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like neglecting lots of his
+responsibilities because of because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities because of because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities because of because of
+it's out there so he will probably how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there so he will probably how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there so he will probably how
+sort of penalties and like he would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of penalties and like he would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of penalties and like he would like
+miss every fourth action or something he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss every fourth action or something he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss every fourth action or something he
+starts off in a much more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off in a much more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off in a much more powerful
+position and he sort of has to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and he sort of has to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and he sort of has to use
+limited actions to try to not fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited actions to try to not fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited actions to try to not fall
+behind in the earlier game part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in the earlier game part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in the earlier game part of the
+game of their so you know these players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of their so you know these players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game of their so you know these players
+sort of have the same goals but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the same goals but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of have the same goals but they're
+gonna be taking different kinds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be taking different kinds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be taking different kinds but
+these small differences are gonna cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small differences are gonna cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these small differences are gonna cause
+them to take very different strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take very different strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to take very different strategies
+oftentimes so I'm usually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes so I'm usually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes so I'm usually going to
+suggest the differences are looking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest the differences are looking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest the differences are looking to
+be built on not the son of bedrock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be built on not the son of bedrock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be built on not the son of bedrock
+officer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer
+it seems to be they're describing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be they're describing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to be they're describing that
+there is a subjective reality which all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a subjective reality which all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a subjective reality which all
+three of them agree on and I just played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them agree on and I just played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them agree on and I just played
+on this field with individuals yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this field with individuals yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this field with individuals yeah but
+I think I'm gonna suggest that for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm gonna suggest that for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm gonna suggest that for that
+you start from from the differences it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start from from the differences it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start from from the differences it's
+not from the fact that one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the fact that one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not from the fact that one of them is
+richer than everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer than everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer than everybody else
+one of them's more nerves if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them's more nerves if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them's more nerves if they're
+everybody else and one of them just fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else and one of them just fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody else and one of them just fed
+on just what is the game of all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just what is the game of all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just what is the game of all about
+those differences rather than everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences rather than everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those differences rather than everything
+else that was involved else happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that was involved else happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that was involved else happening at
+that time because get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time because get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time because get a little bit
+closer for how these three particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer for how these three particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer for how these three particular
+people see the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I guess okay something is I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess okay something is I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess okay something is I really
+like it a lot of lis different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it a lot of lis different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it a lot of lis different the
+differences to sort of be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to sort of be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences to sort of be sort of
+emergent and sort of have the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent and sort of have the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergent and sort of have the sort of
+how people these differences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people these differences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how people these differences that
+another acted like so intended tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another acted like so intended tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another acted like so intended tend to
+have sort of these bonuses that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of these bonuses that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sort of these bonuses that are
+really not going to be like they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not going to be like they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not going to be like they're just
+going to be like one lot like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like one lot like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like one lot like something
+fairly simple but will cause the players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple but will cause the players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly simple but will cause the players
+to be playing almost completely for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be playing almost completely for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be playing almost completely for
+games where crassus is basically trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where crassus is basically trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games where crassus is basically trying
+to like take actions that are just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like take actions that are just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like take actions that are just a
+client's is going to try to wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's is going to try to wear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client's is going to try to wear
+awareness is basically going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness is basically going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness is basically going to try to
+like acquires lots of lots of money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like acquires lots of lots of money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like acquires lots of lots of money and
+then use it to sort of brute force his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use it to sort of brute force his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use it to sort of brute force his
+way through money try to force his way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through money try to force his way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way through money try to force his way
+to get the most efficient ways to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most efficient ways to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most efficient ways to use
+this or try to like it's not just does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or try to like it's not just does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or try to like it's not just does
+this simulation play out so the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simulation play out so the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simulation play out so the design
+cycle for your project should very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle for your project should very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle for your project should very much
+be it really should be like all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it really should be like all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be it really should be like all three
+players end up saying the region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players end up saying the region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players end up saying the region
+yeah yeah that's that's does ever know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's that's does ever know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's that's does ever know
+that something else and then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something else and then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something else and then like
+seeders going to be sort of he needs he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeders going to be sort of he needs he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeders going to be sort of he needs he
+sort of has the sort of has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has the sort of has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has the sort of has the
+potential but he needs to be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but he needs to be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential but he needs to be able to get
+the resources to study can start study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources to study can start study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources to study can start study
+can really run master where as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really run master where as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really run master where as far as
+Pompey sort of has this power and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pompey sort of has this power and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pompey sort of has this power and is
+basically going to be sort of trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to be sort of trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to be sort of trying to
+consolidate it and try to and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate it and try to and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidate it and try to and sort of
+threaten the other tooth growth and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten the other tooth growth and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threaten the other tooth growth and it's
+right of threatening the house probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of threatening the house probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of threatening the house probably
+as good a time as I need to take a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good a time as I need to take a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as good a time as I need to take a short
+break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break
+oh well we'll have for about this games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well we'll have for about this games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well we'll have for about this games
+generally don't take me 45 minutes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally don't take me 45 minutes yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally don't take me 45 minutes yeah
+so these are related to the reading that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are related to the reading that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are related to the reading that
+of space control not so many chase games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space control not so many chase games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of space control not so many chase games
+more space control games and although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space control games and although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more space control games and although
+taken right I guess has some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken right I guess has some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken right I guess has some sort of
+like set building in there as well play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like set building in there as well play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like set building in there as well play
+through the game I seems like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the game I seems like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the game I seems like a lot of
+people didn't do the reading so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't do the reading so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't do the reading so I'm not
+so sure how much context the gig give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sure how much context the gig give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sure how much context the gig give
+you but I do still want you to and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I do still want you to and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but I do still want you to and end
+up having played at a wide range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having played at a wide range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having played at a wide range of
+games before the end of the semester and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games before the end of the semester and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games before the end of the semester and
+then about 3:30 I guess hello before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about 3:30 I guess hello before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then about 3:30 I guess hello before
+3:30 we'll bring in the prototyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 we'll bring in the prototyping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:30 we'll bring in the prototyping
+boxes and then we can spend the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes and then we can spend the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes and then we can spend the rest of
+the class working the team's Oh so panic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class working the team's Oh so panic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class working the team's Oh so panic
+station has a little bit of a wall it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station has a little bit of a wall it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station has a little bit of a wall it's
+got a lot of a trader mechanic you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of a trader mechanic you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a lot of a trader mechanic you are
+trying to survive at a space station but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to survive at a space station but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to survive at a space station but
+there's aliens and they're infecting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aliens and they're infecting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's aliens and they're infecting you
+right you're gonna affect the others to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're gonna affect the others to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're gonna affect the others to
+Turkish zones and other one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkish zones and other one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkish zones and other one of those
+path building games it has area control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path building games it has area control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path building games it has area control
+and other things like on that French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things like on that French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other things like on that French
+medieval towns barely themed through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval towns barely themed through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval towns barely themed through the
+deserts it's kind of kind of like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts it's kind of kind of like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserts it's kind of kind of like not
+being pest yeah path building mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pest yeah path building mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pest yeah path building mapping
+you're creating a basically a supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating a basically a supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating a basically a supply
+chain line of camels through the desert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain line of camels through the desert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain line of camels through the desert
+that's a trader kid okay see I've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a trader kid okay see I've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a trader kid okay see I've not
+played poor boy it's much scored win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played poor boy it's much scored win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played poor boy it's much scored win
+yeah and every one of these games that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and every one of these games that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and every one of these games that
+we put up so far all actually these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put up so far all actually these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put up so far all actually these
+three games are all about like putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three games are all about like putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three games are all about like putting
+tiles that this one is more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles that this one is more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiles that this one is more about
+putting so I was going to say putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting so I was going to say putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting so I was going to say putting
+dudes down by reading you're putting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudes down by reading you're putting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dudes down by reading you're putting on
+camels so really cute camels just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camels so really cute camels just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camels so really cute camels just
+putting on trains but you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on trains but you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting on trains but you're putting
+them down through creative assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down through creative assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them down through creative assets
+it's a gritty matching sets of of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gritty matching sets of of yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gritty matching sets of of yeah
+cool all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/d1dtqw7f6pw.txt b/d1dtqw7f6pw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f99bbb847d7aea1eb7f08ea3b376ec926be66ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/d1dtqw7f6pw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is unfortunately a rather sad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is unfortunately a rather sad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is unfortunately a rather sad
+lecture so this be the last one that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so this be the last one that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so this be the last one that I'm
+giving to a a live audience here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving to a a live audience here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving to a a live audience here
+although any of you who are grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although any of you who are grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although any of you who are grad
+students if you want to come and keep me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students if you want to come and keep me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students if you want to come and keep me
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+well I'm recording my next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm recording my next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I'm recording my next couple of
+lectures I'm actually not joking it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I'm actually not joking it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures I'm actually not joking it's
+really weird talking to an empty room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird talking to an empty room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird talking to an empty room
+and so it might be kind of nice to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it might be kind of nice to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it might be kind of nice to at
+least have a face to react to so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least have a face to react to so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least have a face to react to so I will
+be recording these and making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recording these and making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be recording these and making them
+available and per the announcements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and per the announcements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available and per the announcements that
+I sent out today there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent out today there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sent out today there are some
+additional assignments that I've begun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assignments that I've begun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assignments that I've begun
+posting begin putting things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting begin putting things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posting begin putting things like that
+up but for the time being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but for the time being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up but for the time being
+ignore due dates in fact you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore due dates in fact you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore due dates in fact you say
+especially if you are getting ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you are getting ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you are getting ready to
+leave town just ignore the assignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave town just ignore the assignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave town just ignore the assignments
+there will be updates posted fairly soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be updates posted fairly soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be updates posted fairly soon
+you know sometimes there's a saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes there's a saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know sometimes there's a saying that
+Marie Schmidt our Provost said one time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie Schmidt our Provost said one time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marie Schmidt our Provost said one time
+in respect to a particular initiative as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in respect to a particular initiative as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in respect to a particular initiative as
+it was unwinding and I feel like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was unwinding and I feel like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was unwinding and I feel like it
+applies here we're basically sewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here we're basically sewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies here we're basically sewing
+together the parachute after we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the parachute after we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the parachute after we've
+jumped out of the airplane so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped out of the airplane so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped out of the airplane so that's
+kind of where we are right now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where we are right now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of where we are right now and
+hopefully it'll be assembled before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll be assembled before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully it'll be assembled before we
+hit the ground but we're all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the ground but we're all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the ground but we're all kind of
+figuring out the way this goes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the way this goes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out the way this goes there
+will be updates with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be updates with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be updates with respect to
+assignments and things like that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments and things like that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignments and things like that and you
+know we're just trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're just trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're just trying to figure out
+let's just be blind how the hell we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just be blind how the hell we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just be blind how the hell we're
+gonna actually pull this off all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually pull this off all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually pull this off all right
+so let me get back to where we were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me get back to where we were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me get back to where we were I
+want to begin so we're we what we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin so we're we what we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to begin so we're we what we worked
+with yesterday which we derived this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yesterday which we derived this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with yesterday which we derived this
+mathematical object called the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object called the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical object called the Riemann
+curvature tensor and the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor and the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor and the way we
+discussed it was by thinking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it was by thinking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed it was by thinking about some
+vector that I parallel transported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that I parallel transported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that I parallel transported
+around a closed loop I chose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a closed loop I chose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a closed loop I chose a
+parallelogram because it allowed me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram because it allowed me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelogram because it allowed me to
+sort of nicely formulate the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nicely formulate the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nicely formulate the mathematics
+so if I imagine a parallelogram whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I imagine a parallelogram whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I imagine a parallelogram whose
+got size they're sort of close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got size they're sort of close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got size they're sort of close enough
+that parallel is a well-defined term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parallel is a well-defined term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parallel is a well-defined term and
+the sides are in two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides are in two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sides are in two different
+directions one's of length Delta X in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one's of length Delta X in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one's of length Delta X in
+the land the direction one is Abdal 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land the direction one is Abdal 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the land the direction one is Abdal 2x
+in the sigma direction when I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sigma direction when I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sigma direction when I take this
+vector all the way around the loop I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector all the way around the loop I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector all the way around the loop I
+find the vector has changed pointing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the vector has changed pointing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the vector has changed pointing in
+a different direction and this describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different direction and this describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different direction and this describes
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+which it has sort of moved as I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it has sort of moved as I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it has sort of moved as I go
+around that and loop that object is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that and loop that object is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that and loop that object is even
+though it's created it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's created it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though it's created it's it's it's
+assembled from the Christoffel symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled from the Christoffel symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled from the Christoffel symbols
+which are not tensors but it's done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not tensors but it's done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not tensors but it's done in
+such a way that they're non tensorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that they're non tensorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that they're non tensorial
+Ness cancels out and this for index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ness cancels out and this for index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ness cancels out and this for index
+object R is a tensor and as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object R is a tensor and as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object R is a tensor and as you can see
+it involves terms like derivatives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves terms like derivatives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves terms like derivatives of
+the Christoffel and Christoffel times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel and Christoffel times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel and Christoffel times
+Christoffel so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel so that's where
+non-linearity is going to enter I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity is going to enter I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-linearity is going to enter I want
+to sort of fairly quickly because I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of fairly quickly because I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of fairly quickly because I do
+want to get into some other stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into some other stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get into some other stuff that
+we do with this talk a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with this talk a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with this talk a bit about the
+symmetry of this thing so I discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of this thing so I discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of this thing so I discussed
+last time how you look at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time how you look at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time how you look at this and
+naively you think you've got in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively you think you've got in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naively you think you've got in four
+dimensions four in four dimensions four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions four in four dimensions four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions four in four dimensions four
+indices looks like you have 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices looks like you have 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices looks like you have 256
+components but in fact there are quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but in fact there are quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but in fact there are quite a
+few symmetries associate at this which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few symmetries associate at this which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few symmetries associate at this which
+reduces it significantly it kind of gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it significantly it kind of gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces it significantly it kind of gave
+you the answer last time it let me talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer last time it let me talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the answer last time it let me talk
+about where that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about where that comes from
+I'm going to describe a way to see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to describe a way to see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to describe a way to see these
+symmetries which there's a couple ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries which there's a couple ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries which there's a couple ways
+you can do it and I'm gonna pick the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it and I'm gonna pick the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do it and I'm gonna pick the one
+that's essentially the simplest it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the simplest it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the simplest it's
+perhaps not as there's a few ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not as there's a few ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not as there's a few ways to do
+it that a purist might prefer but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that a purist might prefer but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that a purist might prefer but in the
+interest of time I think this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time I think this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of time I think this is sort of
+the best one so the first thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best one so the first thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best one so the first thing is that
+just by inspecting this answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by inspecting this answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by inspecting this answer you
+should see that this object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see that this object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should see that this object is
+anti-symmetric if you exchange the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric if you exchange the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric if you exchange the final
+two indices okay just look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices okay just look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two indices okay just look at that
+formula switch the indices Sigma and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula switch the indices Sigma and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula switch the indices Sigma and
+lambda and you get a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and you get a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and you get a minus sign
+physically that actually hopefully makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that actually hopefully makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically that actually hopefully makes
+sense because what that is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because what that is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense because what that is basically
+telling you remember the way we did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you remember the way we did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you remember the way we did this
+this operation of parallel transporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation of parallel transporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation of parallel transporting
+around a parallelogram we sort of went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a parallelogram we sort of went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a parallelogram we sort of went
+along say the land of direction then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along say the land of direction then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along say the land of direction then the
+Sigma then the lambda then the Sigma if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma then the lambda then the Sigma if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma then the lambda then the Sigma if
+I exchange those indices it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I exchange those indices it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I exchange those indices it's kind of
+like I actually go in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I actually go in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I actually go in the opposite
+direction okay I go in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I go in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay I go in the other
+direction first go into Sigma first then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction first go into Sigma first then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction first go into Sigma first then
+the lambda and so this corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda and so this corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda and so this corresponds to
+doing this operation which I'll remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this operation which I'll remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this operation which I'll remind
+you is called a Helana me it corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is called a Helana me it corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is called a Helana me it corresponds
+to reversing the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's a fairly easy one to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a fairly easy one to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's a fairly easy one to see
+the others are a little bit tougher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others are a little bit tougher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others are a little bit tougher and
+like I said so what I'm gonna do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said so what I'm gonna do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said so what I'm gonna do is
+follow kind of a shortcut to do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow kind of a shortcut to do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow kind of a shortcut to do this one
+can do it using sort of the full glory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it using sort of the full glory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it using sort of the full glory
+of the Riemann tensor here but life gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Riemann tensor here but life gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Riemann tensor here but life gets
+a little bit easier for us if we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier for us if we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit easier for us if we do the
+following so what you want to do first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so what you want to do first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so what you want to do first
+is lower the first index so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower the first index so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower the first index so what I'm
+gonna do is look at our alpha in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is look at our alpha in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is look at our alpha in the
+downstairs Mew lambda Sigma this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs Mew lambda Sigma this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs Mew lambda Sigma this is what
+I get when I contract like so and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when I contract like so and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when I contract like so and then
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is I'm going to do
+all of my analysis that follows in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my analysis that follows in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of my analysis that follows in a
+local Lorentz frame when I go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame when I go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame when I go into the
+local Lorentz frame the metric at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame the metric at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame the metric at a
+particular point is the metric of flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point is the metric of flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point is the metric of flat
+space-time it's the item you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time it's the item you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time it's the item you know my
+Christoffel symbols all vanish but it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols all vanish but it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols all vanish but it'd
+be a little bit careful because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful because the
+derivatives of the Christoffel do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the Christoffel do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of the Christoffel do not
+Saanich all right so one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saanich all right so one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saanich all right so one of the key
+points is that when you go into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is that when you go into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points is that when you go into those
+local Lorentz frame there is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame there is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame there is a little
+bit of curvature associated with that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of curvature associated with that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of curvature associated with that so
+the derivatives do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the reason I'm doing this like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason I'm doing this like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the reason I'm doing this like I
+said you you actually could do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you you actually could do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you you actually could do the
+little counting exercise that I'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counting exercise that I'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counting exercise that I'm about
+to go through with this whole thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through with this whole thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through with this whole thing it's
+just messy okay and since there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just messy okay and since there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just messy okay and since there's a
+quick way to see the way it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way to see the way it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way to see the way it all comes
+out because this is a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because this is a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because this is a tensor
+relationship you are guaranteed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you are guaranteed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship you are guaranteed that
+something that you conclude in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you conclude in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you conclude in a
+convenient reference frame will hold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient reference frame will hold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient reference frame will hold in
+all of them okay so it's a nice way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them okay so it's a nice way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them okay so it's a nice way to
+do this those of you who are sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this those of you who are sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this those of you who are sort of you
+know particularly purist knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know particularly purist knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know particularly purist knock
+yourselves out trying to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves out trying to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves out trying to figure out how
+to do this sort of in general this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this sort of in general this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this sort of in general this is
+adequate for our purposes here so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate for our purposes here so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate for our purposes here so when I
+go and I do this here's what my all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I do this here's what my all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and I do this here's what my all
+downstairs Riemann tensor turns into I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs Riemann tensor turns into I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs Riemann tensor turns into I'm
+gonna lose the Christoffel squared terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna lose the Christoffel squared terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna lose the Christoffel squared terms
+because Christoffel vanishes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Christoffel vanishes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Christoffel vanishes and the
+only thing that is left are the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that is left are the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing that is left are the terms
+that involve the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve the derivative of the
+Christoffel okay let's do something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel okay let's do something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel okay let's do something a
+little bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit further
+so let's now plug in the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now plug in the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's now plug in the definition of
+the Christoffel and we'll use the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel and we'll use the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Christoffel and we'll use the metric
+before we actually go into the frame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we actually go into the frame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we actually go into the frame so
+that we can sort of get the form that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort of get the form that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can sort of get the form that we
+would we would get with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I should happily make myself a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should happily make myself a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should happily make myself a little
+bit more careful here so I'm gonna put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more careful here so I'm gonna put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more careful here so I'm gonna put
+llf on this to make it clear that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llf on this to make it clear that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+llf on this to make it clear that I'm
+doing this in a local Lorentz frame I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in a local Lorentz frame I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this in a local Lorentz frame I do
+this in a local Lorentz frame and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a local Lorentz frame and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a local Lorentz frame and what
+this turns into so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns into so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns into so there's a lot of
+algebra that I'm not writing out alpha G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that I'm not writing out alpha G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra that I'm not writing out alpha G
+Sigma mu D Sigma D mu G alpha lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma mu D Sigma D mu G alpha lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma mu D Sigma D mu G alpha lambda
+plus D Sigma D alpha G lambda nu okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus D Sigma D alpha G lambda nu okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus D Sigma D alpha G lambda nu okay so
+notice it is only the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it is only the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice it is only the second derivative
+the metric that is appearing here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric that is appearing here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metric that is appearing here okay
+if I go into the local Lorentz frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go into the local Lorentz frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I go into the local Lorentz frame
+that's the one bit of the group that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one bit of the group that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the one bit of the group that's
+the one degree of freedom we were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one degree of freedom we were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one degree of freedom we were not
+able to transform away ah everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transform away ah everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to transform away ah everything
+involving the metric and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the metric and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving the metric and the first
+derivative dies in this particular frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative dies in this particular frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative dies in this particular frame
+but this is good enough for us to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is good enough for us to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is good enough for us to begin
+to count up symmetries okay and to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count up symmetries okay and to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count up symmetries okay and to see
+um what things are going to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what things are going to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what things are going to look like
+and so I don't have any great guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I don't have any great guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I don't have any great guidance
+for how to do this I've just this one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to do this I've just this one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to do this I've just this one of
+those things where literally you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where literally you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things where literally you just
+sort of stare at it for a little while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stare at it for a little while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stare at it for a little while
+and you see what happens when you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what happens when you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see what happens when you play
+around with exchanging various pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with exchanging various pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with exchanging various pairs of
+indices so stare at this for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you can see right away I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see right away I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can see right away I mean
+just just for counting purposes let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just for counting purposes let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just for counting purposes let me
+write down the one that I argued was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the one that I argued was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the one that I argued was
+kind of obvious even in the full form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious even in the full form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of obvious even in the full form
+it's the one you get when you exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one you get when you exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the one you get when you exchange
+the last pairs of indices will call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last pairs of indices will call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last pairs of indices will call that
+symmetry one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry one
+Oh butter thank you yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh butter thank you yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh butter thank you yeah that's a good
+way to that's a very complicated way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to that's a very complicated way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to that's a very complicated way of
+writing 0s all right huh if you exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing 0s all right huh if you exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing 0s all right huh if you exchange
+the first ones you also if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ones you also if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first ones you also if you look at
+this form you can see when you exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form you can see when you exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form you can see when you exchange
+alpha and mu you get a minus sign so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and mu you get a minus sign so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and mu you get a minus sign so one
+that might be um this one takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be um this one takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be um this one takes a little
+bit of creativity to sort of see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of creativity to sort of see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of creativity to sort of see it
+where it comes out suppose what I do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes out suppose what I do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it comes out suppose what I do is
+I exchange the first two indices for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I exchange the first two indices for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I exchange the first two indices for the
+second two indices well it turns out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second two indices well it turns out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second two indices well it turns out if
+you do that you just get the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you just get the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that you just get the expression
+back okay so if I just swap alpha Mew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so if I just swap alpha Mew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back okay so if I just swap alpha Mew
+make them my last to make land this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them my last to make land this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them my last to make land this
+thing with my first two I get REME on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with my first two I get REME on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with my first two I get REME on
+right back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back
+so I set another symmetry and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I set another symmetry and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I set another symmetry and then
+finally someday when I've got a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally someday when I've got a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally someday when I've got a little
+bit more bandwidth in my class to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more bandwidth in my class to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more bandwidth in my class to do
+this I really like to sort of justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I really like to sort of justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I really like to sort of justify
+where you can derive this one a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can derive this one a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can derive this one a little
+bit more rigorously but for now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more rigorously but for now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more rigorously but for now it's
+sufficient just to sort of say look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient just to sort of say look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient just to sort of say look at
+that formula and you will see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula and you will see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula and you will see that it's
+true if you take and then you cyclically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you take and then you cyclically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true if you take and then you cyclically
+permute the second third and fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permute the second third and fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permute the second third and fourth
+indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get zero okay there is a variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero okay there is a variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get zero okay there is a variant of
+this particular symmetry which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular symmetry which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular symmetry which is that
+if you take this and you anti symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take this and you anti symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take this and you anti symmetries
+on these things you get zero okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things you get zero okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these things you get zero okay and
+I've got some words in the notes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some words in the notes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got some words in the notes that
+I'm in the interest of time I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the interest of time I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm in the interest of time I'm not
+gonna go through them but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go through them but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go through them but they are
+posted demonstrating why those two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted demonstrating why those two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted demonstrating why those two are
+actually equivalent to one another when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to one another when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equivalent to one another when
+it boils down to is expand out this anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boils down to is expand out this anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it boils down to is expand out this anti
+signature is ation and I'm gonna do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is ation and I'm gonna do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature is ation and I'm gonna do that
+again for a three you next object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for a three you next object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for a three you next object a
+little bit later in this lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later in this lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later in this lecture and
+then occasionally invoke one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then occasionally invoke one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then occasionally invoke one of these
+other ones uh and you'll see that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones uh and you'll see that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones uh and you'll see that they
+that these two four and four prime are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two four and four prime are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two four and four prime are
+saying the same thing so go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the same thing so go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the same thing so go through all
+of these different symmetries and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different symmetries and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these different symmetries and you'll
+find n to the fourth degrees of and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find n to the fourth degrees of and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find n to the fourth degrees of and the
+fourth independent compliance goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth independent compliance goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth independent compliance goes over
+to and N squared times N squared minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and N squared times N squared minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and N squared times N squared minus
+one over twelve okay not terribly hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over twelve okay not terribly hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over twelve okay not terribly hard
+to do that too little exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that too little exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that too little exercise in
+combinatoric s-- and when you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatoric s-- and when you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatoric s-- and when you do that
+for N equals twenty as I mentioned you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N equals twenty as I mentioned you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for N equals twenty as I mentioned you
+end up with twenty we do this for N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with twenty we do this for N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with twenty we do this for N
+equals four you end up with twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals four you end up with twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals four you end up with twenty
+and just for completeness let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just for completeness let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just for completeness let me
+actually write out that if you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write out that if you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write out that if you actually
+if you go into the local Lorentz frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your space time metric is in fact minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space time metric is in fact minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space time metric is in fact minus
+one one one one on the diagonal but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one one on the diagonal but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one one one on the diagonal but you
+of course have these quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course have these quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course have these quadratic
+Corrections and one can in fact write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and one can in fact write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corrections and one can in fact write
+them out explicitly so that is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out explicitly so that is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them out explicitly so that is what the
+time time piece ends up looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an off diagonal piece which only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an off diagonal piece which only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an off diagonal piece which only
+enters at quadratic order that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters at quadratic order that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters at quadratic order that's what
+your space space space is so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space space space is so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space space space is so this
+explicitly constructs the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly constructs the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly constructs the coordinate
+system used in a freely falling frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system used in a freely falling frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system used in a freely falling frame
+including these second order Corrections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including these second order Corrections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including these second order Corrections
+so this particular form is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular form is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this particular form is known as
+Riemann normal coordinates so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann normal coordinates so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann normal coordinates so if you are
+what this is discussed in a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is discussed in a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is discussed in a little bit
+more detail in one of the optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail in one of the optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail in one of the optional
+readings in the textbook by Erich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings in the textbook by Erich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings in the textbook by Erich
+Poisson a relative this toolkit very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson a relative this toolkit very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson a relative this toolkit very
+nice discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now that we have the
+curvature tensor in hand we really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor in hand we really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor in hand we really have
+essentially every tool that matters for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially every tool that matters for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially every tool that matters for
+89-62 okay there's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89-62 okay there's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+89-62 okay there's a little bit more
+analysis we need to do with this guy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we need to do with this guy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we need to do with this guy but
+we now have all the pieces okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have all the pieces okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have all the pieces okay there's
+no major new mathematical objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no major new mathematical objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no major new mathematical objects that
+are no object describing geometry that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no object describing geometry that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no object describing geometry that I
+need to build in order for us to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to build in order for us to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to build in order for us to make a
+relativistic theory of gravity I do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic theory of gravity I do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic theory of gravity I do want
+to talk about the curvature tensor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the curvature tensor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the curvature tensor a
+little bit more because there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more because there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more because there are a
+couple of properties about it that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of properties about it that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of properties about it that are
+very important for us and I think we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for us and I think we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important for us and I think we'll
+have just enough time today to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just enough time today to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just enough time today to sort of
+get to them that will allow us to set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to them that will allow us to set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to them that will allow us to set up
+and in the first lecture that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first lecture that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first lecture that I will
+record in an empty room actually derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record in an empty room actually derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record in an empty room actually derive
+a relativistic gravity equation so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic gravity equation so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relativistic gravity equation so let
+me talk about a few variants of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about a few variants of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me talk about a few variants of this
+curvature tensor so first suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor so first suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor so first suppose you
+take the trace on some pair of indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the trace on some pair of indices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the trace on some pair of indices
+so what I mean by the trace is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I mean by the trace is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I mean by the trace is
+essentially imagine all the indices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially imagine all the indices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially imagine all the indices are
+in the downstairs position and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the downstairs position and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the downstairs position and I
+contract it with the metric so that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it with the metric so that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract it with the metric so that I'm
+summing over them well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over them well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summing over them well first of all
+you'll note that when you do this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note that when you do this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note that when you do this if you
+were to take the trays on indices 1 & 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to take the trays on indices 1 & 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to take the trays on indices 1 & 2
+they are anti-symmetric the metric is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are anti-symmetric the metric is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are anti-symmetric the metric is
+symmetric so contracting metric with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so contracting metric with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so contracting metric with
+indices 1 & 2 it's going to give me 0 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices 1 & 2 it's going to give me 0 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices 1 & 2 it's going to give me 0 if
+I can track the metric with indices 3 &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can track the metric with indices 3 &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can track the metric with indices 3 &
+4 I get 0 okay so the only trace that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 I get 0 okay so the only trace that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 I get 0 okay so the only trace that
+makes sense is to do it on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense is to do it on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense is to do it on either
+indices 1 & 3 or on indices 2 & 4 let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices 1 & 3 or on indices 2 & 4 let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices 1 & 3 or on indices 2 & 4 let's
+do it on indices 1 & 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I'm going to do is evaluate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is evaluate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is evaluate our
+Alpha Mu Alpha nu which if you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Mu Alpha nu which if you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Mu Alpha nu which if you like you
+can write this as our alpha beta of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tray like this beta mu alpha nu we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tray like this beta mu alpha nu we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tray like this beta mu alpha nu we're
+going to define this as R with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define this as R with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define this as R with two
+indices okay just a little arm you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay just a little arm you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices okay just a little arm you knew
+this actually shows up enough that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually shows up enough that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually shows up enough that it's
+given a name this is called the Ricci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a name this is called the Ricci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a name this is called the Ricci
+curvature tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you were to like I said if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to like I said if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were to like I said if you do
+your trace on indices 1 & 2 you get 0 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trace on indices 1 & 2 you get 0 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your trace on indices 1 & 2 you get 0 if
+you do it on 3 & 4 you get 0 if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it on 3 & 4 you get 0 if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it on 3 & 4 you get 0 if you do
+it on 2 and 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on 2 and 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on 2 and 4
+it's exactly the same it's doing it on 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same it's doing it on 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same it's doing it on 1
+3 because of all these other symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 because of all these other symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 because of all these other symmetries
+so in fact this ends up when you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this ends up when you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact this ends up when you count
+up all your different symmetries this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all your different symmetries this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all your different symmetries this is
+the only trace that is is meaningful ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only trace that is is meaningful ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only trace that is is meaningful ok
+if you know there's some a few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know there's some a few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know there's some a few other
+pairs where you get a minus sign but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs where you get a minus sign but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs where you get a minus sign but
+it's still the same thing so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the same thing so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still the same thing so this is the
+only trace it ends up being meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only trace it ends up being meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only trace it ends up being meaningful
+this is actually in fact not too hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually in fact not too hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually in fact not too hard to
+show that this is symmetric so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this is symmetric so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this is symmetric so even
+though you know Riemann had all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know Riemann had all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you know Riemann had all these
+crazy anti symmetries and symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy anti symmetries and symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy anti symmetries and symmetries
+this one is simpler ok so one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is simpler ok so one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is simpler ok so one way to do
+this is just to take the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to take the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just to take the exact
+expression that we wrote down for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we wrote down for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression that we wrote down for the
+the Riemann tensor in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann tensor in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann tensor in terms of
+derivatives of Christoffel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of Christoffel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives of Christoffel and
+Christoffel squared and just write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel squared and just write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel squared and just write it
+out in this traced over form so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in this traced over form so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in this traced over form so when you
+do this you get this this guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you get this this guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you get this this guy is
+symmetric on at the bottom two indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now this isn't obviously symmetric but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't obviously symmetric but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this isn't obviously symmetric but
+recall a lecture two ago I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a lecture two ago I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall a lecture two ago I worked
+through a couple of identities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple of identities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a couple of identities that
+involves the determinant of the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the determinant of the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves the determinant of the metric
+it turns out if you go back and you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you go back and you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out if you go back and you look
+up these identities you can rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these identities you can rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up these identities you can rewrite this
+term as d nu of D mu of the log of Jing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term as d nu of D mu of the log of Jing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term as d nu of D mu of the log of Jing
+log of the square root of Jing symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the square root of Jing symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log of the square root of Jing symmetric
+when you exchange you and know and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you exchange you and know and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you exchange you and know and then
+you get two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looks like this okay this one pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay this one pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay this one pretty
+obviously symmetric on exchange of MU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously symmetric on exchange of MU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously symmetric on exchange of MU
+and nu when you do this one you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nu when you do this one you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nu when you do this one you might
+think to yourself that one doesn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself that one doesn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to yourself that one doesn't quite
+look symmetric but remember alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look symmetric but remember alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look symmetric but remember alpha and
+beta are both dummy indices okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta are both dummy indices okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta are both dummy indices okay and so
+in fact when you exchange mu and nu this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you exchange mu and nu this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact when you exchange mu and nu this
+last term just turns back into itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term just turns back into itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last term just turns back into itself so
+that's kind of interesting because arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting because arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting because arm
+you knew the reason I went through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew the reason I went through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew the reason I went through that
+little exercise this is a if as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little exercise this is a if as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little exercise this is a if as a
+symmetric tensor and we're gonna work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tensor and we're gonna work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric tensor and we're gonna work in
+four dimensions of space-time here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensions of space-time here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensions of space-time here so
+symmetric four by four has ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric four by four has ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric four by four has ten
+independent components Riemann had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components Riemann had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components Riemann had
+twenty we somehow this Ricci has in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty we somehow this Ricci has in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty we somehow this Ricci has in some
+sense you can think of it as having ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can think of it as having ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you can think of it as having ten
+of the 20 degrees of the twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20 degrees of the twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20 degrees of the twenty
+components associated with Riemann are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components associated with Riemann are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components associated with Riemann are
+encoded in this guy where are the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in this guy where are the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded in this guy where are the other
+ten I'm going to talk about that in just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten I'm going to talk about that in just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten I'm going to talk about that in just
+a moment or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I do that I will just note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I will just note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I will just note that
+we are going to want to also know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to want to also know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to want to also know about
+the trace of the Ricci tensor so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of the Ricci tensor so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trace of the Ricci tensor so if you
+compute this this is often just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this this is often just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this this is often just
+abbreviated R with no indices whatsoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated R with no indices whatsoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviated R with no indices whatsoever
+this is called the Ricci scalar or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the Ricci scalar or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the Ricci scalar or the
+curvature scalar so there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature scalar so there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature scalar so there's another
+variant of curvature which we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of curvature which we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variant of curvature which we're not
+gonna use very much but I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use very much but I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use very much but I want to just
+talk about very very briefly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about very very briefly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about very very briefly the
+derivation of this is highly non-obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this is highly non-obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this is highly non-obvious
+so let me just write it out and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write it out and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just write it out and I'm
+going to talk about it briefly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about it briefly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about it briefly so
+suppose I define a floor index tensor C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I define a floor index tensor C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I define a floor index tensor C
+Alpha Mew lambda Sigma to be the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Mew lambda Sigma to be the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha Mew lambda Sigma to be the Riemann
+tensor - so working in n dimensions 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor - so working in n dimensions 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor - so working in n dimensions 2
+over n minus 2 G alpha I'm gonna anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus 2 G alpha I'm gonna anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n minus 2 G alpha I'm gonna anti
+symmetries here so anti symmetry sing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries here so anti symmetry sing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries here so anti symmetry sing on
+lambda and Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in the famous words of of Robbie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the famous words of of Robbie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the famous words of of Robbie
+who ordered that so the way that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ordered that so the way that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who ordered that so the way that this
+has been constructed and if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been constructed and if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been constructed and if you go
+through and you carefully look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you carefully look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and you carefully look at the
+way this thing behaves under exchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this thing behaves under exchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this thing behaves under exchange of
+any pairs of indices it has exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pairs of indices it has exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any pairs of indices it has exactly the
+same symmetries as Riemann but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same symmetries as Riemann but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same symmetries as Riemann but if you
+take the trace of this turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the trace of this turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the trace of this turns out to be
+zero in fact when you go through and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact when you go through and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in fact when you go through and you
+count up how many independent components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count up how many independent components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count up how many independent components
+it has because it has no trace it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has because it has no trace it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has because it has no trace it has
+ten independent components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this tensor has a name it was first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tensor has a name it was first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tensor has a name it was first
+formulated by the mathematician Hermann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated by the mathematician Hermann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated by the mathematician Hermann
+vile and so although it's a German name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vile and so although it's a German name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vile and so although it's a German name
+and it's not spelled that way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not spelled that way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not spelled that way it is
+appropriately the vile tongue sir does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately the vile tongue sir does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriately the vile tongue sir does a
+pretty vile thing to look at but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty vile thing to look at but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty vile thing to look at but it
+plays an important role so in keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an important role so in keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plays an important role so in keeping
+with the idea that it's got ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea that it's got ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea that it's got ten
+independent components Ricci has ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components Ricci has ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components Ricci has ten
+independent components Riemann has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components Riemann has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent components Riemann has
+twenty heuristic Lee you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty heuristic Lee you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty heuristic Lee you can sort of
+think and put big quotes around all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and put big quotes around all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and put big quotes around all
+these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects
+this doesn't mean approximately let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mean approximately let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't mean approximately let's
+just put it this way this is got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it this way this is got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it this way this is got all the
+same information as Ricci plus vial okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information as Ricci plus vial okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information as Ricci plus vial okay
+one can in fact by bringing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can in fact by bringing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can in fact by bringing in
+appropriate powers of the metric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate powers of the metric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate powers of the metric and
+things like that one can actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that one can actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that one can actually write
+down a real equation relating these it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a real equation relating these it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a real equation relating these it's
+a bit of a mess it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a mess it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of a mess it's not that
+interesting the key thing I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the key thing I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the key thing I want you to
+be aware of is that all of the curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of is that all of the curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be aware of is that all of the curvature
+content of riemann is sort of split into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of riemann is sort of split into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of riemann is sort of split into
+Ricci and vile looking ahead a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci and vile looking ahead a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ricci and vile looking ahead a little
+bit and because I'm gonna be doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and because I'm gonna be doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and because I'm gonna be doing this
+in an empty room I just want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an empty room I just want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an empty room I just want to make
+this point now we are soon going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point now we are soon going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point now we are soon going to see
+that Ricci is very closely related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ricci is very closely related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ricci is very closely related to
+sources of gravity so we're gonna when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of gravity so we're gonna when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of gravity so we're gonna when
+we formulate a theory of gravity working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formulate a theory of gravity working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formulate a theory of gravity working
+with things we're gonna find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things we're gonna find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things we're gonna find that
+there's a tensor that is just a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tensor that is just a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a tensor that is just a slight
+modification of the Ricci tensor that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the Ricci tensor that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification of the Ricci tensor that is
+equal to the stress energy tensor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the stress energy tensor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the stress energy tensor that
+we use as our source stress energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use as our source stress energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use as our source stress energy
+tensor is a symmetric four by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is a symmetric four by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor is a symmetric four by four
+objects those ten degrees of freedom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects those ten degrees of freedom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects those ten degrees of freedom in
+this and the stress energy tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the stress energy tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and the stress energy tensor
+essentially determined the ten Kircher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially determined the ten Kircher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially determined the ten Kircher
+degrees of freedom encoded in reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom encoded in reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom encoded in reaching
+that tells you is that if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you is that if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells you is that if you're in a
+region of vacuum where there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of vacuum where there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of vacuum where there is no
+stress energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress energy
+there's no Ricci okay but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Ricci okay but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Ricci okay but there is
+curvature okay we measure tides we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay we measure tides we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature okay we measure tides we see
+gravitational effects vile ends up being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational effects vile ends up being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational effects vile ends up being
+the quantity that describes behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity that describes behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity that describes behavior of
+gravity in in vacuum regions Ricci ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in in vacuum regions Ricci ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity in in vacuum regions Ricci ends
+up very very close related to how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very very close related to how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very very close related to how it
+describes it in regions with matter one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes it in regions with matter one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes it in regions with matter one
+reason I mention this so there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mention this so there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I mention this so there's only
+only one LIGO student here now but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one LIGO student here now but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one LIGO student here now but in
+fact when one is describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when one is describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when one is describing
+gravitational radiation the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational radiation the behavior of
+the viol tensor ends up being very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viol tensor ends up being very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the viol tensor ends up being very
+important for characterizing the degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for characterizing the degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for characterizing the degrees
+of freedom associated with radiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom associated with radiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom associated with radiation and
+general relativity so that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity so that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity so that's a little
+bit ahead there's a few other things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ahead there's a few other things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit ahead there's a few other things you
+can do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it
+which are related to what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are related to what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are related to what are called
+conformal transformations I have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal transformations I have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conformal transformations I have a few
+notes on them but they're not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on them but they're not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on them but they're not that
+important for our class it's discussed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for our class it's discussed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for our class it's discussed a
+little bit in Carroll so I'll leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in Carroll so I'll leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in Carroll so I'll leave that
+as a reading if you are interested but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reading if you are interested but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a reading if you are interested but
+we don't need to go through it here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to go through it here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need to go through it here so
+there are two other things that are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two other things that are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two other things that are much
+more important for us to discuss with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important for us to discuss with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important for us to discuss with
+respect to a riemann first and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a riemann first and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to a riemann first and I'm gonna
+focus the time that we have on them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the time that we have on them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the time that we have on them so
+one of the important aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the important aspects of
+curvature that I've emphasized a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that I've emphasized a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature that I've emphasized a few
+times now is the idea that initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now is the idea that initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times now is the idea that initially
+parallel judy's X become no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel judy's X become no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel judy's X become no longer
+parallel when they're moving on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel when they're moving on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel when they're moving on a
+manifold that is curved we're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold that is curved we're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifold that is curved we're gonna use
+the Riemann curvature tensor to quantify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann curvature tensor to quantify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann curvature tensor to quantify
+what the breakdown of parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the breakdown of parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the breakdown of parallelism
+actually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a couple of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of different
+discussions of this that you'll see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of this that you'll see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions of this that you'll see in
+various places Carroll's discussion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places Carroll's discussion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various places Carroll's discussion is
+very brief it's you know it's rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief it's you know it's rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very brief it's you know it's rigorous
+it's very brief I'm doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very brief I'm doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very brief I'm doing something
+that's a little bit to my mind's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit to my mind's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little bit to my mind's a
+little bit more physically motivated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more physically motivated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more physically motivated
+okay so I'm gonna do it in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna do it in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm gonna do it in a slightly
+different way from the way it's done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way from the way it's done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way from the way it's done in
+in Carroll it's a little close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Carroll it's a little close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Carroll it's a little close to the
+way it's been it's done in Shutts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's been it's done in Shutts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's been it's done in Shutts
+textbook so what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook so what we want to do is
+imagine we have initially parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have initially parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we have initially parallel
+geodesics and what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics and what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geodesics and what we want to do is
+characterize how they become non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize how they become non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize how they become non
+parallel well it this way how they how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel well it this way how they how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel well it this way how they how
+they deviate as one moves along their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deviate as one moves along their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they deviate as one moves along their
+world lines from rather these world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world lines from rather these world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world lines from rather these world
+lines okay so here's what I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so here's what I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines okay so here's what I want to do
+that's the idea of the calculation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of the calculation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea of the calculation that
+I want to do so what I want to start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do so what I want to start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to do so what I want to start out
+with is let's consider two nearby Judy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is let's consider two nearby Judy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is let's consider two nearby Judy's
+X and what I'm gonna mean by nearby is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what I'm gonna mean by nearby is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and what I'm gonna mean by nearby is
+that they are close enough that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are close enough that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are close enough that they are
+essentially in the same local Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the same local Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the same local Lorentz
+frame okay so they're gonna have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame okay so they're gonna have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame okay so they're gonna have the
+same metric I'm gonna be able to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same metric I'm gonna be able to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same metric I'm gonna be able to choose
+coordinates so that the Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that the Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so that the Christoffel
+symbol is zero for both of them I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is zero for both of them I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol is zero for both of them I will
+not be able to get rid of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to get rid of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to get rid of the second
+derivative though okay so that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative though okay so that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative though okay so that would be
+where a bit of a difference begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a bit of a difference begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a bit of a difference begins to
+but to enter to nearby Judy's X and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to enter to nearby Judy's X and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to enter to nearby Judy's X and I'm
+gonna use just lambda as the affine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use just lambda as the affine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use just lambda as the affine
+parameter along them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here's my first one I'm gonna make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my first one I'm gonna make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my first one I'm gonna make a
+few definitions on the next board I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few definitions on the next board I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few definitions on the next board I'm
+gonna call this gamma sub V and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call this gamma sub V and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna call this gamma sub V and here's
+my next one I'm gonna call it gamma sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next one I'm gonna call it gamma sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next one I'm gonna call it gamma sub
+you find two points here okay I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find two points here okay I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find two points here okay I'm gonna
+make a couple definitions on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple definitions on the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a couple definitions on the next
+board okay so definitions I'm gonna call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so definitions I'm gonna call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board okay so definitions I'm gonna call
+you the tangent vector to the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tangent vector to the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tangent vector to the curve
+gamma sub u okay so this is equal to DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma sub u okay so this is equal to DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma sub u okay so this is equal to DX
+D lambda on that curve V there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D lambda on that curve V there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D lambda on that curve V there's a
+tangent vector to gamma sub V the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector to gamma sub V the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector to gamma sub V the point
+a is at lambda zero on curve gamma sub u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is at lambda zero on curve gamma sub u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is at lambda zero on curve gamma sub u
+a prime is at land this is Sub Zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime is at land this is Sub Zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prime is at land this is Sub Zero on
+gamma V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're both parameterize by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're both parameterize by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're both parameterize by a
+parameter lambda and I'm just gonna set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda and I'm just gonna set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter lambda and I'm just gonna set
+these they're basically both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they're basically both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these they're basically both
+synchronizing their clocks thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronizing their clocks thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronizing their clocks thinking
+there's being time like at those points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's being time like at those points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's being time like at those points
+they're going to find their sign points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to find their sign points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to find their sign points
+as a and a prime what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a and a prime what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a and a prime what I'm going to do
+now is I'm going to define what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I'm going to define what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is I'm going to define what's called
+a Judy's ik displacement vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Judy's ik displacement vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Judy's ik displacement vector that
+points from lambda on the u curve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from lambda on the u curve to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from lambda on the u curve to
+lambda on the V curve and I'm gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda on the V curve and I'm gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda on the V curve and I'm gonna use
+my favorite Greek letter C so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite Greek letter C so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my favorite Greek letter C so those
+points from lambda on gamma U to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from lambda on gamma U to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from lambda on gamma U to lambda
+that is basically to the same value we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically to the same value we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is basically to the same value we
+make this a little bit more precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a little bit more precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this a little bit more precise
+points from the event at lambda on gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from the event at lambda on gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from the event at lambda on gamma
+U to the event at lambda on gamma V okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U to the event at lambda on gamma V okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U to the event at lambda on gamma V okay
+apologies for being somewhat didactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies for being somewhat didactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologies for being somewhat didactic
+there but we need to define things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we need to define things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but we need to define things
+carefully so on this so here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so on this so here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully so on this so here's my
+initial so that's what C looks like at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so that's what C looks like at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial so that's what C looks like at
+events are I parameter lambda 0 and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are I parameter lambda 0 and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events are I parameter lambda 0 and what
+we want to do is examine how C evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is examine how C evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to do is examine how C evolve
+zazz 1 moves along D Studios X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zazz 1 moves along D Studios X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zazz 1 moves along D Studios X that's
+gonna be our goal so let's make things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be our goal so let's make things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be our goal so let's make things a
+little bit more quantitative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see it's gonna be equal to X gamma V at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's gonna be equal to X gamma V at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's gonna be equal to X gamma V at
+lambda minus X lambda finally I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus X lambda finally I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda minus X lambda finally I'm going
+to assume that the kerbs begin parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that the kerbs begin parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that the kerbs begin parallel
+to each other that's a statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other that's a statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other that's a statement that
+you have lambda 0 equals V of lambda 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lambda 0 equals V of lambda 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have lambda 0 equals V of lambda 0
+and it also tells me that I can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also tells me that I can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also tells me that I can use that
+this must equal 0 at the initial point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must equal 0 at the initial point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must equal 0 at the initial point
+naught so they going to equal 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so they going to equal 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught so they going to equal 0
+everywhere in fact it won't but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in fact it won't but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in fact it won't but I'm
+going to use this as a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this as a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this as a boundary
+condition the calculation I'm about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the calculation I'm about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition the calculation I'm about to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what we're going to do is
+essentially say you know the as we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say you know the as we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially say you know the as we move
+along these two curves these are Judy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these two curves these are Judy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along these two curves these are Judy's
+X we're gonna use the Judy's equation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we're gonna use the Judy's equation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X we're gonna use the Judy's equation to
+slide along these two curves we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide along these two curves we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide along these two curves we know
+what the equation is that governs you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the equation is that governs you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the equation is that governs you as
+it moves along gamma U we know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves along gamma U we know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it moves along gamma U we know what the
+equation is that governs V as it moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that governs V as it moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is that governs V as it moves
+along gamma V it's going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along gamma V it's going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along gamma V it's going to take the
+difference between them and we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them and we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between them and we're going
+to kind of use that to develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of use that to develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of use that to develop an
+acceleration equation that governs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration equation that governs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration equation that governs that
+displace makes C here's the bit where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace makes C here's the bit where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace makes C here's the bit where I
+differ a little bit from Carol so Carol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ a little bit from Carol so Carol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ a little bit from Carol so Carol
+like I said Carol is a very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said Carol is a very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said Carol is a very brief
+discussion which is it gives the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which is it gives the it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion which is it gives the it's
+absolutely right but I want to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right but I want to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right but I want to give a
+little bit of physical insight and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of physical insight and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of physical insight and I
+think you can do that by choosing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can do that by choosing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can do that by choosing to
+work in the local Lorentz frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're gonna work in the local Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna work in the local Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna work in the local Lorentz
+frame and I'm gonna censor this local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and I'm gonna censor this local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame and I'm gonna censor this local
+wrench frame on the event a okay reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrench frame on the event a okay reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrench frame on the event a okay reason
+why I'm doing that is this then allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm doing that is this then allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm doing that is this then allows
+me to say GE new at the event AG is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to say GE new at the event AG is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to say GE new at the event AG is a
+time you know second my Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know second my Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you know second my Christoffel
+symbols out of that egg are all going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols out of that egg are all going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols out of that egg are all going to
+be 0 GV new at a prime so awesome e8 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 GV new at a prime so awesome e8 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 GV new at a prime so awesome e8 um
+you know maybe a little bit careful our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a little bit careful our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe a little bit careful our
+Christoffel symbols do not vanish at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols do not vanish at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbols do not vanish at
+point a prime because there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a prime because there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point a prime because there's a little
+bit of curvature they are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+related to the fact that I'm sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fact that I'm sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the fact that I'm sort of
+slightly far away and I'm picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly far away and I'm picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly far away and I'm picking up
+that second order correction okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second order correction okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that second order correction okay this
+is sort of that where all the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of that where all the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of that where all the important
+bits the analysis are gonna come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits the analysis are gonna come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits the analysis are gonna come from
+it's the fact that you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the fact that you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the fact that you know they're
+they're close to each other I can set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close to each other I can set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're close to each other I can set up
+a local Lorentz frame but it's got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local Lorentz frame but it's got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a local Lorentz frame but it's got that
+little bit of sort of schmutz at second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of sort of schmutz at second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of sort of schmutz at second
+order that's coming in and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that's coming in and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that's coming in and kind of
+pushing me away from a simple local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing me away from a simple local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing me away from a simple local
+Lorentz frame they're the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame they're the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame they're the simple
+mathematical form right there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form right there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical form right there okay
+put that up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look at the equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the equations that
+govern motion along these two curves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern motion along these two curves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern motion along these two curves so
+the G DS ik equation along curve gamma U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G DS ik equation along curve gamma U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G DS ik equation along curve gamma U
+and we'll just look at it at a well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just look at it at a well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll just look at it at a well to
+second-order differential rate in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential rate in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second-order differential rate in terms
+of the coordinates it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinates it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coordinates it looks like this
+evaluating this at a at a my Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this at a at a my Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating this at a at a my Christoffel
+symbols are all 0 so this is just 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's look at it along the other curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at a prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in just a second I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm gonna substitute in that derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna substitute in that derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna substitute in that derivative
+of Christoffel that's going to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Christoffel that's going to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Christoffel that's going to go in
+there before I do that so notice this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there before I do that so notice this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there before I do that so notice this
+also depends along the velocity as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends along the velocity as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends along the velocity as I
+move along at that point right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along at that point right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move along at that point right it's a
+typical judie tzuke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical judie tzuke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical judie tzuke
+so I'm gonna substitute in the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna substitute in the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna substitute in the fact that
+both the X mu and the X new velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the X mu and the X new velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the X mu and the X new velocity
+here this is defined as V mu but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is defined as V mu but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is defined as V mu but
+remember these guys are defined as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these guys are defined as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember these guys are defined as being
+initially parallel okay so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially parallel okay so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially parallel okay so what this
+tells me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is interesting what I'm seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting what I'm seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is interesting what I'm seeing
+is I end up with an equation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I end up with an equation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I end up with an equation where the
+derivative of the Christoffel symbol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Christoffel symbol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Christoffel symbol is
+coupling to sort of my motion along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to sort of my motion along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling to sort of my motion along this
+that world line and the displacement now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world line and the displacement now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world line and the displacement now
+let me just remind you what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just remind you what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just remind you what I really
+wanted to do was get an equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was get an equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do was get an equation that
+governs how this guy changes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs how this guy changes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governs how this guy changes okay
+but this guy is just defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy is just defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy is just defined as the
+difference between the the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between the the position
+along curve v- the position along curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along curve v- the position along curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along curve v- the position along curve
+u so if i take the difference of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so if i take the difference of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so if i take the difference of these
+two things pardon me this a prime this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things pardon me this a prime this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things pardon me this a prime this
+one at a this is an equation governing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a this is an equation governing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at a this is an equation governing
+the acceleration of this displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is interesting okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is interesting okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is interesting okay so what
+you're sort of seeing is that the judie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of seeing is that the judie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of seeing is that the judie
+tzuke displacement looks something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tzuke displacement looks something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tzuke displacement looks something like
+two Turin's of the metric coupling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Turin's of the metric coupling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Turin's of the metric coupling in
+the floor velocity and the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor velocity and the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the floor velocity and the displacement
+itself now as written this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself now as written this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself now as written this equation is
+fine if all you are doing is living life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if all you are doing is living life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine if all you are doing is living life
+in the local Lorentz frame okay we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the local Lorentz frame okay we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the local Lorentz frame okay we want
+to do a little better than that though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little better than that though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little better than that though
+so I'm gonna do a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna do a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna do a little bit more
+massaging of this but I kind of want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massaging of this but I kind of want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massaging of this but I kind of want to
+emphasize that this already brings out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this already brings out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this already brings out
+the key physical point okay I can't yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key physical point okay I can't yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key physical point okay I can't yet
+you know you serve looking at this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you serve looking at this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you serve looking at this and
+you're thinking yourself that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking yourself that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking yourself that looks like
+a piece of riemann but at Aintree Mont
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of riemann but at Aintree Mont
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of riemann but at Aintree Mont
+right it's a derivative of a Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a derivative of a Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a derivative of a Christoffel
+symbol and that's not a tensor so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and that's not a tensor so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol and that's not a tensor so this
+isn't quite the kind of thing we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite the kind of thing we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't quite the kind of thing we want
+yet we need to do a little bit more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we need to do a little bit more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet we need to do a little bit more work
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+and so what I would sort of say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I would sort of say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what I would sort of say is
+everything I did up to here this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I did up to here this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything I did up to here this is like
+the key important physics now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key important physics now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key important physics now I'm going
+to do a little bit of stuff to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little bit of stuff to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a little bit of stuff to sort of
+put the the suit and tie that a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the the suit and tie that a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the the suit and tie that a tensor
+is supposed to wear I'm gonna dress it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to wear I'm gonna dress it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to wear I'm gonna dress it
+up a little bit so that it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit so that it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit so that it's you know
+wearing the clothes that all all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing the clothes that all all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wearing the clothes that all all
+quantities in this class are supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities in this class are supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities in this class are supposed to
+wear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we want to make this tensorial and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to make this tensorial and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we want to make this tensorial and so
+for guidance of that these time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for guidance of that these time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for guidance of that these time
+derivatives are derivatives back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are derivatives back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives are derivatives back to the
+parameter it's not really nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's not really nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter it's not really nicely
+formulated okay the thing which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated okay the thing which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulated okay the thing which we
+should note is D by D lambda that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should note is D by D lambda that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should note is D by D lambda that's what
+I get when I come when I contract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when I come when I contract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when I come when I contract the
+for velocity with a partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for velocity with a partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for velocity with a partial derivative
+what we should do is replace this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should do is replace this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we should do is replace this with
+something like when I'm gonna call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like when I'm gonna call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like when I'm gonna call
+capital D by D lambda which is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital D by D lambda which is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital D by D lambda which is what I'm
+gonna get when I do derivatives using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get when I do derivatives using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get when I do derivatives using a
+cup I use for velocity contracted on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup I use for velocity contracted on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cup I use for velocity contracted on a
+covariant derivative okay so suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative okay so suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative okay so suppose I
+just you know I'm agnostic about what C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know I'm agnostic about what C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know I'm agnostic about what C
+actually is I just know it's a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is I just know it's a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is I just know it's a vector
+field and I want to compute this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and I want to compute this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and I want to compute this thing
+well we learned how to do that a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we learned how to do that a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we learned how to do that a couple
+lectures ago I worked this guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a couple in a term that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple in a term that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple in a term that looks like this
+you might be tempted at this point to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be tempted at this point to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might be tempted at this point to go
+oh I'm in a local Lorentz frame I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm in a local Lorentz frame I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm in a local Lorentz frame I can
+get rid of that Christoffel don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that Christoffel don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that Christoffel don't do
+that quite yet because we're gonna want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quite yet because we're gonna want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that quite yet because we're gonna want
+to take one more derivative Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one more derivative Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one more derivative Christoffel
+does vanish but its derivative does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does vanish but its derivative does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does vanish but its derivative does not
+wait till you've done all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till you've done all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait till you've done all of your
+derivatives before you insert that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives before you insert that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives before you insert that that
+relationship mikan Verret covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship mikan Verret covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship mikan Verret covariant
+derivative along this trajectory with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative along this trajectory with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative along this trajectory with my
+parameter there's a usual total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter there's a usual total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter there's a usual total
+derivative plus okay now I'm gonna want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative plus okay now I'm gonna want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative plus okay now I'm gonna want
+to take one more derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so it's a lot of junk in here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a lot of junk in here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's a lot of junk in here I'm
+gonna get one term just looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one term just looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get one term just looks like this
+but now I'm gonna get a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm gonna get a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I'm gonna get a whole bunch of
+other terms that involve so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that involve so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terms that involve so this is what
+I get when I expand this guy out and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when I expand this guy out and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get when I expand this guy out and I
+just have well I should hang on a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have well I should hang on a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have well I should hang on a second
+so first I'm gonna get one that involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm gonna get one that involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first I'm gonna get one that involves
+essentially the first term you on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the first term you on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the first term you on the
+partial hitting both of these terms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial hitting both of these terms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial hitting both of these terms okay
+and so when I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon me just one moment okay never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me just one moment okay never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me just one moment okay never
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just write it down and I'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it down and I'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write it down and I'll describe
+where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this first term this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this first term this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this first term this is
+basically the connection term coupling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the connection term coupling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the connection term coupling
+to this okay associate with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay associate with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay associate with this
+covariant derivative now I'm gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative now I'm gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivative now I'm gonna have
+a whole bunch of terms that involve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of terms that involve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole bunch of terms that involve this
+guy operating on these terms over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy operating on these terms over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy operating on these terms over here
+and my apologies that the board is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my apologies that the board is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my apologies that the board is not
+clearing as well as I would like today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know what I'm going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what I'm going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know what I'm going to just
+write it out like this and move to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out like this and move to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it out like this and move to a
+different board in a second okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different board in a second okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different board in a second okay all
+right so I'm gonna put this over on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm gonna put this over on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'm gonna put this over on the
+other side here what I have there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side here what I have there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side here what I have there so the
+first term like I said I'm basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term like I said I'm basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term like I said I'm basically
+just operating that thing on the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operating that thing on the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just operating that thing on the two
+different terms so it's a little easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms so it's a little easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms so it's a little easy
+when I first hit it on the DC D lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first hit it on the DC D lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first hit it on the DC D lambda
+and it's gonna be messy when I expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be messy when I expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's gonna be messy when I expand
+out all the derivatives that operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the derivatives that operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the derivatives that operate on
+here which is why I'm writing it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is why I'm writing it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is why I'm writing it with
+some care because we're about to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care because we're about to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some care because we're about to make a
+lot of a lot of mess on the board okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so first I'm going to do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'm going to do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'm going to do what
+happens when this guy hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when this guy hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when this guy hits the
+Christoffel symbol then I'm gonna get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbol then I'm gonna get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel symbol then I'm gonna get a
+term that involves this combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that involves this combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that involves this combination of
+guys acting on the floor velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys acting on the floor velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys acting on the floor velocity and
+then I get these guys acting on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get these guys acting on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get these guys acting on my
+displacement okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement okay
+now I'm ready to simplify okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready to simplify okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm ready to simplify okay so let me
+just emphasize everything I have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize everything I have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just emphasize everything I have here
+all I did was expand out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did was expand out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did was expand out those
+derivatives and write them in a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and write them in a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives and write them in a form
+where I want to basically call out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want to basically call out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I want to basically call out
+different terms and see how they behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms and see how they behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different terms and see how they behave
+two things to bear in mind I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things to bear in mind I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things to bear in mind I am going to
+do this in the local Lorentz frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the local Lorentz frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this in the local Lorentz frame and
+in the vicinity of the point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's gonna allow me to get rid of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna allow me to get rid of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's gonna allow me to get rid of a
+lot of terms okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of terms okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of terms okay
+so earlier I didn't want to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so earlier I didn't want to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so earlier I didn't want to get rid of
+my Christoffel symbols because I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Christoffel symbols because I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Christoffel symbols because I was
+going to take another derivative I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take another derivative I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take another derivative I'm
+done with that so any for anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with that so any for anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with that so any for anything
+that's just a Christoffel on its own I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a Christoffel on its own I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a Christoffel on its own I
+go into local rents for him christophe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into local rents for him christophe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into local rents for him christophe
+'you die die can't really do much with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'you die die can't really do much with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+'you die die can't really do much with
+this let's set this aside let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's set this aside let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's set this aside let's look at
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+what do we know about the for vector u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about the for vector u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about the for vector u
+it's a geodesic it obeys the du/dz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a geodesic it obeys the du/dz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a geodesic it obeys the du/dz
+equation the geodesic equation is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the geodesic equation is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the geodesic equation is this
+thing in parentheses equals zero you die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in parentheses equals zero you die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in parentheses equals zero you die
+finally I have this condition here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I have this condition here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally I have this condition here at
+the beginning that is essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that is essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning that is essentially the
+velocity at Point a - velocity at point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at Point a - velocity at point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at Point a - velocity at point
+B our initial condition is that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B our initial condition is that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B our initial condition is that these
+things start out parallel to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things start out parallel to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things start out parallel to each other
+these die because these are initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these die because these are initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these die because these are initially
+parallel so initially parallel judy's ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so initially parallel judy's ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel so initially parallel judy's ik
+local Lorentz frame so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame so the only
+derivative I'm going to need to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm going to need to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative I'm going to need to expand
+out is this guy and because I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is this guy and because I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is this guy and because I'm working
+in a local Lorentz frame that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a local Lorentz frame that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a local Lorentz frame that's actually
+not that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I finally get after all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I finally get after all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I finally get after all the
+smoke clears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke clears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoke clears
+is that my covariant acceleration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that my covariant acceleration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that my covariant acceleration of
+this displacement vector is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displacement vector is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this displacement vector is related to
+my non covariant acceleration with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my non covariant acceleration with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my non covariant acceleration with a
+term that basically ends up just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that basically ends up just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term that basically ends up just being
+oops a derivative of the Christoffel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops a derivative of the Christoffel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops a derivative of the Christoffel
+symbol it couples in two powers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it couples in two powers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol it couples in two powers of the
+floor velocity and the displacement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity and the displacement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity and the displacement but
+we actually already have we worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually already have we worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually already have we worked out
+earlier what this guy was okay so my non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what this guy was okay so my non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier what this guy was okay so my non
+covariant acceleration was a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant acceleration was a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant acceleration was a different
+derivative of the Christoffel symbol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Christoffel symbol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Christoffel symbol so
+if I go and I plug this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my apologies our pausing here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apologies our pausing here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my apologies our pausing here there are
+a lot of indices on this page look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of indices on this page look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of indices on this page look at
+this I've got a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've got a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I've got a derivative of
+Christoffel - a derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel - a derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel - a derivative of a
+Christoffel that is exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel that is exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christoffel that is exactly what the
+Riemann curvature tensor looks like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann curvature tensor looks like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann curvature tensor looks like in
+the local Lorentz frame now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local Lorentz frame now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local Lorentz frame now if you
+actually go back and you look up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go back and you look up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go back and you look up your
+definitions you'll see it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions you'll see it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions you'll see it's not quite
+right there's a couple of indices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a couple of indices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a couple of indices that
+are sort of a little bit off but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of a little bit off but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sort of a little bit off but they
+turn out to all be dummy indices so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to all be dummy indices so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out to all be dummy indices so what
+you should do at this point is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do at this point is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should do at this point is just a
+real able a couple of your dummy indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if on the second term you take beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if on the second term you take beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if on the second term you take beta
+mu mu - gamma and nu - beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once you finally wind up with is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you finally wind up with is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you finally wind up with is right
+it first in the local Lorentz frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first in the local Lorentz frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it first in the local Lorentz frame this
+is nothing but the Riemann tensor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but the Riemann tensor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing but the Riemann tensor in the
+local Lorentz frame and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local Lorentz frame and from the
+principle that a tensor equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that a tensor equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle that a tensor equation that
+holds in one frame must hold in all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds in one frame must hold in all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds in one frame must hold in all we
+can deduce from this that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deduce from this that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deduce from this that this is the
+way the displacement behaves so I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the displacement behaves so I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the displacement behaves so I start
+out with two judy is eccentric leap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with two judy is eccentric leap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with two judy is eccentric leap
+Errol L to one another if they are in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errol L to one another if they are in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Errol L to one another if they are in a
+spacetime that is curved the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime that is curved the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacetime that is curved the Riemann
+curvature tensor tells how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor tells how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature tensor tells how those
+initially parallel trajectories evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially parallel trajectories evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially parallel trajectories evolve
+as I move along those Judy's X so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I move along those Judy's X so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I move along those Judy's X so I want
+to make two remarks one is just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make two remarks one is just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make two remarks one is just sort of
+a way of thinking about the calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about the calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of thinking about the calculations
+I just did it may not you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did it may not you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did it may not you know you might
+be slightly dissatisfied the fact that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly dissatisfied the fact that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly dissatisfied the fact that I
+decided to do the whole calculation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do the whole calculation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to do the whole calculation in a
+whole special frame okay if that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole special frame okay if that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole special frame okay if that if you
+know if that's you you would prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's you you would prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if that's you you would prefer to
+see something a little bit more rigorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something a little bit more rigorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something a little bit more rigorous
+feel free to explore some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to explore some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to explore some of the other
+textbooks that are on that we have for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that are on that we have for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks that are on that we have for
+this class they do treat this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class they do treat this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class they do treat this a little
+bit more rigorously than this one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more rigorously than this one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more rigorously than this one reason
+why I wanted to do this because I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to do this because I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to do this because I wanted
+to really emphasize this idea that where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really emphasize this idea that where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really emphasize this idea that where
+this effect comes from is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect comes from is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect comes from is that if I
+think about the the freely falling frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the freely falling frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the the freely falling frame
+describing to nearby Judy's X it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to nearby Judy's X it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing to nearby Judy's X it is that
+derivative is that second derivative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is that second derivative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative is that second derivative the
+metrics that really plays a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that really plays a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that really plays a fundamental
+role in driving these two things apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in driving these two things apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role in driving these two things apart
+what we get out of it is a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get out of it is a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get out of it is a completely
+frame independent equation and this ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame independent equation and this ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame independent equation and this ends
+up really being the key equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up really being the key equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up really being the key equation
+describing the behavior of tides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the behavior of tides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the behavior of tides and
+generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality
+we're going you know when you go into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going you know when you go into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going you know when you go into a
+freely falling frame we've basically at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame we've basically at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely falling frame we've basically at
+that point said there's no longer such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point said there's no longer such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point said there's no longer such a
+thing as gravitational acceleration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as gravitational acceleration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as gravitational acceleration and
+if there's no gravitational acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no gravitational acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's no gravitational acceleration
+that's kinda what the hell is gravity do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kinda what the hell is gravity do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kinda what the hell is gravity do
+general relativity tides become the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity tides become the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general relativity tides become the key
+thing that really defines what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that really defines what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that really defines what the
+action of gravity is one of the ones I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of gravity is one of the ones I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action of gravity is one of the ones I'm
+personally very interested in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally very interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally very interested in and
+applying this to is that this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to is that this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying this to is that this equation
+gives you a very rigorous and frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a very rigorous and frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a very rigorous and frame
+independent way to describe how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent way to describe how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent way to describe how a
+gravitational wave detector responds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detector responds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detector responds to
+the impact of a gravitational wave if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of a gravitational wave if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of a gravitational wave if
+you imagine you have to test masses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine you have to test masses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine you have to test masses that
+are moving through space-time they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving through space-time they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moving through space-time they just
+follow Gigi's ex okay they feel gravity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow Gigi's ex okay they feel gravity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow Gigi's ex okay they feel gravity
+they are free-falling they don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are free-falling they don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are free-falling they don't do
+anything you look at them you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you look at them you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you look at them you know if
+you're falling with them you don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're falling with them you don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're falling with them you don't see
+any effect whatsoever but if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effect whatsoever but if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any effect whatsoever but if they're
+sufficiently far away from one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far away from one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently far away from one another
+that their displacement kind of tastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their displacement kind of tastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their displacement kind of tastes
+the curvature to that freely falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature to that freely falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curvature to that freely falling
+frame then this equation governs how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame then this equation governs how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame then this equation governs how the
+separation between the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation between the two of them
+actually evolves with time okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evolves with time okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evolves with time okay and so
+for instance if you're if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance if you're if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance if you're if you're a
+student who works in LIGO or some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who works in LIGO or some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who works in LIGO or some of the
+many important analyses describing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many important analyses describing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many important analyses describing how
+gravitational wave detectors respond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detectors respond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational wave detectors respond to
+an ending radiation field they are based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending radiation field they are based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ending radiation field they are based
+on this equation if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this equation if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this equation if you're interested in
+understanding how an extended object is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how an extended object is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how an extended object is
+tightly distorted due to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly distorted due to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tightly distorted due to the fact that
+it's sort of big enough that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of big enough that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of big enough that it doesn't
+all sort of live at a single point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of live at a single point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of live at a single point but
+its shape spills across the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its shape spills across the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its shape spills across the local
+Lorentz frame this equation governs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame this equation governs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame this equation governs it
+allows you to set up sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to set up sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to set up sort of the
+stresses that act upon that body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses that act upon that body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stresses that act upon that body and
+change it from a simple point mass so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it from a simple point mass so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it from a simple point mass so
+I'm waxing slightly rhapsodic here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm waxing slightly rhapsodic here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm waxing slightly rhapsodic here
+because this is one of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is one of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is one of the more
+important physical equations that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical equations that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important physical equations that come
+out at the class at this point all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the class at this point all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out at the class at this point all right
+in our last 12 or 13 minutes I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last 12 or 13 minutes I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last 12 or 13 minutes I would
+like to do one other little identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do one other little identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do one other little identity
+which is extremely important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but rather messy in fact I think I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather messy in fact I think I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather messy in fact I think I'm
+going to just if I have the time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just if I have the time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just if I have the time yeah
+you know what I think I will have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I think I will have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what I think I will have time
+I'm going to set up the first page of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set up the first page of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to set up the first page of
+the next lecture so let's move away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture so let's move away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture so let's move away from
+oh by the way I forgot to give the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way I forgot to give the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way I forgot to give the name
+of this this is the equation of Judy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the equation of Judy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this this is the equation of Judy's
+ik deviation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik deviation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ik deviation okay
+so recall when we first talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall when we first talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recall when we first talked about the
+Riemann tensor there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann tensor there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann tensor there's a very
+mathematical action that the Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical action that the Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical action that the Riemann
+tensor does you can think of it as what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor does you can think of it as what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor does you can think of it as what
+happens when you have the commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you have the commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you have the commutator of
+covariant derivatives acting on a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if I evaluate the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I evaluate the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I evaluate the commutator
+Sigma Lambda Sumi covariant of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Lambda Sumi covariant of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma Lambda Sumi covariant of lambda
+covariant with Sigma acting on V alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and looking like this and I argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and looking like this and I argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and looking like this and I argued
+that this definition is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this definition is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this definition is kind of the
+differential version of that little hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential version of that little hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential version of that little hole
+on the operation by which I derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the operation by which I derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the operation by which I derived
+Riemann in the first place a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann in the first place a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann in the first place a more
+generalized form of this is suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized form of this is suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized form of this is suppose I
+act on some object with two indices one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on some object with two indices one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act on some object with two indices one
+in the upstairs one in the downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so these are just some deaf reminders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just some deaf reminders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are just some deaf reminders of
+a couple definitions I want to use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple definitions I want to use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple definitions I want to use these
+I'm gonna apply these things to - I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna apply these things to - I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna apply these things to - I just
+- to relationships I'm gonna write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- to relationships I'm gonna write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- to relationships I'm gonna write down
+and I'm gonna do something kind of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna do something kind of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna do something kind of crazy
+then I'm gonna do something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna do something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna do something a little bit
+crazier and something kind of cool is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazier and something kind of cool is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazier and something kind of cool is
+going to emerge from this okay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to emerge from this okay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to emerge from this okay and this
+is something that deserves a clean board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that deserves a clean board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that deserves a clean board
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm gonna write down relationship a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna write down relationship a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna write down relationship a
+that's what I get when I do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I get when I do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I get when I do the
+commutator of the alpha beta derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of the alpha beta derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator of the alpha beta derivatives
+on the gamma derivative of some one form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gamma derivative of some one form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the gamma derivative of some one form
+okay now if I apply those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I apply those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I apply those little
+definitions I worked out this is riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions I worked out this is riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions I worked out this is riemann
+mu gamma alpha beta okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu gamma alpha beta okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu gamma alpha beta okay so this is
+relationship a relationship B I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship a relationship B I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship a relationship B I'm going
+to take the covariant derivative along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the covariant derivative along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the covariant derivative along
+alpha of the Beta Gamma commutator on P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of the Beta Gamma commutator on P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha of the Beta Gamma commutator on P
+Delta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay
+so notice the difference here one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice the difference here one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice the difference here one I'm
+doing the commutator acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the commutator acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the commutator acting on this
+particular derivative next while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular derivative next while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular derivative next while I'm
+doing the derivative of commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the derivative of commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the derivative of commutator
+acting on this and so I'm gonna skip a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this and so I'm gonna skip a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on this and so I'm gonna skip a
+line or two that are in my notes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or two that are in my notes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line or two that are in my notes but
+this ends up turning into minus P mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- okay so the way I did the way I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay so the way I did the way I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- okay so the way I did the way I'm
+going to get this line so the two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this line so the two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this line so the two lines
+that I that I skipped over one is I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I skipped over one is I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I that I skipped over one is I just
+straightforwardly applied the commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly applied the commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforwardly applied the commutator
+derivative and then took a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then took a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative and then took a derivative
+and then I took advantage of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I took advantage of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I took advantage of the fact
+that I can commute the metric with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can commute the metric with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can commute the metric with
+covariant derivatives to sort of raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives to sort of raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant derivatives to sort of raising
+the next move things moving index up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next move things moving index up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next move things moving index up on
+one side and down on the other and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and down on the other and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one side and down on the other and take
+advantage of some symmetries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of some symmetries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of some symmetries of the
+Riemann tensor just to show off my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann tensor just to show off my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Riemann tensor just to show off my my
+indices around okay so this boards come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices around okay so this boards come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices around okay so this boards come
+a disaster so I'm gonna go to a cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disaster so I'm gonna go to a cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disaster so I'm gonna go to a cleaner
+board here for what I want to do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here for what I want to do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board here for what I want to do next
+I'm just gonna clean this you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna clean this you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just gonna clean this you're not
+distracted by its content so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted by its content so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracted by its content so two
+equations what the hell do they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what the hell do they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations what the hell do they have to
+do with each other here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is where I'm gonna do something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might I'm gonna do something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might I'm gonna do something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might I'm gonna do something that
+you might legitimately think is crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might legitimately think is crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might legitimately think is crazy
+what I want to do is take equation a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should gonna look at both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should gonna look at both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should gonna look at both of these
+equations and I am going to anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I am going to anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I am going to anti
+symmetries on the indices alpha beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries on the indices alpha beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries on the indices alpha beta and
+gamma okay so just bear with me a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma okay so just bear with me a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma okay so just bear with me a second
+so the way I'm going to do this here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way I'm going to do this here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way I'm going to do this here's
+what I'm doing now here's my commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if I look at equation a okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at equation a okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I look at equation a okay so I
+need to expand this guy out let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to expand this guy out let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to expand this guy out let me just
+write out a step of this analysis so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out a step of this analysis so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out a step of this analysis so the
+way you do this is you add up every even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do this is you add up every even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do this is you add up every even
+permutation of those indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you subtract off every odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you subtract off every odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you subtract off every odd
+permutation of these indices oh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of these indices oh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of these indices oh and
+don't forget it's acting on that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget it's acting on that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget it's acting on that one
+form okay so now we can if you expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so now we can if you expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form okay so now we can if you expand
+these guys out and gather terms exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys out and gather terms exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys out and gather terms exactly
+correctly it's not hard to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly it's not hard to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly it's not hard to show that
+this turns out to be what you get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be what you get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be what you get if you
+just slide those commutator x' over by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slide those commutator x' over by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slide those commutator x' over by
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know really feeling motivated just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really feeling motivated just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really feeling motivated just
+try it okay what this is is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it okay what this is is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it okay what this is is the right
+hand side sorry that this is so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side sorry that this is so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side sorry that this is so this is
+the the left hand side click it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the left hand side click it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the left hand side click it this way
+so when I apply this to the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I apply this to the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I apply this to the left hand
+side of equation egg what emerges is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of equation egg what emerges is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of equation egg what emerges is the
+anti symmetrize left hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetrize left hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetrize left hand side of
+equation B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when i anteye symmetrize on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i anteye symmetrize on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when i anteye symmetrize on the
+indices alpha beta gamma these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices alpha beta gamma these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices alpha beta gamma these two
+relationships become they say the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships become they say the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships become they say the same
+thing so that means the right hand size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that means the right hand size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so that means the right hand size
+must be the same as well so let's apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same as well so let's apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be the same as well so let's apply
+this and see what happens if I require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and see what happens if I require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and see what happens if I require
+the anti symmetrized right-hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti symmetrized right-hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anti symmetrized right-hand side of
+a to equal the anti symmetrized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to equal the anti symmetrized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a to equal the anti symmetrized
+right-hand side of B okay so first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of B okay so first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of B okay so first you
+should mind myself how I ordered these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mind myself how I ordered these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should mind myself how I ordered these
+equations okay yeah so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here is B okay so a few things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is B okay so a few things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here is B okay so a few things to
+notice this term we actually showed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this term we actually showed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this term we actually showed when
+we looked at the different symmetries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the different symmetries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at the different symmetries of
+the Riemann tensor this is I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann tensor this is I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Riemann tensor this is I didn't
+actually show this but it's in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show this but it's in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show this but it's in the notes
+and I stated that this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I stated that this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I stated that this is one of those
+symmetries if I take this thing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries if I take this thing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries if I take this thing and I
+just add up what I get when I circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add up what I get when I circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just add up what I get when I circuits
+when I permute with the three final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I permute with the three final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I permute with the three final
+indices I get zero and that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices I get zero and that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices I get zero and that's equivalent
+to anti symmetry on these things so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anti symmetry on these things so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to anti symmetry on these things so this
+is zero by a Riemann symmetry this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero by a Riemann symmetry this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero by a Riemann symmetry this term
+here in this term here are exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this term here are exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this term here are exactly the
+same okay because the only indices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay because the only indices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay because the only indices that
+are slightly different order are alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly different order are alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are slightly different order are alpha
+beta and gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and gamma
+this one goes alpha beta gamma where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one goes alpha beta gamma where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one goes alpha beta gamma where I
+wrote here this became beta gamma alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here this became beta gamma alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote here this became beta gamma alpha
+that's a cyclic permutation I've anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cyclic permutation I've anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cyclic permutation I've anti
+symmetries they are exactly the same so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries they are exactly the same so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries they are exactly the same so
+these are on the same side or on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are on the same side or on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are on the same side or on
+opposite sides of the equation so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sides of the equation so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sides of the equation so they
+cancel each other out and so what arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other out and so what arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other out and so what arises
+from all this is P mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've set no properties on T so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've set no properties on T so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've set no properties on T so the only
+way that can always hold is if in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is equal to zero this is a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero this is a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to zero this is a result
+known as the Bianchi identity let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Bianchi identity let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as the Bianchi identity let me
+just write another form of it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write another form of it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write another form of it and then
+I'm fairly pressed for time so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm fairly pressed for time so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm fairly pressed for time so I think
+I'm just going to write down the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to write down the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just going to write down the result
+of the next thing and I will put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next thing and I will put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next thing and I will put the
+details of this into the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this into the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of this into the first
+pre-recorded lecture if you expand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-recorded lecture if you expand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-recorded lecture if you expand out
+that antisymmetry and take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the riemann symmetry the the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann symmetry the the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the riemann symmetry the the various
+ream on symmetry relationships this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ream on symmetry relationships this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ream on symmetry relationships this is
+an equivalent form so these two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent form so these two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equivalent form so these two things
+both are an important geometrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are an important geometrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both are an important geometrical
+relationship the curvature tensor must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the curvature tensor must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the curvature tensor must
+go back now in some notes that I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back now in some notes that I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back now in some notes that I am
+going to well they're actually already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to well they're actually already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to well they're actually already
+scanned and on the web what I do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned and on the web what I do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanned and on the web what I do is take
+the Bianchi identity and contract on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bianchi identity and contract on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Bianchi identity and contract on
+some of the indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to convert my Riemann tensor my Riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert my Riemann tensor my Riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convert my Riemann tensor my Riemann
+curvature into a Ricci tensor Ricci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature into a Ricci tensor Ricci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature into a Ricci tensor Ricci
+curvature so in particular if I use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature so in particular if I use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature so in particular if I use this
+second form of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second form of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second form of it
+it's just covariant derivatives right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just covariant derivatives right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just covariant derivatives right
+and the metric commutes with covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metric commutes with covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the metric commutes with covariant
+derivative so I can sort of walk it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I can sort of walk it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so I can sort of walk it
+through what you find when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what you find when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through what you find when you do this
+is that you can write this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can write this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can write this relationship
+in the following form and these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following form and these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following form and these the
+derivation of this will be scanned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this will be scanned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation of this will be scanned and
+posted and I will step through it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted and I will step through it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted and I will step through it in the
+first recorded lecture the divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recorded lecture the divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first recorded lecture the divergence of
+a particular combination of the Ricci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular combination of the Ricci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular combination of the Ricci
+curvature and the Ricci scalar is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and the Ricci scalar is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curvature and the Ricci scalar is equal
+to zero this is a sufficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is a sufficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero this is a sufficiently
+interesting tensor that it is now given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting tensor that it is now given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting tensor that it is now given
+a name we write this G and we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name we write this G and we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a name we write this G and we call this
+the Einstein curvature tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I sort of mentioned that one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of mentioned that one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of mentioned that one of our
+governing principles here is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing principles here is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governing principles here is we're going
+to change the source of gravitation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the source of gravitation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the source of gravitation from
+just matter density to the stress energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just matter density to the stress energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just matter density to the stress energy
+tensor that is a to index divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that is a to index divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor that is a to index divergence
+free tensor we want our gravitational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tensor we want our gravitational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free tensor we want our gravitational
+the left-hand side of the equation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side of the equation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left-hand side of the equation it
+looks like two dhruv's in the metric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like two dhruv's in the metric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like two dhruv's in the metric
+which is a curvature so we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a curvature so we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a curvature so we need a
+divergence free to index curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence free to index curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence free to index curvature
+it's got einstein's name on it so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got einstein's name on it so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got einstein's name on it so you
+know it's got to be good all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's got to be good all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's got to be good all right so
+that is where unfortunately the kovat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where unfortunately the kovat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where unfortunately the kovat
+virus is requiring us to stop for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus is requiring us to stop for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virus is requiring us to stop for this
+semester at least as far as in person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at least as far as in person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester at least as far as in person
+goes so look for notes to be posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so look for notes to be posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes so look for notes to be posted
+videos to be posted and I of course will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos to be posted and I of course will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos to be posted and I of course will
+be in contact you know behind a sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in contact you know behind a sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in contact you know behind a sick
+wall or something but any rate ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall or something but any rate ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall or something but any rate ah
+certainly I am NOT going out of contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly I am NOT going out of contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly I am NOT going out of contact
+and so those of you who are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those of you who are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so those of you who are you know
+scattering to parts unknown known to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering to parts unknown known to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering to parts unknown known to you
+it is unknown to me good luck with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is unknown to me good luck with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is unknown to me good luck with your
+travels and getting yourselves settled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and getting yourselves settled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels and getting yourselves settled
+I really feel everyone feels terrible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel everyone feels terrible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really feel everyone feels terrible
+that you're going through this crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going through this crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going through this crap
+right now but hopefully this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but hopefully this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now but hopefully this will
+flatten the curve as they say and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten the curve as they say and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flatten the curve as they say and it'll
+be the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right thing to do
+um but stay in touch okay this campus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but stay in touch okay this campus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but stay in touch okay this campus
+it's gonna be weird and sad without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be weird and sad without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna be weird and sad without the
+students here and so we want to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here and so we want to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students here and so we want to hear
+from you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dAgwg_8RyEU.txt b/dAgwg_8RyEU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80adb66243941ad7cd20f365105e4c127318ca2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dAgwg_8RyEU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1956 @@
+The following content is
+provided by MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+under a Creative Commons
+license.
+
+Additional information about
+our license and MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+Last time, we went through the
+same arguments that Maxwell and
+
+Boltzmann did to understand the
+microscopic origin of the ideal
+
+gas law, PV equal nRT.
+
+And we saw how Maxwell had
+hypothesized that the pressure
+
+of a gas on the walls of some
+container, if the molecules were
+
+moving and they collided onto
+the walls, that pressure must be
+
+due to the individual impacts of
+the molecules on the wall.
+
+That must be due to the change
+in the momentum of the wall when
+
+the molecules slammed right into
+it.
+
+And that change in momentum
+over some change in time is this
+
+force.
+That force divided by the total
+
+area is the pressure.
+And it was using that argument
+
+that we came up with an
+expression, just like Maxwell
+
+did for the pressure times the
+volume.
+
+And we see that we were able to
+write it in terms of the
+
+velocity of the molecules that
+were moving in this gas.
+
+Well, that is very nice because
+if we have this theoretical
+
+expression P times V,
+and we know experimentally that
+
+P times V equal nRT,
+if this theory is
+
+correct, then this quantity n M,
+average of the velocity
+
+squared, over three,
+that better be equal to nRT.
+
+Or, solving for what we call
+
+the root mean square velocity,
+that better be equal to the
+
+square root of 3RT over M.
+
+That kinetic theory made a
+prediction for what the velocity
+
+ought to be.
+It took, of course,
+
+another hundred years before
+somebody could measure that.
+
+And, of course,
+it is correct.
+
+But what is interesting here is
+that this model gave us an
+
+understanding for what
+temperature is.
+
+Temperature is a measure of the
+speed of the molecules in the
+
+gas.
+It is also, as we saw last
+
+time, a measure of their kinetic
+energy.
+
+We saw that the kinetic energy
+is one-half M average of the
+
+velocity squared. We put
+
+in our result from kinetic
+theory.
+
+That shows us that the average
+energy is three-halves RT.
+
+Temperature is the measure of
+
+the kinetic energy of these
+molecules in the gas.
+
+For the first time,
+there was a microscopic
+
+understanding of what
+temperature was.
+
+Now, what we looked at also,
+last time, was the
+
+Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
+of velocities or speeds and
+
+talked about this particular
+functional form.
+
+How there was this quadratic
+dependence right here,
+
+a low v because of the v
+squared here and then an
+
+exponentially decaying tail.
+There were two parameters,
+
+the mass and the temperature.
+We talked about that last time.
+
+But, of course,
+if there is a distribution here
+
+of speeds where this
+distribution is a probability of
+
+finding a molecule with a
+particular speed between v and v
+
+plus dv, --
+-- then there also has to be a
+
+distribution of energies because
+the velocity is related to the
+
+energy.
+What do we have to do?
+
+We have to take that
+Maxwell-Boltzmann speed
+
+distribution and change the
+variable to energy.
+
+We know how to do that.
+We know how to equate those two
+
+distribution functions.
+And, using the Jacobean of the
+
+transformation that we talked
+about last time,
+
+we can calculate what the
+energy distribution is.
+
+f of E is our
+Maxwell-Boltzmann energy
+
+distribution.
+It is the probability of
+
+finding a molecule with a
+kinetic energy E to E plus dE.
+
+It also has a decaying
+exponential term,
+
+here, with the energy in the
+argument, and it is multiplied
+
+by E of the one-half.
+Let's take a look at what that
+
+distribution function looks
+like.
+
+Here it is.
+Notice, as we learned last
+
+time, that the energy has
+nothing to do with the mass of
+
+the particle.
+The only parameter that is
+
+important is the temperature.
+At a given temperature,
+
+all particles,
+it doesn't matter what their
+
+mass is, have the same energy.
+So, all particles at 600
+
+degrees Kelvin have a
+Maxwell-Boltzmann energy
+
+distribution that looks like
+this.
+
+There is a very rapid rise in
+that distribution function,
+
+unlike the velocity
+distribution,
+
+which increased as v squared.
+
+It peaks rapidly,
+and then there is an
+
+exponentially decaying term in
+the energy.
+
+At 1500 degrees Kelvin,
+the energy distribution looks
+
+like this.
+The energy of the molecules has
+
+increased.
+Since this is a probability,
+
+and the area under these curves
+has to equal to one,
+
+if the energy goes up,
+that is we have more molecules
+
+out here with higher energies,
+well, then this maximum value
+
+for the probabilities has got to
+go down because we have to keep
+
+the area under that curve equal
+to one, since this is a
+
+probability.
+What we see here,
+
+as we raise the energy,
+is that we have more and more
+
+molecules with high energies.
+There are not a lot of them,
+
+but there are some.
+And they are going to be really
+
+important in the example I am
+going to show you in just a
+
+moment.
+Average energy at 600 Kelvin,
+
+just three-halves RT,
+is 7.5 kilojoules per mole.
+
+Average energy at 1500 Kelvin
+is 18.7 kilojoules per mole.
+
+But now, I want to show you an
+example of the importance of
+
+this Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution function for
+
+energies to chemical reactions,
+the importance of it in making
+
+some kinds of chemical reactions
+actually work.
+
+And so the example is going to
+be this reaction.
+
+This reaction is called steam
+reforming of natural gas.
+
+It is the reaction of methane
+plus water.
+
+Natural gas is mostly methane.
+But this reaction of methane
+
+and water makes CO and hydrogen.
+It
+
+turns out that this reaction
+does not work in the gas phase.
+
+That is, if you have a methane
+molecule and water molecule
+
+collide, they are just going to
+collide, bounce apart and go in
+
+their opposite directions.
+They are not going to make CO
+
+and hydrogen.
+And so what you have to have in
+
+this reaction to make it go is a
+catalyst.
+
+That catalyst is going to be a
+nickel surface.
+
+A catalyst is something that
+will lower the activation energy
+
+barrier by changing the
+mechanism of a reaction so that
+
+the reaction can proceed.
+In this case,
+
+what happens is that the
+methane and the water impinge on
+
+this nickel metal catalyst.
+And the methane and the water
+
+decompose.
+They fall apart to their
+
+elements on that nickel surface.
+And then, once you have carbon,
+
+hydrogen and oxygen on that
+nickel surface,
+
+the atoms rearrange and come
+off as CO and molecular
+
+hydrogen.
+So, that nickel surface is a
+
+catalyst.
+We call this the catalytic
+
+reaction.
+In particular,
+
+we call it a heterogeneous
+catalytic reaction.
+
+It is heterogeneous because the
+catalyst is in a different phase
+
+than the reactants.
+The catalyst here is a solid.
+
+The reactants are gases.
+A homogeneous catalyst is one
+
+in which the phase of the
+catalyst and the reactants is
+
+the same.
+This is a heterogeneous
+
+catalytic reaction.
+It turns out that this reaction
+
+here is really an important
+reaction from the standpoint of
+
+the production of hydrogen.
+All of the hydrogen that you
+
+use, you know,
+if you are doing a laboratory
+
+experiment and you go get a tank
+of hydrogen, that hydrogen is
+
+made by this reaction,
+by reacting methane and water
+
+to form that hydrogen.
+All of our commercial sources
+
+of hydrogen come from carrying
+out this reaction.
+
+For example,
+if you are in the business of
+
+ammonia synthesis,
+which is taking hydrogen and
+
+nitrogen to make ammonia,
+which is also carried out on an
+
+iron surface,
+another heterogeneous catalytic
+
+reaction.
+And ammonia,
+
+of course, is the starting
+material for lots of chemicals,
+
+in particular fertilizers.
+If you have an ammonia plant,
+
+right next to the ammonia plant
+you have a steamer-forming plant
+
+to make the hydrogen to feed
+into this reaction.
+
+And another place where this is
+useful is in methanol synthesis.
+
+That is, you can take hydrogen
+and CO on a copper zinc oxide
+
+heterogeneous catalyst and make
+methanol, the starting point for
+
+gasoline, which now is certainly
+economically feasible.
+
+But it turns out that this
+reaction here is really a hard
+
+one to carry out.
+Despite the fact that nickel is
+
+a catalyst for the reaction and
+makes it go, the reaction still
+
+has to be carried out at very
+high temperatures.
+
+1500 degrees kelvin is a very
+high temperature.
+
+It also needs very high
+pressure.
+
+And one of the reasons why we
+don't have a hydrogen economy is
+
+because it is so difficult to
+make.
+
+Hydrogen can be done,
+and it is done in all of the
+
+commercial processes that I
+mentioned to you,
+
+but it is still hard.
+1500 degrees kelvin,
+
+high pressures.
+The question is,
+
+why is it so hard?
+Why is there this barrier here?
+
+Why do we need to raise the
+temperature of the gas in order
+
+to get this reaction to go?
+Well, let's take a look at
+
+that.
+What there exists here in this
+
+problem is what is called an
+activation energy barrier to
+
+making the reaction go.
+It turns out that this
+
+activation energy barrier is
+really in the very first step of
+
+the reaction,
+which is pulling the methane
+
+apart, pulling that first
+hydrogen atom off of the methane
+
+molecule.
+What I represent right here is
+
+the energy of the reaction as a
+function of the reaction,
+
+and the reaction here is just
+the first step.
+
+It is taking methane gas,
+pulling the hydrogen off so
+
+that you have a methyl radical
+stuck to the surface and you
+
+have a hydrogen atom stuck to
+the surface.
+
+It is just breaking that first
+C-H bond.
+
+What you can see here is that
+you have to put 50 kilojoules of
+
+energy into that reaction in
+order to make it go.
+
+You have to put that 50
+kilocalories of energy in first,
+
+before you get any energy back.
+You can see that this is
+
+exothermic.
+But you have to put this energy
+
+in, in order to get that
+reaction to go.
+
+Well, how do we know that?
+Let me back up a minute.
+
+Here is where the
+Maxwell-Boltzmann energy
+
+distribution is important.
+What I did was I took those
+
+Boltzmann energy distributions
+that I plotted for you at 600
+
+Kelvin and 1500 Kelvin and
+turned them on their side.
+
+This is essentially equal to
+the probability of finding a
+
+molecule at a particular energy
+versus the energy.
+
+Here is the Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution at 600 degrees
+
+Kelvin.
+It is peaked to very low
+
+energies.
+And, if you look here in this
+
+Maxwell-Boltzmann tail,
+there are not very many
+
+molecules that have enough
+energy to get over that barrier.
+
+However, if we raise the
+temperature of the gas to 1500
+
+degrees Kelvin,
+then now you can see that there
+
+are more molecules here in the
+high energy part of this tail.
+
+And it is these molecules at
+these high energies that
+
+actually can get over this
+barrier to dissociation of the
+
+methane molecule.
+They are not many of those
+
+molecules with high energy,
+but there are some.
+
+And that is important,
+because what happens is when
+
+they have enough energy,
+they react and they leave.
+
+And then this Boltzmann
+distribution re-equilibrates.
+
+If the high energy molecules
+leave, then there are lots of
+
+collisions here that kick some
+more molecules up to the high
+
+energy part of the tail,
+and they react.
+
+And so it works.
+That is why it is important.
+
+How do we really know that
+there is this barrier here to
+
+the dissociation of methane,
+and why is there this barrier?
+
+What is the physical origin of
+this barrier to pulling this C-H
+
+bond apart?
+Well, one way we could know
+
+that there was this barrier
+there for sure is to do the
+
+following.
+If we had a way to take methane
+
+gas and make it have just a
+single energy,
+
+not the Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution of energies that
+
+have lots of different energies,
+which have lots of different
+
+energies in them,
+and you saw how broad those
+
+curves were.
+But if we had a way to make
+
+methane gas with just say energy
+E sub 1, whatever that is,
+
+we could then take those
+molecules with just those
+
+energies, aim them at this
+nickel surface,
+
+and see if the methane fell
+apart.
+
+And, if it didn't,
+then we would prepare molecules
+
+at some higher energy and see if
+they fell apart.
+
+If they didn't then we would go
+to higher energy.
+
+We would keep going until we
+got to the top of the barrier.
+
+Well, how do you do that?
+How do you make molecules with
+
+a particular energy?
+Because I just showed you a
+
+Maxwell-Boltzmann energy
+distribution at 300 Kelvin,
+
+600 Kelvin.
+There are a lot of energies
+
+present.
+How do we make molecules with
+
+just one energy?
+We have a way to do that by
+
+using some beam techniques and
+high pressure adiabatic
+
+expansions.
+Basically, the way it works is
+
+this.
+What we are going to do is take
+
+a tube here, which is going to
+have a high pressure of methane
+
+in it.
+Then we are going to punch a
+
+little hole in that tube.
+This tube is actually sitting
+
+in a vacuum, so we are going to
+expand the methane from that
+
+tube into the vacuum.
+We are going to squirt it out.
+
+It is going to become a beam of
+molecules.
+
+But when you expand a gas from
+high pressure to low pressure,
+
+this expansion is called an
+adiabatic expansion,
+
+which means the gas cools.
+I will explain that in a
+
+moment, but the adiabatic
+expansion you are going to talk
+
+a lot about in 5.60.
+And, if you are a chemical
+
+engineer, you will talk even
+more about it past 5.60.
+
+Here is how it works.
+You take these molecules and
+
+squirt them out.
+Because the pressure right here
+
+is so high, what happens is
+there are lots and lots and lots
+
+of collisions.
+And so, you can imagine,
+
+if you have some slow molecule
+just kind of lumbering along and
+
+a fast one comes and hits you,
+what is going to happen is you
+
+are going to speed up,
+and the fast one is going to
+
+slow down.
+And, if you keep doing that
+
+again and again and again,
+all the molecules are going to
+
+end up with the same energy or
+the same velocity.
+
+If you have so many collisions,
+after a while they are going to
+
+all have the same velocity or
+the same energy because one gets
+
+sped up, one gets slowed down.
+They are all going to end up
+
+with the same energy.
+That is what happens.
+
+That is how we make a beam of
+molecules, a source of molecules
+
+with the same kinetic energy.
+And basically,
+
+what is happening then is that
+before the expansion,
+
+just look at this curve,
+here is an actual Boltzmann
+
+distribution of velocities.
+It is broad.
+
+But after this expansion,
+here is the distribution.
+
+It is really pretty narrow.
+If you put a temperature to
+
+that distribution,
+you might find that at one
+
+degree Kelvin,
+you can really make molecules
+
+with a single or very narrow
+distribution in energies.
+
+That is what we do.
+We make those molecules with
+
+this energy E sub 1.
+Then we have some more tricks
+
+for changing those energies in a
+controlled way.
+
+And we just keep cranking those
+energies up and watch to see
+
+when the methane falls apart.
+And so, you get data that kind
+
+of looks like this.
+This is a dissociation
+
+probability of a methane as a
+function of its energy.
+
+This is in kilocalories per
+mole.
+
+At some point,
+say right about here,
+
+15 kilocalories per mole,
+the dissociation probability
+
+skyrockets.
+All of a sudden,
+
+you are at a high enough energy
+to get that methane to fall
+
+apart.
+This tells you exactly where
+
+that barrier is.
+But now, the question is,
+
+why is there this barrier?
+Physically, why is there a
+
+barrier to pulling the hydrogen
+off of the carbon when that
+
+methane molecule comes close to
+the surface?
+
+Well, the reason is this.
+In order to break the
+
+carbon-hydrogen bond in methane,
+in order to have enough energy
+
+to break that bond,
+what you need to do is you need
+
+to simultaneously form a
+nickel-carbon bond and a
+
+nickel-hydrogen bond.
+In other words,
+
+when this methane molecule here
+comes into some nickel surface
+
+very slowly, because that
+methane is tetrahedral and the
+
+carbon is kind of hidden in the
+center, the hydrogens interact
+
+with the nickel.
+But the carbon does not get in
+
+close enough to the nickel to
+start to form a nickel-carbon
+
+bond.
+Now, if you speed that methane
+
+molecule up and you really ram
+it into the surface,
+
+upon collision of the molecule
+with the surface,
+
+the hydrogens are pushed back,
+the carbon gets in close enough
+
+to the nickel to start to form,
+here, this nickel-carbon bond.
+
+You form a nickel-hydrogen
+bond, and now you can break that
+
+C-H bond.
+We call this black chemistry.
+
+The barrier,
+there, to that reaction
+
+physically is the amount of
+energy that you have to put into
+
+the molecule to push those
+hydrogens back,
+
+to bend those hydrogens back to
+distort this methane molecule.
+
+Once you do that,
+the reaction goes.
+
+You are on a roll there.
+It goes.
+
+So, that is the physical origin
+of this barrier,
+
+here, to the dissociation of
+methane.
+
+You need to put enough kinetic
+energy into those methane
+
+molecules in order to get over
+that barrier.
+
+And we do that on a practical
+scale by raising the temperature
+
+of the gas.
+And on a microscopic scale,
+
+this is what is happening.
+You can imagine that my
+
+students and I did this
+experiment 15 years ago.
+
+But then, we said if this
+barrier here is the energy
+
+required to deform that methane
+molecule, then we should be able
+
+to do this experiment.
+This experiment is the
+
+following.
+We are going to take our nickel
+
+surface, here,
+and lower the temperature of
+
+the surface to 47 kelvin.
+At that temperature,
+
+what we can do is we can freeze
+a layer of methane on the
+
+surface.
+We call it fizzy-sorb,
+
+a layer of methane on the
+surface.
+
+It will just stick there.
+And then, if this barrier is
+
+the energy required to deform or
+to start the molecule,
+
+then in principle I could take
+a hammer and pound that molecule
+
+into the correct shape for the
+transition state that leads to
+
+dissociation.
+It sounds like a simple idea,
+
+and it is, except that we
+cannot really take that hammer.
+
+But we can take an argon atom.
+We can freeze the methane onto
+
+the surface, and now we come in
+with an argon atom.
+
+That is just a big ball.
+Or, a xenon atom or a krypton
+
+atom.
+And we know how to accelerate
+
+xenon or krypton.
+We don't accelerate it too
+
+much, 50 kilocalories,
+70 kilocalories per mole,
+
+something like that.
+And then we can bring it in.
+
+What happens is that the impact
+of the collision on that methane
+
+causes that methane molecule to
+compress, distort,
+
+gets it into the configuration
+of the transition state that
+
+leads to the methane falling
+apart.
+
+And so, you get the same
+result.
+
+The question,
+there, is just getting the
+
+energy into the molecule to
+actually distort it,
+
+to deform it so that you can
+make the nickel-carbon bond and
+
+the nickel-hydrogen bond.
+That is the key.
+
+My students and I,
+after we had spent many years
+
+doing this experiment and spent
+a lot of money on this
+
+experiment, said we have proven
+for sure that when a bug flies
+
+into the windshield of your car,
+you do get the same result as
+
+if you hit the bug on the
+windshield of your car with a
+
+bug swatter.
+That is what we get.
+
+This is an example of one
+chemical reaction for which we
+
+know the physical origin of the
+barrier.
+
+There are very few chemical
+reactions for which we know
+
+anything about the physical
+origin of a barrier to a
+
+reaction.
+Now, what I want to talk about
+
+is go back to kinetic theory,
+because the kinetic theory is
+
+going to allow us to calculate a
+couple of more quantities that
+
+are of interest to us.
+And one of those quantities is
+
+the collision frequency.
+And let me just write that on
+
+the board here.
+What I am going to want to
+
+calculate is something called
+Z1, or I am going to call it Z1.
+
+It is the number of collisions
+that a molecule makes in a gas
+
+per unit time.
+And our unit time is going to
+
+be seconds.
+This is the collision frequency
+
+of a single molecule in a gas.
+
+How am I going to calculate the
+quantity using the kinetic
+
+theory approach that we have
+been talking about?
+
+What I am going to do is this.
+I am going to take some gas,
+
+and the molecules in that gas
+are represented by these blue
+
+circles right here.
+They have a diameter D.
+
+And then, within that gas,
+I am going to imagine this
+
+lighter blue cylinder.
+That cylinder is an imaginary
+
+construct.
+We are going to use it to
+
+calculate this collision
+frequency.
+
+What it is going to be is the
+collision volume.
+
+I have set the diameter of that
+cylinder to be equal to two
+
+times the diameter of the
+molecule.
+
+I have set this upright.
+And the bottom line is that all
+
+of the molecules that
+instantaneously happen to be in
+
+this cylinder when a molecule
+comes through,
+
+all of those molecules are
+actually going to be hit.
+
+They are going to suffer a
+collision with another molecule.
+
+And I am going to use that,
+the number of molecules in this
+
+volume, to calculate this
+collision frequency.
+
+That is what I am going to do.
+Snapshot in time,
+
+those molecules are frozen
+there, except there is one
+
+smart-alecky molecule that comes
+cruising on through.
+
+Here he comes.
+Bam, bam, bam.
+
+Hits these three molecules,
+here, because they are more
+
+than halfway into that collision
+cylinder.
+
+What I know is this smart-aleck
+was moving at some average
+
+velocity, which I am going to
+call vbar.
+
+In a time T,
+this molecule,
+
+since it is moving with an
+average velocity vbar,
+
+in a time t,
+it is traveling a length vbar
+
+times t.
+
+Velocity times time,
+that is going to give you a
+
+length.
+And so, I am going to set,
+
+for convenience,
+this time equal to one second
+
+because that is going to be my
+unit of time.
+
+I want to do this per second.
+I am going to set this equal to
+
+one second.
+Therefore, this molecule is
+
+going to travel a length vbar in
+one second.
+
+And that is the length that I
+am going to make the collision
+
+cylinder.
+I am going to make that
+
+collision cylinder be vbar long.
+That is the distance traveled
+
+in one second by this
+smart-alecky molecule.
+
+Now, all I have to do is I have
+got to take the volume of the
+
+collision cylinder and multiply
+it by all the molecules that
+
+happen to be at the volume at
+that particular time.
+
+Because that volume represents
+the volume swept out in one
+
+second by this smart-alecky
+molecule.
+
+What is the volume of the
+cylinder?
+
+I set the diameter to be equal
+to 2d.
+
+The volume of the cylinder is
+the cross-sectional area times
+
+the length.
+That cross-sectional area,
+
+then, is pi r squared,
+but r here is equal to d,
+
+just to make it confusing.
+The area is pi d squared.
+
+The length is vbar.
+
+That is the volume of the
+cylinder, pi d squared vbar.
+
+So, we have the volume of the
+
+cylinder.
+Now what we are going to need
+
+to know is the density of the
+molecules in this cylinder,
+
+which is the density of the
+molecules in the gas.
+
+The cylinder is not special.
+The cylinder is an imaginary
+
+construct that I put in there to
+help me calculate the collision
+
+frequency.
+I need the density of the
+
+molecules in the gas or in the
+cylinder.
+
+The density of the molecules I
+am going to set as equal to N,
+
+the total number of molecules
+in this volume,
+
+divided by the volume of the
+gas.
+
+I am going to call that rho.
+N over V is going to be equal
+
+to rho.
+That is the number of molecules
+
+per cubic meter.
+That is the density of the gas.
+
+This is the symbol that I am
+going to use from now on for
+
+density defined as molecules per
+cubic meter.
+
+Then the collision frequency is
+simply going to be the density
+
+of the molecules times the
+volume of the cylinder.
+
+The collision frequency Z1,
+here, is this volume of the
+
+cylinder, pi d squared vbar
+times the density.
+
+Why?
+
+Because I set it up so that
+every molecule in that cylinder
+
+would suffer a collision.
+And that cylinder is the length
+
+that a molecule travels in one
+second.
+
+There is the density times the
+volume.
+
+The meters cubed disappears.
+What I have left is rho,
+
+the density,
+pi d squared vbar.
+
+This is collisions per second.
+
+So, I have my collision
+frequency.
+
+This is the single-molecule
+collision frequency.
+
+This is the frequency of
+collisions that one molecule
+
+makes with the other gas
+molecules.
+
+That is important.
+We are going to do a different
+
+kind of collision frequency in
+just a moment.
+
+But now, it turns out that
+there is another factor here
+
+that I had left out because I
+haven't done as sophisticated of
+
+an analysis as I could.
+And that is that I made the
+
+assumption in my picture before
+that all the other molecules
+
+were frozen in time and that
+there was only one smart-aleck
+
+that was moving around,
+cruising through.
+
+The reality is they are all
+moving.
+
+And what I really have to do is
+I have to take into account the
+
+relative velocities of the
+molecules, the relative speeds.
+
+I can do that.
+There is a little more
+
+sophisticated analysis in doing
+that, but I could do that.
+
+And, if we do that,
+this makes a difference of the
+
+square root of two.
+I am just going to put that
+
+square root of two in there
+right now, and later on you will
+
+be able to see where that comes
+from, in a later course.
+
+That actually is the collision
+frequency of a single molecule
+
+in the gas.
+
+I am also interested in another
+quantity, which is the total
+
+collision frequency.
+That was the single collision
+
+frequency, but I am also
+interested in knowing how many
+
+collisions are occurring in the
+entire gas per unit time,
+
+the total collision frequency.
+You know why I am interested in
+
+that number?
+I am interested in that number
+
+because that is going to be the
+upper limit to any reaction
+
+rate.
+A reaction in the gas phase or
+
+in solution cannot happen any
+faster than the molecules
+
+collide.
+They have to collide before a
+
+reaction is going to occur.
+The total collision frequency,
+
+the importance of that number
+is that it is the upper limit to
+
+a reaction rate.
+Let's calculate that.
+
+Z is going to be equal to the
+collision frequency of one
+
+molecule, Z1,
+times the total number of
+
+molecules in the gas, N.
+
+That is what N stands for.
+But since each collision
+
+involves two molecules,
+I am going to have to multiply
+
+this by one-half.
+Otherwise, I am going to over
+
+count the number of collisions
+because each collision involves
+
+two molecules.
+The total collision frequency
+
+here is one-half times N times
+Z1.
+
+Therefore, if I go and plug in
+my expression for Z1 and N and
+
+simplify things,
+my total collision frequency
+
+here is one over the square root
+of two times N times rho pi d
+
+squared times the average speed.
+
+That is my total collisions per
+
+second.
+This is not rocket science.
+
+This is easy.
+What I want you to realize is
+
+that you do have to understand
+what N is, what rho is,
+
+what d is, what vbar is.
+And I am always surprised on an
+
+exam, when we are going to give
+you this equation,
+
+that students don't actually
+know what rho is,
+
+or N is, or v is,
+or d is.
+
+This is easy.
+You do just have to understand,
+
+this is the total number of
+molecules in the gas,
+
+this is the density of the gas
+in molecules per cubic meter,
+
+the diameter of the molecule,
+the average speed.
+
+That was just a helpful hint.
+This is the upper limit to the
+
+reaction rate.
+When somebody tells you,
+
+the rate of this reaction is so
+and so many molecules per cubic
+
+meter per second,
+what you can do is a
+
+back-of-the-envelope calculation
+to see whether or not they are
+
+telling you the reaction rate is
+greater than this number.
+
+If it is, you can say ah-ha,
+got you, it cannot possibly be.
+
+Really important.
+If a reaction has this rate,
+
+it will mean that the
+probability of the reaction
+
+occurring is one.
+If the reaction has that rate,
+
+we call that the gas kinetic
+rate.
+
+That is a term that we also
+use.
+
+Then, finally,
+one other quantity from the gas
+
+kinetic theory.
+Yes?
+
+She asked, what velocity,
+here, would you use?
+
+You actually are going to,
+in that particular case,
+
+have to take the average of the
+average velocities.
+
+In other words,
+if you had two different
+
+molecules that were reacting for
+this average velocity here,
+
+you are going to have to use
+the average of the average
+
+velocity.
+And then your error bars on the
+
+experiment will always be large
+enough to take that into
+
+consideration.
+Good question.
+
+One other quantity,
+something called the mean free
+
+path.
+What I want to know,
+
+here, is on the average,
+how far does the molecule
+
+travel in the gas before it
+suffers a collision?
+
+That is what a mean free path
+is.
+
+A mean free path in solution.
+Sometimes you will do a solid
+
+state physics course and will
+hear about the electron mean
+
+free path.
+A mean free path is always the
+
+distance traveled between
+collisions.
+
+That is what that is.
+And we are going to call it
+
+lambda.
+This is not wavelength anymore.
+
+We just changed our definition
+of lambda.
+
+Lambda, here,
+is the average distance between
+
+collisions.
+How are we going to calculate
+
+that?
+What we are going to do is take
+
+the average distance that a
+molecule travels per unit time,
+
+per second, and are going to
+divide it by the number of
+
+collisions that occur per
+second.
+
+And you are going to see that
+the per seconds are going to
+
+cancel here.
+We are going to have the
+
+average distance per collision.
+That is what we are after.
+
+This is easy to do because the
+average distance traveled per
+
+second is simply the average
+velocity.
+
+It is meters per second.
+The average distance traveled
+
+per second.
+The number of collisions per
+
+second that happened,
+we just calculated that.
+
+That was Z1.
+We can substitute in Z1 vbar,
+
+vbar cancels,
+and what we are left with is
+
+one over the square root of 2
+rho pi d squared.
+
+That is meters.
+
+That is the average distance
+the molecule traveled per
+
+collision.
+This is another general generic
+
+quantity useful in many cases,
+also in other kinds of cases
+
+that I just mentioned in solid
+state physics.
+
+What I want to do now is that
+we said we were going to start
+
+talking about the motions of
+molecules.
+
+We have taken care of,
+now, the translational motion.
+
+Now I want to start talking
+about the internal degrees of
+
+freedom.
+And let's do that.
+
+Let me just see if I have
+something, here.
+
+Let me raise the board,
+here.
+
+We have talked about this
+molecule, which is a set of
+
+atoms that are bonded together.
+And, as we always say,
+
+they are bonded together for
+the mutual comfort of their
+
+electrons.
+And we saw that it is not
+
+frozen.
+It moves.
+
+It has kinetic energy.
+It has velocity.
+
+The velocity generates this
+macroscopic property of
+
+pressure.
+But molecules also jiggle.
+
+For example,
+we are going to take here
+
+nitrogen, triple bond.
+That triple bond actually
+
+functions like a spring.
+We can think of that bond as a
+
+spring between the two atoms.
+That spring can stretch,
+
+and that spring can compress.
+When we tell you the
+
+equilibrium bond length of some
+molecule is some number,
+
+it is the equilibrium bond
+length.
+
+It is not the bond length when
+the molecule is stretched.
+
+It is not the bond length when
+the molecule is compressed.
+
+This motion is the vibrational
+motion of the molecule.
+
+So, we have that kind of
+internal motion in a molecule.
+
+Molecules also tumble.
+For example,
+
+let's take our nitrogen
+molecule, again.
+
+It rotates around an axis.
+Going through the center of the
+
+mass, it rotates around this
+axis.
+
+This nitrogen molecule also
+rotates around an axis,
+
+here, perpendicular to the
+board.
+
+It rotates in that direction.
+This is the rotational motion
+
+of the molecule.
+The different ways in which we
+
+can have this motion are called
+modes.
+
+This is a rotational mode.
+This is vibrational mode.
+
+We did not use the word before
+in talking about translation,
+
+but those are translational
+modes.
+
+Sometimes, we also call these
+modes degrees of freedom.
+
+A molecule has translational
+modes or degrees of freedom,
+
+vibrational degrees of freedom,
+and rotational degrees of
+
+freedom.
+Now, in general,
+
+if you have an N-atom molecule,
+you have 3N total modes.
+
+When I say total modes that
+means the sum of translation,
+
+rotation and vibration.
+Of those 3N total modes,
+
+three of them are translational
+modes.
+
+Why do we have three
+translational modes?
+
+We have three translational
+modes because we are operating
+
+in a three-dimensional space.
+If we have a molecule here,
+
+that molecule has motion in the
+x direction, in the y direction,
+
+and also in the z direction.
+Those are the three
+
+translational modes of the
+molecule.
+
+What that means then,
+if three of the modes are used
+
+up for translation,
+then we must have 3N minus 3
+
+internal modes.
+3N minus 3 must be the number
+
+of modes that is leftover for
+the internal degrees of freedom
+
+for rotation and also for
+vibration.
+
+And what we are going to see,
+next time, is that these
+
+internal degrees of freedom,
+these internal modes are going
+
+to be quantized.
+That is, this molecule is going
+
+to be able to vibrate with only
+certain amounts of energy.
+
+There is going to be a ground
+vibrational state.
+
+There is going to be a first
+excited vibrational state.
+
+A second excited vibrational
+state, just like we talked about
+
+the energy levels of a hydrogen
+atom, where the electron was
+
+bound with different amounts of
+energy dictated by a principle
+
+quantum number.
+The vibrational degree of
+
+freedom is also going to be
+dictated by a vibrational
+
+quantum number.
+In addition,
+
+the rotations of the molecules,
+they are also quantized.
+
+A molecule is going to be able
+to rotate with only one energy,
+
+or another energy,
+or another energy,
+
+but not any energies in
+between.
+
+There are discrete rotational
+states.
+
+We are going to be talking
+about another kind of quantum
+
+number.
+In that case,
+
+a rotational quantum number.
+That is where we are going to
+
+pick up on Monday.
+See you then.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dDHsLmwd9No.txt b/dDHsLmwd9No.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..933d1ccaeea64ac844cc1d37ea77a123c0dfd59e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dDHsLmwd9No.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+after working in are you often want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after working in are you often want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after working in are you often want to
+save your work so that you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save your work so that you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save your work so that you can easily
+rerun commands and rebuilt models there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerun commands and rebuilt models there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerun commands and rebuilt models there
+are several ways of doing this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several ways of doing this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are several ways of doing this but the
+method re recommend is by using what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method re recommend is by using what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method re recommend is by using what's
+called a script file let's open a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a script file let's open a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a script file let's open a new
+script file go to file new document on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script file go to file new document on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script file go to file new document on a
+Mac and file new script on a PC this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac and file new script on a PC this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac and file new script on a PC this
+will pop up a blank script file you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop up a blank script file you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will pop up a blank script file you can
+copy and paste in commands that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste in commands that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy and paste in commands that you've
+run in your console into the script file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in your console into the script file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run in your console into the script file
+for example say we want to save the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example say we want to save the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example say we want to save the
+table commands we ran let's copy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table commands we ran let's copy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table commands we ran let's copy the
+first table command and then paste it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first table command and then paste it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first table command and then paste it
+into the script file we can also take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the script file we can also take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the script file we can also take
+the first T apply command we ran copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first T apply command we ran copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first T apply command we ran copy
+and paste it into our script file now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste it into our script file now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and paste it into our script file now if
+you highlight these lines of code in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you highlight these lines of code in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you highlight these lines of code in the
+script file and press command enter on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script file and press command enter on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script file and press command enter on a
+Mac and control are on a PC it will run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac and control are on a PC it will run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mac and control are on a PC it will run
+these lines of code in your R console so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines of code in your R console so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines of code in your R console so
+if you save this file and then reopen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you save this file and then reopen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you save this file and then reopen it
+when you start our next time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start our next time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start our next time you can
+easily rerun any commands that you ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily rerun any commands that you ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily rerun any commands that you ran
+in this our session a lot of times it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this our session a lot of times it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this our session a lot of times it's
+easier to just write commands in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to just write commands in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to just write commands in your
+script file and run them in your console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script file and run them in your console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script file and run them in your console
+because then they'll always be saved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then they'll always be saved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then they'll always be saved in
+your script file you can add comments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script file you can add comments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script file you can add comments in
+your script file by using the pound sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script file by using the pound sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your script file by using the pound sign
+if you type pound and then some comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you type pound and then some comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you type pound and then some comment
+describing your script file and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing your script file and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing your script file and then
+highlight the whole thing and press ctrl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the whole thing and press ctrl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight the whole thing and press ctrl
+R or command enter you'll see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R or command enter you'll see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R or command enter you'll see that the
+comment runs in the console but nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment runs in the console but nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment runs in the console but nothing
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+our recognizes this as a comment if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our recognizes this as a comment if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our recognizes this as a comment if you
+want to save the output of your our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to save the output of your our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to save the output of your our
+session in your console I recommend just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session in your console I recommend just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session in your console I recommend just
+saving it as a txt file in your console
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it as a txt file in your console
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving it as a txt file in your console
+you can go to file save to file and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to file save to file and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to file save to file and this
+will save your output as a txt file you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save your output as a txt file you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will save your output as a txt file you
+won't be able to easily rerun this in R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to easily rerun this in R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to easily rerun this in R
+like the script file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the script file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the script file
+but it will have the summary output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will have the summary output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will have the summary output of
+what you did when you closed our it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did when you closed our it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you did when you closed our it will
+ask you if you want to save your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you if you want to save your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you if you want to save your
+workspace make sure you have everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workspace make sure you have everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workspace make sure you have everything
+you want in a script file and then don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in a script file and then don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want in a script file and then don't
+worry about saving your workspace these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about saving your workspace these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about saving your workspace these
+are the basics of our we'll see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basics of our we'll see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the basics of our we'll see a lot
+more in the rest of this class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the rest of this class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in the rest of this class but
+hopefully you've seen in this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've seen in this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you've seen in this lecture
+how powerful our can be in just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful our can be in just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how powerful our can be in just one
+lecture we performed insightful data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we performed insightful data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we performed insightful data
+analysis on an interesting data set
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e_WABkM-Kxo.txt b/e_WABkM-Kxo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6026691b05580d850cf0f19cefb1f69b36ae8d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e_WABkM-Kxo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to the
+third lecture of 309.1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lecture of 309.1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third lecture of 309.1
+let's get started today is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started today is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get started today is a very
+exciting day because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting day because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting day because
+we are going to discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to discover
+the electron together that's our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron together that's our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron together that's our goal
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+it's right there discovery of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right there discovery of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right there discovery of the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+and we're going to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to start talking about
+models of the atom before we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of the atom before we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models of the atom before we do that
+i want to count i want to count because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to count i want to count because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to count i want to count because
+that's what we did on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we did on friday
+and and we'll use this problem actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll use this problem actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we'll use this problem actually
+twice today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice today
+um by the way like if i do a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way like if i do a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way like if i do a problem
+in class and it's like in a goody bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and it's like in a goody bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class and it's like in a goody bag
+and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff
+i don't know it might be the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know it might be the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know it might be the kind of
+thing you might be asked on the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might be asked on the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might be asked on the quiz
+i'm just saying um so so that's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just saying um so so that's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just saying um so so that's good to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+i if i ask you this question because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if i ask you this question because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if i ask you this question because we
+counted on friday we learned how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted on friday we learned how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counted on friday we learned how to
+count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count
+and we learned about the mole in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learned about the mole in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we learned about the mole in
+avogadro's number and how that gets us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number and how that gets us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number and how that gets us
+into and out of the atomic world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and out of the atomic world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into and out of the atomic world
+right so if i say how many gallium atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i say how many gallium atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if i say how many gallium atoms
+are in this strip of gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this strip of gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this strip of gallium
+well we can do that now right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can do that now right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can do that now right because
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+how do you start this is where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you start this is where you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you start this is where you start
+and you're all taking it with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're all taking it with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're all taking it with you
+everywhere now remember on friday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere now remember on friday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere now remember on friday we
+talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about
+how you got to bring it with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you got to bring it with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you got to bring it with you
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+and tweet about it and send me pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tweet about it and send me pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tweet about it and send me pictures
+and all that i need the density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that i need the density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that i need the density
+right i need the density density and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i need the density density and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i need the density density and the
+periodic table let's start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table let's start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table let's start with the
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+so if i have the density of gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have the density of gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have the density of gallium
+and i look that up as 5.9 grams per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look that up as 5.9 grams per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i look that up as 5.9 grams per
+centimeter cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter cubed
+okay that's good well you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good well you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's good well you know from the
+strip i can measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip i can measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip i can measure it
+with the super most accurate ruler in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the super most accurate ruler in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the super most accurate ruler in
+the world that you have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that you have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world that you have now
+in your hands from the goody bag and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hands from the goody bag and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your hands from the goody bag and you
+see those are the measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those are the measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see those are the measurements
+and and so from and so if you measure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so from and so if you measure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so from and so if you measure it
+you have a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a volume
+uh okay it's those three numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay it's those three numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay it's those three numbers
+multiplied i won't write it out it's 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied i won't write it out it's 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied i won't write it out it's 0.5
+centimeters cubed and so now with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters cubed and so now with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters cubed and so now with the
+density and the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and the volume
+i get that that strip has 2.95 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that that strip has 2.95 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get that that strip has 2.95 grams
+okay now that sounds pretty good it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that sounds pretty good it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that sounds pretty good it's
+promising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promising
+but i want the number of atoms right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want the number of atoms right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want the number of atoms right
+i want the number of atoms and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the number of atoms and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want the number of atoms and that's
+where again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you go to here because in there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to here because in there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to here because in there is the
+grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams
+per mole and also the atomic mass units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole and also the atomic mass units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole and also the atomic mass units
+which as we talked about friday are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we talked about friday are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which as we talked about friday are the
+same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing
+right and so if i look that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if i look that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if i look that up
+i have that for gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that for gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have that for gallium
+we have 69.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 69.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 69.7
+to grams per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grams per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grams per mole
+right and so that means that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2.95 grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.95 grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.95 grams
+i have 2.95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have 2.95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have 2.95
+divided by that number 69.723
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by that number 69.723
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by that number 69.723
+let's raise this up a little which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's raise this up a little which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's raise this up a little which
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.0423 moles i still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0423 moles i still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.0423 moles i still
+have not answered the question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not answered the question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not answered the question because
+the question says how many atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question says how many atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question says how many atoms
+right but that's where n sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's where n sub a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that's where n sub a
+or the mole or this this dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mole or this this dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the mole or this this dozen
+right but it's not a dozen it's a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's not a dozen it's a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it's not a dozen it's a much
+bigger number but this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number but this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number but this number
+avogadro's number comes in and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number comes in and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avogadro's number comes in and so in
+that strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that strip
+of gallium ah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gallium ah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gallium ah no
+in that strip of gallium you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that strip of gallium you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that strip of gallium you've got
+you know in the ga strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the ga strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in the ga strip
+you've got uh 0.0423
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got uh 0.0423
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got uh 0.0423
+times n a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's something like you know 2.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something like you know 2.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something like you know 2.5
+times 10 to the 22nd atoms that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 22nd atoms that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 22nd atoms that's a lot
+of atoms in that strip but i was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in that strip but i was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in that strip but i was able to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+but the the secret is the the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the secret is the the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the secret is the the right
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+one atomic mass unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gets you back and forth between one gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you back and forth between one gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets you back and forth between one gram
+per mole and by the way the atomic mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole and by the way the atomic mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole and by the way the atomic mass
+unit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit is
+is nothing it's just a mass unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing it's just a mass unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing it's just a mass unit
+but i mean one amu happens to be by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i mean one amu happens to be by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i mean one amu happens to be by the
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+uh oh roughly 1.66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh roughly 1.66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh roughly 1.66
+times 10 to the minus 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 27
+kilograms oh that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms oh that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms oh that works
+because now you can multiply this by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you can multiply this by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now you can multiply this by a
+whole mole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mole and
+it's a gram back and forth okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gram back and forth okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a gram back and forth okay
+good counting starting with counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good counting starting with counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good counting starting with counting
+we're gonna end with counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna end with counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna end with counting
+but in between we're gonna discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in between we're gonna discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in between we're gonna discover
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+beautiful because last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful because last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful because last week
+okay the thesis of this whole class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the thesis of this whole class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the thesis of this whole class
+remember is electronic structure holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is electronic structure holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is electronic structure holds
+the key to everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key to everything
+everything in your life can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in your life can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in your life can be
+understood if you understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood if you understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood if you understood the
+electronic structure of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure of the elements
+week one last week well we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week one last week well we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week one last week well we talked about
+this we built it on friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we built it on friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we built it on friday
+we talked about elements we did a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about elements we did a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about elements we did a few
+reactions we talked about balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we talked about balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions we talked about balancing
+uh we made sure we have enough nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we made sure we have enough nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we made sure we have enough nitrogen
+to grow plants for 100 million more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow plants for 100 million more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow plants for 100 million more
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years
+limited reagents this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited reagents this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited reagents this week
+we're going to answer the question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to answer the question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to answer the question why
+are these things different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these things different
+we're switching gears right we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're switching gears right we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're switching gears right we know that
+there are these indivisible atoms now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these indivisible atoms now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these indivisible atoms now we
+built a whole table of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a whole table of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built a whole table of them
+right mendeleev but now we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mendeleev but now we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right mendeleev but now we want to know
+why they're different from one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're different from one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why they're different from one another
+what causes that difference and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes that difference and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what causes that difference and that
+starts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with
+the discovery of the electron and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discovery of the electron and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discovery of the electron and really
+this this is such so we started la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is such so we started la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is such so we started la
+let's write this here we'll have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this here we'll have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this here we'll have this
+board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board
+this is such a great story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a great story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is such a great story
+this is a detective story that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a detective story that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a detective story that starts
+with an atom looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an atom looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an atom looking
+so these are like adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are like adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are like adam
+models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so back in uh oh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back in uh oh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so back in uh oh let's say
+18 okay 460 if it's democritus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 okay 460 if it's democritus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 okay 460 if it's democritus
+it's 460 bc and then remember we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 460 bc and then remember we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 460 bc and then remember we sort of
+went all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went all the way to
+uh dalton who in 1803
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he said yup democritus we're going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said yup democritus we're going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said yup democritus we're going with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we're going with that and uh oh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going with that and uh oh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going with that and uh oh there
+are these indivisible things called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these indivisible things called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these indivisible things called
+atoms so that was 1803.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so that was 1803.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms so that was 1803.
+but we need to understand them in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need to understand them in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need to understand them in order
+to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain
+this we need to understand them and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to understand them and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we need to understand them and it's
+so this is a detective story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a detective story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a detective story
+it's a detective it's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a detective it's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a detective it's one of the
+greatest ones ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest ones ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest ones ever
+ever ever played out in science it led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever played out in science it led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever played out in science it led
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+nothing less than the understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing less than the understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing less than the understanding of
+all of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of nature
+okay now how did it start well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how did it start well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now how did it start well it
+started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started
+with jj thompson now so jj thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with jj thompson now so jj thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with jj thompson now so jj thompson
+um by the way he won the nobel prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way he won the nobel prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um by the way he won the nobel prize for
+this discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discovery
+he's he's credited with discovering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's credited with discovering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's he's credited with discovering the
+electron also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron also
+seven of his students won the nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of his students won the nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven of his students won the nobel
+prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize
+that's cool and i remind my graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool and i remind my graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool and i remind my graduate
+students of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students of that
+all the time without trying to put any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time without trying to put any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time without trying to put any
+pressure on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure on them
+how did he do it well you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did he do it well you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did he do it well you see
+he had these things there's his lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had these things there's his lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had these things there's his lab
+there's thompson there's his lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's thompson there's his lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's thompson there's his lab
+and these things were around they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things were around they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things were around they're
+called cathode ray tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cathode ray tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cathode ray tubes
+cathode ray tubes what do they do right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode ray tubes what do they do right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode ray tubes what do they do right
+what do they do well your grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do well your grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do well your grandparents
+would know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know
+something about them i'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about them i'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about them i'll talk about
+that in a few minutes but thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a few minutes but thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a few minutes but thompson
+thompson was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson was interested
+in seeing what he saw on this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seeing what he saw on this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in seeing what he saw on this thing here
+and that's the photographic plate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the photographic plate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the photographic plate so
+what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is
+i'm just going to draw the cathode ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to draw the cathode ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to draw the cathode ray
+tube i'm going to draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube i'm going to draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube i'm going to draw it
+as best i can here so there's a cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best i can here so there's a cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as best i can here so there's a cathode
+ray tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and over here we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here we've got
+a cathode and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cathode and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cathode and over here
+we've got an anode so this would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an anode so this would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got an anode so this would be a
+cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this here is an anode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is an anode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is an anode
+okay good now that means that if i hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now that means that if i hook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now that means that if i hook
+those are two pieces of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two pieces of metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are two pieces of metal
+two pieces of metal and if i hook them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of metal and if i hook them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pieces of metal and if i hook them
+up to a voltage supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a voltage supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a voltage supply
+right then i can get charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then i can get charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then i can get charge
+on them we know that already but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them we know that already but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them we know that already but what
+they didn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't understand
+is what happened next you see because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happened next you see because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what happened next you see because if
+you crank the voltage up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crank the voltage up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crank the voltage up
+really high and you put a phosphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high and you put a phosphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really high and you put a phosphor
+screen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here
+so this was a phosphor screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a phosphor screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was a phosphor screen
+and if you crank the voltage up high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you crank the voltage up high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you crank the voltage up high
+enough and this is what thompson did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and this is what thompson did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and this is what thompson did
+you pump the gas out of it right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pump the gas out of it right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pump the gas out of it right so you
+get it so there's not too much stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it so there's not too much stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it so there's not too much stuff in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+then what happens is something shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is something shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is something shot
+across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across
+and lit up this screen something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lit up this screen something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lit up this screen something
+what they really didn't know and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really didn't know and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they really didn't know and when
+you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know
+you experiment and you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experiment and you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you experiment and you apply the
+scientific method and one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method and one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific method and one of the things
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+thompson did is he said well what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson did is he said well what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson did is he said well what if i
+put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some
+charge plates here like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge plates here like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge plates here like this
+and this so i have a i have a set right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so i have a i have a set right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this so i have a i have a set right
+so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i
+said this is going to have charge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is going to have charge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said this is going to have charge that
+flies off we know that because we kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies off we know that because we kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies off we know that because we kind
+of know what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of know what happens
+but he didn't know what was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't know what was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't know what was happening
+he's just cranking the voltage up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just cranking the voltage up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's just cranking the voltage up
+and all of a sudden the screen lights up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the screen lights up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the screen lights up
+so he's like well let me put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's like well let me put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's like well let me put some
+charged plates here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged plates here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged plates here
+and see what happens and what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens and what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what happens and what happened
+there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is
+it went like this right and it made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went like this right and it made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went like this right and it made
+a it struck the phosphor screen there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it struck the phosphor screen there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it struck the phosphor screen there
+and it glowed there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it glowed there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it glowed there
+so that's with charge with charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's with charge with charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's with charge with charge
+plates right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates right
+no charge plates just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no charge plates just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no charge plates just to be
+perfectly clear right and he could play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly clear right and he could play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly clear right and he could play
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+right and people do play with this to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and people do play with this to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and people do play with this to my
+great surprise if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great surprise if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great surprise if you
+go onto the internet and you google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go onto the internet and you google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go onto the internet and you google
+this you find people make these and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you find people make these and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you find people make these and play
+with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them
+and that's a magnet this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a magnet this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a magnet this is what it
+looks like right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like right there's
+that we didn't know what this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't know what this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't know what this was
+right so so that's a magnet and and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so that's a magnet and and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so that's a magnet and and this
+this person is just turning over whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is just turning over whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person is just turning over whether
+you know which part of the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which part of the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which part of the magnet
+where the magnetic field is oriented and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnetic field is oriented and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnetic field is oriented and
+you can see you can really mess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you can really mess with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see you can really mess with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+what could it be it's responding to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could it be it's responding to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could it be it's responding to an
+external field it's responding to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field it's responding to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external field it's responding to an
+external field so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right away this tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away this tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away this tells us
+that atoms are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atoms are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that atoms are not
+the ultimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+form of matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atoms were not the ultimate form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were not the ultimate form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms were not the ultimate form of
+matter that was a big deal because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that was a big deal because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that was a big deal because
+you know the atoms here were neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the atoms here were neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the atoms here were neutral
+they didn't respond so this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't respond so this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't respond so this must be
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+that's flying off and responding that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flying off and responding that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's flying off and responding that i
+can see visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see visually
+on this photographic plate it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this photographic plate it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this photographic plate it must be
+something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else
+well he was also thompson was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he was also thompson was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well he was also thompson was uh
+oh ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh ha
+going down here and i'm gonna use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here and i'm gonna use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down here and i'm gonna use this
+so it's right next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he was not able to measure the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not able to measure the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he was not able to measure the mass
+of these things but he was able using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things but he was able using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things but he was able using a
+combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of
+magnetic right and electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic right and electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic right and electric fields
+and a little bit of maxwell some e m he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of maxwell some e m he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of maxwell some e m he
+was able to deduce the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to deduce the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was able to deduce the charge
+to mass ratio so this falls over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mass ratio so this falls over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mass ratio so this falls over here
+i'll put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll put it here
+from from thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so he was able to get the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was able to get the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he was able to get the charge
+to mass ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he was able to measure that at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.76
+times 10 to the 11th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 11th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 11th
+coulombs per kilogram now he knew it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulombs per kilogram now he knew it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coulombs per kilogram now he knew it was
+negatively charged because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively charged because
+of this right he put the plates on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right he put the plates on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this right he put the plates on and
+it wanted to avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wanted to avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wanted to avoid
+the negative plate so we knew they knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative plate so we knew they knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative plate so we knew they knew
+they knew their e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew their e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew their e
+m at the time they knew that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m at the time they knew that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m at the time they knew that the
+negative charges would repel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges would repel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charges would repel
+so he knew that it was negative charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he knew that it was negative charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he knew that it was negative charge
+now the last thing oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last thing oh
+is this one important for chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one important for chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this one important for chemistry
+he would swap in different materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would swap in different materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would swap in different materials
+different metals for the cathode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals for the cathode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different metals for the cathode and
+for the cathode especially and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cathode especially and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the cathode especially and the
+results were the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results were the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results were the same
+the results were the same ho ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results were the same ho ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results were the same ho ho
+independent in dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+independent of the metal that meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the metal that meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of the metal that meant
+this thing that he was observing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that he was observing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that he was observing for the
+first time was fundamental there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time was fundamental there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time was fundamental there's
+something fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something fundamental
+about it fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fundamental fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental fundamental
+this was a really big deal this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a really big deal this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a really big deal this was a
+really big deal and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big deal and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big deal and it
+and it it really opened up the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it really opened up the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it it really opened up the idea
+that the atom had something else in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the atom had something else in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the atom had something else in it
+now thompson see thompson knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now thompson see thompson knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now thompson see thompson knew
+right he knew that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the atom was neutral like i said so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom was neutral like i said so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom was neutral like i said so you
+got these charge things coming off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these charge things coming off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got these charge things coming off
+of these atoms which are neutral that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these atoms which are neutral that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these atoms which are neutral that
+means that it must consist of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it must consist of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that it must consist of these
+charged particles but if it's neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles but if it's neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged particles but if it's neutral
+it's got to have the other charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have the other charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to have the other charge
+of particle in it as well and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle in it as well and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle in it as well and so the
+detective story goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detective story goes on
+so this would be thompson around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be thompson around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be thompson around
+18 oh things really picked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 oh things really picked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 oh things really picked up
+1807 and he said well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1807 and he said well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1807 and he said well okay
+these electrons must be inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons must be inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons must be inside of the
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+that's how i'm liberating them crank up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i'm liberating them crank up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how i'm liberating them crank up
+the voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage
+and and they must be in there but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they must be in there but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they must be in there but so
+much positive charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much positive charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much positive charges
+it's almost positive charges okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost positive charges okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost positive charges okay and
+that was thompson's model so at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was thompson's model so at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was thompson's model so at that
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+you could you could uh you could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could uh you could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could uh you could really
+have this picture of stuff inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this picture of stuff inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this picture of stuff inside the
+atom now like i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now like i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom now like i said
+he still he couldn't measure they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he still he couldn't measure they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he still he couldn't measure they didn't
+have a scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a scale
+good enough to measure the mass of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to measure the mass of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough to measure the mass of the
+electron he couldn't get it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron he couldn't get it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron he couldn't get it out
+right but it was it was milliken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it was it was milliken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but it was it was milliken
+and his very famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his very famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his very famous
+experiments called the oil drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments called the oil drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments called the oil drop
+experiments that gave us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that gave us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that gave us
+the actual charge and then from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual charge and then from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual charge and then from this
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+we could get the mass of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get the mass of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could get the mass of this this
+mystery thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mystery thing
+that was coming out of atoms okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was coming out of atoms okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was coming out of atoms okay and
+instead of drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of drawing
+uh uh uh trying to draw the milliken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh trying to draw the milliken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh trying to draw the milliken
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+i found a wonderful short like one ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found a wonderful short like one ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i found a wonderful short like one ish
+minute video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute video
+which i'll play because it shows how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll play because it shows how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i'll play because it shows how the
+milliken experiment worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliken experiment worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliken experiment worked
+it's really cool oh working at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool oh working at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really cool oh working at the
+university of chicago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of chicago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university of chicago
+succeeded in measuring the charge on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in measuring the charge on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeded in measuring the charge on the
+electron that's not happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's not happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's not happening
+to settle through a hole into a chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to settle through a hole into a chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to settle through a hole into a chamber
+where he could observe their fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could observe their fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could observe their fall
+the top and bottom of the chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and bottom of the chamber
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and bottom of the chamber
+consisted of electrically charged plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of electrically charged plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisted of electrically charged plates
+he introduced a source of x-rays which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduced a source of x-rays which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he introduced a source of x-rays which
+can cause creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause creation
+charges when they strike matter charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges when they strike matter charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges when they strike matter charges
+reduced by the x-rays attached to an oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by the x-rays attached to an oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced by the x-rays attached to an oil
+droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet
+producing one or more charges on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing one or more charges on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing one or more charges on the
+droplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplet
+when there is no voltage applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no voltage applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no voltage applied the
+fault the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fault the droplets
+is determined by the mass and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by the mass and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determined by the mass and the
+viscosity of air through which they fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of air through which they fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viscosity of air through which they fall
+when a voltage is applied the droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a voltage is applied the droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a voltage is applied the droplets
+that have a negative charge will fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a negative charge will fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a negative charge will fall
+more slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more slowly
+stop falling or even rise depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop falling or even rise depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop falling or even rise depending on
+the number of charges on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of charges on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of charges on them
+by adjusting the applied voltage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adjusting the applied voltage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adjusting the applied voltage and
+observing the droplets both with voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the droplets both with voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observing the droplets both with voltage
+off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off
+and voltage on milligan was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voltage on milligan was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voltage on milligan was able to
+determine that the charges on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that the charges on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine that the charges on the
+droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+droplets
+were all multiples of a smallest value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all multiples of a smallest value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all multiples of a smallest value
+1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.6
+times 10 to the minus 19 coulombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 19 coulombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 19 coulombs
+he took this to be the charge on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took this to be the charge on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he took this to be the charge on a
+single electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single electron
+all right so now you can see that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now you can see that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now you can see that that
+would have been i hope that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been i hope that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been i hope that was
+uh could you hear that in the back sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could you hear that in the back sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could you hear that in the back sort
+of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay
+all right oh i got the i got this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh i got the i got this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh i got the i got this it's
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+i i uh i you know that would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i uh i you know that would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i uh i you know that would have been
+hard for me to draw the animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to draw the animation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard for me to draw the animation
+but what a brilliant experiment right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what a brilliant experiment right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what a brilliant experiment right so
+spray some oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray some oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spray some oil
+in a container okay try to get the drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a container okay try to get the drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a container okay try to get the drops
+small you don't know how small they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you don't know how small they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small you don't know how small they're
+gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be
+and then as they okay have a have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as they okay have a have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as they okay have a have an
+electric field inside there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field inside there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field inside there
+and then as they fall zip them zap them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as they fall zip them zap them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as they fall zip them zap them
+to charge them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to charge them
+you also don't know how much charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also don't know how much charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also don't know how much charge
+you're putting on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're putting on them
+right but you're charging them and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you're charging them and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you're charging them and if
+they're charged and they're in a field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're charged and they're in a field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're charged and they're in a field
+and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're
+these tiny little microscopic droplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiny little microscopic droplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tiny little microscopic droplets
+of oil they're going to maybe slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil they're going to maybe slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oil they're going to maybe slow down
+or suspend or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suspend or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or suspend or maybe
+go the other way and what he observed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way and what he observed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way and what he observed by
+doing this over and over again that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this over and over again that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this over and over again that
+there was some multiple that you never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some multiple that you never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was some multiple that you never
+got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got
+below right and and you couldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below right and and you couldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below right and and you couldn't say
+necessarily for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily for
+100 certainty that it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 certainty that it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 certainty that it was the
+fundamental charge deduction might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental charge deduction might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental charge deduction might have
+been a multiple of that but it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a multiple of that but it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a multiple of that but it was
+pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty clear
+it could never get below that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could never get below that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could never get below that so that
+was the charge discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the charge discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the charge discovery
+in this detective story and it allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this detective story and it allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this detective story and it allowed
+us to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to understand that
+the electron had a mass and it had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron had a mass and it had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron had a mass and it had
+a charge and that we knew both of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge and that we knew both of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a charge and that we knew both of them
+at the time so at the time then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so at the time then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time so at the time then
+we had um we already had a much deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had um we already had a much deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had um we already had a much deeper
+understanding if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding if you think about it
+just four years later than the time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just four years later than the time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just four years later than the time of
+dalton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dalton
+because of these two experiments yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these two experiments yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these two experiments yeah
+to huh alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i read i think i read my uh he was ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read i think i read my uh he was ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i read i think i read my uh he was ahead
+of his time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of his time
+thank you very much i think i read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much i think i read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much i think i read this
+wrong and that's because i i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and that's because i i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong and that's because i i don't have
+my glasses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now that i look at that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that i look at that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that i look at that it wasn't
+that uh small of a distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much
+you make mistakes you make mistakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make mistakes you make mistakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make mistakes you make mistakes and
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+that is how you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you don't make progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't make progress
+progress has not almost nothing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has not almost nothing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has not almost nothing to do
+with success i mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with success i mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with success i mean this
+i'm using my own mistake here as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using my own mistake here as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm using my own mistake here as an
+example progress has almost nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example progress has almost nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example progress has almost nothing to
+do with success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with success
+progress has only to do with what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has only to do with what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress has only to do with what you
+choose to do with failure somebody just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to do with failure somebody just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to do with failure somebody just
+say whoa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whoa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whoa
+thank you thank you that hit me here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you that hit me here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you that hit me here
+all right okay let's do it why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay let's do it why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right okay let's do it why this
+matters let's see why this matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why does this matter well because see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter well because see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does this matter well because see
+these guys were trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys were trying to figure out
+what was inside of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was inside of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was inside of an atom
+but other people like john baird said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other people like john baird said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but other people like john baird said
+well wait a second you just gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a second you just gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well wait a second you just gave me a
+paintbrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paintbrush
+you gave me a paintbrush look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me a paintbrush look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you gave me a paintbrush look at this
+that's a paintbrush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a paintbrush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a paintbrush
+painting with a magnet it really is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting with a magnet it really is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painting with a magnet it really is and
+the screen would light up over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen would light up over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen would light up over here
+and so so he said well i can paint i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he said well i can paint i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so he said well i can paint i can
+paint pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint pictures
+and this really is the first television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really is the first television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this really is the first television
+screen this was the first tv screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this was the first tv screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen this was the first tv screen
+and and all they needed to do there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all they needed to do there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and all they needed to do there okay
+right there it is that's a cathode rim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it is that's a cathode rim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there it is that's a cathode rim
+tube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube
+maybe that's one of thompson's students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one of thompson's students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's one of thompson's students
+who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who
+won a nobel prize and and you put but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a nobel prize and and you put but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won a nobel prize and and you put but
+now you put this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you put this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you put this down
+and you put these sort of things around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put these sort of things around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you put these sort of things around
+it what are those things magnetic fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what are those things magnetic fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what are those things magnetic fields
+that's all it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all it is
+it's just magnetic fields it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just magnetic fields it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just magnetic fields it's
+thompson's experiments right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson's experiments right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson's experiments right
+but now they're using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now they're using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now they're using it
+to zip the beam around faster than your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zip the beam around faster than your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zip the beam around faster than your
+eyes can keep up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can keep up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes can keep up with
+so that it looks like a picture now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it looks like a picture now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that it looks like a picture now
+electron painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron painting
+had never been done before because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been done before because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been done before because we
+didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know
+that we had these electrons but as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had these electrons but as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had these electrons but as soon
+as we knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we knew
+boy did that launch a completely new era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy did that launch a completely new era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy did that launch a completely new era
+of screens right the era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens right the era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens right the era
+of screens we we don't use cathode ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens we we don't use cathode ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of screens we we don't use cathode ray
+tubes don't say ask your grandparents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes don't say ask your grandparents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes don't say ask your grandparents
+they'll tell you about the cathode ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you about the cathode ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll tell you about the cathode ray
+tube tvs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube tvs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube tvs
+which they all had um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they all had um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which they all had um but
+you know we don't use cathode ray tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't use cathode ray tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we don't use cathode ray tubes
+to paint with electrons today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint with electrons today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to paint with electrons today
+in that way but we still paint with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way but we still paint with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that way but we still paint with
+electrons today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons today
+right your oled screen is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your oled screen is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right your oled screen is still
+simply an electron based painting tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an electron based painting tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply an electron based painting tool
+right right okay we're just pumping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right okay we're just pumping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right okay we're just pumping the
+electrons into the phosphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the phosphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into the phosphor
+in a different way right and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way right and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different way right and we'll be
+talking about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that
+uh as we go through the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we go through the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as we go through the rest of this
+week and we understand how electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we understand how electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week and we understand how electrons
+interact with light coming in and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with light coming in and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with light coming in and out of
+an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom
+okay so that's my why this matters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my why this matters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's my why this matters and
+by the way a side note here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a side note here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a side note here is that
+when tvs first came along it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when tvs first came along it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when tvs first came along it
+you know green was pretty easy there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know green was pretty easy there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know green was pretty easy there
+were a lot of chemistries that were used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of chemistries that were used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a lot of chemistries that were used
+for this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this screen
+right you put a different chemistry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you put a different chemistry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you put a different chemistry here
+and it lights up differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it lights up differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it lights up differently
+when electrons hit it why wait until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when electrons hit it why wait until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when electrons hit it why wait until
+wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+green was easy yellow was easy red was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green was easy yellow was easy red was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green was easy yellow was easy red was
+hard red was hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard red was hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard red was hard
+they couldn't get a good red and um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't get a good red and um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't get a good red and um and
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course
+uh and and that's why there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's why there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and that's why there were no
+that's essentially the reason there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the reason there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's essentially the reason there were
+no color tvs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no color tvs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no color tvs
+until the 60s right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 60s right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the 60s right um
+and the answer of course was here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer of course was here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer of course was here the
+answer was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer was
+that there was a phosphor that worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a phosphor that worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was a phosphor that worked
+but it was yitrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was yitrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was yitrium
+orthovanadate with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthovanadate with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthovanadate with a little bit of
+europium added to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europium added to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+europium added to it
+just a little bit of europium why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of europium why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of europium why did
+that work again we need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work again we need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work again we need to understand
+how electrons interact with matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electrons interact with matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electrons interact with matter which
+is where we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where we're going
+and speaking of yitrium speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking of yitrium speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and speaking of yitrium speaking of
+yitrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yitrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yitrium
+this is also a side story but it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a side story but it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also a side story but it's kind
+of worth noting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worth noting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of worth noting you know
+elements are named often elements can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are named often elements can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are named often elements can be
+named after many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after many things
+all right in this case it was named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in this case it was named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right in this case it was named
+after guturbee sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after guturbee sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after guturbee sweden
+turvy sweden is a pretty cool place they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turvy sweden is a pretty cool place they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turvy sweden is a pretty cool place they
+have this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this one
+cave you gotta go to it it's really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave you gotta go to it it's really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cave you gotta go to it it's really cool
+because four elements of the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because four elements of the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because four elements of the periodic
+table were all discovered from uturby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table were all discovered from uturby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table were all discovered from uturby
+sweden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweden
+in this one cave four and i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one cave four and i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this one cave four and i keep
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+where is that cave in cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they can't they cannot discover any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they cannot discover any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they cannot discover any more
+elements because there's no other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because there's no other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements because there's no other way
+to mess with the name youtubey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with the name youtubey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mess with the name youtubey
+that's pretty cool that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool that's pretty cool
+that's a cool cave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cool cave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cool cave
+that's worth visiting all right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth visiting all right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's worth visiting all right so the
+structure of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the atom
+in 1900 thank you for the date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1900 thank you for the date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1900 thank you for the date
+correction 1900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction 1900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction 1900
+the structure of the atom was as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the atom was as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the atom was as follows
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the atom is electrically neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom is electrically neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atom is electrically neutral
+but there are these negative charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these negative charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these negative charges
+these negative charges called electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negative charges called electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negative charges called electrons
+the electron has a very small mass we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron has a very small mass we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron has a very small mass we
+know that from the oil drop experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from the oil drop experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that from the oil drop experiments
+right which means that the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means that the bulk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means that the bulk of the
+atom is positive because the bulk of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is positive because the bulk of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is positive because the bulk of the
+mass of the atom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the atom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the atom right
+you know the atom weighs one thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the atom weighs one thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the atom weighs one thing the
+electron is just a small part of that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is just a small part of that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is just a small part of that in
+terms of the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the mass
+so most of the mass is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the mass is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the mass is positive
+and there was a question okay so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a question okay so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there was a question okay so we're
+getting somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting somewhere
+but how do these charges really look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do these charges really look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do these charges really look
+how do these charges arrange inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these charges arrange inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these charges arrange inside of
+this atom is thompson really right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom is thompson really right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom is thompson really right and
+that was the next part of our detective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the next part of our detective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the next part of our detective
+story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story
+was to really understand what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to really understand what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to really understand what these
+charges are doing inside the ad i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are doing inside the ad i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges are doing inside the ad i'm
+carrying this around like my security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying this around like my security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying this around like my security
+blanket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanket
+which is making me feel very secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is making me feel very secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is making me feel very secure
+right now and you should all carry it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and you should all carry it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and you should all carry it
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+this part of the story relies on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the story relies on another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the story relies on another
+type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type
+of energy that was being discovered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that was being discovered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy that was being discovered at
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+and you all may recognize this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all may recognize this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you all may recognize this as
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+now radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now radioactivity
+radio activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is nothing more than ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than ray
+activity this is what they named it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity this is what they named it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity this is what they named it
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+reactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's radioactivity and it was these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's radioactivity and it was these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's radioactivity and it was these
+three people who really pioneered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people who really pioneered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three people who really pioneered
+the understanding type of radioactivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understanding type of radioactivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the understanding type of radioactivity
+and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular
+the fact that some elements seem to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that some elements seem to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that some elements seem to just
+be radioactive what did that mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be radioactive what did that mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be radioactive what did that mean well
+it means they gave off these rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means they gave off these rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means they gave off these rays
+of energy it means they gave off these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy it means they gave off these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy it means they gave off these
+rays of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays of energy
+you had henry becquerel you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had henry becquerel you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had henry becquerel you had
+mary curie and pierre curie notice i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mary curie and pierre curie notice i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mary curie and pierre curie notice i
+didn't even try where's jerome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even try where's jerome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even try where's jerome
+i didn't even try with the french but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even try with the french but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even try with the french but
+anyway they took these materials like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they took these materials like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they took these materials like
+uranium ore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium ore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uranium ore
+right minerals made out of uranium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minerals made out of uranium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right minerals made out of uranium and
+they said this stuff looks like it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said this stuff looks like it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said this stuff looks like it's got
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+something coming off of it let's see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coming off of it let's see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something coming off of it let's see if
+we can find what elements are causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find what elements are causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find what elements are causing
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+right and and marie curie won uh she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and marie curie won uh she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and marie curie won uh she
+she found uh polonium and radium this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she found uh polonium and radium this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she found uh polonium and radium this
+way those two elements polonium named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those two elements polonium named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way those two elements polonium named
+after her home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after her home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after her home
+uh uh country her native country of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh country her native country of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh country her native country of
+poland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poland
+um and and this stuff was so it gave off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and this stuff was so it gave off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and this stuff was so it gave off
+all these all this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these all this energy
+and it was so interesting they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was so interesting they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was so interesting they could
+literally put it in a cup and have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally put it in a cup and have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally put it in a cup and have some
+writing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing there
+and put it in a super dark room and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in a super dark room and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put it in a super dark room and it
+would illuminate the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would illuminate the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would illuminate the picture
+right it would illuminate the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would illuminate the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it would illuminate the picture
+but this is not a recommended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not a recommended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is not a recommended
+way to light your pictures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to light your pictures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to light your pictures so
+so pierre carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pierre carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so pierre carried
+a a vial of radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a vial of radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a vial of radium
+because it was so cool and it glowed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was so cool and it glowed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was so cool and it glowed it
+goes like he was like look at this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like he was like look at this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like he was like look at this stuff
+right and he actually did have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he actually did have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and he actually did have uh
+bouts of radiation poisoning although he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouts of radiation poisoning although he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouts of radiation poisoning although he
+died tragically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died tragically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died tragically
+when he was struck by a horse-drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was struck by a horse-drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he was struck by a horse-drawn
+carriage in 1906
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage in 1906
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage in 1906
+marie lived uh much longer and won two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marie lived uh much longer and won two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marie lived uh much longer and won two
+belt but but also died because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt but but also died because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt but but also died because of
+radiation poisoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation poisoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation poisoning
+but uh she won two nobel prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh she won two nobel prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh she won two nobel prizes
+first woman to win a nobel prize uh only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first woman to win a nobel prize uh only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first woman to win a nobel prize uh only
+woman to win two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman to win two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman to win two
+and for only person ever to win one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for only person ever to win one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for only person ever to win one in
+two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different
+uh disciplines physics and chemistry she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh disciplines physics and chemistry she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh disciplines physics and chemistry she
+was quite a brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite a brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite a brilliant
+uh scientist um and they gave us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scientist um and they gave us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh scientist um and they gave us this
+radiation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation now
+okay but see okay they were really into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but see okay they were really into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but see okay they were really into
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation
+but it was rutherford who said well wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was rutherford who said well wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was rutherford who said well wait
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+maybe i can use this stuff to keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can use this stuff to keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can use this stuff to keep going
+along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along this
+story right rutherford was like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right rutherford was like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story right rutherford was like well
+maybe there's something we could do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something we could do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's something we could do with
+this radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this radiation
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+what happened oh there it is and so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened oh there it is and so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened oh there it is and so i'm
+gonna put it right above it so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it right above it so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put it right above it so you can
+see so he said well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so he said well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so he said well okay
+if i take some something that glows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take some something that glows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take some something that glows
+maybe some radium and i carve out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some radium and i carve out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some radium and i carve out a
+little thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing here
+and maybe i put some plates to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i put some plates to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe i put some plates to kind of
+protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect
+scatter i can make a beam of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter i can make a beam of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter i can make a beam of this stuff
+okay so this would be like maybe radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this would be like maybe radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this would be like maybe radium
+let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say
+and then what he did is he took this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what he did is he took this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what he did is he took this
+photographic plate and he curved it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plate and he curved it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic plate and he curved it just
+so you could really collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could really collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could really collect
+as much as you could right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you could right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much as you could right so you can
+really collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really collect
+you know really high angles and he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really high angles and he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really high angles and he did
+the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing
+he put charged plates on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put charged plates on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put charged plates on either side
+and he found that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he found that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he found that you had
+three different types of beams you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different types of beams you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different types of beams you had
+one that went like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that went like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that went like this
+one that went like this and one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that went like this and one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that went like this and one that
+went like this and we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went like this and we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went like this and we now
+know that this is beta this is gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is beta this is gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is beta this is gamma
+and that's alpha let's put this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's alpha let's put this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's alpha let's put this right
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+this is so cool to watch the you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so cool to watch the you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so cool to watch the you know so
+what what rutherford did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what rutherford did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what rutherford did
+is kind of like this he had stuff and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like this he had stuff and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of like this he had stuff and he
+made a beam of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a beam of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a beam of it
+and then he he put he put stuff around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he he put he put stuff around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he he put he put stuff around
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+hey but if you got a beam of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey but if you got a beam of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey but if you got a beam of something
+that might be charged you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be charged you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be charged you're not going
+to smash it or burn it you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smash it or burn it you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smash it or burn it you're going to
+put some plates around it right or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some plates around it right or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some plates around it right or a
+magnetic field or electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field or electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field or electric field and
+that's what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what he did
+and notice alpha bends down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice alpha bends down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice alpha bends down
+towards the positive chart towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the positive chart towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the positive chart towards the
+negative charge so alpha must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so alpha must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge so alpha must
+be positively charged i said okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positively charged i said okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positively charged i said okay that
+sounds cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds cool
+maybe i can use this maybe i can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can use this maybe i can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can use this maybe i can use
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+on this on this question of how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this on this question of how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this on this question of how these
+things are spatially distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are spatially distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are spatially distributed
+so then he said okay let's just screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then he said okay let's just screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then he said okay let's just screen
+out those alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out those alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out those alpha particles
+let's just take these alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take these alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take these alpha particles
+and let's shoot them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's shoot them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's shoot them
+so now comes the famous experiment so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now comes the famous experiment so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now comes the famous experiment so
+you had stuff in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had stuff in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had stuff in here
+radium making a beam and you you collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium making a beam and you you collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium making a beam and you you collect
+it and you make it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you make it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you make it just
+alpha particles okay so now he's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles okay so now he's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particles okay so now he's just
+got all alpha particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all alpha particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all alpha particles
+and what he did is he also had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he did is he also had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what he did is he also had a
+photographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic
+uh plate or this could also be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plate or this could also be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh plate or this could also be a
+phosphorus screen and you could watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus screen and you could watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus screen and you could watch
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+you know if it's a photographic plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's a photographic plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's a photographic plate
+you record things that you know events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you record things that you know events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you record things that you know events
+and you can see it like a picture right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it like a picture right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see it like a picture right
+a film if it's a screen then you watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film if it's a screen then you watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a film if it's a screen then you watch
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+right either one was used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right either one was used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right either one was used
+but what he did is he put a very thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he did is he put a very thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he did is he put a very thin
+strip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strip
+of gold in there 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gold in there 0.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gold in there 0.7
+microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of gold so that's a 0.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thickness is 0.7 microns really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness is 0.7 microns really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness is 0.7 microns really really
+thin like a tissue paper of gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin like a tissue paper of gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin like a tissue paper of gold
+and he shot these alpha particles at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shot these alpha particles at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he shot these alpha particles at it
+now why is this important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is this important
+because it goes in tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it goes in tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it goes in tight
+because if this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if this model
+of the atom was correct then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom was correct then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom was correct then you know
+he'd isolated these positive particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd isolated these positive particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd isolated these positive particles
+that he's shooting at these atoms and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's shooting at these atoms and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he's shooting at these atoms and if
+that model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that model of the
+of the atom is correct then those you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom is correct then those you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom is correct then those you
+know this is kind of like distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is kind of like distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is kind of like distributed
+all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+right and so it's kind of neutral almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's kind of neutral almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so it's kind of neutral almost
+anywhere you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere you look
+it's kind of neutral and and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of neutral and and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of neutral and and so you
+would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+that that a positive charge would maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a positive charge would maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a positive charge would maybe
+feel a little bit but it's kind of feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a little bit but it's kind of feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel a little bit but it's kind of feels
+mostly neutral because it's evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly neutral because it's evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly neutral because it's evenly
+distributed so it just kind of come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so it just kind of come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed so it just kind of come out
+but that's not what he saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what he saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not what he saw
+that's not what he saw what he saw is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what he saw what he saw is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not what he saw what he saw is
+that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes
+that would happen and get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen and get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would happen and get a little bit
+of deflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deflection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of deflection
+and other times you'd get a signal out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other times you'd get a signal out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other times you'd get a signal out
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+or there or even right back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there or even right back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there or even right back at
+the radium how is that possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radium how is that possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radium how is that possible
+this did not work that model of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this did not work that model of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this did not work that model of the atom
+did not work and rutherford himself said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not work and rutherford himself said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not work and rutherford himself said
+it was almost as incredible as if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was almost as incredible as if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was almost as incredible as if you
+fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of
+tissue paper and it came back and hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue paper and it came back and hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue paper and it came back and hit
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+because this is they just didn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is they just didn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is they just didn't expect
+that that a positive particle could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a positive particle could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that a positive particle could
+bounce backwards off of an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce backwards off of an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce backwards off of an even
+distribution of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of charge
+and so oh this is a picture from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oh this is a picture from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so oh this is a picture from your
+textbook april that i know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook april that i know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook april that i know you're
+actively reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively reading
+on a daily basis so there's the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a daily basis so there's the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a daily basis so there's the alpha
+particles that's what i drew that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that's what i drew that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles that's what i drew that they
+would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+or what i mentioned they would expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what i mentioned they would expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what i mentioned they would expect it
+to just kind of pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just kind of pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just kind of pass through
+this is what was found where they kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what was found where they kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what was found where they kind
+of come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of come back
+at very sharp angles that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very sharp angles that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very sharp angles that's what he
+actually observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observed
+right and it led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it led to
+the rutherford adam and the rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rutherford adam and the rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rutherford adam and the rutherford
+adam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adam
+was that look the only way that this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that look the only way that this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that look the only way that this can
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+you know that you get these events where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you get these events where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you get these events where
+a positive charge comes back like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive charge comes back like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive charge comes back like that
+is if there's a very very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there's a very very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if there's a very very strong
+concentration of the positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the positive charge
+in one small place and so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one small place and so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one small place and so he
+said let me see if i can read my date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let me see if i can read my date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said let me see if i can read my date
+correctly 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly 19
+12. and so rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12. and so rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12. and so rutherford
+he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the positive charge has to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the positive charge has to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the positive charge has to be in
+the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle
+and then the electrons must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the electrons must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the electrons must be
+far away and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away and that
+is also sometimes it was called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also sometimes it was called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also sometimes it was called the
+planetary uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planetary uh
+model and in fact there was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and in fact there was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and in fact there was another
+scientist from japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist from japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist from japan
+uh nagayoka who five years earlier had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nagayoka who five years earlier had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nagayoka who five years earlier had
+predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted
+although he sort of predicted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he sort of predicted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he sort of predicted this
+because he loved saturn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he loved saturn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he loved saturn
+he really did so he said you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really did so he said you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he really did so he said you know it
+seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems
+that um that that maybe we have a saturn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that that maybe we have a saturn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that that maybe we have a saturn
+situation he called it the saturnian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation he called it the saturnian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation he called it the saturnian
+model but i want to mention it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but i want to mention it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but i want to mention it because
+it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was
+it it was part of the way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was part of the way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it was part of the way there
+right but in this planetary model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in this planetary model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but in this planetary model which
+came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came
+from rutherford's experi experiments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rutherford's experi experiments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rutherford's experi experiments you
+had a very different picture now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very different picture now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a very different picture now
+of the atom you had a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom you had a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom you had a very different
+picture you had all the positive charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you had all the positive charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture you had all the positive charge
+really concentrated um in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concentrated um in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really concentrated um in the middle
+now um the thing is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the thing is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um the thing is also
+that the atom what they were starting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the atom what they were starting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the atom what they were starting to
+understand is that the atom isn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that the atom isn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand is that the atom isn't just
+like there isn't just all this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there isn't just all this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there isn't just all this space
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right they they knew the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they they knew the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they they knew the electrons
+weren't distributed evenly in here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't distributed evenly in here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't distributed evenly in here they
+knew they were sort of far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were sort of far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they were sort of far away
+there's a lot of space there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of space there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of space there's a lot of
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+the the radius of the atom is a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radius of the atom is a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the radius of the atom is a hundred
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+times bigger than the radius of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times bigger than the radius of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times bigger than the radius of the
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+right um and so just to put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so just to put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and so just to put that in
+perspective right so here's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right so here's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective right so here's a picture
+there would be like the nucleus the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be like the nucleus the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be like the nucleus the head
+of a pin and this would be the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pin and this would be the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a pin and this would be the atom
+a stadium now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stadium now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stadium now okay
+if you took all the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you took all the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you took all the stuff
+all the stuff in a human body that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff in a human body that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff in a human body that means
+the protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protons
+right the the uh all all the stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the uh all all the stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the the uh all all the stuff in
+the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclei
+the neutrons oh i'm getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons oh i'm getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neutrons oh i'm getting there
+and the electrons and you take all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electrons and you take all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the electrons and you take all you
+take seven billion people and you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take seven billion people and you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take seven billion people and you put
+that all into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all into one
+volume it is the volume of a sugar cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it is the volume of a sugar cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume it is the volume of a sugar cube
+so you know so things are pretty empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so things are pretty empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so things are pretty empty
+out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there
+things are pretty empty out there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are pretty empty out there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are pretty empty out there how
+empty are they but this is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty are they but this is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty are they but this is where you
+find true meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find true meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find true meaning
+this is deep how empty is stuff look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is deep how empty is stuff look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is deep how empty is stuff look
+i if i weigh the universe it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if i weigh the universe it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i if i weigh the universe it you know
+the universe itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going from the atom and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from the atom and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from the atom and the
+electron all the way up to the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron all the way up to the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron all the way up to the universe
+the universe weighs something like oh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe weighs something like oh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe weighs something like oh 10
+to the 60ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 60ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 60ish
+kilograms that's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms that's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilograms that's over
+roughly 30 billion light years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now if you just do the math right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you just do the math right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you just do the math right
+so you weigh the universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you weigh the universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you weigh the universe
+you know how big it is roughly plus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how big it is roughly plus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how big it is roughly plus or
+you know give her mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know give her mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know give her mine
+plus or minus then that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus then that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus or minus then that means
+that 10 to the minus 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10 to the minus 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 10 to the minus 20
+percent of the whole universe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the whole universe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the whole universe
+is stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the rest is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's deep because we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's deep because we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's deep because we find
+meaning in all of it don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in all of it don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning in all of it don't we
+that's deep think about that that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deep think about that that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's deep think about that that comes
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+not just the universe but the atom it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the universe but the atom it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just the universe but the atom it's
+the same you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same you know
+so much of everything is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay planetary but there was a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay planetary but there was a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay planetary but there was a problem
+with the planetary model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the planetary model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the planetary model
+there was a big problem with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big problem with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big problem with the
+planetary model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because classical e m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+told us that if it it you know if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us that if it it you know if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told us that if it it you know if a
+charge is accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is accelerating
+right if a charge is accelerating which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if a charge is accelerating which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if a charge is accelerating which
+it is because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is because it's
+we think it's going around we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think it's going around we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think it's going around we think
+they're going around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going around here
+they're not friday we'll know more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not friday we'll know more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not friday we'll know more about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but we thought they were but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we thought they were but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we thought they were but if it's
+accelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating
+you know to keep the the circle then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to keep the the circle then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to keep the the circle then
+it's got to be radiating energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be radiating energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got to be radiating energy
+that's what classical e m tells us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what classical e m tells us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what classical e m tells us an
+accelerating charge loses energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating charge loses energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerating charge loses energy
+so so like if you go with that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so like if you go with that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so like if you go with that then
+the electron uh let's see the stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron uh let's see the stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron uh let's see the stability
+analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis
+that we get out of something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get out of something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get out of something like that
+hang on is uh that the the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on is uh that the the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang on is uh that the the atom
+would be stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for ish 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ish 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ish 10 to the minus
+11 seconds yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 seconds yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 seconds yeah
+five times roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times roughly
+that's not giving us a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not giving us a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not giving us a lot of time
+right and so we were getting so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we were getting so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we were getting so far we
+had this great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this great
+model but it didn't go with classical e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but it didn't go with classical e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model but it didn't go with classical e
+n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n
+so adam stable for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adam stable for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so adam stable for that
+with classical e m oh ho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with classical e m oh ho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with classical e m oh ho
+because you know what's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going quantum not now i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going quantum not now i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going quantum not now i'm just
+preparing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing you
+for late did i hear an all thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for late did i hear an all thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for late did i hear an all thank you
+friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+okay so boar comes along and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so boar comes along and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so boar comes along and on
+wednesday we're really gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday we're really gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday we're really gonna
+we're really gonna go into bore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really gonna go into bore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really gonna go into bore and
+we're gonna talk about how bohr's model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about how bohr's model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about how bohr's model
+how bohr's model of the atom allowed us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bohr's model of the atom allowed us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how bohr's model of the atom allowed us
+to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand
+how light and matter interacts that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light and matter interacts that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how light and matter interacts that's a
+big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal
+right um uh but we'll go into that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um uh but we'll go into that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um uh but we'll go into that on
+wednesday for now i just want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday for now i just want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday for now i just want to tell
+you what he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what he did
+which is he he thought about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is he he thought about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is he he thought about this
+problem a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem a lot
+and he's like this can't be all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's like this can't be all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's like this can't be all right
+we need some way out of this and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some way out of this and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need some way out of this and he
+wrote this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this paper
+um where he said the following oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where he said the following oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um where he said the following oh
+he said let's go over here he said uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said let's go over here he said uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said let's go over here he said uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in order to explain the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to explain the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to explain the results of
+experiments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments on
+scattering of alpha rays we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of alpha rays we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of alpha rays we just did
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+scattering of alpha rays by matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of alpha rays by matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering of alpha rays by matter
+professor rutherford has given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor rutherford has given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor rutherford has given
+a theory of the structure of atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory of the structure of atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a theory of the structure of atoms and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+boar goes on and he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boar goes on and he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boar goes on and he says
+great interest is to be attributed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest is to be attributed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest is to be attributed to
+this atom model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this atom model
+now that is a serious dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is a serious dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that is a serious dis
+great interest if somebody calls your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest if somebody calls your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great interest if somebody calls your
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+of great interest you know you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great interest you know you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of great interest you know you're in
+trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble
+that's basically he might as well have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically he might as well have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically he might as well have
+said back then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said back then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said back then
+you know this model is of great interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this model is of great interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this model is of great interest
+because it's totally wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's totally wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's totally wrong
+and if you want to know what's up come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to know what's up come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you want to know what's up come
+over to me and i'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to me and i'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to me and i'll tell you
+and that's what poor helped with um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what poor helped with um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what poor helped with um in
+his work and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his work and what he
+what he did is he wrote down some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he wrote down some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did is he wrote down some
+postulates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulates
+he said look the rutherford adam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said look the rutherford adam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said look the rutherford adam is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+but the problem here is classical e m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem here is classical e m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem here is classical e m
+theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory
+right you cannot apply classical e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you cannot apply classical e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you cannot apply classical e
+m theory to the orbiting electron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m theory to the orbiting electron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m theory to the orbiting electron you
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+because that's what happens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what happens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what happens so
+something's wrong with literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's wrong with literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's wrong with literally
+nothing less than classical physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing less than classical physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing less than classical physics
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+he said newtonian mechanic still works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said newtonian mechanic still works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said newtonian mechanic still works
+right newtonian mechanics works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right newtonian mechanics works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right newtonian mechanics works
+but not e m she said we can go classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not e m she said we can go classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not e m she said we can go classical
+on how things are moving around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how things are moving around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how things are moving around
+f equals m a stuff but not e m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals m a stuff but not e m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f equals m a stuff but not e m
+um he also postulated that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he also postulated that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um he also postulated that the energy
+of these electrons the energy that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these electrons the energy that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these electrons the energy that these
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+sit at or have we'll get into this a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at or have we'll get into this a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit at or have we'll get into this a lot
+he posit he hypothesized that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he posit he hypothesized that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he posit he hypothesized that that's
+quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized
+quantized quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantized quantized
+we're saying that word it's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that word it's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying that word it's a beautiful
+moment quantized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment quantized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment quantized
+quantize means that it could only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize means that it could only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize means that it could only have
+certain values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain values
+certain values which means that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain values which means that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain values which means that if this
+electron were to be in one value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron were to be in one value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron were to be in one value and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+change into another that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change into another that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change into another that that the
+transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions
+are quantized the transitions of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quantized the transitions of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quantized the transitions of an
+electron from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from one
+energy of the at one energy level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the at one energy level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the at one energy level of the
+atom to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom to another
+can only have certain values and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only have certain values and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only have certain values and that is
+what we get from the bohr model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get from the bohr model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we get from the bohr model
+and boy did it explain things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy did it explain things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and boy did it explain things that's
+what that's going to be the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to be the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's going to be the subject of
+wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+as i mentioned right but this gets us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned right but this gets us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned right but this gets us to
+to the bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the bore
+model and here's boar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and here's boar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and here's boar
+where now oh i got to draw this we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now oh i got to draw this we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now oh i got to draw this we got
+all the positive charge in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positive charge in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the positive charge in the middle
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+these electrons can only have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radii certain energies they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii certain energies they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radii certain energies they cannot
+continuously roam around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously roam around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously roam around
+they can't they're quantized that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they're quantized that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they're quantized that's the
+bohr model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bohr model
+and this is closed in 1912.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is closing in on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is closing in on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is closing in on
+the last and final model which we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last and final model which we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last and final model which we'll get
+to this week which is where quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this week which is where quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this week which is where quantum
+mechanics comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics comes in
+okay now i we got one more thing to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i we got one more thing to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i we got one more thing to talk
+about right so we'll we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right so we'll we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right so we'll we'll be
+this is where we're going we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where we're going we're building
+up the full understanding of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the full understanding of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the full understanding of the atom
+um but there's one more thing that i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's one more thing that i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but there's one more thing that i got
+to come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to
+and that is that look we just said there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that look we just said there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is that look we just said there
+are these positive charges in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these positive charges in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these positive charges in there and
+these negative charges out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negative charges out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these negative charges out there
+but it turns out that atoms can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that atoms can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that atoms can have
+different masses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different masses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different masses
+and stay neutral all right so we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay neutral all right so we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stay neutral all right so we're now
+in a position to talk about this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to talk about this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a position to talk about this thing
+that we've been calling the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been calling the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been calling the nucleus and
+the fact that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's not
+just protons we're in a position to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just protons we're in a position to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just protons we're in a position to talk
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+and so you know rutherford gave us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know rutherford gave us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know rutherford gave us this
+uh this idea of the proton the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this idea of the proton the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this idea of the proton the particle
+the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proton
+and it wasn't until 12 years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't until 12 years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it wasn't until 12 years later
+that chadwick found the neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chadwick found the neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chadwick found the neutron
+what what the neutron does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the neutron does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the neutron does is
+it adds mass to the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds mass to the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds mass to the atom
+see the mass didn't work right so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mass didn't work right so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mass didn't work right so again
+you know if you know what the mass the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you know what the mass the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you know what the mass the
+proton is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is
+then you can add it up and you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can add it up and you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can add it up and you got the
+mass of the electron although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron although it's
+pretty you know it's like a thousandth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty you know it's like a thousandth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty you know it's like a thousandth
+as much but it doesn't work there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much but it doesn't work there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much but it doesn't work there's
+there's something else in there that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else in there that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something else in there that's
+adding mass but it's not adding charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding mass but it's not adding charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding mass but it's not adding charge
+because these things are electrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things are electrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things are electrically
+neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral
+so those other particles are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those other particles are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those other particles are called
+neutrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and
+and what it does is it gives us ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it gives us ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it gives us ranges
+of masses for the atoms right it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of masses for the atoms right it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of masses for the atoms right it gives
+us ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us ranges
+so so because you know hydrogen now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so because you know hydrogen now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so because you know hydrogen now we
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might
+we might think about it 99.99 of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think about it 99.99 of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might think about it 99.99 of all
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+is just that thing on the left a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that thing on the left a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just that thing on the left a proton
+and an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an electron
+but sometimes it has a neutron so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it has a neutron so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sometimes it has a neutron so it
+weighs more it's still got neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs more it's still got neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighs more it's still got neutral
+charge it's called deuterium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it's called deuterium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it's called deuterium and
+and then you've got tritium which isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got tritium which isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you've got tritium which isn't
+stable you can make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you can make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable you can make it
+and these are called isotopes as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are called isotopes as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are called isotopes as many of
+you i'm sure already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm sure already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you i'm sure already know
+these are called isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the isotopes of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the isotopes of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the isotopes of an
+atom the isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the same atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+number of neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right different number of neutrons so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right different number of neutrons so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right different number of neutrons so so
+atoms have these three things in them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have these three things in them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms have these three things in them
+they've got the neutrons the protons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the neutrons the protons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got the neutrons the protons and
+the electrons we've been talking today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons we've been talking today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons we've been talking today
+about the protons in the electrons but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the protons in the electrons but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the protons in the electrons but
+they got to have these other things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to have these other things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got to have these other things in
+them where the mass doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where the mass doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them where the mass doesn't work
+and so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you look at
+something like carbon you see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like carbon you see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like carbon you see the same
+thing and now i want to get into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now i want to get into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and now i want to get into how
+how these things are written right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things are written right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these things are written right
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+so in car here's carbon and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in car here's carbon and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in car here's carbon and there are
+those electrons they're now put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons they're now put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons they're now put out
+there okay we didn't draw a circle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay we didn't draw a circle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay we didn't draw a circle so
+maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is
+maybe this is around rutherford's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is around rutherford's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this is around rutherford's time
+when april made this picture and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when april made this picture and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when april made this picture and there's
+the pluses and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pluses and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pluses and there's
+other things in there right and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in there right and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things in there right and those
+are the neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the neutrons
+and so what we do is we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we do is we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we do is we have a
+nomenclature for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature for this
+which is the standard and that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standard and that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the standard and that is that
+if we write an element like this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we write an element like this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we write an element like this right
+this would be the element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we put something here and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put something here and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we put something here and something
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+this is the mass number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's how many that's protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how many that's protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's how many that's protons
+plus neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new ah neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ah neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new ah neutrons
+and this is called the atomic number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the atomic number i've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the atomic number i've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the atomic number i've been
+referencing this thing this atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing this thing this atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referencing this thing this atomic
+number i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number i said
+mendeleev and many others they put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev and many others they put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev and many others they put
+things in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in order
+of you know atomic number maybe mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know atomic number maybe mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know atomic number maybe mass
+sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes
+mendeleev did the thing where he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev did the thing where he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mendeleev did the thing where he did
+those things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things and
+properties right the atomic number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties right the atomic number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties right the atomic number was
+just a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a number
+until later and and once we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later and and once we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until later and and once we discover
+another type of ray x-rays then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of ray x-rays then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of ray x-rays then
+this has real physical meaning right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has real physical meaning right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has real physical meaning right but
+right now it's still just a number it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's still just a number it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's still just a number it's
+the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number
+of the element in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the element in the periodic table
+right but that mass number tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that mass number tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that mass number tells me
+uh whether i have you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether i have you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh whether i have you know how many
+neutrons i have and what what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons i have and what what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons i have and what what the
+isotope is so now i go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope is so now i go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope is so now i go back
+i can go back and i can look at carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can go back and i can look at carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can go back and i can look at carbon
+oh by the way carbon i wanted to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way carbon i wanted to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh by the way carbon i wanted to write
+this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this down
+before i say that carbon when you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i say that carbon when you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before i say that carbon when you look
+it up in the ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up in the ta
+in the table you have 12 12.011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table you have 12 12.011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table you have 12 12.011
+amu or grams per mole that's what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amu or grams per mole that's what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amu or grams per mole that's what's in
+in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the table
+but now you know why because it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you know why because it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you know why because it's just
+an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average
+and in fact the iupac which is a rocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the iupac which is a rocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact the iupac which is a rocking
+body of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of
+the international union of pure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international union of pure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international union of pure and
+applied chemistry i'm sure you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied chemistry i'm sure you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied chemistry i'm sure you've seen
+them on the feeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the feeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them on the feeds
+they hold meetings and in vienna a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold meetings and in vienna a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hold meetings and in vienna a
+non-stop night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop night
+of intense meeting and partying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intense meeting and partying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of intense meeting and partying
+and and they said hey maybe in 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they said hey maybe in 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and they said hey maybe in 2011
+maybe we should actually do this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should actually do this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should actually do this with
+the periodic table just to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table just to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table just to show that
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+there really is a range if i did carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is a range if i did carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there really is a range if i did carbon
+out of the ground here the carbon out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ground here the carbon out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the ground here the carbon out of
+the ground there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground there
+maybe they have different amu's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they have different amu's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they have different amu's right
+these are averages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are averages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are averages
+and there are ranges so they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ranges so they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are ranges so they're actually
+talking about uh different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about uh different ways
+of even putting this into periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of even putting this into periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of even putting this into periodic
+tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tables
+right um but but this is and this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but but this is and this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um but but this is and this gets
+us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to
+back oh there's boring and nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back oh there's boring and nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back oh there's boring and nitrogen
+ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges
+right but what we do now at least is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what we do now at least is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but what we do now at least is we
+just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at
+uh the one number because that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one number because that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the one number because that's sort of
+averaged over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged over
+you know basically anywhere you can dig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically anywhere you can dig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know basically anywhere you can dig
+this stuff up and the stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff up and the stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff up and the stable
+isotopes stable isotopes and it gets me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes stable isotopes and it gets me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes stable isotopes and it gets me
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+my last uh slide which just comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my last uh slide which just comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my last uh slide which just comes back
+to the beginning as i promised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning as i promised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the beginning as i promised
+right because now i can say not only how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now i can say not only how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because now i can say not only how
+many gallium atoms are in this strip but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many gallium atoms are in this strip but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many gallium atoms are in this strip but
+i can tell you gallium has two stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you gallium has two stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can tell you gallium has two stable
+isotopes by the way it's got a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes by the way it's got a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes by the way it's got a bunch of
+unstable ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable ones
+but it's got two stable ones gallium 69
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got two stable ones gallium 69
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's got two stable ones gallium 69
+and gallium 71
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gallium 71
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gallium 71
+and i can now ask you how many gallium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can now ask you how many gallium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can now ask you how many gallium
+69 atoms are in this trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69 atoms are in this trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+69 atoms are in this trip
+how because i can again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how because i can again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how because i can again
+look up in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up in the periodic table
+and find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that
+in a gallium strip i know how many atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gallium strip i know how many atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gallium strip i know how many atoms
+i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have
+but if i say well 69 times x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i say well 69 times x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i say well 69 times x
+plus 71 times 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 71 times 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 71 times 1 minus
+x that's going to equal 69.723
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's going to equal 69.723
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that's going to equal 69.723
+amu that's what's in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amu that's what's in the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amu that's what's in the periodic table
+but i now know that that's simply an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i now know that that's simply an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i now know that that's simply an
+average over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over
+all the right so this would be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the right so this would be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the right so this would be like the
+fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of 69 ga
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 69 ga
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 69 ga
+right because that's how simple these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's how simple these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that's how simple these
+isotope problems are right it's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope problems are right it's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope problems are right it's simply
+averaging over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging over
+the potentially stable isotopes and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentially stable isotopes and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potentially stable isotopes and i
+leave you with with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you with with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you with with one
+more great mystery as you are pondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more great mystery as you are pondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more great mystery as you are pondering
+this think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this think about this
+there are two elements ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two elements ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two elements ah
+there are two elements for which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two elements for which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two elements for which there
+are no stable isotopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no stable isotopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no stable isotopes
+technetium and promethium nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium and promethium nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium and promethium nothing
+technetium we use all the time 80 of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium we use all the time 80 of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technetium we use all the time 80 of all
+mris use technician but it's not stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mris use technician but it's not stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mris use technician but it's not stable
+we gotta make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gotta make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we gotta make it
+right that's pretty deep too how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's pretty deep too how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's pretty deep too how did
+that happen why did that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen why did that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen why did that happen
+for the answer you'll have to stay tuned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the answer you'll have to stay tuned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the answer you'll have to stay tuned
+have a good night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good night
+and see you guys on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/efmjZq8qfqg.txt b/efmjZq8qfqg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2cf157e0586572f976e4e33ae3d3d6ea36ac750a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/efmjZq8qfqg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone welcome back so today we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone welcome back so today we're
+going to tackle a problem in complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tackle a problem in complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tackle a problem in complex
+matrices and uh specifically we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and uh specifically we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and uh specifically we're going
+to look at diagonalizing a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at diagonalizing a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at diagonalizing a complex
+Matrix so given this Matrix a uh we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so given this Matrix a uh we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so given this Matrix a uh we're
+asked to find its I value Matrix Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to find its I value Matrix Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to find its I value Matrix Lambda
+and its igen Vector Matrix X and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its igen Vector Matrix X and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its igen Vector Matrix X and one
+thing to note about this Matrix a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note about this Matrix a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to note about this Matrix a is
+that if we take its conjugate transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we take its conjugate transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we take its conjugate transpose
+it's actually equal to itself so in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually equal to itself so in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually equal to itself so in uh
+Professor strang's uh book he combines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor strang's uh book he combines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor strang's uh book he combines
+this notation to be uh superscript H to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation to be uh superscript H to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notation to be uh superscript H to
+mean conjugate transpose so if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean conjugate transpose so if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean conjugate transpose so if you were
+to take the transpose of this Matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the transpose of this Matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the transpose of this Matrix and
+then conjugate all the elements you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then conjugate all the elements you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then conjugate all the elements you
+would find that a equals uh its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find that a equals uh its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would find that a equals uh its
+conjugate transpose and we called this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and we called this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and we called this
+property hermion okay so I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property hermion okay so I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property hermion okay so I'll let you
+think about this for a moment and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for a moment and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for a moment and I'll
+be back in a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay welcome back so what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back so what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay welcome back so what's the first
+step in uh Computing the a vectors and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in uh Computing the a vectors and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in uh Computing the a vectors and a
+values of a matrix is to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a matrix is to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a matrix is to take a look at
+the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic
+equation so specifically we take debt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so specifically we take debt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so specifically we take debt of
+a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and quite possibly the only thing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and quite possibly the only thing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and quite possibly the only thing new
+with this problem is that uh the entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem is that uh the entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this problem is that uh the entries
+of the Matrix a are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix a are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Matrix a are
+complex now you may have already already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex now you may have already already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex now you may have already already
+seen that uh uh Lambda is being complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that uh uh Lambda is being complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen that uh uh Lambda is being complex
+but we're going to work this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to work this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to work this out
+explicitly so if I take the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so if I take the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so if I take the determinant
+we get debt of 2 - Lambda 3 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get debt of 2 - Lambda 3 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get debt of 2 - Lambda 3 -
+Lambda we have 1 - I 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I we want to set this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero this then gives us a polinomial for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this then gives us a polinomial for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this then gives us a polinomial for
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1+ I 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ I 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ I 1 minus
+I we set it equal to Z we can expand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we set it equal to Z we can expand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I we set it equal to Z we can expand out
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term get
+6 - 5 Lambda + Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ uh these two terms you'll note are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ uh these two terms you'll note are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ uh these two terms you'll note are
+complex conjugates of each other this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates of each other this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex conjugates of each other this
+tends to make things simple so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to make things simple so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to make things simple so we have
+minus 1 - i^ 2 is going to give us two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 - i^ 2 is going to give us two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 - i^ 2 is going to give us two
+because they're uh differences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're uh differences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're uh differences of
+squares the cross terms involving I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancel and we get the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation Lambda 2us 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Lambda 2us 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation Lambda 2us 5
+Lambda + 4al
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda + 4al
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda + 4al
+0 and specifically we can factorize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation we see that there's roots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we see that there's roots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we see that there's roots of
+minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or factorizes into factors of Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or factorizes into factors of Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or factorizes into factors of Lambda
+minus one and Lambda minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and Lambda minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and Lambda minus
+4 which then give us roots of Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which then give us roots of Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 which then give us roots of Lambda is
+1 and Lambda is four so one one curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Lambda is four so one one curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and Lambda is four so one one curious
+point to note is that the augen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to note is that the augen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to note is that the augen values
+are real in this case one and four are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real in this case one and four are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are real in this case one and four are
+real whereas The Matrix that we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real whereas The Matrix that we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real whereas The Matrix that we started
+with was complex and this is a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with was complex and this is a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with was complex and this is a general
+property of herian matrices so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of herian matrices so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of herian matrices so even
+though they might be complex matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they might be complex matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they might be complex matrices
+hermi matrices always have real igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermi matrices always have real igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermi matrices always have real igen
+values okay so this is the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so this is the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values okay so this is the first step
+when uh asked to diagonalize a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh asked to diagonalize a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh asked to diagonalize a matrix
+the second step is to find the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors and to do that what we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and to do that what we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and to do that what we have to
+do is we have to look at uh the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we have to look at uh the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we have to look at uh the cases
+for Lambda equals 1 and Lambda is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Lambda equals 1 and Lambda is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Lambda equals 1 and Lambda is equal
+4 separately so let's first look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 separately so let's first look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 separately so let's first look at the
+case of Lambda is equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and specifically we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and specifically we're going to be
+looking for a vector such that a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a vector such that a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a vector such that a minus
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+I times the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v is
+zero and if we've done things properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if we've done things properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and if we've done things properly
+this Matrix Lambda minus or sorry A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix Lambda minus or sorry A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix Lambda minus or sorry A
+minus Lambda I should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda I should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Lambda I should be
+singular so if we take two uh a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so if we take two uh a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular so if we take two uh a minus
+Lambda I we're going to get 1 1 - I 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I we're going to get 1 1 - I 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I we're going to get 1 1 - I 1 +
+I 3 - 1 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 3 - 1 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 3 - 1 1 is
+2 and I'll write out components of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I'll write out components of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and I'll write out components of V
+which are V1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are V1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are V1 and
+V2 and we want this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and we want this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 and we want this to be
+zero and you'll note that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you'll note that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and you'll note that it's it's
+always the case it's almost always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case it's almost always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case it's almost always the
+case that uh when we work out a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that uh when we work out a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that uh when we work out a minus
+Lambda I the second row is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I the second row is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda I the second row is going to be a
+constant multiple of the first row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple of the first row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple of the first row and
+this must be the case because uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be the case because uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be the case because uh these
+two rows must be linearly dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows must be linearly dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two rows must be linearly dependent on
+each other for the Matrix a minus Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for the Matrix a minus Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for the Matrix a minus Lambda
+I to be singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to be singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I to be singular
+so if you look at this you might think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this you might think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this you might think
+that these two rows aren't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two rows aren't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two rows aren't necessarily
+linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearly
+independent but the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent but the point is that
+there's complex numbers involved and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's complex numbers involved and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's complex numbers involved and
+indeed actually if we were to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed actually if we were to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed actually if we were to multiply
+this first row by 1 plus Lambda we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first row by 1 plus Lambda we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first row by 1 plus Lambda we would
+get 1 plus Lambda and two and you note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 plus Lambda and two and you note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1 plus Lambda and two and you note
+that that's exactly the second row so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly the second row so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's exactly the second row so
+this second row is actually 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second row is actually 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second row is actually 1 plus
+Lambda time the first row so these rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time the first row so these rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda time the first row so these rows
+are actually linearly dependent on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually linearly dependent on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually linearly dependent on each
+other okay so what values of V1 and V2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so what values of V1 and V2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so what values of V1 and V2
+can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we
+take well we just need to make this top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well we just need to make this top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take well we just need to make this top
+row multiplied by V1 and V2 equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row multiplied by V1 and V2 equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row multiplied by V1 and V2 equal to
+zero and then because the second row is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then because the second row is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then because the second row is
+a constant multiple of the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant multiple of the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant multiple of the first row
+we're automatically guaranteed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're automatically guaranteed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're automatically guaranteed that the
+second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+holds so just by uh looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds so just by uh looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds so just by uh looking at
+it I'm going to take V1 is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to take V1 is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'm going to take V1 is equal to 1
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and
+V2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 is
+1 so we see that 1 * 1 - i - 1 * 1 - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we see that 1 * 1 - i - 1 * 1 - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so we see that 1 * 1 - i - 1 * 1 - I
+is going to give us zero so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give us zero so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give us zero so this is one
+solution and of course we can take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and of course we can take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and of course we can take any
+constant multiple times this igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple times this igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant multiple times this igen vector
+and that's also going to be an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Vector so I'll just write this out 1 - i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so I'll just write this out 1 - i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so I'll just write this out 1 - i
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+1 is the I Vector for Lambda is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the I Vector for Lambda is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the I Vector for Lambda is equal to
+one for Lambda is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for Lambda is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for Lambda is equal to
+4 again A minus Lambda I is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 again A minus Lambda I is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 again A minus Lambda I is going to
+give us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us
+-2 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 1 -
+I 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 1 +
+I 3 minus Lambda is going to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 3 minus Lambda is going to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I 3 minus Lambda is going to be minus
+one and I'll call this Vector U1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U2 and again we want U1 U2 equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and again we want U1 U2 equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 and again we want U1 U2 equal to zero
+or sorry the Matrix multiplied by U1 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry the Matrix multiplied by U1 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sorry the Matrix multiplied by U1 U2
+is equal to Zer and just by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Zer and just by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Zer and just by looking at
+this again uh we see that the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again uh we see that the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again uh we see that the second row
+is actually a constant multiple of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a constant multiple of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a constant multiple of the
+first row uh for example if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row uh for example if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row uh for example if we were to
+multiply this uh this row by -2 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this uh this row by -2 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply this uh this row by -2 and this
+row by one plus I we would see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by one plus I we would see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by one plus I we would see that
+they're constant multiples of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're constant multiples of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're constant multiples of each other
+so I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U to be uh for example 1 and 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U to be uh for example 1 and 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U to be uh for example 1 and 1 plus
+I how did I get this well I just looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I how did I get this well I just looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I how did I get this well I just looked
+at the second equation because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second equation because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the second equation because it's a
+little simpler and I said well if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler and I said well if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simpler and I said well if I have
+1 plus I here I can just say multiply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus I here I can just say multiply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus I here I can just say multiply by
+1 and then -1 * 1 + I when I add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then -1 * 1 + I when I add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then -1 * 1 + I when I add them up
+is going to vanish so this is how I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to vanish so this is how I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to vanish so this is how I get
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+one now there's something curious going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now there's something curious going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now there's something curious going
+on uh and this is going to be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and this is going to be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh and this is going to be another
+property of formation matrices but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of formation matrices but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of formation matrices but if
+you actually take a look at this igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually take a look at this igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually take a look at this igen
+Vector it will be orthogonal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it will be orthogonal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector it will be orthogonal to this
+igen Vector when we uh conjugate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector when we uh conjugate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen Vector when we uh conjugate the
+elements and Dot the two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and Dot the two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and Dot the two vectors
+together so this is another very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is another very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so this is another very special
+property of uh complex uh Hermes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices okay so the last step now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay so the last step now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices okay so the last step now is to
+construct these matrices Lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these matrices Lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct these matrices Lambda and
+S now we already know what Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S now we already know what Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S now we already know what Lambda is
+because it's just the matrix it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just the matrix it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just the matrix it's the
+diagonal matrix with the a values one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix with the a values one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal matrix with the a values one
+and four so we have 1 Z 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four now I'm going to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now I'm going to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four now I'm going to do something
+special for S uh I've noticed I've noted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special for S uh I've noticed I've noted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special for S uh I've noticed I've noted
+that these two uh vectors u and v are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two uh vectors u and v are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two uh vectors u and v are
+orthogonal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other
+so what do I mean by orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I mean by orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do I mean by orthogonal
+specifically if I were to take V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if I were to take V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically if I were to take V
+conjugate transpose and multiply it by U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and multiply it by U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose and multiply it by U
+we would end up getting 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would end up getting 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would end up getting 1 +
+I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus
+1 this would be V conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this would be V conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 this would be V conjugate
+transpose 1 1+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and we see that when we multiply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we see that when we multiply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and we see that when we multiply these
+out we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero so when we have orthogonal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when we have orthogonal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so when we have orthogonal I
+vectors there's a trick that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors there's a trick that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors there's a trick that we can do
+to build up this Matrix S and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up this Matrix S and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build up this Matrix S and S
+inverse what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse what we can do is we can
+normalize u and v so specifically we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize u and v so specifically we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize u and v so specifically we can
+take uh any constant multiple of u and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh any constant multiple of u and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh any constant multiple of u and v
+and it's still going to be an Igan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still going to be an Igan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's still going to be an Igan
+Vector so what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector so what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to take u and v and multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take u and v and multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take u and v and multiply them
+by their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by their
+length so for example U the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so for example U the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length so for example U the amplitude of
+its top component is one the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its top component is one the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its top component is one the amplitude
+of its uh bottom component is two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its uh bottom component is two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its uh bottom component is two so
+notice that the modulus of the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the modulus of the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the modulus of the complex
+number 1 plus I is two so uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1 plus I is two so uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 1 plus I is two so uh we
+have uh sorry it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sorry it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh sorry it's it's
+root2 uh the complex modulus is root2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root2 uh the complex modulus is root2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root2 uh the complex modulus is root2 so
+the amplitude of the uh entire Vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the uh entire Vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the uh entire Vector is
+root3 it's 1 + 2^ 2 quantity square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root3 it's 1 + 2^ 2 quantity square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root3 it's 1 + 2^ 2 quantity square
+rooted so it's root3 so what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted so it's root3 so what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooted so it's root3 so what we can do
+is we can build up this uh Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can build up this uh Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we can build up this uh Matrix
+S using a normalization factor <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tk3 and I'm I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 and I'm I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 and I'm I'm going to take the
+uh the first uh column is the first igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first uh column is the first igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the first uh column is the first igen
+Vector that corresponds to ig value one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that corresponds to ig value one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector that corresponds to ig value one
+and then the second uh column is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second uh column is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the second uh column is the
+second I Vector which corresponds to ig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I Vector which corresponds to ig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second I Vector which corresponds to ig
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+four and the reason I've put in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the reason I've put in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and the reason I've put in this
+root three here is to make this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root three here is to make this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root three here is to make this column
+uh unit length one and this column unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unit length one and this column unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unit length one and this column unit
+length one and and uh the reason I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one and and uh the reason I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one and and uh the reason I do
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+because now this Matrix S it's uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now this Matrix S it's uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now this Matrix S it's uh it's
+it's possible to check that this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to check that this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible to check that this Matrix
+S is actually unitary which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is actually unitary which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is actually unitary which means that
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverse is actually just equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is actually just equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is actually just equal
+to its conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its conjugate
+transpose so this is a very special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so this is a very special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so this is a very special
+property of the of the AUG vectors of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the of the AUG vectors of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the of the AUG vectors of a
+herian matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then lastly I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then lastly I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then lastly I'm just going to
+write down the diagonalization of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the diagonalization of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the diagonalization of a so
+if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have
+a because I have its igen Vector Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because I have its igen Vector Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a because I have its igen Vector Matrix
+S and its igen value Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and its igen value Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S and its igen value Matrix
+Lambda it's possible to decompose a into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's possible to decompose a into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda it's possible to decompose a into
+a product of s Lambda s inverse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of s Lambda s inverse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product of s Lambda s inverse and
+because s is or S is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unitary its inverse is actually its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary its inverse is actually its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary its inverse is actually its
+conjugate transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate transpose
+so just to put the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to put the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to put the pieces
+together we have a is equal to S which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have a is equal to S which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we have a is equal to S which
+is 1 over <
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tk3 1 - i - one 1 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 1 - i - one 1 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk3 1 - i - one 1 1 +
+itimes a diagonal matrix 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itimes a diagonal matrix 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itimes a diagonal matrix 1 0
+04 Time s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+04 Time s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+04 Time s
+inverse which is going to be its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which is going to be its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse which is going to be its
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+transpose so what I do is I conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what I do is I conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose so what I do is I conjugate
+each element so one minus I becomes 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element so one minus I becomes 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each element so one minus I becomes 1
+plus I and vice versa and then I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I and vice versa and then I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus I and vice versa and then I take
+the transpose so I get 1 plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose so I get 1 plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transpose so I get 1 plus I
+transposing swaps the minus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and at the end of the day I get S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and at the end of the day I get S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and at the end of the day I get S
+inverse is uh just this Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is uh just this Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is uh just this Matrix
+here okay and if you were to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and if you were to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and if you were to multiply
+these matrices out you would see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices out you would see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices out you would see that
+you actually do recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually do recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually do recover
+a okay so just to summarize uh quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so just to summarize uh quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay so just to summarize uh quickly
+even though we were given a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we were given a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though we were given a complex
+Matrix a the the process to diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a the the process to diagonalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix a the the process to diagonalize
+a was is the same as what we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was is the same as what we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a was is the same as what we've seen
+before the first step is uh to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first step is uh to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first step is uh to find the
+characteristic equation and the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation and the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic equation and the igen
+values and then the second step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then the second step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and then the second step is to
+find the igen vectors and you do this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the igen vectors and you do this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the igen vectors and you do this in
+the same procedure but in general the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same procedure but in general the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same procedure but in general the
+augen vectors can be uh complex and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augen vectors can be uh complex and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augen vectors can be uh complex and for
+this very special case uh when a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very special case uh when a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very special case uh when a is
+herian the aen values are real and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herian the aen values are real and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herian the aen values are real and the
+AUG vectors are orthogonal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AUG vectors are orthogonal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AUG vectors are orthogonal to each other
+okay so I think I'll conclude here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I'll conclude here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think I'll conclude here and
+I'll see you next time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eilGapl5cz8.txt b/eilGapl5cz8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40b47d0137a851076bcd1f1974c99c2fb8cd23c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eilGapl5cz8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+Hi.
+
+Welcome back.
+
+Today, we're going to do a fun
+problem called the chess
+
+tournament problem.
+
+Now, it's a very long problem,
+so I just want to jump
+
+straight in.
+
+Essentially, the problem
+statement describes a very
+
+special chess tournament, which
+involves players named
+
+Al, Bo, and Chi.
+
+Now Al is the current reigning
+championship, and Bo and Chi
+
+are this year's contenders, and,
+of course, they're vying
+
+with each other to beat out Al
+and become the new champion.
+
+And so essentially,
+the tournament is
+
+divided into two rounds--
+
+a first round, during which Bo
+and Chi play against each
+
+other, and then a second
+round, during which the
+
+surviving contender from the
+first round plays against Al.
+
+And the problem statement also
+gives you a bunch of
+
+information like what's the
+probability that Bo beats Chi
+
+in a particular game,
+et cetera.
+
+So without further ado, let's
+get started on part a.
+
+In part a, the first thing we're
+asked to compute is the
+
+probability that a second
+round is required.
+
+Now, to save myself some
+writing, I used the notation
+
+R2 to denote that event.
+
+So we are interested in
+probability of R2.
+
+Now, I claim that this problem
+is very sequential in nature
+
+so I would like to draw a tree
+to describe what's happening.
+
+So in the first part of the
+tournament, when Bo and Chi
+
+play their first game, exactly
+one of two things can happen--
+
+either Bo can win
+or Chi can win.
+
+And we're told by the problem
+statement that Bo wins with
+
+the probability of 0.6 and,
+therefore, Chi must win with
+
+the probability of 0.4, right?
+
+Because these two possibilities
+must sum to 1,
+
+because either this must
+happen or this happen.
+
+Now, let's imagine that the
+first game has been played and
+
+that Bo won.
+
+Well, during the second game,
+there's still two options for
+
+the outcome--
+
+Bo could win the second
+game or Chi could
+
+win the second game.
+
+And because the problem
+statement says that in every
+
+scenario Bo always wins
+against Chi with the
+
+probability of 0.6, we can go
+ahead and put a 0.6 along this
+
+branch as well.
+
+Similarly, 0.4 here.
+
+And similar logic, you've got
+a tree that looks like this.
+
+And for those of you who haven't
+seen trees before,
+
+it's just a structure that looks
+something like this.
+
+And it helps us do better
+accounting.
+
+It helps us keep straight in our
+head what are the various
+
+outcomes, so that we
+don't get confused.
+
+And so very quickly here, you
+can see that there's four
+
+possible outcomes.
+
+So each node in this tree
+corresponds to an outcome.
+
+And the leaves are those nodes
+at the furthest stage.
+
+And it's convention to draw
+the probability of a
+
+particular--
+
+so for instance, the probability
+that Bo wins the
+
+first game-- it's just
+convention to draw that
+
+probability over the
+corresponding branch.
+
+And the reason why such diagrams
+are so useful is
+
+because to compute the
+probability of a particular
+
+outcome, if you've designed your
+tree correctly, all you
+
+have to do is multiply the
+probabilities along the
+
+branches that get into
+that outcome.
+
+So let's see that in action.
+
+When is a second
+round required?
+
+Well, a second round is
+required here, right?
+
+Because in this case, Bo would
+be the surviving challenger
+
+and he'd play the next
+round against Al.
+
+It's also required here.
+
+But of course, it's not required
+here or here, because
+
+no second round is played.
+
+And so these two outcomes
+comprise the event R2.
+
+And now, to get the probability
+of this outcome,
+
+you multiply along
+the branches.
+
+So 0.6 times 0.6
+give you 0.36.
+
+And 0.4 times 0.4
+gives you 0.16.
+
+And we're almost done.
+
+We know that these two events
+are disjoint, because if Bo
+
+won the first two games, then,
+certainly, Chi could've won
+
+the first two games.
+
+And so you can just sum the
+probabilities to get the
+
+probability of the reunion.
+
+So the probability of R2 is
+equal to the probability that
+
+Bo won the first two games or
+Chi won the first two games.
+
+And that's equal to 0.36
+plus 0.16, which
+
+is equal to a 0.52.
+
+OK, now the second part
+of part a asks for the
+
+probability that Bo wins
+the first round.
+
+And this is first round.
+
+This is a very straightforward
+one.
+
+So Bo wins the first round, that
+correspondence only to
+
+this particular outcome.
+
+And we already know the
+probability associated with
+
+that outcome is equal
+to the 0.36.
+
+So we're done with that one.
+
+And now the last part is sort
+of an interesting one.
+
+It asks for the probability
+that Al retains his
+
+championship this year.
+
+ 
+
+So I'm going to just call
+that A for short.
+
+A is the event that Al retains
+his championship this year.
+
+And for that we're going to need
+a larger tree, because Al
+
+has a lot of activity in the
+second round, and so far our
+
+tree only describes what happens
+in the first round.
+
+Now, to save time, I've actually
+drawn the rest of the
+
+tree over there up
+in the corner.
+
+So let's get rid of
+this one and let's
+
+look at the full tree.
+
+So let's see when does Al
+retain his championship?
+
+Well, Al certainly retains his
+championship here, right?
+
+Because no second round
+is required.
+
+Similarly, here.
+
+Al retains his championship
+here, because the second round
+
+was required, but Al beat Bo.
+
+And similarly, here Bo didn't
+win both games in the second
+
+round against Al, so Al wins.
+
+Here, Bo is the new
+championship.
+
+So we don't want to
+include about one.
+
+And sort of by symmetry,
+we also get this
+
+one and this one.
+
+So by my argument before, we
+know that the outcomes that
+
+comprise our event of interest
+are this one, this one, this
+
+one, this one, this
+one, and this one.
+
+So we could multiply the
+probabilities along each
+
+branch and sum them, because
+they're disjoint, to get the
+
+total probability.
+
+But we're not going
+to do that because
+
+that's a lot of algebra.
+
+Instead, we're going
+to look at the
+
+complement of the event.
+
+So we're going to notice,
+there's only two branches on
+
+which Al does not retain his
+current championship.
+
+So P of A is, of course, equal
+to 1 minus P of A. And we're
+
+going to get P of
+A by inspection.
+
+I'm sorry, so P of
+A compliment.
+
+I'm just testing you, guys.
+
+So P of A compliment corresponds
+to here and to
+
+here, because those are the
+outcomes where Al didn't win.
+
+And so again, you multiply along
+the branches to get the
+
+probabilities.
+
+So you get 0.6 squared times 0.5
+squared plus 0.4 squared
+
+times 0.3 squared.
+
+And if you do all the algebra,
+you should get around 0.8956.
+
+So we're cruising through
+this problem.
+
+Let's go to part b.
+
+Part b is a little bit less
+straightforward than part a,
+
+because it starts asking you for
+conditional probabilities,
+
+as opposed to a priori
+probabilities.
+
+So in the first part--
+
+and again, I'm going to continue
+my notation with R2--
+
+we want the probability that
+Bo is the surviving
+
+challenger--
+
+so I'm just going to use
+B to denote that--
+
+given R2.
+
+Now, by definition, you should
+remember from lecture that
+
+this is equal to probability
+of B and R2 divided by the
+
+probability of R2.
+
+And of course, we've already
+computed this value right up
+
+here with part a.
+
+We know it's 2.5.
+
+So we don't have to do
+any more work there.
+
+We only have to look
+at the numerator.
+
+So we need to go and figure out
+what nodes in that tree
+
+correspond to the event
+B intersect R2.
+
+So let's use a new color.
+
+Let's see, Bo is the surviving
+challenger here only, right?
+
+And R2 is automatically
+satisfied, right?
+
+Because a second round is
+required there and there, not
+
+on those two.
+
+But here Chi is the surviving
+challenger, not Bo, so we're
+
+really only interested
+in that node.
+
+And you multiply along the
+branches to get the
+
+probabilities.
+
+So we have 0.36 over
+0.52, which is
+
+approximately equal to 0.6923.
+
+OK, now, the next part wants
+the conditional probability
+
+that AL retains his
+championship, conditioned,
+
+again, on R2.
+
+So we already have A being
+the event Al retains his
+
+championship.
+
+So we want the probability
+of A, given R2.
+
+And let's just apply the
+direct definition of
+
+conditional probability again.
+
+You get P of A and R2 divided
+by a probability of R2.
+
+Of course, we have the
+probability of R2 already, so
+
+we just need to find the node
+in the tree that corresponds
+
+to A and R2.
+
+So where is R2?
+
+R2 is going to correspond to
+every node to the right that
+
+is not one of these two.
+
+So a second round is required
+here, here, here,
+
+here, here, and here.
+
+ 
+
+Now, where does Al retain
+his championship?
+
+So Al retains his championship
+here.
+
+He retains his championship
+here.
+
+He retains his championship here
+and here, but no second
+
+round is required, so these
+guys don't belong in the
+
+intersection.
+
+But this does, and this does.
+
+So we can again multiply the
+probabilities along the
+
+branches and then some them.
+
+So let's see, we get--
+
+this marker's not working very
+well, so I'm going to switch
+
+back to the pink--
+
+so you get 0.6 squared
+times 0.5.
+
+That gets rid of this one.
+
+And then we want 0.6 squared
+times 0.5 squared.
+
+That gets rid of that one.
+
+And then plus--
+
+let's see--
+
+0.4 squared times 0.7, which
+takes care of this one.
+
+And then lastly, 0.4 squared
+times 0.3 times 0.7.
+
+And that is a long expression.
+
+But it happens to
+be about 0.7992.
+
+OK, so we are done with
+part b and we can move
+
+along to part c.
+
+And I am, since we're running
+out of room, I'm actually just
+
+going to erase this.
+
+And hopefully you guys
+have had a chance to
+
+copy it down by now.
+
+If not, you can always pause
+the video and go back.
+
+So let's see, part c asks us
+given that the second round is
+
+required and that it comprised
+of one game only.
+
+So let's denote I. So let's I
+be the event that the second
+
+round was one game only.
+
+ 
+
+So essentially, in math
+conditioned on R2 and I, what
+
+is the probability that it was
+Bo who won the first round?
+
+So let's let B be the event that
+Bo won the first round.
+
+ 
+
+OK, so again translating the
+English to math, we just want
+
+the probability of B given R2
+and I. Now, I am once again
+
+going to use the definition of
+conditional probability.
+
+You might be concerned that we
+haven't defined explicitly yet
+
+the definition of conditional
+probability, when what lies
+
+behind the conditioning bar is
+not a single event, but it's
+
+rather an intersection
+of an event.
+
+And so my claim to you is that
+it doesn't matter and that the
+
+same exact definition applies.
+
+But we'll go through
+it slowly.
+
+So R2 is an event, I is an
+event, and we know that the
+
+intersection of two events
+is itself an event.
+
+So I'm going to make up a new
+letter, and I'm going to call
+
+this event W. So just using
+the new notation, this is
+
+equal to probability
+of B, given W.
+
+Now, this is the normal
+definition that we know.
+
+We know that this is probability
+of B intersect W
+
+over probability of W. And then
+we just resubstitute what
+
+the definition of W was.
+
+And so if you do that over here,
+you get probability of B
+
+and R2 and I divided by
+probability of R2 and I.
+
+So hopefully, jumping from here
+ahead to here, you see
+
+that the definitions act
+exactly the same way.
+
+But these are two very short
+intermediate steps that should
+
+help you convince yourself
+that the same
+
+definition still works.
+
+So let's start with the
+denominator, because the
+
+denominator looks a
+little bit easier.
+
+Where is R2 and I in our tree?
+
+Well, let's see.
+
+Here, a second round was
+required, but it
+
+comprised two games.
+
+Same with this one.
+
+Here, a second round was
+required and it was comprised
+
+only of one game.
+
+So this is good.
+
+This is one of the outcomes
+that we're looking for.
+
+Here, no second round
+was required.
+
+So this doesn't qualify.
+
+Same with this one.
+
+Here, a second round was
+required, and there was only
+
+one game, so that's good.
+
+And then these don't qualify
+for the same reasons
+
+as we set up there.
+
+So we just have to multiply the
+
+probabilities along those branches.
+
+And we see that it's 0.4 squared
+times 0.7 plus 0.6
+
+squared times 0.5.
+
+OK, we're almost done.
+
+We just need to look at the
+intersection of R2 and I. So
+
+R2 and I are the ones we've
+already circled.
+
+But now, we want to add one more
+constraint, which is that
+
+Bo had to have won
+the first round.
+
+And so we see here that Chi won
+the first round, if we're
+
+looking at this outcome.
+
+And so he's no good.
+
+Let's use a different color.
+
+Let's see, maybe this one.
+
+But here Bo did win
+the first round.
+
+So we're going to get 0.6
+squared times 0.5.
+
+And I got that, of course,
+just by multiplying the
+
+probabilities along the
+right branches.
+
+And this, if you're curious,
+comes out to be about 0.6164.
+
+OK, so I know that was a lengthy
+problem, but you
+
+should feel really comfortable
+now doing sort of basic
+
+probability manipulations.
+
+One thing that this problem
+emphasized a lot was your
+
+ability to compute conditional
+probabilities.
+
+So you saw me apply the
+definition of conditional
+
+probability twice in part b.
+
+And then you saw me apply the
+definition again in part c in
+
+a sort of slightly
+modified way.
+
+So that's one thing that
+you should have
+
+gotten out of this problem.
+
+And then another thing is that
+hopefully, you noticed that by
+
+using a tree diagram, we made
+the problem much easier.
+
+We almost didn't even have
+to think about computing
+
+probabilities anymore.
+
+We reduced the problem to just
+saying, OK, what are the
+
+outcomes that comprise our
+event of interest?
+
+And then once you select
+those, to compute their
+
+probability you multiply the
+
+probabilities along the branches.
+
+You have the right to just add
+those together, because if you
+
+draw your tree correctly, all
+of these guys should be
+
+disjoint from one another.
+
+So you have to be careful, of
+course, to set up your tree
+
+appropriately.
+
+But once you do set up your tree
+appropriately, your life
+
+is much simpler.
+
+So that's it for today.
+
+And we'll see you next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eyb_RzOnfGY.txt b/eyb_RzOnfGY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..361b9e88b25c7c3221a1788bddb0f9acf6f402e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eyb_RzOnfGY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9835 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi much of our study of feedback systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi much of our study of feedback systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi much of our study of feedback systems
+has really revolved around trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really revolved around trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really revolved around trying to
+prevent oscillations in feedback systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent oscillations in feedback systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent oscillations in feedback systems
+or even preventing getting very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even preventing getting very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even preventing getting very close to
+oscillation when we considered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation when we considered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation when we considered the
+relative stability of many of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative stability of many of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative stability of many of our
+systems today I'd like to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems today I'd like to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems today I'd like to look at the
+the converse of that problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converse of that problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the converse of that problem in
+particular let's consider what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's consider what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular let's consider what happens
+when we want to want to design an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want to want to design an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want to want to design an
+oscillator and in fact a good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and in fact a good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and in fact a good quality
+sosal oscillator an oscillator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sosal oscillator an oscillator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sosal oscillator an oscillator that
+provides very high Purity sosal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides very high Purity sosal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides very high Purity sosal
+signals as an example describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals as an example describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals as an example describing
+function analysis we had looked at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function analysis we had looked at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function analysis we had looked at one
+function generator Loop which combined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function generator Loop which combined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function generator Loop which combined a
+Schmid trigger and an integrator and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmid trigger and an integrator and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schmid trigger and an integrator and we
+found out that that made a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that that made a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that that made a very
+convenient laboratory generator in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient laboratory generator in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient laboratory generator in that
+we were able to get simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to get simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to get simultaneously
+square waves and triangle waves and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square waves and triangle waves and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square waves and triangle waves and then
+by shaping the triangle wave very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shaping the triangle wave very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shaping the triangle wave very
+frequently manufacturers use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently manufacturers use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently manufacturers use that
+technique to build a an oscillator or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to build a an oscillator or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to build a an oscillator or a
+function generator that can also provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function generator that can also provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function generator that can also provide
+sidal signals the problem is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal signals the problem is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidal signals the problem is that it's
+very very difficult to get sosal signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult to get sosal signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very difficult to get sosal signals
+with high spectral Purity via that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high spectral Purity via that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high spectral Purity via that
+technique you can get ones that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you can get ones that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique you can get ones that have
+harmonic Distortion possibly as as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion possibly as as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion possibly as as much
+as 50 or 60 DB below the fundamental but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 50 or 60 DB below the fundamental but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as 50 or 60 DB below the fundamental but
+it's hard to get anything better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get anything better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to get anything better than
+that by shaping a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by shaping a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by shaping a triangle
+wave the typically very high Purity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the typically very high Purity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave the typically very high Purity
+oscillators use other techniques and are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators use other techniques and are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators use other techniques and are
+really attempts to make a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really attempts to make a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really attempts to make a system that
+looks very much like a linear feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like a linear feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like a linear feedback
+system with a complex conjugate pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a complex conjugate pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system with a complex conjugate pair of
+poles on the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles on the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles on the imaginary
+axis one of the popular topologies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis one of the popular topologies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis one of the popular topologies is
+the wian bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wian bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wian bridge
+oscillator and I show that here there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and I show that here there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and I show that here there is
+the bridge Network that at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bridge Network that at least in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bridge Network that at least in this
+implementation consists of a series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation consists of a series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation consists of a series and
+a parallel Branch using equal RC values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel Branch using equal RC values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a parallel Branch using equal RC values
+and then again in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again in in this
+implementation we have an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation we have an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation we have an operational
+amplifier and one way to view this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and one way to view this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and one way to view this thing
+is that the operational amplifier takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the operational amplifier takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the operational amplifier takes
+the output of the wean bridge and notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the wean bridge and notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the wean bridge and notice
+the amplifier is connected for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier is connected for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier is connected for a
+non-inverting gain of plus three we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting gain of plus three we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting gain of plus three we have
+a feedback resistor of 2 R1 and a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feedback resistor of 2 R1 and a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feedback resistor of 2 R1 and a an
+input resistor equal to R1 so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input resistor equal to R1 so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input resistor equal to R1 so from here
+to here we get a gain of three plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here we get a gain of three plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here we get a gain of three plus
+three through the operational amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three through the operational amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three through the operational amplifier
+and so what we have is an operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we have is an operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we have is an operational
+amplifier connected for a gain of plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier connected for a gain of plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier connected for a gain of plus
+three and then the wean Bridge taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the wean Bridge taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and then the wean Bridge taking
+the output of the operational amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the operational amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the operational amplifier
+and feeding it back into the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeding it back into the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and feeding it back into the positive
+input terminal of the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminal of the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminal of the operational
+amplifier this is actually a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier this is actually a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier this is actually a positive
+feedback system as we'll see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment we can write the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we can write the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we can write the transfer
+function for the WAN Bridge itself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the WAN Bridge itself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the WAN Bridge itself uh
+this is vo as shown in the view graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is vo as shown in the view graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is vo as shown in the view graph
+where vo is the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where vo is the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where vo is the output of the
+operational amplifier if we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier if we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier if we assume that
+the input impedance to the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input impedance to the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input impedance to the operational
+amplifier is sufficiently high so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is sufficiently high so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is sufficiently high so that
+the W bridge is not loaded by the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W bridge is not loaded by the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W bridge is not loaded by the input
+to the operational amplifier then VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the operational amplifier then VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the operational amplifier then VA
+which is the voltage coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the voltage coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the voltage coming out of the
+wean bridge in fact the voltage applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wean bridge in fact the voltage applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wean bridge in fact the voltage applied
+to the non-inverting input terminal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-inverting input terminal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the non-inverting input terminal of
+the operational amplifier that transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operational amplifier that transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operational amplifier that transfer
+function through the WAN bridge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function through the WAN bridge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function through the WAN bridge is
+simply equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to
+RCS over r^ 2 c^2 s² + 3 RCS +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS over r^ 2 c^2 s² + 3 RCS +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS over r^ 2 c^2 s² + 3 RCS +
+1 if we look at this transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if we look at this transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 if we look at this transfer function
+we find out that at low frequencies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out that at low frequencies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out that at low frequencies the
+phase shift approaches plus 90° at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift approaches plus 90° at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift approaches plus 90° at low
+frequencies the S terms and the S squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the S terms and the S squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies the S terms and the S squ
+term in the denominator are small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the denominator are small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the denominator are small
+compared to one uh the numerator simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one uh the numerator simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to one uh the numerator simply
+gives us plus 90° of phase shift sh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us plus 90° of phase shift sh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us plus 90° of phase shift sh at
+sufficiently high frequencies the S squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high frequencies the S squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high frequencies the S squ
+term dominates the denominator uh we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term dominates the denominator uh we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term dominates the denominator uh we get
+something falling off as one over RCs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something falling off as one over RCs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something falling off as one over RCs at
+sufficiently high frequencies and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high frequencies and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high frequencies and so we
+get minus 90 degrees of phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus 90 degrees of phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus 90 degrees of phase
+shift at the tuned frequency of the wian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift at the tuned frequency of the wian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift at the tuned frequency of the wian
+bridge in other words at s equals J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge in other words at s equals J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge in other words at s equals J
+Omega where Omega is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega where Omega is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega where Omega is 1 over
+RC the s s term cancels the + one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC the s s term cancels the + one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC the s s term cancels the + one in the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+at that point the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that point the transfer function
+gives us a a gain of RCs over 3 RCS or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a a gain of RCs over 3 RCS or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a a gain of RCs over 3 RCS or
+1/3 so the wi bridge then gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so the wi bridge then gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so the wi bridge then gives us
+positive phase shifted low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive phase shifted low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive phase shifted low frequencies
+negative phase shift at high frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift at high frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative phase shift at high frequencies
+and at a frequency Omega equals 1/ RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a frequency Omega equals 1/ RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at a frequency Omega equals 1/ RC
+the wing Bridge gives us no phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing Bridge gives us no phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wing Bridge gives us no phase shift
+uh and an amplitude or a magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and an amplitude or a magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and an amplitude or a magnitude of
+1/3 from the input of the wean bridge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 from the input of the wean bridge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 from the input of the wean bridge to
+it output consequently if we surround
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it output consequently if we surround
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it output consequently if we surround
+the wean Bridge with an amplifier with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wean Bridge with an amplifier with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wean Bridge with an amplifier with a
+gain of precisely three we can form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of precisely three we can form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of precisely three we can form a
+positive feedback loop where the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loop where the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback loop where the loop
+transmission magnitude is precisely one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is precisely one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is precisely one
+at only one frequency in particular at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at only one frequency in particular at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at only one frequency in particular at
+Omega equals 1/ RC at that frequency the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 1/ RC at that frequency the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 1/ RC at that frequency the
+wean Bridge provides an attenuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wean Bridge provides an attenuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wean Bridge provides an attenuation of
+1/3 the operational amplifier as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 the operational amplifier as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 the operational amplifier as I
+showed in the view graph provides a gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in the view graph provides a gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed in the view graph provides a gain
+of 1/3 or I'm sorry a gain of three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1/3 or I'm sorry a gain of three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1/3 or I'm sorry a gain of three and
+so we have a loop transmission whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a loop transmission whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a loop transmission whose
+magnitude is precisely +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is precisely +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is precisely +
+one we can see the effect of this by uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can see the effect of this by uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can see the effect of this by uh
+drawing a root Locust diagram let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a root Locust diagram let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing a root Locust diagram let me
+stress the fact that this is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the fact that this is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress the fact that this is a positive
+feedback system I've also normalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system I've also normalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system I've also normalize
+things to RC equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to RC equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to RC equals 1
+second if we Factor the denominator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if we Factor the denominator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second if we Factor the denominator of
+the wean Bridge transfer function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wean Bridge transfer function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wean Bridge transfer function of
+course all of the frequency dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all of the frequency dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course all of the frequency dependent
+elements are concentrated in the WAN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are concentrated in the WAN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are concentrated in the WAN
+Bridge I've assumed the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge I've assumed the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge I've assumed the operational
+amplifier has negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier has negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier has negligible
+Dynamics uh we find that by factoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics uh we find that by factoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics uh we find that by factoring
+that denominator we get poles at s = -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that denominator we get poles at s = -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that denominator we get poles at s = -
+1.5 + radical 5 / 2 - 1.5 - radical 5 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 + radical 5 / 2 - 1.5 - radical 5 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 + radical 5 / 2 - 1.5 - radical 5 /
+2 for the two poles associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the two poles associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 for the two poles associated with the
+webridge transfer function and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webridge transfer function and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webridge transfer function and there is
+of course a zero at the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a zero at the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course a zero at the origin
+reflecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the
+numerator now we normally have draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator now we normally have draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator now we normally have draw
+drawn root Locust diagrams for negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn root Locust diagrams for negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn root Locust diagrams for negative
+feedback systems but there's certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems but there's certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems but there's certainly
+no reason that we can't extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason that we can't extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reason that we can't extend the
+technique to use it for positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to use it for positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to use it for positive
+feedback systems and let's see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems and let's see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback systems and let's see what
+modifications we have to make to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications we have to make to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications we have to make to our
+rules we develop most of our root Locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we develop most of our root Locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules we develop most of our root Locus
+Rules by arguing that that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rules by arguing that that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rules by arguing that that in order to
+be at a point on the root Locus when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a point on the root Locus when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at a point on the root Locus when we
+evaluated the angle of the AF product it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the angle of the AF product it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluated the angle of the AF product it
+had a that angle had to be an odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a that angle had to be an odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a that angle had to be an odd
+multiple of 180 degrees in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 180 degrees in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of 180 degrees in other words
+the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real part
+of the AF product had to be minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the AF product had to be minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the AF product had to be minus one
+and the or the real part had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the or the real part had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the or the real part had to be
+negative with no imaginary part in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative with no imaginary part in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative with no imaginary part in order
+to be at a point on the root Locus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at a point on the root Locus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be at a point on the root Locus
+diagram that was necessary to cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that was necessary to cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that was necessary to cancel the
+inversion that in our standard topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion that in our standard topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion that in our standard topology
+we assume occurs at the summing point if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume occurs at the summing point if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume occurs at the summing point if
+we don't have that inversion if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that inversion if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that inversion if we have
+a positive feedback system why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive feedback system why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive feedback system why the
+difference is that the rules that evolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the rules that evolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is that the rules that evolve
+from that 180 degree condition we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that 180 degree condition we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that 180 degree condition we have
+to we have to modify those rules to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we have to modify those rules to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we have to modify those rules to say
+that the angle associated with the AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angle associated with the AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the angle associated with the AF
+product now has to be a multiple an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now has to be a multiple an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product now has to be a multiple an
+integral multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral multiple of
+360° well one of the results of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° well one of the results of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+360° well one of the results of that is
+that branches now lie on the real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that branches now lie on the real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that branches now lie on the real axis
+where there are an even number of loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are an even number of loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are an even number of loop
+transmission poles and zeros to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission poles and zeros to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission poles and zeros to the
+right so in that in this case we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in that in this case we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in that in this case we have
+branches on the real axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches on the real axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches on the real axis here
+where we have two poles one pole and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have two poles one pole and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have two poles one pole and one
+zero to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to the
+right and let's see they uh they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's see they uh they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and let's see they uh they also
+exist on the entire positive real axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist on the entire positive real axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist on the entire positive real axis
+where we have no poles or zeros to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have no poles or zeros to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have no poles or zeros to the
+right again an even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again an even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again an even
+number and again we can make appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and again we can make appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and again we can make appropriate
+modifications to the other rules uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the other rules uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to the other rules uh we
+find out that the if we evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the if we evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the if we evaluate the
+root Locus diagram for this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus diagram for this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root Locus diagram for this positive
+feedback system these two branches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system these two branches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system these two branches
+simply come together they break off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply come together they break off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply come together they break off the
+axis and if we keep track of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and if we keep track of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and if we keep track of of that
+there's a rule that tells us where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rule that tells us where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rule that tells us where the
+Breakaway Point occurs in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breakaway Point occurs in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Breakaway Point occurs in particular
+factoring uh the characteristic equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring uh the characteristic equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factoring uh the characteristic equation
+or The Loop transmission uh with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or The Loop transmission uh with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or The Loop transmission uh with respect
+to S and setting that equal to zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S and setting that equal to zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to S and setting that equal to zero we
+find out that the Breakaway occurs at s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the Breakaway occurs at s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that the Breakaway occurs at s
+equal minus1 there's a re-entry point at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus1 there's a re-entry point at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal minus1 there's a re-entry point at
+s equal plus one we've seen enough of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equal plus one we've seen enough of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s equal plus one we've seen enough of of
+this sort of thing uh to realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing uh to realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing uh to realize that
+we'll get a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the uh crossover into the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh crossover into the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the uh crossover into the right half
+plane of course occurs for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of course occurs for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of course occurs for our
+normalized system with RC equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized system with RC equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized system with RC equal to one
+this is a circle Breakaway is at minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a circle Breakaway is at minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a circle Breakaway is at minus
+one re-entry is at plus one uh so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one re-entry is at plus one uh so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one re-entry is at plus one uh so this
+is simply J a uh this is plus J and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply J a uh this is plus J and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply J a uh this is plus J and down
+here we have minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have minus
+J the U if we evaluate the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the U if we evaluate the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the U if we evaluate the gain
+necessary to get a pair of poles right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to get a pair of poles right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to get a pair of poles right
+on the imaginary axis that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the imaginary axis that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the imaginary axis that's the
+oscillator condition of course we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator condition of course we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator condition of course we want
+to use this thing as an oscillator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this thing as an oscillator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this thing as an oscillator and
+have it provide Sonos oids that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it provide Sonos oids that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it provide Sonos oids that are
+constant in amplitude why what we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in amplitude why what we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in amplitude why what we want
+is to have a complex conjugate pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have a complex conjugate pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have a complex conjugate pair of
+poles on the imaginary axis we find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles on the imaginary axis we find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles on the imaginary axis we find out
+that the a fnot necessary in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the a fnot necessary in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the a fnot necessary in our
+positive feedback system to bring us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback system to bring us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive feedback system to bring us to
+this point is simply three we had argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is simply three we had argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is simply three we had argued
+that before on physical grounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before on physical grounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before on physical grounds
+recognizing that at the frequency where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that at the frequency where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that at the frequency where
+we get no phase shift through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get no phase shift through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get no phase shift through the
+webridge network we had an attenuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webridge network we had an attenuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webridge network we had an attenuation
+of one3 through the network we make up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one3 through the network we make up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one3 through the network we make up
+for that by surrounding the network with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that by surrounding the network with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that by surrounding the network with
+an amplifier that provides a gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amplifier that provides a gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an amplifier that provides a gain of
+three well when we go to do this we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well when we go to do this we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three well when we go to do this we have
+to worry somehow about stabilizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry somehow about stabilizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry somehow about stabilizing the
+system stabilizing the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stabilizing the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stabilizing the amplitude of the
+oscillation if we simply build up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation if we simply build up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation if we simply build up our
+linear system of course we'd never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system of course we'd never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system of course we'd never get
+things precisely right uh the poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things precisely right uh the poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things precisely right uh the poles
+would either be in the left half plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would either be in the left half plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would either be in the left half plane
+or they'd be on the right half plane we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they'd be on the right half plane we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they'd be on the right half plane we
+would never be able to get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be able to get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be able to get them
+precisely on the imaginary axis so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely on the imaginary axis so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely on the imaginary axis so we
+have to somehow uh take care of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to somehow uh take care of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to somehow uh take care of that
+fact and at least one possibility is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and at least one possibility is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and at least one possibility is to
+modify our amplifier a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify our amplifier a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify our amplifier a little
+bit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit as
+shown our amplifier provides a gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown our amplifier provides a gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown our amplifier provides a gain of
+of plus three however we could make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plus three however we could make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plus three however we could make the
+feedback resistor for example nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback resistor for example nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback resistor for example nonlinear
+such that for small signals we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for small signals we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that for small signals we got a
+gain of three and for larger signals we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of three and for larger signals we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of three and for larger signals we
+got a somewhat reduced gain in fact we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a somewhat reduced gain in fact we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a somewhat reduced gain in fact we
+have to do a little bit better than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little bit better than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do a little bit better than that
+and the problem is that component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is that component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the problem is that component
+tolerances tell us that that for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances tell us that that for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerances tell us that that for any
+real physical Wing Bridge network will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical Wing Bridge network will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real physical Wing Bridge network will
+probably need a gain greater than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need a gain greater than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably need a gain greater than three
+in the amplifier in order to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amplifier in order to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amplifier in order to ensure that
+the poles are in the right half plane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles are in the right half plane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poles are in the right half plane or
+actually get to get the poles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to get the poles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get to get the poles on the
+imaginary axis the extent to which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis the extent to which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis the extent to which the
+gain has to exceed three is a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain has to exceed three is a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain has to exceed three is a function
+of component tolerance if the values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of component tolerance if the values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of component tolerance if the values are
+precisely as shown we need a gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely as shown we need a gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely as shown we need a gain of
+exactly three in the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly three in the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly three in the operational
+amplifier closed loop gain of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier closed loop gain of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier closed loop gain of exactly
+three uh however any deviation from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh however any deviation from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh however any deviation from that
+symmetry means that we need a gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry means that we need a gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry means that we need a gain
+somewhat greater than three and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat greater than three and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat greater than three and so we
+can as a function of the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as a function of the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can as a function of the kinds of
+components we anticipate determine how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we anticipate determine how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components we anticipate determine how
+much larger than three the gain of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than three the gain of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger than three the gain of the
+amplifier must be to ensure that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier must be to ensure that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier must be to ensure that we will
+always be able to get poles at least on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to get poles at least on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be able to get poles at least on
+the imaginary axis we might do that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary axis we might do that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the imaginary axis we might do that by
+making one resistor that determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one resistor that determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making one resistor that determines the
+gain of the operational amplifier R1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the operational amplifier R1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain of the operational amplifier R1 and
+a second resistor uh equal to 2 R1 + 3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second resistor uh equal to 2 R1 + 3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second resistor uh equal to 2 R1 + 3 *
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta
+R1 if we evaluate the closed loop gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 if we evaluate the closed loop gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R1 if we evaluate the closed loop gain
+of the amplifier we'll then find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amplifier we'll then find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the amplifier we'll then find out
+that the gain from here to here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gain from here to here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gain from here to here is
+simply equal to 3 * 1 + Delta where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to 3 * 1 + Delta where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to 3 * 1 + Delta where
+Delta is presumably a small number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is presumably a small number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta is presumably a small number so
+that's fine we can choose Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine we can choose Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine we can choose Delta
+sufficiently large so that we guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large so that we guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently large so that we guarantee
+under small signal conditions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under small signal conditions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under small signal conditions that the
+poles of the system are in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of the system are in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles of the system are in the right
+half plane consequently when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane consequently when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane consequently when we start
+the system up we'll get an exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system up we'll get an exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system up we'll get an exponentially
+growing oscillation at approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing oscillation at approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing oscillation at approximately the
+desired frequency 1 over our C radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired frequency 1 over our C radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired frequency 1 over our C radians
+per second however we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second however we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second however we have to do
+something now to limit the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now to limit the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now to limit the amplitude of
+the oscillation and so now we could view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation and so now we could view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillation and so now we could view
+the operational amplifier in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operational amplifier in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operational amplifier in a
+describing function sense uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense uh let's
+design a system that has a gain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a system that has a gain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a system that has a gain for
+small signals that's 3 * 1 + Delta but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small signals that's 3 * 1 + Delta but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small signals that's 3 * 1 + Delta but
+then let's put some sort of a limiter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's put some sort of a limiter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then let's put some sort of a limiter
+possibly across this resistor I've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly across this resistor I've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly across this resistor I've shown
+it again as a pair of back-to-back xener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again as a pair of back-to-back xener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again as a pair of back-to-back xener
+diodes we saw in the last session that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes we saw in the last session that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes we saw in the last session that
+that was an effective way of providing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an effective way of providing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an effective way of providing a
+limiter in this case in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter in this case in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter in this case in the
+non-inverting amplifier configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting amplifier configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting amplifier configuration
+when signals become large enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when signals become large enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when signals become large enough to
+short out these diodes the incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short out these diodes the incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short out these diodes the incremental
+gain from this point to this point does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from this point to this point does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain from this point to this point does
+not go to zero but rather to Unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to zero but rather to Unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not go to zero but rather to Unity
+because we have then effectively a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have then effectively a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have then effectively a
+direct incremental connection between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct incremental connection between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct incremental connection between
+the output and this point we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and this point we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output and this point we have the
+non-inverting follower the gain of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting follower the gain of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting follower the gain of one
+amplifier so if we plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so if we plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so if we plot
+the VA versus V out transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VA versus V out transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VA versus V out transfer
+characteristics or V out as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or V out as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics or V out as a function
+of va the slope will be 1 plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of va the slope will be 1 plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of va the slope will be 1 plus Delta
+until we get to a voltage equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to a voltage equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we get to a voltage equal to the
+breakdown voltage of the Zinger diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown voltage of the Zinger diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakdown voltage of the Zinger diodes
+beyond that the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that the slope is
+one we can look at the describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can look at the describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we can look at the describing
+function for that element uh it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for that element uh it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for that element uh it starts
+out of course with a value of 3 * 1 + a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of course with a value of 3 * 1 + a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of course with a value of 3 * 1 + a
+when the test signal into our nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the test signal into our nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the test signal into our nonlinear
+element in particular the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in particular the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in particular the amplitude of
+the signal here becomes equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal here becomes equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal here becomes equal to the
+xener breakdown voltage the describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xener breakdown voltage the describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xener breakdown voltage the describing
+function magnitude begins to drop off it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function magnitude begins to drop off it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function magnitude begins to drop off it
+eventually as some totically approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually as some totically approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually as some totically approaches
+one and of course we'd anticipate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and of course we'd anticipate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and of course we'd anticipate that
+our system would oscillate assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system would oscillate assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our system would oscillate assuming
+perfect components symetrical components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect components symetrical components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect components symetrical components
+in the wean bridge when the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wean bridge when the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wean bridge when the amplitude
+into our operational amplifier had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our operational amplifier had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into our operational amplifier had
+become large enough so that the gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become large enough so that the gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become large enough so that the gain of
+the amplifier from here to here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier from here to here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier from here to here in a
+describing function sense lowered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense lowered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing function sense lowered to
+three that's this point so we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's this point so we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that's this point so we'd
+anticipate that the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate that the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate that the amplitude of the
+fundamental component of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental component of the signal
+apply app to the operational amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply app to the operational amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply app to the operational amplifier
+would be this value that's the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this value that's the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be this value that's the value
+that squeezes down the gain to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeezes down the gain to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that squeezes down the gain to to
+precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three the difficulty with doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the difficulty with doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three the difficulty with doing that is
+that we get harmonic distortions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get harmonic distortions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get harmonic distortions
+certainly uh we would typically in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh we would typically in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly uh we would typically in this
+situation like to use the signal V out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like to use the signal V out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like to use the signal V out
+as the output voltage of our our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the output voltage of our our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the output voltage of our our system
+because it's buffered it comes from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's buffered it comes from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's buffered it comes from an
+operational amplifier that'd be a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier that'd be a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier that'd be a nice
+point to use use as a an output for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to use use as a an output for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to use use as a an output for the
+overall oscillator but that signal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall oscillator but that signal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall oscillator but that signal has
+harmonic Distortion and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion and in fact the
+harmonic Distortion is UN attenuated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion is UN attenuated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion is UN attenuated by
+the frequency selective Network in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency selective Network in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency selective Network in this
+case uh because we apply the input to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh because we apply the input to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh because we apply the input to
+the amplifier here the nonlinearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier here the nonlinearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplifier here the nonlinearity
+occurs in the amplifier so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the amplifier so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in the amplifier so it really
+squeezes down the top and bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezes down the top and bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squeezes down the top and bottom of the
+sine waves we get some harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine waves we get some harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine waves we get some harmonic
+Distortion out of that we can reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion out of that we can reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion out of that we can reduce the
+harmonic Distortion by making Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion by making Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic Distortion by making Delta
+small in that case uh we just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in that case uh we just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in that case uh we just sort of
+edge into the limiting characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge into the limiting characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge into the limiting characteristics
+of the xener diodes get very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the xener diodes get very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the xener diodes get very little
+flattening very small harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening very small harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flattening very small harmonic
+Distortion however if we want to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion however if we want to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion however if we want to build a
+design a design that's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a design that's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a design that's relatively
+tolerant of inaccurate components we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant of inaccurate components we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant of inaccurate components we
+have to make Delta large enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make Delta large enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make Delta large enough to
+accommodate the Spectrum or spread of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the Spectrum or spread of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accommodate the Spectrum or spread of
+anticipated component values and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated component values and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipated component values and again
+if we are not awfully careful in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are not awfully careful in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we are not awfully careful in our
+choice of components Delta may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of components Delta may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of components Delta may have to
+be fairly large to guarantee that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly large to guarantee that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fairly large to guarantee that every
+member of the population that we build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the population that we build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the population that we build
+up if we build a bunch of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if we build a bunch of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if we build a bunch of these
+oscillators will in fact start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators will in fact start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators will in fact start
+oscillating we could of course tweak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating we could of course tweak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating we could of course tweak
+things up but then there's temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up but then there's temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up but then there's temperature
+dependencies and that sort of thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and that sort of thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and that sort of thing that
+that again lead us in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again lead us in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again lead us in the direction of
+having a conservative value for Delta so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a conservative value for Delta so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a conservative value for Delta so
+that we're sure that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're sure that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're sure that all of the
+oscillators we build oscillate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators we build oscillate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillators we build oscillate all of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+time and the effect of making Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the effect of making Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and the effect of making Delta
+larger of course is to increase harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger of course is to increase harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger of course is to increase harmonic
+Distortion because for sort of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion because for sort of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion because for sort of a a
+typical uh member of the population we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh member of the population we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh member of the population we
+have to go Fairly far out in the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go Fairly far out in the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go Fairly far out in the curve
+get a measurable amount of flattening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measurable amount of flattening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measurable amount of flattening in
+the output sonus saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sonus saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output sonus saw
+another strategy would be uh something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategy would be uh something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another strategy would be uh something
+as follows we could for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we could for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows we could for example
+consider taking our oscillator and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider taking our oscillator and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider taking our oscillator and maybe
+have a potentiometer that allowed us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potentiometer that allowed us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potentiometer that allowed us to
+adjust gain and we could look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust gain and we could look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust gain and we could look at the
+output of the amplifier or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the amplifier or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the amplifier or the
+oscillator on an oscilloscope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator on an oscilloscope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator on an oscilloscope for
+example and if we found that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and if we found that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and if we found that the
+amplitude were shrinking or were smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude were shrinking or were smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude were shrinking or were smaller
+than we wanted wanted it to be we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we wanted wanted it to be we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we wanted wanted it to be we might
+up the gain of the operational amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the gain of the operational amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the gain of the operational amplifier
+uh that would presumably move the pole P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would presumably move the pole P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that would presumably move the pole P
+the system either into or toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system either into or toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system either into or toward the
+right half plane uh if we moved them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane uh if we moved them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right half plane uh if we moved them
+into the right half plane the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right half plane the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the right half plane the amplitude
+would begin to grow we could let it grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would begin to grow we could let it grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would begin to grow we could let it grow
+to the amplitude we wished and then back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amplitude we wished and then back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the amplitude we wished and then back
+off a little bit on the potentiometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a little bit on the potentiometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off a little bit on the potentiometer
+and hopefully by us playing Servo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully by us playing Servo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully by us playing Servo
+mechanism we could keep a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we could keep a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism we could keep a constant
+amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+oscillation uh that of course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh that of course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh that of course is a
+little bit impractical but it it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit impractical but it it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit impractical but it it happens
+that some of the very high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the very high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of the very high quality
+linear quote linear oscillators one ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear quote linear oscillators one ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear quote linear oscillators one ones
+give us very harmonically pure sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us very harmonically pure sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us very harmonically pure sorts of
+of SOS soidal outputs basically use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SOS soidal outputs basically use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of SOS soidal outputs basically use this
+approach what they do is build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what they do is build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach what they do is build up a
+feedback system that looks in some sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system that looks in some sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system that looks in some sense
+at the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the amplitude of the
+oscillation and they then adjust some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and they then adjust some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and they then adjust some
+parameter in a loop and on a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in a loop and on a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in a loop and on a very long
+time constant they basically make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant they basically make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constant they basically make a
+measurement over many many cycles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over many many cycles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement over many many cycles of
+oscillation and with a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and with a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and with a very long time
+constant adjust some parameter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant adjust some parameter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant adjust some parameter in the
+loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop
+with the the hope of keeping a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the hope of keeping a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the hope of keeping a pair of
+of poles precisely on the imaginary axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poles precisely on the imaginary axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of poles precisely on the imaginary axis
+I understand although I haven't verified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand although I haven't verified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I understand although I haven't verified
+this myself but I understand that one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this myself but I understand that one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this myself but I understand that one of
+the first products made by hilet Packard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first products made by hilet Packard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first products made by hilet Packard
+was an audio oscillator that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an audio oscillator that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an audio oscillator that basically
+used this technique they used a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this technique they used a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used this technique they used a a
+webridge kind of a circuit uh as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webridge kind of a circuit uh as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webridge kind of a circuit uh as the
+variable element they used an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable element they used an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable element they used an
+incandescent lamp an incandescent lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent lamp an incandescent lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent lamp an incandescent lamp
+has temperature temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has temperature temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has temperature temperature dependent
+resistance and by applying the out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and by applying the out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and by applying the out or
+the signal in the wean Bridge lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal in the wean Bridge lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal in the wean Bridge lamp
+formed part of the wean Bridge as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed part of the wean Bridge as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed part of the wean Bridge as the
+signal got bigger or smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal got bigger or smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal got bigger or smaller the
+resistance of the lamp changed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the lamp changed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the lamp changed uh
+because of of heating in the lamp that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of of heating in the lamp that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of of heating in the lamp that
+occurred with a very long time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred with a very long time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred with a very long time constant
+at least compared to the period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least compared to the period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least compared to the period of
+oscillation and the resistance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and the resistance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and the resistance of the
+lamp changing would automatically act to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp changing would automatically act to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp changing would automatically act to
+stabilize the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilize the amplitude of the
+oscillation it's it's kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it's it's kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation it's it's kind of an
+interesting uh uh passive if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh uh passive if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting uh uh passive if you will
+feedback system I also understand but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system I also understand but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system I also understand but I
+I'm not sure how true that is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how true that is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how true that is that that
+oscillator was originally developed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator was originally developed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator was originally developed for
+some early Walt Disney movies but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some early Walt Disney movies but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some early Walt Disney movies but uh I
+haven't verified any of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't verified any of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't verified any of that
+personally uh what I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally uh what I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally uh what I'd like to do is
+look at an example of an of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example of an of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example of an of an
+oscillator that basically uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator that basically uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator that basically uses this
+technique we won't use a wean Bridge I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we won't use a wean Bridge I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique we won't use a wean Bridge I'd
+like to introduce another topology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce another topology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce another topology for
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator
+and the oscillator that I'd like to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oscillator that I'd like to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the oscillator that I'd like to look
+at is called a quadrature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscillator and it consists of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and it consists of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator and it consists of two
+integrat s uh here we have a familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrat s uh here we have a familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrat s uh here we have a familiar
+non-inverting integrator I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting integrator I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-inverting integrator I'm sorry
+inverting integrator simply R and C so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting integrator simply R and C so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting integrator simply R and C so
+the transfer function from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer function from here to here
+is minus one/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one/
+RCS the other configuration is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS the other configuration is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS the other configuration is is a
+little less common uh it consists of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less common uh it consists of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little less common uh it consists of a
+low pass RC section and if for a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass RC section and if for a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass RC section and if for a moment
+we assume that Delta is equal to zero we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that Delta is equal to zero we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume that Delta is equal to zero we
+then have a CR from the output back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have a CR from the output back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then have a CR from the output back to
+the inverting input of the operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverting input of the operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverting input of the operational
+amplifier and if you write the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and if you write the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and if you write the transfer
+function from here to here for Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from here to here for Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function from here to here for Delta
+equals z you find out that that transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you find out that that transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z you find out that that transfer
+function is plus 1/ RCS so if Delta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is plus 1/ RCS so if Delta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is plus 1/ RCS so if Delta is
+zero if the RC's are matched we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if the RC's are matched we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero if the RC's are matched we have a
+minus one over RCS from here to here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over RCS from here to here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one over RCS from here to here we
+have a plus one over RCS from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus one over RCS from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plus one over RCS from here to
+here we have a system whose Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a system whose Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a system whose Loop
+transmission is minus1 / RCS quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is minus1 / RCS quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission is minus1 / RCS quantity
+squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar
+and it's quite easy to show that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's quite easy to show that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's quite easy to show that that
+gives us a pair of poles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a pair of poles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us a pair of poles on the
+imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+axis again we have the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis again we have the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis again we have the problem of
+stabilizing the amplitude of such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing the amplitude of such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stabilizing the amplitude of such an
+oscillator well let's see let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator well let's see let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator well let's see let's consider
+what happens if we allow Delta as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we allow Delta as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if we allow Delta as shown
+in the view graph to be variable let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the view graph to be variable let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the view graph to be variable let's
+let that be our pop the thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that be our pop the thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let that be our pop the thing that we're
+going to adjust to control the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adjust to control the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adjust to control the amplitude
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+oscillation uh we can write the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh we can write the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation uh we can write the loop
+transmission or maybe the negative the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or maybe the negative the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission or maybe the negative the
+loop transmission as simply 1 / RCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission as simply 1 / RCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission as simply 1 / RCS
+that's the transfer function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transfer function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the transfer function of the
+first integrator or actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integrator or actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first integrator or actually the
+negative of it the first integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of it the first integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of it the first integrator
+gives us an inversion and we'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an inversion and we'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an inversion and we'll take the
+negative of that uh to get minus l ofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that uh to get minus l ofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of that uh to get minus l ofs
+so we get one over RCS we then have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get one over RCS we then have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get one over RCS we then have the
+low pass characteristics of the RC that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass characteristics of the RC that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low pass characteristics of the RC that
+precedes the second operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes the second operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precedes the second operational
+amplifier we get 1 / R RCS + one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier we get 1 / R RCS + one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier we get 1 / R RCS + one and
+then we write the transfer function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we write the transfer function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we write the transfer function that
+links the the output of uh or that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the the output of uh or that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links the the output of uh or that that
+gives us the gain from the non-inverting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the gain from the non-inverting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us the gain from the non-inverting
+input terminal of the second operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminal of the second operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input terminal of the second operational
+amplifier to its output and if we write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier to its output and if we write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier to its output and if we write
+that exactly we find out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly we find out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly we find out that that
+quantity is 1 plus delt R plus 1/ CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is 1 plus delt R plus 1/ CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is 1 plus delt R plus 1/ CS
+over 1 plus Delta times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus Delta times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus Delta times
+R if we collect terms we find out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R if we collect terms we find out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R if we collect terms we find out that
+we get a 1 over 1 plus Delta a 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a 1 over 1 plus Delta a 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a 1 over 1 plus Delta a 1 over
+RCS quantity squared and then we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS quantity squared and then we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RCS quantity squared and then we get a
+pole zero doubl it if Delta is small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole zero doubl it if Delta is small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole zero doubl it if Delta is small the
+of course is closely spaced a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is closely spaced a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course is closely spaced a positive
+value of delta in other words if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of delta in other words if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of delta in other words if the
+resistor going to ground is larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor going to ground is larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor going to ground is larger than
+the series resistor in the input RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series resistor in the input RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series resistor in the input RC
+network then in fact the zero lies at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network then in fact the zero lies at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network then in fact the zero lies at a
+lower frequency than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequency than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequency than the
+pole we can analyze this system in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole we can analyze this system in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole we can analyze this system in a
+variety of ways one fairly convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways one fairly convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of ways one fairly convenient
+way is to use a root Locus approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to use a root Locus approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is to use a root Locus approach and
+if we draw a root Locus diagram for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a root Locus diagram for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we draw a root Locus diagram for the
+system we find that we have a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we find that we have a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we find that we have a pair of
+poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles
+at the origin associated with the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin associated with the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin associated with the loop
+transmission that's the 1 / RCS quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that's the 1 / RCS quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that's the 1 / RCS quantity
+squared and as I've shown things we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and as I've shown things we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and as I've shown things we have
+a pole at s equal -1 /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole at s equal -1 /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pole at s equal -1 /
+RC here we have a zero located at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC here we have a zero located at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC here we have a zero located at a
+slightly lower frequency a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower frequency a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly lower frequency a slightly
+longer time constant in fact we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer time constant in fact we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer time constant in fact we have a
+zero that's at minus1 over 1 + Delta *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's at minus1 over 1 + Delta *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that's at minus1 over 1 + Delta *
+RC and if Delta is small compared to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and if Delta is small compared to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and if Delta is small compared to one
+we can use a series expansion for 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use a series expansion for 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use a series expansion for 1 over
+1+ Delta and approximate that series by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ Delta and approximate that series by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1+ Delta and approximate that series by
+its first term and under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first term and under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its first term and under those
+conditions we get this at approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we get this at approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions we get this at approximately
+minus1 plus Delta / RC that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus Delta / RC that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 plus Delta / RC that's the
+location of the zero in the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the zero in the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of the zero in the loop
+transmission well the root Locus diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission well the root Locus diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission well the root Locus diagram
+for this setup of course is simply uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this setup of course is simply uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this setup of course is simply uh
+that this Branch moves toward the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Branch moves toward the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Branch moves toward the zero
+to counter that this is a system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counter that this is a system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counter that this is a system where
+the average distance remains a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average distance remains a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average distance remains a constant
+because we have three po and only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have three po and only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have three po and only one
+zero uh these branches spring out at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh these branches spring out at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh these branches spring out at
+right angles or spring out along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles or spring out along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right angles or spring out along the
+imaginary axis but they have to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis but they have to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis but they have to come
+back somewhat to counter the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back somewhat to counter the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back somewhat to counter the fact
+there's a branch moving to the right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a branch moving to the right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a branch moving to the right in
+the S plane uh ASM totically for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane uh ASM totically for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the S plane uh ASM totically for very
+large values of a fnot product uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values of a fnot product uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large values of a fnot product uh let's
+see this move to the right an amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this move to the right an amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this move to the right an amount
+Delta each of these branches would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta each of these branches would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta each of these branches would have
+to move back an amount Delta over two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move back an amount Delta over two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move back an amount Delta over two we
+can get that as a say either by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get that as a say either by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get that as a say either by the
+average distance argument or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average distance argument or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average distance argument or by
+uh calculating asmp tootes for uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculating asmp tootes for uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh calculating asmp tootes for uh these
+branches in either case we'll find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches in either case we'll find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches in either case we'll find out
+that they move back in a mount Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they move back in a mount Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they move back in a mount Delta
+over 2times RC for the a fot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2times RC for the a fot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2times RC for the a fot that
+corresponds to this expression we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this expression we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this expression we find
+out that the closed loop poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the closed loop poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the closed loop poles of the
+system lie here and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lie here and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system lie here and of course the
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+conjugate to that point and they have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to that point and they have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate to that point and they have an
+imaginary part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary part
+equal to Simply 1 / RC or J over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Simply 1 / RC or J over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Simply 1 / RC or J over
+RC and the displacement from the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and the displacement from the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC and the displacement from the real
+axis this quantity is an amount Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this quantity is an amount Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this quantity is an amount Delta
+ided 4 RC it's fairly easy to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided 4 RC it's fairly easy to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ided 4 RC it's fairly easy to show that
+by directly factoring the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by directly factoring the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by directly factoring the characteristic
+equation that corresponds to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that corresponds to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that corresponds to this
+expression for the negative of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the negative of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the negative of the loop
+transmission well now we see our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission well now we see our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission well now we see our
+strategy as we change Delta we move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy as we change Delta we move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy as we change Delta we move the
+location of this zero uh a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of this zero uh a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of this zero uh a positive
+value for Delta gets us a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for Delta gets us a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for Delta gets us a situation
+shown which results in a stable system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown which results in a stable system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown which results in a stable system
+all the closed loop holes lie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the closed loop holes lie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the closed loop holes lie in the
+left half plane if we make Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half plane if we make Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half plane if we make Delta
+negative make the resistor going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative make the resistor going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative make the resistor going to
+ground smaller than the series resistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground smaller than the series resistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground smaller than the series resistor
+going into the operational amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the operational amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the operational amplifier
+make that time constant a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that time constant a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that time constant a little bit
+shorter than the input time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than the input time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than the input time constant
+then this zero is on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this zero is on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this zero is on the other side of
+the pole under those conditions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole under those conditions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pole under those conditions the
+closed loop poles are in the right half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop poles are in the right half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed loop poles are in the right half
+of the S plane and so now our strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S plane and so now our strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the S plane and so now our strategy
+uh parallels that that I suggested for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parallels that that I suggested for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh parallels that that I suggested for
+the wean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wean
+Bridge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge we
+can look at the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at the amplitude of the
+oscillation being generated by our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation being generated by our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation being generated by our our
+system and we effectively have a pot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we effectively have a pot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and we effectively have a pot
+that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes
+Delta uh what we would do is increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta uh what we would do is increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta uh what we would do is increase
+Delta make Delta positive if we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta make Delta positive if we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta make Delta positive if we found
+that the amplitude of our oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amplitude of our oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the amplitude of our oscillation
+was too large because that would move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too large because that would move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too large because that would move
+the closed loop holes to the left half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop holes to the left half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the closed loop holes to the left half
+plane the amplitude would begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the amplitude would begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the amplitude would begin to
+shrink when it had shrunk back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink when it had shrunk back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink when it had shrunk back to the
+right size we presumably would change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size we presumably would change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right size we presumably would change
+Delta such that the closed loop poles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta such that the closed loop poles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta such that the closed loop poles
+lay exactly on the imaginary axis uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay exactly on the imaginary axis uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lay exactly on the imaginary axis uh and
+and then from there on in keep adjusting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from there on in keep adjusting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then from there on in keep adjusting
+the pot to make up for very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot to make up for very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot to make up for very small
+changes in in system quantities in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in in system quantities in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in in system quantities in in a
+consequence of temperature dependence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of temperature dependence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of temperature dependence or
+aging or whatever uh and work to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aging or whatever uh and work to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aging or whatever uh and work to keep
+the output amplitude constant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output amplitude constant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output amplitude constant to the
+extent that we were able to keep these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we were able to keep these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that we were able to keep these
+poles closed loop poles precisely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles closed loop poles precisely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles closed loop poles precisely on the
+imaginary axis by making this zero lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis by making this zero lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis by making this zero lie
+precisely on this pole we'd have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely on this pole we'd have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely on this pole we'd have a
+constant amplitude oscillation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amplitude oscillation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant amplitude oscillation which
+would be harmonically pure we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be harmonically pure we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be harmonically pure we have a
+true linear system with a complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true linear system with a complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true linear system with a complex
+conjugate pair of poles on the imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate pair of poles on the imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate pair of poles on the imaginary
+axis well how might we physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis well how might we physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis well how might we physically
+accomplish that the uh the possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that the uh the possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish that the uh the possibilities
+are to use a a Field Effect transistor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to use a a Field Effect transistor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to use a a Field Effect transistor
+in order to vary the the resistor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to vary the the resistor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to vary the the resistor at
+least that's one possibility we notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that's one possibility we notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that's one possibility we notice
+the resistor whose value is 1 plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor whose value is 1 plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistor whose value is 1 plus Delta
+times R associated with the rightand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R associated with the rightand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times R associated with the rightand
+operational amplifier we could make part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier we could make part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier we could make part
+of that resistor for example be a Field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that resistor for example be a Field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that resistor for example be a Field
+Effect transistor and for small signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effect transistor and for small signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effect transistor and for small signals
+applied from the source to the drain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied from the source to the drain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied from the source to the drain of
+the Field Effect transistor why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Field Effect transistor why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Field Effect transistor why we're
+able to get the we're able to change its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the we're able to change its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get the we're able to change its
+resistance it behaves like a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance it behaves like a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance it behaves like a linear
+resistor and we can modulate its value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and we can modulate its value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor and we can modulate its value
+and so that might be a mechanism for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that might be a mechanism for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that might be a mechanism for
+controlling amplitude what our strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling amplitude what our strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling amplitude what our strategy
+would be would be to measure VA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be to measure VA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be would be to measure VA
+determine the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the amplitude
+VA somehow and then build a control Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA somehow and then build a control Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA somehow and then build a control Loop
+that changes Delta in an attempt to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes Delta in an attempt to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that changes Delta in an attempt to keep
+V sub a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant one of the interesting fringe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one of the interesting fringe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant one of the interesting fringe
+benefits of the use of a quadrature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of the use of a quadrature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of the use of a quadrature
+oscillator which is of course where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator which is of course where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator which is of course where it
+gets its name is that when we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets its name is that when we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets its name is that when we have the
+loop running we ideally have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop running we ideally have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop running we ideally have two
+integrators ganged up and so we get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators ganged up and so we get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators ganged up and so we get two
+Sonos signals we've been focusing only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonos signals we've been focusing only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sonos signals we've been focusing only
+on VA in the discussion but we do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on VA in the discussion but we do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on VA in the discussion but we do get
+two sidal signals which happen to be 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sidal signals which happen to be 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sidal signals which happen to be 90°
+out of phase since they represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase since they represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase since they represent
+respectively the input and outputs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively the input and outputs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively the input and outputs of
+integrators and that is a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators and that is a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrators and that is a very useful
+feature in certain instrumentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in certain instrumentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in certain instrumentation
+applications let's see how we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications let's see how we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications let's see how we really
+control the amplitude of this oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the amplitude of this oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the amplitude of this oscillator
+I've mentioned the the overall strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned the the overall strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've mentioned the the overall strategy
+but now we have to think a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have to think a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we have to think a little bit
+about how we model this system and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we model this system and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we model this system and in
+particular one of the variables is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one of the variables is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one of the variables is how
+does va
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does va
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does va
+react the signal amplitude or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react the signal amplitude or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react the signal amplitude or actually
+the envelope of that amp of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope of that amp of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope of that amp of the
+oscillation react uh as we change Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation react uh as we change Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation react uh as we change Delta
+what we're really going to do here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're really going to do here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're really going to do here you
+see is build a very very slow Loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is build a very very slow Loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is build a very very slow Loop that
+controls the amplitude of the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the amplitude of the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the amplitude of the output
+signal and there's sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and there's sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and there's sort of two
+independent feedback processes going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent feedback processes going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent feedback processes going on
+at once one of them is the the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once one of them is the the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once one of them is the the double
+integrator Loop that crosses over at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator Loop that crosses over at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator Loop that crosses over at a
+fairly high frequency at a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly high frequency at a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly high frequency at a frequency
+Omega equals 1 over RC and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 1 over RC and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega equals 1 over RC and that's the
+basic oscillator we're oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic oscillator we're oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic oscillator we're oscillating
+basically at a frequency uh one over RC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at a frequency uh one over RC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at a frequency uh one over RC
+radians per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radians per
+second the uh the other one is a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the uh the other one is a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the uh the other one is a much
+much slower Loop a much lower crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much slower Loop a much lower crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much slower Loop a much lower crossover
+frequency that works on the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that works on the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that works on the amplitude of
+of the signal and so what we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal and so what we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the signal and so what we have to do
+uh works on the envelope of the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh works on the envelope of the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh works on the envelope of the signal
+to keep that envelope constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that envelope constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep that envelope constant in
+amplitude so what we have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude so what we have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude so what we have to do is
+figure out a way to model the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to model the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to model the transfer
+function really that goes from changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function really that goes from changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function really that goes from changes
+in Delta to changes in amplitude our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Delta to changes in amplitude our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Delta to changes in amplitude our
+feedback system is going to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system is going to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system is going to measure
+amplitude feedback to control Delta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude feedback to control Delta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude feedback to control Delta and
+clearly part of that Loop is the Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly part of that Loop is the Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly part of that Loop is the Delta
+to envelope or amplitude transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to envelope or amplitude transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to envelope or amplitude transfer
+function we have to find out how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have to find out how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we have to find out how we
+model that or how we represent that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that or how we represent that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that or how we represent that well
+to do this let's assume that our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this let's assume that our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this let's assume that our system
+is oscillating with the actual signal V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillating with the actual signal V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillating with the actual signal V
+sub a being equal to some e subba and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub a being equal to some e subba and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub a being equal to some e subba and
+amplitude associated with that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude associated with that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude associated with that signal
+times sin Omega T and Omega is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sin Omega T and Omega is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times sin Omega T and Omega is equal to
+1 / RC this is the situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / RC this is the situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / RC this is the situation that
+results with perfectly matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results with perfectly matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results with perfectly matched
+components Delta equals zero we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Delta equals zero we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components Delta equals zero we have a
+pair of complex conjugate poles on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of complex conjugate poles on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of complex conjugate poles on the
+imaginary axis uh we get a a pure signus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis uh we get a a pure signus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary axis uh we get a a pure signus
+soidal oscillator and and the amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soidal oscillator and and the amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soidal oscillator and and the amplitude
+is a function of of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of of initial
+conditions now let's see what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now let's see what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions now let's see what happens if
+we make a step change in Delta so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a step change in Delta so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make a step change in Delta so we
+change the value of that resistor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the value of that resistor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the value of that resistor at
+time tals 0 to some value Delta 1 we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tals 0 to some value Delta 1 we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time tals 0 to some value Delta 1 we put
+in a step at time T equals z of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a step at time T equals z of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a step at time T equals z of
+magnitude Delta 1 well for time greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude Delta 1 well for time greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude Delta 1 well for time greater
+than T equals z then uh the voltage V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T equals z then uh the voltage V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than T equals z then uh the voltage V
+subay will be exponentially decaying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subay will be exponentially decaying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subay will be exponentially decaying we
+found out that positive values of Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that positive values of Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found out that positive values of Delta
+at least give us uh poles in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least give us uh poles in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least give us uh poles in the left
+half plane and so there may be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane and so there may be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane and so there may be a little
+bit of a phase shift a phase change but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a phase shift a phase change but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a phase shift a phase change but
+that's not very important we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very important we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very important we're going to
+focus principally on the envelope uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus principally on the envelope uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus principally on the envelope uh our
+signal V Suba is then again e sub a that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal V Suba is then again e sub a that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal V Suba is then again e sub a that
+was the value had initially times sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the value had initially times sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the value had initially times sin
+Omega T that times e to minus Delta 1 T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T that times e to minus Delta 1 T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T that times e to minus Delta 1 T
+over 4 RC reflecting the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 RC reflecting the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 RC reflecting the fact that the
+poles have a real part that's minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles have a real part that's minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles have a real part that's minus
+Delta over 4 RC so we get the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 4 RC so we get the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta over 4 RC so we get the minus
+Delta 1 over 4 RC * t as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 over 4 RC * t as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 over 4 RC * t as the
+exponent and we can look at this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and we can look at this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and we can look at this we can
+look at the actual envelope here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the actual envelope here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the actual envelope here we're
+going ahead the oscillation is running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going ahead the oscillation is running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going ahead the oscillation is running
+along in here at a high frequency uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in here at a high frequency uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along in here at a high frequency uh in
+fact determined by the r C constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact determined by the r C constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact determined by the r C constant so
+this is running along like so prior to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is running along like so prior to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is running along like so prior to
+time T equals 0 Delta is zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T equals 0 Delta is zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T equals 0 Delta is zero so the
+amplitude of the oscillation is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the oscillation is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the oscillation is constant
+and the magnitude is e sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnitude is e sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnitude is e sub
+a for times greater than zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for times greater than zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for times greater than zero the
+amplitude decays exponentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude decays exponentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude decays exponentially the
+envelope going as e sub a eus Delta 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope going as e sub a eus Delta 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope going as e sub a eus Delta 1
+over 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4
+rctimes T so we have the oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rctimes T so we have the oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rctimes T so we have the oscillation
+running back and forth constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running back and forth constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running back and forth constant
+amplitude up to time T equals z for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude up to time T equals z for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude up to time T equals z for a
+positive value of of Delta an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of of Delta an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive value of of Delta an
+exponentially decaying amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially decaying amplitude
+thereafter let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thereafter let's go ahead and
+write es uh the total variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write es uh the total variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write es uh the total variable
+associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the
+envelope well the envelope is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope well the envelope is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope well the envelope is our
+initial amplitude uh the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial amplitude uh the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial amplitude uh the envelope
+amplitude e sub capital A times eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude e sub capital A times eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude e sub capital A times eus
+Delta 1 T over 4 RC and what I'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 T over 4 RC and what I'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta 1 T over 4 RC and what I'll do is
+expand that in the ser series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that in the ser series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that in the ser series
+recognizing that the term the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that the term the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that the term the
+exponential is is hopefully small Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is is hopefully small Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential is is hopefully small Delta
+is a very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very very small
+quantity and if we do that we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and if we do that we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and if we do that we get the
+first two terms of this series being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two terms of this series being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two terms of this series being
+equal to capital E sub capital A that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital E sub capital A that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to capital E sub capital A that's
+the initial amplitude that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial amplitude that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial amplitude that's this
+value minus Delta 1 EA over 4 rctimes T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus Delta 1 EA over 4 rctimes T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus Delta 1 EA over 4 rctimes T
+and then there's the quadratic term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the quadratic term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's the quadratic term and
+all of that if in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that if in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of that if in fact
+this quantity the exponent is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity the exponent is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity the exponent is small
+enough we can make a uh a linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we can make a uh a linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough we can make a uh a linearized
+approximation to this transfer or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this transfer or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to this transfer or to
+this behavior and we'd recognize capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this behavior and we'd recognize capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this behavior and we'd recognize capital
+E sub capital A is the operating point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E sub capital A is the operating point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E sub capital A is the operating point
+value of the envelope and then this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the envelope and then this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the envelope and then this term
+is the incremental component so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incremental component so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the incremental component so that's
+the usual linearized analysis where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual linearized analysis where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usual linearized analysis where we
+consider only the first two terms uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider only the first two terms uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider only the first two terms uh in
+the series expansion are actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series expansion are actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the series expansion are actually the
+operating Point Value Plus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point Value Plus the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point Value Plus the first
+term ter in the series expansion for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term ter in the series expansion for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term ter in the series expansion for the
+envelope again I I emphasize the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope again I I emphasize the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope again I I emphasize the fact
+that our strategy is going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our strategy is going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our strategy is going to be to
+measure the envelope hopefully do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the envelope hopefully do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the envelope hopefully do that
+without regard for the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without regard for the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without regard for the actual
+oscillation we'll try to build some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation we'll try to build some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation we'll try to build some sort
+of a detector that measures envelope do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a detector that measures envelope do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a detector that measures envelope do
+that without uh worrying about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without uh worrying about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that without uh worrying about the the
+exact details of the oscillation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact details of the oscillation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact details of the oscillation and
+then use envelope information measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use envelope information measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then use envelope information measured
+envelope amplitude to control Delta well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope amplitude to control Delta well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope amplitude to control Delta well
+fine what we find out is that we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine what we find out is that we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine what we find out is that we make a
+step change in Delta and the incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step change in Delta and the incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step change in Delta and the incremental
+component when we draw an incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component when we draw an incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component when we draw an incremental
+block diagram or a linearized block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram or a linearized block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram or a linearized block
+diagram in response to putting making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in response to putting making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram in response to putting making a
+step change in Delta we get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step change in Delta we get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step change in Delta we get a negative
+ramp for the incremental change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp for the incremental change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp for the incremental change in the
+envelope es sub a is something times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope es sub a is something times T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope es sub a is something times T
+well let's see we have a A system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see we have a A system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see we have a A system that
+we are assuming is Linear by virtue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are assuming is Linear by virtue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are assuming is Linear by virtue of
+of the fact that we've performed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we've performed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that we've performed a
+linear linearized kind of analysis we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linearized kind of analysis we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear linearized kind of analysis we're
+doing an operating point plus a a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an operating point plus a a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an operating point plus a a linear
+change from that operating Point sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from that operating Point sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from that operating Point sort of
+analysis so we have a a linear system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so we have a a linear system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis so we have a a linear system we
+put in a step and we get out a ramp we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a step and we get out a ramp we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a step and we get out a ramp we
+we conclude that the transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we conclude that the transfer function
+that relates output to input for such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates output to input for such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that relates output to input for such a
+system must be simply an integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system must be simply an integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system must be simply an integration
+when you put a step into an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put a step into an integrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you put a step into an integrator
+you get a ramp out consequently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a ramp out consequently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a ramp out consequently the
+fourth permutation in our hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth permutation in our hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth permutation in our hierarchy of
+variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and
+subscript E Suba of s that the transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript E Suba of s that the transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript E Suba of s that the transfer
+function that relates the transform of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that relates the transform of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that relates the transform of
+the incremental component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incremental component of the
+envelope to Delta is simply the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope to Delta is simply the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope to Delta is simply the scale
+factor that we got from the earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that we got from the earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that we got from the earlier
+equation minus E subcap A over 4 RC now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation minus E subcap A over 4 RC now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation minus E subcap A over 4 RC now
+times s reflecting the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s reflecting the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times s reflecting the integration
+associated with uh our linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh our linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with uh our linearized
+analysis the fact that a step gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the fact that a step gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis the fact that a step gives us a
+ramp change in envelope that's simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp change in envelope that's simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramp change in envelope that's simply
+saying that if if things go for short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if if things go for short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if if things go for short
+period of time uh or if we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time uh or if we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time uh or if we look at the
+system for a short period of time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for a short period of time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for a short period of time and
+there's a funny kind of linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a funny kind of linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a funny kind of linearization
+here you're linear linearizing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're linear linearizing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you're linear linearizing a
+variable that runs continuously but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that runs continuously but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that runs continuously but but
+what happens is that the system works to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that the system works to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that the system works to
+to force itself back to equilibrium in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force itself back to equilibrium in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to force itself back to equilibrium in
+such a way that this exponent stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that this exponent stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that this exponent stays
+pretty small the total exponent stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small the total exponent stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small the total exponent stays
+pretty small it goes to zero the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small it goes to zero the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small it goes to zero the
+feedback system works in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system works in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system works in that
+direction well uh to the extent that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction well uh to the extent that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction well uh to the extent that we
+can use that sort of of linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that sort of of linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that sort of of linearized
+analysis we're able to model this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we're able to model this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis we're able to model this thing
+as as simply the integration and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as simply the integration and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as simply the integration and now we
+can draw a block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw a block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw a block diagram
+we have a reference value for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reference value for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reference value for our
+envelope we have the actual measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope we have the actual measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope we have the actual measured
+envelope amplitude we compare those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope amplitude we compare those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope amplitude we compare those to
+we go through some sort of a controller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through some sort of a controller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through some sort of a controller
+and then we go through the Dynamics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go through the Dynamics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we go through the Dynamics that
+relate envelope to Delta so this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate envelope to Delta so this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate envelope to Delta so this point
+in the block diagram is really Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the block diagram is really Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the block diagram is really Delta of
+s we go through the transfer function we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we go through the transfer function we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s we go through the transfer function we
+developed above capital E sub capital A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed above capital E sub capital A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed above capital E sub capital A
+over 4 RC s uh that gets us uh an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 RC s uh that gets us uh an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 RC s uh that gets us uh an output
+amplitude We compare that with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude We compare that with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude We compare that with a
+reference amplitude uh modify it as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference amplitude uh modify it as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference amplitude uh modify it as we
+need to with our our compensator or Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to with our our compensator or Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to with our our compensator or Loop
+gain or whatever and that completes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain or whatever and that completes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gain or whatever and that completes the
+loop uh since there's a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop uh since there's a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop uh since there's a minus sign
+associated with this relationship we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this relationship we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this relationship we'll
+find out that that a of s actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that that a of s actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that that a of s actually has
+to be negative itself so that we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative itself so that we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be negative itself so that we end up
+with a negative feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a negative feedback
+system when we go to do this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when we go to do this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system when we go to do this there's
+some practical things that we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practical things that we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some practical things that we have to
+consider one is that in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider one is that in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider one is that in order to make
+our analysis valid where we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis valid where we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our analysis valid where we sort of
+ignore the structure associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the structure associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the structure associated with the
+high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency
+oscillation the oscillator is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation the oscillator is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation the oscillator is going
+providing a high frequency oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a high frequency oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a high frequency oscillation
+if we ignore that in order to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ignore that in order to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ignore that in order to ignore
+that structure we have to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure we have to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structure we have to have the
+crossover frequency in the loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency in the loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency in the loop that
+controls the amplitude of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the amplitude of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the amplitude of our
+oscillation much much lower than 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation much much lower than 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation much much lower than 1 over
+RC as we approach one over RC we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC as we approach one over RC we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC as we approach one over RC we get
+into sampling kinds of problems we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sampling kinds of problems we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sampling kinds of problems we're
+we're not able to get a good estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not able to get a good estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not able to get a good estimate of
+the envelope on an instantaneous basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope on an instantaneous basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope on an instantaneous basis
+and the thing that allows us to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that allows us to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing that allows us to get a
+good estimate on a sort of instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate on a sort of instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good estimate on a sort of instantaneous
+basis compared to the Dynamics of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis compared to the Dynamics of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis compared to the Dynamics of our
+amplitude stabilization Loop is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude stabilization Loop is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude stabilization Loop is to
+ensure that the crossover frequency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the crossover frequency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure that the crossover frequency in
+that Loop is much much less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loop is much much less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Loop is much much less than one
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+RC uh we also might like to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC uh we also might like to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RC uh we also might like to have a
+system that will force the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will force the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that will force the output
+amplitude to be identically equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to be identically equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude to be identically equal to the
+reference amplitude and in general that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference amplitude and in general that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference amplitude and in general that
+requires some voltage for example on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some voltage for example on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires some voltage for example on the
+control the Gate of our Field Effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the Gate of our Field Effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the Gate of our Field Effect
+transistor and and the way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and and the way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor and and the way we can
+support a finite voltage with zero error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a finite voltage with zero error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a finite voltage with zero error
+is to Simply use an integrator and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply use an integrator and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to Simply use an integrator and so
+let's design our a ofs to include an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's design our a ofs to include an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's design our a ofs to include an
+integration that will ensure as a say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that will ensure as a say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration that will ensure as a say
+that we can get any voltage we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get any voltage we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can get any voltage we need to
+control the loop uh with negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the loop uh with negligible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the loop uh with negligible
+error zero error between our commanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error zero error between our commanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error zero error between our commanded
+and actual value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actual value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actual value for the
+envelope um finally we or also we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope um finally we or also we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope um finally we or also we need
+some filtering uh if we think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some filtering uh if we think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some filtering uh if we think about the
+way we'll we'll do this we can't get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we'll we'll do this we can't get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we'll we'll do this we can't get a a
+perfect detection of of envelope what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect detection of of envelope what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect detection of of envelope what we
+might do for example is a full wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do for example is a full wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do for example is a full wave
+rectifier that's one possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier that's one possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectifier that's one possibility
+actually the the actual circuit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the actual circuit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the the actual circuit that
+we'll look at is is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at is is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at is is a little bit more
+sophisticated than that it it does some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than that it it does some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated than that it it does some
+phase shifting and then a a rather neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifting and then a a rather neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifting and then a a rather neat
+multiphase envelope detector that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiphase envelope detector that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiphase envelope detector that gets
+this fairly small Ripple it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly small Ripple it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly small Ripple it's a
+equivalent to using several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to using several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to using several different
+phases and and just getting a scalloped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and and just getting a scalloped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and and just getting a scalloped
+kind of an output waveform but there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an output waveform but there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of an output waveform but there is
+still some harmonic cont content some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some harmonic cont content some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still some harmonic cont content some
+high frequency noise associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency noise associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency noise associated with
+that measure of the envelope and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure of the envelope and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure of the envelope and what we
+have to do is filter that because if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is filter that because if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is filter that because if we
+think about the overall loop we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the overall loop we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the overall loop we're going
+to apply some measure of the envelope or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply some measure of the envelope or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply some measure of the envelope or
+the error to a our control element to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error to a our control element to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error to a our control element to a
+Field Effect transistor possibly if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field Effect transistor possibly if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Field Effect transistor possibly if we
+use that as the control element and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as the control element and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as the control element and
+while I think the analysis is difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I think the analysis is difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I think the analysis is difficult
+probably beyond my capability uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably beyond my capability uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably beyond my capability uh
+modulating the control element at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating the control element at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulating the control element at some
+high frequency can't possibly be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency can't possibly be good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency can't possibly be good
+we'd like to have the control element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to have the control element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to have the control element
+have a fixed value of resistance over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed value of resistance over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a fixed value of resistance over an
+entire cycle or many cycles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cycle or many cycles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cycle or many cycles of
+oscillation so what we'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so what we'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation so what we'd like to do is
+include a lot of filtering so that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a lot of filtering so that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a lot of filtering so that this
+high frequency trash that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency trash that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency trash that's that's a
+consequence of our envelope detection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of our envelope detection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of our envelope detection
+gets gets filtered out to insignificant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets gets filtered out to insignificant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets gets filtered out to insignificant
+levels and finally we have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and finally we have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and finally we have to be very
+conservative in our design because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative in our design because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative in our design because
+there's a lot of unknowns here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of unknowns here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of unknowns here there's a
+there's a linearity problem notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a linearity problem notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a linearity problem notice that
+the loop transmission magnet ude is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission magnet ude is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop transmission magnet ude is a
+function of the commanded value for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the commanded value for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the commanded value for the
+operating point value for the envelope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point value for the envelope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating point value for the envelope
+so if we command a large envelope we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we command a large envelope we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we command a large envelope we get
+a high Loop transmission if we command a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high Loop transmission if we command a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high Loop transmission if we command a
+small envelope we get a small Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small envelope we get a small Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small envelope we get a small Loop
+transmission that sort of Behavior Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that sort of Behavior Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission that sort of Behavior Uh
+incidentally is is very very or always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally is is very very or always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidentally is is very very or always
+occurs in in gain control kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in in gain control kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in in gain control kinds of
+things you invariably find out that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you invariably find out that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you invariably find out that some
+Loop transmission parameter the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission parameter the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission parameter the some
+Loop transmission magnitude is dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission magnitude is dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop transmission magnitude is dependent
+on operating point it shows up here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on operating point it shows up here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on operating point it shows up here in
+our amplitude stabilization Loop by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amplitude stabilization Loop by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our amplitude stabilization Loop by
+virtue of the operating point value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of the operating point value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtue of the operating point value of
+the envelope coming in as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope coming in as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the envelope coming in as a
+multiplicative factor in the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative factor in the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative factor in the loop
+transmission uh there's a host of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh there's a host of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission uh there's a host of
+nonlinearities in this system uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities in this system uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearities in this system uh when
+you use a Field Effect transistor as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a Field Effect transistor as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a Field Effect transistor as a
+control element and I do some of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control element and I do some of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control element and I do some of that
+analysis in the in the text we find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in the in the text we find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in the in the text we find that
+that it has rather grossly nonlinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has rather grossly nonlinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it has rather grossly nonlinear
+characteristics between control voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics between control voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics between control voltage
+gate voltage and and uh incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate voltage and and uh incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate voltage and and uh incremental
+resistance when we use it in this mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance when we use it in this mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance when we use it in this mode
+so we have to really our our system Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to really our our system Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to really our our system Loop
+transmission magnitude at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude at low
+frequencies may not be what we think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies may not be what we think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies may not be what we think it
+is uh so we ought to design the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so we ought to design the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh so we ought to design the system
+to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be very very
+conservative design a system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative design a system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative design a system that has
+plenty of phase margin under nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of phase margin under nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of phase margin under nominal
+conditions so that uh when things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that uh when things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions so that uh when things are
+not as we thought they were we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as we thought they were we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as we thought they were we still
+have adequate phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adequate phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have adequate phase
+margin uh a possible a of s might be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin uh a possible a of s might be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin uh a possible a of s might be of
+the following form we want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following form we want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following form we want an
+integration so we get a over s that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so we get a over s that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration so we get a over s that gets
+us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the
+integration uh I will will then go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh I will will then go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration uh I will will then go ahead
+and put in a zero because once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in a zero because once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put in a zero because once we have
+the integration uh we have that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration uh we have that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration uh we have that we've
+intentionally added we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally added we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally added we have that
+integration plus a a second integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration plus a a second integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration plus a a second integration
+that occurs at at as a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs at at as a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that occurs at at as a consequence of
+the Dynamics that relate envelope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics that relate envelope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics that relate envelope to
+Delta uh and so what I'd like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta uh and so what I'd like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta uh and so what I'd like to do is
+add a zero so that I get a a one over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a zero so that I get a a one over s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a zero so that I get a a one over s
+squ roll off at low frequencies then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ roll off at low frequencies then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ roll off at low frequencies then a
+1/ s roll off in the inity of crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ s roll off in the inity of crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/ s roll off in the inity of crossover
+let's shoot for Crossover at at 10us 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's shoot for Crossover at at 10us 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's shoot for Crossover at at 10us 2
+over RC 1/ 100th of the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over RC 1/ 100th of the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over RC 1/ 100th of the frequency of
+oscillation I mentioned earlier we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation I mentioned earlier we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation I mentioned earlier we we
+simply want to be at a small fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply want to be at a small fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply want to be at a small fraction of
+the frequency of oscillation so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of oscillation so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency of oscillation so let's uh
+assume we're going to cross over at 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we're going to cross over at 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we're going to cross over at 1/
+100th of 1 over RC let's put the zero a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th of 1 over RC let's put the zero a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100th of 1 over RC let's put the zero a
+decade below that that's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade below that that's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decade below that that's quite
+conservative we uh uh said with lag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative we uh uh said with lag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative we uh uh said with lag
+networks that we might start there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we might start there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that we might start there but
+then then edge up let's put a zero so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then edge up let's put a zero so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then edge up let's put a zero so we
+have a 1/s slope that extends from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1/s slope that extends from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1/s slope that extends from that
+starts a decade below nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts a decade below nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts a decade below nominal
+crossover and then I'll put two more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and then I'll put two more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover and then I'll put two more
+poles that provide filtering a decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that provide filtering a decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poles that provide filtering a decade
+above nominal crossover again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above nominal crossover again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above nominal crossover again
+recognizing that we're going to shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we're going to shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing that we're going to shoot
+for a crossover in the amplitude control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a crossover in the amplitude control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a crossover in the amplitude control
+Loop that's 111 100th of one over RC let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that's 111 100th of one over RC let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that's 111 100th of one over RC let
+me put uh two poles that will provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put uh two poles that will provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me put uh two poles that will provide
+additional filtering to signals at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional filtering to signals at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional filtering to signals at and
+above one over RC the the sort of tra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one over RC the the sort of tra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above one over RC the the sort of tra
+hash on our uh envelope detector uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash on our uh envelope detector uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash on our uh envelope detector uh
+let's put a couple of filters uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a couple of filters uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a couple of filters uh that
+occur a decade below that uh and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur a decade below that uh and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur a decade below that uh and in fact
+are located one decade above our nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located one decade above our nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are located one decade above our nominal
+crossover frequency we can adjust a not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency we can adjust a not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency we can adjust a not
+then so the crossover does in fact occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so the crossover does in fact occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so the crossover does in fact occur
+at 1/ 100th of 1 over RC we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1/ 100th of 1 over RC we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1/ 100th of 1 over RC we'll have a
+loop transmission that falls as one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission that falls as one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop transmission that falls as one over
+Omega squar at low frequencies one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squar at low frequencies one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega squar at low frequencies one over
+Omega actually for a decade either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega actually for a decade either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega actually for a decade either side
+of cross over if every if everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cross over if every if everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cross over if every if everything
+occurs as we hope and then is one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs as we hope and then is one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs as we hope and then is one over
+Omega cubed beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cubed beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega cubed beyond that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh if in fact our system were precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if in fact our system were precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if in fact our system were precisely
+like this we would have about 75 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we would have about 75 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this we would have about 75 degrees
+of phase margin a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase margin a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase margin a very very
+conservatively stable system uh if we if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatively stable system uh if we if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservatively stable system uh if we if
+if this was the kind of a a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was the kind of a a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was the kind of a a loop
+transmission plot that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission plot that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission plot that we
+had uh in terms of let's let's focus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh in terms of let's let's focus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh in terms of let's let's focus a
+little bit again on on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit again on on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit again on on on this
+relationship the fact that we 'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the fact that we 'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship the fact that we 'd like to
+cross over at a frequency small compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over at a frequency small compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross over at a frequency small compared
+to the oscillating frequency so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the oscillating frequency so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the oscillating frequency so that we
+don't get an interaction a sampling kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an interaction a sampling kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get an interaction a sampling kind
+of a a thing the only Converse to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a thing the only Converse to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a thing the only Converse to that
+normally you see our amplitude control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you see our amplitude control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally you see our amplitude control
+Loop only has to make up for aging and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop only has to make up for aging and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop only has to make up for aging and
+temperature changes and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature changes and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature changes and that sort of
+thing and so a very slow amplitude Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so a very slow amplitude Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so a very slow amplitude Loop
+is is perfectly fine however it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is perfectly fine however it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is perfectly fine however it's
+possible in some applications that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in some applications that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in some applications that we
+might want to make the command changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make the command changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to make the command changes
+in the amplitude of the the oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amplitude of the the oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the amplitude of the the oscillator
+and if we do that uh then we'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do that uh then we'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we do that uh then we'd like to
+have a reasonably High crossover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonably High crossover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reasonably High crossover
+frequency in the amplitude control Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the amplitude control Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency in the amplitude control Loop
+so that we get fairly fast response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we get fairly fast response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we get fairly fast response to
+commanded changes I haven't tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanded changes I haven't tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanded changes I haven't tried to
+push that at all in the system we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that at all in the system we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push that at all in the system we're
+going to demonstrate uh what we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to demonstrate uh what we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to demonstrate uh what we'll we'll
+do is really design for a nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is really design for a nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is really design for a nominal
+crossover frequency that's 1/1 100th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency that's 1/1 100th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover frequency that's 1/1 100th of
+the oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oscillating
+frequency and here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and here we have the
+experimental system that does this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental system that does this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental system that does this uh
+there's a collection of operational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collection of operational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a collection of operational
+amplifiers and I won't go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers and I won't go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers and I won't go through all
+the details of that but there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that but there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of that but there are a
+number of operational amplifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operational amplifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of operational amplifiers
+uh the two basic ones doing our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two basic ones doing our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the two basic ones doing our our
+quadrature Loop there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature Loop there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadrature Loop there is another
+operational amplifier that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifier that really
+mechanized as a of s and then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanized as a of s and then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanized as a of s and then there's
+several more that do the rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more that do the rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more that do the rather
+sophisticated envelope detection a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated envelope detection a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated envelope detection a very
+low Ripple type of envelope detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Ripple type of envelope detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low Ripple type of envelope detector
+multiphase sort of envelope detector so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiphase sort of envelope detector so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiphase sort of envelope detector so
+that's what the collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the collection of
+operational amplifiers uh is used for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers uh is used for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational amplifiers uh is used for uh
+there's a couple of switches one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of switches one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of switches one which
+commands internally a fixed amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands internally a fixed amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands internally a fixed amplitude
+for the oscillation another one and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oscillation another one and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the oscillation another one and the
+other position of that switch allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other position of that switch allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other position of that switch allows us
+to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh
+externally command the amplitude so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally command the amplitude so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+externally command the amplitude so we
+can for example look at the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for example look at the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can for example look at the step
+response when we command a change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when we command a change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response when we command a change in
+amplitude uh there's another switch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude uh there's another switch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude uh there's another switch that
+allows us to use external compensation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to use external compensation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to use external compensation I
+won't do that in this case and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do that in this case and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't do that in this case and we have
+again the power supply test a generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the power supply test a generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the power supply test a generator
+that allows us to command changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to command changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows us to command changes in
+amplitude and we observe everything on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and we observe everything on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and we observe everything on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+oscilloscope um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope um
+what we're looking at here is the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at here is the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're looking at here is the output
+without any commanded changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any commanded changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any commanded changes in
+amplitude so we simply have a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude so we simply have a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude so we simply have a constant
+amplitude sinusoid in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude sinusoid in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude sinusoid in this case we
+selected the RC product to be 10us 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the RC product to be 10us 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected the RC product to be 10us 4th
+seconds we'd anticipate oscillation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds we'd anticipate oscillation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds we'd anticipate oscillation then
+at 10 4th radians per second we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 10 4th radians per second we're at
+200 microsc per division uh to again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 microsc per division uh to again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 microsc per division uh to again
+within the ability of our measurement we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ability of our measurement we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the ability of our measurement we
+find out that uh we get an cating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that uh we get an cating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out that uh we get an cating
+frequency that's sort of 10 4 divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's sort of 10 4 divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that's sort of 10 4 divided by
+by 2 pi a period of of something over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi a period of of something over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 2 pi a period of of something over
+600 micros three divisions uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 micros three divisions uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 micros three divisions uh if you
+investigate this and with a spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate this and with a spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate this and with a spectrum
+analyzer you find out that the this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer you find out that the this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzer you find out that the this is a
+very very pure sine wave the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very pure sine wave the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very pure sine wave the sort of
+distortion we get verifies the the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion we get verifies the the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion we get verifies the the basic
+design principle the idea of using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design principle the idea of using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design principle the idea of using this
+as a technique for stabilizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a technique for stabilizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a technique for stabilizing the
+amplitude of the oscillator the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the oscillator the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of the oscillator the harmonic
+Distortion in this one is is 80 or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion in this one is is 80 or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion in this one is is 80 or more
+DB be below the fundamentals so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB be below the fundamentals so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DB be below the fundamentals so the idea
+of putting in a a a slow Loop to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting in a a a slow Loop to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of putting in a a a slow Loop to control
+the amplitude does a very very good job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude does a very very good job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude does a very very good job
+of reducing or of giving us a spectrally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reducing or of giving us a spectrally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reducing or of giving us a spectrally
+pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure
+output what we're now able to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what we're now able to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output what we're now able to do is
+change the the switch that connects us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the the switch that connects us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the the switch that connects us
+from an internal reference for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an internal reference for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an internal reference for that
+amplitude the amplitude now is about 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the amplitude now is about 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the amplitude now is about 5
+volts Peak or 10 volts Peak to Peak uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts Peak or 10 volts Peak to Peak uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volts Peak or 10 volts Peak to Peak uh
+to an externally commanded reference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an externally commanded reference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an externally commanded reference and
+we'll put a square wave uh in as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a square wave uh in as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put a square wave uh in as the
+command so let's simply throw this uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command so let's simply throw this uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command so let's simply throw this uh to
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+position now we see the modulation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now we see the modulation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now we see the modulation we're
+again modulating it around about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again modulating it around about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again modulating it around about the
+same amplitude as we had before uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitude as we had before uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amplitude as we had before uh let's
+go to a situation now where we can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a situation now where we can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a situation now where we can look
+at the envelope and let's trigger off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the envelope and let's trigger off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the envelope and let's trigger off
+the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generator and now what we what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and now what we what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator and now what we what we see
+is exponential basically exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponential basically exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exponential basically exponential
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+envelope uh here we're commanding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope uh here we're commanding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope uh here we're commanding a
+smaller envelope here we're commanding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller envelope here we're commanding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller envelope here we're commanding a
+larger envelope let me just speed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger envelope let me just speed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger envelope let me just speed this
+up a little bit if we can that's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast again here we see the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast again here we see the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast again here we see the exponential
+changes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commanding a small amplitude then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding a small amplitude then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding a small amplitude then
+commanding a larger amplitude operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding a larger amplitude operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commanding a larger amplitude operating
+about 5 Vols for this small a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 Vols for this small a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 5 Vols for this small a signal
+things are relatively symmetrical we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are relatively symmetrical we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are relatively symmetrical we
+could estimate crossover frequencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could estimate crossover frequencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could estimate crossover frequencies in
+the control Loop by looking at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control Loop by looking at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control Loop by looking at the time
+constant of this exponential since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of this exponential since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of this exponential since we
+have a system with high phase margin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system with high phase margin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a system with high phase margin we
+design for 75 degrees of phase margin we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for 75 degrees of phase margin we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for 75 degrees of phase margin we
+get responses that look very very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get responses that look very very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get responses that look very very much
+first order if we had 90 degrees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order if we had 90 degrees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order if we had 90 degrees of
+phase margin we'd anticipate responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin we'd anticipate responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase margin we'd anticipate responses
+that are indistinguishable from first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are indistinguishable from first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are indistinguishable from first
+order responses this looks very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order responses this looks very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order responses this looks very very
+much like a first order exponential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a first order exponential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a first order exponential and
+the time constant of of the change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time constant of of the change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time constant of of the change in
+envelope is the order of 10 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is the order of 10 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope is the order of 10 milliseconds
+the 1/100th of 1 over RC that we shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/100th of 1 over RC that we shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1/100th of 1 over RC that we shot
+for let's now look at at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's now look at at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for let's now look at at what happens
+when we put in larger uh commanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put in larger uh commanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we put in larger uh commanded
+changes so I can do that let me lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so I can do that let me lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so I can do that let me lower
+the scale on the oscilloscope a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale on the oscilloscope a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scale on the oscilloscope a little
+bit and then just drive the system a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then just drive the system a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and then just drive the system a
+little bit harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now we begin to see how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we begin to see how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we begin to see how the
+nonlinearity shows up there's a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity shows up there's a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity shows up there's a number
+of nonlinearities in the systems I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinearities in the systems I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nonlinearities in the systems I
+measure as I mentioned some of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure as I mentioned some of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure as I mentioned some of them have
+to do with uh nonlinearities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with uh nonlinearities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with uh nonlinearities associated
+with the control elements the Field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the control elements the Field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the control elements the Field
+Effect transistors for example uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effect transistors for example uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Effect transistors for example uh there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+uh kinds of nonlinearities in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of nonlinearities in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh kinds of nonlinearities in the system
+we mentioned uh also that the uh loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned uh also that the uh loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mentioned uh also that the uh loop
+transmission magnitude is dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission magnitude is dependent on
+actual operating condition and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual operating condition and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual operating condition and when we
+put in large changes our our Assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in large changes our our Assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in large changes our our Assumption
+of linearized analysis is not operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearized analysis is not operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linearized analysis is not operation
+that's well modeled as incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well modeled as incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's well modeled as incremental
+changes around an operating Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes around an operating Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes around an operating Point
+becomes invalid we're we're making now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes invalid we're we're making now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes invalid we're we're making now
+changes that are large compared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that are large compared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes that are large compared to the
+operating Point uh we find out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point uh we find out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating Point uh we find out that the
+way this manifests itself in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this manifests itself in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this manifests itself in this
+particular system although there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system although there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular system although there's no
+generality here is a very non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality here is a very non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality here is a very non
+symmetrical kind of of change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical kind of of change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrical kind of of change the
+increasing amplitude uh the the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amplitude uh the the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing amplitude uh the the Dynamics
+associated with an increase in amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an increase in amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with an increase in amplitude
+are much longer than the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much longer than the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much longer than the Dynamics
+associated with a decrease in amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a decrease in amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a decrease in amplitude
+but as I say there's no real generality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say there's no real generality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say there's no real generality
+there that's just a peculiarity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's just a peculiarity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's just a peculiarity of of
+this system again we can move up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system again we can move up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system again we can move up the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+amplitude there we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude there we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude there we get into
+saturation let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+me but again we notice here uh the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but again we notice here uh the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but again we notice here uh the fall
+time if you will the the change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you will the the change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you will the the change to
+decrease smaller amplitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease smaller amplitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease smaller amplitude is
+considerably faster than the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably faster than the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerably faster than the time
+necessary to increase the amplitude so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to increase the amplitude so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to increase the amplitude so
+we see at least an indication of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see at least an indication of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see at least an indication of the
+nonlinearity associated with this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity associated with this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinearity associated with this system
+or some of the nonlinearities associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some of the nonlinearities associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some of the nonlinearities associated
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+system in conclusion I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in conclusion I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in conclusion I'd like to
+emphasize that this technique gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this technique gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that this technique gives us
+the ability to build a very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to build a very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to build a very very low
+Distortion oscillator and also is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion oscillator and also is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion oscillator and also is a very
+inter interesting example of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interesting example of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter interesting example of of a
+feedback system that has two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system that has two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback system that has two very
+distinct modes of operation the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct modes of operation the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct modes of operation the basic
+Loop that sets the frequency the 10 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that sets the frequency the 10 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that sets the frequency the 10 the
+4 radians per second or 1.6 khz in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 radians per second or 1.6 khz in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 radians per second or 1.6 khz in this
+case and then the much slower Loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then the much slower Loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and then the much slower Loop that
+that controls the amplitude of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the amplitude of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that controls the amplitude of that
+oscillation and this is this sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and this is this sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation and this is this sort of a
+system is a an example of uh of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a an example of uh of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is a an example of uh of that
+sort of interesting interplay in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting interplay in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of interesting interplay in in
+between Dynamics in a system that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Dynamics in a system that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Dynamics in a system that that
+has two distinct modes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two distinct modes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two distinct modes of
+operation this concludes our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this concludes our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation this concludes our discussion
+of oscillators thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f2_lvRuqp50.txt b/f2_lvRuqp50.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b72c1b6f3a909d5531f398189ad4868e9feadd44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f2_lvRuqp50.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3948 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we'll
+get started.
+
+So today we are going to
+dive into some parallel
+
+architectures.
+
+So the way, if you look at the
+big world, is there's --
+
+just counting parallelism, you
+can do it implicitly, either
+
+by hardware or the compiler.
+
+So the user won't see it.
+
+It will be done behind the
+user's back, but can be done
+
+by hardware or compiler.
+
+Or explicitly, visible
+to the user.
+
+So the hardware part is done in
+superscalar processors, and
+
+all those things will have
+explicitly parallel
+
+architecture.
+
+So what I am going to do is
+spend some time just talking
+
+about implicitly parallel
+superscalar processors.
+
+Because probably the entire time
+you guys were born till
+
+now, this has been the
+mainstream, people are
+
+building these things,
+and we are use to it.
+
+And now we are kind
+of doing a switch.
+
+Then we'll go into explicit
+parallelism processors and
+
+kind of look at different types
+in there, and get a feel
+
+for the big picture.
+
+So let's start at implicitly
+parallel superscalar
+
+processors.
+
+So there are two types of
+superscalar processors.
+
+One is what we call statically
+scheduled.
+
+Those are kind of simpler ones,
+where you use compiler
+
+techniques to figure out where
+the parallelism is.
+
+And what happens is the computer
+keeps executing,
+
+intead of one instruction at a
+time, the few instructions
+
+next to each other
+in one bunch.
+
+Like a bundle after
+bundle type thing.
+
+On the other hand, dynamically
+scheduled processors --
+
+things like the current Pentiums
+-- are a lot more
+
+complicated.
+
+They have to extract instruction
+level parallelism.
+
+ILP doesn't mean integer linear
+programming, it's
+
+instruction level parallelism.
+
+Schedule them as soon as
+operands become available,
+
+when the data is able to
+run these instructions.
+
+Then there's just a bunch of
+things that get more about
+
+parallelism, things like rename
+registers to eliminate
+
+some dependences.
+
+You execute things
+out of order.
+
+If later instructions the
+operands become available
+
+early, you'll get those things
+done instead of waiting.
+
+You can speculate to execute.
+
+I'll go through a little bit in
+detail to kind of explain
+
+what these things might be.
+
+Why is this not going down.
+
+Oops.
+
+So if you look at a
+normal pipeline.
+
+So this is a 004
+type pipeline.
+
+What I have is a very
+simplistic four
+
+stage pipeline in there.
+
+So a normal microprocessor,
+a single-issue, will do
+
+something like this.
+
+And if you look at it, there's
+still a little bit of
+
+parallelism here.
+
+Because you don't wait till the
+first thing finishes to go
+
+to the second thing.
+
+If you look at a superscalar,
+you have something like this.
+
+This is an in-order
+superscalar.
+
+What happens is in every cycle
+instead of doing one, you
+
+fetch two, you decode two,
+you execute two, and
+
+so on and so forth.
+
+In an out-of-order super-scalar,
+these are not
+
+going in these very
+nice boundaries.
+
+You have a fetch unit that
+fetches like hundreds ahead,
+
+and it keeps issuing as soon
+as things are fetched and
+
+decoded to the execute unit.
+
+And it's a lot more of a complex
+picture in there.
+
+I'm not going to show too much
+of the picture there, because
+
+it's a very complicated thing.
+
+So the first thing the processor
+has to do is, it has
+
+to look for true data
+dependences.
+
+True data dependence says that
+this instruction in fact is
+
+using something produced
+by the previous guy.
+
+So this is important because
+if the two instructions are
+
+data dependent, they cannot be
+executed simultaneously.
+
+You to wait till the first
+guy finishes to
+
+get the second guy.
+
+It cannot be completely
+overlapped, and you can't
+
+execute them in out-of-order.
+
+You have to make sure the
+data comes in before you
+
+actually use it.
+
+In computer architecture jargon,
+this is called a
+
+pipeline hazard.
+
+And this is called a
+Read After Write
+
+hazard, or RAW hazard.
+
+What that means is that the
+write has to finish before you
+
+can do the read.
+
+In a microprocessor, people try
+very hard to minimize the
+
+time you have to wait to do
+that, and you really have to
+
+honor that.
+
+In hardware/software what you
+have to do is you have to
+
+preserve this program
+ordering.
+
+The program has to be executed
+sequentially, determined by
+
+the source program.
+
+So if the source program says
+some order of doing things,
+
+you better --
+
+if there's some reason for
+doing that, you better
+
+actually adhere to that order.
+
+You can't go and just do things
+in a haphazard way.
+
+And dependences are basically
+a fact of the
+
+program, so what you got.
+
+If you're lucky you'll get a
+program without too many
+
+dependences, but most probably
+you'll get programs that have
+
+a lot of dependences.
+
+That's normal.
+
+There's a lot of importance
+of the data dependence.
+
+It indicates the possibility
+of these hazards, how these
+
+dependences have to work.
+
+And it determines the order in
+which the results might be
+
+calculated, because if you need
+the result of that to do
+
+the next, you have what you
+call a dependency chain.
+
+And you have to excute
+that in that order.
+
+And because of the dependency
+chain, it sets an upper bound
+
+of how much parallelism that
+can be possibly expected.
+
+If you can say in all your
+program there's nothing
+
+dependent -- every instruction
+just can go any time --
+
+then you can say the best
+computer will get done in one
+
+cycle, because everything
+can run.
+
+But if you say the next
+instruction is dependent on
+
+the previous one, the next
+instruction is dependent on
+
+the previous one, you
+have a chain.
+
+And no matter how good the
+hardware, you have to wait
+
+till that chain finishes.
+
+And you don't get that
+much parallelism.
+
+So the goal is to exploit
+parallelism by preserving the
+
+program order where it affects
+the outcome of the program.
+
+So if we want to have a look and
+feel like the program is
+
+run on a nice single-issue
+machine that does one
+
+instruction after another after
+another, that's the
+
+world we are looking in.
+
+And then we are doing all this
+underneath to kind of get
+
+performance, but give
+that abstraction.
+
+So there are other dependences
+that we can do better.
+
+There are two types of
+name dependences.
+
+That means there's no real
+program use of data, but there
+
+are limited resources
+in the program.
+
+And you have resource
+contentions.
+
+So the two types of resources
+are registers and memory.
+
+So linear resource
+contentions.
+
+The first name dependence is
+what we call anti-dependence.
+
+Anti-dependence means that --
+
+what I need to do is, I want
+to write this register.
+
+But in the previous instruction
+I'm actually
+
+reading the register.
+
+Because I'm writing the
+next one, I'm not
+
+really using the value.
+
+But I cannot write it until
+I have read that value.
+
+Because the minute I write it,
+I lose the previous value.
+
+And if I haven't used
+it, I'm out of luck.
+
+So there might be a case that
+I have a register, that I'm
+
+reading the register and
+rewriting it some new value.
+
+But I have to wait till the
+reading is done before I do
+
+this new write.
+
+And that's called
+anti-dependence.
+
+So what that means is we have
+to wait to run this
+
+instruction until this is
+all -- you can't do
+
+it all before that.
+
+So this is called a Write After
+Read, as I said, in the
+
+architecture jargon.
+
+The other dependences have
+what you call output
+
+dependence.
+
+Two guys are writing
+the register, and
+
+then I'm reading it.
+
+So I want to read the value
+the last guy wrote.
+
+So if I reorder that,
+I get a wrong value.
+
+Actually you can even
+do better in here.
+
+How can you do better in here?
+
+AUDIENCE: You can eliminate I.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You can elimiate the first one,
+because nobody's using
+
+that value.
+
+So you can go even further
+and further, but
+
+this is also a hazard.
+
+This is called a Write
+After Write hazard.
+
+And the interesting thing is
+by doing what you call
+
+register renaming, you can
+eliminate these things.
+
+So why do both have to use
+the same register?
+
+In these two, if I use a
+different register I don't
+
+have that dependency.
+
+And so a lot of times in
+software, and also in modern
+
+superscalar hardware, there's
+this huge amount of hardware
+
+resources that actually
+do register renaming.
+
+So they realized that
+anti-dependence is output
+
+dependent, and said
+-- "Wait minute.
+
+Why do I even have to do that?
+
+I can use a different
+register." So even
+
+though you have --
+
+Intel basically [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+accessory only have
+eight registers.
+
+They are about 100
+registers behind.
+
+Hardware registers just
+basically let you do this
+
+reordering and renaming
+-- register renaming.
+
+So the other type of depencence
+is control
+
+dependence.
+
+So what that means is if you
+have a program like this, you
+
+have to preserve the
+program ordering.
+
+And what that means is S1 is
+control dependent on p1.
+
+Because depending on what p1 is,
+it will depend on this one
+
+to get excuted.
+
+S2 is control dependent
+on p2, but not p1.
+
+So it doesn't matter what p1
+does, S2 will execute only if
+
+p2 is true.
+
+So there's a control dependence
+in there.
+
+Another interesting thing is
+control dependence may -- you
+
+don't need to preserve
+it all the time.
+
+You might be able to do things
+out of this order.
+
+Basically, what you can do is if
+you are willing to do more
+
+work, you can say -- "Well,
+I will do this.
+
+I don't know that I really need
+it, because I don't know
+
+whether the p2 is true or not.
+
+But I'll just keep doing it.
+
+And then if I really wanted,
+I'll actually have the results
+
+ready for me." And that's called
+speculative execution.
+
+So you can do speculation.
+
+You speculatively think
+that you will need
+
+something, and go do it.
+
+Speculation provides you with
+a lot of increased ILP,
+
+because it can overcome
+control dependence by
+
+executing through branches,
+before even you know where the
+
+branch is going.
+
+And a lot of times you can go
+through both directions, and
+
+say -- "Wait a minute, I don't
+know which way I'm going.
+
+I'll do both sides." And I know
+at least one side you are
+
+going, and that will
+be useful.
+
+And you can go more and more,
+and soon you see that you are
+
+doing so much more work than
+actually will be useful.
+
+So the first level of
+speculation is -- speculation
+
+basically says, you go, you
+fetch, issue, and execute
+
+everything.
+
+You do the end of the thing
+without just committing your
+
+weight into the commit to make
+sure that the right thing
+
+actually happened.
+
+So this is the full
+speculation.
+
+There's a little bit of less
+speculation called dynamic
+
+scheduling.
+
+If you look at a microprocessor,
+one of the
+
+biggest problems is the pipeline
+stall is a branch.
+
+You can't keep even a pipeline
+going, even in a single-issue
+
+machine, if there's a branch,
+because the branch condition
+
+gets resolved.
+
+Not after the next instruction
+has to get fetched.
+
+So if you do a normal thing,
+you just have to
+
+reinstall the pipeline.
+
+So what dynamic scheduling or
+a branch predictor sometimes
+
+does is, it will say I
+will predict where
+
+the branch is going.
+
+So I might not have fed board
+direction, but I will
+
+speculatively go fetch down
+one path, because it looks
+
+like it which it's going.
+
+For many times, like for example
+in a loop, 99% of the
+
+time you are going in the
+backage, because you don't go
+
+through that.
+
+And then if you predict
+that you are mostly
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+So the branch predictors are
+pretty good at finding these
+
+kind of cases.
+
+There are very few branches
+that are kind of 50-50.
+
+Most branches have
+a preferred path.
+
+If you find the preferred path
+you can go through that, and
+
+you don't pay any penalty.
+
+The penalty is if you made a
+mistake, you had to kind of
+
+back up a few times.
+
+So you can at least do
+in one direction.
+
+Most hardware do that, even the
+simplest things do that.
+
+But if you do good speculation
+you go both.
+
+You say -- "Eh, there's a chance
+if I go down that path
+
+I'm going to lose a lot.
+
+So I'll do that, too." So that
+does a lot of expensive stuff.
+
+And basically this is more
+for data flow model.
+
+So as soon as data get available
+you don't think too
+
+much about control, you
+keep firing that.
+
+So today's superscalar
+processors have huge amount of
+
+speculation.
+
+You speculate on everything.
+
+Branch prediction.
+
+You assume all the branches,
+multilevel down you predict,
+
+and go that.
+
+Value prediction.
+
+You look at it and say -- "Hey,
+I think it's going to be
+
+two." And in fact there's a
+paper that says about 80% of
+
+program values are zero.
+
+And then you say -- "OK.
+
+I'll think it's zero,
+and it'll go on.
+
+And if it is not zero, I'll
+have to come back and do
+
+that." So things like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you know what
+percentage of the time it has
+
+to go back?
+
+PROFESSOR: A lot of times I
+think it is probably an 80-20
+
+type thing, but if you do too
+much you're always backing up.
+
+But you can at least do
+a few things down
+
+assuming it's zero.
+
+So things like that.
+
+People, try to take advantage
+of the statistical nature of
+
+programs. And you are
+mining every day.
+
+So basically there's no --
+
+it's almost at the entropy.
+
+So every information is kind
+of taken advantage in the
+
+program, but what that means
+is you are wasting a lot of
+
+time cycles.
+
+So the conventional
+wisdom was --
+
+"You have Moore's slope.
+
+You keep getting these
+transistors.
+
+There's nothing to do with it,
+so let me do more other work.
+
+We'll predicate, we'll do
+additional work, we'll go
+
+through multipe branches, we'll
+assume things are zero.
+
+Because what's wasted?
+
+Because it's extra work, if it
+is wrong we just give it up."
+
+So that's the way it went, and
+the thing is it's very
+
+inefficient.
+
+Because a lot of times you are
+doing -- think about even a
+
+simple cache.
+
+If you have 4-way as a cache.
+
+Every cycle when you're doing
+a memory fetch, you are
+
+fetching on all four, assuming
+one of it will have hit.
+
+Even if you have a cache hit
+where only one bank is hit,
+
+and all the other three
+banks are not hit.
+
+So you are just doing a
+lot more extra work
+
+just to get one thing.
+
+Of course because if you wait to
+figure out which bank, it's
+
+going to add a little
+bit more delay.
+
+So you won't do it parallelly.
+
+You know that's it's going to
+be one of the lines, so you
+
+just go fetch everything
+and then later decide
+
+which one you want.
+
+So things like that really
+waste energy.
+
+And what has been happening in
+the last 10 years is you
+
+double the amount of
+transistors, and you add 5%
+
+more performance gain.
+
+Because statistically you have
+mined most of the lower
+
+hanging fruit, there's
+nothing much left.
+
+So you're getting to a point
+that has a little bit of a
+
+statistical significance,
+and you go after that.
+
+So of course, most of
+the time it's wrong.
+
+So this leads to this chart that
+actually yesterday I also
+
+pointed out.
+
+So you are going from hot plate
+to nuclear reactor, to
+
+rocket nozzle.
+
+We tend to be going
+in that direction.
+
+That is the path, because we
+are just doing all these
+
+wasteful things.
+
+And right now, the power
+consumption on processors is
+
+significant enough in both
+things like laptops --
+
+because the battery's not
+getting faster -- as well as
+
+things like Google.
+
+So doing this extra
+useless work is
+
+actually starting to impact.
+
+So for example, if you look
+at something like Pentium.
+
+You have 11 stages
+of instructions.
+
+You can execute 3 x86
+instructions per cycle.
+
+So you're doing this huge
+superscalar thing, but
+
+something that had been creeping
+in lately is also
+
+some amount of explicit
+parallelism.
+
+So they introduced things like
+MMX and SSE instructions.
+
+They are explicit parallelism,
+visible to the user.
+
+So it's not hiding trying
+to get parallelism.
+
+So we have been slowly moving to
+this kind of model, saying
+
+if you want performance you have
+to do something manual.
+
+So people who really cared
+about performance had
+
+to deal with that.
+
+And of course, we put multiple
+chips together to build a
+
+multiprocessor --
+
+it's not in a single chip --
+that actually do parallel
+
+processing.
+
+So for about three, four years
+if you buy a workstation it
+
+had two processors
+sitting in there.
+
+So dual processor, quad
+processor machines came about,
+
+and people started using that.
+
+So it's not like we are doing
+this shift abruptly, we have
+
+been going that direction.
+
+For people who really cared
+about performance, actually
+
+had to deal with that and were
+actually using that.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's switch gears a little
+bit and do explicit
+
+parallelism.
+
+So this is kind of
+where we are --
+
+where we are today, where
+we are switching.
+
+So basically, these are the
+machines that parallelism
+
+exposed to software --
+either compiler.
+
+So you might not see it as a
+user, but it exposes some
+
+layer of software.
+
+And there are many different
+forms of it.
+
+From very loosely coupled
+multiprocessors sitting on a
+
+board, or even sitting on
+multipe machines -- things
+
+like a cluster of
+workstations --
+
+to very tightly coupled
+machines.
+
+So we'll go through, and figure
+out what are all the
+
+flavors of these things.
+
+AUDIENCE: Excuse me.
+
+PROFESSOR: Mhmm?
+
+AUDIENCE: So does it mean that
+since there being the level
+
+parallelism, the processor can
+exploit the fact that the
+
+compiler knows the higher
+level instructions?
+
+Does that make any difference?
+
+PROFESSOR: It goes both ways.
+
+So what the processor knows is
+it know values for everything.
+
+So it has full exact knowledge
+of what's going on.
+
+Compiler is an abstraction.
+
+In that sense, processor
+wins in those.
+
+On the other hand, compile
+time doesn't
+
+affect the run time.
+
+So the compiler has a much
+bigger view of the world.
+
+Even the most aggressive
+processor can't look ahead
+
+more than 100 instructions.
+
+On the other hand, the compiler
+sees ahead of
+
+millions of instructions.
+
+And so the compiler has the
+ability to kind of get the big
+
+picture and do things --
+global kind of things.
+
+But on the other hand, it loses
+out when it doesn't have
+
+information.
+
+Whereas when you do the hardware
+parallelism, you have
+
+full information.
+
+AUDIENCE: You don't have
+to give up one at
+
+the loss of the other.
+
+PROFESSOR: The thing is, I don't
+think we have a good way
+
+of combining both very well.
+
+Because the thing is, sometimes
+global optimization
+
+needs local information,
+and that's not
+
+available at run time.
+
+And global optimization is very
+costly, so you can't say
+
+-- "OK, I'm going to do it any
+time." So I think it's kind of
+
+even hybrid things.
+
+There's no nice mesh in there.
+
+So if you think a little bit
+about parallelism, one
+
+interesting thing is
+this Little's Law.
+
+Little's Law says parallelism
+is a multiplication of
+
+throughput vs. latency.
+
+So the way to think about that
+is the parallelism is dictated
+
+by the program in some sense.
+
+The program has a certain
+amount of parallelism.
+
+So if you have a thing that has
+a lot of latency to get to
+
+the result, what that means is
+there's a certain amount of
+
+throughput you can satisfy.
+
+Whereas if you have a thing that
+has a very low latency
+
+operation, you can
+go much wider.
+
+So if you look at Intel
+processors, what they have
+
+done is the superscalars --
+
+they have actually, to get
+things faster they have a very
+
+long latency.
+
+Because they know they
+couldn't go more than
+
+three or four wide.
+
+So they went like 55 the
+pipeline, three wide.
+
+Because you can go fast,
+so they assume the
+
+parallelism fits here.
+
+So still you need a lot
+of parallelism.
+
+So you say -- "Three, why
+should [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+issue machine.
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] three it's no
+big deal." But no, if you have
+
+55 the pipeline you need to have
+165 parallel instructions
+
+on the fly any given time.
+
+So that's the thing.
+
+Even in the moder machine,
+there's about hundreds of
+
+instruction on the
+fly, because the
+
+pipeline is so large.
+
+So if you said 3-issue,
+it's not that.
+
+I mean this happens in there.
+
+So this gives designers a lot
+of flexibiilty in where you
+
+are expanding.
+
+And in some ways you
+can have a lot --
+
+there are some machines that
+are a lot wider, but the
+
+latency is --
+
+For example, if you look
+at an Itanium.
+
+It's clock cycle is about half
+the time of the Pentium,
+
+because it has a lot less
+latency but a lot wider.
+
+So you can do these
+kind of tradeoffs.
+
+Types of parallelism.
+
+There are four categorizations
+here.
+
+So one categorization is,
+you have pipeline.
+
+You do the same thing in
+a pipeline fashion.
+
+So you do the same
+instruction.
+
+You do a little bit, and you
+start another copy of another
+
+copy of another copy.
+
+So you kind of pipeline the
+same thing down here.
+
+Kind of a vector machine --
+we'll go through categories
+
+that kind of fit in here.
+
+Another category is data-level
+parallelism.
+
+What that means is, in a given
+cycle you do the same thing
+
+many many many many --
+
+the same instructions for
+many many things.
+
+And then next cycle
+you do something
+
+different, stuff like that.
+
+Thread-level parallelism breaks
+in the other way.
+
+Thread-level parallelism
+says --
+
+"I am not connecting the cycles,
+they are independent.
+
+Each thread can go do something
+different."
+
+And instruction-level
+parallelism is kind of a
+
+combination.
+
+What you are doing is, you are
+doing cycle by cycle -- they
+
+are connected -- and each cycle
+you do some kind of a
+
+combination of operations.
+
+So if you look at
+this closely.
+
+So pipelining hits here.
+
+Data parallel execution,
+things like SIMD
+
+execution hits here.
+
+Thread-level parallelism.
+
+Instruction-level parallelism.
+
+So before a models of
+parallelism, what software
+
+people see kind of fits also in
+this architecture picture.
+
+So when you are designing a
+parallel machine, what do you
+
+have to worry about?
+
+The first thing is
+communication.
+
+That's the begin --
+
+the problem in here.
+
+How do parallel operations
+communicate the data results?
+
+Because it's not only an
+issue of bandwith,
+
+it's an issue of latency.
+
+The thing about bandwith is that
+had been increasing by
+
+Moore's Law.
+
+Latency, speed of light.
+
+So as I pointed out, there's
+no Moore's Law on speed of
+
+light, and you have
+to deal with that.
+
+Synchronization.
+
+So when people do different
+things, how do you synchronize
+
+at some point?
+
+Because you can't keep going
+on different paths, at some
+
+point you have to
+come together.
+
+What's the cost?
+
+What are the processes
+of going it?
+
+Some stuff it's very
+explicit --
+
+you have to deal with that.
+
+Some machines it's built in,
+so every cycle you are
+
+synchronizing.
+
+So sometimes it makes it easier
+for you, sometimes it
+
+makes it more inefficient.
+
+So you have to figure
+out what is in here.
+
+Resource management.
+
+The thing about parallelism is
+you have a lot of things going
+
+on, and managing that is
+a very important issue.
+
+Because sometimes if you put
+things in the wrong place, the
+
+cost of doing that might
+be much higher.
+
+That really reduces the
+benefit of doing that.
+
+And finally the scalability.
+
+How do you build process
+that not only can do 2x
+
+parallelism, but can
+do thousand?
+
+How can you keep growing
+with Moore's Law.
+
+So there are some ways you can
+get really good numbers, small
+
+numbers, but as you go bigger
+and bigger you can't scale.
+
+So here's a classic
+
+classification of parallel machines.
+
+This has been [? divided ?]
+up by Mike Flynn in 1966.
+
+So he came up with four ways
+of classifying a machine.
+
+First he looked at how
+
+instruction and data is issued.
+
+So one thing is single
+instruction, single data.
+
+So there's single instruction
+given each cycle, and it
+
+affects single data.
+
+This is your conventional
+uniprocessor.
+
+Then came a SIMD machine
+-- single
+
+instruction, multiple data.
+
+So what that means is the given
+instruction affects
+
+multiple data in here.
+
+So things like -- there are two
+types, distributed memory
+
+and shared memory.
+
+I'll go to this distinction
+later.
+
+So there are a bunch
+of machines.
+
+In the good old times this was
+a useful trick, because the
+
+sequencer -- or what ran the
+instructions -- was a pretty
+
+substantial piece of hardware.
+
+So you build one of them and
+use it for many, many data.
+
+Even today data in a Pentium
+if you are doing a SIMD
+
+instruction, you just issue one
+instruction, it affects
+
+multiple data, and you
+can get a nice reuse
+
+of instruction decoding.
+
+Reduce the instruction bandwidth
+by doing SIMD.
+
+Then you go to MIMD,
+which is Multiple
+
+Instruction, Multiple Data.
+
+So we have multiple instruction
+streams each
+
+affecting its own data.
+
+So each data streams,
+instruction streams
+
+separately.
+
+So things like message passing
+machines, coherent and
+
+non-coherent shared memory.
+
+I'll go into details
+of coherence and
+
+non-coherence later.
+
+There are multiple categories
+within that too.
+
+And then finally, there's kind
+of a misnomer, MISD.
+
+There hasn't been a
+single machine.
+
+It doesn't make sense to have
+multiple instructions work on
+
+single data.
+
+So this classification,
+right now -- question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I've heard
+that [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Multiple instruction,
+single data?
+
+I don't know.
+
+You can try to fit something
+there just to have something,
+
+but it doesn't fit really well
+into this kind of thinking.
+
+So I don't like that thinking.
+
+I was thinking how should I do
+it, so I came up with a new
+
+way of classifying.
+
+So what my classification
+is, what's the last
+
+thing you are sharing?
+
+Because when you are running
+something, if it is some
+
+single machine, some thing has
+to be shared, and some things
+
+have to be separated.
+
+So are you sharing instructions,
+are you sharing
+
+the sequencer, are you sharing
+the memory, are you sharing
+
+the network?
+
+So this kind of fits many things
+nicely into this model.
+
+So let's go through
+this model and see
+
+different things in there.
+
+So let's look at shared
+instruction processors.
+
+So there had been a lot of work
+in the good old days.
+
+Did anybody know Goodyear
+actually made supercomputers?
+
+Not only did they make tires,
+for a long time they were
+
+actually making processors.
+
+GE made processors,
+stuff like that.
+
+And so a long time ago this
+was a very interesting
+
+proposition, because there was a
+huge amount of hardware that
+
+has to be dedicated to doing the
+sequence and running the
+
+instruction.
+
+So just to share that was a
+really interesting concept.
+
+So people built machines
+that basically --
+
+single instruction
+stream affecting
+
+multiple data in there.
+
+I think very well-known machines
+are things like
+
+Thinking Machines CM-1,
+Maspar MP-1 --
+
+which had 16,000 processors.
+
+Small processors --
+
+4-bit processors, you can only
+do 4-bit computation.
+
+And then every cycle you can
+do 16,000 of them, 4-bit
+
+things in here.
+
+It really fits in to the kind of
+things they could build in
+
+hardware those days.
+
+And there's one controller
+in there.
+
+So it is just a neat thing,
+because you can do a lot of
+
+work if you actually can
+match it in that form.
+
+So the way you look at that is,
+to run this array you have
+
+this array controller.
+
+And then you have processing
+elements, a
+
+huge amount of them.
+
+And you have each processor
+mainly had distributed memory
+
+-- each has its own memory.
+
+And so given instruction,
+everybody did the same thing
+
+to memory or arithmetic
+in there.
+
+And then you had also
+interconnect network, so you
+
+can actually send it.
+
+A lot of these things have
+the [? near-enabled ?]
+
+communication.
+
+You can send data you near
+enable, so everybody kind of
+
+shifts the 2-D or some kind
+of torus mapping in there.
+
+And if you can program that,
+you can get really good
+
+performance in there.
+
+And each cycle, it's
+very synchronous.
+
+So each cycle everybody does
+the same thing -- go to the
+
+next thing, do the same thing.
+
+So the next very interesting
+machine is this Cray-1.
+
+I think this is one of
+the first successful
+
+supercomputers out there.
+
+So here's the Cray-1, it is this
+kind of round seat type
+
+thing sitting in here.
+
+Everybody know what was
+under the seat?
+
+AUDIENCE: Cooling.
+
+PROFESSOR: Cooling.
+
+So here's a photo.
+
+I don't think you can see that
+-- you can probably look at it
+
+when I put this on the
+web -- was this
+
+entire cooling mechanism.
+
+In fact Seymour Cray at one
+time said one of his most
+
+important innovations
+in this machine is
+
+how to cool the thing.
+
+And this is a generation,
+again, that
+
+power was a big thing.
+
+So each of these columns had
+this huge amount of boards
+
+going, and in the middle had
+all the wiring going.
+
+So we had this huge mess of
+wiring in the middle --
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+-- and then you had all
+these boards in
+
+there in each of these.
+
+So this is the Cray-1
+processor.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you know
+your little --
+
+your laptop is way faster
+than that Cray --
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Did you have the clock
+speed in here?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+AUDIENCE: 80 MHz.
+
+PROFESSOR: So, yeah.
+
+And that cost like $10 million
+or something like
+
+that at that time.
+
+Moore's Law, it's
+just amazing.
+
+If you think if you apply
+Moore's Law to any other thing
+
+we have, it can't do
+the comparison.
+
+We are very fortunate to be
+part of that generation.
+
+AUDIENCE: But did it
+have PowerPoint?
+
+PROFESSOR: So what it had,
+was it had these
+
+three type of registers.
+
+It had scalar registers,
+address
+
+registers, and vector registers.
+
+The key thing there is
+the vector register.
+
+So if you want to do
+things fast --
+
+no, fast is not the word.
+
+You can do a lot of computation
+in a short amount
+
+of time by using the
+vector registers.
+
+So the way to look at that is
+normally when you go to the
+
+execute stage you
+do one thing.
+
+In a vector register what
+happens is it got pipelined.
+
+So execute state happened one
+word next, next, next.
+
+You can do up to 64
+or even bigger.
+
+I think it was 64 length,
+length 64 things.
+
+So you can -- so that
+instruction.
+
+So you do a few of these, and
+then this state keeps going on
+
+and on and on, for 64.
+
+And then you can pipeline in
+the way that you can start
+
+another one.
+
+Actually, this will use the same
+executioner, so you have
+
+to wait till that finishes
+to start.
+
+So you can pipeline to get a
+huge amount of things going
+
+through the pipeline.
+
+And so each cycle you can
+graduate many, many
+
+things going on.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can I ask you
+a quick question?
+
+Something I'm trying to get
+straight in my head.
+
+My notion -- and I don't think
+I'm right on this, that's why
+
+I'm asking you -- is machines
+like the Cray, I know you were
+
+talking about some of the vector
+operations, those were
+
+by and large a relatively
+small set of operations.
+
+Like dot products, and
+vector time scalar.
+
+On the other hand, when you
+look at the SIMD machines,
+
+they had a much richer
+set of operations.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think with
+scatter-gather and things like
+
+conditional execution, I think
+vector machines could be a
+
+fairly large --
+
+I mean it's painful.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: The SIMD instruction
+is Pentium.
+
+I think that is mainly targeting
+single processing
+
+type stuff.
+
+They don't have real
+scatter-gather.
+
+AUDIENCE: And the
+Cell processor?
+
+PROFESSOR: Cell is distributed
+memory.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, but on one
+the -- what do they
+
+call them, the --
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't think you
+can scatter-gather either.
+
+It's just basically, you have
+to align words in, word out.
+
+IBM is always about
+doing align.
+
+So in even AltiVec, you can't
+even do unaligned access.
+
+You had to do aligned access.
+
+So if there is no run align,
+you had to pay a
+
+big penalty in there.
+
+So if you look at how
+this happens.
+
+So you have this entire
+pipeline thing.
+
+When things get started the
+first value is at this point
+
+done in one clock cycle.
+
+The next value is halfway
+through that.
+
+Another value is in
+some part of a --
+
+is also pipelined, the
+alias pipeline.
+
+And other values are kind of
+feeding nicely into that.
+
+So if you have one -- this
+is called one lane.
+
+You can have multiple lanes,
+and then what you can do is
+
+each cycle you get 40
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+And the next ones are in
+the middle of that,
+
+next ones are in middle.
+
+So what you have is a very
+pipelined machine, so you can
+
+kind of pipeline things
+in there.
+
+So you can have either one
+lane, or multiple lanes
+
+pipeline coming out.
+
+So if you look at the
+architecture, what you had is
+
+you have some kind of vector
+registers feeding into these
+
+kind of functional units.
+
+So at a given time, in this one
+you might be able to get
+
+eight results out, because
+everything gets pipelined.
+
+But the same thing is
+happening in there.
+
+Clear how vector
+machines work?
+
+So it's not really parallelism,
+it's basically --
+
+especially if you are one --
+it's a superpipelined thing.
+
+But given one instruction, it
+will crank out many, many,
+
+many things for that
+instruction.
+
+And doing parallelism is easy in
+here too, because it's the
+
+same thing happening to very
+regular data sets.
+
+So there's no notion of
+asynchronizations and all
+
+these weird things.
+
+It's just a very
+simple pattern.
+
+So the next thing is the shared
+sequencer processor.
+
+So here it's similar to the
+vector machines because each
+
+cycle you issue a single
+instruction.
+
+But the instruction is
+a wide instruction.
+
+It had multiple operations in
+these same instructions.
+
+So what it says is --
+
+"I have multiple execution
+units, I have memory in a
+
+separate unit, and each
+instruction I will tell each
+
+unit what to do." And so
+something you might have --
+
+two integer units, two
+memory/load store units, two
+
+floating-point units.
+
+Each cycle you tell each
+of them what to do.
+
+So you just kind of keep issuing
+an instruction that
+
+affects many of them.
+
+So sometimes what happens is if
+this has latency of four,
+
+you might have to wait till this
+is done to do the next
+
+instruction.
+
+So if one guy takes long,
+everybody has to kind
+
+of wait till that.
+
+So it's very synchronous
+going.
+
+So things like synchronization
+stuff were
+
+not an issue in here.
+
+So if you look at a pipeline,
+this is what happens.
+
+So you have this instruction.
+
+It's an instruction, but
+you are fetching a wide
+
+instruction.
+
+You are not researching
+a simple instruction.
+
+You decode the entire thing,
+but you can decode it
+
+separately.
+
+And then you go execute on
+each execution unit.
+
+One interesting problem
+here was this
+
+was not really scalable.
+
+What happened here is each
+functional unit, if you had
+
+one single register file, has
+to access the register file.
+
+So each function would say --
+"I am using register R1," "I
+
+am using R3," "I am using R5."
+So what has to happen is the
+
+register file has to have --
+
+basically, if you have eight
+functional units, 16 outports
+
+and 8 inports coming in.
+
+And then of course, when you
+build a register file it has a
+
+scale, so it had huge
+scalability issues.
+
+So it's a quadratically scalable
+register function.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: The sequencer
+[INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's basically you had to wait
+till everybody's done, there's
+
+nothing going out
+of any order.
+
+And memory also.
+
+Since everybody's going to
+memory, this is not scalable.
+
+So people try to build -- you
+can do four, eight wide, but
+
+beyond that this register and
+memory interconnect became a
+
+big mess to build.
+
+And so one kind of modification
+thing people did
+
+was called Clustered VLIW.
+
+So what happens is you have a
+very wide instruction in here.
+
+It goes to not one cluster,
+but different clusters.
+
+Each cluster has its own
+register file, its own kind of
+
+memory interconnect
+going on there.
+
+And what that means is if you
+want to do intercluster
+
+communication, you have to
+go to a very special
+
+communication network.
+
+So you don't have this bandwidth
+expansion register.
+
+So you only have, we'll say two
+execution units, so you
+
+only have to have four
+out and one in to the
+
+register filing cycle.
+
+And then if you want other
+communication, you have a much
+
+lower bandwidth interconnect
+that you'll have
+
+to go through that.
+
+So what this does is you kind
+of expose more complexity to
+
+the compiler and software, and
+the rationale here is most
+
+programs have locality.
+
+It's like everybody always wants
+to to communicate with
+
+everybody else, so there are
+some locality in here.
+
+So you can basically cluster
+things that are local together
+
+and put it in here, and then
+when other things have to be
+
+communicated you can use this
+communication and go about
+
+doing that.
+
+So this is kind of the state of
+the art in this technology.
+
+And something like --
+
+what I didn't put --
+
+Itanium kind of fits in here.
+
+Itanium processor.
+
+So then we go to
+shared network.
+
+There has been a lot
+of work in here.
+
+People have been building
+multiprocessors for a long
+
+time, because it's a very
+easy thing to build.
+
+So what you do is --
+
+if you look at it, you have a
+processor unit that connects
+
+its own memory.
+
+And it's like a multiple
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+Then it has a very tightly
+connected network interface
+
+that goes to interconnect
+network.
+
+So we can even think about a
+workstation farm as this type
+
+of a machine.
+
+But of course, the network is a
+pretty slow one that requres
+
+an ethernet connector.
+
+But people build things
+that have much
+
+faster networks in there.
+
+This was designed in a way you
+can build hundreds and
+
+thousands of these things --
+
+nodes in here.
+
+So today if you look at the
+top 500 supercomputers, a
+
+bunch of them fits into this
+category because it's very
+
+easy to scale and build
+very large.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you doing
+SMPs in this list,
+
+or some other place?
+
+PROFESSOR: SMP is mostly shared
+
+memory, so shared network.
+
+I'll do shared memory next.
+
+But there are problems
+with it.
+
+All the data layout has to be
+handled by software, or by the
+
+programmer basically.
+
+If you want something outside
+your memory, you had to do
+
+very explicit communication.
+
+Not only you, the other guy who
+has the data actually has
+
+to cooperate to send
+it to you.
+
+And he needs to know that
+now you have the data.
+
+All of that management
+is your problem.
+
+And that makes programming
+these kind of things very
+
+difficult, which you'll probably
+figure out by the
+
+time you're done with Cell.
+
+So Cell has a lot of
+these issues, too.
+
+The problem here is not dealing
+with most of the data,
+
+but the kind of corner
+cases that you don't
+
+know about that much.
+
+There's no nice safe way, of
+saying -- "I don't know where,
+
+who's going to access it.
+
+I'll let the hardware take
+care of it." There's no
+
+hardware, you have to
+take of it yourself.
+
+And also message passing has
+a very high overhead.
+
+Most of the time in order to do
+message, you have to invoke
+
+some kind of a kernel thing.
+
+You have to actually do a kernel
+switch that will call
+
+the network --
+
+it's operaing system involves a
+process, basically, to get a
+
+message in there.
+
+And also when you get a message
+out you have to do
+
+some kind of interrupt or
+polling, and that's a bunch of
+
+copies out of kernel.
+
+And this became a pretty
+expensive proposition.
+
+So you can't send messages the
+size of one [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+so you had to accumulate a huge
+amount of things to send
+
+out to amortize the cost
+of doing that.
+
+Sending can be somewhat
+cheap, but receiving
+
+is a lot more expensive.
+
+Because receiving you
+have to multiplex.
+
+You have no idea who
+it's coming to.
+
+So you have to receive, you
+have to figure out who is
+
+supposed to get it.
+
+Especially if you are running
+multiple applications, it
+
+might be for someone's
+application.
+
+You had to contact
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+So it's a big mess.
+
+That is where people went to
+shared memory processors,
+
+because it became easier
+message method to use.
+
+So that is basically the SMPs
+Alan was talking about.
+
+The nice thing is it will work
+with any data placement.
+
+It might work very slowly, but
+at least it will work.
+
+So it makes it very easy to take
+your existing application
+
+and first getting it working,
+because it's
+
+just working there.
+
+You can choose to optimize
+only critical sections.
+
+You can say -- "OK,
+this section I
+
+know it's very important.
+
+I will do the right thing,
+I will place it properly
+
+everything." And the rest of it
+I can just leave alone, and
+
+it will go and get the
+data and do it right.
+
+You can run sequentially, of
+course, but at least the
+
+memory part I don't have
+to deal with it.
+
+If some other memory just once
+in a while accesses that data
+
+that you have actually
+parallelized, it
+
+will actually work.
+
+So you only have to worry about
+the [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+that you are parallelizing.
+
+And you can communicate using
+load store instructions.
+
+You don't have to get always
+in order to do that.
+
+And it's a lot lower overhead.
+
+So 5 to 10 cycles, instead of
+hundreds to thousands cycles
+
+to do that.
+
+And most of these messages
+actually stoplight some
+
+instructions to do this
+communication very fast.
+
+There's a thing called fetch&op,
+and a thing called
+
+load linked/store conditional
+operations.
+
+There are these very special
+operations where if you are
+
+waiting for somebody else, you
+can do it very fast. So if two
+
+people are communicating.
+
+So people came up with these
+very fast operations that are
+
+low cost, as a last --
+
+if the data's available it
+will happen very fast.
+
+Synchronization.
+
+And when you are starting to
+build a large system, you can
+
+actually give a logically shared
+view of memory, but the
+
+underlying hardware can be
+still distributed memory.
+
+So there's a thing called --
+
+I will get into when you
+do synchronization --
+
+directory-based cache
+coherence.
+
+So you give a nice, simple
+view of memory.
+
+But of course memory is
+really disbributed.
+
+So that kind of gives the
+best of both worlds.
+
+So you can keep scaling and
+build large machines, but the
+
+view is a very simple
+view of machines.
+
+So there are two categories
+in here.
+
+One is non-cache coherent, and
+then hardware cache coherence.
+
+So non-cache coherence kind of
+gives a view of memory as a
+
+single address space.
+
+But you had to deal with that if
+you write something to get
+
+there early to me, you had
+to explicitly say --
+
+"Now send it to that person."
+But we're still in a single
+
+address space.
+
+It doesn't give the
+full benefits of a
+
+shared memory machine.
+
+It's kind of inbetween
+distributed memory.
+
+In distributed memory basically
+everybody's in a
+
+different address space,
+so you had to map
+
+by sending a message.
+
+Here, you just say I have
+to flush and send it
+
+to the other guy.
+
+Some of the early machines, as
+well as some big machines,
+
+were no hardware cache
+coherence.
+
+Things like supercomputers were
+built in this way because
+
+it's very easy to build.
+
+And the nice thing here is if
+you know your applications
+
+well, if you are running good
+parallel large applications,
+
+and you are actually knowing
+what the communication
+
+patterns are -- you can
+actually do it.
+
+And you don't have to pay the
+hardware overhead to have this
+
+nice hardware support
+in there.
+
+However, a lot of small scale
+machines -- for example, most
+
+people's workstations are
+stuffy, it's probably now two
+
+Pentium Quad machines --
+
+actually add memory.
+
+Because if you are trying to
+do the starting things it's
+
+much easier to do
+shared memory.
+
+And also it's easier to bulid
+small shared memory machines.
+
+And people talk about using a
+bus-based machine, and also
+
+using a large scale
+
+directory-based machine in here.
+
+So for bus-based machines, how
+do you do shared memory?
+
+So there's a protocol, what we
+call a snoopy cache protocol.
+
+What that means is, every time
+you modify your location
+
+somewhere -- so of course you
+have that in your cache --
+
+you tell everybody in the world
+who's using a busing, "I
+
+modified that." And then if
+somebody else also has that
+
+memory location.
+
+That person says, "Oops, he
+modified it." Either he
+
+invalidates it or gets
+the modified copy.
+
+If you are using something new,
+you have to go and snoop.
+
+And you can ask everybody and
+say -- "Wait a minute, does
+
+anybody have a copy of this?"
+And some more complicated
+
+protocols have saying -- "I
+don't have any, I have a copy
+
+but it's only read-only.
+
+So I'm just reading it, I'm
+not modifying it." Then
+
+multiple people can have the
+same copy, because everybody's
+
+reading and it's OK.
+
+And then there's the next thing
+-- "OK, I am actually
+
+trying to modify this thing."
+And then only I
+
+can have the copy.
+
+So some data you can give to
+multiple people as a read
+
+copy, and then when you are
+trying to write everybody gets
+
+disinvited, only the person
+who has write
+
+has access to it.
+
+And there are a lot of
+complicated protocols how if
+
+you write it, and then somebody
+else wants to write
+
+it, how do you get
+to that person?
+
+And of course you have to keep
+it consistent with memory.
+
+So there is a lot of work in
+how to get these things all
+
+working, but that's the
+kind of basic idea.
+
+So directory-based machines
+are very different.
+
+In directory-based machines
+mainly there's a
+
+notion of a home node.
+
+So everybody has local space in
+memory, you keep some part
+
+of your memory.
+
+And of course you have
+a cache also.
+
+So you have a notion that this
+memory belongs to you.
+
+And every time I want to do
+something with that memory I
+
+had to ask you.
+
+I had to get your permission.
+
+"I want that memory, can
+you give it to me?"
+
+And so there are two things.
+
+That person has a directory
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] say -- "OK,
+
+this memory is in me.
+
+I am the one who right now owns
+it, and I have the copy."
+
+Or it will say --
+
+"You want to copy that memory
+to this other guy to write,
+
+and here is that person's
+address or that machine's
+
+name." Or if multiple people
+have taken this copy and are
+
+reading it.
+
+So when somebody asks
+me for a copy --
+
+assume you ask to
+read this copy.
+
+And if I have given it to nobody
+to read, or if I have
+
+given it to other people
+to read, so I say --
+
+"OK, here's a copy.
+
+Go read." And I add that person
+is reading that, and I
+
+keep that in my directory.
+
+Or if somebody's writing that.
+
+I say sure, "I can't give it
+to read because somebody's
+
+writing that." So I
+can do two things.
+
+I can tell that person,
+saying --
+
+"You have to get it from the
+person who's writing.
+
+So go directly get
+it from there.
+
+And I will mark that now you own
+it as a read value." Or, I
+
+can tell the person
+who's writing --
+
+"Look, you have to give up
+your write privilege.
+
+If you have modified it, give
+me the data back." And that
+
+person goes back to
+the read or no
+
+privileges with that data.
+
+When I get that data, I'll
+send it back to this
+
+person and say --
+
+"Here, you can read." And the
+same thing if you ask for
+
+write permission.
+
+If anybody has [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+I have to tell everybody --
+
+"Now you can't read
+it anymore.
+
+Go invalidate, because
+somebody's about to write."
+
+Get the invalidate request
+coming back, and then when
+
+you've done that I say, "OK,
+you can write that." So
+
+everybody keeps part of
+the memory, and then
+
+all of that in there.
+
+So because of that you can
+really scale this thing.
+
+So if you look at a
+bus-based machine.
+
+This is the kind of
+way it looks like.
+
+You have a cache in here,
+microprocessor, central
+
+memory, and you have
+a bus in here.
+
+And a lot of small machines,
+including most people's
+
+desktops, basically fit
+in this category.
+
+And you have a snoopy
+bus in here.
+
+So a little bit of
+a bigger machine,
+
+something like a Sun Starfire.
+
+Basically it had four processors
+in the board, four
+
+caches, and had an interconnect
+that actually has
+
+multiple buses going.
+
+So it can actually get a little
+bit of scalability,
+
+because here's the bottleneck.
+
+The bus becomes the
+bottleneck.
+
+Everybody has to go
+through the bus.
+
+And so you actually get
+multiple buses to get
+
+bottleneck, and it actually had
+some distributed memory
+
+going through a crossbar here.
+
+So this cache coherent
+protocol has
+
+to deal with that.
+
+And going to the other extreme,
+
+something like SGI Origin.
+
+In this machine there are two
+processors, and it had
+
+actually a little bit of
+processors and a lot of memory
+
+dealing with the directory.
+
+So you keep the data, and you
+actually keep all the
+
+directory information
+in there --
+
+in this.
+
+And then it goes --
+
+then after that it almost uses
+a normal message passing type
+
+network to communicate
+with that.
+
+And they use the crane to
+connect networks, so we can
+
+have a very large machine
+built out of that.
+
+So now let's switch to
+multicore processors.
+
+If you look at the way we have
+been dealing with VLSI, every
+
+generation we are getting more
+and more transistors.
+
+So at the beginning when you
+have enough transistors to
+
+deal with, people actually start
+dealing with bit-level
+
+parallelism.
+
+So you didn't have -- you can
+do 16-bit, 32-bit machines.
+
+You can do wider machines,
+because you have enough
+
+transistors.
+
+Because at the beginning you
+have like 8-bit processors,
+
+16-bit, 32-bit.
+
+And then at some point that I
+have still more transistors, I
+
+start doing instruction-level
+parallelism in a die.
+
+So even in a bit-level
+parallelism, in order to get
+
+64-bit you had to actually
+have multiple chips.
+
+So in this regime in order to
+get parallelism, you need to
+
+have multiple processors --
+
+multiprocessors.
+
+So in the good old days you
+actually built a processsor,
+
+things like a minicomputer.
+
+Basically you had one
+processor dealing
+
+with a 1-bit slice.
+
+So in the 4-bit slice, dealing
+with that amount, you could
+
+fit in a chip.
+
+And a multichip made
+a single processor.
+
+Here a multichip made
+a multiprocessor.
+
+We are hitting a regime
+where a multichip --
+
+what [? it ?] will be
+multiprocessor -- now fits in
+
+one piece of silicon, because
+you have more transistors.
+
+So we are going into a time
+where multicore is basically
+
+multiple processors
+on a die --
+
+on a chip.
+
+So I showed this slide.
+
+We are getting there, and it's
+getting pretty fast. You had
+
+something like this, and
+suddenly we accelerated.
+
+We added more and more
+cores on a die.
+
+So I categorized multicores
+also the way I categorized
+
+them previously.
+
+There are shared memory
+multicores.
+
+Here are some examples.
+
+Then there are shared
+network multicores.
+
+Cell processor is one,
+and at MIT we are
+
+building also Raw processor.
+
+And there is another part, what
+they call crippled or
+
+mini-cores.
+
+So the reason in this graph you
+can have 512, is because
+
+it's not Pentium sized things
+sitting in there.
+
+You are putting very simple
+small cores, and a
+
+huge amount of them.
+
+So for some class replication,
+that's also useful.
+
+So if you look at shared memory
+multicores, basically
+
+this is an evolution path
+for current processors.
+
+So if you look at it, what they
+did was they took their
+
+years' worth of and billions
+of dollars worth of
+
+engineering building a single
+superscalar processor.
+
+Then they slapped a few of them
+on the same die, and said
+
+-- "Hey, we've got a multicore."
+And of course they
+
+were always doing shared memory
+at the network level.
+
+They said -- "OK, I'll put the
+shared memory bus also into
+
+the same die, and I got a
+multicore." So this is
+
+basically what all these
+things are all about.
+
+So this is kind of gluing these
+things together, it's a
+
+first generation.
+
+However, you didn't build a core
+completely from scratch.
+
+You just kind of integrated what
+we had in multiple chips
+
+into one chip, and basically
+got that.
+
+So to go a little bit beyond,
+I think you can do better.
+
+So for example, this
+AMD multicore.
+
+Basically you have CPUs in
+there, actually have a full
+
+snoopy controller in there,
+and can have some other
+
+interface with that.
+
+So you can actually start
+building more and more uni
+
+CPU, thinking that you're
+building a multicore.
+
+Instead of saying, "I had this
+thing in my shelf, I'm going
+
+to plop it here, and then
+kind of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+And you'll see, I
+think, a lot of
+
+interesting things happening.
+
+Because now as they're connected
+closely in the same
+
+die, you can do more things than
+what you could do in a
+
+multiprocessor.
+
+So in the last lecture we talked
+a little bit about what
+
+the future could be in
+this kind of regime.
+
+Come on.
+
+OK.
+
+So one thing we have been doing
+at MIT for -- now this
+
+practice is ended, we started
+about eight years ago -- is to
+
+figure out when you have all the
+silicon, how can you build
+
+a multicore if you to
+start from scratch.
+
+So we built this Raw processor
+where each --
+
+we have 16, these small cores,
+identical ones in here.
+
+And the interesting thing is
+what we said was, we have all
+
+this bandwidth.
+
+It's not just going from pins
+to memory, we have all this
+
+bandwidth sitting next
+to each other.
+
+So can we really take advantage
+of that to do a lot
+
+of communication?
+
+And also the other thing is that
+to build something like a
+
+bus, you need a lot
+of long wires.
+
+And it's really hard to
+build long wires.
+
+So in Raw processor it's
+something like each chip, a
+
+large amount of part, is into
+this eight 32-bit buses.
+
+So you have a huge amount
+of communication
+
+next to each other.
+
+And we don't have any kind of
+global memory because that
+
+requires, right now, either do
+a directory, which you didn't
+
+want to build, or have a bus,
+which will require long wires.
+
+So we did in a way that all
+wires -- no wires longer than
+
+one of the cores.
+
+So we can do short wires, but
+we came up with a lot of
+
+communications for each of
+these, what we called tile
+
+those days, are very
+tightly coupled.
+
+So this is kind of a direction
+where people perhaps might go,
+
+because now we have all this
+bandwidth in here.
+
+And how would you take advantage
+of that bandwidth?
+
+So this is a different way
+of looking at that.
+
+And in some sense the Cell fits
+somewhere in this regime.
+
+Because what Cell did was
+instead of -- it says, "I'm
+
+not building a bus,
+I am actually
+
+building a ring network.
+
+I'm keeping distributed memory,
+and provide to Cell a
+
+ring." I'm not going to go
+through Cell, because actually
+
+you had a full lecture the day
+before yesterday on this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Saman, can I
+ask you a question?
+
+Is there a conclusion that I
+should be reaching in that I
+
+look at the multicores you can
+buy today are still by and
+
+large two and four processors.
+
+There are people that
+have done more.
+
+The Verano has 16 and
+the Dell has 8.
+
+And the conclusion that I want
+to reach is that as an
+
+engineering tradeoff, if you
+throw away the shared memory
+
+you can add processors.
+
+Is that a straightforward
+tradeoff?
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't think
+it's a shared memory.
+
+You can still have things
+like directory-based
+
+cache coherent things.
+
+What's missing right now is what
+people have done is just
+
+basically took parts in their
+shelves, and kind of put it
+
+into the chip.
+
+If you look at it, if you put
+two chips next to each other
+
+on a board, there's a certain
+amount of communication
+
+bandwidth going here.
+
+And if you put those things
+into the same die, there's
+
+about five orders of magnitude
+possibility to communicate.
+
+We haven't figured out how to
+take advantage of that.
+
+In some sense, we can almost say
+I want to copy the entire
+
+cache from this machine to
+another machine in the cycle.
+
+I don't think you even would
+want to do that, but you can
+
+have that level of huge amount
+of communication.
+
+We are still kind of doing
+this evolutionary path in
+
+there [UNINTELLIGIBLE] but I
+don't think we know what cool
+
+things we can do with that.
+
+There's a lot of opportunity
+in that in some sense.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, because the
+interesting thing is --
+
+the way I would say it is,
+in the good old days
+
+parallelization sometimes
+was a scary prospect.
+
+Because the minute you
+distribute data, if you don't
+
+do it right it's a lot slower
+than sequential execution.
+
+Because your access time becomes
+so large, and you're
+
+basically dead in water.
+
+In this kind of machine
+you don't have to.
+
+There's so much bandwidth
+in here.
+
+Latency was still -- latency
+would be better than going to
+
+the outside memory.
+
+And we don't know how
+to take advantage of
+
+that bandwidth yet.
+
+And my feeling is as we go about
+trying to rebuild from
+
+scratch multicore processors,
+we'll try to figure out
+
+different ways.
+
+So for example, people are
+coming up with much more rich
+
+semantics for speculation and
+stuff like that, and we can
+
+take advantage of that.
+
+So I think there's a lot of
+interesting hardware,
+
+microprocessor, and then kind
+of programming research now.
+
+Because I don't think anybody
+had anything in there saying ,
+
+"Here's how we would take it
+down to this bandwidth." I
+
+think that'll happen.
+
+Now the next [? thing ?]
+is these mini-cores.
+
+So for example, this PicoChip
+has array of
+
+322 processing elements.
+
+They have 16-bit RISC, so
+it's not even a 32-bit.
+
+Piddling little things,
+3-way issue in.
+
+And they had like
+240 standard --
+
+basically, nothing
+more than just a
+
+multiplier, and add in there.
+
+64 memory tiles, full control,
+and 14 some special
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] function
+accelerator.
+
+So this is kind of what people
+call heterogeneous systems.
+
+Where what this is -- you have
+all these cores, why do you
+
+make everything the same?
+
+I can make something that's good
+doing graphics, something
+
+that's good doing networking.
+
+So I can kind of customize
+in these things.
+
+Because what we have in
+excess is silicon.
+
+We don't have power in excess.
+
+So in the future you can't
+assume everything is working
+
+all the time, because
+that will still
+
+create too much heat.
+
+So you kind of say -- the best
+efficiencies, for each type of
+
+computation you have some few
+special purpose units.
+
+So we kind of say if I'm doing
+graphics, I fit to my graphics
+
+optimized code.
+
+So I will do that.
+
+And the minute I want to do a
+little bit of arithmetic I'll
+
+switch to that.
+
+And sometimes I am doing TCP,
+I'll switch to my TCP offload.
+
+Stuff like that.
+
+Can you do some kind
+of mixed in there?
+
+The problem there is you need to
+understand what the mix is.
+
+So we need to have a good
+understanding of
+
+what that mix is.
+
+The advantage is it will be a
+lot more memory efficient.
+
+So this is kind of going
+in that direction.
+
+And so in some sense, if you
+want to communicate you have
+
+these special communication
+elements.
+
+You have to go through that.
+
+And the processor can do some
+work, and there are some
+
+memory elements.
+
+So far and so forth.
+
+So that's one push, people are
+pushing more for embedded very
+
+low power in.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this starting to
+look more and more like FPGA,
+
+which is [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's a
+kind of a combination.
+
+Because the thing about FPGA is,
+it's just done 1-bit lot.
+
+That doesn't make sense
+to do any arithmetic.
+
+So this is saying -- "Ok,
+instead of 1 bit I am doing 16
+
+bits." Because then I can
+very efficiently build
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+Because I don't have to
+build [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+out of scratch.
+
+So I think that an interesting
+convergence is happening.
+
+Because what happened, I think,
+for a long time was
+
+things like architecture and
+programming languages, and
+
+stuff like that, kind of
+got stuck in a rut.
+
+Because things there are
+so very efficiently and
+
+incremental -- it's like doing
+research in airplanes.
+
+Things are so efficient,
+so complex.
+
+Here AeroAstro can't build an
+airplane, because it's a $9
+
+billion job to build a good
+airplane in there.
+
+And it became like that.
+
+Universities could not build
+it because if you want to
+
+build a superscalar it's,
+again, a $9 billion type
+
+endeavor to do that -- thousands
+of people, was very,
+
+very customized.
+
+But now it's kind of hitting
+the end of the road.
+
+Everbody's going back and saying
+-- "Jeez, what's the
+
+new thing?" And I think there's
+a lot of opportunity
+
+to kind of figure out is there
+some radically different thing
+
+you can do.
+
+So this is what I have
+for my first lecture.
+
+Some conclusions basically.
+
+I think for a lot of people who
+are programmers, there was
+
+a time that you never cared
+about what's under the hood.
+
+You knew it was going to
+go fast, and in the
+
+air it will go faster.
+
+I think that's kind of
+coming to an end.
+
+And there's a lot of
+variations/choices in
+
+hardware, and I think software
+people should understand and
+
+know what they can
+choose in here.
+
+And many have performance
+implications.
+
+And if you know these things you
+will be able to get high
+
+performance of software
+built easy.
+
+You can't do high performance
+software without knowing what
+
+it's running on.
+
+However, there's a
+note of caution.
+
+If you become too much attached
+to your hardware, we
+
+go back to the old days of
+assembly language programming.
+
+So you say -- "I got every
+performance out of a -- now
+
+the Cell says you have seven
+SPEs." So in two years, they
+
+come with 16 SPEs.
+
+And what's going to happen?
+
+Your thing is still working on
+seven SPEs very well, but it
+
+might not work on 16 SPEs,
+even with that.
+
+But of course, you really
+customize for Cell too.
+
+And I guarantee it will not
+run good with the Intel --
+
+probably Quad, Xeon processor
+-- because it will be doing
+
+something very different.
+
+And so there's this tension
+that's coming back again.
+
+How to do something that is
+general, portable, malleable,
+
+and at the same time get good
+performance with hardware
+
+being exposed.
+
+I don't think there's
+an answer for that.
+
+And in this class we are going
+to go to one extreme.
+
+We are going to go low level
+and really understand the
+
+hardware, and take advantage
+of that.
+
+But at some point we have to
+probably come out of that and
+
+figure out how to be,
+again, high level.
+
+And I think that these
+are open questions.
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have any
+thoughts, and this may be
+
+unanswerable, but how could
+Cell really [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And not Cell only, but some of
+these other ones that are out
+
+there today, given how hard
+they are to program.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I have
+this talk that I'm
+
+giving at all the places.
+
+I said the third software
+crisis is due
+
+to multicore menace.
+
+I termed it a menace, because it
+will create this thing that
+
+people will have to change.
+
+Something has to change,
+something has to give.
+
+I don't know who's
+going to give.
+
+Either people will say -- "This
+is too complicated, I am
+
+happy with the current
+performance.
+
+I will live for the next 20
+years at today's level of
+
+performance." I doubt
+that will happen.
+
+The other end is saying --
+"Jeez, you know I am going to
+
+learn parallel programming, and
+I will deal with locks and
+
+semaphores, and all
+those things.
+
+And I am going to jump in
+there." That's not going to
+
+happen either.
+
+So there has to be something
+in the middle.
+
+And the neat thing is,
+I don't think anybody
+
+knows what it is.
+
+Being in industry, it makes them
+terrified, because they
+
+have no idea what's happening.
+
+But in a university,
+it's a fun time.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+AUDIENCE: Good question.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So we'll take about a five
+minutes break, and switch
+
+gears into concurrent
+programming.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f8_0AtM7PXk.txt b/f8_0AtM7PXk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5746eae2af924fc2c01ca394bc205c2d02cbe1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f8_0AtM7PXk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu now we're ready to look at
+the state of polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of polarization of the
+transmitted and reflected beams on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and reflected beams on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted and reflected beams on a
+glass air interface as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass air interface as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass air interface as a function of the
+input polarization of the light and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input polarization of the light and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input polarization of the light and also
+as a function of the input angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the input angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the input angle of
+incidence the setup is here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence the setup is here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence the setup is here is a
+laser is a laser beam we reflect it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is a laser beam we reflect it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser is a laser beam we reflect it by
+this mirror into this quarter wave plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror into this quarter wave plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mirror into this quarter wave plate
+so we have here we have circularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here we have circularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have here we have circularly
+polarized light then we pass it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light then we pass it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light then we pass it to the
+polarizer here so in this region we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here so in this region we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here so in this region we have
+plain polarized light and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain polarized light and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain polarized light and the
+polarization is set by the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is set by the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is set by the transmission
+axxis of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarizer here's our prism here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here's our prism here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here's our prism here is the
+transmitted beam over here and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam over here and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam over here and here is
+the reflected beam over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here now just to make sure that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now just to make sure that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now just to make sure that indeed
+in this region here we have plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region here we have plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this region here we have plain
+polarized light incident at the prism we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light incident at the prism we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized light incident at the prism we
+will take this polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take this polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will take this polarizer
+and test that indeed the light is plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test that indeed the light is plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and test that indeed the light is plain
+polarized in this region in a way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in this region in a way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized in this region in a way we're
+checking on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polariz so let me put a screen over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polariz so let me put a screen over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polariz so let me put a screen over here
+so we can see the light so now if indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see the light so now if indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can see the light so now if indeed
+the light is plain polarized then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is plain polarized then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is plain polarized then I
+should be able to extinguish it by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to extinguish it by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to extinguish it by by
+simply rotating the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotating the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply rotating the transmission
+axis of the polarizer here so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the polarizer here so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of the polarizer here so here
+indeed you can see that I can extinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you can see that I can extinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you can see that I can extinguish
+light so indeed light is plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so indeed light is plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so indeed light is plain
+polarized I now will change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized I now will change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized I now will change the
+transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission
+axis this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis this
+polarizer let's say to some angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer let's say to some angle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer let's say to some angle here
+and then again check that indeed I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again check that indeed I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then again check that indeed I can
+extinguish the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish the light
+again at this at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at this at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again at this at this
+angle let me go back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle let me go back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle let me go back over
+here and yes indeed I can extinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and yes indeed I can extinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and yes indeed I can extinguish it
+and you can see that there is 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that there is 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see that there is 90°
+between this polarizer and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this polarizer and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between this polarizer and this
+polarizer so now we're happy that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer so now we're happy that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer so now we're happy that the
+light is indeed plain polarized in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is indeed plain polarized in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is indeed plain polarized in this
+region regardless of where I set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region regardless of where I set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region regardless of where I set the
+transmission axis of the polarizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission axis of the polarizer
+so let me put it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put it back to
+Vertical take the this polarizer out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertical take the this polarizer out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertical take the this polarizer out
+take the screen now we're ready to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the screen now we're ready to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the screen now we're ready to study
+the state of polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of polarization of the
+transmitted beam and the reflected beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam and the reflected beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted beam and the reflected beam
+first we start with the transmitted beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we start with the transmitted beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we start with the transmitted beam
+so I'm going to place a polarizer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to place a polarizer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to place a polarizer in the
+way of the transmitted beam like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the transmitted beam like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of the transmitted beam like
+this and with the state of polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and with the state of polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and with the state of polarization
+coming in along the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in along the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in along the vertical
+plane as shown here I'm now going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane as shown here I'm now going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane as shown here I'm now going to
+demonstrate that the light transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that the light transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate that the light transmitted
+is indeed plain polarized and as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed plain polarized and as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed plain polarized and as you can
+see I can extinguish it with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can extinguish it with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see I can extinguish it with this
+polarizer here which means the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here which means the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here which means the state of
+polarization is linear and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is linear and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization is linear and also
+perpendicular to this horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to this horizontal
+axis now I will change the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis now I will change the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis now I will change the state of
+polarization of the input beam let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the input beam let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the input beam let's say
+to some angle like this and now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some angle like this and now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some angle like this and now let me
+see if I can extinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can extinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I can extinguish it
+again yes indeed I can extinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yes indeed I can extinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yes indeed I can extinguish it
+again and you also notice that the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you also notice that the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you also notice that the angle
+here is orthogonal to the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is orthogonal to the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is orthogonal to the angle
+here so we've shown that the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we've shown that the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so we've shown that the state of
+polarization of the transmitted beam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the transmitted beam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the transmitted beam is
+indeed plain polarized regardless of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed plain polarized regardless of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed plain polarized regardless of the
+orientation of the transmission axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the transmission axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the transmission axis of
+the polarizer here now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer here now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polarizer here now we're going to
+look at the state of polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the state of polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the state of polarization of the
+reflected beam so now I'll put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam so now I'll put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam so now I'll put the
+polarizer here in the way of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here in the way of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer here in the way of the
+reflected beam then adjust reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam then adjust reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam then adjust reflected
+beam to go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam to go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam to go through the
+polarizer and let's see again with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer and let's see again with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer and let's see again with the
+polarization at this angle with input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization at this angle with input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization at this angle with input
+polarization at this angle let me now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization at this angle let me now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization at this angle let me now
+rotate the analyzing polarizer here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the analyzing polarizer here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotate the analyzing polarizer here to
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+whether indeed I can first let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether indeed I can first let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether indeed I can first let me
+transmit the maximum amount of light let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit the maximum amount of light let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit the maximum amount of light let
+me see now if I can extinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see now if I can extinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me see now if I can extinguish
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and indeed I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed I
+can which shows that for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can which shows that for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can which shows that for this
+orientation of the transmission axis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the transmission axis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation of the transmission axis of
+of the input polarizer indeed I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input polarizer indeed I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input polarizer indeed I have
+plain polarized light let me check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain polarized light let me check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain polarized light let me check it
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ization and indeed I can extinguish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization and indeed I can extinguish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ization and indeed I can extinguish it
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+too and I'll do one more I'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and I'll do one more I'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and I'll do one more I'll do a
+horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+polarization about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization about
+so and let me see if I extinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and indeed I can extinguish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and indeed I can extinguish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and indeed I can extinguish the
+light so again we've shown that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so again we've shown that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light so again we've shown that the
+state of polariz ation of the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polariz ation of the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polariz ation of the reflected
+beam is plain polarized again regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is plain polarized again regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam is plain polarized again regardless
+of the orientation of the transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the orientation of the transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the orientation of the transmission
+axis of this polarize now we're ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of this polarize now we're ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis of this polarize now we're ready to
+look at the state of polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the state of polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the state of polarization of the
+reflected beam after the critical angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam after the critical angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam after the critical angle
+or the totally internally reflected beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the totally internally reflected beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the totally internally reflected beam
+but first I'd like to convince you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first I'd like to convince you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but first I'd like to convince you that
+we are looking at the totally internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at the totally internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are looking at the totally internally
+reflected beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam
+so let's look at the setup again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the setup again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at the setup again this is
+the transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transmitted
+beam and this is the reflected Beam for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and this is the reflected Beam for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and this is the reflected Beam for
+an angle of incidence below the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of incidence below the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an angle of incidence below the critical
+angle so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle so as I
+increase the angle of incidence until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the angle of incidence until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the angle of incidence until I
+reach the critical angle you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the critical angle you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the critical angle you can see
+that the to the transmitted beam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the to the transmitted beam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the to the transmitted beam is
+extinguished and all we have left is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished and all we have left is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguished and all we have left is the
+reflected beam so from here on this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam so from here on this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected beam so from here on this is
+the totally internally reflected beam so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally internally reflected beam so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally internally reflected beam so
+I'm going to now adjust the angle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to now adjust the angle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to now adjust the angle of
+incidence to about 50° or so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence to about 50° or so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidence to about 50° or so this
+direction and now I'll place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and now I'll place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and now I'll place the
+polarizer in the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer in the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer in the way to
+analyze the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the state of
+polarization of the totally internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the totally internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the totally internally
+reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam
+now the the input polariz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the input polariz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the input polariz
+ation is p polarization or polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation is p polarization or polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ation is p polarization or polarization
+in the horizontal plane as set by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the horizontal plane as set by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the horizontal plane as set by this
+polarizer let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer let's
+see what the state of polarization is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the state of polarization is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the state of polarization is of
+the totally internally reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally internally reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the totally internally reflected
+beam and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and you can
+see that indeed I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that indeed I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that indeed I can
+extinguish the light which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish the light which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish the light which means that
+for p polarization the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p polarization the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for p polarization the
+input the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the the
+polarization of the reflected beam or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the reflected beam or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the reflected beam or
+the total internally reflected beam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total internally reflected beam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total internally reflected beam is
+plain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain
+polarized and indeed also P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and indeed also P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and indeed also P
+polarization now let's go to S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization now let's go to S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization now let's go to S
+polarization means polarization in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization means polarization in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization means polarization in the
+vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical
+plane so we here about vertical let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so we here about vertical let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so we here about vertical let me
+now adjust the analyzer here see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now adjust the analyzer here see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now adjust the analyzer here see whether
+I can extend uish the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can extend uish the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can extend uish the beam
+again let me do a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tweaking just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking just a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+more and indeed you can see that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and indeed you can see that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and indeed you can see that I can
+extinguish the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinguish the beam
+again this again says that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this again says that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this again says that for
+polarization in the vertical plane or S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization in the vertical plane or S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization in the vertical plane or S
+polarization the polarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization the polarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization the polarization of the
+total inter inter reflected beam is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total inter inter reflected beam is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total inter inter reflected beam is
+also s polarization also linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also s polarization also linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also s polarization also linear
+polarized and S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarized and S
+polarization now let me go away from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization now let me go away from s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization now let me go away from s
+or P polarization by changing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or P polarization by changing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or P polarization by changing the the
+angle of the transmission axis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the transmission axis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of the transmission axis of the
+polarizer which means what I'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which means what I'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizer which means what I'm doing is
+changing the orientation of the pl of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the orientation of the pl of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the orientation of the pl of
+polarization of the input beam now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the input beam now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of the input beam now let's
+see if we can extinguish the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you can see the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the intensity
+varies as I rotate the polarizer but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies as I rotate the polarizer but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies as I rotate the polarizer but I
+cannot extinguish it like I did before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot extinguish it like I did before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot extinguish it like I did before
+this implies that there is a phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there is a phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that there is a phase shift
+between the S and P polarizations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the S and P polarizations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the S and P polarizations in the
+totally internally reflected being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally internally reflected being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally internally reflected being in
+fact let me change the input orientation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me change the input orientation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact let me change the input orientation
+to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+45° and indeed again I cannot extinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° and indeed again I cannot extinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° and indeed again I cannot extinguish
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+beam and this again implies that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and this again implies that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and this again implies that the
+state of polarization of the totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization of the totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of polarization of the totally
+internally reflected Beam for for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally reflected Beam for for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internally reflected Beam for for this
+kind of orientation of the polarization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of orientation of the polarization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of orientation of the polarization
+of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the input
+beam that indeed the that the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that indeed the that the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam that indeed the that the total
+inter reflected beam is elliptically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter reflected beam is elliptically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter reflected beam is elliptically
+polarized and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elliptical polarization can be made use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical polarization can be made use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elliptical polarization can be made use
+of for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for
+example for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for a
+50° angle of incidence one can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50° angle of incidence one can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50° angle of incidence one can get a
+phase difference between S and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference between S and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase difference between S and P
+polarization of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarization of about
+50° this phase shift then is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50° this phase shift then is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50° this phase shift then is very
+interesting and has been exploited for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and has been exploited for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and has been exploited for
+the construction of quarter wave plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction of quarter wave plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the construction of quarter wave plates
+and half wve plates simply by taking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half wve plates simply by taking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half wve plates simply by taking it
+advantage of this face shift on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this face shift on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this face shift on
+reflection on a glass air interface for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on a glass air interface for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection on a glass air interface for
+example a quarterwave plate requires two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a quarterwave plate requires two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a quarterwave plate requires two
+such Reflections to make up 90° and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such Reflections to make up 90° and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such Reflections to make up 90° and a
+halfwave plate requires four such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfwave plate requires four such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfwave plate requires four such
+reflections
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f9YGQZVxJ9I.txt b/f9YGQZVxJ9I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c84aee813a1cff9c54b427d796f9a20fe1a5fee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f9YGQZVxJ9I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6355 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open honest and issues and each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open honest and issues and each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open honest and issues and each time
+that you guys visiting imagine even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys visiting imagine even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys visiting imagine even
+remember me nagging me to to get deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember me nagging me to to get deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember me nagging me to to get deeper
+into personal issues and not just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into personal issues and not just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into personal issues and not just be
+abstract and the reason is because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and the reason is because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract and the reason is because I
+think you make it is very key whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you make it is very key whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you make it is very key whatever
+you want to talk you can bring your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to talk you can bring your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to talk you can bring your own
+breath into it I think it and I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath into it I think it and I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath into it I think it and I still
+you know there's so much for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's so much for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's so much for the
+semester from listening to some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester from listening to some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester from listening to some of your
+own personal discoveries about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal discoveries about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own personal discoveries about your
+structure but issues of race language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but issues of race language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure but issues of race language
+gender equality and I give you lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender equality and I give you lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender equality and I give you lots of
+is risky and before you came here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risky and before you came here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risky and before you came here that
+know each others of you write them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each others of you write them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know each others of you write them and
+yet to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to be able to
+get yourself to be difficult questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yourself to be difficult questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get yourself to be difficult questions
+and to get answered that person 12 fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get answered that person 12 fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to get answered that person 12 fuel
+and and so many of them actually giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so many of them actually giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so many of them actually giving
+spectrum of literally canal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe keep your things that you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe keep your things that you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe keep your things that you feel
+with you so that you feel that others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so that you feel that others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you so that you feel that others
+will come after you newsflash my benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come after you newsflash my benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come after you newsflash my benefit
+from it was to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I'm not sure if I fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm not sure if I fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I'm not sure if I fully
+understand what else to say but say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what else to say but say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what else to say but say what
+I was thinking um so for me personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking um so for me personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was thinking um so for me personally
+clear out this class I think I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear out this class I think I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear out this class I think I realized
+I like explored myself and like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like explored myself and like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like explored myself and like my
+identity way more and I think I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity way more and I think I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity way more and I think I was
+forced to ask questions about myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to ask questions about myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced to ask questions about myself
+that I hadn't and for me the main thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hadn't and for me the main thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I hadn't and for me the main thing
+I realized is like how uncomfortable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized is like how uncomfortable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I realized is like how uncomfortable I
+am with being multiracial like I enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am with being multiracial like I enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am with being multiracial like I enjoy
+being multiracial but realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being multiracial but realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being multiracial but realize that
+there's parts of me but like don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's parts of me but like don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's parts of me but like don't
+necessarily fit together and how like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily fit together and how like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily fit together and how like I
+don't really see myself as one certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really see myself as one certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really see myself as one certain
+race or whatever and I think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race or whatever and I think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race or whatever and I think you know
+the things that helped with that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that helped with that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that helped with that were
+like you know our personal essays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know our personal essays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know our personal essays and
+like the definitely the free writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the definitely the free writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the definitely the free writing
+assignment that one of the guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that one of the guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment that one of the guest
+professors had us do like that cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors had us do like that cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors had us do like that cut
+pretty deep and like I was kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty deep and like I was kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty deep and like I was kind of like
+oh crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh crap
+after rated like 9:30 in the morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after rated like 9:30 in the morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after rated like 9:30 in the morning
+when she first said that but then like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she first said that but then like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when she first said that but then like I
+really enjoyed it as I went on and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed it as I went on and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoyed it as I went on and I
+think like maybe bringing out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like maybe bringing out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like maybe bringing out more
+multiracial ink topics next year would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiracial ink topics next year would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiracial ink topics next year would
+be beneficial to people like me like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beneficial to people like me like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be beneficial to people like me like
+that was like a problem and I think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like a problem and I think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was like a problem and I think like
+also a really interesting topic that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a really interesting topic that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a really interesting topic that we
+went over it was like I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over it was like I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went over it was like I think it
+wouldn't be calling fake you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be calling fake you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be calling fake you know
+passing passing and like how that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing passing and like how that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing passing and like how that's a
+privilege and like talking about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege and like talking about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privilege and like talking about like
+all the controversial issues on that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the controversial issues on that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the controversial issues on that and
+I think I really also thought about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I really also thought about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I really also thought about that
+for this class so that was something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class so that was something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class so that was something I
+benefited from okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+speaking to the passing yeah in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to the passing yeah in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking to the passing yeah in that
+minute we are becoming at 50 at mid back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we are becoming at 50 at mid back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute we are becoming at 50 at mid back
+then right at often when we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right at often when we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then right at often when we think of
+passing the Kabira something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the Kabira something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the Kabira something which is
+negative you tell me that point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you tell me that point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you tell me that point in time
+will be aware that was very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be aware that was very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be aware that was very important
+that that momentum is a way that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that momentum is a way that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that momentum is a way that one can
+think of passing as we know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of passing as we know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of passing as we know more
+survivability so in so I guess it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivability so in so I guess it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survivability so in so I guess it's a
+report I think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report I think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report I think yeah
+but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this class has serviced a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class has serviced a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class has serviced a little
+factories the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories the importance of
+conversations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations
+and so I think most of the learning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think most of the learning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I think most of the learning that
+I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done
+in this class and other sort of seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and other sort of seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class and other sort of seminar
+based classes pales in comparison or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based classes pales in comparison or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based classes pales in comparison or
+what I learned my technical courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I learned my technical courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I learned my technical courses
+bills and operations it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills and operations it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills and operations it means
+like this because that the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because that the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this because that the end of the
+day I think most of the learning comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I think most of the learning comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day I think most of the learning comes
+from those around you your classmates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those around you your classmates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those around you your classmates
+this experiences that they have more so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiences that they have more so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiences that they have more so
+that we learn from these technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learn from these technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learn from these technical
+classes there's a saying that says like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there's a saying that says like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes there's a saying that says like
+five years after you graduate remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years after you graduate remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years after you graduate remember
+90 percent or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 percent or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 percent or whatever
+to college but I think what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college but I think what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to college but I think what you do
+remember is sort of these sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is sort of these sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember is sort of these sort of
+conversations that boil down to personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that boil down to personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations that boil down to personal
+experiences and so I think again there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and so I think again there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and so I think again there
+is challenge in this world of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is challenge in this world of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is challenge in this world of sort of
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+we aren't really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we aren't really want
+have these conversations but sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these conversations but sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these conversations but sort of
+changing yourself is the first step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing yourself is the first step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing yourself is the first step and
+I think if everyone sort of makes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if everyone sort of makes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think if everyone sort of makes this
+has this realisation it takes a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this realisation it takes a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this realisation it takes a step
+towards making this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards making this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards making this change
+it's very idealistic but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's probably one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bouncing off of what Burke said I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off of what Burke said I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing off of what Burke said I think
+one way which I would like to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way which I would like to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way which I would like to see this
+class grow is the integration of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class grow is the integration of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class grow is the integration of having
+some sort of conversation like open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of conversation like open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of conversation like open
+discussion inside a debate with someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion inside a debate with someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion inside a debate with someone
+who does not come from a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does not come from a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who does not come from a similar
+theological thank ideological background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theological thank ideological background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theological thank ideological background
+as most people in this clash to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as most people in this clash to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as most people in this clash to try to
+see to sort of gain practice in having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to sort of gain practice in having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see to sort of gain practice in having a
+session with someone who's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session with someone who's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session with someone who's a lot
+different from you and developing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from you and developing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from you and developing a
+common trust and coming to see each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common trust and coming to see each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common trust and coming to see each
+other's viewpoints in a way that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's viewpoints in a way that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other's viewpoints in a way that would
+be more important than what one could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more important than what one could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be more important than what one could do
+among a set of like-minded individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see so one thing that I enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so one thing that I enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see so one thing that I enjoyed
+about this class I can distinctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this class I can distinctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this class I can distinctly
+remember what what class it literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what what class it literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what what class it literally
+blew my mind I think I turn to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew my mind I think I turn to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blew my mind I think I turn to something
+like oh my gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh my gosh
+and that was when we interrogated what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was when we interrogated what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was when we interrogated what
+MIT was as an institution and where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was as an institution and where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT was as an institution and where we
+sit in this field and this hierarchy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit in this field and this hierarchy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit in this field and this hierarchy of
+social you know from the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social you know from the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social you know from the social
+hierarchy in the US and I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy in the US and I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy in the US and I think what
+coming to MIT I was willing to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT I was willing to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT I was willing to give the
+institution of free pass a lot because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of free pass a lot because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution of free pass a lot because I
+felt that I was getting a lot from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that I was getting a lot from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that I was getting a lot from the
+experience but I think now that I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but I think now that I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but I think now that I'm a
+senior and all the seniors here rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior and all the seniors here rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior and all the seniors here rather
+last minute classes now that I'm at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute classes now that I'm at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute classes now that I'm at this
+point where I can think back on what MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I can think back on what MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where I can think back on what MIT
+has done for me and what and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done for me and what and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done for me and what and how it
+functions I think I'm better poised to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think more critically about institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think more critically about institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think more critically about institutions
+I choose to join in the future for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose to join in the future for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose to join in the future for a
+postgraduate education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I took this class as a challenge to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I took this class as a challenge to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I took this class as a challenge to
+myself because at the beginning I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because at the beginning I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself because at the beginning I knew
+about the prejudices and stereotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the prejudices and stereotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the prejudices and stereotypes
+that I had been taught and I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had been taught and I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had been taught and I wanted to
+get rid of them and I think this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them and I think this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of them and I think this class
+has helped a lot with that just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has helped a lot with that just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has helped a lot with that just by
+hearing everyone else's perspectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing everyone else's perspectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing everyone else's perspectives
+from the readings from looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the readings from looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the readings from looking at the
+world by taking a step back and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by taking a step back and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world by taking a step back and like
+looking at things as they are and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things as they are and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at things as they are and not
+how we were specifically taught that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we were specifically taught that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we were specifically taught that
+they are and I really appreciate that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and I really appreciate that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are and I really appreciate that I
+want to like from here on I want to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like from here on I want to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to like from here on I want to like
+move forward to try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward to try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward to try to figure out how
+like how to be an ally from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to be an ally from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how to be an ally from an
+asian-american perspective because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asian-american perspective because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asian-american perspective because a lot
+of the times Asian American families try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times Asian American families try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the times Asian American families try
+to be the status quo like my parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the status quo like my parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the status quo like my parents
+have always taught me to like try to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always taught me to like try to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have always taught me to like try to be
+not explicitly but implicitly like try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicitly but implicitly like try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not explicitly but implicitly like try
+to be as white as you can and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as white as you can and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be as white as you can and I think
+that that was a really difficult lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was a really difficult lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was a really difficult lesson
+to go through and then come to a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through and then come to a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through and then come to a place
+like MIT which is so diverse and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like MIT which is so diverse and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like MIT which is so diverse and which
+has so many different backgrounds and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so many different backgrounds and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has so many different backgrounds and to
+like come in thinking there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come in thinking there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come in thinking there's a
+hierarchy where there isn't and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy where there isn't and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy where there isn't and now
+going forward trying to break that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um related to what you said actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to what you said actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um related to what you said actually is
+you know this concept of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this concept of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this concept of being
+multiracial and interrogating that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiracial and interrogating that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiracial and interrogating that for
+yourself but also within a context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but also within a context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself but also within a context of
+being in a society of multiple races and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in a society of multiple races and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in a society of multiple races and
+understanding the spaces that exist for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the spaces that exist for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the spaces that exist for
+for meaningful conversations across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for meaningful conversations across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for meaningful conversations across
+cultural and ethnic and other sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and ethnic and other sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural and ethnic and other sometimes
+just socially constructed boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just socially constructed boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just socially constructed boundaries
+that don't necessarily meet to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't necessarily meet to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't necessarily meet to be
+boundaries and I remember in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and I remember in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries and I remember in one
+conversation you know Cynthia actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you know Cynthia actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation you know Cynthia actually
+really challenged you know this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenged you know this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really challenged you know this idea of
+forming alliances especially between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming alliances especially between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming alliances especially between
+historically systematically oppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically systematically oppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically systematically oppressed
+groups and you know in a class like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and you know in a class like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups and you know in a class like
+black matters I think that we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black matters I think that we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black matters I think that we we
+actually think about people who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about people who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about people who who
+don't identify as black and who may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't identify as black and who may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't identify as black and who may not
+be red as black in society and we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be red as black in society and we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be red as black in society and we we've
+engaged critically with the issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged critically with the issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged critically with the issues that
+they face as well you know when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they face as well you know when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they face as well you know when we
+talked about immigration in from Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about immigration in from Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about immigration in from Mexico
+and you know the times where I insist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the times where I insist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the times where I insist
+upon interjecting indigenous North
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon interjecting indigenous North
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon interjecting indigenous North
+American issues under the conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American issues under the conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American issues under the conversation
+but there seems to be space for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there seems to be space for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there seems to be space for all of
+that and so what I want to take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so what I want to take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so what I want to take away
+from all of these discussions is how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all of these discussions is how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all of these discussions is how can
+we create meaningful alliances and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create meaningful alliances and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create meaningful alliances and be
+allies and how can we collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies and how can we collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allies and how can we collaborate
+between groups who who are distinct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between groups who who are distinct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between groups who who are distinct and
+different and face similar challenges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and face similar challenges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and face similar challenges in
+in this society but also have really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this society but also have really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this society but also have really
+specific perspectives and experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific perspectives and experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific perspectives and experiences
+and future goals so the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future goals so the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and future goals so the idea of
+collaborations especially among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations especially among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborations especially among
+historically oppressed groups is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically oppressed groups is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically oppressed groups is one
+that I want to continue thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to continue thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to continue thinking about
+outside of this class a lot of what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this class a lot of what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of this class a lot of what I
+was thinking about during this class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about during this class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking about during this class for
+me personally was comparing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me personally was comparing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me personally was comparing and
+contrasting because I come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasting because I come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrasting because I come
+from very I'm from Zimbabwe so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very I'm from Zimbabwe so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from very I'm from Zimbabwe so there's
+not a lot of diversity and this was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of diversity and this was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a lot of diversity and this was an
+entirely new experience to me so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely new experience to me so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely new experience to me so a lot
+of what I was doing was comparing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I was doing was comparing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I was doing was comparing my
+past my history my experiences with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past my history my experiences with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past my history my experiences with you
+guys experiences and everything around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys experiences and everything around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys experiences and everything around
+me and thinking about for instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and thinking about for instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and thinking about for instance in
+the readings how they analyze different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings how they analyze different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the readings how they analyze different
+situations of situation America the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations of situation America the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations of situation America the
+situation in Haiti and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in Haiti and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation in Haiti and thinking about
+where these things are connected how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these things are connected how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these things are connected how
+they are different what clip and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different what clip and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are different what clip and then
+what should be done and I think I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be done and I think I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be done and I think I really
+thought about issues like this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about issues like this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about issues like this before
+this class and now I'm starting to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and now I'm starting to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class and now I'm starting to think
+about it more especially in education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it more especially in education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it more especially in education
+I'm really interested in education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really interested in education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really interested in education and
+how we can help teach people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can help teach people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can help teach people in the
+future how to use their skills that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future how to use their skills that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future how to use their skills that they
+learn how to think about certain things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to think about certain things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to think about certain things
+how to approach certain problems in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to approach certain problems in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to approach certain problems in a
+way that challenges them and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that challenges them and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that challenges them and also
+challenges the status quo and challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges the status quo and challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges the status quo and challenges
+is the hierarchies that I set up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hierarchies that I set up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the hierarchies that I set up so
+personally I think that this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I think that this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally I think that this class
+definitely helped me think a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely helped me think a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely helped me think a lot more
+and I hope that in future it will help a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that in future it will help a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I hope that in future it will help a
+lot more people think about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more people think about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more people think about their
+actions think about what they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions think about what they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions think about what they're saying
+think about what they're doing and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what they're doing and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what they're doing and think
+about how they can help and how they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they can help and how they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how they can help and how they can
+engage their communities for instance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage their communities for instance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage their communities for instance I
+remember when we're talking about how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we're talking about how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when we're talking about how we
+we came to MIT we might graduate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came to MIT we might graduate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came to MIT we might graduate and
+then how what are you going to do when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how what are you going to do when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then how what are you going to do when
+we go back to the communities where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to the communities where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go back to the communities where we
+come from but how are you gonna how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from but how are you gonna how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from but how are you gonna how do
+we plan to affect those communities do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plan to affect those communities do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we plan to affect those communities do
+you go back as experts or do we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back as experts or do we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go back as experts or do we go back
+as one of them do we try to fit in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of them do we try to fit in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of them do we try to fit in like
+questions like that or definitely things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that or definitely things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that or definitely things
+that we should think about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah I think the biggest thing for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the biggest thing for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the biggest thing for me
+was like learning about what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like learning about what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like learning about what we were
+learning but then thinking back to how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but then thinking back to how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning but then thinking back to how I
+grew up in like a really white area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in like a really white area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in like a really white area and
+I was always taught like there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was always taught like there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was always taught like there's one
+correct way to speak there is like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to speak there is like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to speak there is like one
+correct way to teach kids and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to teach kids and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct way to teach kids and like
+thinking back now with like all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back now with like all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking back now with like all this
+information on how damaging that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on how damaging that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on how damaging that really
+is and how it's not really about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and how it's not really about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and how it's not really about the
+language and it's not really about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and it's not really about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and it's not really about how
+we think it's more about marginalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think it's more about marginalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think it's more about marginalizing
+groups that might speak that way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that might speak that way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that might speak that way and
+it's like just thinking about how like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like just thinking about how like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like just thinking about how like
+my entire school system was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my entire school system was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my entire school system was based on
+like what they thought was correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what they thought was correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what they thought was correct and
+what was Talent telling us what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was Talent telling us what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was Talent telling us what we
+should think it's correct and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think it's correct and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think it's correct and I think
+coming out of this hopefully we can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this hopefully we can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of this hopefully we can try
+to change some of that in the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change some of that in the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change some of that in the school
+systems because it can really affect how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because it can really affect how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because it can really affect how
+kids view the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids view the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids view the world
+as they grow I think one thing I gained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they grow I think one thing I gained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they grow I think one thing I gained
+from this class is kind of I guess some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this class is kind of I guess some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this class is kind of I guess some
+verification of the idea that listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification of the idea that listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification of the idea that listening
+is like very important and it's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very important and it's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like very important and it's there's
+kind of various ways you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of various ways you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of various ways you could think
+about it like just in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like just in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it like just in the context of
+this class whether it's like listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class whether it's like listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class whether it's like listening
+to like other people share their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like other people share their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like other people share their
+experiences and like kind of really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and like kind of really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences and like kind of really
+taking in and understanding like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in and understanding like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking in and understanding like how
+they fit in within like whatever social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in within like whatever social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit in within like whatever social
+hierarchy or whatever kind of issue were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy or whatever kind of issue were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy or whatever kind of issue were
+discussing and seeing how it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing and seeing how it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing and seeing how it's kind of
+played a role in their lives and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a role in their lives and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a role in their lives and kind of
+seeing how you can apply it to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how you can apply it to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing how you can apply it to either
+better or someone else's life like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or someone else's life like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better or someone else's life like
+improve your own kind of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your own kind of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve your own kind of interaction
+with the world in some way or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the world in some way or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the world in some way or whether
+it's listening in terms of like language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's listening in terms of like language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's listening in terms of like language
+you talk a lot about language and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk a lot about language and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk a lot about language and like
+kind of how certain modes of speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how certain modes of speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how certain modes of speaking
+our somewhat marginalize so ensuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our somewhat marginalize so ensuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our somewhat marginalize so ensuring
+that like as you go forward you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like as you go forward you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like as you go forward you
+really listen to people regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really listen to people regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really listen to people regardless of
+how they present their ideas or present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they present their ideas or present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they present their ideas or present
+their thoughts or whether it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thoughts or whether it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their thoughts or whether it's like
+listening as far as like engaging people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening as far as like engaging people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening as far as like engaging people
+who have opposing opinions as you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have opposing opinions as you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have opposing opinions as you like
+really understanding that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding that in order to
+strengthen your own positions and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen your own positions and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen your own positions and really
+understand why it is that you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is that you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why it is that you think the
+way it is you have to be able to listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is you have to be able to listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it is you have to be able to listen
+to people who kind of think in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who kind of think in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to people who kind of think in a
+different way than you so yeah I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than you so yeah I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than you so yeah I've just
+seen a lot of kind of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of kind of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a lot of kind of different things
+in this class that speaks to importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class that speaks to importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class that speaks to importance
+of listening lack of analysis of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of listening lack of analysis of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of listening lack of analysis of my
+racial background like because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial background like because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial background like because I'm
+japanese-american it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese-american it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+japanese-american it's not really
+something that like I'm forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like I'm forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that like I'm forced to
+address all the time because no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address all the time because no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address all the time because no one's
+really calling that much attention to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really calling that much attention to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really calling that much attention to it
+because neither one of those groups is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because neither one of those groups is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because neither one of those groups is
+really that attacked even like modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that attacked even like modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that attacked even like modern
+society as like before like being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society as like before like being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society as like before like being a
+racial group and like something I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial group and like something I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racial group and like something I didn't
+even think about my mom is an immigrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think about my mom is an immigrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even think about my mom is an immigrant
+I didn't really address that ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't really address that ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't really address that ever
+because no one was calling me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one was calling me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because no one was calling me to
+question her immigration here and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question her immigration here and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question her immigration here and that
+also leads to a lot like relating to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also leads to a lot like relating to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also leads to a lot like relating to how
+like other the opinions of other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other the opinions of other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like other the opinions of other people
+and especially like my very conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially like my very conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and especially like my very conservative
+extended fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended fan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended fan
+on how their opinions about certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how their opinions about certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how their opinions about certain
+things such as immigration are reliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things such as immigration are reliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things such as immigration are reliant
+on people being of certain races and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people being of certain races and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on people being of certain races and
+being from certain places because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being from certain places because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being from certain places because there
+isn't something that they've ever seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't something that they've ever seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't something that they've ever seen
+negatively about my family but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively about my family but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively about my family but it is
+something that Sakura why my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Sakura why my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Sakura why my family
+exists so I think things like that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so I think things like that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists so I think things like that like
+me having people address their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me having people address their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me having people address their own
+identities in their own backgrounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities in their own backgrounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities in their own backgrounds and
+how that's affected how they see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's affected how they see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that's affected how they see
+everything else by interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm having trouble distilling everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm having trouble distilling everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm having trouble distilling everything
+down but I guess one big takeaway from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but I guess one big takeaway from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but I guess one big takeaway from
+this class was that accepting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class was that accepting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class was that accepting that
+there's no one right way to exist as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one right way to exist as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one right way to exist as
+like a human across like generalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human across like generalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a human across like generalization
+oddly race class and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly race class and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oddly race class and things like that
+and that was a realization that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a realization that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a realization that I think
+I came to in this class and it all goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came to in this class and it all goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came to in this class and it all goes
+back to like the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to like the importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to like the importance of
+interrogating your beliefs and why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogating your beliefs and why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogating your beliefs and why you
+think the ways that you do and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the ways that you do and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the ways that you do and it's
+really eye-opening it's really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really eye-opening it's really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really eye-opening it's really important
+but you have to open yourself up to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to open yourself up to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you have to open yourself up to that
+and it takes like like I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes like like I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes like like I wasn't
+expecting to come out at all but I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to come out at all but I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting to come out at all but I did
+because this was a place where I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was a place where I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this was a place where I think
+about the same it was like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same it was like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same it was like really
+surprising that I felt so safe in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that I felt so safe in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising that I felt so safe in this
+in this environment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this environment and
+something that we need to recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we need to recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we need to recreate
+elsewhere another thing that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere another thing that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere another thing that I would
+like to take for this plastic in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take for this plastic in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to take for this plastic in the
+future is like therapy pool bar at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is like therapy pool bar at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future is like therapy pool bar at
+seniors if you have thoughts like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seniors if you have thoughts like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seniors if you have thoughts like what
+do you do now do you take the next or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do now do you take the next or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do now do you take the next or
+like what actions can you take because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what actions can you take because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what actions can you take because
+further than the boss and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than the boss and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further than the boss and I think
+something that maybe happened in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe happened in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that maybe happened in this
+class is thinking about concrete ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is thinking about concrete ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is thinking about concrete ways to
+do stuff because yeah professor Chomsky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do stuff because yeah professor Chomsky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do stuff because yeah professor Chomsky
+here on Tuesday and he said almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on Tuesday and he said almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on Tuesday and he said almost
+anything is the answer to like what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is the answer to like what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything is the answer to like what do
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+so maybe having some sort of initiative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe having some sort of initiative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe having some sort of initiative
+like coming out of this classes to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coming out of this classes to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like coming out of this classes to make
+change maybe just added my teeth or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change maybe just added my teeth or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change maybe just added my teeth or just
+like awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so kind of piggybacking off of hooker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kind of piggybacking off of hooker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kind of piggybacking off of hooker
+said I think the most meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I think the most meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I think the most meaningful
+conversations and talks that we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations and talks that we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations and talks that we've had
+for me where when we talked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me where when we talked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me where when we talked to
+professor's people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor's people
+Oliver Cambridge who were using their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver Cambridge who were using their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oliver Cambridge who were using their
+own backgrounds their own fields of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own backgrounds their own fields of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own backgrounds their own fields of
+study and they're making tangible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and they're making tangible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study and they're making tangible
+changes as Chris is saying so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as Chris is saying so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as Chris is saying so for
+example when we watch the like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we watch the like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when we watch the like the
+virtual reality kind of simulation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual reality kind of simulation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual reality kind of simulation in
+terms of the israeli-palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the israeli-palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the israeli-palestinian
+conflict and I feel like those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I feel like those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict and I feel like those
+conversations and the fact that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations and the fact that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations and the fact that I have
+to have the privilege of taking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the privilege of taking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the privilege of taking this
+class in my last semester has really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in my last semester has really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in my last semester has really
+kind of driven me to really like to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of driven me to really like to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of driven me to really like to take
+action outside of MIT and hopefully in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action outside of MIT and hopefully in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action outside of MIT and hopefully in
+the future back at MIT and to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future back at MIT and to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future back at MIT and to really
+take that with me in my specific field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that with me in my specific field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that with me in my specific field
+so medicine and how these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so medicine and how these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so medicine and how these various
+identities can really affect people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities can really affect people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities can really affect people's
+kind of healthcare and and and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of healthcare and and and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of healthcare and and and that's
+that's life or death and and so I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's life or death and and so I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's life or death and and so I feel
+like that that has really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that has really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that has really been
+eye-opening for me and that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye-opening for me and that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye-opening for me and that's kind of
+driven me to to action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven me to to action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven me to to action
+you know I think for me from this bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think for me from this bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I think for me from this bias
+made me more aware of how many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me more aware of how many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made me more aware of how many things
+for example what I didn't know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what I didn't know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example what I didn't know about the
+each of evolution was it occurred and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of evolution was it occurred and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of evolution was it occurred and I
+didn't reading you know question it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't reading you know question it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't reading you know question it
+granted time but it's all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted time but it's all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted time but it's all the things
+that we aren't taught just because a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we aren't taught just because a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we aren't taught just because a lot
+of the history that we learned or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the history that we learned or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the history that we learned or it's
+talking like a very honest Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking like a very honest Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking like a very honest Western
+expert perspective so I feel like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert perspective so I feel like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert perspective so I feel like it's
+very important that this class teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that this class teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important that this class teaches
+that there's always many ways to view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's always many ways to view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's always many ways to view
+certain things and there's certain many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things and there's certain many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things and there's certain many
+things that aren't necessarily just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that aren't necessarily just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that aren't necessarily just
+because because society just doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because society just doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because because society just doesn't
+want us to know about these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to know about these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want us to know about these things
+so that we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be similar to
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+taking action and a lot of partner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking action and a lot of partner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking action and a lot of partner
+meetings like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just like oh that's really strange but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like oh that's really strange but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like oh that's really strange but I
+guess that's just the way things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's just the way things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess that's just the way things are
+it's like to know that things are wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like to know that things are wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like to know that things are wrong
+but you didn't do anything just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't do anything just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you didn't do anything just trying
+to take action and many dimensions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take action and many dimensions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take action and many dimensions like
+interrogating yourself is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogating yourself is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrogating yourself is an important
+way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that just thinking of my whole life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just thinking of my whole life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just thinking of my whole life in
+terms of the languages I grew up reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the languages I grew up reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the languages I grew up reading
+writing and how they represented to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and how they represented to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing and how they represented to me
+was a really good way just to to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good way just to to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a really good way just to to look
+into my own self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my own self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my own self
+what I think would have been would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think would have been would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think would have been would be
+better and future versions of this boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and future versions of this boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and future versions of this boss
+would be maybe talking together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maybe talking together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be maybe talking together in
+smaller groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller groups
+I guess I think it's easier just to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I think it's easier just to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I think it's easier just to talk
+about yourself for some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yourself for some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yourself for some people
+I think the only time we got to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the only time we got to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the only time we got to do that
+was last Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was last Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was last Tuesday
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you I think
+so what just it also giving my parents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what just it also giving my parents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what just it also giving my parents a
+you know so what Christine can try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what Christine can try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so what Christine can try
+together because this class I hope will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because this class I hope will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together because this class I hope will
+be offered many many many many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be offered many many many many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be offered many many many many times
+again here and actually we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here and actually we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again here and actually we're thinking
+of next year and I get with Pharaoh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next year and I get with Pharaoh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of next year and I get with Pharaoh so
+from that perspective maybe you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that perspective maybe you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that perspective maybe you guys
+could share with me what you think will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share with me what you think will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share with me what you think will
+be done to implement what you guys think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to implement what you guys think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done to implement what you guys think
+in terms of taking is knowledge and into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of taking is knowledge and into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of taking is knowledge and into
+action because Travis mister I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because Travis mister I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because Travis mister I was
+reading it wet enough projects do I sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it wet enough projects do I sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it wet enough projects do I sign
+because I often thought that would be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I often thought that would be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I often thought that would be so
+nice a good project that puts you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice a good project that puts you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice a good project that puts you guys
+in the world not just reading an essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world not just reading an essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world not just reading an essay
+you know and I try to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I try to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and I try to see whether
+something could come up spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something could come up spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something could come up spontaneously
+from you that's good ultimately where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you that's good ultimately where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you that's good ultimately where I
+want to do this so why don't you advise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this so why don't you advise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this so why don't you advise
+me in the next back of this course to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the next back of this course to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me in the next back of this course to
+make that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that happen
+go to to do projects women throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to to do projects women throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to to do projects women throughout
+the semester on the intern or optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester on the intern or optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester on the intern or optional
+projects that will really turn knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that will really turn knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that will really turn knowledge
+into passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so maybe something's like I still think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe something's like I still think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe something's like I still think
+you should have the essays cuz at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have the essays cuz at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have the essays cuz at least
+for me they were pretty beneficial in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me they were pretty beneficial in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me they were pretty beneficial in
+exploring myself yeah but maybe instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring myself yeah but maybe instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploring myself yeah but maybe instead
+of having like the essay revision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having like the essay revision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of having like the essay revision
+although I think like revising essay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think like revising essay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I think like revising essay is
+important I think that could be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think that could be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I think that could be done
+throughout your essay process is dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your essay process is dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your essay process is dead
+and maybe like putting in a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe like putting in a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe like putting in a project
+where you have to create like a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to create like a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have to create like a policy
+or like a lesson plan or like something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a lesson plan or like something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like a lesson plan or like something
+like that and then present that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then present that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then present that and
+maybe even have a plan of action of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even have a plan of action of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even have a plan of action of who
+he would go to talk to about this cuz I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would go to talk to about this cuz I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would go to talk to about this cuz I
+think like if you just come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like if you just come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like if you just come up with a
+plan it can be pretty like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan it can be pretty like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan it can be pretty like you know
+philosophical or just like just an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical or just like just an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical or just like just an idea
+and we'll never be done with it but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll never be done with it but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll never be done with it but like
+what would be your next step now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be your next step now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be your next step now you
+have an idea how do you implement it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea how do you implement it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an idea how do you implement it and
+then also something I forgot to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also something I forgot to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then also something I forgot to mention
+before it I thought was really useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it I thought was really useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it I thought was really useful
+about this class was when we went to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this class was when we went to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this class was when we went to go
+to the movies all together on a Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movies all together on a Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the movies all together on a Saturday
+and at first I was like oh crap now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at first I was like oh crap now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at first I was like oh crap now I
+have to like a lot a lot of time but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like a lot a lot of time but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to like a lot a lot of time but I
+actually really enjoyed that and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really enjoyed that and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really enjoyed that and was
+hoping the conversation would keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping the conversation would keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping the conversation would keep going
+okay so maybe having more things outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe having more things outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so maybe having more things outside
+the class because I think it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because I think it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class because I think it's really
+hard to explore all the things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to explore all the things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to explore all the things that you
+would want to do in an hour and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do in an hour and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do in an hour and a half
+right so like maybe having somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like maybe having somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like maybe having somewhere
+like I don't know what types of places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know what types of places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know what types of places
+you can go to but maybe going to a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to but maybe going to a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go to but maybe going to a you
+know an inner-city school in Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an inner-city school in Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an inner-city school in Boston
+together and like seeing how it stopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and like seeing how it stopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and like seeing how it stopped
+there and what you would change actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what you would change actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and what you would change actually
+because one thing that I'm told meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one thing that I'm told meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one thing that I'm told meet
+with folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with folks
+Harold is to see whether we could change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold is to see whether we could change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harold is to see whether we could change
+the format of having an area hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format of having an area hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the format of having an area hat
+once a week for three hours and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week for three hours and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a week for three hours and in the
+past I tried that but because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I tried that but because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past I tried that but because of the
+schedule get my teeth in art for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule get my teeth in art for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule get my teeth in art for
+students to enroll if you are a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to enroll if you are a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to enroll if you are a classic
+undergraduate so we stepped away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate so we stepped away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate so we stepped away from
+that but now we think not whether we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now we think not whether we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but now we think not whether we
+should do that happen and then many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that happen and then many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do that happen and then many
+three hours you could go something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours you could go something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours you could go something else
+yeah I make it beneficial I know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I make it beneficial I know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I make it beneficial I know like
+negotiation absalom does a Thursday I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation absalom does a Thursday I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation absalom does a Thursday I'd
+like five or something like that so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or something like that so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or something like that so it's
+hard to schedule like a three-hour class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to schedule like a three-hour class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to schedule like a three-hour class
+during the day but if you do it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day but if you do it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the day but if you do it as a
+night section okay okay people think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night section okay okay people think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night section okay okay people think
+that if he said okay how many ossified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if he said okay how many ossified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if he said okay how many ossified
+would be difficult cause there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be difficult cause there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be difficult cause there's a lot
+like no athletes the partition biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no athletes the partition biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no athletes the partition biggest
+play practice from side to side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play practice from side to side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play practice from side to side okay
+yeah there's another section at 7:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's another section at 7:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's another section at 7:00
+pretty sure yeah yeah talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure yeah yeah talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure yeah yeah talking about
+projects and I think that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and I think that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and I think that could
+definitely work in this course I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely work in this course I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely work in this course I think
+one thing that I've really wanted is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I've really wanted is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that I've really wanted is to
+be able to affect change in this within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to affect change in this within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to affect change in this within
+the context of its course and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of its course and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of its course and sort of
+have a reason to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reason to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a reason to do so
+based on readings I would like to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on readings I would like to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on readings I would like to go
+into school and say you know let me try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into school and say you know let me try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into school and say you know let me try
+my hand and teaching kids and this lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand and teaching kids and this lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my hand and teaching kids and this lens
+even actually worse so if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even actually worse so if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even actually worse so if you want to
+organize that sort of thing it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize that sort of thing it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize that sort of thing it could be
+cool to also work in small groups and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to also work in small groups and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool to also work in small groups and
+maybe diversified I mean we have a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe diversified I mean we have a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe diversified I mean we have a ton
+of the courses in here but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the courses in here but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the courses in here but I think
+there's a lot to be gained I'm working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to be gained I'm working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot to be gained I'm working
+going out into the real world and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out into the real world and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out into the real world and I
+think I mean this is just me great but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean this is just me great but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I mean this is just me great but I
+think a three-hour course would be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what Collin said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's common courtesy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so going back to the last points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the last points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to the last points in
+terms of into the school had some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of into the school had some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of into the school had some good
+news which is that I think I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news which is that I think I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news which is that I think I should have
+better cope with you about this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cope with you about this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better cope with you about this new
+program between lounge in the cosmetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program between lounge in the cosmetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program between lounge in the cosmetics
+go into a news program and Vivienne Tam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a news program and Vivienne Tam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into a news program and Vivienne Tam
+typically shiny and Shashi she launched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically shiny and Shashi she launched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically shiny and Shashi she launched
+chat lounge the Tongass program Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat lounge the Tongass program Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chat lounge the Tongass program Chinese
+English and can be between visibly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and can be between visibly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and can be between visibly well
+right here and it is also accessible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and it is also accessible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and it is also accessible for
+watching this serial English strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this serial English strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching this serial English strongest
+program it is offered that if their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it is offered that if their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it is offered that if their
+student in this class and other category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in this class and other category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in this class and other category
+they want to come and volunteer and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to come and volunteer and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to come and volunteer and and
+the advantage of that new program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that new program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantage of that new program in
+terms of doing any research especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of doing any research especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of doing any research especially
+day so I break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so I break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so I break
+to do with measuring students learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with measuring students learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with measuring students learning
+games she'll be happy to work with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games she'll be happy to work with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games she'll be happy to work with you
+it's one student in my other class was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one student in my other class was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one student in my other class was
+the inspector with who still get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspector with who still get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspector with who still get out
+twice and wanting to be going on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and wanting to be going on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and wanting to be going on a
+weekly basis to the meetings to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly basis to the meetings to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekly basis to the meetings to try to
+understand how they are creating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they are creating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how they are creating this
+new program where there'll be I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new program where there'll be I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new program where there'll be I think
+half kids who speak real and absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half kids who speak real and absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half kids who speak real and absolute
+cosmic real and truly that angle so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic real and truly that angle so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic real and truly that angle so we
+get American or other abilities learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get American or other abilities learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get American or other abilities learning
+some clear indication for kids because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clear indication for kids because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clear indication for kids because
+it was very English and be community so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very English and be community so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very English and be community so
+I think it's it is really very very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it is really very very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it is really very very cool
+if I always programs of that sort but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I always programs of that sort but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I always programs of that sort but
+never one involving in non impure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never one involving in non impure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never one involving in non impure
+language the debates in Spanish English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the debates in Spanish English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language the debates in Spanish English
+French English Chinese English the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French English Chinese English the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French English Chinese English the first
+character doing one that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character doing one that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character doing one that in
+in the years as you know demonized a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the years as you know demonized a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the years as you know demonized a
+tree so we we excited this it's on push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so we we excited this it's on push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree so we we excited this it's on push
+back including respect from location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back including respect from location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back including respect from location
+parents told them who prefer to a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents told them who prefer to a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents told them who prefer to a bit
+French imaginary over the dog big sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French imaginary over the dog big sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French imaginary over the dog big sense
+that it's a typical neo-colonial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+information into theory language but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into theory language but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information into theory language but I
+think the late means of good progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the late means of good progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the late means of good progress
+Chomsky was here to say he had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky was here to say he had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chomsky was here to say he had an
+integer capital my Facebook page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer capital my Facebook page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer capital my Facebook page
+activity where we cost me him and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity where we cost me him and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity where we cost me him and the
+tenets of the little disagreement its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenets of the little disagreement its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenets of the little disagreement its
+past as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+she grew up in California and it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she grew up in California and it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she grew up in California and it was a
+very interesting exchange before the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting exchange before the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting exchange before the two
+of us we're just asking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us we're just asking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us we're just asking about the
+importance of promoting local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of promoting local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of promoting local
+ingredients or mini collaboration of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients or mini collaboration of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingredients or mini collaboration of the
+skills of the time so I suggested the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills of the time so I suggested the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills of the time so I suggested the
+very suggestion and since parallel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very suggestion and since parallel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very suggestion and since parallel is
+yes it's from background the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's from background the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it's from background the competition
+and as you saw the project working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you saw the project working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you saw the project working with
+reality that might be an intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that might be an intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that might be an intelligent
+cause we're in the action with the just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause we're in the action with the just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause we're in the action with the just
+basically so it like the Fox Herald
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so it like the Fox Herald
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically so it like the Fox Herald
+computation part I thought it was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation part I thought it was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation part I thought it was really
+interesting like learning about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like learning about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting like learning about what
+he's doing but I think if there was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing but I think if there was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing but I think if there was like
+like I don't know if this is where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know if this is where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't know if this is where you
+were going but like if I think there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going but like if I think there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going but like if I think there was
+a if there was more part of it to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if there was more part of it to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if there was more part of it to do
+more computation based things I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computation based things I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more computation based things I'd
+probably put it straight away because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably put it straight away because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably put it straight away because
+like so I'm not like the started to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I'm not like the started to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so I'm not like the started to be
+major here like I'm a business major but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major here like I'm a business major but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major here like I'm a business major but
+I think I would have been like slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I would have been like slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I would have been like slightly
+intimidated if there was like a CMS type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidated if there was like a CMS type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidated if there was like a CMS type
+project in here so maybe like making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in here so maybe like making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in here so maybe like making
+that one of the facets of what you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the facets of what you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of the facets of what you can
+do but not a requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the learning styles of the students in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning styles of the students in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the class can be interesting so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class can be interesting so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class can be interesting so maybe
+doing more creative projects are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more creative projects are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing more creative projects are doing
+projects that people feel like allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that people feel like allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that people feel like allow
+them to use their their best skills if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use their their best skills if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to use their their best skills if
+you present project that was creative as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you present project that was creative as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you present project that was creative as
+we get back to just after fly I maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get back to just after fly I maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get back to just after fly I maybe
+would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have
+like okay and then and then that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and then and then that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like okay and then and then that's not
+the part that includes communication or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that includes communication or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that includes communication or
+focus or so how would you do that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or so how would you do that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus or so how would you do that so we
+would develop the habit of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would develop the habit of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would develop the habit of people
+describing why you didn't the mission of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing why you didn't the mission of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing why you didn't the mission of
+what you've done and I mean if it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done and I mean if it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you've done and I mean if it was
+just like a black body or like a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a black body or like a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like a black body or like a like a
+brown body was I'm sorry I would even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown body was I'm sorry I would even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown body was I'm sorry I would even
+just leave Marcus and stuff for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave Marcus and stuff for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just leave Marcus and stuff for other
+people to put message I'm on it and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to put message I'm on it and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to put message I'm on it and be
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+like giving any cart is a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving any cart is a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like giving any cart is a great way to
+give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people
+and to have those conversations I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have those conversations I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have those conversations I can
+watch it with Pharaoh and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it with Pharaoh and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it with Pharaoh and actually
+anyone has so our customer this i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has so our customer this i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone has so our customer this i don't
+maybe you think that psychology gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you think that psychology gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you think that psychology gender
+grades the sava a psychologist who works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades the sava a psychologist who works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades the sava a psychologist who works
+in the local area out there alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the local area out there alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the local area out there alright
+first name should be a great last name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name should be a great last name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name should be a great last name
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the part of the class is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the part of the class is like
+training earth like doing my training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training earth like doing my training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training earth like doing my training
+how to present cultural awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to present cultural awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations where you go with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one group of students and kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teach the other students for a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+ align:start position:0%
+playing had to like college frat members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing had to like college frat members
+of college grad or like sixth grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of college grad or like sixth grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of local bus and public school
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like different about how some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like different about how some
+things that that may be doing could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that may be doing could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that that may be doing could be
+disparaging to minority groups and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparaging to minority groups and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disparaging to minority groups and it
+could be interested in having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interested in having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be interested in having
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation we're here to see like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation we're here to see like what
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+things she incorporates into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and if useful in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and if useful in some
+black matters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black matters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black matters okay
+that's abuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's abuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's abuse
+I think it's another way for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's another way for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's another way for us to
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+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+like something that we already all use
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+ align:start position:0%
+like something that we already all use
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something that we already all use
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're asking what kind of projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're asking what kind of projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're asking what kind of projects
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+ align:start position:0%
+right so from like the teaching
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so from like the teaching
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+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think after the classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective I think after the classes
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+ align:start position:0%
+last week learning about open and fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week learning about open and fixed
+my yeah open a fixed mindset something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my yeah open a fixed mindset something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my yeah open a fixed mindset something
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have been interesting as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+project would be to create a curriculum
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+
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+with just a lecture or a workshop for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with just a lecture or a workshop for an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+age group whatever age it could be
+ 
+
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+
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+college it could be lower and kind of
+ 
+
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+trying to implement
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+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement
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+like teaching techniques that we learn
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+
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+like teaching techniques that we learn
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+ align:start position:0%
+to foster a more open mindset that would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to foster a more open mindset that would
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a cool like project to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a cool like project to explore
+okay okay okay okay I think I think it'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay okay I think I think it'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay okay okay I think I think it'd
+be that we've an idea also we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think that will give us a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that will give us a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that will give us a little more
+when you actually go into these schools
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+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually go into these schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+and say now we'd like to bring this plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say now we'd like to bring this plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say now we'd like to bring this plan
+to you because we have professor backing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because we have professor backing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you because we have professor backing
+we have this whole slew research behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this whole slew research behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this whole slew research behind
+us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another cool thing that you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cool thing that you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cool thing that you could do
+about like community outreach is I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like community outreach is I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like community outreach is I know
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time a couple weeks ago in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time a couple weeks ago in
+amphibious achievement we had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphibious achievement we had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amphibious achievement we had a bunch of
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from chocolate City come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from chocolate City come in and
+also it's there's a group it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's there's a group it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also it's there's a group it's like
+something-something Latinas and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something-something Latinas and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something-something Latinas and I don't
+know with my head started yes yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with my head started yes yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know with my head started yes yeah so
+they came in and chocolate soda came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came in and chocolate soda came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came in and chocolate soda came in
+and we it's a program at MIT and we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we it's a program at MIT and we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we it's a program at MIT and we work
+with Boston public high schoolers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boston public high schoolers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Boston public high schoolers and
+it's like an academic mentorship program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like an academic mentorship program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like an academic mentorship program
+but also we just like work with them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we just like work with them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we just like work with them to
+try to build their confidence and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build their confidence and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to build their confidence and we
+also help them apply to college and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help them apply to college and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also help them apply to college and
+things like that but in the chocolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but in the chocolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that but in the chocolate
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is like just like a it's a living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city is like just like a it's a living
+group here on campus and it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here on campus and it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here on campus and it's like
+african-american man and then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american man and then look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+african-american man and then look at
+this that's women and so they came in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's women and so they came in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's women and so they came in to
+talk to the high schoolers in amphibious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the high schoolers in amphibious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to the high schoolers in amphibious
+achievement and we just had like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement and we just had like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achievement and we just had like a
+discussion about how they feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about how they feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about how they feel about
+what they've been told they can and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've been told they can and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've been told they can and
+cannot do because of like they are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do because of like they are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot do because of like they are and
+it was really really interesting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really really interesting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was really really interesting for
+everybody and I think that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and I think that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody and I think that would be
+something cool to do like a Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something cool to do like a Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something cool to do like a Facebook
+page we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you would 15 be a better week with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you would 15 be a better week with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you would 15 be a better week with
+me getting yeah boy yeah yeah we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me getting yeah boy yeah yeah we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me getting yeah boy yeah yeah we might
+we better so give me thank you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better so give me thank you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we better so give me thank you the
+nurses created Facebook page for the boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses created Facebook page for the boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurses created Facebook page for the boy
+yeah a patriot of course and then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a patriot of course and then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a patriot of course and then for
+the students and they are we that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students and they are we that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students and they are we that's
+given one time just explained um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given one time just explained um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given one time just explained um
+bouncing on the air they I think it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing on the air they I think it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bouncing on the air they I think it'd be
+really interesting like you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting like you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting like you can actually
+have one heart I happen to be like a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one heart I happen to be like a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one heart I happen to be like a and
+men support emancipatory literacy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men support emancipatory literacy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+men support emancipatory literacy like
+class presentation or something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class presentation or something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class presentation or something where
+you like take a certain section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like take a certain section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like take a certain section
+literature maybe just one book like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature maybe just one book like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature maybe just one book like
+Madame Bovary and dissect the ways in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madame Bovary and dissect the ways in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Madame Bovary and dissect the ways in
+which the society in which it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the society in which it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the society in which it is
+embedded create the themes and within it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded create the themes and within it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded create the themes and within it
+like many good things that amount ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many good things that amount ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like many good things that amount ago
+grades like the Senate on this one woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades like the Senate on this one woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grades like the Senate on this one woman
+who's like married and the countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like married and the countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's like married and the countryside
+of France back might be 19 or 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of France back might be 19 or 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of France back might be 19 or 18
+hundreds and she gets really depressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and she gets really depressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds and she gets really depressed
+because she has nothing to do and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she has nothing to do and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because she has nothing to do and just
+explaining it like she has no options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it like she has no options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining it like she has no options
+for employment and it's stuck at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for employment and it's stuck at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for employment and it's stuck at home
+because that's what was expected of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what was expected of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what was expected of
+woman back in that day and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman back in that day and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman back in that day and like
+dissecting both that cultural phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting both that cultural phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissecting both that cultural phenomenon
+then it's like examining how that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like examining how that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's like examining how that may
+play out in like today's terms with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out in like today's terms with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out in like today's terms with
+different patterns and society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wow okay oh this is something that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow okay oh this is something that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wow okay oh this is something that I was
+thinking about was what you had said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about was what you had said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about was what you had said
+about having like an art project and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having like an art project and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having like an art project and I
+realized I'm not a psychic level so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I'm not a psychic level so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized I'm not a psychic level so I
+was trying to figure out what I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to figure out what I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to figure out what I would do
+if there was in our assignment and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was in our assignment and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was in our assignment and I was
+thinking about something that's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about something that's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about something that's in a
+show we're like you put yourself up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show we're like you put yourself up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show we're like you put yourself up like
+you stand up there and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stand up there and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stand up there and then you have
+like a projector screen and you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a projector screen and you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a projector screen and you write
+words on it of what you don't like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on it of what you don't like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on it of what you don't like about
+yourself and that could be like instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and that could be like instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and that could be like instead
+of like what we don't like about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what we don't like about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like what we don't like about
+ourselves like things we've been told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves like things we've been told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves like things we've been told
+about ourselves based off our race or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves based off our race or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ourselves based off our race or
+based on your gender or sexuality then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your gender or sexuality then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your gender or sexuality then
+also having things that you would rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having things that you would rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having things that you would rather
+have been said because I what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been said because I what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been said because I what I really
+like about this class with the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about this class with the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like about this class with the self
+exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fY7NgCWCWoQ.txt b/fY7NgCWCWoQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e70b370e4b5dd8d6995f407915b45657ee721dc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fY7NgCWCWoQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3399 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ROBERT GALLAGER: OK so today
+we're going to review a little
+
+bit Little's theorem--
+
+we're going to review it a
+little bit, but say a few new
+
+things about it.
+
+I want to say something about
+Markov chains and renewal
+
+processes, because one of the
+most valuable things about
+
+understanding both is that you
+can use renewal theory to
+
+solve an extraordinary number of
+Markov chain problems, and
+
+you can use Markov chains
+to solve an awful
+
+lot of renewal problems.
+
+And I want to make that clear
+today because it's a trick
+
+that you have perhaps seen in
+the homework, or perhaps
+
+you've missed it.
+
+If you missed it you've probably
+done a lot of extra
+
+work that you wouldn't have
+had to do otherwise.
+
+But it's a very, useful thing.
+
+So it's worth understanding
+it.
+
+Finally we'll talk a little
+bit about delayed renewal
+
+processes at the end.
+
+What we will say essentially is
+there's a long section on
+
+delayed renewal processes, which
+goes through and does
+
+everything we did for ordinary
+renewal processes, and as far
+
+as almost all the asymptotic
+properties are concerned,
+
+they're exactly the same.
+
+It's just modifying a few of
+the ideas a little bit.
+
+The essential thing there is
+that when you're looking at
+
+something asymptotically, and
+the limit as t goes to
+
+infinity, what happens in that
+first little burst of time
+
+doesn't really make much
+difference anymore.
+
+So we will talk about that
+if we get that far.
+
+OK, one of the main reasons
+why convergence with
+
+probability 1 is so important,
+you've probably wondered why
+
+we're spending so much time
+talking about this, why we use
+
+it so often?
+
+I would like you get some idea
+of why it is often much easier
+
+to use than the convergence
+of probability.
+
+So I'm going to give you
+two examples of that.
+
+One of them is this initial
+thing which we talked about in
+
+the notes also and I talked
+about on lecture before.
+
+There's this nice theorem
+which says that if the
+
+sequence of random variables
+converges to some number--
+
+alpha--
+
+with probability 1, and if f of
+x is a real valued function
+
+of a real variable,
+that's continuous,
+
+that x equals alpha.
+
+In other words, as you start
+converging, as you get close
+
+to alpha, this function
+is continuous there.
+
+And since it's continuous there,
+you have to get closer
+
+and closer.
+
+That's the essence of that.
+
+So It says that then it's
+function of zn, a function of
+
+a random variable, a real valued
+function of a random
+
+variable is also a
+random variable.
+
+It converges with probability
+1 to f of alpha.
+
+That was the thing we use to
+get the strong law for
+
+renewals, which says it's a
+probability that the limit as
+
+t goes to infinity of n of t of
+omega over t is equal to 1
+
+over x-bar with probability 1.
+
+In other words, the probability
+of this set of
+
+sample points for which this
+limit exists is equal to 1
+
+anytime you get confused by one
+of these statements, that
+
+says with probability 1, and by
+now you're probably writing
+
+this just as an add-on at the
+end, and you often forget that
+
+there's an awful lot tucked
+into that statement.
+
+And I tried to put a
+little of it there.
+
+Initially when we talked about
+it we put more in, saying the
+
+probability of the set of omega
+such that this limit
+
+exists is equal to 1.
+
+We state it in all sorts
+of different ways.
+
+But always go back, and think
+a little bit about what it's
+
+really saying.
+
+Random variables are
+not like numbers.
+
+Random variables are far more
+complicated things.
+
+Because of that they have
+many more ways they
+
+can approach limits.
+
+They have many more peculiar
+features about them.
+
+But anyway, the fact that this
+theorem holds true it is a
+
+result of a little bit of
+monkeying around with n
+
+divided by the sum of n random
+variables, and associating
+
+that with an n of t over t.
+
+But it's also associated with
+this function here.
+
+So you have the two things.
+
+The thing which is difficult
+conceptually is this one here.
+
+So that's one place where we
+used the strong law, where if
+
+we try to state a weak law of
+large numbers for renewals,
+
+without being able to go from
+this strong law to the weak
+
+law, it'd really be quite
+hard to prove it.
+
+You can sit down and try to
+prove it if you want to, and I
+
+think you'll see that it
+really isn't very easy.
+
+So strong law of renewals also
+holds if the expected value of
+
+x is equal to infinity.
+
+In this case, understanding
+why this is true really
+
+requires you to think pretty
+deeply about random
+
+variables--
+
+and have an infinite
+expectation
+
+of what that means.
+
+But the idea here is since
+x is a random variable--
+
+in other words, it can't take
+on infinite values--
+
+except with probability 0.
+
+So it's always finite.
+
+So when you add a bunch of them
+you get something which
+
+is still finite.
+
+So that s sub n is a
+random variable.
+
+In other words, if you look at
+the probability that s sub n
+
+is less than or equal to t, and
+then you let t go off to
+
+infinity, the fact that s sub
+n is a random variable means
+
+that the probability that
+sn is less than or equal
+
+to t goes to 1.
+
+And it does that for sample
+values with probability 1 is a
+
+better way to say it.
+
+Here I'm actually stating the
+convergence in probability 2,
+
+because it follows from
+the convergence
+
+with probability 1.
+
+Since you have convergence with
+probability 1, n of t
+
+over t also converges in
+probability, which says that
+
+the probability as t goes to
+infinity that n of t over t
+
+minus 1 over x-bar magnitude
+is greater than epsilon, is
+
+equal to 0.
+
+That's this funny theorem we
+proved about convergence with
+
+probability 1.
+
+Set of random variables
+implies convergence in
+
+probability.
+
+Here's another theorem about
+convergence which is called
+
+the Elementary Renewal
+Theorem.
+
+We talked about that, we
+proved half of it.
+
+After we talked about talked
+about Wald's equality.
+
+And we said the other half
+really wasn't very
+
+interesting.
+
+And I hope some of you at
+least looked at that.
+
+After you look at it, it's a
+bunch of mathematics, and a
+
+bunch of equations.
+
+And it says this--
+
+so we have three limits
+theorems about n of t.
+
+About what happens when t gets
+large there're this number of
+
+renewals that occur, and
+the time n of t.
+
+One of them is a strong
+law, which is really
+
+a sample path average.
+
+I'm trying to start using the
+words sample path average
+
+instead of time average because
+I think it gives you a
+
+better idea of what's
+actually going on.
+
+But the strong law is really
+a sample path argument.
+
+The weak law--
+
+this thing here about
+convergence and probability--
+
+it still tells you quite a bit,
+because it tells you that
+
+as t it gets large, the
+probability that n of t over t
+
+can be significantly different
+than one over
+
+x-bar is going to 0.
+
+This in a sense tells
+you even less.
+
+I mean why does this tell
+you less than this does?
+
+What's significant thing does
+this tell you that this
+
+doesn't tell you?
+
+Suppose we had a situation
+where half the time with
+
+probability 1/2 n of t over t is
+equal to 2 over x4, and the
+
+other half of the time
+it's equal to 0.
+
+That can't happen,
+But according to
+
+this it could happen.
+
+The expected value of
+n of t over t would
+
+still be 1 over x4.
+
+But this statement doesn't tell
+you when you think about
+
+whether n of t over t is really
+squeezing down on 1 of
+
+x-bar, it just tells you that
+the expected value of it is
+
+squeezing down on
+1 over x-bar.
+
+So this is really a pretty weak
+theorem, and you wonder
+
+why people spend so much
+time analyzing it?
+
+I'll tell you why in
+just a minute.
+
+And it's not it's not
+a pretty story.
+
+We talked about residual life.
+
+I want to use this which I think
+you all understand--
+
+I mean for residual life, and
+for duration and age you draw
+
+this picture, and that
+is perfectly clear
+
+what's going on.
+
+So I don't think there's
+any possibility of
+
+confusion with that.
+
+Here's the original picture of
+a sample path picture of a
+
+rival apex, of the number of
+arrivals up until time t
+
+climbing up.
+
+And then we look at residual
+life, the amount of time at
+
+any time until the next
+arrival comes.
+
+This is strictly a sample path
+idea, for a particular sample
+
+path, from 0 to infinity, you
+look at the whole thing.
+
+In other words, think of setting
+up an experiment.
+
+And this experiment you view
+with the entire sample path
+
+for this particular
+sample point that
+
+you're talking about.
+
+You don't stop at any time,
+you just keep on going.
+
+Obviously you can't keep on
+going forever, but you keep on
+
+going long enough that you get
+totally bored, and say well
+
+I'm not interested in anything
+after 20 years.
+
+And nobody will be interested
+in my results if i wait more
+
+than 20 years, and I'll
+be dead if I wait
+
+much slower than that.
+
+So you say we will take
+this sample path
+
+for a very long time.
+
+This is the sample
+path that we get.
+
+We then argue that the integral
+of y of t over t as a
+
+sum of terms, this is a random
+variable here. y of t is a
+
+random variable.
+
+It's a number.
+
+If I put in a particular sample
+point, each of these
+
+terms here are random
+variables.
+
+The sum of them is a
+random variable.
+
+And if I put in a particular
+sample point,
+
+it's a sum of numbers.
+
+Now, we did the following
+thing with that--
+
+I think it was pretty
+straightforward.
+
+You look at what the sum
+is up to n of t.
+
+In other words, for a particular
+time that you're
+
+looking at, the experiment that
+you do is you integrate y
+
+of t-- which is this residual
+life function--
+
+from 0 to t.
+
+At the same time, at time t
+there's a certain number of
+
+renewals that have occurred,
+and you look at 1 over 2t
+
+times the sum of x of n squared,
+up to that point, not
+
+counting this last little bit
+of stuff here, and then you
+
+upper bound it by this sum,
+counting this little bit of
+
+extra stuff here.
+
+And we pretty much proved in
+class and in the notes that
+
+this little extra thing at
+the end doesn't make any
+
+difference even if
+it's very big.
+
+Because you're summing over such
+a long period of time.
+
+That's one argument
+involved there.
+
+The other argument involved is
+really very hidden, and you
+
+don't see it unless you write
+things down very carefully.
+
+But it tells you why
+the strong law of
+
+numbers are so important.
+
+So I wanted to talk about
+here a little bit.
+
+What that says--
+
+I mean the thing that is kind
+of fishy here, is here we're
+
+summing up to n of t,
+and we don't really
+
+know what n of t is.
+
+It depends on how many arrivals
+have occurred.
+
+And if you write this out
+carefully as a sample path
+
+statement what is it saying?
+
+Let's go into the next
+slide, and we'll
+
+see what it's saying.
+
+For the sample point omega--
+
+let's assume for the moment
+that this limit exists--
+
+what you're talking about is the
+sum from n equals 1 up to
+
+the number of arrivals that have
+taken place up until time
+
+t for this particular
+sample point.
+
+And it's the sum of these
+squares of these inner renewal
+
+times, and we're dividing by
+2t, because we want to find
+
+the rate at which this
+is all going on.
+
+We write it out then
+as a limit.
+
+of x of n squared over omega
+divided by n of t of omega,
+
+times n of t of omega,
+divided by 2 2t.
+
+In other words, we simply
+multiply and divide
+
+by n of t in omega.
+
+Why do we want to do that?
+
+Because this expression here
+looks very familiar.
+
+It's a sum of random
+variables.
+
+With the sum of n of t of omega
+random variables, but we
+
+know that as t gets large, n of
+t of omega gets large also.
+
+So that we know that with
+probability 1, as t approaches
+
+infinity, this sum here--
+
+if we forget about that term--
+
+this sum here by the
+strong law of large
+
+numbers is equal to--
+
+well in fact by the weak
+law of large numbers--
+
+it is equal to the expected
+value of x squared.
+
+If we take the limit of this
+term, we get the limit of n of
+
+t of omega over 2t.
+
+The strong law for renewals
+tells us that is equal to 1
+
+over the expected value of x.
+
+So that gives us our answer.
+
+Now why can we take a limit over
+this times this, and say
+
+that that's equal to the
+limit of this times
+
+the limit of that?
+
+If you're dealing with random
+variables, that's not correct
+
+in general.
+
+But here what we're
+dealing with--
+
+as soon as we put this omega in,
+we're dealing with a sum
+
+of numbers.
+
+And here we're dealing
+with a number also.
+
+For every value of t,
+this is the number.
+
+In other words, this is a
+function of t numerical
+
+function of t, a real valued
+function of t.
+
+This is a real valued
+function of t.
+
+And what do you know about the
+limit of a product of two
+
+sequences of real numbers?
+
+If you know a little bit of
+analysis, then you know that
+
+you're going to take the limit
+of a product, and take the
+
+sequence of that limit, then the
+answer that you get is the
+
+first limit times the
+second limit.
+
+OK?
+
+I mean you might not recognize
+the statement in that
+
+generality, but if I ask
+you what it is the sum
+
+of a n times b n?
+
+If we know that the limit of
+a n is equal to say, a?
+
+And the limit of b
+n is equal to b?
+
+Then we know that this sum here,
+in the limit the limit
+
+is n to infinity, it's just
+going to be a times b.
+
+And you're going to sit down and
+argue that for yourselves
+
+looking at the definition
+of what a limit is.
+
+So it's not a complicated
+thing.
+
+But you can't do that if you're
+not dealing with a
+
+sample path notion of
+convergence here.
+
+You can't make that
+connection.
+
+If you only want to deal with
+the weak law of large numbers,
+
+if you want to say infinity
+doesn't really make any sense
+
+because it doesn't exist,
+I can't wait that long.
+
+And therefore the strong
+law of large numbers
+
+doesn't make any sense.
+
+You can't go through that
+argument, and you can't get
+
+this very useful result
+which says--
+
+What was I trying to prove?
+
+I was trying to prove that the
+expected value of residual
+
+life as a time average is equal
+to the expected value of
+
+x squared divided by 2 times
+the expected value of x.
+
+This makes sense over
+finite times.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ROBERT GALLAGER: Yeah.
+
+No, I want to divide by n.
+
+And then I think that makes
+it all right, OK?
+
+Something like that.
+
+Let's see, is that right
+the way I have it now?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ROBERT GALLAGER: Yeah I want
+to do that, it's right too,
+
+but if I want to take
+the summation--
+
+oh no, the summation makes
+it messier, you're right.
+
+The thing I'm trying to state
+is the limit as n goes to
+
+infinity of an times
+bn, is a times b.
+
+And there are restrictions
+there, you can't have limit of
+
+an going to 0 or something, and
+the limit of bn going to
+
+infinity, or strange
+things like that.
+
+But what I'm arguing here--
+
+I don't want you getting
+involved with this because I
+
+haven't really thought
+about it.
+
+What I want you to think about
+is the fact that you can use
+
+the laws of analysis for real
+numbers and whether you've
+
+studied analysis or not, you're
+all familiar with those
+
+because you all use
+them all the time.
+
+And when you're dealing with
+the strong law of large
+
+numbers, you can convert
+everything down to a sample
+
+path notion, and then you're
+simply dealing with limits of
+
+real numbers at that point.
+
+So you don't have to
+do anything fancy.
+
+So this result would
+be hard to do in
+
+terms of ensemble averages.
+
+If you look at the end of
+Chapter 4 in the notes, you
+
+see that the arguments
+there get very
+
+tricky, and very involved.
+
+It does the same thing
+eventually, but in a much
+
+harder way.
+
+OK, for the sample point
+omega, oh, we did that.
+
+OK, Residual life and duration
+are examples of renewal reward
+
+functions, so this is just
+saying what we've already said
+
+so let's not dwell
+on it anymore.
+
+OK stopping trials.
+
+Stopping trials will
+be on the quiz.
+
+The Wald equality will
+be on the quiz.
+
+We will get solutions to problem
+set seven back to you,
+
+although we won't get your
+graded solutions back to you
+
+before the quiz.
+
+I hope we'll get them
+out tomorrow.
+
+I hope.
+
+Yes, we will.
+
+They will be on the web.
+
+Stopping trial is a positive
+integer valued random variable
+
+such as for each n, the
+indicator random variable
+
+indicator of j equals n.
+
+In other words, the random
+variable which takes the value
+
+1 if this random variable j is
+equal to 1, takes the value of
+
+0 otherwise.
+
+If that random variable is a
+function of x1 up to x of n.
+
+If you look at x1 to x of n,
+and you can tell from just
+
+looking at that and not looking
+at the future at all
+
+whether you're going
+to stop at time n.
+
+Then you call that
+a stopping trial.
+
+And we generalize that to look
+at a sequence x sub n, x sub 1
+
+to x sub n and some other set
+of random variables--
+
+v sub 1 to v sub n.
+
+And the same argument.
+
+If the rule to stop is a rule
+which is based on only what
+
+you've seen up until time
+n, then it's called
+
+the stopping trial.
+
+Possibly the effect of stopping
+trial it's the same
+
+except that j might be a
+defective random variable.
+
+In other words, there might be
+some small probability that
+
+you never stop, that you just
+keep on going forever.
+
+When you look at one of these
+problems, you use stopping
+
+rules on, it's not immediately
+evident before you start to
+
+analyze it what do you
+ever stop or not.
+
+So you have to analyze it
+somewhat before you know
+
+whether you're going to stop.
+
+So it's nice to do things in
+terms of defective stopping
+
+rules, because what you can
+do there holds true
+
+whether or not stop.
+
+Wald's equality then says if
+these random variables or a
+
+sequence, IID sequence they each
+have a mean x-bar, and if
+
+j is a stopping trial, and if
+the expected value of j is
+
+less than infinity--
+
+in other words, if it exists--
+
+then the sum at the stopping
+trial satisfied--
+
+the expected value of the sum
+equals expected value of x
+
+times the expected value of j.
+
+Those of you who did the
+homework this week noticed
+
+three examples of where this
+is used not to find the
+
+expected value of s sub j, but
+where it's used to find the
+
+expected value of j.
+
+And I guess 90% percent of the
+examples I've seen do exactly
+
+that you can find the expected
+value of s of j very easily.
+
+I mean you have an experiment
+where you keep going until
+
+something happens.
+
+Something happens, this is the
+sum of these random variables
+
+reaches some limit.
+
+And when they reach the
+limit you stop.
+
+If when they reach the limit
+you stop, you know
+
+what that limit is.
+
+You know what the expected value
+of s sub j is, because
+
+that's where you stop.
+
+And from that, if what x-bar
+is you then know what the
+
+expected value of j is.
+
+So we should really state it
+as expected value of j is
+
+equal to the expected value
+of s sub j divided by the
+
+expected value of x, because
+that's where
+
+you usually use it.
+
+OK this question of whether the
+expected value of j has to
+
+be less than infinity or not.
+
+If the random variable x you're
+dealing with, is a
+
+positive random variable, then
+you don't need to worry about
+
+that restriction.
+
+The only time when you have to
+worry about this restriction
+
+is where x can be both positive
+and negative.
+
+And then you have to worry
+about it a little bit.
+
+If you don't understand what I
+just said, go back and look at
+
+that example of stop
+when you're ahead.
+
+Because the example of stop when
+you're ahead, you can't
+
+use Wald's equality there,
+it doesn't apply.
+
+Because the expected amount of
+time until you stop is equal
+
+to infinity, and the random
+variable has both positive and
+
+negative values.
+
+And because of that, the whole
+thing breaks down.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's talk a little bit about
+Little's theorem.
+
+As we said last time, Little's
+theorem is essentially an
+
+accounting trick.
+
+I should tell you something
+about how I got into teaching
+
+this course.
+
+I got into teaching it because
+I was working on
+
+networks at the time.
+
+Queuing was essential
+in networks.
+
+And mathematicians have taken
+over the queuing field.
+
+And the results were so
+complicated, I couldn't
+
+understand them.
+
+So I started teaching it
+as a way of trying
+
+to understand them.
+
+And I looked at Little's
+theorem, and like any
+
+engineer, I said, aha.
+
+What's going on here is that the
+sum of these waiting times
+
+is equal to the integral of L of
+t, the difference between A
+
+of t and D of t,
+as you proceed.
+
+So there's this equality here.
+
+If I look at this next
+busy period, I
+
+have that same equality.
+
+If I look at the next
+busy period, I
+
+have the same in equality.
+
+And anybody with any smidgen
+of common sense knows that
+
+that little amount of business
+at the end, about that final
+
+period, can't make
+any difference.
+
+And because of that, Little's
+theorem is just this
+
+accounting equality.
+
+It says that the sum of the w's
+is equal to the integral
+
+of L. And that's all
+there is to it.
+
+When you look at this more, and
+you look at funny queuing
+
+situations, you start to
+realize that these busy
+
+periods can take very long
+periods of time.
+
+They might be infinite.
+
+All sorts of strange things
+could happen.
+
+So you would like to be able
+to prove something.
+
+Now, what happens when you try
+to prove it, this is the other
+
+reason why I ignored it when I
+started teaching this course.
+
+Because I didn't understand
+the strong
+
+law of large numbers.
+
+I didn't understand
+what it was.
+
+Nobody had ever told me that
+this was a theorem about
+
+sample values.
+
+So I tried to prove it.
+
+And I said the following
+thing.
+
+The expected value of
+L by definition is 1
+
+over t times the limit.
+
+L is the number of customers
+in the system at time t.
+
+So we're going to integrate the
+number of customers in a
+
+system over all this period t.
+
+And I'm going to divide
+by 1 over t.
+
+Oh my God.
+
+Would you please interchange
+that limit in the 1 over t?
+
+I mean it's obvious when you
+look at it, that has to be
+
+what it is.
+
+And by this accounting identity,
+this is equal to the
+
+limit of this sum from I equals
+zero to N of t or
+
+w sub I over t.
+
+With this question of having
+omitted this last little busy
+
+period, whatever part of it
+you're in when you get the t.
+
+I mean, that's the part
+that's common sense.
+
+You know you can do that.
+
+Now lambda is equal to
+the limit of 1 over
+
+t times A of t.
+
+A of t is just the number of
+arrivals up until time t.
+
+A of t, when we're doing
+Little's theorem, counts this
+
+fictitious arrival
+at time zero.
+
+Or I should say that the
+renewal theory omits as
+
+fictitious the real arrival at
+time zero, which is what's
+
+going on in Little's theorem.
+
+So then the expected value of w
+is going to be the limit as
+
+t approaches infinity of 1 over
+a of t times the sum of w
+
+sub I. I'm going to break that
+up in the same way I broke
+
+this thing here up.
+
+It's the limit of t over a of
+t times the limit of w sub I
+
+from I equals 1 to
+a of t, 1 over t.
+
+Breaking up this limit here
+requires taking this sample
+
+pass view again.
+
+In other words, you look at a
+particular sample point omega.
+
+And for that particular sample
+point omega, you simply had
+
+the same thing as I
+was saying here.
+
+And I don't know whether
+I said it right or not.
+
+But anyway, that's
+what we're using.
+
+It does work for real numbers.
+
+And therefore, what we wind up
+with is this, which is 1 over
+
+lambda, and this, which is the
+expected value of L, from
+
+this, from the accounting
+identity.
+
+OK.
+
+So again, you're using the
+strong law as a way to get
+
+from random variables
+to numbers.
+
+And you understand
+how numbers work.
+
+OK, one more example
+of this same idea.
+
+One of the problems in the
+homework, problem set six are
+
+problems I thought-- yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: About the previous
+slide, that's from [INAUDIBLE]
+
+right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, yes.
+
+Sorry.
+
+AUDIENCE: Then how--
+
+is there an easy way to go from
+there to the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+distributions?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, to the
+ensemble average.
+
+Yes, there is, but not
+if you don't read the
+
+rest of Chapter 4.
+
+And it's not something I'm going
+to dwell on in class.
+
+It's---
+
+it's something which is
+mathematically messy and
+
+fairly intricate.
+
+And in terms of common sense,
+you realize it has to be true.
+
+I mean, if the ensemble average,
+up until time t, is
+
+approaching the limit, then you
+must have the situation
+
+that that limit is equal to
+the sample path average.
+
+The question is whether it's
+approaching a limit or not.
+
+And that's not too
+hard to prove.
+
+But then you have all this
+mathematics of going through
+
+the details of it, which
+in fact is tricky.
+
+OK.
+
+So back to mark up change
+and renewal processes.
+
+You remember you went through a
+rather tedious problem where
+
+you were supposed to use
+Chebyshev's inequality to
+
+prove something.
+
+And maybe half of you recognized
+that it would be
+
+far easier to use Markov's
+inequality.
+
+And if you did that, this is
+what I'm trying to do here.
+
+The question is, if you look
+at the expected amount of
+
+time, from state I in a Markov
+chain, until you return to
+
+state I in the Markov chain
+again, and you can do that by
+
+this theory of attaching
+rewards to
+
+states in a Markov chain.
+
+What you wind up with is this
+result that the expected
+
+renewal time in an ergodic
+Markov chain, is exactly equal
+
+to 1 over the steady state
+probability of that state.
+
+And if any of you find a simple
+and obvious way to
+
+prove that from the theory of
+Markov chains, I would be
+
+delighted to find it.
+
+Because I've never been able to
+find any way of doing that
+
+without going into
+renewal theory.
+
+And renewal theory lets you
+do it almost immediately.
+
+And it's a very useful
+resolve.
+
+So the argument is
+the following.
+
+You're going to let Y1, Y2,
+and so forth be the
+
+inter-renewal periods.
+
+Here we're looking at a sample
+path point of view again.
+
+No, we're not.
+
+Y1, Y2 are the random variables
+that are the
+
+inter-renewal periods.
+
+The elementary renewal theorem
+is something we talked about.
+
+It says that the expected value
+of n sub I of t divided
+
+by t is equal to 1 over the
+expected value of y.
+
+That's the elementary renewal
+theorem for renewal theory.
+
+So we've stopped talking about
+Markov chains now.
+
+We've said, for this Markov
+chain, you can look at
+
+recurrences from successive this
+is to state I. That forms
+
+a renewal process.
+
+And according to the elementary
+renewal theorem for
+
+renewal processes, this is
+equal to 1 over y bar.
+
+Now we go back to Markov
+chains again.
+
+Let's look at the probability of
+being in state I at time t,
+
+given that we were in state
+I at time zero.
+
+That's the probability that n
+sub I of t, minus n sub I of t
+
+minus 1 is equal to 1.
+
+That's the probability that
+there was an arrival at time
+
+t, which in terms of this
+renewal process means there
+
+was a visit to state
+I at time t.
+
+Every time you get to state
+I, you call it a renewal.
+
+We've defined a renewal process
+which gives you a
+
+reward of 1 every time you hit
+state I, and reward of zero
+
+all the rest of the time.
+
+So this is equal to probability
+of Ni of t minus
+
+Ni of t minus 1.
+
+The probability that
+that's equal to 1.
+
+So its expected value of N
+sub I of t minus N sub
+
+I of t minus 1.
+
+That's the expected value.
+
+This is always greater than
+or equal to this.
+
+This is either 1 or it's zero.
+
+You can't have two arrivals.
+
+You can't have two visits
+at the same time.
+
+So you add up all
+of these things.
+
+You sum this from n equals 1 up
+to t, and what do you get?
+
+You sum this, and it's
+a telescoping series.
+
+So you add expected value of
+n, 1 of t minus n 0 of t,
+
+which is 0, plus n2 of t minus
+n1 of t, plus n3 of
+
+t minus n2 of t.
+
+And everything cancels out
+except the n sub I of t.
+
+The I here is just the state
+we're looking at.
+
+We could've left it out.
+
+So p sub I, I of t, approaches
+pi sub I exponentially.
+
+Because down there, very fast,
+it stays very close.
+
+If we sum up over n of them, and
+these are quantities which
+
+are approaching this limit, pi
+sub I, exponentially fast,
+
+then the sum divided by the
+number of terms we're summing
+
+over is just pi sub I also.
+
+So what we have is a pi sub I
+that's equal to this limit.
+
+That's equal to the expected
+value of n sub I over t.
+
+The elementary renewal theorem
+reads out, which is equal to 1
+
+over y bar.
+
+So the expected recurrence time
+for state I is equal to
+
+pi sub I.
+
+If you look carefully at what
+I've done there, I have
+
+assumed that--
+
+well, when I did it, I was
+assuming it was an ergodic
+
+Markov chain.
+
+I don't think I have
+to assume that.
+
+I think it can be periodic,
+and this is still true.
+
+You can sort that out
+for yourselves.
+
+That is the first slide I'll use
+which says, whenever you
+
+see a problem trying to prove
+something about Markov chains
+
+and you don't know how to prove
+it right away, think
+
+about renewal theory.
+
+The other one will say, whenever
+you're thinking about
+
+a problem in renewal theory, and
+you don't see how to deal
+
+with it immediately, think
+about Markov chains.
+
+You can go back and forth
+between the two of them.
+
+It's just like when
+we were dealing
+
+with Poisson processes.
+
+Again, in terms of solving
+problems with Poisson
+
+processes, what was
+most useful?
+
+It was this idea that you
+could look at a Poisson
+
+process in three
+different ways.
+
+You could look at it as a sum
+of exponential [INAUDIBLE]
+
+arrival times.
+
+You could look at
+it as somebody
+
+throwing darts on a line.
+
+And you could look at it as a
+Bernoulli process which is
+
+shrunk down to time zero with
+more and more arrivals.
+
+By being able to look at each
+of the three ways, you can
+
+solve pieces of the problem
+using whichever one of these
+
+things is most convenient.
+
+This is the same thing too.
+
+For renewal processes and Markov
+chains, you can go back
+
+and forth between what you know
+about each of them, and
+
+find things about the other.
+
+So it's a useful thing.
+
+Expected number of renewals.
+
+Expected number of renewals is
+so important in renewal theory
+
+that most people call it m of
+t, which is the expected
+
+value, of n of t.
+
+n of t, by definition, is the
+number of renewals that have
+
+occurred by time t.
+
+The elementary renewal theorem
+says the limit, as t goes to
+
+infinity, of expected value of
+n of t over t is equal to 1
+
+over x bar.
+
+Now, what happens here?
+
+That's a very nice
+limits theorem.
+
+But if you look at trying to
+calculate the expected value
+
+of n of t for finite t, there
+are situations where you get a
+
+real bloody mess.
+
+And one example of that is
+supposedly in our arrival
+
+interval, is 1 or the
+square root of 2.
+
+Now, these are not rationally
+related.
+
+So you start looking at
+the times at which
+
+renewals can occur.
+
+And it's any integer times 1,
+plus any integer times the
+
+square root of 2.
+
+So the number of possibilities
+within a particular range is
+
+growing with the square
+of that range.
+
+So what you find, as t gets
+very large, is possible
+
+arrival instance are getting
+more and more dense.
+
+There are more and more
+times when possible
+
+arrivals can occur.
+
+There's less and less structure
+to the time between
+
+those possible arrivals.
+
+And the magnitude of how much
+the jump is at that possible
+
+time, there's no nice
+structure to that.
+
+Sometimes it's big, sometime
+it's little.
+
+So m of t is going
+to look like an
+
+enormously jagged function.
+
+When you get out to some large
+t, it's increasing.
+
+And you know by the elementary
+renewal theory that this is
+
+going to get close to a
+straight line here.
+
+m of t over t is going
+to be constant.
+
+But you have no idea of what the
+fine structure of this is.
+
+The fine structure can be
+extraordinarily complicated.
+
+And this bothered people, of
+course, because it's always
+
+bothersome when you start out
+with a problem that looks very
+
+simple, and you try to ask a
+very simple question about it.
+
+And you get an enormously
+complicated answer.
+
+So an enormous amount of work
+has been done on this problem,
+
+much more than it's worth.
+
+But we can't ignore it all
+because it impacts on a lot of
+
+other things.
+
+So if we forget about this kind
+of situation here, where
+
+the inter-arrival interval is
+either 1 or something which is
+
+irrational.
+
+If you look at an inter-arrival
+interval, which
+
+is continuous where you have
+a probability density.
+
+And as a probability density is
+very nicely defined, then
+
+you can do things much
+more easily.
+
+And what you do to do that is
+you invent something called
+
+the renewal equation.
+
+Or else you look in
+a textbook and you
+
+find the renewal equation.
+
+And you see how that's
+derived.
+
+It's not hard.
+
+I'm not going to
+go through it.
+
+Because it has very little to
+do with what we're trying to
+
+accomplish here.
+
+But what the renewal equation
+says is that the expected
+
+number of renewals up until time
+t satisfies the equation.
+
+But it's the probability that x
+is less than or equal to t.
+
+Plus a convolution here
+of m of t minus x
+
+times d f of x of x.
+
+If you state this in terms of
+densities, it's easier to make
+
+sense out of it.
+
+It's the interval from zero to
+t, of 1 plus m of t minus x,
+
+all times the density of x dx
+This first term here just goes
+
+to 1 after t gets very large.
+
+So it's not very important.
+
+It's a transient term The
+important part is this
+
+convolution here, which tells
+you how m of t is increasing.
+
+You look at that, and you say,
+that looks very familiar.
+
+For electrical engineering
+students who have ever studied
+
+linear systems, that kind of
+equation is what you spend
+
+your life studying.
+
+At least it's what I used to
+spend my life studying back
+
+when they didn't know so much
+about electric engineering.
+
+Now, there are too many
+things to learn.
+
+So you might not know very
+much about this.
+
+But this is a very common linear
+equation in m of t.
+
+It's a differential.
+
+It's an integral equation
+from which you can find
+
+out what m of t is.
+
+You can think conceptually
+of starting out at m of
+
+0, which you know.
+
+And then you use this
+equation to
+
+build yourself up gradually.
+
+So you started m
+of t equals 0.
+
+Then you look at m of t with
+epsilon, where you get this
+
+term here a little bit.
+
+And you break this all
+up into intervals.
+
+And pretty soon, you find
+something very messy
+
+happening, which is why people
+were interested in it.
+
+But it can be solved if
+this density has a
+
+rational or plus transform.
+
+Now I don't care about how
+to solve that equation.
+
+That has nothing to do with
+the rest of the course.
+
+But the solution has
+the following form.
+
+The expected value of n
+of t is going up with
+
+t as 1 over x bar.
+
+I mean, you know it has
+to be doing that.
+
+Because we know from the
+elementary renewal theorem
+
+that eventually the expected
+value of n of t over t has to
+
+look like 1 over x bar.
+
+So that's that term here,
+m of t over t looks
+
+like 1 over x bar.
+
+There's this next term, which
+is a constant term, which is
+
+sigma squared of x divided
+by 2 times x bar squared.
+
+That looks sort of satisfying
+because it's dimensionless.
+
+Minus 1/2, plus some function
+here which is just a
+
+transient, which goes away
+as t gets large.
+
+Now you have to go through
+some work to get this.
+
+But it's worthwhile to try to
+interpret what this is saying
+
+a little bit.
+
+This epsilon of t, it's
+all this mess we
+
+were visualizing here.
+
+Except of course, this result
+doesn't apply to
+
+messy things like this.
+
+That only applies to those very
+simple functions that
+
+circuit theory people
+used to study.
+
+Because they were relevant for
+inductors and capacitors and
+
+resistors and that
+kind of stuff.
+
+So we had this most
+important term.
+
+We have this term, which
+asymptotically goes away.
+
+And we have this term here,
+which looks rather strange.
+
+Because what this is saying is
+that this asymptotic form
+
+here, m of t, as a function of
+t, has this slope here, which
+
+is 1 over x bar as the slope.
+
+Then it has something
+added to it.
+
+This is 1 over x bar
+plus some constant.
+
+And in this case, it's sigma
+squared over 2 x bar
+
+squared minus 1/2.
+
+If you notice what that sigma
+squared over 2 x bar squared
+
+minus 1/2 is for an
+exponential random
+
+variable, it's zero.
+
+So for an exponential random
+variable which has no memory,
+
+you're right back to this curve
+here, which makes a
+
+certain amount of sense.
+
+Because this is some kind of
+transient at zero, which says
+
+where you start out makes
+a difference.
+
+Now, if you look at a--
+
+I mean, I'm using this answer
+for simple random variables
+
+that I can understand just to
+get some insight about this.
+
+But suppose you look at a random
+variable, which is
+
+deterministic.
+
+x equals 1 with probability 1.
+
+What are these renewals
+look like then?
+
+Start out here.
+
+No renewals for a while.
+
+Then you go up here.
+
+You're always underneath
+this curve here.
+
+You look at a very heavy
+tailed distribution
+
+like this thing we--
+
+you remember this
+distribution?
+
+Where you have x is equal to
+epsilon with probability 1
+
+minus epsilon, and that's equal
+to 1 over epsilon with
+
+probability epsilon.
+
+So that the sample functions
+look like a whole bunch of
+
+very quick.
+
+And then there's this
+very long one.
+
+And then a lot of little
+quick ones.
+
+We can look at what that's doing
+as far as expected value
+
+of n of t is concerned.
+
+You're going to get an enormous
+number of arrivals.
+
+right at the beginning.
+
+And then you're going to go for
+this long period of time
+
+with nothing.
+
+So you're going to have this
+term here, which is sticking--
+
+let's put you way up here.
+
+OK?
+
+So that now you're starting out
+because of this transient
+
+that you're starting out at a
+particular instant when you
+
+don't know whether you're going
+to get an epsilon or a 1
+
+minus epsilon.
+
+You're not in one of these
+periods where you're waiting
+
+for this 1/epsilon
+period to end.
+
+Then you get that term there.
+
+Then you get this epsilon of t,
+which is just a term that
+
+goes with y.
+
+OK so that's what this formula
+is telling you.
+
+Want to talk a little bit about
+
+Blackwell's theorem also.
+
+Mostly talking about things
+today that we're
+
+not going to prove.
+
+I mean, it's not necessary to
+prove everything in your life.
+
+It's important to prove those
+things which really give you
+
+insight about the result.
+
+I'm actually going to prove
+one form of Blackwell's
+
+theorem today.
+
+And I'll prove it--
+
+guess how I'm going
+to prove it?
+
+I mean, the theme of the lecture
+today is if something
+
+is puzzling in renewal theory,
+use Markov chain theory.
+
+That's what I'm going to do.
+
+OK.
+
+What does Blackwell's
+theorem say?
+
+It says that the expected
+renewal rate for large t is 1
+
+over x bar.
+
+OK, it says that if I look at
+a little tiny increment here
+
+instead of this crazy curve
+here, if I look way out after
+
+years and years have gone by,
+it says that I'm going to be
+
+increasing at a rate which is
+very, very close to nothing.
+
+I might be lifted up a little
+bit or I might be lifted down
+
+a little bit, but the amount
+of change in some very tiny
+
+increment here of t
+to t plus epsilon.
+
+Blackwell's theorem tries to say
+that the expected change
+
+in this very tiny increment here
+of size epsilon is equal
+
+to 1 over x bar times epsilon.
+
+The expectation equals epsilon
+over expected value of x.
+
+OK?
+
+So it's saying what the
+elementary renewal theorem
+
+says, but something
+a lot more.
+
+The elementary renewal theorem
+says you take n of t, you
+
+divide it by t.
+
+When you divide it by t, you
+lose all the structure.
+
+That's why the elementary
+renewal theorem is a fairly
+
+simple statement
+to understand.
+
+Blackwell's theorem is not
+getting rid of all the
+
+structure, he's just looking at
+what happens in this very
+
+tiny increment here
+and saying, it
+
+behaves in this way.
+
+Now, you think about this and
+you say, that's not possible.
+
+And it's not possible because
+I've only stated half of
+
+Blackwell's theorem.
+
+The other part of Blackwell's
+theorem says if you have a
+
+process that can only take jumps
+at, say, integer times,
+
+then this can only change
+at integer times.
+
+And since it can only change at
+integer time, I can't look
+
+at things very close too,
+I can't look at
+
+epsilon very small.
+
+I can only look at intervals
+which are multiples of that
+
+change time.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's what he's
+trying to say.
+
+But the other thing that he's
+not saying, when I look at
+
+this very tiny interval here
+between t and t plus epsilon,
+
+it looks like he's saying that
+m of t has a density and that
+
+this density is 1 over x bar.
+
+And it can't have a
+density, either.
+
+If I had any discrete random
+variable at all, that discrete
+
+random variable can only take
+jumps at discrete times.
+
+So you can never have
+a density here.
+
+If you have a density to start
+with, then maybe you have a
+
+density after you're through.
+
+But you can't claim it.
+
+So all you can claim is that for
+very small intervals, you
+
+have this kind of change.
+
+You'll see that that's exactly
+what his theorem says.
+
+But when you make this
+distinction between densities
+
+and discrete, we still haven't
+captured the whole thing.
+
+Because if the interarrival
+interval is an integer random
+
+variable, namely it can only
+change at integer times, then
+
+you know what has
+to happen here.
+
+You can only have changes
+at integer times.
+
+You can generalize that a little
+bit by saying if every
+
+possible value of the
+inter-renewal interval is a
+
+multiple of some constant,
+then you just scale the
+
+integers to be less
+or greater.
+
+So the same thing happens.
+
+When you have these random
+variables like we'll take one
+
+value 1 or value square root of
+2, then that's where this
+
+thing gets very ugly and nothing
+very nice happens.
+
+So Blackwell said fundamentally,
+there are two
+
+kinds of distribution
+functions--
+
+arithmetic and non-arithmetic.
+
+I would say there
+are two kinds--
+
+discrete and continuous.
+
+But he was a better
+mathematician than that and he
+
+thought this problem
+through more.
+
+So he knew that he wanted to
+lump all of the non-arithmetic
+
+things together.
+
+A random variable has an
+arithmetic distribution if its
+
+set of possible sample values
+are integer multiples of some
+
+number, say lambda.
+
+In other words, if it's an
+integer valued distribution
+
+with some scaling on it.
+
+That's what he's saying there.
+
+All the values are integers, but
+you can scale the integers
+
+bigger or less by multiplying
+them by some number lambda.
+
+And the largest such choice of
+lambda is called the "span of
+
+the distribution." So that when
+you look at m of t, what
+
+you're going to find is when t
+gets larger, only going to get
+
+changes at this span value
+and nothing else.
+
+So each time you have an integer
+times lambda, you will
+
+get a jump.
+
+And each time you don't have
+an integer times lambda, it
+
+has to stay constant.
+
+OK.
+
+So if x is arithmetic with span
+lambda greater than 0,
+
+then every sum of random
+variables has to be arithmetic
+
+with a span either lambda or an
+integer multiple of lambda.
+
+So n of t can increase only
+at multiples of lambda.
+
+If you have a non-arithmetic
+discrete distribution like 1
+
+and pi, the points at which n of
+t can increase become dense
+
+as t approaches infinity.
+
+Well, what we're doing here is
+separating life into three
+
+different kinds of things.
+
+Into arithmetic distributions,
+which are like integer
+
+distributions.
+
+These awful things which are
+like two possible values as
+
+discrete, but they take values
+which are not rational
+
+compared with each other.
+
+Points at which n of t can
+increase become dense.
+
+And finally, the third one is if
+you have a density and then
+
+you have something
+very nice again.
+
+So what Blackwell's theorem says
+is that limit as n goes
+
+to infinity of m of t plus
+lambda minus m of t is equal
+
+to lambda divided by x bar.
+
+OK?
+
+This is if you have
+an arithmetic x
+
+and a span of lambda.
+
+This is what we were saying
+should be the thing that
+
+happens and Blackwell proved
+that that is what happens.
+
+And he said that as t gets
+very large, in fact, what
+
+happens here is that this
+becomes very, very regular.
+
+Every span you get a little
+jump which is equal to the
+
+span size times the
+expected increase.
+
+And then you go level for that
+span interval and you go up a
+
+little more.
+
+So that what you get in a limit
+is a staircase function.
+
+And this is lambda here.
+
+And this is lambda times
+1 over x bar here.
+
+OK?
+
+And this might have this added
+or subtracted thing that we
+
+were talking about before.
+
+But in this interval, that's
+the way it behaves.
+
+What he was saying for
+non-arithmetic random
+
+variables, even for this awful
+thing like pi with probability
+
+half and 1 with probability
+half, he was saying pick any
+
+delta that you want, 10 to the
+minus 6, if the limit is t
+
+goes to infinity of m of t plus
+delta minus m of t is
+
+equal to delta over x bar.
+
+At density has this behavior,
+but these awful things, like
+
+this example we're looking
+at, which gets very--
+
+I mean, you have these points of
+increase which are getting
+
+more and more dense and
+increases which are more and
+
+more random.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is this true only for
+x bar finite or is this
+
+true even if x bar
+is infinite?
+
+PROFESSOR: If x bar
+is infinite?
+
+I would guess it's true if x bar
+is infinite because then
+
+you're saying that you hardly
+ever get increases.
+
+But I have to look at
+it more carefully.
+
+I mean, if x bar is infinite,
+it says that the limit is t
+
+goes to infinity if this
+difference here goes to 0.
+
+And it does.
+
+So yes, it should hold true
+then, but I certainly wouldn't
+
+know how to prove it.
+
+And if you ask me what odds,
+I would bet you $10 to
+
+$1 that it's true.
+
+OK?
+
+[CHUCKLE].
+
+OK.
+
+Blackwell's theorem uses very
+difficult analysis and doesn't
+
+lead to much insight.
+
+If you could code that properly,
+I tried to read
+
+proofs of Blackwell's theorem.
+
+I've tried to read Blackwell's
+proof, and Blackwell is a guy
+
+who writes extraordinarily well,
+I've tried to read other
+
+people's proof of it, and I've
+never managed to get through
+
+one of those proofs and say,
+yes, I agree with that.
+
+But maybe you can
+go through them.
+
+It's hard to know.
+
+But I wouldn't recommend
+it to anyone
+
+except my worst enemies.
+
+The hard case here is this
+non-arithmetic but discrete
+
+distributions.
+
+What I'm going to do is prove it
+for you now as returns to a
+
+given state in a Markov chain.
+
+In other words, if you have a
+renewal interval which is
+
+integer, you can only get
+renewals at times 1, 2, 3, 4,
+
+5, up to some finite limit.
+
+Then I claim you can always draw
+a Markov chain for this.
+
+And if I can draw a Markov chain
+for it, then I can solve
+
+the problem.
+
+And the answer that I get is a
+surprisingly familiar result
+
+for Markov chains and it proves
+Blackwell's theorem for
+
+that special case.
+
+OK, so for any renewal process
+with inter-renewals at a
+
+finite set of integer times,
+there's a corresponding Markov
+
+chain which models returns
+to state 0.
+
+I'm just going to pick
+an arbitrary state 0.
+
+I want to find the intervals
+between successive
+
+returns to state 0.
+
+And what I'm doing here in the
+Markov chain is I start
+
+off at state 0.
+
+The next thing that happens is
+I might come back to state 0
+
+in the next interval.
+
+One thinks it got passed
+out to you, the
+
+self-loop is not there.
+
+The self-loop really corresponds
+to returns in time
+
+1, so it should be there.
+
+If you don't return in time 1,
+then you're going to go off to
+
+state 1, as we'll call it.
+
+From state 1, you can return
+in one more time interval,
+
+which means you get
+back in time 2.
+
+Here you get back in time 1,
+here you get back in time 2,
+
+here you get back in time 3,
+here you get back in time 4,
+
+and so forth.
+
+So you can always draw
+a chain like this.
+
+And the transition
+probabilities--
+
+nice homework problem would be
+to show that the probability
+
+of starting at i and going to
+i plus 1 is exactly this.
+
+Why is it this?
+
+Well, multiply this probability
+by this
+
+probability by this probability
+by this
+
+probability, and what you get
+is the probability that the
+
+return takes five
+steps or more.
+
+You multiply this by this
+by this by this.
+
+Multiply this thing for
+different values of i, and
+
+what happens?
+
+Successive terms--
+
+this all cancels out.
+
+So you wind up with 1 minus
+piece of x of i
+
+when you're all done.
+
+Or i plus 1.
+
+OK?
+
+Now here's the interesting
+thing.
+
+For a lazy person like me, it
+doesn't make any difference
+
+whether I've gotten this
+formula right or not.
+
+I think I have it right,
+but I don't care.
+
+I've only done it right because
+I know that some of
+
+you would be worried about it
+and some of you would think I
+
+was ignorant if I didn't
+show it to you.
+
+But it doesn't make
+any difference.
+
+When I get done writing down
+that this is the Markov chain
+
+that I'm interested in,
+I look at this and I
+
+say, this is ergodic.
+
+I can get from any state here
+to any other state.
+
+I will also assume that it's
+aperiodic because if it
+
+weren't aperiodic, I would just
+leave out the states 1,
+
+3, 5, and so forth for that
+period 2 and so forth.
+
+OK.
+
+So then we know that the
+limit is n goes to
+
+infinity of p sub 00n.
+
+In other words, the probability
+of being in state
+
+0 at time n given that you
+were in state 0 at
+
+time 0 is pi 0.
+
+pi 0 I can calculate.
+
+If I'm careful enough
+calculating this, I can also
+
+calculate the steady state
+probabilities here.
+
+Whether I'm careful here or not,
+I know that after I get
+
+rid of the periodicity here,
+that I have something which is
+
+ergodic here.
+
+So I know I can find
+those pi's.
+
+Now, so we know that.
+
+pi 0, we already saw earlier
+today, is equal to 1 over the
+
+expected renewal time between
+visits to state 0.
+
+So with pi 0 equal to 1 over x
+bar and this equal to pi 0,
+
+the expected difference between
+the probability
+
+renewal of time n and the
+probability renewal of time n
+
+minus 1 is exactly 1 over x
+bar, which is exactly what
+
+Blackwell said.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you please explain
+why this proves the
+
+Blackwell theorem?
+
+I don't really see it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I proved the
+Blackwell theorem because what
+
+I've shown here is that as n
+gets large, the probability
+
+that you will be in state 0 at
+time t given that you're in
+
+state 0 at time 0-- in other
+words, I'm starting off this
+
+renewal process in state 0.
+
+So the probability of being in
+state 0 at time n is really
+
+exactly this thing that
+Blackwell was talking about.
+
+OK?
+
+Blackwell was saying--
+
+I mean, lambda here is
+1 because I've just
+
+gotten rid of that.
+
+So the limit of m of t plus t
+plus 1 minus m of t is the
+
+expectation of a renewal
+at time t plus 1.
+
+OK?
+
+And that's 1 over x bar.
+
+AUDIENCE: So why is this renewal
+process-- why is this
+
+Markov chain model exactly
+what we have in renewal?
+
+So you're claiming that we have
+a renewal if and only if
+
+we return to state 0 in
+this Markov chain.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So that's the
+thing I don't see.
+
+Is it supposed to be obvious?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, you don't
+see why that's true?
+
+Let me try to do that.
+
+I thought that at least was
+obvious, but as I found as I
+
+try to develop this course,
+things which are obvious are
+
+the things which are
+often not obvious.
+
+If I have a random variable,
+let's say, which takes on the
+
+value 1 with probability 1/2
+and the probability 2 with
+
+probability 1/2 and I use that
+as the inter-renewal time for
+
+a renewal process, then starting
+off in time 0 with
+
+probability 1/2, I will have a
+renewal in time 1 and I will
+
+have a renewal in time 2 with
+probability 1/2 also.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: That's exactly what
+this says if I draw it for--
+
+I don't need that.
+
+AUDIENCE: I see.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK?
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+Do you mind doing it for a
+slightly more complicated
+
+example just so it's easier
+to see in full generality?
+
+So it looks like [INAUDIBLE]
+values or something.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+And then this won't be--
+
+let's make this 1/2.
+
+And this 1/2.
+
+OK.
+
+And this--
+
+what is this going to be?
+
+I mean, this has to be
+1 at this point.
+
+AUDIENCE: So then this would
+take on 1 with probability
+
+1/2, 2 with probability 1/4,
+and 3 with probability
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: I think so, yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Good.
+
+Thanks.
+
+PROFESSOR: I mean, this is a
+question of whether I've
+
+calculated these numbers
+right or not.
+
+And looking at this example,
+I'm not at all sure I have.
+
+But as I say, it doesn't
+make any difference.
+
+I mean, so long as you buy the
+fact that if I don't return in
+
+time 0, then I'm in some
+situation where it's already
+
+taken me one unit of time, I'm
+not through, I have to
+
+continue and I keep continuing
+and that's--
+
+OK?
+
+OK.
+
+And there's--
+
+oh.
+
+I already explained delayed
+renewal processes.
+
+I will explain it again.
+
+A delayed renewal process is
+a modification of a renewal
+
+process for which the first
+inter-renewal interval x1 has
+
+a different distribution
+than the others.
+
+And the intervals are all
+independent of each other.
+
+So that the first interarrival
+period might do anything.
+
+After that, they all
+do the same thing.
+
+And the argument here is if
+you're looking at a limit
+
+theorem that how long any--
+
+if you're looking at the limit
+of how many arrivals occur
+
+over a very long period of time,
+the amount of time it
+
+takes this first arrival to
+occur doesn't make any
+
+difference.
+
+It occurs at some time.
+
+And after that, it gets
+amortized over an enormously
+
+long time which is going
+to infinity.
+
+So if it takes a year for the
+first arrival to occur, I look
+
+at 1,000 years.
+
+If it only takes me six months
+for the first arrival to
+
+occur, well, I still look at
+1,000 years, but I mean, you
+
+see the point.
+
+This first interval becomes
+unimportant compared with
+
+everything else.
+
+And because of that,
+the strong law
+
+still is going to hold.
+
+That says that convergencing
+probability also occurs.
+
+All it does as far as m of t
+is concerned, the expected
+
+value of m of t, it moves it
+up or moves it down, but
+
+doesn't change the slope
+of it and so forth.
+
+Even if the expected time for
+the first renewal is infinite.
+
+And that sounds very strange,
+but that still is true and
+
+it's true by essentially
+the same argument.
+
+You wait until the first
+arrival occurs.
+
+It has to occur at some point.
+
+And after that, you can amortize
+that over as long as
+
+you want, you're just
+looking at a limit.
+
+When you look at a limit, you
+can take as long as you want
+
+to, and you take long enough
+that you wash out the stuff at
+
+the beginning.
+
+I mean, if you told me
+that, I would say
+
+you're waving your arms.
+
+But if you read the last section
+of the notes and you
+
+summarize it, that's exactly
+how you will summarize it.
+
+OK.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gBuIwfdoOn0.txt b/gBuIwfdoOn0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a8cd6de527d7719dae8c788dfd13ac5db3db742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gBuIwfdoOn0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation in lecture
+you've been learning about line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been learning about line
+integrals of vector fields and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals of vector fields and I have a
+couple of nice questions on that subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of nice questions on that subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of nice questions on that subject
+for you right here so I want F to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you right here so I want F to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you right here so I want F to be the
+vector field uh whose first coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field uh whose first coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field uh whose first coordinate
+is XY and whose second coordinate is X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is XY and whose second coordinate is X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is XY and whose second coordinate is X2
++ y^2 and so what I'd like you to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2 and so what I'd like you to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ y^2 and so what I'd like you to do is
+compute the line integral of f around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the line integral of f around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the line integral of f around
+two different curves C so the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different curves C so the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different curves C so the both
+curves start at the point 1 one and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves start at the point 1 one and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves start at the point 1 one and they
+end at the point 24 so in part A the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at the point 24 so in part A the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end at the point 24 so in part A the
+curve is just the straight line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is just the straight line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is just the straight line that
+connects the point 1 one to 24 and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the point 1 one to 24 and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects the point 1 one to 24 and in
+Part B the curve is this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B the curve is this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B the curve is this sort of
+piecewise you know it's two sides of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise you know it's two sides of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise you know it's two sides of a
+rectangle right it goes It goes straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle right it goes It goes straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle right it goes It goes straight
+up until it gets to the point 14 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until it gets to the point 14 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until it gets to the point 14 and
+then it goes across to the point 24 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes across to the point 24 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it goes across to the point 24 so
+so this sort of piecewise smooth curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of piecewise smooth curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of piecewise smooth curve
+path that connects those two points so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that connects those two points so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that connects those two points so
+um so I'd like you to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'd like you to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'd like you to compute the
+integral over each of these curves of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over each of these curves of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over each of these curves of f
+dodr so why don't you pause the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodr so why don't you pause the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodr so why don't you pause the video
+have a go at that come back and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a go at that come back and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a go at that come back and we can
+work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together so when you're Computing a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so when you're Computing a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so when you're Computing a line
+integral over a curve really the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a curve really the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a curve really the thing
+that you want to do is you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do is you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to do is you want to
+parameterize the curve and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve and then that
+gives you stuff that you can plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you stuff that you can plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you stuff that you can plug in
+you'll have you know expressions for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have you know expressions for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have you know expressions for x
+and y in terms of your parameter so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y in terms of your parameter so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y in terms of your parameter so you
+can plug it in and you just turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug it in and you just turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plug it in and you just turn this
+integral right into a a nice single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral right into a a nice single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral right into a a nice single
+variable integral and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable integral and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable integral and then you can
+compute it so that's that's our basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it so that's that's our basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute it so that's that's our basic
+strategy for computing integrals of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for computing integrals of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy for computing integrals of of
+this form line integrals of vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form line integrals of vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this form line integrals of vector field
+so let's let's have a go let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's have a go let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's have a go let's start
+with part A so in part a um in what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with part A so in part a um in what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with part A so in part a um in what we
+need to do to to apply this method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to to apply this method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do to to apply this method is
+that we need to parameterize the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to parameterize the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to parameterize the the
+curve in question so this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in question so this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve in question so this is a a
+straight line and if you look at it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and if you look at it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and if you look at it's
+the line through the points 1 1 and 2 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line through the points 1 1 and 2 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line through the points 1 1 and 2 4
+so this line has equation y = 3x - 2 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this line has equation y = 3x - 2 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this line has equation y = 3x - 2 um
+that's our line and okay so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our line and okay so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our line and okay so we need to
+choose some some parameter that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some some parameter that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose some some parameter that will
+that will give us this this segment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us this this segment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give us this this segment of
+this line so a natural thing to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line so a natural thing to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line so a natural thing to do in
+this case is you know it's it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is you know it's it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is you know it's it's easy
+enough Y is already written in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Y is already written in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Y is already written in terms of
+X so it's it's natural enough just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so it's it's natural enough just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so it's it's natural enough just to
+take a parameter that's equal to X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a parameter that's equal to X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a parameter that's equal to X so
+it's up to you whether you introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you whether you introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to you whether you introduce the
+letter T in order to do this or not I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter T in order to do this or not I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter T in order to do this or not I'm
+going to do with the letter t here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with the letter t here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do with the letter t here in
+part a um but you could have done it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a um but you could have done it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part a um but you could have done it all
+you know you could do this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could do this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could do this problem
+exactly the same way just using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way just using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same way just using the
+letter X so what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter X so what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter X so what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to say I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say I'm going to
+let x = t so that Y is equal to 3 tus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x = t so that Y is equal to 3 tus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x = t so that Y is equal to 3 tus 2
+and okay so that that is the parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so that that is the parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so that that is the parametric
+equations for the entire line but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the entire line but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for the entire line but we
+only want the part between the points 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want the part between the points 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only want the part between the points 1
+one and 24 so the part between the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and 24 so the part between the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and 24 so the part between the lines
+1 one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 one and
+24 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 is
+um is the part where T is between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the part where T is between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the part where T is between one
+and two where X is between one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two where X is between one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two where X is between one and two
+okay so this is our parameterization so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our parameterization so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is our parameterization so
+now we need to figure out what are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to figure out what are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we need to figure out what are what
+is the the force or sorry the field F in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the force or sorry the field F in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the force or sorry the field F in
+this parameterization and what's Dr um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameterization and what's Dr um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameterization and what's Dr um
+and then we can and then after we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can and then after we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we can and then after we have
+those we can just put them into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those we can just put them into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those we can just put them into our
+integral and compute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and compute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and compute so
+F in this parameterization well we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in this parameterization well we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F in this parameterization well we take
+the equation for f which is X Y x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for f which is X Y x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for f which is X Y x^2 +
+y^2 and we just plug in um so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and we just plug in um so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 and we just plug in um so in this
+case XY is going to be 3 t - 2 * T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case XY is going to be 3 t - 2 * T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case XY is going to be 3 t - 2 * T so
+that's 3 T ^2 - 2T and x^2 + y^ 2 well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 3 T ^2 - 2T and x^2 + y^ 2 well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 3 T ^2 - 2T and x^2 + y^ 2 well
+that's T ^2 + 3T - 2 quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared so that's what f is and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that's what f is and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so that's what f is and also
+we have that Dr well we just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that Dr well we just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that Dr well we just you know
+take the the differentials of of X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the differentials of of X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the the differentials of of X and Y
+so this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to
+be DT comma 3 DT or if you like 1 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be DT comma 3 DT or if you like 1 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be DT comma 3 DT or if you like 1 comma
+3 * DT if you like to factor out your DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * DT if you like to factor out your DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 * DT if you like to factor out your DT
+so that's what F and Dr is um so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what F and Dr is um so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what F and Dr is um so now we
+need to compute our integral um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute our integral um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to compute our integral um so the
+integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over
+C of f do Dr well you just plug in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of f do Dr well you just plug in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of f do Dr well you just plug in so
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+integral over C now so okay so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over C now so okay so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over C now so okay so now we
+need to look at our bound so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at our bound so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at our bound so the
+integral over c means the integral as T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over c means the integral as T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over c means the integral as T
+varies in the range that that we that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in the range that that we that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies in the range that that we that we
+need to cover that whole curve so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover that whole curve so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to cover that whole curve so in
+this case we said that was from tal 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we said that was from tal 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we said that was from tal 1 to
+two so it's the integral as T goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's the integral as T goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's the integral as T goes from
+1 to two of well f. drr so in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to two of well f. drr so in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to two of well f. drr so in the first
+coordinates that gives us let let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that gives us let let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates that gives us let let me
+factor out the DT at the end so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out the DT at the end so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor out the DT at the end so that's
+going to be three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be three
+T ^ 2 - 2T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ^ 2 - 2T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T ^ 2 - 2T *
+1 plus okay well if we okay let's expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus okay well if we okay let's expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 plus okay well if we okay let's expand
+this out now 3T minus 2^ 2quared that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out now 3T minus 2^ 2quared that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out now 3T minus 2^ 2quared that's
+going to give me a 9 t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me a 9 t^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give me a 9 t^
+2 - 12 t + 4 so this is 9 t ^2 - 12T + 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 12 t + 4 so this is 9 t ^2 - 12T + 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 - 12 t + 4 so this is 9 t ^2 - 12T + 4
+and then we have to add t^2 to it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to add t^2 to it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have to add t^2 to it so
+this is plus 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus 10
+t^2 what did I say - 12T + 4 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 what did I say - 12T + 4 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 what did I say - 12T + 4 *
+3dt * 3 and this whole thing is DT DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3dt * 3 and this whole thing is DT DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3dt * 3 and this whole thing is DT DT is
+the whole uh integram there I could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole uh integram there I could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole uh integram there I could even
+put in another pair of parentheses just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in another pair of parentheses just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in another pair of parentheses just
+to emphasize that perhaps okay well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that perhaps okay well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to emphasize that perhaps okay well now
+this is a a a straightforward big I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a a straightforward big I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a a straightforward big I mean
+it's a you know a little complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know a little complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a you know a little complicated
+looking but it's just an integral of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking but it's just an integral of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking but it's just an integral of a
+polom easy enough to do let's um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom easy enough to do let's um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polom easy enough to do let's um let's
+let's first just combine terms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first just combine terms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's first just combine terms and then
+Okay so we've got let's look at the t^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got let's look at the t^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so we've got let's look at the t^
+squs we have a 10 t 2 * 3 so 30 T ^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squs we have a 10 t 2 * 3 so 30 T ^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squs we have a 10 t 2 * 3 so 30 T ^2 and
+then another 3 * 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another 3 * 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another 3 * 1 so
+33 t^ 2 and I've got - 2T - 36 T is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 t^ 2 and I've got - 2T - 36 T is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 t^ 2 and I've got - 2T - 36 T is -
+38 t + 12 4 * 3 DT okay and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 t + 12 4 * 3 DT okay and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+38 t + 12 4 * 3 DT okay and now we
+integrate so this is equal to 11 T cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so this is equal to 11 T cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so this is equal to 11 T cubed
+that's like 3 11 T cubed - 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like 3 11 T cubed - 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like 3 11 T cubed - 19
+t^2 + 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 + 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 + 12
+t as T varies between one and two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as T varies between one and two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t as T varies between one and two and
+all right well okay so now we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well okay so now we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well okay so now we got to
+plug in and evaluate and so on so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in and evaluate and so on so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in and evaluate and so on so this
+is at two this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at two this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at two this is
+88 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+88 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+88 -
+76 + 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 + 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+76 + 25
+4 - okay 11 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 - okay 11 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 - okay 11 -
+19 + 12 and all right so you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 + 12 and all right so you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 + 12 and all right so you you know
+okay you do some arithmetic and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you do some arithmetic and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you do some arithmetic and this is
+going to work out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out to
+32 okay so there's part a we took a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 okay so there's part a we took a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 okay so there's part a we took a nice
+simp it's a nice simple curve so we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp it's a nice simple curve so we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simp it's a nice simple curve so we had
+a nice simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice simple
+parameterization computed F and Dr then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization computed F and Dr then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization computed F and Dr then
+we you know dotted them and integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know dotted them and integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know dotted them and integrated
+Okay so now we're going to do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so now we're going to do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so now we're going to do the same
+exact thing for Part B but part B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact thing for Part B but part B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact thing for Part B but part B the
+curve is a little more complicated let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a little more complicated let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is a little more complicated let's
+come over here where we've got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over here where we've got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over here where we've got some
+empty space so in Part B our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space so in Part B our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty space so in Part B our
+curve looks like this so it it starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve looks like this so it it starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve looks like this so it it starts at
+the point 1 and then it goes up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 1 and then it goes up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point 1 and then it goes up to the
+point 14 and then it goes over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 14 and then it goes over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 14 and then it goes over to the
+24 all right so it's hard to parametrize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 all right so it's hard to parametrize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 all right so it's hard to parametrize
+in one Fell Swoop something that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one Fell Swoop something that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one Fell Swoop something that makes a
+sharp right angle like that so a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp right angle like that so a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp right angle like that so a natural
+thing to do is to split the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to split the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do is to split the integral
+over this whole curve into the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this whole curve into the integrals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over this whole curve into the integrals
+over the two different pieces so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two different pieces so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the two different pieces so let's
+call this vertical part C1 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this vertical part C1 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this vertical part C1 and this
+horizontal part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal part
+C2 and so we know that the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and so we know that the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 and so we know that the integral over
+C of f do Dr is equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of f do Dr is equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C of f do Dr is equal to the integral
+over C1 of f do Dr plus the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C1 of f do Dr plus the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C1 of f do Dr plus the integral
+over C D2 of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C D2 of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C D2 of f
+DOD and so now it's easy enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD and so now it's easy enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DOD and so now it's easy enough to
+parameterize these two separate curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize these two separate curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize these two separate curves
+separately so for C1 for example so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so for C1 for example so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately so for C1 for example so it's
+the straight line segment that goes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line segment that goes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the straight line segment that goes from
+1 to 14 so let's Okay so C1 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 14 so let's Okay so C1 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to 14 so let's Okay so C1 so that
+means we have x equal to 1 and 1 less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have x equal to 1 and 1 less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means we have x equal to 1 and 1 less
+than or equal to y less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to y less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to y less than or equal to
+four so a natural parameterization here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so a natural parameterization here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so a natural parameterization here
+is just the parameterization that uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the parameterization that uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the parameterization that uses
+the parameter y right so in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter y right so in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameter y right so in this in this
+one I'm not going to bother introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm not going to bother introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm not going to bother introducing
+a new letter T I'm just going to stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new letter T I'm just going to stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new letter T I'm just going to stick
+with X and Y so we have xal 1 and and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X and Y so we have xal 1 and and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with X and Y so we have xal 1 and and Y
+is our parameter it goes from 1 to 4 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our parameter it goes from 1 to 4 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our parameter it goes from 1 to 4 so
+now let's look at what F and d r r so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at what F and d r r so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's look at what F and d r r so in
+this case f is equal to well its first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case f is equal to well its first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case f is equal to well its first
+coordinate is XY and X is just one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is XY and X is just one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate is XY and X is just one here
+so this is y and its second coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is y and its second coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is y and its second coordinate
+was x^2 + y^2 so that's going to be 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was x^2 + y^2 so that's going to be 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was x^2 + y^2 so that's going to be 1 +
+y^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^
+2 and Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and Dr
+R well R here is 1 comma y so Dr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well R here is 1 comma y so Dr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R well R here is 1 comma y so Dr is
+equal to 0 comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 comma
+Dy or 01 * Dy if you wanted to factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy or 01 * Dy if you wanted to factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy or 01 * Dy if you wanted to factor
+that Dy out to the end okay um good so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Dy out to the end okay um good so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Dy out to the end okay um good so
+we're all set to do that first integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set to do that first integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're all set to do that first integral
+so we have let's let's do that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have let's let's do that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have let's let's do that so we
+have the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the integral over
+C1 of f do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 of f do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 of f do
+Dr is equal to so it's well we dot these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr is equal to so it's well we dot these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr is equal to so it's well we dot these
+two things together and the first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things together and the first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things together and the first term
+gives me y * 0 and that's just zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me y * 0 and that's just zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me y * 0 and that's just zero so
+that's going to die and all we're left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to die and all we're left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to die and all we're left
+with is the second term so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is the second term so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with is the second term so it's the
+integral of 1 + y^2 Dy but uh we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 1 + y^2 Dy but uh we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of 1 + y^2 Dy but uh we need
+bounds right and okay so y was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds right and okay so y was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds right and okay so y was going
+from 1 to 4 in this integral so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 4 in this integral so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 4 in this integral so it's the
+integral from 1 to 4 of 1 + y^2 Dy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 1 to 4 of 1 + y^2 Dy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 1 to 4 of 1 + y^2 Dy now
+um okay so we could either continue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we could either continue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so we could either continue and
+evaluate this now or we could go and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this now or we could go and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate this now or we could go and do
+the second one Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one Let's
+uh ah let's finish evaluating it since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ah let's finish evaluating it since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ah let's finish evaluating it since
+we've already got written up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got written up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already got written up here so
+this is equal to well it's y + y Cub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to well it's y + y Cub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to well it's y + y Cub
+over 3 between 1 and 4 so what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 between 1 and 4 so what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 3 between 1 and 4 so what is this
+this is 4 + 64/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+- 1 + 13 so that looks like it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 + 13 so that looks like it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 + 13 so that looks like it's uh
+24 to me okay so we get 24 for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 to me okay so we get 24 for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 to me okay so we get 24 for the first
+part now let's do the second part so C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now let's do the second part so C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part now let's do the second part so C2
+here I'll draw a little line there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll draw a little line there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'll draw a little line there to
+separate them now in curve C2 let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them now in curve C2 let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them now in curve C2 let's go
+back and look at it okay so curve C2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at it okay so curve C2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and look at it okay so curve C2 is
+the segment connecting the points 14 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segment connecting the points 14 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the segment connecting the points 14 and
+the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point
+24 okay so Y is always four on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 okay so Y is always four on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 okay so Y is always four on this
+curve and X goes from 1 to two so 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and X goes from 1 to two so 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and X goes from 1 to two so 1 is
+less than or equal to X is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to X is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to X is less than or
+equal to 2 Y is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 Y is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 Y is equal to
+4 so a natural parameterization here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so a natural parameterization here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 so a natural parameterization here
+again is just take X to be our parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just take X to be our parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is just take X to be our parameter
+and again I'm not going to introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm not going to introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I'm not going to introduce a
+letter T we're just using X as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter T we're just using X as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter T we're just using X as our
+parameter so in this case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so in this case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so in this case um
+f well it's XY so that's X X is just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well it's XY so that's X X is just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well it's XY so that's X X is just X
+and Y is 4 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is 4 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y is 4 so that's
+4X comma and the second coordinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X comma and the second coordinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X comma and the second coordinate is
+x^2 + y^2 so that's x^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 so that's x^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2 so that's x^2 +
+16 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Dr is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr is equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+DX comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX comma
+0 okay so that's F and Dr so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so that's F and Dr so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 okay so that's F and Dr so the
+integral that I want now is the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that I want now is the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral that I want now is the integral
+over C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C2
+of f do Dr and that's okay so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f do Dr and that's okay so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f do Dr and that's okay so we just
+plug in here what we've got so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in here what we've got so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in here what we've got so this is
+equal to the integral of well so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of well so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral of well so the
+first coordinates are 4X DX and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates are 4X DX and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first coordinates are 4X DX and the
+second coordinates just give me zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coordinates just give me zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second coordinates just give me zero so
+it's 4X DX and again I need my bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 4X DX and again I need my bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 4X DX and again I need my bounds
+well I had over here I had one less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I had over here I had one less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I had over here I had one less than
+or equal to X is less than or equal to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to X is less than or equal to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to X is less than or equal to 2
+so that's the integral between 1 and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the integral between 1 and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the integral between 1 and two
+so that's okay 4X integrate that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's okay 4X integrate that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's okay 4X integrate that and I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+2x^2 between 1 and 2 which is equal to 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2 between 1 and 2 which is equal to 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x^2 between 1 and 2 which is equal to 8
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-
+2 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 or
+six all right so we've got let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six all right so we've got let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six all right so we've got let's see
+what we've got so we had back here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got so we had back here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've got so we had back here we
+had our curve C which we split into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our curve C which we split into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our curve C which we split into the
+two parts C1 and C2 and we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts C1 and C2 and we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parts C1 and C2 and we wanted to
+know what the integral over C was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the integral over C was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the integral over C was and
+we've separately computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've separately computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've separately computed
+we separately computed the integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we separately computed the integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we separately computed the integral over
+C1 and we computed that to be 24 and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and we computed that to be 24 and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and we computed that to be 24 and we
+computed the integral over C2 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the integral over C2 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed the integral over C2 and that
+was six integral over C2 was six so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six integral over C2 was six so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was six integral over C2 was six so the
+integral over the whole curve of f do Dr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the whole curve of f do Dr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over the whole curve of f do Dr
+is equal to 24 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 24 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 24 +
+6 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 which is
+30 okay so there's your answer for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay so there's your answer for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 okay so there's your answer for the
+second part now one thing I'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part now one thing I'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part now one thing I'd like you
+to notice is that over this curve C in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice is that over this curve C in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice is that over this curve C in
+Part B over the whole curve in Part B we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B over the whole curve in Part B we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B over the whole curve in Part B we
+got that the integral of this field F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that the integral of this field F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got that the integral of this field F
+was 30 and now if you remember back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 and now if you remember back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was 30 and now if you remember back over
+here oh right here in the first part in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh right here in the first part in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh right here in the first part in
+part A we computed the integral over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A we computed the integral over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part A we computed the integral over a
+different curve that connected the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curve that connected the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curve that connected the two
+same end points and we found that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same end points and we found that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same end points and we found that that
+integral came out to 32 so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral came out to 32 so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral came out to 32 so one thing you
+should take away from this is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take away from this is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take away from this is that the
+integral over a curve joining two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a curve joining two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral over a curve joining two points
+can depend on which curve you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on which curve you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can depend on which curve you choose
+right so we had two different curves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we had two different curves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we had two different curves and
+we got two different answers even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two different answers even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two different answers even though
+the two curves connected the same points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two curves connected the same points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two curves connected the same points
+so that's interesting and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's interesting and the other
+thing to take away from this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take away from this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to take away from this is just the
+general approach which is that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general approach which is that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general approach which is that whenever
+you have a uh a problem like this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a uh a problem like this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a uh a problem like this what
+you want to do is you want to take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is you want to take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do is you want to take your
+curve so whether it be a well in part A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so whether it be a well in part A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so whether it be a well in part A
+we had this just this straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this just this straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this just this straight line
+slanted line in Part B we had had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted line in Part B we had had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slanted line in Part B we had had this
+nice piece-wise linear with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice piece-wise linear with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice piece-wise linear with these
+vertical and horizontal Parts you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and horizontal Parts you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical and horizontal Parts you want
+to break it into nice pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it into nice pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it into nice pieces
+parameterize them um you know sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize them um you know sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize them um you know sometimes
+you only need one piece when it's a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need one piece when it's a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need one piece when it's a an
+easy to parameterize curve like that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to parameterize curve like that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to parameterize curve like that um
+sometimes if it if it has corners or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if it if it has corners or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if it if it has corners or so
+on you might want more pieces break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you might want more pieces break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you might want more pieces break it
+into pieces choose a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces choose a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into pieces choose a nice
+parameterization and that reduces your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization and that reduces your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization and that reduces your
+problem just to Computing integrals just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just to Computing integrals just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem just to Computing integrals just
+like we've done in Calculus 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done in Calculus 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we've done in Calculus 1 and
+1801 um and then you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 um and then you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1801 um and then you just
+integrate all right I'll end there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gFD1Lp6zK3w.txt b/gFD1Lp6zK3w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29e40e75844e3cd7de4657ce717f677505ce4651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gFD1Lp6zK3w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this short segment we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this short segment we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this short segment we'll talk
+about some relational properties that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some relational properties that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some relational properties that I
+call mapping properties they can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call mapping properties they can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call mapping properties they can also be
+referred to as archery on relations this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as archery on relations this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as archery on relations this
+segment is mostly vocabulary there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is mostly vocabulary there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment is mostly vocabulary there are a
+half-a-dozen concepts in words that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-a-dozen concepts in words that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-a-dozen concepts in words that are
+standard in the field and the one needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in the field and the one needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard in the field and the one needs
+to know to be able to do some discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to be able to do some discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to be able to do some discrete
+math and so on the applications will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and so on the applications will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and so on the applications will
+come in the next short segment where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the next short segment where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the next short segment where we
+start applying of these properties to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start applying of these properties to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start applying of these properties to
+counting although there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting although there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting although there'll be a
+punchline about counting at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline about counting at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punchline about counting at the end of
+this segment so let's go back or proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment so let's go back or proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this segment so let's go back or proceed
+and remember that a relation is a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that a relation is a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember that a relation is a binary
+relation is a thing with three parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is a thing with three parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation is a thing with three parts
+it's got a domain illustrated by as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a domain illustrated by as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a domain illustrated by as a
+here a codomain Illustrated is B here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a codomain Illustrated is B here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a codomain Illustrated is B here
+and relationships an association between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships an association between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and relationships an association between
+domain elements and code domain elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain elements and code domain elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain elements and code domain elements
+indicated by the arrows arrows being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the arrows arrows being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated by the arrows arrows being
+called the graph of the relation and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the graph of the relation and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the graph of the relation and we
+already observed one aspect of archery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already observed one aspect of archery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already observed one aspect of archery
+and arrows that the concept of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrows that the concept of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arrows that the concept of a
+function could be captured by saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be captured by saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function could be captured by saying
+that there was less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was less than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was less than or equal to one
+arrow out of every element in the domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every element in the domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every element in the domain
+that employed that that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employed that that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that employed that that there was a
+unique other end of an arrow out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique other end of an arrow out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique other end of an arrow out of a
+domain point called the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain point called the value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain point called the value of that
+point under the relation which is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point under the relation which is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point under the relation which is in
+fact a function f so f of green equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a function f so f of green equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact a function f so f of green equals
+magenta where there is an arrow out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta where there is an arrow out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta where there is an arrow out of a
+green element but in this picture as is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green element but in this picture as is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green element but in this picture as is
+typical not every domain element not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical not every domain element not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical not every domain element not
+every green dot has an arrow out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every green dot has an arrow out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every green dot has an arrow out of it
+so this would be an illustration of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be an illustration of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be an illustration of a
+partial function where f of a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial function where f of a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial function where f of a green
+element isn't always defined if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element isn't always defined if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element isn't always defined if there's
+no arrow out well the general idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arrow out well the general idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no arrow out well the general idea of
+our relations pursues this function idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relations pursues this function idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our relations pursues this function idea
+that basically we're going to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically we're going to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically we're going to classify
+relations according to first how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations according to first how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations according to first how many
+arrows come out of domain elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows come out of domain elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows come out of domain elements
+really in three categories the relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in three categories the relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really in three categories the relations
+where there's at most one arrow out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's at most one arrow out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's at most one arrow out of
+every domain element there's exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every domain element there's exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every domain element there's exactly one
+arrow out of every domain element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every domain element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every domain element
+or there's at least one arrow out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's at least one arrow out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's at least one arrow out of
+every domain element and symmetrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every domain element and symmetrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every domain element and symmetrically
+we're going to classify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to classify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to classify
+codomain relations with respect to code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codomain relations with respect to code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codomain relations with respect to code
+domains in the same way relations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in the same way relations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains in the same way relations where
+every code domain element has greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every code domain element has greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every code domain element has greater
+than or equal to one arrow in has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one arrow in has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to one arrow in has
+exactly one arrow in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one arrow in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one arrow in or
+at most one arrow in is the other part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most one arrow in is the other part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most one arrow in is the other part
+of the classification and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classification and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classification and various
+combinations of these things have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these things have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of these things have
+standard names which it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard names which it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard names which it turns out that
+you'll need to know so will lead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need to know so will lead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll need to know so will lead you
+through them okay so let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them okay so let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them okay so let's begin with
+the idea of a total relation total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a total relation total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of a total relation total
+relation means there's at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation means there's at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation means there's at least one
+arrow out of every domain element so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every domain element so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every domain element so if
+you look at this picture it's not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this picture it's not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this picture it's not quite
+total yet because there are two green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total yet because there are two green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total yet because there are two green
+domain elements with no arrows out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain elements with no arrows out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain elements with no arrows out of
+them so I've just highlighted them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I've just highlighted them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I've just highlighted them in
+red and we can fix this by making them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and we can fix this by making them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red and we can fix this by making them
+disappear now I'm left with a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear now I'm left with a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear now I'm left with a total
+relation every domain element has at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation every domain element has at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation every domain element has at
+least one arrow coming out of it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrow coming out of it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrow coming out of it so
+that's what makes it total another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it total another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it total another way
+to say total is to say that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say total is to say that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say total is to say that if you look
+at the inverse image of the codomain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the inverse image of the codomain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the inverse image of the codomain it
+is equal to the domain that means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the domain that means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the domain that means if you
+take all the arrows that are coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the arrows that are coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the arrows that are coming out
+of the domain and you turn them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the domain and you turn them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the domain and you turn them around
+and then and you look at all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and you look at all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and you look at all the things
+that have arrowheads into them it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have arrowheads into them it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have arrowheads into them it's the
+entire domain so that's what our inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire domain so that's what our inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire domain so that's what our inverse
+of B is nice slick way to say it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B is nice slick way to say it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B is nice slick way to say it using
+relational operators and sets related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relational operators and sets related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relational operators and sets related to
+applying relations so total and function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying relations so total and function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying relations so total and function
+means that there's exactly one arrow out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's exactly one arrow out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that there's exactly one arrow out
+and that's probably the most familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably the most familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's probably the most familiar
+case of functions and lots of fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of functions and lots of fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of functions and lots of fields
+just assume that functions are total but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that functions are total but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that functions are total but
+the truth is that there often is not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is that there often is not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is that there often is not not
+total and people aren't careful about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and people aren't careful about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and people aren't careful about it
+so let's look at a calculus like example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a calculus like example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at a calculus like example
+here's a function J that takes a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a function J that takes a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a function J that takes a pair of
+reals and returns a real it Maps the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals and returns a real it Maps the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals and returns a real it Maps the
+real plane into the real line and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real plane into the real line and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real plane into the real line and the
+of it is G of X Y is 1 over X minus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is G of X Y is 1 over X minus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is G of X Y is 1 over X minus y
+now the domain of this function G is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the domain of this function G is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the domain of this function G is in
+fact all the pairs of reals that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all the pairs of reals that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all the pairs of reals that's what
+it means to say that it goes from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to say that it goes from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means to say that it goes from our
+cross our shorthand R squared to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross our shorthand R squared to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross our shorthand R squared to the
+codomain are the codomain is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codomain are the codomain is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codomain are the codomain is the set of
+all reals but this G is obviously not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reals but this G is obviously not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all reals but this G is obviously not
+total because 1 over 0 is not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total because 1 over 0 is not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total because 1 over 0 is not defined
+which means that on the on the 45-degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that on the on the 45-degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that on the on the 45-degree
+line G is not defined G of our R is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line G is not defined G of our R is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line G is not defined G of our R is not
+defined so G in fact is not a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so G in fact is not a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so G in fact is not a total
+function even though it's familiar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function even though it's familiar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function even though it's familiar and
+and you not worry about partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you not worry about partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you not worry about partial
+functions normally but without you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions normally but without you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions normally but without you you
+wouldn't notice that this was partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't notice that this was partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't notice that this was partial
+cuz you're not used to paying attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're not used to paying attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you're not used to paying attention
+to that ok let's look at a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that ok let's look at a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that ok let's look at a slight
+variation this is function G 0 that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation this is function G 0 that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation this is function G 0 that goes
+from some unspecified domain specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some unspecified domain specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some unspecified domain specified
+in a minute to the reals it has exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute to the reals it has exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute to the reals it has exactly
+the same formula G of X Y is 1 over X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula G of X Y is 1 over X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same formula G of X Y is 1 over X
+minus y but now I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y but now I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y but now I'm going to tell you
+that the domain instead of being all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the domain instead of being all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the domain instead of being all the
+reals is the reals except for that 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals is the reals except for that 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reals is the reals except for that 45
+degree line I just want to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line I just want to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree line I just want to get rid of
+the bad points and not worry about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad points and not worry about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad points and not worry about them
+the minute I do that I have these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute I do that I have these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minute I do that I have these two
+functions relations that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions relations that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions relations that have the same
+graph but different domains and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but different domains and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but different domains and the
+result is that I've removed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that I've removed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is that I've removed from the
+domain of G all the bad points I'm left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of G all the bad points I'm left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain of G all the bad points I'm left
+with a total function G 0 ok let's keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a total function G 0 ok let's keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a total function G 0 ok let's keep
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+the next concept is of a surjection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next concept is of a surjection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next concept is of a surjection and
+that's a relation where there is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a relation where there is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a relation where there is at
+least one arrow into every point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrow into every point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one arrow into every point in the
+code domain there's at least one arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code domain there's at least one arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code domain there's at least one arrow
+into every point in B well again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into every point in B well again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into every point in B well again this is
+a picture where that doesn't quite work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture where that doesn't quite work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture where that doesn't quite work
+because there's at least one bad point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's at least one bad point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's at least one bad point
+there there it is in red that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there it is in red that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there it is in red that doesn't
+have an arrow in so let's fix things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arrow in so let's fix things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an arrow in so let's fix things
+again by making it disappear now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again by making it disappear now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again by making it disappear now I'm
+left with a surjective relation or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a surjective relation or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with a surjective relation or a
+surjection that because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjection that because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjection that because in fact
+everything in the code domain and B has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the code domain and B has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in the code domain and B has
+at least one arrow coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one arrow coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one arrow coming in
+everything's the endpoint of an arrow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the endpoint of an arrow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's the endpoint of an arrow so
+likewise we can say in terms of set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can say in terms of set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise we can say in terms of set
+operations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that are
+surjection if and only if the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjection if and only if the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjection if and only if the image of
+the domain is the codomain or still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain is the codomain or still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the domain is the codomain or still
+another way to say it is if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say it is if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to say it is if and only if
+the range of the function is its entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of the function is its entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of the function is its entire
+code domain remember the range of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code domain remember the range of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code domain remember the range of the
+points that are hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that are hit
+that's R of a it's not always equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R of a it's not always equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's R of a it's not always equal to
+the code domain but when it is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code domain but when it is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code domain but when it is that is
+what makes it a surjection alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it a surjection alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes it a surjection alright
+injections another version that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injections another version that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injections another version that our
+variation on the theme an injection is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on the theme an injection is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation on the theme an injection is a
+relation where there is at most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation where there is at most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation where there is at most one
+arrow into every element in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow into every element in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow into every element in the
+co-domain so looking at this picture now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-domain so looking at this picture now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-domain so looking at this picture now
+this is not quite an injection because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite an injection because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not quite an injection because
+there are at least two points here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least two points here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are at least two points here that
+have more than one arrow coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one arrow coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more than one arrow coming into
+them that's what keeps it from being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's what keeps it from being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that's what keeps it from being an
+injection so let's fix that by deleting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection so let's fix that by deleting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection so let's fix that by deleting
+a couple of those edges that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of those edges that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of those edges that are
+crowding up points and now I'm left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding up points and now I'm left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crowding up points and now I'm left with
+a situation where in fact everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where in fact everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a situation where in fact everything in
+B has at most one arrow coming in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has at most one arrow coming in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has at most one arrow coming in and so
+I'm showing you a picture of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you a picture of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm showing you a picture of an
+injection and the final concept is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection and the final concept is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection and the final concept is when
+you have all the good properties a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the good properties a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the good properties a
+bisection is when you have exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection is when you have exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection is when you have exactly one
+arrow out and exactly one arrow in it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out and exactly one arrow in it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out and exactly one arrow in it's
+a total function that is an injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total function that is an injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a total function that is an injection
+and a surjection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a surjection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a surjection
+because it's got greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's got greater than or equal
+to 1 and less than or equal to 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and less than or equal to 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and less than or equal to 1 and
+equal to 1 for all of the domains and Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 for all of the domains and Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 for all of the domains and Co
+domains now there's an obvious thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains now there's an obvious thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domains now there's an obvious thing
+about by jek shion's which we'll wrap up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about by jek shion's which we'll wrap up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about by jek shion's which we'll wrap up
+with which is why they're useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which is why they're useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with which is why they're useful in
+counting theory because it's clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting theory because it's clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting theory because it's clear that
+since there's exactly one arrow out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's exactly one arrow out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's exactly one arrow out of
+every element in a there the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in a there the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element in a there the number of
+arrows is the same as the size of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows is the same as the size of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows is the same as the size of a and
+since there's exactly one arrow coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's exactly one arrow coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since there's exactly one arrow coming
+into every element of B the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into every element of B the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into every element of B the number of
+arrows is the same as the size of B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows is the same as the size of B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows is the same as the size of B and
+guess what that means that where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what that means that where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what that means that where there's
+a bijection the sets are of equal size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bijection the sets are of equal size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bijection the sets are of equal size
+if there's a bisection between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bisection between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bisection between two
+finite sets a and B that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sets a and B that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite sets a and B that means that
+they're the same size
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/goq1L1Pb424.txt b/goq1L1Pb424.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..504767b61c774c6ed0a5cd75d01ac746241a2a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/goq1L1Pb424.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Faraday's integral law shows how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's integral law shows how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's integral law shows how a
+voltmeter reading induced by magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltmeter reading induced by magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltmeter reading induced by magnetic
+induction at the terminals of a coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction at the terminals of a coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction at the terminals of a coil
+provides a measurement of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a measurement of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a measurement of the magnetic
+flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux
+density in this experiment the Contour C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in this experiment the Contour C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in this experiment the Contour C
+is traced out by the wire in this coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traced out by the wire in this coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is traced out by the wire in this coil
+so that the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the surface
+s is the area having the entire length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is the area having the entire length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s is the area having the entire length
+of the coil as its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coil as its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the coil as its
+Edge in this coil the surface area s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge in this coil the surface area s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge in this coil the surface area s is
+8 CM by 21 cm multiplied by 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turns we will use this coil with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we will use this coil with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns we will use this coil with
+Faraday's law to find the magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law to find the magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law to find the magnetic flux
+associated with current in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire the upper trace of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the upper trace of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the upper trace of this
+oscilloscope records the electromotive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope records the electromotive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope records the electromotive
+force of vol Vol at the coil terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of vol Vol at the coil terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of vol Vol at the coil terminals
+the lower Trace is the current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace is the current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace is the current in the
+wire measured by the voltage drop across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire measured by the voltage drop across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire measured by the voltage drop across
+a 1 ohm series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+resistor with the coil rotated so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor with the coil rotated so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistor with the coil rotated so that
+it links no magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it links no magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it links no magnetic
+flux no voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seen with the coil now place so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen with the coil now place so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen with the coil now place so that the
+magnetic flux passes perpendicularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through the coil the maximum signal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the coil the maximum signal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the coil the maximum signal is
+recorded with the coil stradling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire the flux passing through the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the flux passing through the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the flux passing through the coil
+in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper
+section is oppositely directed to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is oppositely directed to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is oppositely directed to the
+flux through the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux through the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux through the lower
+section with it symmetrically positioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section with it symmetrically positioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section with it symmetrically positioned
+the next net flux is zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next net flux is zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next net flux is zero so the
+measured voltage is zero the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured voltage is zero the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured voltage is zero the scope
+traces are triggered on the wire current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are triggered on the wire current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traces are triggered on the wire current
+the lower Trace so we can see the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace so we can see the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lower Trace so we can see the change
+in Phase as the coil is moved from below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Phase as the coil is moved from below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Phase as the coil is moved from below
+the wire to above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wire the lower Trace current is 90° out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the lower Trace current is 90° out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire the lower Trace current is 90° out
+of phase with the upper Trace induced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase with the upper Trace induced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of phase with the upper Trace induced
+voltage this is because the coil voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this is because the coil voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage this is because the coil voltage
+is the time rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the time rate of change of the
+magnetic flux and hence of the time rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux and hence of the time rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux and hence of the time rate
+of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current the coil voltage is 90° out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the coil voltage is 90° out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the coil voltage is 90° out of
+phase with the current
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h2w1tTTltrU.txt b/h2w1tTTltrU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..048ef6fb4ddf82d66dd2ae16b094433e51b4f195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h2w1tTTltrU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have observed in the simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have observed in the simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have observed in the simple example
+from the previous clip that when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous clip that when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous clip that when the
+Markov chain initially starts in state 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain initially starts in state 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain initially starts in state 1
+the priority that it finds itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority that it finds itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the priority that it finds itself in
+state 1 after a long period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 after a long period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 after a long period of time
+converges to a constant value in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a constant value in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a constant value in our
+case 2 over 7 in addition if the Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 2 over 7 in addition if the Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case 2 over 7 in addition if the Markov
+chain initially starts in state 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain initially starts in state 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain initially starts in state 2 the
+probability that it finds itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it finds itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that it finds itself in
+state 1 after a long period of time also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 after a long period of time also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 after a long period of time also
+converges to the same constant value 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the same constant value 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to the same constant value 2
+over 7 are these two properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 7 are these two properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 7 are these two properties of
+long-term care insurance and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term care insurance and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term care insurance and of
+vanishing effect of the initial state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishing effect of the initial state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishing effect of the initial state
+over the long term convergence always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the long term convergence always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the long term convergence always
+true mathematically we are asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mathematically we are asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true mathematically we are asking the
+question is our I J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when n goes to infinity the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to infinity the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to infinity the answer is
+that for nice Markov chains this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for nice Markov chains this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for nice Markov chains this will be
+true but this is not always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider the first question does RI GN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the first question does RI GN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the first question does RI GN
+always converge to something and n goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always converge to something and n goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always converge to something and n goes
+to infinity look at the following simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity look at the following simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity look at the following simple
+Markov chain when in state two you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain when in state two you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov chain when in state two you will
+never be in state two at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be in state two at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never be in state two at the next
+transition you will end up next in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you will end up next in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition you will end up next in
+either state one or state three however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either state one or state three however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either state one or state three however
+no matter where you end up you assure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you end up you assure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no matter where you end up you assure
+that the next transition will bring you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next transition will bring you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the next transition will bring you
+back to state two either here or from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to state two either here or from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to state two either here or from
+here in other words for an odd hour to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in other words for an odd hour to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in other words for an odd hour to
+two of n will always be 0 and for n even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of n will always be 0 and for n even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of n will always be 0 and for n even
+Archie 2 of n will always be 1 and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie 2 of n will always be 1 and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie 2 of n will always be 1 and so
+Archie 2 of n will never converge it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie 2 of n will never converge it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archie 2 of n will never converge it
+will always alternate between 1 or 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always alternate between 1 or 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always alternate between 1 or 0
+convergence has failed that chain as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence has failed that chain as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence has failed that chain as a
+periodic structure and we will see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic structure and we will see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic structure and we will see in
+the next lecture that if periodicity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture that if periodicity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next lecture that if periodicity is
+absent from a chain then we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent from a chain then we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent from a chain then we don't have a
+problem with convergence consider now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with convergence consider now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with convergence consider now
+the second question dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second question dealing with
+vanishing importance of initial States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishing importance of initial States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishing importance of initial States
+when convergence occurs for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when convergence occurs for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when convergence occurs for this
+consider the following Markov chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you start in state 1 there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start in state 1 there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you start in state 1 there is no way
+you can escape you are certain to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can escape you are certain to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can escape you are certain to stay
+there forever so our 1 1 of n will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forever so our 1 1 of n will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there forever so our 1 1 of n will
+always be 1 on the other hand if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be 1 on the other hand if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be 1 on the other hand if you
+start in state 3 there is no way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state 3 there is no way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state 3 there is no way you
+will ever reach state 1 so our 3 1 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ever reach state 1 so our 3 1 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will ever reach state 1 so our 3 1 of n
+will be 0 the initial state of where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 0 the initial state of where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be 0 the initial state of where you
+started does matter in this example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started does matter in this example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started does matter in this example and
+its influence never vanishes in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its influence never vanishes in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its influence never vanishes in the long
+run the second nice property has failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the second nice property has failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the second nice property has failed
+here and here this has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here this has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and here this has to do with the
+mark of structure where some states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of structure where some states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark of structure where some states are
+not accessible from some other state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accessible from some other state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not accessible from some other state and
+we will address this in the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will address this in the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will address this in the final
+portion of this lecture finally let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of this lecture finally let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of this lecture finally let us
+calculate R 2 1 of n for large n so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate R 2 1 of n for large n so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate R 2 1 of n for large n so you
+start in state 2 and you ask yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state 2 and you ask yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start in state 2 and you ask yourself
+what is the probability that I will end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that I will end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the probability that I will end
+up in state 1 after end steps for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in state 1 after end steps for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in state 1 after end steps for n
+large well when you start into you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large well when you start into you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large well when you start into you may
+stay in 2 for a while by doing this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in 2 for a while by doing this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay in 2 for a while by doing this kind
+of transition and transition and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition and transition and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition and transition and this
+transition but eventually with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition but eventually with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition but eventually with
+probability 1 you will escape either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 you will escape either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability 1 you will escape either you
+will go to state 1 or you will escape to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to state 1 or you will escape to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go to state 1 or you will escape to
+state 3 and in that case you will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 3 and in that case you will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 3 and in that case you will never
+go back to 2 if you are in 1 you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to 2 if you are in 1 you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to 2 if you are in 1 you will
+never go back here in 2 and from 3 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go back here in 2 and from 3 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never go back here in 2 and from 3 you
+will never go back to 2 because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never go back to 2 because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will never go back to 2 because of the
+symmetry between these probabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry between these probabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry between these probabilities
+here zero point 3 on this side and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero point 3 on this side and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero point 3 on this side and zero
+point 3 on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 3 on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 3 on this side
+when you do escape state - you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do escape state - you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do escape state - you are
+equally likely to escape toward one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to escape toward one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely to escape toward one or
+toward three so what you have is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward three so what you have is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward three so what you have is that
+our to one of n will be one over two
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h9xaoGkyHwg.txt b/h9xaoGkyHwg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70df728fbbc6d7789fbf56105d7995df09b39575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h9xaoGkyHwg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great so um at this point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so um at this point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so um at this point we
+basically have all of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have all of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have all of the most
+importance well we now have the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance well we now have the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance well we now have the full
+understanding of how to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of how to work with
+tensors I haven't really done too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors I haven't really done too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensors I haven't really done too much
+physics with them at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics with them at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics with them at this point
+but we've very carefully one might even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've very carefully one might even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've very carefully one might even
+argue excessively carefully laid-out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue excessively carefully laid-out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue excessively carefully laid-out
+this mathematical structure that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical structure that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mathematical structure that is
+going to be it we're gonna use it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it we're gonna use it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it we're gonna use it to
+sort of contain the geometric objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contain the geometric objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of contain the geometric objects
+that will describe the physics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will describe the physics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will describe the physics that
+we're gonna study over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna study over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna study over the course of the
+entire semester so there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire semester so there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire semester so there was a lot of
+twiddly detail in the preceding lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddly detail in the preceding lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twiddly detail in the preceding lecture
+but I would say the two most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say the two most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I would say the two most important
+things I want you to take out of this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want you to take out of this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want you to take out of this is
+the idea that we now have tensors as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we now have tensors as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that we now have tensors as a
+sort of general class of geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of general class of geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of general class of geometric
+objects which map one forms or dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects which map one forms or dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects which map one forms or dual
+vectors if you prefer a combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if you prefer a combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if you prefer a combination of
+one forms and vectors to Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one forms and vectors to Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one forms and vectors to Lorentz
+invariant real numbers and further the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant real numbers and further the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant real numbers and further the
+distinction between one forms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between one forms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction between one forms and
+vectors and what is being matched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and what is being matched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and what is being matched to
+what is kind of not so important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is kind of not so important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is kind of not so important because
+I can always use the metric to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always use the metric to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can always use the metric to either
+raise or lower indices on tensors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise or lower indices on tensors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise or lower indices on tensors or
+vectors or one forms in order to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors or one forms in order to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors or one forms in order to convert
+from one to another so if I raise an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to another so if I raise an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one to another so if I raise an
+index if I have a tensor that's got M in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index if I have a tensor that's got M in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index if I have a tensor that's got M in
+the C's in the upstairs position and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C's in the upstairs position and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C's in the upstairs position and the
+downstairs I raised in an ex-nun could M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs I raised in an ex-nun could M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstairs I raised in an ex-nun could M
+plus one upstairs n minus one downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one upstairs n minus one downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one upstairs n minus one downstairs
+okay and likewise I can lower an index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and likewise I can lower an index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and likewise I can lower an index
+put one of those ones in the upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one of those ones in the upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put one of those ones in the upstairs
+down to the downstairs um we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the downstairs um we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the downstairs um we wanted to
+go through all that stuff with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all that stuff with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through all that stuff with great
+care because we're going to need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because we're going to need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care because we're going to need the
+foundations of that to make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of that to make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundations of that to make a lot of
+what we talk about later rigorous it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talk about later rigorous it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we talk about later rigorous it is
+really overkill for where we're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really overkill for where we're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really overkill for where we're starting
+okay but it's worthwhile to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's worthwhile to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's worthwhile to have that
+sort of scaffolding in place I'm sick of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scaffolding in place I'm sick of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of scaffolding in place I'm sick of
+it though so today I'm gonna try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though so today I'm gonna try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though so today I'm gonna try to do
+some things that are more physics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are more physics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things that are more physics okay
+because well but not all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well but not all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because well but not all of you
+necessarily physics students but I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily physics students but I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily physics students but I'm a
+physics professor and I'm a little tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics professor and I'm a little tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics professor and I'm a little tired
+of doing math so let's think about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing math so let's think about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing math so let's think about when
+we're studying physics generally we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying physics generally we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying physics generally we are
+interested in the behavior of bodies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the behavior of bodies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the behavior of bodies and
+fields let's move to the relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields let's move to the relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields let's move to the relativity
+framework we're looking at behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we're looking at behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework we're looking at behavior of
+bodies and fields in space-time so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and fields in space-time so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodies and fields in space-time so far
+if I think about the quantities that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think about the quantities that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I think about the quantities that we
+have introduced and by the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introduced and by the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have introduced and by the way I
+apologize for the blackboards a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for the blackboards a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize for the blackboards a previous
+lecturer today use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer today use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer today use
+that cannot be erased very well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be erased very well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cannot be erased very well so
+they're sort of grayish boards today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of grayish boards today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of grayish boards today
+unfortunately but we'll manage hey yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but we'll manage hey yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately but we'll manage hey yeah
+so far the quantities that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far the quantities that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far the quantities that we have
+introduced have solid physics content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced have solid physics content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced have solid physics content
+are good for describing particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for describing particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good for describing particles
+individual particles you know maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual particles you know maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual particles you know maybe a
+handful of them at once so the two that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of them at once so the two that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handful of them at once so the two that
+I want to focus on in particular are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to focus on in particular are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to focus on in particular are the
+four velocity so if I have a body with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four velocity so if I have a body with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four velocity so if I have a body with a
+four velocity U a particular Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four velocity U a particular Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four velocity U a particular Lorentz
+observer will describe that as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer will describe that as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer will describe that as having a
+timelike component gamma special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timelike component gamma special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timelike component gamma special
+relativistic gamma and a space-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic gamma and a space-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic gamma and a space-like
+component gamma V okay this is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component gamma V okay this is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component gamma V okay this is defined
+such that u dot u equals minus one it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that u dot u equals minus one it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that u dot u equals minus one it is
+great for describing is the tool we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for describing is the tool we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great for describing is the tool we use
+to describe the trajectory of a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the trajectory of a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe the trajectory of a material
+body that follows a timelike trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that follows a timelike trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body that follows a timelike trajectory
+through space-time notice that it's norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space-time notice that it's norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through space-time notice that it's norm
+is minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus one
+in fact it's one means it's normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's one means it's normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it's one means it's normalized
+and the - tells us that it is time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the way because this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way because this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way because this is this is
+normal because this is time like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal because this is time like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal because this is time like the
+floor velocity is not going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity is not going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity is not going to be a
+useful tool for us when we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool for us when we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool for us when we want to
+describe the behavior of light okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the behavior of light okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the behavior of light okay if
+we want to talk about the motion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about the motion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to talk about the motion of a
+photon in our space-time we can't use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in our space-time we can't use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon in our space-time we can't use a
+floor velocity for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floor velocity for it
+okay for velocities sorry the trajectory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for velocities sorry the trajectory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for velocities sorry the trajectory
+of a photon is null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a photon is null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a photon is null
+whatever quantities that is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever quantities that is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever quantities that is going to
+describe its trajectory I take its dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe its trajectory I take its dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe its trajectory I take its dot
+right with itself I have to get zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with itself I have to get zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with itself I have to get zero and
+you can sort of intuitively get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of intuitively get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of intuitively get a sense
+what's going on with that if I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with that if I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on with that if I take my
+the way a particular observer interprets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a particular observer interprets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way a particular observer interprets
+these things and says what would this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and says what would this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things and says what would this
+turn into a V equal C well you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a V equal C well you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn into a V equal C well you have
+infinity and infinity right because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and infinity right because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and infinity right because your
+gammas are diverging there so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas are diverging there so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gammas are diverging there so it's a
+singular limit it doesn't behave well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular limit it doesn't behave well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular limit it doesn't behave well
+we will overcome this difficulty the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will overcome this difficulty the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will overcome this difficulty the
+other quantity that we have used alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quantity that we have used alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other quantity that we have used alright
+the other quantity that we have defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quantity that we have defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other quantity that we have defined
+which is good for particles is the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for particles is the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is good for particles is the for
+momentum which is just that for velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum which is just that for velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum which is just that for velocity
+multiplied by a rest mass okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a rest mass okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a rest mass okay so this
+is defined you can kind of clearly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined you can kind of clearly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined you can kind of clearly by
+trimming together a bunch of definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimming together a bunch of definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trimming together a bunch of definitions
+you have P dot P equals minus M Squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have P dot P equals minus M Squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have P dot P equals minus M Squared
+we're actually going to interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to interpret this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to interpret this
+now so if a particular Lorentz observer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if a particular Lorentz observer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so if a particular Lorentz observer
+makes a measurement of this they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a measurement of this they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a measurement of this they will
+call the time like component e and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the time like component e and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the time like component e and the
+spatial component okay and so you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial component okay and so you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial component okay and so you put
+all these things together and this tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things together and this tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things together and this tells
+me that a squared minus magnitude of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that a squared minus magnitude of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me that a squared minus magnitude of P
+squared equals M squared notice this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals M squared notice this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equals M squared notice this is
+perfectly well behaved for a massless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well behaved for a massless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly well behaved for a massless
+particle okay this is actually gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay this is actually gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle okay this is actually gonna be
+the trick by which one I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick by which one I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick by which one I want to
+describe the trajectory of photons or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the trajectory of photons or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the trajectory of photons or of
+light in a spacetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a spacetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light in a spacetime
+I can't use for velocity I can use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't use for velocity I can use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't use for velocity I can use for
+momentum okay works perfectly well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay works perfectly well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay works perfectly well you
+know it's zero times a for velocity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's zero times a for velocity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's zero times a for velocity but
+if I use this intuition that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use this intuition that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I use this intuition that this thing
+is diverging when I take the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diverging when I take the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is diverging when I take the speed of
+light limit I sort of this is a cheat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light limit I sort of this is a cheat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light limit I sort of this is a cheat
+but I'm basically getting 0 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm basically getting 0 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm basically getting 0 times
+infinity and it behaves ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it behaves ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it behaves ok
+we're going to do it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do it a little bit more
+rigorously than that but if or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously than that but if or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorously than that but if or a little
+bit of intuition that's essentially why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of intuition that's essentially why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of intuition that's essentially why
+it works so the last thing which I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works so the last thing which I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works so the last thing which I will
+say here is that this is good for M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is that this is good for M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here is that this is good for M
+equals 0 ok and when you do have M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 ok and when you do have M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 ok and when you do have M
+equals 0 it's often convenient to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 it's often convenient to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 it's often convenient to write
+this as H bar Omega so use the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as H bar Omega so use the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as H bar Omega so use the usual
+formula for the energy of a photon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the energy of a photon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for the energy of a photon and
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+I just put a unit vector into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put a unit vector into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just put a unit vector into the
+spatial direction that defines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial direction that defines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial direction that defines the
+direction in which this is moving okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which this is moving okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction in which this is moving okay
+so this is all fine as far as it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all fine as far as it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all fine as far as it goes
+but it's kind of restrictive okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of restrictive okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's kind of restrictive okay we
+want to do a little bit more with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a little bit more with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a little bit more with our
+physics then just worried about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics then just worried about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics then just worried about the
+kinematics of individual particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of individual particles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics of individual particles okay
+so a lot we can do with that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot we can do with that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot we can do with that but you
+know one of the things that we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the things that we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one of the things that we like to
+do when we're studying gravity is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we're studying gravity is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when we're studying gravity is to
+have a description of you know continuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a description of you know continuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a description of you know continuum
+matter like things that gravitate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like things that gravitate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter like things that gravitate okay
+you want to be able to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be able to build a
+description of something like a star or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of something like a star or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of something like a star or
+you know an exotic star a neutron star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an exotic star a neutron star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an exotic star a neutron star
+or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that
+and so just having sort of the behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just having sort of the behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just having sort of the behavior
+of individual particles is not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual particles is not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual particles is not good
+enough I'm gonna be able to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I'm gonna be able to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough I'm gonna be able to describe
+things like fluids I want to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fluids I want to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fluids I want to be able to
+have a continuum that describes thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuum that describes thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a continuum that describes thing so
+what I'm gonna start doing today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna start doing today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm gonna start doing today is
+begin to introduce the mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to introduce the mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to introduce the mathematical
+tools that we will use around myself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we will use around myself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we will use around myself in
+a crazy way we're gonna describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy way we're gonna describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy way we're gonna describe the
+mathematical tools that are useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools that are useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools that are useful for
+dealing with Continuum's continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with Continuum's continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with Continuum's continuous
+matter rather than just particles so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter rather than just particles so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter rather than just particles so
+let's call this more interesting matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the simplest form the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest form the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the simplest form the simplest
+continuum form of matter which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum form of matter which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum form of matter which we're
+going to talk about is we're gonna call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about is we're gonna call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about is we're gonna call
+it dust okay when you here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dust okay when you here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it dust okay when you here at the
+chalkboard you kind of can't get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalkboard you kind of can't get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalkboard you kind of can't get away
+with this you have an idea of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this you have an idea of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this you have an idea of what it
+means physically what I mean by dust is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means physically what I mean by dust is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means physically what I mean by dust is
+that it is a collection of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a collection of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it is a collection of particles
+that do not interact with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not interact with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not interact with each other
+okay so they sort of pass through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they sort of pass through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they sort of pass through each
+other there's no pressure that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's no pressure that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's no pressure that is
+generated so they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated so they have
+energy density associated with them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no interaction so it's the most boring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no interaction so it's the most boring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no interaction so it's the most boring
+kind of matter that you like you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matter that you like you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matter that you like you can
+think of it as essentially just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as essentially just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as essentially just
+particles but it's a ton of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but it's a ton of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but it's a ton of them and
+they're sort of smearing out into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of smearing out into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of smearing out into a
+continuum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum okay
+um in particular one thing I'm gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular one thing I'm gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in particular one thing I'm gonna say
+is so I can imagine like if I take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I can imagine like if I take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so I can imagine like if I take you
+know my two erasers here I have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my two erasers here I have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my two erasers here I have a nice
+dust field in front of me now which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust field in front of me now which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust field in front of me now which I
+helped lead is inhaled um and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped lead is inhaled um and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped lead is inhaled um and you can
+sort of think of this thing in sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of this thing in sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of think of this thing in sort of a
+field of little dust elements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of little dust elements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of little dust elements that are
+all sort of moving around if I go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of moving around if I go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of moving around if I go in and
+I track an individual element of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I track an individual element of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I track an individual element of that
+dust I go in and I make a little cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust I go in and I make a little cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dust I go in and I make a little cube
+that you know a nanometer on each side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a nanometer on each side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know a nanometer on each side
+every little element has its own rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little element has its own rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little element has its own rest
+friend okay in that clod I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend okay in that clod I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend okay in that clod I'm not gonna
+do that again but as I made that cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that again but as I made that cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that again but as I made that cloud
+you know different elements within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different elements within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know different elements within the
+cloud have different rest frames but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud have different rest frames but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud have different rest frames but for
+each individual element I can define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual element I can define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each individual element I can define a
+rest frame so we're gonna use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame so we're gonna use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame so we're gonna use the
+properties of the dust in that Rhett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the dust in that Rhett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the dust in that Rhett
+rest frame as a way of beginning to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame as a way of beginning to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame as a way of beginning to sort
+of normalize and get a grasp on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalize and get a grasp on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of normalize and get a grasp on how
+we're gonna describe this but I just we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna describe this but I just we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna describe this but I just we
+just emphasize again in a given cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different elements may have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements may have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different elements may have different
+rest frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but let's suppose that you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's suppose that you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but let's suppose that you know I
+clap my erasers I make my little cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clap my erasers I make my little cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clap my erasers I make my little cloud
+and I go and I zoom in on one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go and I zoom in on one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I go and I zoom in on one particular
+nanometer by nano meter by nano meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer by nano meter by nano meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer by nano meter by nano meter
+chunk of that thing and I go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of that thing and I go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk of that thing and I go into the
+rest frame of that particular little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame of that particular little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest frame of that particular little bit
+of dust so how am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dust so how am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dust so how am I going to
+characterize that so presumably each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that so presumably each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize that so presumably each
+particle has its own mass associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has its own mass associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has its own mass associated
+with each little element each little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each little element each little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each little element each little bit
+of dust and that thing has its own mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dust and that thing has its own mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dust and that thing has its own mass
+we're gonna worry about how that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna worry about how that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna worry about how that comes
+into the picture a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the picture a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the picture a little bit later
+let's just begin by saying one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just begin by saying one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just begin by saying one of the
+things gonna be interested in knowing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things gonna be interested in knowing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things gonna be interested in knowing is
+how much dust is there in that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much dust is there in that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much dust is there in that little
+cubic nanometer of of dust is in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic nanometer of of dust is in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic nanometer of of dust is in front
+of me there so the first thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me there so the first thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of me there so the first thing we're
+going to focus on it's just counting how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on it's just counting how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to focus on it's just counting how
+many bits of dust are in this element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bits of dust are in this element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many bits of dust are in this element in
+particular I'm gonna want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'm gonna want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'm gonna want to know how
+many elements per unit volume in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements per unit volume in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many elements per unit volume in other
+words the number density so I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the number density so I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the number density so I claim
+that's a good thing for us to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing for us to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good thing for us to get
+started off and it looks like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off and it looks like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off and it looks like they
+haven't quite poison this board as badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't quite poison this board as badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't quite poison this board as badly
+good so let's call n sub zero the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so let's call n sub zero the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so let's call n sub zero the number
+density in the rest frame of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the rest frame of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the rest frame of that
+element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this will just be some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this will just be some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this will just be some number
+per unit volume okay so it's a quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume okay so it's a quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume okay so it's a quantity
+that has dimensions one over volume now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has dimensions one over volume now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has dimensions one over volume now
+in the rest frame you know like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest frame you know like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest frame you know like I said
+we're going to talk about how I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about how I like
+treat them the mass associate each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them the mass associate each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat them the mass associate each
+element and how much energy is in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and how much energy is in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element and how much energy is in that
+thing a little bit later it's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a little bit later it's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing a little bit later it's a few
+other tools I want to introduce first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tools I want to introduce first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other tools I want to introduce first
+before I get to there but in the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get to there but in the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I get to there but in the rest
+frame you know if I'm not worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you know if I'm not worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame you know if I'm not worrying about
+the mass the energy this is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass the energy this is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass the energy this is that this is
+really the only thing I can say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only thing I can say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the only thing I can say about
+this so why don't I do now is say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so why don't I do now is say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so why don't I do now is say okay
+well if I have a general cloud here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I have a general cloud here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I have a general cloud here you
+know as I described when we made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I described when we made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know as I described when we made this
+little turbulent cloud of dust in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little turbulent cloud of dust in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little turbulent cloud of dust in front
+of us it was all swirling around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us it was all swirling around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us it was all swirling around and
+doing its own thing you're generally not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing its own thing you're generally not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing its own thing you're generally not
+in the rest ring okay so you also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest ring okay so you also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the rest ring okay so you also want
+to know how to characterize the dust out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to characterize the dust out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know how to characterize the dust out
+of the restaurant so let's move out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the restaurant so let's move out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the restaurant so let's move out of
+the restaurant when I do this two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restaurant when I do this two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restaurant when I do this two things
+happen so first of all let's continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so first of all let's continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so first of all let's continue to
+focus on so we've got a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on so we've got a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on so we've got a particular
+nanometer cubed of dust that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer cubed of dust that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometer cubed of dust that we are
+looking at here so you know that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here so you know that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at here so you know that that
+we're very attached to that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very attached to that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very attached to that particular
+thing so I now boost into a frame where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I now boost into a frame where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I now boost into a frame where
+I'm going three-quarters of speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going three-quarters of speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going three-quarters of speed of
+light or something like that but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or something like that but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or something like that but I'm
+gonna pay attention to that I'm very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay attention to that I'm very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay attention to that I'm very
+attached to the dust in that little cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the dust in that little cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the dust in that little cube
+so I'm gonna keep myself focused on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna keep myself focused on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna keep myself focused on that
+boosting into frame can't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting into frame can't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosting into frame can't change the
+total number so the amount of dusts has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number so the amount of dusts has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number so the amount of dusts has
+to be the same but of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same but of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the same but of course there's
+gonna be a little wrench contraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a little wrench contraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a little wrench contraction and
+so the volume will get smaller so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the volume will get smaller so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the volume will get smaller so the
+number in a particular volume stays the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in a particular volume stays the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in a particular volume stays the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+while the volume Lorentz contraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the volume Lorentz contraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the volume Lorentz contraction and
+so let's call n the number density in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call n the number density in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's call n the number density in
+this new frame this is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new frame this is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new frame this is just going to be
+the Lorentz gamma times n zero okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorentz gamma times n zero okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lorentz gamma times n zero okay so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again I'm assuming you're all perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm assuming you're all perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'm assuming you're all perfectly
+perfectly fluently special relativity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fluently special relativity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly fluently special relativity so
+all I did there was say it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did there was say it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did there was say it's gonna
+contract along that direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract along that direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract along that direction the
+lengths are smaller by a factor of gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are smaller by a factor of gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths are smaller by a factor of gamma
+therefore the volume is larger by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the volume is larger by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the volume is larger by a
+factor of gamma but there's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of gamma but there's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of gamma but there's a second
+thing that happens as well when I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens as well when I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that happens as well when I'm in
+this new frame there is now a flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new frame there is now a flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new frame there is now a flow
+associate with the dust so this will now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the dust so this will now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the dust so this will now
+be flowing through space particular what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flowing through space particular what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flowing through space particular what
+you can do is define a flux about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is define a flux about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is define a flux about that
+describes the number of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the number of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the number of particles
+crossing unit area in unit time so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing unit area in unit time so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing unit area in unit time so let's
+define n 3 vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see this and use a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this and use a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this and use a little bit of
+intuition and just think about them flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and just think about them flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and just think about them flow
+of these particles as they kind of go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles as they kind of go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these particles as they kind of go
+translating past you this can only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating past you this can only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating past you this can only be
+the number density that you measure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number density that you measure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number density that you measure in
+that frame times the three velocity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame times the three velocity okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that frame times the three velocity okay
+think about that a little bit it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that a little bit it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that a little bit it's very
+much like when you learn about current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like when you learn about current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like when you learn about current
+density and basic enm notice it's N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and basic enm notice it's N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and basic enm notice it's N and
+not n0 here so you know you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not n0 here so you know you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not n0 here so you know you look at
+these two things for a moment or two let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things for a moment or two let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things for a moment or two let
+me just write down one more step I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write down one more step I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just write down one more step I can
+write this as gamma and zero thing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as gamma and zero thing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as gamma and zero thing these
+are screaming to be put together to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are screaming to be put together to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are screaming to be put together to make
+a four-vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four-vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know this bits kind of like I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this bits kind of like I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this bits kind of like I'm a
+timelike piece of a four vector spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timelike piece of a four vector spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timelike piece of a four vector spatial
+piece I love you let's get together I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I love you let's get together I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece I love you let's get together I
+mean they clearly are just screaming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they clearly are just screaming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they clearly are just screaming to
+go together and when you do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together and when you do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go together and when you do that you
+sort of say hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say hmm
+let's see what happens here two great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens here two great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what happens here two great
+tastes that taste great together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's nice let's take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's nice let's take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's nice let's take advantage of
+the fact that both of these have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that both of these have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that both of these have a
+really simple form in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple form in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really simple form in terms of the
+density in the dusts own rest frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the dusts own rest frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in the dusts own rest frame and
+you look at this and go holy moly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this and go holy moly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this and go holy moly that
+is nothing more than the number density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than the number density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nothing more than the number density
+times a floor velocity okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a floor velocity okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a floor velocity okay so that's
+pretty cool okay if I have this stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool okay if I have this stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool okay if I have this stuff in
+front of me you know again this time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me you know again this time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me you know again this time I'm
+gonna actually do my clap again so I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually do my clap again so I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna actually do my clap again so I do
+this every little element I can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every little element I can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this every little element I can think of
+it as having some trajectory through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as having some trajectory through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as having some trajectory through
+space-time I can attach a four velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time I can attach a four velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time I can attach a four velocity
+to that and if I know what the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and if I know what the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and if I know what the the the
+density of dust is in that restaurant I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of dust is in that restaurant I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of dust is in that restaurant I
+play it together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it together
+now I've got a geometric objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got a geometric objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I've got a geometric objects that
+describes this thing and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this thing and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes this thing and one of the
+reasons why this is powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why this is powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why this is powerful
+is geometric objects as I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is geometric objects as I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is geometric objects as I have
+emphasized repeatedly have kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized repeatedly have kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasized repeatedly have kind of a
+geometric meaning that transcends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric meaning that transcends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric meaning that transcends a
+particular coordinate representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coordinate representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular coordinate representation
+another way to think about this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about this is that
+all observers I don't care whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observers I don't care whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all observers I don't care whether
+you're sort of that rest in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of that rest in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of that rest in this
+classroom or you've had too much coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or you've had too much coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom or you've had too much coffee
+and you're dashing through at 3/4 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're dashing through at 3/4 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're dashing through at 3/4 of
+speed of light we all agree on n capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light we all agree on n capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light we all agree on n capital
+n vector okay but we choose different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vector okay but we choose different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n vector okay but we choose different
+ways of splitting space-time into space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of splitting space-time into space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of splitting space-time into space
+and time and so I will have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and so I will have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and time and so I will have a different
+end from you I will have a different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end from you I will have a different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end from you I will have a different and
+V from you we all have different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V from you we all have different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V from you we all have different ways of
+splitting this space-time into space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting this space-time into space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting this space-time into space and
+time and so we have different ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so we have different ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and so we have different ways of
+splitting these two things up but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting these two things up but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting these two things up but this
+is a geometric object we all agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a geometric object we all agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a geometric object we all agree on
+it's something that we can hang a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that we can hang a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something that we can hang a lot of
+our physics on and build frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics on and build frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our physics on and build frame
+independent powerful geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent powerful geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent powerful geometric
+representations so before going on to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so before going on to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations so before going on to do
+a few things with this let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things with this let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few things with this let's just
+explore a couple the properties of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so whenever you've got a four-vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you've got a four-vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whenever you've got a four-vector
+know it's a certain point you just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a certain point you just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a certain point you just sort
+of say to yourself oh I've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say to yourself oh I've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say to yourself oh I've got this
+thing let's take the dot product with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's take the dot product with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing let's take the dot product with
+itself why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case n dot N equals minus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case n dot N equals minus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case n dot N equals minus and
+zero squared or turning this around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero squared or turning this around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero squared or turning this around this
+tells you that if you know someone comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that if you know someone comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that if you know someone comes
+by and goes here's a number four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and goes here's a number four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by and goes here's a number four vector
+you can figure out density in the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out density in the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out density in the rest
+frame associated with each element by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following operation so that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following operation so that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following operation so that's nice
+okay in other words the the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words the the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in other words the the number
+density in a sense tells you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in a sense tells you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density in a sense tells you what the
+normalization of this vector s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a few moments ago I sort of defined n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments ago I sort of defined n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few moments ago I sort of defined n as
+being kind of a flux of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kind of a flux of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being kind of a flux of these things
+okay it's a flux in the it's a flux in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a flux in the it's a flux in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a flux in the it's a flux in
+the spatial directions we want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial directions we want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spatial directions we want to think
+about flux in a more general kind of way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flux in a more general kind of way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about flux in a more general kind of way
+and so another thing which we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so another thing which we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so another thing which we're going
+to do and this is where one forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and this is where one forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and this is where one forms are
+going to play an important role for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a nice systematic way to pick out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice systematic way to pick out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a nice systematic way to pick out a
+flux across a surface so here's the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux across a surface so here's the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux across a surface so here's the bit
+where when I was talking about it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when I was talking about it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where when I was talking about it in
+Tuesday's lecture I was kind of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday's lecture I was kind of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday's lecture I was kind of getting
+the blank stares and sorry I'm coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blank stares and sorry I'm coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blank stares and sorry I'm coming
+right back to this again so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to this again so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back to this again so we're gonna
+sort of harp on this concept a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of harp on this concept a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of harp on this concept a little
+bit more so recall we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more so recall we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more so recall we talked about the
+fact that if I have a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if I have a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that if I have a particular
+coordinate system okay I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system okay I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system okay I have a
+particular set of coordinates X alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of coordinates X alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular set of coordinates X alpha
+that I use to represent space-time if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I use to represent space-time if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I use to represent space-time if I
+make one forms that are the gradients of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one forms that are the gradients of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one forms that are the gradients of
+those coordinates i I can represent them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as essentially level surfaces at unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as essentially level surfaces at unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as essentially level surfaces at unit
+tick's of the coordinate X alpha okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick's of the coordinate X alpha okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick's of the coordinate X alpha okay
+basically the way the thing that I kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way the thing that I kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the way the thing that I kept
+emphasizing that these one forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that these one forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing that these one forms are
+sort of dual the basis one forms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dual the basis one forms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dual the basis one forms are
+dual two basis vectors and if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual two basis vectors and if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual two basis vectors and if you have
+this intuition that your basis vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition that your basis vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intuition that your basis vector is
+a little arrow pointing like so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little arrow pointing like so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little arrow pointing like so then the
+thing that is dual to it is a surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is dual to it is a surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is dual to it is a surface
+that is everywhere but pointing along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is everywhere but pointing along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is everywhere but pointing along
+like so okay that's kind of the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so okay that's kind of the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so okay that's kind of the way I
+want you to think about it and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about it and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to think about it and there's
+graphics that are sort of scans from MTW
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics that are sort of scans from MTW
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics that are sort of scans from MTW
+I put on the web give better pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put on the web give better pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put on the web give better pictures of
+that than I'm able to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so putting these concepts together it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting these concepts together it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting these concepts together it
+basically tells me that I can use these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells me that I can use these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tells me that I can use these
+basis 1 forms as a way of defining um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis 1 forms as a way of defining um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis 1 forms as a way of defining um
+sort of in an abstract form so if I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in an abstract form so if I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in an abstract form so if I take
+if I want to know the flux of n in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to know the flux of n in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to know the flux of n in this
+way in the X alpha direction so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the X alpha direction so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in the X alpha direction so remember
+the basis 1 forms okay that is the Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis 1 forms okay that is the Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis 1 forms okay that is the Alpha
+in that case is not like a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case is not like a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case is not like a coordinate
+index its labeling a particular member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index its labeling a particular member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index its labeling a particular member
+of a set and so what you would do is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set and so what you would do is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a set and so what you would do is you
+would construct this by saying ok let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would construct this by saying ok let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would construct this by saying ok let's
+take the beta component of basis 1 form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the beta component of basis 1 form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the beta component of basis 1 form
+alpha contract it like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that tells me about the flux how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells me about the flux how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells me about the flux how
+much of this stuff is flowing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this stuff is flowing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this stuff is flowing in the
+direction associated with alpha so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction associated with alpha so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction associated with alpha so this
+is a tool that we're gonna use from time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tool that we're gonna use from time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a tool that we're gonna use from time
+to time one little thing which I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time one little thing which I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time one little thing which I want to
+emphasize two things one emphasize so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize two things one emphasize so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize two things one emphasize so if
+I'm working in an intelligent coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working in an intelligent coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm working in an intelligent coordinate
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+remember this is basically just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is basically just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is basically just the
+identity matrix right and so this ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix right and so this ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix right and so this ends
+up being a very simple thing to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being a very simple thing to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being a very simple thing to actually
+work out and it sort of says if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and it sort of says if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out and it sort of says if I want
+to know the time light component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the time light component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the time light component and
+this has this is one the time light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this is one the time light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this is one the time light
+Direction zero everywhere else and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction zero everywhere else and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction zero everywhere else and I
+just pick out n sub T okay in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick out n sub T okay in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pick out n sub T okay in other
+words the density itself in that frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the density itself in that frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the density itself in that frame
+that is the other thing which I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the other thing which I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the other thing which I want to
+emphasize so when you do this if I pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize so when you do this if I pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize so when you do this if I pick
+out the time light piece of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the time light piece of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the time light piece of this this
+just gives me the zero component this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives me the zero component this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gives me the zero component this
+thing which is the density that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the density that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is the density that I
+measure in this frame okay this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in this frame okay this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure in this frame okay this is very
+very simple in terms of calculation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple in terms of calculation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple in terms of calculation but
+I want you to sort of stop and think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to sort of stop and think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to sort of stop and think
+about what it means physically so flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means physically so flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it means physically so flux
+in the time like direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time like direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time like direction
+what does it mean for a flux be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for a flux be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean for a flux be in the
+time light direction right if I take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time light direction right if I take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time light direction right if I take you
+know my water and thirsty so I went a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my water and thirsty so I went a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my water and thirsty so I went a
+little bit of flux of water going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of flux of water going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of flux of water going down
+my throat you have an intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my throat you have an intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my throat you have an intuition about
+what that means okay the water is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means okay the water is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means okay the water is
+actually flowing in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flowing in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually flowing in a particular
+direction if it's flowing through time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that basically means it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that basically means it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that basically means it's just
+sitting there it's not doing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there it's not doing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there it's not doing anything
+but just sort of moving in time as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just sort of moving in time as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just sort of moving in time as we
+all are doing one time member my wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are doing one time member my wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all are doing one time member my wife
+saying about our daughter she's like ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about our daughter she's like ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about our daughter she's like ah
+she's growing up so fast and that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's growing up so fast and that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's growing up so fast and that's just
+the way things go it's just sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things go it's just sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way things go it's just sitting
+there and it's living its life that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's living its life that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's living its life that one
+second per second as we all do that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per second as we all do that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second per second as we all do that is
+density okay so we described the flux of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density okay so we described the flux of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density okay so we described the flux of
+a thing in time as just being its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing in time as just being its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thing in time as just being its
+density that's another way when we do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that's another way when we do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density that's another way when we do a
+lot of our calculations and we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our calculations and we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of our calculations and we talk
+about sort of the flow of things in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the flow of things in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the flow of things in a
+time light direction that tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time light direction that tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time light direction that tends to be
+just the simple density associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the simple density associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the simple density associated with
+stuff and then if I did this if I pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then if I did this if I pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and then if I did this if I pulled
+out the X direction of this thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the X direction of this thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the X direction of this thing I
+would pull out the X component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pull out the X component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pull out the X component of
+velocity times that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity times that and that's
+the flux of something in the x-direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of something in the x-direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux of something in the x-direction
+like you are probably used to from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you are probably used to from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you are probably used to from from
+other classes now a place where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes now a place where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes now a place where this
+turns out so doing it when I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so doing it when I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so doing it when I'm just
+using the base that's one forms it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the base that's one forms it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the base that's one forms it's
+kind of trivial more generally what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trivial more generally what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of trivial more generally what you
+can do is define a surface as being you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is define a surface as being you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is define a surface as being you
+know the solution of some scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the solution of some scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the solution of some scalar
+function in space-time so let's say I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in space-time so let's say I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function in space-time so let's say I do
+something like sine of T X y equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sine of T X y equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sine of T X y equals a
+constant okay this is very abstract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay this is very abstract so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay this is very abstract so
+let me just make it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just make it a little bit more
+concrete suppose my function Sai were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete suppose my function Sai were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete suppose my function Sai were
+square root of x squared plus y squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x squared plus y squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of x squared plus y squared
+plus Z squared and my constant was 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z squared and my constant was 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Z squared and my constant was 5
+okay well then why scalar field will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then why scalar field will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well then why scalar field will be
+picking out a sphere of radius 5 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out a sphere of radius 5 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out a sphere of radius 5 okay
+you can make it a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it a little bit more
+complicated than that and people often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that and people often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than that and people often
+do you can define the unit 1 form that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can define the unit 1 form that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you can define the unit 1 form that
+is associated with the normal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with the normal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is associated with the normal to this
+thing or rather it's the one form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or rather it's the one form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing or rather it's the one form
+associated with the surface if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the surface if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the surface if you
+translate this to a vector okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this to a vector okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate this to a vector okay you
+raise the next thing as a vector it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the next thing as a vector it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise the next thing as a vector it
+would be the vector normal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the vector normal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the vector normal to the
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might need to normalize it let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to normalize it let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might need to normalize it let's
+imagine that we normalized this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we normalized this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that we normalized this thing
+and then we would just need to contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would just need to contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would just need to contract
+it along this and that tells me about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along this and that tells me about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it along this and that tells me about
+the flux through this particular surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux through this particular surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux through this particular surface
+okay this is one of the things that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is one of the things that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is one of the things that this
+sort of idea of one force being level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea of one force being level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of idea of one force being level
+surfaces it tends to be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces it tends to be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces it tends to be useful for
+things like that we're going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that we're going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that we're going to come
+back to this a similar sort of picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this a similar sort of picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this a similar sort of picture
+in just a moment so we have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment so we have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just a moment so we have to start
+talking about integration okay in prep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about integration okay in prep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about integration okay in prep
+for that discussion so now that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that discussion so now that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that discussion so now that I'm
+talking about things a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about things a little bit more
+complicated than just the kinematics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just the kinematics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than just the kinematics of
+simple particles we're gonna want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple particles we're gonna want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple particles we're gonna want to
+have some laws we're gonna have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some laws we're gonna have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some laws we're gonna have what
+I'll have geometric ways of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have geometric ways of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have geometric ways of describing
+those laws that essentially act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those laws that essentially act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those laws that essentially act as
+constraints on what those particles can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on what those particles can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on what those particles can
+do okay so the form in which we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so the form in which we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay so the form in which we're going
+to express them are going to tend to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express them are going to tend to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to express them are going to tend to put
+things into the form of conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the form of conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things into the form of conservation
+laws so suppose here's my little element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's got dust in it and it's embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got dust in it and it's embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got dust in it and it's embedded in
+an environment with a bunch of dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an environment with a bunch of dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an environment with a bunch of dust
+around it and over some time interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and over some time interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and over some time interval
+some dust flows in some dust flows out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dust flows in some dust flows out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some dust flows in some dust flows out
+the density can go up the density can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density can go up the density can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density can go up the density can go
+down the total number you know it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the total number you know it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the total number you know it may
+vary depending on how things are flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the spatial flux out of the sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+must come and I'm gonna say is the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must come and I'm gonna say is the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must come and I'm gonna say is the flux
+out so let's say that that comes at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let's say that that comes at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so let's say that that comes at the
+expense of the density of dust already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of the density of dust already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense of the density of dust already
+there okay and so if you were to just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and so if you were to just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay and so if you were to just to
+intuitively write down what kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively write down what kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively write down what kind of a
+conservation law you would expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law you would expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law you would expect to see
+you would write it as something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would write it as something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would write it as something like
+this based on simple euclidean intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this based on simple euclidean intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this based on simple euclidean intuition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what's kind of nice you look at that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of nice you look at that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's kind of nice you look at that for
+a second you go ooh if I think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second you go ooh if I think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second you go ooh if I think about you
+know this is being the time component my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is being the time component my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is being the time component my
+for vector this is the space component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vector this is the space component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for vector this is the space component
+of my for vector this has a very obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my for vector this has a very obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my for vector this has a very obvious
+form when I write it into a sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when I write it into a sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form when I write it into a sort of a
+geometric framework this whole thing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric framework this whole thing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric framework this whole thing can
+be written as conservation a law that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as conservation a law that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be written as conservation a law that
+looks like this okay so I'll remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay so I'll remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this okay so I'll remind you
+d sub alpha equals D by DX alpha I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d sub alpha equals D by DX alpha I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d sub alpha equals D by DX alpha I'm
+gonna talk a little bit about some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk a little bit about some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk a little bit about some of
+the derivatives a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives a little bit later
+because there are a few subtle points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a few subtle points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a few subtle points
+that can get introduced but for now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can get introduced but for now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can get introduced but for now you
+know you just know that D downstairs T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just know that D downstairs T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you just know that D downstairs T
+is d by DT D downstairs X is d by DX D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d by DT D downstairs X is d by DX D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is d by DT D downstairs X is d by DX D
+by dy etc okay so this is really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dy etc okay so this is really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dy etc okay so this is really nice
+one thing which I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing which I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing which I want to emphasize
+again coming back to what I said over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again coming back to what I said over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again coming back to what I said over
+there just sort of just a moment ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just sort of just a moment ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just sort of just a moment ago
+when I write down this conservation law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write down this conservation law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I write down this conservation law
+I'm assuming that someone has defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that someone has defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming that someone has defined
+what time means and someone has defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time means and someone has defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what time means and someone has defined
+what space means this is the form that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what space means this is the form that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what space means this is the form that's
+covariant right we can all observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant right we can all observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariant right we can all observers
+agree that this is this sort of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that this is this sort of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree that this is this sort of goes
+together when they actually make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when they actually make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when they actually make their
+own coordinate systems they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own coordinate systems they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own coordinate systems they're going to
+have their own time court and their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own time court and their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their own time court and their own
+x-coordinate but they're all gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate but they're all gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-coordinate but they're all gonna be
+sort of different flavors just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different flavors just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different flavors just you know
+different ways of instantiating what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of instantiating what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of instantiating what
+this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pardon me for just one moment um we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me for just one moment um we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me for just one moment um we are
+at a depending on way the way the pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a depending on way the way the pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a depending on way the way the pace
+of the course we're about to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we're about to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the course we're about to sort of
+switch over to a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over to a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch over to a different set of
+lecture notes I just want to make sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes I just want to make sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes I just want to make sure I
+smoothly go from one to the other okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly go from one to the other okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly go from one to the other okay
+so in many of your physics classes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in many of your physics classes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in many of your physics classes you
+have learned when you get a conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned when you get a conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned when you get a conservation
+law both a differential form like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law both a differential form like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law both a differential form like this
+you know the rate of change of n in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the rate of change of n in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the rate of change of n in a
+box is related to the amount of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is related to the amount of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box is related to the amount of N
+flowing out of that box its sides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing out of that box its sides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing out of that box its sides and
+you also learn an integral form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also learn an integral form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also learn an integral form of the
+conservation law so without proof let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law so without proof let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law so without proof let me
+just say that it should be intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that it should be intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say that it should be intuitively
+clear that what I've written down over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that what I've written down over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that what I've written down over
+here is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so looks like this okay a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so looks like this okay a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so looks like this okay a few
+symbols that I've introduced here so v3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that I've introduced here so v3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols that I've introduced here so v3
+is some volume in three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some volume in three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some volume in three-dimensional
+space and DV like this this is a symbol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and DV like this this is a symbol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and DV like this this is a symbol
+that means the boundary of that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the boundary of that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the boundary of that three
+volume okay that's basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay that's basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume okay that's basically you know
+it's a form of Gauss's law to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a form of Gauss's law to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a form of Gauss's law to let
+everything down there okay you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down there okay you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything down there okay you've all
+seen things like that again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen things like that again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen things like that again let me
+emphasize that when I write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that when I write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that when I write down a
+formula like that I can only do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like that I can only do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula like that I can only do that
+having assumed a particular Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having assumed a particular Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having assumed a particular Lorentz
+frame okay that T is the T of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame okay that T is the T of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame okay that T is the T of some
+observer that volume is the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer that volume is the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer that volume is the volume of
+that particular observer who is using T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular observer who is using T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular observer who is using T
+okay you jump into a different Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you jump into a different Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you jump into a different Lorentz
+frame their volumes will not be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame their volumes will not be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame their volumes will not be the same
+their x will not be the same I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their x will not be the same I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their x will not be the same I'm gonna
+mix them coordinates up so in integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them coordinates up so in integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix them coordinates up so in integral
+form like this as I've written it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like this as I've written it there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form like this as I've written it there
+only works in in one given Lorentz frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works in in one given Lorentz frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works in in one given Lorentz frame
+nonetheless we are going to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless we are going to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless we are going to find it
+useful even though in some sense when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful even though in some sense when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful even though in some sense when
+you do it in integral form like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in integral form like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it in integral form like this
+you're picking out you're saying things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking out you're saying things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're picking out you're saying things
+sort of in the framework of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the framework of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in the framework of some
+particular observer sometimes you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observer sometimes you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observer sometimes you want
+to know in the framework of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in the framework of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know in the framework of some
+particular observer could be you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observer could be you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular observer could be you write
+when you might care about these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you might care about these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you might care about these sorts of
+things that's good but the way I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's good but the way I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's good but the way I've
+written it here I first of all it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it here I first of all it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it here I first of all it's kind
+of in language that it's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in language that it's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of in language that it's in a
+mathematical formulation that's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation that's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation that's not easy
+to generalize they take things up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize they take things up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generalize they take things up to
+higher dimensions okay and so what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensions okay and so what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensions okay and so what I
+would like to do is think about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do is think about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to do is think about how to
+step up a formulation like this in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up a formulation like this in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step up a formulation like this in such
+a way that things are put into AZ frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that things are put into AZ frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that things are put into AZ frame
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent
+language as it's possible and that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as it's possible and that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as it's possible and that you
+know will generalize forward when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will generalize forward when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know will generalize forward when we
+start looking at more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at more complicated
+geometries in this geometry of special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries in this geometry of special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometries in this geometry of special
+relativity so I want to spend the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so I want to spend the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity so I want to spend the next
+roughly 10 or 15 minutes talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 or 15 minutes talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly 10 or 15 minutes talking about
+volumes and volume integrals and my goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and volume integrals and my goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes and volume integrals and my goal
+here is to try to start by just doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to try to start by just doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to try to start by just doing
+stuff that you know comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you know comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you know comes from the
+Journal of Dutch stuff you have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal of Dutch stuff you have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal of Dutch stuff you have seen
+over and over and over again but I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again but I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over and over again but I want
+to reexpress it using mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reexpress it using mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reexpress it using mathematical
+mathematical formulations that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulations that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulations that maybe
+you'll have seen all the symbols but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have seen all the symbols but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have seen all the symbols but
+perhaps not used in quite this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not used in quite this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps not used in quite this way and
+then it'll carry forward in a frame rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll carry forward in a frame rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll carry forward in a frame rate
+that generalizes in a very useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generalizes in a very useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that generalizes in a very useful way
+for us so let's begin with just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us so let's begin with just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us so let's begin with just simple
+3d space so I'm gonna begin in 3d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d space so I'm gonna begin in 3d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d space so I'm gonna begin in 3d and
+I'm going to consider a parallelepiped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right whose sides are a set of vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are three vectors a B and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are three vectors a B and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are three vectors a B and C
+okay so so here is vector a this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here is vector a this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here is vector a this one
+going into the board is vector B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the board is vector B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the board is vector B and
+this one going up here is vector C okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one going up here is vector C okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one going up here is vector C okay
+so those are my three vectors and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my three vectors and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are my three vectors and if I
+sort of go draw the ghost legs so eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go draw the ghost legs so eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go draw the ghost legs so eight
+these things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things okay
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so this these three vectors define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these three vectors define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this these three vectors define a
+particular volume and you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular volume and you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular volume and you guys have
+probably all seen you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all seen you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably all seen you know you have
+three vectors you can find a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors you can find a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vectors you can find a volume
+associated with this a really easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this a really easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this a really easy way
+to get that volume given those three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that volume given those three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get that volume given those three
+vectors is to take a and dot it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is to take a and dot it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors is to take a and dot it into the
+cross product of B and C this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product of B and C this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross product of B and C this is a
+quantity which is cyclic so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is cyclic so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity which is cyclic so if you
+prefer you can write it as B dot it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer you can write it as B dot it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer you can write it as B dot it into
+C cross a or C dot it into a cross B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that can be expressed as a determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be expressed as a determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be expressed as a determinant
+or look at my notes to seem to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or look at my notes to seem to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or look at my notes to seem to determine
+written out if you like but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out if you like but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written out if you like but it's not
+that interesting cuz I'm not gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting cuz I'm not gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting cuz I'm not gonna use
+it very much an equivalent way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very much an equivalent way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it very much an equivalent way of
+writing all that is to use the levy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing all that is to use the levy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing all that is to use the levy
+chivito symbol so that's three volume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chivito symbol so that's three volume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chivito symbol so that's three volume is
+given by epsilon ijk AI BJ CK where I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by epsilon ijk AI BJ CK where I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by epsilon ijk AI BJ CK where I'll
+remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon ijk equals plus 1 if I equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon ijk equals plus 1 if I equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon ijk equals plus 1 if I equals 1
+J equals to K equals 3 and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals to K equals 3 and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J equals to K equals 3 and even
+permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even permutations means I swapped two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even permutations means I swapped two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even permutations means I swapped two
+pairs of indices so 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of indices so 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of indices so 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
+those all give me plus 1 it gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all give me plus 1 it gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those all give me plus 1 it gives me
+minus 1 for any odd permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 for any odd permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 for any odd permutations of
+those so 1 3 2 2 1 3 etc those will all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so 1 3 2 2 1 3 etc those will all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those so 1 3 2 2 1 3 etc those will all
+give me minus 1 and it's zero if any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me minus 1 and it's zero if any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me minus 1 and it's zero if any
+index is repeated so you probably have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is repeated so you probably have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index is repeated so you probably have
+all seen things like this before this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen things like this before this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all seen things like this before this is
+fairly basic vector geometry we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly basic vector geometry we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly basic vector geometry we are
+going to regard the levy chivitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to regard the levy chivitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to regard the levy chivitz
+assemble as the components of a 0 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble as the components of a 0 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble as the components of a 0 3
+tensor ok bear in mind for just a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor ok bear in mind for just a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor ok bear in mind for just a moment
+here I'm working only in sorry just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm working only in sorry just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm working only in sorry just
+really not good shock I'm only working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not good shock I'm only working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not good shock I'm only working
+in 3 space so my tensor definition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3 space so my tensor definition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3 space so my tensor definition is
+slightly different okay it's not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different okay it's not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different okay it's not gonna
+be a set of things that maps to Lorentz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set of things that maps to Lorentz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a set of things that maps to Lorentz
+invariant but it's going to be invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but it's going to be invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant but it's going to be invariant
+with respect to things like rotations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to things like rotations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to things like rotations
+and translations in three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translations in three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and translations in three-dimensional
+space so I'm gonna regard as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm gonna regard as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so I'm gonna regard as the
+components 0 3 tensor that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components 0 3 tensor that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components 0 3 tensor that basically
+takes in vectors and spits out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in vectors and spits out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in vectors and spits out the
+volume associated with the element whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume associated with the element whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume associated with the element whose
+sides are whose edges rather are bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are whose edges rather are bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides are whose edges rather are bounded
+by those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I could sort of say in this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could sort of say in this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I could sort of say in this sort
+of abstract form I wrote and earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstract form I wrote and earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstract form I wrote and earlier
+imagine a boldface epsilon which is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a boldface epsilon which is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine a boldface epsilon which is my
+volume tensor I put these slots into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume tensor I put these slots into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume tensor I put these slots into it
+and voila I get the volume out of it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila I get the volume out of it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and voila I get the volume out of it now
+with that in mind remember some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in mind remember some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that in mind remember some of the
+games that we played with tensors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that we played with tensors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games that we played with tensors in the
+previous lecture so if I you know we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture so if I you know we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture so if I you know we're
+not talking about space-time tensors if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about space-time tensors if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about space-time tensors if
+I filled up all of their all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I filled up all of their all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I filled up all of their all of their
+slots I got out of Lorentz invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots I got out of Lorentz invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots I got out of Lorentz invariant
+number in this case I'm in three space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in this case I'm in three space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in this case I'm in three space
+so I fill up all its slots I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I fill up all its slots I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I fill up all its slots I get a
+invariant number in this three space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant number in this three space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant number in this three space
+suppose I only put in two vectors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I only put in two vectors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I only put in two vectors so
+suppose I do something like I plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I do something like I plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I do something like I plug in
+let's leave the first slot blank I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave the first slot blank I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave the first slot blank I put
+in vectors B and C okay well writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vectors B and C okay well writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vectors B and C okay well writing
+this out in component form I know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out in component form I know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out in component form I know this
+is epsilon ijk EJ CK that's just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is epsilon ijk EJ CK that's just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is epsilon ijk EJ CK that's just be
+cross see right which has that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross see right which has that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross see right which has that's the
+area spanned by the side who is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area spanned by the side who is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area spanned by the side who is that
+it's B cross C and you guys have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's B cross C and you guys have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's B cross C and you guys have learned
+in other classes that you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other classes that you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other classes that you know you have
+an extra index left over so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra index left over so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra index left over so it's a
+vector that has a direction associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has a direction associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that has a direction associated
+with so it's sort of an oriented surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so it's sort of an oriented surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so it's sort of an oriented surface
+we put the index in the downstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the index in the downstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put the index in the downstairs
+position so we're actually gonna think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so we're actually gonna think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so we're actually gonna think
+about this as a one form corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a one form corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as a one form corresponding
+to the side whose edges are be insane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's call this side one form Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a one form whose magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the area of the side spanned by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the side spanned by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of the side spanned by the
+vectors be insane and although it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors be insane and although it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors be insane and although it's I
+can kind of still tell it hasn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of still tell it hasn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of still tell it hasn't quite
+gelled yet it's useful to think of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelled yet it's useful to think of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gelled yet it's useful to think of one
+forms as being associated with surfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms as being associated with surfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms as being associated with surfaces
+oh guess what this is the side of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh guess what this is the side of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh guess what this is the side of a
+parallelepiped that's a surface okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelepiped that's a surface okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelepiped that's a surface okay so
+it's actually kind of holds together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so using all of this if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so using all of this if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so using all of this if I wanted
+to write down how to do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gauss's theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this kind of geometric language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of geometric language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this kind of geometric language and
+again we emphasize this is you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we emphasize this is you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we emphasize this is you know very
+much in the spirit right now of mosquito
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the spirit right now of mosquito
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much in the spirit right now of mosquito
+with a sledgehammer okay we don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sledgehammer okay we don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a sledgehammer okay we don't need
+all the three of stuff but we're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three of stuff but we're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the three of stuff but we're about
+to step up to something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step up to something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to step up to something a little bit
+more complicated so you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated so you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated so you know what you
+would do is say okay well I know Gauss's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is say okay well I know Gauss's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is say okay well I know Gauss's
+theorem I pick a particular three volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I pick a particular three volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem I pick a particular three volume
+I say the divergence of some vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the divergence of some vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say the divergence of some vector
+field integrated over that volume given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field integrated over that volume given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field integrated over that volume given
+by integrating the flux of that vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating the flux of that vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by integrating the flux of that vector
+over the surface of this thing so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the surface of this thing so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the surface of this thing so what
+you might want to do then at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do then at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do then at this point
+is say oh okay well what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say oh okay well what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is say oh okay well what I'm going to do
+then is say that my volume whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is say that my volume whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is say that my volume whoops
+pardon me a second first thing I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me a second first thing I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon me a second first thing I'll do
+is define a differential triple I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is define a differential triple I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is define a differential triple I'll
+define some x one that points along one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some x one that points along one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define some x one that points along one
+direction I care about and X 2 and an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I care about and X 2 and an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I care about and X 2 and an X
+3 and then I will say DV equals epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then I will say DV equals epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 and then I will say DV equals epsilon
+ijk DX 1 I DX 2 J DX 3 K I can likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ijk DX 1 I DX 2 J DX 3 K I can likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ijk DX 1 I DX 2 J DX 3 K I can likewise
+define a one form associate with my area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a one form associate with my area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a one form associate with my area
+element as I have done over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm not gonna actually write this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna actually write this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna actually write this out
+the key thing which I want to say is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing which I want to say is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing which I want to say is you
+have all the pieces you put all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the pieces you put all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the pieces you put all these
+things together and you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and you can sort of
+define this thing it's now very easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this thing it's now very easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this thing it's now very easy for
+you to prove Gauss's there I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to prove Gauss's there I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to prove Gauss's there I'm using
+these these kind of ingredients what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these kind of ingredients what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these kind of ingredients what I
+want to move on to them running so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move on to them running so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move on to them running so
+there's a few more details in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few more details in my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a few more details in my notes
+it's not super difficult or interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not super difficult or interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not super difficult or interesting
+to go through this what I want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this what I want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through this what I want to now
+start doing is generalize all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing is generalize all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start doing is generalize all these
+ideas to the way we're going to approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to the way we're going to approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas to the way we're going to approach
+them in space-time basically we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in space-time basically we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in space-time basically we're going
+to do exactly the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do exactly the same kind of
+operations that I just did in space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that I just did in space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that I just did in space
+three-dimensional space but I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space but I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space but I'm gonna
+put an extra index on things and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an extra index on things and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an extra index on things and I'm
+gonna do all of my quantities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do all of my quantities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do all of my quantities in
+space-time okay so imagine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parallelepiped with sides a b c and d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four dimensions so it's gonna point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensions so it's gonna point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensions so it's gonna point
+along four different you know these can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along four different you know these can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along four different you know these can
+be mutually orthogonal i'm gonna define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mutually orthogonal i'm gonna define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mutually orthogonal i'm gonna define
+the invariant for volume associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invariant for volume associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invariant for volume associated
+these things like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things like so
+we're now my 4 index levy chavita is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now my 4 index levy chavita is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now my 4 index levy chavita is
+defined such that epsilon 0 1 2 3 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined such that epsilon 0 1 2 3 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined such that epsilon 0 1 2 3 equals
+plus 1 if I do an odd permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 if I do an odd permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 if I do an odd permutation of
+those I exchanged one pair of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I exchanged one pair of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those I exchanged one pair of them
+epsilon 1 0 2 3 this equals minus 1 if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 0 2 3 this equals minus 1 if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 1 0 2 3 this equals minus 1 if I
+repeat any index I get 0 ok and likewise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any index I get 0 ok and likewise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any index I get 0 ok and likewise
+all even permutations of this give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all even permutations of this give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all even permutations of this give me
+plus 1 all permeated all odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 all permeated all odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 all permeated all odd
+permutations this give me minus 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations this give me minus 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations this give me minus 1 or
+likewise just do even permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise just do even permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise just do even permutations of
+this one um so that is how I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um so that is how I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one um so that is how I'm going to
+generalize my levee chavita symbol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize my levee chavita symbol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize my levee chavita symbol so
+perfectly as they say on The Simpsons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly as they say on The Simpsons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly as they say on The Simpsons
+it's a perfectly craw mule n't object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to need to talk about the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need to talk about the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to need to talk about the area
+associated with the faces of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the faces of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the faces of each of
+these things so what is the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so what is the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things so what is the area of the
+face of a four-volume it's a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of a four-volume it's a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face of a four-volume it's a three
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can define a one form that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can define a one form that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can define a one form that tells
+me about the you need to call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about the you need to call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about the you need to call it the
+three volume or the four area knock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three volume or the four area knock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three volume or the four area knock
+yourselves out it's how you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves out it's how you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves out it's how you want to call
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ah it's sort of the obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah it's sort of the obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah it's sort of the obvious
+generalization let's say I leave off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization let's say I leave off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalization let's say I leave off
+face obscene I leave off edge egg I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face obscene I leave off edge egg I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face obscene I leave off edge egg I'm
+gonna get something like this I do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get something like this I do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get something like this I do my
+sort of similar exercise of defining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of similar exercise of defining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of similar exercise of defining a
+in this case there'll be a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there'll be a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case there'll be a differential
+quartet associated with Direction zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet associated with Direction zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartet associated with Direction zero
+one two and three and so by going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two and three and so by going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two and three and so by going
+through a procedure very similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a procedure very similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a procedure very similar to this
+you get a generalization of Gauss's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a generalization of Gauss's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a generalization of Gauss's
+theorem says that if I integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if I integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem says that if I integrate the
+space/time divergence of some four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space/time divergence of some four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space/time divergence of some four
+vector over a four dimensional volume it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector over a four dimensional volume it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector over a four dimensional volume it
+looks like what I get when I sum up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flux of that guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over all of the little faces so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the little faces so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all of the little faces so I'm not
+gonna step through the proof of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna step through the proof of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna step through the proof of that
+it's fairly elementary okay and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly elementary okay and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairly elementary okay and it's
+just basically it's just like proofs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically it's just like proofs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically it's just like proofs of
+Gauss's law that you have seen elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss's law that you have seen elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gauss's law that you have seen elsewhere
+ah but it's an extra dimension attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but it's an extra dimension attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but it's an extra dimension attached
+to it okay really nothing new that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it okay really nothing new that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it okay really nothing new that's
+going on here the thing which is new is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here the thing which is new is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here the thing which is new is
+you know this is now being done in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is now being done in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is now being done in an
+additional direction an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional direction an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional direction an additional
+dimension and where this tends to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and where this tends to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension and where this tends to be
+useful is when there is some kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is when there is some kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is when there is some kind of a
+conservation law that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law that tells you
+something about this left-hand side here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this left-hand side here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this left-hand side here
+so the whole starting point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole starting point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the whole starting point of this
+discussion was I wrote down on intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion was I wrote down on intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion was I wrote down on intuitive
+grounds that the rate of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that the rate of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that the rate of change of the
+total amount of so I did was I had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of so I did was I had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total amount of so I did was I had an
+integral of dust density over a three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of dust density over a three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of dust density over a three
+volume and I said D by DT of that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and I said D by DT of that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume and I said D by DT of that was
+balanced by the flux through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by the flux through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced by the flux through the
+surfaces on the edge of that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces on the edge of that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces on the edge of that three
+volume that is a as I argue that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that is a as I argue that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that is a as I argue that's an
+observer dependent statement because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer dependent statement because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer dependent statement because you
+have chosen a particular time you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen a particular time you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen a particular time you've
+chosen a particular space to make those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a particular space to make those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen a particular space to make those
+volumes this on the other hand so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes this on the other hand so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes this on the other hand so let's
+switch my my general function might zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch my my general function might zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch my my general function might zoom
+him a general vector field V to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a general vector field V to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him a general vector field V to the end
+that we started this discussion off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started this discussion off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we started this discussion off with
+so this guy for x over some for vine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be zero
+because we are going to require that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are going to require that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are going to require that
+this thing beacon so if if my number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing beacon so if if my number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing beacon so if if my number
+density is concerned this must be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this tells me that when I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells me that when I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tells me that when I integrate
+do this flux integral it's gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this flux integral it's gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this flux integral it's gonna have to
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+let me now break this integral up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now break this integral up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me now break this integral up and
+actually write this into a form that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write this into a form that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write this into a form that is
+a little closer to the way that you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little closer to the way that you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little closer to the way that you you
+know may have seen something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know may have seen something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know may have seen something like this
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what I want to do is actually zoom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is actually zoom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I want to do is actually zoom in
+and think about the four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about the four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think about the four dimensional
+volume that I'm doing this integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that I'm doing this integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume that I'm doing this integral over
+okay so lets going to do a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lets going to do a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so lets going to do a two
+dimensional cut of it here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional cut of it here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional cut of it here on the
+blackboard let's let the time axis go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard let's let the time axis go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackboard let's let the time axis go up
+and let's define the edges of my volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's define the edges of my volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's define the edges of my volumes
+to be t1 and t2 x axis going across here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be t1 and t2 x axis going across here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be t1 and t2 x axis going across here
+boundaries are x1 and x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here is my v4 and every face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is my v4 and every face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is my v4 and every face
+here is an example of my boundary of d4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an example of my boundary of d4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an example of my boundary of d4
+okay of course there's one over here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course there's one over here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of course there's one over here as
+well and over here so if I were to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and over here so if I were to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and over here so if I were to do
+the top line here I know that's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top line here I know that's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top line here I know that's got to
+get me zero so I'm gonna take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me zero so I'm gonna take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get me zero so I'm gonna take advantage
+of this and say let's just look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and say let's just look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and say let's just look at what
+happens when I do the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I do the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I do the integral of the
+flux of this thing across the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of this thing across the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of this thing across the you know
+the the many different faces so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the many different faces so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the many different faces so in a
+four dimensional four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional four dimensional
+parallelepiped an n-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelepiped an n-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelepiped an n-dimensional
+parallelepiped has 2n faces so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelepiped has 2n faces so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelepiped has 2n faces so there
+will be eight integrals we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be eight integrals we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be eight integrals we need to do
+they're pretty obvious though so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty obvious though so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're pretty obvious though so I'm
+just gonna write down a handful of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so integral over all those phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so integral over all those phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so integral over all those phases
+and alpha the Sigma Alpha so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha the Sigma Alpha so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and alpha the Sigma Alpha so what I'm
+gonna do now is say okay let's evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do now is say okay let's evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do now is say okay let's evaluate
+this on the face that is at T equals t2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the face that is at T equals t2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the face that is at T equals t2
+so when I do this I'm going to get n 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do this I'm going to get n 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I do this I'm going to get n 0
+DX dy DZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX dy DZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX dy DZ
+let's do next the contribution at moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I also do one on the slice T equals t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when I do this though in the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this though in the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do this though in the same way
+that when you guys do fluxes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you guys do fluxes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you guys do fluxes in
+three-dimensional space you get a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space you get a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space you get a sign
+associate with the orientation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the orientation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate with the orientation of these
+things because the levee chief it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because the levee chief it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because the levee chief it's a
+symbol here has sort of a right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here has sort of a right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol here has sort of a right-hand
+rule built into it right and so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule built into it right and so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule built into it right and so when I
+do it for the side that is on the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for the side that is on the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for the side that is on the future
+side of the box I'm gonna get a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the box I'm gonna get a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the box I'm gonna get a plus
+sign do that all the denounces carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign do that all the denounces carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign do that all the denounces carefully
+on the side is on the past side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side is on the past side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side is on the past side of the
+box you get a minus sign then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you get a minus sign then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box you get a minus sign then I'm going
+to do it I'll pick out the component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I'll pick out the component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it I'll pick out the component and
+one and I'm gonna do this along the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm gonna do this along the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and I'm gonna do this along the face
+that's at x equals x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry this is what bx2 okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is what bx2 okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry this is what bx2 okay you can
+write down for other integrals according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down for other integrals according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down for other integrals according
+to the you know when you do the Y side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the you know when you do the Y side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the you know when you do the Y side
+and the Z side that I have not drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what I'm gonna do now is imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'm gonna do now is imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I'm gonna do now is imagine
+that this box gets very small in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this box gets very small in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this box gets very small in the
+time light direction so let's let T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time light direction so let's let T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time light direction so let's let T to
+go to t 1 plus DT and I'm gonna do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to t 1 plus DT and I'm gonna do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to t 1 plus DT and I'm gonna do this
+and then rearrange things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again apologies I'm eating chalk so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again apologies I'm eating chalk so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again apologies I'm eating chalk so I'm
+gonna rearrange this integral so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna rearrange this integral so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna rearrange this integral so that
+it's of the form this sides being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of the form this sides being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of the form this sides being
+evaluated at T 1 plus T 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm gonna rearrange stuff so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna rearrange stuff so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna rearrange stuff so that I
+can then write you know in just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then write you know in just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then write you know in just one
+moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment
+Oh apologies this whole thing of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just my notes and when it was a magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my notes and when it was a magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just my notes and when it was a magic
+sign flip oh just looking at going where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign flip oh just looking at going where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign flip oh just looking at going where
+the hell did that come from okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell did that come from okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hell did that come from okay so I
+left off my equals zero there I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off my equals zero there I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left off my equals zero there I'm
+basically moving a bunch of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically moving a bunch of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically moving a bunch of terms
+through the other side so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other side so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the other side so now I'm
+integrating this over the face at x2 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do an integral over the face at x1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an integral over the face at x1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an integral over the face at x1 and
+then I'm not drawing in a bunch of faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm not drawing in a bunch of faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm not drawing in a bunch of faces
+along y2 and y1 z1 and z2 divided both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along y2 and y1 z1 and z2 divided both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along y2 and y1 z1 and z2 divided both
+sides by DT take the limit of DT going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by DT take the limit of DT going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides by DT take the limit of DT going
+to zero what is this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero what is this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero what is this this is the
+derivative of the volume integral of n 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just write that out explicitly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write that out explicitly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just write that out explicitly so
+if I've got integral t1 plus t2 to t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got integral t1 plus t2 to t1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I've got integral t1 plus t2 to t1
+plus DT and 0 DX dy DZ minus t1 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DT and 0 DX dy DZ minus t1 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus DT and 0 DX dy DZ minus t1 all
+those divided by DT take the limit as DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those divided by DT take the limit as DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those divided by DT take the limit as DT
+goes to 0 that becomes this that I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 that becomes this that I is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to 0 that becomes this that I is a
+bad eraser eraser what do I get for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad eraser eraser what do I get for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad eraser eraser what do I get for the
+other term well when I divide out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term well when I divide out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other term well when I divide out that
+DT I am just left with the spatial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I am just left with the spatial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT I am just left with the spatial the
+flux of the spatial component of Jimmy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of the spatial component of Jimmy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux of the spatial component of Jimmy
+of the number of vector n through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of vector n through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the number of vector n through all
+six sides at moment T our t1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and at last so I will wrap things up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at last so I will wrap things up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at last so I will wrap things up in
+just a moment here what this finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment here what this finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment here what this finally
+leads us to is that this fully covariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to is that this fully covariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to is that this fully covariant
+form that I have at the top there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that I have at the top there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that I have at the top there this
+becomes so in the language that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so in the language that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes so in the language that you've
+probably learned about it in earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably learned about it in earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably learned about it in earlier
+class you can think of this as the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can think of this as the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class you can think of this as the the
+area element of each side these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area element of each side these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area element of each side these are
+completely equivalent to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely equivalent to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely equivalent to one another
+after you have chosen a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have chosen a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you have chosen a particular
+Lorentz frame and invoked this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame and invoked this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lorentz frame and invoked this four
+dimensional analog of Gauss's law so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional analog of Gauss's law so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional analog of Gauss's law so
+that was a lot to take but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a lot to take but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a lot to take but I wanted to
+do it for this one particularly to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for this one particularly to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it for this one particularly to be
+blunt this was a particularly simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt this was a particularly simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blunt this was a particularly simple
+example because okay so right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because okay so right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example because okay so right now the
+only matter that I've introduced beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only matter that I've introduced beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only matter that I've introduced beyond
+sort of particle kinematics is is dust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of particle kinematics is is dust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of particle kinematics is is dust
+and dose is actually surprisingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dose is actually surprisingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dose is actually surprisingly
+important okay when we actually get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay when we actually get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay when we actually get to
+cosmology there are essentially two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology there are essentially two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmology there are essentially two
+forms of matter that we consider when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of matter that we consider when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of matter that we consider when we
+when we study cosmology and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we study cosmology and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we study cosmology and one of them
+is dust okay in cosmological situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dust okay in cosmological situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dust okay in cosmological situations
+a dust particle is basically a galaxy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dust particle is basically a galaxy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dust particle is basically a galaxy or
+even like a cluster of galaxies okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like a cluster of galaxies okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like a cluster of galaxies okay
+we're thinking big and it plays so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking big and it plays so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're thinking big and it plays so it's
+not trivial to do this but we are soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial to do this but we are soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not trivial to do this but we are soon
+going to need to introduce mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to introduce mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to need to introduce mathematical
+schools that are a little better first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that are a little better first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools that are a little better first
+describing you know things like fluids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing you know things like fluids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing you know things like fluids
+and stuff like that and when we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and when we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like that and when we do that
+we are at last going to have things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at last going to have things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are at last going to have things like
+conservation of conservation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of conservation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of conservation of energy
+and conservation of momentum it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conservation of momentum it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conservation of momentum it will be
+really easy to write down a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to write down a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to write down a differential
+conservation law that describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law that describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation law that describes
+conservation of both energy and momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of both energy and momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of both energy and momentum
+using that mathematical object via a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that mathematical object via a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using that mathematical object via a
+process very similar to what I just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process very similar to what I just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process very similar to what I just did
+here we can then turn this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can then turn this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we can then turn this into
+integrals that describe how energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that describe how energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals that describe how energy is
+conserved in a particular volume where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in a particular volume where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved in a particular volume where
+things may be flowing into or flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things may be flowing into or flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things may be flowing into or flowing
+out of it and how momentum is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and how momentum is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it and how momentum is conserved
+per unit volume as thing flow into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume as thing flow into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit volume as thing flow into it
+and flow out of it okay I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flow out of it okay I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flow out of it okay I'm not going to
+go through that in detail on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that in detail on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through that in detail on the board
+but having done this I will I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having done this I will I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but having done this I will I have some
+notes and I'm going to post to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'm going to post to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and I'm going to post to the to
+the websites that describe this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the websites that describe this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the websites that describe this and that
+will be the way we sort of communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the way we sort of communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the way we sort of communicate
+this and we're gonna take advantage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're gonna take advantage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we're gonna take advantage to
+be blunt we will mostly just use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blunt we will mostly just use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be blunt we will mostly just use this
+differential form will use the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form will use the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form will use the fact
+there's a particular mathematical object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a particular mathematical object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a particular mathematical object
+whose divergence like derivative there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose divergence like derivative there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose divergence like derivative there
+is equal to zero okay we have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero okay we have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero okay we have a few
+minutes left and we've ended early a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left and we've ended early a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left and we've ended early a few
+times so I'd like to take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I'd like to take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so I'd like to take advantage of
+this to switch gears a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to switch gears a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to switch gears a little bit and
+talk about another important four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about another important four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about another important four vector
+that plays some role in physics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays some role in physics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plays some role in physics and
+allows me to introduce a few other very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to introduce a few other very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows me to introduce a few other very
+useful tricks that we will often take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tricks that we will often take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tricks that we will often take
+advantage of it various points in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it various points in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it various points in this
+class there's a straw doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's a straw doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class there's a straw doesn't work
+anyway so the next example of stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the next example of stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so the next example of stuff that
+we will occasionally talk about is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will occasionally talk about is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will occasionally talk about is an
+electric current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switching gears very very much now so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching gears very very much now so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching gears very very much now so we
+will describe this as a four vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe this as a four vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will describe this as a four vector
+whose time light component is the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose time light component is the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose time light component is the charge
+density as seen by some observer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as seen by some observer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as seen by some observer and
+whose spatial component is the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose spatial component is the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose spatial component is the current
+density as seen by that observer bear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as seen by that observer bear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as seen by that observer bear in
+mind you might look at this and twitch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you might look at this and twitch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind you might look at this and twitch a
+little bit because the unit's look wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because the unit's look wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because the unit's look wrong
+don't forget C equals 1 ok so if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget C equals 1 ok so if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget C equals 1 ok so if you use
+this in other systems the unit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other systems the unit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in other systems the unit's
+sometimes we call this component charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call this component charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call this component charge
+density times C so you guys have all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times C so you guys have all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density times C so you guys have all you
+know what let me just go ahead and write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what let me just go ahead and write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what let me just go ahead and write
+it out so a couple properties about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so a couple properties about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out so a couple properties about this
+are important and interesting one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important and interesting one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are important and interesting one is
+that the the current and the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the current and the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the current and the charge
+density obey a continuity equation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density obey a continuity equation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density obey a continuity equation we
+can think of it as a conservation of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as a conservation of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of it as a conservation of of
+charge it's expressed so you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it's expressed so you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge it's expressed so you know in
+elementary M you guys all presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary M you guys all presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary M you guys all presumably
+learned that the rate of change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the rate of change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that the rate of change of
+charge density is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density is related to the
+divergence of the current density well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of the current density well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of the current density well
+this is exactly the same as saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the same as saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is exactly the same as saying
+space-time divergence of the current for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time divergence of the current for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time divergence of the current for
+vector is equal to zero this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is equal to zero this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is equal to zero this is really
+useful for us and indeed bearing this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us and indeed bearing this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for us and indeed bearing this in
+mind we find that if we want to express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we find that if we want to express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind we find that if we want to express
+Maxwell's equations in a covariant way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations in a covariant way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations in a covariant way
+we can do so such that this is built-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do so such that this is built-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do so such that this is built-in
+automatically so skipping over a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so skipping over a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically so skipping over a few
+sets of things in my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to find not going to find we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find not going to find we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to find not going to find we
+have found that electric fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found that electric fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found that electric fields and
+magnetic fields are inconvenient objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields are inconvenient objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields are inconvenient objects
+to describe using geometric objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe using geometric objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe using geometric objects that
+are appropriate for space-time okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate for space-time okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate for space-time okay if I
+want a geometric object that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a geometric object that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a geometric object that is
+appropriate for space-time you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for space-time you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate for space-time you know the
+first thing you think of is a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you think of is a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing you think of is a four
+vector a four vector has four components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a four vector has four components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a four vector has four components
+ie fields and B fields have a total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie fields and B fields have a total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ie fields and B fields have a total of
+six components among them okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six components among them okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six components among them okay so what
+are you going to do have to four vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do have to four vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to do have to four vectors
+and just sort of ignore two of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of ignore two of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just sort of ignore two of the
+components that seems sketchy um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that seems sketchy um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that seems sketchy um so you
+think yeah you know what why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah you know what why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think yeah you know what why don't we
+make a tensor ah crap a tensor has 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a tensor ah crap a tensor has 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a tensor ah crap a tensor has 16
+components that doesn't seem right then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that doesn't seem right then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that doesn't seem right then
+you go oh I can make it symmetric if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go oh I can make it symmetric if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go oh I can make it symmetric if you
+have a symmetric 4 by 4 tensor well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a symmetric 4 by 4 tensor well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a symmetric 4 by 4 tensor well that
+basically means that the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means that the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means that the number of
+independent numbers that go into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent numbers that go into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent numbers that go into this
+thing you have four down the diagonal ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have four down the diagonal ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you have four down the diagonal ah
+and then you count the number that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you count the number that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you count the number that are
+off the diagonal you have sex okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal you have sex okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal you have sex okay
+there's 16 in total but the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 16 in total but the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 16 in total but the ones that
+are off the diagonal are equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off the diagonal are equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are off the diagonal are equal to one
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+so you have four on diagonal six off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have four on diagonal six off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have four on diagonal six off to
+many don't you say well what about anti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many don't you say well what about anti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many don't you say well what about anti
+symmetric if I have an anti symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if I have an anti symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric if I have an anti symmetric
+object that means that component F alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that means that component F alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that means that component F alpha
+beta is the negative of component F beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the negative of component F beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the negative of component F beta
+alpha when you do that that forces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha when you do that that forces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha when you do that that forces you
+to the conclusion that there are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion that there are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the conclusion that there are in fact
+actually only six independent numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only six independent numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only six independent numbers in
+that thing the diagonal has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing the diagonal has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing the diagonal has to be zero
+okay because set beta equal to alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because set beta equal to alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because set beta equal to alpha
+here F alpha alpha equals minus F alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here F alpha alpha equals minus F alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here F alpha alpha equals minus F alpha
+alpha that only works if that compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that only works if that compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha that only works if that compound
+is equal to zero so the diagonal becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so the diagonal becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to zero so the diagonal becomes
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and only the six off-diagonals survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then you go holy crap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go holy crap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go holy crap
+six that's exactly what I need to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that's exactly what I need to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six that's exactly what I need to have a
+geometric object that cleanly holds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric object that cleanly holds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric object that cleanly holds the
+three independent electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three independent electric field
+components and the three independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the three independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the three independent
+magnetic field components so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field components so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field components so many of you
+have seen all this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen all this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seen all this okay
+if this isn't familiar to you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this isn't familiar to you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this isn't familiar to you take a
+look at a book like Griffiths or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a book like Griffiths or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a book like Griffiths or
+something like that it kind of goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it kind of goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that it kind of goes
+through this the punchline is that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this the punchline is that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this the punchline is that what
+you find is that the electric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that the electric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that the electric and
+magnetic field is very nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is very nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is very nicely
+represented by this anti-symmetric to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this anti-symmetric to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this anti-symmetric to
+index object whose components in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index object whose components in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index object whose components in the
+units that we are using are filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that we are using are filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units that we are using are filled with
+the E and the B like so okay last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E and the B like so okay last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E and the B like so okay last
+semester I had these memorized but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I had these memorized but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester I had these memorized but I
+have totally forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is a geometric object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a geometric object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a geometric object that
+whoops anyone know why I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops anyone know why I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops anyone know why I just said
+whoops and had to put a dot on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops and had to put a dot on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops and had to put a dot on that
+their point is that electric and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their point is that electric and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their point is that electric and
+magnetic fields look different to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields look different to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic fields look different to
+different observers this is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observers this is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different observers this is its
+representation according to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation according to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation according to one
+particular Lorentz observer okay so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Lorentz observer okay so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Lorentz observer okay so it's
+important to get that right so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to get that right so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to get that right so in terms
+of this so the there you know you're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so the there you know you're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this so the there you know you're all
+familiar with the four Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the four Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the four Maxwell's
+equations they turn out to be equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they turn out to be equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations they turn out to be equivalent
+to so if you take a divergence of this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is depending on your unit so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is depending on your unit so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is depending on your unit so you
+might want to put musi rows in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to put musi rows in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to put musi rows in there and
+things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that
+basically I'm setting everything I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm setting everything I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm setting everything I can
+never remember two one the divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never remember two one the divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never remember two one the divergence of
+that thing by the way has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing by the way has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing by the way has to be
+divergence on the second index becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence on the second index becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence on the second index becomes
+the current density this will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current density this will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current density this will actually
+only give you half of the Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give you half of the Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only give you half of the Maxwell's
+equations the other half what you do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the other half what you do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the other half what you do is
+you lower these two indices and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lower these two indices and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lower these two indices and there's
+this sort of cyclic permutation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of cyclic permutation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of cyclic permutation of
+derivatives they give you these and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives they give you these and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives they give you these and so
+you put these two things together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put these two things together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put these two things together you
+apply it to this form I've written out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to this form I've written out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to this form I've written out
+here and you will reproduce Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you will reproduce Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you will reproduce Maxwell's
+equations as they are presented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as they are presented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as they are presented in
+textbooks like Purcell and Griffiths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks like Purcell and Griffiths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks like Purcell and Griffiths
+let's see which I want to emphasize here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see which I want to emphasize here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see which I want to emphasize here
+is this form that we've got is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this form that we've got is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this form that we've got is written
+in such a way that the conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such a way that the conservation of
+source is built into it okay this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is built into it okay this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source is built into it okay this sort
+of geometric language requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometric language requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of geometric language requires
+that JMU have no divergence okay and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that JMU have no divergence okay and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that JMU have no divergence okay and let
+me just show you can do this all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you can do this all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just show you can do this all you
+need to know is that f is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know is that f is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know is that f is an
+anti-symmetric tensor you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric tensor you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric tensor you don't need to
+know anything about the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about the properties of
+the E and the B field so let's just try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E and the B field so let's just try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E and the B field so let's just try
+it let's look at the divergence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's look at the divergence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let's look at the divergence of the
+current so I'm gonna do 4 PI D mu J mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so I'm gonna do 4 PI D mu J mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current so I'm gonna do 4 PI D mu J mu
+so I'm gonna take a new derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna take a new derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna take a new derivative of
+this now bear in mind mu and nu I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now bear in mind mu and nu I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now bear in mind mu and nu I'm
+using Einstein summation convention they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Einstein summation convention they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Einstein summation convention they
+are dummy indices so I can relate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dummy indices so I can relate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dummy indices so I can relate them
+okay I can change them I can change Mew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can change them I can change Mew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can change them I can change Mew
+to an alpha nu to a beta or I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an alpha nu to a beta or I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an alpha nu to a beta or I can just
+change Mew to new new to me so this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Mew to new new to me so this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Mew to new new to me so this as
+long as I do it consistently on all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I do it consistently on all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I do it consistently on all
+objects that have those things this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that have those things this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that have those things this is
+the exact same thing but I also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing but I also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same thing but I also know
+that this tensor is anti-symmetric so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this tensor is anti-symmetric so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this tensor is anti-symmetric so if
+I switch these guys back I get a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I switch these guys back I get a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I switch these guys back I get a minus
+sign okay anti symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if I switch the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I switch the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if I switch the order of
+the derivatives okay does it matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives okay does it matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivatives okay does it matter
+whether I take the X derivative of first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I take the X derivative of first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I take the X derivative of first
+and then the Y derivative or the wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Y derivative or the wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the Y derivative or the wide
+river and then the X derivative partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and then the X derivative partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+river and then the X derivative partial
+derivatives commute with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives commute with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives commute with each other
+right they are perfectly symmetric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they are perfectly symmetric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they are perfectly symmetric so
+this so what I've got is D mu D nu is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what I've got is D mu D nu is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what I've got is D mu D nu is f
+mu nu is minus D muni nu F mu nu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu nu is minus D muni nu F mu nu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu nu is minus D muni nu F mu nu and
+that only works if the whole thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works if the whole thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works if the whole thing is
+zero what I just did is I actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what I just did is I actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero what I just did is I actually just
+invoked a trick that we are going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked a trick that we are going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoked a trick that we are going to use
+many times and the one reason why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and the one reason why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times and the one reason why this
+is a bit of a tangent discussing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a tangent discussing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a tangent discussing before
+but I wanted to make sure you saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to make sure you saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I wanted to make sure you saw this
+little trick whenever I have an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick whenever I have an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little trick whenever I have an object
+that is anti-symmetric in its indices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I can tract it with an object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can tract it with an object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can tract it with an object that
+is symmetric in its indices you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric in its indices you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is symmetric in its indices you just get
+zero okay you can go through the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay you can go through the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay you can go through the little
+exercise if you if you're sort of don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise if you if you're sort of don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise if you if you're sort of don't
+feel fluent in this yet you can do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel fluent in this yet you can do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel fluent in this yet you can do the
+exercise I just did up there again over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I just did up there again over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise I just did up there again over
+take advantage of dummy indices swap one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of dummy indices swap one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of dummy indices swap one
+work in the anti symmetry swap the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the anti symmetry swap the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the anti symmetry swap the other
+work in the symmetry boom you you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the symmetry boom you you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in the symmetry boom you you will
+necessarily prove that you've got zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily prove that you've got zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily prove that you've got zero
+so I lay this out here because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I lay this out here because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I lay this out here because there's
+gonna be several times as later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be several times as later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be several times as later in the
+course I'm gonna get to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm gonna get to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I'm gonna get to a particular
+calculation and there's me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and there's me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and there's me some
+god-awful mess we're gonna go and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-awful mess we're gonna go and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god-awful mess we're gonna go and then
+go wait symmetry anti symmetry boom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wait symmetry anti symmetry boom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wait symmetry anti symmetry boom we
+just killed 13 terms tricks are fun okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just killed 13 terms tricks are fun okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just killed 13 terms tricks are fun okay
+so I am going to stop there for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I am going to stop there for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I am going to stop there for today
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+another sort of symmetry anti symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of symmetry anti symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of symmetry anti symmetry
+thing which allows you to sort of if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which allows you to sort of if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which allows you to sort of if you
+apply it to the equation of motion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the equation of motion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to the equation of motion of a
+charge in electromagnetic field it sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in electromagnetic field it sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge in electromagnetic field it sort
+of just shows you that that equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just shows you that that equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just shows you that that equation of
+motion builds in the fact that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion builds in the fact that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion builds in the fact that in
+space-time the acceleration is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time the acceleration is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space-time the acceleration is always
+orthogonal to the four velocity I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the four velocity I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the four velocity I won't
+do it in class it is in page six of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in class it is in page six of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in class it is in page six of the
+notes that I'm about to post up we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that I'm about to post up we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes that I'm about to post up we will
+pick up next time we'll begin by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up next time we'll begin by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up next time we'll begin by talking
+about the stress energy tensor
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hlXjQ4qtaYU.txt b/hlXjQ4qtaYU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62794905412ab6cb3bb28a376e07c2c60a619328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hlXjQ4qtaYU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare @
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hello and welcome.
+
+My name is Chris Ariza, and
+this is 21M.380, Live
+
+Electronics Performance
+Techniques.
+
+What we have here is a rather
+unique ensemble.
+
+You should probably be asking
+what is this ensemble.
+
+Some people refer to these
+sorts of organizations as
+
+laptop orchestras.
+
+Although this is indeed an
+orchestra of laptops, we've
+
+looked more towards the
+traditions of jazz and
+
+improvisatory music and early
+live electronics performance,
+
+where each musician is
+responsible for improvisation,
+
+contribution, and real-time
+composition at a level maybe
+
+not found in every orchestra.
+
+So what we've done here
+is we've started
+
+with a common interface.
+
+And that is the Dual Analog Game
+Controller along with the
+
+Pure Data synthesis language.
+
+And so you'll see that each
+of us have one of these
+
+controllers.
+
+Using a common controller with
+a number of different
+
+instruments allows us to reach
+a certain level of virtuosity
+
+with these controllers.
+
+Of course, virtuosity with
+these controllers is more
+
+often associated with video
+games, we are going to harness
+
+that virtuosity and put it more
+towards music-making.
+
+So from there we've explored a
+number of different approaches
+
+to improvisation, composition,
+and performance.
+
+Each student has explored
+their own interfaces and
+
+design of their own instruments,
+some of which
+
+you'll see here today.
+
+And we've prepared a number
+of works for you.
+
+A couple of the works are
+compositions by me for the
+
+whole ensemble that explore
+my work in algorithmic
+
+composition and live electronics
+on a large scale.
+
+Additionally, in groups the
+students have worked on what I
+
+call performance frameworks.
+
+These are contexts for
+improvisation and composition.
+
+And we will go through
+those as we proceed.
+
+The first work is,
+again, by me.
+
+I call this "Work II." This
+work is an exploration in
+
+rhythmic and textural
+heterophony as we move through
+
+three distinct landscapes.
+
+I hope you enjoy the concert.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: So for "Fruit
+Loops," what we'll be doing is
+
+using a loop pedal to first
+lay a track and
+
+create a loop of music.
+
+And so the chord will actually
+be passing from person to
+
+person, and each person
+will add to that loop.
+
+So what we're going to do now
+is just go down the line and
+
+explain a little bit about
+our instruments.
+
+So this right here is a
+Victorian oscillator.
+
+And it's proof that
+you can create
+
+electronic music very cheaply.
+
+This is literally a battery, a
+small speaker, one of those
+
+little tabs from a soda can,
+and a piece of tin foil.
+
+So you too can make
+this music.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: I'll be playing
+software bagpipes today in
+
+edition to a couple of other
+instruments that Professor
+
+Ariza designed for some
+percussive sounds and a couple
+
+of instruments that you just
+heard in "Work II."
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: I'm going to
+to play [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+in a different way, on
+this small keyboard.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: I'm
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+different pitched screams.
+
+So some of them are screams
+from other songs.
+
+Some of them are just screens
+that they use for movie
+
+backgrounds and stuff.
+
+So you'll just hear
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you going
+to build on the scream?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: Huh?
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you going
+to build on the scream?
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: No.
+
+I don't think so.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: So next
+we're going to
+
+be improving a little.
+
+And improvising in an electronic
+ensemble is exactly
+
+how you improvise in
+any other ensemble.
+
+We're just going to be choosing
+some instruments and
+
+playing with them.
+
+While sometimes when you
+improvise, you give some
+
+structure, we are doing the most
+basic structure we can.
+
+So we're going to start.
+
+We're going to play.
+
+And then about six minutes
+later, we're going to stop.
+
+And it's going to sound nothing
+like anything else
+
+we've done before, but
+hopefully it'll
+
+sound pretty good.
+
+Thanks.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: So next--
+
+there's a long tradition of
+improvising to movies, because
+
+you get a nice story
+with that.
+
+So we wanted to do that.
+
+But we wanted to improvise to
+an amusement-park ride.
+
+So one of my favorite
+amusement-park rides is
+
+Disneyland's Haunted Mansion.
+
+So how many of you have been
+to Disneyland's Haunted
+
+Mansion or Disney World's?
+
+Yeah.
+
+So it's a great ride.
+
+It's a great story.
+
+And we're going to be playing
+music to that.
+
+So I'll be playing--
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So I'll be playing a noise
+instrument to give you a
+
+certain ambiance that you expect
+in a haunted house.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: I'll be playing
+my spooky instrument, which
+
+also uses this gamepad
+interface.
+
+But it's designed to
+give you spooky or
+
+ominous background noises.
+
+GUEST SPEAKER: I'll be playing
+a sample bass instrument also
+
+on the gamepad with various
+sound effects and loops.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+We have one more
+piece for you.
+
+This is titled "Work III,"
+another composition by me.
+
+Before I describe a little bit
+about this piece, I want to
+
+thank Peter and all the library
+staff for giving us
+
+this excellent opportunity to
+use their beautiful space and
+
+to do something a little
+different in here.
+
+Luckily we're indoors.
+
+Otherwise we'd be a little
+problematic.
+
+Thanks also to the music
+division for their support,
+
+Curt at OpenCourseWare, and
+all of you for coming.
+
+Really glad to have you
+guys here today.
+
+Finally, this work.
+
+This work explores a number of
+approaches to algorithmic
+
+design, algorithmic composition,
+both at the micro
+
+level with a stochastic
+synthesis instrument, which
+
+you will hear as a strident,
+bright sound, and also at the
+
+sort of macro level where we
+work with combinations of
+
+algorithmically-generated
+and combined patterns.
+
+Thank you very much.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hmAp4ASxmKs.txt b/hmAp4ASxmKs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb17cc3307a582a2c502bc8969f8f69b808909d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hmAp4ASxmKs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3484 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE:
+So, good afternoon.
+
+Let me start by
+presenting something
+
+I learned today during lunch.
+
+I had lunch with
+three colleagues
+
+and we discussed entanglement.
+
+And, well, I'm telling you the
+story a little bit differently,
+
+but the question
+which came up is
+
+you have two
+harmonic oscillators.
+
+One harmonic oscillator
+is in the ground state,
+
+one is in the excited state.
+
+And then you have the
+harmonic oscillators
+
+where the excitation
+is here and there.
+
+Is that an entangled
+state or not?
+
+It's a real question.
+
+I want to think about it.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the physical
+nature of these oscillators?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+distinguish these?
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE: OK.
+
+Who's working with ion types?
+
+There's a few people I know,
+a few ion types here at MIT.
+
+If this is ion-- what is
+a good ion? [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE:
+Strontium plus, OK.
+
+So if it's strontium plus, which
+can be in the quantum state v
+
+equals 1 or v equals 0, and you
+have another strontium plus ion
+
+in a second ion
+[INAUDIBLE]-- and it can be
+
+in the [INAUDIBLE]
+first excited state--
+
+isn't it wonderfully entangled?
+
+Two systems far away.
+
+You can manipulate them, you
+have two particles, and then
+
+two quantum states.
+
+It fulfills with flying
+colors all the qualities
+
+you want to see of
+an entangled state.
+
+But now I can say, if I call
+this harmonic oscillator,
+
+I have two optical fibers.
+
+And you know, a single-mode
+fiber defines a harmonic
+
+oscillator, namely the
+electromagnetic field
+
+in the single mode.
+
+And if I put one
+excitation into this fiber,
+
+I have a photon here and
+here I have zero photon.
+
+Or here, I have one photon
+and I have zero photons.
+
+So if you look at
+the fiber, you would
+
+say the fiber has two states.
+
+It can have an
+excitation or not.
+
+And if you use now that
+approach, you would say,
+
+well, I have an entangled
+state between two fibers.
+
+However, I can realize
+exactly that state
+
+by having a beam splitter,
+by having one photon coming
+
+on the beam splitter,
+and then the photon
+
+is coupled into
+one of the fibers.
+
+So in other words,
+there is an ambiguity
+
+which I want to point out
+between whether you have
+
+a state of one particle--
+one photon into two fibers--
+
+or whether you have
+two fibers which
+
+can be in two different states.
+
+So there is often an ambiguity,
+what do you call the state
+
+and what do you
+call the particle?
+
+So at our lunch
+conversation it came up
+
+in a somewhat different context,
+but people would actually
+
+say that splitting
+a photon-- sending
+
+one photon across
+a beam splitter
+
+fulfills, if you
+interpret it in that way,
+
+fulfills the definition
+of entanglement.
+
+I know our wiki page and
+Professor Schwan would probably
+
+not agree, but welcome to
+the frontier of research
+
+where different people
+have different opinions
+
+and certain definitions
+are still being worked out.
+
+But there is one
+thing which is real.
+
+We have here two different
+harmonic oscillators,
+
+ions oscillating in a harmonic
+oscillator potential or photons
+
+in a single mode.
+
+I remember from 15
+years ago, there
+
+were papers that show if you
+put the ion in a cavity or such,
+
+you can really
+transfer the quantum
+
+state from the single
+photon from this harmonic
+
+oscillator-- the
+harmonic oscillator
+
+of the electromagnetic
+field-- to the harmonic
+
+oscillator of the ion.
+
+So if we want to hold
+onto the definition,
+
+which I'm not sure if you should
+that this is a single photon,
+
+a single particle
+cannot be entangled,
+
+well I know and people reminded
+me at lunch the there is
+
+a protocol to [INAUDIBLE] map
+the single photon in the two
+
+modes after the beam splitter
+onto an entangled state
+
+of ions.
+
+So if you focus here on
+the photon and say a single
+
+particle cannot be entangled,
+you're facing the problem that
+
+there is a protocol which would
+transfer something which you
+
+call not entangled to
+something which is entangled.
+
+I hope you enjoy that.
+
+It's not clear what
+is the particle
+
+and what is the excitation.
+
+There's really ambiguity.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK, so that's what part
+of my lunch was about.
+
+I thought since I wanted to
+remind you of the schedule.
+
+In a few hours I will
+actually be heading to Europe
+
+and say there for next week, so
+therefore no classes next week.
+
+We've already made up for one
+class with the Friday class,
+
+and the week later we
+also have three classes
+
+and we've made up for the week.
+
+I've just put down here
+for you the PSET schedule.
+
+I kept the Monday due date so
+there is one PSET every week.
+
+We have wonderful
+material for those PSETs.
+
+The due date is now for this
+week not the day of the class,
+
+but you will find a way to
+get your homework delivered
+
+or email it to the TA.
+
+Any questions about schedule?
+
+I think that has been
+clearly announced.
+
+There was a question
+in the last class
+
+about if you have
+a density matrix,
+
+if any arbitrary density
+matrix can be regarded
+
+as a partial trace
+of a pure state.
+
+I was not immediately
+clear-- I thought it was,
+
+but I wasn't sure.
+
+But the proof is so simple
+that it fits on three lines.
+
+You can simply take
+a density matrix,
+
+you can double up
+the Hilbert space,
+
+and define our pure state
+in a Hilbert space of twice
+
+the dimension, and
+you immediately
+
+see that this density
+matrix is the partial trace
+
+of a pure state.
+
+So therefore, if you
+want, you can always
+
+say the density matrix is sort
+of entangled-- you are entitled
+
+to the opinion that the density
+matrix always originated
+
+into a pure state, but the
+entanglement [INAUDIBLE]
+
+to the other subsystem
+have been broken.
+
+And I showed you last
+class that if you
+
+are one of the Bell states,
+the most entangled states
+
+in a fully-entangled state
+between two particles,
+
+but you just look
+at one particle,
+
+one particle isn't just a random
+states with a density matrix
+
+which is a unity matrix.
+
+Now let's get back to
+where we left it on Monday.
+
+I introduced to
+you-- and I just want
+
+to remind you of that, because
+[INAUDIBLE] I introduced
+
+to you this famous phenomenon
+of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference
+
+which is the
+following situation.
+
+If you have 50/50 beam split and
+you have two identical photons,
+
+you will never get
+single photons out.
+
+The photons are bosons.
+
+They want to be together.
+
+And so you will always
+get two photons,
+
+but you don't throw on which
+side of the beam splitter.
+
+Now, this is important
+because we can now
+
+use the Hong-Ou-Mandel
+interferences
+
+effect to entangle atoms.
+
+So the element we will take
+from this beam splitter
+
+is the following.
+
+We will have atoms emit photons.
+
+But then we create
+entanglement probablistically.
+
+When these photons have passed
+through beam splitters--
+
+and I tell you
+everything about it--
+
+and both detectors make a click,
+if both detectors make a click
+
+you know for sure
+that the two photons
+
+at the input of the beam
+splitter were not identical.
+
+Because if they were
+identical, only one detector
+
+receives light.
+
+So we will actually used
+this home interference
+
+to project out photon states
+where the two photons are not
+
+identical because they have
+difference polarization.
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Does [INAUDIBLE]
+include the phase.
+
+Like if you were in phase
+lab with those photons,
+
+would it be still?
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE:
+Frequency very important.
+
+Polarization important,
+timing is important.
+
+A single photon has no phase.
+
+It's a global phase.
+
+And if you have
+many single photons,
+
+your many photon state
+is a product state
+
+of those single photon states.
+
+And all of the
+individual phases--
+
+if you want to hold onto
+this concept for a second--
+
+just become one big
+multiplicity phase.
+
+Yes, Nancy?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE: Oh,
+everything [INAUDIBLE].
+
+easy experiment.
+
+But I think the beam splitter
+is probably not-- I mean,
+
+beam splitter is a piece of
+wonderfully polished optics.
+
+And in Germany and
+elsewhere, people
+
+have really learned how
+to do exquisite optics.
+
+I don't think you're
+limited by optics right now.
+
+What I would think
+is difficult, if you
+
+have two photons
+on a beam splitter,
+
+they have to be in
+the same spatial mode.
+
+So if you have to fibers and the
+fibers are not fully aligned,
+
+or you have another mode
+which is [INAUDIBLE],
+
+or if you have a lens which is
+distorting your Gaussian mode,
+
+you mix other modes
+in so all this
+
+creates non-distinguishability.
+
+But I think equality
+of optics is probably
+
+the least of your concerns.
+
+So actually for today, because
+I'm out of town next week,
+
+I want you to have
+something to think about it,
+
+I already pre-wrote
+some of the slides.
+
+So I can go a little bit faster.
+
+Give me feedback.
+
+If you think I'm going too
+fast, I will not do it again.
+
+But I felt I can probably
+have a reasonable speed
+
+by making annotations to
+what I've already prepared.
+
+So the situation
+is the following,
+
+we want to entangle two atoms.
+
+We have two atoms which
+are both in the excited
+
+state in the scatter light.
+
+And they can go to two
+different ground states.
+
+Think about two different
+type of ion states.
+
+I call them U and
+D, Up and Down.
+
+And when because
+of selection rules,
+
+one state can be reached
+with one polarization.
+
+The other state can be reached
+with the other polarization.
+
+And I call this polarization H
+and V, horizontal and vertical.
+
+In reality, this will be
+circular polarization,
+
+so you may want to transform
+from linear to circular
+
+after the fact.
+
+But for just the
+discussion right now,
+
+I assume that horizontal
+polarization leads
+
+to one state,
+vertical polarization
+
+leads to the other state.
+
+So therefore, if you have
+two atoms-- and Chris Monroe
+
+in Michigan did the
+experiment where he really
+
+had two different
+vacuum chambers with two
+
+different ions, they
+both emitted photons,
+
+and then the photons came
+together on a beam splitter.
+
+So that's what you should
+sort of have in mind, two ions
+
+here and there.
+
+They both emit a photon.
+
+And after the have
+both emitted a photon,
+
+each ion is in a
+superposition before you
+
+make any measurements.
+
+It can be in up with
+a horizontal photon
+
+or it can be in down
+with a vertical photon.
+
+So that is the state of the ion.
+
+And so we have two of those.
+
+And then you want
+to detect photons.
+
+And the goal now is by
+using beam splitters and all
+
+those tricks, that the
+detection of photons
+
+and the outcome of a measurement
+will project this product
+
+state of two atoms
+with their photon
+
+into a bell state for the atoms.
+
+So measurement on
+photons can take
+
+two atoms which were
+completely remote,
+
+had nothing to do
+with each other,
+
+and suddenly they're
+in a Bell state.
+
+And this is done by the
+probabalistic measurement.
+
+And so let's-- so
+lets develop it.
+
+Our initial state is UH plus DV.
+
+This is system one.
+
+And we have the direct product
+with our second ion trap
+
+apparatus which
+has done the same.
+
+The ion has emitted a photon and
+we don't know anything about it
+
+at this point.
+
+And now it is important, if you
+want to have entanglement you
+
+cannot go and measure
+the polarization,
+
+because this would project an
+individual ion into a state
+
+and would not have entangled it.
+
+So what we are doing is we
+are allowing the two photons,
+
+one photon here,
+another photon here,
+
+they come together
+at a beam splitter.
+
+Actually, before I do it let me
+just perform the product here.
+
+So what we get is-- well,
+it's just multiplying it out.
+
+UU for the atoms,
+HH for the photons.
+
+UDHV plus DUVH, plus DDVV.
+
+So what you want
+to do is we want
+
+to send this beam--
+the photons of course,
+
+the atoms stay put--
+onto a beam splitter.
+
+Now, I can do it more rigorously
+by keeping all the terms
+
+until the end of
+the calculation.
+
+But I hope it's rather obvious
+that we want to have it--
+
+if we want to send
+it on a beam splitter
+
+and then we want to detect
+that both detectors make click.
+
+That requires the photons
+to be distinguishable.
+
+So therefore, those
+two terms will not
+
+contribute because the photons
+have the same polarization.
+
+So we are now using a
+protective measurement.
+
+We want to find out what is
+the wave function of the atoms.
+
+Measurement of one photon
+in the modes A and B,
+
+which are the output modes
+of our beam splitter.
+
+So it needs one more line.
+
+The output of the
+beam splitter is--
+
+so I'm only focusing now on the
+two terms which can give rise
+
+to two clicks at the
+two different detectors.
+
+So I will factor out UD.
+
+And now we have the two photons
+hitting the beam splitter
+
+and each photon goes into
+a 50/50 superposition.
+
+So I take know this
+horizontal photon.
+
+And since we don't mess
+around with the polarization,
+
+it's still a horizontal
+photon, but the photon
+
+can be now in mode B or in
+mode A in one of the output
+
+modes of the beam splitter.
+
+And I label that
+as 0,1 plus 1,0.
+
+Now for the second photon, it
+had a vertical polarization,
+
+so it's a vertical photon.
+
+The second photon is coming
+onto the beam splitter
+
+in the other input port,
+because we have taken the two
+
+photons from two
+different experiments,
+
+from two different
+experimental setups,
+
+and now we combine
+them so that we'll also
+
+be now in a superposition
+of 0,1 and 1,0.
+
+But you know that one mode
+transforms with a plus sign
+
+and the other mode transforms at
+the beam splitter with a minus
+
+sign.
+
+So that's how you should
+look at those terms.
+
+And of course, from of
+this here, from this term
+
+we get something very
+analogous, 0,1 plus 1,0.
+
+And for the other
+spatial mode, the minus
+
+sign from the beam
+splitter, 1,0.
+
+OK, now we are done.
+
+Now we are detecting photons.
+
+So we want to look at this
+wave function and ask,
+
+what happens if in port
+A-- the output port--
+
+we find one horizontal photon,
+and in B it must be vertical
+
+because the photons have
+to be distinguishable.
+
+So where do we have
+one photon in mode A?
+
+In horizontal it is here.
+
+And here it is this
+product with the minus sign
+
+where we have-- no,
+sorry, the plus sign.
+
+Here we have one
+photon in the vertical,
+
+so this is with a plus sign.
+
+But we have a
+second possibility,
+
+one photon in mode A horizontal
+happens here with a minus sign.
+
+And one photon in mode
+B vertical happens here.
+
+So in other words, form
+the term which gives rise
+
+to this measurement process,
+we have a plus UD here,
+
+and because of the
+minus sign, a minus DU.
+
+So therefore, if
+you would detect
+
+the photon with the polarization
+at this point, which
+
+we don't do, this polarization
+gives rise to UD minus DU.
+
+We have a second possibility to
+have a click at each detector,
+
+and this is when we reverse
+the two polarizations.
+
+But in this case, you can
+just add the wave function.
+
+You get the atomic state,
+the sign doesn't matter.
+
+So you have to measurements, two
+possibilities in polarization,
+
+but they both have
+the same outcome.
+
+They generate this state, so
+the result of all that is I've
+
+shown you that the two
+atoms are left now in--
+
+and now I put back in the
+correct normalization--
+
+in one of the Bell states.
+
+So whenever you detect the two
+single photons in coincidence
+
+on both counters,
+at that moment you
+
+know what you have is
+an entangled state,
+
+a Bell state of atoms.
+
+Now, the big issue
+here is efficiency.
+
+Your photon detectors
+are not highly efficient.
+
+And I was sort of only
+looking at combinations
+
+where we have this
+double detection.
+
+Most components of
+the wave function
+
+will give the
+Hong-Ou-Mandel effect.
+
+The two photons go in one way.
+
+So therefore, you have
+to prepare your system,
+
+have photons emitted,
+and in most of the cases
+
+you will not get
+the state you want,
+
+so you have to keep on trying.
+
+And usually those
+experiments are
+
+heavily limited by the very,
+very dismal success probability
+
+of creating the state you want.
+
+And when you want to extend
+it, not just to two atoms
+
+entangled, to three atoms
+and four atoms entangled,
+
+then you get a smaller
+number to the power n
+
+for your efficiency.
+
+So this probabalistic
+preparation doesn't scale up,
+
+but it is a very simple scheme,
+it's a very powerful scheme,
+
+and it has been used to create
+teleportation of atomic states
+
+and do some tests of Bells
+inequality and the EPR Paradox.
+
+And here is the
+abstract of a paper.
+
+So-- well, this was just
+2008, so just a few years ago.
+
+And what you see here is
+that here are one meter apart
+
+two [INAUDIBLE] ions.
+
+They emit light.
+
+The light goes through
+an optical fiber.
+
+And now, after
+the beam splitter,
+
+when you detect one
+photon you don't
+
+know which ion has
+emitted the photon.
+
+So this is exactly the
+setup which I described.
+
+Of course, in an
+optical fiber you
+
+have the two good polarizations
+are horizontal and vertical
+
+in the polarization
+maintaining fiber.
+
+So therefore, the
+light which originally
+
+was emitted in a circular base
+is-- angular momentum selection
+
+rules-- transformed into
+linearly polarized light
+
+using the [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Any questions?
+
+Yes, Nikki?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] create
+the initial state [INAUDIBLE]
+
+atom [INAUDIBLE] one
+state [INAUDIBLE]
+
+make sure that the ions
+state is a pure state, not
+
+a mixed state, [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE:
+Good question.
+
+So first of all, if
+you think about it
+
+you will discover more and
+more experimental challenges.
+
+What people must have used there
+is sort of a storm laser pulse
+
+that you have more than
+overkill to make sure
+
+that with a very,
+very short time window
+
+both ions are excited.
+
+The ions are in a pure state,
+and then they emit a photon.
+
+And if you have
+one system prepared
+
+which can emit a photon, but it
+has a branching ratio of 50/50,
+
+if it's an isolated
+system, it will
+
+have a superposition state of
+photon in one polarization--
+
+let's say a sigma plus photon
+going to a magnetic quantum
+
+number state m equals
+plus 1 and a sigma
+
+minus photon going
+to m equals minus 1.
+
+And this is a pure state.
+
+The mixture only comes
+if you're not careful.
+
+If you have a
+magnetic field and you
+
+don't shield your
+magnetic field well,
+
+or you have some
+magnetized materials
+
+and you were not
+aware of it, then that
+
+means that you get
+different phase shifts which
+
+you can't calculate for, so
+now you have a random phase.
+
+You don't know it, and
+if you have ignorance
+
+you have to trace out or you
+have to average over the phase.
+
+And then your pure state
+becomes a density matrix.
+
+But the quantum
+mechanical process itself
+
+of a particle having
+different branching ratios
+
+is a pure system.
+
+It undergoes unitary
+time evolution,
+
+and it stays in a pure state.
+
+And the state which is
+populated by two ions, both
+
+emitting a photon
+simultaneously,
+
+is exactly the state I've
+written down for you.
+
+But you're absolutely right
+that decoherence is an issue.
+
+You have to be very careful
+with magnetic fields.
+
+You probably want to work with
+atoms which are non-magnetic.
+
+So you want to where the spin
+is only a nuclear spin which
+
+is much less sensitive with
+a magnetic field, and so on.
+
+Other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: So as soon as
+both detectors click, then
+
+[INAUDIBLE] so that
+you can no longer
+
+make use of that entanglement?
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE: No, no wait.
+
+Look here.
+
+We have a state which has atoms
+in a state and two photons.
+
+So this state has
+four particles.
+
+We detect two particles
+which are the photons.
+
+And the atoms are untouched.
+
+The atoms are then afterwards
+in an entangled state.
+
+So we have a bigger
+system, we do a measurement
+
+of part of the
+system, and we have
+
+arranged things in
+the skillful way
+
+that the moment we know the
+outcome of the measurement
+
+is such and such, we
+know in which quantum
+
+state the rest of the system is.
+
+And this protocol
+means that the atoms
+
+are left after the
+outcome of the measurement
+
+is such and such, the atoms
+are left in a pure Bell state.
+
+OK I've used the word
+Bell, Bell states
+
+so often, I think it's time
+to talk about what Mr. Bell is
+
+famous for, namely
+the Bell's Inequality.
+
+So I said already
+in the introduction
+
+for the quantumness of
+light and entanglement
+
+that it is the EPR Paradox
+in the Bell's inequalities
+
+which a lot of people,
+including myself, think
+
+is the deeper essence
+of quantum physics.
+
+It really shows that
+quantum physics is not just
+
+classical physics
+with wave character,
+
+it goes way beyond it.
+
+So I want to demonstrate
+that with Bell's inequality.
+
+And the formulation
+which is very simple,
+
+and I want to present it
+here, is an inequality,
+
+which is-- I mean the name.
+
+Many Bell's inequalities now,
+you have different states,
+
+different detectors, and you
+can derive Bell's inequalities
+
+which are then violated
+by quantum physics.
+
+And what I want to present
+here is the CHSH inequality.
+
+That's Clauser,
+Horn, Shimony, and--
+
+AUDIENCE: Holt.
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE:
+Yes, thank you.
+
+So the situation
+is the following.
+
+We have something
+which decays, something
+
+which emits two photons.
+
+Maybe an atom in
+an excited state,
+
+and it does a click clack,
+a two photon cascade.
+
+One photon goes to
+Bob, one goes to Alice.
+
+Or I always try to
+stress similarities
+
+between light and atoms.
+
+We discussed the
+experiment where
+
+you take a mercury
+molecule, you dissociate it,
+
+and then Bob and Alice
+each get an atom.
+
+And you can say these
+photons has a polarization
+
+or the atom has a spin.
+
+But Bob and Alice can now use
+different Stern Gerlach figures
+
+in x and y, at obscure
+angles, circular bases,
+
+I mean you name it.
+
+But what happens is because
+it's a spin up, spin
+
+down, horizontal,
+vertical polarization,
+
+it's a two-level system
+which is immediate.
+
+And after a Stern
+Gerlach filter,
+
+you have only two combinations.
+
+We call it plus and minus.
+
+So in its most general
+form, what we assume
+
+is that Bob does measurements
+in a basis, if you think.
+
+Think about a spatial
+orientation of a Stern Gerlach
+
+filter called S, where the
+outcome is plus minus 1,
+
+t where the outcome
+is plus minus 1,
+
+and Alice has her own choices.
+
+And we want to
+assume now that this
+
+is everything is
+classical probability.
+
+That if you just write
+down this expression--
+
+don't ask me where
+it comes from.
+
+This is probably something
+which people wrote up
+
+after they found
+something interesting
+
+and try to prove
+it or simplify it.
+
+You just write down
+QS, RS, RT minus QT.
+
+You can then rewrite it
+by factoring out S and T.
+
+And now the next step
+is because Q and R
+
+are-- they're are in each
+measurement 1 or minus 1,
+
+either this is 0 or that is 0.
+
+No sorry, one is 0, one is 2.
+
+And therefore, this kind
+of funny combination
+
+of letters for every measurement
+is either plus or minus 2.
+
+Now we do many measurements,
+and the probability
+
+for a certain outcome
+that the variable Q--
+
+there's a certain probability
+that the outcome is Q,
+
+so you sort of use this pretty
+much probabilistic thing
+
+that the system has a
+certain probability to B.
+
+And this is of course
+the assumption,
+
+the probability is that
+the particular comes
+
+with a certain probability
+in the state q, r, s, t.
+
+Of course you should
+scream, q, r, s, t commute,
+
+but this is classical now.
+
+They don't commute with each
+other quantum mechanically,
+
+but [INAUDIBLE] in a moment.
+
+So then you simply put--
+by multiplying each event
+
+with its portability, you
+put now brackets around it.
+
+These are expectation
+values, and what
+
+you have is an inequality
+that this expression, which
+
+is the correlation between
+certain measurements
+
+between the quantity
+QS, RS, and so on
+
+is smaller or equal than 2.
+
+I mean it's very, very basic.
+
+And that's why I wrote it down.
+
+I don't want to spend
+a lot of time on it.
+
+It's just classical
+probabilistic reasoning.
+
+So now what are we doing
+quantum mechanically?
+
+We want to prove that quantum
+mechanics cannot be reduced
+
+to this classical reasoning.
+
+So we want to show that
+this inequality is violated.
+
+We have a source or
+entangled photons.
+
+We've talked about how
+we can entangle photons.
+
+And now we measure the
+quantities Q, R, S, and T.
+
+And just to give you an
+example about the many possible
+
+choices, Q can be a
+linear polarizer and R
+
+can be a circular polarizer.
+
+S can be a linear
+polarizer at 45 degree,
+
+and T can be a
+[INAUDIBLE] plate followed
+
+by a linear polarizer
+at 45 degrees.
+
+Well, that sounds like
+many trig functions,
+
+but we're not going into it.
+
+You have to choose
+your polarization.
+
+There's a certain scheme that
+linear polarization is not
+
+orthogonal to
+circular polarization,
+
+so there's a certain
+theme behind it.
+
+And if you would work
+it out by just looking
+
+at entangled photons,
+the entangled photons
+
+are in a state,
+let's say HV plus VH.
+
+They are correlated
+in polarization
+
+or spin up, spin down with the
+down spin [INAUDIBLE] state.
+
+And you can just
+work out what is
+
+the polarization
+when you detect it.
+
+And what happens is that a
+simple but tedious calculation
+
+says that all those quantities
+QS, RS, and and RT are equal.
+
+Here we have a minus sign and
+they are all 1 over square root
+
+2.
+
+And that means that instead
+of the classical inequality,
+
+that this quantity
+is smaller than 2.
+
+We find that this is
+2 times square root 2.
+
+And the fact that
+this is larger than 2
+
+has been experimentally
+confirmed
+
+with larger and
+larger precision.
+
+Actually, the person who
+gave this [? CUA ?] seminar
+
+a week ago,
+[INAUDIBLE], was part
+
+of the team with [INAUDIBLE]
+who did one of the very, very
+
+first measurements violations
+of Bell's inequality
+
+in the '80s some 30 years ago.
+
+So I mean, this happened
+rather recently.
+
+So the math is trivial,
+the result seems trivial.
+
+It just shows that the world
+is quantum mechanically and not
+
+classical.
+
+And a lot of papers
+have been written
+
+and discussions have been had
+about what does it really mean?
+
+What does it mean
+about the world?
+
+What does it tell
+us about the world?
+
+So so the implication from
+the established violation
+
+of Bell's inequality
+and the CHSH inequality
+
+is that when we assumed that the
+state has definite values of Q,
+
+R, S, T before observation,
+we have to give up that.
+
+Or we have to give up that a
+measurement performed by Alice
+
+does not influence Bob's
+experiment, Bob's measurement.
+
+So in other words, what I
+formulated here is the locality
+
+principle that what happens in
+one location cannot influence
+
+what happens in
+the other location.
+
+Well you can say maybe
+there's some secret channel
+
+sending [INAUDIBLE]
+the speed of light.
+
+But people [INAUDIBLE]
+to create links
+
+to put the detector so far
+away that even a [INAUDIBLE]
+
+at the speed of
+light could not have
+
+influenced the
+other measurement.
+
+So there has been
+after the first
+
+Bell's inequality
+experiment, there
+
+have been a series
+of experiments
+
+to avoid all of those
+loopholes that there
+
+is some unknown secret
+communication between the two
+
+detectors.
+
+The first one is the
+principal of-- sometimes
+
+I think a more
+philosophical word
+
+than physical word, "reality".
+
+That those quantities
+are real and they
+
+should exist before
+we measure them.
+
+So the outcome of
+Bell's inequality
+
+is-- the violation of Bell's
+inequality is, at least one
+
+of them, at least one
+of these principles--
+
+reality-- at least one
+of these principles
+
+does not hold in nature.
+
+So either reality or
+locality are violated.
+
+Any questions?
+
+And maybe just to connect
+it to what I've said before,
+
+one reason you saw that here
+in the title, Bell's inequality
+
+with two remote
+atomic [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Those experiments got
+a lot of attention
+
+because Bell's
+inequality is something
+
+all physicists talk about.
+
+And when you do it
+with photons, there
+
+is always the
+detection loophole.
+
+You don't have perfect
+photon to detectors.
+
+And some people said,
+well, maybe the violation
+
+of Bell's inequality comes only
+from the photons we detect.
+
+The undetected
+photons would make up
+
+for the violation of
+Bell's inequality,
+
+and Bell's inequality
+is not violated.
+
+I mean, that almost sounds like
+that nature wants to fool us.
+
+The photons team up
+and say the photons
+
+which are detected
+behave very differently
+
+from the photons which
+are not detected.
+
+But these are at least
+logical loopholes.
+
+And graduate students spend
+half of their Ph.D., or maybe
+
+several graduate students
+spend their whole Ph.D.
+
+In building such an
+experiment which is now--
+
+you get a famous
+paper out of it.
+
+And your research has
+attention, so you know.
+
+I didn't sleep so much, so
+maybe I'm not too serious now.
+
+But this is great research.
+
+I mean, this is really
+pushing the limit
+
+of our understanding
+of quantum physics.
+
+And Chris Monroe is a
+wonderful physicist.
+
+And we are in the
+same [INAUDIBLE].
+
+So if you have a
+Bell state of atoms,
+
+and I told you how you get it
+also with a lousy efficiency
+
+but you get a Bell state.
+
+If you now do a measurement
+of those Bell state
+
+and you measure violation
+of Bell's inequality, atoms,
+
+they don't run away.
+
+You can detect the atoms
+with 100% probability.
+
+You can shine a laser light
+on them, hundreds, thousands,
+
+millions of photons until they
+have scattered enough light
+
+that you know
+100%, I've detected
+
+the atom in it's quantum state.
+
+So Bell states with atoms, one
+real world application of them
+
+is to test violations
+of Bell's inequality
+
+with atoms which do not fall
+into the detection loophole.
+
+Our next unit is
+partially motivated
+
+to show you what all this
+entanglement can do for us.
+
+So I mentioned that
+entanglement is a resource.
+
+It's something useful
+like energy is a resource.
+
+And so maybe ultimately there
+should be a stock market,
+
+and you can buy so and so
+many bits of entanglement.
+
+And you have to pay
+for it because there's
+
+something you can do.
+
+And let me introduce
+what can be done with it.
+
+If you have one photon
+at frequency omega,
+
+and you have an
+observation time-- you
+
+do a measurement
+over time T, then
+
+the precision at which
+you measure the frequency
+
+is fundamentally limited by, you
+can say time energy uncertainty
+
+by the Fourier theorem, that the
+uncertainty and the frequency
+
+of a single measurement
+is 1 over the time T
+
+you had to detect or to measure
+the frequency of the photon.
+
+But now we have n photons.
+
+And that means that the
+uncertainty in the measurement,
+
+which is now small
+delta omega, is
+
+delta omega for a single photon.
+
+But you know, when you do n
+measurements, and average n
+
+measurements, you gain
+by the square root of n.
+
+And this is regarded as
+the fundamental shot noise
+
+limit of measurements.
+
+But now assume we can
+do something fancy.
+
+We can make a super photon.
+
+We take our n photons
+of frequency omega
+
+and make one photon
+of frequency n omega.
+
+Now we have only one photon.
+
+The frequency uncertainty of
+the measurement is delta omega,
+
+but this is now the uncertainty
+off the n times more
+
+energetic photon.
+
+So therefore, if you're
+interested in the quantity
+
+omega, which is the frequency
+of the single photon,
+
+we have now made an improvement
+over the standard shot noise
+
+limit by square root n.
+
+So everybody follows?
+
+So that's just a
+[INAUDIBLE] experiment.
+
+If you can take n
+photons-- I've told you
+
+how we've talked about the
+[INAUDIBLE] oscillator, how
+
+we can pump a crystal.
+
+And in your homework
+assignment you
+
+do a nice calculation
+with a Hamiltonian.
+
+One big photon in, it
+breaks into two photons.
+
+The reverse process is
+frequency dot doubling.
+
+So if you would not measure n
+photons individually, but first
+
+ate up their frequency by
+making a photon of n times
+
+the frequency and then
+look a single photon,
+
+you have now, you measure
+all the photons together.
+
+And therefore, your
+accuracy improves
+
+by a factor of n and not just
+by a factor of square root n.
+
+So that tells us something.
+
+If we do something with the
+photons, if we entangle them,
+
+there is a possibility
+to vastly improve
+
+the standard limit
+of measurements.
+
+And so people who are
+really interested in it
+
+are people who push the
+limits of precision, people
+
+who build atomic
+clocks and want to get
+
+the last little bit of
+accuracy which is possible.
+
+So they have already exhausted
+all technical possibilities,
+
+and the next thing is now, well
+maybe entanglement and sort
+
+of subtleties of quantum
+physics can come to their help.
+
+So this shows you
+what is possible.
+
+But now I want to tell
+you how it can be done.
+
+So what I first want to do
+is, before we can improve
+
+over the fundamental
+shot noise limit,
+
+I have to show you how
+the fundamental shot noise
+
+limit naturally emerges.
+
+So I want to introduce to you
+beam splitter interferometers.
+
+Interferometers are there
+to measure phase shifts.
+
+You split a beam,
+you combine it,
+
+and if there's a phase
+shift you notice if.
+
+You get interference fringes.
+
+And I want to show you that very
+naturally to standard quantum
+
+limit, the shot noise emerges.
+
+But then we are ready to
+look at our description
+
+of the interferometer and
+say, where can we now change
+
+the rules to put in more
+quantum-ness or entanglement
+
+and eventually get
+higher precision.
+
+Since the standard quantum
+limit is well know,
+
+I want to rather
+quickly go over that.
+
+So the goal is that we want
+to measure a phase shift.
+
+And my first simple
+deviation of the phase shift
+
+is that in this picture of
+the quasi probabilities,
+
+the coherent state is
+a circle like that.
+
+The width of the
+circle in natural units
+
+is 1, but the radius of that
+is alpha of the coherent state,
+
+which is square root n.
+
+So now if you ask how well
+with this uncertainty can
+
+I observe the phase of the
+photon which circulates
+
+in this quasi
+probability plane, you
+
+find that the phase is
+1 over square root n.
+
+Or based on your homework
+assignment number one,
+
+you can say we have some
+Heisenberg uncertainty
+
+between photon
+number and the phase.
+
+And in a coherent state,
+the standard deviation
+
+in the photon number
+is square root n,
+
+and you again get the
+standard quantum limit.
+
+Let's now obtain the
+standard quantum limit
+
+from a real measurement
+device, because this
+
+is what we want to
+generalize for entangles,
+
+[INAUDIBLE] state, and
+all the special things.
+
+So an interferometer
+is the following.
+
+It consists of two
+beam splitters.
+
+After the second beam splitter
+we have two detectors.
+
+And the quality we
+will measure will
+
+be the difference of
+the two photo currents.
+
+And if you don't
+do any phase shift,
+
+we know the two beams
+splitters are just
+
+the identity transformation.
+
+But now we put in a phase
+shift, and the question
+
+is, what is the smallest
+phase shift we can measure?
+
+What is the accuracy
+measuring this phase?
+
+We have discussed at
+length all the elements.
+
+So we have a beam
+splitter, a phase shifter,
+
+and a second beam splitter.
+
+You know that the phase
+shifter is a rotation in z,
+
+the beam splitter is a
+rotation in-- was it X or Y?
+
+Looks like I think Y
+because of the i's.
+
+Just a warning here,
+in this section
+
+I use a beam splitter which uses
+a different phase convention.
+
+But they are all equally
+apart from some phases.
+
+So by multiplying
+the three matrices,
+
+we get the transformatrix for
+the [INAUDIBLE] interferometer.
+
+So the output CD
+is this matrix here
+
+which is a simple rotation
+times the input state.
+
+And our measurement
+is the difference
+
+in photon numbers in
+the two output modes.
+
+So it's D dega D minus C dega C.
+
+So what we can do now is we can
+obtain C and D from the input
+
+modes A and B. So
+therefore we can now
+
+express our signal in
+terms of the input modes.
+
+When we know what we put
+into the interferometer,
+
+because we know all its elements
+we know what we can get out.
+
+And this is done here.
+
+And the phase which appeared in
+the rotation matrix, the phase
+
+shift in the
+interferometer appears now
+
+as a cosine phi and
+sine phi contribution.
+
+And we have sort off-
+the cosine and sine phi
+
+have two operators
+as a pre-factor.
+
+In one case, it's A dega A minus
+B dega B. In the other case
+
+it's a cross-term, A
+dega B plus B dega A,
+
+Now we will be more specific
+what is signal and noise.
+
+I just want to tell you in
+the standard way of operating
+
+the interferometer you have
+only one beam in the mode A.
+
+You take a beam, you split
+it, you recombine it.
+
+B is nothing or the vacuum.
+
+It may introduce some noise.
+
+But if you have a lot of
+intensity in the beam A,
+
+it is this term which
+dominates, and you find fringes
+
+as a function of the
+phase shift cosine phi.
+
+Whereas what comes here is
+sort of more the vacuum mode.
+
+It gives rise to noise terms.
+
+So if you ask, what is
+the expectation value
+
+for x, this x operator,
+it varies co-sinusoidally.
+
+And there is a special
+point for a phase shift
+
+of 90 degrees when we have the
+steepest slope and the highest
+
+sensitivity.
+
+So these are sort of all
+just setting the stage.
+
+Which we are interested in
+is, if we now have an input
+
+state of light--
+and as you know,
+
+there's all of this noise.
+
+There's the fundamental noise of
+the vacuum, or coherent state,
+
+of Heisenberg's Uncertainty.
+
+And this means when we
+do repeated measurements
+
+we will have a
+variance in the phase.
+
+And we want to know, what
+is the fundamental limit
+
+on the standard deviation in
+the measurement of the phase.
+
+Well, the standard
+deviation in the phase
+
+is nothing else than
+the standard deviation
+
+of what we measure in
+divided by how sensitive it
+
+is to the phase.
+
+So by taking this
+expression for M,
+
+M is an operator X plus cosine
+phi plus something times
+
+sine phi.
+
+We can now evaluate
+this expression.
+
+This will actually appear
+several times today,
+
+and it's also a key question to
+one of your homework problems.
+
+So this is sort of what
+defines the accuracy
+
+of the interferometer.
+
+And what we have here
+are expectation values
+
+of operators.
+
+And now we can--
+and that's what we
+
+will do for the rest
+of this lecture.
+
+We will look at this expression
+for different inputs states.
+
+Coherent state, single photons,
+[INAUDIBLE] light, entangled
+
+state.
+
+So that's what
+you're going to do.
+
+So if you take the
+derivative of dn d phi,
+
+the cosine becomes a sine.
+
+A minus sign, the
+sine becomes a cosine.
+
+And if you specialize
+to the situation, which
+
+is where the slope
+is very steep,
+
+a 90 degree phase shift
+around this point, our phase
+
+sensitivity is given by
+the expectation value
+
+of the variance of the operator
+y divided by the operator x.
+
+So now we are ready
+to plug things in.
+
+The first thing is of
+course the coherent state.
+
+For the coherent state, our
+input to the beam splitter,
+
+one is a coherent
+state, the other one
+
+is a vacuum in mode A and B.
+
+We had expressions-- let me
+just scroll back-- for x and y,
+
+expressed by the operators
+a, b, a dega b dega.
+
+So therefore we can
+calculate that now.
+
+And x is nothing
+else than the number
+
+of photons in the
+coherent state.
+
+And this is our signal.
+
+And y is 0.
+
+This was the noise term.
+
+And the variance
+in y-- we're just
+
+doing commutators--
+is given by n.
+
+So therefore, if we
+calculate the square root
+
+of y square over x for
+the coherent state input,
+
+we take the square root of y
+squared, which is square root
+
+n, we divide by n, we obtain
+the standard shot noise limit.
+
+Sure, what else
+should we expect?
+
+So now we know how
+to use the formalism.
+
+We can now apply
+it too-- we can go
+
+from the most classical state
+of light, the coherent state,
+
+to what I regard at least for
+a single mode the most quantum
+
+state, namely a single photon.
+
+Remember when we talked
+about the G2 function,
+
+G2 function can only
+be smaller than 1
+
+for non-classical states.
+
+And for the single
+photon it's 0.
+
+That's the biggest violation
+of the classical equation
+
+that G2 has to be
+larger or equal than 1.
+
+So now we're really dealing
+with a quantum system.
+
+And the question is, what will
+we get for the single photon?
+
+So for the single
+photon we want to use
+
+the dual-rail representation.
+
+We want to use the powerful
+formalism we have used.
+
+After the beam
+splitter, the photon
+
+can be in one mode
+or the other mode.
+
+We call this in the
+dual-rail representation
+
+the logical 0 or the logical 1.
+
+So in this
+representation, when we
+
+start with a photon in one input
+mode, this is the logical 0,
+
+the beam splitter is
+directing the photons
+
+into one mode or the other
+mode, but this is a single qubit
+
+rotation.
+
+The phase shifter is another
+single qubit operation.
+
+The second beam splitter
+is another operation.
+
+So by just using
+the rotation, we'll
+
+find out what is
+the output state.
+
+So we start with the logical
+0 with the photon in one mode.
+
+The beam splitter creates
+a superposition state.
+
+Remember, we have
+the interferometer,
+
+and in the lower arm
+we put in a phase.
+
+So therefore, the lower arm gets
+multiplied with a phase shift.
+
+And then it goes again through
+a beam splitter, which is just
+
+another rotation, and with that
+we obtain the output state.
+
+And so the output state
+is now a superposition
+
+of the logical 0
+and the logical 1,
+
+and we've picked
+up a phase shift.
+
+So no we ask-- we have the
+beam splitter, phase shift,
+
+recombiner, and
+now we are asking,
+
+what is the probability to
+detect the photon in one
+
+of the two output modes.
+
+We just put a counter there.
+
+And this probability is nothing
+else than the probability
+
+to have a logical 1,
+because a logical 1
+
+in the dual-rail
+representation means
+
+the photon is in one mode.
+
+The logical 0 would
+be the other mode.
+
+I felt if I would spend three or
+four times as much time on it,
+
+it wouldn't increase
+your understanding.
+
+You may have to sit down
+and look through it,
+
+but it's just really
+putting matrices together,
+
+[? single ?]
+photons, mapping it.
+
+Every step is
+trivial and is what
+
+we have done in a
+different context before.
+
+So the result is
+that the probability
+
+of finding the [? single ?]
+photon in our detector
+
+has a cosine phi factor.
+
+So that's how we measure phase.
+
+Our counter, the probability
+that photons arrive.
+
+If phi is 0, the
+probability is one.
+
+If phi is 180 degrees, all the
+photons go to the other mode.
+
+I mean, that's what you'd
+expect an interferometer to do.
+
+But now comes the
+interesting question.
+
+How precise can be
+measured the phase?
+
+Remember, in the coherent
+state, the coherent state
+
+had fluctuations in the photon
+number of square root n,
+
+and this gave rise to the
+standard quantum limit.
+
+A single photon is
+a single photon.
+
+There is no noise.
+
+We always measure
+a single photon
+
+if you would simply detect the
+number of photons in the input
+
+state.
+
+But we are not doing that.
+
+We have sent the photon through
+an interferometer in order
+
+to measure the phase.
+
+And now we have-- and
+this is a result of this,
+
+I would say, trivial
+calculation that this is now
+
+the probability to
+observe a photon.
+
+Well, there is not a whole lot
+we can learn from one photon,
+
+so we run the
+experiment n times.
+
+And what we get is a
+binomial distribution,
+
+just a coin toss
+with probability P.
+
+What is the variance in P?
+
+It's not a Poissonian
+distribution.
+
+It is a binomial distribution.
+
+Of course, if the probability is
+1 you detect all your photons.
+
+There is no uncertainty.
+
+If the probability is 0 you
+detect 0 with 0 uncertainty.
+
+So therefore, the
+expression for the variance
+
+of the binomial distribution
+is p times 1 minus p.
+
+If not, I admit I had
+to refresh my memory
+
+about the binomial
+distribution yesterday evening.
+
+So therefore, when we repeat
+the experiment many times
+
+and we have sent into
+our interferometer
+
+m photons and we
+measure n clicks.
+
+And n over m is our measurement
+for the probability.
+
+This measurement of the
+probability has noise.
+
+And the noise is a variance
+of the standard deviation
+
+of the binomial distribution.
+
+This expression for P
+put into the variance
+
+of the binomial distribution,
+and a little bit
+
+of triganomic
+manipulation gives us
+
+the result on the
+right-hand side.
+
+And we want to know what is
+the uncertainty in the phase.
+
+I mean, this is what
+we want to measure.
+
+Well, the uncertainty
+in the phase
+
+is the uncertainty in our
+measurement, which is delta P.
+
+And then we have to divide by
+how sensitive the probability
+
+is with respect to the phase.
+
+So we take this expression
+of the probability
+
+as a function of the
+phase, take a derivative,
+
+and then by doing the ratio
+of this over that we find 1
+
+over square root n.
+
+So it doesn't make
+any difference
+
+if you put the n photons
+into a coherent beam
+
+and run our
+interferometer or if you
+
+go through the great
+pain of preparing
+
+each photon in a
+non-classical flux state
+
+and just operating
+the interferometer
+
+with single photons.
+
+In both cases do we obtain
+the standard quantum limit
+
+1 over square root n.
+
+Now we are really
+ready to see how can we
+
+improve on the shot noise?
+
+It seems that unless we
+do something special,
+
+we will always
+get square root n.
+
+I've already shown you
+at the beginning that's
+
+the shot noise limit
+is not fundamental.
+
+Just take this
+thought experiment
+
+that you take the n photons
+through a highly nonlinear
+
+process, you create one
+photon of frequency n omega,
+
+and then you have more
+precision of this measurement.
+
+So there must be a way to have
+a precision which scales 1
+
+over n and not 1
+over square root n.
+
+The mathematical augment
+related to our treatment
+
+of the interferometer
+is the following,
+
+our signal was A dega
+A minus B dega B. Well,
+
+if one of the input
+mode dominates,
+
+A dega A is the [? photon ?]
+[? number. ?] So this sort
+
+of looks like the
+[? photon ?] [? number ?].
+
+But if we now find a
+scheme-- and I will show you
+
+that this is possible-- that
+this cos term A dega B plus B
+
+dega A, which is some form of
+quantum noise, as we will see,
+
+is 0, well what do we get now?
+
+So let's hope that maybe
+by some squeezing--
+
+I will show you several versions
+which show you how quantumness
+
+can give us more
+than short noise.
+
+And one example will be
+that by squeezing light.
+
+We've learned already
+that squeezed light
+
+can suppress the noise.
+
+If you squeeze light, something
+which comes from the modes
+
+where we apply squeezed
+vacuum has been reduced.
+
+I mean, it's what we
+discussed already.
+
+So the best we can do is
+that the noise term is 0.
+
+So what do we have now?
+
+If we have a signal which is
+finite and the noise is 0,
+
+what is our precision
+of measurement?
+
+Well, it first looks like
+the signal to noise ratio
+
+is infinite.
+
+But it's not quite that,
+because if our signal is x,
+
+it's a photon number.
+
+And the signal x was sensitive
+to the phase by cosine phi.
+
+The sensitivity of our
+measurement of the quantity
+
+m with phase is
+n times sine phi.
+
+And this is smaller or equal
+than n, where the equal sign is
+
+obtained for 90 degrees.
+
+So therefore, we have a
+[? photon ?] number n.
+
+We may absolutely know what the
+initial [? photon ?] number is.
+
+But now we want to measure
+whether the phase is
+
+different from pi over 2.
+
+And the smallest change in our
+signal which we can resolve
+
+is that we get one photon less.
+
+So that's the smallest
+resolvable change
+
+due to the [? photon ?]
+nature of our detection.
+
+And that implies that
+the smallest phase
+
+shift we can
+resolve is 1 over n.
+
+So this is more a
+thought experiment,
+
+now looking at the math and
+seeing what is the best signal?
+
+A dega A can never be larger
+than [? photon ?] numbers,
+
+so that's a resource.
+
+We put in energy in
+the terms of photons,
+
+and then the best we can do is
+that we don't have any noise.
+
+And then we are simply
+limited by the fact
+
+that when we deviate from
+the maximum output signal
+
+because there is a phase
+shift in the interferometer,
+
+our sensitivity comes in grains,
+is grainy by the [? photon ?]
+
+number.
+
+So I'm not telling you how
+we achieve to get y equals 0.
+
+The question is only
+that at least the math
+
+seems to make it possible.
+
+So now we ask how to achieve
+sub-shot noise precision.
+
+So here we know this is at
+least mathematically possible.
+
+So we want to improve
+this interferometer,
+
+and the question is we
+have to change something.
+
+This interferometer, [INAUDIBLE]
+we've seen [INAUDIBLE]
+
+state is not giving
+us any better result,
+
+so we have three options now.
+
+We can do something fancy in
+the input state, use entangled
+
+state.
+
+We can use some very
+fancy beam splitters,
+
+or we can do something
+special to the way
+
+how we read out
+the interferometer.
+
+And all those three
+are possibilities.
+
+We can put in some
+extra quantumness
+
+into each of the three steps.
+
+OK
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE:
+OK, the question
+
+is can we do something
+with the phase shift?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE: I think
+if we would do something
+
+with the phase
+shift, we would do--
+
+you know, we would change
+apples with oranges,
+
+because we want to compare
+different interferometers
+
+by measuring the same thing.
+
+And maybe as an
+experimentalist say,
+
+what I want to be
+able to measure
+
+I take a very, very thing glass
+plate which just makes a very
+
+small phase shift,
+and I'm now comparing
+
+different interferometers.
+
+And when I put the glass
+plate in and pull it out,
+
+I want the person who reads
+out the interferometer
+
+to see a change.
+
+So that's how I want to
+compare the interferometers.
+
+Actually, the question
+you are raising
+
+was in another way
+also discussed today
+
+at lunch with three of
+my wonderful colleagues.
+
+Namely what we discussed was
+some recent papers, one of them
+
+published in
+Nature, which claims
+
+precision better
+than Heisenberg.
+
+I mean, what I'm sort of
+indicating to you is Heisenberg
+
+should be the best
+which can be achieved.
+
+How can we do even
+better than Heisenberg?
+
+Well, and this was
+actually related, Nancy,
+
+to your question.
+
+If you want to
+measure magnetization
+
+and you use some
+nonlinear physics
+
+where the photons, where
+the magnetization involved
+
+affects the photon field by
+some higher power of what
+
+you measure, you really
+change what you measure.
+
+Maybe I'm not
+expressing it clearly.
+
+If you measure magnetization
+and you have a certain quantum
+
+limit in measuring
+the magnetization,
+
+that's one thing.
+
+But if you now bring
+another material close
+
+to your magnetization and this
+material goes through a phase
+
+shift, you sort of amplify
+by a physical process
+
+by a nonlinear Hamiltonian
+what you want to measure.
+
+And then of course
+you can-- depending
+
+on what kind of
+nonlinear process
+
+you're using-- you
+can get a signal which
+
+scales tremendously with
+the number of photons you
+
+put into your system.
+
+So in other words, there
+are loopholes like this,
+
+and some of them led
+to very fleshy papers.
+
+And our lunch discussion
+was that some of it
+
+is really completely trivial.
+
+And some papers
+who claim that they
+
+have seen a scaling
+of the precision
+
+with photon number which
+is better than Heisenberg,
+
+not 1 over n, maybe
+1 over n square,
+
+that some of those papers
+were purely classical
+
+and the only quantum
+character of this paper
+
+was the name of
+Heisenberg in the title.
+
+So it's not related to
+any uncertainty relation,
+
+but that's not what
+we want to discuss.
+
+Let me just spend
+quickly-- let me see, yup.
+
+We should the week with
+something interesting and not
+
+just shot noise.
+
+So what I want to
+use now is I want
+
+to replace the beam
+splitter by something
+
+which involves Bell states.
+
+So as the beam splitter
+we do a massive creation
+
+of bell states.
+
+It's our entangler.
+
+And our second beam
+splitter is a Bell analyzer.
+
+It is a disentangler.
+
+So what I mean is the
+following, we will actually
+
+just put one photon
+into this input beam,
+
+and we will only
+read out one channel.
+
+So all these here are
+only auxiliary modes.
+
+This is how I make a special
+quantum beam splitter.
+
+And what we need
+for this description
+
+is essentially two gates.
+
+We need a single qubit.
+
+The single qubit
+is the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+which we have already discussed.
+
+And in the dual-rail
+representation
+
+where its photon can be
+in one of the two modes,
+
+the [INAUDIBLE] is
+simply connecting
+
+the two modes in this way.
+
+And we discussed
+that the [INAUDIBLE]
+
+can be described by a beam
+splitter with a phase shift.
+
+So in other words,
+we need one element
+
+which is a beam splitter
+with a phase shift.
+
+But this is only
+acting on one qubits.
+
+And now we want
+to connect qubits
+
+with a controlled NOT gate.
+
+To remind you,
+controlled NOT gate
+
+is something where the
+photons stay where they are.
+
+But if the control bit is
+1, it flips the target bit.
+
+If the control bit is 0, nothing
+happens to the target bit.
+
+And we discussed
+already that we can
+
+realize one qubit with
+one interferometer.
+
+These are the dual-rails.
+
+We always have one photon in two
+states, this mode or that mode.
+
+And know the other
+qubit, one of the rails
+
+can go through the
+nonlinear Kerr medium.
+
+If the bit is in c
+through the phase
+
+shift in the
+nonlinear Kerr medium,
+
+it flips the
+[INAUDIBLE] down there,
+
+and this the controlled knot.
+
+So now we want to
+use two qubits.
+
+So I'm talking about,
+in our fancy entangler
+
+I'm just talking about
+the first two rails here.
+
+So we have those two rails.
+
+The [INAUDIBLE] puts
+us into a superposition
+
+of the logical CO and 1.
+
+And now after the
+c-not gate, so we
+
+are in a superposition
+of-- just give me
+
+a second-- we start here with 1.
+
+Sorry, we start here with 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Excuse me.
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE: Yeah?
+
+I'm wrapping up.
+
+This is my last.
+
+AUDIENCE: One [INAUDIBLE]
+minus 1 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+WOLFGANG KETTERLE: The 0
+[INAUDIBLE] in 0 plus 1.
+
+And let me just finish that.
+
+This is the target, year.
+
+Sorry, it's correct.
+
+We start with 0,
+we start with 0.
+
+So what we have here is
+the product state of 0
+
+plus 1 upstairs
+and 0 downstairs.
+
+But if we have a 1,
+we flip the 0 to 1.
+
+So therefore, what we have now
+is the state 00 plus 1 1 over
+
+square root 2.
+
+And then we apply
+our phase shifter.
+
+And what we get out of this
+state is 00 plus e to the 2i
+
+phi times 1 1 over
+square root 2.
+
+So now by using sort of--
+and now I should stop.
+
+I know people are waiting.
+
+But by using two of
+those, I suddenly
+
+have multiplied the phase
+by 2, so something is now
+
+sensitive to 2 phi.
+
+And if I use n such, more
+and more entanglement,
+
+I will show you--
+no class next week,
+
+but in the following
+week-- that we suddenly
+
+have a term in our quantum
+state which is e to the n phi.
+
+And this gives us effect
+of an in precision.
+
+OK, have a good rest of
+the week and we meet again
+
+in a week and a half.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hxa6jAYA980.txt b/hxa6jAYA980.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..048847b6b325e64e46489a1619f927beccde6828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hxa6jAYA980.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+when a wheel is rolling without slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a wheel is rolling without slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a wheel is rolling without slipping
+as we saw before that the contact Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw before that the contact Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we saw before that the contact Point
+here the contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instantaneously at rest now if the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously at rest now if the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously at rest now if the wheel
+is rolling on a surface with friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rolling on a surface with friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rolling on a surface with friction
+then it's possible that we may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's possible that we may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's possible that we may have a
+static friction Force but stat so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction Force but stat so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction Force but stat so there
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+be static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friction may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction may
+act however static friction is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act however static friction is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act however static friction is always
+depends on the circumstances now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the circumstances now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the circumstances now let's
+just consider two cases suppose here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider two cases suppose here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider two cases suppose here's a
+wheel vcm this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel vcm this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel vcm this is a
+horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal
+surface and in that case the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and in that case the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and in that case the static
+friction if the wheel is rolling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction if the wheel is rolling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction if the wheel is rolling with
+velocity V in this case f static is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V in this case f static is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity V in this case f static is zero
+and because of that the wheel will roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that the wheel will roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that the wheel will roll
+without any friction which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any friction which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any friction which is an
+idealization there's other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization there's other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization there's other types of
+friction called rolling resistance air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction called rolling resistance air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction called rolling resistance air
+resistance Etc which will slow the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance Etc which will slow the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance Etc which will slow the wheel
+down but in a perfect hard wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but in a perfect hard wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but in a perfect hard wheel
+idealized wheel in a vacuum it will keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized wheel in a vacuum it will keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized wheel in a vacuum it will keep
+on rolling however if a wheel is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rolling however if a wheel is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on rolling however if a wheel is going
+down an incline plane and it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an incline plane and it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down an incline plane and it wants to
+maintain the rolling without slipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the rolling without slipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the rolling without slipping
+condition so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition so here we have
+vcm and it has some angular speed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vcm and it has some angular speed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vcm and it has some angular speed we
+have to be careful because in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because in this case
+if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we
+differentiate ACM is our Alpha so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate ACM is our Alpha so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate ACM is our Alpha so what
+is making the wheel spin faster it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making the wheel spin faster it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is making the wheel spin faster it has a
+nonzero angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero angular
+acceleration and if we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and if we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and if we looked at the
+forces acting on the wheel then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces acting on the wheel then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces acting on the wheel then we have
+a normal force we have gravity acting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal force we have gravity acting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a normal force we have gravity acting at
+the center of mass and we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass and we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of mass and we also have
+static friction and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static friction and it's
+precisely the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+friction that is producing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torque about the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass and that torque about the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and that torque about the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass and that torque about the center of
+mass will produce an angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass will produce an angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass will produce an angular
+acceleration so in order for the wheel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so in order for the wheel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration so in order for the wheel
+to continue rolling without slipping it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue rolling without slipping it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue rolling without slipping it
+must have both a linear acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have both a linear acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have both a linear acceleration
+which comes from gravitational force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from gravitational force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which comes from gravitational force
+component going down the inclined plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component going down the inclined plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component going down the inclined plane
+minus the friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the friction
+plus the alpha is coming from the torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the alpha is coming from the torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the alpha is coming from the torque
+and so this side if we wrote it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this side if we wrote it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this side if we wrote it as a
+vector equation the torque about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation the torque about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector equation the torque about the
+center of mass would be the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass would be the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass would be the vector
+from let's write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from let's write this
+as R cm to where the static friction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as R cm to where the static friction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as R cm to where the static friction is
+acting so that's the vector R CM F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting so that's the vector R CM F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting so that's the vector R CM F
+static cross F static so in this case f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static cross F static so in this case f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static cross F static so in this case f
+static is non zero so there were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static is non zero so there were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static is non zero so there were many
+circumstances in which static friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances in which static friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstances in which static friction
+can vary between a zero value some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary between a zero value some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary between a zero value some
+possible value and some Maximum value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value and some Maximum value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible value and some Maximum value
+and here we see one more example in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we see one more example in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we see one more example in
+order for the wheel to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the wheel to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order for the wheel to continue to
+accelerate down the inclin plane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate down the inclin plane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerate down the inclin plane and
+roll without slipping that the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll without slipping that the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roll without slipping that the static
+friction must produce a torque that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction must produce a torque that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction must produce a torque that
+causes the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes the angular
+acceleration and so we see that static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and so we see that static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration and so we see that static
+friction depends on other constraints in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction depends on other constraints in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction depends on other constraints in
+the problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hyc8h5T76BE.txt b/hyc8h5T76BE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..642a3443150e9142c57af342470d14b221774179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hyc8h5T76BE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu these are the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu these are the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu these are the financial
+highlights of Leman Brothers at as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights of Leman Brothers at as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlights of Leman Brothers at as of
+the end of 2007 now you can get more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of 2007 now you can get more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of 2007 now you can get more
+recent highlights from looking at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent highlights from looking at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent highlights from looking at their
+SEC filings their 10K and 10 Qs uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC filings their 10K and 10 Qs uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SEC filings their 10K and 10 Qs uh which
+are accounting reports that they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accounting reports that they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are accounting reports that they provide
+to the SEC on a quarterly basis but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the SEC on a quarterly basis but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the SEC on a quarterly basis but I
+just thought we'd take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought we'd take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just thought we'd take a look at the
+annual uh financials of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual uh financials of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annual uh financials of this
+business at the end of 2007 the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business at the end of 2007 the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business at the end of 2007 the net
+revenues for Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues for Leman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues for Leman
+Brothers was1 19 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers was1 19 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers was1 19 billion
+do this is a firm that earned $19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is a firm that earned $19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this is a firm that earned $19
+billion doar in revenues in 2007 we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion doar in revenues in 2007 we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion doar in revenues in 2007 we're
+not talking about a little small little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about a little small little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talking about a little small little
+shop here this is a major financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop here this is a major financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop here this is a major financial
+institution and if you look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution and if you look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution and if you look at their
+their profits their net income $4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profits their net income $4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their profits their net income $4
+billion of net income in 2007 and 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of net income in 2007 and 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of net income in 2007 and 2007
+was not a great year so $4 billion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a great year so $4 billion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a great year so $4 billion of
+income is a pretty impressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is a pretty impressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is a pretty impressive
+number and if you look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and if you look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and if you look at their
+long-term capital the capital base we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term capital the capital base we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term capital the capital base we're
+looking at 100 145 billion and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at 100 145 billion and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at 100 145 billion and if you
+take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at
+their their assets under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their assets under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their assets under
+management the assets Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management the assets Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management the assets Center
+management uh in billions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh in billions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management uh in billions is
+$282
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$282
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$282
+billion of assets under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of assets under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion of assets under
+management now at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management now at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management now at the end of
+2007 would anybody have forecasted that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 would anybody have forecasted that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 would anybody have forecasted that
+a company like this could be gone 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company like this could be gone 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company like this could be gone 9
+months later gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months later gone
+I mean just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean just
+obliterated uh 28,500 employees so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterated uh 28,500 employees so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obliterated uh 28,500 employees so we're
+talking about major disruption to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about major disruption to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about major disruption to the
+New York Workforce a number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Workforce a number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Workforce a number of people
+are going to be looking for jobs now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be looking for jobs now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be looking for jobs now a
+number of jobs are going to be created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of jobs are going to be created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of jobs are going to be created
+as a as uh you know a consequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as uh you know a consequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as uh you know a consequence of
+these dislocations I'll come to that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dislocations I'll come to that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dislocations I'll come to that in
+a minute but this is an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but this is an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute but this is an extraordinary
+set of events and one key to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of events and one key to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of events and one key to what's
+going on and why this might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and why this might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and why this might have
+happened is this number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is this number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is this number right
+here the net leverage ratio that net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the net leverage ratio that net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the net leverage ratio that net
+leverage ratio tells you something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage ratio tells you something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage ratio tells you something about
+how much exposure Leman Brothers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much exposure Leman Brothers had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much exposure Leman Brothers had
+relative to how much Capital they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to how much Capital they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to how much Capital they're
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+managing and let me give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing and let me give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managing and let me give you an example
+of what I mean by that and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I mean by that and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what I mean by that and I'm going to
+give you a personal example that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a personal example that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a personal example that we're
+going to come back to we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back to we talked about
+mortgages last time and I told you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages last time and I told you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages last time and I told you all
+that you now had the power to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you now had the power to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you now had the power to compute
+mortgage payments well you know that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage payments well you know that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage payments well you know that a
+mortgage is a loan right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage is a loan right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage is a loan right you're
+borrowing money from the bank to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing money from the bank to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing money from the bank to buy
+this beautiful home that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful home that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beautiful home that you want to
+live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+in does anybody know how much money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in does anybody know how much money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in does anybody know how much money you
+typically have to put down uh when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have to put down uh when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically have to put down uh when you
+buy a home yeah 20% 20% is the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a home yeah 20% 20% is the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a home yeah 20% 20% is the typical
+number although in recent years it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number although in recent years it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number although in recent years it's
+much less than that for example when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than that for example when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less than that for example when I
+first bought my home way back in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bought my home way back in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first bought my home way back in uh
+1988 uh my first home uh when I moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 uh my first home uh when I moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 uh my first home uh when I moved
+here to Boston um I actually only had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to Boston um I actually only had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to Boston um I actually only had to
+put 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put 5%
+down uh because I was able to get a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh because I was able to get a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh because I was able to get a a
+jumbo loan uh and in addition purchase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo loan uh and in addition purchase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo loan uh and in addition purchase
+mortgage insurance so that the bank was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage insurance so that the bank was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage insurance so that the bank was
+willing to lend me quite a bit more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to lend me quite a bit more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to lend me quite a bit more than
+they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they usually
+would now let's take the 20% down as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would now let's take the 20% down as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would now let's take the 20% down as the
+standard number because that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard number because that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard number because that is
+absolutely industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely industry
+standard if you put down 20% for let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard if you put down 20% for let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard if you put down 20% for let's
+say a $500,000 home which in the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a $500,000 home which in the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a $500,000 home which in the Boston
+area is a little starter home I'm afraid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is a little starter home I'm afraid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area is a little starter home I'm afraid
+a half a million dollar home you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half a million dollar home you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half a million dollar home you put
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$100,000 and the bank lends you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and the bank lends you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 and the bank lends you
+$400,000 the value of your total assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 the value of your total assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 the value of your total assets
+is of course 500,000 right you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course 500,000 right you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course 500,000 right you've got
+$100,000 of your own money 400,000 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 of your own money 400,000 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 of your own money 400,000 of
+the bank's money and with that 500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank's money and with that 500,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank's money and with that 500,000
+you give it to the other party to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it to the other party to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give it to the other party to buy
+the home and now you are the happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home and now you are the happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home and now you are the happy
+owners of a $500,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of a $500,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners of a $500,000
+home what kind of leverage ratio do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home what kind of leverage ratio do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home what kind of leverage ratio do you
+have in that circumstance anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in that circumstance anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in that circumstance anybody
+calculate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that
+quickly close but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly close but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly close but no
+cigar 5 to one right 5 to one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigar 5 to one right 5 to one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cigar 5 to one right 5 to one in the
+sense that you have five times leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you have five times leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you have five times leverage
+your total exposure is 500 you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total exposure is 500 you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your total exposure is 500 you've got
+100 it's 5 to1 now what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 it's 5 to1 now what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 it's 5 to1 now what does that mean
+5:1 leverage that sounds scary that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:1 leverage that sounds scary that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5:1 leverage that sounds scary that
+sounds like you are really levered up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like you are really levered up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like you are really levered up
+well it's only scary if the the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's only scary if the the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's only scary if the the value of
+the assets swings around a lot for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets swings around a lot for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets swings around a lot for
+example let's do a simple backof the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's do a simple backof the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's do a simple backof the
+envelope calculation suppose house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation suppose house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation suppose house
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+fall by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall by
+10% that's only 10% right that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% that's only 10% right that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% that's only 10% right that's not a
+huge number it's significant but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number it's significant but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number it's significant but it's
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+huge what's the return on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge what's the return on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge what's the return on your
+investment how much have you invested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment how much have you invested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment how much have you invested in
+the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home
+$100,000 if the value of the home Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 if the value of the home Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 if the value of the home Falls
+by 10% how much has the value of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10% how much has the value of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 10% how much has the value of your
+assets Fallen by 50,000 right of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets Fallen by 50,000 right of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets Fallen by 50,000 right of that
+50,000 how much does the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50,000 how much does the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50,000 how much does the bank
+lose none right because they they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose none right because they they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose none right because they they've
+lent you money and they expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lent you money and they expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lent you money and they expect you to
+pay it back they're not Equity holders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay it back they're not Equity holders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay it back they're not Equity holders
+they're not looking to take on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not looking to take on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not looking to take on any
+downside risk they just want their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside risk they just want their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside risk they just want their money
+back with interest so the bank doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with interest so the bank doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with interest so the bank doesn't
+care what the value is they still expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what the value is they still expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care what the value is they still expect
+you to pay back their $100,000 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pay back their $100,000 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to pay back their $100,000 the
+$400,000 that they lent you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 that they lent you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$400,000 that they lent you with
+interest so that $50,000 loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so that $50,000 loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest so that $50,000 loss
+it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all
+yours and you put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours and you put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours and you put down
+100,000 and you've lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 and you've lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100,000 and you've lost
+50 half of your assets just got wiped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 half of your assets just got wiped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 half of your assets just got wiped
+out with only a 10% move in the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with only a 10% move in the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with only a 10% move in the value of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+home now instead of putting 20% down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home now instead of putting 20% down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home now instead of putting 20% down as
+a standard what if you did what I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard what if you did what I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard what if you did what I did
+which is you put down 5% so 5% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you put down 5% so 5% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you put down 5% so 5% of
+$500,000 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$500,000 is
+$25,000 right the Bank lends you 475,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25,000 right the Bank lends you 475,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25,000 right the Bank lends you 475,000
+so this is not a conforming loan it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a conforming loan it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not a conforming loan it's
+you've got to buy insurance and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to buy insurance and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to buy insurance and it's
+subprime so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprime so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprime so on and so forth
+5% is your investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% is your investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% is your investment
+$25,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$25,000
+now suppose housing prices go down by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose housing prices go down by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now suppose housing prices go down by
+10% what's the return on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Capital well you've lost everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital well you've lost everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital well you've lost everything
+right the $50,000 loss is still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the $50,000 loss is still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the $50,000 loss is still there
+but you only put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you only put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you only put in
+25 so you've now lost all of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so you've now lost all of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so you've now lost all of your
+capital and on top of that you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and on top of that you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and on top of that you're in the
+whole for another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole for another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole for another
+25 so you've actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so you've actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 so you've actually
+lost not only all of your wealth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost not only all of your wealth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost not only all of your wealth but
+actually you've lost more than all of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you've lost more than all of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you've lost more than all of it
+you've lost minus 100% of your wealth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've lost minus 100% of your wealth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've lost minus 100% of your wealth or
+or your total return your net return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your total return your net return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or your total return your net return is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+200% so if you're a major financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200% so if you're a major financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200% so if you're a major financial
+institution and you're leverag 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution and you're leverag 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution and you're leverag 16
+to1 and the value of that portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 and the value of that portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 and the value of that portfolio
+declines by 10% or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines by 10% or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines by 10% or
+20% you can go through Capital very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% you can go through Capital very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20% you can go through Capital very very
+quickly now let's do a back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly now let's do a back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly now let's do a back of the
+envelope the amount of capital that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope the amount of capital that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope the amount of capital that they
+have let's go up and take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's go up and take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have let's go up and take a look at this
+the amount of capital that Leman had is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital that Leman had is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of capital that Leman had is
+something like a total long-term capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a total long-term capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a total long-term capital
+145 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+145 billion
+okay if you leverage that 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to1 and then you ask the question with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 and then you ask the question with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 and then you ask the question with
+that leveraged amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leveraged amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leveraged amount of
+capital if it drops by I don't know 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital if it drops by I don't know 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital if it drops by I don't know 10%
+5% 7% of that total asset base you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 7% of that total asset base you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% 7% of that total asset base you can
+see how you can go through 145 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can go through 145 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how you can go through 145 billion
+of capital pretty quickly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital pretty quickly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital pretty quickly with
+leverage now you might ask why on Earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage now you might ask why on Earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage now you might ask why on Earth
+would anybody do this why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would anybody do this why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would anybody do this why would you
+leverage 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage 16
+to1 well why would anybody buy a house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 well why would anybody buy a house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to1 well why would anybody buy a house
+in in New England with 5% down that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in New England with 5% down that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in New England with 5% down that's
+just as crazy what's the leverage ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as crazy what's the leverage ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as crazy what's the leverage ratio
+if you put 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put 5%
+down 20 to1 exactly so I was a proud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down 20 to1 exactly so I was a proud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down 20 to1 exactly so I was a proud
+leveraged investor that had 20 to1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged investor that had 20 to1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraged investor that had 20 to1
+leverage I beat Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Brothers why would I do that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers why would I do that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers why would I do that is that
+insane well yeah you tie up too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane well yeah you tie up too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insane well yeah you tie up too much
+Capital well I yes I that's a that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital well I yes I that's a that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital well I yes I that's a that's a
+very polite way of saying it yes I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very polite way of saying it yes I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very polite way of saying it yes I would
+tie up too much Capital if I didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie up too much Capital if I didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie up too much Capital if I didn't do
+that the fact is I didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fact is I didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the fact is I didn't have the
+capital so so thank you for being kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so so thank you for being kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital so so thank you for being kind
+but but why wasn't it nuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah exactly if the value goes up then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly if the value goes up then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly if the value goes up then I
+earn that kind of money the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn that kind of money the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn that kind of money the same kind of
+money so if housing prices go up by 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so if housing prices go up by 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so if housing prices go up by 10%
+then at 20 to1 leverage I look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at 20 to1 leverage I look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at 20 to1 leverage I look like a
+hedge fund manager right make a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund manager right make a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund manager right make a ton of
+money but that's not the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but that's not the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but that's not the only reason
+that I'm willing to do that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm willing to do that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm willing to do that because
+you're saying that I want to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that I want to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that I want to take that
+risk what if I why would I do that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk what if I why would I do that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk what if I why would I do that yeah
+Michael your risk seems very low why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael your risk seems very low why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael your risk seems very low why in
+the past there was nothing to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past there was nothing to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past there was nothing to indicate
+that exactly the risk of 20 to1 Leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly the risk of 20 to1 Leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly the risk of 20 to1 Leverage
+is only a risk if the amount of housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a risk if the amount of housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only a risk if the amount of housing
+price fluctuation is such that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price fluctuation is such that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price fluctuation is such that it could
+actually wipe me out but up until very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wipe me out but up until very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually wipe me out but up until very
+recently housing prices have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently housing prices have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently housing prices have done
+nothing but this they've gone up and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but this they've gone up and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but this they've gone up and not
+only have they gone up they've gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have they gone up they've gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have they gone up they've gone up
+in a very smooth and orderly fashion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very smooth and orderly fashion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very smooth and orderly fashion you
+know if house prices went up by 15% a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if house prices went up by 15% a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if house prices went up by 15% a
+year every year you might be thrilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year every year you might be thrilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year every year you might be thrilled
+but also a bit scared that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a bit scared that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also a bit scared that's not what
+happened housing prices have gone up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened housing prices have gone up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened housing prices have gone up
+maybe I don't know 8% 10% uh 7% 5% 6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know 8% 10% uh 7% 5% 6%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I don't know 8% 10% uh 7% 5% 6%
+it's been relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been relatively
+smooth and so the volatility the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth and so the volatility the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth and so the volatility the
+volatility of those kinds of Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of those kinds of Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of those kinds of Investments
+were low enough that the leverage didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were low enough that the leverage didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were low enough that the leverage didn't
+scare me at all and in fact I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare me at all and in fact I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scare me at all and in fact I didn't
+lose money uh I held that house for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money uh I held that house for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose money uh I held that house for
+about uh you know five or six years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know five or six years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh you know five or six years and
+bought another one and and it was fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought another one and and it was fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought another one and and it was fine
+it was fine because that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fine because that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was fine because that kind of
+Leverage is not a problem as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage is not a problem as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leverage is not a problem as long as the
+volatility of the of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the of the overall
+investment wasn't out of hand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment wasn't out of hand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment wasn't out of hand what
+happened over the last two three years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the last two three years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened over the last two three years
+is that the volatility has gotten out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the volatility has gotten out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the volatility has gotten out of
+hand and we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and we're going to talk about that
+Wednesday at that Pro seminar I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday at that Pro seminar I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday at that Pro seminar I'm going
+to give you a concrete ill illustration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a concrete ill illustration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you a concrete ill illustration
+not only of how it got out of hand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only of how it got out of hand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only of how it got out of hand but
+how Financial engineering and the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Financial engineering and the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Financial engineering and the design
+of derivative Securities to expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of derivative Securities to expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of derivative Securities to expand the
+housing market and provide people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing market and provide people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing market and provide people with
+these loans exacerbated the problem on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loans exacerbated the problem on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these loans exacerbated the problem on
+the downside but of course the purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside but of course the purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downside but of course the purpose
+of it was to help people on the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was to help people on the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it was to help people on the upside
+is exactly looking at the Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly looking at the Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly looking at the Investments
+going up and thinking that gee they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and thinking that gee they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and thinking that gee they can
+never come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never come down
+Yeah question what the at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah question what the at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah question what the at the end of the
+day you can live in your house and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can live in your house and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you can live in your house and the
+valuation of your house it goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of your house it goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation of your house it goes down
+$100,000 right you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 right you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100,000 right you have to
+De that's a that's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De that's a that's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+De that's a that's a very important
+point the mark to Market what does Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the mark to Market what does Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the mark to Market what does Mark
+to market mean anybody know we've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to market mean anybody know we've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to market mean anybody know we've never
+used that term in class so far yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that term in class so far yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used that term in class so far yeah
+something book value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something book value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something book value
+gets that's right when something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets that's right when something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets that's right when something that
+may have a book value gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a book value gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have a book value gets
+marked to a reality check in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked to a reality check in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked to a reality check in terms of
+market price so for example the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price so for example the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market price so for example the first
+lecture where I auctioned off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where I auctioned off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture where I auctioned off that
+little tiny box that you had no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny box that you had no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little tiny box that you had no idea
+what was in there it had no market value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in there it had no market value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was in there it had no market value
+beforehand at least not to any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand at least not to any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beforehand at least not to any of you
+but we marked it to Market we marked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we marked it to Market we marked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we marked it to Market we marked it
+to Market at 45
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Market at 45
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Market at 45
+bucks and so it it established a market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks and so it it established a market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucks and so it it established a market
+price now the question is who cares what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price now the question is who cares what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price now the question is who cares what
+the value of the house is you're living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the house is you're living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of the house is you're living
+in it you're enjoying it so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it you're enjoying it so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it you're enjoying it so what's the
+big deal well that's right it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal well that's right it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal well that's right it's not a
+big deal if you enjoy living in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal if you enjoy living in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big deal if you enjoy living in the
+house and you can afford to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and you can afford to pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and you can afford to pay the
+mortgage and you're okay and millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and you're okay and millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and you're okay and millions of
+homeowners are exactly in that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowners are exactly in that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowners are exactly in that situation
+so we can't forget that that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't forget that that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't forget that that that that
+the subprime mortgage has enabled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subprime mortgage has enabled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subprime mortgage has enabled
+literally millions of homeowners to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally millions of homeowners to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally millions of homeowners to
+become home homeowners who never could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become home homeowners who never could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become home homeowners who never could
+have but there what what if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but there what what if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but there what what if there's a
+problem in terms of interest rates going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in terms of interest rates going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in terms of interest rates going
+up and your mortgage payment going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and your mortgage payment going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and your mortgage payment going up
+because you ended up getting a a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you ended up getting a a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you ended up getting a a very
+low teaser rate for your your mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low teaser rate for your your mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low teaser rate for your your mortgage
+you got an adjustable rate mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got an adjustable rate mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got an adjustable rate mortgage
+because they said Gee you can buy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they said Gee you can buy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they said Gee you can buy this
+house with virtually no money down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house with virtually no money down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house with virtually no money down and
+uh you've got uh plenty of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got uh plenty of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you've got uh plenty of uh of
+resources to be able to pay for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to be able to pay for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources to be able to pay for it
+because your payment is only you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your payment is only you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your payment is only you know
+$300 a month and then a year later that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$300 a month and then a year later that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$300 a month and then a year later that
+mortgage payment is $1,000 a month and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage payment is $1,000 a month and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage payment is $1,000 a month and
+then it's a real problem okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a real problem okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a real problem okay then
+you've got a decision the decision is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a decision the decision is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got a decision the decision is
+are you going to keep paying all all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to keep paying all all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to keep paying all all of
+your income and have a hard time making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income and have a hard time making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income and have a hard time making
+ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends
+meet for a house that you will never get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet for a house that you will never get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet for a house that you will never get
+the money back it's literally taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money back it's literally taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the money back it's literally taking
+your money and burning it because you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money and burning it because you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money and burning it because you've
+lost your equity and you've lost so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost your equity and you've lost so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost your equity and you've lost so much
+more beyond your Equity that in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beyond your Equity that in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beyond your Equity that in order to
+make money you'd have to hold on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money you'd have to hold on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money you'd have to hold on to the
+house for 20 years and you can't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house for 20 years and you can't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house for 20 years and you can't afford
+the house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house
+anyway do you do that or do you put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway do you do that or do you put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway do you do that or do you put the
+key in the front door and move out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in the front door and move out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key in the front door and move out and
+say you know what bank it's all yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what bank it's all yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what bank it's all yours
+I'm moving on that's what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving on that's what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm moving on that's what's happened
+across the country it's the the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country it's the the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country it's the the fact
+that people can't afford these mortgages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can't afford these mortgages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can't afford these mortgages
+because they got in at low teaser rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got in at low teaser rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they got in at low teaser rates
+and now the rates have come up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the rates have come up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the rates have come up because
+the interest rates have been going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rates have been going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rates have been going up
+now something very significant is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something very significant is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something very significant is going
+to happen tomorrow tomorrow the FED is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen tomorrow tomorrow the FED is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen tomorrow tomorrow the FED is
+almost surely going to cut rates because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely going to cut rates because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost surely going to cut rates because
+they want to reduce the pressure on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to reduce the pressure on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to reduce the pressure on the
+system for these exactly these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for these exactly these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system for these exactly these kinds of
+issues they want to reduce the the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues they want to reduce the the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues they want to reduce the the kind
+of default rates and by doing by keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of default rates and by doing by keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of default rates and by doing by keeping
+interest rates low they actually are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates low they actually are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates low they actually are
+going to a be able to encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a be able to encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a be able to encourage
+liquidity and reduce the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and reduce the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity and reduce the kind of
+pressure that we've been seeing Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that we've been seeing Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure that we've been seeing Yeah
+question so um I was going to ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so um I was going to ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so um I was going to ask what
+happens if you know you put your 5% down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you know you put your 5% down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you know you put your 5% down
+the value of house goes down say 25%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of house goes down say 25%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of house goes down say 25%
+it's been only you know a year you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been only you know a year you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been only you know a year you feel
+like you're not going to get it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're not going to get it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're not going to get it's never
+going to come back up can you literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back up can you literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back up can you literally
+just go to the bank and saying yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the bank and saying yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go to the bank and saying yours
+well that depends on what you signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that depends on what you signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that depends on what you signed
+when you uh got your mortgage from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh got your mortgage from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh got your mortgage from the
+bank most mortgage contracts are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank most mortgage contracts are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank most mortgage contracts are known
+as non-recourse loans meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as non-recourse loans meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as non-recourse loans meaning that
+they've got your house as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got your house as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got your house as
+collateral but that's all they've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral but that's all they've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collateral but that's all they've got
+they don't have your firstborn they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have your firstborn they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have your firstborn they
+don't have you know your uh pinky finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have you know your uh pinky finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have you know your uh pinky finger
+uh you know and depending on where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know and depending on where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know and depending on where you
+borrow in some cases you may have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow in some cases you may have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrow in some cases you may have to
+give that up um but no the fact of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that up um but no the fact of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that up um but no the fact of the
+matter is the most they can do is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is the most they can do is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter is the most they can do is take
+your house away and sell it and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house away and sell it and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your house away and sell it and a lot of
+homeowners are saying great it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowners are saying great it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeowners are saying great it's all
+yours I'm moving out of Stockton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours I'm moving out of Stockton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yours I'm moving out of Stockton
+California I don't need the house I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California I don't need the house I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California I don't need the house I
+don't need to have these mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have these mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have these mortgage
+payments where I'm throwing in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments where I'm throwing in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments where I'm throwing in good
+money after bad that's that's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money after bad that's that's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money after bad that's that's their
+their perspective what about your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their perspective what about your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their perspective what about your credit
+score yeah so your credit score will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score yeah so your credit score will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score yeah so your credit score will go
+to hell so you wait so you'll wait 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hell so you wait so you'll wait 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hell so you wait so you'll wait 5
+years or seven years and then you'll you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or seven years and then you'll you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or seven years and then you'll you
+know be back again there's a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be back again there's a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be back again there's a finite
+limit on you know how long they can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on you know how long they can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit on you know how long they can keep
+those kind of credit scores and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of credit scores and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of credit scores and uh
+Beyond a certain point you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond a certain point you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond a certain point you will have a
+clean record uh but even with that bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean record uh but even with that bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean record uh but even with that bad
+credit score I mean don't forget that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit score I mean don't forget that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit score I mean don't forget that's
+how the subprime mortgage Market got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the subprime mortgage Market got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the subprime mortgage Market got
+created you saw the tv ads right doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created you saw the tv ads right doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created you saw the tv ads right doesn't
+matter if you're in default doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if you're in default doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if you're in default doesn't
+matter if you have no credit doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if you have no credit doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if you have no credit doesn't
+matter you don't have a job we'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you don't have a job we'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter you don't have a job we'll still
+give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a
+loan now that's not true today or not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan now that's not true today or not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan now that's not true today or not as
+true today but at some point when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true today but at some point when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true today but at some point when the
+market recovers we're going to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market recovers we're going to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market recovers we're going to see that
+come back again and so you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back again and so you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back again and so you will be able
+to borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to borrow
+again okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again okay
+yeah given that the interest rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah given that the interest rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah given that the interest rates are
+now going up does that that those going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going up does that that those going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going up does that that those going
+down oh let me despite the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down oh let me despite the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down oh let me despite the fact
+cut Reserve rate or whatever the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut Reserve rate or whatever the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut Reserve rate or whatever the actual
+interest rate that home owners are P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that home owners are P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate that home owners are P
+yeah hasn't changed right so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hasn't changed right so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah hasn't changed right so does that
+mean that those with good credit are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that those with good credit are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that those with good credit are
+effectively subsidizing those with B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively subsidizing those with B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively subsidizing those with B
+credit well um yes and no I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit well um yes and no I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit well um yes and no I mean I think
+that the subsidization that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subsidization that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the subsidization that you're
+talking about really happens very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about really happens very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about really happens very very
+indirectly the fact that there are large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly the fact that there are large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirectly the fact that there are large
+numbers of defaults ultimately May mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of defaults ultimately May mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of defaults ultimately May mean
+that it's harder to get a subprime loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's harder to get a subprime loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's harder to get a subprime loan
+so the folks that are actually good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the folks that are actually good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the folks that are actually good
+credits but don't meet the prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits but don't meet the prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credits but don't meet the prime
+borrowing rate criteria yes they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate criteria yes they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate criteria yes they will
+suffer but in equilibrium by equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer but in equilibrium by equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffer but in equilibrium by equilibrium
+I mean when Supply equals demand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when Supply equals demand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean when Supply equals demand the
+price is the price is the price so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is the price is the price so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price is the price is the price so you
+know it depends on you know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it depends on you know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it depends on you know what kind of
+a borrower you are but whatever whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a borrower you are but whatever whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a borrower you are but whatever whatever
+type of borrower you are if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of borrower you are if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of borrower you are if you can
+signal that that's the type you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that that's the type you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that that's the type you are you
+will be able to get that appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to get that appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be able to get that appropriate
+kind of credit all right so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of credit all right so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of credit all right so in that
+sense you know it's not as if taxpayers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know it's not as if taxpayers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense you know it's not as if taxpayers
+are footing the bill for the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are footing the bill for the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are footing the bill for the particular
+interest rate shifts that are going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate shifts that are going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate shifts that are going on
+taxpayers may end up footing the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayers may end up footing the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxpayers may end up footing the bill
+for what happened with Bear Sterns what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what happened with Bear Sterns what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what happened with Bear Sterns what
+happened with Fanny May and Freddy Mack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with Fanny May and Freddy Mack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened with Fanny May and Freddy Mack
+and that's one of the reasons why over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the reasons why over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's one of the reasons why over
+the weekend when when the Fed was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekend when when the Fed was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weekend when when the Fed was
+approached by lean brothers and say Hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached by lean brothers and say Hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approached by lean brothers and say Hey
+you know you got to help us out here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you got to help us out here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you got to help us out here the
+FED said you know what we're done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED said you know what we're done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FED said you know what we're done with
+that you know sorry but we can't ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know sorry but we can't ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know sorry but we can't ask the
+American taxpayer to foot this bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American taxpayer to foot this bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American taxpayer to foot this bill
+either otherwise is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either otherwise is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either otherwise is going to be
+tremendous backlash and so when Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous backlash and so when Leman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous backlash and so when Leman
+Brothers was left with without backing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers was left with without backing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers was left with without backing
+from the FED uh they went to a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the FED uh they went to a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the FED uh they went to a number of
+private organizations like Barkley's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private organizations like Barkley's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private organizations like Barkley's uh
+Barkley said that they would be willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barkley said that they would be willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barkley said that they would be willing
+to do it if the Fed was able to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it if the Fed was able to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it if the Fed was able to provide
+some kind of back stop the Fed was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of back stop the Fed was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of back stop the Fed was not
+willing to provide a back stop so barley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to provide a back stop so barley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to provide a back stop so barley
+said thanks but no thanks and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said thanks but no thanks and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said thanks but no thanks and at that
+point Leman said we have no choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Leman said we have no choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point Leman said we have no choice
+because we cannot close a sale within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we cannot close a sale within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we cannot close a sale within a
+matter of you know 24 to 48 hours from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of you know 24 to 48 hours from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of you know 24 to 48 hours from
+this point on and we've got some notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point on and we've got some notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point on and we've got some notes
+coming up we've got to do something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up we've got to do something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up we've got to do something so
+they filed for chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they filed for chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they filed for chapter
+11 yeah when they cut the rates they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 yeah when they cut the rates they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 yeah when they cut the rates they do
+what's a negative part inflation yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a negative part inflation yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a negative part inflation yes
+we're actually going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually going to talk about that
+in the next Le in this uh next segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next Le in this uh next segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next Le in this uh next segment
+inflation If the Fed Cuts rates what one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation If the Fed Cuts rates what one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation If the Fed Cuts rates what one
+could argue that the reason we're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that the reason we're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue that the reason we're in the
+mess that we are is because the FED had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess that we are is because the FED had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess that we are is because the FED had
+kept the FED funds rates so low for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the FED funds rates so low for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept the FED funds rates so low for so
+long that even after the stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that even after the stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long that even after the stock market
+crashed with the internet bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed with the internet bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crashed with the internet bubble
+bursting the housing Market continued on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursting the housing Market continued on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bursting the housing Market continued on
+with its bubble because it was still so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its bubble because it was still so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its bubble because it was still so
+cheap to borrow and and I I I'm sure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap to borrow and and I I I'm sure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap to borrow and and I I I'm sure I
+mentioned before that when I was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before that when I was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before that when I was an
+assistant professor at the Wharton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor at the Wharton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor at the Wharton
+School back in 1986 looking to buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School back in 1986 looking to buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School back in 1986 looking to buy a
+house the 30-year fixed was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house the 30-year fixed was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house the 30-year fixed was at
+18% 18% for a 30-year fixed mortgage I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% 18% for a 30-year fixed mortgage I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% 18% for a 30-year fixed mortgage I I
+didn't do it because I couldn't afford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it because I couldn't afford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do it because I couldn't afford
+it at the time but think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the time but think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at the time but think about that
+versus today mortgage rates are maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus today mortgage rates are maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus today mortgage rates are maybe at
+a recent high of 6 7 8% that's not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recent high of 6 7 8% that's not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recent high of 6 7 8% that's not bad
+relative to historical historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to historical historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to historical historical
+standards okay so yes I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards okay so yes I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards okay so yes I mean I think
+that's that's the concern that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the concern that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the concern that if we
+keep interest rates too low that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep interest rates too low that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep interest rates too low that's going
+to encourage inflation and inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage inflation and inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to encourage inflation and inflation
+will have its own costs anybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have its own costs anybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have its own costs anybody who's
+from a kind of uh any uh Latin American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a kind of uh any uh Latin American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a kind of uh any uh Latin American
+country will know the ghost of inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country will know the ghost of inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country will know the ghost of inflation
+is tremendously frightening uh and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tremendously frightening uh and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tremendously frightening uh and we
+don't want to let that get out of hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to let that get out of hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to let that get out of hand
+if you remember back to the 1970s we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember back to the 1970s we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember back to the 1970s we had
+some inflation in the US that was a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inflation in the US that was a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some inflation in the US that was a real
+problem so we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we're going to talk about
+that in just a couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in just a couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in just a couple minutes
+any other uh yes I mean just one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other uh yes I mean just one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other uh yes I mean just one thing
+that you mentioned is me that you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you mentioned is me that you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you mentioned is me that you said
+that when Market come back you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when Market come back you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when Market come back you will
+still have this another bu absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this another bu absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this another bu absolutely
+yes I do you think this is reasonable do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I do you think this is reasonable do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I do you think this is reasonable do
+I think it's reasonable um you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's reasonable um you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's reasonable um you see you
+you're not allowed to ask that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to ask that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not allowed to ask that question
+to an economist or or rather an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an economist or or rather an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an economist or or rather an
+economist is not allowed to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist is not allowed to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist is not allowed to answer that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+reasonable uh is relative and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh is relative and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh is relative and there are
+moral and ethical over tones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral and ethical over tones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral and ethical over tones that
+economists don't like to get involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists don't like to get involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists don't like to get involved in
+it's human nature is it human to suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's human nature is it human to suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's human nature is it human to suffer
+from fear and greed well yes and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fear and greed well yes and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fear and greed well yes and I don't
+think I'm going to change that anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm going to change that anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm going to change that anytime
+soon uh nor are you going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon uh nor are you going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon uh nor are you going to be able to
+change that anytime soon so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that anytime soon so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that anytime soon so that's one
+of the reasons why we we study Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why we we study Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why we we study Finance
+is to develop an an intellectual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to develop an an intellectual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to develop an an intellectual and
+disciplined framework for thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined framework for thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplined framework for thinking about
+these issues because if you don't if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues because if you don't if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these issues because if you don't if you
+don't have a framework for thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a framework for thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a framework for thinking
+about this then you're left responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this then you're left responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this then you're left responding
+to fear fear and greed right now we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fear fear and greed right now we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fear fear and greed right now we are
+in the absolute grips of fear uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absolute grips of fear uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the absolute grips of fear uh those
+of you who aren't in financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who aren't in financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who aren't in financial markets
+if you read the papers my guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the papers my guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the papers my guess is
+you'll start getting scared anyway um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start getting scared anyway um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start getting scared anyway um
+and if you're in financial markets I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're in financial markets I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're in financial markets I I
+promise you this is the scariest time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you this is the scariest time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise you this is the scariest time
+that uh we've been in including August
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we've been in including August
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we've been in including August
+of 98 uh October 87 uh 94 um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 98 uh October 87 uh 94 um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 98 uh October 87 uh 94 um you know
+200 And1 all all of the kind of periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 And1 all all of the kind of periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 And1 all all of the kind of periods
+of Market dislocation uh is is trumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Market dislocation uh is is trumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Market dislocation uh is is trumped
+by what's been going on uh over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what's been going on uh over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by what's been going on uh over the last
+few weeks and it's exciting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks and it's exciting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few weeks and it's exciting from the
+point of view of being a finance student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of being a finance student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of being a finance student
+because you actually have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you actually have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you actually have the
+opportunity to understand and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to understand and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to understand and do
+something about this um but but it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this um but but it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this um but but it it
+requires a certain discipline to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a certain discipline to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a certain discipline to do that
+yeah ingred what does exactly mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ingred what does exactly mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ingred what does exactly mean that
+lion goes bankrupt because everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lion goes bankrupt because everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lion goes bankrupt because everybody
+like if I I guess it's not a retail bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I I guess it's not a retail bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I I guess it's not a retail bank
+like but if I put if I have some money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but if I put if I have some money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like but if I put if I have some money
+deposited there will they give it Fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited there will they give it Fe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposited there will they give it Fe
+back to me because I am a liability well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me because I am a liability well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to me because I am a liability well
+uh that's exactly the problem uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's exactly the problem uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's exactly the problem uh the
+answer is I don't know uh and that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is I don't know uh and that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is I don't know uh and that's one
+of the reasons why there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the reasons why there is this
+dislocation nobody knows because nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation nobody knows because nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation nobody knows because nobody
+knows how large the losses could be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how large the losses could be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows how large the losses could be and
+part of the thing is that the losses at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the thing is that the losses at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the thing is that the losses at
+Leman and other financial institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leman and other financial institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leman and other financial institutions
+including maril Lynch maril Lynch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including maril Lynch maril Lynch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including maril Lynch maril Lynch in
+some ways has bigger exposure than Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways has bigger exposure than Leman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ways has bigger exposure than Leman
+the difference is that maril Lynch has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that maril Lynch has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is that maril Lynch has
+other sources of revenue that are able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources of revenue that are able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources of revenue that are able
+to let it get through this situation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let it get through this situation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let it get through this situation uh
+a bit more gracefully um but the pro the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more gracefully um but the pro the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit more gracefully um but the pro the
+problem is we don't know know because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we don't know know because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is we don't know know because we
+don't know how the value of these large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how the value of these large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how the value of these large
+assets are going to be valued if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets are going to be valued if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets are going to be valued if you
+value them at zero then they're in deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value them at zero then they're in deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value them at zero then they're in deep
+trouble and not only are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and not only are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble and not only are the
+shareholders going to get wiped out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders going to get wiped out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders going to get wiped out but
+a lot of the creditors are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the creditors are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the creditors are going to get
+wiped out if you value them at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out if you value them at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out if you value them at what
+they're valued now well then they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're valued now well then they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're valued now well then they're
+going to be some hiccups along the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some hiccups along the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some hiccups along the way
+but a number of people should get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a number of people should get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a number of people should get out
+without you know outrageous losses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know outrageous losses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know outrageous losses and
+can you sort of clar fall stop paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you sort of clar fall stop paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you sort of clar fall stop paying
+now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and
+uh when till things get better well I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when till things get better well I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when till things get better well I'm
+sort of applying my Latin American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of applying my Latin American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of applying my Latin American
+Experience here yes yes I I mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience here yes yes I I mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Experience here yes yes I I mean that's
+exactly what filing for bankruptcy does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what filing for bankruptcy does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what filing for bankruptcy does
+when you file for bankruptcy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you file for bankruptcy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you file for bankruptcy you
+basically go to the courts and say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically go to the courts and say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically go to the courts and say I
+cannot make good on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make good on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make good on my
+IUS and I recognize that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS and I recognize that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IUS and I recognize that this is a
+problem so I'm going to ask the court to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I'm going to ask the court to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so I'm going to ask the court to
+appoint a conservator or supervisor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a conservator or supervisor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appoint a conservator or supervisor to
+oversee the disposition and dissolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversee the disposition and dissolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oversee the disposition and dissolution
+of my Assets in order to make an orderly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my Assets in order to make an orderly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my Assets in order to make an orderly
+transition to pay off all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to pay off all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition to pay off all of the
+creditors and you know who's last in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditors and you know who's last in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creditors and you know who's last in
+line the shareholders that's right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the shareholders that's right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the shareholders that's right so
+most people think the shareholders are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think the shareholders are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people think the shareholders are
+going to get nothing which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get nothing which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get nothing which is kind of
+astonishing because take a look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing because take a look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing because take a look at their
+closing price in 2007 the closing price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing price in 2007 the closing price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing price in 2007 the closing price
+of Leman Brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Leman Brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Leman Brothers
+stock $62 a share at the end of 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock $62 a share at the end of 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock $62 a share at the end of 2007
+nine months later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine months later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine months later
+it's worth Zero Zero from $62 a share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth Zero Zero from $62 a share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth Zero Zero from $62 a share
+that's a huge destruction of value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge destruction of value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a huge destruction of value and
+you know what part of that loss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what part of that loss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what part of that loss and
+value is really due to the loss of brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is really due to the loss of brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is really due to the loss of brand
+and the loss of business viability it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the loss of business viability it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the loss of business viability it's
+intangible assets it's not it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangible assets it's not it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intangible assets it's not it's not like
+all of a sudden the Leman investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden the Leman investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden the Leman investment
+bankers and uh proprietary Traders and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankers and uh proprietary Traders and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bankers and uh proprietary Traders and
+asset managers all of a sudden they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset managers all of a sudden they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset managers all of a sudden they they
+they had brain damage and they a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had brain damage and they a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had brain damage and they a lot
+stupider than they used to be they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupider than they used to be they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupider than they used to be they're
+just as smart just as Savvy just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as smart just as Savvy just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as smart just as Savvy just as
+experienced just as knowledgeable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced just as knowledgeable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experienced just as knowledgeable as
+ever they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever they
+were the problem is that because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the problem is that because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the problem is that because of the
+magnitude of their exposures there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of their exposures there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of their exposures there is
+General concern about their viability as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General concern about their viability as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General concern about their viability as
+a business and when you don't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business and when you don't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business and when you don't want to do
+business with them when everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business with them when everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business with them when everybody
+doesn't want to do business with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to do business with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't want to do business with them
+when nobody wants to do business with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nobody wants to do business with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when nobody wants to do business with
+them they're not a business and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're not a business and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're not a business and the
+value of their business goes to zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of their business goes to zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of their business goes to zero and
+so there's a chicken and egg problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a chicken and egg problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a chicken and egg problem and
+the bottom line is that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that you know
+irrespective of whether it's the chicken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of whether it's the chicken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of whether it's the chicken
+or the egg when the egg breaks you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the egg when the egg breaks you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the egg when the egg breaks you know
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah ex yes yes what happened with Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ex yes yes what happened with Leman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah ex yes yes what happened with Leman
+is quite similar to what happened with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite similar to what happened with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite similar to what happened with
+bear except that with bear uh there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear except that with bear uh there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear except that with bear uh there was
+a rush on its uh there was a a panic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rush on its uh there was a a panic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a rush on its uh there was a a panic
+that was triggered by what seems to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was triggered by what seems to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was triggered by what seems to be
+some kind of a rumor not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a rumor not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a rumor not necessarily
+large exposures coming due be Sterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large exposures coming due be Sterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large exposures coming due be Sterns
+actually had funds that were engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had funds that were engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had funds that were engaged in
+these kinds of subprime mortgages cdos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of subprime mortgages cdos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of subprime mortgages cdos
+and and cdss those funds went under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cdss those funds went under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and cdss those funds went under
+during the summer uh but be Stern's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the summer uh but be Stern's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the summer uh but be Stern's a
+business collapsed because individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business collapsed because individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business collapsed because individuals
+really didn't want to do business with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't want to do business with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really didn't want to do business with
+it because of this kind of a risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because of this kind of a risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because of this kind of a risk and
+the same thing happened at Leman except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happened at Leman except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing happened at Leman except
+leman's exposure was much larger they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leman's exposure was much larger they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leman's exposure was much larger they
+have much larger exposure to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much larger exposure to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much larger exposure to these
+markets they're one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they're one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets they're one of the biggest
+players in these particular kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in these particular kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players in these particular kinds of
+Securities okay let me just uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities okay let me just uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities okay let me just uh because
+we're running out short on time I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running out short on time I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're running out short on time I'd like
+to take one more question and then let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one more question and then let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take one more question and then let
+me go on with our lecture and believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go on with our lecture and believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me go on with our lecture and believe it
+or not we are going to cover material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not we are going to cover material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not we are going to cover material
+exactly related to this when we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly related to this when we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly related to this when we start
+talking about fixed income security so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about fixed income security so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about fixed income security so
+this is very much appropo yeah uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much appropo yeah uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very much appropo yeah uh uh
+Ramy well how do how do you think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramy well how do how do you think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ramy well how do how do you think this
+affects us in terms of the people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects us in terms of the people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects us in terms of the people that
+yeah great great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yeah absolutely so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah absolutely so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah absolutely so that's a
+great question I'm actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question I'm actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great question I'm actually going to
+talk about that specifically Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that specifically Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that specifically Wednesday
+evening but let me let me give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening but let me let me give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening but let me let me give you the
+short answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short answer
+now the short answer is that within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the short answer is that within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the short answer is that within the
+next two or three months Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two or three months Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two or three months Wall Street
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+frozen uh they there they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen uh they there they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frozen uh they there they're going to be
+a deer caught in the headlights they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deer caught in the headlights they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deer caught in the headlights they
+won't know what's going on they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know what's going on they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know what's going on they won't
+know what their hiring plans are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what their hiring plans are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what their hiring plans are they
+won't know the number of slots they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know the number of slots they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't know the number of slots they have
+they won't know if there's resumés
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't know if there's resumés
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they won't know if there's resumés
+flying back and forth so it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying back and forth so it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying back and forth so it's going to
+be a bit of chaos for the next two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bit of chaos for the next two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a bit of chaos for the next two or
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+months it's not clear that that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's not clear that that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months it's not clear that that's going
+to affect you uh because internships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect you uh because internships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to affect you uh because internships
+still have to be filled entry-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to be filled entry-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to be filled entry-level
+positions are actually the the least of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are actually the the least of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions are actually the the least of
+least concern to businesses because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least concern to businesses because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least concern to businesses because
+those are the ones that they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the ones that they want to
+fill because the new generation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill because the new generation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill because the new generation are
+hungry and and smart ready to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and and smart ready to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry and and smart ready to do
+anything take on anything and cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything take on anything and cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything take on anything and cheap
+that's right I didn't want to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right I didn't want to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right I didn't want to say that
+but you said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you said that
+so uh good value let me put it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh good value let me put it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh good value let me put it that way
+you're good value and so what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good value and so what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good value and so what's going to
+happen is it'll be virtually impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is it'll be virtually impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is it'll be virtually impossible
+for a senior managing director from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a senior managing director from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a senior managing director from one
+firm to easily get a job at another firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm to easily get a job at another firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm to easily get a job at another firm
+within the next two or 3 months until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next two or 3 months until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the next two or 3 months until
+things settle down at the entry level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things settle down at the entry level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things settle down at the entry level
+job market I suspect that there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job market I suspect that there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job market I suspect that there will be
+some disruption uh for example um just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some disruption uh for example um just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some disruption uh for example um just a
+simple indication of that today uh after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple indication of that today uh after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple indication of that today uh after
+my 4:00 section uh I was supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 4:00 section uh I was supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 4:00 section uh I was supposed to
+meet with the CFO of Bank of America Joe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with the CFO of Bank of America Joe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet with the CFO of Bank of America Joe
+price as many of you know we established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as many of you know we established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price as many of you know we established
+a relationship with Bank of America just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship with Bank of America just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relationship with Bank of America just
+recently the laboratory for financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently the laboratory for financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently the laboratory for financial
+engineering uh of to work with BFA to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh of to work with BFA to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering uh of to work with BFA to do
+some uh interesting research and to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh interesting research and to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh interesting research and to get
+access access to their tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access access to their tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access access to their tremendous
+database and we were going to launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and we were going to launch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database and we were going to launch
+that set of discussions today with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of discussions today with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set of discussions today with uh
+Joe price uh not surprisingly at 3 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe price uh not surprisingly at 3 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe price uh not surprisingly at 3 in
+the morning uh I got an email from a BFA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning uh I got an email from a BFA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning uh I got an email from a BFA
+employee saying that uh he will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee saying that uh he will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee saying that uh he will not be
+coming to MIT today after all he's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT today after all he's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to MIT today after all he's a
+little bit tied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit tied
+up um by the way B OFA also looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um by the way B OFA also looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up um by the way B OFA also looked at
+Leman over the weekend so over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leman over the weekend so over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leman over the weekend so over the
+weekend BFA folks were pretty busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend BFA folks were pretty busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend BFA folks were pretty busy
+shopping uh shop they looked at Leman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping uh shop they looked at Leman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shopping uh shop they looked at Leman
+but again when Leman when when the FED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again when Leman when when the FED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again when Leman when when the FED
+wouldn't guarantee uh any kind of a back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't guarantee uh any kind of a back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't guarantee uh any kind of a back
+stop for Leman uh BFA passed as well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for Leman uh BFA passed as well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop for Leman uh BFA passed as well um
+so that's an example of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example of the kind of
+dislocation I'm talking about they'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation I'm talking about they'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation I'm talking about they'll be
+scheduling glitches and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling glitches and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling glitches and things like that
+going forward though after the two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward though after the two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going forward though after the two or
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+months I actually think this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months I actually think this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months I actually think this is a
+fantastic time to get into the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic time to get into the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic time to get into the industry
+because when you have these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you have these kind of
+dislocations opportunities get created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations opportunities get created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocations opportunities get created
+and opportunities for people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opportunities for people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and opportunities for people that are
+smart that are hungry that are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart that are hungry that are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smart that are hungry that are willing
+to work hard I mean that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work hard I mean that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work hard I mean that's exactly the
+kind of situation that you want to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation that you want to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of situation that you want to be in
+when things are going well they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are going well they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when things are going well they don't
+need you they're going to hire people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you they're going to hire people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you they're going to hire people
+just to be clerks and you know to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clerks and you know to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to be clerks and you know to get
+people lunch but now is the time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people lunch but now is the time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people lunch but now is the time where
+you can actually have a big impact so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually have a big impact so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually have a big impact so
+rather than be discouraged I think all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than be discouraged I think all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than be discouraged I think all
+of you had perfect timing in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you had perfect timing in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you had perfect timing in terms of
+being in school now uh in two years time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in school now uh in two years time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in school now uh in two years time
+you'll get out that's when all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get out that's when all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get out that's when all of the
+businesses are going to be recovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses are going to be recovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses are going to be recovering
+and and certainly doing quite well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and certainly doing quite well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and certainly doing quite well I
+suspect and even with within the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect and even with within the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect and even with within the next
+six months you're going to see that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months you're going to see that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six months you're going to see that a
+number of firms are going to be hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms are going to be hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms are going to be hiring
+and and by the way the dislocation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by the way the dislocation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and by the way the dislocation we're
+talking about is on the broker dealer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is on the broker dealer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is on the broker dealer
+side on the asset management side hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the asset management side hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on the asset management side hedge
+funds Pension funds asset management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds Pension funds asset management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds Pension funds asset management
+companies foundations endowments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies foundations endowments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies foundations endowments
+non-financial corporations they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial corporations they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial corporations they're
+hiring and they need people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring and they need people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiring and they need people with
+financial expertise to deal with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial expertise to deal with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial expertise to deal with these
+kind of market dislocations so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of market dislocations so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of market dislocations so I think
+that the job prospects are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the job prospects are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the job prospects are actually
+quite bright for this class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite bright for this class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite bright for this class and the
+class after the folks that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class after the folks that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class after the folks that are going to
+be uh in a little bit of a tough bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh in a little bit of a tough bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh in a little bit of a tough bind
+are the second years who will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the second years who will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the second years who will be
+interviewing for their jobs in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing for their jobs in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interviewing for their jobs in the next
+two or three months they may end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three months they may end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or three months they may end up
+having to wait a little bit longer and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to wait a little bit longer and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to wait a little bit longer and I
+suspect that you know they will take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that you know they will take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that you know they will take a
+little bit longer to settle on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer to settle on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer to settle on their
+jobs but even then MIT students end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs but even then MIT students end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jobs but even then MIT students end up
+having a bit of an advantage over other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bit of an advantage over other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a bit of an advantage over other
+MBA simply because of the the expertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA simply because of the the expertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MBA simply because of the the expertise
+that we bring to the table okay so sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we bring to the table okay so sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we bring to the table okay so sorry
+about taking up so much of your time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking up so much of your time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taking up so much of your time but
+I think this is uh relevant and it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is uh relevant and it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is uh relevant and it'll be
+useful uh for what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh for what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh for what we're going to be
+talking about next let me now turn to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about next let me now turn to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about next let me now turn to uh
+let let me let me turn to what we ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me let me turn to what we ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me let me turn to what we ended
+with in the last class which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the last class which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with in the last class which is the
+inflation topic last class you recall um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation topic last class you recall um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation topic last class you recall um
+we talked about uh the two formulas that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about uh the two formulas that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about uh the two formulas that
+you're going to know uh very well by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to know uh very well by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to know uh very well by the
+end of this course perpetuities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this course perpetuities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this course perpetuities and
+annuities and compounding and where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities and compounding and where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annuities and compounding and where we
+ended with was this notion of inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended with was this notion of inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended with was this notion of inflation
+how many of you already know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you already know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of you already know what
+inflation is and you've talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is and you've talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is and you've talked about it
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+macro okay some of you so let me go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro okay some of you so let me go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macro okay some of you so let me go over
+it briefly and I think you'll see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it briefly and I think you'll see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it briefly and I think you'll see very
+quickly exactly what the idea is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly exactly what the idea is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly exactly what the idea is it's
+really meant to capture the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meant to capture the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really meant to capture the fact that
+the purchasing power of your money can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purchasing power of your money can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purchasing power of your money can
+vary over time irrespective of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary over time irrespective of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary over time irrespective of the time
+value of money and let me explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money and let me explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money and let me explain it
+this way at a particular point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way at a particular point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way at a particular point in time
+uh let's say time T you've got a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say time T you've got a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's say time T you've got a certain
+amount of wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of wealth
+WT and the value of the kinds of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WT and the value of the kinds of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WT and the value of the kinds of things
+that you like to buy uh is given by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you like to buy uh is given by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you like to buy uh is given by an
+index call it I subt so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index call it I subt so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index call it I subt so you can think
+about that as the price of the basket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as the price of the basket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that as the price of the basket of
+goods that you enjoy okay so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that you enjoy okay so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that you enjoy okay so this will
+include consumer uh items food clothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include consumer uh items food clothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include consumer uh items food clothing
+uh as well it may include other items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well it may include other items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as well it may include other items
+Leisure entertainment and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure entertainment and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leisure entertainment and so
+on and the fact that you have a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the fact that you have a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and the fact that you have a certain
+amount of wealth doesn't really uh tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of wealth doesn't really uh tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of wealth doesn't really uh tell
+you how happy you are it's really how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how happy you are it's really how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how happy you are it's really how
+much you're able to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're able to consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you're able to consume
+how you use that wealth that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use that wealth that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you use that wealth that tells you
+how happy you are so economists really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how happy you are so economists really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how happy you are so economists really
+like to focus not on total wealth as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to focus not on total wealth as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to focus not on total wealth as a
+measure of your standard of living but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of your standard of living but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of your standard of living but
+how you able to consume that wealth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you able to consume that wealth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you able to consume that wealth so
+we're going to come up with a basket of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come up with a basket of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come up with a basket of
+consumption goods and call that price uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption goods and call that price uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption goods and call that price uh
+of that basket I subt all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that basket I subt all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that basket I subt all
+right now let's move from time T to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's move from time T to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now let's move from time T to a
+different point in time t plus K so K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point in time t plus K so K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different point in time t plus K so K
+periods from now you're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods from now you're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods from now you're going to have a
+different amount of wealth hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of wealth hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amount of wealth hopefully
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+and presumably you're going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably you're going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and presumably you're going to be able
+to consume more well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume more well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume more well that's
+presuming that the prices of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuming that the prices of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presuming that the prices of what you
+like to consume don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consume don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to consume don't
+change but if those prices do change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but if those prices do change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change but if those prices do change
+then in fact you might not be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact you might not be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact you might not be really
+better off in any way and so in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off in any way and so in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off in any way and so in order
+for you to tell whether or not you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to tell whether or not you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to tell whether or not you're
+better off or worse off you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off or worse off you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better off or worse off you need to know
+not only how much wealth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only how much wealth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only how much wealth you
+have but how much that wealth can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but how much that wealth can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have but how much that wealth can buy
+you in terms of the stuff that you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in terms of the stuff that you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in terms of the stuff that you like
+to consume so the idea behind inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume so the idea behind inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consume so the idea behind inflation
+is to measure the purchasing power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to measure the purchasing power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to measure the purchasing power of
+your dollar and that's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dollar and that's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your dollar and that's completely
+different from time value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from time value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from time value of
+money time value of money simply says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money time value of money simply says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money time value of money simply says
+that people are impatient and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are impatient and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are impatient and they
+prefer money now to money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer money now to money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer money now to money
+later but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but
+inflation is a comment about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is a comment about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation is a comment about the
+purchasing power of that dollar Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power of that dollar Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power of that dollar Now
+versus later and it can go either way in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus later and it can go either way in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus later and it can go either way in
+other words it it's possible that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it it's possible that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it it's possible that a
+dollar next year will buy you more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar next year will buy you more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar next year will buy you more than
+a dollar today because if prices decline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar today because if prices decline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar today because if prices decline
+as they have right now for energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they have right now for energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they have right now for energy for
+example energy is below $100 a barrel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example energy is below $100 a barrel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example energy is below $100 a barrel
+just a few months ago it was at $130 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few months ago it was at $130 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a few months ago it was at $130 a
+barrel so if we had a winter a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel so if we had a winter a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel so if we had a winter a few
+months ago that would have been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago that would have been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months ago that would have been really
+bad because home heating oil would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because home heating oil would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad because home heating oil would have
+been a lot more expensive than it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot more expensive than it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been a lot more expensive than it looks
+like it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's going to be
+however it's still going to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's still going to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it's still going to be more
+expensive than it was two years ago when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than it was two years ago when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive than it was two years ago when
+oil was at $40 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil was at $40 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil was at $40 a
+barrel so you need to know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel so you need to know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrel so you need to know what you're
+going to consume in order to get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume in order to get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to consume in order to get a sense
+of whether you're better or worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you're better or worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whether you're better or worse off
+and that's what we measure by this price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we measure by this price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we measure by this price
+index I of t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I of t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index I of t plus
+K so when you're looking at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so when you're looking at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K so when you're looking at your
+portfolio you might ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you might ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you might ask the question
+what's my return on my portfolio and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my return on my portfolio and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my return on my portfolio and the
+way you calculate that return is look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you calculate that return is look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you calculate that return is look at
+your wealth at time t plus K divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth at time t plus K divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth at time t plus K divided by
+your wealth at time t subtract one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth at time t subtract one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth at time t subtract one from
+it and that's your return right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's your return right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that's your return right that's
+often called the nominal return because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the nominal return because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often called the nominal return because
+it's in name only meaning it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in name only meaning it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in name only meaning it's the
+actual number of dollar bills that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of dollar bills that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual number of dollar bills that your
+wealth will grow to so if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth will grow to so if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth will grow to so if you've got
+$1,000 this year next year you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 this year next year you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 this year next year you've got
+$1,100 your nominal return for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,100 your nominal return for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,100 your nominal return for your
+wealth is 10% that's the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth is 10% that's the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth is 10% that's the number of
+dollar bills you have more than you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bills you have more than you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar bills you have more than you had
+this year 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year 10%
+more now if you want to know how you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now if you want to know how you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more now if you want to know how you're
+doing in terms of your level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in terms of your level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in terms of your level of
+Happiness your purchasing power your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happiness your purchasing power your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Happiness your purchasing power your
+cost of living your standard of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of living your standard of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of living your standard of living
+you've got to look at what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to look at what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to look at what's going on
+with the cost of living increase I subt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cost of living increase I subt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cost of living increase I subt
+plus K divided by I subt and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K divided by I subt and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus K divided by I subt and we can
+write that as a fixed growth rate Pi per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as a fixed growth rate Pi per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as a fixed growth rate Pi per
+year 1+ pi to the K so let's that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 1+ pi to the K so let's that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 1+ pi to the K so let's that all
+the prices of the things you love and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of the things you love and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices of the things you love and
+enjoy they go up by 10% as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy they go up by 10% as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy they go up by 10% as
+well well then have you made any money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well then have you made any money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well then have you made any money
+have you made any progress you've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you made any progress you've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you made any progress you've made
+money but you haven't made progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but you haven't made progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but you haven't made progress
+you've made 10% in terms of your return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made 10% in terms of your return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've made 10% in terms of your return
+on your initial ,000 but the stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your initial ,000 but the stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your initial ,000 but the stuff that
+you like to eat and and buy and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to eat and and buy and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to eat and and buy and use
+that's also gone up by 10% so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also gone up by 10% so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also gone up by 10% so in fact
+you can't do any more consump next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do any more consump next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do any more consump next year
+than you could have this year because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could have this year because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you could have this year because
+while your wealth went up by 10% the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your wealth went up by 10% the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while your wealth went up by 10% the
+cost of living went up by 10% so from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of living went up by 10% so from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of living went up by 10% so from a
+from a real perspective real meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a real perspective real meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a real perspective real meaning
+what you really care about you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really care about you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you really care about you haven't
+really made any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really made any
+progress inflation is a measure of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress inflation is a measure of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress inflation is a measure of how
+much progress we've made and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much progress we've made and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much progress we've made and so when you
+engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in
+analysis of these kinds of present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of these kinds of present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of these kinds of present value
+problems you've got to ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you've got to ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems you've got to ask the question
+whether or not you're focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you're focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you're focusing on
+nominal returns or real returns okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal returns or real returns okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal returns or real returns okay and
+ultimately as a consumer what you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately as a consumer what you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately as a consumer what you all
+care about is real returns you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is real returns you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about is real returns you want to
+know whether you're getting better off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you're getting better off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you're getting better off
+in terms of what you can really consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what you can really consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of what you can really consume
+so uh how do you do that well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how do you do that well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh how do you do that well first of
+all you have to change the units oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to change the units oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to change the units oh
+sorry question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry question yeah
+uh why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+letter oh no no no I'm sorry yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter oh no no no I'm sorry yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter oh no no no I'm sorry yeah this
+is a thank you for pointing it out um no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thank you for pointing it out um no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a thank you for pointing it out um no
+by pi I just mean a variable name called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pi I just mean a variable name called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by pi I just mean a variable name called
+Pi I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3.14159 only at MIT would I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.14159 only at MIT would I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.14159 only at MIT would I get that
+question I've taught at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I've taught at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I've taught at other
+universities and they asked me what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and they asked me what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities and they asked me what that
+funny looking symbol looks like they but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny looking symbol looks like they but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny looking symbol looks like they but
+uh so yeah sorry about that this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah sorry about that this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so yeah sorry about that this is just
+a Greek letter that deter that denotes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Greek letter that deter that denotes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Greek letter that deter that denotes a
+variable it's like it's like r or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's like it's like r or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable it's like it's like r or
+something all right thank you so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right thank you so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right thank you so here
+what I've done is to Define a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is to Define a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've done is to Define a variable
+called your real wealth at time t plus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called your real wealth at time t plus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called your real wealth at time t plus K
+real meaning this is what you really can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real meaning this is what you really can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real meaning this is what you really can
+do with your money in terms of consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your money in terms of consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with your money in terms of consuming
+what it is is your nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is is your nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is is your nominal
+wealth divided by the rate of inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth divided by the rate of inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth divided by the rate of inflation
+so in the case uh the example I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case uh the example I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the case uh the example I gave you
+where your nominal wealth goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your nominal wealth goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your nominal wealth goes up by
+10% and your inflation rate goes up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and your inflation rate goes up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% and your inflation rate goes up by
+10% when you take your nominal wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% when you take your nominal wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% when you take your nominal wealth
+and you divide it by that growth rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide it by that growth rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide it by that growth rate in
+inflation what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you get
+,000 in other words your wealth hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 in other words your wealth hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+,000 in other words your wealth hasn't
+changed in real terms okay so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in real terms okay so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in real terms okay so in the
+example that I gave you your wealth went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I gave you your wealth went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that I gave you your wealth went
+up by 10% % your inflation rate for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by 10% % your inflation rate for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by 10% % your inflation rate for a
+year is also 10% so if you divide your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is also 10% so if you divide your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year is also 10% so if you divide your
+total wealth by that that index you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth by that that index you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wealth by that that index you're
+basically going to get back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to get back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to get back to your
+original amount of wealth right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original amount of wealth right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original amount of wealth right so
+here's the general uh the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the general uh the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the general uh the general
+framework your real wealth is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework your real wealth is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework your real wealth is going to
+be your nominal wealth divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your nominal wealth divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be your nominal wealth divided by the
+rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of
+inflation you're dividing by it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation you're dividing by it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation you're dividing by it because
+you're using as your units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using as your units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using as your units
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+comparison today's consumption basket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison today's consumption basket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison today's consumption basket
+right and so the way you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the way you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the way you can look at
+your real return which is denoted 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your real return which is denoted 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your real return which is denoted 1 plus
+r real to the C power your real return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r real to the C power your real return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r real to the C power your real return
+over K years is equal to the real wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K years is equal to the real wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over K years is equal to the real wealth
+at the end of your K years divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of your K years divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of your K years divided by
+your wealth today that's your real rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth today that's your real rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wealth today that's your real rate
+of return right because it's how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return right because it's how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return right because it's how much
+real dollars you have at time k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real dollars you have at time k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real dollars you have at time k
+that's just given by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just given by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just given by your
+nominal rate of return of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal rate of return of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal rate of return of your
+wealth and then divided by the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and then divided by the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealth and then divided by the rate of
+inflation okay so this is the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay so this is the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation okay so this is the expression
+that is the the um the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the the um the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the the um the basic
+relationship between real and nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between real and nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between real and nominal
+consumption goods and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption goods and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption goods and then we
+approximate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate this
+ratio with this very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio with this very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio with this very very simple
+relationship here the real rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here the real rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship here the real rate of
+return is approximately equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is approximately equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is approximately equal to the
+nominal rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal rate of
+return divided by or minus the inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return divided by or minus the inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return divided by or minus the inflation
+rate not divided by anything that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate not divided by anything that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate not divided by anything that's the
+approximation so getting back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so getting back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so getting back to my
+example my example of if you have a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example my example of if you have a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example my example of if you have a 10%
+nominal growth rate for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal growth rate for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal growth rate for your
+investment and youve got a 10% inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and youve got a 10% inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment and youve got a 10% inflation
+rate then in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate then in that
+case there's no approximation in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's no approximation in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case there's no approximation in fact
+your inflation rate your real rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inflation rate your real rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your inflation rate your real rate of
+return is zero right 10% minus 10% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is zero right 10% minus 10% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is zero right 10% minus 10% is
+zero where the approximation happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero where the approximation happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero where the approximation happens is
+when you have something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have something a little bit
+different for example suppose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for example suppose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for example suppose the
+inflation rate were uh 10% and suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate were uh 10% and suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate were uh 10% and suppose
+your nominal rate of return was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nominal rate of return was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your nominal rate of return was
+15% according to this approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% according to this approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% according to this approximation
+what's your real rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your real rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your real rate of
+return 5% right it's not exactly 5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 5% right it's not exactly 5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 5% right it's not exactly 5%
+because if you take uh uh 1 uh5 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take uh uh 1 uh5 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take uh uh 1 uh5 divided
+by 1.10 it's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1.10 it's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1.10 it's not exactly
+5% but it's approximately equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% but it's approximately equal to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% but it's approximately equal to that
+okay what this says is that you ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what this says is that you ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what this says is that you ought to
+think as a consumer not just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a consumer not just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think as a consumer not just about the
+total dollars that's growing but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dollars that's growing but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dollars that's growing but the
+purchasing power of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchasing power of those
+dollars okay for the purposes of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay for the purposes of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars okay for the purposes of doing
+npv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv
+calculations I want to just mention one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I want to just mention one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations I want to just mention one
+rule of thumb that will do you in good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb that will do you in good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of thumb that will do you in good
+stead no matter what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stead no matter what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stead no matter what kind of
+calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations
+do and that is simply to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that is simply to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and that is simply to keep track of
+whether you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're using
+nominal or real cash flows and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal or real cash flows and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal or real cash flows and then to
+use nominal or real discount rates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nominal or real discount rates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use nominal or real discount rates to
+match in other words nominal cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match in other words nominal cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match in other words nominal cash flow
+should be divided by nominal discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be divided by nominal discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be divided by nominal discount
+rates and real cash flows should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and real cash flows should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates and real cash flows should be
+denominated by real discount rates most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominated by real discount rates most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominated by real discount rates most
+of the cash flows that you will get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cash flows that you will get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cash flows that you will get in
+your analysis will typically be nom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis will typically be nom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your analysis will typically be nom
+nomal nominal meaning that's the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomal nominal meaning that's the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomal nominal meaning that's the actual
+number of dollars you will see on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dollars you will see on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dollars you will see on those
+dates but occasionally you may get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates but occasionally you may get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates but occasionally you may get a
+forecast that is made in real terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that is made in real terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast that is made in real terms in
+in terms of purchasing power and in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of purchasing power and in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of purchasing power and in that
+case you have to just be careful to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have to just be careful to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you have to just be careful to use
+the right interest rate when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right interest rate when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right interest rate when you're
+doing your discounting you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your discounting you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing your discounting you have to take
+into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+inflation nominal gets discounted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation nominal gets discounted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation nominal gets discounted by
+nominal real gets discounted by real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal real gets discounted by real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nominal real gets discounted by real
+that's all you have to remember okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you have to remember okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all you have to remember okay
+any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay we're now done with lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we're now done with lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay we're now done with lecture
+three and we're moving on to lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we're moving on to lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we're moving on to lecture
+four which is fixed income securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four which is fixed income securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four which is fixed income securities
+and this is the focus of much of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the focus of much of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the focus of much of the
+dislocation in markets today so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation in markets today so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation in markets today so this is
+very topical and something that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very topical and something that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very topical and something that I think
+you know you'll find very useful when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll find very useful when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you'll find very useful when we
+start trying to understand exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying to understand exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying to understand exactly
+what's been going on in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been going on in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's been going on in these
+markets uh let me start with a a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh let me start with a a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets uh let me start with a a little
+bit of an industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of an industry
+overview and um the industry overview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and um the industry overview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview and um the industry overview
+will will give you a sense of why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will give you a sense of why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will give you a sense of why these
+markets are so important as well as so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large okay so we're going to start as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay so we're going to start as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large okay so we're going to start as I
+said with an overview of markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said with an overview of markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said with an overview of markets and
+participants and then I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and then I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and then I'm going to talk
+about valuation of fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about valuation of fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about valuation of fixed income
+securities it turns out that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities it turns out that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities it turns out that all of the
+hard work that we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work that we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard work that we've done
+just over the last three lectures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over the last three lectures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just over the last three lectures are
+going to be able to get us through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to get us through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to get us through all
+of valuation for fixed income securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valuation for fixed income securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of valuation for fixed income securities
+in other words you now know all that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you now know all that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words you now know all that you
+need to know to price virtually any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to price virtually any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know to price virtually any
+fixed income security without default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed income security without default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed income security without default
+without uncertainty remember we said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uncertainty remember we said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without uncertainty remember we said no
+uncertainty right until lecture 12 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty right until lecture 12 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty right until lecture 12 but
+that's pretty uh it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty uh it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty uh it's a pretty
+significant accomplishment because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant accomplishment because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant accomplishment because there
+are lots and lots of Securities out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots of Securities out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lots and lots of Securities out
+there that are fixed income securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that are fixed income securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that are fixed income securities
+and you now have the tools you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you now have the tools you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you now have the tools you don't
+know that you have the tools yet but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have the tools yet but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you have the tools yet but you
+do believe me you have the tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do believe me you have the tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do believe me you have the tools to
+price them all so we're going to go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price them all so we're going to go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price them all so we're going to go over
+the valuation principles and apply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuation principles and apply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valuation principles and apply them
+to Discount bonds and coupon bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Discount bonds and coupon bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Discount bonds and coupon bonds and
+then I'm going to talk to you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to talk to you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to talk to you a little
+bit about uncertainty I want to bring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about uncertainty I want to bring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about uncertainty I want to bring in
+interest rate risk in a very simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate risk in a very simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate risk in a very simple way
+I want to Simply talk about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to Simply talk about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to Simply talk about the fact
+that interest rates do change over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interest rates do change over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interest rates do change over time
+and that change can actually cause some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that change can actually cause some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that change can actually cause some
+concern as well as some opportunities I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern as well as some opportunities I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern as well as some opportunities I
+want to discuss what those opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss what those opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to discuss what those opportunities
+and concerns are and then I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concerns are and then I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concerns are and then I'm going to
+conclude by talking about default I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude by talking about default I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude by talking about default I'm
+going to talk about corporate bonds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about corporate bonds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about corporate bonds and
+I probably won't talk about the subprime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably won't talk about the subprime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I probably won't talk about the subprime
+issues in this class because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in this class because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in this class because I want to
+uh focus on the material that's required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh focus on the material that's required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh focus on the material that's required
+but I will talk about it in this Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will talk about it in this Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will talk about it in this Pro
+seminar which is optional so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar which is optional so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminar which is optional so you're
+welcome to come uh on Wednesday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to come uh on Wednesday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to come uh on Wednesday and
+we'll we'll go over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll go over that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll go over that
+material and if you want you can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and if you want you can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and if you want you can take a
+look at it yourself it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it yourself it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it yourself it's pretty
+self-explanatory so I think you'll uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory so I think you'll uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-explanatory so I think you'll uh
+you'll see how it goes for readings I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how it goes for readings I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see how it goes for readings I'd
+like you all to read chapters 23 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you all to read chapters 23 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you all to read chapters 23 through
+25 of Brey Myers and Allen you you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 of Brey Myers and Allen you you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 of Brey Myers and Allen you you'll
+have three lectures uh to to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three lectures uh to to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three lectures uh to to do that
+lectures four five and six will all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures four five and six will all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures four five and six will all be
+focused on fixed income securities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on fixed income securities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on fixed income securities so
+let me talk to you a bit about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk to you a bit about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk to you a bit about the
+industry now the name fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry now the name fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry now the name fixed income
+securities means exactly what it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities means exactly what it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities means exactly what it says
+what we're going to do now is to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do now is to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do now is to focus
+on pieces of paper where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pieces of paper where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pieces of paper where the
+payoffs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs are
+fixed and known in advance unlike a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and known in advance unlike a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed and known in advance unlike a
+stock where you buy a stock and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock where you buy a stock and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock where you buy a stock and you
+don't know whether it's going to pay off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it's going to pay off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether it's going to pay off
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+and the cash flows the dividends uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cash flows the dividends uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cash flows the dividends uh or
+repurchases or capital gains are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurchases or capital gains are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurchases or capital gains are
+uncertain you don't have any idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain you don't have any idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain you don't have any idea what
+the cash flows may or may not be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows may or may not be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash flows may or may not be in
+contrast to those Securities fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to those Securities fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast to those Securities fixed
+income instruments have fixed incomes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income instruments have fixed incomes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income instruments have fixed incomes so
+they have very very clearly stated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very very clearly stated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have very very clearly stated uh
+payoffs that you know in advance so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs that you know in advance so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payoffs that you know in advance so from
+a pricing perspective these are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pricing perspective these are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pricing perspective these are probably
+the simplest kind of security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest kind of security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest kind of security
+that could possibly be constructed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could possibly be constructed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could possibly be constructed right
+couldn't be simpler than a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be simpler than a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't be simpler than a piece of
+paper that says every year on this date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that says every year on this date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that says every year on this date
+I will pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will pay you
+$10,000 uh of nominal currency right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 uh of nominal currency right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$10,000 uh of nominal currency right
+that's a fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a fixed income
+security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security
+examples are anything from treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are anything from treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are anything from treasury
+Securities securities issued by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities securities issued by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities securities issued by the
+United States Treasury and other foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States Treasury and other foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States Treasury and other foreign
+treasuries to to federal agent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries to to federal agent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries to to federal agent
+Securities we know about those now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities we know about those now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities we know about those now right
+fatty May and Freddy Mack Securities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty May and Freddy Mack Securities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatty May and Freddy Mack Securities to
+corporate security securities issued not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate security securities issued not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate security securities issued not
+by the government or by government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the government or by government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the government or by government
+sponsored entities but by private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored entities but by private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsored entities but by private
+corporations and public corporations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and public corporations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations and public corporations and
+then Municipal Securities these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Municipal Securities these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Municipal Securities these are
+securities issued by local governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities issued by local governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities issued by local governments
+uh and then mortgage-backed Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then mortgage-backed Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then mortgage-backed Securities
+Securities that are payoffs of pools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that are payoffs of pools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that are payoffs of pools of
+other Securities including Mor ages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Securities including Mor ages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Securities including Mor ages and
+then the whole mix of collateralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole mix of collateralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the whole mix of collateralized
+debt obligations collateralized loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt obligations collateralized loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt obligations collateralized loan
+obligations credit default swaps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations credit default swaps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations credit default swaps and
+other complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other complex
+instruments that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments that's a lot of
+Securities and to get a sense of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and to get a sense of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities and to get a sense of how
+many Securities we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Securities we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Securities we're talking
+about let me show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let me show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about let me show you the
+market this is as of the end of 2006
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market this is as of the end of 2006
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market this is as of the end of 2006
+because that's the only data that that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only data that that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's the only data that that I
+could get that is uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get that is uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get that is uh as
+timely at the end of 2006 the US bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely at the end of 2006 the US bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely at the end of 2006 the US bond
+market uh consisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh consisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market uh consisted
+of uh just tremendous tremendous amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh just tremendous tremendous amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh just tremendous tremendous amount
+of assets so 6.4 trillion in mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assets so 6.4 trillion in mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assets so 6.4 trillion in mortgage
+related Securities 24% of the market 2.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related Securities 24% of the market 2.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related Securities 24% of the market 2.3
+trillion in municipals 4.2 trillion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion in municipals 4.2 trillion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion in municipals 4.2 trillion in
+treasuries 2 trillion in asset back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries 2 trillion in asset back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasuries 2 trillion in asset back
+Securities 3.8 trillion money market 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities 3.8 trillion money market 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities 3.8 trillion money market 2.6
+trillion in Federal uh agency Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion in Federal uh agency Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion in Federal uh agency Securities
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on these numbers they dwarf the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these numbers they dwarf the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on these numbers they dwarf the stock
+market so we're traditionally uh focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so we're traditionally uh focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so we're traditionally uh focused
+in financial uh financial analysis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in financial uh financial analysis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in financial uh financial analysis on
+pricing stocks and analyzing stocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing stocks and analyzing stocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricing stocks and analyzing stocks and
+we get all excited when uh Google tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get all excited when uh Google tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get all excited when uh Google tries
+to take over uh um Yahoo and so on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take over uh um Yahoo and so on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take over uh um Yahoo and so on but
+the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the
+markets the size of equity markets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets the size of equity markets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets the size of equity markets are
+dwarfed by fixed income Securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwarfed by fixed income Securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwarfed by fixed income Securities and
+again you know these are apples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know these are apples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know these are apples and
+oranges and I'm just saying that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges and I'm just saying that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oranges and I'm just saying that there's
+a hell of a lot more apples than there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hell of a lot more apples than there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hell of a lot more apples than there
+are oranges uh you could you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oranges uh you could you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oranges uh you could you can figure
+out what you want from that but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what you want from that but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what you want from that but these
+are really big markets and on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really big markets and on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really big markets and on this slide
+I show you the evolution of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I show you the evolution of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I show you the evolution of these
+markets how they've grown over time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets how they've grown over time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets how they've grown over time from
+1985 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1985 to
+2006 and what you'll see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and what you'll see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 and what you'll see is that the
+mortgage related Market has just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage related Market has just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage related Market has just you
+know grown by tremendous tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know grown by tremendous tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know grown by tremendous tremendous
+amounts uh as well as Federal agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts uh as well as Federal agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts uh as well as Federal agency
+Securities that's Fanny May and Freddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that's Fanny May and Freddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that's Fanny May and Freddy
+Mack and asset-backed markets was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack and asset-backed markets was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack and asset-backed markets was
+nothing in 1985 it it didn't exist in '
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in 1985 it it didn't exist in '
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in 1985 it it didn't exist in '
+85 and now we're talking about a$2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85 and now we're talking about a$2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+85 and now we're talking about a$2
+trillion Doll Market here so a lot has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion Doll Market here so a lot has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion Doll Market here so a lot has
+happened in the last 20 years it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the last 20 years it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the last 20 years it's been
+exciting times for financial markets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting times for financial markets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting times for financial markets and
+uh right now we're in the midst of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right now we're in the midst of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right now we're in the midst of some
+Market turmoil because of that unbridled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market turmoil because of that unbridled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market turmoil because of that unbridled
+growth now the this is the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth now the this is the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth now the this is the amount
+outstanding this chart shows you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding this chart shows you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding this chart shows you the
+issuance that is the amount of debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuance that is the amount of debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuance that is the amount of debt
+that's being issued at any given point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being issued at any given point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being issued at any given point
+in time so the first was an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so the first was an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so the first was an example of
+the stock of debt at any point in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of debt at any point in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock of debt at any point in time
+and now I'm talking about the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm talking about the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm talking about the flow of
+debt year by year and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt year by year and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt year by year and you can see that
+as of 2006 mortgage related bonds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of 2006 mortgage related bonds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as of 2006 mortgage related bonds uh
+were uh the fastest growing segment by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh the fastest growing segment by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were uh the fastest growing segment by
+far and that continued up until 2007 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and that continued up until 2007 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far and that continued up until 2007 and
+then the breaks started being put on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the breaks started being put on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the breaks started being put on to
+that market okay and you can see over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market okay and you can see over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that market okay and you can see over
+time the growth of these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the growth of these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the growth of these various
+different markets uh and the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different markets uh and the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different markets uh and the fact that
+Federal agency Securities grew but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal agency Securities grew but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal agency Securities grew but
+mortgage related Securities probably was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage related Securities probably was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage related Securities probably was
+the fastest growing uh subject to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest growing uh subject to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fastest growing uh subject to the
+asset-backed market as well which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset-backed market as well which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset-backed market as well which is
+related yeah asset back and mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related yeah asset back and mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related yeah asset back and mortgage
+mortgage related is specifically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage related is specifically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage related is specifically about
+mortgages asset back could be any asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages asset back could be any asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages asset back could be any asset
+so for example consumer credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example consumer credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example consumer credit card
+loans you can package that up and sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans you can package that up and sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans you can package that up and sell
+claims on that and that would be under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on that and that would be under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims on that and that would be under
+asset back Securities not under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset back Securities not under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset back Securities not under
+mortgages so but they're related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages so but they're related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages so but they're related
+obviously okay okay so these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously okay okay so these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously okay okay so these numbers
+will give you an idea of what's out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an idea of what's out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you an idea of what's out
+there what's significant and uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's significant and uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there what's significant and uh what's
+not um this gives you a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um this gives you a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not um this gives you a sense of the
+amount of trading that goes on while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of trading that goes on while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of trading that goes on while
+these Securities are large in size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Securities are large in size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Securities are large in size and
+large in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large in
+flow they are not that large in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow they are not that large in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow they are not that large in terms of
+transactions so unlike stocks that trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions so unlike stocks that trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions so unlike stocks that trade
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+time we don't have a organized us Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't have a organized us Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we don't have a organized us Bond
+exchange like the NYSC where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange like the NYSC where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange like the NYSC where people
+trade bonds every minute of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade bonds every minute of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade bonds every minute of the day
+there are bonds being traded every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are bonds being traded every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are bonds being traded every
+minute of the day but they aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of the day but they aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute of the day but they aren't
+typically the same ones whereas I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the same ones whereas I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the same ones whereas I would
+argue that Microsoft and Google are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that Microsoft and Google are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that Microsoft and Google are
+traded every minute of the trading day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded every minute of the trading day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traded every minute of the trading day
+uh so typically bonds do trade but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so typically bonds do trade but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so typically bonds do trade but they
+don't trade on organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trade on organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't trade on organized
+exchanges and that makes them less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and that makes them less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanges and that makes them less
+liquid even the very very safest and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid even the very very safest and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid even the very very safest and uh
+most liquid bonds uh do not trade as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most liquid bonds uh do not trade as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most liquid bonds uh do not trade as
+frequently as equities and Futures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently as equities and Futures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently as equities and Futures so
+the liquidity characteristics uh can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquidity characteristics uh can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquidity characteristics uh can be
+very very different for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very different for these
+instruments and these complex Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and these complex Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and these complex Securities
+like collateralized debt obligations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like collateralized debt obligations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like collateralized debt obligations
+mortgage back Securities they trade even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage back Securities they trade even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage back Securities they trade even
+less frequently because they are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less frequently because they are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less frequently because they are highly
+complex and it's not that easy to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it's not that easy to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it's not that easy to figure
+out what their prices are from minute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what their prices are from minute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what their prices are from minute to
+minute every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute every day
+now the fixed income Market participants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fixed income Market participants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fixed income Market participants
+that we're going to be focused on fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be focused on fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to be focused on fall
+into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into three
+groups issuers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups issuers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups issuers
+intermediaries and investors issuers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries and investors issuers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries and investors issuers of
+course are the end users of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are the end users of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course are the end users of these
+instruments they include everything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments they include everything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments they include everything from
+governments down to foreign institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments down to foreign institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments down to foreign institutions
+these are the folks that issue pieces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the folks that issue pieces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the folks that issue pieces of
+paper that are IUS and they get cash in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that are IUS and they get cash in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that are IUS and they get cash in
+return for that to finance their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for that to finance their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for that to finance their
+operations and in return they pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and in return they pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations and in return they pay
+interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest
+okay the investors of course are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the investors of course are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the investors of course are the
+folks that are buying the paper or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that are buying the paper or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks that are buying the paper or
+essentially providing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially providing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially providing
+loans so every once in a while when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans so every once in a while when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans so every once in a while when I go
+out with my uh colleagues for lunch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with my uh colleagues for lunch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with my uh colleagues for lunch in
+the finance group one of my colleagues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance group one of my colleagues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance group one of my colleagues
+will say can I sell you a bond I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say can I sell you a bond I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say can I sell you a bond I didn't
+go to the cash machine today and I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the cash machine today and I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the cash machine today and I need
+you to help me finance my lunch these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to help me finance my lunch these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to help me finance my lunch these
+are how Finance professors speak and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how Finance professors speak and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are how Finance professors speak and and
+uh unfortunately the idea about buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately the idea about buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh unfortunately the idea about buying
+somebody's bond is you're lending them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's bond is you're lending them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's bond is you're lending them
+money right so instead of saying can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right so instead of saying can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money right so instead of saying can you
+let me $5 we have to say well I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me $5 we have to say well I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me $5 we have to say well I'm going
+to issue a bond can you uh can you buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue a bond can you uh can you buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue a bond can you uh can you buy
+my bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bond
+um the the the investors are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the investors are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the the the investors are the ones
+that are loaning the money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are loaning the money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are loaning the money to the
+issuers okay and these include as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuers okay and these include as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuers okay and these include as I said
+governments Pension funds insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments Pension funds insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments Pension funds insurance
+companies Banks hedge funds and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies Banks hedge funds and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies Banks hedge funds and so on
+one in the middle of all of this are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the middle of all of this are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the middle of all of this are the
+intermediaries primary dealers other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries primary dealers other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries primary dealers other
+kinds of dealers investment Banks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of dealers investment Banks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of dealers investment Banks the
+credit ra rating agencies the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit ra rating agencies the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit ra rating agencies the credit
+enhancers what do I mean by credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancers what do I mean by credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancers what do I mean by credit
+enhancers folks that help credit markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancers folks that help credit markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancers folks that help credit markets
+by providing Insurance to the credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing Insurance to the credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by providing Insurance to the credit
+like private mortgage insurance uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private mortgage insurance uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private mortgage insurance uh and
+liquidity enhancers these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity enhancers these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity enhancers these are the
+counterparties that try to bring buyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties that try to bring buyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterparties that try to bring buyers
+and sellers together to increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sellers together to increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sellers together to increase the
+liquidity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquidity of the
+markets the dislocation has been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets the dislocation has been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets the dislocation has been going
+on in the intermediary sector and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the intermediary sector and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the intermediary sector and of
+course the issuers are having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the issuers are having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the issuers are having some
+difficulties now because they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties now because they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulties now because they're going
+to have to make good on these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to make good on these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to make good on these kind of
+claims and the people that are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and the people that are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claims and the people that are going to
+be hurt ultimately will be the investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hurt ultimately will be the investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hurt ultimately will be the investors
+who are holding pieces of paper that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are holding pieces of paper that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are holding pieces of paper that may
+not be worth as much as possible and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be worth as much as possible and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be worth as much as possible and so
+the efforts now at trying to shore up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts now at trying to shore up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efforts now at trying to shore up
+the finances of Fanny May and Freddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finances of Fanny May and Freddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finances of Fanny May and Freddy
+Mack lhan Merill and all of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack lhan Merill and all of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack lhan Merill and all of these other
+uh institutions is really aimed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh institutions is really aimed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh institutions is really aimed at
+trying to help out the combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help out the combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to help out the combination of
+the intermediaries and the issuers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediaries and the issuers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intermediaries and the issuers
+because if you don't help out this group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't help out this group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't help out this group
+then what happens is that this group is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is that this group is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what happens is that this group is
+going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get
+hit so uh Leman Brothers for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit so uh Leman Brothers for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit so uh Leman Brothers for example is
+an intermediary they are one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediary they are one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediary they are one of the
+biggest dealers in these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest dealers in these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest dealers in these kinds of
+Securities maril Lynch is also one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities maril Lynch is also one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities maril Lynch is also one of
+the biggest dealers in these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest dealers in these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biggest dealers in these kind of
+Securities as dealers they end up taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities as dealers they end up taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities as dealers they end up taking
+exposure on their own books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure on their own books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure on their own books
+that's not a great idea in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a great idea in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a great idea in general
+because the best of all worlds is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the best of all worlds is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the best of all worlds is you're
+the toll collector that's collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toll collector that's collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toll collector that's collecting
+tolls for traffic going back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolls for traffic going back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolls for traffic going back and forth
+and back and forth you don't take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and forth you don't take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back and forth you don't take any
+risk but if not everybody wants to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk but if not everybody wants to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk but if not everybody wants to go
+back and forth and back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and back and forth and
+back and forth you might stand ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth you might stand ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth you might stand ready to
+do one side of the business and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one side of the business and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do one side of the business and let
+other folks do the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks do the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks do the other side of the
+business but if you're not careful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but if you're not careful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business but if you're not careful in
+laying off your exposure you can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying off your exposure you can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laying off your exposure you can end up
+getting hurt pretty badly an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt pretty badly an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hurt pretty badly an example of
+this that happened in equity markets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that happened in equity markets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that happened in equity markets in
+1987 was when the stock market crashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 was when the stock market crashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1987 was when the stock market crashed
+that was a very serious uh event on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very serious uh event on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a very serious uh event on
+October 19th 1987 where in one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 19th 1987 where in one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+October 19th 1987 where in one single
+day the US Stock Market lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the US Stock Market lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the US Stock Market lost
+approximately 20% of its value in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 20% of its value in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 20% of its value in one
+day now that's a serious dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day now that's a serious dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day now that's a serious dislocation
+we're going to talk about that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that this
+Friday when we run this trading game I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday when we run this trading game I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday when we run this trading game I'm
+going to have all of you engage in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have all of you engage in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have all of you engage in
+trading over a very short period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading over a very short period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading over a very short period of time
+so you're going to be under tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to be under tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to be under tremendous
+pressure as well you tell me how easy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as well you tell me how easy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure as well you tell me how easy it
+is to think on the Fly what happened on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think on the Fly what happened on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to think on the Fly what happened on
+that morning of October 19 1987 is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that morning of October 19 1987 is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that morning of October 19 1987 is that
+the Specialists the dealers who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Specialists the dealers who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Specialists the dealers who are
+supposed to be making markets their job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be making markets their job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be making markets their job
+is to buy when everybody wants to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to buy when everybody wants to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to buy when everybody wants to sell
+and to sell when everybody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to sell when everybody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to sell when everybody wants to
+buy they got it there in the morning at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy they got it there in the morning at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy they got it there in the morning at
+9:30 and were overwhelmed with everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9:30 and were overwhelmed with everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9:30 and were overwhelmed with everybody
+wanting to sell so they ended up buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to sell so they ended up buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanting to sell so they ended up buying
+the Specialists and they bought and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Specialists and they bought and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Specialists and they bought and as
+they bought what happened to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought what happened to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought what happened to the
+price kept going down that means more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price kept going down that means more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price kept going down that means more
+people wanted to sell so they kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to sell so they kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted to sell so they kept
+buying and as they bought what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying and as they bought what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buying and as they bought what happened
+price kept going down and it kept going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price kept going down and it kept going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price kept going down and it kept going
+down all the way so the stuff that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the way so the stuff that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down all the way so the stuff that they
+bought in the morning was worth 20% Less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought in the morning was worth 20% Less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bought in the morning was worth 20% Less
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+afternoon and these market makers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon and these market makers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon and these market makers were
+also use leverage so many of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use leverage so many of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also use leverage so many of their
+Capital bases were wiped out by that 20%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital bases were wiped out by that 20%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital bases were wiped out by that 20%
+decline in a day because they were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in a day because they were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in a day because they were just
+doing their job in fact there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their job in fact there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing their job in fact there was a
+story uh about a um the the floor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh about a um the the floor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh about a um the the floor of the
+New York Stock Exchange was literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Stock Exchange was literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Stock Exchange was literally
+packed I mean it was it was tighter than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed I mean it was it was tighter than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed I mean it was it was tighter than
+a Tokyo subway train during rush hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Tokyo subway train during rush hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Tokyo subway train during rush hour
+okay it was packed I mean literally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was packed I mean literally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it was packed I mean literally you
+know you were elbow to Elbow against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you were elbow to Elbow against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you were elbow to Elbow against
+others unfortunately one of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others unfortunately one of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others unfortunately one of the market
+makers uh had a heart attack around uh 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers uh had a heart attack around uh 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers uh had a heart attack around uh 1
+or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two
+o00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o00
+and he wasn't able to fall to the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wasn't able to fall to the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he wasn't able to fall to the ground
+until the market closed at 4 because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the market closed at 4 because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the market closed at 4 because he
+was propped up by everybody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was propped up by everybody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was propped up by everybody else
+desperate to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desperate to try to
+transact and he died and somebody uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transact and he died and somebody uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transact and he died and somebody uh uh
+who was near him said you know look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was near him said you know look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was near him said you know look I
+knew the guy was in trouble but what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the guy was in trouble but what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew the guy was in trouble but what was
+I supposed to do I was 100,000 shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I supposed to do I was 100,000 shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I supposed to do I was 100,000 shares
+long and I had to unload my my portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I had to unload my my portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long and I had to unload my my portfolio
+I mean they were they were trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they were they were trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they were they were trading
+that's how desperate it was on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how desperate it was on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how desperate it was on that
+day so this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day so this kind of
+intermediation can be extraordinarily uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation can be extraordinarily uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediation can be extraordinarily uh
+high pressure and when you're engaged in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure and when you're engaged in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pressure and when you're engaged in
+an unwinding of portfolios dislocation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unwinding of portfolios dislocation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unwinding of portfolios dislocation
+can occur so we're seeing that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occur so we're seeing that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can occur so we're seeing that right now
+play out and uh it's a little different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out and uh it's a little different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play out and uh it's a little different
+because we're dealing with fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're dealing with fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're dealing with fixed income
+security so I'm going to come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so I'm going to come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so I'm going to come back and
+talk about that okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that okay that's the
+background to what we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to what we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background to what we're going to study
+these fixed income markets and fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fixed income markets and fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fixed income markets and fixed
+income instruments I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income instruments I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income instruments I'm going to ask you
+to read relm so that you can get up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read relm so that you can get up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read relm so that you can get up to
+speed on institutional details and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed on institutional details and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed on institutional details and there
+are quite a few so I would urge you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite a few so I would urge you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite a few so I would urge you to
+please do that reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do that reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please do that reading
+and uh make sure that you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh make sure that you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh make sure that you understand the
+basic terms of these markets what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic terms of these markets what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic terms of these markets what I want
+to talk about though is the framework I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about though is the framework I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about though is the framework I
+want to give you a framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give you a framework for
+thinking about valuing fixed income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about valuing fixed income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about valuing fixed income
+securities and really as I said it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and really as I said it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities and really as I said it's a
+framework that you already know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that you already know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework that you already know you
+already have that in your mind I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have that in your mind I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have that in your mind I've
+already changed the way you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already changed the way you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already changed the way you think about
+financial markets by asking you to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets by asking you to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets by asking you to focus
+on cash flows and timing and the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cash flows and timing and the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cash flows and timing and the time
+value of money that's all you need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money that's all you need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of money that's all you need in
+order to Value fixed income securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to Value fixed income securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to Value fixed income securities
+the rest is just institutional detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is just institutional detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest is just institutional detail
+which while very important is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which while very important is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which while very important is not
+something that we need to worry about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we need to worry about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we need to worry about in
+class but I I'll leave to you to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but I I'll leave to you to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but I I'll leave to you to focus
+on so let me give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let me give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so let me give you an example of
+valuation and how to do it it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation and how to do it it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation and how to do it it'll be a
+very short one you all know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short one you all know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very short one you all know how to do
+this we've got a cash flow uh a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we've got a cash flow uh a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we've got a cash flow uh a sequence
+of cash flows for a particular security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cash flows for a particular security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cash flows for a particular security
+that I'm going to call a bond and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to call a bond and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to call a bond and in
+particular I'm going to call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'm going to call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I'm going to call this a
+coupon Bond now with a coupon Bond there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon Bond now with a coupon Bond there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon Bond now with a coupon Bond there
+are two things you need to know you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things you need to know you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things you need to know you need
+to know what the coupon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the coupon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what the coupon is
+and you need to know uh the maturity how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to know uh the maturity how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to know uh the maturity how
+many dates that it pays off one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dates that it pays off one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many dates that it pays off one of the
+institutional details that you'll need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional details that you'll need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional details that you'll need
+to know is that coupon bonds typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is that coupon bonds typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is that coupon bonds typically
+pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay
+semiannually uh some coupon bonds can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiannually uh some coupon bonds can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiannually uh some coupon bonds can
+pay quarterly but most of them as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay quarterly but most of them as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay quarterly but most of them as a
+matter of convention pay semiannually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of convention pay semiannually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of convention pay semiannually
+but that changes depending on the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that changes depending on the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that changes depending on the market
+so you'll need to learn a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll need to learn a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'll need to learn a little bit
+about those kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those kind of
+conventions I'm not going to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions I'm not going to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions I'm not going to worry about
+that and I'm going to abstract from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm going to abstract from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I'm going to abstract from that
+and simply say that here's a three-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply say that here's a three-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply say that here's a three-year
+coupon bond that has a principle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bond that has a principle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bond that has a principle of
+$11,000 that's the typical principle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11,000 that's the typical principle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$11,000 that's the typical principle or
+face value that a bond comes with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face value that a bond comes with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face value that a bond comes with so
+this piece of paper is an IOU and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper is an IOU and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this piece of paper is an IOU and it
+says I OU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I OU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says I OU
+$1,000 at the end of three years okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 at the end of three years okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 at the end of three years okay
+but I'm not going to pay you just $1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to pay you just $1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to pay you just $1,000
+at the end of three years I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of three years I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of three years I'm going to
+pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay you
+$50 every year for those three years so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 every year for those three years so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 every year for those three years so
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+coupon is a 5% coupon so when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon is a 5% coupon so when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon is a 5% coupon so when you hear
+of a coupon Bond that's a 5% three-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a coupon Bond that's a 5% three-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a coupon Bond that's a 5% three-year
+bond that term that I just uttered means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that term that I just uttered means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond that term that I just uttered means
+that it pays off $1,000 at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it pays off $1,000 at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it pays off $1,000 at the end of
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+years and in the interim it pays off $50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and in the interim it pays off $50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and in the interim it pays off $50
+a year as its coupons why is it called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year as its coupons why is it called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year as its coupons why is it called a
+coupon bond in the old days the bond was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bond in the old days the bond was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bond in the old days the bond was
+actually a piece of paper and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a piece of paper and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a piece of paper and on the
+bottom of it were little coupons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of it were little coupons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of it were little coupons and
+you'd clip the coupons and mail them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd clip the coupons and mail them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd clip the coupons and mail them in
+and once a year when you mail them in or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once a year when you mail them in or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once a year when you mail them in or
+twice a year when you mail them in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice a year when you mail them in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice a year when you mail them in you
+get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back
+$50 okay nowadays it's all done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 okay nowadays it's all done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$50 okay nowadays it's all done
+electronically so first thing you do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically so first thing you do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically so first thing you do in
+order to Value the cash flow draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to Value the cash flow draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to Value the cash flow draw a
+timeline okay we're here sitting at date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline okay we're here sitting at date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline okay we're here sitting at date
+Zero that's today and you've got three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero that's today and you've got three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero that's today and you've got three
+years to go one year two year three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to go one year two year three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years to go one year two year three
+years at the end of three years you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at the end of three years you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years at the end of three years you get
+paid your principal $1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid your principal $1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid your principal $1,000
+plus the coupon there are three coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the coupon there are three coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the coupon there are three coupons
+for three years and so at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three years and so at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three years and so at the end of
+this Bond when the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bond when the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Bond when the bond
+matures you get paid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matures you get paid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matures you get paid
+1,50 and then 50 50 and here we are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,50 and then 50 50 and here we are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,50 and then 50 50 and here we are at
+date Zero question what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero question what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date Zero question what is this
+worth yeah it depends it depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth yeah it depends it depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth yeah it depends it depends on the
+interest rate right you think interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate right you think interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate right you think interest
+rate is exactly 5% yeah so it's a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is exactly 5% yeah so it's a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is exactly 5% yeah so it's a just
+$1,000 same right if the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 same right if the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 same right if the interest rate
+is 5% it's worth $11,000 today if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5% it's worth $11,000 today if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 5% it's worth $11,000 today if the
+interest right that's par but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest right that's par but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest right that's par but if the
+interest rate is worth less than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is worth less than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is worth less than that
+worth more than 1000 right and if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more than 1000 right and if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth more than 1000 right and if it's
+worth right exactly so in general how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth right exactly so in general how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth right exactly so in general how do
+you figure out the price of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out the price of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you figure out the price of this
+thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I no I was asking a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I no I was asking a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I no I was asking a somewhat
+different question which is how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question which is how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different question which is how do I
+figure out the market value of this Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the market value of this Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the market value of this Bond
+today Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zero yeah compute The Net Present Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero yeah compute The Net Present Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero yeah compute The Net Present Value
+npv that's one answer that I was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv that's one answer that I was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv that's one answer that I was that
+was the correct textbook answer what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the correct textbook answer what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the correct textbook answer what's
+another answer of how do I figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another answer of how do I figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another answer of how do I figure out
+the market value the market exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market value the market exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market value the market exactly
+auction it off how many people want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction it off how many people want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auction it off how many people want to
+pay me $1,000 for this today no a th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me $1,000 for this today no a th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me $1,000 for this today no a th000
+And1 th000 whatever we can auction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And1 th000 whatever we can auction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And1 th000 whatever we can auction it
+off and figure out what the price from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and figure out what the price from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and figure out what the price from
+the market but in fact what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market but in fact what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market but in fact what we're doing
+by doing so is Computing the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing so is Computing the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing so is Computing the present
+value and the way we're doing it is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the way we're doing it is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the way we're doing it is by
+figuring out what the price of a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the price of a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what the price of a dollar
+is in date one today what the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in date one today what the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in date one today what the price of a
+dollar in year two is today and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year two is today and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in year two is today and what the
+price of a dollar is in year three today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a dollar is in year three today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a dollar is in year three today
+getting those exchange rates and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting those exchange rates and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting those exchange rates and then
+converting all of those different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting all of those different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting all of those different
+currencies to Dollars Today right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies to Dollars Today right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currencies to Dollars Today right we
+know this we've done this many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this we've done this many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this we've done this many times
+so the way that you figure out valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you figure out valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way that you figure out valuation
+whoops the way that you figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops the way that you figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops the way that you figure out
+valuation is by using discount rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation is by using discount rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation is by using discount rates
+that we get from the market and applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get from the market and applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get from the market and applying
+them to compute present values right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to compute present values right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to compute present values right
+very simple so really the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple so really the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple so really the components of
+valuation for bonds if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation for bonds if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation for bonds if there's no
+uncertainty you already know we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty you already know we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty you already know we've done
+it that was last lecture and for special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was last lecture and for special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that was last lecture and for special
+cash flows like annuities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows like annuities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash flows like annuities and
+perpetuities we've got closed form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuities we've got closed form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuities we've got closed form
+Solutions formulas that you can program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions formulas that you can program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions formulas that you can program
+up and Excel to figure out the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and Excel to figure out the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and Excel to figure out the kind of
+risks that we're going to focus on later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that we're going to focus on later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks that we're going to focus on later
+on in this lecture and in uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this lecture and in uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in this lecture and in uh the
+lectures after we talk about uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures after we talk about uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures after we talk about uncertainty
+is inflation risk we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inflation risk we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inflation risk we talked about that
+right the fact that when you buy a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fact that when you buy a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the fact that when you buy a bond
+or you sell a bond if the purchasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you sell a bond if the purchasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you sell a bond if the purchasing
+power changes that's going to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power changes that's going to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power changes that's going to introduce
+a a new kind of unknown that we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new kind of unknown that we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a new kind of unknown that we need to
+Grapple with credit risk that's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grapple with credit risk that's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grapple with credit risk that's a major
+form of risk that we're dealing with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of risk that we're dealing with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of risk that we're dealing with in
+financial markets today and that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets today and that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets today and that we're
+likely to be dealing with for years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be dealing with for years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be dealing with for years to
+come you might like to borrow from me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come you might like to borrow from me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come you might like to borrow from me or
+lend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend to
+me but what about credit issues how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but what about credit issues how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but what about credit issues how do
+you know that I'm still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that I'm still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that I'm still going to be
+around a year from now or two years from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a year from now or two years from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a year from now or two years from
+now timing which we'll come back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now timing which we'll come back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now timing which we'll come back to a
+little bit later on liquidity and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later on liquidity and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit later on liquidity and then
+of course what currency if we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what currency if we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course what currency if we're doing
+International borrowing we have an EXT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International borrowing we have an EXT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+International borrowing we have an EXT
+ra dimension of risk which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra dimension of risk which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ra dimension of risk which is
+fluctuations in the exchange rate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in the exchange rate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations in the exchange rate okay
+so for the next couple of lectures I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the next couple of lectures I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the next couple of lectures I
+want to keep life simple and talk just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep life simple and talk just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep life simple and talk just
+about riskless debt riskless in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about riskless debt riskless in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about riskless debt riskless in terms of
+default so in particular I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so in particular I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default so in particular I'm going to be
+talking about us government bonds all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about us government bonds all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about us government bonds all
+right and I'll come back to risky debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll come back to risky debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll come back to risky debt
+later but for now let's just focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but for now let's just focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but for now let's just focus on
+the debt that will not default because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt that will not default because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt that will not default because
+you can always print up dollars to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always print up dollars to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always print up dollars to pay
+off your creditors right right those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off your creditors right right those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off your creditors right right those
+dollars may not be worth as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars may not be worth as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars may not be worth as much as you
+would like them to be if you do too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like them to be if you do too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like them to be if you do too much
+of that but for now we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but for now we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that but for now we're not going to
+focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on
+default okay so the first kind of bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay so the first kind of bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default okay so the first kind of bond
+that we're going to try to price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to try to price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to try to price is
+what's called a pure discount bond this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a pure discount bond this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a pure discount bond this
+is a bond that is different from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bond that is different from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bond that is different from a
+coupon bond in the sense that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bond in the sense that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bond in the sense that there are
+no coupons so it only pays off one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no coupons so it only pays off one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no coupons so it only pays off one
+payment at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment at the
+end and the reason it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and the reason it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and the reason it's called the
+discount bond is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount bond is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount bond is
+because it is what it sounds like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is what it sounds like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it is what it sounds like the
+price of the bond today is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the bond today is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of the bond today is going to be
+at a discount from the face value if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a discount from the face value if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a discount from the face value if the
+face value is $1,000 and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face value is $1,000 and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face value is $1,000 and there's nothing
+in between then the price of the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between then the price of the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between then the price of the bond
+today can't be greater than $1,000 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today can't be greater than $1,000 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today can't be greater than $1,000 right
+because money today is worth more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because money today is worth more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because money today is worth more than
+money next year so the price today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money next year so the price today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money next year so the price today is
+going to be lower than $1,000 it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower than $1,000 it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower than $1,000 it's going
+to be a discount over $1,000 hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a discount over $1,000 hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a discount over $1,000 hence the
+term pure discount Bond now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term pure discount Bond now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term pure discount Bond now there are
+pure discount bonds out there us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure discount bonds out there us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure discount bonds out there us
+treasury bills are examples where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury bills are examples where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury bills are examples where
+there's one payoff at the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one payoff at the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one payoff at the end and
+nothing in between but a while ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in between but a while ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in between but a while ago
+Financial Engineers came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Engineers came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Engineers came up with a
+rather brilliant idea which you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather brilliant idea which you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather brilliant idea which you may not
+think is so brilliant because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is so brilliant because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is so brilliant because it's so
+painfully obvious the government issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painfully obvious the government issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painfully obvious the government issues
+coupon bonds as well and typically for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bonds as well and typically for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bonds as well and typically for
+longer maturities like uh you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer maturities like uh you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer maturities like uh you know five
+years 15 and 30 years there aren't no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 15 and 30 years there aren't no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years 15 and 30 years there aren't no
+pure discount bonds uh for those longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure discount bonds uh for those longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure discount bonds uh for those longer
+maturities when the government issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturities when the government issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maturities when the government issues
+them they issue them with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they issue them with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they issue them with
+coupons but you can imagine a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons but you can imagine a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons but you can imagine a situation
+where somebody would like to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somebody would like to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where somebody would like to have a
+discount bond for 30 years and so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount bond for 30 years and so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount bond for 30 years and so some
+clever Financial engineer said hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever Financial engineer said hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever Financial engineer said hey
+here's what I'm going to do I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'm going to do I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what I'm going to do I'm going to
+buy up a lot of these treasury coupon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy up a lot of these treasury coupon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy up a lot of these treasury coupon
+bonds and I'm going to issue discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and I'm going to issue discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and I'm going to issue discount
+bonds that match exactly the coupon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that match exactly the coupon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds that match exactly the coupon
+payments from my treasury bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments from my treasury bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments from my treasury bond
+in other words I'm going to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I'm going to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words I'm going to take the
+coupons and strip them and offer them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and strip them and offer them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and strip them and offer them up
+as separate Securities and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as separate Securities and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as separate Securities and I'm going to
+call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these
+strips and these strips which stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips and these strips which stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips and these strips which stands for
+separate trading of registered interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate trading of registered interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate trading of registered interest
+and principal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and principal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and principal
+Securities created a huge market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities created a huge market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities created a huge market for
+essentially what are government bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what are government bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what are government bonds
+but that have been pre-processed in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that have been pre-processed in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that have been pre-processed in a in
+a relatively simple way now this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively simple way now this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively simple way now this didn't
+happen that long ago maybe I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that long ago maybe I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen that long ago maybe I don't know
+15 or 20 years ago they created strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 years ago they created strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 or 20 years ago they created strips
+so this is why I'm so excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why I'm so excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is why I'm so excited about
+financial markets and why I think all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets and why I think all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial markets and why I think all of
+you have tremendous opportunities it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have tremendous opportunities it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have tremendous opportunities it's
+because there are so many ideas that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are so many ideas that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are so many ideas that may
+seem obvious to you but are not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem obvious to you but are not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem obvious to you but are not obvious
+to the market and you know there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market and you know there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the market and you know there's no
+patent on good ideas there's no Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on good ideas there's no Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patent on good ideas there's no Monopoly
+on good ideas you can actually create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on good ideas you can actually create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on good ideas you can actually create
+tremendous value by coming up with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous value by coming up with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous value by coming up with what
+you might think of as so simple a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of as so simple a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think of as so simple a
+solution but that solves problems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but that solves problems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but that solves problems for
+very large financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large financial
+institutions now how do we price these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions now how do we price these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions now how do we price these
+things well this is just a on liner the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well this is just a on liner the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things well this is just a on liner the
+price of a discount bond is simply equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a discount bond is simply equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of a discount bond is simply equal
+to its face value discounted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its face value discounted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its face value discounted to the
+present by the appropriate interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present by the appropriate interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present by the appropriate interest rate
+that's it pure and simple we're now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it pure and simple we're now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it pure and simple we're now
+we're now done with pricing pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now done with pricing pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now done with pricing pure
+discount bonds there's nothing else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount bonds there's nothing else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount bonds there's nothing else to
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+it turns out that this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this is a really
+wonderful relationship because if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful relationship because if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful relationship because if you've
+got two of these three variables in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two of these three variables in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two of these three variables in this
+equation you've got the third if I tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you've got the third if I tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you've got the third if I tell
+you what the face value is and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the face value is and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the face value is and what the
+interest rate is you've got the price if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is you've got the price if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate is you've got the price if
+I tell you what the price is and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you what the price is and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tell you what the price is and what
+the face value is you got the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face value is you got the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face value is you got the interest
+rate and if I give you the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and if I give you the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and if I give you the interest rate
+and the price you can actually figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price you can actually figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the price you can actually figure
+out what the face value is all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the face value is all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the face value is all right so
+this relationship is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relationship is going to be very
+handy when we look at the prices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy when we look at the prices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy when we look at the prices of
+these instruments and we want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments and we want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instruments and we want to now
+infer what that says about what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what that says about what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer what that says about what's going
+on with interest rates in fact what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with interest rates in fact what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with interest rates in fact what I'm
+going to show you next time is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you next time is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you next time is that when
+we look at the newspaper and we take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the newspaper and we take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at the newspaper and we take a
+look at the prices of discount and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the prices of discount and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the prices of discount and
+coupon bonds implicit in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bonds implicit in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon bonds implicit in those
+prices is a forecast of the future this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices is a forecast of the future this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices is a forecast of the future this
+is as close as any of you are ever going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as close as any of you are ever going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as close as any of you are ever going
+to get to a crystal ball I'm serious by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a crystal ball I'm serious by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a crystal ball I'm serious by
+looking at prices you can tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at prices you can tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at prices you can tell the
+future you can't do it perfectly but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you can't do it perfectly but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future you can't do it perfectly but you
+know neither can Jee Dixon or any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know neither can Jee Dixon or any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know neither can Jee Dixon or any of the
+other astrologers right the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other astrologers right the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other astrologers right the point is
+that this is our way of figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our way of figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is our way of figuring out the
+collective intelligence of all Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective intelligence of all Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective intelligence of all Market
+participants and what they think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and what they think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and what they think about
+what's going to happen and because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen and because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen and because of
+that because of that kind of of market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of that kind of of market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because of that kind of of market
+knowledge I can tell you that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge I can tell you that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge I can tell you that with
+99.5% confidence tomorrow the FED will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.5% confidence tomorrow the FED will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99.5% confidence tomorrow the FED will
+cut its interest rate now how do I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut its interest rate now how do I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut its interest rate now how do I know
+that I don't know that the FED may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know that the FED may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't know that the FED may not
+but if you look at financial markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at financial markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you look at financial markets
+today if you look at treasury prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you look at treasury prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you look at treasury prices
+today if you look at the FED funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you look at the FED funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if you look at the FED funds
+Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures
+today all of those prices if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all of those prices if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today all of those prices if you know
+how to read them if you can decipher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read them if you can decipher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to read them if you can decipher
+those tea leaves it will tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tea leaves it will tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tea leaves it will tell you that
+tomorrow the FED will cut rates so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow the FED will cut rates so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow the FED will cut rates so I
+want you to watch tomorrow to see if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to watch tomorrow to see if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to watch tomorrow to see if I'm
+right okay it' be it' be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay it' be it' be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay it' be it' be very
+embarrassing and potentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing and potentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing and potentially uh
+catastrophic if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic if I'm
+wrong so so uh listen carefully any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so uh listen carefully any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so so uh listen carefully any uh
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah saying that they do that L down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah saying that they do that L down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah saying that they do that L down the
+road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road
+they that's right in other words if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that's right in other words if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they that's right in other words if they
+cut rates tomorrow then they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut rates tomorrow then they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut rates tomorrow then they're going to
+be shooting a uh one of the very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shooting a uh one of the very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be shooting a uh one of the very few
+remaining bullets that they have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bullets that they have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining bullets that they have the
+question is you know if a bear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you know if a bear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is you know if a bear is
+charging at you and you've got one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging at you and you've got one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charging at you and you've got one
+bullet left you're probably going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet left you're probably going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet left you're probably going to use
+it anyway right so why don't we return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway right so why don't we return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anyway right so why don't we return
+to this issue uh on Wednesday since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this issue uh on Wednesday since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this issue uh on Wednesday since
+we're out of time all right thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iJ_lDszxGDw.txt b/iJ_lDszxGDw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9916abb3cdeb92f661528828b04f328e5c82d0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iJ_lDszxGDw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu why don't we go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu why don't we go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu why don't we go ahead and
+get started what we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started what we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started what we're going to be
+talking about today is what happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today is what happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about today is what happen
+happens after that Photon gets absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after that Photon gets absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens after that Photon gets absorbed
+right so we spent a great deal of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we spent a great deal of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we spent a great deal of time
+in our last lecture talking about light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last lecture talking about light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our last lecture talking about light
+absorption the interaction between light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption the interaction between light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption the interaction between light
+and a semiconductor now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a semiconductor now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a semiconductor now we're going to
+talk about what happens once that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what happens once that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about what happens once that light
+is absorbed so we're in the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absorbed so we're in the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absorbed so we're in the fundamental
+section we're right here later on we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we're right here later on we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we're right here later on we'll
+get into the Technologies and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the Technologies and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the Technologies and the
+crosscutting themes as we go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscutting themes as we go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosscutting themes as we go through the
+fundamentals I'm going to attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals I'm going to attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals I'm going to attempt to
+relate those fundamentals to real solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate those fundamentals to real solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate those fundamentals to real solar
+cell technology right so you're not uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell technology right so you're not uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell technology right so you're not uh
+left kind of floating wondering why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left kind of floating wondering why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left kind of floating wondering why it
+is that we're studying this stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're studying this stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're studying this stuff but
+you're really seeing the connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really seeing the connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really seeing the connection to
+uh solar cell devices so first off we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solar cell devices so first off we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solar cell devices so first off we
+remind uh just everyone of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind uh just everyone of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind uh just everyone of of the
+broader picture that the conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader picture that the conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader picture that the conversion
+efficiency the ultimate performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the ultimate performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency the ultimate performance of
+the device uh is defined as the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device uh is defined as the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device uh is defined as the output
+energy versus the input energy and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus the input energy and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus the input energy and for
+most solar cells this breaks down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most solar cells this breaks down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most solar cells this breaks down into
+the inputs and the outputs the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs and the outputs the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs and the outputs the input
+being the solar spectrum and the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the solar spectrum and the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the solar spectrum and the output
+being the the collection of charge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the the collection of charge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the the collection of charge and
+there are multiple processes that occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple processes that occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are multiple processes that occur
+here in the middle um light absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle um light absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the middle um light absorption
+we talked about last time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last time we're going to
+be talking about charge exitation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about charge exitation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about charge exitation and
+charge transport today mostly charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge transport today mostly charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge transport today mostly charge
+exitation so we're right here and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation so we're right here and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation so we're right here and we're
+going to be marching steadily down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be marching steadily down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be marching steadily down
+toward the right over the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the right over the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the right over the next few
+lectures and let I remind you everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and let I remind you everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures and let I remind you everybody
+that the efficiency of the device is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the efficiency of the device is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the efficiency of the device is the
+product of each individual uh efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of each individual uh efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of each individual uh efficiency
+of each different step so if anything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each different step so if anything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each different step so if anything is
+going wrong here it will be limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong here it will be limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going wrong here it will be limiting
+device performance and the image you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device performance and the image you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device performance and the image you
+should definitely have in your mind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should definitely have in your mind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should definitely have in your mind is
+of that bucket with each plank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that bucket with each plank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that bucket with each plank
+representing a different component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a different component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing a different component of
+the device perhaps a different physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device perhaps a different physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device perhaps a different physical
+process or perhaps a different physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or perhaps a different physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or perhaps a different physical
+component of the device itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the device itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the device itself and
+whatever is the poorest is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the poorest is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is the poorest is going to be
+limiting overall performance your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting overall performance your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting overall performance your
+efficiency is going to be flowing out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is going to be flowing out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency is going to be flowing out uh
+from that low Plank and you will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that low Plank and you will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that low Plank and you will have a
+low efficiency device so the art of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low efficiency device so the art of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low efficiency device so the art of
+making a high efficiency solar cell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a high efficiency solar cell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a high efficiency solar cell is
+really understanding everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understanding everything that
+goes into the physical processes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the physical processes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into the physical processes but
+also the devices and that's why we break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the devices and that's why we break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the devices and that's why we break
+it down like this we have the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down like this we have the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down like this we have the physical
+processes and finally we get into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and finally we get into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes and finally we get into some
+of the devices in the architectures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the devices in the architectures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the devices in the architectures and
+Manufacturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manufacturing
+methods so learning objectives today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so learning objectives today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods so learning objectives today
+oops that was a little bit of a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that was a little bit of a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops that was a little bit of a type
+it's not the solar resource we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the solar resource we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the solar resource we're
+talking about charge exitation today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about charge exitation today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about charge exitation today um
+we will be talking phenomenologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking phenomenologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be talking phenomenologically
+how this thing called a band Gap forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this thing called a band Gap forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this thing called a band Gap forms
+um it's a very important physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a very important physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a very important physical
+concept uh we'll lead off the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh we'll lead off the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept uh we'll lead off the lecture
+with it and then very quickly go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and then very quickly go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it and then very quickly go into
+applications that you see why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that you see why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications that you see why it's
+important returning back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important returning back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important returning back to the
+fundamentals how it actually forms going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals how it actually forms going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals how it actually forms going
+back and forth until we have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth until we have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth until we have a pretty
+solid understanding from the background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid understanding from the background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid understanding from the background
+surveys I understand that about 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys I understand that about 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys I understand that about 50% of
+you understand what a b Gap is so 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what a b Gap is so 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand what a b Gap is so 50% of
+you may be a little bored or a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be a little bored or a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be a little bored or a little
+entertained at my handwave explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertained at my handwave explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertained at my handwave explanations
+during the first part of class um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first part of class um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the first part of class um I
+encourage you to think about the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to think about the band
+Gap from the perspective of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap from the perspective of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap from the perspective of the solar
+cell device because this is probably not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device because this is probably not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device because this is probably not
+something you've done before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you've done before you
+probably understood band Gap from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably understood band Gap from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably understood band Gap from the
+perspective of a semiconductor uh device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a semiconductor uh device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a semiconductor uh device
+that's packaged in the dark perhaps in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's packaged in the dark perhaps in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's packaged in the dark perhaps in a
+little uh Gadget like this but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh Gadget like this but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little uh Gadget like this but not
+something that's exposed to light uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's exposed to light uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's exposed to light uh
+with the addition of a generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the addition of a generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the addition of a generation
+current or at least not in detail so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or at least not in detail so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current or at least not in detail so I
+welcome you to think about that as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you to think about that as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome you to think about that as we go
+through the explanations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the explanations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the explanations in the
+beginning of class then we'll describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class then we'll describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of class then we'll describe
+how Optical absorption in semiconductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Optical absorption in semiconductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Optical absorption in semiconductors
+represents the transitions of charge uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the transitions of charge uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the transitions of charge uh
+in an energy band diagram in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an energy band diagram in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an energy band diagram in other words
+uh if we imagine uh a given space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we imagine uh a given space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we imagine uh a given space of the
+semiconductor device say surrounding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device say surrounding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor device say surrounding of
+a given atom um and we imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given atom um and we imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given atom um and we imagine that
+different orbitals different electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orbitals different electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different orbitals different electron
+orbitals will have different energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals will have different energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals will have different energies
+associated with them we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with them we are going to be
+talking about how light gets absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how light gets absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how light gets absorbed
+and transitions electrons between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitions electrons between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transitions electrons between those
+different energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energy
+orbitals um that's important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals um that's important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals um that's important because
+then we'll be able to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be able to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll be able to calculate the
+fraction of photon's law L not absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of photon's law L not absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of photon's law L not absorbed
+by a given semiconductor material we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a given semiconductor material we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a given semiconductor material we be
+given we'll be able to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given we'll be able to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given we'll be able to calculate the
+fraction of incident solar energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of incident solar energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of incident solar energy that
+is lost as well due to a phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost as well due to a phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost as well due to a phenomenon
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+thermalization and finally we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and finally we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and finally we're going
+to be able to plot efficiency versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to plot efficiency versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to plot efficiency versus
+band Gap uh and denote specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap uh and denote specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap uh and denote specific
+materials on it in other words we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on it in other words we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials on it in other words we are
+going to be doing our first higher level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing our first higher level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be doing our first higher level
+efficiency calculations for a solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency calculations for a solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency calculations for a solar cell
+device by the end of today's lecture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device by the end of today's lecture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device by the end of today's lecture and
+the idea is to expose a little bit uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to expose a little bit uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea is to expose a little bit uh on
+the technology side as well so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology side as well so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology side as well so that you
+have an appreciation for uh what's uh up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreciation for uh what's uh up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an appreciation for uh what's uh up
+and coming in the field what are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming in the field what are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming in the field what are some of
+the ways to enhance the performance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways to enhance the performance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways to enhance the performance of
+solar cell devices so bang Gap um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell devices so bang Gap um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell devices so bang Gap um very
+very basic description uh the way one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic description uh the way one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very basic description uh the way one if
+if you've never been exposed to uh band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've never been exposed to uh band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've never been exposed to uh band
+gaps before the reason it's important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps before the reason it's important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps before the reason it's important is
+because the bang Gap is going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bang Gap is going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the bang Gap is going to Define
+uh what color what portion of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what color what portion of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what color what portion of the solar
+spectrum that material absorbs light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that material absorbs light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that material absorbs light
+most efficient efficiently how a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient efficiently how a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficient efficiently how a band
+Gap forms is uh related to the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap forms is uh related to the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap forms is uh related to the atomic
+structure um think of bonds as uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um think of bonds as uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure um think of bonds as uh
+essentially why stuff is tough uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially why stuff is tough uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially why stuff is tough uh if you
+the mechanical engineers in the room if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical engineers in the room if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanical engineers in the room if
+you remember uh linear elasticity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember uh linear elasticity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember uh linear elasticity uh
+those bonds are are what are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds are are what are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bonds are are what are essentially
+forming those Springs between the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming those Springs between the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming those Springs between the atoms
+that are uh keeping them the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh keeping them the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh keeping them the material
+from flying apart uh there is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flying apart uh there is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flying apart uh there is also a
+very interesting property here that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting property here that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting property here that if
+you have a bound electron it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bound electron it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a bound electron it's usually
+not moving very far from that atom it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving very far from that atom it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not moving very far from that atom it's
+usually in a very localized electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in a very localized electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in a very localized electronic
+State uh close to that atom so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh close to that atom so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State uh close to that atom so if you
+were to apply say uh a resistance meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to apply say uh a resistance meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to apply say uh a resistance meter
+an oh meter to your device to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oh meter to your device to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oh meter to your device to measure
+the resistance across it and you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance across it and you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance across it and you had
+just bound electrons you would measure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bound electrons you would measure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just bound electrons you would measure a
+very very low current passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low current passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very low current passing through
+that material because there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material because there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that material because there would be
+very few free charge carriers to move in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few free charge carriers to move in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few free charge carriers to move in
+that applied field when you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applied field when you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that applied field when you apply the
+two probes and there's a little battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probes and there's a little battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two probes and there's a little battery
+in here that applies a field across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that applies a field across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here that applies a field across the
+material uh you wouldn't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh you wouldn't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh you wouldn't be able to
+measure much current flow because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure much current flow because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure much current flow because there
+wouldn't be too many free electrons to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be too many free electrons to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be too many free electrons to
+carry that current so the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry that current so the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry that current so the bound
+electrons uh essentially enhance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh essentially enhance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh essentially enhance the
+strength of the material but but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the material but but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of the material but but it
+doesn't help us from a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us from a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help us from a semiconductor
+point of view what we need are excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view what we need are excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view what we need are excited
+electrons and excited electrons are why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and excited electrons are why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and excited electrons are why
+materials conduct so let's imagine we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials conduct so let's imagine we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials conduct so let's imagine we
+have a bond uh for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bond uh for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bond uh for example in this
+material right here uh these uh gray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material right here uh these uh gray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material right here uh these uh gray
+lines uh are really uh two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh are really uh two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines uh are really uh two electrons
+that are coal Bond essentially two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coal Bond essentially two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coal Bond essentially two two
+one electron from each little black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron from each little black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron from each little black
+circle representing a carbon atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle representing a carbon atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle representing a carbon atom and
+each electron associated with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron associated with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each electron associated with that
+carbon atom is shared with the other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atom is shared with the other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon atom is shared with the other in
+a equalent bond uh in for the chemist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equalent bond uh in for the chemist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a equalent bond uh in for the chemist of
+the room more prec precisely you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room more prec precisely you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room more prec precisely you have
+sp3 hybridized orbitals in this diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybridized orbitals in this diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp3 hybridized orbitals in this diamond
+cubic crystal structure for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic crystal structure for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic crystal structure for everyone
+else uh these are shared electrons in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh these are shared electrons in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh these are shared electrons in a
+calent bonding configuration now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bonding configuration now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bonding configuration now if
+light comes in with enough energy it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in with enough energy it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in with enough energy it can
+excite an electron from that coal bonded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite an electron from that coal bonded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite an electron from that coal bonded
+State into an excited state where it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State into an excited state where it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State into an excited state where it can
+then roam freely throughout the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then roam freely throughout the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then roam freely throughout the lattice
+right and that's the nature of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the nature of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the nature of charge
+excitation so the big question that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation so the big question that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation so the big question that we
+have to ask ourselves is what color of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask ourselves is what color of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to ask ourselves is what color of
+light will this material absorb most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will this material absorb most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light will this material absorb most
+effectively will those electrons and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively will those electrons and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively will those electrons and the
+calent bonds absorb light and be excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bonds absorb light and be excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calent bonds absorb light and be excited
+into a state where they can roam freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a state where they can roam freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a state where they can roam freely
+around the material and ultimately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the material and ultimately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the material and ultimately
+conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduct
+electricity okay so the um the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity okay so the um the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity okay so the um the answer to
+that question is not simple um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is not simple um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question is not simple um
+understanding how a band Gap forms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how a band Gap forms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how a band Gap forms uh
+can be an entire semester of of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an entire semester of of quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be an entire semester of of quantum
+physics but what we're going to do is do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but what we're going to do is do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics but what we're going to do is do
+it in a three-step approach uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a three-step approach uh simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a three-step approach uh simple
+very very simple explanation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple explanation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very simple explanation that
+hopefully everyone will get uh the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully everyone will get uh the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully everyone will get uh the next
+most simple explanation which hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most simple explanation which hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most simple explanation which hopefully
+80% of you will get and then perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of you will get and then perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80% of you will get and then perhaps
+some more uh detailed explanation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more uh detailed explanation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more uh detailed explanation uh
+that only a few of you will will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only a few of you will will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only a few of you will will will
+get but the idea is to really progress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but the idea is to really progress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get but the idea is to really progress
+in in in uh levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in uh levels of
+explanation so let me go back one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation so let me go back one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation so let me go back one step
+yeah the bang Gap energy can be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the bang Gap energy can be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the bang Gap energy can be most
+simply understood as a finite amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply understood as a finite amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply understood as a finite amount of
+energy needed to excite a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy needed to excite a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy needed to excite a highly
+localized electron into a delocalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized electron into a delocalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized electron into a delocalized
+excited state in the semiconductor where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state in the semiconductor where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state in the semiconductor where
+it can move around uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can move around uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can move around uh the
+crystal okay so this is the description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal okay so this is the description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal okay so this is the description
+of the band Gap how a band Gap forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the band Gap how a band Gap forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the band Gap how a band Gap forms
+that you'll see in many chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see in many chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll see in many chemistry
+textbooks and I like it because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and I like it because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbooks and I like it because it's
+something that you can really grasp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can really grasp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can really grasp and
+and and and understand we have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and understand we have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and understand we have to start
+with the simple premise that electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simple premise that electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the simple premise that electrons
+are a type of particle called a firmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a type of particle called a firmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a type of particle called a firmon
+what is a firon let's refresh our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a firon let's refresh our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a firon let's refresh our our
+basic physics here what what means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic physics here what what means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic physics here what what means a
+firon spin one half spin one half and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firon spin one half spin one half and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firon spin one half spin one half and it
+also means can can two firion occupy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means can can two firion occupy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also means can can two firion occupy the
+same state no they can't bosons can but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state no they can't bosons can but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same state no they can't bosons can but
+fion cannot and so what happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fion cannot and so what happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fion cannot and so what happens when you
+put two fans together in a system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two fans together in a system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put two fans together in a system and
+there say we have discretized Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there say we have discretized Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there say we have discretized Quantum
+States We Begin filling up from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States We Begin filling up from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States We Begin filling up from the
+bottom up right typically so the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up right typically so the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom up right typically so the lowest
+energy states get occupied first you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states get occupied first you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states get occupied first you
+have for example spin up spin down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example spin up spin down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for example spin up spin down in
+your s orbital and then you begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your s orbital and then you begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your s orbital and then you begin
+populating the next electron orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populating the next electron orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populating the next electron orbital
+once that's filled you go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that's filled you go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once that's filled you go to the next
+one and the next one so if we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the next one so if we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the next one so if we have one
+atom in isolation uh the easiest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in isolation uh the easiest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in isolation uh the easiest example
+was that hydrogen atom for those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that hydrogen atom for those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that hydrogen atom for those who
+took uh quantum mechanics you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh quantum mechanics you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took uh quantum mechanics you actually
+calculated the energy of the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the energy of the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the energy of the bound
+electron there in the the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there in the the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron there in the the ground state
+of the hydrogen atom around 13.6 EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen atom around 13.6 EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen atom around 13.6 EV
+right so um imagine now you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um imagine now you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um imagine now you take a
+silicon atom or carbon atom or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atom or carbon atom or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon atom or carbon atom or something
+else uh a little bit bigger more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh a little bit bigger more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh a little bit bigger more
+electrons in it uh in its structure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in it uh in its structure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in it uh in its structure so
+you have the core say the 1s orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the core say the 1s orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the core say the 1s orbital
+filled and you start progressing outward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled and you start progressing outward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled and you start progressing outward
+right uh 2s2 p and so forth and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh 2s2 p and so forth and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh 2s2 p and so forth and so you
+begin filling up the orbitals let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin filling up the orbitals let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin filling up the orbitals let's see
+Atomic separation let's imagine that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic separation let's imagine that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atomic separation let's imagine that we
+have our our atoms infinitely separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our our atoms infinitely separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our our atoms infinitely separated
+so we have just one atom in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have just one atom in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have just one atom in the middle
+of an infinite lonely space one atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infinite lonely space one atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an infinite lonely space one atom and
+we would have discrete energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have discrete energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have discrete energy levels
+corresponding to the different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the different uh
+orbitals the different orbitals around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the different orbitals around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the different orbitals around
+the nucleus now imagine the atom is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus now imagine the atom is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus now imagine the atom is no
+longer lonely it now has a partner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer lonely it now has a partner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer lonely it now has a partner and
+you bring those two atoms closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring those two atoms closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bring those two atoms closer and
+closer and closer together that's this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer together that's this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer together that's this D
+getting closer and closer together what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer together what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting closer and closer together what
+happens well electrons are firmance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well electrons are firmance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens well electrons are firmance
+right they don't like occupying the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't like occupying the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they don't like occupying the same
+electronic state so first the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state so first the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic state so first the the the
+the first shell that's going to quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first shell that's going to quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first shell that's going to quote
+unquote see each other the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote see each other the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote see each other the first
+electron shell that will interact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron shell that will interact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron shell that will interact is
+what is it the outermost or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it the outermost or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it the outermost or the
+innermost outer right right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innermost outer right right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innermost outer right right because
+they're they're they're the closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're the closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're they're the closest
+together so you're moving the two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you're moving the two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so you're moving the two atoms
+closer together that outermost shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together that outermost shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together that outermost shell
+will begin to quote unquote see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin to quote unquote see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will begin to quote unquote see the
+other atom uh and those electrons will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atom uh and those electrons will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atom uh and those electrons will
+say hey you're occupying my state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey you're occupying my state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey you're occupying my state and
+what will happen is they'll begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is they'll begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen is they'll begin
+splitting in energy level and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting in energy level and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting in energy level and that's
+what you see right here what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see right here what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see right here what this is
+representing is not just two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing is not just two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing is not just two atoms
+coming together but a multitude of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together but a multitude of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together but a multitude of atoms
+coming together and we have to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together and we have to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together and we have to really
+imagine for example in most matter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for example in most matter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine for example in most matter we
+have something in the order of 10^ the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in the order of 10^ the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something in the order of 10^ the
+22 10^ the 23 atoms per cubic centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 10^ the 23 atoms per cubic centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 10^ the 23 atoms per cubic centimeter
+right so so atoms per cubic centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so atoms per cubic centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so atoms per cubic centimeter
+fun math just total aside if anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun math just total aside if anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun math just total aside if anybody
+talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about
+teletransportation uh think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teletransportation uh think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teletransportation uh think about the
+number of atoms in your body and assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms in your body and assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms in your body and assign
+an XYZ coordinate to them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XYZ coordinate to them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an XYZ coordinate to them and then
+calculate the amount of data uh in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the amount of data uh in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the amount of data uh in in in
+terabytes and then calculate our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes and then calculate our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes and then calculate our
+ethernet speeds and try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet speeds and try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet speeds and try to figure out
+how long it would take to transmit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it would take to transmit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long it would take to transmit that
+data to the other side anyway um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to the other side anyway um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to the other side anyway um so this
+is to give you an impression of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you an impression of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to give you an impression of of the
+density of atoms within the cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of atoms within the cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of atoms within the cubic
+centimeter so you have a lot of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter so you have a lot of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter so you have a lot of atoms
+coming together even though the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together even though the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming together even though the electron
+wave function is can can be highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is can can be highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function is can can be highly
+localized they still interfere with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized they still interfere with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized they still interfere with each
+other there's still enough atoms coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's still enough atoms coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other there's still enough atoms coming
+together uh that you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh that you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together uh that you have this
+interference and it's not just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and it's not just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interference and it's not just two
+electron States but many of them that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron States but many of them that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron States but many of them that
+are splitting now that are uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are splitting now that are uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are splitting now that are uh that are
+forming a band of States because no two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a band of States because no two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming a band of States because no two
+electrons can occupy the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can occupy the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can occupy the same energy
+level as these atoms are coming together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as these atoms are coming together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level as these atoms are coming together
+now as they become closer and closer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as they become closer and closer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as they become closer and closer and
+closer it's not only that outer shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer it's not only that outer shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer it's not only that outer shell
+that begins interacting it's the uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that begins interacting it's the uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that begins interacting it's the uh next
+most outer shell this one here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most outer shell this one here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most outer shell this one here that
+begins intera acting and finally another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins intera acting and finally another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins intera acting and finally another
+shell and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and another
+shell and so at some equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and so at some equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell and so at some equilibrium
+distance the equilibrium distance here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the equilibrium distance here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the equilibrium distance here
+defined as the attractive potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the attractive potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the attractive potential
+between atoms there's a an energy gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms there's a an energy gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between atoms there's a an energy gain
+by forming that Bond and the repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forming that Bond and the repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by forming that Bond and the repulsive
+force of the nuclei they large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of the nuclei they large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of the nuclei they large
+concentration of positive charge in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of positive charge in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of positive charge in the
+nucleus and if you try pushing them too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and if you try pushing them too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and if you try pushing them too
+close together they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close together they'll
+repel this this balance of forces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel this this balance of forces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repel this this balance of forces the
+attractive potential due to that Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive potential due to that Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive potential due to that Bond
+formation the repulsive force due to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the repulsive force due to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation the repulsive force due to the
+nuclei results in an equilibrium Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei results in an equilibrium Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei results in an equilibrium Bond
+distance D shown here it's this dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D shown here it's this dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance D shown here it's this dotted
+line and at that equilibrium Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and at that equilibrium Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and at that equilibrium Bond
+distance some of the orbitals will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance some of the orbitals will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance some of the orbitals will be
+forming bands and other orbitals will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming bands and other orbitals will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming bands and other orbitals will
+still be discreet namely the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be discreet namely the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be discreet namely the core
+orbitals will still be discreet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals will still be discreet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals will still be discreet the
+outermost orbitals here will be forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost orbitals here will be forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outermost orbitals here will be forming
+bands now an interesting thing happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands now an interesting thing happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands now an interesting thing happens
+when it just so occurs in this say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it just so occurs in this say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it just so occurs in this say for
+example in this system right here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this system right here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this system right here this
+shell is filled this shell is filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is filled this shell is filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell is filled this shell is filled
+this shell is completely filled right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shell is completely filled right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shell is completely filled right
+and let's imagine that this orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's imagine that this orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's imagine that this orbital
+exists but it's unpopulated right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but it's unpopulated right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but it's unpopulated right you
+ran out of electrons when you started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of electrons when you started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran out of electrons when you started
+filling in the orbitals of this atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the orbitals of this atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in the orbitals of this atom
+over here you had enough for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you had enough for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here you had enough for this
+orbital that orbital that orbital but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that orbital that orbital but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital that orbital that orbital but
+then you ran out of electrons you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you ran out of electrons you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you ran out of electrons you didn't
+have anything more and this band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything more and this band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have anything more and this band of
+States was empty so the band of allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was empty so the band of allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States was empty so the band of allowed
+States exists up there but it's empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States exists up there but it's empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States exists up there but it's empty
+and this band right here exists and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this band right here exists and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this band right here exists and it's
+filled these core States exist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled these core States exist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled these core States exist and
+they're filled as well so the action is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're filled as well so the action is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're filled as well so the action is
+really happening right here if light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happening right here if light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really happening right here if light
+comes in it's going if if say visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in it's going if if say visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in it's going if if say visible
+light comes in it's probably going to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in it's probably going to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in it's probably going to an
+electron from this filled band right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from this filled band right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from this filled band right
+here to somewhere in this unoccupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to somewhere in this unoccupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to somewhere in this unoccupied
+band up there and this Gap right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band up there and this Gap right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band up there and this Gap right here is
+an interesting thing there is no allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing there is no allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting thing there is no allowed
+there is no stable electron orbital If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no stable electron orbital If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no stable electron orbital If
+You Were Somehow to take an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Were Somehow to take an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Were Somehow to take an electron
+with that given energy this energy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that given energy this energy here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that given energy this energy here
+from the vacuum and stick it inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vacuum and stick it inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the vacuum and stick it inside of
+the system here it would quickly Decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system here it would quickly Decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system here it would quickly Decay
+into a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a stable
+orbital so this is a prohibited band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so this is a prohibited band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital so this is a prohibited band of
+states there is no stable orbital for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is no stable orbital for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is no stable orbital for
+that electron to exist at that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron to exist at that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron to exist at that energy
+and hence we call it a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence we call it a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence we call it a band
+Gap the reason band gaps are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap the reason band gaps are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap the reason band gaps are interesting
+is because different materials have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because different materials have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because different materials have
+different or can have different size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or can have different size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or can have different size
+band gaps some don't have a band Gap at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gaps some don't have a band Gap at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gaps some don't have a band Gap at
+all uh most of those uh don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh most of those uh don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh most of those uh don't have a
+band Gap because you have a band of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap because you have a band of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap because you have a band of
+States like this one that's partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like this one that's partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States like this one that's partially
+full let's imagine we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full let's imagine we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full let's imagine we have three
+electrons in this band right here 1 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this band right here 1 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in this band right here 1 two
+three and we have these other four empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we have these other four empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and we have these other four empty
+States above it right you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States above it right you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States above it right you have a
+partially filled band and let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially filled band and let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially filled band and let's imagine
+in instead of just having seven states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in instead of just having seven states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in instead of just having seven states
+within that band we had a multitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that band we had a multitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within that band we had a multitude of
+States within that band uh almost too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States within that band uh almost too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States within that band uh almost too
+many to count and uh now with a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many to count and uh now with a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many to count and uh now with a the
+slightest of energy we could excite an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest of energy we could excite an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightest of energy we could excite an
+electron from this state into that State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from this state into that State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron from this state into that State
+plus little Delta right that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus little Delta right that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus little Delta right that would be a
+metal now if we had a really big band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal now if we had a really big band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal now if we had a really big band
+Gap we wouldn't be able to absorb much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap we wouldn't be able to absorb much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap we wouldn't be able to absorb much
+light because you'd need a large amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light because you'd need a large amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light because you'd need a large amount
+of energy to to excite across that band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to to excite across that band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy to to excite across that band
+Gap and that would be an example of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap and that would be an example of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap and that would be an example of say
+glass where light would come in most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass where light would come in most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass where light would come in most of
+our visible spectrum makes it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our visible spectrum makes it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our visible spectrum makes it through
+the glass and that's why we see to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass and that's why we see to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glass and that's why we see to the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+side and Diamond as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and Diamond as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and Diamond as
+well okay so let's review an atom in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let's review an atom in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so let's review an atom in
+isolation has discret electron energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation has discret electron energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation has discret electron energy
+levels and on this diagram right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and on this diagram right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and on this diagram right here
+it's represented with this D the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's represented with this D the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's represented with this D the atomic
+separation being way out here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation being way out here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation being way out here we have
+discret energy levels and that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret energy levels and that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret energy levels and that we can
+remember from our basic physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from our basic physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from our basic physics
+especially the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially the hydrogen
+atom as atoms move closer together as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom as atoms move closer together as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom as atoms move closer together as in
+a crystal where you have a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal where you have a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal where you have a regular
+repeating arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating arrangement of
+of atoms the electron wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms the electron wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms the electron wave functions
+begin overlapping and since electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin overlapping and since electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin overlapping and since electrons
+are firion meaning that the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are firion meaning that the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are firion meaning that the two
+electrons can't occupy the same state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can't occupy the same state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons can't occupy the same state
+you have uh a splitting of those energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a splitting of those energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have uh a splitting of those energy
+levels forming bands and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels forming bands and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels forming bands and you can see the
+splitting As you move from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting As you move from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting As you move from right to left
+as you move from further to closer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move from further to closer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you move from further to closer on
+these diagrams right here first starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams right here first starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these diagrams right here first starting
+with the outermost States the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outermost States the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the outermost States the most
+veence of of electron orbitals and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence of of electron orbitals and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence of of electron orbitals and then
+slowly moving into the core States as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly moving into the core States as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly moving into the core States as
+well and the gap between denoting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the gap between denoting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and the gap between denoting an
+energy range in which no stable orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy range in which no stable orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy range in which no stable orbital
+exist is called the band Gap sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is called the band Gap sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist is called the band Gap sometimes
+you'll see it all written as one word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it all written as one word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it all written as one word
+sometimes it'll be a a space between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it'll be a a space between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it'll be a a space between the
+band and the Gap any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+okay so now uh this explanation should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh this explanation should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now uh this explanation should
+be relatively straightforward what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relatively straightforward what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be relatively straightforward what I
+want you to log into your RAM because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to log into your RAM because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to log into your RAM because
+we're going into some more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going into some more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going into some more detailed
+explanations and I want to set a Mark or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations and I want to set a Mark or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations and I want to set a Mark or
+a flag so we can come back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flag so we can come back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flag so we can come back here
+afterward and even if you're lost with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward and even if you're lost with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward and even if you're lost with
+the subsequent explanations you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent explanations you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subsequent explanations you still
+get this one right so uh remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this one right so uh remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this one right so uh remember these
+three points maybe make a note of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points maybe make a note of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points maybe make a note of them
+in your notes and we're going to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes and we're going to move on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your notes and we're going to move on
+to a few more explanations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few more explanations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few more explanations
+here okay so um another way of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so um another way of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so um another way of looking
+at this which really uh Builds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this which really uh Builds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this which really uh Builds on the
+folks who have had a more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who have had a more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks who have had a more advanced
+physics backgrounds is that um the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics backgrounds is that um the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics backgrounds is that um the wave
+function of an electron inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of an electron inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of an electron inside of a
+crystal uh if if you recall uh the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh if if you recall uh the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh if if you recall uh the wave
+function of an electron in in free space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of an electron in in free space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of an electron in in free space
+uh we have what is called the plain wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have what is called the plain wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have what is called the plain wave
+equation for the electron right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the electron right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for the electron right it's
+this regularly repeating uh nice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regularly repeating uh nice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regularly repeating uh nice uh
+stable function now if we introduce that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable function now if we introduce that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable function now if we introduce that
+electron into a crystal it's almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into a crystal it's almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron into a crystal it's almost like
+an infinitely repeating system of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitely repeating system of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinitely repeating system of atoms
+right and so you could Envision that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you could Envision that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so you could Envision that you
+could describe the wave function of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could describe the wave function of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could describe the wave function of that
+electron as a combination of a plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as a combination of a plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as a combination of a plane
+wave but perturbed by that locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but perturbed by that locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave but perturbed by that locally
+repeating Potential from the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating Potential from the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating Potential from the atomic
+nuclei and let me be more specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and let me be more specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and let me be more specific about
+regular repeating potential what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular repeating potential what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular repeating potential what I mean
+is that you have a series of nuclei here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have a series of nuclei here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you have a series of nuclei here
+and if you imagine the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you imagine the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you imagine the electron
+potential around these nuclei there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential around these nuclei there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential around these nuclei there
+there is a propensity for the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a propensity for the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a propensity for the electron
+to be bound uh by the atom right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bound uh by the atom right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bound uh by the atom right and so
+as it's moving along instead of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's moving along instead of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it's moving along instead of just a
+free plane wave it now it's it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free plane wave it now it's it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free plane wave it now it's it's almost
+like driving along a bumpy road B bump B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like driving along a bumpy road B bump B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like driving along a bumpy road B bump B
+bump B bump B bump right and so the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump B bump B bump right and so the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bump B bump B bump right and so the uh
+the wave function of the electron can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function of the electron can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function of the electron can be
+described as this combination or product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as this combination or product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described as this combination or product
+of the wave function of a plane wave um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function of a plane wave um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function of a plane wave um
+envelope function describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope function describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope function describing the
+electron localization um so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron localization um so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron localization um so you have
+this this localized fun fun here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this localized fun fun here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this localized fun fun here and the
+delocalized uh function describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized uh function describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized uh function describing the
+uh U the plain wave uh behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U the plain wave uh behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh U the plain wave uh behavior of the
+electron as it moves through space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as it moves through space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as it moves through space
+inside of the crystal now what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the crystal now what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the crystal now what we have
+uh as a is an easy way to describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a is an easy way to describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a is an easy way to describe this
+mathematically is we make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is we make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically is we make an
+approximation instead of describing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation instead of describing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation instead of describing this
+uh this potential uh in detail uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this potential uh in detail uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this potential uh in detail uh the
+easiest way to do this is to uh describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to do this is to uh describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest way to do this is to uh describe
+this Square well potential uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square well potential uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Square well potential uh we have a
+so-called chronic pen idealization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called chronic pen idealization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called chronic pen idealization of
+the repeating Kum potential potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repeating Kum potential potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the repeating Kum potential potential
+it's easier to solve numerically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to solve numerically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easier to solve numerically and
+then essentially what we do is we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially what we do is we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then essentially what we do is we solve
+shorting jerse equation for two possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting jerse equation for two possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting jerse equation for two possible
+solutions one is for the electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions one is for the electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions one is for the electron wave
+function centered on the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function centered on the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function centered on the atoms
+themselves so that would be the bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so that would be the bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so that would be the bound
+State and the other is we solve the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the other is we solve the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State and the other is we solve the uh
+the equation for electron wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for electron wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation for electron wave function
+centered between the atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered between the atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered between the atoms so
+essentially in the Unbound state right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the Unbound state right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially in the Unbound state right
+here which do you think will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which do you think will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which do you think will have the
+higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy
+level in between the states right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in between the states right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in between the states right
+because if the electron uh wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the electron uh wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the electron uh wave function
+is centered over here it's further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered over here it's further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is centered over here it's further away
+from the positive charge of the nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positive charge of the nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the positive charge of the nuclei
+you need more energy to put it into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more energy to put it into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need more energy to put it into that
+position it's in Unbound state but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's in Unbound state but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position it's in Unbound state but is
+also at a higher excited energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at a higher excited energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at a higher excited energy level
+whereas if it's bound around the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's bound around the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if it's bound around the atoms
+themselves uh you would have um a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh you would have um a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh you would have um a uh
+lower energy State and this Delta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy State and this Delta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy State and this Delta of
+energy levels between the bound and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels between the bound and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels between the bound and the
+excited States uh represents the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited States uh represents the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited States uh represents the band
+gap of the Semiconductor in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap of the Semiconductor in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gap of the Semiconductor in this uh
+simple approximation right here now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple approximation right here now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple approximation right here now you
+can take that one step further and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that one step further and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take that one step further and say
+well gee um if I could solve that in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well gee um if I could solve that in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well gee um if I could solve that in one
+dimensions in a very simple case why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in a very simple case why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions in a very simple case why
+don't I put a three-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I put a three-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I put a three-dimensional
+structure in place um such as a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in place um such as a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in place um such as a real
+crystal and then solve the shorting gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and then solve the shorting gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal and then solve the shorting gear
+equation and sure you can do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and sure you can do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and sure you can do that you
+can definitely do that it becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely do that it becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can definitely do that it becomes much
+more complicated uh uh solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated uh uh solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated uh uh solution
+numerically but the general principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically but the general principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerically but the general principle
+stays roughly the same uh you can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays roughly the same uh you can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays roughly the same uh you can add
+several more tricks and bells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more tricks and bells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several more tricks and bells and
+whistles and of course uh I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistles and of course uh I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whistles and of course uh I would
+probably emphasize that the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably emphasize that the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably emphasize that the solution
+could either be done numeric l or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either be done numeric l or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either be done numeric l or you
+could use the Symmetry relations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the Symmetry relations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use the Symmetry relations of the
+crystal uh to develop a very simple exp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh to develop a very simple exp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal uh to develop a very simple exp
+expression of the crystal um minimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the crystal um minimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the crystal um minimizing
+the uh the the Redundant uh directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the Redundant uh directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the the Redundant uh directions
+inside of the crystal collapsing it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the crystal collapsing it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the crystal collapsing it down
+into the bar essential uh to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bar essential uh to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the bar essential uh to describe
+that that crystal structure and uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that crystal structure and uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that crystal structure and uh we
+would have um some uniform uh energy uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have um some uniform uh energy uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have um some uniform uh energy uh
+space that looks for example represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that looks for example represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that looks for example represented
+by this yellowish surface where you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this yellowish surface where you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this yellowish surface where you'd
+have an ISO potential inside of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ISO potential inside of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ISO potential inside of your
+crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal structure
+so this is these are are different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is these are are different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is these are are different ways
+of looking at the band Gap inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the band Gap inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at the band Gap inside of a
+semiconductor Crystal um if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Crystal um if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor Crystal um if you're
+really interested for the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested for the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interested for the advanced
+reading I would definitely suggest this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I would definitely suggest this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading I would definitely suggest this
+book called fundamentals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called fundamentals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book called fundamentals of
+semiconductors by Professor Peter U now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors by Professor Peter U now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors by Professor Peter U now
+retired at UC Berkeley um very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired at UC Berkeley um very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retired at UC Berkeley um very nice
+explanation um uses an elegant uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um uses an elegant uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation um uses an elegant uh
+application of group Theory uh to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of group Theory uh to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of group Theory uh to derive
+uh the um the band structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um the band structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the um the band structure of a
+semiconductor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor in
+detail so let's hop back to uh this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so let's hop back to uh this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail so let's hop back to uh this one
+right real quick and Ashley yeah I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right real quick and Ashley yeah I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right real quick and Ashley yeah I you
+could tell us the name of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us the name of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us the name of the equation
+that was at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was at the top
+sure yeah absolutely so um what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah absolutely so um what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure yeah absolutely so um what we're
+describing here is essentially the uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing here is essentially the uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing here is essentially the uh e
+to the e to the ikx or e to the IKR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the e to the ikx or e to the IKR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the e to the ikx or e to the IKR
+essentially describing that periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially describing that periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially describing that periodic
+potential and then uh in essentially an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then uh in essentially an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then uh in essentially an
+envelope function so yeah that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope function so yeah that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope function so yeah that would be
+the the wave function that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wave function that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the wave function that will be
+introduced into uh the short inure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation so let's go back to here really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's go back to here really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so let's go back to here really
+quickly because I I I don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I I I don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly because I I I don't want to get
+us Lost In The Weeds I want us to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Lost In The Weeds I want us to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us Lost In The Weeds I want us to focus
+on the main Concepts at hand um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the main Concepts at hand um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the main Concepts at hand um let's
+from an engineering point of view given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an engineering point of view given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an engineering point of view given
+this formation of of bands inside of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formation of of bands inside of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formation of of bands inside of um
+real materials as the atoms are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real materials as the atoms are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real materials as the atoms are coming
+together and forming crystals we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and forming crystals we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and forming crystals we can
+Envision a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Envision a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Envision a few different
+scenarios let's focus on this band here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios let's focus on this band here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenarios let's focus on this band here
+and that band here and the space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that band here and the space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that band here and the space in
+between them the band Gap and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them the band Gap and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them the band Gap and let's
+assume that we have this band here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we have this band here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that we have this band here
+either completely filled or partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either completely filled or partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either completely filled or partially
+filled and talk about what happens uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled and talk about what happens uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled and talk about what happens uh in
+three different uh extreme scenarios in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different uh extreme scenarios in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different uh extreme scenarios in
+one case when we have the band partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case when we have the band partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case when we have the band partially
+filled we have what is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled we have what is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled we have what is known as a
+metal and the reason this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and the reason this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and the reason this case is
+interesting is because a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is because a very small
+amount of energy is all that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy is all that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy is all that it would
+take to excite an electron uh and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to excite an electron uh and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to excite an electron uh and make
+it uh move around the crystal as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh move around the crystal as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh move around the crystal as a
+matter of fact a metal has what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact a metal has what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of fact a metal has what's called
+an electron C uh that serves to conduct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron C uh that serves to conduct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron C uh that serves to conduct
+electricity um at at uh room temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um at at uh room temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um at at uh room temperature
+and even at very very very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even at very very very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even at very very very low
+temperatures semiconductor on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures semiconductor on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures semiconductor on the other
+hand now a semiconductor has a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand now a semiconductor has a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand now a semiconductor has a finite
+band Gap and we'll get to this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap and we'll get to this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap and we'll get to this in a
+minute let's start with the insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's start with the insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute let's start with the insulator
+because that's a a more easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a a more easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's a a more easy to
+understand case if the band Gap is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand case if the band Gap is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand case if the band Gap is very
+very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very
+big then a large amount of energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big then a large amount of energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big then a large amount of energy is
+required to excite uh an electron into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to excite uh an electron into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to excite uh an electron into
+an Unbound state so it can move freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Unbound state so it can move freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an Unbound state so it can move freely
+across the Crystal and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Crystal and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the Crystal and as a result
+you're not going to have a very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have a very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to have a very large
+population of electrons up here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of electrons up here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of electrons up here the
+photo exited carrier population meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo exited carrier population meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo exited carrier population meaning
+the population of carriers carriers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of carriers carriers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population of carriers carriers
+charge carriers electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carriers electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carriers electrons that are
+excited into to hear from light is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited into to hear from light is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited into to hear from light is very
+small and the thermally excited carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the thermally excited carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and the thermally excited carrier
+concentration just from background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration just from background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration just from background
+thermal energy KT uh boltzman's constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy KT uh boltzman's constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy KT uh boltzman's constant
+times temperature that energy is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times temperature that energy is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times temperature that energy is also
+going to be insufficient to drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be insufficient to drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be insufficient to drive
+electrons across this band Gap and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons across this band Gap and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons across this band Gap and as a
+result you will have a very very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you will have a very very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you will have a very very small
+population of carriers up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of carriers up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of carriers up
+here and this will be an insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this will be an insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this will be an insulator
+because you will have very few charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will have very few charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you will have very few charges
+to transport uh current right if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transport uh current right if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transport uh current right if you
+apply a potential across an insulator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a potential across an insulator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply a potential across an insulator uh
+you will not have very much current flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not have very much current flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will not have very much current flow
+and that's the principle of insulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the principle of insulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the principle of insulating
+materials around say wires um actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials around say wires um actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials around say wires um actually
+this isn't a semiconductor uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a semiconductor uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a semiconductor uh this is a
+polymer but if we had for example glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer but if we had for example glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer but if we had for example glass
+or Diamond that would serve as a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Diamond that would serve as a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Diamond that would serve as a nice
+insulator as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator as
+well um now a semiconductor material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um now a semiconductor material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um now a semiconductor material is
+somewhere between a metal and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between a metal and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between a metal and an
+insulator here and that the band Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator here and that the band Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator here and that the band Gap is
+now shrinking the band Gap is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now shrinking the band Gap is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now shrinking the band Gap is small
+enough to interact with light typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to interact with light typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to interact with light typically
+uh for for example this little piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for example this little piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for for example this little piece of
+silicon which I'll show in detail in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which I'll show in detail in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon which I'll show in detail in a
+minute uh toward the end of class it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute uh toward the end of class it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute uh toward the end of class it
+doesn't look clear like glass does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look clear like glass does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look clear like glass does it
+looks opaque and that's because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks opaque and that's because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks opaque and that's because it's
+absorbing photons in the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing photons in the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing photons in the visible
+spectrum um but it's letting some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum um but it's letting some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum um but it's letting some of the
+infrared photons go through it some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared photons go through it some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared photons go through it some of
+the very low energy photons can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very low energy photons can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very low energy photons can go
+through the material because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the material because those
+photons have insufficient energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons have insufficient energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons have insufficient energy to
+excite carriers across that b Gap so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite carriers across that b Gap so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excite carriers across that b Gap so we
+have a semiconductor material uh defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a semiconductor material uh defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a semiconductor material uh defined
+here as having a band Gap that band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as having a band Gap that band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as having a band Gap that band Gap
+defines the energy of the light that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the energy of the light that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the energy of the light that is
+most efficiently absorbed and any uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficiently absorbed and any uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most efficiently absorbed and any uh
+photon with energy in excess of the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon with energy in excess of the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon with energy in excess of the band
+Gap can also be absorbed by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semiconductor any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor any questions so
+far are there any natural materials the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are there any natural materials the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far are there any natural materials the
+spacing of the Bands is such that three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing of the Bands is such that three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacing of the Bands is such that three
+bands are active or just two bands which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands are active or just two bands which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands are active or just two bands which
+are active interesting so um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active interesting so um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are active interesting so um the
+question is are there more bands above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are there more bands above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is are there more bands above
+here that could be that you could excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that could be that you could excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that could be that you could excite
+into absolutely um so as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into absolutely um so as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into absolutely um so as you can
+Envision um back here for instance uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Envision um back here for instance uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Envision um back here for instance uh
+you could you could continue drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could continue drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you could continue drawing
+more and more and more bands they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more bands they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more and more bands they're
+unoccupied but they exist and as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoccupied but they exist and as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unoccupied but they exist and as the
+atoms come closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms come closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms come closer and closer together
+those begin interacting as well and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those begin interacting as well and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those begin interacting as well and so
+when you look at in a few lectures we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at in a few lectures we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at in a few lectures we'll
+look at a band diagram of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a band diagram of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a band diagram of a
+semiconductor and we'll see all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and we'll see all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and we'll see all the
+occupied bands and all the unoccupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied bands and all the unoccupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied bands and all the unoccupied
+bands and you can excite into any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and you can excite into any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands and you can excite into any one of
+them if you have the right excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you have the right excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you have the right excitation
+condition let's put it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition let's put it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition let's put it that
+way any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way any other questions
+yeah I'm having trouble seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm having trouble seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm having trouble seeing the
+chemist description along with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist description along with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist description along with the
+physicist description along with um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist description along with um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist description along with um this
+slide Al together like how does in once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide Al together like how does in once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide Al together like how does in once
+it's in the crystal structure and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the crystal structure and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the crystal structure and it's
+got all its and it's in its lates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all its and it's in its lates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got all its and it's in its lates and
+everything how does that look and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything how does that look and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything how does that look and this
+picture where where is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where where is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture where where is that in this
+picture sure so this one here um let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture sure so this one here um let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture sure so this one here um let me
+describe the axes because that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the axes because that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the axes because that might
+make things a little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things a little easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make things a little easier to
+understand in the uh vertical axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in the uh vertical axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in the uh vertical axis here
+we have energy uh and that's uh the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have energy uh and that's uh the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have energy uh and that's uh the same
+axis as we have right here energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis as we have right here energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis as we have right here energy
+in this axis right here we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this axis right here we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this axis right here we had
+interatomic separation so this was meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic separation so this was meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic separation so this was meant
+to demonstrate what happens when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate what happens when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate what happens when we
+bring atoms closer and closer together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring atoms closer and closer together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring atoms closer and closer together
+in this description right here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this description right here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this description right here this is
+an unlabeled axis it could be X real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unlabeled axis it could be X real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unlabeled axis it could be X real
+space for instance why do we plot an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for instance why do we plot an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for instance why do we plot an X
+in this uh in the x-axis why do we plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh in the x-axis why do we plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh in the x-axis why do we plot
+in real space well sometimes when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space well sometimes when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space well sometimes when we
+talk about solar cell devices we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about solar cell devices we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about solar cell devices we're
+talking about bringing charge from deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bringing charge from deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about bringing charge from deep
+within the device to the front surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the device to the front surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the device to the front surface
+where the contact is and so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the contact is and so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the contact is and so we want to
+talk about the flow of charge in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the flow of charge in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the flow of charge in real
+space so that's often times why you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's often times why you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space so that's often times why you see
+in these uh these band diagrams for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these uh these band diagrams for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these uh these band diagrams for
+solar cells you'll see E versus X versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells you'll see E versus X versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells you'll see E versus X versus
+real space now let me show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space now let me show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space now let me show you what
+these two levels here represent this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two levels here represent this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two levels here represent this is
+uh the top of the filled band and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top of the filled band and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top of the filled band and the
+bottom of the empty band and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the empty band and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the empty band and those
+correspond over here I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond over here I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond over here I'm going to use
+the mouse now because I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse now because I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse now because I'm going to be
+stretching let's imagine that this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching let's imagine that this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching let's imagine that this level
+on down was filled and that this level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down was filled and that this level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down was filled and that this level
+up here is empty so if I may uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is empty so if I may uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here is empty so if I may uh these
+are all filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all filled
+all filled and this one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all filled and this one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all filled and this one here is
+empty it's going to take a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty it's going to take a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty it's going to take a little bit
+there we go all right so now uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go all right so now uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go all right so now uh this
+band is going to be filled because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band is going to be filled because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band is going to be filled because we're
+we're really looking at the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really looking at the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're really looking at the equilibrium
+interatomic separation in a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic separation in a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interatomic separation in a crystal
+we're looking right here at this d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking right here at this d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking right here at this d
+That's the spacing right now of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the spacing right now of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the spacing right now of those
+atoms inside of that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms inside of that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms inside of that piece of
+semiconductor material inside of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material inside of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material inside of that
+silicon so what we care about is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon so what we care about is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon so what we care about is this
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+here and this would be the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this would be the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this would be the top of the
+filled band and this would be the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled band and this would be the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled band and this would be the bottom
+of the empty band corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the empty band corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the empty band corresponding
+to the top of the filled band right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top of the filled band right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the top of the filled band right here
+and the bottom of the empty band right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom of the empty band right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom of the empty band right
+there so that's how it all fits together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's how it all fits together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so that's how it all fits together
+this diagram here can get kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram here can get kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram here can get kind of
+confusing when you look in in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing when you look in in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing when you look in in in in the
+abscissa essentially the x- axis because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abscissa essentially the x- axis because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abscissa essentially the x- axis because
+you're thinking um in terms of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking um in terms of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking um in terms of real
+space well it is real space but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it is real space but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space well it is real space but you're
+bringing atoms together it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing atoms together it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing atoms together it's really
+meant to be a phenomenological tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a phenomenological tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a phenomenological tool to
+describe how Bank gaps form this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how Bank gaps form this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe how Bank gaps form this diagram
+over here we're now starting to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're now starting to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're now starting to get into
+the engineering diagrams that can help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering diagrams that can help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering diagrams that can help
+explain how solar cells work and uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how solar cells work and uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain how solar cells work and uh from
+here on out we'll be uh abandoning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on out we'll be uh abandoning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on out we'll be uh abandoning that
+chemist's uh diagram and and simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist's uh diagram and and simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist's uh diagram and and simply
+using this one because we assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this one because we assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this one because we assume that
+we're not applying a significant strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not applying a significant strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not applying a significant strain
+to our uh semiconductor material to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our uh semiconductor material to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our uh semiconductor material to get
+uh deviations significant deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deviations significant deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh deviations significant deviations
+here we'd have to apply strains of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'd have to apply strains of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we'd have to apply strains of
+several uh percent uh and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several uh percent uh and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several uh percent uh and probably
+result in fracture of our semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in fracture of our semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in fracture of our semiconductor
+before we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we uh
+ended up uh changing that interatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up uh changing that interatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up uh changing that interatomic
+distance you could also heat it up yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you could also heat it up yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance you could also heat it up yeah
+it's another way of introducing strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another way of introducing strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another way of introducing strain
+thermal strain but not uh not mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal strain but not uh not mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal strain but not uh not mechanical
+um okay so uh did that answer help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so uh did that answer help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so uh did that answer help
+answer the question okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer the question okay
+um so the second Point here uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the second Point here uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the second Point here uh we we
+want to First of describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to First of describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to First of describe
+phenomenologically band Gap and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically band Gap and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenologically band Gap and and and
+understand how that works uh secondly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that works uh secondly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how that works uh secondly we
+want to describe Optical transitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe Optical transitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to describe Optical transitions in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+semiconductor and understand how charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and understand how charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor and understand how charge
+carriers in other words how electrons uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers in other words how electrons uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers in other words how electrons uh
+on an energy band diagram are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an energy band diagram are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an energy band diagram are moving
+around why do we call electrons charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around why do we call electrons charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around why do we call electrons charged
+carriers once again uh remind me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers once again uh remind me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers once again uh remind me from
+this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here carry charge and they move around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here carry charge and they move around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here carry charge and they move around
+exactly that's why it's brilliant I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's why it's brilliant I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's why it's brilliant I just
+want to make sure that it's it's those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that it's it's those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that it's it's those
+two things are synonymous in people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are synonymous in people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are synonymous in people's
+minds that we're not getting caught up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds that we're not getting caught up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds that we're not getting caught up
+on the language thank you so um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the language thank you so um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the language thank you so um again
+charge carriers electrons meaning free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carriers electrons meaning free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge carriers electrons meaning free
+electrons uh Unbound electrons not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh Unbound electrons not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons uh Unbound electrons not any
+electron not the ones down here but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron not the ones down here but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron not the ones down here but the
+ones that are excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are excited
+okay so let's um go back to lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's um go back to lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's um go back to lecture
+number two I think it was uh where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two I think it was uh where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two I think it was uh where we
+talk about the duality of light it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the duality of light it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the duality of light it's a
+wave and a particle um or can be thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and a particle um or can be thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and a particle um or can be thought
+of can be described mathematically as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can be described mathematically as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of can be described mathematically as
+waves and particles we've uh in last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and particles we've uh in last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and particles we've uh in last
+lecture when we talked about light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we talked about light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we talked about light and
+the interaction of light with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of light with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction of light with uh
+materials we referred to light mostly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we referred to light mostly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we referred to light mostly as
+a wave uh this was very easy for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave uh this was very easy for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave uh this was very easy for us to
+describe interference um it made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe interference um it made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe interference um it made it
+convenient to uh do the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to uh do the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to uh do the homework
+problems especially for the grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems especially for the grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems especially for the grad
+students the last problem um that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the last problem um that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the last problem um that was a
+lot of fun but now we will be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fun but now we will be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fun but now we will be talking
+about light in terms of discrete Quant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light in terms of discrete Quant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light in terms of discrete Quant
+of energy because one photon is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy because one photon is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy because one photon is going to
+be absorbed by an electron and excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absorbed by an electron and excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be absorbed by an electron and excite
+that electron into another state so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron into another state so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron into another state so now
+we think of the photon as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the photon as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of the photon as having a
+certain energy defined by the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energy defined by the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain energy defined by the wavelength
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+light and that energy is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that energy is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and that energy is going to be
+given to the electron which will then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the electron which will then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the electron which will then be
+excited inside of our semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited inside of our semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited inside of our semiconductor
+Crystal so what happens well we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so what happens well we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so what happens well we have our
+sun here we have our sem semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun here we have our sem semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun here we have our sem semiconductor
+Crystal again I'm representing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal again I'm representing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal again I'm representing it in
+terms of E versus X I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of E versus X I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of E versus X I'm saying that
+these states here are filled and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states here are filled and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these states here are filled and these
+states here are mostly empty and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here are mostly empty and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here are mostly empty and these
+are mostly filled mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly filled mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly filled mostly
+empty and this is my band Gap right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and this is my band Gap right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty and this is my band Gap right here
+I'm plotting e in the ordinate and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting e in the ordinate and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm plotting e in the ordinate and X
+real space in the abscissa and again X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space in the abscissa and again X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space in the abscissa and again X
+because ultimately we'll be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ultimately we'll be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ultimately we'll be looking at
+the cross-section of the solar cell in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section of the solar cell in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cross-section of the solar cell in X
+and describing how charge gets extracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describing how charge gets extracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and describing how charge gets extracted
+from the device so that's why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the device so that's why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the device so that's why we're
+going to be using X in this axis now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using X in this axis now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using X in this axis now we
+have sunlight here outside of our device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sunlight here outside of our device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have sunlight here outside of our device
+and it's going to it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to it's going to be
+shining light onto the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining light onto the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining light onto the semiconductor
+Crystal so what happens well we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so what happens well we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal so what happens well we know
+intuitively that charge should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that charge should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively that charge should be
+excited from a bound state to an Unbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited from a bound state to an Unbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited from a bound state to an Unbound
+state where it can move around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where it can move around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where it can move around the
+material but not all light uh serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but not all light uh serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but not all light uh serves
+this function if we have a photon that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function if we have a photon that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function if we have a photon that
+uh has an energy above the band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has an energy above the band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has an energy above the band Gap
+energy so e e Photon meaning the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so e e Photon meaning the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so e e Photon meaning the energy
+of the incident photon is greater than e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident photon is greater than e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the incident photon is greater than e
+Gap the energy band Gap then we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap the energy band Gap then we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap the energy band Gap then we'll have
+an exitation of charge we'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exitation of charge we'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exitation of charge we'll have an
+electron taken from somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron taken from somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron taken from somewhere here
+brought up uh to a higher excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up uh to a higher excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought up uh to a higher excited state
+um and it might come to settle down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it might come to settle down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and it might come to settle down at
+the bottom of that band of states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of that band of states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of that band of states that
+is allowed just a a settling if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed just a a settling if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed just a a settling if you will
+um but if our Photon energy is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if our Photon energy is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but if our Photon energy is less than
+our band Gap we won't have this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our band Gap we won't have this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our band Gap we won't have this process
+occur instead we'll have the light going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur instead we'll have the light going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur instead we'll have the light going
+straight through it right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through it right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through it right and this is
+brilliant because you can begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant because you can begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant because you can begin to
+understand the behavior of many solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the behavior of many solids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the behavior of many solids
+in this way let's take glass for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way let's take glass for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way let's take glass for
+instance how many of you have noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance how many of you have noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance how many of you have noticed
+that that you never get sunburned when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you never get sunburned when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you never get sunburned when
+the windows are up but you get sunburned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows are up but you get sunburned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the windows are up but you get sunburned
+when you forget to put the windows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you forget to put the windows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you forget to put the windows up
+when you're driving around and your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're driving around and your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're driving around and your hand
+sticking out of the your arm sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out of the your arm sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sticking out of the your arm sticking
+out you get that nice trucker tan that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you get that nice trucker tan that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you get that nice trucker tan that's
+because the ultraviolet photons have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ultraviolet photons have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ultraviolet photons have
+enough energy in glass to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy in glass to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough energy in glass to excite
+electrons across the bang Gap so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons across the bang Gap so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons across the bang Gap so the
+ultraviolet photons gets absorbed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet photons gets absorbed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultraviolet photons gets absorbed by the
+glass but the visible photons instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass but the visible photons instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass but the visible photons instead
+are coming straight through much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming straight through much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming straight through much like
+this now glass has a very large uh band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now glass has a very large uh band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now glass has a very large uh band
+Gap now silicon much smaller band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap now silicon much smaller band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap now silicon much smaller band Gap
+and uh in that case in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in that case in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in that case in the case of
+silicon even the visible gets blocked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon even the visible gets blocked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon even the visible gets blocked so
+silicon would make a really crummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon would make a really crummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon would make a really crummy
+window but it makes a really great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window but it makes a really great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window but it makes a really great uh
+infrared window so if you're detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared window so if you're detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared window so if you're detecting
+infrared light and want to block out all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared light and want to block out all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared light and want to block out all
+the visible you might consider sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible you might consider sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the visible you might consider sticking
+up uh a filter made of silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh a filter made of silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up uh a filter made of silicon and
+that's regularly done in Laboratories so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's regularly done in Laboratories so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's regularly done in Laboratories so
+you can begin to understand how light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin to understand how light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can begin to understand how light
+interacts with matter with solids uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with matter with solids uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with matter with solids uh
+using this energy band diagram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this energy band diagram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this energy band diagram and
+ultimately how these Optical absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately how these Optical absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately how these Optical absorption
+spectra into being so we studied these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra into being so we studied these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectra into being so we studied these
+Optical absorption spectra in our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical absorption spectra in our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical absorption spectra in our last
+class we just took them as a given we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we just took them as a given we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we just took them as a given we
+didn't question where they came from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't question where they came from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't question where they came from um
+now we're going to be focusing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be focusing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to be focusing on this
+this so-called turn on energy or turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called turn on energy or turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called turn on energy or turn on
+wavelength remember wavelength and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength remember wavelength and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength remember wavelength and
+energy are interchangeable I've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy are interchangeable I've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy are interchangeable I've written
+down below here the the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below here the the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down below here the the energy
+corresponding to a given wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a given wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a given wavelength
+around 2,000 nmet we have an energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2,000 nmet we have an energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 2,000 nmet we have an energy of
+around 62 EV at around uh 200 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 62 EV at around uh 200 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 62 EV at around uh 200 nanometers
+we have an energy of 6.2 EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an energy of 6.2 EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an energy of 6.2 EV
+uh since one is the reciprocal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since one is the reciprocal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh since one is the reciprocal of the
+other related by HC it's only natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other related by HC it's only natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other related by HC it's only natural
+that if we change one by an order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we change one by an order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we change one by an order of
+magnitude we're changing the other by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we're changing the other by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we're changing the other by an
+order of magnitude but in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude but in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of magnitude but in the opposite
+direction right so we're wrapping our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so we're wrapping our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so we're wrapping our
+minds around this interchangeability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds around this interchangeability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds around this interchangeability of
+wavelength and energy that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and energy that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and energy that's important
+because we'll be referring to them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll be referring to them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll be referring to them uh
+very naturally as uh as a photon either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturally as uh as a photon either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very naturally as uh as a photon either
+having a certain wavelength or certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a certain wavelength or certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a certain wavelength or certain
+energy and you notice that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you notice that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and you notice that there are
+certain turn on energies right so energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain turn on energies right so energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain turn on energies right so energy
+is increasing in that direction there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing in that direction there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing in that direction there so
+as we go from uh infrared to ultrav the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go from uh infrared to ultrav the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go from uh infrared to ultrav the
+energy of the incoming light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the incoming light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the incoming light is
+increasing and if the energy is too low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and if the energy is too low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing and if the energy is too low
+the semiconductor Crystal just won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor Crystal just won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor Crystal just won't
+absorb the absorptance is zero or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the absorptance is zero or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb the absorptance is zero or very
+very small it doesn't even appear on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small it doesn't even appear on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small it doesn't even appear on the
+log plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log plot
+here and as we begin increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and as we begin increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and as we begin increasing the
+energy suddenly there's like a turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy suddenly there's like a turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy suddenly there's like a turn on
+the semiconductor begins to absorb that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor begins to absorb that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor begins to absorb that
+light and you begin to have this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you begin to have this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and you begin to have this process
+occur right here right you begin to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur right here right you begin to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur right here right you begin to go
+from uh that red light that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that red light that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh that red light that went
+straight through the material to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the material to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through the material to this
+blue light example here where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light example here where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue light example here where we have
+absorption event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption event
+yeah I probably a minor question but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I probably a minor question but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I probably a minor question but
+what where does the energy go that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where does the energy go that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what where does the energy go that gets
+released when your electron settles back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released when your electron settles back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+released when your electron settles back
+down to the we're going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the we're going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the we're going to get to that
+we're we're taking it step by step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're taking it step by step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're taking it step by step
+that's a really good question uh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good question uh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a really good question uh you're
+one step ahead of me um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step ahead of me um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step ahead of me um we're going to
+be describing the actual shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be describing the actual shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be describing the actual shape and
+character up here U because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character up here U because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character up here U because this is
+really is equally important for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is equally important for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is equally important for the
+functioning of a solar cell device over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning of a solar cell device over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning of a solar cell device over
+the next few lectures but that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures but that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next few lectures but that gets
+really complicated so for now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated so for now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really complicated so for now we're
+going to just focus on this turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just focus on this turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just focus on this turn on
+energy and we're going to make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we're going to make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and we're going to make some
+assump assumtions from here on out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assump assumtions from here on out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assump assumtions from here on out that
+the semiconductor doesn't absorb and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor doesn't absorb and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semiconductor doesn't absorb and all
+of a sudden Boop it absorbs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden Boop it absorbs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden Boop it absorbs and the
+absorption goes high right the uh it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption goes high right the uh it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption goes high right the uh it it
+begins absorbing all of our light for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins absorbing all of our light for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins absorbing all of our light for
+purposes of our homework assignments so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our homework assignments so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our homework assignments so
+again uh just to put this all into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh just to put this all into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again uh just to put this all into one
+big picture so far we have the case out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture so far we have the case out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture so far we have the case out
+here where very little light is absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where very little light is absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where very little light is absorbed
+by our semiconductor we have the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our semiconductor we have the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by our semiconductor we have the case of
+glass light coming straight through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass light coming straight through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass light coming straight through it
+visible light rather because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light rather because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible light rather because the
+incident Photon energy is less than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Photon energy is less than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident Photon energy is less than the
+band Gap there's insufficient energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap there's insufficient energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap there's insufficient energy to
+site into the conduction band now as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site into the conduction band now as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site into the conduction band now as we
+uh transition uh from a photon energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transition uh from a photon energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh transition uh from a photon energy
+less than the bang Gap to a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the bang Gap to a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the bang Gap to a photon
+energy larger than the band Gap we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy larger than the band Gap we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy larger than the band Gap we can
+begin exciting uh electrons or charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin exciting uh electrons or charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin exciting uh electrons or charges
+across the band Gap and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the band Gap and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the band Gap and that's why we
+get absorption uh inside of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get absorption uh inside of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get absorption uh inside of our
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+materials any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay good everybody still with me um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay good everybody still with me um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay good everybody still with me um
+we're going to now calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to now calculate the
+fraction of photon's L not absorbed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of photon's L not absorbed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of photon's L not absorbed by a
+semiconductor material with a given band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material with a given band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor material with a given band
+Gap thickness and reflectivity and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap thickness and reflectivity and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap thickness and reflectivity and this
+gets to Ashley's question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to Ashley's question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to Ashley's question right
+here so uh again we we ran through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh again we we ran through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so uh again we we ran through a
+thickness estimate in class the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness estimate in class the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness estimate in class the last
+time and we uh assumed for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we uh assumed for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and we uh assumed for a
+semiconductor I think it was around 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor I think it was around 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor I think it was around 800
+nanometers for Gallum arsenide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers for Gallum arsenide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers for Gallum arsenide and
+silicon um or maybe it was a little less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um or maybe it was a little less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um or maybe it was a little less
+somewhere around 550 um what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 550 um what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 550 um what was the
+thickness necessary to absorb say 90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness necessary to absorb say 90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness necessary to absorb say 90% of
+the light at a given wavelength and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light at a given wavelength and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light at a given wavelength and we
+in the back of our minds had the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of our minds had the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back of our minds had the solar
+Spectrum here uh as as a reference point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum here uh as as a reference point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum here uh as as a reference point
+to to to to begin visualizing the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to begin visualizing the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to to to begin visualizing the number
+of photons that occur uh within each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons that occur uh within each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons that occur uh within each of
+these Delta wavelengths down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Delta wavelengths down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these Delta wavelengths down here
+essentially what portions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what portions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what portions of the
+spectrum really matter obviously you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum really matter obviously you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum really matter obviously you're
+not going to optimize your solar cell to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to optimize your solar cell to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to optimize your solar cell to
+absorb light way out here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb light way out here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb light way out here because
+there's really not too much of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not too much of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really not too much of the solar
+Spectrum way out there you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum way out there you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum way out there you're probably
+going to optimize it somewhere around uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to optimize it somewhere around uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to optimize it somewhere around uh
+the peak of the solar Spectrum or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak of the solar Spectrum or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak of the solar Spectrum or
+somewhere near there so we we walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near there so we we walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere near there so we we walk
+through that in the last class I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that in the last class I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that in the last class I want to
+have that in your RAM as we move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that in your RAM as we move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that in your RAM as we move forward
+we want to calculate the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to calculate the fraction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to calculate the fraction of
+incident solar energy lost to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident solar energy lost to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident solar energy lost to this thing
+called thermalization that Ashley was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called thermalization that Ashley was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called thermalization that Ashley was
+mentioning before we have um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning before we have um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning before we have um in this
+simplified diagram right here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified diagram right here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified diagram right here an
+electron popping up to a higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron popping up to a higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron popping up to a higher energy
+level and then settling down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then settling down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then settling down to the
+bottom of this conduction band we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this conduction band we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of this conduction band we call
+it this band of States that's empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this band of States that's empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this band of States that's empty
+right here or largely empty and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here or largely empty and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here or largely empty and this
+settling down to the bottom of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling down to the bottom of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling down to the bottom of what is
+this uh mostly empty band of states is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh mostly empty band of states is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh mostly empty band of states is a
+process called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process called
+thermalization and uh it occurs well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and uh it occurs well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and uh it occurs well
+because there are a series of States um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a series of States um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are a series of States um
+the electron can very easily move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron can very easily move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron can very easily move
+between them by emitting phonons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them by emitting phonons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them by emitting phonons or
+lattice vibrations or heat and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vibrations or heat and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vibrations or heat and very
+quickly that electron will settle down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that electron will settle down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly that electron will settle down
+into what is called or referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what is called or referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what is called or referred to as
+the conduction band minimum the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band minimum the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band minimum the minimum
+energy level within the conduction band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level within the conduction band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level within the conduction band
+and this little arrow shown in red right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this little arrow shown in red right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this little arrow shown in red right
+here has a component in the y- axis in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a component in the y- axis in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has a component in the y- axis in
+eace here uh which is a finite energy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eace here uh which is a finite energy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eace here uh which is a finite energy we
+can quantify that that thermalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantify that that thermalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantify that that thermalization
+loss right there is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss right there is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss right there is the difference
+between uh this energy level and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh this energy level and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh this energy level and that
+energy level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level of the
+electron and uh so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and uh so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and uh so that's the
+thermalization loss that is another type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization loss that is another type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization loss that is another type
+of loss of a semiconductor Crystal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loss of a semiconductor Crystal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loss of a semiconductor Crystal so
+we've discussed two so far we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed two so far we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've discussed two so far we've
+discussed non-absorption of light there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed non-absorption of light there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed non-absorption of light there
+are certain long wavelength low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain long wavelength low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain long wavelength low energy
+light that go straight through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that go straight through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that go straight through our
+material and doesn't get absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and doesn't get absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and doesn't get absorbed
+because the photon energy is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the photon energy is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the photon energy is less than
+the band Gap and the second major loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap and the second major loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap and the second major loss
+mechanism is when we have too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is when we have too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism is when we have too much
+energy of that incoming Photon we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that incoming Photon we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that incoming Photon we have
+an exitation of a bound electron into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exitation of a bound electron into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exitation of a bound electron into a
+very highly Unbound State and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly Unbound State and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very highly Unbound State and then a
+quick uh uh loss of that excess energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick uh uh loss of that excess energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick uh uh loss of that excess energy
+due to a process called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a process called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to a process called
+thermalization any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization any questions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization any questions so
+far you said that the thermalization can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you said that the thermalization can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far you said that the thermalization can
+result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result
+in heat being released or in phonons M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heat being released or in phonons M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in heat being released or in phonons M
+yep so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so
+um not the Prime energy uh that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not the Prime energy uh that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not the Prime energy uh that we
+extract from the solar cell of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract from the solar cell of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract from the solar cell of
+electricity um in principle if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um in principle if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity um in principle if you could
+develop some clever way of extracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some clever way of extracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some clever way of extracting
+that heat perhaps by slapping on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat perhaps by slapping on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that heat perhaps by slapping on a
+thermoelectric device in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric device in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermoelectric device in the back of
+your solar cell uh then you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar cell uh then you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your solar cell uh then you could
+extract that energy as well so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract that energy as well so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract that energy as well so there's a
+potential to to recover that heat it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to to recover that heat it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential to to recover that heat it's
+not total loss but uh from a mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not total loss but uh from a mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not total loss but uh from a mechanical
+engineering point of view if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering point of view if you think
+about the thermodynamic efficiency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thermodynamic efficiency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the thermodynamic efficiency of a
+Carno engine where your T high is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno engine where your T high is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carno engine where your T high is this
+and your T is your ambient temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your T is your ambient temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your T is your ambient temperature
+that Delta really doesn't look that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta really doesn't look that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta really doesn't look that good
+right the yeah it's really tiny so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the yeah it's really tiny so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the yeah it's really tiny so you
+have to think of more clever mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think of more clever mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think of more clever mechanism
+perhaps through a Thermal electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps through a Thermal electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps through a Thermal electric
+device or some other mechanism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device or some other mechanism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device or some other mechanism to
+extract that that extra thermalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract that that extra thermalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract that that extra thermalization
+loss I wanted to um so what we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss I wanted to um so what we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss I wanted to um so what we're doing
+is we're taking uh the simplest picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're taking uh the simplest picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're taking uh the simplest picture
+and then adding layers of complexity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adding layers of complexity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then adding layers of complexity and
+you'll hear me stumbling over my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear me stumbling over my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hear me stumbling over my
+language as I sanitized it in my head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as I sanitized it in my head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as I sanitized it in my head to
+remove all of the complex techno lingo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all of the complex techno lingo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove all of the complex techno lingo
+uh and reduce it to its Essence um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and reduce it to its Essence um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and reduce it to its Essence um and
+so right now I'm going to add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now I'm going to add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now I'm going to add one more
+layer of complexity and ultimately build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of complexity and ultimately build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of complexity and ultimately build
+up to the point where I can feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the point where I can feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to the point where I can feel
+conversent again um we have incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversent again um we have incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversent again um we have incoming
+light not exciting the electron all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light not exciting the electron all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light not exciting the electron all the
+way up to there from the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to there from the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up to there from the top of the
+veence band but typically somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band but typically somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band but typically somewhere
+within the veence band not really at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the veence band not really at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the veence band not really at the
+veence band maximum or the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band maximum or the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band maximum or the maximum
+energy level within the valance band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level within the valance band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level within the valance band
+these being the filled States um so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these being the filled States um so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these being the filled States um so this
+is a more realistic representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more realistic representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a more realistic representation of
+charge exitation we have an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge exitation we have an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge exitation we have an electron
+being excited up and this little H+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being excited up and this little H+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being excited up and this little H+
+that's right here who did the reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right here who did the reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right here who did the reading
+and knows what that H+ represents yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knows what that H+ represents yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and knows what that H+ represents yeah a
+hole so what is a hole well it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so what is a hole well it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so what is a hole well it's just
+what it sounds like it's the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it sounds like it's the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it sounds like it's the absence of
+an electron there used to be an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron there used to be an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron there used to be an electron
+here now it's up there it left behind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now it's up there it left behind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now it's up there it left behind a
+hole an easy way to think about a hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole an easy way to think about a hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole an easy way to think about a hole
+is if you're on a traffic if you're in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're on a traffic if you're in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you're on a traffic if you're in a
+big traffic jam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big traffic jam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big traffic jam
+uh Bumper to Bumper um something bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Bumper to Bumper um something bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Bumper to Bumper um something bad
+happened up ahead and and backed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened up ahead and and backed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened up ahead and and backed up the
+traffic now imagine just removing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic now imagine just removing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic now imagine just removing one
+car from that Highway you've created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car from that Highway you've created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car from that Highway you've created a
+hole so that electron that used to be or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so that electron that used to be or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole so that electron that used to be or
+the car that used to be behind that hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car that used to be behind that hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car that used to be behind that hole
+moves forward and the car that used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves forward and the car that used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves forward and the car that used to
+be behind that one moves forward and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behind that one moves forward and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be behind that one moves forward and the
+car that used to be behind that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that used to be behind that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that used to be behind that one
+moves forward so three cars moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves forward so three cars moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves forward so three cars moved
+forward and the hole moved backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the hole moved backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and the hole moved backward
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+places right so you can either describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right so you can either describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places right so you can either describe
+the dynamics of this system as n number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics of this system as n number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamics of this system as n number
+of cars moving forward or one hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars moving forward or one hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cars moving forward or one hole
+moving backward end places it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving backward end places it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving backward end places it's much
+simpler from a an accountability point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler from a an accountability point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler from a an accountability point
+of view to be talking about one quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view to be talking about one quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view to be talking about one quasi
+particle a hole rather than talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a hole rather than talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a hole rather than talking
+about n Cars Moving for n electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n Cars Moving for n electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about n Cars Moving for n electrons
+moving so when we talk about this hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so when we talk about this hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving so when we talk about this hole
+right here thermalization is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here thermalization is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here thermalization is going to
+drive uh this electron to the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive uh this electron to the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive uh this electron to the lowest
+energy level within the conduction band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level within the conduction band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level within the conduction band
+and it's also going to drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also going to drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's also going to drive the
+electrons above the hole essentially to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons above the hole essentially to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons above the hole essentially to
+fall down into the hole in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down into the hole in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall down into the hole in other words
+the hole is going to move up to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole is going to move up to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hole is going to move up to the top
+of the veence band Yes question why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the veence band Yes question why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the veence band Yes question why
+isn't the hole originally created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the hole originally created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the hole originally created
+at um well it it really depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um well it it really depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um well it it really depends on
+what's called the um so it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the um so it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the um so it depends on
+what's called The Matrix element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called The Matrix element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called The Matrix element of the
+absorption process in other words what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption process in other words what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption process in other words what
+electrons have the largest capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have the largest capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons have the largest capture
+cross-section for that incident Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for that incident Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for that incident Photon
+and it is a probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is a probability distribution
+function so some of those you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so some of those you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so some of those you know you
+will get some electrons further down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some electrons further down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get some electrons further down
+from the the top of the veence band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the top of the veence band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the top of the veence band
+absorbing light um as well as some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing light um as well as some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing light um as well as some of
+the electrons right there at the tippy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons right there at the tippy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons right there at the tippy
+top of the of the veence band absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the of the veence band absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the of the veence band absorbing
+light um so I'm representing a say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um so I'm representing a say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light um so I'm representing a say for
+example a typical case where you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a typical case where you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example a typical case where you have an
+an electron that's uh not right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that's uh not right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron that's uh not right at the
+top of the of the veence band and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the of the veence band and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the of the veence band and
+certainly not deep in the core level but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not deep in the core level but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not deep in the core level but
+nearish enough to the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearish enough to the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearish enough to the top of the
+conduction or the veence band absorbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction or the veence band absorbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction or the veence band absorbing
+that light and being cited across so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light and being cited across so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light and being cited across so in
+reality that this this is meant to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that this this is meant to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality that this this is meant to be an
+arbitrary scale here but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary scale here but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary scale here but more
+representative of of of a whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of of of a whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of of of a whole process
+and to think about this in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about this in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to think about this in a more
+realistic sense what you would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic sense what you would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic sense what you would do is
+you'd think okay I have this incoming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd think okay I have this incoming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd think okay I have this incoming uh
+Photon uh and there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon uh and there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon uh and there's a certain
+probability distribution function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution function that
+represents the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the probability of
+absorptance uh by different electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptance uh by different electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorptance uh by different electrons in
+my system which one is going to absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my system which one is going to absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my system which one is going to absorb
+the light well let's roll the dice do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light well let's roll the dice do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light well let's roll the dice do a
+Monte Carlo okay that one absorbed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo okay that one absorbed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo okay that one absorbed it
+this time that one got excited up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time that one got excited up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time that one got excited up okay
+another photon with identical energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another photon with identical energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another photon with identical energy
+coming in which which electron absorbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in which which electron absorbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in which which electron absorbs
+it that one right so um that's the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that one right so um that's the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that one right so um that's the way I
+would say it really works uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it really works uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it really works uh this is a
+simple representation uh on on the say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple representation uh on on the say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple representation uh on on the say a
+lecture slide so we have the uh hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slide so we have the uh hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture slide so we have the uh hole
+going up and the electron going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and the electron going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and the electron going down
+both particles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both particles are
+relaxing right so the electron is moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing right so the electron is moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxing right so the electron is moving
+to its lowest energy State and the hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its lowest energy State and the hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its lowest energy State and the hole
+is also moving to its lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also moving to its lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also moving to its lowest energy
+state so if you want to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so if you want to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so if you want to think about the
+electron as a as a bowling ball and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as a as a bowling ball and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron as a as a bowling ball and the
+hole is a balloon you're welcome to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is a balloon you're welcome to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hole is a balloon you're welcome to um
+whatever mechanism helps you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever mechanism helps you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever mechanism helps you think
+through this process uh use that as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process uh use that as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this process uh use that as as
+as a crutch right now as we move forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a crutch right now as we move forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a crutch right now as we move forward
+always remember that in the system these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that in the system these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always remember that in the system these
+are electrons essentially moving down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrons essentially moving down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are electrons essentially moving down
+and filling up that hole and that hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filling up that hole and that hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and filling up that hole and that hole
+is moving in the opposite direction much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in the opposite direction much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is moving in the opposite direction much
+like the vacancy in a traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vacancy in a traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the vacancy in a traffic
+jam so uh again thermal thermalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jam so uh again thermal thermalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jam so uh again thermal thermalization
+losses can be described by both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses can be described by both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses can be described by both
+electrons and holes in our system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes in our system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and holes in our system by
+both uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh the
+uh rattling around that electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rattling around that electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rattling around that electron in the
+conduction band and the settling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band and the settling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band and the settling of
+electrons here in the veence band as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here in the veence band as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons here in the veence band as
+well or the rising of that hole toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or the rising of that hole toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well or the rising of that hole toward
+the valence band maximum and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valence band maximum and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valence band maximum and the
+settling of that electron toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling of that electron toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settling of that electron toward the
+conduction band minimum so a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band minimum so a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band minimum so a natural
+question is how fast is this process can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how fast is this process can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how fast is this process can
+it be reversed if we're losing all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be reversed if we're losing all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be reversed if we're losing all this
+energy due to the thermalization can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy due to the thermalization can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy due to the thermalization can
+somehow we we halt it and stop it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we we halt it and stop it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow we we halt it and stop it from
+happening um there are people trying um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um there are people trying um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening um there are people trying um
+it is a valiant fight um this plot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a valiant fight um this plot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a valiant fight um this plot right
+here represents the uh uh what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents the uh uh what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here represents the uh uh what's called
+the density of States um we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of States um we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of States um we're going to
+get to that in another lecture here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in another lecture here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that in another lecture here but
+I'm going to expose you to to the rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to expose you to to the rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to expose you to to the rough
+concept right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept right
+here y- axis is energy so again we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here y- axis is energy so again we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here y- axis is energy so again we have
+our veence band maximum and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our veence band maximum and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our veence band maximum and our
+conduction band minimum up there x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band minimum up there x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band minimum up there x-axis
+here is representing time so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is representing time so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is representing time so we're going
+from uh the exitation event which occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the exitation event which occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh the exitation event which occurs
+right at T equals 0 0 plus represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at T equals 0 0 plus represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at T equals 0 0 plus represents
+that this is on the positive side moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is on the positive side moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is on the positive side moving
+time forward from the exitation event so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time forward from the exitation event so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time forward from the exitation event so
+instantaneously after the exitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously after the exitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously after the exitation
+event we had the equilibrium population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event we had the equilibrium population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event we had the equilibrium population
+of uh of holes and of electrons inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of holes and of electrons inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of holes and of electrons inside
+of our semiconductor system um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our semiconductor system um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our semiconductor system um there
+weren't absolutely zero electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't absolutely zero electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't absolutely zero electrons in the
+conduction band because of heat there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band because of heat there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band because of heat there
+was enough thermal energy in our system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough thermal energy in our system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was enough thermal energy in our system
+to excite some of those electrons across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite some of those electrons across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite some of those electrons across
+and that's why we had that small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we had that small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we had that small
+population of electrons there and holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of electrons there and holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of electrons there and holes
+down here the on the holes they left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here the on the holes they left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here the on the holes they left
+behind now we had Photon coming in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind now we had Photon coming in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind now we had Photon coming in high
+energy Photon that excited these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon that excited these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy Photon that excited these
+electrons down here up there into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons down here up there into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons down here up there into the
+veence band up to sorry up into here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band up to sorry up into here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band up to sorry up into here in
+the veence band right and over time this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veence band right and over time this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the veence band right and over time this
+excited population will Decay down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited population will Decay down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited population will Decay down to
+the conduction band minimum and Valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band minimum and Valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conduction band minimum and Valence
+band maximum the electrons and the holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band maximum the electrons and the holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band maximum the electrons and the holes
+respectively and over time when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and over time when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively and over time when I say
+over time I'm referring to something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time I'm referring to something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time I'm referring to something in
+the range of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of one
+Picos 10 Theus 12 seconds that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picos 10 Theus 12 seconds that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Picos 10 Theus 12 seconds that's like
+that but faster right so um we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but faster right so um we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but faster right so um we have a
+quick decay of these photo exited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick decay of these photo exited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick decay of these photo exited
+carriers and so extraction of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and so extraction of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers and so extraction of that
+energy is going to be nearly impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be nearly impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is going to be nearly impossible
+unless we do something very clever with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we do something very clever with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we do something very clever with
+our Crystal to prevent that decay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Crystal to prevent that decay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Crystal to prevent that decay from
+happening somehow we suppress the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening somehow we suppress the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening somehow we suppress the
+phonons from being emitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonons from being emitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonons from being emitted
+at that frequency at least or at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that frequency at least or at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that frequency at least or at that
+energy so there are a lot of people uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so there are a lot of people uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so there are a lot of people uh
+clever people working on this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever people working on this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever people working on this problem
+and trying to prevent the Decay the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to prevent the Decay the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to prevent the Decay the next
+challenge of course is extracting those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of course is extracting those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of course is extracting those
+so-called hot carriers the excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called hot carriers the excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called hot carriers the excited
+carriers from your device and keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers from your device and keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers from your device and keeping
+that energy when they're going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy when they're going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that energy when they're going into the
+metal that's a whole another can of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's a whole another can of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal that's a whole another can of
+worms so we have um uh the the the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worms so we have um uh the the the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worms so we have um uh the the the time
+scales of thermalization and this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales of thermalization and this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales of thermalization and this is why
+at least from the perspective of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from the perspective of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from the perspective of your
+homework we're going to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework we're going to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework we're going to treat
+thermalization losses as inevitable as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization losses as inevitable as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization losses as inevitable as
+Harvard and MIT students I would urge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT students I would urge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and MIT students I would urge
+you to never consider anything as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to never consider anything as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to never consider anything as
+inevitable um if we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable um if we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitable um if we understand the
+physics well enough we can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics well enough we can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics well enough we can probably
+engineer a solution but for now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer a solution but for now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer a solution but for now let's
+consider this a reality a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this a reality a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider this a reality a loss
+mechanism so if we start putting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so if we start putting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism so if we start putting things
+together if we put non-absorption which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if we put non-absorption which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together if we put non-absorption which
+we talked about last lecture we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last lecture we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about last lecture we actually
+ran some calculations back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran some calculations back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ran some calculations back of the
+envelope and we calculated the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and we calculated the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope and we calculated the thickness
+necessary to absorb 90% of the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to absorb 90% of the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to absorb 90% of the photons
+at a given wavelength um we also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given wavelength um we also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given wavelength um we also know
+how to calculate reflectance off of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate reflectance off of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to calculate reflectance off of a
+front surface um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front surface um
+and so we we get this third point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we get this third point right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we get this third point right
+here we actually got it last class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we actually got it last class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we actually got it last class and
+the fourth point right here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth point right here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth point right here we
+intuitively understand now that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively understand now that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively understand now that if the
+photon comes in with more energy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon comes in with more energy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon comes in with more energy than
+the band Gap that excess energy is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap that excess energy is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap that excess energy is going
+to be lost due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lost due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be lost due to
+thermalization so now if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization so now if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization so now if we have the
+solar spectrum and we know the band gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum and we know the band gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar spectrum and we know the band gap
+of a semiconductor we should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a semiconductor we should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a semiconductor we should be able to
+do a very cursory plot of the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very cursory plot of the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very cursory plot of the efficiency
+versus band Gap versus uh energy of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus band Gap versus uh energy of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus band Gap versus uh energy of um
+yeah so we again we have thermalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we again we have thermalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we again we have thermalization
+losses the bandap is too small and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses the bandap is too small and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses the bandap is too small and
+non-absorption losses the band Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses the band Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses the band Gap is
+too large and let's just do an absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large and let's just do an absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too large and let's just do an absurd
+thought experiment if we say okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment if we say okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought experiment if we say okay I'm
+really really scared of thermalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really scared of thermalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really scared of thermalization
+losses so I'm going to make the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses so I'm going to make the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses so I'm going to make the biggest
+band Gap material I possibly can I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap material I possibly can I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap material I possibly can I'm
+going to have a very low efficiency my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a very low efficiency my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a very low efficiency my
+cell because I'm not absorbing any light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell because I'm not absorbing any light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell because I'm not absorbing any light
+the solar cell will be transparent um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell will be transparent um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar cell will be transparent um if
+I have if I'm scared of non-absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have if I'm scared of non-absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have if I'm scared of non-absorption
+losses I say okay I'm going to make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses I say okay I'm going to make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses I say okay I'm going to make my
+bang Gap really really really tiny I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang Gap really really really tiny I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bang Gap really really really tiny I'm
+going to be losing a heck of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be losing a heck of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be losing a heck of a lot of
+energy uh due to thermalization due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh due to thermalization due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy uh due to thermalization due to
+this loss mechanism right up here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loss mechanism right up here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this loss mechanism right up here and so
+there has to be some happy Optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some happy Optimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some happy Optimum
+somewhere between the two where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between the two where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere between the two where we have
+the maximum potential efficiency of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum potential efficiency of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum potential efficiency of a
+solar cell device given our solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device given our solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device given our solar
+spectrum and we're going to walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and we're going to walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and we're going to walk through
+that right now so approximating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now so approximating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right now so approximating
+non-absorption losses very first step um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses very first step um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses very first step um
+what we're going to do for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do for our
+non-absorption losses is run a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses is run a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses is run a very
+quick approximation that any photon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick approximation that any photon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick approximation that any photon with
+wavelength sorry with energy Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength sorry with energy Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength sorry with energy Photon
+energy corresp responding to the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy corresp responding to the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy corresp responding to the band
+Gap energy is going to be absorbed so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap energy is going to be absorbed so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap energy is going to be absorbed so if
+our Photon energy has uh has a if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Photon energy has uh has a if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Photon energy has uh has a if the
+photon has a larger energy in the bang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon has a larger energy in the bang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon has a larger energy in the bang
+Gap it will be absorbed if it has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap it will be absorbed if it has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap it will be absorbed if it has an
+energy less than the bang Gap it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy less than the bang Gap it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy less than the bang Gap it will
+not be absorbed and that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be absorbed and that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be absorbed and that's what this
+plot right here is representing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot right here is representing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot right here is representing we have
+wavelength right here longer wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right here longer wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength right here longer wavelength
+lower energy smaller wavelength larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy smaller wavelength larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower energy smaller wavelength larger
+energy and at some point we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and at some point we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and at some point we have the
+turn on of absorption of our device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on of absorption of our device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on of absorption of our device
+because uh we have a good uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we have a good uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh we have a good uh we have a
+band Gap uh at that energy and and we on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap uh at that energy and and we on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap uh at that energy and and we on
+the Y on the y- axis here I've plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y on the y- axis here I've plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y on the y- axis here I've plotted
+eqe which is external Quantum efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eqe which is external Quantum efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eqe which is external Quantum efficiency
+I've coined the term over here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've coined the term over here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've coined the term over here on the
+left hand side it's the efficiency at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side it's the efficiency at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side it's the efficiency at
+which free charge carriers are generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which free charge carriers are generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which free charge carriers are generated
+uh by an incident Photon on the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by an incident Photon on the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by an incident Photon on the device
+so one way to think about it is if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about it is if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one way to think about it is if I
+have a an eqe of 100% that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an eqe of 100% that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a an eqe of 100% that means that
+for each Photon that I throw at my solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each Photon that I throw at my solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each Photon that I throw at my solar
+cell device I'm generating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device I'm generating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell device I'm generating and
+collecting one free carrier from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting one free carrier from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting one free carrier from that
+device one electron whole pair if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device one electron whole pair if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device one electron whole pair if you
+will from that device so that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will from that device so that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will from that device so that's uh
+plotted right here that makes intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted right here that makes intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted right here that makes intuitive
+sense uh this is an approximation though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh this is an approximation though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense uh this is an approximation though
+and I wanted to take it one step further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to take it one step further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I wanted to take it one step further
+again planting the flag right here CU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again planting the flag right here CU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again planting the flag right here CU
+we're going to come back to this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to come back to this we're
+going to use this but I wanted to go one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this but I wanted to go one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this but I wanted to go one
+level deeper into the trees for everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level deeper into the trees for everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level deeper into the trees for everyone
+else who wants some more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who wants some more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else who wants some more advanced
+concepts this is the reality of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts this is the reality of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts this is the reality of how
+Quantum efficiency looks yes we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum efficiency looks yes we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum efficiency looks yes we have a
+turn on depending on the material that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on depending on the material that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn on depending on the material that's
+involved we have silicon Gallum arsenide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved we have silicon Gallum arsenide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved we have silicon Gallum arsenide
+copper inum gallon dielon morphos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper inum gallon dielon morphos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper inum gallon dielon morphos
+silicon uh D sensiti solar cells organic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh D sensiti solar cells organic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh D sensiti solar cells organic
+solar cells different materials right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells different materials right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cells different materials right
+here and their different turn on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and their different turn on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and their different turn on uh
+wavelengths right here so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths right here so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths right here so we have
+wavelength different energies some turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength different energies some turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength different energies some turn
+on at lower energies others at higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at lower energies others at higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at lower energies others at higher
+energies so this represents more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so this represents more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so this represents more or less
+the banga uh turn on energy more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banga uh turn on energy more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banga uh turn on energy more or less
+El has to do with the thickness how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El has to do with the thickness how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+El has to do with the thickness how well
+it absorbs light um at the shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it absorbs light um at the shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it absorbs light um at the shorter
+wavelength though instead of just having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength though instead of just having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength though instead of just having
+QE of one going all the way you know out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QE of one going all the way you know out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QE of one going all the way you know out
+to x-ray territory we have a a turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x-ray territory we have a a turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x-ray territory we have a a turn off
+at some point why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why in a real device would we yeah go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a real device would we yeah go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why in a real device would we yeah go
+ahead glass is absorbing we have glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead glass is absorbing we have glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead glass is absorbing we have glass
+absorbing on the front side that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing on the front side that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbing on the front side that's one
+real big reason yeah do we have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real big reason yeah do we have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real big reason yeah do we have another
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea yeah glass glass absorption is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah glass glass absorption is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah glass glass absorption is a is
+one real big one um there are other dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one real big one um there are other dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one real big one um there are other dead
+layers inside of a solar cell device in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers inside of a solar cell device in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers inside of a solar cell device in
+the near surface region that also absorb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near surface region that also absorb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the near surface region that also absorb
+the light um in in in some architectur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light um in in in some architectur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light um in in in some architectur
+so uh yeah so it's not a perfect uh QE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah so it's not a perfect uh QE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh yeah so it's not a perfect uh QE
+spectrum that looks like that but why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that looks like that but why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum that looks like that but why
+don't we care for the purposes of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we care for the purposes of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we care for the purposes of of
+just this engineering approximation why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this engineering approximation why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this engineering approximation why
+don't why don't we why aren't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't why don't we why aren't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't why don't we why aren't we
+bothered by these these photons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered by these these photons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothered by these these photons that
+we're losing down there the percentage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're losing down there the percentage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're losing down there the percentage
+of the solar spectrum that falls in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar spectrum that falls in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar spectrum that falls in that
+region is small absolutely so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is small absolutely so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region is small absolutely so what we're
+doing is an engineering approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is an engineering approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is an engineering approximation
+right here to get to a very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here to get to a very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here to get to a very first
+cursory uh efficiency calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursory uh efficiency calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursory uh efficiency calculation
+neglecting things at the extremes uh too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting things at the extremes uh too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting things at the extremes uh too
+too short wavelength because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short wavelength because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too short wavelength because there's
+just not a whole lot of solar flux down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a whole lot of solar flux down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not a whole lot of solar flux down
+there and too long wavelength because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and too long wavelength because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and too long wavelength because
+again not not a whole lot of solar FX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not not a whole lot of solar FX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again not not a whole lot of solar FX
+right there so we're going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so we're going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so we're going to be using
+um yeah we're going to be using uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we're going to be using uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah we're going to be using uh this
+um this approximation in our homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this approximation in our homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this approximation in our homeworks
+and uh that will get us somewhat close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that will get us somewhat close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that will get us somewhat close
+um if we really want it to be true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we really want it to be true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we really want it to be true and
+instead of using a box function like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a box function like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using a box function like
+this an absorption box function we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an absorption box function we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this an absorption box function we would
+use an absorption spectrum that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an absorption spectrum that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use an absorption spectrum that looks
+something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more
+like something more like that right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something more like that right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like something more like that right we
+would use a true absorption Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use a true absorption Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would use a true absorption Spectrum
+and then convolute that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then convolute that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then convolute that with the
+thickness of the device to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the device to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness of the device to calculate
+what fraction of photons that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of photons that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fraction of photons that each
+energy is absorbed inside of my device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is absorbed inside of my device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is absorbed inside of my device
+and that would give you a plot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you a plot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would give you a plot that
+looks something more like this instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something more like this instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something more like this instead
+of this box plot up here it might give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this box plot up here it might give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this box plot up here it might give
+you a plot that looked something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a plot that looked something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a plot that looked something more
+like this so you'd have a instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you'd have a instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so you'd have a instead of
+just a sharp turn on if you had a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sharp turn on if you had a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a sharp turn on if you had a one
+micron thick silicon wafer and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron thick silicon wafer and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron thick silicon wafer and we
+calculated last class that we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated last class that we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated last class that we needed
+somewhere around 10 microns or 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 10 microns or 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around 10 microns or 100
+microns to absorb light well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns to absorb light well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns to absorb light well if we
+reduce the thickness of the way for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the thickness of the way for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the thickness of the way for to
+1/10th or 100th of what's necessary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th or 100th of what's necessary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th or 100th of what's necessary to
+absorb light well we don't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb light well we don't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb light well we don't see that
+sharp turn on at the bang Gap we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp turn on at the bang Gap we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp turn on at the bang Gap we see
+rather a gradual turn on of our silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather a gradual turn on of our silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather a gradual turn on of our silicon
+as we move to shorter and shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move to shorter and shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we move to shorter and shorter
+wavelengths that are absorbed more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that are absorbed more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths that are absorbed more and
+more efficiently by the device so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently by the device so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more efficiently by the device so again
+just wrapping our head around the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrapping our head around the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrapping our head around the basic
+concept that we're going to use for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we're going to use for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we're going to use for the
+purposes of our calculation but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our calculation but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of our calculation but again
+some of the more fine structure uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more fine structure uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the more fine structure uh some
+of the more advanced concepts that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more advanced concepts that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more advanced concepts that uh
+come into play when we're doing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play when we're doing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come into play when we're doing more
+detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed
+calculations approximating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations approximating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations approximating
+thermalization losses now now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization losses now now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization losses now now we want to
+calculate the amount of energy lost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the amount of energy lost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the amount of energy lost of
+incident sunlight lost due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident sunlight lost due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident sunlight lost due to
+thermalization due to heat and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization due to heat and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization due to heat and we're
+going to say here that if the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say here that if the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say here that if the photon
+energy is greater than the band Gap then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is greater than the band Gap then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is greater than the band Gap then
+the photon energy is approximately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon energy is approximately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon energy is approximately the
+band Gap plus thermalization another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap plus thermalization another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band Gap plus thermalization another way
+to put it would be the thermalization is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it would be the thermalization is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it would be the thermalization is
+approximately the photon energy minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the photon energy minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the photon energy minus
+the band Gap energy uh so that's I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap energy uh so that's I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap energy uh so that's I kind
+of wanted to hide all this down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wanted to hide all this down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wanted to hide all this down here
+forget forget this exists right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget forget this exists right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget forget this exists right now
+let's focus on that top part so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on that top part so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on that top part so that's
+the easy way of thinking about it um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way of thinking about it um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way of thinking about it um
+we're going to be thinking about this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be thinking about this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be thinking about this in
+terms of uh just any Photon coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh just any Photon coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh just any Photon coming into
+our device with a larger energy than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our device with a larger energy than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our device with a larger energy than the
+mangap is going to generate one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mangap is going to generate one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mangap is going to generate one electron
+whole pair and lose some energy due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pair and lose some energy due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pair and lose some energy due to
+thermalization the reality is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization the reality is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization the reality is that for
+very high energy photons say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy photons say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high energy photons say for example
+with photons with three times a bang up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with photons with three times a bang up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with photons with three times a bang up
+energy or more um you can have electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or more um you can have electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy or more um you can have electron
+electron interactions so if you excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interactions so if you excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interactions so if you excite
+one electron to a very highly excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron to a very highly excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one electron to a very highly excited
+state it can bounce around in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it can bounce around in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state it can bounce around in the
+process excite another electron across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process excite another electron across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process excite another electron across
+the band Gap uh that's the case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap uh that's the case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap uh that's the case when
+x-rays are incident on a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are incident on a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are incident on a piece of
+silicon for instance if you have a a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon for instance if you have a a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon for instance if you have a a 10
+Kil electron volt so 10,000 EV x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kil electron volt so 10,000 EV x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kil electron volt so 10,000 EV x-ray
+incident on a piece of silicon you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident on a piece of silicon you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident on a piece of silicon you will
+generate approximately 3,000 electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate approximately 3,000 electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate approximately 3,000 electron
+whole pairs with that one x-ray because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pairs with that one x-ray because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole pairs with that one x-ray because
+that one x-ray is going to take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one x-ray is going to take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one x-ray is going to take an
+electron and excite it to a very highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and excite it to a very highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and excite it to a very highly
+excited state and that's going to excite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state and that's going to excite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited state and that's going to excite
+further electrons across the band Gap as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further electrons across the band Gap as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further electrons across the band Gap as
+that Pho exited carrier decays as it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pho exited carrier decays as it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pho exited carrier decays as it uh
+as it loses energy and settles at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it loses energy and settles at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it loses energy and settles at the
+conduction band minimum so uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band minimum so uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band minimum so uh we have
+what's called multiple exiton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called multiple exiton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called multiple exiton
+generation sometimes referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation sometimes referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation sometimes referred to as
+multiple free carrier generation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple free carrier generation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple free carrier generation in
+semiconductors as a Hot Topic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors as a Hot Topic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductors as a Hot Topic because
+folks would like to take the ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks would like to take the ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks would like to take the ultraviolet
+portion of the spectrum the high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the spectrum the high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the spectrum the high energy
+short wavelength portion of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short wavelength portion of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short wavelength portion of the solar
+spectrum and use it to excite multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and use it to excite multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and use it to excite multiple
+carriers one Photon exciting multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers one Photon exciting multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers one Photon exciting multiple
+carriers across the band Gap and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers across the band Gap and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers across the band Gap and so
+there's some work or was some work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some work or was some work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some work or was some work it
+was a hot topic for a while it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hot topic for a while it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hot topic for a while it's kind of
+decayed a bit now it comes in waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed a bit now it comes in waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decayed a bit now it comes in waves
+Cycles kind of like a plane wave um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles kind of like a plane wave um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles kind of like a plane wave um
+there there is uh interest I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is uh interest I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there is uh interest I would say
+general interest in the field of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general interest in the field of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general interest in the field of how do
+you capture these higher energy photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you capture these higher energy photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you capture these higher energy photons
+and convert them in some usable way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert them in some usable way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and convert them in some usable way
+instead of just having thermalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having thermalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having thermalization
+loss instead of just having heat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss instead of just having heat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss instead of just having heat and
+then for really high energy photons gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for really high energy photons gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for really high energy photons gosh
+you can really get into some neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really get into some neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really get into some neat
+physics I've given you a link and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I've given you a link and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics I've given you a link and
+cross-section here uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section here uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section here uh this is the
+electron cross-section or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cross-section or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cross-section or actually
+really what it is is a an atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it is is a an atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what it is is a an atomic
+cross-section it's because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section it's because of the
+electrons in the material uh versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the material uh versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in the material uh versus
+Photon energy going from 10 EV out to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon energy going from 10 EV out to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon energy going from 10 EV out to 10
+to the 11 e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 11 e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 11 e
+so very high Photon energy um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very high Photon energy um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very high Photon energy um we're
+transiting from the uh say the U visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiting from the uh say the U visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transiting from the uh say the U visible
+spectrum over here uh deep into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum over here uh deep into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum over here uh deep into the
+infrared and then going into the X-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared and then going into the X-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared and then going into the X-ray
+and finally into the gamma ray regime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally into the gamma ray regime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally into the gamma ray regime uh
+there you can have a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can have a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you can have a number of
+interesting phenomena you can even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomena you can even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting phenomena you can even have
+electron whole or electron positron pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron whole or electron positron pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron whole or electron positron pair
+generation uh with uh Giga electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh with uh Giga electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation uh with uh Giga electron volt
+incident radiation above U we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident radiation above U we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident radiation above U we're not
+going to even talk about this regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even talk about this regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to even talk about this regime
+because the total amount of solar uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total amount of solar uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the total amount of solar uh
+flux in that regime is really tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux in that regime is really tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux in that regime is really tiny
+compared to the visible uh but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the visible uh but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the visible uh but it's a
+lot of interesting fascinating physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interesting fascinating physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of interesting fascinating physics
+so I put it on here anyway um just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put it on here anyway um just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put it on here anyway um just to
+keep our approximation in Focus right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our approximation in Focus right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep our approximation in Focus right so
+again um I'm kind of mixing uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um I'm kind of mixing uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again um I'm kind of mixing uh the
+forest and the trees here to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest and the trees here to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forest and the trees here to give you a
+sense of the complexity but also to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the complexity but also to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the complexity but also to give
+you the tools necessary to do simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tools necessary to do simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tools necessary to do simple
+calculations we're going to combine this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're going to combine this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're going to combine this
+simple approximation right here of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple approximation right here of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple approximation right here of the
+non-absorption losses and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption losses and we're going to
+say that any photon with energy less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that any photon with energy less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that any photon with energy less
+than the bang Gap doesn't get absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bang Gap doesn't get absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the bang Gap doesn't get absorbed
+by a crystal it's it's it's it's gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a crystal it's it's it's it's gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a crystal it's it's it's it's gone to
+us and we're going to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and we're going to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and we're going to make the
+approximation that any photon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that any photon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation that any photon with
+energy above the bang Gap uh will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy above the bang Gap uh will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy above the bang Gap uh will have
+that excess energy lost due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excess energy lost due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excess energy lost due to
+thermalization and we put those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and we put those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and we put those two
+things together and one very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and one very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together and one very convenient
+way of representing this is shown in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of representing this is shown in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of representing this is shown in a
+paper in 1980 let me walk you through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in 1980 let me walk you through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper in 1980 let me walk you through it
+so this curve right here this outermost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this curve right here this outermost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this curve right here this outermost
+curve represents the solar Spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve represents the solar Spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve represents the solar Spectrum
+energy versus number of photons right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus number of photons right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy versus number of photons right so
+we have uh essentially a a a a a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh essentially a a a a a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh essentially a a a a a um
+Photon density this is U number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon density this is U number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon density this is U number of
+photons per cenm squ per second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons per cenm squ per second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons per cenm squ per second so
+Photon flux uh uh if you will and over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon flux uh uh if you will and over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Photon flux uh uh if you will and over
+here we have the uh energy of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the uh energy of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the uh energy of those
+photons right and so um what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons right and so um what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons right and so um what this is
+meant to represent is the cumulative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to represent is the cumulative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to represent is the cumulative
+solar Spectrum going from uh high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar Spectrum going from uh high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar Spectrum going from uh high energy
+here uh all the way down to lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh all the way down to lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh all the way down to lowest
+energy so we're essentially adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we're essentially adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we're essentially adding the
+the different uh uh components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different uh uh components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the different uh uh components
+accumulation plot and if we have a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation plot and if we have a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulation plot and if we have a uh
+photon energy in excess of the band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy in excess of the band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon energy in excess of the band Gap
+energy as would be the case say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as would be the case say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy as would be the case say for
+example 3 EV Photon and we have a band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 3 EV Photon and we have a band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example 3 EV Photon and we have a band
+Gap let's say the band Gap is 1.35 EV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap let's say the band Gap is 1.35 EV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap let's say the band Gap is 1.35 EV
+represented by this straight line right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this straight line right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by this straight line right
+here this energy is going to be lost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this energy is going to be lost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this energy is going to be lost and
+so by drawing this cumulation plot we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by drawing this cumulation plot we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by drawing this cumulation plot we're
+uh we're we're we're plotting the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're we're plotting the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we're we're we're plotting the area
+here the energy area that is lost to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the energy area that is lost to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the energy area that is lost to us
+due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to
+thermalization we can also say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization we can also say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization we can also say that if
+the photon energy uh if the photons have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon energy uh if the photons have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photon energy uh if the photons have
+an energy less than the band Gap um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy less than the band Gap um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an energy less than the band Gap um that
+uh is is going to be lost to us as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is going to be lost to us as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is is going to be lost to us as well
+and what we're left with is a little box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're left with is a little box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're left with is a little box
+that represents the total usable photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents the total usable photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents the total usable photons
+the usable photons that we can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usable photons that we can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usable photons that we can extract
+from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our
+device this particular plot is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device this particular plot is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device this particular plot is a little
+bit complicated because it contains two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated because it contains two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit complicated because it contains two
+two curves one is this one right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two curves one is this one right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two curves one is this one right here
+the other one is this one right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is this one right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is this one right here
+this second curve uh represents a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second curve uh represents a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second curve uh represents a very
+realistic uh uh another realistic loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic uh uh another realistic loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic uh uh another realistic loss
+mechanism that we didn't talk about yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we didn't talk about yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that we didn't talk about yet
+uh and that is why the extractable work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that is why the extractable work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that is why the extractable work
+represented in this W is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in this W is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in this W is going to be
+less than the band Gap energy of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the band Gap energy of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than the band Gap energy of our
+solar cell device so if the band Gap is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device so if the band Gap is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar cell device so if the band Gap is
+1.35 EV uh the total usable work would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.35 EV uh the total usable work would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.35 EV uh the total usable work would
+be 0.9 EV we'll get to that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0.9 EV we'll get to that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0.9 EV we'll get to that in the
+lecture or too um and that's why the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or too um and that's why the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture or too um and that's why the uh
+white box here is going to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white box here is going to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white box here is going to be smaller
+than this um this uh horizontal lined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this um this uh horizontal lined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this um this uh horizontal lined
+box over there but it gives you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over there but it gives you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box over there but it gives you a very
+first uh I would say a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh I would say a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first uh I would say a first
+approximation a very easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation a very easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation a very easy way to
+describe um the different losses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe um the different losses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe um the different losses that
+you can occur in a solar cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can occur in a solar cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can occur in a solar cell and
+quickly visualize them uh you know here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly visualize them uh you know here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly visualize them uh you know here
+thermalization over here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization over here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization over here uh
+non-absorption and uh and and plot them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption and uh and and plot them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption and uh and and plot them
+out uh very nicely as the uh total area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh very nicely as the uh total area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh very nicely as the uh total area
+and representative area fractions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representative area fractions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and representative area fractions and
+that's why you can see here that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can see here that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you can see here that the uh
+total usable uh solar energy is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total usable uh solar energy is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total usable uh solar energy is going to
+be somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be somewhere around
+30% uh this band Gap right here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% uh this band Gap right here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30% uh this band Gap right here of
+around 1.35 EV is actually pretty near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1.35 EV is actually pretty near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 1.35 EV is actually pretty near
+optimal uh for the solar Spectrum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh for the solar Spectrum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal uh for the solar Spectrum you
+can imagine if we uh increased the band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if we uh increased the band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if we uh increased the band
+Gap energy uh we would be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap energy uh we would be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap energy uh we would be doing
+something like this right so we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right so we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this right so we would
+draw another box right around here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another box right around here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw another box right around here this
+would be the new band Gap instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the new band Gap instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the new band Gap instead of
+1.35 that would be out here if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.35 that would be out here if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.35 that would be out here if we
+increase the band Gap further we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the band Gap further we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase the band Gap further we might
+have something that looked like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that looked like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something that looked like that and
+the area of this little rectangle would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this little rectangle would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this little rectangle would
+be much smaller than the area of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much smaller than the area of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much smaller than the area of this
+rectangle likewise if we said okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle likewise if we said okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangle likewise if we said okay we're
+going to shrink our band Gap energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shrink our band Gap energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to shrink our band Gap energy to
+avoid uh thermalization losses sorry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid uh thermalization losses sorry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid uh thermalization losses sorry to
+avoid non-absorption losses we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid non-absorption losses we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid non-absorption losses we're going
+to have an excess of thermalization loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an excess of thermalization loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an excess of thermalization loss
+we'll have a very narrow rectangle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a very narrow rectangle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have a very narrow rectangle right
+like this and all of this will be loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and all of this will be loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and all of this will be loss
+the solar Spectrum obviously does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Spectrum obviously does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solar Spectrum obviously does not
+change these this line right here is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these this line right here is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these this line right here is is
+is fixed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fixed it's
+constant folks kind of see it beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant folks kind of see it beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant folks kind of see it beginning
+to grasp it this is a convenient way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grasp it this is a convenient way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grasp it this is a convenient way of
+representing uh the total usable portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh the total usable portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh the total usable portion
+of the solar Spectrum from a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar Spectrum from a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the solar Spectrum from a given
+semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor
+material you you can begin seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you you can begin seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material you you can begin seeing the
+trade-offs between different material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs between different material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs between different material
+systems you can say say what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can say say what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems you can say say what happens if
+I change my band Gap how would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change my band Gap how would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I change my band Gap how would that
+change the fraction of photons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the fraction of photons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the fraction of photons or
+fraction of photon energy not absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of photon energy not absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of photon energy not absorbed
+or fraction of photon energy lost due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fraction of photon energy lost due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fraction of photon energy lost due to
+thermalization and you can also see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and you can also see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization and you can also see what
+happens if you would be an easy way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you would be an easy way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if you would be an easy way to
+extract more potential from the Sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract more potential from the Sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract more potential from the Sun
+instead of just using one semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just using one semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just using one semiconductor
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+you more than one more than one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more than one more than one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more than one more than one right so
+now you're drawing different boxes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're drawing different boxes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you're drawing different boxes that
+represent the different materials and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the different materials and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the different materials and if
+you stack them right you're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stack them right you're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you stack them right you're able to
+capture more of this total area more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture more of this total area more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture more of this total area more of
+the total solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total solar
+Spectrum right so uh this is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum right so uh this is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum right so uh this is a really
+cool plot um a lot of good work back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool plot um a lot of good work back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool plot um a lot of good work back in
+the 197s 1980s this was if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 197s 1980s this was if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 197s 1980s this was if you recall
+from lecture number one this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture number one this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from lecture number one this was the
+first wave of of you know real hardcore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wave of of you know real hardcore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first wave of of you know real hardcore
+solar Sciences after the initial Bell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar Sciences after the initial Bell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar Sciences after the initial Bell
+Labs invention uh when we had the OPEC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs invention uh when we had the OPEC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Labs invention uh when we had the OPEC
+oil crisis and there was a large Rush of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil crisis and there was a large Rush of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil crisis and there was a large Rush of
+funding into solar research so you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding into solar research so you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding into solar research so you had a
+lot of good work coming out from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good work coming out from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of good work coming out from those
+days um this represents essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days um this represents essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days um this represents essentially this
+next plot that I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next plot that I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next plot that I'm going to show you
+represents the area of this curve sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the area of this curve sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the area of this curve sorry
+did I just say that the area of this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just say that the area of this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I just say that the area of this box
+um relative to the solar Spectrum the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relative to the solar Spectrum the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um relative to the solar Spectrum the
+the percentage of light that is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of light that is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the percentage of light that is uh
+usable um the balance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable um the balance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usable um the balance between
+non-absorption and thermalization losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption and thermalization losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption and thermalization losses
+is a function of bang Gap energy so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of bang Gap energy so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of bang Gap energy so if
+the band Gap is too small again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap is too small again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the band Gap is too small again we're
+losing a lot of energy due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a lot of energy due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing a lot of energy due to
+thermalization the band Gap is too large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization the band Gap is too large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalization the band Gap is too large
+a lot of energy we're losing due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy we're losing due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy we're losing due to
+non-absorption and somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption and somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-absorption and somewhere in the
+middle is our happy medium this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is our happy medium this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle is our happy medium this
+represents these little symbols here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents these little symbols here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents these little symbols here
+represent different materials cium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different materials cium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different materials cium
+sulfide cabum t g Arcadium phosphide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide cabum t g Arcadium phosphide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfide cabum t g Arcadium phosphide
+silicon germanium and so forth and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon germanium and so forth and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon germanium and so forth and uh
+calculated efficiencies so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated efficiencies so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated efficiencies so I'm going to
+go into one Advanced concept the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into one Advanced concept the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into one Advanced concept the
+multi-junction devices and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction devices and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction devices and we just
+talked about uh this box here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh this box here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about uh this box here
+representing uh the usable uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh the usable uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing uh the usable uh energy
+from the solar Spectrum now if we go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solar Spectrum now if we go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the solar Spectrum now if we go to
+an absurd case of 36 band gaps if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absurd case of 36 band gaps if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absurd case of 36 band gaps if we
+imagine 36 materials with graded band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 36 materials with graded band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine 36 materials with graded band
+gaps starting from large band Gap at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps starting from large band Gap at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaps starting from large band Gap at the
+top to small band Gap at the back um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to small band Gap at the back um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top to small band Gap at the back um you
+can Envision almost approximating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Envision almost approximating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Envision almost approximating that
+entire curve and and and and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire curve and and and and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire curve and and and and you can
+estimate what the upper efficiency limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the upper efficiency limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate what the upper efficiency limit
+would be with many band gaps inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with many band gaps inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be with many band gaps inside of
+your material so for one band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material so for one band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your material so for one band Gap
+somewhere around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere around
+37 we'll have an entire lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 we'll have an entire lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 we'll have an entire lecture
+dedicated to calculating that number uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to calculating that number uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated to calculating that number uh
+for two band gaps I'm around 50 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two band gaps I'm around 50 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for two band gaps I'm around 50 for
+three band gaps 56 for 36 band gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three band gaps 56 for 36 band gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three band gaps 56 for 36 band gaps
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+72 right so you can begin seeing how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 right so you can begin seeing how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72 right so you can begin seeing how the
+efficiency of solar energy conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of solar energy conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of solar energy conversion
+changes as you change or add materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as you change or add materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as you change or add materials
+remove materials to your system so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove materials to your system so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove materials to your system so how
+do you practically do that in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you practically do that in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you practically do that in a real
+device well one method is to put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device well one method is to put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device well one method is to put one
+material on top of another much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on top of another much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material on top of another much like
+it's demonstrated right there you have e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's demonstrated right there you have e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's demonstrated right there you have e
+versus X so I have my E versus X and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus X so I have my E versus X and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus X so I have my E versus X and I
+have multiple materials um another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple materials um another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple materials um another way
+to do it would be to use Optics to split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it would be to use Optics to split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it would be to use Optics to split
+our light into different colors so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our light into different colors so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our light into different colors so if we
+have polychromatic or uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polychromatic or uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have polychromatic or uh uh uh
+multicolored light coming into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicolored light coming into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicolored light coming into our
+system we somehow have a set of Optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we somehow have a set of Optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we somehow have a set of Optics
+put up that uh say reflect oneor color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up that uh say reflect oneor color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up that uh say reflect oneor color
+or one band of the solar Spectrum while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one band of the solar Spectrum while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one band of the solar Spectrum while
+letting the other portion of the solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the other portion of the solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the other portion of the solar
+Spectrum through it and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum through it and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spectrum through it and we have
+different solar cells with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solar cells with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solar cells with different
+band gaps each matched to the incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gaps each matched to the incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gaps each matched to the incident
+light each matched to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light each matched to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light each matched to the particular
+color of light notice this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of light notice this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color of light notice this paper
+1982 this concept was out so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 this concept was out so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1982 this concept was out so again
+during that first wave of real photoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that first wave of real photoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that first wave of real photoal
+takes innovation in the late 1970s uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes innovation in the late 1970s uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes innovation in the late 1970s uh
+early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early
+1980s um and this was coming right out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um and this was coming right out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1980s um and this was coming right out
+of Lincoln laboratory this is about 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lincoln laboratory this is about 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Lincoln laboratory this is about 35
+minutes north of here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes north of here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes north of here
+uh and this this group uh uh at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this this group uh uh at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and this this group uh uh at the time
+U you know the group number continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know the group number continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U you know the group number continues to
+exist and there's an operation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and there's an operation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and there's an operation at
+Lincoln lab some of the most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln lab some of the most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lincoln lab some of the most of the
+people have moved on obviously but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have moved on obviously but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have moved on obviously but um
+but several of the ideas uh continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but several of the ideas uh continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but several of the ideas uh continue to
+this day there was a more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day there was a more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this day there was a more recent
+incarnation in 2009 of a spectral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incarnation in 2009 of a spectral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incarnation in 2009 of a spectral
+splitter very similar concept as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter very similar concept as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitter very similar concept as you can
+see Optics to concentrate the light um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Optics to concentrate the light um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see Optics to concentrate the light um a
+dichroic mirror meaning you reflect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichroic mirror meaning you reflect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichroic mirror meaning you reflect a
+certain wavelength let another portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wavelength let another portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain wavelength let another portion
+of the spectrum pasted and uh solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum pasted and uh solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the spectrum pasted and uh solar cell
+devices down below absorbing efficieny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices down below absorbing efficieny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices down below absorbing efficieny
+efficiently in that region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently in that region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently in that region of the
+spectrum and avoiding thermalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and avoiding thermalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum and avoiding thermalization
+losses and avoiding non-absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and avoiding non-absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses and avoiding non-absorption
+losses um this was a $50 million DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses um this was a $50 million DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses um this was a $50 million DARPA
+project in fact involving University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in fact involving University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in fact involving University of
+Delaware and several other companies um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delaware and several other companies um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delaware and several other companies um
+and they published the results in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they published the results in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they published the results in in
+2009 uh it was one of their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 uh it was one of their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2009 uh it was one of their their
+wrap-up uh papers that described the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap-up uh papers that described the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap-up uh papers that described the
+results of the project um so Concepts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the project um so Concepts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of the project um so Concepts um
+to this day this spectral splitter isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day this spectral splitter isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this day this spectral splitter isn't
+um uh in I would say it's not in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in I would say it's not in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh in I would say it's not in in
+commercial production uh what is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial production uh what is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial production uh what is in
+commercial production are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial production are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial production are the
+multi-junction devices where you stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction devices where you stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-junction devices where you stack
+one on top of another um and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on top of another um and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on top of another um and we actually
+be having the benefit of using some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be having the benefit of using some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be having the benefit of using some of
+them in class um Boeing Spectra lab was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in class um Boeing Spectra lab was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in class um Boeing Spectra lab was
+kind enough uh to donate a set of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind enough uh to donate a set of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind enough uh to donate a set of them
+for our class purposes yes question um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our class purposes yes question um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our class purposes yes question um
+this is also basically what plants do by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also basically what plants do by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also basically what plants do by
+having multiple different pigment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having multiple different pigment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having multiple different pigment
+molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules
+in right I would absb different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right I would absb different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right I would absb different
+wavelength well uh it's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength well uh it's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength well uh it's not exactly
+separating the light by Optics in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the light by Optics in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separating the light by Optics in that
+case so the question was multijunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the question was multijunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so the question was multijunction
+oh the multi-junction idea uh yes if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the multi-junction idea uh yes if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh the multi-junction idea uh yes if you
+consider that uh there is a a reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that uh there is a a reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that uh there is a a reaction
+process occurring in series uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process occurring in series uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process occurring in series uh the
+important thing the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing the important
+distinguishing feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishing feature of the
+multi-union device is that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-union device is that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-union device is that the same
+current is flowing through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is flowing through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is flowing through the entire
+device so each subcell has to be current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so each subcell has to be current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device so each subcell has to be current
+matched to the others because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched to the others because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matched to the others because the
+cumulative current output is a harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative current output is a harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cumulative current output is a harmonic
+mean of of of each one so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of of of each one so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean of of of each one so in other words
+you're limited by uh the the worst uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're limited by uh the the worst uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're limited by uh the the worst uh
+resist in series if you will uh so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist in series if you will uh so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist in series if you will uh so it's
+very tricky to engineer properly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky to engineer properly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky to engineer properly these
+multigen devices you have to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigen devices you have to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multigen devices you have to be thinking
+about the current output from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current output from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the current output from each
+subcell and match the currents uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcell and match the currents uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subcell and match the currents uh that
+means you match the geometry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you match the geometry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you match the geometry the
+thickness but also the resistivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness but also the resistivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness but also the resistivity of
+each layer and and so forth so similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each layer and and so forth so similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each layer and and so forth so similar
+to a plant but but not not quite there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plant but but not not quite there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a plant but but not not quite there
+are some uh some special characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some uh some special characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some uh some special characteristics
+of of the uh inorganic system so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the uh inorganic system so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the uh inorganic system so we have
+a a small demonstration i' I've U I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a small demonstration i' I've U I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a small demonstration i' I've U I'd
+like to welcome Joe up to the front as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to welcome Joe up to the front as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to welcome Joe up to the front as
+well um we have a small demonstration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um we have a small demonstration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um we have a small demonstration of
+a few of the concepts that we covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of the concepts that we covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few of the concepts that we covered
+today in class uh we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in class uh we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in class uh we're going to be
+exciting silicon with light and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting silicon with light and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting silicon with light and we're
+going to be monitoring the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be monitoring the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be monitoring the current
+output using this little uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output using this little uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output using this little uh uh
+resistance measurement uh device right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance measurement uh device right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance measurement uh device right
+here so actually I think it's set to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so actually I think it's set to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so actually I think it's set to a
+current readout yes current readout so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current readout yes current readout so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current readout yes current readout so
+it's in microamps right now uh probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in microamps right now uh probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in microamps right now uh probably
+going to milliamps is that right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to milliamps is that right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to milliamps is that right okay so
+milliamp current readout let me explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliamp current readout let me explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliamp current readout let me explain
+to you what we have right here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what we have right here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what we have right here we have a
+bare piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bare piece of
+silicon uh and two electric leads on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh and two electric leads on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon uh and two electric leads on
+either side so it's bare piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side so it's bare piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either side so it's bare piece of
+silicon no device just a a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon no device just a a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon no device just a a piece of
+silicon and we have electrical leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and we have electrical leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and we have electrical leads
+coming out of either side we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of either side we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of either side we have a very
+low resistance contact on either end for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resistance contact on either end for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low resistance contact on either end for
+those who are curious we used a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are curious we used a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those who are curious we used a mixture
+of indium and gallium uh soldering iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indium and gallium uh soldering iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of indium and gallium uh soldering iron
+scratch the surface penetrated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch the surface penetrated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch the surface penetrated the
+native surface oxide and put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native surface oxide and put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native surface oxide and put the
+electrical leads on either side and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical leads on either side and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical leads on either side and we
+have uh this connected in series here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh this connected in series here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh this connected in series here uh
+to our current readout device why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our current readout device why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to our current readout device why don't
+we do it without the that thing first so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it without the that thing first so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do it without the that thing first so
+so now um now what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um now what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now um now what we're going to do is
+we're going to illuminate this right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to illuminate this right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to illuminate this right and
+again bare silicon leads on either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again bare silicon leads on either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again bare silicon leads on either side
+and um we're going to be passing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're going to be passing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're going to be passing the
+current through the current uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through the current uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current through the current uh
+measurement system before we turn it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement system before we turn it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement system before we turn it on
+we're going to um ask people how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to um ask people how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to um ask people how many
+people expect there to be current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expect there to be current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people expect there to be current
+driving through the system right we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving through the system right we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving through the system right we have
+we have light incident on the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have light incident on the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have light incident on the material
+we're exciting charges based on today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're exciting charges based on today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're exciting charges based on today's
+lecture there should be free charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there should be free charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture there should be free charges
+moving around that material now how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around that material now how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around that material now how many
+expect a current to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a current to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a current to
+flow few but a lot of people shaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow few but a lot of people shaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow few but a lot of people shaking
+their heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their heads
+why don't why do you think a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't why do you think a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't why do you think a current
+won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't
+flow there's no electric field there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow there's no electric field there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow there's no electric field there's
+no potential why don't we give it a shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential why don't we give it a shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no potential why don't we give it a shot
+and why don't we see um if we turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why don't we see um if we turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why don't we see um if we turn this
+on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what do we see we see Zero right can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we see we see Zero right can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what do we see we see Zero right can
+some of the folks right here in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the folks right here in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the folks right here in the
+front see says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front see says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front see says
+zero all right so what this is telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so what this is telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero all right so what this is telling
+us um again you're welcome to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um again you're welcome to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us um again you're welcome to come up
+after class and take a closer look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class and take a closer look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after class and take a closer look what
+this is telling us here is that yes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling us here is that yes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is telling us here is that yes what
+we talked about in class is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in class is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about in class is important
+today yes it's all very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes it's all very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yes it's all very important and
+it's the foundation of calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the foundation of calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the foundation of calculating
+ultimately ultimate solar cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately ultimate solar cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately ultimate solar cell
+efficiency how the material absorbs the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency how the material absorbs the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency how the material absorbs the
+light how charge is excited but we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light how charge is excited but we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light how charge is excited but we need
+something else too once the charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else too once the charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else too once the charge is
+excited somehow we have to give it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited somehow we have to give it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited somehow we have to give it an
+incentive to leave the material we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to leave the material we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to leave the material we have
+to have a a field uh in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a a field uh in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a a field uh in this case we're
+going to be using an applied field uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using an applied field uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be using an applied field uh a
+couple of batteries um so total voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of batteries um so total voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of batteries um so total voltage
+of around three volts applied across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of around three volts applied across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of around three volts applied across
+that uh uh uh small uh material but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh uh small uh material but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh uh uh small uh material but um
+in in a solar cell device we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a solar cell device we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a solar cell device we're going to
+have a built-in electric field that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a built-in electric field that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a built-in electric field that will
+engineer into the device and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer into the device and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer into the device and we'll talk
+about that over the next lecture so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that over the next lecture so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that over the next lecture so just
+for purposes of Sanity we have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purposes of Sanity we have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for purposes of Sanity we have our
+Batteries Now connected in series and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Batteries Now connected in series and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Batteries Now connected in series and is
+now applying a potential across those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now applying a potential across those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now applying a potential across those
+two leads and now if we turn on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leads and now if we turn on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two leads and now if we turn on the
+light what do we expect we expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light what do we expect we expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light what do we expect we expect to see
+some current going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through and VOA we have we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and VOA we have we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and VOA we have we have a
+current running through it so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current running through it so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current running through it so now um
+what is the nature of that current if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the nature of that current if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the nature of that current if we
+move the light closer we see the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the light closer we see the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the light closer we see the number
+go up what is the nature of that current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up what is the nature of that current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up what is the nature of that current
+that current is photo exited right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current is photo exited right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that current is photo exited right that
+current is exciting electrons from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is exciting electrons from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current is exciting electrons from the
+veence band from bound States into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band from bound States into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veence band from bound States into the
+conduction band into Unbound states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band into Unbound states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conduction band into Unbound states
+where they can move freely across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can move freely across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can move freely across the
+material and now because we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and now because we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material and now because we have that
+potential applied across the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential applied across the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential applied across the material
+there's an incentive for them to drift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an incentive for them to drift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an incentive for them to drift
+in One Direction the net uh flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in One Direction the net uh flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in One Direction the net uh flow of
+electrons is is is in one direction we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is is is in one direction we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons is is is in one direction we
+have a drift current uh in our material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a drift current uh in our material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a drift current uh in our material
+in our semiconductor and hence we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our semiconductor and hence we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our semiconductor and hence we have
+the flow of charge that is readable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of charge that is readable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flow of charge that is readable by
+this current meter right here so without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current meter right here so without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this current meter right here so without
+the light we have no current with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light we have no current with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light we have no current with the
+light we have current flowing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we have current flowing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light we have current flowing through
+the material but current and light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material but current and light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material but current and light
+actually light is not the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually light is not the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually light is not the only thing
+necessary to create that output Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to create that output Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary to create that output Uh
+current we also need the potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we also need the potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we also need the potential so
+next class we'll be talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class we'll be talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next class we'll be talking about the
+potential and how that's created inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and how that's created inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and how that's created inside
+of a solar cell device we I've included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solar cell device we I've included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a solar cell device we I've included
+a few slides extra for people to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few slides extra for people to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few slides extra for people to uh to
+to to see through I'm going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see through I'm going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to see through I'm going to explain
+once again uh the experiment we just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again uh the experiment we just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again uh the experiment we just had
+light coming in um it was invisible we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming in um it was invisible we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light coming in um it was invisible we
+were able to excite carriers but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to excite carriers but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to excite carriers but no
+current was observed because we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was observed because we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was observed because we didn't
+have a potential when we applied the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential when we applied the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential when we applied the
+battery or the potential across now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery or the potential across now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battery or the potential across now when
+we shown light on the sample we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shown light on the sample we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we shown light on the sample we had a
+current flowing through and we even have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing through and we even have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current flowing through and we even have
+a current a very small one flowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current a very small one flowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a current a very small one flowing
+through um uh when we have the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um uh when we have the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through um uh when we have the battery
+applied uh without the light on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied uh without the light on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied uh without the light on and you
+need microamp detection I think to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need microamp detection I think to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need microamp detection I think to
+really see it you can see it it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see it you can see it it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really see it you can see it it's about
+10 Micro yeah just from the the battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Micro yeah just from the the battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 Micro yeah just from the the battery
+there our very small uh population of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there our very small uh population of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there our very small uh population of of
+uh excited carriers either thermally or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excited carriers either thermally or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh excited carriers either thermally or
+um what we'll get to donated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we'll get to donated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what we'll get to donated to the
+electron uh conduction band any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh conduction band any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron uh conduction band any
+questions before we uh we close for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before we uh we close for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions before we uh we close for the
+day yes yeah so I guess many devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day yes yeah so I guess many devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day yes yeah so I guess many devices
+person there's also a notion of a direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person there's also a notion of a direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person there's also a notion of a direct
+Gap versus an indirect Gap are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap versus an indirect Gap are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap versus an indirect Gap are you going
+to discuss that or is that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss that or is that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss that or is that something
+we we we'll definitely discuss direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we'll definitely discuss direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we we'll definitely discuss direct
+and indirect band gaps so uh this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indirect band gaps so uh this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indirect band gaps so uh this goes
+back to describing the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to describing the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to describing the the the the
+notion of a direct and an indirect band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a direct and an indirect band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of a direct and an indirect band
+Gap is fundamental for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is fundamental for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gap is fundamental for
+describing uh the reason why these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing uh the reason why these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing uh the reason why these
+curves have the shape they do um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves have the shape they do um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves have the shape they do um for
+example this one right here uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this one right here uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this one right here uh if you
+plotted uh as as a as a as a alpha squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted uh as as a as a as a alpha squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted uh as as a as a as a alpha squ
+you would or Alpha if you plotted in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would or Alpha if you plotted in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would or Alpha if you plotted in a
+certain way you'll be able to see a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way you'll be able to see a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way you'll be able to see a very
+characteristic shape indicative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic shape indicative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic shape indicative of
+direct transition into a direct band Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct transition into a direct band Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct transition into a direct band Gap
+the reason we aren't launching into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we aren't launching into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason we aren't launching into
+several of those terms right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of those terms right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several of those terms right now is
+because several of your colleagues more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because several of your colleagues more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because several of your colleagues more
+than half don't have a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half don't have a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half don't have a semiconductor
+physics background and the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics background and the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics background and the beauty of
+this approach is that you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach is that you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach is that you will be able
+to understand most things about a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand most things about a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand most things about a solar
+cell Without Really diving deep into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Without Really diving deep into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell Without Really diving deep into the
+semiconductor physics until it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor physics until it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor physics until it's
+necessary and hopefully we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and hopefully we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and hopefully we keep
+everybody with us so for those who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with us so for those who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody with us so for those who have
+a strong semiconductor physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong semiconductor physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong semiconductor physics
+background I bid you uh I urge you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I bid you uh I urge you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background I bid you uh I urge you to
+have patience because uh we will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have patience because uh we will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have patience because uh we will get to
+the interesting stuff but um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting stuff but um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting stuff but um we're
+working on that fundamental background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that fundamental background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on that fundamental background
+right now thanks for
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ibrMMF4Oo-4.txt b/ibrMMF4Oo-4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8412e4ed98320fafb37733a37986b140cef67fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ibrMMF4Oo-4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+sometimes it was really challenging to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it was really challenging to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it was really challenging to
+try to fit within two hours cooking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fit within two hours cooking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to fit within two hours cooking and
+grammar and culture and finish on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar and culture and finish on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar and culture and finish on time
+and sometimes we don't didn't finish on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we don't didn't finish on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes we don't didn't finish on
+time that's something that I can improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's something that I can improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's something that I can improve
+I think with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think with the
+experience um also the students were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um also the students were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience um also the students were
+extremely motivated but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely motivated but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely motivated but at the same time
+this was a seminar it was in the evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a seminar it was in the evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a seminar it was in the evening
+so they tended to be a little bit tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they tended to be a little bit tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they tended to be a little bit tired
+between 7 and 900 p.m. um so it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 7 and 900 p.m. um so it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 7 and 900 p.m. um so it really
+depended on me on my own energy level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on me on my own energy level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on me on my own energy level to
+um keep them focused and uh not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keep them focused and uh not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um keep them focused and uh not only
+enthusiastic but really concentrate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic but really concentrate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthusiastic but really concentrate on
+what we were doing
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iz7rWK5cqjE.txt b/iz7rWK5cqjE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f07f7f8f76ce708d2e235a8cd4b3bf86ff8e9128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iz7rWK5cqjE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6651 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so today and for the remainder of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today and for the remainder of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so today and for the remainder of
+the week the theme is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week the theme is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the week the theme is going to be the
+cell division cycle and so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle and so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle and so we're gonna
+really talk about the cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about the cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talk about the cell division
+cycle in every lecture this week with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in every lecture this week with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in every lecture this week with
+the penultimate lecture talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penultimate lecture talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the penultimate lecture talking about
+how this regulation of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this regulation of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this regulation of the cell
+divisions cell cycle results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions cell cycle results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions cell cycle results in a
+pathological condition known as cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological condition known as cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathological condition known as cancer
+okay so here is now a cell going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is now a cell going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here is now a cell going through
+the cell division cycle it's entered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell division cycle it's entered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell division cycle it's entered
+into mitosis right now and these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mitosis right now and these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into mitosis right now and these guys
+here are the chromosomes of the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the chromosomes of the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are the chromosomes of the cell and
+you're going to see them line up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see them line up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to see them line up at the
+metaphase plate and eventually they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase plate and eventually they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase plate and eventually they'll
+be segregated to the two poles of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be segregated to the two poles of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be segregated to the two poles of the
+cell and then the cell will divide along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then the cell will divide along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and then the cell will divide along
+its equator okay so I thought we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its equator okay so I thought we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its equator okay so I thought we could
+start today by just thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start today by just thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start today by just thinking about what
+has to happen in a cell during the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen in a cell during the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to happen in a cell during the cell
+division cycle what has to happen during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle what has to happen during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle what has to happen during
+this during this process in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during this process in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this during this process in order for
+the cell to replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell to replicate
+yes Malik or Myles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Malik or Myles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Malik or Myles
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mmm-hmm so so Myles suggested the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmm-hmm so so Myles suggested the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mmm-hmm so so Myles suggested the
+organelles have to be duplicated such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles have to be duplicated such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles have to be duplicated such
+that the daughter cells can inherit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the daughter cells can inherit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the daughter cells can inherit
+those organelles and that's correct what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those organelles and that's correct what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those organelles and that's correct what
+else has to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else has to happen
+anything else have to be duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else have to be duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else have to be duplicated
+Stephen the the DNA the nuclear DNA the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen the the DNA the nuclear DNA the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stephen the the DNA the nuclear DNA the
+chromosomes have to be duplicated so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes have to be duplicated so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes have to be duplicated so the
+chromosomes have to be duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+duplicated what else has to happen every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated what else has to happen every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated what else has to happen every
+cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what would happen to the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would happen to the size of the
+cell that just when it divides yeah dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that just when it divides yeah dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that just when it divides yeah dude
+oh what's that so who knows suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's that so who knows suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh what's that so who knows suggesting
+that the cell has to grow right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell has to grow right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell has to grow right because
+if if the cell didn't grow then cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the cell didn't grow then cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if the cell didn't grow then cell
+division would make smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division would make smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division would make smaller and smaller
+and smaller cells and so another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller cells and so another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller cells and so another thing
+the cell has to do during the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell has to do during the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell has to do during the cell cycle
+at some point it has to grow in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what's the final point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what's the final point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what's the final point of the
+cell cycle what happens which kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle what happens which kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle what happens which kind of
+like the goal of the cell cycle yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the goal of the cell cycle yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the goal of the cell cycle yes
+Steven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steven
+time to go mitosis and so the cell has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go mitosis and so the cell has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to go mitosis and so the cell has
+to physically divide right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically divide right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to physically divide right the
+chromosomes have to be segregated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes have to be segregated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes have to be segregated and
+the cell has to physically divide okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell has to physically divide okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell has to physically divide okay
+and go so you can you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go so you can you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go so you can you can think of the
+cell cycle as the goal of getting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle as the goal of getting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle as the goal of getting all
+these events to happen is to get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these events to happen is to get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these events to happen is to get one
+cell to become two cells so you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to become two cells so you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell to become two cells so you need
+chromosome segregation and you want an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome segregation and you want an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome segregation and you want an
+equal segregation of genetic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal segregation of genetic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal segregation of genetic material
+into two daughter cells after the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two daughter cells after the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two daughter cells after the cell
+divides okay so today we're gonna unpack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides okay so today we're gonna unpack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides okay so today we're gonna unpack
+the mechanisms that allow a cell to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms that allow a cell to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanisms that allow a cell to do
+many of these things and how its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things and how its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of these things and how its
+regulated and one thing to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and one thing to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulated and one thing to think about
+is what what is going to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what is going to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what is going to determine
+whether or not a cell enters the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a cell enters the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a cell enters the cell
+division cycle and undergoes a division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle and undergoes a division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle and undergoes a division
+what do you think are some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think are some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think are some things that
+cells would care about if you're if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells would care about if you're if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells would care about if you're if it's
+trying to decide whether or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide whether or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to decide whether or not to
+divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one thing the cells gonna care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing the cells gonna care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing the cells gonna care about
+in a multicellular setting is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multicellular setting is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a multicellular setting is whether
+it's getting appropriate communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting appropriate communications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's getting appropriate communications
+from other cells that are telling it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other cells that are telling it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other cells that are telling it to
+divide and remember professor Imperioli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and remember professor Imperioli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and remember professor Imperioli
+told you about signaling in one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about signaling in one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you about signaling in one example
+was receptor tyrosine kinase signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was receptor tyrosine kinase signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was receptor tyrosine kinase signaling
+and this is just a diagram showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a diagram showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just a diagram showing you
+the Rass map kinase pathway and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rass map kinase pathway and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rass map kinase pathway and one of
+the effects of this signaling pathway is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this signaling pathway is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of this signaling pathway is
+to promote cells to enter the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote cells to enter the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to promote cells to enter the cell
+division cycle and in order to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle and in order to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle and in order to divide
+okay so this is in a multicellular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is in a multicellular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is in a multicellular
+organism the signaling is important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism the signaling is important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism the signaling is important for
+unicellular organism cells might care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicellular organism cells might care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unicellular organism cells might care
+about whether or not there are nutrients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not there are nutrients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether or not there are nutrients
+present or whether or not the cell is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or whether or not the cell is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or whether or not the cell is of
+the right size okay so cells have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right size okay so cells have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right size okay so cells have to
+make the decision I'm gonna focus mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decision I'm gonna focus mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the decision I'm gonna focus mainly
+on cell communication and how that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cell communication and how that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cell communication and how that might
+change the cell physiology and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the cell physiology and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the cell physiology and I want to
+start by just giving you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by just giving you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by just giving you a little bit of
+an overview of the cell division cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of the cell division cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an overview of the cell division cycle
+so there are four distinct phases of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are four distinct phases of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are four distinct phases of the
+cell division cycle and I split them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle and I split them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle and I split them
+into two classes there are phases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two classes there are phases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two classes there are phases where
+things physically happen to the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things physically happen to the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things physically happen to the cell and
+those are S phase and M phase and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are S phase and M phase and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are S phase and M phase and so
+during S phase S phase stands for DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during S phase S phase stands for DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during S phase S phase stands for DNA
+synthesis and it's during S phase when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and it's during S phase when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesis and it's during S phase when
+the nuclear DNA is replicated okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear DNA is replicated okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nuclear DNA is replicated okay and
+so for each of that action phases if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each of that action phases if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for each of that action phases if you
+will there's some sort of machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there's some sort of machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there's some sort of machinery
+that's involved in changing the cell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in changing the cell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in changing the cell in
+the case of S phase that would be DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of S phase that would be DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of S phase that would be DNA
+polymerase and HeLa cases that mediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and HeLa cases that mediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and HeLa cases that mediate
+the replication so HeLa cases DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication so HeLa cases DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the replication so HeLa cases DNA
+polymerase and you remember from early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and you remember from early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase and you remember from early
+in the semester when we talked about DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester when we talked about DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the semester when we talked about DNA
+replication all of the proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication all of the proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication all of the proteins that are
+involved in replicating a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in replicating a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in replicating a chromosome
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the other phase where something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other phase where something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other phase where something really
+physical happens is M phase which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical happens is M phase which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical happens is M phase which is
+mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis
+and during mphase this is when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during mphase this is when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during mphase this is when the
+sister chromatids of each chromosome are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister chromatids of each chromosome are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sister chromatids of each chromosome are
+separated to the daughter cells okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated to the daughter cells okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated to the daughter cells okay so
+this is when chromosome segregation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when chromosome segregation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when chromosome segregation
+happens and again during this phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and again during this phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and again during this phase
+there has to be some sort of machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some sort of machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there has to be some sort of machine
+that gets activated at this phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets activated at this phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets activated at this phase of the
+cell cycle in order to this in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle in order to this in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle in order to this in this case
+physically separate the chromosomes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically separate the chromosomes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically separate the chromosomes from
+each other and that machine in M phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and that machine in M phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and that machine in M phase
+is the mitotic spindle which you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mitotic spindle which you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the mitotic spindle which you'll
+recall is a machine that is consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall is a machine that is consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall is a machine that is consists of
+microtubules so these are microtubules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in each cell cycle these events have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each cell cycle these events have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each cell cycle these events have
+to happen but they have to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen but they have to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen but they have to happen in
+order right you need DNA synthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right you need DNA synthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order right you need DNA synthesis
+before you segregate the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you segregate the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you segregate the chromosomes
+right so there there has to be an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there there has to be an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there there has to be an order
+to this and so there is a so these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and so there is a so these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and so there is a so these other
+phases are called gap phases and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are called gap phases and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases are called gap phases and there
+are two of them g1 and g2 and events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of them g1 and g2 and events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two of them g1 and g2 and events
+happen during these gap phases to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen during these gap phases to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen during these gap phases to help
+to ensure that things happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that things happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ensure that things happen in the
+right order and so in g1 the cell has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right order and so in g1 the cell has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right order and so in g1 the cell has to
+decide whether or not to enter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not to enter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not to enter into the
+cell cycle so some things to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle so some things to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle so some things to consider
+here the one that I mentioned before is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one that I mentioned before is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the one that I mentioned before is
+whether or not there are growth signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there are growth signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there are growth signals
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for a metazoan cell it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for a metazoan cell it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for a metazoan cell it's
+important that the cell doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the cell doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that the cell doesn't just
+divide without any regard to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide without any regard to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide without any regard to what's
+going on in the surroundings there needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the surroundings there needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the surroundings there needs
+to be a communication between cells such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a communication between cells such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a communication between cells such
+that there's a proper balance of cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a proper balance of cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a proper balance of cell
+division in a tissue for specific cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division in a tissue for specific cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division in a tissue for specific cell
+types okay so this is this g1 phase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types okay so this is this g1 phase this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types okay so this is this g1 phase this
+is when the cell if the cell goes from G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the cell if the cell goes from G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the cell if the cell goes from G
+1 to s this is when the cell commits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to s this is when the cell commits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to s this is when the cell commits to
+the cell cycle so G 1 to s this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle so G 1 to s this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle so G 1 to s this is the
+time when the cell commits to going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the cell commits to going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time when the cell commits to going
+through the entire cell cycle okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire cell cycle okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire cell cycle okay so if
+the cell passes this G 1 to s transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell passes this G 1 to s transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell passes this G 1 to s transition
+then the cell is committed to going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cell is committed to going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the cell is committed to going
+through the entire cell cycle okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire cell cycle okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the entire cell cycle okay the
+other phase this G 2 phase ensures this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other phase this G 2 phase ensures this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other phase this G 2 phase ensures this
+type of quality control that happens it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of quality control that happens it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of quality control that happens it
+has to ensure that the DNA is replicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to ensure that the DNA is replicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to ensure that the DNA is replicated
+before the cell moves on to mitosis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the cell moves on to mitosis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the cell moves on to mitosis okay
+so you can think of G 2 as a phase where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of G 2 as a phase where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of G 2 as a phase where
+there's a quality control mechanism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quality control mechanism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a quality control mechanism and
+the cell cares about whether or not its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cares about whether or not its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cares about whether or not its
+DNA is replicated or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I want to tell you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to tell you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I want to tell you basically
+the answer as to how this system works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer as to how this system works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer as to how this system works
+in a eukaryotic cell and this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a eukaryotic cell and this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a eukaryotic cell and this system
+requires a level of control and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a level of control and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a level of control and it
+requires a control system and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a control system and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires a control system and what this
+control system does is to ensure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system does is to ensure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control system does is to ensure that
+these different events that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different events that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different events that happen
+during a cell cycle occur in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a cell cycle occur in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during a cell cycle occur in the right
+order okay so this control system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so this control system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so this control system is
+going to ensure a proper order and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ensure a proper order and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ensure a proper order and there
+are two main components to this control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two main components to this control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two main components to this control
+system the first is called cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the first is called cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system the first is called cyclin
+dependent kinase or cdk and so cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent kinase or cdk and so cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent kinase or cdk and so cyclin
+dependent kinase is a kinase so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent kinase is a kinase so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent kinase is a kinase so it can
+post-translationally modify other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translationally modify other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translationally modify other
+proteins by adding a phosphate group to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins by adding a phosphate group to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins by adding a phosphate group to
+them and so it's through that mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so it's through that mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so it's through that mechanism
+that cyclin dependent kinase can modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cyclin dependent kinase can modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cyclin dependent kinase can modify
+events and control when they happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and control when they happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events and control when they happen in
+the cell cycle okay and the other key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle okay and the other key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle okay and the other key
+component of the system is a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the system is a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the system is a protein
+called cyclin and what cyclin is is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cyclin and what cyclin is is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called cyclin and what cyclin is is it's
+the regulatory subunit of the cdk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory subunit of the cdk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regulatory subunit of the cdk so
+this is the regulatory subunit of cdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so without the cyclin the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so without the cyclin the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so without the cyclin the
+cyclin-dependent kinase is inactive okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin-dependent kinase is inactive okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin-dependent kinase is inactive okay
+so the cdk needs to cyclin to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cdk needs to cyclin to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the cdk needs to cyclin to have
+activity so cyclones increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so cyclones increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so cyclones increase the
+activity or activate cdk okay but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity or activate cdk okay but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity or activate cdk okay but there
+are different flavors of cyclones there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different flavors of cyclones there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different flavors of cyclones there
+are actually many different cyclones at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually many different cyclones at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually many different cyclones at
+least four classes of cyclones and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four classes of cyclones and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four classes of cyclones and these
+cyclones appear at different phases of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclones appear at different phases of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclones appear at different phases of
+the cell cycle and then go away okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle and then go away okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle and then go away okay so
+the Cyclones oscillate that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cyclones oscillate that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cyclones oscillate that's why
+they're called cyclones because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called cyclones because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called cyclones because they
+come on and off and depending on which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on and off and depending on which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on and off and depending on which
+cyclin is present determines what cdk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin is present determines what cdk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin is present determines what cdk is
+going to phosphorylate okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to phosphorylate okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to phosphorylate okay so these
+cyclones also determine substrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclones also determine substrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclones also determine substrate
+specificity of the kinase so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity of the kinase so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity of the kinase so this is
+going to determine which cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine which cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to determine which cyclin
+deprotonate EK phosphorylates so i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonate EK phosphorylates so i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonate EK phosphorylates so i've
+outlined three classes of Cyclones here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined three classes of Cyclones here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined three classes of Cyclones here
+here's a g1 s cyclin in complex of cdk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a g1 s cyclin in complex of cdk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a g1 s cyclin in complex of cdk
+and then here's a s cyclin complex with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's a s cyclin complex with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's a s cyclin complex with
+c DK in red and so what do you think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c DK in red and so what do you think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c DK in red and so what do you think the
+s cyclin CDK is going to phosphorylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s cyclin CDK is going to phosphorylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s cyclin CDK is going to phosphorylate
+what kind of protein and you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of protein and you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of protein and you would have
+a guess miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes exactly you're actually exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly you're actually exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly you're actually exactly
+right it's gonna phosphorylate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's gonna phosphorylate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's gonna phosphorylate and
+activate things that are involved in DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate things that are involved in DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate things that are involved in DNA
+replication and miles is right helicase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and miles is right helicase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and miles is right helicase
+is one of the proteins that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the proteins that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the proteins that gets
+phosphorylated by s cyclin CDK and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated by s cyclin CDK and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorylated by s cyclin CDK and then
+similarly m cyclin CDK which is appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly m cyclin CDK which is appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly m cyclin CDK which is appears
+here in blue during mitosis M cyclin CDK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in blue during mitosis M cyclin CDK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in blue during mitosis M cyclin CDK
+is going to phosphorylate proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to phosphorylate proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to phosphorylate proteins that
+are involved in forming the mitotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in forming the mitotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involved in forming the mitotic
+spindle so that induces cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle so that induces cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle so that induces cell cycle
+events that happen specifically during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that happen specifically during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events that happen specifically during
+mitosis okay so you all see it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis okay so you all see it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis okay so you all see it depends
+which cyclin is present that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cyclin is present that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which cyclin is present that determines
+what cell cycle events are happening at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cell cycle events are happening at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what cell cycle events are happening at
+a given time and therefore it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given time and therefore it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given time and therefore it's
+important that we understand how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we understand how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that we understand how these
+Cyclones appear at distinct cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cyclones appear at distinct cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cyclones appear at distinct cell cycle
+phases and whether or not that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and whether or not that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases and whether or not that's the
+mechanism for the oscillation yes miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some organisms employ motors such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organisms employ motors such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some organisms employ motors such that
+organelles are physically sort of put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles are physically sort of put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles are physically sort of put in
+daughter cells um but I think often it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells um but I think often it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter cells um but I think often it's
+just random right if you dissolve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random right if you dissolve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just random right if you dissolve the
+organelle and it becomes like kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle and it becomes like kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelle and it becomes like kind of
+like a bunch of different vesicles then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of different vesicles then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of different vesicles then
+if you just split in half there's a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just split in half there's a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just split in half there's a high
+probability that each daughter cell will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that each daughter cell will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that each daughter cell will
+get parts of the organelle okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get parts of the organelle okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get parts of the organelle okay so
+organelles can change their morphology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles can change their morphology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organelles can change their morphology
+during the division process in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the division process in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the division process in such a
+way that they're able to be inherited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they're able to be inherited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they're able to be inherited by
+both daughter cells okay that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both daughter cells okay that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both daughter cells okay that's an
+excellent question so it's the Cyclones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question so it's the Cyclones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question so it's the Cyclones
+that really determine what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really determine what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really determine what's happening
+and I just wanted to point out here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just wanted to point out here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just wanted to point out here that
+one of the main transcriptional targets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main transcriptional targets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the main transcriptional targets
+of RTK signaling is this g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RTK signaling is this g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RTK signaling is this g1 cyclin
+it's the signaling pathways that lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the signaling pathways that lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the signaling pathways that lead to
+the increase in g1 cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in g1 cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the increase in g1 cyclin
+start the cell on this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the cell on this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the cell on this process of
+entering into the cell cycle okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering into the cell cycle okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering into the cell cycle okay so you
+get these cyclones getting synthesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these cyclones getting synthesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these cyclones getting synthesized
+and this cyclones appear in a defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this cyclones appear in a defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this cyclones appear in a defined
+order okay so there are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so there are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order okay so there are different
+cyclones but they appear relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclones but they appear relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclones but they appear relative to
+each other in a stereotypical order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in a stereotypical order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in a stereotypical order so
+they appear in order and it's that order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear in order and it's that order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they appear in order and it's that order
+of the cyclin that defines which cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cyclin that defines which cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cyclin that defines which cell
+cycle events happen at what time in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle events happen at what time in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle events happen at what time in a
+Cell okay now I want to tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cell okay now I want to tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cell okay now I want to tell you a
+little bit about how the machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how the machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how the machinery
+that's involved in the control of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in the control of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in the control of the
+cell cycle was discovered and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle was discovered and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle was discovered and I'm gonna
+start with by telling you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with by telling you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with by telling you a little bit
+about budding yeast and by showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about budding yeast and by showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about budding yeast and by showing you
+how this was discovered it'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was discovered it'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this was discovered it'll give you a
+sense as to how this system controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as to how this system controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense as to how this system controls the
+cell division cycle you'll recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle you'll recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle you'll recall that
+budding yeast can exist as a haploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budding yeast can exist as a haploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budding yeast can exist as a haploid
+cell in addition to existing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in addition to existing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in addition to existing as a
+diploid cell so there's a haploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell so there's a haploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell so there's a haploid
+diploid life cycle also one nice feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid life cycle also one nice feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid life cycle also one nice feature
+of budding yeast for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of budding yeast for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of budding yeast for this particular
+question is that you can infer the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that you can infer the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that you can infer the cell
+cycle morphology of the yeast just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle morphology of the yeast just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle morphology of the yeast just by
+looking at its morphology so budding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at its morphology so budding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at its morphology so budding
+yeast divides by budding and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast divides by budding and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast divides by budding and the size of
+the bud indicates what cell cycle phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bud indicates what cell cycle phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bud indicates what cell cycle phase
+the cell is in okay so you can infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is in okay so you can infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell is in okay so you can infer
+cell cycle phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by morphology of the ESL okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by morphology of the ESL okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by morphology of the ESL okay so for
+example if we look up here here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we look up here here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we look up here here's an
+unbuttoned G cell that's probably in g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbuttoned G cell that's probably in g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbuttoned G cell that's probably in g1
+here's a yeast cell with a little teeny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a yeast cell with a little teeny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a yeast cell with a little teeny
+bud on it that's probably an S phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bud on it that's probably an S phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bud on it that's probably an S phase
+next to it over here is one that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it over here is one that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to it over here is one that's a
+slightly bigger bud and here's one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger bud and here's one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger bud and here's one with
+an even bigger bud and that one might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even bigger bud and that one might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an even bigger bud and that one might be
+in g2 phase okay so because this bud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g2 phase okay so because this bud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in g2 phase okay so because this bud
+grows in size over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows in size over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows in size over the course of the
+cell cycle you can just look at a yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle you can just look at a yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle you can just look at a yeast
+cell and infer what the cell cycle phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and infer what the cell cycle phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and infer what the cell cycle phase
+is okay so I'm going to tell you about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so I'm going to tell you about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so I'm going to tell you about a
+genetic screen that was done to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic screen that was done to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic screen that was done to look for
+mutants that were defective in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that were defective in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that were defective in the cell
+division cycle and these are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle and these are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle and these are known as
+cell division cycle or CDC mutants now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle or CDC mutants now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle or CDC mutants now
+what type of yeast cell haploid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of yeast cell haploid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what type of yeast cell haploid or
+diploid might you want to screen mutants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid might you want to screen mutants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid might you want to screen mutants
+with what would be the advantages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what would be the advantages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what would be the advantages of
+either one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one or the other
+yeah Natalie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+yes so what Natalie suggested is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what Natalie suggested is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so what Natalie suggested is to
+start with the haploid mutants because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the haploid mutants because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the haploid mutants because
+there's only one copy of each gene such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one copy of each gene such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one copy of each gene such
+that if you hit it now you no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you hit it now you no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you hit it now you no longer
+have a functional copy of that gene if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a functional copy of that gene if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a functional copy of that gene if
+you started with a diploid cell you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with a diploid cell you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started with a diploid cell you'd
+have two copies of the gene and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two copies of the gene and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two copies of the gene and you'd
+have to have two mutations both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have two mutations both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have two mutations both
+happening in the same gene which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the same gene which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in the same gene which would
+be a rare event okay so it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a rare event okay so it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a rare event okay so it's better to
+start with a haploid in this case now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a haploid in this case now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a haploid in this case now
+what's the problem if you mutate a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem if you mutate a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the problem if you mutate a gene
+that's involved in the cell cycle what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in the cell cycle what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's involved in the cell cycle what's
+going to be the phenotype the immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the phenotype the immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the phenotype the immediate
+visible phenotype it could be alive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible phenotype it could be alive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible phenotype it could be alive or
+dead carmen it's gonna be dead right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead carmen it's gonna be dead right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead carmen it's gonna be dead right and
+it's hard to work with an organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to work with an organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to work with an organism
+that's dead okay so what was done is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dead okay so what was done is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's dead okay so what was done is to
+look for a particular type of mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a particular type of mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for a particular type of mutant
+which is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is known as a
+temperature-sensitive mutant and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature-sensitive mutant and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature-sensitive mutant and a
+temperature-sensitive mutant is a mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature-sensitive mutant is a mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature-sensitive mutant is a mutant
+where the cell or organism is alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cell or organism is alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the cell or organism is alive and
+well at one temperature but dead at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at one temperature but dead at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at one temperature but dead at
+another temperature okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another temperature okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another temperature okay
+and so the screen basically involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the screen basically involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the screen basically involved
+taking yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking yeast
+here's yeast growing in a test-tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's yeast growing in a test-tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's yeast growing in a test-tube and
+this is now haploid yeast and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now haploid yeast and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now haploid yeast and you can
+treat that yeast with a mutagen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that yeast with a mutagen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat that yeast with a mutagen
+it doesn't matter what just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter what just something
+that will induce mutations at a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will induce mutations at a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will induce mutations at a high
+rate in these yeast cells and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in these yeast cells and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate in these yeast cells and you can
+take these cells and plate them on media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these cells and plate them on media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these cells and plate them on media
+where individual cells will grow into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where individual cells will grow into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where individual cells will grow into
+colonies okay and this is if you grow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies okay and this is if you grow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colonies okay and this is if you grow it
+at 22 degrees C for yeast this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 22 degrees C for yeast this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 22 degrees C for yeast this is the
+most moderate temperature you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most moderate temperature you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most moderate temperature you can choose
+so this is what's known as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's known as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what's known as the
+permissive temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but you can also take this plate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can also take this plate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but you can also take this plate of
+yeast colonies and duplicate it and grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast colonies and duplicate it and grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast colonies and duplicate it and grow
+it at another temperature and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at another temperature and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at another temperature and you might
+get something that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that looks like this
+where you see this colony grew at 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see this colony grew at 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you see this colony grew at 22
+degrees but at 37 degrees C it did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees but at 37 degrees C it did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees but at 37 degrees C it did not
+grow and that would suggest that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and that would suggest that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and that would suggest that then
+this has a temperature temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a temperature temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a temperature temperature
+sensitive mutant and this temperature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive mutant and this temperature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive mutant and this temperature of
+37 degrees is known as the restrictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 degrees is known as the restrictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 degrees is known as the restrictive
+temperature okay so that would identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so that would identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay so that would identify
+a temperature sensitive mutant now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature sensitive mutant now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a temperature sensitive mutant now as
+every temperature sensitive mutant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every temperature sensitive mutant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every temperature sensitive mutant that
+you identify is that going to be a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify is that going to be a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you identify is that going to be a cell
+division cycle mutant miles you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle mutant miles you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle mutant miles you're
+shaking your head no why is that can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking your head no why is that can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaking your head no why is that can you
+explain your logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mm-hmm exactly so miles is suggesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm exactly so miles is suggesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm-hmm exactly so miles is suggesting
+that if you if you just mutated any old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you just mutated any old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you if you just mutated any old
+gene that was involved in viability for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that was involved in viability for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that was involved in viability for
+this yeast and it unfolded at 37 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeast and it unfolded at 37 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeast and it unfolded at 37 degrees
+because you sort of made a mutation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you sort of made a mutation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you sort of made a mutation that
+made it unstable then you would identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it unstable then you would identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it unstable then you would identify
+that as a temperature-sensitive mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a temperature-sensitive mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as a temperature-sensitive mutant
+so what would be a good criteria I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be a good criteria I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would be a good criteria I guess
+that we could use to select just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could use to select just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could use to select just the
+mutants that are affecting the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that are affecting the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants that are affecting the cell
+division cycle might there be a way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle might there be a way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle might there be a way for
+us to do that I guess I'm asking can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do that I guess I'm asking can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to do that I guess I'm asking can we
+narrow down the phenotype right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow down the phenotype right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrow down the phenotype right
+temperature sensitivity could be by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensitivity could be by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature sensitivity could be by
+affecting any process in yeast is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting any process in yeast is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting any process in yeast is there
+a way we can gear it towards the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way we can gear it towards the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way we can gear it towards the cell
+division cycle Diana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right very good so a Diana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very good so a Diana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right very good so a Diana
+suggesting is that we looked for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is that we looked for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggesting is that we looked for a
+phenotype and she's guessed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and she's guessed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and she's guessed at the
+phenotype if this gene is involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype if this gene is involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype if this gene is involved in
+sort of mediating a change from one cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mediating a change from one cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mediating a change from one cell
+cycle to phase to another that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to phase to another that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle to phase to another that if you
+mutate that you'd have yeast it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutate that you'd have yeast it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutate that you'd have yeast it's all
+stuck in one phase okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in one phase okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in one phase okay and that's
+indeed the phenotype that was screened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the phenotype that was screened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the phenotype that was screened
+for okay and so if you just take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay and so if you just take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for okay and so if you just take a
+random population of yeast that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random population of yeast that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random population of yeast that's
+dividing you'll get you'll see cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing you'll get you'll see cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing you'll get you'll see cells
+that are unbuttered small butted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unbuttered small butted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unbuttered small butted
+slightly bigger butted and if you count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger butted and if you count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly bigger butted and if you count
+the number of cells what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of cells what you'll see is
+that most of your cells are unbuttered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of your cells are unbuttered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of your cells are unbuttered
+some are small blooded and a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are small blooded and a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are small blooded and a larger
+percentage are large blooded and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage are large blooded and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage are large blooded and this
+just reflects the relative amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reflects the relative amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reflects the relative amount of
+time that yeast is in each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that yeast is in each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that yeast is in each of these
+phases of the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases of the cell cycle
+so yeast spends most of its time in g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeast spends most of its time in g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeast spends most of its time in g1
+therefore if you look at a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you look at a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if you look at a random
+population of yeast you'll see most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of yeast you'll see most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of yeast you'll see most of
+the cells will be in the unwanted State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells will be in the unwanted State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cells will be in the unwanted State
+okay so this is for wild-type normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is for wild-type normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is for wild-type normal
+East now what was identified is a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East now what was identified is a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+East now what was identified is a cell
+division cycle mutant CVC 28 which at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle mutant CVC 28 which at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division cycle mutant CVC 28 which at
+the restrictive temperature causes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restrictive temperature causes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the restrictive temperature causes a
+trainwreck at a specific phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainwreck at a specific phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trainwreck at a specific phase of the
+cell cycle okay so all of the cells now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle okay so all of the cells now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle okay so all of the cells now
+are stuck in the unbuttered state and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuck in the unbuttered state and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stuck in the unbuttered state and so
+this suggests that these cells when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests that these cells when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suggests that these cells when they
+are shifted to the restrictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shifted to the restrictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shifted to the restrictive
+temperature are still able to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are still able to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature are still able to move
+through the cell cycle but once they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cell cycle but once they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the cell cycle but once they get
+to this phase they get stuck okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this phase they get stuck okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this phase they get stuck okay so
+here there's a cell cycle arrest at g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a cell cycle arrest at g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's a cell cycle arrest at g1
+and they confirmed it was g1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they confirmed it was g1 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they confirmed it was g1 by
+measuring the DNA content and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the DNA content and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the DNA content and by
+measuring the DNA content they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the DNA content they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the DNA content they're able
+to show that that this these cells did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that that this these cells did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show that that this these cells did
+not duplicate their DNA so they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not duplicate their DNA so they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not duplicate their DNA so they didn't
+even start to undergo S phase they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even start to undergo S phase they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even start to undergo S phase they were
+stuck in g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in g1
+okay okay so that suggests that this C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that suggests that this C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that suggests that this C
+dc28 gene is required for cells to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc28 gene is required for cells to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc28 gene is required for cells to go
+from g1 to s okay so the wild type C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from g1 to s okay so the wild type C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from g1 to s okay so the wild type C
+dc28 gene is required for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc28 gene is required for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dc28 gene is required for this
+transition from g1 into the S phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from g1 into the S phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from g1 into the S phase and
+it turns out that this yeast CDC 28 gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this yeast CDC 28 gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that this yeast CDC 28 gene
+is the one yeast cyclin dependent kinase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one yeast cyclin dependent kinase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one yeast cyclin dependent kinase
+okay so this was sort of the defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was sort of the defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this was sort of the defining
+mutant for cyclin dependent kinase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant for cyclin dependent kinase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant for cyclin dependent kinase and
+you'll recall earlier in this semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall earlier in this semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll recall earlier in this semester
+when we talked about molecular biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about molecular biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talked about molecular biology
+that we talked about work done by paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about work done by paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we talked about work done by paul
+nurse who use functional complementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse who use functional complementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse who use functional complementation
+to clone the human cyclin dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clone the human cyclin dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to clone the human cyclin dependent
+kinase by transforming DNA into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase by transforming DNA into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase by transforming DNA into a
+different yeast fission yeast but again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeast fission yeast but again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different yeast fission yeast but again
+that rescued the cell cycle arrest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rescued the cell cycle arrest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rescued the cell cycle arrest and
+that's how the human cyclin dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the human cyclin dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how the human cyclin dependent
+kinase was discovered okay and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase was discovered okay and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase was discovered okay and I just
+wanted to point out here that the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out here that the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to point out here that the work
+i'm telling you about was awarded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you about was awarded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm telling you about was awarded the
+Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine
+in 2001 and it was awarded to Lila and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2001 and it was awarded to Lila and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2001 and it was awarded to Lila and
+Hartwell Tim hunt and Sir Paul nurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartwell Tim hunt and Sir Paul nurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartwell Tim hunt and Sir Paul nurse
+Leland Hartwell did the screen that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leland Hartwell did the screen that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leland Hartwell did the screen that I
+just told you about there and identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you about there and identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you about there and identified
+CDC 28 and we already talked about Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDC 28 and we already talked about Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDC 28 and we already talked about Paul
+nurse earlier in the semester Tim hunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse earlier in the semester Tim hunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nurse earlier in the semester Tim hunt
+worked on clams and sea urchins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on clams and sea urchins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on clams and sea urchins and
+identified cyclin so this was the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified cyclin so this was the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified cyclin so this was the work
+that identified the regulatory machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identified the regulatory machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that identified the regulatory machinery
+of the cell cycle and they sort of show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell cycle and they sort of show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell cycle and they sort of show
+that this worked in a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this worked in a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this worked in a number of
+different organisms and they showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and they showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different organisms and they showed that
+it was evolutionarily conserved from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was evolutionarily conserved from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was evolutionarily conserved from
+yeast all the way to humans okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast all the way to humans okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast all the way to humans okay so this
+is a conserved mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so there's a mechanism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there's a mechanism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there's a mechanism that
+actively governs the transition from g1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively governs the transition from g1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively governs the transition from g1
+to s and I'll point out this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s and I'll point out this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to s and I'll point out this is this
+transition is known as start in yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is known as start in yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is known as start in yeast
+and it's called the restriction point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the restriction point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's called the restriction point in
+mammalian cells it's kind of the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian cells it's kind of the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian cells it's kind of the point
+of no-return in the cell cycle but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no-return in the cell cycle but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of no-return in the cell cycle but the
+cell cycle doesn't just blindly charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle doesn't just blindly charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle doesn't just blindly charge
+through the rest of the way and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rest of the way and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rest of the way and there
+are certain quality control mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain quality control mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are certain quality control mechanisms
+that are in place to ensure that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in place to ensure that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are in place to ensure that things
+happen in the proper order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the proper order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in the proper order
+and that the quality of events happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the quality of events happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that the quality of events happening
+is good before the cell moves on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good before the cell moves on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good before the cell moves on to the
+next stage and so I'm gonna define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage and so I'm gonna define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next stage and so I'm gonna define a
+concept called a checkpoint and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called a checkpoint and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept called a checkpoint and the
+checkpoint is a type of quality control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint is a type of quality control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint is a type of quality control
+mechanism and checkpoints operate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and checkpoints operate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism and checkpoints operate in
+this cell cycle to ensure that one event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell cycle to ensure that one event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell cycle to ensure that one event
+doesn't proceed until the doesn't occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't proceed until the doesn't occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't proceed until the doesn't occur
+till the preceding event happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the preceding event happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+till the preceding event happens
+correctly okay so this ensures proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly okay so this ensures proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly okay so this ensures proper
+order of events and ensures that events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of events and ensures that events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of events and ensures that events
+happen correctly before the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen correctly before the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen correctly before the next
+subsequent event has to occur okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent event has to occur okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent event has to occur okay so
+one example of this is if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this is if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of this is if you just
+consider s phase and M phase DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider s phase and M phase DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider s phase and M phase DNA
+replication has to finish before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication has to finish before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication has to finish before the
+cell starts segregating chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell starts segregating chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell starts segregating chromosomes
+otherwise there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's going to be
+catastrophic consequences such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic consequences such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic consequences such as
+possibly creating a cancer cell okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly creating a cancer cell okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly creating a cancer cell okay so
+one example of a checkpoint is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of a checkpoint is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one example of a checkpoint is called
+the DNA damage checkpoint and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA damage checkpoint and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA damage checkpoint and what the
+DNA damage checkpoint does is it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA damage checkpoint does is it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA damage checkpoint does is it looks
+to see if there's DNA damage or if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there's DNA damage or if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see if there's DNA damage or if the
+DNA is still replicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if either of these cases is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if either of these cases is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if either of these cases is present
+in a cell then it sends a signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell then it sends a signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell then it sends a signal and
+that signal in order to influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal in order to influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal in order to influence the
+cell division cycle has to interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle has to interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division cycle has to interface
+with the cyclin CDK control machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cyclin CDK control machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cyclin CDK control machinery
+okay so this signal will then inhibit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this signal will then inhibit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this signal will then inhibit
+cyclin CDK and cyclin CDK governs two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin CDK and cyclin CDK governs two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin CDK and cyclin CDK governs two
+major transitions in the cell cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major transitions in the cell cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major transitions in the cell cycle so
+there are two major what I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two major what I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two major what I'll call
+transition points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's the g1 to s which I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the g1 to s which I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the g1 to s which I just
+outlined over there which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined over there which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined over there which is called
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start
+so there's g1 to s but there's also g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's g1 to s but there's also g2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's g1 to s but there's also g2
+to em okay so these basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to em okay so these basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to em okay so these basically the
+transition out of the gap phases those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition out of the gap phases those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition out of the gap phases those
+are the key transition points that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the key transition points that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the key transition points that can
+be regulated by the cell to either slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated by the cell to either slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated by the cell to either slow
+things down to halt the transition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down to halt the transition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things down to halt the transition or
+just go right through okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go right through okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go right through okay so let me
+tell you about an experiment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about an experiment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about an experiment that
+defined the functionality of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the functionality of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined the functionality of one of
+these check out the DNA damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these check out the DNA damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these check out the DNA damage
+checkpoint and I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint and I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint and I'm going to tell you
+about work done by Weinert and Weiland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about work done by Weinert and Weiland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about work done by Weinert and Weiland
+Hartwell and it was published in 1988
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartwell and it was published in 1988
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hartwell and it was published in 1988
+and they were interested in what's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were interested in what's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were interested in what's what
+the nature and the function of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature and the function of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature and the function of these
+checkpoints was and so you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints was and so you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoints was and so you can take
+budding yeast and you can damage its DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budding yeast and you can damage its DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budding yeast and you can damage its DNA
+by radiating the cells with x-rays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by radiating the cells with x-rays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by radiating the cells with x-rays and
+if you are radiate the cell with x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are radiate the cell with x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are radiate the cell with x-rays
+in a wild-type normal yeast so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wild-type normal yeast so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wild-type normal yeast so in the
+normal yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal yeast
+that's not mutant then this damages the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not mutant then this damages the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not mutant then this damages the
+DNA and the cell stays in g2 okay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and the cell stays in g2 okay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and the cell stays in g2 okay so it
+stays in g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and there's a delay okay so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a delay okay so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's a delay okay so here
+what I'm drawing is a g2 delay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm drawing is a g2 delay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm drawing is a g2 delay so the
+cell spends an abnormally longer time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell spends an abnormally longer time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell spends an abnormally longer time in
+g2 than it normally would if you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2 than it normally would if you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g2 than it normally would if you didn't
+damage its DNA all right and then over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage its DNA all right and then over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage its DNA all right and then over
+time it will continue in the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it will continue in the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it will continue in the cell cycle
+and enter into the next cell cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enter into the next cell cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and enter into the next cell cycle and
+what's what's interesting about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's interesting about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's interesting about this is
+that these cells live okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these cells live okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these cells live okay so one
+interpretation from this result is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation from this result is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation from this result is you
+damage the cell's DNA it delayed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage the cell's DNA it delayed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage the cell's DNA it delayed the
+cell cycle in g2 so it didn't rush right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle in g2 so it didn't rush right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle in g2 so it didn't rush right
+into chromosome segregation and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chromosome segregation and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into chromosome segregation and that
+allowed the cell time to repair its DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the cell time to repair its DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed the cell time to repair its DNA
+and that enabled the cell daughters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that enabled the cell daughters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that enabled the cell daughters to
+live okay so that's an interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live okay so that's an interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live okay so that's an interpretation
+now part of the evidence for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now part of the evidence for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now part of the evidence for that
+interpretation is that Hartwell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is that Hartwell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is that Hartwell and
+Weinert discovered a mutant called rad 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weinert discovered a mutant called rad 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weinert discovered a mutant called rad 9
+so the rad 9 mutant and rad 9 stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rad 9 mutant and rad 9 stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rad 9 mutant and rad 9 stands for
+radiation sensitive this is a radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation sensitive this is a radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation sensitive this is a radiation
+sensitive mutant and this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive mutant and this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive mutant and this particular
+radiation sensitive mutant disrupted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation sensitive mutant disrupted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation sensitive mutant disrupted the
+delay so it disrupted the checkpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so it disrupted the checkpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay so it disrupted the checkpoint
+here so what happens in a rad 9 mutant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens in a rad 9 mutant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens in a rad 9 mutant
+is again you are radiate cells with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again you are radiate cells with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is again you are radiate cells with
+x-rays the cell goes from S phase to g2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays the cell goes from S phase to g2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays the cell goes from S phase to g2
+but this time there's no delay so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time there's no delay so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time there's no delay so it
+goes from G to the poor yeast charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from G to the poor yeast charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from G to the poor yeast charges
+unsuspectingly into mitosis with damaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuspectingly into mitosis with damaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsuspectingly into mitosis with damaged
+DNA and divides but in this case there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and divides but in this case there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and divides but in this case there's
+a high level of death and this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level of death and this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level of death and this the
+resulting progeny so that here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting progeny so that here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting progeny so that here you have
+death okay so rad 9 then is a gene that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death okay so rad 9 then is a gene that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death okay so rad 9 then is a gene that
+is involved in promoting the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in promoting the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in promoting the cell cycle
+delay such that the yeast cell has time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay such that the yeast cell has time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay such that the yeast cell has time
+to repair its DNA and if you remove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repair its DNA and if you remove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repair its DNA and if you remove that
+delay so here there's no delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you disrupt this delay which defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you disrupt this delay which defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you disrupt this delay which defines
+the checkpoint process right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checkpoint process right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the checkpoint process right the
+checkpoint is a process whereby if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint is a process whereby if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checkpoint is a process whereby if
+there's DNA damage you delay the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's DNA damage you delay the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's DNA damage you delay the cell
+cycle such that the cell has time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle such that the cell has time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle such that the cell has time to
+repair it if you don't have that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair it if you don't have that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repair it if you don't have that it has
+bad consequences for the yeast cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad consequences for the yeast cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad consequences for the yeast cell and
+results in yeast cells undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in yeast cells undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in yeast cells undergoing
+premature mitosis before they've had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature mitosis before they've had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premature mitosis before they've had a
+chance to repair the DNA all right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to repair the DNA all right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to repair the DNA all right one
+thing you might be wondering is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might be wondering is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might be wondering is what
+causes these cyclin proteins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes these cyclin proteins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes these cyclin proteins to
+oscillate and so the last point I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate and so the last point I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate and so the last point I want
+to make is I want to tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is I want to tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make is I want to tell you about the
+mechanism that allows these protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that allows these protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism that allows these protein
+oscillations and it involves a mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and it involves a mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations and it involves a mechanism
+that's going to be new for you at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be new for you at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to be new for you at least
+from the context of this class it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the context of this class it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the context of this class it's a
+mechanism that's regulated proteolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so there's a regulated degradation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a regulated degradation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's a regulated degradation
+of the cyclin proteins that allows them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cyclin proteins that allows them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cyclin proteins that allows them
+to go up and then down okay so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up and then down okay so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go up and then down okay so if we
+consider just one part of the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just one part of the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider just one part of the cell cycle
+well if I plot the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I plot the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I plot the concentration of
+cyclin and we look at M cyclin from G 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin and we look at M cyclin from G 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin and we look at M cyclin from G 2
+to M phase so this here is a time axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M phase so this here is a time axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to M phase so this here is a time axis
+the M cyclin goes up and M phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M cyclin goes up and M phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M cyclin goes up and M phase and
+then it drops precipitously during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it drops precipitously during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it drops precipitously during
+mitosis specifically at the metaphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis specifically at the metaphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis specifically at the metaphase
+anaphase transition okay so this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphase transition okay so this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anaphase transition okay so this is for
+the mitotic cyclin-cdk nin cyclin levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitotic cyclin-cdk nin cyclin levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mitotic cyclin-cdk nin cyclin levels
+is due to regulated proteolysis okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to regulated proteolysis okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due to regulated proteolysis okay and
+it involves a mechanism that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves a mechanism that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involves a mechanism that you were
+briefly introduced to by Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly introduced to by Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly introduced to by Professor
+Imperiali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperiali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imperiali
+because it involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves
+small protein known as ubiquitin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein known as ubiquitin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein known as ubiquitin and
+what ubiquitin is is it's a small 76
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ubiquitin is is it's a small 76
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ubiquitin is is it's a small 76
+amino acid protein so it's a 76 amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid protein so it's a 76 amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid protein so it's a 76 amino
+acid protein but this protein can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid protein but this protein can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid protein but this protein can get
+attached to other proteins so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to other proteins so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to other proteins so it's a
+post translational modification okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification okay so
+ubiquitin which I'll abbreviate UB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin which I'll abbreviate UB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin which I'll abbreviate UB
+ubiquitin is attached to lysines on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is attached to lysines on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is attached to lysines on a
+target protein and that's the attachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target protein and that's the attachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target protein and that's the attachment
+of ubiquitin x' to lysines of a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ubiquitin x' to lysines of a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ubiquitin x' to lysines of a protein
+has important consequences and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has important consequences and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has important consequences and what
+Professor Imperiali told you about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Imperiali told you about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Imperiali told you about is
+when this happens in the case of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this happens in the case of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this happens in the case of protein
+misfolding but this ubiquitination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misfolding but this ubiquitination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misfolding but this ubiquitination of
+proteins also occurs two proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins also occurs two proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins also occurs two proteins that
+are not denatured or mis folded and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not denatured or mis folded and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not denatured or mis folded and it's
+a way of regulating protein levels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of regulating protein levels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of regulating protein levels in
+the cell okay so that what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll show you a complicated diagram of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a complicated diagram of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a complicated diagram of
+what happens but I'm really going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but I'm really going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens but I'm really going to
+focus on this step right here there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this step right here there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on this step right here there's a
+series of steps that need are needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of steps that need are needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of steps that need are needed to
+get ubiquitin to get attached to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ubiquitin to get attached to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get ubiquitin to get attached to the
+target protein I'm going to ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target protein I'm going to ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target protein I'm going to ignore
+pretty much all of that but there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of that but there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of that but there's an
+e-2 enzyme that becomes conjugated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-2 enzyme that becomes conjugated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e-2 enzyme that becomes conjugated with
+ubiquitin and then that is able the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin and then that is able the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin and then that is able the
+ubiquitin is able to be transferred to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is able to be transferred to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin is able to be transferred to a
+target protein and rather than make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target protein and rather than make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target protein and rather than make this
+generic I'll let you know the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic I'll let you know the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic I'll let you know the target
+protein is going to be cyclin so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is going to be cyclin so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is going to be cyclin so we'll
+just say cyclin and so there's an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say cyclin and so there's an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say cyclin and so there's an enzyme
+that transfers the ubiquitin from the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfers the ubiquitin from the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that transfers the ubiquitin from the e
+2 to the cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and it's poly ubiquitinated meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's poly ubiquitinated meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's poly ubiquitinated meaning
+there's a chain of ubiquitin added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chain of ubiquitin added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a chain of ubiquitin added to
+the cyclin and it's carried out by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclin and it's carried out by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cyclin and it's carried out by a
+particular type of enzyme known as an e3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of enzyme known as an e3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of enzyme known as an e3
+ubiquitin ligase and there are hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin ligase and there are hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquitin ligase and there are hundreds
+of these ubiquitin ligases in humans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ubiquitin ligases in humans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these ubiquitin ligases in humans and
+different III ubiquitin ligases confer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different III ubiquitin ligases confer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different III ubiquitin ligases confer
+different specificities so they target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specificities so they target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different specificities so they target
+different proteins okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proteins okay
+so different III target different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different III target different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different III target different
+proteins and so this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and so this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and so this is where the
+specificity comes from okay so when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity comes from okay so when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity comes from okay so when it
+when a protein in the cell miss folded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a protein in the cell miss folded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a protein in the cell miss folded
+or not is poly ubiquitinated like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not is poly ubiquitinated like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not is poly ubiquitinated like this
+this is the this is a garbage tag on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is a garbage tag on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the this is a garbage tag on
+that protein okay so you can think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein okay so you can think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protein okay so you can think of
+poly ubiquitin as a garbage tag and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly ubiquitin as a garbage tag and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly ubiquitin as a garbage tag and once
+it's poly Bickerton aidid it's sent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's poly Bickerton aidid it's sent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's poly Bickerton aidid it's sent to
+the proteasome which professor Imperiali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteasome which professor Imperiali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteasome which professor Imperiali
+showed you and this is the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and this is the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you and this is the structure
+that degrades proteins okay so so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degrades proteins okay so so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that degrades proteins okay so so if the
+protein is targeted for degradation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is targeted for degradation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is targeted for degradation by
+putting this tag on it it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this tag on it it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting this tag on it it's going to be
+rapidly protea lies in the cytoplasm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly protea lies in the cytoplasm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly protea lies in the cytoplasm of
+the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright now I want to show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now I want to show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright now I want to show you some
+experiments that provided the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that provided the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that provided the first
+evidence that this regulated proteolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that this regulated proteolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that this regulated proteolysis
+is what sort of causes the cyclin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what sort of causes the cyclin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what sort of causes the cyclin to
+oscillate okay and it's going to involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate okay and it's going to involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillate okay and it's going to involve
+a new model organism is there anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new model organism is there anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new model organism is there anyone
+here that has rented a phobia okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that has rented a phobia okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that has rented a phobia okay we
+all like frogs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like frogs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all like frogs okay
+so this model organism is Xenakis Lavis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this model organism is Xenakis Lavis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this model organism is Xenakis Lavis
+or the African clawed frog and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the African clawed frog and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the African clawed frog and I want to
+thank my colleague at UMass Amherst Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank my colleague at UMass Amherst Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank my colleague at UMass Amherst Tom
+Morasca
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morasca
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morasca
+who provided these slides of frogs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who provided these slides of frogs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who provided these slides of frogs for
+me so what's great about these frogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so what's great about these frogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so what's great about these frogs
+well other than they're being very cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well other than they're being very cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well other than they're being very cute
+is that they lay a ton of eggs and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they lay a ton of eggs and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they lay a ton of eggs and the
+eggs are huge okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs are huge okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs are huge okay so
+here's a mom a mom frog and then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a mom a mom frog and then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a mom a mom frog and then you see
+all these circular things all around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these circular things all around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these circular things all around the
+Frog are the eggs okay so they're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frog are the eggs okay so they're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frog are the eggs okay so they're about
+one millimeter in size they're huge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one millimeter in size they're huge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one millimeter in size they're huge you
+can collect these eggs put them in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect these eggs put them in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can collect these eggs put them in a
+test tube and you can see all these eggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube and you can see all these eggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test tube and you can see all these eggs
+that you have in this test tube and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in this test tube and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have in this test tube and then
+you can spin the test tube and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spin the test tube and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can spin the test tube and by
+spinning the test tube in a centrifuge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning the test tube in a centrifuge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning the test tube in a centrifuge
+you crush the eggs okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crush the eggs okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you crush the eggs okay
+and so that results in this middle layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that results in this middle layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that results in this middle layer
+here which is cytoplasm okay and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is cytoplasm okay and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is cytoplasm okay and you can
+remove it with a syringe and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it with a syringe and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove it with a syringe and what you
+end up with is a concentrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with is a concentrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with is a concentrated
+cytoplasmic extract so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic extract so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic extract so that's all
+cytoplasm okay so that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm okay so that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm okay so that's a lot of
+cytoplasm okay so for the Senecas system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm okay so for the Senecas system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm okay so for the Senecas system
+this system allows you to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system allows you to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system allows you to get this
+highly concentrated because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly concentrated because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly concentrated because it's not
+diluted it's the same concentration as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted it's the same concentration as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diluted it's the same concentration as
+cytoplasm almost cytoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extract which is known as Zen abyss egg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract which is known as Zen abyss egg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract which is known as Zen abyss egg
+extract okay and what's amazing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract okay and what's amazing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract okay and what's amazing about
+this egg extract is it can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this egg extract is it can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this egg extract is it can go through
+the cell cycle even though it's not in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle even though it's not in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell cycle even though it's not in a
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+okay so you can get this extract to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can get this extract to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can get this extract to
+essentially simulate the cell cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially simulate the cell cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially simulate the cell cycle okay
+so you have to mimic fertilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to mimic fertilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to mimic fertilization
+because that's when cell divisions start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's when cell divisions start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's when cell divisions start
+to happen and in the normal frog embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and in the normal frog embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen and in the normal frog embryo
+but once you do this then you you mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you do this then you you mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you do this then you you mimic
+the fertilization process by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fertilization process by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fertilization process by adding
+calcium and then you'll see this extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium and then you'll see this extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calcium and then you'll see this extract
+go through the cell cycle and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the cell cycle and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through the cell cycle and you can
+see it by looking at the morphology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it by looking at the morphology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it by looking at the morphology of
+different structures in the extract so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures in the extract so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different structures in the extract so
+this is a nucleus that has assembled an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nucleus that has assembled an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nucleus that has assembled an
+extract around some DNA that was added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract around some DNA that was added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract around some DNA that was added
+hey DNA replication can happen in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey DNA replication can happen in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey DNA replication can happen in this
+nucleus other events that happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus other events that happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus other events that happen in
+inter phase of the cell cycle also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter phase of the cell cycle also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inter phase of the cell cycle also
+happen in this extract and if you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this extract and if you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this extract and if you wait
+then it will go into mitosis and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will go into mitosis and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will go into mitosis and you'll
+start to see mitotic spindles assembling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see mitotic spindles assembling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to see mitotic spindles assembling
+in the extract okay so it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the extract okay so it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the extract okay so it's important
+about this this is totally in vitro okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this is totally in vitro okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this this is totally in vitro okay
+so this is an in vitro system there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an in vitro system there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an in vitro system there are
+no cells but you're able to see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cells but you're able to see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no cells but you're able to see the
+extract go through the cell cycle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract go through the cell cycle okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract go through the cell cycle okay
+and if you were able to look at cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were able to look at cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you were able to look at cyclin
+like m cyclin you'd see that M cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like m cyclin you'd see that M cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like m cyclin you'd see that M cyclin
+levels go up and then down and up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels go up and then down and up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels go up and then down and up and
+down they oscillate just like they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they oscillate just like they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down they oscillate just like they would
+in a cell okay and this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell okay and this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cell okay and this is just a
+diagram showing you that here where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram showing you that here where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram showing you that here where
+mitotic cyclin-cdk activity for M cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic cyclin-cdk activity for M cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic cyclin-cdk activity for M cyclin
+CDK is in purple so you see it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDK is in purple so you see it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CDK is in purple so you see it goes up
+goes and then the cell enters mitosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and then the cell enters mitosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and then the cell enters mitosis
+early mitosis is in blue late mitosis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early mitosis is in blue late mitosis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early mitosis is in blue late mitosis is
+in orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in orange
+so you see mitosis happens when m cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see mitosis happens when m cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see mitosis happens when m cyclin
+is high just like it does in a cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high just like it does in a cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is high just like it does in a cell and
+then it degrades and then it repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it degrades and then it repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it degrades and then it repeats
+okay so this is all outside of a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is all outside of a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is all outside of a cell
+you're just looking in a test tube and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking in a test tube and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just looking in a test tube and
+you can recreate the cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recreate the cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recreate the cell cycle
+now this because this is a biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this because this is a biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this because this is a biochemical
+system allowed these researchers in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system allowed these researchers in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system allowed these researchers in this
+case the researchers who did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the researchers who did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the researchers who did this
+experiment where Andrew Murray and Marc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where Andrew Murray and Marc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment where Andrew Murray and Marc
+Kirschner at Harvard and what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirschner at Harvard and what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kirschner at Harvard and what they did
+was to test the role of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to test the role of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to test the role of various
+components in this oscillation the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in this oscillation the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components in this oscillation the first
+experiment they did was to rnase treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they did was to rnase treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment they did was to rnase treat
+the extract to get rid of all the mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extract to get rid of all the mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extract to get rid of all the mRNA
+and if you degrade all the mRNA in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you degrade all the mRNA in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you degrade all the mRNA in this
+extract you no longer get the cycling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract you no longer get the cycling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract you no longer get the cycling
+you no longer get the cell cycle so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer get the cell cycle so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you no longer get the cell cycle so this
+shows you mRNA is important or necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you don't know which mRNA right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know which mRNA right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you don't know which mRNA right one
+hypothesis might be that you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis might be that you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis might be that you need the
+mRNA from M cyclin in order to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA from M cyclin in order to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA from M cyclin in order to produce
+cyclin every cell cycle and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin every cell cycle and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin every cell cycle and that was
+their hypothesis so what they did to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hypothesis so what they did to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hypothesis so what they did to
+test that was to degrade all the mRNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that was to degrade all the mRNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test that was to degrade all the mRNA
+inactivate the RNAs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate the RNAs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate the RNAs and then
+add back the mRNA to one gene the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add back the mRNA to one gene the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add back the mRNA to one gene the
+mitotic cyclin-cdk n is sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic cyclin-cdk n is sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic cyclin-cdk n is sufficient to
+restore the oscillation of the mitotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the oscillation of the mitotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restore the oscillation of the mitotic
+cycle okay now the last experiment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay now the last experiment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay now the last experiment which
+I think is the most important shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the most important shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think is the most important shows you
+the mechanism by which the cyclin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism by which the cyclin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mechanism by which the cyclin is
+going because they added in instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because they added in instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going because they added in instead of
+adding back the wild-type mitotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding back the wild-type mitotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding back the wild-type mitotic
+cyclin-cdk ball by this e3 ubiquitin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin-cdk ball by this e3 ubiquitin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin-cdk ball by this e3 ubiquitin
+ligase mechanism okay so if they add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase mechanism okay so if they add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ligase mechanism okay so if they add
+back a cyclin mutant and this mutant has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a cyclin mutant and this mutant has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back a cyclin mutant and this mutant has
+a deletion in the part of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deletion in the part of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a deletion in the part of the protein
+called the destruction box and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the destruction box and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the destruction box and this is
+essentially the part of the protein that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the part of the protein that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the part of the protein that
+is recognized by the e3 ubiquitin ligase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recognized by the e3 ubiquitin ligase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is recognized by the e3 ubiquitin ligase
+okay so the psyche the destruction box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the psyche the destruction box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the psyche the destruction box
+mutant basically blocks this such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant basically blocks this such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant basically blocks this such that
+cyclin is no longer poly ubiquitinated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin is no longer poly ubiquitinated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclin is no longer poly ubiquitinated
+and it can't be targeted for proteolysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can't be targeted for proteolysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can't be targeted for proteolysis
+okay and then this happened in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this happened in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this happened in this case
+what happens is cyclin levels increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is cyclin levels increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is cyclin levels increase
+and then they stay high and there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they stay high and there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they stay high and there's no
+cycle okay so when you have this cyclin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay so when you have this cyclin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay so when you have this cyclin
+mutants with the destruction box deleted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants with the destruction box deleted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutants with the destruction box deleted
+such that it's non degraded it's not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's non degraded it's not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that it's non degraded it's not not
+degraded you get a cell cycle arrest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded you get a cell cycle arrest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degraded you get a cell cycle arrest and
+because this is M cycle I am cycling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is M cycle I am cycling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is M cycle I am cycling the
+cell arrests in mitosis you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell arrests in mitosis you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell arrests in mitosis you get a
+mitotic arrest mitotic arrest okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic arrest mitotic arrest okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitotic arrest mitotic arrest okay any
+questions about this mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this mechanism of
+proteolytic degradation you all see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolytic degradation you all see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolytic degradation you all see how
+this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes
+Malik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is it physically doing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it physically doing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it physically doing it's
+basically stuck with like a mitotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stuck with like a mitotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stuck with like a mitotic
+spindle and it's not segregating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle and it's not segregating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle and it's not segregating the
+chromosomes yeah so it hasn't gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes yeah so it hasn't gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes yeah so it hasn't gone
+through mitosis it's stuck in a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mitosis it's stuck in a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through mitosis it's stuck in a specific
+phase of mitosis in this case it's stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of mitosis in this case it's stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of mitosis in this case it's stuck
+in and basically a metaphase like state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and basically a metaphase like state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and basically a metaphase like state
+one last point I want to make about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last point I want to make about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one last point I want to make about this
+is that the mRNA for M cyclin is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the mRNA for M cyclin is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the mRNA for M cyclin is just
+constant it's always present so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's always present so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's always present so this is
+constant you have constant mRNA cdk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you have constant mRNA cdk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you have constant mRNA cdk is
+constant it's the cyclin protein that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's the cyclin protein that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant it's the cyclin protein that's
+going up and down and it's going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down and it's going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down and it's going up and
+down because of this regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because of this regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because of this regulated
+proteolysis okay great on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolysis okay great on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteolysis okay great on Wednesday
+we'll talk about stem cells and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about stem cells and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about stem cells and we'll
+talk about guts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jsqSScywvMc.txt b/jsqSScywvMc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b7515a22f74fe66de73f9932e78014485e83d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jsqSScywvMc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2558 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So last time
+we started talking
+
+about random processes.
+
+A random process is a random
+experiment that
+
+evolves over time.
+
+And conceptually, it's important
+to realize that it's
+
+a single probabilistic
+experiment
+
+that has many stages.
+
+Actually, it has an infinite
+number of stages.
+
+And we discussed the simplest
+random process there is, the
+
+Bernoulli process, which is
+nothing but the sequence of
+
+Bernoulli trials--
+
+an infinite sequence of
+Bernoulli trials.
+
+For example, flipping a
+coin over and over.
+
+Once we understand what's going
+on with that process,
+
+then what we want is to move
+into a continuous time version
+
+of the Bernoulli process.
+
+And this is what we will call
+the Poisson process.
+
+And for the Poisson process,
+we're going to do exactly the
+
+same things that we did for
+the Bernoulli process.
+
+That is, talk about the number
+of arrivals during a given
+
+time period, and talk also
+about the time between
+
+consecutive arrivals, and
+for the distribution of
+
+inter-arrival times.
+
+So let's start with a quick
+review of what we
+
+discussed last time.
+
+First, a note about language.
+
+If you think of coin tosses,
+we then talk
+
+about heads and tails.
+
+If you think of these as a
+sequence of trials, you can
+
+talk about successes
+and failures.
+
+The language that we will be
+using will be more the
+
+language of arrivals.
+
+That is, if in a given slot you
+have a success, you say
+
+that something arrived.
+
+If you have a failure,
+nothing arrived.
+
+And that language is a little
+more convenient and more
+
+natural, especially when we talk
+about continuous time--
+
+to talk about arrivals
+instead of successes.
+
+But in any case, for the
+Bernoulli process let's keep,
+
+for a little bit, the language
+of successes.
+
+Whereas working in discrete
+time, we have time slots.
+
+During each time slot,
+we have an
+
+independent Bernoulli trial.
+
+There is probability p
+of having a success.
+
+Different slots are independent
+of each other.
+
+And this probability p is the
+same for any given time slot.
+
+So for this process we will
+discuss the one random
+
+variable of interest, which
+is the following.
+
+If we have n time slots,
+or n trials, how many
+
+arrivals will there be?
+
+Or how many successes
+will there be?
+
+Well, this is just given
+by the binomial PMF.
+
+Number of successes in n trials
+is a random variable
+
+that has a binomial PMF, and
+we know what this is.
+
+Then we talked about
+inter-arrival times.
+
+The time until the first
+arrival happens has a
+
+geometric distribution.
+
+And we have seen that
+from some time ago.
+
+Now if you start thinking
+about the time until k
+
+arrivals happen, and we denote
+that by Yk, this is the time
+
+until the first arrival
+happens.
+
+And then after the first arrival
+happens, you have to
+
+wait some time until
+the second arrival
+
+happens, and so on.
+
+And then the time from the
+(k -1)th arrival, until
+
+arrival number k.
+
+The important thing to realize
+here is that because the
+
+process has a memorylessness
+property, once the first
+
+arrival comes, it's as if we're
+starting from scratch
+
+and we will be flipping
+our coins until the
+
+next arrival comes.
+
+So the time it will take until
+the next arrival comes will
+
+also be a geometric
+random variable.
+
+And because different slots
+are independent, whatever
+
+happens after the first arrival
+is independent from
+
+whatever happened before.
+
+So T1 and T2 will be independent
+random variables.
+
+And similarly, all
+the way up to Tk.
+
+So the time until the k-th
+arrival is a sum of
+
+independent geometric random
+variables, with the same
+
+parameter p.
+
+And we saw last time that we
+can find the probability
+
+distribution of Yk.
+
+The probability that Yk takes
+a value of t is equal to--
+
+there's this combinatorial
+factor here, and then you get
+
+p to the k, (1-p) to the (t-k),
+and this formula is
+
+true for t equal to
+k, k+1, and so on.
+
+And this distribution
+has a name.
+
+It's called the Pascal PMF.
+
+So this is all there
+is to know about
+
+the Bernoulli process.
+
+One important comment is to
+realize what exactly this
+
+memorylessness property
+is saying.
+
+So I discussed it a little
+bit last time.
+
+Let me reiterate it.
+
+So we have a Bernoulli process,
+which is a sequence
+
+of Bernoulli trials.
+
+And these are (0,1) random
+variables that
+
+keep going on forever.
+
+So someone is watching this
+movie of Bernoulli trials B_t.
+
+And at some point, they say
+they think, or something
+
+interesting has happened,
+why don't you come
+
+in and start watching?
+
+So at some time t, they
+tell you to come
+
+in and start watching.
+
+So what you will see once
+you come in will
+
+be this future trials.
+
+So actually what you will see
+is a random process, whose
+
+first random variable is going
+to be the first one that you
+
+see, B_(t +1).
+
+The second one is going
+to be this, and so on.
+
+So this is the process that's
+seen by the person who's asked
+
+to come in and start watching
+at that time.
+
+And the claim is that this
+process is itself a Bernoulli
+
+process, provided that the
+person who calls you into the
+
+room does not look
+into the future.
+
+The person who calls you into
+the room decides to call you
+
+in only on the basis of what
+they have seen so far.
+
+So for example, who calls you
+into the room might have a
+
+rule that says, as soon as I see
+a sequence of 3 heads, I
+
+ask the other person
+to come in.
+
+So if they use that particular
+rule, it means that when
+
+you're called in, the previous
+3 were heads.
+
+But this doesn't give you any
+information about the future.
+
+And so the future ones
+will be just
+
+independent Bernoulli trials.
+
+If on the other hand, the person
+who calls you in has
+
+seen the movie before and they
+use a rule, such as, for
+
+example, I call you in just
+before 3 heads show up for the
+
+first time.
+
+So the person calls you in based
+on knowledge that these
+
+two would be three heads.
+
+If they have such foresight--
+
+if they can look into
+the future--
+
+then X1, X2, X3, they're certain
+to be three heads, so
+
+they do not correspond
+to random
+
+independent Bernoulli trials.
+
+So to rephrase this, the
+process is memoryless.
+
+It does not matter what has
+happened in the past.
+
+And that's true even if you are
+called into the room and
+
+start watching at a random time,
+as long as that random
+
+time is determined in a causal
+way on the basis of what has
+
+happened so far.
+
+So you are called into the room
+in a causal manner, just
+
+based on what's happened
+so far.
+
+What you're going to see
+starting from that time will
+
+still be a sequence of
+independent Bernoulli trials.
+
+And this is the argument that we
+used here, essentially, to
+
+argue that this T2 is an
+independent random
+
+variable from T1.
+
+So a person is watching the
+movie, sees the first success.
+
+And on the basis of what
+they have seen--
+
+they have just seen the
+first success--
+
+they ask you to come in.
+
+You come in.
+
+What you're going to see is a
+sequence of Bernoulli trials.
+
+And you wait this long until
+the next success comes in.
+
+What you see is a Bernoulli
+process, as if the process was
+
+just starting right now.
+
+And that convinces us that this
+should be a geometric
+
+random variable of the same
+kind as this one, as
+
+independent from what
+happened before.
+
+All right.
+
+So this is pretty much all there
+is to know about the
+
+Bernoulli process.
+
+Plus the two things that we
+did at the end of the last
+
+lecture where we merge two
+independent Bernoulli
+
+processes, we get a
+Bernoulli process.
+
+If we have a Bernoulli process
+and we split it by flipping a
+
+coin and sending things one way
+or the other, then we get
+
+two separate Bernoulli
+processes.
+
+And we see that all of
+these carry over to
+
+the continuous time.
+
+And our task for today is
+basically to work these
+
+continuous time variations.
+
+So the Poisson process is a
+continuous time version of the
+
+Bernoulli process.
+
+Here's the motivation
+for considering
+
+it a Bernoulli process.
+
+So you have that person whose
+job is to sit outside
+
+the door of a bank.
+
+And they have this long sheet,
+and for every one second slot,
+
+they mark an X if a person
+came in, or they mark
+
+something else if no one came
+in during that slot.
+
+Now the bank manager is a really
+scientifically trained
+
+person and wants very
+accurate results.
+
+So they tell you, don't use
+one second slots, use
+
+milliseconds slots.
+
+So you have all those slots
+and you keep filling if
+
+someone arrived or not
+during that slot.
+
+Well then you come
+up with an idea.
+
+Why use millisecond slots and
+keep putting crosses or zero's
+
+into each slot?
+
+It's much simpler if I just
+record the exact times when
+
+people came in.
+
+So time is continuous.
+
+I don't keep doing something
+at every time slot.
+
+But instead of the time axis,
+I mark the times at which
+
+customers arrive.
+
+So there's no real
+need for slots.
+
+The only information that you
+want is when did we have
+
+arrivals of people.
+
+And we want to now model a
+process of this kind happening
+
+in continuous time, that has the
+same flavor, however, as
+
+the Bernoulli process.
+
+So that's the model we
+want to develop.
+
+OK.
+
+So what are the properties
+that we're going to have?
+
+First, we're going to assume
+that intervals over the same
+
+length behave probabilistically
+in an
+
+identical fashion.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+Think of an interval of
+some given length.
+
+During the interval of that
+length, there's going to be a
+
+random number of arrivals.
+
+And that random number of
+arrivals is going to have a
+
+probability distribution.
+
+So that probability
+distribution--
+
+let's denote it by
+this notation.
+
+We fix t, we fix the duration.
+
+So this is fixed.
+
+And we look at the
+different k's.
+
+The probability of having 0
+arrivals, the probability of 1
+
+arrival, the probability of
+2 arrivals, and so on.
+
+So this thing is essentially
+a PMF.
+
+So it should have the property
+that the sum over all k's of
+
+this P_(k, tau) should
+be equal to 1.
+
+Now, hidden inside this notation
+is an assumption of
+
+time homogeneity.
+
+That is, this probability
+distribution for the number of
+
+arrivals only depends on the
+length of the interval, but
+
+not the exact location of the
+interval on the time axis.
+
+That is, if I take an interval
+of length tau, and I ask about
+
+the number of arrivals
+in this interval.
+
+And I take another interval of
+length tau, and I ask about
+
+the number of arrivals
+during that interval.
+
+Number of arrivals here, and
+number of arrivals there have
+
+the same probability
+distribution, which is
+
+denoted this way.
+
+So the statistical behavior of
+arrivals here is the same as
+
+the statistical behavioral
+of arrivals there.
+
+What's the relation with
+the Bernoulli process?
+
+It's very much like
+the assumption--
+
+the Bernoulli process--
+
+that in different slots,
+we have the same
+
+probability of success.
+
+Every slot looks
+probabilistically
+
+as any other slot.
+
+So similarly here, any interval
+of length tau looks
+
+probabilistically as any other
+interval of length tau.
+
+And the number of arrivals
+during that interval is a
+
+random variable described
+by these probabilities.
+
+Number of arrivals here is a
+random variable described by
+
+these same probabilities.
+
+So that's our first
+assumption.
+
+Then what else?
+
+In the Bernoulli process we
+had the assumption that
+
+different time slots were
+independent of each other.
+
+Here we do not have time slots,
+but we can still think
+
+in a similar way and impose the
+following assumption, that
+
+these joint time intervals are
+statistically independent.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+Does a random number of arrivals
+during this interval,
+
+and the random number of
+arrivals during this interval,
+
+and the random number of
+
+arrivals during this interval--
+
+so these are three different
+random variables--
+
+these three random variables are
+independent of each other.
+
+How many arrivals we got here
+is independent from how many
+
+arrivals we got there.
+
+So this is similar to saying
+that different time slots were
+
+independent.
+
+That's what we did
+in discrete time.
+
+The continuous time analog is
+this independence assumption.
+
+So for example, in particular,
+number of arrivals here is
+
+independent from the number
+of arrivals there.
+
+So these are two basic
+assumptions about the process.
+
+Now in order to write down a
+formula, eventually, about
+
+this probability
+distribution--
+
+which is our next objective, we
+would like to say something
+
+specific about this
+distribution
+
+of number of arrivals--
+
+we need to add a little more
+structure into the problem.
+
+And we're going to make the
+following assumption.
+
+If we look at the time interval
+of length delta--
+
+and delta now is supposed to
+be a small number, so a
+
+picture like this--
+
+during a very small time
+interval, there is a
+
+probability that we get exactly
+one arrival, which is
+
+lambda times delta.
+
+Delta is the length of the
+interval and lambda is a
+
+proportionality factor, which
+is sort of the intensity of
+
+the arrival process.
+
+Bigger lambda means that a
+little interval is more likely
+
+to get an arrival.
+
+So there's a probability lambda
+
+times delta of 1 arrival.
+
+The remaining probability
+goes to 0 arrivals.
+
+And when delta is small, the
+probability of 2 arrivals can
+
+be approximated by 0.
+
+So this is a description
+of what happens during
+
+a small, tiny slot.
+
+Now this is something that's
+supposed to be true in some
+
+limiting sense, when delta
+is very small.
+
+So the exact version of this
+statement would be that this
+
+is an equality, plus order
+of delta squared terms.
+
+So this is an approximate
+equality.
+
+And what approximation means is
+that in the limit of small
+
+deltas, the dominant terms--
+
+the constant and the first order
+term are given by this.
+
+Now when delta is very small,
+second order terms in delta do
+
+not matter.
+
+They are small compared
+to first order terms.
+
+So we ignore this.
+
+So you can either think in terms
+of an exact relation,
+
+which is the probabilities are
+given by this, plus delta
+
+squared terms.
+
+Or if you want to be a little
+more loose, you just write
+
+here, as an approximate
+equality.
+
+And the understanding is that
+this equality holds--
+
+approximately becomes more
+and more correct as
+
+delta goes to 0.
+
+So another version of that
+statement would be that if you
+
+take the limit as delta goes to
+0, of p, the probability of
+
+having 1 arrival in an interval
+of length delta,
+
+divided by delta, this
+is equal to lambda.
+
+So that would be one version of
+an exact statement of what
+
+we are assuming here.
+
+So this lambda, we call it the
+arrival rate, or the intensity
+
+of the process.
+
+And clearly, if you double
+lambda, then a little interval
+
+is likely --
+
+you expect to get --
+
+the probability of obtaining
+an arrival during that
+
+interval has doubled.
+
+So in some sense we have twice
+as intense arrival process.
+
+If you look at the number
+of arrivals during delta
+
+interval, what is the expected
+value of that random variable?
+
+Well with probability lambda
+delta we get 1 arrival.
+
+And with the remaining
+
+probability, we get 0 arrivals.
+
+So it's just lambda
+times delta.
+
+So expected number of arrivals
+during a little interval is
+
+lambda times delta.
+
+So expected number of arrivals
+is proportional to lambda, and
+
+that's again why we call lambda
+the arrival rate.
+
+If you send delta to the
+denominator in this equality,
+
+it tells you that lambda is
+the expected number of
+
+arrivals per unit time.
+
+So the arrival rate is expected
+number of arrivals
+
+per unit time.
+
+And again, that justifies why
+we call lambda the intensity
+
+of this process.
+
+All right.
+
+So where are we now?
+
+For the Bernoulli process, the
+number of arrivals during a
+
+given interval of length n had
+the PMF that we knew it was
+
+the binomial PMF.
+
+What is the formula for the
+corresponding PMF for the
+
+continuous time process?
+
+Somehow we would like to use
+our assumptions and come up
+
+with the formula for
+this quantity.
+
+So this tells us about the
+distribution of number of
+
+arrivals during an interval
+of some general length.
+
+We have made assumptions about
+the number of arrivals during
+
+an interval of small length.
+
+An interval of big length is
+composed of many intervals of
+
+small length, so maybe this
+is the way to go.
+
+Take a big interval, and split
+it into many intervals of
+
+small length.
+
+So we have here our time axis.
+
+And we have an interval
+of length tau.
+
+And I'm going to split it into
+lots of little intervals of
+
+length delta.
+
+So how many intervals are
+we going to have?
+
+The number of intervals is going
+to be the total time,
+
+divided by delta.
+
+Now what happens during each one
+of these little intervals?
+
+As long as the intervals are
+small, what you have is that
+
+during an interval, you're
+going to have
+
+either 0 or 1 arrival.
+
+The probability of more than
+1 arrival during a little
+
+interval is negligible.
+
+So with this picture, you have
+essentially a Bernoulli
+
+process that consists
+of so many trials.
+
+And during each one of those
+trials, we have a probability
+
+of success, which is
+lambda times delta.
+
+Different little intervals
+here are
+
+independent of each other.
+
+That's one of our assumptions,
+that these joint time
+
+intervals are independent.
+
+So approximately, what we have
+is a Bernoulli process.
+
+We have independence.
+
+We have the number of
+slots of interest.
+
+And during each one of the
+slots we have a certain
+
+probability of success.
+
+So if we think of this as
+another good approximation of
+
+the Poisson process--
+
+with the approximation becoming
+more and more
+
+accurate as delta goes to 0 --
+
+what we should do would be to
+take the formula for the PMF
+
+of number of arrivals in a
+Bernoulli process, and then
+
+take the limit as
+delta goes to 0.
+
+So in the Bernoulli process, the
+probability of k arrivals
+
+is n choose k, and then
+you have p to the k.
+
+Now in our case, we have here
+lambda times delta, delta is
+
+tau over n.
+
+Delta is tau over n, so p is
+lambda times tau divided by n.
+
+So here's our p --
+
+Lambda tau over n --
+
+to the power k, and then times
+one minus this-- this is our
+
+one minus p--
+
+to the power n-k.
+
+So this is the exact formula
+for the Bernoulli process.
+
+For the Poisson process, what we
+do is we take that formula
+
+and we let delta go to 0.
+
+As delta goes to 0, n
+goes to infinity.
+
+So that's the limit
+that we're taking.
+
+On the other hand, this
+expression lambda times tau--
+
+lambda times tau, what
+is it going to be?
+
+Lambda times tau is equal
+to n times p.
+
+n times p, is that
+what I want?
+
+No, let's see.
+
+Lambda tau is np.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So lambda tau is np.
+
+All right.
+
+So we have this relation,
+lambda tau equals np.
+
+These two numbers being equal
+kind of makes sense. np is the
+
+expected number of successes
+you're going to get in the
+
+Bernoulli process.
+
+Lambda tau--
+
+since lambda is the arrival rate
+and you have a total time
+
+of tau, lambda tau you can think
+of it as the number of
+
+expected arrivals in the
+Bernoulli process.
+
+We're doing a Bernoulli
+approximation
+
+to the Poisson process.
+
+We take the formula for the
+Bernoulli, and now take the
+
+limit as n goes to infinity.
+
+Now lambda tau over n is equal
+to p, so it's clear what this
+
+term is going to give us.
+
+This is just p to the power k.
+
+It will actually take a little
+more work than that.
+
+Now I'm not going to do the
+algebra, but I'm just telling
+
+you that one can take the limit
+in this formula here, as
+
+n goes to infinity.
+
+And that will give you another
+formula, the final formula for
+
+the Poisson PMF.
+
+One thing to notice is that here
+you have something like 1
+
+minus a constant over
+n, to the power n.
+
+And you may recall from calculus
+a formula of this
+
+kind, that this converges
+to e to the minus c.
+
+If you remember that formula
+from calculus, then you will
+
+expect that here, in the limit,
+you are going to get
+
+something like an e to
+the minus lambda tau.
+
+So indeed, we will
+get such a term.
+
+There is some work that needs
+to be done to find the limit
+
+of this expression, times
+that expression.
+
+The algebra is not hard,
+it's in the text.
+
+Let's not spend more
+time doing this.
+
+But let me just give you
+the formula of what
+
+comes at the end.
+
+And the formula that comes at
+the end is of this form.
+
+So what matters here is not so
+much the specific algebra that
+
+you will do to go from this
+formula to that one.
+
+It's kind of straightforward.
+
+What's important is the idea
+that the Poisson process, by
+
+definition, can be approximated
+by a Bernoulli
+
+process in which we have a very
+large number of slots--
+
+n goes to infinity.
+
+Whereas we have a very small
+probability of success during
+
+each time slot.
+
+So a large number of slots,
+but tiny probability of
+
+success during each slot.
+
+And we take the limit
+as the slots
+
+become smaller and smaller.
+
+So with this approximation
+we end up with
+
+this particular formula.
+
+And this is the so-called
+Poisson PMF.
+
+Now this function P here --
+
+has two arguments.
+
+The important thing to realize
+is that when you think of this
+
+as a PMF, you fix t to tau.
+
+And for a fixed tau,
+now this is a PMF.
+
+As I said before, the sum over
+k has to be equal to 1.
+
+So for a given tau, these
+probabilities add up to 1.
+
+The formula is moderately messy,
+but not too messy.
+
+One can work with it without
+too much pain.
+
+And what's the mean and
+variance of this PMF?
+
+Well what's the expected
+number of arrivals?
+
+If you think of this Bernoulli
+analogy, we know that the
+
+expected number of arrivals
+in the Bernoulli
+
+process is n times p.
+
+In the approximation that
+we're using in these
+
+procedure, n times p is the
+same as lambda tau.
+
+And that's why we get lambda tau
+to be the expected number
+
+of arrivals.
+
+Here I'm using t
+instead of tau.
+
+The expected number of
+arrivals is lambda t.
+
+So if you double the time,
+you expect to get
+
+twice as many arrivals.
+
+If you double the arrival rate,
+you expect to get twice
+
+as many arrivals.
+
+How about the formula
+for the variance?
+
+The variance of the Bernoulli
+process is np,
+
+times one minus p.
+
+What does this go
+to in the limit?
+
+In the limit that we're taking,
+as delta goes to zero,
+
+then p also goes to zero.
+
+The probability of success in
+any given slot goes to zero.
+
+So this term becomes
+insignificant.
+
+So this becomes n times p, which
+is again lambda t, or
+
+lambda tau.
+
+So the variance, instead of
+having this more complicated
+
+formula of the variance is the
+Bernoulli process, here it
+
+gets simplified and
+it's lambda t.
+
+So interestingly, the variance
+in the Poisson process is
+
+exactly the same as the
+expected value.
+
+So you can look at this as
+just some interesting
+
+coincidence.
+
+So now we're going to take
+this formula and
+
+see how to use it.
+
+First we're going to do
+a completely trivial,
+
+straightforward example.
+
+So 15 years ago when that
+example was made, email was
+
+coming at a rate of five
+messages per hour.
+
+I wish that was the
+case today.
+
+And now emails that are coming
+in, let's say during the day--
+
+the arrival rates of emails
+are probably different in
+
+different times of the day.
+
+But if you fix a time slot,
+let's say 1:00 to 2:00 in the
+
+afternoon, there's probably
+a constant rate.
+
+And email arrivals are
+reasonably well modeled by a
+
+Poisson process.
+
+Speaking of modeling, it's
+not just email arrivals.
+
+Whenever arrivals happen in a
+completely random way, without
+
+any additional structure, the
+Poisson process is a good
+
+model of these arrivals.
+
+So the times at which car
+accidents will happen, that's
+
+a Poisson processes.
+
+If you have a very, very weak
+light source that's shooting
+
+out photons, just one at a time,
+the times at which these
+
+photons will go out is
+well modeled again
+
+by a Poisson process.
+
+So it's completely random.
+
+Or if you have a radioactive
+material where one atom at a
+
+time changes at random times.
+
+So it's a very slow
+radioactive decay.
+
+The time at which these alpha
+particles, or whatever we get
+
+emitted, again is going
+to be described
+
+by a Poisson process.
+
+So if you have arrivals, or
+emissions, that happen at
+
+completely random times, and
+once in a while you get an
+
+arrival or an event, then the
+Poisson process is a very good
+
+model for these events.
+
+So back to emails.
+
+Get them at a rate of five
+messages per day, per hour.
+
+In 30 minutes this
+is half an hour.
+
+So what we have is that
+lambda t, total
+
+number of arrivals is--
+
+the expected number
+of arrivals is--
+
+lambda is five, t is one-half,
+if we talk about hours.
+
+So lambda t is two to the 0.5.
+
+The probability of no new
+messages is the probability of
+
+zero, in time interval of length
+t, which, in our case,
+
+is one-half.
+
+And then we look back into the
+formula from the previous
+
+slide, and the probability of
+zero arrivals is lambda t to
+
+the power zero, divided by zero
+factorial, and then an e
+
+to the lambda t.
+
+And you plug in the numbers
+that we have.
+
+Lambda t to the zero
+power is one.
+
+Zero factorial is one.
+
+So we're left with e
+to the minus 2.5.
+
+And that number is 0.08.
+
+Similarly, you can ask for the
+probability that you get
+
+exactly one message
+in half an hour.
+
+And that would be-- the
+probability of one message in
+
+one-half an hour--
+
+is going to be lambda t to the
+first power, divided by 1
+
+factorial, e to the minus
+lambda t, which--
+
+as we now get the extra lambda t
+factor-- is going to be 2.5,
+
+e to the minus 2.5.
+
+And the numerical
+answer is 0.20.
+
+So this is how you use the PMF
+formula for the Poisson
+
+distribution that we had
+in the previous slide.
+
+All right.
+
+So this was all about
+the distribution of
+
+the number of arrivals.
+
+What else did we do last time?
+
+Last time we also talked about
+the time it takes until the
+
+k-th arrival.
+
+OK.
+
+So let's try to figure out
+something about this
+
+particular distribution.
+
+We can derive the distribution
+of the time of the k-th
+
+arrival by using the
+exact same argument
+
+as we did last time.
+
+So now the time of the
+k-th arrival is a
+
+continuous random variable.
+
+So it has a PDF.
+
+Since we are in continuous
+time, arrivals can
+
+happen at any time.
+
+So Yk is a continuous
+random variable.
+
+But now let's think of
+a time interval of
+
+length little delta.
+
+And use our usual interpretation
+of PDFs.
+
+The PDF of a random variable
+evaluated at a certain time
+
+times delta, this is the
+probability that the Yk falls
+
+in this little interval.
+
+So as I've said before, this
+is the best way of thinking
+
+about PDFs.
+
+PDFs give you probabilities
+of little intervals.
+
+So now let's try to calculate
+this probability.
+
+For the k-th arrival to happen
+inside this little interval,
+
+we need two things.
+
+We need an arrival to happen in
+this interval, and we need
+
+k minus one arrivals to happen
+during that interval.
+
+OK.
+
+You'll tell me, but it's
+possible that we might have
+
+the k minus one arrival happen
+here, and the k-th arrival to
+
+happen here.
+
+In principle, that's possible.
+
+But in the limit, when we take
+delta very small, the
+
+probability of having two
+arrivals in the same little
+
+slot is negligible.
+
+So assuming that no two arrivals
+can happen in the
+
+same mini slot, then for the
+k-th one to happen here, we
+
+must have k minus one during
+this interval.
+
+Now because we have assumed that
+these joint intervals are
+
+independent of each other,
+this breaks down into the
+
+probability that we have exactly
+k minus one arrivals,
+
+during the interval from zero to
+t, times the probability of
+
+exactly one arrival during that
+little interval, which is
+
+lambda delta.
+
+We do have a formula for this
+from the previous slide, which
+
+is lambda t, to the k minus 1,
+over k minus one factorial,
+
+times e to minus lambda t.
+
+And then lambda times delta.
+
+Did I miss something?
+
+Yeah, OK.
+
+All right.
+
+And now you cancel this
+delta with that delta.
+
+And that gives us a formula for
+the PDF of the time until
+
+the k-th arrival.
+
+This PDF, of course, depends
+on the number k.
+
+The first arrival is going
+to happen somewhere in
+
+this range of time.
+
+So this is the PDF
+that it has.
+
+The second arrival, of course,
+is going to happen later.
+
+And the PDF is this.
+
+So it's more likely to happen
+around these times.
+
+The third arrival has this PDF,
+so it's more likely to
+
+happen around those times.
+
+And if you were to take
+k equal to 100,
+
+you might get a PDF--
+
+it's extremely unlikely that
+the k-th arrival happens in
+
+the beginning, and it might
+happen somewhere down there,
+
+far into the future.
+
+So depending on which particular
+arrival we're
+
+talking about, it has a
+different probability
+
+distribution.
+
+The time of the 100th arrival,
+of course, is expected to be a
+
+lot larger than the time
+of the first arrival.
+
+Incidentally, the time of the
+first arrival has a PDF whose
+
+form is quite simple.
+
+If you let k equal to one here,
+this term disappears.
+
+That term becomes a one.
+
+You're left with just lambda,
+e to the minus lambda.
+
+And you recognize it, it's the
+exponential distribution.
+
+So the time until the first
+arrival in a Poisson process
+
+is an exponential
+distribution.
+
+What was the time of the
+first arrival in
+
+the Bernoulli process?
+
+It was a geometric
+distribution.
+
+Well, not coincidentally, these
+two look quite a bit
+
+like the other.
+
+A geometric distribution
+has this kind of shape.
+
+The exponential distribution
+has that kind of shape.
+
+The geometric is just a discrete
+version of the
+
+exponential.
+
+In the Bernoulli case, we
+are in discrete time.
+
+We have a PMF for the
+time of the first
+
+arrival, which is geometric.
+
+In the Poisson case, what we
+get is the limit of the
+
+geometric as you let those
+lines become closer and
+
+closer, which gives you the
+exponential distribution.
+
+Now the Poisson process shares
+all the memorylessness
+
+properties of the Bernoulli
+process.
+
+And the way one can argue is
+just in terms of this picture.
+
+Since the Poisson process is
+the limit of Bernoulli
+
+processes, whatever qualitative
+processes you have
+
+in the Bernoulli process
+remain valid
+
+for the Poisson process.
+
+In particular we have this
+memorylessness property.
+
+You let the Poisson process run
+for some time, and then
+
+you start watching it.
+
+What ever happened in
+the past has no
+
+bearing about the future.
+
+Starting from right now, what's
+going to happen in the
+
+future is described again by a
+Poisson process, in the sense
+
+that during every little slot of
+length delta, there's going
+
+to be a probability of lambda
+delta of having an arrival.
+
+And that probably lambda
+delta is the same-- is
+
+always lambda delta--
+
+no matter what happened in
+the past of the process.
+
+And in particular, we could use
+this argument to say that
+
+the time until the k-th arrival
+is the time that it
+
+takes for the first
+arrival to happen.
+
+OK, let me do it for
+k equal to two.
+
+And then after the first arrival
+happens, you wait a
+
+certain amount of time until
+the second arrival happens.
+
+Now once the first arrival
+happened, that's in the past.
+
+You start watching.
+
+From now on you have mini slots
+of length delta, each
+
+one having a probability of
+success lambda delta.
+
+It's as if we started the
+Poisson process from scratch.
+
+So starting from that time,
+the time until the next
+
+arrival is going to be again an
+exponential distribution,
+
+which doesn't care about what
+happened in the past, how long
+
+it took you for the
+first arrival.
+
+So these two random variables
+are going to be independent
+
+and exponential, with the
+same parameter lambda.
+
+So among other things, what we
+have done here is we have
+
+essentially derived the PDF of
+the sum of k independent
+
+exponentials.
+
+The time of the k-th arrival
+is the sum of k
+
+inter-arrival times.
+
+The inter-arrival times are all
+independent of each other
+
+because of memorylessness.
+
+And they all have the same
+exponential distribution.
+
+And by the way, this
+gives you a way to
+
+simulate the Poisson process.
+
+If you wanted to simulate it
+on your computer, you would
+
+have one option to break time
+into tiny, tiny slots.
+
+And for every tiny slot, use
+your random number generator
+
+to decide whether there
+was an arrival or not.
+
+To get it very accurate,
+you would have to
+
+use tiny, tiny slots.
+
+So that would be a lot
+of computation.
+
+The more clever way of
+simulating the Poisson process
+
+is you use your random number
+generator to generate a sample
+
+from an exponential distribution
+and call that
+
+your first arrival time.
+
+Then go back to the random
+number generator, generate
+
+another independent sample,
+again from the same
+
+exponential distribution.
+
+That's the time between the
+first and the second arrival,
+
+and you keep going that way.
+
+So as a sort of a
+quick summary,
+
+this is the big picture.
+
+This table doesn't tell
+you anything new.
+
+But it's good to have it as a
+reference, and to look at it,
+
+and to make sure you understand
+what all the
+
+different boxes are.
+
+Basically the Bernoulli process
+runs in discrete time.
+
+The Poisson process runs
+in continuous time.
+
+There's an analogy of arrival
+rates, p per trial, or
+
+intensity per unit time.
+
+We did derive, or sketched the
+derivation for the PMF of the
+
+number of arrivals.
+
+And the Poisson distribution,
+which is the distribution that
+
+we get, this Pk of t.
+
+Pk and t is the limit of the
+binomial when we take the
+
+limit in this particular way,
+as delta goes to zero, and n
+
+goes to infinity.
+
+The geometric becomes an
+exponential in the limit.
+
+And the distribution of the
+time of the k-th arrival--
+
+we had a closed form formula
+last time for
+
+the Bernoulli process.
+
+We got the closed form
+formula this time
+
+for the Poisson process.
+
+And we actually used exactly the
+same argument to get these
+
+two closed form formulas.
+
+All right.
+
+So now let's talk about adding
+or merging Poisson processes.
+
+And there's two statements
+that we can make here.
+
+One has to do with adding
+Poisson random variables, just
+
+random variables.
+
+There's another statement about
+
+adding Poisson processes.
+
+And the second is a bigger
+statement than the first.
+
+But this is a warm up.
+
+Let's work with the
+first statement.
+
+So the claim is that the sum of
+independent Poisson random
+
+variables is Poisson.
+
+OK.
+
+So suppose that we have a
+Poisson process with rate--
+
+just for simplicity--
+
+lambda one.
+
+And I take the interval
+from zero to two.
+
+And that take then the interval
+from two until five.
+
+The number of arrivals during
+this interval--
+
+let's call it n from
+zero to two--
+
+is going to be a Poisson
+random variable, with
+
+parameter, or with mean, two.
+
+The number of arrivals during
+this interval is n from time
+
+two until five.
+
+This is again a Poisson random
+variable with mean equal to
+
+three, because the arrival rate
+is 1 and the duration of
+
+the interval is three.
+
+These two random variables
+are independent.
+
+They obey the Poisson
+distribution
+
+that we derived before.
+
+If you add them, what you get
+is the number of arrivals
+
+during the interval
+from zero to five.
+
+Now what kind of distribution
+does this
+
+random variable have?
+
+Well this is the number of
+arrivals over an interval of a
+
+certain length in a
+Poisson process.
+
+Therefore, this is also Poisson
+with mean five.
+
+Because for the Poisson process
+we know that this
+
+number of arrivals is Poisson,
+this is Poisson, but also the
+
+number of overall arrivals
+is also Poisson.
+
+This establishes that the sum
+of a Poisson plus a Poisson
+
+random variable gives
+us another
+
+Poisson random variable.
+
+So adding Poisson random
+variables gives us a Poisson
+
+random variable.
+
+But now I'm going to make a more
+general statement that
+
+it's not just number
+of arrivals during
+
+a fixed time interval--
+
+it's not just numbers of
+arrivals for given time
+
+intervals--
+
+but rather if you take two
+different Poisson processes
+
+and add them up, the process
+itself is Poisson in the sense
+
+that this process is going to
+satisfy all the assumptions of
+
+a Poisson process.
+
+So the story is that you have
+a red bulb that flashes at
+
+random times at the rate
+of lambda one.
+
+It's a Poisson process.
+
+You have an independent process
+where a green bulb
+
+flashes at random times.
+
+And you happen to be color
+blind, so you just see when
+
+something is flashing.
+
+So these two are assumed to be
+independent Poisson processes.
+
+What can we say about the
+process that you observe?
+
+So in the processes that you
+observe, if you take a typical
+
+time interval of length little
+delta, what can happen during
+
+that little time interval?
+
+The red process may have
+something flashing.
+
+So red flashes.
+
+Or the red does not.
+
+And for the other bulb, the
+green bulb, there's two
+
+possibilities.
+
+The green one flashes.
+
+And the other possibility is
+that the green does not.
+
+OK.
+
+So there's four possibilities
+about what can happen during a
+
+little slot.
+
+The probability that the red one
+flashes and the green one
+
+flashes, what is this
+probability?
+
+It's lambda one delta that the
+first one flashes, and lambda
+
+two delta that the
+second one does.
+
+I'm multiplying probabilities
+here because I'm making the
+
+assumption that the two
+processes are independent.
+
+OK.
+
+Now the probability that
+the red one flashes
+
+is lambda one delta.
+
+But the green one doesn't is
+one, minus lambda two delta.
+
+Here the probability would be
+that the red one does not,
+
+times the probability that
+the green one does.
+
+And then here we have the
+probability that none of them
+
+flash, which is whatever
+is left.
+
+But it's one minus lambda
+one delta, times one
+
+minus lambda two delta.
+
+Now we're thinking about
+delta as small.
+
+So think of the case where delta
+goes to zero, but in a
+
+way that we keep the
+first order terms.
+
+We keep the delta terms, but
+we throw away the delta
+
+squared terms.
+
+Delta squared terms are much
+smaller than the delta terms
+
+when delta becomes small.
+
+If we do that--
+
+if we only keep the order
+of delta terms--
+
+this term effectively
+disappears.
+
+This is delta squared.
+
+So we make it zero.
+
+So the probability of having
+simultaneously a red and a
+
+green flash during a little
+interval is negligible.
+
+What do we get here?
+
+Lambda delta times
+one survives, but
+
+this times that doesn't.
+
+So we can throw that away.
+
+So the approximation that we
+get is lambda one delta.
+
+Similarly here, this
+goes away.
+
+We're left with a lambda
+two delta.
+
+And this is whatever remains,
+whatever is left.
+
+So what do we have?
+
+That there is a probability of
+seeing a flash, either a red
+
+or a green, which is
+lambda one delta,
+
+plus lambda two delta.
+
+So if we take a little interval
+of length delta here,
+
+it's going to see an arrival
+with probability approximately
+
+lambda one, plus lambda
+two, delta.
+
+So every slot in this merged
+process has an arrival
+
+probability with a rate which
+is the sum of the rates of
+
+these two processes.
+
+So this is one part
+of the definition
+
+of the Poisson process.
+
+There's a few more things that
+one would need to verify.
+
+Namely, that intervals of the
+same length have the same
+
+probability distribution and
+that different slots are
+
+independent of each other.
+
+This can be argued by starting
+from here because different
+
+intervals in this process are
+independent from each other.
+
+Different intervals here are
+independent from each other.
+
+It's not hard to argue that
+different intervals in the
+
+merged process will also be
+independent of each other.
+
+So the conclusion that comes
+at the end is that this
+
+process is a Poisson process,
+with a total rate which is
+
+equal to the sum of the rate
+of the two processes.
+
+And now if I tell you that an
+arrival happened in the merged
+
+process at a certain time,
+how likely is it that
+
+it came from here?
+
+How likely is it?
+
+We go to this picture.
+
+Given that an arrival
+occurred--
+
+which is the event that this
+or that happened--
+
+what is the probability that
+it came from the first
+
+process, the red one?
+
+Well it's the probability
+of this divided by the
+
+probability of this,
+times that.
+
+Given that this event occurred,
+you want to find the
+
+conditional probability
+of that sub event.
+
+So we're asking the question,
+out of the total probability
+
+of these two, what
+fraction of that
+
+probability is assigned here?
+
+And this is lambda one
+delta, after we
+
+ignore the other terms.
+
+This is lambda two delta.
+
+So that fraction is going to be
+lambda one, over lambda one
+
+plus lambda two.
+
+What does this tell you?
+
+If lambda one and lambda two are
+equal, given that I saw an
+
+arrival here, it's equally
+likely to be red or green.
+
+But if the reds have a much
+higher arrival rate, when I
+
+see an arrival here, it's
+more likely this
+
+number will be large.
+
+So it's more likely to have
+come from the red process.
+
+OK so we'll continue with
+this story and do some
+
+applications next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/k2PjTm1JyuI.txt b/k2PjTm1JyuI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e60007cb66e3efb4ba8462ee5c01336805880819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/k2PjTm1JyuI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3374 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So let's
+get started.
+
+With the quiz out of the way we
+can now move ahead again.
+
+I want to talk a little
+bit about the
+
+major renewal theorem.
+
+Partly review, but partly it's
+something that we need because
+
+we're going on to talk about
+countable-state Markov chains,
+
+and almost all the analysis
+there is based on what happens
+
+when you're dealing with
+renewal processes.
+
+Especially discrete renewal
+processes that are the
+
+renewals when you have
+recurrences from one state to
+
+the same state at some
+later point.
+
+So, in order to do that, we also
+have to talk a little bit
+
+about age and duration at a
+given time instead of in terms
+
+of the sample average, because
+that's sort of essential also.
+
+And it gives you a nice
+interpretation of why these
+
+peculiar things happen about
+duration being so much longer
+
+than it seems like it should be,
+and things of that sort.
+
+We'll probably spend close to
+half the lecture dealing with
+
+that, and the other half dealing
+with countable-state
+
+Markov chains.
+
+We really have three major
+theorems dealing
+
+with renewal processes.
+
+One of them is a sample path
+time average, which we've
+
+called the strong law
+for renewals.
+
+It says that if you look at
+individual sample paths, it
+
+says that the limit as an
+individual sample path, m as
+
+the number of arrivals over that
+sample path if you look
+
+at the limit from 0 to infinity
+of the number of
+
+arrivals divided by time,
+that's 1 over x-bar.
+
+And the set of sample paths
+for which that's true has
+
+probability 1.
+
+That's what that statement
+is supposed to say.
+
+The next one is the elementary
+renewal theorem.
+
+When you look at it carefully,
+that doesn't say anything, or
+
+hardly anything.
+
+All it says is that if you look
+at the limit as t goes to
+
+infinity, and you also take
+the expected value, the
+
+expected value is the number
+of renewals over a period t
+
+divided by t.
+
+In other words, the rate of
+renewals expected value of
+
+that goes to 1 over x-bar.
+
+Also, this is also leading to
+the point of view that the
+
+rate of renewals is 1 over the
+expected value of the expected
+
+in a renewal time.
+
+Now, why doesn't that mean
+anything just by itself?
+
+Well, if you look at a set of
+random variables, which is,
+
+for example, [? zero ?]
+
+most of the time and a very
+large value with a very small
+
+probability.
+
+Suppose we look at a set of non
+IID random variables where
+
+x sub i is equal to 0, the
+probability 1 minus p, and is
+
+equal to some very large value,
+say 1 over p, with
+
+probability p.
+
+Let's make it 1 over
+p squared.
+
+Then, in that case, this doesn't
+tell you anything the
+
+expected value of x sub i if we
+look at x sub i as being n
+
+of t over t.
+
+The expected value of x
+sub i gets very large.
+
+There's a worse thing that can
+happen here though, which is
+
+suppose you have this situation
+where n of t
+
+fluctuates within.
+
+And n of t typically looks like
+t over x-bar plus the
+
+square root of t.
+
+Now, if you look at this,
+I mean this is expected
+
+value of n of t.
+
+And as t wanders around,
+expected value of n of t goes
+
+up linearly the way it's
+supposed to, but it fluctuates
+
+around that point with
+something like
+
+square root of t.
+
+If you divide by t, everything
+is fine, but if you look at n
+
+of t over some large period of
+time, it's going to move all
+
+over the place.
+
+So knowing that the expected
+value of n of t over t is
+
+equal to 1 over x-bar really
+doesn't tell you everything
+
+you'd like to know about
+this kind of process.
+
+And finally, we have Blackwell's
+theorem, which is
+
+getting closer to what
+we'd like to know.
+
+What I'm trying to argue here is
+that, in a sense, the major
+
+theorems, the things that you
+really want to know, there's a
+
+strong law and the strong law
+says with probability 1 all
+
+these paths behave
+in the same way.
+
+And Blackwell's theorem, if
+you take m of t as the
+
+expected value of n of t, that's
+the thing which might
+
+wander all over the
+place here.
+
+Blackwell says that if the
+inter-renewal interval is an
+
+arithmetic random variable,
+namely if it only takes on
+
+values that integers time some
+span called lambda then the
+
+limit of the expected value of
+n of t plus lambda, namely 1
+
+unit beyond where we start,
+minus the expected value of t
+
+is lambda over x-bar.
+
+It says you only move up each
+unit of time by a constant
+
+here divided by x-bar.
+
+If you look at this long term
+behavior, you're still moving
+
+up at a rate of 1 over x-bar.
+
+But since you can only have
+jumps at intervals of lambda,
+
+that's what causes that
+lambda there.
+
+Most of the time when we try
+to look at what's going on
+
+here, and for most of the
+examples that we want to look
+
+at, we'll just set lambda
+equal to 1.
+
+Especially when we look
+at Markov chains.
+
+For Markov chains you only get
+changes every step of the
+
+Markov chain, and you might as
+well visualize steps of a
+
+Markov chain as being
+at unit times
+
+AUDIENCE: I didn't quite
+catch the point
+
+of the first example.
+
+What was the point of that?
+
+You said the elementary renewal
+theorem [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, the point in this
+example is, you might not
+
+even have an expectation, but at
+the same time this kind of
+
+situation is a situation where
+n of t effectively moves up.
+
+Well, n of t over t effectively
+moves up at a nice
+
+regular way, and you have a
+strong law there, you have a
+
+weak law there, but you don't
+have the situation you want.
+
+Namely, looking at an expected
+value does not always tell you
+
+everything you'd like to know.
+
+I'm saying there's more to life
+than expected values.
+
+And this one says the other
+thing that if you look over
+
+time you're going to have things
+wobble around quite a
+
+bit, and Blackwell's theorem
+says, yes that wobbling around
+
+can occur over time, but it
+doesn't happen very fast.
+
+The second one here
+is kind of funny.
+
+This is probably why this is
+called somebody's theorem
+
+instead of some lemma that
+everybody's known since the
+
+17th century.
+
+Blackwell was still
+doing research.
+
+About 10 years ago, I heard him
+give a lecture in the math
+
+department here.
+
+He was not ancient at that time,
+so this was probably
+
+then sometime around the '50s
+or '60s, back when Blackwell
+
+did a lot of work on stochastic
+
+processes was being done.
+
+The reason why this result
+is not trivial is because
+
+of this part here.
+
+If you have a renewal process
+where some renewals occur, say
+
+with interval 1, and some
+renewals occur with interval
+
+pi is a good example of it.
+
+Then as t gets larger and
+larger, the set of times at
+
+which renewals can occur becomes
+more and more dense.
+
+But along with it becoming more
+and more dense, the jumps
+
+you get at each one of those
+times gets smaller and
+
+smaller, and pretty soon n of t,
+this expected value of n of
+
+t, is looking like something
+which, if you don't have your
+
+glasses on, it looks like it's
+going up exactly the way it
+
+should be going up, but if you
+put your glasses on you see an
+
+enormous amount of fine
+structure there.
+
+And the fine structure
+never goes away.
+
+We'll talk more about that
+in the next slide.
+
+You can really look at this in
+a much simpler way, it's just
+
+that people like to look at
+the expected number of
+
+renewals at different times.
+
+Since renewals can only occur
+at time separated by lambda,
+
+and since you can't have two
+renewals at a time, the only
+
+question is, do you get a
+renewal at m lambda or don't
+
+you got a renewal at m lambda?
+
+And therefore this limit here,
+a limit of m of t plus lambda
+
+minus m of t, is really the
+question of whether you've
+
+gotten a renewal at
+t plus lambda.
+
+So, you can rewrite this
+condition as the limit of the
+
+probability of a renewal
+at m lambda as equal
+
+to lambda over x-bar.
+
+What happens with the
+scaling here?
+
+I mean, is this scaling right?
+
+Well, the expected time between
+
+renewals is 1 over x-bar.
+
+If I take this renewal process
+and I scale it, measuring it
+
+in milliseconds instead
+of seconds,
+
+what's going to happen?
+
+1 over x-bar is going to change
+by a factor of 1,000.
+
+You really want lambda to change
+by a factor of 1,000,
+
+because the probability of a
+jump at one of these possible
+
+places for a jump is
+still the same.
+
+So you need a lambda over
+the x-bar here.
+
+If you model an arithmetic
+renewal process as a Markov
+
+chain, starting in renewal state
+0, this essentially says
+
+that p sub 0, 0 the probability
+of going from 0 to
+
+0 and in steps is
+some constant.
+
+I mean, calling pi 0, which is
+just what we've always called
+
+it, and pi 0 has to be, in this
+case, lambda over x-bar
+
+or 1 over x-bar.
+
+But what it's saying is that
+this reaches a constant.
+
+You know, that's the hard
+thing to prove.
+
+It's not hard to find
+this number.
+
+It's hard to prove that it does
+reach a limit, and that's
+
+the same thing that you're
+trying to prove here, so this
+
+and this are really saying
+the same thing.
+
+That the probability of renewal
+at m lambda is lambda
+
+over x-bar, and expected value
+of renewals at a given time is
+
+also 1 over x-bar.
+
+So, that's really the best
+you could hope for.
+
+If you look at the
+non-arithmetic case, I think
+
+one way of understanding it is
+to take the results that we
+
+had before, which we stated as
+part of Blackwell's theorem,
+
+which is this one.
+
+Divide both sides by delta
+and see what happens.
+
+If you divide m of t plus delta
+minus m of t by delta,
+
+it looks like you're trying
+to go to a limit and get a
+
+derivative.
+
+We know we can't get
+a derivative.
+
+So, what's going on then?
+
+It says for any delta that you
+want the limit as t goes to
+
+infinity of this ratio has
+to be 1 over x-bar.
+
+So, it says that if you take the
+limit as delta goes to 0
+
+of this quantity here, you
+still get 1 over x-bar.
+
+But this is a good example of
+the case where you really
+
+can't interchange these
+two limits.
+
+This is not a mathematical
+fine point.
+
+I mean, this is something that
+really cuts to the grain of
+
+what renewal processes
+are all about.
+
+So, you really ought to think
+through on your own why this
+
+makes sense when you take the
+limit as delta goes to 0 after
+
+you take this limit, whereas if
+you try to interchange the
+
+limits then you'd be trying to
+say you're taking the limit as
+
+t approaches infinity of a
+derivative here, and there
+
+isn't any derivative,
+so there isn't any
+
+limit, so nothing works.
+
+Let's look a little bit at age
+and duration at a particular
+
+value of t.
+
+Because we looked at age and
+duration only in terms of
+
+sample paths, and we went to
+the limit and we got very
+
+surprising results.
+
+We found out that the expected
+age was the expected value of
+
+the inter-renewal interval
+squared divided by the
+
+expected value of the
+inter-renewal interval all
+
+divided by 2, which didn't
+seem to make any sense.
+
+Because the inter-renewal time
+was just this random variable
+
+x, the expected inter-renewal
+time is x-bar.
+
+And yet you have this
+enormous duration.
+
+And we sort of motivated this
+in a number of ways.
+
+We drew some pictures and all of
+that, but it didn't really
+
+come together.
+
+When we look at this way
+I think it will come
+
+together for you.
+
+So let's assume an arithmetic
+renewal process will span 1.
+
+I partly want to look at an
+arithmetic process because
+
+it's much easier mathematically,
+and partly
+
+because that's the kind of thing
+we'll be interested in
+
+going to Markov chains with a
+countable number of states.
+
+You're looking at an integer
+value of t, z of t which is
+
+the age of time t is how long
+it's been since the last
+
+renewal occurred.
+
+So the age at time t is t minus
+s of 2, in this case,
+
+and in general it's
+t minus s sub n.
+
+So that's what the age is.
+
+The duration x tilde of t, is
+going to be the interval from
+
+this last renewal up to the
+next renewal after t.
+
+So, I've written
+this out here.
+
+x tilde of t is the
+renewal time for
+
+the n of t-th renewal.
+
+n of t is this value here.
+
+So what we're doing is we're
+looking at how long it takes
+
+to get from here to here.
+
+If I tell you that this interval
+starts here, this
+
+distribution here, we'll have
+the distribution of x of t.
+
+If all I tell you is we're
+looking around t for the
+
+previous interval in the
+next interval, then
+
+it's something different.
+
+How do we make sense
+out of this?
+
+Well, this is the picture that
+will make sense out it for
+
+you, so I hope this
+makes sense.
+
+If you look at an integer value
+of t, the z of t this
+
+age is going to be some
+integer greater
+
+than or equal to 0.
+
+Is it possible for
+the age to be 0?
+
+Yes, of course it is, because
+t is some integer value.
+
+An arrival could have just come
+in at time t, and then
+
+the age is 0.
+
+The time from 1 renewal until
+the next has to be at least 1,
+
+because you only get renewals
+in at integer times, and you
+
+can have two renewals
+at the same time.
+
+So x tilde of t has to
+be bigger than 1.
+
+How do we express this
+in a different way?
+
+Well, let's let q sub j be the
+probability this is an
+
+arrival at time j.
+
+If you want to write that down
+with an equation, it's the sum
+
+over all n greater than or equal
+to 1 of the probability
+
+that the n-th arrival
+occurs at time j.
+
+In other words, q sub j is the
+probability that the first
+
+arrival occurs at time j, plus
+the probability that the
+
+second arrival occurs at time
+j, plus the probability a
+
+third arrival occurs
+at time j.
+
+Those are all disjoint events,
+you can't have two
+
+of them be the same.
+
+So this q sub j is just the
+probability that there is an
+
+arrival at time j.
+
+What's that a function of?
+
+It's a function of
+the arrivals that
+
+occur before time j.
+
+And it's independent.
+
+That's how long the next
+arrival takes.
+
+If I tell you, yes, there was an
+arrival here conditional on
+
+the fact that there was
+an arrival here,
+
+which arrival is it?
+
+I'm not talking about t or
+anything else, I'm just
+
+saying, suppose we know there's
+an arrival here.
+
+What you would look at would be
+the previous arrivals, the
+
+previous inter-renewal
+intervals, and in terms of
+
+that you would sort out what
+that probability is.
+
+Then if there's an arrival here,
+what's the probability
+
+that x tilde of t is equal to
+this particular value here?
+
+Well, now this is where the
+argument gets tricky.
+
+q sub j is a probability
+of arrival of time j.
+
+What I maintain is the joint
+probability that z of t is
+
+equal to i and this duration
+here is equal to k.
+
+In other words, this is equal to
+i here, this is equal to k.
+
+The probability of that this q
+of t minus i, in other words,
+
+the probability that this is an
+arrival at time t minus i,
+
+and the probability that this
+inter-renewal interval here
+
+has duration k where the
+restriction is that k has to
+
+be bigger than i.
+
+And that's what's fishy
+about this.
+
+But it's perfectly correct,
+just so long as I stick to
+
+values of i and k, where
+k is bigger than i.
+
+i is the age here and
+x hat is t, x
+
+tilde of t is the duration.
+
+And I can rewrite that joint
+probability as a probability
+
+that we get an arrival here, and
+that the probability the
+
+next arrival takes this
+time x tilde of t.
+
+Now, what we've done with this
+is to replace the idea of
+
+looking at duration with the
+idea of looking at an
+
+inter-renewal interval.
+
+In other words, this probability
+here, this is not
+
+the pmf of x tilde, this
+is the pmf of x itself.
+
+This is the thing we hope we
+understand at this point.
+
+This is what you learned about
+on the first day of
+
+probability theory, when you
+started taking 6041 or
+
+whatever you took.
+
+You started learning about
+random variables, and if they
+
+were discrete random variables
+they had pmf's, and if you had
+
+a sequence of IID random
+variables, this
+
+was the pmf you had.
+
+So this joint probability here
+is really these very simple
+
+things that you already
+understand.
+
+But it's only equal to this for
+i less than or equal to t,
+
+0 less than i, less or equal
+to t, and k greater than i.
+
+This restriction here that how
+far back you go to the last
+
+arrival can't be any more than
+t, it's really sort of a
+
+technical restriction.
+
+I mean, you need it to
+be accurate, but
+
+it's not very important.
+
+The important thing is that
+k has to be bigger than i
+
+because otherwise you get this
+arrival here and it's not
+
+beyond t and therefore it's
+not the interval that
+
+surrounds t, it's some
+other interval.
+
+So, that tells you what you
+need to know about this.
+
+So, the joint probability is
+z of t, and x tilde of t is
+
+equal to i and k, is this
+conventional probability here.
+
+So what we know, there's a q sub
+i as the probability of an
+
+arrival of j that's equal to
+the expected value of an
+
+arrival at j and is equal to
+the expected number of
+
+arrivals that have occurred.
+
+Excuse me, that i there
+should be a j and this
+
+i should be a j.
+
+Oh wait, this is q sub i.
+
+This should be an i and
+this should be an i.
+
+If I'm looking at it on my
+computer and I don't have my
+
+glasses cleaned I can't tell the
+difference between them.
+
+q sub i is the probability
+of an arrival at i.
+
+The expectation of the number
+of arrivals at i is equal to
+
+the expected number of arrivals
+at i minus expected
+
+number of arrivals
+at i minus 1.
+
+So Blackwell says, what i is
+
+asymptotically when i gets large.
+
+He says that the limit as
+t goes to infinity.
+
+I think this thing's
+a little weak.
+
+In fact, it's terribly weak.
+
+So the thing that Blackwell says
+is that q sub i goes to a
+
+constant when i gets
+very large.
+
+Namely he says that the
+probability that you get an
+
+arrival at time i when
+i is very large
+
+is just some constant.
+
+It doesn't depend
+on i anymore.
+
+It wobbles around for a while,
+and then it becomes constant.
+
+This limit here is then 1 over
+x-bar, which is what q sub i
+
+is, times the probability
+of k.
+
+Now, that's very weird because
+what it says is that this
+
+probability does not depend
+on the age at all.
+
+It's just a function
+of the duration.
+
+As a function of the duration,
+it's just p sub x of
+
+k divided by x-bar.
+
+If I go back to what we were
+looking at before, what this
+
+says is if I take this interval
+here and shift it
+
+around, those pairs of points
+will have exactly the same
+
+probability asymptotically.
+
+Now, if you remember what we
+talked about this very vague
+
+idea called random incidents,
+if you look at a sample path
+
+and then you throw a dart at the
+sample path and you say,
+
+what's the duration beyond t,
+what's the duration before t,
+
+this is doing the same thing.
+
+But it's doing it in a very
+exact and precise way.
+
+So, this is really the
+mathematical way to look at
+
+this random instance idea.
+
+And what it's saying, if we go
+back to where we were, that's
+
+telling us the joint probability
+of age and
+
+duration is just a function of
+the inter-renewal interval.
+
+It doesn't depend on
+what i is at all.
+
+It doesn't depend on how long
+it's been since the last
+
+renewal, it only depends
+on the size of the
+
+inter-renewal interval.
+
+So then we say, OK why don't we
+try to find the pmf of age?
+
+How do we do that?
+
+Well, we have this joint
+distribution of z and x with
+
+these constraints on it. k has
+to be bigger than i to make
+
+sure the inter-renewal
+interval covers t.
+
+And you look at that formula
+there, and you say, OK i
+
+travels from 0 up to k minus
+1, and k is going to travel
+
+from i plus 1 all the
+way up to infinity.
+
+So, if I try to look at what the
+probability of the age is,
+
+it's going to be the sum of k
+equals i plus 1 up to infinity
+
+of the joint probability.
+
+Because if I fix what the age
+is I'm just looking at all
+
+possible durations from i plus
+1 all the way up to infinity.
+
+So, the marginal for z of
+t is this complimentary
+
+distribution function
+evaluated at
+
+i divided by x-bar.
+
+That's a little hard
+to visualize.
+
+But if we look at the duration,
+it's a whole lot
+
+easier to visualize and
+see what's going on.
+
+If you want to take the marginal
+of the duration the
+
+pmf the duration is equal
+to k, what is it?
+
+We have to average out over
+z of t, which is the age.
+
+The age can be anything from
+0 up to k minus 1 if we're
+
+looking at a particular
+value of k.
+
+What that is again is this
+diagram here, and x-hat of t
+
+will have a particular value of
+k here, here, here, here,
+
+all the way up to here.
+
+So what we're doing is adding
+up all those values, knowing
+
+exactly what the idea of random
+instance was doing, but
+
+doing it in a nice clean way.
+
+Back to the ranch, it says that
+the limit is t goes to
+
+infinity of x tilde is going
+to be k times pmf of
+
+x divided by x-bar.
+
+You need to divide by x-bar so
+that this is a probability
+
+mass function, and we actually
+had the x-bar there all along.
+
+But if we sum this up over
+k, what do we get?
+
+We get k times the pmf
+of x, which is the
+
+expected value of x.
+
+So, that's all very nice.
+
+But what happens if we try to
+find the expected value of
+
+this duration function here?
+
+That's really no harder,
+the expected
+
+value of the duration.
+
+Here's one of the few places
+where we use pmf's to do
+
+everything.
+
+It's a sum from k equals 1 to
+infinity of k, which is the k
+
+we had before, k times
+px of k over x-bar.
+
+So it's k times kpx of
+k divided by x-bar.
+
+That's k squared times the
+probability mass function of x
+
+divided by x-bar, which is the
+expected value of x squared
+
+divided by the expected
+value of x.
+
+Now, that sounds a little weird
+also, but I think it's a
+
+whole lot less weird than the
+argument using sample paths.
+
+I mean, you can look at this and
+you can track down every
+
+little bit of it, and
+you can be very sure
+
+of what it's saying.
+
+You can find the expected age
+in sort of the same way, and
+
+it's done in the text, and it
+comes out to be expected value
+
+of x squared divided by 2 times
+the expected value of x,
+
+which is exactly what the
+argument was for if you're
+
+looking at the sample
+path point.
+
+But you lose a 1/2.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you look
+at this [INAUDIBLE]
+
+it was for non-arithmetic
+distributions.
+
+And here it's for arithmetic.
+
+So it's always true that the
+[INAUDIBLE], even for
+
+arithmetic?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+The previous argument we went
+through using sample paths was
+
+for arithmetic distribution, as
+non-arithmetic was for any
+
+distribution at all.
+
+This argument here, you have
+to distinguish between
+
+arithmetic and non-arithmetic,
+and you have to distinguish
+
+because they act in very
+different ways.
+
+I mean, if you read the text
+and you read the section on
+
+non-arithmetic random variables,
+you wind up with a
+
+lot of very tedious stuff that's
+going on, a lot of
+
+really having to understand what
+[INAUDIBLE] integration
+
+is all about.
+
+I mean, if you put in densities
+it's all fine, but
+
+if you try to do it for these
+weird distributions which are
+
+discrete but non-arithmetic,
+you really have a lot of
+
+sweating to do to make sure that
+any of this makes sense.
+
+Which is why I'm doing
+it this way.
+
+But, when we do it this
+way we get this extra
+
+factor of 1/2 here.
+
+And where does the factor
+of 1/2 come from?
+
+Well, the factor of 1/2 comes
+from the fact that all of this
+
+argument was looking at a t,
+which has an integer value.
+
+Because we've made t the
+integer, the age could be 0.
+
+If we make t non-integer, then
+the age is going to be
+
+something between 0 and 1.
+
+And in fact, if we look at
+what's happening, what we're
+
+going to find is that the age
+of your integer values into
+
+the 6th, into the
+6th plus one.
+
+And you know from the homework
+that this might have to be 10
+
+to the 20th, but it doesn't
+make any difference.
+
+And now the age here can be 0,
+so the average age is going to
+
+be some value here.
+
+And as you look at larger and
+larger t's, as you go from
+
+this integer to this integer,
+the age is going to increase.
+
+And then at this point
+there might be an
+
+arrival at this point.
+
+This is the probability of
+an arrival at this point.
+
+Then it goes up again.
+
+It goes up exactly
+the same way.
+
+It goes down.
+
+And the value it has at the
+integer is its lowest value,
+
+because we're assuming that
+when you look at the age
+
+you're looking at an age which
+could be 0 if you look at this
+
+particular integer value.
+
+So, where's the problem?
+
+We take the sample average
+over time, and what we're
+
+doing is we're averaging
+over time here.
+
+So, you wind up with this point,
+then you crawl up, then
+
+you go down again, you crawl
+up, you go down again.
+
+And this average, which is the
+thing we found before for the
+
+sample path average, is exactly
+1/2 larger than what
+
+we found here.
+
+So, miraculously these two
+numbers jive, which I find
+
+amazing after all this work.
+
+But they do.
+
+And the fact that you have the
+1/2 there is sort of a check
+
+on the fact that people have
+done the work right, because
+
+nobody would ever imagine that
+was there until they actually
+
+went through it and found it.
+
+That, I think, explains why you
+get these peculiar results
+
+for duration and for age.
+
+At least, I hope it does.
+
+Let's go on to countable-state
+Markov chains.
+
+And the big change that occurs
+when you go to countable-state
+
+chains is what you mean
+by a recurring class.
+
+Before with finite state Markov
+chains, we just blandly
+
+defined a recurrent state of
+the state which had the
+
+property that wherever you
+could go from that state,
+
+there was always some
+way to get back.
+
+And since you had a finite
+number of states, if there was
+
+some place you could go, you're
+always going to get
+
+back to eventually, because
+there was always some path
+
+that had some probability, and
+you keep repeating the
+
+possibility of doing that.
+
+So, you didn't have to
+worry about decision.
+
+Here you do have to
+worry about it.
+
+It's particularly funny if you
+look at a Markov chain model
+
+of a Bernoulli process.
+
+So, a Markov chain model of a
+Bernoulli process, this is a
+
+countable-state process, you
+start out at state 0.
+
+You flip your coin, your loaded
+coin, which comes up 1,
+
+so the probability p and tails
+with probability q, and if it
+
+comes up heads you
+go to state 1.
+
+If it comes up tails, you
+go to state minus 1.
+
+So this state here is really
+the sum of the x of i's.
+
+In other words, it's the number
+of successes minus the
+
+number of failures.
+
+So, we're looking at that sum
+and we're looking at what
+
+happens as time gets
+larger and larger.
+
+So, you go wandering around
+here, moving up with
+
+probability p, moving down the
+probability q, and you sort of
+
+get the idea that this
+is going to diffuse
+
+after a long time.
+
+How do you do that
+mathematically?
+
+And the text writes this
+out carefully.
+
+I don't want to do that here,
+because I think it's important
+
+for you in doing exercises and
+things like that to start to
+
+see these arguments
+automatically.
+
+So, the thing that's going to
+happen as n gets large is that
+
+the variance of this state is
+going to be n times the
+
+variance of a single up or
+down random variable.
+
+You calculate that as 1 minus
+p minus q squared, and if p
+
+and q are both strictly between
+0 and 1, that variance
+
+is always positive.
+
+It can't be negative, you can't
+have negative variance.
+
+But the important thing is it
+keeps increasing within.
+
+So, it says that if you try to
+draw a diagram, if you try to
+
+draw pmf of the probability that
+s sub n is equal to 0, 1,
+
+2, 3, 4, and so forth, what
+it's going to do is n gets
+
+very large.
+
+Because this pmf is going to
+keep scaling outward, and it's
+
+going to scale outwards with
+the square root of n.
+
+And we already know that it
+starts to look Gaussian.
+
+And in particular what I mean
+by looking Gaussian is that
+
+it's going to be a quantized
+version of the Gaussian,
+
+because each time you increase
+by 1 there's a probability
+
+that s sub n equals that
+increased value.
+
+So you're spreading out the
+individual values at each
+
+integer, have to spread,
+have to come down.
+
+They can't do anything else.
+
+If you're spreading a
+distribution out and it's an
+
+integer distribution, you can't
+keep these values the
+
+same as they were before or
+you would have a total
+
+probability, which would
+be growing with the
+
+square root of n.
+
+And the probability that s sub
+n is something is equal to 1.
+
+So as you spread out you have
+this Gaussian distribution
+
+where the variance is growing
+within and where the
+
+probability of each individual
+value is going down as 1 over
+
+the square root of the n.
+
+Now, this is the sort of
+argument which I hope can
+
+become automatic for you,
+because this is the kind of
+
+thing you see in problems and
+it's a big mess to analyze it.
+
+You have to go through a lot of
+work, you have to be very
+
+careful about how you're
+scaling things.
+
+And if you just look at this
+saying, what's going to happen
+
+here as n gets large is that
+this going to be like a
+
+Gaussian distribution, like
+a quantized Gaussian
+
+distribution, and if it
+goes out this way,
+
+it's got to go down.
+
+You can't go out without
+going down.
+
+So, it says that no matter what
+p is and no matter what q
+
+is, so long as neither of them
+are 0, this thing is going to
+
+spread out, and the probability
+that you're in any
+
+particular state after a long
+time is going to 0.
+
+Now, that's not like the
+behavior of finite state
+
+Markov chains.
+
+Because in the finite state
+Markov chains, you have
+
+recurring classes, you have
+steady state probabilities for
+
+those recurring classes.
+
+Here you don't have any steady
+state probability distribution
+
+for this situation.
+
+Because in a steady state every
+state has probability 0,
+
+and those probabilities don't
+add to 1, so you just can't
+
+deal with this in any
+sensible way.
+
+So, here we have a
+countable-state Markov chain,
+
+which doesn't behave at all like
+the finite state Markov
+
+chains we've looked at before.
+
+What's the period of this
+chain, by the way?
+
+I said, here it's equal to
+2, why is it equal to 2?
+
+Well, you start out at an even
+number, s sub n is equal to 0,
+
+after one transition s sub n is
+odd, after two transitions
+
+it's even again, so it keeps
+oscillating between even and
+
+odd, which means there's
+a period of two.
+
+So, we have a situation where
+all states communicate.
+
+The definition of communicate is
+the same as it was before.
+
+There's a path they get from
+here to there, and there's a
+
+path to get back again.
+
+And classes are the same as
+they were before, a set of
+
+states which all communicate
+with each other, are all in
+
+the same class, and if i and j
+communicate, then if j and k
+
+communicate, then there's a path
+to get from i to j and a
+
+path to get from j to k, to the
+path to get from i to k,
+
+to the path to get back again.
+
+So if i and j communicate and
+j and k communicate, then i
+
+and k communicate also,
+which is why you get
+
+classes out of this.
+
+So, we have classes.
+
+What we don't have is anything
+relating to steady state
+
+probabilities, necessarily.
+
+So what we do?
+
+Well, another example, that's
+called a birth-death chain, we
+
+will see this much more often
+than the ugly thing I had in
+
+the last slide.
+
+The ugly thing I had in the
+last slide is really much
+
+simpler, but it's harder
+to analyze.
+
+It's gruesome.
+
+Well, as a matter of fact, we
+probably ought to talk about
+
+this a little further.
+
+Because this does something.
+
+If you pick p equal to 1/2, this
+thing is going to expand
+
+the center of it for any n is
+going to stay at 0, so the
+
+probability of each
+state is going to
+
+get smaller and smaller.
+
+What's the probability when you
+start at 0 that you ever
+
+get back to 0 again?
+
+Now, that's not an easy
+question, it's a question that
+
+takes a good deal of analysis
+and a good deal of head
+
+scratching.
+
+But the answer is 1.
+
+There's a 0 steady state
+probability of being in state
+
+0, but you wander away and
+you eventually get back.
+
+There's always a path to come
+back, and no matter how far
+
+away you get it's just as easy
+to get back as it was to get
+
+out there, so it's certainly
+plausible that you ought to
+
+get back with probability 1.
+
+And we will probably prove
+that at some point.
+
+I'm not going to prove it today
+because it would just be
+
+too much to prove for today.
+
+And, also, you will
+need to have done
+
+a few of the exercises.
+
+The homework set for this week
+is kind of easy, because
+
+you're probably all exhausted
+after studying for the quiz.
+
+I hope the quiz was easy, but
+even if it was easy you still
+
+had to study for it, and
+that's the thing
+
+that takes the time.
+
+So this week we won't do too
+much, but you will get some
+
+experience working with
+a set of ideas.
+
+We want to go to this next
+thing, which is called a
+
+birth-death chain.
+
+There are only non-negative
+states here, 0, 1, 2.
+
+It looks exactly the same as the
+previous chain, except you
+
+can't go negative.
+
+Whenever you go down to 0 you
+bounce around and you then can
+
+go up again and come
+back again as
+
+sort of like an accordion.
+
+If p is less than 1/2, you can
+sort of imagine what's going
+
+to happen here.
+
+Every time you go up there's a
+force pulling you back that's
+
+bigger than the force going up,
+so you can imagine that
+
+you're going to stay clustered
+pretty close to 0.
+
+If p is greater than 1/2, you're
+going to go off into
+
+the wild blue yonder, and you're
+never going to come
+
+back eventually, but if p is
+equal to 1/2 then it's kind of
+
+hard to see what's going
+to happen again.
+
+It's the same as the
+situation before.
+
+You will come back with
+probability 1 if p is 1/2, but
+
+you won't have any steady state
+probability, which is a
+
+strange case, which we'll
+talk about as we go on.
+
+You looked at the truncated case
+of this in the homework,
+
+namely you looked at a case of
+what happened if you just
+
+truncated this chain of some
+value n and you found the
+
+steady state probabilities.
+
+And what you found was that if
+p is equal to 1/2, the steady
+
+state probabilities
+are uniform.
+
+If p is greater than 1/2, the
+states over in this end have
+
+high probabilities, they travel
+down geometrically to
+
+the states at this end.
+
+If p is less than 1/2, the
+states are highly probable and
+
+these state go down
+geometrically
+
+as you go out here.
+
+What do you think happens if you
+take this truncated chain
+
+and then start moving n further
+and further out?
+
+Well, if you have the nice case
+where the probabilities
+
+are mostly clustered around 0,
+then as you keep moving it out
+
+it doesn't make any
+difference.
+
+In fact, you look at the answer
+you've got and see what
+
+happens in the limit as you
+take into infinity.
+
+But, if you look at the case
+where p is greater than 1/2,
+
+then everything is clustered
+up at the right n and every
+
+time you increase the number
+of states by 1, blah.
+
+Everything goes to hell.
+
+Everything goes to hell unless
+you realize that you just move
+
+everything up by 1, and then
+you have the same case that
+
+you had before.
+
+So, you just keep moving
+things up.
+
+But there isn't any steady
+state, and as advertised
+
+things go to infinity.
+
+If you look at the case where
+p is equal to 1/2, as you
+
+increase the number of states
+what happens is all the states
+
+get less and less likely.
+
+You keep wandering around in
+an aimless fashion, and
+
+nothing very interesting
+happens.
+
+What we want to do, just to be
+able to define recurrence, to
+
+mean that given that you start
+off in some state i, there's a
+
+future return to state
+i with probability 1.
+
+That's what recurrence should
+mean, that's what recurrence
+
+means in English.
+
+Recurrence means
+you come back.
+
+Since it's probabilistic, you
+have to say, well we don't
+
+know when we're going to get
+back, but we are going to get
+
+back eventually.
+
+It's what you say to a friend
+you don't want to see.
+
+I'll see you sometime.
+
+And then it might be an infinite
+expected time.
+
+But at least you said you're
+going to make it back.
+
+We will see the birth-death
+chain above is recurrent in
+
+this sense if p is less than
+1/2, and it's not recurrent of
+
+p is greater than 1/2, and we're
+clearly going to have to
+
+struggle a little bit to find
+out what it is that
+
+p is equal to 1/2.
+
+And that's a strange case and
+we'll call non-recurrent when
+
+we get to that point.
+
+We're going to use renewal
+theory to study these
+
+recurrent chains, which is why
+we did renewal theory first.
+
+But first we have to understand
+first passage times
+
+a little better.
+
+We looked at first passage times
+a little bit when we
+
+were dealing with
+Markov chains.
+
+We looked at first passage
+time by looking at the
+
+expected first passage time to
+get from one state to another
+
+state, and we found a nice
+clean way of doing that.
+
+We'll see how that relates to
+this, but here instead of
+
+looking at the expected value
+we want to find the
+
+probability that you have a
+return after some particular
+
+period of time.
+
+AUDIENCE: So why did
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: If p is greater
+than 1/2, what's going to
+
+happen is you keep wandering
+further and
+
+further off to the right.
+
+You can come back.
+
+There's a certain probability
+that no matter how far you get
+
+out there, there's
+a probability
+
+that you can get back.
+
+But there's also a probability
+that you won't get back, that
+
+you keep getting bigger
+and bigger.
+
+And this is not obvious.
+
+But it's something that we're
+going to sort out as we go on.
+
+But it certainly is plausible
+that there's a probability, a
+
+positive probability that
+you'll never return.
+
+Because the further you go, the
+harder it is to get back.
+
+And the drift is always
+to the right.
+
+And since the drift is always to
+the right, the further you
+
+get away, the less probable it
+gets that you ever get back.
+
+And we will analyze this.
+
+I mean, for this case, it's
+not very hard to analyze.
+
+Where were we?
+
+OK.
+
+The first pass each time
+probability, we're going to
+
+call it f sub ij of n.
+
+This is the probability
+given that you're in
+
+state i at time zero.
+
+It's the probability that you
+reach state j for the first
+
+time a time n.
+
+It's not the probability that
+you're in state j at time n,
+
+which is what we call
+p sub i j to the n.
+
+It's just the probability
+that you get there
+
+for the first time.
+
+At time n.
+
+If you remember, quick comment
+about notation.
+
+We called p sub ij is the
+probability that xj, xn equals
+
+j, given that x0 equals i.
+
+And f sub ij.
+
+And now the n is in parentheses
+as the probability
+
+that xn is equal to j, given
+that x0 equals i, and x1 x2,
+
+so forth are unequal to j.
+
+Now you see why I get confused
+with i's and j's.
+
+The reason I'm using parentheses
+here and using a
+
+subscript here is when we're
+dealing with finite state
+
+Markov chains, it was just so
+convenient to view this as the
+
+ij component of the matrix p
+taken to the n-th power.
+
+And this is to remind you that
+this is a matrix taken to the
+
+n-th power.
+
+And the you take
+the ij element.
+
+There isn't any matrix
+multiplication here.
+
+This is partly because we're
+dealing with countable state
+
+and Markov chains here.
+
+But partly also because this is
+an uglier thing that we're
+
+dealing with.
+
+But you can still
+work this out.
+
+What's the probability that you
+will be in state j for the
+
+first time at n, given
+you're back in i?
+
+It's really the probability
+that the sum of the
+
+probability that on the
+first transition, you
+
+move from i to k.
+
+Some k unequal to j, because
+if we're equal to j, we'd
+
+already be there, and we
+wouldn't be looking at
+
+anything after that.
+
+So it's the probability
+we move from i to k.
+
+And then we have n minus 1
+transitions to get from k back
+
+to j for the first time.
+
+If you think you understand
+this, most things like this,
+
+you can write them either way.
+
+You can look at the first
+transition followed by n minus
+
+1 transitions after it, or you
+can look at the n minus 1
+
+transitions first, followed
+by the last transition.
+
+Here you can't do that.
+
+And you should look at it,
+and figure out why.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry.
+
+I just was wondering if it's
+the same to say that all of
+
+the [INAUDIBLE] are given, like
+you would in [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+And [INAUDIBLE]
+
+all of them given just
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the probability
+that all of the
+
+x1, x2, x3 and so forth
+are not equal to j.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because here and
+there, you did [INAUDIBLE]
+
+exactly the same question.
+
+In here, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+given [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And they're [INAUDIBLE]
+the same?
+
+PROFESSOR: This is the
+same as that, yes.
+
+Except it's not totally obvious
+why it is, and I'm
+
+trying to explain why it is.
+
+I mean, you look at the first
+transition you take.
+
+You start out in state i.
+
+The next place you go, if it's
+state j, you're all through.
+
+And then you've gotten to
+state j in one step, and
+
+that's the end of it.
+
+But if you don't get to state j
+in one step, you get to some
+
+other state k.
+
+And then the question you ask
+is what's the probability
+
+starting from state k that you
+will reach j for the first
+
+time in n minus 1 steps?
+
+If you try to match up
+these two equations,
+
+it's not at all obvious.
+
+If you look at what this first
+transition probability means,
+
+then it's easy to get
+this from that.
+
+And it's easy to get
+this from that.
+
+But anyway, that's what it is.
+
+f sub ij of 1 is equal to pij,
+and therefore this is equal to
+
+n greater than one.
+
+And you can use this recursion,
+and you can go
+
+through and calculate all
+of these n-th order
+
+probabilities, as some
+[INAUDIBLE] is going to point
+
+out in just a minute.
+
+It takes a while to
+do that for an
+
+infinite number of states.
+
+But we assume there's some nice
+formula for doing it.
+
+I mean, this is a formula
+you could in
+
+principal, compute it.
+
+OK, so here's the same
+formula again.
+
+I want to relate that to the
+probabilities of being in
+
+state j at time n, given the you
+were in state i at time 0.
+
+Which by Chapman and
+Kolmogorov is
+
+this equation here.
+
+That's the same.
+
+You go first to state
+k, and then from
+
+kj, n minus one steps.
+
+Here you're summing over all k,
+and you're summing over all
+
+k because in fact, if you get to
+state j in the first step,
+
+you can still get to state
+j again after n
+
+minus one more steps.
+
+Here you're only interested
+in the first time you
+
+get to state j.
+
+Here you're interested in any
+time you get to state j.
+
+I bring this up because remember
+what you did when you
+
+solve that problem related to
+rewards with a Markov chain?
+
+If you can think back to that.
+
+The way to solve the reward
+problem, trying to find the
+
+first pass each time from sum
+i to sum j was to just take
+
+all the outputs from state
+j and remove them.
+
+If you look at this formula,
+you'll see that that's exactly
+
+what we've done mathematically
+by summing only over
+
+k unequal to j.
+
+Every time we get to j, we
+terminate the whole thing, and
+
+we don't proceed any further.
+
+So this is just a mathematical
+way of saying just a Markov
+
+chain by ripping all of the
+outputs out of state j, and
+
+putting a self loop
+in state j.
+
+OK, so this is really saying
+the same sort of thing that
+
+that was saying, except that
+was only giving us expected
+
+value, and this is giving
+us the whole thing.
+
+Now, the next thing is we would
+like to find what looks
+
+like a distribution function
+for the same thing.
+
+This is the probability
+of reaching j
+
+by time n or before.
+
+And the probability that you
+reach state j by time n or
+
+before it's just the sum of
+the probabilities that you
+
+reach state j for the first time
+at some time m less than
+
+or equal to n.
+
+It's a probability of reaching
+j by time n or before.
+
+If this limit now is equal
+to 1, it means that with
+
+probability 1, you eventually
+get there.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm sorry,
+Professor Gallager.
+
+I'm [INAUDIBLE] definition
+of fij of n.
+
+So is it the thing you wrote
+on the board, or is it the
+
+thing in the notes?
+
+Like, I don't see why
+they're the same.
+
+Because the thing in the notes,
+you're only given that
+
+x0 is equal to i.
+
+But the thing on the board,
+you're given that x0 is equal
+
+to i, and you're given that
+x1, x2, none of them
+
+are equal to j.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+This is--
+
+you are absolutely right.
+
+And then given x0 equals i.
+
+Does that make sense now?
+
+I can't see in my mind if
+that's equal to this.
+
+But if I sit there quietly and
+look at it for five minutes, I
+
+realize why this is
+equal to that.
+
+And that's why I write it down
+wrong half the time.
+
+So, if this limit is equal to
+1, it means I can define a
+
+random variable, which is the
+amount of time that it takes
+
+to get to state j for
+the first time.
+
+And that random variable is a
+non defective random variable,
+
+because I always get to
+state j eventually,
+
+starting from state i.
+
+Now, what was awkward about this
+was the fact that I had
+
+to go through all these
+probabilities before I could
+
+say let t sub ij be a random
+variable, and let that random
+
+variable be the number of steps
+that it takes to get to
+
+state j, starting in state i.
+
+And I couldn't do that because
+it wasn't clear there was a
+
+random variable.
+
+If I said it was as effective
+random variable, then it would
+
+be clear that there had
+to be some sort of
+
+defective random variable.
+
+But then I'd have to deal with
+the question of what do I
+
+really mean by defective
+random variable?
+
+Incidentally, the notes does
+not define what a defective
+
+random variable is.
+
+If you have a non-negative thing
+that might be a random
+
+variable, the definition of a
+defective random variable is
+
+that all these probabilities
+exist, but the limit is not
+
+equal to 1.
+
+In other words, sometimes
+the thing never happens.
+
+So that you can either look at
+this as you have a thing like
+
+a random variable, but it
+matched a lot of sample points
+
+into infinity.
+
+Or you can view it as
+it maps a lot of
+
+sample points into nothing.
+
+But you still have a
+distribution function for it.
+
+OK.
+
+But anyway, now we can talk
+about a random variable, which
+
+is the time to get from state i
+to state j, if in fact, it's
+
+certain that we're going
+to get there.
+
+Now, if you start out with
+a definition of this
+
+distribution function here, and
+you play with this formula
+
+here, you play with that
+formula, and that formula a
+
+little bit, you can rewrite
+the formula for this
+
+distribution function like thing
+in the following way.
+
+This is only different from the
+thing we wrote before by
+
+the presence of pij here.
+
+Otherwise, little fij of n is
+equal to just a sum over here
+
+without that.
+
+With this, you keep adding up,
+and it keeps getting bigger.
+
+Why I want to talk about this,
+it's sort of a detail.
+
+But this equation is always
+satisfied by these
+
+distribution function
+like things.
+
+But these equations do not
+necessarily solve for these
+
+quantities.
+
+How do I see that?
+
+Well, if I plug one in for x sub
+ij of n, and f sub ij of n
+
+minus 1 for all i and all
+j, what do I get?
+
+I get one that's equal to p
+sub ij plus the sum over k
+
+unequal to j of p
+sub ik times 1.
+
+So I get 1 equals 1.
+
+So a solution to this equation
+is that all of the fij's are
+
+equal to 1.
+
+Is this disturbing?
+
+Well, no, it shouldn't be,
+because all the time we can
+
+write equations for things, and
+the equations don't have a
+
+unique solution.
+
+And these equations don't
+have a unique solution.
+
+We never said they did.
+
+But there is a theorem in the
+notes, which says that if you
+
+look at all the solutions to
+this equation, and you take
+
+the smallest solution, that
+the smallest solution
+
+is the right one.
+
+In other words, the smallest
+solution is the solution you
+
+get from doing it
+this other way.
+
+I mean, this solution always
+works, because you can always
+
+solve for these quantities.
+
+And you don't have to--
+
+I mean, you're just using
+iteration, so all these
+
+quantities exist.
+
+OK.
+
+Now finally, these equations
+for going from state i to
+
+state j also work for going
+from state j to state j.
+
+If the probability of going
+from state j to state j
+
+eventually is equal to 1, that's
+what we said recurrent
+
+ought to mean.
+
+And now we have a precise
+way of saying it.
+
+If f sub jj to infinity is equal
+to 1, an eventual return
+
+from state j occurs with
+probability 1, and the
+
+sequence of returns is a
+sequence of renewal epochs in
+
+a renewal process.
+
+Nice, huh?
+
+I mean, when we looked at finite
+state in Markov chains,
+
+we just sort of said this
+and we're done with it.
+
+Because with finite state
+and Markov chains,
+
+what else can happen?
+
+You start in a particular
+state.
+
+If it's a recurrent state, you
+keep hitting that state, and
+
+you keep coming back.
+
+And then you hit it again.
+
+And the amount of time from
+one hit to the next hit is
+
+independent, as the next hit
+to the next yet hit.
+
+It was clear that you had
+a renewal process there.
+
+Here it's still clear that you
+have a renewal process, if you
+
+can define this random
+variable.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you say the
+smallest set you mean sum
+
+across all terms of the
+set, and whichever
+
+gives you the smallest.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, I mean
+each of the values
+
+being as small as possible.
+
+I mean, it turns out that the
+solutions are monotonic in
+
+that sense.
+
+You can find some solutions
+where these are big and these
+
+are small, and others where
+these are little,
+
+and these are big.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we know what this
+distribution function is.
+
+We know what a recurrent
+state is.
+
+And what do we do with it?
+
+Well, we say there's a random
+variable with this
+
+distribution function.
+
+We keep doing things
+like this.
+
+We keep getting more
+and more abstract.
+
+I mean, instead of saying here's
+a random variable and
+
+here's what its distribution
+function is, we say if this
+
+was a random variable, then
+state j is recurrent.
+
+It has this distribution
+function.
+
+The renewal process of returns
+to j, then, has inter renewal
+
+intervals with this distribution
+function.
+
+As soon as we have this renewal
+process, we can state
+
+this lemma, which are things
+that we proved when we were
+
+talking about renewal theory.
+
+And let me try to explain why
+each of them is true.
+
+Let's start out by assuming
+that state j is recurrent.
+
+In other words, you have this
+random variable, which is the
+
+amount of time it takes
+to get back to j.
+
+If you get back to j with
+probability one, then ask the
+
+question, how long does it take
+to get back to j for the
+
+second time?
+
+Well, you have a random
+variable, which is the time
+
+that it takes to get from j
+to j for the first time.
+
+You add this to a random
+variable, which is the amount
+
+of time to get from j to
+j the second time.
+
+You add two random variables
+together, and you
+
+get a random variable.
+
+In other words, the second
+return is sure if
+
+the first one is.
+
+The second return occurs with
+probability 1 if the first
+
+return occurs with
+probability--
+
+I mean, you have a very long
+wait for the first return.
+
+But after that very long
+wait, you just have a
+
+very long wait again.
+
+But it's going to happen
+eventually.
+
+And the third return happens
+eventually, and the fourth
+
+return happens eventually.
+
+So this says that as t goes
+to infinity, the number of
+
+returns up to time t is
+going to be infinite.
+
+Very small rate, perhaps.
+
+If I look at the expected value
+of the number of returns
+
+up until time t, that's going to
+be equal to infinity, also.
+
+I can't think of any easy
+way of arguing that.
+
+If I look at the sum over all n
+of the probability that I'm
+
+in this state j at time n,
+and I add up all those
+
+probabilities, what do I get?
+
+When I add up all those
+probabilities, I'm adding up
+
+the expectations of having
+a renewal at time n.
+
+By adding that up for all n.
+
+And this, in fact, is exactly
+the same thing as this.
+
+So if you believe that, you
+have to believe this also.
+
+And then we just go back and
+repeat the thing if these
+
+things are not random
+variables.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't understand
+what you mean [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+I thought that we
+put [INAUDIBLE]
+
+2 and 3?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: And given
+3, we proof 4.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+And we don't have time
+to prove that--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+But in fact, it's not hard to
+say suppose one doesn't occur,
+
+then, should the other
+stuff occur.
+
+But none of these imply that the
+expected value of t sub jj
+
+is finite, or infinite.
+
+You can always have random
+variables, which are random
+
+variables, namely this is an
+integer value random variable.
+
+It always takes on some
+integer value.
+
+But the expected value of that
+value might be infinite.
+
+I mean, you've seen all sorts of
+random variables like that.
+
+You have a random variable where
+the probability of j is
+
+some constant divided
+by j squared.
+
+Now, you multiply j by 1 over 2
+squared, you sum it over j,
+
+and you've got infinity.
+
+OK, so you might have these
+random variables, which have
+
+an expected return time,
+which is infinite.
+
+That's exactly what happens when
+you look at these back
+
+right at the beginning
+of today.
+
+1, 2, 4.
+
+I'm going to look at this kind
+of chain here, and I set p
+
+equal to one half.
+
+What we said was that you just
+disperse here the probability
+
+that you're going to be in any
+state after a long time goes
+
+to zero, but you have to
+get back eventually.
+
+And if you look at that
+condition carefully, and you
+
+put it together with all the
+things we found out about
+
+Markov chains, you realize that
+the expected time to get
+
+back has to be infinite
+for this case.
+
+And the same for the next
+example we looked at.
+
+If you look at p equals 1/2, you
+don't have a steady state
+
+probability.
+
+Because you don't have a steady
+state probability, the
+
+expected time to get back, the
+expected recurrence time has
+
+an infinite expected value.
+
+The expected recurrence time
+has to be 1 over the
+
+probability of the state.
+
+So the probability of
+the state is 0.
+
+The expected return time
+has to be infinite.
+
+So, where were we?
+
+Well, two states are in
+the same class if they
+
+communicate.
+
+Same as for finite
+state chains.
+
+That's the same argument we
+gave, and you get from there
+
+to there, and there to there.
+
+And you get from here to there,
+and here to here, then
+
+you get from here to there,
+and here to there.
+
+OK.
+
+If states i and j are in the
+same class, then either both
+
+are recurrent, or both
+are transient.
+
+Which means not recurrent.
+
+If j is recurrent, then we've
+already found that this sum is
+
+equal to infinity.
+
+And then, oh, I have to explain
+this a little bit.
+
+What I'm trying to show you is
+that if j is recurrent, then i
+
+has to be recurrent.
+
+And I know that j is
+recurrent if this
+
+sum is equal to infinity.
+
+And if this sum is equal to
+infinity, let's look at how we
+
+can get from i back
+to i in n steps.
+
+Since i and j communicate,
+there's some path of some
+
+number of steps, say m, which
+guesses from i to j.
+
+There's also some path of say,
+length l which gets us
+
+from j back to k.
+
+And if there's this path, and
+there's this path, and then I
+
+sum this over all k, that I get
+is a lower bound to that.
+
+I first go to j, and then I
+spend an infinite number of
+
+states constantly coming
+back to j.
+
+And then I finally
+go back to i.
+
+And what that says is that this
+sum of p sub i, i to the
+
+n, I mean, this is just one
+set of paths which gets us
+
+from i to i in n steps.
+
+If state j is recurrent, then
+t sub jj might or might not
+
+have a finite expectation.
+
+All I want to say here is that
+if t sub jj, the time to get
+
+from state j back to state j has
+an infinite expectation,
+
+then you call state j.
+
+No recurrent instead of
+regular recurrent.
+
+As we were just saying, if that
+expected recurrence time
+
+is infinite, then the steady
+state probability is going to
+
+be zero, which says that if
+something is no recurrent,
+
+it's going to be even a very,
+very different way from when
+
+it's positive recurrent, which
+is when the return time has a
+
+finite value.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Which means there isn't a steady
+state probability.
+
+To have a steady state
+probability, you want them all
+
+to add up to 1.
+
+So yes, they're all zero.
+
+And formally, there isn't a
+steady state probability.
+
+OK, thank you.
+
+We will--
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kI7D2lkcF8E.txt b/kI7D2lkcF8E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f67767a6f813d957deca76027de15ef46765df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kI7D2lkcF8E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT Open
+CourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+We, we are solid
+state devices.
+
+This is soft matter.
+
+My eyes are photo detectors.
+
+Band gap of about two
+electron volts.
+
+They're just not made
+of a compound
+
+semiconductor inorganic.
+
+And this motion is just
+conformational
+
+changes in a polymer.
+
+See it's all chemistry.
+
+The rest is stamp collecting.
+
+So the principles that apply to
+inanimate objects apply to
+
+animate objects.
+
+And the solid-state chemistry
+umbrella is very broad.
+
+If I say solid-state chemistry,
+people are apt to
+
+think of electronic devices,
+transistors, what have you.
+
+But that extends to
+the life sciences.
+
+I mean we, as human beings,
+are chemical machines.
+
+So this is the classical view.
+
+Electronic structuring informs
+bonding but then in 3.091
+
+bonding informs atomic
+arrangement, which tells you
+
+everything.
+
+The shape of all things, it's
+all electronic structure.
+
+There's nothing more.
+
+The difference is that the
+focus in the chemistry
+
+department, their focus
+is the molecule.
+
+Whereas in 3.091 I like to
+think of the focus being
+
+aggregates of molecules,
+namely solids.
+
+Because engineering systems
+are made of solids.
+
+If you're steeped in chemistry
+from high school, you've had
+
+the AP curriculum, again 3.091
+might be something that is a
+
+fresh look at chemistry from
+a slightly different
+
+perspective.
+
+What I wanted to play for you as
+you're leaving today is an
+
+old Beatles song, Lucy in
+the Sky with Diamonds.
+
+Being able to bring in subject
+matter, music, art,
+
+literature, into a chemistry
+class and make the connections
+
+to the world around us, I think
+is most important in the
+
+21st century, when problem
+solving even in the technical
+
+domain is going to require
+skills that build bridges to
+
+the humanities, arts and
+social sciences.
+
+And so I like to think of
+3.091 not as a chemistry
+
+class, but rather a
+chemistry-centered class.
+
+The majority of students taking
+3.091 at MIT may never
+
+take another chemistry class.
+
+So I ask myself what topics are
+critical for someone who
+
+might major in electrical
+engineering?
+
+Or for someone who might
+major in physics?
+
+Or what's the chemistry that's
+critical to an MIT student who
+
+might major in political
+science or economics?
+
+And that informs my
+choice of topics.
+
+And it turns out that that
+doesn't diminish from the
+
+education of the student who
+may choose to major in a
+
+chemically intensive discipline
+such as material
+
+science, chemical engineering,
+or even chemistry itself.
+
+I don't view the presentation
+of the subject matter as a
+
+linear track, where this
+is the beginning
+
+and this is the end.
+
+I view it more along the
+lines of a spiral.
+
+And so the first time you
+encounter a certain concept
+
+it's at a rather superficial
+introductory level.
+
+And then at some point later
+in the semester you spiral
+
+back and see it again.
+
+And then maybe there's a little
+more context and a
+
+little more intensity.
+
+Maybe there's a little
+more mathematics
+
+associated with it.
+
+And then you'll see it
+applied later again.
+
+And through that revisiting--
+
+repetition by design--
+
+I think that key concepts
+get driven home.
+
+Some people are shocked that
+I stand in front of a chalk
+
+board and I write on it and I
+believe that that's still a
+
+valid means of teaching.
+
+For the first-time learner
+I think it's important to
+
+activate all of the
+learning channels.
+
+The act of drawing
+and inspiring
+
+them to draw is important.
+
+And maybe the person at home
+ought to put themselves in a
+
+chair in the auditorium and be
+taking notes as though they
+
+are attending the lecture.
+
+Watching those videos,
+especially for someone that
+
+has had a fair bit of high
+school chemistry, you're going
+
+to hear a lot of the same things
+but maybe coming at you
+
+at a slightly elevated level.
+
+But not so elevated that
+you won't follow it.
+
+And I think that's good for a
+high school student to be
+
+talked to at a higher level.
+
+I think the videos also have
+utility for people that are
+
+interested in specific topics.
+
+I mean for example, if somebody
+needs to know
+
+something about x-rays, or the
+use of x-rays, dropping in to
+
+that three-lecture sequence on
+x-rays could be quite useful.
+
+I think it's possible to
+sample with a goal of
+
+mastering a particular
+concept.
+
+So clearly for the learner out
+in the World Wide Web, going
+
+to recitation and interacting
+with a recitation instructor
+
+is not practical.
+
+So in lieu of the recitation
+section OCW has created these
+
+help session videos.
+
+We actually hired some
+recitation instructors from
+
+the fall of 2009 and asked
+them to work through some
+
+sample problems and what you see
+in the help session video
+
+is essentially what would
+have happened in
+
+a recitation section.
+
+I issue the homework questions
+with model solutions at the
+
+beginning of the unit.
+
+So the homework becomes
+a study aid.
+
+And I recommend to students
+that they try the homework
+
+problems without referring to
+the answer key initially.
+
+And to turn to the answer key
+when they reach an impediment.
+
+What's the message of 3.091
+for the man on the street?
+
+An understanding of those
+relationships.
+
+Electronic structure
+to bonding.
+
+Bonding to atomic arrangement.
+
+Atomic arrangement
+to properties.
+
+Is the key to understanding
+the world around us.
+
+And in particular it's the
+key to fueling invention.
+
+And I believe in practice very
+much and in the application of
+
+science in service
+for humanity.
+
+Why do we worry about designing
+a car that's a
+
+zero-emission vehicle, as
+if to do no harm to the
+
+environment?
+
+Why don't we go even further and
+say, what about a car that
+
+purifies the air as it
+drives down the road?
+
+So that the air in the wake of
+the car is cleaner than the
+
+air in front of the car?
+
+And I'm finding that
+increasingly that's a message
+
+that resonates with
+the students.
+
+They want to take the tools
+of technical analytically
+
+centered education and
+put them to work to
+
+solve societal problems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kuhlfBPQPq0.txt b/kuhlfBPQPq0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92f3a2081a95d92182ad5174c42b0177586e95b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kuhlfBPQPq0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we will discuss what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will discuss what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we will discuss what the
+sequence is and what it means for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is and what it means for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is and what it means for a
+sequence to converge so a sequence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to converge so a sequence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to converge so a sequence is
+nothing but some collection of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but some collection of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing but some collection of elements
+that are coming out of some set and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming out of some set and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming out of some set and that
+collection of elements is indexed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of elements is indexed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of elements is indexed by the
+natural numbers we often use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers we often use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural numbers we often use the
+notation and we say that we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and we say that we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation and we say that we have a
+sequence a I or sometimes we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a I or sometimes we use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a I or sometimes we use the
+notation that we have a sequence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we have a sequence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation that we have a sequence of this
+kind to emphasize the fact that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to emphasize the fact that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to emphasize the fact that it's a
+sequence and not just a single number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and not just a single number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence and not just a single number
+and what we mean by this is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we mean by this is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we mean by this is that we have
+I an index that runs over the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I an index that runs over the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I an index that runs over the natural
+numbers which is the set of positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is the set of positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers which is the set of positive
+integers and each a I is an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and each a I is an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers and each a I is an element of
+some set in many cases the set is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set in many cases the set is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some set in many cases the set is going
+to be just the real line in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just the real line in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just the real line in which case
+we're dealing with a sequence of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a sequence of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're dealing with a sequence of real
+numbers but it is also possible that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but it is also possible that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but it is also possible that the
+set over which our sequence takes values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set over which our sequence takes values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set over which our sequence takes values
+is Euclidean space and dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Euclidean space and dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Euclidean space and dimensional space
+in which case were dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case were dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case were dealing with the
+sequence of vectors but it also could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of vectors but it also could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of vectors but it also could be
+any other kind of set now the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other kind of set now the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other kind of set now the definition
+that I gave you may still be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I gave you may still be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I gave you may still be a little
+vague you may wonder how a mathematician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague you may wonder how a mathematician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague you may wonder how a mathematician
+would define formally a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define formally a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would define formally a sequence
+formally what a sequence is is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally what a sequence is is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally what a sequence is is just a
+function that to any natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that to any natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that to any natural number
+associates an element of s in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates an element of s in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associates an element of s in particular
+if we evaluate the function f at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we evaluate the function f at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we evaluate the function f at some
+argument I this gives us the ithe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I this gives us the ithe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument I this gives us the ithe
+element of the sequence so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the sequence so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the sequence so that's what
+the sequence is now about sequences we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence is now about sequences we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence is now about sequences we
+typically care whether a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically care whether a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically care whether a sequence
+converges to some number a and we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some number a and we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to some number a and we often
+use this notation but to make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this notation but to make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this notation but to make it more
+precise you also add this notation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise you also add this notation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise you also add this notation here
+and we read this as saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we read this as saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we read this as saying that
+ái as i converges to infinity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ái as i converges to infinity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ái as i converges to infinity the
+sequence AI converges to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence AI converges to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence AI converges to a certain
+number a the more formal mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a the more formal mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a the more formal mathematical
+notation would be that the limit as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation would be that the limit as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation would be that the limit as i
+goes to infinity of a I is equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of a I is equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity of a I is equal to a
+certain number a but what exactly does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number a but what exactly does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number a but what exactly does
+this mean what does it mean for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean what does it mean for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mean what does it mean for a
+sequence to converge what is the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to converge what is the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to converge what is the formal
+definition it is as follows let us plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it is as follows let us plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it is as follows let us plot
+the sequence as a function of I so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence as a function of I so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence as a function of I so this
+is the I axis and here we plot entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the I axis and here we plot entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the I axis and here we plot entries
+of a I for a sequence to converge to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I for a sequence to converge to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a I for a sequence to converge to a
+certain number a we need the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number a we need the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number a we need the following
+to happen if we draw a small band around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if we draw a small band around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen if we draw a small band around
+that number a what we want is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number a what we want is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number a what we want is that the
+elements of the sequence as I increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the sequence as I increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of the sequence as I increases
+eventually get inside this band and stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get inside this band and stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually get inside this band and stay
+inside that band forever now let us turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that band forever now let us turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that band forever now let us turn
+this into a more precise statement what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a more precise statement what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this into a more precise statement what
+we mean is the following if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean is the following if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we mean is the following if I give you
+some positive number epsilon and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive number epsilon and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive number epsilon and I'm
+going to use that positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that positive number
+epsilon to define a band around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon to define a band around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon to define a band around the
+number a so it's this band here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a so it's this band here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a so it's this band here if I
+give you a positive number epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a positive number epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a positive number epsilon
+therefore this way have defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this way have defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this way have defined a
+certain band there exists a time after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain band there exists a time after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain band there exists a time after
+which the entries will get inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the entries will get inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the entries will get inside the
+band in this picture it would be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band in this picture it would be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band in this picture it would be this
+time so there exists a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's call that time I zero so I zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that time I zero so I zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call that time I zero so I zero is
+here such that after that time what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that after that time what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here such that after that time what we
+have is that the element of the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the element of the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that the element of the sequence
+is within epsilon of a so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within epsilon of a so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is within epsilon of a so this is the
+formal definition of convergence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition of convergence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal definition of convergence of a
+sequence to a certain number a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a certain number a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence to a certain number a the
+definition may look formidable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition may look formidable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition may look formidable and
+difficult to parse but what it says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to parse but what it says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to parse but what it says in
+plain English is pretty simple no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain English is pretty simple no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain English is pretty simple no matter
+what kind of band I take around my limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of band I take around my limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of band I take around my limit
+a eventually the sequence will be inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a eventually the sequence will be inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a eventually the sequence will be inside
+this band and will stay inside there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this band and will stay inside there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this band and will stay inside there
+convergence of sequences has some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of sequences has some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence of sequences has some very
+nice properties that you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice properties that you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice properties that you're probably
+familiar with for example if I tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with for example if I tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with for example if I tell you
+that a certain sequence converges to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain sequence converges to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a certain sequence converges to a
+number a and another sequence converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a and another sequence converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number a and another sequence converges
+to a number B then we will have that AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a number B then we will have that AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a number B then we will have that AI
+plus bi which is a new sequence the ithe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus bi which is a new sequence the ithe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus bi which is a new sequence the ithe
+element of the sequence is this sum will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the sequence is this sum will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the sequence is this sum will
+converge to a plus B or similarly AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a plus B or similarly AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to a plus B or similarly AI
+times bi which is another sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times bi which is another sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times bi which is another sequence
+converges to a times B and if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a times B and if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converges to a times B and if in
+addition G is a continuous function then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of a
+I will converge to G of a so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will converge to G of a so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will converge to G of a so for example
+if the a is converged to a then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the a is converged to a then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the a is converged to a then the
+sequence a I squared is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a I squared is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence a I squared is going to
+converge to a squared
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l0vD_FBWk0g.txt b/l0vD_FBWk0g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61fd9835386769c30839f3085eb4d8d25ee07939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l0vD_FBWk0g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanking everybody to coming back I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking everybody to coming back I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanking everybody to coming back I
+think there'll be a few people coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there'll be a few people coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there'll be a few people coming in
+late still hitting the send button on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late still hitting the send button on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late still hitting the send button on
+the papers I want to thank everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers I want to thank everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the papers I want to thank everybody
+that submitted papers before the ninth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that submitted papers before the ninth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that submitted papers before the ninth
+class because I actually had a chance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because I actually had a chance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class because I actually had a chance to
+read those 26 since they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those 26 since they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read those 26 since they're actually
+officially 84 or 85 people registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially 84 or 85 people registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officially 84 or 85 people registered
+for this class I'm intrigued to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class I'm intrigued to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this class I'm intrigued to see if
+fifty nine papers came in a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+human nature being human nature these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature being human nature these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature being human nature these
+are just the statistics on this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the statistics on this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the statistics on this class
+and as those of you who may have seen I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as those of you who may have seen I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as those of you who may have seen I
+chose that part of the experience here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose that part of the experience here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose that part of the experience here
+is actually eyes on meaning my eyes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually eyes on meaning my eyes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually eyes on meaning my eyes on
+your papers and giving comments if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers and giving comments if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your papers and giving comments if you
+don't want the comments you just want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the comments you just want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the comments you just want a
+grade you can always give me a heads up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade you can always give me a heads up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grade you can always give me a heads up
+and send me an email or not I will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send me an email or not I will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send me an email or not I will take
+less time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less time
+I want to compliment everybody they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compliment everybody they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to compliment everybody they were
+good I mean there's a good engagement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I mean there's a good engagement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good I mean there's a good engagement a
+good dialogue you will see occasionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dialogue you will see occasionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good dialogue you will see occasionally
+that I don't give you everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't give you everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't give you everything you
+want back but but a couple observations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want back but but a couple observations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want back but but a couple observations
+it's really an opportunity on any topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an opportunity on any topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really an opportunity on any topic
+you want to choose in the second half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to choose in the second half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to choose in the second half of
+the semester up to maybe the 23rd class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester up to maybe the 23rd class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester up to maybe the 23rd class
+please if 70 of you handed in on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please if 70 of you handed in on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please if 70 of you handed in on the
+23rd class that is your right that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd class that is your right that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23rd class that is your right that is
+your option it's just it's just gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your option it's just it's just gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your option it's just it's just gonna be
+hard or on Sabrina Toledo I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or on Sabrina Toledo I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard or on Sabrina Toledo I mean it
+great but it's to use critical reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it's to use critical reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but it's to use critical reasoning
+about that week's topic so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that week's topic so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that week's topic so let me just
+mention two or three things some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention two or three things some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention two or three things some of you
+did I'm not gonna be horse sure about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I'm not gonna be horse sure about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I'm not gonna be horse sure about it
+but some of you did that's not what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of you did that's not what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of you did that's not what I'm
+looking for I'm not looking for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I'm not looking for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for I'm not looking for just
+addressing the three study questions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the three study questions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing the three study questions the
+three study questions are about us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three study questions are about us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three study questions are about us
+together here and and just to serve talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here and and just to serve talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together here and and just to serve talk
+secondly I'm not looking for you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly I'm not looking for you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly I'm not looking for you to take
+a reading from six weeks earlier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reading from six weeks earlier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reading from six weeks earlier and
+describe that reading or three weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that reading or three weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe that reading or three weeks
+earlier so that if you chose if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so that if you chose if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier so that if you chose if you
+chose choose in the future to take know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose choose in the future to take know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose choose in the future to take know
+number 15 I know November 15th because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 15 I know November 15th because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 15 I know November 15th because
+we're gonna have it's gonna be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have it's gonna be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have it's gonna be our
+second time with outside speakers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time with outside speakers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second time with outside speakers and
+it's a really important time if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really important time if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a really important time if you look
+at that class to write something on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that class to write something on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that class to write something on that
+class when it's it's we're fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when it's it's we're fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class when it's it's we're fortunate
+that Jeff Sprecher who's the chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jeff Sprecher who's the chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jeff Sprecher who's the chief
+executive officer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive officer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive officer of the
+IntercontinentalExchange and Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange and Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IntercontinentalExchange and Kelly
+Lafleur who is the chief executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lafleur who is the chief executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lafleur who is the chief executive
+officer backed they're gonna come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer backed they're gonna come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+officer backed they're gonna come and
+and do a class with us about payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a class with us about payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a class with us about payment
+systems and what ice and the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and what ice and the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and what ice and the New York
+Stock Exchange is trying to do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange is trying to do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stock Exchange is trying to do in
+payment systems well I'm just using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems well I'm just using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment systems well I'm just using that
+if you write about that it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write about that it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you write about that it's really
+about that not about everything earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that not about everything earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that not about everything earlier
+and when we get earlier I'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we get earlier I'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we get earlier I'll probably
+say more about that class and we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about that class and we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more about that class and we were
+fortunate to have one of America's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to have one of America's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunate to have one of America's true
+great entrepreneurs join us in Jeff's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great entrepreneurs join us in Jeff's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great entrepreneurs join us in Jeff's
+Brecker that week who's from scratch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brecker that week who's from scratch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brecker that week who's from scratch
+created a 50 billion market cap company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a 50 billion market cap company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a 50 billion market cap company
+in 20 years so those are my comments the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 years so those are my comments the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 20 years so those are my comments the
+papers are generally good really looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers are generally good really looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers are generally good really looking
+for critical reasoning ground truths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for critical reasoning ground truths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for critical reasoning ground truths
+where do you take something some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you take something some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do you take something some of you
+brought a great narrative voice by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a great narrative voice by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought a great narrative voice by the
+way I have to compliment there were a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I have to compliment there were a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I have to compliment there were a
+couple a couple handful that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a couple handful that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple a couple handful that I really
+found you're really good writers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found you're really good writers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found you're really good writers in
+addition to be good business students so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to be good business students so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to be good business students so
+those are my thoughts today I'm gonna go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my thoughts today I'm gonna go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are my thoughts today I'm gonna go
+through oh and we have we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through oh and we have we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through oh and we have we have an
+interesting guest next Tuesday but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting guest next Tuesday but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting guest next Tuesday but I'm
+not gonna say anything more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna say anything more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna say anything more than that
+you'll you'll find it fun Tuesday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll find it fun Tuesday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll find it fun Tuesday the
+16th what's that nakamoto Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th what's that nakamoto Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16th what's that nakamoto Satoshi
+Nakamoto no no any other guesses I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto no no any other guesses I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto no no any other guesses I'm not
+giving any clues but I will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving any clues but I will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving any clues but I will tell you
+you'll have fun next Tuesday the 16th be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have fun next Tuesday the 16th be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have fun next Tuesday the 16th be
+a guest you will not see it any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest you will not see it any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a guest you will not see it any other
+class so today I want to talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so today I want to talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so today I want to talk a lot
+Tom's thinking about it right intrigued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom's thinking about it right intrigued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tom's thinking about it right intrigued
+we're gonna talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk a little bit about
+finance now just as a way of background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance now just as a way of background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance now just as a way of background
+I've spent 39 years and fine yet so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent 39 years and fine yet so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent 39 years and fine yet so this
+is just my chance to take 80 minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just my chance to take 80 minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just my chance to take 80 minutes to
+talk about finance with all of you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about finance with all of you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about finance with all of you we
+did have readings it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have readings it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have readings it will
+tie into it so overview we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie into it so overview we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tie into it so overview we're going to
+talk a little bit about the readings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the readings of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about the readings of
+course as we always do three slices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as we always do three slices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course as we always do three slices of
+finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance
+format finance and financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format finance and financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format finance and financial
+institutions what is a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions what is a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions what is a financial
+institution what does that word mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution what does that word mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institution what does that word mean and
+how do we think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we think about it
+finance and regulation finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and regulation finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance and regulation finance and
+technology so three quick slices of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so three quick slices of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology so three quick slices of
+finance what are its credit what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance what are its credit what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance what are its credit what are
+what's capital markets again a broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's capital markets again a broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's capital markets again a broad
+sort of genzler's view of it may be but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of genzler's view of it may be but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of genzler's view of it may be but
+I think you could it's grounded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could it's grounded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you could it's grounded in
+academic literature then what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic literature then what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic literature then what are the
+risks I spent a bunch of time at Goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks I spent a bunch of time at Goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks I spent a bunch of time at Goldman
+Sachs one of the last things I did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs one of the last things I did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sachs one of the last things I did is
+kind of the co finance officer was also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the co finance officer was also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the co finance officer was also
+sitting on the firm like risk committee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the firm like risk committee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting on the firm like risk committee
+and and so sort of bringing insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so sort of bringing insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so sort of bringing insight into
+what is risk management in finance or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is risk management in finance or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is risk management in finance or at
+least in the capital market side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the capital market side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the capital market side of
+Finance and crises I'm going to spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance and crises I'm going to spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance and crises I'm going to spend a
+couple of minutes on the Oh a crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes on the Oh a crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes on the Oh a crisis
+some perspective from a guy who lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some perspective from a guy who lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some perspective from a guy who lived
+through it and then some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and then some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and then some of the
+opportunities in the blockchain world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities in the blockchain world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities in the blockchain world
+will try to wrap and be out of here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to wrap and be out of here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to wrap and be out of here at
+3:55 as usual so the study questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:55 as usual so the study questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:55 as usual so the study questions
+which now I know there's probably fifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now I know there's probably fifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which now I know there's probably fifty
+eight papers on this in the in the inbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight papers on this in the in the inbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight papers on this in the in the inbox
+I think but does anybody want to lend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but does anybody want to lend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but does anybody want to lend a
+hand I mean it's it's getting shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I mean it's it's getting shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I mean it's it's getting shorter
+it's only twenty people in this list now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only twenty people in this list now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only twenty people in this list now
+but that means that 25% of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that 25% of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that means that 25% of you are
+thinking that class participation is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that class participation is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking that class participation is not
+that important we're gonna have to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important we're gonna have to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that important we're gonna have to find
+a way that if somebody's still on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that if somebody's still on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that if somebody's still on this
+list in a while that I don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in a while that I don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in a while that I don't give
+somebody a terrible grade because 30% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody a terrible grade because 30% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody a terrible grade because 30% of
+the grade is class participation I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade is class participation I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grade is class participation I just
+say that I'm humorous about it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm humorous about it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I'm humorous about it I'm
+willing to work with people that if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to work with people that if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to work with people that if your
+language skills aren't there and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language skills aren't there and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language skills aren't there and you're
+just shy or you have an issue but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shy or you have an issue but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just shy or you have an issue but it's
+uh Monica want to help me out at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Monica want to help me out at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Monica want to help me out at all
+yeah I'm not here so I'm good trade offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not here so I'm good trade offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not here so I'm good trade offs
+that I talked about in my paper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talked about in my paper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I talked about in my paper with
+that we saw from one of the articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw from one of the articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw from one of the articles
+as bankers were making more money there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bankers were making more money there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as bankers were making more money there
+is a greater income disparity that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a greater income disparity that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a greater income disparity that we
+saw in the entire sector and then one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the entire sector and then one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the entire sector and then one of
+the other things I talked about as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things I talked about as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other things I talked about as some
+of these institutions combined they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these institutions combined they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these institutions combined they
+created like these huge conglomerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created like these huge conglomerates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created like these huge conglomerates
+and that kind of deregulated the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of deregulated the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of deregulated the space
+that allowed for that happen Monica's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed for that happen Monica's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed for that happen Monica's
+raising two things from it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising two things from it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising two things from it's probably
+from the Harvard paper but two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Harvard paper but two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Harvard paper but two things
+that about income disparities and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about income disparities and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about income disparities and also
+the concentration and anything else that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration and anything else that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration and anything else that
+people took from that Harvard I know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people took from that Harvard I know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people took from that Harvard I know it
+was a little dense but the the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little dense but the the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little dense but the the paper is
+that he ended up is that no you sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ended up is that no you sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he ended up is that no you sure
+alkaline what's your first name is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline what's your first name is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline what's your first name is a
+listener thank you it was that that act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener thank you it was that that act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listener thank you it was that that act
+in 1994 that essentially caused who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 that essentially caused who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1994 that essentially caused who's
+the catalyst for just massive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst for just massive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalyst for just massive
+consolidation of the financial services
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of the financial services
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation of the financial services
+industry and so that that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and so that that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and so that that's what
+ultimately led to just disproportionate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately led to just disproportionate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately led to just disproportionate
+wages or disproportion economic rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+94s and ringing a bell I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s and ringing a bell I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94s and ringing a bell I mean the
+gramm-leach-bliley was 1999 and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gramm-leach-bliley was 1999 and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gramm-leach-bliley was 1999 and I don't
+know if there was something in 94 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so Dan's raising that it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dan's raising that it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Dan's raising that it's also
+regulation and law has a lot of effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and law has a lot of effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and law has a lot of effect
+on it consolidation is happening in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it consolidation is happening in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it consolidation is happening in many
+industries finance is not separate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries finance is not separate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industries finance is not separate from
+those industries 5060 years ago you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those industries 5060 years ago you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those industries 5060 years ago you had
+the local drugstores now we have the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local drugstores now we have the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local drugstores now we have the big
+change like see the accent and the like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like see the accent and the like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change like see the accent and the like
+so I just mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just mentioned that the
+consolidation happens a lot one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation happens a lot one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidation happens a lot one thing
+that I would say on the other side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would say on the other side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I would say on the other side of
+that having actually watched and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having actually watched and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that having actually watched and
+observed some of it is there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed some of it is there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed some of it is there was the
+desire to merge a lot of banking but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to merge a lot of banking but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desire to merge a lot of banking but the
+us in contrast to other countries didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in contrast to other countries didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in contrast to other countries didn't
+have interstate banking all the way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interstate banking all the way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have interstate banking all the way into
+the 1970s banks had to be within their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s banks had to be within their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s banks had to be within their
+own 51 of the 50 states literally that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own 51 of the 50 states literally that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own 51 of the 50 states literally that
+started to break down in this night late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to break down in this night late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to break down in this night late
+70s it started riegle-neal and 94 pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s it started riegle-neal and 94 pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+70s it started riegle-neal and 94 pretty
+much then it was Katie bar the door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much then it was Katie bar the door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much then it was Katie bar the door
+we could have national banking and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have national banking and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have national banking and then
+by 1999 we also could have commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1999 we also could have commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1999 we also could have commercial
+banking and investment banking together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking and investment banking together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking and investment banking together
+which is gramm-leach-bliley because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is gramm-leach-bliley because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is gramm-leach-bliley because I
+want to come back here but next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Darren do you see that as manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darren do you see that as manipulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Darren do you see that as manipulation
+or just an opportunity get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just an opportunity get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just an opportunity get some
+oligopoly stick or monopolistic rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly stick or monopolistic rents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly stick or monopolistic rents
+and I'm just of just deserting the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just of just deserting the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just of just deserting the word
+manipulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compared to other markets that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other markets that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to other markets that were
+consolidated and regulated such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidated and regulated such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consolidated and regulated such as
+Canada every entrepreneurs desire in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada every entrepreneurs desire in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada every entrepreneurs desire in a
+business context maybe not in a moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business context maybe not in a moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business context maybe not in a moral
+sense is to be able to collect economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is to be able to collect economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense is to be able to collect economic
+rents like you start at as a disrupter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents like you start at as a disrupter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rents like you start at as a disrupter
+and along the journey you would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the journey you would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the journey you would actually
+wish to become somebody collects excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to become somebody collects excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to become somebody collects excess
+profits or becomes the monopolist I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits or becomes the monopolist I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits or becomes the monopolist I'm
+not speaking that that you literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not speaking that that you literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not speaking that that you literally
+want to take advantage of people but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take advantage of people but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take advantage of people but you
+do want to sort of collect excess rents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to sort of collect excess rents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to sort of collect excess rents
+and so it's a sort of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a sort of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's a sort of natural
+transformation I'm sorry it was a hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation I'm sorry it was a hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation I'm sorry it was a hand
+here yes compares also concentration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes compares also concentration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yes compares also concentration by
+regulation or concentration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or concentration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or concentration by
+deregulate the market are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+finance poorly because of its centrality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance poorly because of its centrality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance poorly because of its centrality
+and it is in the economy tries to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is in the economy tries to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is in the economy tries to add
+other products or add other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products or add other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other products or add other things and
+be at the center of the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the center of the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the center of the value
+proposition or chain I would contend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition or chain I would contend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition or chain I would contend
+there's also non financial firms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also non financial firms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also non financial firms that
+try to do the same thing into finance so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do the same thing into finance so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do the same thing into finance so
+big tech right now you know you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech right now you know you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tech right now you know you think
+about Apple pay or think of Ali Baba in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Apple pay or think of Ali Baba in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Apple pay or think of Ali Baba in
+China that then ant financial is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China that then ant financial is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China that then ant financial is one of
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+significant so so sometimes it comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant so so sometimes it comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant so so sometimes it comes the
+other way if you can leverage a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way if you can leverage a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way if you can leverage a network
+leverage your your centrality to market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage your your centrality to market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage your your centrality to market
+and and add products but I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and add products but I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and add products but I agree with
+you it goes both ways though other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it goes both ways though other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it goes both ways though other
+comments from the readings Isabella and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments from the readings Isabella and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments from the readings Isabella and
+I know one of the articles the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know one of the articles the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know one of the articles the interview
+talked about like we need to further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about like we need to further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about like we need to further
+regulate and restructure the banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people trying to overturn so like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to overturn so like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people trying to overturn so like it's
+not really going in that direction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really going in that direction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really going in that direction but
+right so there's an ebb and flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's an ebb and flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's an ebb and flow of
+regulation and we'll chut in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and we'll chut in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and we'll chut in a couple
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+regulation in finance has been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in finance has been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation in finance has been around
+for thousands of years I mean literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years I mean literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years I mean literally
+back when the Hammurabi code was being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when the Hammurabi code was being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when the Hammurabi code was being
+written there were regulated interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there were regulated interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written there were regulated interest
+rates we went through a long period in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates we went through a long period in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates we went through a long period in
+Europe where actually it was illegal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe where actually it was illegal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe where actually it was illegal to
+charge an interest rate for hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge an interest rate for hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge an interest rate for hundreds of
+years in different societies so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in different societies so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years in different societies so there's
+an ebb and flow now it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ebb and flow now it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ebb and flow now it's much more
+complicated today in a sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated today in a sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated today in a sense and
+Isabella's just mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabella's just mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Isabella's just mentioning that
+dodd-frank passed in the US was a post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodd-frank passed in the US was a post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dodd-frank passed in the US was a post
+crisis reform that would be a time of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis reform that would be a time of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis reform that would be a time of
+purity you would think well maybe bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity you would think well maybe bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity you would think well maybe bill
+the public through its legislative body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public through its legislative body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public through its legislative body
+will lean end of doing more regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lean end of doing more regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lean end of doing more regulation
+and then as you move away from a crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you move away from a crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you move away from a crisis
+moment you see some easing up and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you see some easing up and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you see some easing up and that
+there's always sort of an oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always sort of an oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always sort of an oscillation
+over the over the decades why don't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the over the decades why don't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the over the decades why don't we
+take one more which basically highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one more which basically highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take one more which basically highlight
+perfectly so on the positive side if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly so on the positive side if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly so on the positive side if you
+look at Citi Citigroup what it's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Citi Citigroup what it's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Citi Citigroup what it's trying
+to do is trying to provide universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is trying to provide universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is trying to provide universal
+services so it's a one-stop shop for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so it's a one-stop shop for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+services so it's a one-stop shop for all
+your financial services whereas whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your financial services whereas whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your financial services whereas whereas
+it's argued that one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's argued that one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's argued that one of the things that
+should have been done for the crisis was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been done for the crisis was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been done for the crisis was
+to break it up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it up because
+the problem with having the universal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with having the universal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with having the universal
+shop is that raising something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop is that raising something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop is that raising something about the
+city group our city Corp that became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city group our city Corp that became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city group our city Corp that became a
+sense of a one-stop shop a shopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of a one-stop shop a shopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of a one-stop shop a shopping
+center of financial products and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of financial products and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of financial products and maybe
+should have broken up but who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have broken up but who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have broken up but who wants to
+tell me what Sheila Bair who was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what Sheila Bair who was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what Sheila Bair who was the
+head of the Federal Deposit Insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the Federal Deposit Insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head of the Federal Deposit Insurance
+Corporation said because she in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation said because she in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation said because she in that
+interview with Sheila she talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview with Sheila she talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview with Sheila she talked about
+city alpha she said she almost like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city alpha she said she almost like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city alpha she said she almost like it's
+not obviously one because she's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously one because she's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not obviously one because she's been
+through that crisis and pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that crisis and pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that crisis and pretty much
+brokered that deal and to because she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokered that deal and to because she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokered that deal and to because she
+throws in political maneuvers so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws in political maneuvers so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throws in political maneuvers so it's
+hard to tell think profits are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell think profits are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to tell think profits are good
+dividends a robust they've got big tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends a robust they've got big tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividends a robust they've got big tax
+cuts they should be building their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts they should be building their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts they should be building their
+capital buffers right but you you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital buffers right but you you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital buffers right but you you mean
+it's hard to tell where Sheila is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell where Sheila is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to tell where Sheila is on
+Citicorp for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so sheila bair who is a kid was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so sheila bair who is a kid was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so sheila bair who is a kid was you
+know to her core as a Kansas Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to her core as a Kansas Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to her core as a Kansas Republican
+who worked for Senator Bob Dole who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked for Senator Bob Dole who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who worked for Senator Bob Dole who was
+then when she worked for a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when she worked for a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when she worked for a majority
+leader in the US Senate on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in the US Senate on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader in the US Senate on the
+Republican side it's kind of a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican side it's kind of a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican side it's kind of a bit of a
+prairie populist if if those terms means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prairie populist if if those terms means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prairie populist if if those terms means
+something to the class and and she got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the class and and she got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to the class and and she got
+into the role of running the FDIC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the role of running the FDIC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the role of running the FDIC and
+saw early but frankly a little earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw early but frankly a little earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw early but frankly a little earlier
+than most that there was a problem going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most that there was a problem going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than most that there was a problem going
+on in mortgage financing and credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in mortgage financing and credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in mortgage financing and credit
+lending and the ease of credit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and the ease of credit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lending and the ease of credit in the
+u.s. when the crisis really hit hard she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. when the crisis really hit hard she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. when the crisis really hit hard she
+was part alternately of the team not at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part alternately of the team not at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was part alternately of the team not at
+the head usually the chairman of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head usually the chairman of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head usually the chairman of the
+Federal Reserve and the secretary of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve and the secretary of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve and the secretary of the
+Treasury or in any country it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury or in any country it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Treasury or in any country it's usually
+the finance minister and the head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance minister and the head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finance minister and the head of the
+central bank who is somewhere in a war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank who is somewhere in a war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central bank who is somewhere in a war
+room sort of setting literally in crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room sort of setting literally in crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room sort of setting literally in crisis
+and rolling conference calls and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rolling conference calls and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rolling conference calls and
+meetings trying to sort through things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings trying to sort through things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings trying to sort through things
+but Sheila was certainly you know at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Sheila was certainly you know at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Sheila was certainly you know at
+that next level in our multifaceted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next level in our multifaceted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that next level in our multifaceted
+regulatory system in the US and I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory system in the US and I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory system in the US and I read
+her reading and also just knowing her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her reading and also just knowing her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her reading and also just knowing her
+personally and I was with her last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally and I was with her last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally and I was with her last
+Friday at a conference that I guess she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday at a conference that I guess she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday at a conference that I guess she
+arranged in Washington about the crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in Washington about the crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in Washington about the crisis
+I think her reading was was what alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think her reading was was what alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think her reading was was what alpha
+saying I think it's but if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I think it's but if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I think it's but if you're
+correct she is a political actor and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct she is a political actor and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct she is a political actor and is
+proud of that I mean that's her her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of that I mean that's her her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proud of that I mean that's her her
+lifeblood and where she's been for 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeblood and where she's been for 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifeblood and where she's been for 30
+years but she's also deeply a policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but she's also deeply a policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but she's also deeply a policy
+person and and tied to sort of populist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and and tied to sort of populist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and and tied to sort of populist
+vain and you know she would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vain and you know she would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vain and you know she would have
+probably preferred to see city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably preferred to see city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably preferred to see city
+restructured or taken over because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructured or taken over because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restructured or taken over because of
+what alpha said that there is a quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what alpha said that there is a quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what alpha said that there is a quote
+moral hazard that the markets might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard that the markets might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral hazard that the markets might
+think well there's always going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well there's always going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well there's always going to be a
+bailout waiting for the largest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bailout waiting for the largest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bailout waiting for the largest of the
+banks that would be the translation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that would be the translation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that would be the translation of
+what she said there let me let me hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she said there let me let me hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what she said there let me let me hit
+upon so what is the role of Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon so what is the role of Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon so what is the role of Finance
+what's this central role when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this central role when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's this central role when we
+simplify it all down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it all down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify it all down to
+it's its essence we have a dozen masters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its essence we have a dozen masters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's its essence we have a dozen masters
+of Finance in here so what are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance in here so what are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance in here so what are they
+teaching and what sandy Lowe teaching I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and what sandy Lowe teaching I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching and what sandy Lowe teaching I
+don't know is anybody taking Andy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is anybody taking Andy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is anybody taking Andy's
+intro class or now nobody wants to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro class or now nobody wants to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intro class or now nobody wants to tell
+me the role of Finance here here we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the role of Finance here here we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the role of Finance here here we go
+are you a master finance student yeah a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you a master finance student yeah a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you a master finance student yeah a
+BA who's a master finance Oh No all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BA who's a master finance Oh No all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BA who's a master finance Oh No all
+right what's the role of Finance very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the role of Finance very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the role of Finance very
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+it's like elevator stuff help Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like elevator stuff help Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like elevator stuff help Society
+whatsit intermediating the two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsit intermediating the two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatsit intermediating the two things
+that intermediates and finance students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they move allocate and price really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they move allocate and price really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they move allocate and price really
+importantly price allocate and move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly price allocate and move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly price allocate and move
+money and risk just easy pictures money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and risk just easy pictures money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and risk just easy pictures money
+is something of value and risk and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something of value and risk and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something of value and risk and you
+will see this hourglass on a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see this hourglass on a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see this hourglass on a whole bunch
+of slides because I've thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides because I've thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of slides because I've thought about
+finance for the whole 40 years of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance for the whole 40 years of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance for the whole 40 years of it
+around it is an hourglass Wall Street is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it is an hourglass Wall Street is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it is an hourglass Wall Street is
+sitting right at the neck of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting right at the neck of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting right at the neck of the
+hourglass intermediaries I thank who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass intermediaries I thank who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass intermediaries I thank who
+what's your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name
+what's it Joey intermediaries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it Joey intermediaries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it Joey intermediaries of
+financial assets and liabilities because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial assets and liabilities because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial assets and liabilities because
+there's both sides of the balance sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both sides of the balance sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's both sides of the balance sheet
+they can move around assets or they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can move around assets or they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can move around assets or they can
+move around liabilities again at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around liabilities again at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move around liabilities again at the
+neck of the hourglass so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck of the hourglass so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck of the hourglass so what are the
+key functions of Finance where I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key functions of Finance where I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key functions of Finance where I'm going
+to list four but what are the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list four but what are the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to list four but what are the functions
+of Finance as opposed to a role anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance as opposed to a role anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Finance as opposed to a role anybody
+else there were other he ends up sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there were other he ends up sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else there were other he ends up sure
+capital allocation I'll take that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital allocation I'll take that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital allocation I'll take that it's
+not what I was looking for it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I was looking for it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what I was looking for it's good
+marketing capital allocation market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing capital allocation market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketing capital allocation market
+making chairman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making chairman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making chairman
+payment providing liquidity I'm agreeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment providing liquidity I'm agreeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payment providing liquidity I'm agreeing
+with all of them you should read my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of them you should read my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of them you should read my
+slides I should revise the slides so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I should revise the slides so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides I should revise the slides so I
+say it's basically investments basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's basically investments basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's basically investments basically
+the store of value and credit in essence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store of value and credit in essence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the store of value and credit in essence
+borrowing value remember what money is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing value remember what money is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing value remember what money is I
+know Ross is looking at me like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Ross is looking at me like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Ross is looking at me like it's
+it's the two sides of we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the two sides of we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the two sides of we have this
+social concept of money that goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social concept of money that goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social concept of money that goes back
+thousands of years and at some point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years and at some point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years and at some point in
+time what if I want to store the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what if I want to store the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what if I want to store the value
+or borrow the value it's the two sides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or borrow the value it's the two sides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or borrow the value it's the two sides
+of the the it's again centered on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the it's again centered on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the it's again centered on a
+social construct and thus financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social construct and thus financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social construct and thus financial
+intermediaries sit right at the neck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries sit right at the neck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries sit right at the neck of
+the hourglass and transform risk as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hourglass and transform risk as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hourglass and transform risk as well
+it could be a bank that's transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a bank that's transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a bank that's transforming
+risk short-term deposits or then Lent or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk short-term deposits or then Lent or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk short-term deposits or then Lent or
+loaned out long so right at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaned out long so right at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loaned out long so right at the center
+of the banking system the commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the banking system the commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the banking system the commercial
+banking system is what's called maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system is what's called maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system is what's called maturity
+transformation short-term deposits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation short-term deposits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation short-term deposits
+versus long-term lending and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus long-term lending and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus long-term lending and it's not
+something we're going to do away with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to do away with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we're going to do away with in
+fact we should say that's a good thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we should say that's a good thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we should say that's a good thing
+but because there's maturity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because there's maturity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because there's maturity
+transformation you can also have what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you can also have what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation you can also have what's
+known a run on the bank what are the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known a run on the bank what are the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known a run on the bank what are the key
+sectors I'm gonna throw us bit up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors I'm gonna throw us bit up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors I'm gonna throw us bit up here
+six or seven sectors but what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven sectors but what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six or seven sectors but what are the
+sectors you think about is maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors you think about is maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectors you think about is maybe some of
+you worked in it's like easy management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked in it's like easy management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you worked in it's like easy management
+sure it's asset management Anton that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's asset management Anton that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's asset management Anton that's
+two sectors commercial banking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sectors commercial banking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sectors commercial banking and
+brokers that asset management all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokers that asset management all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokers that asset management all right
+so I put commercial banks sometimes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put commercial banks sometimes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put commercial banks sometimes in
+the US we have seven or eight thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US we have seven or eight thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US we have seven or eight thousand
+credit unions and nine thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit unions and nine thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit unions and nine thousand
+commercial banks investment banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks investment banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial banks investment banks and
+brokerage firms in Europe in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage firms in Europe in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brokerage firms in Europe in many
+countries there they're universal banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries there they're universal banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries there they're universal banks
+and they're inside commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're inside commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're inside commercial
+but they perform a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they perform a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they perform a little bit different
+function commercial bags think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function commercial bags think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function commercial bags think about
+taking depositors money and then lending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking depositors money and then lending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking depositors money and then lending
+the central thing about commercial banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central thing about commercial banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central thing about commercial banks
+is a credit allocation pricing of alloc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a credit allocation pricing of alloc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a credit allocation pricing of alloc
+of credit underwriting of credit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credit underwriting of credit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of credit underwriting of credit the
+center thing about investment banks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center thing about investment banks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center thing about investment banks is
+about still has underwriting but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about still has underwriting but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about still has underwriting but it's
+usually related to market based rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually related to market based rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually related to market based rather
+than using their own balance sheet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than using their own balance sheet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than using their own balance sheet but
+market base securities and brokerage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market base securities and brokerage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market base securities and brokerage
+insurance is a risk transformation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is a risk transformation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance is a risk transformation I
+need to be covered if I get into a auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be covered if I get into a auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be covered if I get into a auto
+accident I need to be covered if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I need to be covered if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident I need to be covered if my
+house burns down so thus I buy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house burns down so thus I buy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house burns down so thus I buy that
+insurance classic forms of insurance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance classic forms of insurance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance classic forms of insurance and
+then all forms of asset management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all forms of asset management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all forms of asset management and
+collective investment vehicles I make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective investment vehicles I make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective investment vehicles I make it
+as two different buckets because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two different buckets because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as two different buckets because the
+collective investment vehicle is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective investment vehicle is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective investment vehicle is when
+you actually put something into a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put something into a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put something into a shared
+balance sheet like a mutual fund asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet like a mutual fund asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet like a mutual fund asset
+managers are really just getting paid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers are really just getting paid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers are really just getting paid a
+fee but the two overlap and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee but the two overlap and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fee but the two overlap and of course
+all the infrastructure of exchanges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the infrastructure of exchanges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the infrastructure of exchanges and
+clearinghouses it might end up employing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearinghouses it might end up employing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearinghouses it might end up employing
+a quarter of you on one day but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of you on one day but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quarter of you on one day but you know
+I think about the different sectors when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about the different sectors when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think about the different sectors when
+you're thinking about use cases for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about use cases for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about use cases for
+blockchain it could be in any one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain it could be in any one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain it could be in any one of
+these sectors in any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectors in any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sectors in any one of these
+functions financial markets or capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions financial markets or capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions financial markets or capital
+markets what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets what's the difference between
+primary markets and secondary markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good answer
+so Carla's primary market is when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Carla's primary market is when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Carla's primary market is when an
+issuer like an ad a word an issuer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuer like an ad a word an issuer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuer like an ad a word an issuer is
+issuing a security for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing a security for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuing a security for the first time
+and receiving something of value which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receiving something of value which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and receiving something of value which
+we call money that's primary primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call money that's primary primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call money that's primary primary
+because it's the first issuance what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the first issuance what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the first issuance what's a
+secondary market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary market
+Hugo later so primary markets secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo later so primary markets secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hugo later so primary markets secondary
+markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets
+it's relevant not only because they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant not only because they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant not only because they have
+different market structures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different market structures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different market structures and
+different ecosystems but they had tend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ecosystems but they had tend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ecosystems but they had tend
+to have a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a little bit different
+regulation as well what which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation as well what which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation as well what which has the
+higher volume in the interesting the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher volume in the interesting the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher volume in the interesting the the
+secondary markets have much more volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary markets have much more volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary markets have much more volume
+than the primary markets the ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the primary markets the ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the primary markets the ratio is
+not the same market a market so markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same market a market so markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the same market a market so markets
+there's a lot of profitability if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of profitability if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of profitability if you're
+thinking about finance and where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about finance and where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about finance and where you can
+make your own businesses and money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your own businesses and money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make your own businesses and money
+there's a lot of juice in the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of juice in the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of juice in the primary
+market there's a lot of activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's a lot of activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market there's a lot of activity and
+very illiquid or not tradable secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very illiquid or not tradable secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very illiquid or not tradable secondary
+markets whereas like equity markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets whereas like equity markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets whereas like equity markets
+highly liquid equity markets all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly liquid equity markets all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly liquid equity markets all the
+actions in the secondary market Apple I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in the secondary market Apple I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions in the secondary market Apple I
+don't think has done any primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think has done any primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think has done any primary
+issuance in well over a decade maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuance in well over a decade maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issuance in well over a decade maybe a
+couple of decades in the equity markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades in the equity markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of decades in the equity markets
+but certainly the secondary market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly the secondary market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but certainly the secondary market for
+Apple stock is quite robust whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple stock is quite robust whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple stock is quite robust whereas
+there's some things that it's only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things that it's only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things that it's only about
+the primary market a loan syndication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary market a loan syndication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary market a loan syndication is
+really a primary market and there's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a primary market and there's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a primary market and there's not
+a lot of trading of secondary loans so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of trading of secondary loans so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of trading of secondary loans so
+it's not all in one place and again when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all in one place and again when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not all in one place and again when
+you're thinking about use cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about use cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking about use cases that
+matters because is it high volume or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because is it high volume or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters because is it high volume or low
+volume is there a lot of juice juice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is there a lot of juice juice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume is there a lot of juice juice is
+the Marg and the profits the earnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Marg and the profits the earnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Marg and the profits the earnings
+non-technical term sorry I include in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-technical term sorry I include in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-technical term sorry I include in
+capital markets the asset managers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital markets the asset managers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital markets the asset managers that
+are in fees the the black rocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fees the the black rocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fees the the black rocks
+infidelities or the small asset managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infidelities or the small asset managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infidelities or the small asset managers
+as well and then all the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then all the infrastructure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and then all the infrastructure
+the exchanges the clearing houses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchanges the clearing houses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchanges the clearing houses and
+the like so again finance to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like so again finance to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like so again finance to sort of
+drill back to where we were earlier have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill back to where we were earlier have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drill back to where we were earlier have
+Ledger's and payment systems who's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and payment systems who's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ledger's and payment systems who's going
+to remind me what a a ledger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind me what a a ledger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remind me what a a ledger is
+it's easy stuff no Ledger's wait wait no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transactions I know you're tired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions I know you're tired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions I know you're tired and
+you're quiet but if I were to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quiet but if I were to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're quiet but if I were to give you
+an exam one of the 20 questions I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam one of the 20 questions I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam one of the 20 questions I would
+give you as on vocabularies Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you as on vocabularies Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you as on vocabularies Ledger's
+because Ledger's matter to blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Ledger's matter to blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Ledger's matter to blockchain
+and blockchain matters to Ledger's I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain matters to Ledger's I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain matters to Ledger's I'm
+not saying that there is no use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that there is no use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not saying that there is no use for
+blockchain technology absent Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology absent Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology absent Ledger's
+but I'm hard-pressed to think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm hard-pressed to think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm hard-pressed to think you know
+of a really good use case within finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a really good use case within finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a really good use case within finance
+at least unless you have some ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least unless you have some ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least unless you have some ledger
+some recordation of things of value if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recordation of things of value if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some recordation of things of value if
+you're keeping a record of things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping a record of things of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're keeping a record of things of
+value then the immutable nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then the immutable nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value then the immutable nature of
+blockchain becomes more relevant if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain becomes more relevant if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain becomes more relevant if it's
+not things of value I'm just saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things of value I'm just saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not things of value I'm just saying I'm
+a little bit harder pressed to say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit harder pressed to say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit harder pressed to say why
+you need the complexity of this database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the complexity of this database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the complexity of this database
+structure you could use other database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you could use other database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure you could use other database
+structures to keep it even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to keep it even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures to keep it even though
+Stewart Hebert has that wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart Hebert has that wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stewart Hebert has that wonderful
+blockchain that's published in the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that's published in the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain that's published in the New
+York Times for notaries so Ledger's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times for notaries so Ledger's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times for notaries so Ledger's are
+records of economic activity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records of economic activity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records of economic activity and
+financial relationships they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial relationships they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial relationships they are
+embedded in every part of Finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in every part of Finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in every part of Finance
+insurance companies have Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies have Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies have Ledger's
+investment banks have Ledger's central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banks have Ledger's central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banks have Ledger's central
+banks have Ledger's if they're been in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks have Ledger's if they're been in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks have Ledger's if they're been in
+every part and they've been around for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part and they've been around for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every part and they've been around for
+thousands of years and they're right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years and they're right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of years and they're right at
+the center of blockchain because the UT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of blockchain because the UT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of blockchain because the UT
+exocet and Bitcoin is a form of a ledger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exocet and Bitcoin is a form of a ledger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exocet and Bitcoin is a form of a ledger
+and there's an account based ledger in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an account based ledger in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's an account based ledger in
+aetherium what is a payment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium what is a payment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aetherium what is a payment and
+settlement system anybody want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement system anybody want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement system anybody want to give
+it a shot alpha I'm going to move money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shot alpha I'm going to move money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a shot alpha I'm going to move money
+to you a payment system is moving money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a payment system is moving money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you a payment system is moving money
+from Garry to alpha you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Garry to alpha you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Garry to alpha you don't have to
+answer this question the kira payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question the kira payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question the kira payment
+system is moving money for me to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is moving money for me to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is moving money for me to have
+alpha what is it doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's transferring good Kelly its I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transferring good Kelly its I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's transferring good Kelly its I'm
+breaking it down it is a transfer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it down it is a transfer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking it down it is a transfer the
+cure is absolutely right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure is absolutely right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cure is absolutely right it's
+transferring value from Gary for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring value from Gary for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring value from Gary for me to
+alpha but Kelly's right it's amending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha but Kelly's right it's amending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha but Kelly's right it's amending
+two ledgers it's going to amend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ledgers it's going to amend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ledgers it's going to amend the
+ledger on my side negative and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger on my side negative and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ledger on my side negative and hopefully
+meant alpha is positive so it's amending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant alpha is positive so it's amending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant alpha is positive so it's amending
+and recording Ledger's it's also these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recording Ledger's it's also these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recording Ledger's it's also these
+systems they have to first authorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they have to first authorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems they have to first authorize
+something they have to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they have to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they have to do something
+called clearing and we're gonna get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called clearing and we're gonna get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called clearing and we're gonna get to
+all of these later in the semester you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these later in the semester you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these later in the semester you
+might think oh that's the boring stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think oh that's the boring stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think oh that's the boring stuff
+about finance it's the back-office but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finance it's the back-office but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about finance it's the back-office but a
+authorizing clearing recording and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizing clearing recording and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorizing clearing recording and the
+key word for blockchain is final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key word for blockchain is final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key word for blockchain is final
+transfer the reason blockchain might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the reason blockchain might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the reason blockchain might
+have application is it as a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have application is it as a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have application is it as a way to
+finally move money I don't mean finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally move money I don't mean finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally move money I don't mean finally
+like over the centuries I mean if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over the centuries I mean if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like over the centuries I mean if I
+would have moved money to alpha through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have moved money to alpha through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have moved money to alpha through
+the US banking system it might not move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US banking system it might not move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US banking system it might not move
+for several days blockchain is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several days blockchain is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for several days blockchain is an
+application that it could have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that it could have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application that it could have more
+immediacy final settlement finance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy final settlement finance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediacy final settlement finance and
+regulation we talked a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we talked a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation we talked a little bit about
+this when we were talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when we were talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when we were talking about the
+readings but it's long been part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings but it's long been part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings but it's long been part of
+public policy debates this is not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy debates this is not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy debates this is not new
+it's not just post financial crisis it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just post financial crisis it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just post financial crisis it's
+not part of like the the post-industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of like the the post-industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of like the the post-industrial
+economies of the globe it has been true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of the globe it has been true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies of the globe it has been true
+for thousands of years sometime to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years sometime to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thousands of years sometime to the
+point that people went to prison does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that people went to prison does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that people went to prison does
+anybody know what debt or prison is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Kyle or Priya you would basically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyle or Priya you would basically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyle or Priya you would basically have
+to go to jail if you didn't pay your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to jail if you didn't pay your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to jail if you didn't pay your
+time to work so Kyle is mentioning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work so Kyle is mentioning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to work so Kyle is mentioning the
+debtor prison was that you'd literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debtor prison was that you'd literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debtor prison was that you'd literally
+had to go to jail if you didn't pay off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go to jail if you didn't pay off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go to jail if you didn't pay off
+your debts do you know when that went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your debts do you know when that went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your debts do you know when that went
+away in the US or in Europe or in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the US or in Europe or in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away in the US or in Europe or in China
+in any country certainly recently I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any country certainly recently I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any country certainly recently I know
+I I thought it was 18th century but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I thought it was 18th century but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I thought it was 18th century but
+you're saying you think was 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying you think was 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying you think was 19th century
+I haven't researched when debtor prison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't researched when debtor prison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't researched when debtor prison
+finally went away but so regulation also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally went away but so regulation also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally went away but so regulation also
+is this this horrible thought what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this horrible thought what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this this horrible thought what what
+did we do when people couldn't pay their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do when people couldn't pay their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we do when people couldn't pay their
+debts and how bankruptcy laws reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debts and how bankruptcy laws reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debts and how bankruptcy laws reflect
+because bankruptcy laws are social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bankruptcy laws are social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because bankruptcy laws are social
+construct in essence that you don't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct in essence that you don't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct in essence that you don't go
+to jail but you have an opportunity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail but you have an opportunity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to jail but you have an opportunity to
+work through those debts I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through those debts I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work through those debts I just
+highlight this that it's not a new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this that it's not a new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlight this that it's not a new thing
+blockchain isn't there we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain isn't there we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain isn't there we don't have
+regulation because of block J and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation because of block J and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation because of block J and we
+don't necessarily need a new set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need a new set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily need a new set of
+regulations it's because finance is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations it's because finance is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations it's because finance is so
+central to economies we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to economies we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central to economies we've been
+grappling with regulation for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappling with regulation for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grappling with regulation for a long
+time now you saw this this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now you saw this this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now you saw this this little
+framework before but I restocked it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework before but I restocked it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework before but I restocked it this
+isn't this is now the stock I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this is now the stock I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't this is now the stock I think of
+in terms of financial regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of financial regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of financial regulation
+Financial Stability is first and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Stability is first and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Stability is first and and
+while you can't see closely this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you can't see closely this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you can't see closely this is a
+bank run and a wonderful picture by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank run and a wonderful picture by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank run and a wonderful picture by
+Dorothea Lange called white angel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothea Lange called white angel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dorothea Lange called white angel
+breadline but this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadline but this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadline but this is basically
+financial stability is probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability is probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability is probably the
+first and foremost thing that regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and foremost thing that regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and foremost thing that regulation
+around finance has been for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around finance has been for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around finance has been for a couple of
+centuries it's how do we make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries it's how do we make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries it's how do we make sure that
+the banks have backing when they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks have backing when they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the banks have backing when they take
+this the money in in-house and how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the money in in-house and how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the money in in-house and how do we
+make sure that we don't have calamitous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we don't have calamitous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we don't have calamitous
+thing and even before fiat currency well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and even before fiat currency well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and even before fiat currency well
+before fiat currencies we had economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before fiat currencies we had economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before fiat currencies we had economic
+cycles that had boom and bust like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles that had boom and bust like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles that had boom and bust like in
+the 17th century the tulip bulb craze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 17th century the tulip bulb craze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 17th century the tulip bulb craze
+that if the tulip bulbs in Holland I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the tulip bulbs in Holland I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the tulip bulbs in Holland I
+guess but we also had incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but we also had incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess but we also had incredible
+boom-and-bust periods around the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom-and-bust periods around the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom-and-bust periods around the South
+Sea this this the stock companies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sea this this the stock companies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sea this this the stock companies that
+were being created over exploration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being created over exploration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were being created over exploration and
+so forth protecting the public just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth protecting the public just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth protecting the public just as
+we've talked about in blockchain I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about in blockchain I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've talked about in blockchain I would
+say that non blockchain there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that non blockchain there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that non blockchain there's a lot
+more emphasis on consumer protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more emphasis on consumer protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more emphasis on consumer protection
+tremendous amount of emphasis on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of emphasis on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of emphasis on
+consumer protection of course we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection of course we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer protection of course we've
+talked about investor protection and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about investor protection and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about investor protection and so
+forth the illicit activity conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the illicit activity conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth the illicit activity conversation
+we've had all around blockchain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had all around blockchain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had all around blockchain is
+important around finance but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important around finance but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important around finance but it's not
+the leading it's not the tip of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading it's not the tip of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading it's not the tip of the
+spear it's not where this debate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spear it's not where this debate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spear it's not where this debate has
+been over the decades or centuries it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been over the decades or centuries it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been over the decades or centuries it's
+it's frankly more something in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's frankly more something in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's frankly more something in the last
+30 or 40 years as money has moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 or 40 years as money has moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 or 40 years as money has moved to
+digitized electronic means governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized electronic means governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitized electronic means governments
+have have stood up more emphasis on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have stood up more emphasis on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have stood up more emphasis on any
+money laundering laws Bank Secrecy Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering laws Bank Secrecy Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering laws Bank Secrecy Act
+laws and the like but if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and the like but if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and the like but if you look at the
+history of like 19th century or early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of like 19th century or early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of like 19th century or early
+20th century financial regulation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century financial regulation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century financial regulation there
+was a little bit about guarding against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit about guarding against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a little bit about guarding against
+illicit activity but by and large most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity but by and large most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illicit activity but by and large most
+of the regulatory regimes even in ruse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regulatory regimes even in ruse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regulatory regimes even in ruse
+in the 1930s it during the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s it during the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1930s it during the financial
+crisis of its time the Great Depression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis of its time the Great Depression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis of its time the Great Depression
+most of it was about bank runs shoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it was about bank runs shoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of it was about bank runs shoring
+up the banking system standing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the banking system standing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the banking system standing up
+Deposit Insurance and protecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deposit Insurance and protecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deposit Insurance and protecting the
+investors and it was this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and it was this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors and it was this concept of
+money laundering and so forth was it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering and so forth was it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money laundering and so forth was it's
+when we move from physical forms of cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we move from physical forms of cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we move from physical forms of cash
+to electronic forms that you you found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electronic forms that you you found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to electronic forms that you you found
+more of that yes please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's American I should remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's American I should remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's American I should remember your
+first name ge ge he's asking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name ge ge he's asking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first name ge ge he's asking is
+financial stability about inflation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability about inflation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability about inflation or
+otherwise it does include inflation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it does include inflation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it does include inflation but
+financial stability is broader in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability is broader in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability is broader in
+essence it's the thought of does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence it's the thought of does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence it's the thought of does the
+financial system lead to instability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system lead to instability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial system lead to instability in
+the economy and what is true again for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy and what is true again for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy and what is true again for
+probably a couple thousand years but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a couple thousand years but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a couple thousand years but the
+research that you can read CAD rogoff's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that you can read CAD rogoff's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that you can read CAD rogoff's
+book I don't know if any of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I don't know if any of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book I don't know if any of you have
+ever read ken Roelofs book was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever read ken Roelofs book was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever read ken Roelofs book was his
+wonderful book about the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book about the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful book about the history of
+crises and economic cycles that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises and economic cycles that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crises and economic cycles that came out
+for four to six years ago and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four to six years ago and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for four to six years ago and I could
+get you the name of it but finance adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you the name of it but finance adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you the name of it but finance adds
+to and leads to booms and busts booms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and leads to booms and busts booms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and leads to booms and busts booms
+and bust existed well before fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bust existed well before fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bust existed well before fiat
+currency and banking but there's booms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency and banking but there's booms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency and banking but there's booms
+and busts in the cycle and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and busts in the cycle and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and busts in the cycle and some
+financial stability in essence is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability in essence is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial stability in essence is trying
+to smooth out the cycles that you'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smooth out the cycles that you'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to smooth out the cycles that you'd say
+central banks came along initially in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks came along initially in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks came along initially in
+the late 17th century but then by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 17th century but then by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 17th century but then by the
+early 20th century most nations had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century most nations had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 20th century most nations had
+central banks as a checkland the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks as a checkland the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks as a checkland the
+sovereign in terms of currency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign in terms of currency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign in terms of currency and
+that's where G your question about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where G your question about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where G your question about
+inflation so if if if the sovereign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so if if if the sovereign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so if if if the sovereign
+could deflate if this if the currency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deflate if this if the currency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could deflate if this if the currency
+could be devalued through inflation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be devalued through inflation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be devalued through inflation that
+can lead to instability but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to instability but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to instability but it's all
+forms of instability particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of instability particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of instability particularly
+because leverage is at the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because leverage is at the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because leverage is at the center of
+Finance leverage meaning that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance leverage meaning that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance leverage meaning that a
+financial institutions assets are what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions assets are what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial institutions assets are what
+what is it what are financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what are financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it what are financial
+intermediaries assets if you look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries assets if you look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediaries assets if you look at a
+balance sheet they line loans British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well deposits are usually on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well deposits are usually on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well deposits are usually on the
+liability side but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability side but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability side but you
+capital human capital and somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital human capital and somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital human capital and somebody else
+yeah all right one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah all right one more
+I mean loans these are all good answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean loans these are all good answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean loans these are all good answers
+ant investments the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant investments the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ant investments the difference between a
+commercial balance sheet or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial balance sheet or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial balance sheet or a
+non-financial balance sheet and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial balance sheet and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial balance sheet and a
+financial balance e-easy to figure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial balance e-easy to figure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial balance e-easy to figure this
+out commercial balance sheets have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out commercial balance sheets have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out commercial balance sheets have
+physical assets they own plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical assets they own plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical assets they own plants
+equipment in the old days I mean now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in the old days I mean now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in the old days I mean now
+it's intangible assets like like movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's intangible assets like like movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's intangible assets like like movies
+and and and software development but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and software development but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and software development but and
+a financial balance sheet almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial balance sheet almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a financial balance sheet almost all
+financial balance sheets you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial balance sheets you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial balance sheets you look at all
+their assets or other financial assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets or other financial assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their assets or other financial assets
+alone is a financial asset of securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone is a financial asset of securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone is a financial asset of securities
+of financial asset a deposit is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial asset a deposit is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financial asset a deposit is this
+secure their assets they have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure their assets they have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure their assets they have a little
+bricks and mortar maybe a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and mortar maybe a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bricks and mortar maybe a little bit of
+goodwill or intellectual property and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodwill or intellectual property and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodwill or intellectual property and a
+lot of other financial assets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other financial assets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other financial assets and
+they're the the right-hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the the right-hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the the right-hand side of the
+balance sheet is a bunch of liabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet is a bunch of liabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance sheet is a bunch of liabilities
+and a little bit of capital and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of capital and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a little bit of capital and so
+they're they're levered and that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're levered and that leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're levered and that leads
+to instability finance and technology I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instability finance and technology I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to instability finance and technology I
+contend finance has long been in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend finance has long been in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend finance has long been in a
+symbiotic relationship with technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationship with technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic relationship with technology
+it just depends on the technology of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just depends on the technology of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just depends on the technology of its
+time blockchain is just in that long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time blockchain is just in that long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time blockchain is just in that long
+history and we've talked about it money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and we've talked about it money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and we've talked about it money
+started you know looking like this we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know looking like this we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started you know looking like this we've
+sort of done but done down going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of done but done down going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of done but done down going down
+this path or then technology came along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path or then technology came along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path or then technology came along
+and it could look like this but it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could look like this but it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it could look like this but it's all
+technological evolution or at times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological evolution or at times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological evolution or at times
+revolution that we went from that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution that we went from that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution that we went from that to
+paper money now sometimes technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper money now sometimes technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper money now sometimes technology
+veers off and we have private banknotes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veers off and we have private banknotes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veers off and we have private banknotes
+instead of Fiat notes and so forth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Fiat notes and so forth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of Fiat notes and so forth but
+it's just forms of technology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just forms of technology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just forms of technology and the
+modern money fiat currency is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern money fiat currency is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern money fiat currency is just
+another level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another level
+in technology and regulation so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technology and regulation so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in technology and regulation so that's
+why I'm saying it's sort of finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm saying it's sort of finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm saying it's sort of finance
+regulation and technology all have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and technology all have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation and technology all have this
+symbiotic bit together from dead or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic bit together from dead or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbiotic bit together from dead or
+prison to where we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes their relationship with technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes their relationship with technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes their relationship with technology
+innovation hasn't been that true in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation hasn't been that true in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation hasn't been that true in the
+recent years up until the recent up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years up until the recent up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent years up until the recent up
+showing of incumbents I was surprised I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing of incumbents I was surprised I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing of incumbents I was surprised I
+think Eric's raising at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Eric's raising at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Eric's raising at least three
+points but maybe there's four or five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but maybe there's four or five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but maybe there's four or five
+and I missed them that the concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I missed them that the concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I missed them that the concept that
+yes finance has always been about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes finance has always been about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes finance has always been about
+technology but do you think something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but do you think something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but do you think something's
+accelerated in the last period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated in the last period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated in the last period of time
+that it's even more about technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's even more about technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's even more about technology
+that's point one point two is they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's point one point two is they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's point one point two is they seem
+to be slow at adaptation that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be slow at adaptation that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be slow at adaptation that they're
+really kind of lumbering of the bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of lumbering of the bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of lumbering of the bunch of
+of legacy systems and and and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of legacy systems and and and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of legacy systems and and and they're
+slow those were the two main points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow those were the two main points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow those were the two main points
+maybe there's a third or fourth I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a third or fourth I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's a third or fourth I would
+I would concur though I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would concur though I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would concur though I wouldn't
+overemphasize the first they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overemphasize the first they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overemphasize the first they had to
+grapple with what it meant when when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapple with what it meant when when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grapple with what it meant when when the
+telegraph wires came and the telephones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph wires came and the telephones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telegraph wires came and the telephones
+came I mean maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came I mean maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came I mean maybe
+not in the same maybe it has accelerated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the same maybe it has accelerated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the same maybe it has accelerated
+but it was still and and it's said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was still and and it's said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was still and and it's said that
+they said that the people that did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that the people that did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said that the people that did the
+best in the London Stock Exchange about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best in the London Stock Exchange about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best in the London Stock Exchange about
+two hundred years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred years ago
+the battle the Battle of Waterloo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battle the Battle of Waterloo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the battle the Battle of Waterloo
+happened does anybody know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened does anybody know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened does anybody know where the
+battle were Lou I mean it's before me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle were Lou I mean it's before me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+battle were Lou I mean it's before me
+too I wasn't around that so thank you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I wasn't around that so thank you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too I wasn't around that so thank you as
+I could you what's that and Belgium but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could you what's that and Belgium but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could you what's that and Belgium but
+who was the great general who was who so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was the great general who was who so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was the great general who was who so
+it's said that Lord Wellington sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's said that Lord Wellington sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's said that Lord Wellington sent
+carrier pigeons back to London this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier pigeons back to London this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier pigeons back to London this is
+supposedly a real story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly a real story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposedly a real story
+those carrier pigeons carried the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those carrier pigeons carried the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those carrier pigeons carried the
+information and the traders in London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the traders in London
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and the traders in London
+who got the carrier pigeons traded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got the carrier pigeons traded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who got the carrier pigeons traded
+before others knew the results the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before others knew the results the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before others knew the results the
+carrier pigeons in a sense were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier pigeons in a sense were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier pigeons in a sense were the
+technology of the time so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of the time so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of the time so I'm just
+saying the intersection of Technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the intersection of Technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the intersection of Technology
+and Finance but particularly for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Finance but particularly for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Finance but particularly for those
+who have the best carrier pigeon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have the best carrier pigeon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have the best carrier pigeon it
+works now I used to use this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now I used to use this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works now I used to use this story
+sometimes at hearings when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at hearings when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes at hearings when
+high-frequency traders would be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-frequency traders would be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-frequency traders would be coming
+in front of the Commodity Futures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the Commodity Futures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front of the Commodity Futures
+Trading Commission and they go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trading Commission and they go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trading Commission and they go all the
+Chairman's gonna pull out his carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chairman's gonna pull out his carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chairman's gonna pull out his carrier
+pigeon story again and they said please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon story again and they said please
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeon story again and they said please
+don't call a high-frequency trade or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call a high-frequency trade or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call a high-frequency trade or a
+carrier pigeon company but my point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier pigeon company but my point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier pigeon company but my point is
+is I think you're right Eric I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think you're right Eric I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think you're right Eric I think
+it's accelerated but it's not that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accelerated but it's not that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's accelerated but it's not that it
+wasn't and I do think that the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't and I do think that the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't and I do think that the big
+incumbents are sometimes slow to adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are sometimes slow to adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incumbents are sometimes slow to adapt
+and that's part of the opportunity of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the opportunity of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's part of the opportunity of a
+blockchain blockchain may not be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain blockchain may not be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain blockchain may not be better
+than what they're doing but blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what they're doing but blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what they're doing but blockchain
+might be the tool of a disruptor to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the tool of a disruptor to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the tool of a disruptor to get
+someplace that the incumbents are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace that the incumbents are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace that the incumbents are too
+invested in their current legacy system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in their current legacy system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invested in their current legacy system
+to get there so it might be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there so it might be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there so it might be that
+opportunity to get underneath what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get underneath what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to get underneath what
+they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll see that's not it's that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that's not it's that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that's not it's that's not a
+question I'm going to answer you all get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to answer you all get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'm going to answer you all get
+to answer that in your final projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that in your final projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that in your final projects
+and and and I suspect you're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and I suspect you're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and I suspect you're gonna be
+narrower if your project does disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower if your project does disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrower if your project does disrupt
+and build a whole Bank I look forward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a whole Bank I look forward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build a whole Bank I look forward to
+reading the project but I suspect you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the project but I suspect you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the project but I suspect you're
+gonna be a little bit more targeted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a little bit more targeted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be a little bit more targeted and
+that the most successful opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most successful opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most successful opportunities
+to the extent any will be successful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent any will be successful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the extent any will be successful and
+most will fail but to the extent any are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most will fail but to the extent any are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most will fail but to the extent any are
+successful my hunch will be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful my hunch will be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful my hunch will be more
+targeted than that but but I leave it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted than that but but I leave it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+targeted than that but but I leave it to
+the creative minds in this class fiat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creative minds in this class fiat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creative minds in this class fiat
+currency we've talked about it so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency we've talked about it so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currency we've talked about it so it's a
+liability of commercial banks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability of commercial banks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liability of commercial banks and
+central banks it's accepted for taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks it's accepted for taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central banks it's accepted for taxes
+and legal tender I do this in in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and legal tender I do this in in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and legal tender I do this in in terms
+of for repetition because if this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for repetition because if this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of for repetition because if this is a
+class today about finance I can't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today about finance I can't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class today about finance I can't do it
+without talking about fiat currency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without talking about fiat currency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without talking about fiat currency and
+yes it relies on a system of Ledger's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it relies on a system of Ledger's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes it relies on a system of Ledger's
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+had to get that in there but Ledger's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get that in there but Ledger's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to get that in there but Ledger's at
+the central bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central bank
+that has an entry that there's nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an entry that there's nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has an entry that there's nine
+thousand commercial banks in the US I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand commercial banks in the US I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand commercial banks in the US I
+don't mean to leave out any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean to leave out any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mean to leave out any other
+country but the form and fashion is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but the form and fashion is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country but the form and fashion is the
+same if there's six hundred commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if there's six hundred commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same if there's six hundred commercial
+banks in the UK and I don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in the UK and I don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks in the UK and I don't know the
+number or there's a thousand in China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or there's a thousand in China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or there's a thousand in China
+it's always sort of that same thing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always sort of that same thing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always sort of that same thing one
+big ledger at the central bank and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ledger at the central bank and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ledger at the central bank and then
+every bank commercial bank has a reserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bank commercial bank has a reserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every bank commercial bank has a reserve
+account and that reserve account is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and that reserve account is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and that reserve account is on
+the master ledger at the central bank in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master ledger at the central bank in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the master ledger at the central bank in
+essence so this is just some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence so this is just some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence so this is just some of the
+technology of Ledger's from from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of Ledger's from from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology of Ledger's from from the
+proto cuneiform the IBM 360 in 1961
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto cuneiform the IBM 360 in 1961
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proto cuneiform the IBM 360 in 1961
+revolutionised finance an IBM was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionised finance an IBM was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolutionised finance an IBM was not
+only the best disrupter company but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the best disrupter company but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the best disrupter company but it
+was revolutionising finance that IBM 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was revolutionising finance that IBM 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was revolutionising finance that IBM 360
+really started to get adopted a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really started to get adopted a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really started to get adopted a lot of
+finance in 1970s in the 1960s there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance in 1970s in the 1960s there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance in 1970s in the 1960s there was
+the paperwork problem the New York Stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paperwork problem the New York Stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paperwork problem the New York Stock
+Exchange had to shut down for a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange had to shut down for a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange had to shut down for a couple
+days in the late 60s because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in the late 60s because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days in the late 60s because they
+basically had too much paper physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically had too much paper physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically had too much paper physical
+limitations for finance payment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations for finance payment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations for finance payment and
+settlement systems have come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement systems have come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlement systems have come along
+that's Thomas Jefferson writing a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Thomas Jefferson writing a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Thomas Jefferson writing a check
+to himself but a check from Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to himself but a check from Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to himself but a check from Thomas
+Jefferson to himself in 1809 was a forum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson to himself in 1809 was a forum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jefferson to himself in 1809 was a forum
+to change to ledger accounts tell X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change to ledger accounts tell X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change to ledger accounts tell X
+believe it or not there was still some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not there was still some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe it or not there was still some
+telex machines when I started at Goldman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telex machines when I started at Goldman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telex machines when I started at Goldman
+Sachs in 1979 I was six I was 21 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+telex machines were very big innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telex machines were very big innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telex machines were very big innovation
+in the 1950s it allowed for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s it allowed for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1950s it allowed for the
+communication and sending around now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and sending around now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication and sending around now
+overcome by the important technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome by the important technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome by the important technologies
+later all of these technologies were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all of these technologies were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later all of these technologies were
+before the big boom and what I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the big boom and what I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the big boom and what I'll call
+and cryptic photography and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cryptic photography and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cryptic photography and how to
+secure communications and and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure communications and and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure communications and and and the
+whole form of public key and private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole form of public key and private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole form of public key and private key
+cryptography and other forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and other forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography and other forms of
+cryptography all of which are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography all of which are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography all of which are used in
+banking today pre blockchain almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking today pre blockchain almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking today pre blockchain almost
+everything that's done in blockchain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's done in blockchain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's done in blockchain has
+some form of cryptography that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of cryptography that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some form of cryptography that's being
+used for it and with it so blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for it and with it so blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for it and with it so blockchain
+and his son is just possibly a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his son is just possibly a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his son is just possibly a new
+technology using cryptography and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology using cryptography and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology using cryptography and using
+databases and doing it in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and doing it in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and doing it in a different
+way and the question is can we can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the question is can we can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and the question is can we can we
+find use cases and finance through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find use cases and finance through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find use cases and finance through that
+so what are some of the technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of the technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some of the technologies
+today and this is not a FinTech course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is not a FinTech course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this is not a FinTech course
+if it was a FinTech course every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a FinTech course every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it was a FinTech course every one of
+the things that are gonna go on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are gonna go on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that are gonna go on this
+slide would be talked about but does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide would be talked about but does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide would be talked about but does
+anybody want to just have some fun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to just have some fun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to just have some fun and
+name what's what's going on in FinTech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what's what's going on in FinTech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name what's what's going on in FinTech
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+blockchain is one of the eight things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is one of the eight things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain is one of the eight things
+I'm going to list anybody want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to list anybody want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to list anybody want to do
+some guesses here all right AIG he we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guesses here all right AIG he we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guesses here all right AIG he we've
+got two of the eight back and good we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two of the eight back and good we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got two of the eight back and good we
+had three of the eight this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three of the eight this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three of the eight this is good
+let's see how we're going Daniel thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we're going Daniel thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how we're going Daniel thank
+you big data big data all right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you big data big data all right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you big data big data all right that's
+not one but yes yes I can with great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one but yes yes I can with great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not one but yes yes I can with great
+with it I didn't put up there but say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I didn't put up there but say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it I didn't put up there but say
+RPI RP yeah you want to tell the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPI RP yeah you want to tell the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPI RP yeah you want to tell the class
+what RP is yes robotic processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what RP is yes robotic processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what RP is yes robotic processing
+automation Hugo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation Hugo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automation Hugo
+now Oh cuz it was taste test taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Oh cuz it was taste test taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now Oh cuz it was taste test taken
+machine learning yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning yes
+alright so AI machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so AI machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so AI machine learning
+blockchain nobody said cloud because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain nobody said cloud because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain nobody said cloud because now
+you will also take cloud for granted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also take cloud for granted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also take cloud for granted and
+so maybe clouds shouldn't even be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe clouds shouldn't even be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe clouds shouldn't even be on
+this page but it's still served changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page but it's still served changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page but it's still served changing
+some open API I'm sorry so you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some open API I'm sorry so you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some open API I'm sorry so you're saying
+you're saying that Leonardo is saying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that Leonardo is saying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that Leonardo is saying in
+Brasil you can't put certain information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brasil you can't put certain information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brasil you can't put certain information
+on the cloud it's probably true in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cloud it's probably true in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cloud it's probably true in many
+countries it's certain information but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it's certain information but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries it's certain information but a
+lot of bank information a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bank information a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of bank information a lot of
+financial information in most countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information in most countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial information in most countries
+are now up in the cloud ten years ago it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now up in the cloud ten years ago it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now up in the cloud ten years ago it
+wasn't so it's it's still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so it's it's still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't so it's it's still sort of
+shifting and probably bought country by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting and probably bought country by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting and probably bought country by
+country jurisdiction by jurisdiction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country jurisdiction by jurisdiction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country jurisdiction by jurisdiction and
+I suspect in a lot of countries the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect in a lot of countries the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suspect in a lot of countries the the
+official sector doesn't even know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector doesn't even know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official sector doesn't even know what's
+in the cloud but and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cloud but and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cloud but and then the other
+biometrics were mentioned interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometrics were mentioned interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometrics were mentioned interesting
+nobody mentioned chatbots one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody mentioned chatbots one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody mentioned chatbots one of my
+favorites but chatbots is a big piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites but chatbots is a big piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites but chatbots is a big piece of
+what's going on in finance and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in finance and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in finance and so forth
+you know like chat bots you go how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like chat bots you go how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like chat bots you go how many
+people like chat BOTS can I see a show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like chat BOTS can I see a show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like chat BOTS can I see a show
+of hands so what is it that you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands so what is it that you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands so what is it that you like
+about Tom what do you like about chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tom what do you like about chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Tom what do you like about chat
+BOTS you said you like chat BOTS alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOTS you said you like chat BOTS alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BOTS you said you like chat BOTS alright
+from the customer side how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the customer side how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the customer side how many people
+really kind of don't like chat BOTS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of don't like chat BOTS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of don't like chat BOTS
+right I mean it's not a great customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's not a great customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean it's not a great customer
+experience but maybe that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but maybe that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but maybe that's where
+somebody's going to spend a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's going to spend a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's going to spend a lot of
+technology and money and ingenuity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and money and ingenuity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and money and ingenuity and
+some Sloan MIT group will solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Sloan MIT group will solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Sloan MIT group will solve that
+that it's a better cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a better cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a better cost
+number experienced just an observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number experienced just an observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number experienced just an observation
+for anybody listening if this film has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody listening if this film has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anybody listening if this film has
+ever seen you know credit let me--just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen you know credit let me--just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen you know credit let me--just
+suitors say what's credit eyerly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitors say what's credit eyerly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suitors say what's credit eyerly are
+already defined this but what what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already defined this but what what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already defined this but what what is
+credit it's basically borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit it's basically borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit it's basically borrowing
+something of value but importantly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of value but importantly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of value but importantly with
+an agreement to give it back later as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement to give it back later as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an agreement to give it back later as
+old as time can be it's probably good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old as time can be it's probably good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old as time can be it's probably good to
+probably goes back twenty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably goes back twenty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably goes back twenty thousand
+thirty thousand years some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand years some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirty thousand years some of the
+earliest writing is about what it is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest writing is about what it is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest writing is about what it is but
+here's a chart about us private and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a chart about us private and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a chart about us private and
+public debt as a percentage of GDP it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public debt as a percentage of GDP it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public debt as a percentage of GDP it's
+based on the federal reserve numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the federal reserve numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the federal reserve numbers I
+got a chart I looked hard for this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chart I looked hard for this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a chart I looked hard for this a
+hundred and forty year chart and just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty year chart and just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred and forty year chart and just if
+you can't see it we are currently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see it we are currently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see it we are currently the
+debt in the u.s. is about three hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt in the u.s. is about three hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt in the u.s. is about three hundred
+and fifty percent of our economy our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fifty percent of our economy our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fifty percent of our economy our
+economy's twenty trillion and debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's twenty trillion and debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy's twenty trillion and debt
+totals around seventy trillion just easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals around seventy trillion just easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totals around seventy trillion just easy
+easy math for these days when did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy math for these days when did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy math for these days when did it
+peak the last time was in 1929 at three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak the last time was in 1929 at three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak the last time was in 1929 at three
+hundred percent we zipped past three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent we zipped past three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent we zipped past three
+hundred percent we had the 2008 crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent we had the 2008 crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent we had the 2008 crisis
+it's sort of been coming back down I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of been coming back down I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of been coming back down I'm
+not suggesting we're gonna come all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suggesting we're gonna come all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suggesting we're gonna come all the
+way back down one hundred and forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back down one hundred and forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back down one hundred and forty
+percent but I I raised this chart to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent but I I raised this chart to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent but I I raised this chart to say
+debt in modern economies is a big part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt in modern economies is a big part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt in modern economies is a big part
+of how economies work the u.s. total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how economies work the u.s. total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how economies work the u.s. total
+credit market you know those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit market you know those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit market you know those are the
+slices government commercial financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices government commercial financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices government commercial financial
+household each about one fourth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household each about one fourth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household each about one fourth in the
+US it would break out a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it would break out a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US it would break out a little bit
+different in other countries of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in other countries of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in other countries of course
+and then here's the u.s. bond market now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's the u.s. bond market now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then here's the u.s. bond market now
+the US bond markets only about forty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US bond markets only about forty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US bond markets only about forty
+trillion and the debt markets sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion and the debt markets sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion and the debt markets sixty
+seven what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven what's the difference between
+those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two
+what's that so this is the bond market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that so this is the bond market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that so this is the bond market
+that's the credit market so all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the credit market so all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the credit market so all that
+government debts in the bond market but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government debts in the bond market but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government debts in the bond market but
+a lot of the commercial debt is bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the commercial debt is bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the commercial debt is bank
+loans and you're right a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and you're right a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loans and you're right a lot of the
+household paper is also then securitized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household paper is also then securitized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household paper is also then securitized
+so you you got to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you got to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you got to get rid of
+the double counting and there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double counting and there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double counting and there's all
+sorts of questions of double counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of questions of double counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of questions of double counting
+and so forth forty trillion dollar bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth forty trillion dollar bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth forty trillion dollar bond
+market but the total is closer to 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but the total is closer to 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market but the total is closer to 70
+trillion by Federal Reserve Statistics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion by Federal Reserve Statistics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion by Federal Reserve Statistics I
+thought it'd be just interesting to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it'd be just interesting to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it'd be just interesting to say
+what's the bond and equity markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the bond and equity markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the bond and equity markets
+around the globe our bond and equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe our bond and equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the globe our bond and equity
+markets combined about 360 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets combined about 360 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets combined about 360 percent of
+our economy the EU and China you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economy the EU and China you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our economy the EU and China you can see
+now that might mean that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that might mean that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that might mean that we have an
+overvalued stock market our stock market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvalued stock market our stock market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overvalued stock market our stock market
+right now is about third well today it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is about third well today it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is about third well today it
+might not be as good maybe but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be as good maybe but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be as good maybe but it's
+hovering around thirty trillion I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering around thirty trillion I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hovering around thirty trillion I think
+it was up to 32 or 33 trillion what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was up to 32 or 33 trillion what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was up to 32 or 33 trillion what is
+it done poorly today again yeah but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done poorly today again yeah but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it done poorly today again yeah but it
+gives you a sense it's it's not just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense it's it's not just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a sense it's it's not just the
+US that are is about these numbers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that are is about these numbers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US that are is about these numbers this
+is how financing of non-financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how financing of non-financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how financing of non-financial
+corporations in the four big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations in the four big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations in the four big
+jurisdictions the US is four more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions the US is four more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jurisdictions the US is four more
+securities focused meaning we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities focused meaning we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities focused meaning we have very
+well-developed bond and equity markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-developed bond and equity markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-developed bond and equity markets
+and loans as you can see only provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loans as you can see only provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loans as you can see only provide
+about 11 or 12 percent of funding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 11 or 12 percent of funding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 11 or 12 percent of funding for
+commercial if you're a small company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial if you're a small company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial if you're a small company you
+get your borrowings from a bank if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your borrowings from a bank if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your borrowings from a bank if
+you're a big company you go out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a big company you go out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a big company you go out in the
+securities market James I I didn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities market James I I didn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities market James I I didn't do
+the research sift Moe which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research sift Moe which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the research sift Moe which is the
+securities industry association puts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities industry association puts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities industry association puts out
+a report annually and I grab these from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a report annually and I grab these from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a report annually and I grab these from
+the cipa report that came out two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cipa report that came out two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cipa report that came out two weeks
+ago so I I could look at the report but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so I I could look at the report but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago so I I could look at the report but
+I don't know I think it's more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I think it's more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know I think it's more than
+public companies I think this is broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public companies I think this is broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public companies I think this is broadly
+the economy I'm not gonna go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy I'm not gonna go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy I'm not gonna go through
+this but I have two slides here one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I have two slides here one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I have two slides here one is
+the equity market wins the bond market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity market wins the bond market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equity market wins the bond market
+to say the holders of US bonds pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the holders of US bonds pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the holders of US bonds pretty
+diverse but it's a lot of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse but it's a lot of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse but it's a lot of other
+financial companies who holds bonds it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial companies who holds bonds it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial companies who holds bonds it's
+a lot of other financial companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other financial companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other financial companies
+whereas equities is households
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas equities is households
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas equities is households
+it's either household directly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either household directly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's either household directly a
+household through a mutual fund or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household through a mutual fund or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household through a mutual fund or a
+household through their pension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household through their pension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household through their pension
+now only 40 percent is direct about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now only 40 percent is direct about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now only 40 percent is direct about a
+third is through mutual funds and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is through mutual funds and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third is through mutual funds and about
+12 or 15 percent is through pension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or 15 percent is through pension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 or 15 percent is through pension
+funds but it's kind of households own a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds but it's kind of households own a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funds but it's kind of households own a
+lot of the equity and finance firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the equity and finance firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the equity and finance firms
+owned a bunch of the debt this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned a bunch of the debt this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owned a bunch of the debt this
+ruff-ruff guidance any of you Masters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruff-ruff guidance any of you Masters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruff-ruff guidance any of you Masters of
+Finance you can tell me if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance you can tell me if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance you can tell me if you know
+going off the rails and also a household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off the rails and also a household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off the rails and also a household
+debt and then I'll stop with the slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and then I'll stop with the slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt and then I'll stop with the slides
+just because I household debt is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because I household debt is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because I household debt is
+primarily mortgage debt the orange on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily mortgage debt the orange on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily mortgage debt the orange on
+here is all the mortgage debt we're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is all the mortgage debt we're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is all the mortgage debt we're at
+about nine trillion dollars and mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nine trillion dollars and mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about nine trillion dollars and mortgage
+debt but red red is what you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt but red red is what you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debt but red red is what you all
+probably identify with yeah you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably identify with yeah you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably identify with yeah you don't
+have to self tell me but you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to self tell me but you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to self tell me but you're probably
+all in the red that's the student debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the red that's the student debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in the red that's the student debt
+student debt in the u.s. is now one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student debt in the u.s. is now one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student debt in the u.s. is now one and
+a half trillion dollars I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half trillion dollars I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half trillion dollars I'm just
+expressing my own public policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing my own public policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing my own public policy
+perspective but it's it's not I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but it's it's not I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective but it's it's not I don't
+think this is I don't think it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is I don't think it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is I don't think it's good to
+mortgage everybody who's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage everybody who's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage everybody who's just going
+through college and graduate school but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through college and graduate school but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through college and graduate school but
+that's a bigger public policy today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bigger public policy today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a bigger public policy today I'm
+just expressing a point of view it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expressing a point of view it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expressing a point of view it did
+not used to be like this this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used to be like this this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not used to be like this this is an
+interesting chart to me is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting chart to me is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting chart to me is the number of
+accounts again us we could have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts again us we could have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts again us we could have gotten
+broader countries there's 500 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader countries there's 500 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader countries there's 500 million
+credit cards in the u.s. it's 328
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards in the u.s. it's 328
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards in the u.s. it's 328
+million Americans there's about 1 in 1.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Americans there's about 1 in 1.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million Americans there's about 1 in 1.6
+1.7 per population but auto loans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 per population but auto loans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.7 per population but auto loans and
+mortgage and and mortgages or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and and mortgages or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage and and mortgages or to the
+left access or 70 or 80 million so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left access or 70 or 80 million so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left access or 70 or 80 million so these
+are big markets these are just numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are big markets these are just numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are big markets these are just numbers
+of people who have an auto loan or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have an auto loan or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people who have an auto loan or a
+number of auto loans these are numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of auto loans these are numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of auto loans these are numbers
+of mortgages and then a chi is home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mortgages and then a chi is home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of mortgages and then a chi is home
+equity revolving these are the four big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity revolving these are the four big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity revolving these are the four big
+slip streams of household debt mortgages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip streams of household debt mortgages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slip streams of household debt mortgages
+number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one
+student debt number two unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student debt number two unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student debt number two unfortunately
+credit cards and then home equity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and then home equity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and then home equity and
+auto loans are I can't see on this chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto loans are I can't see on this chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto loans are I can't see on this chart
+but auto loans are pulling them let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but auto loans are pulling them let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but auto loans are pulling them let's
+talk about risk this is a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about risk this is a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about risk this is a couple of
+ideas from my time in risk management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas from my time in risk management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas from my time in risk management
+anybody want to give me the three big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to give me the three big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody want to give me the three big
+risk if you were managing goldman sachs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk if you were managing goldman sachs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk if you were managing goldman sachs
+you'd be worried about on a daily basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be worried about on a daily basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be worried about on a daily basis
+not whether the uro is going to crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not whether the uro is going to crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not whether the uro is going to crash
+not that but broad topical rest what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that but broad topical rest what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that but broad topical rest what are
+the three or four big risk credit risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three or four big risk credit risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three or four big risk credit risk
+operations any other counterparty risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations any other counterparty risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations any other counterparty risk
+human capital that's a good one I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital that's a good one I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human capital that's a good one I like
+it it's usually not taken up at a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's usually not taken up at a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's usually not taken up at a risk
+committee though it's an important risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee though it's an important risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee though it's an important risk
+though but it's not usually taken up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but it's not usually taken up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though but it's not usually taken up so
+what do I have market risk all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have market risk all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I have market risk all sorts of
+different type of market risk credit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of market risk credit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different type of market risk credit and
+underwriting credit is is will somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting credit is is will somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting credit is is will somebody
+pay me back underwriting is usually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me back underwriting is usually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay me back underwriting is usually have
+I judged the risk well so it could be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I judged the risk well so it could be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I judged the risk well so it could be an
+insurance risk as well as underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance risk as well as underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance risk as well as underwriting
+securities three things I didn't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities three things I didn't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities three things I didn't hear
+from you all I'm not surprised I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you all I'm not surprised I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you all I'm not surprised I didn't
+hear but these are the three that lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear but these are the three that lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear but these are the three that lead
+to crises market risk credit risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crises market risk credit risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to crises market risk credit risk and
+underwriting risk even if even if firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting risk even if even if firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting risk even if even if firms
+blow it they usually do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it they usually do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow it they usually do it
+and usually the Board of Directors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually the Board of Directors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually the Board of Directors
+understands it my experience and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands it my experience and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands it my experience and looking
+at failed firms its liquidity funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at failed firms its liquidity funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at failed firms its liquidity funding
+and settlement risk liquidity means can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and settlement risk liquidity means can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and settlement risk liquidity means can
+I sell something when I want to sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sell something when I want to sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sell something when I want to sell it
+where could I buy a hedge or cover when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where could I buy a hedge or cover when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where could I buy a hedge or cover when
+I want to cover funding is can I roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cover funding is can I roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to cover funding is can I roll
+over my funding because so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my funding because so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over my funding because so much of
+Finance is about short-term funding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is about short-term funding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance is about short-term funding and
+long-term assets and it's usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term assets and it's usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term assets and it's usually
+misunderstanding liquidity in a crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding liquidity in a crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstanding liquidity in a crisis
+you can sell things all day long when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell things all day long when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sell things all day long when
+things are good but when markets start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are good but when markets start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are good but when markets start
+to get frail and thin your look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get frail and thin your look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get frail and thin your look
+what it he dries up so it's a crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it he dries up so it's a crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it he dries up so it's a crazy
+thing to model it's a very tough thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to model it's a very tough thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to model it's a very tough thing I
+mean great economist great finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean great economist great finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean great economist great finance
+academics can model it but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics can model it but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics can model it but at the end of
+the day it's a little tough because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it's a little tough because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day it's a little tough because it
+goes away fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away fast
+and it's kind of a funny mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of a funny mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of a funny mathematical
+formula when you see something just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when you see something just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula when you see something just go
+away and the math doesn't matter when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and the math doesn't matter when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and the math doesn't matter when
+you can't sell something and you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sell something and you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't sell something and you think
+it was worth 98 bucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was worth 98 bucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was worth 98 bucks
+and you can't sell it for 88 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't sell it for 88 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't sell it for 88 and the
+other big one is model risk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big one is model risk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other big one is model risk or
+correlations and you can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and you can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations and you can build a
+correlation matrix around all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix around all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix around all sorts of
+financial assets and it can work in most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial assets and it can work in most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial assets and it can work in most
+markets it can work in in a market which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets it can work in in a market which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets it can work in in a market which
+I'll say out to two or three standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say out to two or three standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say out to two or three standard
+deviations from the norm but will your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the norm but will your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the norm but will your
+correlation matrix still work when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix still work when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation matrix still work when
+you're in a market environment that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a market environment that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're in a market environment that's
+four or five standard deviations out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five standard deviations out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five standard deviations out
+from the norm I'm sorry think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the norm I'm sorry think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the norm I'm sorry think of a
+bell-shaped curve and just think of tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped curve and just think of tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped curve and just think of tip
+with some people call it tail risk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some people call it tail risk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some people call it tail risk but
+I'm not talking about the price I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about the price I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not talking about the price I'm
+talking about that all your correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that all your correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about that all your correlations
+in your model just you throw them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your model just you throw them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your model just you throw them out
+the window and those for liquidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and those for liquidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window and those for liquidity
+funding and settlement and correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and settlement and correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funding and settlement and correlation
+in my experience is kind of where firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience is kind of where firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my experience is kind of where firms
+get into a bunch of trouble or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a bunch of trouble or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a bunch of trouble or they're
+not maybe it's not actually a bug but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's not actually a bug but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not maybe it's not actually a bug but
+it's a feature it's sort of saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a feature it's sort of saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a feature it's sort of saying I'm
+embedding all this risk this is why I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding all this risk this is why I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding all this risk this is why I'm
+getting earning excess returns when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting earning excess returns when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting earning excess returns when I'm
+in finance and you know one in a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and you know one in a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finance and you know one in a hundred
+times my firm's gonna go bankrupt but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times my firm's gonna go bankrupt but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times my firm's gonna go bankrupt but
+that's just that's the risk I take Kelly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's the risk I take Kelly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just that's the risk I take Kelly
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and cyber risk it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cyber risk it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cyber risk it would have been
+operational in the past and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational in the past and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operational in the past and now
+everybody's all focused on cyber and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's all focused on cyber and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's all focused on cyber and
+it's the right thing it's a big risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right thing it's a big risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the right thing it's a big risk
+that banks and and insurance companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that banks and and insurance companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that banks and and insurance companies
+are all focused on legal and compliance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all focused on legal and compliance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all focused on legal and compliance
+and reputational risk literally if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reputational risk literally if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reputational risk literally if you
+went back thirty years ago people would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back thirty years ago people would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back thirty years ago people would
+not be managing reputational legal risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be managing reputational legal risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be managing reputational legal risk
+at their risk committee but a well-run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their risk committee but a well-run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at their risk committee but a well-run
+risk committee two big bank takes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk committee two big bank takes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk committee two big bank takes all
+these things every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things every one of these
+categories should go up to the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories should go up to the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories should go up to the risk
+committee in somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee in somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee in somewhere
+another Dan and then I'm going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Dan and then I'm going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Dan and then I'm going to try to
+do Kelly's question in something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Kelly's question in something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do Kelly's question in something that
+you talked about speaking Dan's asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about speaking Dan's asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked about speaking Dan's asked
+about political risk classic sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about political risk classic sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about political risk classic sort of
+thinking is is that you don't manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is is that you don't manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is is that you don't manage
+that at a risk committee you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at a risk committee you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at a risk committee you might
+manage it in your your Washington or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage it in your your Washington or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manage it in your your Washington or
+Brussels or London office dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brussels or London office dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brussels or London office dealing with
+with and there's policy risks that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and there's policy risks that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and there's policy risks that the
+policies can change the regulations can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies can change the regulations can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies can change the regulations can
+change you try to influence it and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you try to influence it and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change you try to influence it and get
+ahead of changes that lower your profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of changes that lower your profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of changes that lower your profit
+margins but you usually aren't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins but you usually aren't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margins but you usually aren't going to
+be managing it in the same way here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be managing it in the same way here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be managing it in the same way here so
+Dan you're right there's political risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan you're right there's political risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dan you're right there's political risk
+there's a second thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second thing which is
+expropriation risk in many countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expropriation risk in many countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expropriation risk in many countries
+it's no longer a big challenge but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer a big challenge but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no longer a big challenge but it is
+it is and certainly for big banks there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and certainly for big banks there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is and certainly for big banks there
+was a lot of expiration risk in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of expiration risk in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a lot of expiration risk in in
+earlier decades crises you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier decades crises you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier decades crises you can see the
+hourglass is kind of broken and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass is kind of broken and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hourglass is kind of broken and it's
+broken right at the neck we're finances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken right at the neck we're finances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken right at the neck we're finances
+here's some just I hate to say but in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some just I hate to say but in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some just I hate to say but in my
+memory I hope all of you have such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I hope all of you have such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory I hope all of you have such a
+rich career that in 30 or 40 years you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich career that in 30 or 40 years you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich career that in 30 or 40 years you
+can be teaching somewhere like MIT but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be teaching somewhere like MIT but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be teaching somewhere like MIT but
+you will have this no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have this no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have this no matter what
+country you live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country you live in
+you'll have some list that you can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some list that you can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some list that you can I
+didn't go to Wikipedia I just said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to Wikipedia I just said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go to Wikipedia I just said oh
+yeah there was that Latin tech crisis I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there was that Latin tech crisis I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there was that Latin tech crisis I
+did go to the internet to remind myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did go to the internet to remind myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did go to the internet to remind myself
+wait years and in the 1970s I was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait years and in the 1970s I was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait years and in the 1970s I was in
+high school but I'm just saying that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school but I'm just saying that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school but I'm just saying that I
+actually remember all of these crises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember all of these crises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually remember all of these crises
+they happen they come they go they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen they come they go they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they happen they come they go they're
+part of it let me just mention something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it let me just mention something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of it let me just mention something
+about the subprime mortgage crisis 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the subprime mortgage crisis 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the subprime mortgage crisis 2008
+so what's my quick take on it like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my quick take on it like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's my quick take on it like what
+what happened in you know in ten minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in you know in ten minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened in you know in ten minutes
+or less no but I'll take any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less no but I'll take any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less no but I'll take any questions
+one I think at the core were weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think at the core were weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I think at the core were weak
+underwriting practices mostly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting practices mostly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting practices mostly in the
+real estate sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real estate sector
+for housing underwriting is the word as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for housing underwriting is the word as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for housing underwriting is the word as
+to a bank is making a loan or insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bank is making a loan or insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a bank is making a loan or insurance
+company is taking a risk it's whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is taking a risk it's whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company is taking a risk it's whenever
+somebody takes a risk you have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody takes a risk you have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody takes a risk you have to sort
+of sort of make some probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of make some probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of make some probability
+weighting how what's that wrist like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting how what's that wrist like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighting how what's that wrist like
+let's take a bank will I get repaid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a bank will I get repaid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a bank will I get repaid
+you're not gonna get repaid on a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get repaid on a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna get repaid on a hundred
+percent of the loans but underwriting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the loans but underwriting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the loans but underwriting is
+this concept of sort of sorting that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of sort of sorting that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept of sort of sorting that out
+or an insurance the underwriting risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an insurance the underwriting risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an insurance the underwriting risk of
+the house burning down and so forth they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house burning down and so forth they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the house burning down and so forth they
+were a weak underwriting standards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a weak underwriting standards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a weak underwriting standards and
+on top of that a lot of bad practices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that a lot of bad practices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of that a lot of bad practices
+and predatory lending Kyl question do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predatory lending Kyl question do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predatory lending Kyl question do
+you think that the predatory lending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that the predatory lending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that the predatory lending and
+accepting extending loans because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting extending loans because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepting extending loans because it is
+a symptom of willingness to take on more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symptom of willingness to take on more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a symptom of willingness to take on more
+risk or being unaware of the raises sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk or being unaware of the raises sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk or being unaware of the raises sort
+of whatever we call it the $64,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever we call it the $64,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of whatever we call it the $64,000
+question in the middle of bed risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in the middle of bed risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in the middle of bed risk
+management I mean because we could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management I mean because we could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management I mean because we could go
+back to this page every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this page every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this page every one of these
+pieces of risk management you can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of risk management you can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces of risk management you can't do
+perfectly it's only so susceptible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly it's only so susceptible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly it's only so susceptible to
+higher math every one of these there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher math every one of these there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher math every one of these there's
+math around but poor risk management can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math around but poor risk management can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math around but poor risk management can
+be just not even being aware that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just not even being aware that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be just not even being aware that the
+risk is there I think that's what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is there I think that's what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk is there I think that's what your
+question was like was there just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was like was there just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question was like was there just an
+unawareness that there was such bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unawareness that there was such bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unawareness that there was such bad
+things going on in the street or was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the street or was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on in the street or was it
+well we're aware of it but we're willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're aware of it but we're willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're aware of it but we're willing
+to take that risk I think it was a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that risk I think it was a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that risk I think it was a bit
+of both I think that the the the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both I think that the the the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both I think that the the the major
+investment banks the Lehman Brothers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banks the Lehman Brothers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment banks the Lehman Brothers and
+some of the others that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the others that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the others that were
+underwriting a lot of the subprime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting a lot of the subprime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underwriting a lot of the subprime
+mortgages we're aware that there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages we're aware that there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgages we're aware that there were no
+dock loans no document loans was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock loans no document loans was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dock loans no document loans was called
+no doc loans that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doc loans that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doc loans that the
+the down payments were shrinking because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down payments were shrinking because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the down payments were shrinking because
+that was susceptible to math that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was susceptible to math that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was susceptible to math that you
+could see that restore and lower down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that restore and lower down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could see that restore and lower down
+payments but I don't think that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments but I don't think that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments but I don't think that they
+knew everything that was going on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew everything that was going on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew everything that was going on on the
+street the really bad action I testified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street the really bad action I testified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street the really bad action I testified
+in the US Congress in the spring of 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US Congress in the spring of 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the US Congress in the spring of 2000
+as a department of secretary under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a department of secretary under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a department of secretary under
+secretary about predatory lending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary about predatory lending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secretary about predatory lending it
+wasn't that I was prescient I was asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that I was prescient I was asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't that I was prescient I was asked
+to testify and we did a big study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to testify and we did a big study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to testify and we did a big study
+between the Department of Housing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Department of Housing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Department of Housing and
+the Department of Treasury and we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Department of Treasury and we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Department of Treasury and we went
+out we had public hearings in a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we had public hearings in a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out we had public hearings in a bunch of
+cities and we wrote a report made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and we wrote a report made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities and we wrote a report made
+recommendations and Ned Gramlich over at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and Ned Gramlich over at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommendations and Ned Gramlich over at
+the Federal Reserve was very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Reserve was very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Reserve was very helpful
+Andrew Cuomo at the Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Cuomo at the Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andrew Cuomo at the Department of
+Housing who's now governor of New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housing who's now governor of New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Housing who's now governor of New York
+and I was running point at Treasury so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was running point at Treasury so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was running point at Treasury so
+it was known in a sense but I think a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was known in a sense but I think a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was known in a sense but I think a
+lot of the the broad community the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the the broad community the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the the broad community the
+policy community in the banking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy community in the banking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy community in the banking
+community tended to look the other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community tended to look the other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community tended to look the other way
+partly because there was so much profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because there was so much profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because there was so much profits
+and partly because in the in the upside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly because in the in the upside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partly because in the in the upside
+of a boom it feels like it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a boom it feels like it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a boom it feels like it's it's it's
+it's never going to turn and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never going to turn and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's never going to turn and that that
+even a small report like we did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a small report like we did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even a small report like we did in the
+spring of 2000 in fairness we didn't bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of 2000 in fairness we didn't bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring of 2000 in fairness we didn't bet
+we didn't bang the table enough maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't bang the table enough maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't bang the table enough maybe
+now there I was testifying I left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there I was testifying I left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there I was testifying I left and
+that that was that you know Al Gore is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was that you know Al Gore is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that was that you know Al Gore is
+running to succeed Bill Clinton and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running to succeed Bill Clinton and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running to succeed Bill Clinton and you
+know I the administration couldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I the administration couldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I the administration couldn't have
+gotten a law changed even if we tried at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a law changed even if we tried at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten a law changed even if we tried at
+that time but nonetheless that's so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but nonetheless that's so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time but nonetheless that's so I
+think sometimes it's a bit of both from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sometimes it's a bit of both from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think sometimes it's a bit of both from
+personal experience but back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience but back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal experience but back to the
+crisis so I think that weak underwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis so I think that weak underwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis so I think that weak underwriting
+and predatory lending mixed into have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predatory lending mixed into have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and predatory lending mixed into have a
+subprime mortgage crisis and then a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprime mortgage crisis and then a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subprime mortgage crisis and then a big
+housing bubble but also beyond that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing bubble but also beyond that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing bubble but also beyond that
+beyond that easy credit easy credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that easy credit easy credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that easy credit easy credit
+partly because interest rates were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because interest rates were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because interest rates were so
+low we came out of the late part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low we came out of the late part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low we came out of the late part the
+1990s we went from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s we went from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1990s we went from an
+set bubble in the stock market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set bubble in the stock market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set bubble in the stock market the
+internet bubble burst and we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet bubble burst and we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet bubble burst and we kind of
+moved that it that that bubble valuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved that it that that bubble valuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved that it that that bubble valuation
+into the housing market the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the housing market the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the housing market the Federal
+Reserve lowered interest rates kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve lowered interest rates kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reserve lowered interest rates kept
+interest rates low for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates low for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates low for a very long time
+to kind of keep the economy going and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of keep the economy going and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of keep the economy going and we
+even see now president Trump and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see now president Trump and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see now president Trump and and and
+Fed chair pal a little bit at odds about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fed chair pal a little bit at odds about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fed chair pal a little bit at odds about
+where should interest rates go and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where should interest rates go and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where should interest rates go and the
+Federal Reserve is moving interest rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve is moving interest rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Reserve is moving interest rates
+up in the u.s. now but there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the u.s. now but there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the u.s. now but there's always
+that sort of dynamic a little back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of dynamic a little back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of dynamic a little back
+pressure in every country we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in every country we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure in every country we like to
+think we have independent central banks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have independent central banks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have independent central banks
+but in some countries it's it's a tug of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some countries it's it's a tug of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some countries it's it's a tug of
+war and we're seeing that play out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and we're seeing that play out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war and we're seeing that play out a
+little now so we had easy credit for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little now so we had easy credit for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little now so we had easy credit for a
+long time partly supplied by foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time partly supplied by foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time partly supplied by foreign
+governments even China in a sense I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments even China in a sense I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governments even China in a sense I mean
+people were willing to buy the US paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were willing to buy the US paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were willing to buy the US paper
+but also financial derivatives credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also financial derivatives credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also financial derivatives credit
+default swaps in particular led to a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps in particular led to a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default swaps in particular led to a lot
+more leverage and and also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leverage and and also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leverage and and also the
+interconnectedness the the derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectedness the the derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interconnectedness the the derivatives
+tied everybody together a lot more part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied everybody together a lot more part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tied everybody together a lot more part
+of the leverage was also accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leverage was also accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the leverage was also accepting
+model-based capital rules at banks the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model-based capital rules at banks the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model-based capital rules at banks the
+other thing is I think we had a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is I think we had a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is I think we had a lot of
+poor risk management back to Kyle's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor risk management back to Kyle's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor risk management back to Kyle's
+point so poor risk management incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so poor risk management incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so poor risk management incentive
+structures the basic incentive structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the basic incentive structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures the basic incentive structure
+at banks have a lot of bonuses and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at banks have a lot of bonuses and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at banks have a lot of bonuses and some
+of you worked at banks but on some level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you worked at banks but on some level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you worked at banks but on some level
+it's sort of heads I win tails you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of heads I win tails you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of heads I win tails you lose
+I mean if you put a big position on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you put a big position on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean if you put a big position on and
+it pays off and you're a trader and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays off and you're a trader and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays off and you're a trader and
+you're managing the mortgage desk at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're managing the mortgage desk at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're managing the mortgage desk at
+Lehman and it pays off you say alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lehman and it pays off you say alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lehman and it pays off you say alright
+where's my five or ten million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my five or ten million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my five or ten million dollar
+bonus I'm saying if you're running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus I'm saying if you're running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus I'm saying if you're running the
+department I mean if hopefully some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department I mean if hopefully some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department I mean if hopefully some of
+you will do that but if you're on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do that but if you're on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will do that but if you're on the
+other side and the firm fails they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and the firm fails they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side and the firm fails they don't
+say please give me back that 5 or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please give me back that 5 or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say please give me back that 5 or 10
+million so there's asymmetric incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so there's asymmetric incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million so there's asymmetric incentive
+structures Brodus and and those have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures Brodus and and those have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures Brodus and and those have
+been written about widely academically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been written about widely academically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been written about widely academically I
+mean we do have a lot of asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we do have a lot of asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean we do have a lot of asymmetric
+incentive structures and backing furnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about the rating agency so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the rating agency so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the rating agency so I would
+absolutely say their incentive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely say their incentive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely say their incentive
+structures within those two words a lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures within those two words a lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures within those two words a lots
+packed thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packed thank you
+rating agencies got paid for issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating agencies got paid for issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rating agencies got paid for issuing
+ratings but they not you know give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings but they not you know give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratings but they not you know give some
+money back if you got it wrong so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back if you got it wrong so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money back if you got it wrong so it's
+it's it's perverse incentive structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's perverse incentive structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's perverse incentive structures
+both in terms of the bonus structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of the bonus structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in terms of the bonus structure
+employment payment structure rating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment payment structure rating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employment payment structure rating
+agencies fees inherently finance has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies fees inherently finance has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies fees inherently finance has a
+lot of conflicts of interest we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of conflicts of interest we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of conflicts of interest we're not
+going to we're not going to get it rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're not going to get it rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're not going to get it rid
+of that conflicts of interest there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that conflicts of interest there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that conflicts of interest there's
+there's always somebody in finance who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always somebody in finance who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always somebody in finance who
+wants to separate their customer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to separate their customer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to separate their customer from
+their money that's it's the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money that's it's the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their money that's it's the nature of
+things but in a sense Starbucks wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in a sense Starbucks wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but in a sense Starbucks wants to
+separate you when they say do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate you when they say do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate you when they say do you want
+the large cup instead or the grande
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large cup instead or the grande
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large cup instead or the grande
+instead of the large so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the large so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the large so that's the
+nature of Commerce and and and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of Commerce and and and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of Commerce and and and it's just
+you want some market base and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some market base and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want some market base and and
+regulatory things that feel back so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory things that feel back so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory things that feel back so
+multiple failure started to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple failure started to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple failure started to happen in
+the US Bear Stearns started to fail in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Bear Stearns started to fail in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Bear Stearns started to fail in
+2007 so well before the epicenter of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 so well before the epicenter of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2007 so well before the epicenter of all
+of this you had in the UK what James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you had in the UK what James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this you had in the UK what James
+what was the first one that failed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the first one that failed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the first one that failed in
+your country what's that Northern Rock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your country what's that Northern Rock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your country what's that Northern Rock
+so you know where did that where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know where did that where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know where did that where did
+that but the timber was dry it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the timber was dry it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but the timber was dry it was like
+like the fire was gonna go but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fire was gonna go but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the fire was gonna go but the
+system could maybe withstand one failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system could maybe withstand one failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system could maybe withstand one failure
+Northern Rock or Bear Stearns but by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Rock or Bear Stearns but by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northern Rock or Bear Stearns but by the
+summer of o8 in this country when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer of o8 in this country when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer of o8 in this country when the
+large financial mortgage companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large financial mortgage companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large financial mortgage companies
+Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had to go
+into receivership around Labor Day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into receivership around Labor Day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into receivership around Labor Day of
+2008 it's just it was teetering and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 it's just it was teetering and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2008 it's just it was teetering and then
+of course if anybody remembers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if anybody remembers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course if anybody remembers by
+September 15th or something it was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 15th or something it was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 15th or something it was it
+was just this the system would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just this the system would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just this the system would have
+collapsed without government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed without government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed without government
+intervention this system would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention this system would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention this system would have
+fully we were kind of and we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully we were kind of and we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully we were kind of and we would have
+been in one of those moments from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in one of those moments from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in one of those moments from the
+18th or 19th century where we then or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th or 19th century where we then or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th or 19th century where we then or
+even the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the 1930s
+it's likely we have blown out to twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's likely we have blown out to twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's likely we have blown out to twenty
+or thirty percent unemployment in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thirty percent unemployment in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or thirty percent unemployment in this
+country and there some of your countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and there some of your countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and there some of your countries
+that is the case you you you saw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case you you you saw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the case you you you saw it
+happen I don't know all the countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I don't know all the countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen I don't know all the countries
+represented here but so that's my little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here but so that's my little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented here but so that's my little
+quick read of the financial crisis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick read of the financial crisis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick read of the financial crisis but
+if any this wasn't meant to be a lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any this wasn't meant to be a lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any this wasn't meant to be a lecture
+on it but I thought well why not throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but I thought well why not throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but I thought well why not throw
+it in its finance any questions on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in its finance any questions on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in its finance any questions on that
+peuta crisis but if you have to gauge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peuta crisis but if you have to gauge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peuta crisis but if you have to gauge
+the state of the financial like US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the financial like US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the financial like US
+finances right now what do you think are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances right now what do you think are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finances right now what do you think are
+we in a better place than we were ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in a better place than we were ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we in a better place than we were ten
+years ago yes we're in a better place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago yes we're in a better place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago yes we're in a better place
+than we did ten years ago yes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we did ten years ago yes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we did ten years ago yes in a
+number of ways but as Sheila beers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways but as Sheila beers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways but as Sheila beers
+writing said in other ways it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing said in other ways it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing said in other ways it's not all
+that different so I think that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different so I think that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that different so I think that we have
+high valuations in the stock market but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high valuations in the stock market but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high valuations in the stock market but
+it's not a levered asset class so real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a levered asset class so real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a levered asset class so real
+estate bubbles usually are very higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate bubbles usually are very higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate bubbles usually are very higher
+probability that a real estate bubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a real estate bubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a real estate bubble
+will lead to calamitous outcomes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to calamitous outcomes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lead to calamitous outcomes because
+there's a lot of borrowing against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of borrowing against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of borrowing against the
+asset bubble so what we had no eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset bubble so what we had no eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset bubble so what we had no eight and
+you hadn't in Iceland when the bank's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hadn't in Iceland when the bank's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hadn't in Iceland when the bank's
+failed in many countries when you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in many countries when you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in many countries when you see
+huge failures it's when you have a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge failures it's when you have a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge failures it's when you have a real
+estate bubble with a lot of borrowings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate bubble with a lot of borrowings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate bubble with a lot of borrowings
+against it when the revaluation comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it when the revaluation comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it when the revaluation comes
+the debt the debt upon that asset class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt the debt upon that asset class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debt the debt upon that asset class
+is higher than the valuation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the valuation on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is higher than the valuation on the
+asset class and that's usually leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset class and that's usually leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset class and that's usually leads to
+some either calamitous outcome or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some either calamitous outcome or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some either calamitous outcome or
+government bailouts and and it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bailouts and and it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government bailouts and and it takes a
+while debt debt loud bubbles a debt left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while debt debt loud bubbles a debt left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while debt debt loud bubbles a debt left
+bubble is much harder so back to today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble is much harder so back to today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bubble is much harder so back to today I
+think we have a bit of a bubble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have a bit of a bubble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have a bit of a bubble because
+we've had low interest rates for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had low interest rates for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've had low interest rates for a long
+time we've had pretty good economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we've had pretty good economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we've had pretty good economic
+growth even though it's not fully and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth even though it's not fully and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth even though it's not fully and
+equally shared but a lot of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally shared but a lot of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally shared but a lot of economic
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think the banking sector is stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the banking sector is stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the banking sector is stronger
+it's more capital one of the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more capital one of the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more capital one of the results of
+the reforms in Europe and the US is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reforms in Europe and the US is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reforms in Europe and the US is a
+lot more capital in the system meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more capital in the system meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more capital in the system meaning
+less leverage but on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less leverage but on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less leverage but on the other hand the
+banking sector is a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sector is a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sector is a bit more
+concentrated and concentration leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated and concentration leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated and concentration leads to
+additional risk the other thing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional risk the other thing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional risk the other thing and this
+is maybe my feeling is as we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe my feeling is as we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is maybe my feeling is as we're not
+sharing the economic well-being broadly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the economic well-being broadly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing the economic well-being broadly
+in the economy the middle-income America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy the middle-income America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the economy the middle-income America
+Middle income Europe in particular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle income Europe in particular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle income Europe in particular is
+not sharing as much I think that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sharing as much I think that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sharing as much I think that that
+hurts us in two ways one is if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts us in two ways one is if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurts us in two ways one is if we have
+the downturn there's not as much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downturn there's not as much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the downturn there's not as much all
+economies these days are led by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies these days are led by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economies these days are led by
+consumption there's not as much ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption there's not as much ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption there's not as much ability
+to respond with consumption and - I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond with consumption and - I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to respond with consumption and - I
+think it also tears at our social fabric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it also tears at our social fabric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it also tears at our social fabric
+and now I'm talking more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm talking more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I'm talking more about the
+political but it's sort of there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political but it's sort of there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political but it's sort of there's less
+of a social fabric for consensus when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a social fabric for consensus when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a social fabric for consensus when
+things Shelagh Bears point was we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Shelagh Bears point was we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things Shelagh Bears point was we did a
+bunch of things bailing out big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things bailing out big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of things bailing out big
+institutions we didn't have help home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions we didn't have help home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions we didn't have help home
+owners enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners enough
+I think factually she's correct and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think factually she's correct and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think factually she's correct and then
+you have to say or the yeah chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say or the yeah chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to say or the yeah chips
+correct but we did provide trillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but we did provide trillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but we did provide trillions of
+dollars to support for big institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to support for big institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to support for big institutions
+and not for individuals and and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not for individuals and and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not for individuals and and there's
+where the debate is and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the debate is and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the debate is and all the
+challenges I think it's correct Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I think it's correct Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges I think it's correct Tim
+Geithner wrote a book if you ever get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geithner wrote a book if you ever get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geithner wrote a book if you ever get a
+chance to read it it's very lively and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to read it it's very lively and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to read it it's very lively and
+easy read about the crisis and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy read about the crisis and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy read about the crisis and he said
+sometimes it's like you know bailing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like you know bailing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like you know bailing out
+the arsonist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arsonist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arsonist
+you know they I think those were as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they I think those were as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they I think those were as
+Tim's exact words in his book but if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim's exact words in his book but if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim's exact words in his book but if I'm
+wrong sorry Tim for misquoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sorry Tim for misquoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sorry Tim for misquoting
+but mehar public policy challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mehar public policy challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mehar public policy challenge that
+Ben Bernanke and Tim and others were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben Bernanke and Tim and others were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ben Bernanke and Tim and others were
+facing at that point time but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing at that point time but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing at that point time but I think
+Sheila's right factually and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheila's right factually and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sheila's right factually and then I
+leave for you the policy debate let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave for you the policy debate let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave for you the policy debate let me
+just mention the financial sector I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention the financial sector I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mention the financial sector I'm
+closing on this legacy cup store in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing on this legacy cup store in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closing on this legacy cup store in
+interphase when you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interphase when you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interphase when you're thinking about
+any blockchain solutions as Eric said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any blockchain solutions as Eric said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any blockchain solutions as Eric said
+it's legacy or they slow are they moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legacy or they slow are they moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's legacy or they slow are they moving
+slow it's got to be data intensive at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow it's got to be data intensive at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow it's got to be data intensive at
+some point I don't think blockchain has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I don't think blockchain has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I don't think blockchain has
+a lot of use if it's not data intensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of use if it's not data intensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of use if it's not data intensive
+are there economic rents if there aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there economic rents if there aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there economic rents if there aren't
+economic rents is probably less likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents is probably less likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic rents is probably less likely
+you're gonna be able to tuck in but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be able to tuck in but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna be able to tuck in but if
+there's big economic rents like 22.7% on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's big economic rents like 22.7% on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's big economic rents like 22.7% on
+payments and the like that might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and the like that might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payments and the like that might be a
+place you can tuck in with a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you can tuck in with a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place you can tuck in with a new
+disrupter strategy sometimes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter strategy sometimes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupter strategy sometimes there's
+concentrated risk we talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated risk we talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated risk we talked about that
+or the infrastructure costs I know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the infrastructure costs I know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the infrastructure costs I know there
+was earlier talk about counterparty risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was earlier talk about counterparty risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was earlier talk about counterparty risk
+and so forth the good news is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth the good news is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth the good news is there's a
+wide acceptance of adoption of new tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide acceptance of adoption of new tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide acceptance of adoption of new tech
+I'm not going to say it's gonna bail out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to say it's gonna bail out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to say it's gonna bail out
+a bad blockchain idea and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad blockchain idea and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad blockchain idea and I'm not
+looking for a bunch of ideas about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a bunch of ideas about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for a bunch of ideas about you
+know scams and frauds but there are wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know scams and frauds but there are wide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know scams and frauds but there are wide
+acceptance and there's seven and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and there's seven and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptance and there's seven and a half
+percent of the US economy and similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the US economy and similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the US economy and similar
+numbers probably five to seven percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers probably five to seven percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers probably five to seven percent
+of most economies are in finance by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most economies are in finance by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of most economies are in finance by the
+way because the capital markets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because the capital markets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because the capital markets and the
+equity markets are about five hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity markets are about five hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity markets are about five hundred
+percent of the economy it's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the economy it's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the economy it's about a
+hundred trillion dollars when you add up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred trillion dollars when you add up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred trillion dollars when you add up
+all those other slides financier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those other slides financier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those other slides financier and
+seven and a half percent so that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half percent so that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half percent so that's about
+one and a half percent Vig that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half percent Vig that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half percent Vig that that's
+an old term from you know the gambling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old term from you know the gambling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an old term from you know the gambling
+house what's the Vig what's the take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house what's the Vig what's the take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house what's the Vig what's the take
+finance takes about seven and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance takes about seven and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance takes about seven and a half
+percent divided by over about five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent divided by over about five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent divided by over about five
+hundred percent or it's about one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent or it's about one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent or it's about one and a
+half percent that's not true everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent that's not true everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half percent that's not true everywhere
+but asset management might take 50 or 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but asset management might take 50 or 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but asset management might take 50 or 80
+basis points banking might take wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points banking might take wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis points banking might take wider
+but largely that's the opportunity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but largely that's the opportunity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but largely that's the opportunity that
+I keep mentioning let me just mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep mentioning let me just mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep mentioning let me just mention
+one more thing I'm gonna skip through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing I'm gonna skip through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing I'm gonna skip through
+this next week's readings October 16th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week's readings October 16th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next week's readings October 16th
+you'll have a surprise guest you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a surprise guest you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have a surprise guest you'll have
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+with the surprise guests I guarantee you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surprise guests I guarantee you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the surprise guests I guarantee you
+I guarantee if you just want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee if you just want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guarantee if you just want to have
+some fun you'll remember next Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun you'll remember next Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fun you'll remember next Tuesday
+for a while but I added an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while but I added an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while but I added an additional
+reading that's from today Nouriel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that's from today Nouriel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading that's from today Nouriel
+Roubini he testified in in front of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roubini he testified in in front of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Roubini he testified in in front of the
+Senate Banking Committee today I read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate Banking Committee today I read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate Banking Committee today I read it
+before I came to class I can't say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I came to class I can't say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I came to class I can't say it's
+required it's just additional but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required it's just additional but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required it's just additional but it is
+lively and he just does a slap down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lively and he just does a slap down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lively and he just does a slap down on
+blockchain technology but for those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology but for those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology but for those of
+you who read it that will be part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who read it that will be part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who read it that will be part of our
+discussion next Tuesday as well because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion next Tuesday as well because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion next Tuesday as well because
+we're gonna talk about the economics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about the economics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna talk about the economics of
+block jane i'm going to focus more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block jane i'm going to focus more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block jane i'm going to focus more on
+christian Catalina's paper but Paul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian Catalina's paper but Paul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+christian Catalina's paper but Paul
+Krugman is his is a 2-page slept down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krugman is his is a 2-page slept down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Krugman is his is a 2-page slept down
+these are kind of the the Bitcoin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of the the Bitcoin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are kind of the the Bitcoin and
+blockchain minimalist and next Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain minimalist and next Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain minimalist and next Thursday
+is a little bit towards the maximalists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit towards the maximalists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit towards the maximalists
+but I want to talk about the economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to talk about the economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want to talk about the economics
+what I'll call Act two so I thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll call Act two so I thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'll call Act two so I thank you
+I'm supposed to let you go I've gone two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to let you go I've gone two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to let you go I've gone two
+minutes over so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes over so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes over so
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lC3XSwQ62iw.txt b/lC3XSwQ62iw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6905af37182b870cd66cce450978b6346c197a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lC3XSwQ62iw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14331 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today our goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today our goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so today our goal
+is to uh discuss uh some uh Concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh discuss uh some uh Concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to uh discuss uh some uh Concepts in
+this question of kind of population or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of kind of population or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of kind of population or
+ecosystem level uh stability resilience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem level uh stability resilience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem level uh stability resilience
+and Associated sudden transitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Associated sudden transitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Associated sudden transitions in
+populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right
+stability and something about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and something about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability and something about uh
+diversity of populations we will revisit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of populations we will revisit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity of populations we will revisit
+this question of diversity more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of diversity more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question of diversity more on the
+last class where we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class where we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last class where we're going to discuss
+some of these ideas from the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these ideas from the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these ideas from the neutral
+Theory uh in ecology but uh it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh in ecology but uh it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh in ecology but uh it'll be a
+bit of a preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today so what we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so what we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so what we're going to do we're
+going to start by just considering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by just considering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start by just considering the
+Dynamics of just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of just a single
+population right where you have maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right where you have maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right where you have maybe
+one population that's growing either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one population that's growing either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one population that's growing either
+logistically or U via some Cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistically or U via some Cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistically or U via some Cooperative
+kind of dynamic right so kind of single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dynamic right so kind of single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of dynamic right so kind of single
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+population and in particular we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and in particular we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population and in particular we're going
+to understand try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand try to understand
+something about this idea of either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this idea of either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about this idea of either
+logistic growth as compared to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic growth as compared to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic growth as compared to something
+we call the alley effect whereby the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the alley effect whereby the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call the alley effect whereby the
+population has some Cooperative type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population has some Cooperative type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population has some Cooperative type
+Dynamic right so this is maybe logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic right so this is maybe logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic right so this is maybe logistic
+versus The Alley effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus The Alley effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus The Alley effect
+and try to understand how how this Aly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand how how this Aly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to understand how how this Aly
+effect can lead to the sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect can lead to the sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect can lead to the sudden
+transitions that you read about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that you read about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions that you read about in the
+review okay then we'll say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay then we'll say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review okay then we'll say something
+about uh the lotka voltera competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the lotka voltera competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh the lotka voltera competition
+model right so this is a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right so this is a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model right so this is a slightly
+different model from the loav voltera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model from the loav voltera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model from the loav voltera
+Predator prey model that you guys uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator prey model that you guys uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator prey model that you guys uh or
+that we we've all been thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we've all been thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we've all been thinking about
+recent you know over the last week or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent you know over the last week or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent you know over the last week or so
+uh but it's it's again kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's it's again kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's it's again kind of the
+simplest model that you might write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest model that you might write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest model that you might write down
+that captures this idea of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures this idea of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captures this idea of uh
+interaction between species in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between species in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between species in
+particular uh competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions then then to the end and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then then to the end and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then then to the end and uh
+depending on how much time we have we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much time we have we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much time we have we'll
+either finish it or not we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either finish it or not we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either finish it or not we'll talk about
+some of these non-transitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions the socalled rock paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the socalled rock paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the socalled rock paper
+scissors R P and S uh type interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors R P and S uh type interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scissors R P and S uh type interactions
+uh and some of the uh measurements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and some of the uh measurements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and some of the uh measurements that
+have been made both in uh in male mating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made both in uh in male mating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been made both in uh in male mating
+strategies in lizards in the California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies in lizards in the California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies in lizards in the California
+mountains as as well as uh kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains as as well as uh kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains as as well as uh kind of a
+rock paper scissors type Dynamic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock paper scissors type Dynamic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock paper scissors type Dynamic that
+was explored experimentally by Benjamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was explored experimentally by Benjamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was explored experimentally by Benjamin
+Kerr in the context of bacterial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerr in the context of bacterial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerr in the context of bacterial uh
+toxin production or chemical warfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxin production or chemical warfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toxin production or chemical warfare
+between bacteria uh and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bacteria uh and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between bacteria uh and this this
+subject does come in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject does come in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject does come in a
+bit into this question of of spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into this question of of spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into this question of of spatial
+structure and how spatial structure may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and how spatial structure may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and how spatial structure may
+help uh facilitate the stability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh facilitate the stability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh facilitate the stability of
+populations right so there's this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations right so there's this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations right so there's this idea
+that non-transitive interactions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-transitive interactions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that non-transitive interactions where
+you have rock paper scissor type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have rock paper scissor type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have rock paper scissor type
+interactions May facilitate coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions May facilitate coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions May facilitate coexistence
+of uh either genotypes or species but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh either genotypes or species but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh either genotypes or species but in
+some of these studies there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these studies there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these studies there's an
+argument that uh that spatial stru that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that uh that spatial stru that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that uh that spatial stru that
+sometimes this non-transitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this non-transitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes this non-transitive
+interaction may not be enough but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction may not be enough but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction may not be enough but then
+in the presence of spatial structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of spatial structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the presence of spatial structure
+maybe it does help on Thursday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it does help on Thursday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it does help on Thursday the
+primary topic of the class will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary topic of the class will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary topic of the class will be uh
+trying to understand the Dynamics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the Dynamics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to understand the Dynamics of
+populations when they're uh spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations when they're uh spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations when they're uh spatially
+extended right so this uh this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended right so this uh this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended right so this uh this will
+transition naturally into the subject on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition naturally into the subject on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition naturally into the subject on
+Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday
+okay uh are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh are there any questions about
+where we are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are here
+or uh kind of administrative type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh kind of administrative type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh kind of administrative type
+issues okay right so I I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay right so I I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay right so I I just want to
+make sure that we're first all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're first all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we're first all on the
+same page when we talk about logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growth all right so we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth all right so we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth all right so we can think about
+well what are the what are the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are the what are the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what are the what are the simplest
+ways that we might consider the Dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we might consider the Dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we might consider the Dynamics
+the population dynamics of just a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population dynamics of just a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population dynamics of just a single
+population okay well the logistic growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay well the logistic growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay well the logistic growth
+is is kind of maybe the simplest model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is kind of maybe the simplest model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is kind of maybe the simplest model
+you might write down that uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might write down that uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might write down that uh where the
+population is at least bounded okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is at least bounded okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is at least bounded okay and
+I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even maybe I I'll I'll even just first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even maybe I I'll I'll even just first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even maybe I I'll I'll even just first
+draw exponential growth just so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw exponential growth just so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw exponential growth just so that we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+okay because the very simplest thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the very simplest thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the very simplest thing you
+might do is you might just say that n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is you might just say that n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might do is you might just say that n
+dot might be equal to some R *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot might be equal to some R *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot might be equal to some R *
+n okay in this case if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plotted gamma the per capita
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate of population growth this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of population growth this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of population growth this is just
+some line at R okay in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line at R okay in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some line at R okay in this case the
+population grows exponentially right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population grows exponentially right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population grows exponentially right and
+and and that means that if you uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that means that if you uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that means that if you uh if you
+plot say the number is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot say the number is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot say the number is a function of
+time well you it doesn't matter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well you it doesn't matter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time well you it doesn't matter where
+you start you always go to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start you always go to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start you always go to Infinity
+right now we can compare this to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can compare this to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we can compare this to the
+logistic growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case where we just assume that at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we just assume that at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we just assume that at low
+density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density
+indeed we grow exponentially at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed we grow exponentially at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed we grow exponentially at this
+rate R but then we have a we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate R but then we have a we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate R but then we have a we have a
+linear decrease in this per capita rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear decrease in this per capita rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear decrease in this per capita rate
+of growth as a function of density right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth as a function of density right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of growth as a function of density right
+so we might write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might write this
+as okay n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r something looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r something looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r something looks like
+this in which case if we write this per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in which case if we write this per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in which case if we write this per
+capita growth rate of the population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita growth rate of the population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capita growth rate of the population is
+a function of the population size it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the population size it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the population size it
+starts out at r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out at r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out at r
+but then it goes uh it goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it goes uh it goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it goes uh it goes to zero
+indeed you might even uh if you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you might even uh if you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you might even uh if you'd like
+you could say that it goes down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that it goes down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that it goes down to
+negative value so in that case you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value so in that case you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative value so in that case you could
+start at population sizes above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at population sizes above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at population sizes above the
+carrying capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity
+K and you would still come back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and you would still come back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and you would still come back down
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right um one of the things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right um one of the things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right um one of the things that we
+want to make sure we understand is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure we understand is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure we understand is what
+the uh is what the bifurcation uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is what the bifurcation uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh is what the bifurcation uh kind
+of structure of these equations is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure of these equations is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of structure of these equations is going
+to look like and particular we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like and particular we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look like and particular we can think
+about what happens if we add some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if we add some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if we add some sort
+of death rate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death rate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of death rate to the
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+okay right now uh in this case a death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now uh in this case a death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now uh in this case a death
+rate what corresponds to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what corresponds to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate what corresponds to is
+something all right this is the okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right this is the okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something all right this is the okay
+we're looking at the bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the bifurcation
+diagram what we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what we're going to do is we're
+going to think about what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about what happens if you
+look at the size of the population in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the size of the population in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the size of the population in
+this uh in the bifurcation diagram what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in the bifurcation diagram what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh in the bifurcation diagram what
+we typically do is we look at the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically do is we look at the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically do is we look at the fixed
+points okay right the fixed points in n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay right the fixed points in n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points okay right the fixed points in n
+as a function of some external parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of some external parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of some external parameter
+and here we might just think about Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we might just think about Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we might just think about Delta
+here which is uh which is some death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate the simplest way to right include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the simplest way to right include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate the simplest way to right include
+this here would be to have a minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here would be to have a minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here would be to have a minus Delta
+n okay right so the idea is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay right so the idea is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay right so the idea is that there's
+this population it grows exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population it grows exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population it grows exponentially
+at small sizes over um as the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at small sizes over um as the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at small sizes over um as the population
+size grows it might run out of nutrients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size grows it might run out of nutrients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size grows it might run out of nutrients
+or so and that that limits its overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and that that limits its overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and that that limits its overall
+population size right then we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size right then we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size right then we can add
+another term here which is corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term here which is corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another term here which is corresponding
+to something about the quality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something about the quality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something about the quality of
+environment so this could be the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so this could be the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment so this could be the amount
+of hunting that is taking place or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hunting that is taking place or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hunting that is taking place or it
+could be a reflection of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a reflection of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a reflection of you know
+pollutants in the environment or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants in the environment or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollutants in the environment or so
+right and what we want to do is try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we want to do is try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we want to do is try to
+make sure we understand how the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we understand how the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we understand how the size of
+the population will respond to um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population will respond to um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population will respond to um some
+death rate okay now uh well maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate okay now uh well maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate okay now uh well maybe we
+we'll go ahead and do a verbal vote okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and do a verbal vote okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go ahead and do a verbal vote okay
+so in this uh in the review that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this uh in the review that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this uh in the review that you
+guys read this is this was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys read this is this was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys read this is this was talking about
+these early warning indicators in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early warning indicators in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these early warning indicators in the
+context of sudden transitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of sudden transitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of sudden transitions in
+populations okay so this was saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations okay so this was saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations okay so this was saying that
+whether you're looking at a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're looking at a population
+or an ecosystem or maybe even other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an ecosystem or maybe even other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or an ecosystem or maybe even other
+complex systems such as climate regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems such as climate regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems such as climate regime
+shifts epileptic seizures and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts epileptic seizures and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifts epileptic seizures and so forth
+the authors were arguing that uh that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors were arguing that uh that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the authors were arguing that uh that in
+response to a slowly changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a slowly changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a slowly changing
+environmental knob the system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental knob the system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental knob the system can
+experience a sudden transition in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a sudden transition in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience a sudden transition in the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+right now the question is here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the question is here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the question is here all right
+and those sudden transitions are descri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sudden transitions are descri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those sudden transitions are descri
+that they were describing uh they uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were describing uh they uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were describing uh they uh
+those were fold bifurcations or saddle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were fold bifurcations or saddle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those were fold bifurcations or saddle
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+bifurcations right where there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcations right where there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcations right where there was a
+sudden transition in say the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden transition in say the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden transition in say the equilibrium
+size of the population is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the population is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the population is a function of
+some external uh knob describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external uh knob describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some external uh knob describing the
+quality in the environment right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in the environment right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality in the environment right so the
+question is whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether
+this population experiences such a fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population experiences such a fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this population experiences such a fold
+bifurcation that leads to a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transition all right do you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition all right do you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition all right do you understand
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+question I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I'll just
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+fold fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bifurcation all right I'll let you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation all right I'll let you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation all right I'll let you guys
+vote just so you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote just so you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote just so you can use
+your cards and this is a fold bation as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cards and this is a fold bation as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cards and this is a fold bation as
+a function of this Delta which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of this Delta which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of this Delta which is this
+death rate all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate all right
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one okay all right we have a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay all right we have a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay all right we have a majority
+now are saying the answer is no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are saying the answer is no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are saying the answer is no this
+does not actually have a fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not actually have a fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not actually have a fold
+bation okay and and the reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bation okay and and the reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bation okay and and the reason for that
+is that we can uh find the Lo okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can uh find the Lo okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we can uh find the Lo okay in
+the absence of a death rate what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of a death rate what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absence of a death rate what is the
+equilibrium population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium population
+size K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size K
+right indeed what's going to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right indeed what's going to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right indeed what's going to happen is
+that as we add this death rate we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we add this death rate we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as we add this death rate we can
+just figure out okay well the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure out okay well the fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figure out okay well the fixed
+points occur when n dots equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points occur when n dots equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points occur when n dots equal to zero
+all these things there's an N here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things there's an N here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things there's an N here we
+can divide by that well okay we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide by that well okay we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide by that well okay we could
+just do it just so that we're all on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it just so that we're all on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do it just so that we're all on the
+same page right so the fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point all right what we want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all right what we want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all right what we want to do is
+set n dot equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set n dot equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set n dot equal to
+zero right and that tells us that n * R1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and that tells us that n * R1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and that tells us that n * R1
+- n / Kus Delta is equ Al to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- n / Kus Delta is equ Al to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- n / Kus Delta is equ Al to zero okay
+right how many fixed points are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many fixed points are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many fixed points are there
+going to be in the system two right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the system two right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in the system two right so
+indeed this is n dot right so n equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this is n dot right so n equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this is n dot right so n equal to
+zero is going to be one fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is going to be one fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero is going to be one fixed
+point right but the other one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right but the other one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right but the other one is going
+to be when this thing is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be when this thing is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be when this thing is equal to zero
+right so then we end up with 1 - n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then we end up with 1 - n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then we end up with 1 - n over
+K is going to be equal to some Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is going to be equal to some Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is going to be equal to some Delta
+over R we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so what you can see is that
+this stable fix point is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stable fix point is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stable fix point is going to
+decrease linearly with this death rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease linearly with this death rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease linearly with this death rate
+Delta okay and it's just going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay and it's just going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta okay and it's just going to go
+smoothly to zero that's this key feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly to zero that's this key feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothly to zero that's this key feature
+of uh of this bation diagram so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of this bation diagram so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh of this bation diagram so what
+happens is that we come down like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that we come down like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is that we come down like
+this okay and indeed we could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and indeed we could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay and indeed we could even
+continue this and the bifurcation occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this and the bifurcation occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this and the bifurcation occurs
+here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+we want to draw okay so this corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to draw okay so this corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to draw okay so this corresponds
+to a stable fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point and a dash line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable
+right okay in this case this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay in this case this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay in this case this is the
+stable this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unstable so this thing here is what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so this thing here is what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable so this thing here is what's
+known as a transcritical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a transcritical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as a transcritical
+bifurcation all right and it's a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation all right and it's a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation all right and it's a b
+because the fixed points do something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fixed points do something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the fixed points do something in
+this case they exchange stability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they exchange stability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case they exchange stability right
+so what happens is that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens is that this thing
+becomes unstable whereas the fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unstable whereas the fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes unstable whereas the fixed point
+at n equal to Z becomes a u becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equal to Z becomes a u becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at n equal to Z becomes a u becomes a
+stable fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Point all right so there's no uh Tipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all right so there's no uh Tipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point all right so there's no uh Tipping
+Point or sudden transition in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point or sudden transition in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point or sudden transition in this
+logistic growth as you um as you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic growth as you um as you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic growth as you um as you change
+the death rate right you can think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death rate right you can think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the death rate right you can think of it
+as a situation here where the death rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a situation here where the death rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a situation here where the death rate
+just kind of starts pulling this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of starts pulling this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of starts pulling this thing
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and the this bation occurs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the this bation occurs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the this bation occurs when
+you pull it down when Delta is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull it down when Delta is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pull it down when Delta is equal to
+R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and in particular what this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in particular what this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and in particular what this means
+is that if you uh if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you uh if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you uh if you plot
+say the number is a function of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the number is a function of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the number is a function of of
+time right for for low Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right for for low Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right for for low Delta
+right well in particular for for Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well in particular for for Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well in particular for for Delta
+equal to zero then this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right you come you come to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right you come you come to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right you come you come to this
+equilibrium K right whereas uh as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium K right whereas uh as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium K right whereas uh as as
+Delta increases eventually you just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta increases eventually you just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta increases eventually you just get
+to a situation where all of regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a situation where all of regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a situation where all of regardless
+of where you start um you go you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you start um you go you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where you start um you go you go
+extinct right now in many cases we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct right now in many cases we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extinct right now in many cases we don't
+draw what happens down here because n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what happens down here because n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw what happens down here because n
+being less than zero is not like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being less than zero is not like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being less than zero is not like a
+physical thing that but this it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing that but this it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical thing that but this it's useful
+to think about it mathematically because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it mathematically because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about it mathematically because
+that's what tells you that that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what tells you that that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what tells you that that was the
+bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay are there any questions about where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay are there any questions about where
+we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay all right one thing that's valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right one thing that's valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right one thing that's valuable
+in the case of well in general is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of well in general is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of well in general is to
+kind of switch between the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of switch between the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of switch between the kind of
+algebraic kind of character Iz ation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic kind of character Iz ation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic kind of character Iz ation of
+the Dynamics of the system and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the system and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the system and the
+graphical Dynamics because you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical Dynamics because you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphical Dynamics because you kind of
+you end up seeing different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up seeing different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up seeing different things
+depending on how you do it uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you do it uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how you do it uh for the
+case of the alley effect we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the alley effect we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of the alley effect we're just
+going to U look at it and analyze it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to U look at it and analyze it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to U look at it and analyze it
+graphically just because the equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically just because the equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically just because the equation is
+a little the equations end up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little the equations end up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little the equations end up being a
+little bit cumbersome and I think don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit cumbersome and I think don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit cumbersome and I think don't
+provide very much intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um right but what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right but what you can see is that
+for the logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the logistic
+growth other individuals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth other individuals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth other individuals in the
+population always decrease kind of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population always decrease kind of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population always decrease kind of your
+happiness as an individual so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness as an individual so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happiness as an individual so if you're
+if you imagine that you are some member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine that you are some member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you imagine that you are some member
+of this population then having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this population then having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this population then having more
+members of the population there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the population there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the population there is
+always kind of bad for you because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kind of bad for you because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always kind of bad for you because it
+decreases uh your growth rate and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases uh your growth rate and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases uh your growth rate and to
+think about you you know the happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you you know the happiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about you you know the happiness
+of an individual what you typically want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an individual what you typically want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an individual what you typically want
+to do is divide by n because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is divide by n because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is divide by n because you're
+thinking about the per capita growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the per capita growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the per capita growth
+rate right so that's telling you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right so that's telling you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate right so that's telling you about
+the ability that you will have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability that you will have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability that you will have to
+reproduce right so what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce right so what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce right so what you would
+typically do is just then divide by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do is just then divide by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically do is just then divide by n
+and that what you can see is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that what you can see is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that what you can see is that that
+um that per capita division rate gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that per capita division rate gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that per capita division rate gamma
+this is a monotonically decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a monotonically decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a monotonically decreasing
+function of the population size right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the population size right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the population size right
+this is saying that uh more individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying that uh more individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is saying that uh more individuals
+in the population just take up space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population just take up space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population just take up space
+resources mate something and uh so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources mate something and uh so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources mate something and uh so you
+as kind of an individual never benefit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of an individual never benefit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as kind of an individual never benefit
+from the presence of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the presence of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the presence of other
+individuals whereas when you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals whereas when you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals whereas when you have the
+Aly effect what that's saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aly effect what that's saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aly effect what that's saying is that
+over some range of population sizes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some range of population sizes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some range of population sizes or
+densities there is a positive effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities there is a positive effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities there is a positive effect of
+other individuals in the population okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is this is saying that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is saying that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is this is saying that if we
+plot gamma as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot gamma as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot gamma as in
+particular the derivative of gamma with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the derivative of gamma with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the derivative of gamma with
+respect to n is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to n is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to n is greater than
+zero um for some uh for Su
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um for some uh for Su
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um for some uh for Su
+n okay this is just saying that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay this is just saying that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay this is just saying that if we
+plot this per capita division rate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this per capita division rate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this per capita division rate as a
+function of the size of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the size of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the size of the population
+there's some region in which this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some region in which this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some region in which this thing
+has positive slope okay and often uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive slope okay and often uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has positive slope okay and often uh
+people distinguish between the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people distinguish between the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people distinguish between the so-called
+strong alley effect and the weak alley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong alley effect and the weak alley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong alley effect and the weak alley
+effect right the strong Aly effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect right the strong Aly effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect right the strong Aly effect
+corresponds to this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to this situation
+where at n equal to zero you start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at n equal to zero you start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where at n equal to zero you start out
+uh with negative per capita growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with negative per capita growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with negative per capita growth
+rates okay so this is just some generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay so this is just some generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates okay so this is just some generic
+curve here that describes this Aly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here that describes this Aly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve here that describes this Aly
+effect the important thing is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the important thing is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect the important thing is that it's
+coming up here uh at low n okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here uh at low n okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up here uh at low n okay and what
+this tells us is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells us is that
+we will have uh some sort of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have uh some sort of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will have uh some sort of different
+Dynamics where this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics where this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics where this is going to be the
+stable size of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable size of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable size of the population
+here but there's also a minimal size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's also a minimal size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but there's also a minimal size
+required for survival so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for survival so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for survival so if you if you
+start out below this n then you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out below this n then you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out below this n then you come
+down okay right so this this you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay right so this this you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay right so this this you if you
+want you could call it some this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you could call it some this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you could call it some this could
+be some K and this could be n um and Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some K and this could be n um and Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some K and this could be n um and Min
+right this is saying if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is saying if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is saying if we
+plot and is a function of time starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and is a function of time starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and is a function of time starting
+with different sizes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population then
+indeed this thing is a stable state but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this thing is a stable state but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed this thing is a stable state but
+the key thing is that there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is that there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key thing is that there's this
+other minimal size required for survival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other minimal size required for survival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other minimal size required for survival
+so if you start out around here then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start out around here then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you start out around here then
+just above it you come up but just below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just above it you come up but just below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just above it you come up but just below
+it you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down okay so what you say what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so what you say what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay so what you say what you see
+is that this population that experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this population that experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this population that experiences
+the strong alley effect has by stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong alley effect has by stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong alley effect has by stable
+Fates right so it's bable and this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fates right so it's bable and this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fates right so it's bable and this is by
+stable depending on the starting size n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable depending on the starting size n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable depending on the starting size n
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now can somebody suggest possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can somebody suggest possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now can somebody suggest possible
+explanations for why there might be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for why there might be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanations for why there might be an
+Aly effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sexual reproduction sexual reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual reproduction sexual reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sexual reproduction sexual reproduction
+all right and can you explain that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and can you explain that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and can you explain that a
+little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more that's right and basically just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that's right and basically just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more that's right and basically just the
+need to find find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mates okay all right other um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mates okay all right other um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mates okay all right other um right so
+this this implies that you know at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this implies that you know at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this implies that you know at some
+density sexually reproducing species are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density sexually reproducing species are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density sexually reproducing species are
+expected to have this Aly effect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to have this Aly effect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected to have this Aly effect it
+doesn't mean that uh the alley effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that uh the alley effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean that uh the alley effect is
+super strong at moderate sizes right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super strong at moderate sizes right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super strong at moderate sizes right I
+mean I think that this this statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think that this this statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I think that this this statement is
+true but it might lead us to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but it might lead us to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but it might lead us to conclude
+that the extreme dynamics that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extreme dynamics that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the extreme dynamics that we're
+talking about here are relevant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here are relevant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about here are relevant for
+every sexually reproducing species but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sexually reproducing species but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every sexually reproducing species but
+um but ultimately the question is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but ultimately the question is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but ultimately the question is maybe
+how big is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how big is this
+nmin right if nmin is you know two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmin right if nmin is you know two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nmin right if nmin is you know two then
+it's not a severe constraint on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a severe constraint on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a severe constraint on the
+population right whereas if nmin is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right whereas if nmin is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right whereas if nmin is you
+know you need if you need to have 100 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need if you need to have 100 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you need if you need to have 100 uh
+you know California Condors in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know California Condors in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know California Condors in order to
+have a a viable population then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a viable population then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a viable population then then
+that's a problem right so I there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem right so I there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a problem right so I there there
+really is a quantitative question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a quantitative question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a quantitative question of
+kind of how big is this minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how big is this minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how big is this minimum
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+right other suggestions of why it is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other suggestions of why it is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right other suggestions of why it is you
+might have an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have an effect
+yeah species hunts in groups that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah species hunts in groups that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah species hunts in groups that's
+right group hunting all right and do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right group hunting all right and do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right group hunting all right and do you
+do are you aware of any cases that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are you aware of any cases that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do are you aware of any cases that have
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+hunting that's right right so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting that's right right so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunting that's right right so that's
+right so exactly right uh us yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so exactly right uh us yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so exactly right uh us yeah right
+so wolves for example can take down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wolves for example can take down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wolves for example can take down uh
+LGE like bison or large animals they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LGE like bison or large animals they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LGE like bison or large animals they
+would never be able to take down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be able to take down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would never be able to take down on
+their own um right so this could be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own um right so this could be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own um right so this could be uh
+this could be wolves it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be wolves it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this could be wolves it could be
+primates U you know we historically do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates U you know we historically do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primates U you know we historically do I
+guess we still have some group you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we still have some group you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we still have some group you know
+societies are you know will will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies are you know will will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societies are you know will will have
+things like this right uh but even at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this right uh but even at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this right uh but even at
+the M even at the microscopic realm if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M even at the microscopic realm if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M even at the microscopic realm if
+you look at just bacteria or yeast and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at just bacteria or yeast and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at just bacteria or yeast and
+so forth there are often cases where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth there are often cases where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth there are often cases where uh
+where food is is generated or broken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where food is is generated or broken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where food is is generated or broken
+down outside of the cell all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down outside of the cell all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down outside of the cell all right so
+any of these cases where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these cases where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these cases where you have
+secreted uh enzymatic breakdown okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was an
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+um other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thoughts yes from prors right protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yes from prors right protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts yes from prors right protect
+yeah and so this is the the flip side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so this is the the flip side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so this is the the flip side of
+this so this would be Predator avoidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this would be Predator avoidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this would be Predator avoidance
+or and and an example of that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and and an example of that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or and and an example of that would be
+what like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what like
+antelopes all right what do antelopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do that's right so this this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's right so this this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that's right so this this the
+standard example here is kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard example here is kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard example here is kind of like
+our is hurting behavior of land animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is hurting behavior of land animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our is hurting behavior of land animals
+schooling behavior of of fish um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling behavior of of fish um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schooling behavior of of fish um of
+course researchers argue about to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course researchers argue about to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course researchers argue about to what
+degree the benefits are Prim primarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the benefits are Prim primarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree the benefits are Prim primarily
+this versus something else I I am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this versus something else I I am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this versus something else I I am not
+going to weigh in on that debate but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to weigh in on that debate but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to weigh in on that debate but uh
+it's I'd be surprised if this were never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'd be surprised if this were never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I'd be surprised if this were never
+true and and in all these examples it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and and in all these examples it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and and in all these examples it's
+there's there's clearly something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's clearly something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's clearly something
+Cooperative about the Dynamics right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative about the Dynamics right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cooperative about the Dynamics right so
+that in that sense it kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that sense it kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that sense it kind of makes
+sense to think oh there's some element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to think oh there's some element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to think oh there's some element
+of Cooperative growth whether it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cooperative growth whether it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cooperative growth whether it's the
+hunt on the hunting side or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunt on the hunting side or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunt on the hunting side or the
+protection side but I I want to um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection side but I I want to um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection side but I I want to um all
+right so if you look at all these cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at all these cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at all these cases
+so we we these would all be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we these would all be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we these would all be very
+naturally described as some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally described as some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naturally described as some sort of
+cooperation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation right
+um I do want to highlight though that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do want to highlight though that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I do want to highlight though that
+the Aly effect can be caused by things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aly effect can be caused by things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Aly effect can be caused by things
+that lead to what you might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to what you might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lead to what you might call
+effective cooperation right so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective cooperation right so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective cooperation right so it's not
+like obviously Cooperative or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obviously Cooperative or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like obviously Cooperative or not
+intentionally Cooperative but still has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally Cooperative but still has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally Cooperative but still has
+the same effect right and a nice example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect right and a nice example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same effect right and a nice example
+of this is what we call Predator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satiation okay um Can somebody guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiation okay um Can somebody guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satiation okay um Can somebody guess
+what this might mean yeah somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this might mean yeah somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this might mean yeah somebody's
+laughing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughing so
+it's if there enough animals around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if there enough animals around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if there enough animals around the
+Predators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predators
+be that's right if the Predators get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's right if the Predators get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that's right if the Predators get
+full then you can end up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full then you can end up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full then you can end up with something
+that's like this and I I the way I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like this and I I the way I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like this and I I the way I think
+about this is just you know in a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is just you know in a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is just you know in a group
+like this you know if there are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know if there are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this you know if there are you know
+if you know 20 bears come in and eat 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know 20 bears come in and eat 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know 20 bears come in and eat 20
+of us then we hope that there are 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us then we hope that there are 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us then we hope that there are 20
+other people that will get eaten first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that will get eaten first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that will get eaten first
+so that you know the The Leftovers can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know the The Leftovers can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you know the The Leftovers can
+run off right you know so that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run off right you know so that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run off right you know so that these are
+the um you know and this is embodied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you know and this is embodied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um you know and this is embodied in
+that joke that people tell you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joke that people tell you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that joke that people tell you know when
+you they're the two hikers in the woods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're the two hikers in the woods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you they're the two hikers in the woods
+and they see you know the mother bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see you know the mother bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they see you know the mother bear
+that's angry and one of the hikers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's angry and one of the hikers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's angry and one of the hikers
+reaches down and starts tying his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches down and starts tying his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches down and starts tying his
+shoelaces right and the other you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoelaces right and the other you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoelaces right and the other you know
+the the hiking partner says oh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hiking partner says oh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hiking partner says oh you know
+why are you tying your shoelaces you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you tying your shoelaces you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are you tying your shoelaces you
+know you can't outrun a bear right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't outrun a bear right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can't outrun a bear right and
+the guy says well you know I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy says well you know I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guy says well you know I know that
+but I only have to outrun you right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I only have to outrun you right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I only have to outrun you right you
+okay so you know that that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know that that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know that that's that's
+that's Predator satiation okay so if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Predator satiation okay so if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's Predator satiation okay so if the
+Predator Gets full then uh then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator Gets full then uh then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Predator Gets full then uh then you can
+you can get something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get something that looks like
+this right because below some size below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right because below some size below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right because below some size below
+this nman size they all get eaten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nman size they all get eaten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nman size they all get eaten by
+that bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bear
+and above it the population may be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above it the population may be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and above it the population may be able
+to uh may be able to grow okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh may be able to grow okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh may be able to grow okay right so
+this is I think a good example of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think a good example of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I think a good example of just
+it's an effective form of cooperation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right now can somebody explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now can somebody explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right now can somebody explain
+uh well first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well first of
+all does is does this lead to a fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all does is does this lead to a fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all does is does this lead to a fold
+bifurcation if we add a death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rate all right we're going to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate all right we're going to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate all right we're going to think
+about this for 7 seconds then we'll vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for 7 seconds then we'll vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this for 7 seconds then we'll vote
+right the question you know so if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the question you know so if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the question you know so if we add
+a death rate to this does that lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a death rate to this does that lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a death rate to this does that lead to a
+fold or saddle node by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forication all right I'm going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forication all right I'm going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forication all right I'm going to give
+you more than seven seconds because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more than seven seconds because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more than seven seconds because I
+see a lot of brain activity um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah all right does this one lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right does this one lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah all right does this one lead
+to full appication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ready three two
+one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right all right the the answer is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right the the answer is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right the the answer is in
+this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case
+yes right um so we'll say Ali effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right um so we'll say Ali effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right um so we'll say Ali effect is
+in general the kind of thing that leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the kind of thing that leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general the kind of thing that leads
+to a fold bifurcation in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a fold bifurcation in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a fold bifurcation in this case it
+definitely does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely does
+right so it's uh it's really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's uh it's really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's uh it's really very
+important to be able to take curves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to take curves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to be able to take curves like
+this and to figure out what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and to figure out what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and to figure out what the
+bifurcation diagram looks like okay U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation diagram looks like okay U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation diagram looks like okay U
+and just remember that the the solid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just remember that the the solid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just remember that the the solid and
+dash lines here are very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash lines here are very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash lines here are very useful for
+getting intuition about what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting intuition about what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting intuition about what's going on
+right because staes telling us that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because staes telling us that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because staes telling us that any
+perturbation away from this point comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation away from this point comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation away from this point comes
+it goes away right so this we can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes away right so this we can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes away right so this we can draw
+arrows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here
+right uh arrows come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh arrows come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh arrows come
+here and so this is saying that starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this is saying that starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so this is saying that starting
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Zero from a differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero from a differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero from a differential equation
+standpoint at least you can add a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint at least you can add a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint at least you can add a single
+individual and uh and that will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and uh and that will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and uh and that will that
+individual will reproduce until it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual will reproduce until it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual will reproduce until it gets
+to the the whatever the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the whatever the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the whatever the effect of
+carrying capacity is at that at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity is at that at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying capacity is at that at that
+Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right so what we can do is we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so what we can do is we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so what we can do is we can
+draw the same uh bifurcation diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the same uh bifurcation diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the same uh bifurcation diagram
+here where we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where we look
+at the population size is a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the population size is a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the population size is a function of
+the Delta and now it's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta and now it's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta and now it's it's actually
+somewhat more interesting looking right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more interesting looking right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more interesting looking right
+because in the absence of this death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the absence of this death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in the absence of this death
+rate we have it starts at K but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we have it starts at K but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate we have it starts at K but what's
+going to happen is it's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is it's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is it's going to come
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+right and the reason we call it a fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason we call it a fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the reason we call it a fold
+bifurcation is because these fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation is because these fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation is because these fixed
+points kind of they fold over on on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points kind of they fold over on on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points kind of they fold over on on on
+themselves okay right now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves okay right now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves okay right now this is a
+bifurcation uh where as a function this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation uh where as a function this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation uh where as a function this
+control parameter it's not that you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control parameter it's not that you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control parameter it's not that you it's
+not that these fix points exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that these fix points exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that these fix points exchange
+stability but rather that the fix points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but rather that the fix points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability but rather that the fix points
+IDE and annihilate okay so in general a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE and annihilate okay so in general a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE and annihilate okay so in general a
+bifurcation is where something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation is where something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation is where something
+qualitative happens to the uh to the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative happens to the uh to the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative happens to the uh to the fix
+points in this case the number of fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this case the number of fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this case the number of fixed
+points did not change as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points did not change as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points did not change as a function of
+the control parameter whereas in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control parameter whereas in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control parameter whereas in this
+case it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it does
+change right but there are only kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right but there are only kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change right but there are only kind of
+certain characteristic ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain characteristic ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain characteristic ways in which
+these fixed points are allowed to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay right so from this we can get we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so from this we can get we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right so from this we can get we
+can draw our arrows ah and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw our arrows ah and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw our arrows ah and there's
+uh right n equal to Z is still a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right n equal to Z is still a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right n equal to Z is still a stable
+Point down here so we can um we can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point down here so we can um we can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point down here so we can um we can draw
+this is where a colored chalk would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where a colored chalk would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where a colored chalk would be
+useful right but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a right we can draw our arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right what do I do out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here right now the reason that we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right now the reason that we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right now the reason that we say
+that this population experiences uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this population experiences uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this population experiences uh a
+sudden transition or a Tipping Point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden transition or a Tipping Point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden transition or a Tipping Point is
+because you can imagine that this death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine that this death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can imagine that this death
+rate being a slowly changing parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate being a slowly changing parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate being a slowly changing parameter
+right so you could imagine that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could imagine that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you could imagine that it could
+be a slow acidification of the oceans or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a slow acidification of the oceans or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a slow acidification of the oceans or
+a slow increas in the amount of fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slow increas in the amount of fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slow increas in the amount of fishing
+that takes place here so then what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes place here so then what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes place here so then what can
+happen is that the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that the size of the
+population you know it's it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you know it's it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population you know it's it's very
+healthy here it's pretty happy happy all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy here it's pretty happy happy all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy here it's pretty happy happy all
+right you know here it's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know here it's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know here it's maybe
+decreasing some but you might not sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing some but you might not sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing some but you might not sound
+an alarm but what can happen is that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alarm but what can happen is that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alarm but what can happen is that at
+some critical level of the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical level of the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical level of the environmental
+condition some critical level of fishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition some critical level of fishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition some critical level of fishing
+for example you can get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you can get this
+catastrophic collapse of the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic collapse of the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophic collapse of the population
+where over short periods of time it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where over short periods of time it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where over short periods of time it can
+suddenly uh suddenly collapse and indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly uh suddenly collapse and indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly uh suddenly collapse and indeed
+this sort of thing has been observed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing has been observed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of thing has been observed in
+a number of Fisheries around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of Fisheries around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of Fisheries around the world
+right so if you go to for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you go to for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you go to for example the
+Monterey Bay Aquarium uh in uh monre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monterey Bay Aquarium uh in uh monre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monterey Bay Aquarium uh in uh monre
+California uh they have uh they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California uh they have uh they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California uh they have uh they have a
+very nice kind of uh display explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice kind of uh display explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice kind of uh display explaining
+kind of how that space ended up becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how that space ended up becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of how that space ended up becoming
+an aquarium because it used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aquarium because it used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aquarium because it used to be a
+sardine fishery and uh and was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sardine fishery and uh and was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sardine fishery and uh and was very
+productive fishery uh in the Years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive fishery uh in the Years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productive fishery uh in the Years
+leading up to World War II uh but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to World War II uh but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading up to World War II uh but if you
+look at the kind of number of fish that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the kind of number of fish that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the kind of number of fish that
+were caught as a function of time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were caught as a function of time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were caught as a function of time it
+kind of goes up up up up up because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes up up up up up because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of goes up up up up up because
+they're fishing more and more but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fishing more and more but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fishing more and more but then
+all of a sudden they just presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden they just presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden they just presumably
+fish too much and over just time span of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish too much and over just time span of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish too much and over just time span of
+a few years uh the fishery collapsed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years uh the fishery collapsed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years uh the fishery collapsed and
+there were just no more sardines to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were just no more sardines to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were just no more sardines to
+catch all of the that whole street there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch all of the that whole street there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch all of the that whole street there
+used to be canies uh but then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be canies uh but then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to be canies uh but then you know
+it all went out of business and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all went out of business and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all went out of business and and they
+were those buildings were largely unused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were those buildings were largely unused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were those buildings were largely unused
+for many years but then eventually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years but then eventually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for many years but then eventually uh
+you know the aquarium went and bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the aquarium went and bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the aquarium went and bought
+some of them and refurbished them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them and refurbished them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them and refurbished them and
+now it's a beautiful aquarium so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a beautiful aquarium so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's a beautiful aquarium so I
+encourage you to check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to check it
+out uh but that being said the collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh but that being said the collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh but that being said the collapse
+was probably still bad right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably still bad right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably still bad right you know
+even though it led to this nice outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it led to this nice outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it led to this nice outcome
+eventually right and uh what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually right and uh what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually right and uh what you can see
+is that that not only are these tipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that not only are these tipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that that not only are these tipping
+points or the sudden transitions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or the sudden transitions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points or the sudden transitions they
+can be uh they can be undesirable in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uh they can be undesirable in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be uh they can be undesirable in the
+case of a fishery but it can also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a fishery but it can also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a fishery but it can also be
+very difficult to reverse right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to reverse right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to reverse right because
+it's not that the you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that the you could have
+imagined that the bifurcation diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined that the bifurcation diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagined that the bifurcation diagram
+looked rather different right it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked rather different right it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked rather different right it could
+have looked like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right what kind of bifurcation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this right so this is still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so this is still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right so this is still a
+transcritical right it doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcritical right it doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcritical right it doesn't have to
+be a line throughout right CU in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a line throughout right CU in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a line throughout right CU in
+principle there was this unstable thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there was this unstable thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there was this unstable thing
+down here right so this is again N is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here right so this is again N is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here right so this is again N is a
+function of some parameter we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some parameter we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some parameter we'll say
+Delta right and so you'd say oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta right and so you'd say oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta right and so you'd say oh well
+this is a sort of you know a rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of you know a rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a sort of you know a rather
+sudden transition right in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden transition right in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden transition right in the sense
+that a modest change in Delta lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a modest change in Delta lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a modest change in Delta lead to
+led to a dramatic change in the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a dramatic change in the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a dramatic change in the size of
+the population but there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population but there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the population but there's something
+that's very uh kind of qualitatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very uh kind of qualitatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very uh kind of qualitatively
+different about these situations which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about these situations which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different about these situations which
+is that here you can imagine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here you can imagine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here you can imagine if you
+improve the quality of the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the quality of the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the quality of the environment
+and then you reintroduce fish or just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you reintroduce fish or just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you reintroduce fish or just
+fish can you know or you maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish can you know or you maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish can you know or you maybe you don't
+have to reintroduce the fish maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reintroduce the fish maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to reintroduce the fish maybe they
+can come from a different area then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from a different area then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can come from a different area then just
+by improving the quality environment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by improving the quality environment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by improving the quality environment you
+you can get recovery okay whereas here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get recovery okay whereas here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get recovery okay whereas here
+that's very difficult to do because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very difficult to do because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very difficult to do because the
+system is hysteretic or has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is hysteretic or has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is hysteretic or has
+memory okay that means that even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay that means that even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory okay that means that even if you
+improve the quality environment here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the quality environment here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve the quality environment here it
+may be very difficult to uh to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very difficult to uh to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very difficult to uh to get back
+to your previous state right people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your previous state right people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your previous state right people
+think that they've seen this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they've seen this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that they've seen this in the
+context of um of these these transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um of these these transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um of these these transitions
+in Lake ecosystems so-called ufic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lake ecosystems so-called ufic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Lake ecosystems so-called ufic
+transition where you get as a result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition where you get as a result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition where you get as a result of
+maybe U runoff from from AG ultural uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe U runoff from from AG ultural uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe U runoff from from AG ultural uh
+uses you can get uh the these Sun Trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses you can get uh the these Sun Trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses you can get uh the these Sun Trans
+transitions not just of a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions not just of a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions not just of a single
+population but of entire of an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but of entire of an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population but of entire of an entire
+ecosystem right so the lake can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem right so the lake can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ecosystem right so the lake can go from
+this thing where it's nice and clear and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing where it's nice and clear and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing where it's nice and clear and
+a beautiful summer vacation spot to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful summer vacation spot to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful summer vacation spot to this
+like really green kind of alile takeover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really green kind of alile takeover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really green kind of alile takeover
+kind of thing right um and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing right um and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing right um and it can be
+very difficult to get recovery right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to get recovery right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to get recovery right
+there was a question no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so the basic uh or we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the basic uh or we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the basic uh or we'll say
+something about the early warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the early warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the early warning
+indicators well maybe I'll say it now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators well maybe I'll say it now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators well maybe I'll say it now um
+right so based on the review that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so based on the review that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so based on the review that you
+read all right there was this phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all right there was this phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read all right there was this phenomenon
+of critical slowing down that tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of critical slowing down that tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of critical slowing down that tells us
+uh that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that in
+principle you can anticipate that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can anticipate that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can anticipate that the
+transition's about to take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and the statement was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the statement was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the statement was that the
+dominant igen value describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant igen value describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant igen value describing the
+Dynamics of the system went to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system went to zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system went to zero at
+one of these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay now the systems they were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the systems they were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the systems they were talking
+about were presumably systems like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about were presumably systems like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about were presumably systems like this
+right this is a so-called zero I value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a so-called zero I value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a so-called zero I value
+bifurcation where the igen value goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation where the igen value goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation where the igen value goes to
+zero at this point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here all right so here's a question for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so here's a question for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so here's a question for
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+does the igen value described in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the igen value described in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the igen value described in the
+Dynamics of the system go to zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system go to zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the system go to zero at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+point right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question at uh oops that's that's an at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question at uh oops that's that's an at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question at uh oops that's that's an at
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transcritical and a trans critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bation do you understand the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll let you think about it for 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you think about it for 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll let you think about it for 20
+seconds because this is maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because this is maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds because this is maybe not
+totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obvious all right do you need more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious all right do you need more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious all right do you need more time
+I I'm wondering or maybe they're people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm wondering or maybe they're people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm wondering or maybe they're people
+are sufficiently lost or confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficiently lost or confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sufficiently lost or confused
+they're not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to all right nod if you want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all right nod if you want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to all right nod if you want more
+time no okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no okay all right
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right so we have I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have I would say
+it's a kind of a 50-50 thing all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of a 50-50 thing all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a kind of a 50-50 thing all right
+so go ahead and turn to your neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go ahead and turn to your neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so go ahead and turn to your neighbor
+and try to figure out using some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to figure out using some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to figure out using some
+combination of math and graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of math and graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of math and graphical
+analysis whether the bif whether at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis whether the bif whether at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis whether the bif whether at this
+transcritical bifurcation the value goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcritical bifurcation the value goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcritical bifurcation the value goes
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right sounds like the discussion has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right sounds like the discussion has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right sounds like the discussion has
+maybe has gone you know gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe has gone you know gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe has gone you know gone to
+completion let's go ahead and vote again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion let's go ahead and vote again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completion let's go ahead and vote again
+right the question is does the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the question is does the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the question is does the dominant
+value of the system go to zero at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the system go to zero at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the system go to zero at this
+point here the transcritical bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here the transcritical bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here the transcritical bifurcation
+all right ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all right um it doesn't seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right um it doesn't seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right um it doesn't seem like
+it's had much of an effect I see I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's had much of an effect I see I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's had much of an effect I see I see
+that one person has been convinced of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one person has been convinced of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one person has been convinced of
+something I I don't know if he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I don't know if he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I I don't know if he's
+actually convinced or if he's he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convinced or if he's he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually convinced or if he's he was
+just surrounded and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bullied all right so what what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullied all right so what what are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullied all right so what what are some
+different ways of of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this yes well one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes well one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yes well one of my
+neighbors decided to actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors decided to actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors decided to actually just
+linearize that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize that equation
+around all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around all
+right you know the way if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the way if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know the way if you if you
+were completely unsure of your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were completely unsure of your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were completely unsure of your intuition
+this would be a way to check right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a way to check right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a way to check right okay
+and um in general in life I'm a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in general in life I'm a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um in general in life I'm a big
+believer when you are confronted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believer when you are confronted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believer when you are confronted with
+some question you should um first first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some question you should um first first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some question you should um first first
+think about it what you should guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what you should guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it what you should guess
+based on any whatever intuition might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on any whatever intuition might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on any whatever intuition might be
+available to you uh and then after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you uh and then after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to you uh and then after you
+have made a guess based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a guess based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made a guess based on that
+intuition then you go and you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition then you go and you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition then you go and you do the
+calculation which in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation which in this case
+linearizing around and where do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing around and where do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearizing around and where do we
+linearize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+around around the fixed yeah and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around around the fixed yeah and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around around the fixed yeah and I would
+say that you you really want to fix L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you you really want to fix L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you you really want to fix L
+linearize maybe not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize maybe not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize maybe not
+around you get the same answer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you get the same answer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you get the same answer if you
+linearize around zero but you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around zero but you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around zero but you really
+want to I think conceptually you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I think conceptually you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to I think conceptually you want to
+linearize around this stable fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around this stable fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around this stable fix
+point right because it's in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right because it's in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right because it's in some ways
+it's the stable fix point that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the stable fix point that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the stable fix point that the
+system is sitting in and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is sitting in and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is sitting in and you want to
+know how is it that you're how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how is it that you're how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how is it that you're how is it
+that you're going to react when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to react when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to react when you get
+perturbed away from that fixed point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed away from that fixed point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbed away from that fixed point
+right and you do get the same answer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you do get the same answer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you do get the same answer if
+you know the it's thing is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the it's thing is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the it's thing is that it's
+true that the um the igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the um the igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that the um the igen value
+describing the Dynamics around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the Dynamics around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the Dynamics around this
+unstable fix point also goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable fix point also goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable fix point also goes to
+zero um but that's because I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um but that's because I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um but that's because I think the
+rules of mathematics somehow say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of mathematics somehow say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules of mathematics somehow say that
+the fixed points are going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed points are going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fixed points are going to have to do
+something similar yeah right so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar yeah right so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something similar yeah right so I think
+you do get you you do also find that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do get you you do also find that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do get you you do also find that the
+IG value here goes to zero but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value here goes to zero but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IG value here goes to zero but that
+conceptually that's not the IG value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually that's not the IG value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually that's not the IG value
+that you actually wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually wanted to know
+about do you see how I'm saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about do you see how I'm saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about do you see how I'm saying that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+right again the I value here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again the I value here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again the I value here is going to
+zero uh we'll we we'll we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh we'll we we'll we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero uh we'll we we'll we can try to
+explore this a little bit but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore this a little bit but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore this a little bit but I just
+want to um kind of tie this together say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um kind of tie this together say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um kind of tie this together say
+right so these um kind of local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these um kind of local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these um kind of local
+bifurcations that you have maybe heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcations that you have maybe heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcations that you have maybe heard
+about which is that this fold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is that this fold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about which is that this fold
+bifurcation the trans critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation the trans critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation the trans critical
+bifurcation and also the Hop bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation and also the Hop bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation and also the Hop bifurcation
+right so the Hop is one that looks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Hop is one that looks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the Hop is one that looks um
+where you have a stable fixed point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a stable fixed point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have a stable fixed point that
+goes and it into a um turns into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and it into a um turns into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes and it into a um turns into an
+unstable one and you end up getting you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable one and you end up getting you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable one and you end up getting you
+get oscillations so that's where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oscillations so that's where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get oscillations so that's where you
+have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something
+that um it's going to look like um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's going to look like um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it's going to look like um but
+now that I'm drawing this I'm a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I'm drawing this I'm a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that I'm drawing this I'm a little
+bit is there a difference between a Hof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is there a difference between a Hof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit is there a difference between a Hof
+and a and a pitchfork bation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah so as drawn is the it's either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so as drawn is the it's either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so as drawn is the it's either
+or both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or both
+or okay well um I'll say that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay well um I'll say that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or okay well um I'll say that this thing
+also the I value goes to zero here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the I value goes to zero here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the I value goes to zero here um
+yeah because I guess in this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because I guess in this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because I guess in this kind
+of yeah you don't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah you don't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of yeah you don't have to have
+oscillations in order you know okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in order you know okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillations in order you know okay and
+it depends on higher Dynamic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on higher Dynamic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on higher Dynamic systems
+blah blah blah but again this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah but again this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah blah blah but again this is another
+zero ion value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ion value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero ion value
+bation okay all right so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bation okay all right so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bation okay all right so the the the
+statement is that in principle you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that in principle you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that in principle you can
+use this fact that the ion value goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this fact that the ion value goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this fact that the ion value goes to
+zero this thing called critical slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this thing called critical slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this thing called critical slowing
+down to um to measure some changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to um to measure some changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to um to measure some changes in
+the Dynamics of the system before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the system before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics of the system before in
+this case you get collapse or before in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you get collapse or before in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you get collapse or before in
+this case you get Extinction okay uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you get Extinction okay uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case you get Extinction okay uh I
+the the issue maybe is that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the issue maybe is that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the issue maybe is that in this
+transition there really is something big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition there really is something big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition there really is something big
+that happened at the bifurcation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened at the bifurcation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happened at the bifurcation right
+so you really want to have an early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to have an early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you really want to have an early
+warning signal because there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning signal because there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning signal because there's something
+there's a dramatic change and it may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dramatic change and it may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dramatic change and it may be
+difficult to reverse whereas here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to reverse whereas here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to reverse whereas here the
+population size kind of is smoothly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size kind of is smoothly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size kind of is smoothly
+going to zero and you know once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero and you know once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to zero and you know once you get
+down to your last two California Condors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your last two California Condors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to your last two California Condors
+you you know that you're in trouble you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know that you're in trouble you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know that you're in trouble you
+don't need any sort of fancy early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need any sort of fancy early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need any sort of fancy early
+warning indicator based on fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning indicator based on fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning indicator based on fluctuations
+or return time and so forth instead just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or return time and so forth instead just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or return time and so forth instead just
+um just the number is is maybe your best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just the number is is maybe your best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just the number is is maybe your best
+uh measure for the the health of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure for the the health of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh measure for the the health of the
+population okay so I think that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay so I think that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population okay so I think that yeah
+maybe I won't do this uh do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I won't do this uh do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I won't do this uh do the
+linearization but I encourage you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization but I encourage you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization but I encourage you to do
+it because that's what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because that's what's going to be
+relevant and in particular what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and in particular what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant and in particular what you want
+to know is if there's some if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is if there's some if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know is if there's some if you
+linearize around there's some just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around there's some just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize around there's some just to be
+clear there's some n uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear there's some n uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear there's some n uh
+equilibrium right so you say okay there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so you say okay there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium right so you say okay there
+there's some n equilibrium and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some n equilibrium and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some n equilibrium and then you
+want to ask well okay now you want to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask well okay now you want to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to ask well okay now you want to um
+you want to say okay if your n is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say okay if your n is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say okay if your n is equal
+to some n equilibrium plus some Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some n equilibrium plus some Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some n equilibrium plus some Epsilon
+all right then if you plug it into the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then if you plug it into the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then if you plug it into the N
+dot function you should get an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot function you should get an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot function you should get an equation
+that is something where this Epsilon dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something where this Epsilon dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something where this Epsilon dot
+is going to be equal to something what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to something what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be equal to something what
+what should it be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to something times Epsilon right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something times Epsilon right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something times Epsilon right and
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something what we've been calling Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what we've been calling Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something what we've been calling Lambda
+what we've been calling Lambda right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been calling Lambda right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been calling Lambda right
+right so this and this is saying that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this and this is saying that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this and this is saying that if
+you go a little bit away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go a little bit away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go a little bit away from the
+equilibrium all right so small Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so small Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium all right so small Epsilon
+here that Epsilon the solution to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Epsilon the solution to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that Epsilon the solution to this
+is an exponential it's going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exponential it's going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an exponential it's going to get
+exponential de Kay assuming that Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential de Kay assuming that Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential de Kay assuming that Lambda
+is what negative right and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what negative right and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what negative right and that's the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+of this when we say this is a stable fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this when we say this is a stable fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this when we say this is a stable fix
+point this is unstable that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is unstable that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is unstable that's equivalent
+to saying that the Lambda here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying that the Lambda here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying that the Lambda here is
+negative and the Lambda here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the Lambda here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and the Lambda here is
+positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so that was that's a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that was that's a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so that was that's a very easy
+argument that they exchange stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that they exchange stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that they exchange stability
+and so so you know that LDA has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you know that LDA has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so you know that LDA has to be
+equal to zero ah yes so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero ah yes so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero ah yes so this is the
+point right that um right so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right that um right so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right that um right so we know
+that Lambda here is positive Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lambda here is positive Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Lambda here is positive Lambda
+sorry Lambda here is negative Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Lambda here is negative Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry Lambda here is negative Lambda
+here is positive these fix points at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is positive these fix points at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is positive these fix points at
+this point they're going to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point they're going to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point they're going to exchange
+stability so that means they had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so that means they had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability so that means they had to be
+equal and where they exchange is when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and where they exchange is when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal and where they exchange is when it
+crosses I mean so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses I mean so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses I mean so they
+both well I guess independently you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both well I guess independently you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both well I guess independently you know
+this went we should be able to draw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went we should be able to draw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this went we should be able to draw this
+although I'm a little bit worried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm a little bit worried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although I'm a little bit worried that
+once I try to draw something I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I try to draw something I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once I try to draw something I'm going
+to get confused all right but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get confused all right but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get confused all right but this is a
+a useful exercise uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful exercise uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful exercise uh
+right so in particular if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so in particular if we
+plot as a function of Delta we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot as a function of Delta we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot as a function of Delta we want to
+okay so here we have the lambdas and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have the lambdas and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have the lambdas and we
+have here this Delta and at Delta equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here this Delta and at Delta equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here this Delta and at Delta equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+R what's going to happen is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R what's going to happen is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R what's going to happen is that we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+get the the one guy is going to go like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the one guy is going to go like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the one guy is going to go like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you okay I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay something like that right right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something like that right right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something like that right right
+given that the fixed points went from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the fixed points went from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the fixed points went from
+stable to unstable unstable stable it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable to unstable unstable stable it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable to unstable unstable stable it
+means they had a cross zero so if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they had a cross zero so if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means they had a cross zero so if they
+both cross zero at that point they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cross zero at that point they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both cross zero at that point they're
+going to be you know equal and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know equal and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you know equal and zero
+right you guys agree yes do we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you guys agree yes do we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you guys agree yes do we know that
+the vales are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change no so in general they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change no so in general they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change no so in general they they
+don't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm trying to think if close you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to think if close you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm trying to think if close you
+know close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know close to the
+bifurcation whether I can say I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation whether I can say I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation whether I can say I think
+I'm sure the mathemati mathematicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the mathemati mathematicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure the mathemati mathematicians
+I'm sure can say something uh but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure can say something uh but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure can say something uh but I'm
+not going to um yeah does this also mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to um yeah does this also mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to um yeah does this also mean
+that whenever we're on a steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever we're on a steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever we're on a steady state
+approaching the vation we always see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the vation we always see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the vation we always see
+thetical slowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetical slowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thetical slowing
+down it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it's a
+stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable
+point right so I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so I think that the
+statement is that um in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that um in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that um in principle
+critical slowing down occurs uh but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical slowing down occurs uh but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical slowing down occurs uh but that
+does not mean that you'll necessarily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that you'll necessarily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean that you'll necessarily be
+able to see it right because it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it right because it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see it right because it could be
+there's just too much noise or this or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just too much noise or this or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just too much noise or this or
+that you um so something that I was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um so something that I was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you um so something that I was sort
+of thinking about in related to that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about in related to that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about in related to that is
+so in this case it seems like everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case it seems like everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case it seems like everything
+about the system just the fluctuations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system just the fluctuations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the system just the fluctuations
+or you know anything is should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know anything is should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know anything is should be
+getting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting very
+small as you approach that uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as you approach that uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as you approach that uh right so
+in in principle the fluctuations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in principle the fluctuations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in principle the fluctuations are
+supposed to grow although this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to grow although this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to grow although this is
+assuming that the strength of the noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the strength of the noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the strength of the noise
+is constant and uh in this you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant and uh in this you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant and uh in this you know in
+this case the strength of noise may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the strength of noise may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the strength of noise may not
+be constant because if it's demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant because if it's demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant because if it's demographic
+noise and your the size of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and your the size of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and your the size of your
+population is going down you so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is going down you so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population is going down you so this
+this is actually this is subtle then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually this is subtle then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually this is subtle then I
+think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think
+yeah yeah U and when we typically talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah U and when we typically talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah U and when we typically talk
+about these Dynamics we're assuming that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these Dynamics we're assuming that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these Dynamics we're assuming that
+that that there's an added noise source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's an added noise source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's an added noise source
+that is independent of the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is independent of the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is independent of the the the
+variable but if it's demographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but if it's demographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable but if it's demographic
+fluctuations you're talking about then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations you're talking about then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations you're talking about then
+that that won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that won't be
+true I think that it's also useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I think that it's also useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true I think that it's also useful to
+draw um to get some intuition around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um to get some intuition around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw um to get some intuition around
+around this based on this idea of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this based on this idea of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this based on this idea of an
+effective potential right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential right so these are
+uh these are one-dimensional systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are one-dimensional systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these are one-dimensional systems
+which means you can always write down an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you can always write down an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means you can always write down an
+effective potential right and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential right and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential right and in this
+case what it's going to look like is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what it's going to look like is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what it's going to look like is um
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so this is some U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is some U
+effective as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective as a function of the
+population size right and we here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size right and we here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population size right and we here we
+have some stable State here right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some stable State here right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some stable State here right that
+corresponds to something that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to something that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to something that looks like
+um this right so it starts out maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this right so it starts out maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this right so it starts out maybe at
+K what happens is as the death rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what happens is as the death rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K what happens is as the death rate
+increases this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this
+thing kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of go kind of turn oh did I maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go kind of turn oh did I maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go kind of turn oh did I maybe I
+didn't quite make it okay um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite make it okay um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite make it okay um right so
+what you see is that as the um as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that as the um as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that as the um as the
+death rate here so as we go down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate here so as we go down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate here so as we go down the
+death rate's going up in yeah um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate's going up in yeah um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate's going up in yeah um right
+so the what happens is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what happens is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what happens is that the
+effective potential describing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential describing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective potential describing the
+Dynamics of the population near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the population near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics of the population near the
+equilibrium it's broadening out okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it's broadening out okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium it's broadening out okay so
+you can think about the Dynamics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about the Dynamics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think about the Dynamics as
+being equivalent to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being equivalent to an
+overdamped particle in an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped particle in an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overdamped particle in an effective
+potential right so for example for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right so for example for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential right so for example for those
+of you that have studied single molecu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that have studied single molecu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that have studied single molecu
+biophysics kinds of things this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics kinds of things this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biophysics kinds of things this could be
+thought of as um a a poly siren bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as um a a poly siren bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of as um a a poly siren bead
+that's trapped in a in a laser trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trapped in a in a laser trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's trapped in a in a laser trap
+right and as you turn down the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as you turn down the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and as you turn down the power of
+your laser then the spring constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laser then the spring constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your laser then the spring constant
+describing the Dynamics of that U of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the Dynamics of that U of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing the Dynamics of that U of
+that bead in the Trap that it gets it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bead in the Trap that it gets it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bead in the Trap that it gets it
+gets weaker and weaker right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets weaker and weaker right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets weaker and weaker right so the
+potential kind of broadens and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential kind of broadens and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential kind of broadens and that
+means that at for fixed kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at for fixed kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that at for fixed kind of
+injection of noise fixed temperature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection of noise fixed temperature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection of noise fixed temperature you
+get uh these effects where the um where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh these effects where the um where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get uh these effects where the um where
+the the fluctuations will increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fluctuations will increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the fluctuations will increase in
+magnitude and you get an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and you get an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude and you get an increase in
+this autocorrelation time right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this autocorrelation time right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this autocorrelation time right because
+for example in the bead and the trap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the bead and the trap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the bead and the trap the
+auto corelation time is indeed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto corelation time is indeed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auto corelation time is indeed just
+equal to the um equal to the relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the um equal to the relaxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the um equal to the relaxation
+time of the bead in the Trap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the bead in the Trap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the bead in the Trap
+okay and the bifurcation occurs right at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the bifurcation occurs right at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the bifurcation occurs right at
+this point here where you see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here where you see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here where you see that this
+u local potential is just is or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u local potential is just is or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u local potential is just is or the
+local minimum is disappearing right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum is disappearing right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local minimum is disappearing right and
+that's when this stable fix point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when this stable fix point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when this stable fix point is
+gone and then you just kind of fall off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and then you just kind of fall off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and then you just kind of fall off
+here and that's what leads to um to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what leads to um to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's what leads to um to this
+collapse which I have covered up yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse which I have covered up yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse which I have covered up yeah
+but that leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that leads to the
+bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and you should for example be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you should for example be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you should for example be able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+draw an effective potential here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an effective potential here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw an effective potential here as
+well but I'll let you um I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I'll let you um I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I'll let you um I'll let you
+play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with
+it okay uh but you and you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh but you and you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh but you and you can see the
+location of this unstable fix Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of this unstable fix Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of this unstable fix Point
+shifting as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well although I'm not sure how good my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well although I'm not sure how good my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well although I'm not sure how good my
+drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+is because in principle this unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because in principle this unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because in principle this unstable
+fix point should they should they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point should they should they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point should they should they have
+to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come
+together all right I'm not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right I'm not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all right I'm not sure if
+that's very clear in my drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but right so just to summarize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right so just to summarize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right so just to summarize this
+discussion uh I think there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh I think there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion uh I think there are a few
+ways that you can think of these early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can think of these early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can think of these early
+warning indicators and um there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning indicators and um there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning indicators and um there's a
+diagram that I like to make that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that I like to make that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that I like to make that I think
+makes things more clear for me at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things more clear for me at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things more clear for me at least
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that um if you look at this population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you look at this population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um if you look at this population
+as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of
+time right it goes and if there's a if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right it goes and if there's a if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time right it goes and if there's a if
+there's an environment quality is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an environment quality is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an environment quality is a
+function of time right if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time right if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time right if if the
+environment has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment has a
+perturbation right then the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation right then the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation right then the population
+will shrink but then you'll get recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shrink but then you'll get recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shrink but then you'll get recovery
+and this thing here tells you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing here tells you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing here tells you about the
+time for recovery and this basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for recovery and this basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for recovery and this basic
+phenomen of critical slowing down tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomen of critical slowing down tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomen of critical slowing down tells
+you that as the Tipping Point approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that as the Tipping Point approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that as the Tipping Point approaches
+as you approach the bifurcation the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you approach the bifurcation the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you approach the bifurcation the time
+to recover from this perturbation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from this perturbation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to recover from this perturbation is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+grow of course the other thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow of course the other thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow of course the other thing that you
+can say is that even in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say is that even in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say is that even in the
+absence of a defined perturbation even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a defined perturbation even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of a defined perturbation even
+if the environment is constant over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the environment is constant over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the environment is constant over time
+there could just be just the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could just be just the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could just be just the natural
+noise in the system kind of will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the system kind of will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise in the system kind of will
+fluctuate it just like temperature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate it just like temperature for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate it just like temperature for
+the beat in the trap right in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat in the trap right in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beat in the trap right in principle
+then you can measure the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can measure the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can measure the size of the
+fluctuations the Vari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations the Vari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations the Vari
+as well as uh as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as uh as well as the
+autocorrelation time to which is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation time to which is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autocorrelation time to which is for
+simple systems equal to T and this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple systems equal to T and this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple systems equal to T and this also
+grows as you approach the bifurcation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as you approach the bifurcation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows as you approach the bifurcation
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes to the environment yeah right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to the environment yeah right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to the environment yeah right so uh
+it's a good question um what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question um what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question um what I've been
+talking about is a situation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is a situation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is a situation where you
+really literally grab pull in away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really literally grab pull in away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really literally grab pull in away and
+then you let go and that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you let go and that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you let go and that's equivalent
+for the bead in the Trap that you pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bead in the Trap that you pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the bead in the Trap that you pull
+the bead away and then you let go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead away and then you let go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bead away and then you let go and
+you watch it come back yeah but the qu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch it come back yeah but the qu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you watch it come back yeah but the qu
+the situation in the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation in the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the situation in the case of the
+environment is that you if if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is that you if if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment is that you if if it's a
+kind of a sudden shift right it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sudden shift right it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sudden shift right it could be
+anything it could be a brief change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it could be a brief change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it could be a brief change in
+well it could just be Delta right so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it could just be Delta right so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it could just be Delta right so it
+could be that uh over some period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uh over some period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uh over some period of
+time the death rate increases or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the death rate increases or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the death rate increases or some
+period of time the growth rate decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time the growth rate decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time the growth rate decreases
+or it could be or it could be that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be or it could be that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be or it could be that for
+the perturbations don't have to be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbations don't have to be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perturbations don't have to be bad
+they can can also be good right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can can also be good right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can can also be good right because
+and you actually get the same in princip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually get the same in princip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you actually get the same in princip
+for small perturbations to go it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small perturbations to go it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for small perturbations to go it's the
+same thing anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing anyways
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh right so these are early warning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so these are early warning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so these are early warning
+indicators of an impending transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators of an impending transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators of an impending transition
+that are based on temporal indicators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based on temporal indicators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are based on temporal indicators
+uh and incidentally uh one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and incidentally uh one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and incidentally uh one of the things
+that we've been excited about in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been excited about in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've been excited about in my
+group is actually trying to trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is actually trying to trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is actually trying to trying to
+measure these things in well-controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these things in well-controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure these things in well-controlled
+laboratory populations and so our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory populations and so our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory populations and so our in our
+case we're using yeast that are engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're using yeast that are engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we're using yeast that are engaging
+what you might call a group hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call a group hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you might call a group hunting
+Behavior where they secrete an enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior where they secrete an enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior where they secrete an enzyme
+that breaks down a sugar and that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks down a sugar and that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that breaks down a sugar and that kind
+of leads to this Cooperative growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leads to this Cooperative growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leads to this Cooperative growth and
+at least in that case we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in that case we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in that case we can
+experimentally measure an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally measure an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally measure an increase in
+all these things as we approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bifurcation the other thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation the other thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation the other thing that you
+might think about is is what happens for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about is is what happens for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think about is is what happens for
+spatially extended populations we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially extended populations we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatially extended populations we'll
+talk more about spatial populations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about spatial populations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about spatial populations on
+Thursday but just while we're here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday but just while we're here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday but just while we're here it's
+useful to think about it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think about it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to think about it right so
+instead of think about just n as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of think about just n as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of think about just n as a
+function time now you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time now you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function time now you want to think
+about density of the population right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about density of the population right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about density of the population right so
+one thing that had people had talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that had people had talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that had people had talked
+about is that um okay but this is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that um okay but this is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that um okay but this is now
+not a sorry this is not a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a sorry this is not a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a sorry this is not a function of
+time this is now a function of position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is now a function of position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this is now a function of position
+X density is a function of position and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X density is a function of position and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X density is a function of position and
+this is now environment as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now environment as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now environment as a function of
+position if you have a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if you have a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position if you have a uniform
+environment over position or space then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment over position or space then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment over position or space then
+in principle you can look at density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you can look at density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle you can look at density
+fluctuations and this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations and this is something that
+people had talked about um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had talked about um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people had talked about um one of the
+things that we have argued is that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we have argued is that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we have argued is that there
+should be a spatial analog to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a spatial analog to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be a spatial analog to this
+recovery time right so that corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery time right so that corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery time right so that corresponds
+to a situation where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a situation where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a situation where you have
+environment as function position that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as function position that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment as function position that
+for example you have a sharp boundary or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have a sharp boundary or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have a sharp boundary or
+just a region of core quality quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a region of core quality quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a region of core quality quality
+and in that case you can look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you can look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case you can look at the
+density uh and as a function position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh and as a function position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density uh and as a function position
+and you get some length scale here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get some length scale here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get some length scale here right
+so the statement here is that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the statement here is that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the statement here is that just
+because you're in a region of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in a region of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in a region of high
+quality doesn't mean that you're at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality doesn't mean that you're at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality doesn't mean that you're at your
+equilibrium density because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium density because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium density because if you're
+close to a poor region right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a poor region right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to a poor region right so if
+you're close to hunting grounds then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're close to hunting grounds then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're close to hunting grounds then
+you'll get local depletion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get local depletion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get local depletion of the
+population right you have to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right you have to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population right you have to get some
+distance away from a bad region before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away from a bad region before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away from a bad region before
+you get to your equilibrium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to your equilibrium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to your equilibrium that
+distance or recovery length tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or recovery length tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance or recovery length tells you
+about um the quality of the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the quality of the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um the quality of the environment
+and the quality of the environment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quality of the environment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the quality of the environment you
+know at at at this region the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at at at this region the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at at at this region the good
+region where you are right um and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where you are right um and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region where you are right um and at
+least in the laboratory this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the laboratory this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in the laboratory this is
+something that's actually much easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's actually much easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's actually much easier to
+measure than other things because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure than other things because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure than other things because this
+is a deterministic phenomenon right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deterministic phenomenon right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a deterministic phenomenon right you
+don't have to measure fluctuations over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to measure fluctuations over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to measure fluctuations over
+time with a high quality time series you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a high quality time series you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time with a high quality time series you
+don't have to wait for a perturbation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to wait for a perturbation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to wait for a perturbation in
+time like a drought and look at recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like a drought and look at recovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time like a drought and look at recovery
+instead you just take advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you just take advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead you just take advantage of
+natural variations in um quality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural variations in um quality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural variations in um quality of the
+environment over space position and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment over space position and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment over space position and then
+you measure uh profiles we have a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure uh profiles we have a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you measure uh profiles we have a we
+have a collaboration with uh a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a collaboration with uh a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a collaboration with uh a professor
+at the University of Pisa who does uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Pisa who does uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the University of Pisa who does uh
+field ecology experiments with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field ecology experiments with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field ecology experiments with these
+alil matths on intertial communities on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alil matths on intertial communities on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alil matths on intertial communities on
+Islands uh in the Mediterranean and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands uh in the Mediterranean and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Islands uh in the Mediterranean and uh
+and uh and and we we have preliminary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and we we have preliminary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh and and we we have preliminary
+evidence that we can we can measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that we can we can measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that we can we can measure this
+in in that in those Island communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that in those Island communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in that in those Island communities
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well right are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well right are there any questions about
+this stuff before we switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff before we switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff before we switch
+gears yeah in that example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears yeah in that example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gears yeah in that example is
+it how much control do you have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how much control do you have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how much control do you have over
+like actually assigning the quality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually assigning the quality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like actually assigning the quality to
+the environment right uh so in in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment right uh so in in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment right uh so in in that
+in that manipulation what um what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that manipulation what um what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that manipulation what um what they
+did was they um they basically go in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they um they basically go in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did was they um they basically go in and
+they you know so they're they're these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know so they're they're these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you know so they're they're these
+they're like miniature forests somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like miniature forests somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like miniature forests somehow
+right so they're little um with Al that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're little um with Al that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so they're little um with Al that
+have alternative stable States what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alternative stable States what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alternative stable States what they
+actually do and they they go and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do and they they go and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do and they they go and they
+they like chip away at the Rock to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like chip away at the Rock to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they like chip away at the Rock to
+remove the things and and they do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the things and and they do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove the things and and they do it
+over some range to you know to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some range to you know to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over some range to you know to you so
+they they experimentally basically make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they experimentally basically make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they experimentally basically make
+it a challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a challenging
+environment and apparently they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and apparently they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and apparently they have
+permission to do this so don't don't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to do this so don't don't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission to do this so don't don't try
+that at home without um asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at home without um asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at home without um asking the
+proper authorities right any uh any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper authorities right any uh any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proper authorities right any uh any
+other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this all right so I so I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so I so I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so I so I think that the
+nice thing about studying all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about studying all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about studying all of these
+Dynamics just for a single population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics just for a single population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamics just for a single population is
+that it really it clarifies kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really it clarifies kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it really it clarifies kind of the
+essential ingredients in order to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential ingredients in order to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential ingredients in order to get
+things like sudden transition so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like sudden transition so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like sudden transition so of
+course um in in natural populations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um in in natural populations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course um in in natural populations we
+have many many species interacting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many many species interacting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many many species interacting in
+lots of complicated ways but then we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of complicated ways but then we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of complicated ways but then we'd
+like to understand those things but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to understand those things but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to understand those things but I
+think since it's so complicated you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think since it's so complicated you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think since it's so complicated you you
+kind of feel like oh anything can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feel like oh anything can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feel like oh anything can happen
+and it's not you get a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not you get a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not you get a little bit
+discouraged from thinking deeply about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged from thinking deeply about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discouraged from thinking deeply about
+it because you just think it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you just think it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because you just think it's going to
+be too complicated to try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too complicated to try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be too complicated to try to understand
+and so I I I very much like the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I I I very much like the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I I I very much like the idea of
+um trying to really hone your intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to really hone your intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um trying to really hone your intuition
+on the simplest possible situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the simplest possible situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the simplest possible situation like
+this and then bringing that intuition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then bringing that intuition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then bringing that intuition to
+um to to more complicated or complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to more complicated or complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to to more complicated or complex
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah app to human oh yeah um right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah app to human oh yeah um right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah app to human oh yeah um right so
+whether this can be applied to Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this can be applied to Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this can be applied to Human
+Society um you know it's a it's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society um you know it's a it's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society um you know it's a it's a good
+question people certainly try to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question people certainly try to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question people certainly try to you
+know I think um you know you always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think um you know you always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think um you know you always have
+to decide what you mean by um apply I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what you mean by um apply I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what you mean by um apply I
+would say that this basic idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that this basic idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that this basic idea that
+there can be these feedback loops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be these feedback loops that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there can be these feedback loops that
+can lead to sudden transitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to sudden transitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can lead to sudden transitions in
+complex systems I think this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems I think this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems I think this is a very
+robust phenomenon in the sense that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust phenomenon in the sense that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust phenomenon in the sense that I
+think if you have strong enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you have strong enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you have strong enough
+interactions then I think you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then I think you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions then I think you kind of
+expect it to be to be true um another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be to be true um another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect it to be to be true um another
+question is whether you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is whether you can
+quantitatively predict where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively predict where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitatively predict where you know
+that that's you know when that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's you know when that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's you know when that's going
+to happen right so people there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen right so people there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen right so people there was a
+there was a recent article written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a recent article written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a recent article written in
+science or nature about um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or nature about um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or nature about um you know
+potential tipping points in you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential tipping points in you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential tipping points in you know in
+human society and kind of global scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human society and kind of global scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human society and kind of global scale
+things in terms of uh productivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of uh productivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in terms of uh productivity of
+crops and you know you you know so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops and you know you you know so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops and you know you you know so they
+have a question mark about you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question mark about you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a question mark about you know they
+say 2050 question mark you know collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2050 question mark you know collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2050 question mark you know collapse
+maybe you know but you know um I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know but you know um I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know but you know um I say
+it's it's very important to be thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very important to be thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's very important to be thinking
+about these things and you know but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things and you know but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things and you know but the
+question is what to do you know whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what to do you know whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what to do you know whether
+given the uncertainties and and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the uncertainties and and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the uncertainties and and your
+knowledge of where these tipping points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of where these tipping points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of where these tipping points
+might occur uh it's it's always hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur uh it's it's always hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might occur uh it's it's always hard to
+know whether you can make a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you can make a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether you can make a strong
+argument saying oh we have to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument saying oh we have to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument saying oh we have to stop
+fishing here because it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing here because it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing here because it's going to
+collapse you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapse you know
+without you know there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you know there's always
+uncertainty in your decision- making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in your decision- making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty in your decision- making
+right uh but certainly in the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but certainly in the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh but certainly in the context of
+climate regime shifts people are worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate regime shifts people are worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climate regime shifts people are worried
+about these sorts of feedback loops and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these sorts of feedback loops and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these sorts of feedback loops and
+the North Atlantic oscillation and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North Atlantic oscillation and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the North Atlantic oscillation and so
+forth and I'm not at all an expert of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and I'm not at all an expert of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth and I'm not at all an expert of
+that so I don't know whether we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I don't know whether we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so I don't know whether we should
+be worried but but it's it's at least uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried but but it's it's at least uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be worried but but it's it's at least uh
+it's it's good to remember that systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's good to remember that systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's good to remember that systems
+can respond in uh in dramatic ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can respond in uh in dramatic ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can respond in uh in dramatic ways to
+small changes right um and then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes right um and then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small changes right um and then and then
+you have to decide what to do with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide what to do with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to decide what to do with that
+knowledge and that I think that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and that I think that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and that I think that's that's
+more of a judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call yeah the time example had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so I want to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I want to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so I want to be a little
+bit maybe more clear the the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit maybe more clear the the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit maybe more clear the the claim is
+that like the death the Delta there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the death the Delta there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like the death the Delta there that
+we were thinking about um that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking about um that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were thinking about um that didn't
+have to be the perturbation it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the perturbation it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the perturbation it could be
+but it didn't have to be the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it didn't have to be the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it didn't have to be the way that
+when we're when we're plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're when we're plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're when we're plotting the
+bifurcation diagram we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation diagram we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcation diagram we're assuming
+implicitly somehow that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly somehow that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly somehow that there's a
+separation of time scales such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of time scales such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation of time scales such that this
+Delta might be changing very slowly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta might be changing very slowly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta might be changing very slowly and
+then other things are changing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other things are changing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then other things are changing more
+rapidly right so this bif diagram it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly right so this bif diagram it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly right so this bif diagram it's
+really that um you're kind of tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that um you're kind of tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that um you're kind of tracking
+it right so in the context of this N is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so in the context of this N is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so in the context of this N is
+a function of Delta this thing kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Delta this thing kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of Delta this thing kind of
+goes like this and and the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and and the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like this and and the idea is that
+oh slowly you're getting more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh slowly you're getting more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh slowly you're getting more and more
+agricultural runoff or the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural runoff or the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agricultural runoff or the temperature
+is increasing or doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing or doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is increasing or doesn't have to be
+human induced by the way it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human induced by the way it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human induced by the way it could be
+something else right um so the the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else right um so the the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else right um so the the idea
+is that you're the population is slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're the population is slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you're the population is slowly
+changing like this and then um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing like this and then um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing like this and then um and then
+eventually maybe you get this collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually maybe you get this collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually maybe you get this collapse
+right now um a perturbation could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um a perturbation could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now um a perturbation could be
+something that that it could just be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that it could just be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that it could just be a
+drought or this something that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drought or this something that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drought or this something that is is
+independent of this Delta but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of this Delta but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of this Delta but the
+statement is that um over uh over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that um over uh over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement is that um over uh over here
+now I'm going to be mixing things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to be mixing things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to be mixing things this
+is U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is U
+well you know at low Delta the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know at low Delta the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know at low Delta the claim is
+that you should get a dip and then rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should get a dip and then rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should get a dip and then rapid
+recovery as the Delta gets bigger you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery as the Delta gets bigger you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recovery as the Delta gets bigger you
+get maybe even a larger you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get maybe even a larger you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get maybe even a larger you know the
+same perturbation could in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same perturbation could in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same perturbation could in principle
+lead to a larger dip right and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a larger dip right and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to a larger dip right and then it
+takes longer to get recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+it this actually brings up another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this actually brings up another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this actually brings up another point
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+uh these could all be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these could all be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these could all be the same
+perturbations all right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations all right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations all right so this is a
+case where Delta is uh increasing as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where Delta is uh increasing as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where Delta is uh increasing as we
+go as we go down right um so it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as we go down right um so it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go as we go down right um so it could be
+the same perturbation here you get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same perturbation here you get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same perturbation here you get you
+survive here you survive but then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive here you survive but then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive here you survive but then that
+that the same perturbation that was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same perturbation that was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the same perturbation that was was
+survived here could be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived here could be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survived here could be the same
+magnitude drought just as Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude drought just as Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude drought just as Delta
+increases you expect this uh this may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you expect this uh this may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases you expect this uh this may be
+able may be able to push the system past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able may be able to push the system past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able may be able to push the system past
+the unstable fix point because of a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstable fix point because of a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unstable fix point because of a loss
+of resilience this is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resilience this is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of resilience this is something that
+we've seen in a variety of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in a variety of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in a variety of different
+contexts so I think it's this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts so I think it's this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contexts so I think it's this is a very
+general phenomenon just because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon just because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon just because the
+separation here is some measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation here is some measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation here is some measure of the
+resilience of the population or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience of the population or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience of the population or the
+ability of the population to withstand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of the population to withstand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability of the population to withstand
+perturbations what you can see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations what you can see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations what you can see is that
+the resilience shrinks as we get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resilience shrinks as we get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resilience shrinks as we get close
+to this spacation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did that answer your question sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that answer your question sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that answer your question sort of
+not really okay it answer another it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really okay it answer another it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really okay it answer another it
+answer another okay good I'm glad that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer another okay good I'm glad that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer another okay good I'm glad that I
+answered something no okay what was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered something no okay what was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered something no okay what was your
+you're because you're saying is it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're because you're saying is it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're because you're saying is it the
+death rate that is causing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate that is causing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death rate that is causing this
+peration well no I was wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration well no I was wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peration well no I was wondering
+the okay oh yes I forgot yes I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay oh yes I forgot yes I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay oh yes I forgot yes I do
+remember that you did ask that uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you did ask that uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you did ask that uh right
+uh so the the idea here is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the idea here is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the the idea here is that this
+could be uh this could just be a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh this could just be a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be uh this could just be a region
+that we fish and this could be a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we fish and this could be a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we fish and this could be a region
+that we don't fish for example um or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't fish for example um or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't fish for example um or it
+could be that uh here there's just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uh here there's just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that uh here there's just not
+as much food for the organism as there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much food for the organism as there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as much food for the organism as there
+are here so it's just um but the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here so it's just um but the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here so it's just um but the idea is
+that you would need kind of a sudden a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would need kind of a sudden a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would need kind of a sudden a
+sharp boundary between regions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp boundary between regions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp boundary between regions of
+different quality and that that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quality and that that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different quality and that that's kind
+of the situation where you would be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situation where you would be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the situation where you would be able
+to measure this uh recovery length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure this uh recovery length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure this uh recovery length and
+the basic reason for that is that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic reason for that is that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic reason for that is that if the
+Environmental Quality is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Quality is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Environmental Quality is something that
+changes very slowly then the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very slowly then the population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes very slowly then the population
+density will just track that right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density will just track that right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density will just track that right and
+you so then you can't use you can't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so then you can't use you can't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so then you can't use you can't use
+that to measure this recovery length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to measure this recovery length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to measure this recovery length
+right and of course the same statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course the same statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and of course the same statement
+is true here right that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true here right that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true here right that if you have
+environmental perturbations that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental perturbations that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental perturbations that are
+changing slowly over time then that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing slowly over time then that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing slowly over time then that also
+can complicate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+picture right any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture right any other questions about
+that before we we move to towards multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before we we move to towards multi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before we we move to towards multi
+species ecosystems we're going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species ecosystems we're going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species ecosystems we're going to start
+with the two species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the two species
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe all right so what I want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all right so what I want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all right so what I want to do is
+I I want to spend the next uh the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to spend the next uh the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to spend the next uh the rest
+of the class talking about lck voltera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class talking about lck voltera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class talking about lck voltera
+uh populations and we'll we'll we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh populations and we'll we'll we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh populations and we'll we'll we're
+going to move the rock paper scissors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move the rock paper scissors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move the rock paper scissors
+discussion to Thursday because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to Thursday because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion to Thursday because it's a
+nice spatial example anyways uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice spatial example anyways uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice spatial example anyways uh all
+right so let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's think about
+Locka now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locka now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Locka now
+this is lco voltera competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model all right so the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right so the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model all right so the assumption that
+we're going to make here is that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make here is that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make here is that um we
+have these uh two species that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these uh two species that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these uh two species that are going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+interacting but they're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting but they're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting but they're going to um
+interact in uh in a very in the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in uh in a very in the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in uh in a very in the kind of
+the simplest way that you might imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way that you might imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest way that you might imagine
+which is that if we plot the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if we plot the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that if we plot the derivative
+of population size N1 as function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population size N1 as function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of population size N1 as function of
+time we get something looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the first thing that you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing that you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the first thing that you want to do
+when you see something like this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see something like this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you see something like this is just
+to make sense of the basic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um in
+particular uh in the absence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh in the absence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh in the absence of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species what happens to uh to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species what happens to uh to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species what happens to uh to these
+populations right what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations right what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations right what we're going to
+assume here maybe for simp you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume here maybe for simp you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume here maybe for simp you know is
+that R R1 and um R2 are both greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R R1 and um R2 are both greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that R R1 and um R2 are both greater
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+um yeah right so in the absence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah right so in the absence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah right so in the absence of the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species do these uh do these populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species do these uh do these populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species do these uh do these populations
+survive or not ready three we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive or not ready three we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive or not ready three we're gonna
+do a a yes B no our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a a yes B no our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a a yes B no our
+typical all right absence of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical all right absence of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical all right absence of the other
+species right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species right
+is ready three two one survival yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready three two one survival yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ready three two one survival yeah
+they survive sure because I've told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they survive sure because I've told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they survive sure because I've told you
+that this these guys are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this these guys are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this these guys are greater than
+zero well that means that they in the we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well that means that they in the we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero well that means that they in the we
+can think about N1 in the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about N1 in the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about N1 in the absence of
+N2 right what is this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 right what is this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 right what is this equation
+logistic right now if this is if these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic right now if this is if these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic right now if this is if these
+are if we wanted to think about these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we wanted to think about these as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we wanted to think about these as
+describing competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing competitive
+interactions what does that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what does that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions what does that tell us
+about the sign of the betas are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sign of the betas are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the sign of the betas are the
+betas greater than zero or are they less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas greater than zero or are they less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas greater than zero or are they less
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero right I'll think about it for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right I'll think about it for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right I'll think about it for 10
+seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right do you need more time all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you need more time all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you need more time all right
+ready three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready three two
+one all right competitive means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right competitive means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right competitive means that the
+betas are greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas are greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas are greater than
+zero right and what is this kind of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and what is this kind of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and what is this kind of what
+is the Assumption somehow that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Assumption somehow that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Assumption somehow that's going
+into into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this oh and and we should remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh and and we should remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh and and we should remember that
+this is a to this a minus everything up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a to this a minus everything up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a to this a minus everything up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+right okay yeah I guess somehow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yeah I guess somehow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay yeah I guess somehow these
+two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things
+are there's a fixed amount of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a fixed amount of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a fixed amount of some
+resource that both of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that both of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource that both of these things
+need okay right so there could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay right so there could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need okay right so there could be some
+fixed resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed resource
+um and uh I mean yeah it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I mean yeah it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh I mean yeah it's basically
+like you know an effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know an effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know an effective
+car that's right so it's somehow it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's right so it's somehow it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car that's right so it's somehow it's
+it's it's modulating the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's modulating the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's modulating the effect of
+carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying
+capacity right and what what how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity right and what what how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity right and what what how is it
+that you would describe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would describe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would describe these
+betas um sort of seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas um sort of seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+betas um sort of seems
+like You' expect that the beta should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like You' expect that the beta should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like You' expect that the beta should be
+probably less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably less than
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and I don't know I guess it doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I guess it doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know I guess it doesn't have
+to be less one but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less one but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less one but yeah
+how compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how compared to
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+one an individual of in one takes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an individual of in one takes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one an individual of in one takes up
+some of this yeah this is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this yeah this is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of this yeah this is how much
+individual that's right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual that's right yeah so
+um I think I think that that's right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I think that that's right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think I think that that's right I
+think we um there's a question about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we um there's a question about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we um there's a question about how
+explicitly to be thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly to be thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly to be thinking about these
+resources right because it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources right because it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources right because it could be that
+it doesn't have to be one resource right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be one resource right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have to be one resource right
+this is of course a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is of course a very
+phenomenological model right it's l it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological model right it's l it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenological model right it's l it's
+it's lumping all the interact all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lumping all the interact all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lumping all the interact all the
+ways in which the species interact into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which the species interact into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in which the species interact into
+just a single parameter beta uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single parameter beta uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a single parameter beta uh but it's
+somehow the betas are telling us kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the betas are telling us kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the betas are telling us kind of
+something about how much um does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how much um does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how much um does a
+member of the other species kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the other species kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of the other species kind of
+inhibit my growth as compared to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit my growth as compared to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibit my growth as compared to a
+member of my own species right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of my own species right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member of my own species right because
+we have this N1 here and just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this N1 here and just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this N1 here and just this
+species one will naturally lead to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one will naturally lead to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one will naturally lead to a
+caring capacity K1 if you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring capacity K1 if you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring capacity K1 if you only have
+species one now the betas are telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one now the betas are telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one now the betas are telling
+you something about um how much overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about um how much overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something about um how much overlap
+they have in terms of maybe Niche or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in terms of maybe Niche or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have in terms of maybe Niche or so
+right now if the betas are small it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if the betas are small it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now if the betas are small it
+means that they're not um competing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they're not um competing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that they're not um competing with
+each other very much whereas if the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other very much whereas if the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other very much whereas if the um
+if the beta the betas could be larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the beta the betas could be larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the beta the betas could be larger
+than one and what that's saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and what that's saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one and what that's saying is that
+that a member of this other species is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a member of this other species is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a member of this other species is
+inhibiting my growth more than a member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting my growth more than a member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibiting my growth more than a member
+of my own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my own
+species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+okay right now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right now there are
+uh right so the standard way to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so the standard way to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right so the standard way to um to
+analyze these equations is to look at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze these equations is to look at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze these equations is to look at at
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+isoclines right so basically if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines right so basically if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoclines right so basically if you say
+okay well N1 dot is equal to Zer what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well N1 dot is equal to Zer what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well N1 dot is equal to Zer what
+does what does that mean right well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what does that mean right well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what does that mean right well we
+can just see that that that's equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just see that that that's equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just see that that that's equivalent
+to saying that that it's um N1 plus beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying that that it's um N1 plus beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to saying that that it's um N1 plus beta
+1 2 n 2 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K1 right right so this is telling giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 right right so this is telling giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 right right so this is telling giving
+us a relationship between N1 and n two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a relationship between N1 and n two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a relationship between N1 and n two
+right what um what do these look like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what um what do these look like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what um what do these look like on
+a plane on N1 versus N2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawings is it a parabola is it a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings is it a parabola is it a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings is it a parabola is it a it's a
+line okay um and indeed we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay um and indeed we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line okay um and indeed we can think
+about what happens when each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when each of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens when each of these is
+equal to one thing or another right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one thing or another right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one thing or another right so
+if N1 well maybe if N2 is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if N1 well maybe if N2 is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if N1 well maybe if N2 is equal to zero
+this thing is going to cross at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is going to cross at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is going to cross at
+K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1
+right um and that makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and that makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and that makes sense because
+this is we already decided that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we already decided that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is we already decided that in the
+absence of N2 this thing is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of N2 this thing is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of N2 this thing is just
+following logistic growth where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following logistic growth where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following logistic growth where the
+species one will grow at go to K1 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one will grow at go to K1 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one will grow at go to K1 right
+and that's a stable fixed point so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a stable fixed point so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a stable fixed point so that
+N1 dot has to be equal to zero well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 dot has to be equal to zero well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 dot has to be equal to zero well it's
+a fixed point so N1 dot has to equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed point so N1 dot has to equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fixed point so N1 dot has to equal to
+zero right and it's going to cross at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and it's going to cross at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and it's going to cross at
+this other point here where um n two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other point here where um n two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other point here where um n two is
+going to be some K1 over beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some K1 over beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some K1 over beta
+one2 right and then we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+okay now if we if we go and we ask what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we if we go and we ask what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if we if we go and we ask what
+N2 dot is equal to when this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 dot is equal to when this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N2 dot is equal to when this is equal to
+zero it's going to we're going to end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's going to we're going to end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's going to we're going to end up
+with something that looks very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that looks very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something that looks very similar
+right but now it's going to be N2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now it's going to be N2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now it's going to be N2 plus
+beta 21 and 1 is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 21 and 1 is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta 21 and 1 is equal to
+K2 right this is also going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 right this is also going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2 right this is also going to be a
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+okay given what I've said how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay given what I've said how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay given what I've said how many
+different qualitative outcomes can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different qualitative outcomes can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different qualitative outcomes can you
+get in this model right where we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in this model right where we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in this model right where we just
+assume you know where we have beta you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you know where we have beta you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you know where we have beta you
+know it's we're only we're think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's we're only we're think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's we're only we're think about
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right like how many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like how many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like how many cases
+do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider all right it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all right it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider all right it's going to be a
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right do you guys understand what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you guys understand what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right do you guys understand what I mean
+by cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no well I mean how many different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well I mean how many different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no well I mean how many different kind
+of qualitative outcomes can there be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualitative outcomes can there be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of qualitative outcomes can there be in
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+of you know species one or species two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know species one or species two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know species one or species two
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know winning or can you get coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know winning or can you get coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know winning or can you get coexistence
+or you know what um how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know what um how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know what um how many different
+kind of qualitative outcomes can there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be right well and if you're confused you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right well and if you're confused you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right well and if you're confused you
+can not vote or give me an unhappy face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not vote or give me an unhappy face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not vote or give me an unhappy face
+all right ready uh three two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ready uh three two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right ready uh three two
+one all right so we have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one all right so we have many
+e all right uh and can somebody explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e all right uh and can somebody explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e all right uh and can somebody explain
+why it is that this is the case without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is that this is the case without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it is that this is the case without
+invoking that you've already studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking that you've already studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invoking that you've already studied
+this and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+yeah okay perfectely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay perfectely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay perfectely
+under or or it can cross like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under or or it can cross like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under or or it can cross like that's
+right that's right um so the so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right um so the so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right um so the so the the
+next thing I was about to do was draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I was about to do was draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next thing I was about to do was draw
+another line right and uh the reason I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line right and uh the reason I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another line right and uh the reason I
+stopped is because there are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped is because there are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped is because there are actually
+kind of four different ways in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of four different ways in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of four different ways in which
+this other line can be drawn okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other line can be drawn okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other line can be drawn okay and
+and basically you can have another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you can have another line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you can have another line
+that does one you can have two you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does one you can have two you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does one you can have two you can
+have three and you can have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but maybe okay the the these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but maybe okay the the these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but maybe okay the the these two
+cases right so this is I'll just say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases right so this is I'll just say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases right so this is I'll just say one
+well okay I don't know what order I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I don't know what order I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay I don't know what order I okay
+two three and four okay um two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four okay um two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four okay um two and
+three in both cases we have a crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in both cases we have a crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three in both cases we have a crossing
+of the lines right so maybe does it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lines right so maybe does it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lines right so maybe does it does
+that mean that they're the same outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that they're the same outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean that they're the same outcome
+the same qualitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same qualitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same qualitative
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome
+no okay and what it's what will end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay and what it's what will end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay and what it's what will end up
+Happening Here is that uh we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+get cases of let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just uh right so you basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh right so you basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh right so you basically you can
+get that species one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that species one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that species one
+dominates independent of starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates independent of starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates independent of starting
+condition assuming that both are present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition assuming that both are present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition assuming that both are present
+at the beginning species two could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning species two could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning species two could
+dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate
+species to they could they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to they could they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species to they could they could
+coexist or could uh or you get buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist or could uh or you get buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexist or could uh or you get buy
+stability right history dependent kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability right history dependent kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability right history dependent kind
+of you know ex you know Mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exclusion all right and and okay I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion all right and and okay I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion all right and and okay I I
+should I just want to draw so this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I just want to draw so this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I just want to draw so this um
+this one here was the um we had a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here was the um we had a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one here was the um we had a the
+dashed line for N1 and we had the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line for N1 and we had the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dashed line for N1 and we had the solid
+line for this yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right well um so I guess you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well um so I guess you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well um so I guess you know if
+you if you if you swap the the labels or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you if you swap the the labels or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you if you swap the the labels or
+so you're saying I mean I guess in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying I mean I guess in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're saying I mean I guess in the
+case if if one of them is just above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if if one of them is just above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case if if one of them is just above the
+other one then this is then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one then this is then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one then this is then you can
+distinguish them right you know so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them right you know so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish them right you know so if
+you have a dash line here and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dash line here and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a dash line here and you have a
+solid line out here then that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid line out here then that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid line out here then that means that
+they these are but how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they these are but how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they these are but how do I
+distinguish case two case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three um well may maybe we can maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um well may maybe we can maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three um well may maybe we can maybe we
+should um try to figure out which one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um try to figure out which one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should um try to figure out which one's
+which and then we can kind of figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and then we can kind of figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which and then we can kind of figure it
+out from from there right you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from from there right you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from from there right you know
+because I think um and can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think um and can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think um and can you can
+somebody remind us what what is the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody remind us what what is the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody remind us what what is the what
+are these lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again why are we drawing them or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why are we drawing them or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again why are we drawing them or what
+what what did they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so they're not actually quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they're not actually quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so they're not actually quite a
+fixed point we have to be um it's a null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point we have to be um it's a null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point we have to be um it's a null
+CL what's the difference between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things system yeah right so the fixed if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things system yeah right so the fixed if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things system yeah right so the fixed if
+if we say a fixed Point here what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we say a fixed Point here what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we say a fixed Point here what we're
+saying is that both N1 Dot and N2 dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that both N1 Dot and N2 dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that both N1 Dot and N2 dot
+are equal to zero right fixed Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to zero right fixed Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal to zero right fixed Point
+means that if you start right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you start right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you start right there
+you'll stay right there we're not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll stay right there we're not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll stay right there we're not yet
+saying anything about stability right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything about stability right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything about stability right
+and this is going to be very relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be very relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be very relevant
+for for Sam's question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right the axes are definitely labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the axes are definitely labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the axes are definitely labeled
+you know um I you know I no I think I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um I you know I no I think I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um I you know I no I think I I
+may agree with you but I I'm a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may agree with you but I I'm a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may agree with you but I I'm a little
+worried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm if you're happy I'm happy well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if you're happy I'm happy well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm if you're happy I'm happy well okay
+let let's um all right um okay yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's um all right um okay yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let's um all right um okay yeah so
+so right so uh a fixed point of the D of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so uh a fixed point of the D of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right so uh a fixed point of the D of
+this pair of equations would be when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of equations would be when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pair of equations would be when
+both of the derivatives are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the derivatives are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of the derivatives are equal to
+zero right and that's that's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and that's that's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and that's that's not the
+lines that we've drawn right the lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that we've drawn right the lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that we've drawn right the lines
+that we've drawn are just when one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've drawn are just when one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've drawn are just when one or
+the other one is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+right so what does that mean about um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that mean about um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what does that mean about um in
+case four is it possible to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case four is it possible to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case four is it possible to have
+coexistence no right because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence no right because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence no right because there's no
+fixed point in the middle but the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point in the middle but the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed point in the middle but the only
+case that's possible to get coexistence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's possible to get coexistence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that's possible to get coexistence
+is either line two or line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either line two or line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is either line two or line
+three right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three right
+but the stabil that tells us there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stabil that tells us there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the stabil that tells us there's a
+fix point it doesn't tell us about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point it doesn't tell us about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix point it doesn't tell us about the
+um about the the stability of the fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the the stability of the fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about the the stability of the fix
+point though right so indeed what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point though right so indeed what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point though right so indeed what you're
+going what we'll find is that in in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what we'll find is that in in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going what we'll find is that in in one
+case it's a stable fixed point you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a stable fixed point you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a stable fixed point you get
+coexistence in the other case it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence in the other case it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coexistence in the other case it's an
+unstable fixed point and you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stability all right what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability all right what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability all right what we're going to
+do now is we're going to ask and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we're going to ask and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we're going to ask and try to
+figure out in which case you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out in which case you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out in which case you know how do
+we label these things okay so uh what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we label these things okay so uh what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we label these things okay so uh what um
+we'll do is ask first of all um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is ask first of all um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do is ask first of all um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+in all right line one we want to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all right line one we want to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all right line one we want to figure
+out is that a situation where uh we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that a situation where uh we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out is that a situation where uh we know
+it's not going to be coexistence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be coexistence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to be coexistence or
+bability but is it going to be situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bability but is it going to be situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bability but is it going to be situation
+where species one wins or when species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where species one wins or when species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where species one wins or when species
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+wins but if you want you can vote for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins but if you want you can vote for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins but if you want you can vote for
+the one of the others okay I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the others okay I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one of the others okay I don't want
+I don't want to constrain your choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to constrain your choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want to constrain your choices
+all right so it's going to be a is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's going to be a is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so it's going to be a is one
+wins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wins
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wins not three wins okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is something
+else okay I'm going to give you U I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay I'm going to give you U I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else okay I'm going to give you U I'm
+just going to give you a minute to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to give you a minute to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to give you a minute to think
+about what um what might be going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what um what might be going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what um what might be going on
+here all right so the question is in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so the question is in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so the question is in in
+situation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did I oh no no I did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I oh no no I did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I oh no no I did that
+wrong in this okay and for the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this okay and for the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong in this okay and for the solid
+line this is what we're asking is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this is what we're asking is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line this is what we're asking is when
+N1 is equal to zero this oh this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 is equal to zero this oh this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N1 is equal to zero this oh this is just
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K2 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other
+n you want more nullclines I I I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you want more nullclines I I I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n you want more nullclines I I I feel
+like there are lots of lines up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are lots of lines up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there are lots of lines up there
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are oh yes that right yeah yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oh yes that right yeah yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are oh yes that right yeah yeah that's
+true yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true yeah yeah
+helps I don't know I'm confused between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps I don't know I'm confused between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps I don't know I'm confused between
+lab I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab I see
+um okay I'm hesitant to draw anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I'm hesitant to draw anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I'm hesitant to draw anything
+more up on the board no but but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more up on the board no but but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more up on the board no but but it is
+true that um that the axes are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that um that the axes are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that um that the axes are also
+nullclines right because we have NS up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nullclines right because we have NS up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nullclines right because we have NS up
+there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um
+right I'll give you another 20 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll give you another 20 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'll give you another 20 seconds
+to try to figure out this case one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um which which of the species is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which which of the species is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um which which of the species is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+win right do you need more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go ahead and vote and see where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and vote and see where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go ahead and vote and see where we
+are ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ready
+3 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 all right so there I'd say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right so there I'd say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 all right so there I'd say that
+there's a slight majority that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight majority that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight majority that are
+agreeing in this case it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing in this case it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreeing in this case it's going to be
+that one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one is going to
+win um and I I think that it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win um and I I think that it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+win um and I I think that it's a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+uh hard to figure figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hard to figure figure it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hard to figure figure it out
+completely but what I will say is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but what I will say is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but what I will say is that
+in the case where we're down here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where we're down here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case where we're down here what
+we're what this means is that well K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what this means is that well K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're what this means is that well K1
+divid beta 1 2 is larger than K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid beta 1 2 is larger than K2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divid beta 1 2 is larger than K2
+right now the question is well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the question is well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the question is well what
+happens in the limit of if species 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the limit of if species 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the limit of if species 2
+does not hurt species one okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not hurt species one okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not hurt species one okay well
+that's when beta one two goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when beta one two goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when beta one two goes to
+zero right and that's that's situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and that's that's situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right and that's that's situation
+where this goes up okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this goes up okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this goes up okay so this is
+saying that if beta 1 two and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if beta 1 two and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that if beta 1 two and we can
+figure out where this line is as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where this line is as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out where this line is as well
+because this thing is K2 / beta 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing is K2 / beta 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing is K2 / beta 21
+right so if species 2 doesn't hurt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if species 2 doesn't hurt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if species 2 doesn't hurt
+species one but species one really hurts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one but species one really hurts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species one but species one really hurts
+species 2 that's going to be the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species 2 that's going to be the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species 2 that's going to be the limit
+where species one is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right um we are out of time so I'm not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we are out of time so I'm not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um we are out of time so I'm not I
+think maybe uh maybe what we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe uh maybe what we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think maybe uh maybe what we'll do is
+we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll
+we'll uh we'll start class on Thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh we'll start class on Thursday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll uh we'll start class on Thursday
+by I'll start with this on the board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I'll start with this on the board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by I'll start with this on the board and
+then we'll um we'll complete this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll um we'll complete this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll um we'll complete this uh
+kind of these four possibilities to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these four possibilities to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of these four possibilities to try
+to get some intuition about it and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some intuition about it and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get some intuition about it and also
+draw the draw these options
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lMBZnduL08M.txt b/lMBZnduL08M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8d43ac1e98285bd0a2ab871223fbd17656fa94c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lMBZnduL08M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12544 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+started uh a couple of announcements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh a couple of announcements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh a couple of announcements
+there are uh two handouts for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh two handouts for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are uh two handouts for today
+there are the lecture notes for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the lecture notes for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are the lecture notes for today
+which are um this handout 25 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are um this handout 25 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are um this handout 25 and you
+also have an additional handout 26 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have an additional handout 26 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have an additional handout 26 which
+we're going to go through it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to go through it's a little
+calculation example I was hoping we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation example I was hoping we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation example I was hoping we
+could go through uh during today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through uh during today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go through uh during today's
+lecture and have you do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and have you do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and have you do some
+calculations so it's not a homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so it's not a homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations so it's not a homework
+problem we're going to do that during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to do that during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to do that during
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+lecture um uh let's see as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um uh let's see as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture um uh let's see as far as
+homeworks I don't have any to pass out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks I don't have any to pass out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks I don't have any to pass out
+quite yet the TA is still working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yet the TA is still working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite yet the TA is still working on
+those uh and she's out today but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh and she's out today but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh and she's out today but I do
+have the uh clipboard which I will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh clipboard which I will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the uh clipboard which I will have
+up front here if you want to sign up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front here if you want to sign up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up front here if you want to sign up for
+your final project uh we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final project uh we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your final project uh we started
+circulating that last time where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating that last time where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating that last time where you can
+I'm asking people to put your name down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking people to put your name down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking people to put your name down
+and even if you don't know your topic if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you don't know your topic if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even if you don't know your topic if
+you can check whether you want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check whether you want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check whether you want to do a
+written report or an oral presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written report or an oral presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written report or an oral presentation
+to the class that would be helpful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class that would be helpful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the class that would be helpful and
+then uh once you know your topic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh once you know your topic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh once you know your topic that
+would be good to fill that in as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to fill that in as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be good to fill that in as
+well all right so I'll leave that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so I'll leave that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well all right so I'll leave that up
+here for now and you can come up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for now and you can come up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for now and you can come up uh
+towards the end and sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end and sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end and sign
+up okay so um today's lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so um today's lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay so um today's lecture is
+actually um going to be the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um going to be the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um going to be the final
+lecture on ION implantation and Transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on ION implantation and Transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture on ION implantation and Transit
+enhanced diffusion uh let me review here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced diffusion uh let me review here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced diffusion uh let me review here
+um here we on handout 25 the first page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we on handout 25 the first page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um here we on handout 25 the first page
+review what we've talked about so far we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what we've talked about so far we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review what we've talked about so far we
+talked about ion imp Planet profiles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about ion imp Planet profiles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about ion imp Planet profiles and
+we said you can model them uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said you can model them uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said you can model them uh very
+simply as a gal scene um more accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as a gal scene um more accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply as a gal scene um more accurately
+as a Pearson Ford or dual Pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Pearson Ford or dual Pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Pearson Ford or dual Pearson
+distribution I'll show you some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'll show you some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution I'll show you some examples
+of real implants today and uh or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real implants today and uh or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real implants today and uh or they
+can be simulated by numerical techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be simulated by numerical techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be simulated by numerical techniques
+such as Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as Monte
+Carlo we last time we talked a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo we last time we talked a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo we last time we talked a lot about
+the damage modeling and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage modeling and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage modeling and that we
+introduced something called the plus n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced something called the plus n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced something called the plus n
+model where N is a small number about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where N is a small number about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model where N is a small number about
+one and this is the model for residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is the model for residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is the model for residual
+damage that says that there's roughly n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage that says that there's roughly n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage that says that there's roughly n
+excess uh silic interstitials injected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess uh silic interstitials injected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excess uh silic interstitials injected
+per primary ion where N is a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per primary ion where N is a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per primary ion where N is a small
+number on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number on the order of
+one we we then last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we we then last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we we then last time we talked about
+how these excess interstitials cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these excess interstitials cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these excess interstitials cluster
+very very quickly into defects called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly into defects called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very quickly into defects called
+311 defects and uh later these defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311 defects and uh later these defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311 defects and uh later these defects
+then dissolve during a kneeling um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dissolve during a kneeling um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then dissolve during a kneeling um and
+their their evaporation rate um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their evaporation rate um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their their evaporation rate um is
+really what determines the kinetics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what determines the kinetics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what determines the kinetics of
+transient enhanced diffusion determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient enhanced diffusion determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient enhanced diffusion determines
+how long teed lasts and also determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long teed lasts and also determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long teed lasts and also determines
+the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of
+teed um in fact we had a clustering SL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed um in fact we had a clustering SL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed um in fact we had a clustering SL
+evaporation model that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation model that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation model that we talked about
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+uh and that was used to explain the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that was used to explain the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that was used to explain the time
+and temperature dependence and to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature dependence and to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temperature dependence and to a
+certain extent the dose and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent the dose and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent the dose and energy
+dependence of teed in a in a rough way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of teed in a in a rough way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of teed in a in a rough way
+so what I wanted to cover this time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I wanted to cover this time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I wanted to cover this time is
+to actually give you some real examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually give you some real examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually give you some real examples
+of iron implantation profiles data and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron implantation profiles data and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iron implantation profiles data and a
+little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of
+simulations uh I want to spend a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh I want to spend a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations uh I want to spend a few
+minutes maybe 10 15 minutes if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes maybe 10 15 minutes if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes maybe 10 15 minutes if we have
+time in class you know a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in class you know a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in class you know a lot of people
+are sleeping in because the Red Sox won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sleeping in because the Red Sox won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sleeping in because the Red Sox won
+last night the World Series uh but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night the World Series uh but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last night the World Series uh but for
+those of you are here I that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you are here I that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you are here I that's what the
+handout number 26 is is all about we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout number 26 is is all about we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout number 26 is is all about we'll
+calculate together uh a little simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate together uh a little simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate together uh a little simple
+calculation on Transit enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation on Transit enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation on Transit enhanced
+diffusion and then I want to finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then I want to finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then I want to finish the
+lecture spend the rest of a Time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture spend the rest of a Time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture spend the rest of a Time on the
+effect of teed on devices now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of teed on devices now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of teed on devices now that we
+have these models for teed we can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these models for teed we can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these models for teed we can go
+back and revisit the reverse short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and revisit the reverse short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and revisit the reverse short
+Channel effect and talk about that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect and talk about that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect and talk about that in
+more detail okay so let's go on to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail okay so let's go on to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail okay so let's go on to um
+slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number
+two and um what I'm showing here these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and um what I'm showing here these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and um what I'm showing here these
+are uh some actual uh Supreme 4 outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh some actual uh Supreme 4 outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh some actual uh Supreme 4 outputs
+output profiles modeling in imp plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output profiles modeling in imp plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output profiles modeling in imp plant
+profiles and just to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles and just to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles and just to show you a
+practical example of how you might use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example of how you might use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example of how you might use
+Supreme for war along with a dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme for war along with a dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme for war along with a dual
+Pearson a dual Pearson means you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson a dual Pearson means you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson a dual Pearson means you take
+two Pearson 4 distributions and you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pearson 4 distributions and you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Pearson 4 distributions and you add
+them together and you can use this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you can use this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together and you can use this in a
+quasi empirical way to simulate the ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi empirical way to simulate the ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi empirical way to simulate the ion
+channeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling
+tail so there are four different plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail so there are four different plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail so there are four different plots
+here four different panels look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here four different panels look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here four different panels look at the
+first one marked a these are all for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one marked a these are all for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one marked a these are all for the
+same condition uh in terms of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same condition uh in terms of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same condition uh in terms of energy
+this is all uh Boron bf2 implant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all uh Boron bf2 implant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all uh Boron bf2 implant and the
+energy the primary energy is 65 Kev uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the primary energy is 65 Kev uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the primary energy is 65 Kev uh
+and then what we're looking at in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we're looking at in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what we're looking at in each
+panel is a different dose so before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is a different dose so before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel is a different dose so before we
+get started with looking at those let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started with looking at those let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started with looking at those let me
+just make a note uh the total uh atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a note uh the total uh atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make a note uh the total uh atomic
+mass of a molecule of bf2 is 49 you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of a molecule of bf2 is 49 you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of a molecule of bf2 is 49 you just
+add up two flines and a boron you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up two flines and a boron you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up two flines and a boron you get
+Mass 49 the mass of boron is 11 so we as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass 49 the mass of boron is 11 so we as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass 49 the mass of boron is 11 so we as
+I mentioned last time people sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned last time people sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned last time people sometimes
+use bf2 to uh get a lower energy or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bf2 to uh get a lower energy or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use bf2 to uh get a lower energy or more
+easily am morphies the Silicon for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily am morphies the Silicon for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily am morphies the Silicon for
+example look at this uh little simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at this uh little simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example look at this uh little simple
+calculation 65 kolt bf2 is equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation 65 kolt bf2 is equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation 65 kolt bf2 is equivalent to
+65 * 11 over 49 so you assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 * 11 over 49 so you assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+65 * 11 over 49 so you assume that the
+energy is partitioned according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is partitioned according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is partitioned according to the
+ratio of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the
+masses uh uh for a boron implant so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses uh uh for a boron implant so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masses uh uh for a boron implant so if I
+do 65 K bf2 it's the same as if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 65 K bf2 it's the same as if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do 65 K bf2 it's the same as if I
+implanted the Boron atom itself at 15 kV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted the Boron atom itself at 15 kV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted the Boron atom itself at 15 kV
+so in especially in the old days when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in especially in the old days when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in especially in the old days when it
+was very very difficult to build ion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very difficult to build ion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very very difficult to build ion
+implanters that could ion implant at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanters that could ion implant at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanters that could ion implant at low
+energies now they have implanters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies now they have implanters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies now they have implanters that
+can get you down to one two 3 Kev but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get you down to one two 3 Kev but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get you down to one two 3 Kev but um
+the beam current tends to suffer when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam current tends to suffer when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam current tends to suffer when
+you go that low so instead of doing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go that low so instead of doing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go that low so instead of doing very
+low energy Boron people would do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy Boron people would do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low energy Boron people would do a
+higher energy uh molecule bf2 um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy uh molecule bf2 um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher energy uh molecule bf2 um so
+you'll often see bf2 uh implants and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often see bf2 uh implants and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll often see bf2 uh implants and so
+now let's go ahead and look at these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go ahead and look at these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's go ahead and look at these uh
+these bf2 uh uh implants and there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bf2 uh uh implants and there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these bf2 uh uh implants and there a
+couple things being shown here the plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things being shown here the plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things being shown here the plus
+signs or the symb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or the symb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs or the symb
+are the actual data and these data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the actual data and these data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the actual data and these data was
+taken from alash tash's work back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from alash tash's work back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from alash tash's work back in
+1989 these are actual Sims profiles um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 these are actual Sims profiles um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1989 these are actual Sims profiles um
+and the um the lines the smooth lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um the lines the smooth lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the um the lines the smooth lines
+are Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Supreme
+simulations so for example in in part A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations so for example in in part A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations so for example in in part A
+or our plot Number a we have a dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our plot Number a we have a dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our plot Number a we have a dose
+that's very high of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very high of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very high of
+515 and so what what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+515 and so what what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+515 and so what what that means is
+throughout with such a high dose bf2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout with such a high dose bf2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout with such a high dose bf2
+throughout most of the implant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout most of the implant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout most of the implant of the
+time of the implant you're really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the implant you're really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the implant you're really going
+to be amorphized you're going to be imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be amorphized you're going to be imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be amorphized you're going to be imp
+planting into an amorphous uh uh Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting into an amorphous uh uh Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting into an amorphous uh uh Crystal
+uh because it's going to Amor the bf2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's going to Amor the bf2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it's going to Amor the bf2
+will amorphize the Silicon so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will amorphize the Silicon so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will amorphize the Silicon so this is
+the profile that you get you notice it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile that you get you notice it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile that you get you notice it
+looks pretty much like a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty much like a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty much like a standard
+Pearson 4 and there's this little small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson 4 and there's this little small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pearson 4 and there's this little small
+exponential tail but that tail doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential tail but that tail doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential tail but that tail doesn't
+really become obvious or evident until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really become obvious or evident until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really become obvious or evident until
+you get about one two about three hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get about one two about three hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get about one two about three hours
+of magnitude down from the peak and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude down from the peak and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude down from the peak and then
+you start to see the tail so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to see the tail so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start to see the tail so the way
+this profile is constructed is is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profile is constructed is is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this profile is constructed is is what
+dual Pearson means it's two Pearson fors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual Pearson means it's two Pearson fors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual Pearson means it's two Pearson fors
+added together so there's one Pearson 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together so there's one Pearson 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together so there's one Pearson 4
+here which is with this this dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is with this this dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is with this this dash line
+that's labeled as the amorphous profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's labeled as the amorphous profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's labeled as the amorphous profile
+and then there's a second Pearson 4 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a second Pearson 4 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a second Pearson 4 here
+which is has also unfortunately a dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has also unfortunately a dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is has also unfortunately a dash
+line but you can see it has a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but you can see it has a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but you can see it has a slightly
+different slope and that's labeled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slope and that's labeled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different slope and that's labeled the
+channel profile those two Pearson fours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile those two Pearson fours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile those two Pearson fours
+are added up with a certain ratio this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added up with a certain ratio this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are added up with a certain ratio this
+ratio here in this case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio here in this case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio here in this case is
+969 and you get the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+969 and you get the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+969 and you get the total
+profile and you can see the simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and you can see the simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and you can see the simulation
+uh obviously if you pick the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously if you pick the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh obviously if you pick the right
+number for the ratio the simulation then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for the ratio the simulation then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number for the ratio the simulation then
+fits the the entire profile including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits the the entire profile including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits the the entire profile including
+this region here at the near surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here at the near surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this region here at the near surface and
+the amorphous and the tail rather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amorphous and the tail rather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amorphous and the tail rather the
+channel tail let's go to a lower dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel tail let's go to a lower dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel tail let's go to a lower dose
+say one and a half E15 now you do see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one and a half E15 now you do see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one and a half E15 now you do see
+again we see two Pearsons this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we see two Pearsons this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we see two Pearsons this one here
+and the one that's associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that's associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the one that's associated with the
+channel profile but now the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile but now the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile but now the channel
+profile is a higher fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is a higher fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is a higher fraction of the
+total and you see this um exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and you see this um exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total and you see this um exponential
+tail coming in a little bit more uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail coming in a little bit more uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail coming in a little bit more uh more
+obviously and if you go down to panel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and if you go down to panel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously and if you go down to panel
+number C or plot Number c um the dose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number C or plot Number c um the dose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number C or plot Number c um the dose is
+even lower 4E uh 514 not that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lower 4E uh 514 not that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lower 4E uh 514 not that much
+amorphization going on so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphization going on so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphization going on so you have a
+large very prominent Channel tail so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large very prominent Channel tail so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large very prominent Channel tail so the
+second peeron is really dominating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second peeron is really dominating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second peeron is really dominating and
+finally at a low dose of 2e3 there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at a low dose of 2e3 there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally at a low dose of 2e3 there is no
+amorphization so the implant that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphization so the implant that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphization so the implant that really
+dominates in the to dual Pearson is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates in the to dual Pearson is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates in the to dual Pearson is
+primarily that associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily that associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily that associated with the
+channel profile uh and the ratio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile uh and the ratio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile uh and the ratio is
+actually zero so it's just just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero so it's just just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually zero so it's just just the
+channeled one so that's how dual Pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled one so that's how dual Pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled one so that's how dual Pearson
+works you can see it is two peeron fours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can see it is two peeron fours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you can see it is two peeron fours
+added together um one of which takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together um one of which takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together um one of which takes
+care of the channel profile the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the channel profile the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of the channel profile the other
+which which takes care of the Amorphis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which takes care of the Amorphis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which which takes care of the Amorphis
+and you add them together depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add them together depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add them together depending on
+uh a certain number called the ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a certain number called the ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a certain number called the ratio so
+it's it's quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+empirical um so that was for um uh bf2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical um so that was for um uh bf2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical um so that was for um uh bf2
+let me just show you some uh simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you some uh simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you some uh simulations
+these are uh the different symbols here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh the different symbols here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are uh the different symbols here
+are not data so I apologize these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not data so I apologize these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not data so I apologize these are
+actually different symbols represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different symbols represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually different symbols represent
+different Supreme simulations just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Supreme simulations just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Supreme simulations just to
+give you an idea when you do a simulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea when you do a simulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea when you do a simulate
+depending on which model you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which model you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on which model you choose
+you'll get slightly different profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get slightly different profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get slightly different profiles
+and it's up to you to figure out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's up to you to figure out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's up to you to figure out by
+comparing to data or by looking in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to data or by looking in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing to data or by looking in the
+literature which one of these is closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature which one of these is closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature which one of these is closest
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+truth uh for example just as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth uh for example just as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truth uh for example just as a
+comparison if you look at the open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison if you look at the open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison if you look at the open
+circles here the one this profile marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles here the one this profile marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles here the one this profile marked
+gaussian um it's a little bit hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian um it's a little bit hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian um it's a little bit hard
+because there's a lot of symbols but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of symbols but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of symbols but
+there's an open circle profile it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an open circle profile it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an open circle profile it's it's
+quite symmetric as it has to be because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite symmetric as it has to be because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite symmetric as it has to be because
+it's gaussian it has no Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gaussian it has no Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gaussian it has no Channel
+tail um if you look at the um open uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail um if you look at the um open uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail um if you look at the um open uh
+open triangles will it's the Pearson 4 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open triangles will it's the Pearson 4 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open triangles will it's the Pearson 4 a
+single Pearson looks a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Pearson looks a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single Pearson looks a lot like the
+Galaxy not much difference a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy not much difference a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Galaxy not much difference a little bit
+skewed um the Dual Pearson is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed um the Dual Pearson is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewed um the Dual Pearson is the uh
+these open boxes and it does a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these open boxes and it does a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these open boxes and it does a little
+bit better job you would think well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better job you would think well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit better job you would think well we
+don't know actually we haven't seen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know actually we haven't seen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know actually we haven't seen the
+real data here um it has the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data here um it has the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real data here um it has the channel
+tail uh Incorporated in it and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail uh Incorporated in it and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tail uh Incorporated in it and look at
+the Monte Carlo now presumably the Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monte Carlo now presumably the Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Monte Carlo now presumably the Monte
+Carlo has the most physics built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo has the most physics built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo has the most physics built
+in uh into the into the simulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh into the into the simulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh into the into the simulation and
+it looks a little uh noisy because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks a little uh noisy because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks a little uh noisy because of
+course we only followed a certain number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we only followed a certain number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we only followed a certain number
+of ions but in fact the Dual Pearson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ions but in fact the Dual Pearson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ions but in fact the Dual Pearson
+looks reasonably close to the Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks reasonably close to the Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks reasonably close to the Monte
+Carlo the mon Carlo is attempting here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo the mon Carlo is attempting here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo the mon Carlo is attempting here
+uh and to include a little bit of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to include a little bit of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and to include a little bit of the uh
+of the ion channeling so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ion channeling so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ion channeling so you get
+different different models give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different models give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different models give you
+different answers in Supreme and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers in Supreme and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers in Supreme and you
+have to figure out which one suits your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out which one suits your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to figure out which one suits your
+uh particular application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best so now what I want to do is I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so now what I want to do is I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best so now what I want to do is I want
+to take a few minutes here in class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a few minutes here in class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a few minutes here in class and
+uh if we go on to slide number four in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we go on to slide number four in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we go on to slide number four in
+the handout and this is also the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout and this is also the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handout and this is also the first
+page of your of your handout number 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of your of your handout number 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page of your of your handout number 26
+if you want to look at that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look at that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to look at that they're
+identical and what I was hoping you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and what I was hoping you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and what I was hoping you
+could do is get together uh as a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is get together uh as a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is get together uh as a group
+there's there's not enough people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's not enough people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's not enough people here
+to really split up into individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really split up into individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really split up into individual
+groups uh because everyone again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh because everyone again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups uh because everyone again
+sleeping in because of Boston one um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping in because of Boston one um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleeping in because of Boston one um is
+to kind of go through this and make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of go through this and make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of go through this and make some
+simple calculations for the next five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculations for the next five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculations for the next five or
+10 minutes uh together on how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes uh together on how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 minutes uh together on how you would
+um do the simple calculation let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do the simple calculation let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um do the simple calculation let me just
+read through it before before we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through it before before we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through it before before we start
+um so we have an engineer wants to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have an engineer wants to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we have an engineer wants to form
+a shallow Boron a dope Source drain for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shallow Boron a dope Source drain for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shallow Boron a dope Source drain for
+an advanced technology and the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced technology and the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advanced technology and the question
+the manager is wondering whether to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager is wondering whether to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manager is wondering whether to buy
+a batch furnace uh or um uh to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a batch furnace uh or um uh to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a batch furnace uh or um uh to use a
+rapid thermal anal and the furnace andal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal anal and the furnace andal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal anal and the furnace andal
+they are considering for this implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are considering for this implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are considering for this implant
+would be 800 Degrees for 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 800 Degrees for 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 800 Degrees for 1
+hour so that's relatively long time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour so that's relatively long time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour so that's relatively long time at
+low temperature or should they use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature or should they use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low temperature or should they use a
+rapid thermal processing machine or RTA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal processing machine or RTA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal processing machine or RTA
+at 1050 for 1 second and the implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1050 for 1 second and the implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1050 for 1 second and the implant
+that they want to activate is boron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to activate is boron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they want to activate is boron and
+it's 20 kilovolts relatively low energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 kilovolts relatively low energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 20 kilovolts relatively low energy
+20 KV and a 5 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 KV and a 5 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 KV and a 5 14
+dose so what we're asked to do here in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose so what we're asked to do here in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose so what we're asked to do here in a
+is to make a rough estimate uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make a rough estimate uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make a rough estimate uh you know
+using a square root of DT kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a square root of DT kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a square root of DT kind of
+estimate of how far the dopin move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how far the dopin move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate of how far the dopin move
+during an 800 degre c 1 hour a meal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an 800 degre c 1 hour a meal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an 800 degre c 1 hour a meal
+versus 1050 for uh 1 second um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 1050 for uh 1 second um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus 1050 for uh 1 second um again
+it's not necessarily Gan diffusion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily Gan diffusion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily Gan diffusion but
+you can calculate the root DT and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the root DT and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate the root DT and this
+is without te effects and this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without te effects and this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without te effects and this is pretty
+simple because I've printed at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because I've printed at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because I've printed at the
+bottom of the slide the intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide the intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the slide the intrinsic
+diffusivities under equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivities under equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivities under equilibrium
+conditions D at 800 is this number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions D at 800 is this number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions D at 800 is this number and
+the diffusivity of boron at 1050 is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of boron at 1050 is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of boron at 1050 is this
+number so we have those numbers written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we have those numbers written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so we have those numbers written
+right there so part A is pretty easy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so part A is pretty easy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so part A is pretty easy now
+Part B what we want to try to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B what we want to try to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part B what we want to try to do is
+include the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the effects of
+teed so we want to use the charts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed so we want to use the charts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed so we want to use the charts that
+we handed out last time and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we handed out last time and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we handed out last time and in fact
+they're in handout number 26 if if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in handout number 26 if if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in handout number 26 if if you
+didn't bring your old handouts I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't bring your old handouts I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't bring your old handouts I've
+included them again in in handout number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included them again in in handout number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included them again in in handout number
+26 um use these charts to to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 um use these charts to to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+26 um use these charts to to figure out
+the expected enhancement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected enhancement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected enhancement of the
+diffusivity remember we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity remember we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity remember we said the
+diffusivity is now the equilibrium D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is now the equilibrium D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is now the equilibrium D
+star times CI over CI star that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star times CI over CI star that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star times CI over CI star that's the
+effective diffusivity and how long teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective diffusivity and how long teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective diffusivity and how long teed
+lasts to calculate the real square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts to calculate the real square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts to calculate the real square root
+of DT uh assuming uh including teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DT uh assuming uh including teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of DT uh assuming uh including teed
+effects so these are the two things I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so these are the two things I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects so these are the two things I'd
+like you to uh to try to do and I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to uh to try to do and I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to uh to try to do and I was
+hoping you could kind of work as a uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping you could kind of work as a uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hoping you could kind of work as a uh as
+a team on this maybe get together with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team on this maybe get together with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a team on this maybe get together with a
+couple of folks who are near you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of folks who are near you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of folks who are near you uh
+somebody here hopefully has a calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody here hopefully has a calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody here hopefully has a calculator
+if uh if you need one to do this I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if you need one to do this I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh if you need one to do this I'm not
+so interested in exact numbers I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interested in exact numbers I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so interested in exact numbers I just
+want to get an idea of how the answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get an idea of how the answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get an idea of how the answers
+um play out so why don't you I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um play out so why don't you I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um play out so why don't you I'm going
+to give you five or 10 minutes to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you five or 10 minutes to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you five or 10 minutes to get
+together and work on that and uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and work on that and uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and work on that and uh we'll
+stop the lecture now and then we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the lecture now and then we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop the lecture now and then we'll come
+back and and we'll see who who has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and and we'll see who who has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and and we'll see who who has an
+answer that that looks reasonable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that that looks reasonable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that that looks reasonable and
+we'll kind of talk it through okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kind of talk it through okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll kind of talk it through okay so
+that let's uh we can stop the recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's uh we can stop the recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that let's uh we can stop the recording
+at this point as well because it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point as well because it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point as well because it won't
+be that interesting to uh record you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that interesting to uh record you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that interesting to uh record you um
+punching your calculators but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching your calculators but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+punching your calculators but
+1300 what can you say about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1300 what can you say about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1300 what can you say about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds how what's the how high is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds how what's the how high is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds how what's the how high is the
+diffusivity during the first 1300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seconds it's going to be 7,000 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds it's going to be 7,000 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds it's going to be 7,000 times
+than it is in the the next 1300 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in the the next 1300 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in the the next 1300 seconds
+or or 2,000 seconds so who cares in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or 2,000 seconds so who cares in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or 2,000 seconds so who cares in some
+sense about the next 2,000 now if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense about the next 2,000 now if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense about the next 2,000 now if if
+this instead of being 3600 seconds was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of being 3600 seconds was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this instead of being 3600 seconds was
+you know you know orders of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know orders of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know orders of magnitude
+more seconds yeah then at some point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seconds yeah then at some point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more seconds yeah then at some point you
+actually have to take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to take into account the
+normal diffusion so you you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal diffusion so you you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal diffusion so you you don't
+completely ignore the actual time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignore the actual time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely ignore the actual time the
+actual time that the thing is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time that the thing is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual time that the thing is in the
+furnace is 3600 seconds it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace is 3600 seconds it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furnace is 3600 seconds it's just that
+for on the order of almost you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on the order of almost you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for on the order of almost you know a
+third of that uh it's enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of that uh it's enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of that uh it's enhanced
+diffusivity by 7,000 so we can ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity by 7,000 so we can ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity by 7,000 so we can ignore
+the rest of the time but you you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time but you you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the time but you you want to
+keep that in in the back of your mind so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in in the back of your mind so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that in in the back of your mind so
+then did were you able to calculate um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did were you able to calculate um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then did were you able to calculate um
+either a DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a DT
+enhanced or um or Square Ro of DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced or um or Square Ro of DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced or um or Square Ro of DT
+enhanced either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one what' you get for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the DT that you got okay I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the DT that you got okay I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the DT that you got okay I end up
+somehow with h 3.5 * 10us 10 cm squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with h 3.5 * 10us 10 cm squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow with h 3.5 * 10us 10 cm squared
+but doesn't me I I multip oh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't me I I multip oh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't me I I multip oh I
+multiplied this so if we multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied this so if we multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied this so if we multiply the
+ordinary diffusivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary diffusivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary diffusivity
+time that I got 7,000 * um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I got 7,000 * um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that I got 7,000 * um
+3.7 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.7 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.7 * 10
+-7 so the actual diffusivity I got was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-7 so the actual diffusivity I got was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-7 so the actual diffusivity I got was
+2.6 time uh 10us 13 cim squ per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 time uh 10us 13 cim squ per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.6 time uh 10us 13 cim squ per second
+during the transit during the time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the transit during the time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the transit during the time when
+the diffusivity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity was
+enhanced and then multiply that by 13 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced and then multiply that by 13 oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced and then multiply that by 13 oh
+you know my my mind's numbers prob I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my my mind's numbers prob I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my my mind's numbers prob I had
+1333 here maybe I had was carrying of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1333 here maybe I had was carrying of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1333 here maybe I had was carrying of
+few more significant digits num was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more significant digits num was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more significant digits num was in
+the root oh root TT okay so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root oh root TT okay so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root oh root TT okay so for the
+square root you got what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18 right 10 the minus 5 so in angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 right 10 the minus 5 so in angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 right 10 the minus 5 so in angstroms
+to put it on the same that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it on the same that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it on the same that's
+1860 just to put it on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860 just to put it on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1860 just to put it on the same
+units so not even close in the intrin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so not even close in the intrin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units so not even close in the intrin
+intrinsic diffusion so really it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic diffusion so really it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic diffusion so really it's going
+to the the uh Tedd clearly dominates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the uh Tedd clearly dominates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the uh Tedd clearly dominates in
+that case and there's quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case and there's quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case and there's quite a bit
+that's quite a bit of motion now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite a bit of motion now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite a bit of motion now that
+that you can easily see on a Sims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can easily see on a Sims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can easily see on a Sims
+profile and that could definitely affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and that could definitely affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and that could definitely affect
+your device performance a junction depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device performance a junction depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your device performance a junction depth
+uh difference of that much so how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difference of that much so how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh difference of that much so how about
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+1050 exact same formulation uh applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 exact same formulation uh applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 exact same formulation uh applies
+but the nice thing is how about what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nice thing is how about what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the nice thing is how about what can
+we say about CI over CI star at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1050 it's a lot lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 it's a lot lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 it's a lot lower
+right I get about 5 50 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get about 5 50 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I get about 5 50 so the
+enhancement of the diffusivity is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement of the diffusivity is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement of the diffusivity is is
+only 550 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+larger that's the diff and and how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that's the diff and and how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger that's the diff and and how long
+does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it
+last teed at 1050 if you go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last teed at 1050 if you go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last teed at 1050 if you go back to your
+magic curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic curve
+phosphorus doesn't look like it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus doesn't look like it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorus doesn't look like it's going
+to last very long again you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last very long again you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to last very long again you have to
+multiply by five and by 8 over 06 the RP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by five and by 8 over 06 the RP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by five and by 8 over 06 the RP
+ratio so the amount of time it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so the amount of time it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio so the amount of time it looks
+like teed lasts under this dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teed lasts under this dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like teed lasts under this dose
+condition I got about 67 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I got about 67 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition I got about 67 seconds
+2/3 2/3 of a second basically 2/3 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 2/3 of a second basically 2/3 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/3 2/3 of a second basically 2/3 of the
+anal remember the total inal time was 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal remember the total inal time was 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal remember the total inal time was 1
+second so again the last one third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so again the last one third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so again the last one third of
+the anal I'm I'm going to anal I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anal I'm I'm going to anal I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the anal I'm I'm going to anal I'm going
+to ignore just because this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore just because this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ignore just because this this is
+still a large enhancement factor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a large enhancement factor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a large enhancement factor it's
+550 so I'll ignore it if it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 so I'll ignore it if it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+550 so I'll ignore it if it had been
+1050 for hours then obviously we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 for hours then obviously we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 for hours then obviously we can't
+ignore a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore a normal
+diffusion okay so then in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion okay so then in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion okay so then in that case the
+root DT at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root DT at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root DT at
+1050 I ended up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 I ended up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 I ended up with something
+about 420
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 420
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 420
+angstroms is that close to what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms is that close to what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms is that close to what you guys
+got 4.2 * 10us 6 again putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 4.2 * 10us 6 again putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got 4.2 * 10us 6 again putting it
+putting it uh back onto all onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it uh back onto all onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it uh back onto all onto
+angstroms so again we see this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so again we see this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstroms so again we see this kind of
+interesting you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know
+anomalous and maybe initially somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous and maybe initially somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anomalous and maybe initially somewhat
+non-intuitive result here we have uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive result here we have uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-intuitive result here we have uh at
+higher temperature admittedly in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature admittedly in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature admittedly in much
+shorter time it's only a second um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time it's only a second um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time it's only a second um we
+can get uh a lot less root DT a lot less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get uh a lot less root DT a lot less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get uh a lot less root DT a lot less
+motion or broadening if we do a 1050
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or broadening if we do a 1050
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion or broadening if we do a 1050
+rapid thermal eal compared to putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal eal compared to putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapid thermal eal compared to putting in
+the furnest you might say oh 800's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnest you might say oh 800's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnest you might say oh 800's
+really low it should be a safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low it should be a safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low it should be a safe
+temperature it's only you know a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's only you know a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's only you know a couple
+of uh angstroms motion but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh angstroms motion but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh angstroms motion but in fact
+you're much better off for this implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're much better off for this implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're much better off for this implant
+doing uh according to this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh according to this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing uh according to this calculation
+uh of Ted you're much better off doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of Ted you're much better off doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of Ted you're much better off doing a
+1050 anal uh for for a fraction or for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 anal uh for for a fraction or for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1050 anal uh for for a fraction or for a
+second um so that's just sort of give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um so that's just sort of give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second um so that's just sort of give
+you a feel for where the numbers come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for where the numbers come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a feel for where the numbers come
+from and um you know how the how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and um you know how the how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from and um you know how the how the
+whole thing works I think once you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing works I think once you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing works I think once you work
+through an example like that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example like that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an example like that you have a
+much better feel for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better feel for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better feel for
+Te okay good well that's that seemed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Te okay good well that's that seemed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Te okay good well that's that seemed
+like everybody had a good handle on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody had a good handle on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like everybody had a good handle on that
+so let's go back to the uh regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the uh regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to the uh regular
+handout hand out 25 and I think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout hand out 25 and I think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout hand out 25 and I think you have
+um you've got a good feel for how simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've got a good feel for how simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you've got a good feel for how simple
+calculations and how powerful it is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and how powerful it is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations and how powerful it is just
+to use those two or three charts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those two or three charts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use those two or three charts with
+with two or three charts you can you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two or three charts you can you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two or three charts you can you can
+say a lot about uh rough back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot about uh rough back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot about uh rough back of the
+envelope calculation for Ted anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation for Ted anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envelope calculation for Ted anything
+anything more sophisticated than what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more sophisticated than what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more sophisticated than what we
+just did in the last 10 minutes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did in the last 10 minutes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did in the last 10 minutes you
+probably should use be using Supreme at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should use be using Supreme at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should use be using Supreme at
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+point or some simulator I should say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or some simulator I should say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or some simulator I should say all
+right let's go on so um uh just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's go on so um uh just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's go on so um uh just to
+remind you ourselves where where those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you ourselves where where those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you ourselves where where those
+charts just came from if I'm on uh slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts just came from if I'm on uh slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charts just came from if I'm on uh slide
+number uh five now on the handout they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh five now on the handout they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number uh five now on the handout they
+they came from the this observation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from the this observation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from the this observation that
+was made at B labs and confirmed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made at B labs and confirmed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was made at B labs and confirmed by a
+lot of different workers that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different workers that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different workers that the um
+time scale of teed was the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of teed was the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of teed was the same as the
+time scale of the shrinkage of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of the shrinkage of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time scale of the shrinkage of these
+famous now now famous 311 defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous now now famous 311 defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous now now famous 311 defects and
+that the at low temperatures the 311's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the at low temperatures the 311's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the at low temperatures the 311's
+hang around a lot longer than at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang around a lot longer than at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hang around a lot longer than at high
+temperatures and of course that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and of course that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures and of course that's why
+Ted um lasts a lot longer uh at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted um lasts a lot longer uh at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ted um lasts a lot longer uh at low
+temperatures okay so um just for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures okay so um just for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures okay so um just for to
+remind ourselves and from the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves and from the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind ourselves and from the little
+hand calculation we just did this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand calculation we just did this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand calculation we just did this is
+exactly represented of what we just did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly represented of what we just did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly represented of what we just did
+in class here what we the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class here what we the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in class here what we the general
+picture of teed that we showed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of teed that we showed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of teed that we showed last time
+we have a certain enhancement Factor CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a certain enhancement Factor CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a certain enhancement Factor CI
+over CI star Max again that's that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star Max again that's that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star Max again that's that's a
+ballpark that's the maximum enhancement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark that's the maximum enhancement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballpark that's the maximum enhancement
+so we assume it's just a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we assume it's just a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we assume it's just a constant
+enhancement throughout the entire period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement throughout the entire period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement throughout the entire period
+of the steady state while the 311's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the steady state while the 311's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the steady state while the 311's are
+decaying and then we suddenly say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying and then we suddenly say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying and then we suddenly say
+there's a rapid exponential decay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rapid exponential decay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a rapid exponential decay right
+after T some period of time called tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after T some period of time called tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after T some period of time called tow
+enhan that we just calculated in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhan that we just calculated in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhan that we just calculated in our
+example so that's the simple model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's the simple model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so that's the simple model the
+critical parameters that determine teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameters that determine teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical parameters that determine teed
+well we just the amount of teed we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just the amount of teed we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we just the amount of teed we just
+said was the superat saturation level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was the superat saturation level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was the superat saturation level
+which we write as I over I star or CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we write as I over I star or CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we write as I over I star or CI
+over CI star and we know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star and we know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star and we know that's a
+function of temperature and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature and this is the
+functional dependence or you can read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependence or you can read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional dependence or you can read it
+right off that plot and the duration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off that plot and the duration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right off that plot and the duration of
+the steady state condition which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state condition which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state condition which is the
+so-called towel enhanced time and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called towel enhanced time and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called towel enhanced time and now
+that tow enhance depends linearly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tow enhance depends linearly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tow enhance depends linearly on
+dose and doses have a wide range so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose and doses have a wide range so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose and doses have a wide range so this
+is the key it depends linearly on Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key it depends linearly on Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the key it depends linearly on Q so
+if you implant 20 times or 100 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you implant 20 times or 100 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you implant 20 times or 100 times
+more dose you get 20 or 100 times more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dose you get 20 or 100 times more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dose you get 20 or 100 times more
+interstitials um so so it last last that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials um so so it last last that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials um so so it last last that
+much longer so notice the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer so notice the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much longer so notice the dose
+unintuitively somewhat the dose doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitively somewhat the dose doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unintuitively somewhat the dose doesn't
+determine CI over CI star the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine CI over CI star the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine CI over CI star the dose
+determines how long the thing lasts how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how long the thing lasts how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how long the thing lasts how
+long the transient lasts and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the transient lasts and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the transient lasts and there is
+there is a dep certain small dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a dep certain small dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a dep certain small dependence
+on RP and the energy dependence comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on RP and the energy dependence comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on RP and the energy dependence comes
+from the dependent in the equations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dependent in the equations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the dependent in the equations the
+energy dependence is represented through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dependence is represented through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy dependence is represented through
+the dependency on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependency on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependency on
+RP okay so that's the general picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP okay so that's the general picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RP okay so that's the general picture
+and I think that example helps us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that example helps us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that example helps us
+understand it now let's look at anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it now let's look at anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it now let's look at anything
+a little more complicated I said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated I said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated I said we
+should we should be using a simulator so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we should be using a simulator so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we should be using a simulator so
+the next couple of slides here on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of slides here on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next couple of slides here on slide
+seven starting with slide seven I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven starting with slide seven I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven starting with slide seven I'm
+going to show you some Supreme four um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you some Supreme four um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you some Supreme four um
+examples um using sub more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um using sub more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples um using sub more and more
+sophisticated models so the first model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated models so the first model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated models so the first model
+I'm going to use Supreme 4 using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use Supreme 4 using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use Supreme 4 using a
+gaussian implant assumption which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian implant assumption which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian implant assumption which of
+course is not very sophisticated but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not very sophisticated but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is not very sophisticated but and
+I'm going to be kneeling this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be kneeling this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be kneeling this um uh
+arsenic implant at a th000 degre c for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic implant at a th000 degre c for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arsenic implant at a th000 degre c for
+different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times
+and uh if you look at the the open boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at the the open boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh if you look at the the open boxes
+that's my initial ion implanted Arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my initial ion implanted Arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my initial ion implanted Arsenic
+and what's being shown here is a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's being shown here is a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's being shown here is a series
+of different curves different symbols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different curves different symbols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different curves different symbols
+for different times and what the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different times and what the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different times and what the model
+that was used in these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used in these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was used in these particular
+simulations is called the fairy model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations is called the fairy model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations is called the fairy model in
+Supreme when you do your next homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme when you do your next homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme when you do your next homework
+will there'll be different models you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there'll be different models you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will there'll be different models you
+have to invoke the one here is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invoke the one here is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to invoke the one here is called
+fmy as the name suggests it takes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy as the name suggests it takes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fmy as the name suggests it takes into
+account the fmy level and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the fmy level and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the fmy level and therefore the
+concentration dependence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration dependence of the
+diffusivity it does not take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity it does not take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity it does not take into
+account any Ed so when you run uh when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account any Ed so when you run uh when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account any Ed so when you run uh when
+you tell it to use PD method equals FY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell it to use PD method equals FY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell it to use PD method equals FY
+um you're not taking into account Ted so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not taking into account Ted so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're not taking into account Ted so
+this is just normal ordinary diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just normal ordinary diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just normal ordinary diffusion
+and the junction depth proceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the junction depth proceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the junction depth proceeds
+according to a square root DT type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a square root DT type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to a square root DT type of
+Behavior Uh as you would expect it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh as you would expect it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Behavior Uh as you would expect it does
+take into account the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take into account the concentration
+dependence and you see the box- like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and you see the box- like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and you see the box- like
+profile as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile as a
+result now we go on to a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now we go on to a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now we go on to a little more
+sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated
+model um this is that same implant 30kv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um this is that same implant 30kv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model um this is that same implant 30kv
+414 but now this is on uh slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+414 but now this is on uh slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+414 but now this is on uh slide number
+eight what we're doing is we're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight what we're doing is we're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight what we're doing is we're using a
+Monte Carlo implant model that changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo implant model that changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo implant model that changes
+the aen planted slightly uh but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aen planted slightly uh but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aen planted slightly uh but the
+reason we use that is because the Monte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we use that is because the Monte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we use that is because the Monte
+Carlo model in Supreme keeps track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo model in Supreme keeps track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo model in Supreme keeps track of
+the damage because it not only does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage because it not only does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage because it not only does it
+track the incoming ions but every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the incoming ions but every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track the incoming ions but every time
+an a silicon gets displaced it can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a silicon gets displaced it can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a silicon gets displaced it can keep
+track of that uh so it can it can keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of that uh so it can it can keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of that uh so it can it can keep
+track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of the
+damage and then I'm we're using a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and then I'm we're using a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and then I'm we're using a model
+in Supreme called the fully coupled or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Supreme called the fully coupled or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Supreme called the fully coupled or
+the full coupled model it takes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full coupled model it takes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full coupled model it takes into
+account these following uh factors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account these following uh factors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account these following uh factors the
+impact of the FY level it also takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the FY level it also takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of the FY level it also takes
+into account point point defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account point point defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account point point defect
+injection and 311 cluster dissolution it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection and 311 cluster dissolution it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection and 311 cluster dissolution it
+has a model there for 311's and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a model there for 311's and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a model there for 311's and and
+their kinetics and it also because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kinetics and it also because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their kinetics and it also because it's
+fully coupled defect gradients can drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled defect gradients can drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled defect gradients can drive
+diffusion so if there's a if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so if there's a if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion so if there's a if there's a
+two-dimensional uh situation like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh situation like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh situation like in the
+reverse short Channel effect you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect you can
+actually uh the gradient and the defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh the gradient and the defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh the gradient and the defect
+can drive diffusion but this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive diffusion but this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drive diffusion but this is what you
+would see if you if you do this fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see if you if you do this fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see if you if you do this fully
+coupled model look at all these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled model look at all these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupled model look at all these these
+first four curves all lie straight on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four curves all lie straight on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first four curves all lie straight on
+top of each other 30 seconds to 120
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other 30 seconds to 120
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of each other 30 seconds to 120
+seconds they're all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds they're all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds they're all the
+same now why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that well I mean essentially it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I mean essentially it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I mean essentially it's
+because of teed because um whe whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of teed because um whe whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of teed because um whe whether
+you're 30 seconds or 120 seconds there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 30 seconds or 120 seconds there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're 30 seconds or 120 seconds there's
+some portion of to enhan there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some portion of to enhan there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some portion of to enhan there's a
+certain enhanced time and during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain enhanced time and during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain enhanced time and during that
+period CI over CI star is so large uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period CI over CI star is so large uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period CI over CI star is so large uh
+because of this the amount of 311 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this the amount of 311 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this the amount of 311 that
+end up being formed that it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being formed that it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up being formed that it doesn't
+matter uh whether you're doing 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh whether you're doing 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh whether you're doing 30
+seconds or 120 um you still get the diff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or 120 um you still get the diff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds or 120 um you still get the diff
+Fusion is dominated by whatever happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion is dominated by whatever happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fusion is dominated by whatever happens
+during the the transient when the 311's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the transient when the 311's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the the transient when the 311's
+are evaporating and then after that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaporating and then after that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are evaporating and then after that if
+you only if you go to longer times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only if you go to longer times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only if you go to longer times so
+say 600 seconds 12200 and 1800 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 600 seconds 12200 and 1800 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 600 seconds 12200 and 1800 seconds
+do you start to see normal diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you start to see normal diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you start to see normal diffusion
+being large enough because the time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being large enough because the time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being large enough because the time is
+large enough that normal diffusion now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that normal diffusion now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough that normal diffusion now
+overtakes the teed and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtakes the teed and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtakes the teed and you can actually
+see that and so this is an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that and so this is an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that and so this is an example of
+why people didn't discover teed until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people didn't discover teed until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why people didn't discover teed until
+they had rapid thermal annealers because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had rapid thermal annealers because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had rapid thermal annealers because
+in a furnace you can't anneal for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a furnace you can't anneal for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a furnace you can't anneal for very
+short so you could never access anal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so you could never access anal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short so you could never access anal
+times that were this short and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that were this short and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times that were this short and you would
+never would discover that in fact teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never would discover that in fact teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never would discover that in fact teed
+was going on so a signature of Ted if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on so a signature of Ted if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going on so a signature of Ted if
+you do an experiment uh on a kneeling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an experiment uh on a kneeling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do an experiment uh on a kneeling an
+implant a very clear signature if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant a very clear signature if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant a very clear signature if you do
+Sims uh on some different times is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims uh on some different times is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sims uh on some different times is you
+see very short times they all look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very short times they all look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see very short times they all look the
+same profile that's an immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same profile that's an immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same profile that's an immediate
+signature aha there's some kind of teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature aha there's some kind of teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature aha there's some kind of teed
+going on some very short transing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on some very short transing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on some very short transing is
+dominating all the diffusion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating all the diffusion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating all the diffusion and then
+you'll you'll go to long enough times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll go to long enough times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll go to long enough times
+that you'll start to see normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll start to see normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll start to see normal
+diffusion taking place and this is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion taking place and this is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion taking place and this is these
+are Supreme simulations there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Supreme simulations there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Supreme simulations there's no
+actual data here the the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data here the the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual data here the the different
+symbols are not data I apologize it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are not data I apologize it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols are not data I apologize it's
+for different the symbols are for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different the symbols are for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for different the symbols are for uh the
+different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simulations okay so that was a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations okay so that was a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations okay so that was a couple of
+examples let let's go on to slide nine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let let's go on to slide nine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples let let's go on to slide nine I
+I I want to give uh we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to give uh we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I want to give uh we're going to go
+back now now that we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now now that we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back now now that we've talked about
+teed and we understand the models in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed and we understand the models in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed and we understand the models in
+much more detail I want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detail I want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more detail I want to remind
+ourselves why we want to to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves why we want to to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves why we want to to limit
+diffusion and then talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then talk about some
+particular device impacts of teed well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular device impacts of teed well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular device impacts of teed well
+we already know we want to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know we want to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know we want to keep
+Junctions shallow these Junctions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions shallow these Junctions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions shallow these Junctions here
+XJ either in the Deep Source drain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ either in the Deep Source drain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ either in the Deep Source drain and
+particularly in the shallow Source drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the shallow Source drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly in the shallow Source drain
+extension has to be kept shallow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension has to be kept shallow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension has to be kept shallow in
+order to do gate length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do gate length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do gate length
+scaling uh we need a steeper lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling uh we need a steeper lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling uh we need a steeper lateral
+Junction so in this direction in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction so in this direction in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction so in this direction in in the
+L direction we needs the Junctions to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L direction we needs the Junctions to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L direction we needs the Junctions to be
+very steep uh in order to lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very steep uh in order to lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very steep uh in order to lower the
+series resistance uh at a given effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance uh at a given effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series resistance uh at a given effect
+Ive Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ive Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ive Channel
+length we need a very small under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length we need a very small under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length we need a very small under
+diffusion under the gate uh to to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion under the gate uh to to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion under the gate uh to to reduce
+the overlap capacitance if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap capacitance if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap capacitance if this
+underneath the gate uh this diffuses too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate uh this diffuses too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate uh this diffuses too
+far under the gate then you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far under the gate then you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far under the gate then you'll have a
+lot of overlap capacitance and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of overlap capacitance and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of overlap capacitance and that's
+going to uh slow down the the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh slow down the the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh slow down the the circuit
+speed we talked about needing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed we talked about needing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed we talked about needing a
+retrograde well in order to get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde well in order to get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde well in order to get better
+Mobility while controlling short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility while controlling short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility while controlling short Channel
+effect we need this retrograde well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we need this retrograde well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we need this retrograde well in
+depth we need to retrograde the profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth we need to retrograde the profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth we need to retrograde the profile
+and decrease it towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decrease it towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and decrease it towards the
+surface uh and there's these f see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh and there's these f see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh and there's these f see
+little um angled Halo implants these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um angled Halo implants these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little um angled Halo implants these
+Halos here are shown in the bright red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halos here are shown in the bright red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Halos here are shown in the bright red
+these are implants that are done uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are implants that are done uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are implants that are done uh um
+in the uh at an angle uh to the gate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh at an angle uh to the gate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the uh at an angle uh to the gate in
+order to put the dopen just right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to put the dopen just right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to put the dopen just right where
+we want it uh and we if we we're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it uh and we if we we're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want it uh and we if we we're using
+this angled implant to obtain the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angled implant to obtain the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angled implant to obtain the right
+profile we'd like to not have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile we'd like to not have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile we'd like to not have that
+diffuse all over the device because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse all over the device because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse all over the device because then
+it kind of the uh we don't get the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of the uh we don't get the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of the uh we don't get the shape
+that we want so all of these reasons we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want so all of these reasons we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want so all of these reasons we
+need to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to limit
+diffusion um so I want to talk about now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um so I want to talk about now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um so I want to talk about now
+that we know teed uh and go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know teed uh and go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know teed uh and go back to this
+reverse short Channel effect that I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect that I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect that I uh
+introduced uh three or four lectures ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced uh three or four lectures ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced uh three or four lectures ago
+and I think we'll have a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we'll have a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think we'll have a better
+understanding this time if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this time if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this time if you want to
+uh learn a little bit more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn a little bit more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh learn a little bit more about it
+there's an article by rafy in iedm of 93
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an article by rafy in iedm of 93
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an article by rafy in iedm of 93
+or Crowder in iedm of 95 where this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Crowder in iedm of 95 where this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Crowder in iedm of 95 where this was
+first explained uh and what people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explained uh and what people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first explained uh and what people were
+trying to explain is the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain is the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to explain is the device
+physicist in the early 90s were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist in the early 90s were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicist in the early 90s were all
+finding if they PL and the circuit guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding if they PL and the circuit guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding if they PL and the circuit guys
+if they plotted their VT as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they plotted their VT as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they plotted their VT as a function
+of the the gate length uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the gate length uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the gate length uh of the
+transistors um on a chip or or on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors um on a chip or or on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistors um on a chip or or on a
+wafer what they saw what they expect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer what they saw what they expect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer what they saw what they expect is
+the normal short Channel effect VT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal short Channel effect VT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal short Channel effect VT is
+fairly constant and you get to short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly constant and you get to short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly constant and you get to short
+channels and the VT is supposed to roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and the VT is supposed to roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels and the VT is supposed to roll
+off due to well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off due to well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off due to well-known
+electrostatics what they found instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics what they found instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatics what they found instead
+there is so-called reverse short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so-called reverse short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is so-called reverse short Channel
+effect it's revers to one's expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's revers to one's expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect it's revers to one's expectations
+in fact the VT the threshold voltage on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the VT the threshold voltage on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the VT the threshold voltage on
+these devices was going up as you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices was going up as you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices was going up as you made
+them shorter and it was going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shorter and it was going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them shorter and it was going up and
+peaking quite a bit and then eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking quite a bit and then eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaking quite a bit and then eventually
+the normal short Channel effect would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal short Channel effect would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal short Channel effect would
+take place so this so-called reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place so this so-called reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place so this so-called reverse
+short Channel effect was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect was quite
+bothersome in the early days because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothersome in the early days because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bothersome in the early days because
+people didn't understand when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't understand when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people didn't understand when they
+scaled to these Channel links why VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled to these Channel links why VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaled to these Channel links why VT
+would be going up how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going up how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be going up how could it
+be well we talked qualitatively about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well we talked qualitatively about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well we talked qualitatively about
+this um the reasoning for this several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the reasoning for this several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um the reasoning for this several
+lectures ago let me review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago let me review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago let me review the
+qualitative and then we'll do the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative and then we'll do the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative and then we'll do the more
+quantitative this is an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative this is an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative this is an actual
+simulation from Supreme of what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation from Supreme of what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation from Supreme of what's going
+on in the reverse short Channel effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the reverse short Channel effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the reverse short Channel effect
+so we have our gate uh you see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our gate uh you see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have our gate uh you see the the
+side spacers this little region under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side spacers this little region under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side spacers this little region under
+here under here is is the um Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here under here is is the um Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here under here is is the um Source
+extension this is the drain extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension this is the drain extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension this is the drain extension
+and the Deep source and the Deep drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Deep source and the Deep drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Deep source and the Deep drain
+and what's happened is that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happened is that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's happened is that we have
+implanted these sourc drain regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted these sourc drain regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted these sourc drain regions and
+their extensions we implanted say with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their extensions we implanted say with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their extensions we implanted say with
+Arsenic and we've generated a flux in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic and we've generated a flux in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arsenic and we've generated a flux in
+fact these arrows are supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these arrows are supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact these arrows are supposed to
+indicate the interstitial fluxes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the interstitial fluxes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate the interstitial fluxes so
+these are silicon intertial atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are silicon intertial atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are silicon intertial atoms that
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+diffusing um and in fact and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing um and in fact and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing um and in fact and they're
+then recombining they can recombine com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recombining they can recombine com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then recombining they can recombine com
+in the bulk or they can recombine in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bulk or they can recombine in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the bulk or they can recombine in the
+surface uh and because of the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh and because of the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface uh and because of the way the
+recombination goes at this surface they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination goes at this surface they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination goes at this surface they
+end up creating a flux that goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up creating a flux that goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up creating a flux that goes like
+this and now that flux um of uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now that flux um of uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now that flux um of uh and the
+gradient of the interstitials is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the interstitials is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient of the interstitials is so
+sharp that it actually can drive uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp that it actually can drive uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp that it actually can drive uphill
+diffusion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of the
+Boron and you can see that uphill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and you can see that uphill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and you can see that uphill
+diffusion you can't see it in this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion you can't see it in this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion you can't see it in this but
+if I take a cut right through the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take a cut right through the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take a cut right through the center
+here at x equals 0 and and plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at x equals 0 and and plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at x equals 0 and and plot it
+versus depth so Boron concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus depth so Boron concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus depth so Boron concentration
+versus depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus depth
+at the center of the channel um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of the channel um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the center of the channel um if you
+have a one micron device on the chip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one micron device on the chip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one micron device on the chip it
+looks like this if you have a 0.8 Micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this if you have a 0.8 Micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this if you have a 0.8 Micron
+device on the chip it looks like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device on the chip it looks like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device on the chip it looks like the the
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green
+curve and what do you see in the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and what do you see in the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and what do you see in the green
+curve well for one thing the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve well for one thing the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve well for one thing the surface
+concentration of born's a lot higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of born's a lot higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of born's a lot higher
+than it is in the one micron device so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in the one micron device so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it is in the one micron device so
+that explains to the Circuit designer oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains to the Circuit designer oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains to the Circuit designer oh
+I have a higher concentration of Bor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a higher concentration of Bor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a higher concentration of Bor on
+the surface that makes my VT higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface that makes my VT higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface that makes my VT higher so
+that explains the VT effect how it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains the VT effect how it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that explains the VT effect how it got
+to be so high and how did look at even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so high and how did look at even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be so high and how did look at even
+the peak of the Boron profile in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak of the Boron profile in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak of the Boron profile in the
+0.18 Micron device even the peak moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.18 Micron device even the peak moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.18 Micron device even the peak moved
+towards the surface again that's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the surface again that's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the surface again that's totally
+non-fickian diffusion if I give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fickian diffusion if I give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-fickian diffusion if I give you
+gaussian diffusion and you diffuse it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian diffusion and you diffuse it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian diffusion and you diffuse it in
+your calculator the peak stays put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculator the peak stays put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your calculator the peak stays put it
+just goes down it doesn't Peak doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes down it doesn't Peak doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just goes down it doesn't Peak doesn't
+suddenly move over to the left to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly move over to the left to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly move over to the left to the
+right that's not gaussian well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not gaussian well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's not gaussian well what's
+pulling this peak over is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling this peak over is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling this peak over is the fact that
+there's these these interstitials that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these these interstitials that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these these interstitials that
+are that have a gradient and they drag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that have a gradient and they drag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that have a gradient and they drag
+with them because remember Boron likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them because remember Boron likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them because remember Boron likes
+to likes to diffuse with interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to likes to diffuse with interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to likes to diffuse with interstitials
+it's diffusing as a pair because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diffusing as a pair because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diffusing as a pair because of the
+fully coupled diffusion they drag with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled diffusion they drag with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully coupled diffusion they drag with
+it the Boron Peak um so uh this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the Boron Peak um so uh this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the Boron Peak um so uh this is the
+qualitative explanation at least of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative explanation at least of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualitative explanation at least of
+what's going on in the reverse short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the reverse short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the reverse short
+Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel
+effect and now let's go through a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and now let's go through a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and now let's go through a little
+bit more carefully the articles by Rafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more carefully the articles by Rafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more carefully the articles by Rafer
+and Crowder and you can see what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crowder and you can see what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Crowder and you can see what it is
+that they um how they explain this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they um how they explain this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they um how they explain this a
+little more detail um these are some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail um these are some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more detail um these are some of
+the key process steps that influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key process steps that influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key process steps that influence the
+channel uh profile so the reverse short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel uh profile so the reverse short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel uh profile so the reverse short
+Channel effect ends up all up about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect ends up all up about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect ends up all up about
+about being what what determines the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being what what determines the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being what what determines the
+channel profile so step number one uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile so step number one uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel profile so step number one uh we
+know we do an ion implant and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we do an ion implant and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we do an ion implant and it has
+some shape this is supposed to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shape this is supposed to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shape this is supposed to me
+represent if you turn your head sideways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent if you turn your head sideways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent if you turn your head sideways
+the shape of the Boron implant so we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the Boron implant so we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of the Boron implant so we do
+an implant and a couple of energies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implant and a couple of energies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an implant and a couple of energies it
+Peaks here and then there's another Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks here and then there's another Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks here and then there's another Peak
+down here that's what we expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that's what we expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that's what we expect it to
+look like in the as implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in the as implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in the as implanted
+case step number two in making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case step number two in making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case step number two in making the
+device well we grow a gate oxide all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device well we grow a gate oxide all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device well we grow a gate oxide all
+right there's a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's a certain amount of
+thermal budget associated with the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal budget associated with the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal budget associated with the gate
+oite 800° whatever it'll diffuse a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oite 800° whatever it'll diffuse a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oite 800° whatever it'll diffuse a
+little okay we can understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay we can understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay we can understand that
+that's normal diffusion step number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's normal diffusion step number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's normal diffusion step number
+three we put down a gate and we pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we put down a gate and we pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three we put down a gate and we pattern
+it okay so it has a pattern like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it has a pattern like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so it has a pattern like that
+usually polysilicon gates are put down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually polysilicon gates are put down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually polysilicon gates are put down
+at 600 not you know 500 very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 600 not you know 500 very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 600 not you know 500 very low
+temperatures not a whole lot of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures not a whole lot of motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures not a whole lot of motion
+going on all right now uh the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on all right now uh the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on all right now uh the step
+number four is called the lightly dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four is called the lightly dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four is called the lightly dope
+drain actually we don't use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain actually we don't use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain actually we don't use that
+terminology anymore from devices we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology anymore from devices we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology anymore from devices we call
+it the source drain extension it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the source drain extension it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the source drain extension it's this
+shallow Source drain right here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow Source drain right here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow Source drain right here that
+gets an i imp planted and it gets masked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets an i imp planted and it gets masked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets an i imp planted and it gets masked
+by the gate so when you're doing step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the gate so when you're doing step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the gate so when you're doing step
+number four the side wall is not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four the side wall is not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four the side wall is not there
+Step number five hasn't been done yet so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step number five hasn't been done yet so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Step number five hasn't been done yet so
+you have the shallow Source drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the shallow Source drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the shallow Source drain
+extension so there you're injecting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so there you're injecting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension so there you're injecting a
+certain number of Point defects okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of Point defects okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of Point defects okay now
+I take that I've injected these Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take that I've injected these Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take that I've injected these Point
+defects and now I have to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and now I have to form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects and now I have to form the
+sidewall spacer depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall spacer depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall spacer depending on what
+material I form the spacer of if I form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I form the spacer of if I form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material I form the spacer of if I form
+it of silicon nitride that goes down at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of silicon nitride that goes down at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it of silicon nitride that goes down at
+800 for about an hour uhoh bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 for about an hour uhoh bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 for about an hour uhoh bad
+temperature 800 for about an hour we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature 800 for about an hour we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature 800 for about an hour we
+just did that calculation 800 for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did that calculation 800 for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just did that calculation 800 for about
+an hour you can get a a lot of teed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour you can get a a lot of teed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour you can get a a lot of teed you
+can have a 7,000 perhaps enhancement in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a 7,000 perhaps enhancement in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a 7,000 perhaps enhancement in
+your diffusivity so you got to watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diffusivity so you got to watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your diffusivity so you got to watch out
+for that that's why nitride spacers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that that's why nitride spacers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that that's why nitride spacers are
+a little tricky uh if you do a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tricky uh if you do a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little tricky uh if you do a low
+temperature oxide deposited spacer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature oxide deposited spacer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature oxide deposited spacer you
+can do that at 400 so it's not so bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that at 400 so it's not so bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that at 400 so it's not so bad
+you don't have to worry so much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry so much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to worry so much all
+right so there's a possible indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a possible indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a possible indication
+of problem and now we do number six we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem and now we do number six we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problem and now we do number six we
+do the Deep Source Trin implant again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Deep Source Trin implant again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the Deep Source Trin implant again
+that's probably going to be arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably going to be arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably going to be arsenic
+pretty high dose 10 to the 15th not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high dose 10 to the 15th not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high dose 10 to the 15th not a
+great thing in terms of teed I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing in terms of teed I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing in terms of teed I'm
+introducing a lot lot of uh Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a lot lot of uh Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a lot lot of uh Point
+defects that can then come in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that can then come in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defects that can then come in here and
+enhance the Boron implant uh the Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the Boron implant uh the Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the Boron implant uh the Boron
+uh profile so I just wanted to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh profile so I just wanted to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh profile so I just wanted to give you
+the order of the steps so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the steps so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of the steps so you can
+understand how all these things fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how all these things fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how all these things fit
+together to uh determine the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to uh determine the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together to uh determine the channel
+profile and if you want to go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and if you want to go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and if you want to go a little
+more sophisticated into raf's iedm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated into raf's iedm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated into raf's iedm
+article that's being shown here on slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that's being shown here on slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article that's being shown here on slide
+number 13 of your handout um what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 13 of your handout um what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 13 of your handout um what he
+calculated here so this is the edge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated here so this is the edge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated here so this is the edge of
+the gate this is a two-dimensional plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate this is a two-dimensional plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate this is a two-dimensional plot
+out of a a two-dimensional simulator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a a two-dimensional simulator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a a two-dimensional simulator and
+these are Contours and what he's he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Contours and what he's he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Contours and what he's he's
+done is he's ey implanted a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is he's ey implanted a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done is he's ey implanted a certain
+amount of um of uh damage or or uh dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of um of uh damage or or uh dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of um of uh damage or or uh dose
+into the into the drain region and he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the drain region and he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into the drain region and he's
+calculated something called the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated something called the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated something called the time
+integral of the super saturation ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the super saturation ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the super saturation ratio
+so it is essentially and he calls it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is essentially and he calls it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is essentially and he calls it the
+enhanced time but it's it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced time but it's it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhanced time but it's it's it's the
+integral of CI over CI star integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of CI over CI star integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of CI over CI star integrated
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+Bal um and and he's plotted in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bal um and and he's plotted in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bal um and and he's plotted in terms of
+Contours so uh these are profiles of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours so uh these are profiles of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours so uh these are profiles of
+damage caused by this um uh shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage caused by this um uh shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage caused by this um uh shallow
+sourc drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourc drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourc drain
+implant and um he represents this damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and um he represents this damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and um he represents this damage
+by this integral of CI over CI star um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this integral of CI over CI star um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this integral of CI over CI star um
+called which he calls the enhanced time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called which he calls the enhanced time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called which he calls the enhanced time
+so to speak um and a number here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak um and a number here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to speak um and a number here that
+corresponds to 10 to the 6 has a units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to 10 to the 6 has a units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to 10 to the 6 has a units
+of seconds so it's as if you did a 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds so it's as if you did a 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds so it's as if you did a 10 to
+the 6 second um anneal essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 second um anneal essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 second um anneal essentially
+uh and that corresponds to a super sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that corresponds to a super sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that corresponds to a super sat
+an average Super saturation of about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average Super saturation of about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average Super saturation of about uh
+a factor of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a factor of a
+thousand if the real time if this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand if the real time if this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand if the real time if this this
+were really the real time is about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really the real time is about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really the real time is about 20
+minutes let's get cut off at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes let's get cut off at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes let's get cut off at the bottom
+here 20 minute real time is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 20 minute real time is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 20 minute real time is equivalent
+to 12200 seconds so there's huge amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12200 seconds so there's huge amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 12200 seconds so there's huge amount
+of enhancement but look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enhancement but look at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of enhancement but look at these
+Contours look how they look how they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours look how they look how they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours look how they look how they go
+down um you're going from 10 to the 6th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um you're going from 10 to the 6th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down um you're going from 10 to the 6th
+here down to 10 to the 5ifth in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here down to 10 to the 5ifth in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here down to 10 to the 5ifth in this
+range so again I have a large gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so again I have a large gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range so again I have a large gradient
+in this CI over CI star and the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this CI over CI star and the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this CI over CI star and the gradient
+um is pointing me pushing me towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is pointing me pushing me towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is pointing me pushing me towards
+towards the gate and towards the the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the gate and towards the the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the gate and towards the the U
+the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxide don't forget he's using um saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide don't forget he's using um saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide don't forget he's using um saying
+that the oxide interface under here acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oxide interface under here acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oxide interface under here acts
+as a sync for a recombination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interstitials okay so this is the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials okay so this is the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials okay so this is the origin
+of the uh reverse short Channel effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh reverse short Channel effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh reverse short Channel effect
+as he explained it on P slide 14 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he explained it on P slide 14 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as he explained it on P slide 14 the
+implant damage from the the shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant damage from the the shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant damage from the the shallow
+Source drains sets up a retrograde CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source drains sets up a retrograde CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source drains sets up a retrograde CI
+over CI star profile under the gate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star profile under the gate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star profile under the gate and
+the gradient in this profile so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in this profile so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient in this profile so this
+grad of of ey over ey star because again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad of of ey over ey star because again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad of of ey over ey star because again
+it's diffusing as a pair uh results in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diffusing as a pair uh results in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's diffusing as a pair uh results in a
+uh an extra flux in the Boron diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an extra flux in the Boron diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an extra flux in the Boron diffusion
+that wouldn't be there if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be there if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be there if it were
+diffusing alone but because it diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing alone but because it diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing alone but because it diffuses
+as a pair with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pair with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a pair with
+interstitials so that retrograde causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so that retrograde causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials so that retrograde causes
+a boron pile up at the interface and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boron pile up at the interface and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a boron pile up at the interface and the
+shorter the channel the higher the pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter the channel the higher the pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter the channel the higher the pile
+up because you as you make the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because you as you make the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because you as you make the channel
+shorter you bring in those Source drains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter you bring in those Source drains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter you bring in those Source drains
+closer and closer uh into the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer uh into the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and closer uh into the center of
+the channel so that explains the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel so that explains the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel so that explains the reverse
+short Channel effect why does the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect why does the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect why does the the uh
+the Boron pileup gets bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron pileup gets bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron pileup gets bigger and bigger
+and therefore the VT goes up and up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the VT goes up and up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the VT goes up and up for
+a shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shorter
+device oops and in fact here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device oops and in fact here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device oops and in fact here's an
+example if we go on to slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we go on to slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if we go on to slide uh
+15 from his article he is this is boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 from his article he is this is boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 from his article he is this is boron
+concentration simulated versus depth now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration simulated versus depth now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration simulated versus depth now
+he's doing this at the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing this at the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's doing this at the center of the
+channel and say a long Channel device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and say a long Channel device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel and say a long Channel device
+looks like this here's the Boron he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this here's the Boron he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this here's the Boron he
+simulated it basic basally has the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated it basic basally has the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated it basic basally has the as
+implanted shape these are they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted shape these are they're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted shape these are they're two
+implants there's a a low energy implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants there's a a low energy implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implants there's a a low energy implant
+you can see its peak and a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see its peak and a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see its peak and a slightly
+Higher One so this Boron at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher One so this Boron at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher One so this Boron at the center
+looks sort of like this now if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks sort of like this now if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks sort of like this now if you take
+the Boron um uh that's the center of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron um uh that's the center of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Boron um uh that's the center of a
+two Micron long Channel if you go to a0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Micron long Channel if you go to a0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Micron long Channel if you go to a0
+four five Micron device it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five Micron device it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five Micron device it looks like
+this one there's a huge pile up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one there's a huge pile up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one there's a huge pile up at the
+surface and the peak is close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the peak is close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface and the peak is close to the
+surface so the surface doping could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so the surface doping could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface so the surface doping could be
+three to five times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to five times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to five times
+different um when you have a very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um when you have a very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different um when you have a very short
+chall device compared to a long Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chall device compared to a long Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chall device compared to a long Channel
+device because of the influence of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because of the influence of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because of the influence of these
+Point defect gradients that get set up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defect gradients that get set up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defect gradients that get set up
+and so these very different surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these very different surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these very different surface
+dopings are can then be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopings are can then be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopings are can then be used to
+calculate the VT difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the VT difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the VT difference between
+these devices and that's exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices and that's exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these devices and that's exactly what
+rafy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rafy
+did and this is taken again from his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and this is taken again from his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and this is taken again from his
+article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article
+1993 um he calculated here um these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 um he calculated here um these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1993 um he calculated here um these uh
+the what he based on those profiles what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what he based on those profiles what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what he based on those profiles what
+he thought the threshold voltage should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought the threshold voltage should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thought the threshold voltage should
+be as a function of one over the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as a function of one over the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as a function of one over the channel
+length or if you want to read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or if you want to read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length or if you want to read the
+channel length on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length on the top
+axis for different uh biases and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis for different uh biases and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis for different uh biases and if you
+look at his um calculations here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at his um calculations here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at his um calculations here this
+smooth um solid line is including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth um solid line is including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth um solid line is including the
+teed effect he predicted that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed effect he predicted that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed effect he predicted that the
+channel length would go like the um VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length would go like the um VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length would go like the um VT
+would go up like this as I go to Shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go up like this as I go to Shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go up like this as I go to Shorter
+Channel links and the data these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel links and the data these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel links and the data these are the
+experimental data they obtain from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data they obtain from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data they obtain from
+devices at Bells indeed you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices at Bells indeed you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices at Bells indeed you can see the
+VT going up so look at the VT for a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT going up so look at the VT for a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT going up so look at the VT for a two
+Micron device is over here uh the thresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron device is over here uh the thresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron device is over here uh the thresh
+voltage is about a volt and for a 045
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is about a volt and for a 045
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is about a volt and for a 045
+Micron device which is I think right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron device which is I think right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Micron device which is I think right
+about here the VT is about 1.3 volts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here the VT is about 1.3 volts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about here the VT is about 1.3 volts and
+that agrees very well so that rule up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agrees very well so that rule up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that agrees very well so that rule up of
+the VT uh is agreed very well with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VT uh is agreed very well with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VT uh is agreed very well with the
+simulation when he included the Ted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation when he included the Ted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation when he included the Ted the
+dash line is a simulation without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash line is a simulation without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dash line is a simulation without the
+teed and indeed uh you you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed and indeed uh you you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teed and indeed uh you you see the
+normal short Channel effect going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal short Channel effect going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal short Channel effect going down
+like this so the only way people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so the only way people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so the only way people could
+really understand the reverse short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the reverse short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really understand the reverse short
+Channel effect was to uh was to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect was to uh was to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect was to uh was to really
+understand in detail what was happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in detail what was happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in detail what was happening
+with the Boron Ted and the influence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Boron Ted and the influence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Boron Ted and the influence of
+the damage on each side of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage on each side of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage on each side of the channel
+on what was going on inside uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what was going on inside uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what was going on inside uh
+underneath the gate so that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate so that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the gate so that's kind of a
+famous paper on on how um understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper on on how um understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous paper on on how um understanding
+these process models end up influencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these process models end up influencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these process models end up influencing
+the device model which ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device model which ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device model which ends up
+influencing the circuit uh the circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing the circuit uh the circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influencing the circuit uh the circuit
+model so there's a lot been a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so there's a lot been a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so there's a lot been a in
+simulators there's been a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators there's been a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulators there's been a certain amount
+of work in the early 90s on how to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in the early 90s on how to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in the early 90s on how to model
+reverse short Channel effect what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect what are
+important param well obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important param well obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important param well obviously the
+magnitude of the initial implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the initial implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the initial implanted
+damage well you know the dose of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage well you know the dose of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage well you know the dose of the
+source and drain extensions and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and drain extensions and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and drain extensions and the
+source drain so that's important but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source drain so that's important but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source drain so that's important but so
+but you need to to figure out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to to figure out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to to figure out exactly
+how much I over I star there is we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I over I star there is we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much I over I star there is we did
+it in our book our textbook using a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in our book our textbook using a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in our book our textbook using a very
+simple analytic calculation we calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analytic calculation we calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analytic calculation we calculate
+the maximum CI over CI star remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum CI over CI star remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum CI over CI star remember
+that was a ratio of K reverse to K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a ratio of K reverse to K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a ratio of K reverse to K
+forward in that equation and we put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in that equation and we put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward in that equation and we put some
+estimates down for that but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates down for that but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates down for that but it's not
+clear exactly how accurate so depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear exactly how accurate so depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear exactly how accurate so depending
+on your Simulator the way they calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your Simulator the way they calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your Simulator the way they calculate
+it will be slightly different so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be slightly different so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be slightly different so the
+these are different clustering factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different clustering factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are different clustering factors
+in this simulator you can they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simulator you can they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this simulator you can they have a
+parameter called the cluster factor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter called the cluster factor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter called the cluster factor that
+will adjust essentially the CI over CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will adjust essentially the CI over CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will adjust essentially the CI over CI
+star Max and um depending on how that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Max and um depending on how that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star Max and um depending on how that is
+that CI over CI star Max you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CI over CI star Max you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that CI over CI star Max you'll get
+different amounts of reverse short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of reverse short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different amounts of reverse short
+Channel effects so the the uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effects so the the uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effects so the the uh I
+apologize here the vertical axis here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize here the vertical axis here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize here the vertical axis here is
+VT that got cut off somehow so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT that got cut off somehow so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT that got cut off somehow so this is
+the threshold voltage and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold voltage and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold voltage and this is the
+gate length calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate length calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate length calculated
+and you can see in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see in this particular
+simulator this is not Supreme this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator this is not Supreme this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulator this is not Supreme this is a
+Sako uh simulator but um for a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sako uh simulator but um for a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sako uh simulator but um for a cluster
+factor of zero there is they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of zero there is they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of zero there is they didn't
+predict any reverse short Channel effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict any reverse short Channel effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict any reverse short Channel effect
+when they allow clustering and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they allow clustering and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they allow clustering and they
+allow these 31 ons to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow these 31 ons to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow these 31 ons to come
+in um they you do see a roll up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um they you do see a roll up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um they you do see a roll up a
+reverse short Channel effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect and
+depending on the the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the the magnitude of the
+cluster Factor reverse short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster Factor reverse short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster Factor reverse short Channel
+effect can be more or less uh prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect can be more or less uh prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect can be more or less uh prominent
+uh so there will be usually depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there will be usually depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so there will be usually depending on
+the simar you use there'll be a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simar you use there'll be a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simar you use there'll be a couple
+of parameters one can tweak to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters one can tweak to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters one can tweak to affect
+both the initial implant damage and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the initial implant damage and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the initial implant damage and the
+recombination rate uh this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination rate uh this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recombination rate uh this is a
+two-dimensional effect so not only how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional effect so not only how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional effect so not only how
+much damage and how many 31 ons do I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much damage and how many 31 ons do I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much damage and how many 31 ons do I end
+up with and how many inter what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and how many inter what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with and how many inter what's the
+interstitial uh concentration that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial uh concentration that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitial uh concentration that's
+important but how those those fluxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but how those those fluxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but how those those fluxes
+diffuse and how they how they recombine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse and how they how they recombine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse and how they how they recombine
+at that oxide interface will determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that oxide interface will determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that oxide interface will determine
+the actual gradient of the interstitials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual gradient of the interstitials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual gradient of the interstitials
+so the K Subs factor is also an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the K Subs factor is also an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the K Subs factor is also an
+important the combination rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the combination rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the combination rate of
+interstitials at a at at the gate oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials at a at at the gate oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials at a at at the gate oxide
+interface in the channel and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface in the channel and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface in the channel and that's a
+parameter that one can adjust hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that one can adjust hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter that one can adjust hopefully
+it's fairely well known but one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairely well known but one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fairely well known but one by
+adjusting that parameter you can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting that parameter you can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting that parameter you can change
+these curves as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well uh aeling temperature is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh aeling temperature is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh aeling temperature is important
+as you know again this is from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know again this is from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know again this is from that
+silvaco simulator as well again VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silvaco simulator as well again VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silvaco simulator as well again VT
+versus gate length and the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus gate length and the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus gate length and the different
+color curves here are for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color curves here are for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color curves here are for different
+analing temperatures and as you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analing temperatures and as you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analing temperatures and as you might
+imagine low temperatures give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine low temperatures give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine low temperatures give you more
+reverse short channnel effect because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short channnel effect because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short channnel effect because we
+know at low temperatures teed is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at low temperatures teed is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at low temperatures teed is more
+prominent the CI over CI star hangs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent the CI over CI star hangs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prominent the CI over CI star hangs
+around longer the the the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around longer the the the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around longer the the the time of the
+enhancement is worse so here at 850 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement is worse so here at 850 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhancement is worse so here at 850 in
+the red you see more a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red you see more a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red you see more a little bit more
+of a rollup then if you were to anal at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rollup then if you were to anal at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rollup then if you were to anal at
+very high temperatures uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high temperatures uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high temperatures uh in this
+particular anal I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular anal I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular anal I don't know what the
+dose was uh there wasn't much reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose was uh there wasn't much reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose was uh there wasn't much reverse
+short Channel effect so lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect so lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effect so lower
+temperatures um tend to change that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures um tend to change that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures um tend to change that and
+that's just because of the CI over CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because of the CI over CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because of the CI over CI
+star uh term as well as the tow enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star uh term as well as the tow enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star uh term as well as the tow enhanced
+term uh uh depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh uh depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term uh uh depend on
+temperature uh and in fact the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh and in fact the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature uh and in fact the next uh
+slide in your handout slide number 19 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide in your handout slide number 19 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide in your handout slide number 19 is
+just that same plot that we've been us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that same plot that we've been us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that same plot that we've been us
+we've used to do the example a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used to do the example a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used to do the example a few
+minutes ago uh to remind you that CI CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago uh to remind you that CI CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes ago uh to remind you that CI CI
+over CI star is increasing as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star is increasing as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over CI star is increasing as we go
+lower in temperature and that's why you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in temperature and that's why you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower in temperature and that's why you
+see more of a reverse short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of a reverse short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more of a reverse short Channel
+effect uh as you lower the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh as you lower the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect uh as you lower the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+so not only does the VT change but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only does the VT change but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only does the VT change but just
+to give you an idea other device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea other device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you an idea other device
+parameters that can change depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that can change depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters that can change depending on
+the channel profile that Boron pile up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel profile that Boron pile up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel profile that Boron pile up
+at the surface underneath the gate can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface underneath the gate can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface underneath the gate can
+decrease the channel Mobility Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the channel Mobility Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the channel Mobility Channel
+Mobility at very high concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility at very high concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility at very high concentrations of
+channeled doens you get more scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled doens you get more scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled doens you get more scattering
+of the electrons more scattering of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons more scattering of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrons more scattering of the
+carriers so the mobility can go down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so the mobility can go down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriers so the mobility can go down and
+in fact this is a plot of a calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is a plot of a calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact this is a plot of a calculation
+of the mobility that raford made in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mobility that raford made in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the mobility that raford made in that
+article here on on slide 20 so he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here on on slide 20 so he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article here on on slide 20 so he's
+calculated the mobility as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the mobility as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the mobility as a function of
+uh the channel length uh for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the channel length uh for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the channel length uh for two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+doses thist dose the EXT stands for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses thist dose the EXT stands for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses thist dose the EXT stands for the
+sourc drain extension so that's the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourc drain extension so that's the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourc drain extension so that's the dose
+that gets implanted right next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets implanted right next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gets implanted right next to the
+gate right after you cut um and Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate right after you cut um and Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate right after you cut um and Define
+the gate uh poly you implant the sour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate uh poly you implant the sour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate uh poly you implant the sour
+drain extensions H and here this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain extensions H and here this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain extensions H and here this is for
+a 312 a relatively low dose not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 312 a relatively low dose not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 312 a relatively low dose not that
+many interstitials are injected the blon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interstitials are injected the blon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interstitials are injected the blon
+profile looks pretty much as implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile looks pretty much as implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile looks pretty much as implanted
+and you don't get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't get much
+so the mobility stays pretty high until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mobility stays pretty high until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the mobility stays pretty high until
+you get to very short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to very short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to very short
+channels if you do an extension dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels if you do an extension dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels if you do an extension dose
+here that's about uh uh three times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's about uh uh three times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's about uh uh three times that
+say about 812 what happens is you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about 812 what happens is you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about 812 what happens is you you
+you get this reverse short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this reverse short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this reverse short Channel
+effect you get the Boron being drawn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you get the Boron being drawn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you get the Boron being drawn to
+the surface a very high amount of boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface a very high amount of boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surface a very high amount of boron
+in the channel means you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the channel means you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the channel means you have a lot of
+ionized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionized
+acceptors and the electrons feel those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors and the electrons feel those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors and the electrons feel those
+ioniz exors they get scattered by cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ioniz exors they get scattered by cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ioniz exors they get scattered by cool
+lumic scattering and in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumic scattering and in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumic scattering and in fact the
+mobility then can go down so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility then can go down so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility then can go down so for a
+higher extension dose different profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher extension dose different profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher extension dose different profile
+Clauses pile up and you get a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses pile up and you get a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses pile up and you get a lower
+Mobility lower Mobility can mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility lower Mobility can mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mobility lower Mobility can mean you can
+end up lowering your current Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up lowering your current Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up lowering your current Drive
+compared to what it should have been um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what it should have been um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to what it should have been um
+so that and that affects the the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and that affects the the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that and that affects the the overall
+circuit speed so again just just subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit speed so again just just subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit speed so again just just subtle
+changes in the in the channel profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the in the channel profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the in the channel profile
+which have nothing to do with how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have nothing to do with how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have nothing to do with how I
+implanted the Chann it's how I implanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted the Chann it's how I implanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted the Chann it's how I implanted
+the the neighboring regions the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the neighboring regions the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the neighboring regions the source
+and drain end up impacting not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drain end up impacting not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drain end up impacting not only the
+VT but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VT but the
+mobility um of the device and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility um of the device and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility um of the device and therefore
+the current Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh this was a neat paper now several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this was a neat paper now several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this was a neat paper now several
+years later uh 1995 Scott Crowder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later uh 1995 Scott Crowder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later uh 1995 Scott Crowder
+Crowder came up with um an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crowder came up with um an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crowder came up with um an interesting
+idea knowing what he knew about 311's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea knowing what he knew about 311's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea knowing what he knew about 311's
+and what we know in our class he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know in our class he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we know in our class he said
+okay well 311's they kneel out a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well 311's they kneel out a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well 311's they kneel out a lot
+faster at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster at high
+temperature so let's say I have to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so let's say I have to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature so let's say I have to do an
+800° step because I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° step because I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° step because I'm going to have to
+put down those nitride spacers maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down those nitride spacers maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down those nitride spacers maybe I
+can still do that if I do before I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do that if I do before I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still do that if I do before I do it
+I do a th000 dee short anneal so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a th000 dee short anneal so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do a th000 dee short anneal so let's
+do a very short anal 1 second at a thand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very short anal 1 second at a thand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a very short anal 1 second at a thand
+evaporate all those 31 ones and get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate all those 31 ones and get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate all those 31 ones and get rid
+of them then I can put the wafer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them then I can put the wafer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them then I can put the wafer in the
+in the furnace and put down my 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the furnace and put down my 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the furnace and put down my 800
+degree nitride all the Ted will be over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree nitride all the Ted will be over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree nitride all the Ted will be over
+with so I use a high temperature to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I use a high temperature to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so I use a high temperature to
+cause the 311's to evaporate get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the 311's to evaporate get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the 311's to evaporate get rid of
+all those excess interstitials in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those excess interstitials in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those excess interstitials in a very
+short time um I should have less of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time um I should have less of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short time um I should have less of the
+reverse short Channel effect less total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect less total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect less total
+interstitials and that's what in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and that's what in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials and that's what in fact
+where he showed the um this star the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he showed the um this star the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he showed the um this star the
+starred region is when he did the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starred region is when he did the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starred region is when he did the high
+temperature rapid thermal anal first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rapid thermal anal first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature rapid thermal anal first
+before he did the 800° C longer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he did the 800° C longer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he did the 800° C longer time
+anal and you saw he had less rollup less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal and you saw he had less rollup less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal and you saw he had less rollup less
+reverse short Channel effect when he did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect when he did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect when he did
+um the uh the open squares represent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the open squares represent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh the open squares represent the
+case where he did the 800 degre c um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where he did the 800 degre c um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where he did the 800 degre c um
+anal in the furnace first and then did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal in the furnace first and then did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anal in the furnace first and then did
+the thousand and you see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand and you see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousand and you see a lot of
+reverse short Channel effect interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse short Channel effect interesting
+exact same amount of time in the furnace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same amount of time in the furnace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact same amount of time in the furnace
+and in the RTA in both Wafers he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the RTA in both Wafers he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the RTA in both Wafers he just
+changed the order of the operations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the order of the operations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the order of the operations so
+this is kind of interesting that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of interesting that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of interesting that you
+know what we know about 311 defects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we know about 311 defects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we know about 311 defects and
+how they how they anal it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they how they anal it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they how they anal it's important
+for us to think about the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to think about the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us to think about the order of the
+steps in which we make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in which we make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in which we make a
+mosfit where we insert the the anals um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfit where we insert the the anals um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfit where we insert the the anals um
+now you don't always have a choice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't always have a choice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you don't always have a choice you
+have to cut the gate before you do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cut the gate before you do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to cut the gate before you do you
+know the the sourc Trin extension so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the sourc Trin extension so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the sourc Trin extension so
+it's self aligned and all that but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's self aligned and all that but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's self aligned and all that but this
+was kind of a clever experiment just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of a clever experiment just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of a clever experiment just to
+show that uh the process uh order can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that uh the process uh order can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that uh the process uh order can
+have a big effect because of things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big effect because of things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a big effect because of things like
+311's um and again this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311's um and again this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311's um and again this is just a
+reminder we already saw this several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder we already saw this several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder we already saw this several
+times on slide 22 of what the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times on slide 22 of what the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times on slide 22 of what the amount of
+time and what he did was this thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and what he did was this thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and what he did was this thousand
+degree 1 second in eal he popped it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 1 second in eal he popped it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree 1 second in eal he popped it up
+um and so he can get basically within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so he can get basically within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and so he can get basically within a
+second or so he can get rid of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or so he can get rid of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second or so he can get rid of all the
+311's uh the tow enhance is only a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311's uh the tow enhance is only a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311's uh the tow enhance is only a few
+seconds and then he could go on later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then he could go on later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds and then he could go on later
+and without any 31 ones around put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without any 31 ones around put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and without any 31 ones around put it in
+the furnace or with very few and and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace or with very few and and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the furnace or with very few and and go
+down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+800 so that was that was his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 so that was that was his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 so that was that was his
+proposal another thing that he showed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal another thing that he showed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal another thing that he showed in
+that paper this is from that same paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper this is from that same paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that paper this is from that same paper
+by Scott Crowder iedm of 1995 he did an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Scott Crowder iedm of 1995 he did an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Scott Crowder iedm of 1995 he did an
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+comparison he also compared devices made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison he also compared devices made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison he also compared devices made
+by very similar processes on bulk so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by very similar processes on bulk so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by very similar processes on bulk so on
+regular choski Wafers to the similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular choski Wafers to the similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular choski Wafers to the similar
+device made um on uh an SOI wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device made um on uh an SOI wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device made um on uh an SOI wafer
+remember we said there's this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said there's this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we said there's this technology
+called SOI where you can have um single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SOI where you can have um single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called SOI where you can have um single
+Crystal um silicon layer on insulator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal um silicon layer on insulator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal um silicon layer on insulator
+very high quality material um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality material um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high quality material um and you
+can make mosfets in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make mosfets in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make mosfets in that
+material uh and what he did was um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and what he did was um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material uh and what he did was um now
+he found when he did the source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found when he did the source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he found when he did the source and
+drain uh implants indeed you of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain uh implants indeed you of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain uh implants indeed you of course
+even in a silicon insulator you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a silicon insulator you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in a silicon insulator you do
+inject interstitials up here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject interstitials up here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject interstitials up here but
+interestingly remember um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly remember um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly remember um the
+interstitials tend to get injected both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials tend to get injected both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials tend to get injected both
+down and then they go up the ones that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then they go up the ones that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then they go up the ones that
+went down were going up here now against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down were going up here now against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went down were going up here now against
+an insul an interface between oxide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insul an interface between oxide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an insul an interface between oxide and
+silicon and it turns out that interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and it turns out that interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and it turns out that interface
+is a very good Sync It's a good Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good Sync It's a good Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good Sync It's a good Rec
+there's a lot of Rec combination that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Rec combination that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of Rec combination that
+can take place uh at uh at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take place uh at uh at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take place uh at uh at this
+interface Cas ofs is fairly large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface Cas ofs is fairly large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface Cas ofs is fairly large
+between oxide and single Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between oxide and single Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between oxide and single Crystal
+silicon um so a lot of interstitials can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um so a lot of interstitials can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon um so a lot of interstitials can
+be sunk or can be absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sunk or can be absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sunk or can be absorbed
+there and uh whereas the um in the bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and uh whereas the um in the bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and uh whereas the um in the bulk
+we get these interstitial fluxes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these interstitial fluxes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get these interstitial fluxes that
+come in and they don't get absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they don't get absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in and they don't get absorbed
+because there's no there's no oxide down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no there's no oxide down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's no there's no oxide down
+there they they can just you can end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they they can just you can end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there they they can just you can end up
+getting profiles that look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting profiles that look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting profiles that look like the
+fluxes that look like these arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes that look like these arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluxes that look like these arrows
+driving the Boron to the surface so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the Boron to the surface so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving the Boron to the surface so what
+he what he show was in fact on an S SOI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what he show was in fact on an S SOI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he what he show was in fact on an S SOI
+wafer you don't get much pile up as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you don't get much pile up as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer you don't get much pile up as much
+pile up of boron underneath the gate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile up of boron underneath the gate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pile up of boron underneath the gate and
+on thei wa for um this plot the y- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thei wa for um this plot the y- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on thei wa for um this plot the y- axis
+didn't get showed up here but the y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get showed up here but the y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get showed up here but the y-
+axis is the threshold voltage VT again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is the threshold voltage VT again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis is the threshold voltage VT again
+the roll up of the VT is a lot less on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roll up of the VT is a lot less on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roll up of the VT is a lot less on
+an SOI wafer subject to the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SOI wafer subject to the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an SOI wafer subject to the same kind of
+a kneeling compared to this uh bulk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kneeling compared to this uh bulk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kneeling compared to this uh bulk
+wafer shown by the solid line which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer shown by the solid line which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer shown by the solid line which had
+a lot more reverse short Channel effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more reverse short Channel effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more reverse short Channel effect
+interesting idea use S SOI use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea use S SOI use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea use S SOI use the
+property of the fact that there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the fact that there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the fact that there's a lot
+of uh there's a Sync here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh there's a Sync here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh there's a Sync here for
+interstitials to sync out a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials to sync out a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials to sync out a lot of the
+interstitials that you in implanted um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials that you in implanted um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials that you in implanted um
+and and get less uh motion of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get less uh motion of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and get less uh motion of the uh the
+channeled open so this tells us right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled open so this tells us right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeled open so this tells us right
+away though if we're doing a process in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away though if we're doing a process in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away though if we're doing a process in
+SOI um you know and we can do the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SOI um you know and we can do the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SOI um you know and we can do the exact
+same process we can get quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process we can get quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same process we can get quite a
+different result in insulator uh in SOI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different result in insulator uh in SOI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different result in insulator uh in SOI
+compared to bulk because the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to bulk because the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to bulk because the uh the
+channel doping profiles will not be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel doping profiles will not be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel doping profiles will not be the
+same uh and so the simulators need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh and so the simulators need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh and so the simulators need to be
+able to simulate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+effects um and another thing I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um and another thing I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects um and another thing I want to
+talk about is uh I just want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is uh I just want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is uh I just want to remind
+you what's the usual order in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the usual order in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what's the usual order in which we
+form the channel the gate and the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the channel the gate and the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form the channel the gate and the source
+drain uh in in a moset and and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain uh in in a moset and and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain uh in in a moset and and how
+people are we we are doing clever things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are we we are doing clever things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are we we are doing clever things
+with the order of things um this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the order of things um this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the order of things um this is what
+uh this is sort of a a cartoon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is sort of a a cartoon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is sort of a a cartoon in
+PowerPoint and uh so this is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint and uh so this is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint and uh so this is supposed to
+be my wafer um these green regions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my wafer um these green regions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be my wafer um these green regions here
+on the left and right are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and right are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left and right are going to
+represent the um the uh shallow trench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the um the uh shallow trench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the um the uh shallow trench
+isolation so green is my STI it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so green is my STI it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation so green is my STI it's just
+my isolation region and then typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my isolation region and then typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my isolation region and then typically
+after you do shallow trench you implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do shallow trench you implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you do shallow trench you implant
+what they call SSR super steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call SSR super steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they call SSR super steep
+retrograde it's just in implant regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde it's just in implant regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde it's just in implant regions
+if you're making an nmosfet you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making an nmosfet you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making an nmosfet you have
+usually a shallow implant up here uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a shallow implant up here uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a shallow implant up here uh or
+more lightly doping near the surface and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lightly doping near the surface and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more lightly doping near the surface and
+you have the peak of the implant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the peak of the implant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the peak of the implant a
+little bit deeper um so this could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deeper um so this could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deeper um so this could be a
+boron implant so that Boron implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron implant so that Boron implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boron implant so that Boron implant
+usually goes in pretty early in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually goes in pretty early in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually goes in pretty early in the
+process and it's that Boron implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it's that Boron implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it's that Boron implant
+that's going to determine your channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to determine your channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to determine your channel
+profile and therefore your VT and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and therefore your VT and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and therefore your VT and things
+like that so it really usually goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it really usually goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so it really usually goes in
+fairly early right about here after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly early right about here after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly early right about here after that
+it sees the thermal budget of the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees the thermal budget of the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sees the thermal budget of the gate
+oxide growth that could be typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide growth that could be typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide growth that could be typically
+800° so it's got to go through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° so it's got to go through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800° so it's got to go through that
+diffusion and then you make the gate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then you make the gate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and then you make the gate the
+gate is usually a very low temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate is usually a very low temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate is usually a very low temperature
+process and it's just ing so that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it's just ing so that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it's just ing so that's no
+no no motion of the Boron there then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no motion of the Boron there then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no motion of the Boron there then you
+implant the shallow Source strains and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant the shallow Source strains and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant the shallow Source strains and
+you use the gate as a mask so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the gate as a mask so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the gate as a mask so now I'm
+doing implants of Arsenic and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing implants of Arsenic and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing implants of Arsenic and you're
+introducing a little bit of um certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a little bit of um certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing a little bit of um certain
+number of Point defects here on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Point defects here on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Point defects here on the left
+and the right of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+channel now I put it in the furnace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel now I put it in the furnace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel now I put it in the furnace and
+I per spacers these green spacers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I per spacers these green spacers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I per spacers these green spacers if
+they're oxide I do it at a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're oxide I do it at a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're oxide I do it at a low
+temperature lto goes down at 400 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature lto goes down at 400 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature lto goes down at 400 it's
+not usually a problem if they're silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not usually a problem if they're silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not usually a problem if they're silicon
+nitride spacers typically nitri lpcvd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacers typically nitri lpcvd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacers typically nitri lpcvd
+goes down at 800 so I could get a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down at 800 so I could get a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down at 800 so I could get a fair
+amount of diffusion at 800 of teed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of diffusion at 800 of teed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of diffusion at 800 of teed
+especially because I have the implant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because I have the implant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially because I have the implant
+damage introduced from the shallow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage introduced from the shallow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage introduced from the shallow
+Source in Grain so watch out for nitride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source in Grain so watch out for nitride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source in Grain so watch out for nitride
+spacers 800 for an hour to make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers 800 for an hour to make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers 800 for an hour to make these
+spacers could really as we saw in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers could really as we saw in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacers could really as we saw in our
+example could really cause a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could really cause a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example could really cause a lot of
+motion at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion at that
+Boron then we do the Deep Source strains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron then we do the Deep Source strains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron then we do the Deep Source strains
+using the spacers as the mask now again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the spacers as the mask now again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the spacers as the mask now again
+Sant uh uh and then usually right after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sant uh uh and then usually right after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sant uh uh and then usually right after
+that there's a final thermal anal so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a final thermal anal so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a final thermal anal so one
+idea people have had is well don't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea people have had is well don't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea people have had is well don't put
+the ptype SSR implant in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ptype SSR implant in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ptype SSR implant in at the
+beginning why don't you put at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning why don't you put at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning why don't you put at the end
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+process and a very radical idea is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and a very radical idea is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and a very radical idea is to
+put it in even after the gate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in even after the gate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in even after the gate has
+already been formed U this is not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been formed U this is not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been formed U this is not being
+done in production but it was a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in production but it was a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in production but it was a neat
+idea that people had in research put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that people had in research put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that people had in research put
+okay you you have to deal with all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you you have to deal with all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you you have to deal with all these
+Point defects well don't put the Bor on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defects well don't put the Bor on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point defects well don't put the Bor on
+in until the until you've already KN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in until the until you've already KN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in until the until you've already KN
+knel out a lot of those point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knel out a lot of those point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knel out a lot of those point
+defs so here's an alternate process give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defs so here's an alternate process give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defs so here's an alternate process give
+you an idea how device Engineers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea how device Engineers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an idea how device Engineers were
+trying to to get around Ted to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to get around Ted to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to to get around Ted to a certain
+extent uh on slide 25 an alra process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent uh on slide 25 an alra process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent uh on slide 25 an alra process
+integration scheme for forming a mosfet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration scheme for forming a mosfet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration scheme for forming a mosfet
+and this was published back in 1998 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was published back in 1998 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was published back in 1998 by
+Phillips uh Corporation um called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips uh Corporation um called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phillips uh Corporation um called
+Channel profile engineering 0.1 Micron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel profile engineering 0.1 Micron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel profile engineering 0.1 Micron
+mosfets by doing through the gate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets by doing through the gate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets by doing through the gate on
+implantation so they were publishing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation so they were publishing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation so they were publishing uh
+U proposing a flow that goes like this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U proposing a flow that goes like this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U proposing a flow that goes like this a
+conventional flow looks is on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional flow looks is on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional flow looks is on the right
+conventional usual sequence to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional usual sequence to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional usual sequence to make a
+mosfit is you form the P well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfit is you form the P well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfit is you form the P well you
+implant the channel Bon I profile all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant the channel Bon I profile all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant the channel Bon I profile all
+the way up here then like we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here then like we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up here then like we just said
+we do gate oxs we form the gate uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do gate oxs we form the gate uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do gate oxs we form the gate uh we
+make spacers we form the sourc strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make spacers we form the sourc strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make spacers we form the sourc strain
+extensions um uh oh I'm sorry that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions um uh oh I'm sorry that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions um uh oh I'm sorry that's
+that's some oxide deposition here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some oxide deposition here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's some oxide deposition here's the
+sidewall spacer here's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall spacer here's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sidewall spacer here's one of the
+killers um the nitride dep at 800 a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killers um the nitride dep at 800 a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killers um the nitride dep at 800 a lot
+of teed can happen there then the Deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teed can happen there then the Deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teed can happen there then the Deep
+sour strains and then we do the RTA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour strains and then we do the RTA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sour strains and then we do the RTA so
+what they were saying is instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were saying is instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were saying is instead of
+putting the channel uh implants in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the channel uh implants in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting the channel uh implants in here
+where they can diffuse during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can diffuse during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they can diffuse during this
+nitride spacer step take the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacer step take the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitride spacer step take the channel
+implant and put it in at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and put it in at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant and put it in at the very
+towards the end after you already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end after you already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards the end after you already have
+the nitride spacers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitride spacers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nitride spacers
+in the thing that's weird about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing that's weird about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the thing that's weird about that
+though think about it now I'm I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though think about it now I'm I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though think about it now I'm I have a
+topography that looks like this now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography that looks like this now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography that looks like this now I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+implant the channel I have to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant the channel I have to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant the channel I have to make sure
+I give it enough energy to Boron so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it enough energy to Boron so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give it enough energy to Boron so it
+can get through the gate so you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get through the gate so you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get through the gate so you have to
+calculate that energy and in fact your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that energy and in fact your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that energy and in fact your
+Boron Pro profile now um is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron Pro profile now um is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron Pro profile now um is going to
+look sort of like this it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of like this it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look sort of like this it's going to
+have this shape to it it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this shape to it it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this shape to it it's going to be a
+little deeper here where the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper here where the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little deeper here where the gate
+doesn't exist in the source and drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist in the source and drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist in the source and drain
+and it'll be a little shallower here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be a little shallower here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be a little shallower here
+that might not that might be okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not that might be okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might not that might be okay from
+electrical point of view um but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical point of view um but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical point of view um but it is
+kind of strange but the advantage they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange but the advantage they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of strange but the advantage they
+have is that it doesn't go in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that it doesn't go in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is that it doesn't go in all the
+only thermal step it sees is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thermal step it sees is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thermal step it sees is the last
+high temperature step um it never sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature step um it never sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high temperature step um it never sees
+all the T that would happen during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the T that would happen during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the T that would happen during the
+the um sidewall spacer at 800 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um sidewall spacer at 800 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um sidewall spacer at 800 so that
+was an idea they had one thing you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an idea they had one thing you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an idea they had one thing you might
+think though what what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think though what what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think though what what do you think
+about if you're electrical engineer what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you're electrical engineer what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about if you're electrical engineer what
+do you think about Ina planting through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about Ina planting through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think about Ina planting through
+a gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gate
+oxide it's a little scary because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide it's a little scary because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide it's a little scary because that
+gate oxide could might only be 20 anrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide could might only be 20 anrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate oxide could might only be 20 anrs
+thick right either an implant a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick right either an implant a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick right either an implant a high
+energy ion through it's not clear what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ion through it's not clear what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy ion through it's not clear what
+damage takes place right at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage takes place right at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage takes place right at the
+interface between the oxide and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the oxide and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface between the oxide and the
+silicon and interface States and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and interface States and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and interface States and things
+so although this was a neat process I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although this was a neat process I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so although this was a neat process I
+don't think it was ever accepted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was ever accepted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it was ever accepted in
+production I'm not sure people thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production I'm not sure people thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production I'm not sure people thought
+it was reliable enough but they did show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was reliable enough but they did show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was reliable enough but they did show
+and on on the next page they did show um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on on the next page they did show um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on on the next page they did show um
+in their iedm article that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their iedm article that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their iedm article that they could
+achieve a dramatic improvement over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a dramatic improvement over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve a dramatic improvement over the
+Boron control this is dopent uh Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron control this is dopent uh Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron control this is dopent uh Boron
+concentration versus depth and um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus depth and um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration versus depth and um the
+black line is the reference device so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black line is the reference device so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black line is the reference device so
+that's the device that went through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the device that went through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the device that went through the
+ordinary flow where they put the boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary flow where they put the boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary flow where they put the boron
+in at the start of the of the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the start of the of the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in at the start of the of the process
+and it goes through everything it sees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes through everything it sees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it goes through everything it sees
+the sidewall spacer nitride depth all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sidewall spacer nitride depth all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sidewall spacer nitride depth all
+that 800 lots of Ted the Boron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 800 lots of Ted the Boron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 800 lots of Ted the Boron is
+essentially almost flat you don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially almost flat you don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially almost flat you don't even
+see the much of the implant the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the much of the implant the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the much of the implant the initial
+implant whereas when they did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant whereas when they did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant whereas when they did the
+through the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate
+as implanted and after processing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as implanted and after processing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as implanted and after processing so
+look at after processing here um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at after processing here um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at after processing here um you can
+see there wasn't that much diffusion at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there wasn't that much diffusion at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there wasn't that much diffusion at
+all so they were really able to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so they were really able to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so they were really able to control
+much better because it didn't see any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better because it didn't see any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better because it didn't see any of
+the teed from the nitride uh all it show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teed from the nitride uh all it show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teed from the nitride uh all it show
+saw was the last high temperature th000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was the last high temperature th000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was the last high temperature th000
+degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree
+step um but as I say for reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um but as I say for reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step um but as I say for reliability
+reasons I don't know if it was ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I don't know if it was ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons I don't know if it was ever
+really accepted they did show that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really accepted they did show that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really accepted they did show that they
+could reduce the reverse short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reduce the reverse short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reduce the reverse short Channel
+effect um this is now on on the slide 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um this is now on on the slide 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect um this is now on on the slide 27
+uh BT as a function of gate length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh BT as a function of gate length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh BT as a function of gate length and
+they have different um different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different um different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have different um different uh
+things here here's u a reference uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here here's u a reference uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here here's u a reference uh
+process the black that's when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the black that's when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process the black that's when you put
+the boron in at the very beginning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boron in at the very beginning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boron in at the very beginning the
+standard process flow you see the rollup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard process flow you see the rollup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard process flow you see the rollup
+the reverse short Channel effect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse short Channel effect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse short Channel effect and
+through the gate is TGI and they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate is TGI and they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the gate is TGI and they had
+several different doses TGI you see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different doses TGI you see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several different doses TGI you see you
+see no roll up in VT the VT is very flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no roll up in VT the VT is very flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see no roll up in VT the VT is very flat
+until it goes to the conventional short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it goes to the conventional short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it goes to the conventional short
+Channel effect sort of effects um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect sort of effects um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effect sort of effects um so
+they were able to eliminate the rollup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to eliminate the rollup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were able to eliminate the rollup
+uh because they had better control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they had better control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because they had better control over
+the of the profile they essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the profile they essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the profile they essentially
+eliminated a lot of the teed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated a lot of the teed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminated a lot of the teed in the
+Boron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron
+profile just want to mention uh before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile just want to mention uh before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile just want to mention uh before
+we finish um chapter8 some new diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finish um chapter8 some new diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we finish um chapter8 some new diffusion
+modeling issues that are in literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling issues that are in literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling issues that are in literature
+right now that are people working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that are people working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now that are people working on
+today um uh the conditions where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um uh the conditions where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um uh the conditions where we have
+a very high dose being implanted the 311
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high dose being implanted the 311
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high dose being implanted the 311
+model that we talked about um is not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we talked about um is not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we talked about um is not is
+is good in intermediate dose regime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good in intermediate dose regime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is good in intermediate dose regime but
+doesn't really work for very high dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really work for very high dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really work for very high dose
+doses so we need to model the the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses so we need to model the the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses so we need to model the the type
+of damage that takes place in very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of damage that takes place in very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of damage that takes place in very high
+doses is being investigated by people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses is being investigated by people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doses is being investigated by people
+today uh very wide energy range there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh very wide energy range there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh very wide energy range there
+are people doing implants less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people doing implants less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people doing implants less than a
+kilovolt today there are some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilovolt today there are some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilovolt today there are some really
+crazy people trying to do implants very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy people trying to do implants very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy people trying to do implants very
+shallow and some very uh deep ones even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow and some very uh deep ones even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow and some very uh deep ones even
+greater than a megga volt the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a megga volt the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than a megga volt the physics of
+stopping and the physics of how to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping and the physics of how to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopping and the physics of how to uh
+model those implants is not really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model those implants is not really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model those implants is not really all
+that well known in in this in these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well known in in this in these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well known in in this in these two
+ranges uh we talked about pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges uh we talked about pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges uh we talked about pre
+amorphizing the substrate prior to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphizing the substrate prior to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphizing the substrate prior to in
+producing Boron we said well hit it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Boron we said well hit it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Boron we said well hit it with
+silicon at a high enough dose that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon at a high enough dose that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon at a high enough dose that you
+can amorphize it and then you can avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can amorphize it and then you can avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can amorphize it and then you can avoid
+channeling um but what kind of damage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling um but what kind of damage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling um but what kind of damage is
+produced by a pre amorphization by uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by a pre amorphization by uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by a pre amorphization by uh an
+amorphizing implant uh and how what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphizing implant uh and how what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphizing implant uh and how what
+effect exactly it has is not all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect exactly it has is not all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect exactly it has is not all that
+well understood there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well understood there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well understood there's a whole bunch of
+new analing techniques that have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new analing techniques that have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new analing techniques that have come
+out something called a spike anal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something called a spike anal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out something called a spike anal where
+you take a RTA machine you zap up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a RTA machine you zap up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take a RTA machine you zap up the
+lamps really fast and you zap them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps really fast and you zap them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamps really fast and you zap them down
+immediately um and the wafer never even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately um and the wafer never even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately um and the wafer never even
+spends time at any one temperature it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends time at any one temperature it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spends time at any one temperature it
+just sort of goes up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of goes up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of goes up and down
+um you're accessing sub one second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're accessing sub one second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you're accessing sub one second time
+machine the KET exactly what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the KET exactly what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine the KET exactly what happens
+during those ramps is not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during those ramps is not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during those ramps is not completely
+understood in Spike analing laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood in Spike analing laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood in Spike analing laser
+analing where we take a laser and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analing where we take a laser and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analing where we take a laser and we
+scan it across and uh the we only heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it across and uh the we only heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan it across and uh the we only heat
+the area for a nanc again the kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area for a nanc again the kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area for a nanc again the kinetics
+of defect evolution in the nanc regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defect evolution in the nanc regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of defect evolution in the nanc regime
+has not really been very well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not really been very well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not really been very well understood
+so that's a very hot topic these days um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very hot topic these days um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a very hot topic these days um
+so that's process conditions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's process conditions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's process conditions are
+changing from what they used to be new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing from what they used to be new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing from what they used to be new
+mechanisms well people already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms well people already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanisms well people already know
+311's that's kind of been beaten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311's that's kind of been beaten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+311's that's kind of been beaten to
+death I would say at this point a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death I would say at this point a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death I would say at this point a lot of
+work has been done but end of range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has been done but end of range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work has been done but end of range
+dislocation Loops which we we never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation Loops which we we never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dislocation Loops which we we never
+completely get rid of and these are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely get rid of and these are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely get rid of and these are very
+important if you do an amorphizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you do an amorphizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important if you do an amorphizing
+implant you can't avoid them their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant you can't avoid them their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implant you can't avoid them their
+effect on defusion has never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on defusion has never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect on defusion has never been
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+understood uh the clustering of dopant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh the clustering of dopant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh the clustering of dopant
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+interstitials which may eStore a defect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials which may eStore a defect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interstitials which may eStore a defect
+uh and may affect the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and may affect the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and may affect the electrical
+solubility of the dopent how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of the dopent how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility of the dopent how many
+electron or holes you end up getting has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or holes you end up getting has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron or holes you end up getting has
+not really been understood so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really been understood so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really been understood so that's
+that's a new topic and um at interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new topic and um at interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new topic and um at interfaces
+how what the recombination rates are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what the recombination rates are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how what the recombination rates are in
+interfaces um as we put more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces um as we put more different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces um as we put more different
+materials we're putting High K into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we're putting High K into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials we're putting High K into the
+problem now what happens when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now what happens when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem now what happens when you have a
+high K interface um how do Point defects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high K interface um how do Point defects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high K interface um how do Point defects
+um Rec combine at at an interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Rec combine at at an interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Rec combine at at an interface
+between a high K and silicon as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a high K and silicon as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a high K and silicon as opposed
+to sio2 a lot of interesting um new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sio2 a lot of interesting um new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sio2 a lot of interesting um new
+research topics that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research topics that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research topics that they're not
+covered and I won't go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and I won't go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered and I won't go through the
+summary in any great detail I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary in any great detail I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary in any great detail I think
+we've have gone through all this um uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've have gone through all this um uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've have gone through all this um uh I
+encourage you to read through chapter 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to read through chapter 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to read through chapter 8
+carefully and I think we're at a stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and I think we're at a stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and I think we're at a stage
+now and next time I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and next time I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and next time I'm going to talk
+about Supreme 4 in detail where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Supreme 4 in detail where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Supreme 4 in detail where we have
+enough tools that we can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough tools that we can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough tools that we can really
+understand to a pretty reasonably high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to a pretty reasonably high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand to a pretty reasonably high
+level how people put processes together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level how people put processes together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level how people put processes together
+to make make devices and to minimize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make make devices and to minimize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make make devices and to minimize uh
+dope and diffusion okay that's it um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope and diffusion okay that's it um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dope and diffusion okay that's it um if
+you haven't signed up yet on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't signed up yet on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't signed up yet on the
+clipboard I've got it up front uh I'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipboard I've got it up front uh I'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clipboard I've got it up front uh I'd be
+happy for you to sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy for you to sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy for you to sign
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lPgglz6xeZU.txt b/lPgglz6xeZU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fc1739d5ecb7c6365d4ed91ffa1dc3ad74a334e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lPgglz6xeZU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1473 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right, I would
+like to then get back to a
+
+discussion of some of the basic
+relations that we have
+
+been discussing.
+
+We didn't get terribly far, but
+I'd like to start with the
+
+Cartesian coordinate system
+that we set up.
+
+Rather than using x, y, and
+z, I'm labeling the
+
+axes x1, x2, and x3.
+
+And we'll see that the
+subscripts play a very useful
+
+role in the formalism we're
+about to develop.
+
+Now, the first thing we might
+want to specify in this
+
+coordinate is the orientation
+of a vector and its
+
+components.
+
+So let's suppose that this is
+some vector P. And what I will
+
+do to define its orientation
+is to use the three angles
+
+that the vector makes, or the
+direction makes with respect
+
+to x1, x2, x3.
+
+And we could define these angles
+as theta1, that's the
+
+angle between the direction
+and x1, theta2, the angle
+
+between our direction or our
+vector and x2, and finally,
+
+not surprisingly, I'll
+call this one theta3.
+
+So the three components of the
+vector could be written as P1,
+
+the component along x1 is going
+to be the magnitude of P
+
+times the cosine of theta1.
+
+The x2 component of P would be
+the magnitude of P times the
+
+cosine of theta2.
+
+And P3, the third component,
+would be the magnitude of P
+
+times the cosine of theta3.
+
+Now, we will have so many
+relations that involve the
+
+cosine of the angle between
+a direction and one of our
+
+reference axes that it is
+convenient to define a special
+
+term for the cosines
+of these angles.
+
+So I'll define this as magnitude
+of P times the
+
+quantity l1, magnitude of P
+times l2, magnitude of P times
+
+l3, which is a lot
+easier to write.
+
+And we will define
+these things as
+
+the direction cosines.
+
+With these equations it's easy
+to attach some meaning to the
+
+direction cosines.
+
+Suppose we had a vector of
+magnitude 1, something that we
+
+will refer to as
+a unit vector.
+
+And if we put in magnitude of P
+equal to 1, it follows that
+
+l1m l2m l3 are simply the
+components of a unit vector in
+
+a particular direction along,
+obviously, x1, x2, and x3,
+
+respectively.
+
+Trivial piece of algebra, but
+it attaches a physical and
+
+geometric significance to
+the direction cosines.
+
+Now, the vector is something
+that could represent a
+
+physical quantity.
+
+In any case, it is something
+that is absolute.
+
+And it sits embedded
+majestically, relative to some
+
+absolute coordinate system.
+
+The magnitudes of the components
+P1, P2, and P3 will
+
+change their values if we would
+decide to change the
+
+coordinate system that we're
+using as our reference system.
+
+So the next question we might
+ask is, suppose we change the
+
+coordinate system to some new
+values, x1 prime, x2 prime,
+
+and x3 prime?
+
+And I'll illustrate my point
+with just a two dimensional
+
+analog of this.
+
+This is x1, and this is x2.
+
+And this is my vector P.
+
+And I change x1 to some new
+value, x1 prime, and change x2
+
+to some new orientation,
+x2 prime.
+
+Then clearly the component of
+P on x1 has changed its
+
+numerical value if I refer
+it to x1 prime instead.
+
+And similarly, this value would
+be the component P2.
+
+If I change the direction of x2
+and draw a perpendicular to
+
+x2, this would be P2 prime.
+
+So if I change coordinate system
+along the fashion I
+
+suggested, the three components
+of a vector, P1,
+
+P2, P3, are going to change to
+some new values, P1 prime, P2
+
+prime, P3 prime.
+
+OK.
+
+So the question I'd like to
+address next is given the
+
+change of coordinate system, and
+given the three components
+
+of P in the original coordinate
+system, how do I
+
+compute the values of the
+new components P1 prime,
+
+P2 prime, P3 prime?
+
+I'll say it in words, and then
+we'll define a mechanism for
+
+specifying the change in
+coordinate system.
+
+What I'll say is-- and this
+was apparent in the sketch
+
+that I just erased--
+
+the new component of the vector
+P1 prime is simply
+
+going to be the sum of the
+components of P1, P2, and P3
+
+along the new x prime
+direction.
+
+So I'm saying that this is going
+to be the sum of the
+
+component of P1 along x1 plus
+the component of P2 along x1
+
+prime and the component
+of P3 along x1 prime.
+
+So in short, I'm doing nothing
+more complicated than saying,
+
+I can get the values of the new
+components if I take the
+
+vector P, split it up into its
+three parts, and then find the
+
+component of each of these three
+parts along the x1 prime
+
+access, then do the same thing
+for the x2 prime axis, and
+
+then the same thing
+for x3 prime.
+
+So I'm going to need, now, a
+notation for a change in a
+
+three-dimensional Cartesian
+coordinate system.
+
+So here is x1, here is
+x2, and here is x3.
+
+And I will change them.
+
+And again, I'm always
+keeping the
+
+coordinate system Cartesian.
+
+So here's an x1 prime, here's an
+x2 prime, and then x3 prime
+
+will point out in some
+direction like this.
+
+I don't want a prime on that.
+
+So I'm going to say now that the
+component of P along the
+
+new x1 prime is going to be the
+magnitude of P1 times the
+
+cosine of the angle between x1
+and x1 prime, plus P2 times
+
+the cosine of the angle
+between x1 and--
+
+am I doing this right?
+
+P1 onto x1 prime.
+
+And I want P2 onto x1 prime.
+
+So this is going to be the angle
+between x2 and x1 prime
+
+plus P3 times the cosine
+of the angle
+
+between x3 and x1 prime.
+
+Well, we used C's or
+l earlier on to
+
+represent a direction cosine.
+
+Let me define Cij as the cosine
+of the angle between x1
+
+prime, xi prime, and x sub j.
+
+So that means I can write this
+expression here in this nice
+
+compact form.
+
+With our definition of direction
+cosines, I can say
+
+that P1 prime is going to be
+equal to C1 1 times P1 plus C1
+
+2 times P2 plus C1 3 times P3.
+
+Can write that P2 prime
+in the same way.
+
+It's going to be the cosine of
+the angle between P2 prime and
+
+P1 and x1, plus the cosine of
+the angle between x2 prime and
+
+x2 times P2 plus C2 3 which
+is the cosine of the angle
+
+between x2 prime and x3,
+times the component P3.
+
+And in a very similar fashion,
+P3 prime will be C3 1 P1 plus
+
+C3 2 times P2 plus
+C3 3 times P3.
+
+So here is the way a vector
+will transform.
+
+And we can write this compactly
+in matrix form.
+
+We can say that P sub i prime,
+where this is a column matrix,
+
+one by three, is going to be
+equal to Cij, a three by three
+
+matrix times the original
+components of the
+
+vector P sub j.
+
+And just to cement the notation
+that we're using, if
+
+I put my old axes up here, x1,
+x2, x3, and put the new axes,
+
+x1 prime, x2 prime, x3 prime,
+down this way, then the cosine
+
+of the angle between the
+quantities that are in this
+
+column and the quantities that
+are in this row would be C1 1,
+
+C1 2, C1 3, C2 1, C2 2, C2
+3, C3 1, C3 2, C3 3.
+
+Nothing fancy except
+the notation.
+
+It's the description of some
+very simple geometry.
+
+This array, Cij, is something
+that I will refer to as a
+
+direction cosine scheme.
+
+Let me pause here and see if
+that's all sunk in, whether
+
+you have any questions
+on this.
+
+One of the nasty properties of
+what we're going to be doing
+
+for the next month or so is that
+the notions are really
+
+very, very simple, but the
+notation is horribly
+
+cumbersome and complex.
+
+So it takes a bit of getting
+used to in application to
+
+actual real cases before you
+feel fully at home with it.
+
+OK.
+
+Just a matter of definition
+so far.
+
+Let me note that this direction
+cosine array is
+
+going to be useful for defining
+how a vector changes
+
+as we go from the original
+coordinate system to a new
+
+coordinate system.
+
+But this direction cosine array
+will also tell us how
+
+the axes in one coordinate
+system are related to the axes
+
+in the new coordinate system.
+
+It follows from the fact that
+the axes themselves can be
+
+regarded as unit vectors.
+
+And we said that the components
+of a unit vector
+
+are the direction cosines of
+that vector, relative to a
+
+coordinate system.
+
+So let's ask, what are the new
+components of x1 in terms of
+
+the original axes unprimed.
+
+Well, x1 prime is going to be
+the unit vector x1 times the
+
+cosine of the angle between x1
+and x1 prime, plus the unit
+
+vector along x2 prime times
+the cosine of the angle
+
+between x1 prime, and x2.
+
+And that's C1 2.
+
+Plus x3 regarded as a unit
+vector times the cosine of the
+
+angle between x1 prime and x3.
+
+So we can actually write an
+equation for unit vectors
+
+along each of our new axes.
+
+And they will go as C1 1 times
+x1, C1 2 times x2, C1 3 times
+
+x3, plus C2 2 times x2 plus C2
+3 times x3 times x3 prime.
+
+And x3 primal will be C3 1 x1
+plus C3 2 x2 plus C3 3 x3.
+
+So this, then, is an equation
+between the unit vectors along
+
+the three reference axes in
+the new coordinate system
+
+relative to those in the
+original coordinate system.
+
+And the direction cosine
+scheme does the job.
+
+OK.
+
+We could, using the same
+argument, give the array that
+
+specifies the reverse
+transformation.
+
+If we would change our mind, for
+example, and say we don't
+
+like what we've done, let's
+write the original coordinate
+
+system x1, x2, and x3 in terms
+of the unit vectors
+
+along the new axes.
+
+And we can use exactly
+the same array.
+
+We can say that the original x1,
+in terms of the three new
+
+axes, x1 prime, x2 prime, and x3
+prime, is going to involve
+
+the cosine of the angle between
+x1 prime and x1, and
+
+that is C1 1, plus the cosine of
+the angle between x2 prime
+
+and x1, and that's C2 1, plus
+the cosine of the angle
+
+between x3 prime and
+x1, and that C3 1.
+
+If we continue on this, if you
+have the idea, the angle x2 is
+
+going to be given in terms of
+x1 prime, x2 prime, and x3
+
+prime, as the cosine of the
+angle between x2 and x1 prime,
+
+and that is C1 2.
+
+Here we want the cosine of the
+angle between x2 and x2 prime,
+
+and here the cosine of the angle
+between x3 prime and x2.
+
+And you can see the way
+this is playing out.
+
+C1 3 times x1 plus C2
+3, x2 prime plus
+
+C3 3 times x3 prime.
+
+So there's the reverse
+transformation, using the same
+
+array of coefficients as
+we did the first time.
+
+So it turns out if we write this
+symbolically in a compact
+
+form, xi prime is given
+by Cijx sub j.
+
+And the reverse transformation
+using the same direction
+
+cosine says that xi is going to
+be Cji times x sub j prime.
+
+In other words, the reverse
+transformation, let's write it
+
+as Cij minus 1, the inverse
+transformation, turns out to
+
+be simply Cji.
+
+And that, in matrix algebra, is
+written as the transpose of
+
+the original array
+of coefficients.
+
+And transpose is either given by
+a squiggle, a tilde on top
+
+of the matrix.
+
+Some people like to use a
+superscript T. But we'll use
+
+this particular notation.
+
+But you can see either
+notation used to
+
+indicate the transpose.
+
+The array Cij, which has this
+property, and it also has
+
+another property which I won't
+bother to prove, but the
+
+determinant of Cij
+is equal to 1.
+
+And this is something called
+a unitary matrix.
+
+Unitary matrix has the property
+that the inverse
+
+matrix is the transpose.
+
+We will very, very shortly start
+writing down numbers for
+
+some specific transformations.
+
+And then I think that will give
+us a little facility in
+
+doing these manipulations.
+
+Comments or questions?
+
+Is this old stuff or old stuff
+for which the notation is
+
+still confusing?
+
+All right.
+
+Let me point out something
+that is
+
+perhaps apparent to you.
+
+And that is that not all nine
+of these numbers are
+
+independent.
+
+There are relations
+between them.
+
+And let's point out some
+of these relations.
+
+C1 1, C1 2, C1 2 represent the
+components of a unit vector
+
+along x1 prime, in the original
+coordinate system of
+
+the elements in any
+row is equal to 1.
+
+Because these are the components
+of a unit vector.
+
+And the magnitude of
+a unit vector is 1.
+
+In the same way, if we look at
+any column of terms in this
+
+matrix, for example, C1 1, C2 1,
+C3 1, these are terms that
+
+represent the cosine of angles
+between x1 in the original
+
+coordinate system and x1 prime,
+x2 prime, x3 prime, our
+
+new coordinate system.
+
+So this gives us the magnitude
+of x1, but
+
+x1 is a unit vector.
+
+So it follows that the sum of
+the column C1 1 squared plus
+
+C2 1 squared plus C3 1 squared
+also has to be unity, because
+
+that gives us the magnitude of a
+unit vector along x1, So the
+
+sum of the squares of elements
+in any column of the direction
+
+cosine is unity.
+
+These expressions are useful.
+
+But they have one ambiguity.
+
+That is the cosine of an angle
+can be either positive or
+
+negative, depending on whether
+the angle is less than 90
+
+degrees or greater
+than 90 degrees.
+
+These relations involve the
+squares of direction cosines,
+
+and therefore we can't tell
+whether the direction cosine
+
+itself is positive
+or negative.
+
+So let me put down a
+limitation here.
+
+And that is we cannot
+tell the sign.
+
+Every time I point this out
+to people I wince inside.
+
+Because I once spent two weeks
+trying to debug a computer
+
+program, and it wasn't
+working.
+
+And it turns out the reason it
+wasn't working properly was
+
+that I didn't realize that you
+cannot tell the sign when all
+
+you know is the squares of
+the direction cosines.
+
+So I remember this as a rather
+pointed observation.
+
+Happily, there are other
+relations among this array of
+
+coefficients.
+
+This row of terms represents the
+components of x1 prime in
+
+the original coordinate
+system x1, x2, x3.
+
+This row immediately below it
+represents the components of a
+
+unit vector x2 prime relative
+to the original coordinate
+
+system x1, x2, x3.
+
+Our coordinate systems
+are Cartesian.
+
+Therefore, this unit vector has
+to be perpendicular to the
+
+unit vector along x2 prime.
+
+And that means their dot
+product has to be 0.
+
+So let me indicate
+that this way.
+
+The unit vector along x1 prime
+dotted with the unit vector
+
+along x2 prime has to be 0.
+
+And that dot product is going to
+be C1 1 times C2 1, that's
+
+the product of these two terms,
+plus C1 2 times C2 2
+
+plus C1 3 times C2 3.
+
+And that has to be 0.
+
+And this involves only
+the first product of
+
+the direction cosine.
+
+So to make it come out 0 when
+we add up the magnitudes, we
+
+will get the sign of the
+direction cosine.
+
+So this is a much more
+powerful relation.
+
+And similarly, the product of
+the coefficients in the first
+
+and the third row have
+to add up to 0.
+
+And the second and third
+row have to be 0.
+
+So there are three different
+relations we can write between
+
+products of corresponding
+coefficients in the rows.
+
+So to sum up in words,
+the sum of the
+
+corresponding elements--
+
+of the product of--
+
+in any pair of rows
+of Cij must be 0.
+
+But we're not done yet.
+
+If we look at the columns in
+this array, this represents
+
+the components of x1 relative
+to x1 prime,
+
+x2 prime, x3 prime.
+
+And these terms here represent
+the components of x2 relative
+
+to x1 prime, x2 prime,
+and x3 prime.
+
+And for similar reasons, the
+dot product of those two
+
+vectors has to be 0.
+
+So we can say that in addition,
+the sum of any sum
+
+of pairs of corresponding
+coefficients in any pair of
+
+columns must be 0.
+
+So we're working here on the
+direct matrix of the
+
+transformation.
+
+We've seen that the reverse
+relation, the inverse matrix
+
+of Cij is Cij transpose.
+
+And therefore the inverse matrix
+has to have this same
+
+relationship that the products
+of terms and rows or columns,
+
+any pair of rows or columns
+has to be 0.
+
+Now, there's one other pair
+of relations among the
+
+coefficients, which
+is not quite so
+
+geometrically obvious.
+
+And I won't attempt
+to prove it.
+
+I'll just state it.
+
+I said a moment ago that these
+are unitary matrices.
+
+The determinant of the
+coefficient Cij
+
+then has to be unity.
+
+But interestingly, it will be
+plus 1 if one goes from a
+
+right-handed system to a
+right-handed system.
+
+That is to say the set of
+axes x1, x2, x3 might be
+
+right-handed.
+
+And if the new coordinate system
+x1 prime, x2 prime, x3
+
+prime is also right-handed,
+then the determinant of
+
+coefficients is plus 1.
+
+On the other hand, if one goes
+from a right-handed system to
+
+a left-handed reference system
+or from a left-handed one to a
+
+right-handed coefficient,
+then, interestingly the
+
+determinant of coefficients
+is minus 1.
+
+So the determinant of the matrix
+of the transformation
+
+is plus 1 if you go
+to coordinate
+
+system of the same chirality.
+
+It's equal to minus 1 if you go
+to a coordinate system of
+
+changed chirality.
+
+All right, so to repeat
+something I said at the outset
+
+but which you now probably truly
+believe, the elements in
+
+the direction cosine scheme
+that get you from one
+
+coordinate system to another
+have lots of inter-relations.
+
+And all of these coefficients
+are not independent.
+
+There are these relations
+that couple them.
+
+How are we doing on time?
+
+We mentioned last time that a
+large collection of physical
+
+properties of materials are
+properties that relate a pair
+
+of vectors.
+
+So let me, to make this
+specific, talk about a
+
+particular physical property,
+electrical conductivity.
+
+And electrical conductivity
+relates a current density
+
+vector, and that it charge per
+unit area per unit time to an
+
+applied vector, and
+that vector is the
+
+electric field vector.
+
+And the electric field has
+units of volts per unit
+
+length, so volts per
+meter in MKS.
+
+And provided the electric field
+that's supplied is not
+
+too strong, it turns out that
+every component of the current
+
+flow is given by a linear
+combination of every component
+
+of the applied electric field.
+
+So the flow of current along
+x1 will be given by a
+
+proportionality constant, an
+element sigma 1 1 times the x1
+
+component of the
+electric field.
+
+Let me write it out the first
+couple of times we do this.
+
+Sigma 1 1 times E1 plus sigma
+1 2 times E2 plus
+
+sigma 1 3 times E3.
+
+J2 will be sigma 2 1 times E1
+plus sigma 2 2 times E2 plus
+
+sigma 2 3 times E3.
+
+And J3 will be equal to sigma
+3 1 times E1 plus sigma 3 2
+
+times E2 plus sigma
+3 3 times E3.
+
+Looks formally like the relation
+between unit vectors
+
+that define a coordinate
+system.
+
+Number of subscripts is the
+same, but actually this is
+
+something that's completely
+different.
+
+It's dealing with vectors
+that have some physical
+
+significance.
+
+So in compact reduced subscript
+notation, this is
+
+the definition of electrical
+conductivity.
+
+This matrix that relates the
+electric field vector to the
+
+current density vector is
+said to be a tensor
+
+of the second rank.
+
+OK, tensor.
+
+First thing you might
+say, why do you call
+
+it a tensor, dummy?
+
+It's a matrix.
+
+It's a plain old matrix.
+
+There's a subtle but very
+important difference.
+
+A tensor is a matrix
+with an attitude.
+
+And I'll make the distinction
+clear a little bit later on.
+
+But there are tensors
+also of higher rank.
+
+These expressions where
+summation over repeated
+
+subscripts is implied can hide,
+as I indicated last
+
+time, some absolutely horrendous
+polynomials.
+
+But tensor at very least is a
+term that makes the faces of
+
+all who hear it pale, and makes
+the knees of even the
+
+very strong to weaken.
+
+And in case you don't believe
+that, I'll show you what I
+
+have to wear whenever I
+give these lectures.
+
+And consequently it's kind
+of scuzzy and worn out.
+
+But I have to put on
+these knee braces
+
+from wobbling braces.
+
+And you can see what
+it says on here.
+
+"Tensor." So that's a
+consequence of this
+
+frightening definition
+that we've just made.
+
+Let me next set the stage for
+what we ought to do next.
+
+E sub j represents the
+components of an electric
+
+field, x1, x2, x3, in a first
+coordinate system.
+
+ji represent the components
+of the current flow in a
+
+coordinate system, x1, x2, x3.
+
+If we were to change coordinate
+system for any
+
+reason, these three numbers
+would wink on and off.
+
+Some might go negative.
+
+The magnitudes would change.
+
+And as a result, the components
+of the current flow
+
+would have to do
+the same thing.
+
+Because the components of
+these vectors, without
+
+changing anything physically,
+have to change their numerical
+
+values if we refer them to a
+new set of reference axes.
+
+If we change coordinate system
+and these numbers change, and
+
+if we change coordinate system,
+these numbers change,
+
+we're still applying field
+in the same direction.
+
+The current still flows
+in the same direction.
+
+But the components
+we use to define
+
+these two vectors change.
+
+And it follows just
+algebraically, the elements of
+
+the tensor have to change and
+link into different values.
+
+It follows automatically.
+
+So a question, then, is that
+if we have a coordinate
+
+system, x1, x2, x3, and we
+change it into a new
+
+coordinate system, x1 prime, x2
+prime, x3 prime, then j sub
+
+i changes to some new values,
+j sub i prime.
+
+E sub j changes to some new
+values, E sub j prime.
+
+And therefore, of necessity,
+sigma i j, the conductivity
+
+tensor, has to change to new
+values sigma ij prime.
+
+So I'll let you rest up to
+brace yourself for this.
+
+The question is, how can we get
+sigma ij prime, the nine
+
+elements of the tensor in the
+new coordinate system, in
+
+terms of the direction cosine
+scheme that defines this
+
+transformation and in terms of
+the elements of the original
+
+conductivity tensor?
+
+And this, my friends, is what
+makes a tensor a tensor and
+
+not a matrix.
+
+I can write a matrix for you,
+a really lovely matrix.
+
+Let's put in some
+elements here.
+
+Let's put in 6.2, square root
+of minus 1e, and 23.
+
+And as other elements, I'll
+put in pi 23.4, 6, and 0.
+
+It's a perfectly good matrix.
+
+It's just an array of numbers,
+any numbers, real or
+
+imaginary, or whatever I like.
+
+So this is a matrix.
+
+What a tensor is, is a matrix
+for which a law of
+
+transformation is defined.
+
+And that's what makes
+a tensor a tensor.
+
+What does it mean to take this
+two-by-four matrix that I just
+
+wrote down?
+
+How do I transform that to a
+different coordinate system?
+
+It's meaningless, just
+an array of numbers.
+
+It's an array of numbers that
+has some useful properties,
+
+like matrix multiplication
+and the like.
+
+But to talk about transformation
+of this set of
+
+four ridiculous numbers to a
+new coordinate system is
+
+something that's absolutely
+meaningless.
+
+Not so for something like
+conductivity or the
+
+piezoelectric moduli or
+the elastic constants.
+
+These change their values.
+
+There's a law of transformation
+when we go from
+
+one Cartesian reference
+system to another.
+
+So what we will do when and if
+you return is to derive a law
+
+for transformation for
+second-rank tensors, and then,
+
+by implication, look at
+higher-rank tensors and decide
+
+how they would transform.
+
+But why would you
+want to do this?
+
+Why would you want to muck
+things up and have to worry
+
+about transforming
+these numbers?
+
+Well, let me give you just
+one simple example.
+
+Suppose we had conductivity
+of a plate, of a crystal.
+
+And what would you do?
+
+You'd measure it relative to a
+set of axes, which, if you
+
+have a little fragment
+of crystal, you have
+
+no reference system.
+
+So say that the axes x of i
+are taken relative to the
+
+lattice constants of the
+material, so relative to the
+
+edges of the unit
+cell, possibly.
+
+Then you decide that this
+material really has some
+
+useful properties, and you would
+like to cut a piece out
+
+of it so that you get a plate
+for which the maximum
+
+conductivity in that plate
+is in a direction
+
+normal to the plate.
+
+So you know just what sort of
+plate you want to cut out.
+
+You know what the direction
+cosines are.
+
+But once you've cut a plate from
+the crystal, the tensor
+
+relative to the old axes, x1,
+x2, x3, is not going to be
+
+terribly useful.
+
+You're going to want to find the
+tensor relative to this as
+
+one set of axes, and these
+perhaps as a new set of axes
+
+within the plane of the plate.
+
+So there's a good example.
+
+Cut a piece from a crystal and
+cut that piece so that the
+
+extreme values are along
+x, y, and z for the
+
+new coordinate system.
+
+Then you will be faced with the
+necessity of transforming
+
+the tensor from one coordinate
+system to another one.
+
+Or you might measure the thermal
+conductivity tensor.
+
+You might want to cut a rod out
+of the material so that
+
+the maximum conductivity
+or the minimum thermal
+
+conductivity is along the
+direction of the rod.
+
+You might want to use that as a
+push rod to hold a sample in
+
+position and not have it be
+a big heat sink for the
+
+temperature that's inside
+of your sample chamber.
+
+So I've hopefully convinced
+you that there are lots of
+
+cases where it would be
+necessary and convenient to
+
+transform the tensor that
+describes a property to a new
+
+coordinate system.
+
+All right, so let us
+take our break now.
+
+Some internal clock always tells
+me when it's five of the
+
+hour, unless I get really
+excited about something.
+
+And it is indeed
+that time now.
+
+So let's stop.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lWe1rYtlsJY.txt b/lWe1rYtlsJY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c2a5c7dfbf32d5ff4d58d6e942eb44cf7d7c2dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lWe1rYtlsJY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+My name is Dr. Kartikeya Tripathi.
+
+Dr. K. in short.
+
+I got my PhD in electrical engineering from
+
+the University of Florida in 2006.
+
+It had been a dream of mine to try go to MIT.
+
+That didn't happen, but then
+
+along came OpenCourseWare.
+
+And I thought I'd take a look at some of the
+
+courses that were available.
+
+And in particular, I wanted to learn a lot
+
+about linear algebra.
+
+And by a stroke of good luck,
+
+I was able to find Dr. Gilbert Strang's videos
+
+on linear algebra.
+
+I forced myself to take those classes
+
+as if I was a student in his class physically
+
+present there. I did all the homeworks.
+
+I did attended all the lectures.
+
+I took all the exams
+
+and I can easily say without hyperbole that
+
+it changed my life.
+
+I learned a tremendous amount of wonderful
+
+information from his extraordinary pedagogical style.
+
+And that has really paved the way for me
+
+to learn much more incredible and beautiful things
+
+in higher mathematics, and in probability
+
+and statistical theory.
+
+Professor Strang, if you ever get a chance
+
+to see this, sir, I will forever
+
+be indebted to you. You don't know how much
+
+you've changed the life of people
+
+that you will never probably get the chance to meet.
+
+So to Professor Strang, I'm grateful.
+
+To MIT, I am grateful.
+
+Thank you very much for the extraordinary
+
+work you do. Thank you very much.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lgq6S9ARuZI.txt b/lgq6S9ARuZI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c338f2761beab45f4919b6bee9246f66852e842c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lgq6S9ARuZI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7096 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as people are gathering uh you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as people are gathering uh you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as people are gathering uh you might
+begin to notice some common themes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to notice some common themes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to notice some common themes
+across different Industries uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different Industries uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across different Industries uh we have
+unique identifiers called uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifiers called uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifiers called uh what what
+did we call it in the aircraft industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we call it in the aircraft industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we call it in the aircraft industry
+you know but so it's not just RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but so it's not just RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but so it's not just RFID
+what smart labels right uh we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what smart labels right uh we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what smart labels right uh we we've
+heard how identification schemes are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard how identification schemes are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard how identification schemes are are
+are Incorporated in airplanes and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Incorporated in airplanes and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Incorporated in airplanes and now
+we're going to listen to uh uh our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to listen to uh uh our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to listen to uh uh our
+colleagues from the automotive industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues from the automotive industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues from the automotive industry
+and how RFID is enabling uh changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how RFID is enabling uh changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how RFID is enabling uh changes in
+in that industry and we're uh fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that industry and we're uh fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that industry and we're uh fortunate
+to have a member of the uh conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a member of the uh conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a member of the uh conference
+committee Demetrius crit kitzis who's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee Demetrius crit kitzis who's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee Demetrius crit kitzis who's a
+uh Prof associate director of the lab of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Prof associate director of the lab of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Prof associate director of the lab of
+informatics for design at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics for design at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics for design at uh the
+University of Swiss Federal Institute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Swiss Federal Institute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Swiss Federal Institute of
+Technology loan okay you didn't fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology loan okay you didn't fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology loan okay you didn't fit
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you thank you or you if you prefer it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you or you if you prefer it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you or you if you prefer it in
+French say call po technque Federal de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French say call po technque Federal de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French say call po technque Federal de
+loan good afternoon ladies and gentlemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan good afternoon ladies and gentlemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loan good afternoon ladies and gentlemen
+so um we'll continue in somehow same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we'll continue in somehow same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um we'll continue in somehow same
+concept um but in the automotive sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept um but in the automotive sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept um but in the automotive sector
+we will cover two things two aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will cover two things two aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will cover two things two aspects
+today so the product life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so the product life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so the product life cycle
+management and uh Logistics or external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and uh Logistics or external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and uh Logistics or external
+Logistics I hope you I suppose you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics I hope you I suppose you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics I hope you I suppose you know
+that there are other applications in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are other applications in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are other applications in
+automotive sector like the uh reusable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive sector like the uh reusable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive sector like the uh reusable
+um active tag in assembly lines or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um active tag in assembly lines or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um active tag in assembly lines or there
+are other initiatives in Wireless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other initiatives in Wireless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are other initiatives in Wireless
+manufacturing but we will not talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing but we will not talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing but we will not talk about
+that today um it's my great pleasure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today um it's my great pleasure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that today um it's my great pleasure to
+present you this project promise about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present you this project promise about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present you this project promise about
+PLM and Information Tracking using smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLM and Information Tracking using smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLM and Information Tracking using smart
+eded devices you don't see RFID in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eded devices you don't see RFID in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eded devices you don't see RFID in the
+title I will explain you why so my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title I will explain you why so my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title I will explain you why so my my
+colleague here from Center of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague here from Center of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague here from Center of research
+center Fiat Zulan mascolo will present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Fiat Zulan mascolo will present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Fiat Zulan mascolo will present
+you um a concept of a demonstrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um a concept of a demonstrator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um a concept of a demonstrator
+and Professor Schultz riter will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Professor Schultz riter will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Professor Schultz riter will give
+you um an overview of another project in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um an overview of another project in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um an overview of another project in
+in logistics so as you see here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in logistics so as you see here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in logistics so as you see here you see
+two logos in the back left it's the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two logos in the back left it's the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two logos in the back left it's the six
+framework program of European union and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework program of European union and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework program of European union and
+the IMs IMS is the um intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IMs IMS is the um intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the IMs IMS is the um intelligent
+manufacturing system program that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing system program that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturing system program that um
+promotes research in at International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes research in at International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes research in at International
+level um I will start with presenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um I will start with presenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level um I will start with presenting
+you a little briefly the partners so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little briefly the partners so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a little briefly the partners so in
+Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe
+in Europe together with Switzerland we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe together with Switzerland we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Europe together with Switzerland we
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+22 um including um head users you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 um including um head users you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 um including um head users you may
+recognize them Fiat caterpillar meron up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize them Fiat caterpillar meron up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize them Fiat caterpillar meron up
+are producers of white and brown Goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are producers of white and brown Goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are producers of white and brown Goods
+in Italy well welln fidia they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italy well welln fidia they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Italy well welln fidia they do
+Machine Tools in draum they do Telecom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine Tools in draum they do Telecom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machine Tools in draum they do Telecom
+equipment in Greece bardia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in Greece bardia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment in Greece bardia in
+Switzerland um they're well known for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland um they're well known for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Switzerland um they're well known for um
+not only four airplanes but raway U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only four airplanes but raway U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only four airplanes but raway U
+locomotives and this division is with us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotives and this division is with us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locomotives and this division is with us
+uh in solution providers we have sap uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in solution providers we have sap uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in solution providers we have sap uh
+world leader in U uh Erp Solutions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world leader in U uh Erp Solutions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world leader in U uh Erp Solutions in
+finon producing TXS and other Med
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finon producing TXS and other Med
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finon producing TXS and other Med
+devices and the others that you see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the others that you see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the others that you see here
+are small companies that uh they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small companies that uh they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small companies that uh they provide
+um uh services in this field and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh services in this field and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh services in this field and another
+of number of universities from um um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of universities from um um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of number of universities from um um
+Europe including Cambridge University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe including Cambridge University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe including Cambridge University
+who is also member of this community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is also member of this community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is also member of this community
+um I said this IM international program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said this IM international program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I said this IM international program
+so we have Partners in Japan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Partners in Japan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have Partners in Japan and
+Consortium which is led by Toyota Motors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium which is led by Toyota Motors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium which is led by Toyota Motors
+and includ the University of Tokyo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and includ the University of Tokyo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and includ the University of Tokyo
+wasenda University and Cho university in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasenda University and Cho university in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasenda University and Cho university in
+the United States we work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States we work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States we work with the
+intelligent maintenance system National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent maintenance system National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent maintenance system National
+Science found Foundation Center which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science found Foundation Center which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science found Foundation Center which um
+um runs University of Cincinnati now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um runs University of Cincinnati now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um runs University of Cincinnati now
+because Professor Jay moved to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Professor Jay moved to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Professor Jay moved to
+Cincinnati Stanford and University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cincinnati Stanford and University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cincinnati Stanford and University of
+Michigan and in Australia also there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan and in Australia also there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michigan and in Australia also there is
+a small Consortium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small Consortium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small Consortium
+with iris iris is a research institute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iris iris is a research institute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with iris iris is a research institute
+and in swinburn University and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in swinburn University and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in swinburn University and they do
+work in end of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in end of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in end of life
+management so um our ultimate goal is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so um our ultimate goal is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management so um our ultimate goal is to
+realize closed loop Elm for this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize closed loop Elm for this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize closed loop Elm for this kind of
+products what do we mean by that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products what do we mean by that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products what do we mean by that so if
+you take the um phases of a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the um phases of a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the um phases of a product
+system life cycle um let's take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system life cycle um let's take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system life cycle um let's take these
+four ones the two of them the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ones the two of them the first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ones the two of them the first two
+of them design and production are part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them design and production are part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them design and production are part
+of the beginning of Life of product the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beginning of Life of product the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the beginning of Life of product the
+use and service is the middle of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and service is the middle of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and service is the middle of life
+and the end of use or is the end of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end of use or is the end of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end of use or is the end of life
+and you see the activities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the activities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see the activities that are
+carried in a regular basis within them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried in a regular basis within them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carried in a regular basis within them
+and then if you take the flows the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you take the flows the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you take the flows the
+information flows you see that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows you see that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows you see that at the
+process level where designs design is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process level where designs design is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process level where designs design is
+concerned you have um now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned you have um now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned you have um now some
+concurrent activities or some feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrent activities or some feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concurrent activities or some feedback
+particular in design and production with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in design and production with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular in design and production with
+tools like concard engineering design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools like concard engineering design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools like concard engineering design
+for manufacturing and assembly Etc you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing and assembly Etc you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manufacturing and assembly Etc you
+have good tools there but if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good tools there but if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good tools there but if you go
+further to the life cycle there is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the life cycle there is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further to the life cycle there is not a
+lot of feedback of information at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of feedback of information at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of feedback of information at the
+product level you have the documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product level you have the documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product level you have the documentation
+you have designs documents user guides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have designs documents user guides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have designs documents user guides
+manuals Etc and if you take the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals Etc and if you take the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuals Etc and if you take the material
+Loop then after the end of use there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop then after the end of use there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop then after the end of use there is
+no track of information or in some in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no track of information or in some in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no track of information or in some in
+some sectors there is but usually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sectors there is but usually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sectors there is but usually in
+most of the products you don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the products you don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the products you don't have a
+lot of information coming back so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information coming back so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of information coming back so our
+goal is to provide the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to provide the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is to provide the system
+that allows closing the information Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows closing the information Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows closing the information Loop
+so field data experience gathered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so field data experience gathered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so field data experience gathered in the
+field from various actors involved goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field from various actors involved goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field from various actors involved goes
+back to design and helps improve um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to design and helps improve um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to design and helps improve um
+quality of products and new generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of products and new generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality of products and new generation
+of products so the concept is to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products so the concept is to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of products so the concept is to use
+some product embedded information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some product embedded information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some product embedded information
+devices as we call them including FID um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices as we call them including FID um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices as we call them including FID um
+we will see in another slide why why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see in another slide why why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see in another slide why why we
+use this system that will allow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this system that will allow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this system that will allow to
+realize scenarios like this one so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize scenarios like this one so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize scenarios like this one so when
+a product is delivered a locom motive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product is delivered a locom motive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product is delivered a locom motive
+for example there is some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there is some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example there is some initial
+information that is written in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is written in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that is written in this
+product let's say in in eded device then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product let's say in in eded device then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product let's say in in eded device then
+during the live you have various actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the live you have various actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the live you have various actors
+agents which are certified agents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents which are certified agents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents which are certified agents and
+they have the right to contact to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the right to contact to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the right to contact to
+communicate with the product and um talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the product and um talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with the product and um talk
+to it and retrieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and retrieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and retrieve
+information take decisions or be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information take decisions or be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information take decisions or be able to
+retrieve information specific to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve information specific to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrieve information specific to that
+product through the internet and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product through the internet and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product through the internet and take
+decisions and update information locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and update information locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and update information locally
+if it is necessary and also back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is necessary and also back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is necessary and also back to the
+um producers so we will are going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um producers so we will are going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um producers so we will are going to use
+various identification Technologies some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various identification Technologies some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various identification Technologies some
+of them are here and I present them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are here and I present them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are here and I present them here
+we have a ref ID with EPC Global that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a ref ID with EPC Global that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a ref ID with EPC Global that
+maters now but we have also other ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maters now but we have also other ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maters now but we have also other ID
+technologies that are referenced and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are referenced and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies that are referenced and you
+are aware of them the ID at URI which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of them the ID at URI which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of them the ID at URI which is
+something developed by hink University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something developed by hink University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something developed by hink University
+of Technology is also a partner in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology is also a partner in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Technology is also a partner in our
+project the WWI is also another protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the WWI is also another protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the WWI is also another protocol
+promoted by stock way a small company in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted by stock way a small company in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoted by stock way a small company in
+Finland Finland Again by chance maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finland Finland Again by chance maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finland Finland Again by chance maybe
+which is also partner in our product and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also partner in our product and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also partner in our product and
+then we have also some uh tools like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have also some uh tools like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have also some uh tools like the
+GPS or the gis for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS or the gis for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS or the gis for the
+localization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localization uh
+issues uh so our concept is as it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh so our concept is as it is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues uh so our concept is as it is um
+shown here so you have to exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here so you have to exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here so you have to exchange
+between various this elements the PLM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between various this elements the PLM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between various this elements the PLM
+system that is used to develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is used to develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that is used to develop the
+product product the product itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product product the product itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product product the product itself and
+the various Services uh that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various Services uh that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various Services uh that are
+executed by various agents doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed by various agents doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed by various agents doing the
+life of a product all this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of a product all this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life of a product all this data and
+information and knowledge is created how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and knowledge is created how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and knowledge is created how
+to manage all this stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage all this stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage all this stuff so
+um this is the what we call the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the what we call the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is the what we call the concept
+of closed loop uh PLM and in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of closed loop uh PLM and in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of closed loop uh PLM and in order to
+realize it we think that we need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it we think that we need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it we think that we need this
+product embedded information devices to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product embedded information devices to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product embedded information devices to
+capture information within the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture information within the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture information within the product
+and we think that it has to be closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think that it has to be closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we think that it has to be closed
+into two directions horizontally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two directions horizontally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two directions horizontally and
+vertically what I mean horizontally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically what I mean horizontally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically what I mean horizontally and
+vertically this is a very generic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically this is a very generic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertically this is a very generic model
+of a product so you have the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a product so you have the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a product so you have the product
+life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle
+phase here oops yes beginning of Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase here oops yes beginning of Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase here oops yes beginning of Life
+middle of life end of life and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of life end of life and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of life end of life and you have
+the application layers so the layer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application layers so the layer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application layers so the layer one
+for example are the RFID tax or other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example are the RFID tax or other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example are the RFID tax or other at
+the product level at the hardware level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product level at the hardware level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product level at the hardware level
+Layer Two For example may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Layer Two For example may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Layer Two For example may be the
+middleware I will there will be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware I will there will be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middleware I will there will be some
+more explanation after and we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explanation after and we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more explanation after and we want to
+close in vertical in the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in vertical in the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close in vertical in the vertical
+direction that that is that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that that is that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction that that is that information
+goes from the product to the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from the product to the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from the product to the decision
+support systems and back to the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support systems and back to the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support systems and back to the product
+if it is necessary and also along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is necessary and also along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it is necessary and also along the
+life cycles from beginning of Life to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycles from beginning of Life to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycles from beginning of Life to
+end of life and back to beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of life and back to beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of life and back to beginning of
+Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Life
+um so PLM modeling means for us that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so PLM modeling means for us that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so PLM modeling means for us that we
+have to manage the whole product lify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to manage the whole product lify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to manage the whole product lify
+activities and manage not only product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and manage not only product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities and manage not only product
+data but also Associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but also Associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but also Associated
+resources including people people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources including people people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources including people people and
+agents and machines Etc there is a need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and machines Etc there is a need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents and machines Etc there is a need
+to collaborate among various partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate among various partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collaborate among various partners
+and stakeholders and we need to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stakeholders and we need to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stakeholders and we need to have an
+Enterprise ability to to analyze um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise ability to to analyze um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprise ability to to analyze um
+related problems and take appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related problems and take appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related problems and take appropriate
+decisions so just to give you an I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so just to give you an I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so just to give you an I think
+of motiv of motivation if you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motiv of motivation if you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motiv of motivation if you see in
+this your uh right diagram the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this your uh right diagram the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this your uh right diagram the um
+information ass associated with products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ass associated with products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information ass associated with products
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+decreasing with the time and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing with the time and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing with the time and what we
+want to do with that is to inverse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with that is to inverse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with that is to inverse the
+situation and going let's say from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and going let's say from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and going let's say from one
+phase to the other augment this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to the other augment this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase to the other augment this
+information using uh available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information using uh available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information using uh available
+technology that will help to close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that will help to close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that will help to close the
+loops so what kind of data so I saw some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so what kind of data so I saw some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops so what kind of data so I saw some
+in some previous talk something similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some previous talk something similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some previous talk something similar
+they have the Contex that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the Contex that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the Contex that we want to
+measure for example example of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for example example of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure for example example of them and
+a kind of metadata for example questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of metadata for example questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of metadata for example questions
+that the product should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the product should be able to
+answer uh this is an overview of system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh this is an overview of system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer uh this is an overview of system
+architecture starting from the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture starting from the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture starting from the products
+where we have this product embedded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have this product embedded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we have this product embedded
+information devices in various forms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information devices in various forms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information devices in various forms and
+then middleware to communicate with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then middleware to communicate with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then middleware to communicate with that
+and uh develop applications for decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh develop applications for decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh develop applications for decision
+making for Knowledge Management and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for Knowledge Management and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making for Knowledge Management and then
+business uh processes application from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh processes application from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business uh processes application from
+design for to recycling to end of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for to recycling to end of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design for to recycling to end of life
+um this is um the architecture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is um the architecture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is um the architecture of the
+component that we have what we do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that we have what we do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component that we have what we do here
+as we don't use only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we don't use only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we don't use only
+RFID infinion is developing a technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID infinion is developing a technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID infinion is developing a technology
+named core pad access container that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named core pad access container that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named core pad access container that
+tries to homogenize information um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to homogenize information um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to homogenize information um let's
+say contained in various TXS embedded to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say contained in various TXS embedded to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say contained in various TXS embedded to
+the product and then allow the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and then allow the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and then allow the um
+transmission of this data and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of this data and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission of this data and good
+interface with um middleware and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with um middleware and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface with um middleware and to the
+bugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugged
+systems uh for example a possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh for example a possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems uh for example a possible
+scenario that we want to analyze with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that we want to analyze with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario that we want to analyze with
+all this promised PLM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this promised PLM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this promised PLM
+system is for example to with middleware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is for example to with middleware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is for example to with middleware
+to from P to provide data from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to from P to provide data from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to from P to provide data from this
+embedded devices to the middleware then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded devices to the middleware then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded devices to the middleware then
+this data will be transferred to um data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data will be transferred to um data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data will be transferred to um data
+analysis systems and decision support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis systems and decision support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis systems and decision support
+systems there is this analysis there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there is this analysis there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems there is this analysis there is
+some aggregation of data data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aggregation of data data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aggregation of data data
+synchronization was the term used before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization was the term used before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization was the term used before
+and this will help to generate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will help to generate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will help to generate some
+knowledge to be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge to be used
+for um various decision for for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um various decision for for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um various decision for for example
+there will be a request for an incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a request for an incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be a request for an incident
+happened sometime in the past or there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened sometime in the past or there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened sometime in the past or there
+will be some Anis of this data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some Anis of this data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be some Anis of this data and
+regeneration of reports and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration of reports and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regeneration of reports and this will be
+helped to bring back some information to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to bring back some information to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped to bring back some information to
+the product and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product and uh
+um and generate business processes so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and generate business processes so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and generate business processes so in
+promise we have various applications 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise we have various applications 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise we have various applications 11
+in the sectors represented by the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sectors represented by the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sectors represented by the part
+Partners from the automotive sector we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners from the automotive sector we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partners from the automotive sector we
+will see an example right after to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see an example right after to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see an example right after to the
+um refrigerators Machine Tools Etc um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um refrigerators Machine Tools Etc um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um refrigerators Machine Tools Etc um
+this is the list of the demonst ators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the list of the demonst ators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the list of the demonst ators
+that we are going to develop we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to develop we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we are going to develop we are
+developing right now we're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing right now we're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing right now we're at the
+beginning but they are in process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but they are in process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning but they are in process and
+the um phase of life cycle covered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um phase of life cycle covered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um phase of life cycle covered and
+the representative partners and not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representative partners and not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the representative partners and not all
+of them will demonstrate everything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will demonstrate everything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them will demonstrate everything but
+in this small chart you have which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this small chart you have which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this small chart you have which
+demonstrator contributes to what part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrator contributes to what part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrator contributes to what part of
+the whole demo so um if you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole demo so um if you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole demo so um if you want to know
+more please visit us in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more please visit us in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more please visit us in this
+website now you see it is w we promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website now you see it is w we promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website now you see it is w we promise
+no no is from Norway but then it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no is from Norway but then it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no is from Norway but then it will be
+replaced but we promise you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced but we promise you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced but we promise you from
+United thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United thank you very
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+much thank you and now we have Julian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thank you and now we have Julian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thank you and now we have Julian
+mascolo who's the international liazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascolo who's the international liazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mascolo who's the international liazon
+and project coordinator uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and project coordinator uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and project coordinator uh for the
+Technologies division of central reer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies division of central reer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies division of central reer
+fat which I assume means the research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat which I assume means the research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fat which I assume means the research
+center for Fiat in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center for Fiat in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center for Fiat in uh in
+Milano uh well actually it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano uh well actually it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano uh well actually it's not really
+Milano but uh that's okay is that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano but uh that's okay is that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milano but uh that's okay is that just
+as as you say Boston and Cambridge it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you say Boston and Cambridge it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as you say Boston and Cambridge it's
+nearly the same thing isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the same thing isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly the same thing isn't it
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's try to find my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+presentation so uh my my my duty now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so uh my my my duty now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation so uh my my my duty now is
+to make a short rview of uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a short rview of uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a short rview of uh of the
+concepts that we are developing in uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we are developing in uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts that we are developing in uh in
+promise in 10 minutes so I think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise in 10 minutes so I think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise in 10 minutes so I think there
+are a lot of uh technical uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of uh technical uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of uh technical uh and
+business issues uh there that I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business issues uh there that I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business issues uh there that I will not
+have time in 10 minutes to address so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time in 10 minutes to address so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time in 10 minutes to address so if
+you have some questions uh you can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some questions uh you can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some questions uh you can ask
+me afterwards okay this is uh an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me afterwards okay this is uh an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me afterwards okay this is uh an example
+of what what we are doing in in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what we are doing in in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what what we are doing in in in
+promise and how we use the data that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise and how we use the data that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise and how we use the data that we
+uh collect during the the life cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collect during the the life cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh collect during the the life cycle of
+the product to support the dismantling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product to support the dismantling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product to support the dismantling
+process and the ReUse of components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the ReUse of components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the ReUse of components
+knowing how the vehicle and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how the vehicle and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing how the vehicle and the
+components have been used during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have been used during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have been used during the
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+cycle so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle so uh
+just 10c advertising on of who we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 10c advertising on of who we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just 10c advertising on of who we are we
+are the Fiat Research Center we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Fiat Research Center we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the Fiat Research Center we are
+working for uh the different companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for uh the different companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for uh the different companies
+in the fat Group which are doing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fat Group which are doing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the fat Group which are doing a lot
+lot of things you have companies which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things you have companies which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things you have companies which
+are more well known on this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more well known on this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more well known on this side of the
+Atlantic for example uh K New Holland is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic for example uh K New Holland is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic for example uh K New Holland is
+part the the the Fiat group and Ferrari
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the the the Fiat group and Ferrari
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part the the the Fiat group and Ferrari
+but uh actually the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh actually the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh actually the the uh
+the the okay uh what we are applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the okay uh what we are applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the okay uh what we are applying
+RFID for in actually is in production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID for in actually is in production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID for in actually is in production
+systems and how to increase uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and how to increase uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and how to increase uh uh to
+optimize the maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the maintenance
+process uh for products tracks how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh for products tracks how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process uh for products tracks how to
+use fids to optimize the uh maintenance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fids to optimize the uh maintenance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use fids to optimize the uh maintenance
+coupons and this uh application that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and this uh application that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupons and this uh application that I
+will present is on how um RFID tags can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will present is on how um RFID tags can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will present is on how um RFID tags can
+be used to optimize the ReUse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to optimize the ReUse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used to optimize the ReUse of
+components at the end of uh life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at the end of uh life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components at the end of uh life of the
+vehicle well what is the context on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle well what is the context on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle well what is the context on one
+side we have a lot of legislative um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have a lot of legislative um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we have a lot of legislative um
+legislative pressure coming from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative pressure coming from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative pressure coming from from
+the EU on reusing components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EU on reusing components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EU on reusing components
+and and re reusing in weight and volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and re reusing in weight and volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and re reusing in weight and volume
+uh components of our cars then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh components of our cars then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh components of our cars then we have
+also pressure on the fact that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pressure on the fact that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also pressure on the fact that now
+anybody roughly can make spare parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody roughly can make spare parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody roughly can make spare parts and
+send them this is not uh now it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them this is not uh now it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them this is not uh now it's it's
+it's a thing that can be done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that can be done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thing that can be done by
+everybody not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody not only the
+oems and then the spare part business is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oems and then the spare part business is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oems and then the spare part business is
+one of the most profitable parts so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most profitable parts so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most profitable parts so we
+do not want to lose this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to lose this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not want to lose this uh this
+business so roughly this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so roughly this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so roughly this um
+demonstration is how to transform a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is how to transform a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration is how to transform a
+business a legislative pressure into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business a legislative pressure into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business a legislative pressure into a
+business how will we achieve this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business how will we achieve this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business how will we achieve this by
+developing what we call an onboard diary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing what we call an onboard diary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing what we call an onboard diary
+which collects the information during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which collects the information during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which collects the information during
+the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life
+cycle in some way Aggregates it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in some way Aggregates it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in some way Aggregates it and then
+at the end gives gives the dismantler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end gives gives the dismantler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end gives gives the dismantler
+some uh hints on which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh hints on which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some uh hints on which are the
+components that should be uh dismantled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that should be uh dismantled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that should be uh dismantled
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+reused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reused
+well roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well roughly
+it's the current situation is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the current situation is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the current situation is that the
+history of the components and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the components and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the components and the
+vehicle is very very roughly known we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is very very roughly known we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle is very very roughly known we do
+not know except when the the car comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know except when the the car comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know except when the the car comes
+back to the garage we do not know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the garage we do not know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the garage we do not know how
+the the the components are and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the components are and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the components are and how they
+have been used well we want to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used well we want to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used well we want to go from
+that this Asis situation in a 2B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Asis situation in a 2B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this Asis situation in a 2B
+situation where we exactly know how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we exactly know how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where we exactly know how the
+components have been used during the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have been used during the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components have been used during the uh
+the what we call the midle of Life the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call the midle of Life the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we call the midle of Life the
+the life cycle of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life cycle of the of the
+car and analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car and analyze this
+information give it to the recycler so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information give it to the recycler so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information give it to the recycler so
+that he is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he is able
+to Dismount the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dismount the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Dismount the components
+well the context the cont the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the context the cont the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the context the cont the context
+for using these smart labels is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using these smart labels is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for using these smart labels is quite
+harsh we have typically a life cycle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh we have typically a life cycle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harsh we have typically a life cycle of
+a car which is more than 20 years maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car which is more than 20 years maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a car which is more than 20 years maybe
+30 years maybe 40 years so do are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years maybe 40 years so do are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years maybe 40 years so do are we
+planning to use this the same RFID tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to use this the same RFID tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to use this the same RFID tax
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this
+period then the second pressure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period then the second pressure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period then the second pressure the
+second constraint is well our cars go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second constraint is well our cars go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second constraint is well our cars go
+everywhere in the world we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the world we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere in the world we are not
+always connected to them so how do we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always connected to them so how do we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always connected to them so how do we uh
+how can we be sure that the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we be sure that the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we be sure that the information
+we need is still collected while the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need is still collected while the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need is still collected while the car
+is anywhere in the world and collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anywhere in the world and collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anywhere in the world and collected
+stored into their vehicle and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored into their vehicle and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored into their vehicle and then
+passed to the uh to the dismantler at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed to the uh to the dismantler at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed to the uh to the dismantler at
+the at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the end of
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+well the cost has to be limited we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the cost has to be limited we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the cost has to be limited we are
+talking about components we are which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about components we are which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about components we are which
+are the most expensive components in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most expensive components in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most expensive components in the
+car for example a clutch a motor an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car for example a clutch a motor an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car for example a clutch a motor an
+engine um a sarting engine etc etc these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine um a sarting engine etc etc these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine um a sarting engine etc etc these
+are components which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are components which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are components which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 up okay but we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 up okay but we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1,000 up okay but we have a lot of
+these components on board on the vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components on board on the vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these components on board on the vehicle
+and we have a lots of vehicles going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a lots of vehicles going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a lots of vehicles going
+around in the world more than two or 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the world more than two or 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in the world more than two or 3
+million and maybe five to six components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and maybe five to six components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million and maybe five to six components
+per car so that makes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per car so that makes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per car so that makes a lot of
+tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax
+then the memory is limited on this taxs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the memory is limited on this taxs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the memory is limited on this taxs
+but the information that is uh that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the information that is uh that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the information that is uh that is
+registered by the ECU by the uh central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered by the ECU by the uh central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered by the ECU by the uh central
+unit of the car is huge there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of the car is huge there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of the car is huge there is a lot
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+information which is which circulates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is which circulates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is which circulates in
+the in the car and we want to store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the car and we want to store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the car and we want to store this
+to aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to aggregate
+this to store it and to pass it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to store it and to pass it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to store it and to pass it to the
+to the dismantler then we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dismantler then we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the dismantler then we have a lot of
+other issues for example uh this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues for example uh this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other issues for example uh this data
+that we register that we store is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we register that we store is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we register that we store is about
+how the uh how the user is being using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the uh how the user is being using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the uh how the user is being using
+the product so this is there is here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product so this is there is here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product so this is there is here a
+very sens sensitive uh issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sens sensitive uh issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sens sensitive uh issue of
+registering how our clients are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering how our clients are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registering how our clients are using
+their um their cars and then there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um their cars and then there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um their cars and then there are a
+lot of physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of physical
+constraints we are talking about uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we are talking about uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints we are talking about uh what
+is going going going on under the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going going going on under the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going going going on under the the
+hood of the vehicle where we have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood of the vehicle where we have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hood of the vehicle where we have a lot
+of rotating uh rotating parts we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotating uh rotating parts we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rotating uh rotating parts we have
+liquids we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquids we have
+Metals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals so
+transmitting transmitting something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting transmitting something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting transmitting something in
+these conditions and for the this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions and for the this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these conditions and for the this long
+period of time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time is
+quite quite a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite quite a huge
+task well we are talking about product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task well we are talking about product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task well we are talking about product
+life cycle management we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle management we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life cycle management we are talking
+about uh components and vehicles let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh components and vehicles let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh components and vehicles let's
+make an example we are here we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an example we are here we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an example we are here we have here
+all the life cycle of the car we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the life cycle of the car we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the life cycle of the car we have
+some information some events and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information some events and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some information some events and some
+information which is stored during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is stored during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information which is stored during this
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+cycle information related to the design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle information related to the design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle information related to the design
+and production for example which are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production for example which are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and production for example which are the
+conditions uh in which it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh in which it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions uh in which it has been
+produced which are the recycling um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced which are the recycling um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced which are the recycling um
+recycling strategy that should be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling strategy that should be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recycling strategy that should be used
+at the end of of the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of of the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of of the life
+cycle and during the operation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and during the operation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and during the operation of the
+car we have a lot a lot of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car we have a lot a lot of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car we have a lot a lot of information
+that is coming uh through the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming uh through the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is coming uh through the the
+different sensors that are already on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensors that are already on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensors that are already on
+board of the vehicle a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of the vehicle a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board of the vehicle a lot of
+information that should be aggregated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that should be aggregated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that should be aggregated
+this is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we call
+Computing these summary statistics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing these summary statistics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing these summary statistics we
+cannot store all this information we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot store all this information we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot store all this information we
+have to use our um let's say knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use our um let's say knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to use our um let's say knowledge
+of what is the data which is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the data which is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the data which is important
+for assessing the final uh residual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assessing the final uh residual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for assessing the final uh residual
+value of the uh of the car okay I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the uh of the car okay I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the uh of the car okay I have
+to speed up okay um so we have to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed up okay um so we have to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speed up okay um so we have to to
+aggregate in some way this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate in some way this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate in some way this information
+into what uh what is really useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what uh what is really useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into what uh what is really useful for
+the uh for the end of the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for the end of the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for the end of the um
+uh of the life okay this is this online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the life okay this is this online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the life okay this is this online
+data registered during the life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data registered during the life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data registered during the life cycle
+and then offline we have to know really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then offline we have to know really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then offline we have to know really
+what is what's What's um what's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what's What's um what's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what's What's um what's worth
+what's the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the business
+alphabet how and how much um could I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet how and how much um could I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphabet how and how much um could I uh
+sell these spare parts which have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell these spare parts which have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell these spare parts which have a
+residual life how can I how much can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual life how can I how much can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual life how can I how much can I
+sell these to uh my customers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell these to uh my customers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell these to uh my customers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then give this online data and offline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give this online data and offline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then give this online data and offline
+data to the uh to the DSs so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to the uh to the DSs so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to the uh to the DSs so that we
+come we we know what to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come we we know what to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come we we know what to do with the
+components okay let's make two simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay let's make two simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components okay let's make two simple
+examples of what is um happening during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of what is um happening during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of what is um happening during
+the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the life
+cycle one of the component the clutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle one of the component the clutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle one of the component the clutch
+for example is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example is being
+substituted the RFID which is on board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted the RFID which is on board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted the RFID which is on board
+uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the
+component was uh spotted by the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component was uh spotted by the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component was uh spotted by the uh
+by the antenna the reader which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the antenna the reader which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the antenna the reader which is uh
+connected to the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the central
+ECU the ECU recognized that this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECU the ECU recognized that this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ECU the ECU recognized that this uh
+clutch has been substituted and stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutch has been substituted and stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clutch has been substituted and stored
+this data in the onboard diary at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data in the onboard diary at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data in the onboard diary at the
+end of life of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of life of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of life of the
+vehicle this information is passed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle this information is passed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vehicle this information is passed to
+the uh to the dismantler so I recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the dismantler so I recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh to the dismantler so I recall
+that is it's Dynamic and static data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's Dynamic and static data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is it's Dynamic and static data
+static data is the data which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data is the data which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static data is the data which is which
+doesn't change along the life cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change along the life cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change along the life cycle
+dynamic data is what we call summary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic data is what we call summary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic data is what we call summary
+statistics so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so these are
+updated updated data for example in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated updated data for example in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated updated data for example in this
+case uh the number of engine stups uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh the number of engine stups uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh the number of engine stups uh
+versus the outside temperature so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the outside temperature so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the outside temperature so this
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+is given to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given to the
+dismantler Plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantler Plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantler Plus
+the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost
+models in the sense that we have to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in the sense that we have to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in the sense that we have to know
+if there is a business behind um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a business behind um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a business behind um
+dismantling these um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantling these um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dismantling these um
+components and the final result should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the final result should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and the final result should
+be a list of the components inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a list of the components inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a list of the components inside the
+car from the component which is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car from the component which is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car from the component which is most
+interesting to be dismantle to uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to be dismantle to uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to be dismantle to uh the
+less uh interesting one this information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh interesting one this information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less uh interesting one this information
+is passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is passed
+back to the list to the database of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the list to the database of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the list to the database of
+spare parts and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare parts and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare parts and to the
+component where it is printed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component where it is printed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component where it is printed on the
+RFID so in some way the RFID is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID so in some way the RFID is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID so in some way the RFID is
+certified we say that the component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified we say that the component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certified we say that the component is
+50% good so it it has a residual life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% good so it it has a residual life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50% good so it it has a residual life of
+50%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50%
+this leaves to the component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Detachment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detachment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detachment
+and what we what are we doing in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we what are we doing in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we what are we doing in this uh
+in this um period we are testing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um period we are testing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this um period we are testing this
+approach as I said before there is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as I said before there is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach as I said before there is a lot
+of technical constraints behind this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical constraints behind this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical constraints behind this one
+minute there are a lot of technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there are a lot of technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute there are a lot of technical
+constraints behind this uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints behind this uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints behind this uh this this
+concept so we are currently doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so we are currently doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept so we are currently doing some
+tests on static vehicle for the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests on static vehicle for the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests on static vehicle for the time
+being and then uh on on on working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and then uh on on on working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being and then uh on on on working
+Vehicles we have developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles we have developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vehicles we have developed
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um prototype of the DSs which is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prototype of the DSs which is a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um prototype of the DSs which is a kind
+of proof of concept unfortunately I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof of concept unfortunately I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proof of concept unfortunately I
+wanted to to come with this uh with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to come with this uh with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to to come with this uh with this
+uh demonstrator right now but I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demonstrator right now but I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh demonstrator right now but I think it
+passing the customs with his um with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the customs with his um with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passing the customs with his um with his
+strange components would have been U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange components would have been U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange components would have been U
+quite difficult so that would be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult so that would be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite difficult so that would be for
+another time and so we have uh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time and so we have uh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another time and so we have uh we have a
+lot of uh of consistency uh issues to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh of consistency uh issues to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uh of consistency uh issues to uh
+to uh to to to test with this uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to to test with this uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to to to test with this uh with
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's
+roughly an overview of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly an overview of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly an overview of this uh
+demonstrator that we have that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrator that we have that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrator that we have that we are
+doing in in this in this period And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in in this in this period And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in in this in this period And in
+the framework of the European
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework of the European
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the framework of the European
+projects I think we have um one some for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects I think we have um one some for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects I think we have um one some for
+questions we'll have the questions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we'll have the questions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we'll have the questions at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+end that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end that's
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+fine and so our next speaker is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and so our next speaker is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and so our next speaker is
+Professor bar Schulz Ryder who is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor bar Schulz Ryder who is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor bar Schulz Ryder who is the
+professor and director of planning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and director of planning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor and director of planning and
+control production systems at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control production systems at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control production systems at the
+University of Breman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually while while you're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually while while you're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually while while you're bringing
+that up I should say that you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up I should say that you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that up I should say that you had
+arranged to have uh the director of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to have uh the director of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged to have uh the director of the
+uh diimler Chrysler uh RFID effort here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diimler Chrysler uh RFID effort here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh diimler Chrysler uh RFID effort here
+or that was right and and then at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that was right and and then at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that was right and and then at the
+last minute there was a scheduling issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute there was a scheduling issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last minute there was a scheduling issue
+but uh I assume you'll be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I assume you'll be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh I assume you'll be talking about
+that little bit about that project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little bit about that project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little bit about that project
+yes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ah
+here good afternoon ladies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good afternoon ladies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here good afternoon ladies and
+gentlemen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentlemen
+uh at the University of Breman we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the University of Breman we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at the University of Breman we have a
+so-called CRC a collaborative research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called CRC a collaborative research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called CRC a collaborative research
+Center which is funded by the German
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center which is funded by the German
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center which is funded by the German
+Science Foundation and is the long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Foundation and is the long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Foundation and is the long-term
+research of about nearly 12 years uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of about nearly 12 years uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research of about nearly 12 years uh and
+in this uh collaborative Research Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh collaborative Research Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh collaborative Research Center
+are now working uh about 80 researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now working uh about 80 researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now working uh about 80 researchers
+of four faculties so in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four faculties so in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four faculties so in different
+disciplines and they Tred to investigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and they Tred to investigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines and they Tred to investigate
+how conventional control which usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how conventional control which usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how conventional control which usually
+is applied now in our industry nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied now in our industry nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is applied now in our industry nowadays
+uh could be transferred to autonomous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be transferred to autonomous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh could be transferred to autonomous
+control which will be able in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control which will be able in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control which will be able in our
+opinion uh to be applied in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion uh to be applied in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion uh to be applied in a couple of
+years when we have the rfids of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when we have the rfids of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years when we have the rfids of the
+future which means rfids which cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future which means rfids which cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future which means rfids which cannot
+only store data but also are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only store data but also are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only store data but also are able to
+calculate information and uh make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate information and uh make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate information and uh make their
+own decisions and gather data from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own decisions and gather data from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own decisions and gather data from their
+environment and exchange this data with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and exchange this data with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment and exchange this data with
+other intelligent objects which are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other intelligent objects which are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other intelligent objects which are also
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+uh which also have these uh RFID chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which also have these uh RFID chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which also have these uh RFID chips
+of the future on board so our idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future on board so our idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the future on board so our idea is
+that we can work on autonomous control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can work on autonomous control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can work on autonomous control
+in logistic processes and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in logistic processes and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in logistic processes and figure out
+where the limitations are in our days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the limitations are in our days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the limitations are in our days
+where the limitations are in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the limitations are in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the limitations are in different
+business cases and where the limitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cases and where the limitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business cases and where the limitations
+are in different situations in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in different situations in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in different situations in this
+specific uh business cases so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh business cases so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific uh business cases so the main
+idea is every logistic item will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is every logistic item will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is every logistic item will be
+intelligent in the future and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent in the future and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent in the future and based on
+this basic research we also are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic research we also are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basic research we also are on
+the uh work on the on the on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh work on the on the on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh work on the on the on the floor
+uh of of research and work together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of research and work together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of of research and work together with
+industry in RFID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in RFID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry in RFID
+implementation projects and two of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation projects and two of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation projects and two of these
+RFID implementation projects we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID implementation projects we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RFID implementation projects we are
+involved in I would like to introduce to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in I would like to introduce to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in I would like to introduce to
+you now the first one is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now the first one is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now the first one is uh a
+logistics uh projects in automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics uh projects in automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistics uh projects in automobile
+logistic which means that we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic which means that we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic which means that we have an
+automobile Logistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics
+provider who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider who
+transports the Finish cars from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transports the Finish cars from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transports the Finish cars from the
+automobile manufacturer which is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile manufacturer which is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile manufacturer which is which
+is shown here on the upper left corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here on the upper left corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shown here on the upper left corner
+from uh to to a terminal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh to to a terminal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh to to a terminal of the
+automobile Logistics provider on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics provider on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics provider on the
+right hand side and from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side and from there to
+automobile dealers or or automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile dealers or or automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile dealers or or automobile
+Traders which are on the lower left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traders which are on the lower left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traders which are on the lower left hand
+side so the cars leave the assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the cars leave the assembly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the cars leave the assembly line
+for example here and are stored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here and are stored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example here and are stored
+somewhere on the plant of the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the plant of the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere on the plant of the on the
+plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant
+area thank you sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and I start somewhere on the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I start somewhere on the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I start somewhere on the plant
+area of the O then the automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the O then the automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of the O then the automobile
+Logistics provider took them up take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics provider took them up take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics provider took them up take
+them up and transport them to the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and transport them to the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and transport them to the area
+of the uh terminal of his own terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh terminal of his own terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh terminal of his own terminal
+where some technical operations uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some technical operations uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where some technical operations uh will
+be done on the on the cars for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done on the on the cars for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done on the on the cars for example
+to uh erase the Vex before the uh car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh erase the Vex before the uh car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh erase the Vex before the uh car
+will be uh sell sold to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh sell sold to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be uh sell sold to to the
+automobile Trader and uh also to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Trader and uh also to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Trader and uh also to
+assemble additional technical equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble additional technical equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assemble additional technical equipment
+for example navigation systems and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example navigation systems and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example navigation systems and so on
+and also in this area of course the cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in this area of course the cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in this area of course the cars
+are stored uh and a typical terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stored uh and a typical terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are stored uh and a typical terminal
+here has about 10,000 cars which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has about 10,000 cars which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here has about 10,000 cars which are
+stored and it is not very easy to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored and it is not very easy to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored and it is not very easy to to
+store them and find them back and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them and find them back and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store them and find them back and uh uh
+also to to uh do this in a proper way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to to uh do this in a proper way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to to uh do this in a proper way
+with minimal transport time and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimal transport time and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with minimal transport time and so on
+and afterwards the cars leave again on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and afterwards the cars leave again on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and afterwards the cars leave again on
+trucks to for example to the dealers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks to for example to the dealers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks to for example to the dealers
+where they are stored again on the until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are stored again on the until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they are stored again on the until
+they are sold to the uh and consumer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are sold to the uh and consumer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are sold to the uh and consumer and
+the question now is how can we support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is how can we support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question now is how can we support
+this Pro process with uh uh novel ICT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pro process with uh uh novel ICT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Pro process with uh uh novel ICT
+technology and support this process also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and support this process also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and support this process also
+with RF id
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RF id
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with RF id
+technology uh because of our collabora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh because of our collabora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology uh because of our collabora
+research search center the automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research search center the automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research search center the automobile
+Logistics provider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics provider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics provider
+hars uh asked us to support them hars is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hars uh asked us to support them hars is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hars uh asked us to support them hars is
+a uh automobile Logistics service
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh automobile Logistics service
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh automobile Logistics service
+provider for new and used cars and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider for new and used cars and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider for new and used cars and it's
+in the range of Transport not only but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of Transport not only but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of Transport not only but
+also technical treatment storage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also technical treatment storage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also technical treatment storage and
+handling of cars it has Auto terminals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling of cars it has Auto terminals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling of cars it has Auto terminals
+of course uh transport and car shipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh transport and car shipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh transport and car shipping
+and its field of of action is uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its field of of action is uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its field of of action is uh all
+over Europe so it's the biggest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Europe so it's the biggest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Europe so it's the biggest uh
+automobile Logistics provider in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics provider in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics provider in
+Europe and it has transports not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and it has transports not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe and it has transports not only
+the cars by trucks also by vessels Rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cars by trucks also by vessels Rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cars by trucks also by vessels Rail
+and uh in uh Inland shipping as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in uh Inland shipping as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in uh Inland shipping as well as
+uh short sea shipping along the coast in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh short sea shipping along the coast in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh short sea shipping along the coast in
+Europe uh and what we do is uh we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh and what we do is uh we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Europe uh and what we do is uh we should
+investigate um several possible fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate um several possible fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigate um several possible fields
+of application of RFID systems B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of application of RFID systems B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of application of RFID systems B on
+based on the processes uh and we in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the processes uh and we in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the processes uh and we in the
+first step we we limited ourself to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step we we limited ourself to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step we we limited ourself to an
+idealized automobile terminal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized automobile terminal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealized automobile terminal of the
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+harms this is the current state of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms this is the current state of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms this is the current state of this
+process and this you see the weaknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this you see the weaknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and this you see the weaknesses
+here we uh apply at this St stage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we uh apply at this St stage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we uh apply at this St stage uh
+only barcode labels so the documentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only barcode labels so the documentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only barcode labels so the documentation
+of the vehicle movements are only wi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vehicle movements are only wi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vehicle movements are only wi
+barcode scanners or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode scanners or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barcode scanners or
+keyboards uh the barcode is uh very weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboards uh the barcode is uh very weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboards uh the barcode is uh very weak
+because raindrops condensate or snow on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because raindrops condensate or snow on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because raindrops condensate or snow on
+the wind screen make scanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind screen make scanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind screen make scanning
+unreliable or also impossible the barod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable or also impossible the barod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unreliable or also impossible the barod
+labels bleach when exposed to direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels bleach when exposed to direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels bleach when exposed to direct
+sunlight for example and this can cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight for example and this can cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight for example and this can cause
+incorrect or in incomplete data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect or in incomplete data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect or in incomplete data
+acquisition and of course as uh also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition and of course as uh also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquisition and of course as uh also
+then uh we have a result of high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have a result of high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we have a result of high
+consequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+costs the solution we figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs the solution we figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs the solution we figured out
+between different Alternatives is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different Alternatives is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different Alternatives is now
+that we have an RFID label on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an RFID label on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have an RFID label on a
+windshield protection foil integrated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windshield protection foil integrated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windshield protection foil integrated in
+this windshield protection foil uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this windshield protection foil uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this windshield protection foil uh which
+is a passive RFID label and on this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a passive RFID label and on this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a passive RFID label and on this uh
+automobile terminal the handling driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile terminal the handling driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile terminal the handling driver
+has a uh portable data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a uh portable data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a uh portable data
+terminal and when he approaches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+car there is the connection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car there is the connection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car there is the connection of
+communication between the PDT and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between the PDT and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication between the PDT and the
+passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transponder the PDT can be located via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder the PDT can be located via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder the PDT can be located via
+GPS so if the connection here exists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS so if the connection here exists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPS so if the connection here exists and
+the the the PDT is moving somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the PDT is moving somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the PDT is moving somewhere
+around the terminal you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the terminal you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the terminal you know that the
+car is moved somewhere around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+terminal and then you can communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and then you can communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal and then you can communicate
+the data to the the it system so to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to the the it system so to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data to the the it system so to the
+planning and control system of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and control system of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning and control system of the uh
+automobile Logistics provider that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics provider that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile Logistics provider that is
+the solution which is now under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution which is now under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution which is now under
+development to support this automobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to support this automobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development to support this automobile
+Logistics process uh in the first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics process uh in the first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Logistics process uh in the first step
+on the area of the automobile terminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the area of the automobile terminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the area of the automobile terminal
+the second case study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second case study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second case study
+in the automotive industry is tracking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the automotive industry is tracking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the automotive industry is tracking
+and tracing of returnable transport item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tracing of returnable transport item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and tracing of returnable transport item
+this is a project involving Seaman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a project involving Seaman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a project involving Seaman
+Business Services red ants and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business Services red ants and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business Services red ants and my
+Institute the Bieber Institute we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute the Bieber Institute we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute the Bieber Institute we have
+two pilot installations diimler Chrysler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pilot installations diimler Chrysler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two pilot installations diimler Chrysler
+and Lea Corporation as the seed supplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lea Corporation as the seed supplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Lea Corporation as the seed supplier
+of D CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D CL
+Chrysler the supply chain looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrysler the supply chain looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrysler the supply chain looks like
+this we have the supplier here the seat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have the supplier here the seat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have the supplier here the seat
+supplier and the production of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier and the production of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplier and the production of course
+the load uh of the seeds on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load uh of the seeds on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load uh of the seeds on the
+returnable transport items afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returnable transport items afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returnable transport items afterwards
+the delivery by truck to an inbound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delivery by truck to an inbound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delivery by truck to an inbound
+buffer uh of the O of dler Chrysler here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer uh of the O of dler Chrysler here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer uh of the O of dler Chrysler here
+then the unload of the seats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the unload of the seats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the unload of the seats and
+assembly directly on the assembly line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly directly on the assembly line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembly directly on the assembly line
+afterwards the empty RTD RTI go either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards the empty RTD RTI go either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards the empty RTD RTI go either
+to repair or return directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repair or return directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to repair or return directly to
+transport to the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport to the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport to the in
+in ingoing buffer of the supplier and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ingoing buffer of the supplier and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ingoing buffer of the supplier and on
+different stages here in this process we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages here in this process we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stages here in this process we
+can Implement RFID readers and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Implement RFID readers and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Implement RFID readers and all the
+RTI are also uh uh equipped with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTI are also uh uh equipped with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTI are also uh uh equipped with uh with
+rfids uh these are the projects go goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rfids uh these are the projects go goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rfids uh these are the projects go goals
+here Improvement of process reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Improvement of process reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Improvement of process reliability
+of course so delivery of seat in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so delivery of seat in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course so delivery of seat in the
+right sequence and also in the right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sequence and also in the right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sequence and also in the right or
+left or right seat in the car which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right seat in the car which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left or right seat in the car which was
+a problem in uh in former times uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in uh in former times uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in uh in former times uh and
+the main goal of course is reduction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main goal of course is reduction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main goal of course is reduction of
+cost and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and uh
+complexity and the reduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and the reduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity and the reduction of the
+circulating assets so reduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating assets so reduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulating assets so reduction of the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+RTI the technical solution looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTI the technical solution looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RTI the technical solution looks like
+this we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we have two
+passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive
+transponders smart labels uh on the RTI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponders smart labels uh on the RTI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponders smart labels uh on the RTI
+two because of the reading distance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because of the reading distance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because of the reading distance and
+the direction uh of the uh RTI to the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction uh of the uh RTI to the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction uh of the uh RTI to the uh
+reading uh facilities and we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh facilities and we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh facilities and we have one
+removal removable transponder at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal removable transponder at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removal removable transponder at this
+stage on the seat frame the removable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage on the seat frame the removable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage on the seat frame the removable
+transponder will be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder will be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transponder will be uh
+uh uh later on will be uh integrated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh later on will be uh integrated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh later on will be uh integrated in
+the frame of the seat and will be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame of the seat and will be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame of the seat and will be there
+uh for the whole lifetime so it has then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the whole lifetime so it has then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the whole lifetime so it has then
+uh some connections to the promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some connections to the promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some connections to the promise
+project that was just a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was just a short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project that was just a short
+introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to
+two uh implementation projects with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh implementation projects with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh implementation projects with
+industry we conduct but based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry we conduct but based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry we conduct but based on the
+basic research I have also mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic research I have also mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic research I have also mentioned
+this investigation of autonomous control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investigation of autonomous control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investigation of autonomous control
+for logistic processes thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for logistic processes thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for logistic processes thank you very
+much for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attention so any any questions for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so any any questions for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so any any questions for our
+panelists if we could ask you to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists if we could ask you to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panelists if we could ask you to come
+come up to the microphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you it's a long way down uh University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a long way down uh University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's a long way down uh University
+of Breman was doing some uh testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Breman was doing some uh testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Breman was doing some uh testing
+projects with cool chain temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects with cool chain temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects with cool chain temperature
+monitoring of trucks and things of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring of trucks and things of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitoring of trucks and things of that
+nature is this project associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is this project associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature is this project associated with
+that one at all do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one at all do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one at all do you
+know this is not uh associate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not uh associate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is not uh associate it
+directly but it has also something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but it has also something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly but it has also something to do
+with the some colleagues of mine who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the some colleagues of mine who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the some colleagues of mine who are
+also in involved in this collaborative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in involved in this collaborative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also in involved in this collaborative
+resear Center okay so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resear Center okay so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resear Center okay so the same
+autonomous um Logistics process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous um Logistics process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autonomous um Logistics process and
+taking everything from a centralized to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking everything from a centralized to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking everything from a centralized to
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+localized control thing is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized control thing is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+localized control thing is going to be
+merged with the other data is that is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with the other data is that is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merged with the other data is that is it
+a are you taking the two projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a are you taking the two projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a are you taking the two projects
+together for the results at all or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for the results at all or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for the results at all or are
+you just comparing some different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just comparing some different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just comparing some different parts
+of the projects I mean this uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects I mean this uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projects I mean this uh two
+projects here what I've uh introduced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects here what I've uh introduced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects here what I've uh introduced to
+do yes no they are not related to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yes no they are not related to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do yes no they are not related to each
+other so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so the
+automobile uh final products logistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile uh final products logistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile uh final products logistic
+process is not related to the RTI okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is not related to the RTI okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is not related to the RTI okay
+because this rtrs is a closed loop thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this rtrs is a closed loop thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this rtrs is a closed loop thing
+and has nothing to do with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has nothing to do with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has nothing to do with the with the
+parts or the products it's it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or the products it's it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts or the products it's it's just uh
+the mean of Transportation okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of Transportation okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean of Transportation okay thank
+you of of parts and assembly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know in the context that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know in the context that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know in the context that we have
+people from another number of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from another number of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from another number of different
+countries and continents here one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and continents here one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and continents here one
+question that's come up specific to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's come up specific to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that's come up specific to the
+automotive industry but that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive industry but that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automotive industry but that may be
+affecting many of our other Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting many of our other Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affecting many of our other Industries
+is just whether there's a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just whether there's a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just whether there's a global
+standard for identification or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for identification or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard for identification or whether
+we we come out by continent or by even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we come out by continent or by even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we come out by continent or by even
+by company in some cases with our own ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by company in some cases with our own ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by company in some cases with our own ID
+systems in the context that you've all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the context that you've all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in the context that you've all
+described fairly Clos systems I wondered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described fairly Clos systems I wondered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described fairly Clos systems I wondered
+whether you had a a comment in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you had a a comment in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you had a a comment in that
+regard in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard in your
+industry uh this is It's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uh this is It's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry uh this is It's a good question
+uh I give you an example of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I give you an example of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I give you an example of this uh
+automobile logistic process uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile logistic process uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobile logistic process uh there
+should be something like an APC code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be something like an APC code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be something like an APC code but
+uh on the barcode level there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the barcode level there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the barcode level there is no
+agreement so far so they have with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement so far so they have with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement so far so they have with with
+every oam they have their own barcode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every oam they have their own barcode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every oam they have their own barcode
+and also the logistics provider have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the logistics provider have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the logistics provider have
+their own barcode and the ideas are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own barcode and the ideas are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own barcode and the ideas are not
+uh comparable to each other so on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comparable to each other so on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comparable to each other so on the
+other side we have in Germany uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we have in Germany uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side we have in Germany uh the
+association of the German automotive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association of the German automotive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association of the German automotive uh
+om and now for these RFID purpose they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om and now for these RFID purpose they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om and now for these RFID purpose they
+are sitting together to get a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting together to get a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting together to get a common
+agreement on on the ID which should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on on the ID which should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement on on the ID which should be
+stored on this uh passive uh uh Tech uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on this uh passive uh uh Tech uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stored on this uh passive uh uh Tech uh
+which should be integrated in this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be integrated in this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which should be integrated in this uh
+windshield protection form but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windshield protection form but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windshield protection form but this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+uh yeah the first attempt to do it it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah the first attempt to do it it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah the first attempt to do it it it
+failed in the barart area and now they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in the barart area and now they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failed in the barart area and now they
+tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried
+to uh to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to do it
+now well thank you very much just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well thank you very much just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now well thank you very much just just
+so you know Nick Ferguson who's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know Nick Ferguson who's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know Nick Ferguson who's actually
+in this room somewhere has the charter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room somewhere has the charter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room somewhere has the charter
+to try to help organize the automotive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to help organize the automotive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to help organize the automotive
+industry on more of a global basis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry on more of a global basis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry on more of a global basis to
+avoid that fragmentation that occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that fragmentation that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that fragmentation that occurred
+in the barcode so uh he would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the barcode so uh he would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the barcode so uh he would be the
+contact person in the EPC Global uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact person in the EPC Global uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact person in the EPC Global uh
+group that's working on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that's working on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group that's working on that
+area just just another uh comment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just just another uh comment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area just just another uh comment is
+that just as the the Aeronautics a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just as the the Aeronautics a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just as the the Aeronautics a lot
+of um system providers I mean component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um system providers I mean component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um system providers I mean component
+component makers are also working for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component makers are also working for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component makers are also working for a
+different uh different companies uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh different companies uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh different companies uh the
+example of Manti marelli which is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Manti marelli which is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Manti marelli which is doing
+components not only for Fiat but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components not only for Fiat but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components not only for Fiat but also
+for Mercedes-Benz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mercedes-Benz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Mercedes-Benz
+or or outside Europe as well so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or outside Europe as well so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or outside Europe as well so there is
+a tendency to uh to Define standards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tendency to uh to Define standards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tendency to uh to Define standards
+also due to this there's a reason that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also due to this there's a reason that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also due to this there's a reason that
+the Auto ID center was initially founded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Auto ID center was initially founded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Auto ID center was initially founded
+by suppliers who were dealing with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by suppliers who were dealing with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by suppliers who were dealing with very
+large customers that had all their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large customers that had all their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large customers that had all their own
+way of looking at things uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at things uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of looking at things uh and so
+that's true in your industry as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true in your industry as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true in your industry as well
+well thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well thank you very much
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/luHnuoDkAtU.txt b/luHnuoDkAtU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8486a0028284fcf8330dd6252cd61fdb38f0b369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/luHnuoDkAtU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+Surprise!
+
+We've just been given a robotic ant that has
+an FSM for its brain.
+
+The inputs to the FSM come from the ant's
+two antennae, labeled L and R.
+
+An antenna input is 1 if the antenna is touching
+something, otherwise its 0.
+
+The outputs of the FSM control the ant's motion.
+
+We can make it step forward by setting the
+F output to 1, and turn left or right by asserting
+
+the TL or TR outputs respectively.
+
+If the ant tries to both turn and step forward,
+the turn happens first.
+
+Note that the ant can turn when its antenna
+are touching something, but it can't move
+
+forward.
+
+We've been challenged to design an ant brain
+that will let it find its way out of a simple
+
+maze like the one shown here.
+
+We remember reading that if the maze doesn't
+have any unconnected walls (i.e.,no islands),
+
+we can escape using the "right hand rule"
+where we put our right hand on the wall and
+
+walk so that our hand stays on the wall.
+
+Let's try to implement this strategy.
+
+We'll assume that initially our ant is lost
+in space.
+
+The only sensible strategy to walk forward
+until we find a maze wall.
+
+So our initial state, labeled LOST, asserts
+the F output, causing the ant to move forward
+
+until at least one of the antennae touches
+something, i.e., at least one of the L or
+
+R inputs is a 1.
+
+So now the ant finds itself in one of these
+three situations.
+
+To implement the "right hand rule", the ant
+should turn left (counterclockwise) until
+
+it's antennae have just cleared the wall.
+
+To do this, we'll add a rotate-counterclockwise
+state, which asserts the turn-left output
+
+until both L and R are 0.
+
+Now the ant is standing with a wall to its
+right and we can start the process of following
+
+the wall with its right antenna.
+
+So we have the ant step forward and right,
+assuming that it will immediately touch the
+
+wall again.
+
+The WALL1 state asserts both the turn-right
+and forward outputs, then checks the right
+
+antenna to see what to do next.
+
+If the right antenna does touch, as expected,
+the ant turns left to free the antenna and
+
+then steps forward.
+
+The WALL2 state asserts both the turn-left
+and forward outputs, then checks the antennae.
+
+If the right antenna is still touching, it
+needs to continue turning.
+
+If the left antenna touches, it's run into
+a corner and needs to reorient itself so the
+
+new wall is on its right, the situation we
+dealt with the rotate-counterclockwise state.
+
+Finally, if both antennae are free, the ant
+should be in the state of the previous slide:
+
+standing parallel to the wall, so we return
+the WALL1 state.
+
+Our expectation is that the FSM will alternate
+between the WALL1 and WALL2 states as the
+
+ant moves along the wall.
+
+If it reaches an inside corner, it rotates
+to put the new wall on its right and keeps
+
+going.
+
+What happens when it reaches an outside corner?
+
+When the ant is in the WALL1 state, it moves
+forward and turns right, then checks its right
+
+antenna, expecting the find the wall its traveling
+along.
+
+But if its an outside corner, there's no wall
+to touch!
+
+The correct strategy in this case is to keep
+turning right and stepping forward until the
+
+right antenna touches the wall that's around
+the corner.
+
+The CORNER state implements this strategy,
+transitioning to the WALL2 state when the
+
+ant reaches the wall again.
+
+Hey, this might even work!
+
+Let's try it out…
+
+Meet the Roboant simulator.
+
+On the left we see a text representation of
+the transition table for the FSM brain.
+
+Each action line specifies an input pattern,
+which, if it matches, will set the next state
+
+and output signals as specified.
+
+This particular version of Roboant allows
+the ant to drop or pickup breadcrumbs, and
+
+to sense breadcrumbs it comes across - these
+inputs and outputs aren't needed for this
+
+demo.
+
+The input pattern specifies a value for the
+current state and antenna inputs.
+
+The simulator highlights the row in the table
+that matches the current inputs.
+
+As you can see, initially the ant is the LOST
+state with neither antennae touching.
+
+On the right is a map showing our green ant
+standing in a maze with blue walls.
+
+We can select several different mazes to try.
+
+To see the ant in action, let's click the
+STEP button several times.
+
+After a few steps, the ant hits the wall,
+then rotates counterclockwise to free its
+
+antenna.
+
+Now it starts following the wall until it
+reaches a corner, at which point it keeps
+
+turning right and stepping until it's once
+again in contact with the wall.
+
+Now we'll let it run and watch as the FSM
+patiently pursues the programmed strategy,
+
+responding to inputs and generating the appropriate
+output responses.
+
+With more sensors and actuators, you can see
+that fairly sophisticated behaviors and responses
+
+would be possible.
+
+In essence this is exactly what modern robots
+do - they too have FSM brains full of pre-programmed
+
+behaviors that let them perform their assigned
+tasks.
+
+Neat!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lv3kGg-eRa0.txt b/lv3kGg-eRa0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c034087f43000dc36881048fb68beebadcbe15f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lv3kGg-eRa0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu and uh today with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and uh today with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu and uh today with your
+active help and participation I hope to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active help and participation I hope to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active help and participation I hope to
+run a probabilistic programming tutorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a probabilistic programming tutorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a probabilistic programming tutorial
+in the time that we have left um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time that we have left um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the time that we have left um and
+we're going to focus specifically on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus specifically on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to focus specifically on a
+language called Church which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language called Church which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language called Church which is a
+probabilistic programming language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic programming language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic programming language that
+was developed in Josh Josh at ten Bam's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in Josh Josh at ten Bam's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in Josh Josh at ten Bam's
+group uh but it's now taken on the life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh but it's now taken on the life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group uh but it's now taken on the life
+of its own and has set up shop in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its own and has set up shop in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its own and has set up shop in other
+places um before I get started I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places um before I get started I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places um before I get started I should
+say I was sort of looking for a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was sort of looking for a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I was sort of looking for a good
+image I didn't like a blank page so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image I didn't like a blank page so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image I didn't like a blank page so I
+was Googling just church tutorial this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Googling just church tutorial this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Googling just church tutorial this
+is the first thing I found it's an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first thing I found it's an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the first thing I found it's an image
+from Minecraft about how to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Minecraft about how to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Minecraft about how to build a
+church uh in M does any have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church uh in M does any have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church uh in M does any have people
+heard of Minecraft um they played with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Minecraft um they played with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of Minecraft um they played with
+Minecraft okay uh just in case you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft okay uh just in case you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Minecraft okay uh just in case you don't
+know Minecraft is a sort of procedurally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Minecraft is a sort of procedurally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Minecraft is a sort of procedurally
+generated world where you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated world where you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated world where you get some
+building blocks literally building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks literally building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building blocks literally building
+blocks that you can build stuff with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that you can build stuff with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks that you can build stuff with you
+can build an infinite number of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build an infinite number of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build an infinite number of things
+including a computer and a church and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a computer and a church and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a computer and a church and
+it's very cool and I thought it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cool and I thought it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very cool and I thought it's
+actually not that bad of an image for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that bad of an image for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not that bad of an image for uh
+a tutorial about probalistic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tutorial about probalistic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tutorial about probalistic programming
+language which is also about sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which is also about sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language which is also about sort of
+procedurally generative things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedurally generative things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedurally generative things that you
+use small building blocks to build up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use small building blocks to build up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use small building blocks to build up in
+entire world and I thought okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world and I thought okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire world and I thought okay that's
+the first hit I got what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hit I got what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first hit I got what's what's the
+other hit well it's just another church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hit well it's just another church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hit well it's just another church
+and another church and another church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another church and another church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another church and another church
+another church another church that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another church another church that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another church another church that you
+can build in Minecraft from many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build in Minecraft from many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build in Minecraft from many
+different angles and many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different angles and many different
+tutorials so maybe instead of this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials so maybe instead of this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorials so maybe instead of this you
+can just train some deep learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just train some deep learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just train some deep learning
+algorithm to I don't know learn a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to I don't know learn a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to I don't know learn a
+billion churches and do that um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion churches and do that um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion churches and do that um that's
+not what we're after so uh probalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we're after so uh probalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what we're after so uh probalistic
+programming Josh already talked a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming Josh already talked a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming Josh already talked a bunch
+about this I I'll sort of be repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I I'll sort of be repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this I I'll sort of be repeating
+him or channeling him it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or channeling him it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him or channeling him it's about
+combining The Best of Both Worlds uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining The Best of Both Worlds uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining The Best of Both Worlds uh in
+the sort of two states of AI right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of two states of AI right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of two states of AI right now
+which is statistical modeling uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is statistical modeling uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is statistical modeling uh and
+logic and in many models you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and in many models you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic and in many models you have the
+sort of dual question of representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dual question of representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of dual question of representation
+and learning and it's really sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning and it's really sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning and it's really sort of a
+problem for cognitive science going back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for cognitive science going back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for cognitive science going back
+to the days of before cognitive science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the days of before cognitive science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the days of before cognitive science
+right I mean this is the sort of problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is the sort of problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is the sort of problem
+that a lot of people had when they try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people had when they try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of people had when they try
+to model the human mind this goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model the human mind this goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model the human mind this goes back
+to touring sort of when we want to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touring sort of when we want to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touring sort of when we want to build
+a system that is humanlike in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that is humanlike in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system that is humanlike in its
+intelligence the two questions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence the two questions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence the two questions that we
+Face are what are the representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Face are what are the representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Face are what are the representations
+that it will have and how is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will have and how is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it will have and how is it going to
+learn them or how is it going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn them or how is it going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn them or how is it going to learn
+anything new and you often have to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new and you often have to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything new and you often have to sort
+of it's a short blanket problem right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a short blanket problem right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's a short blanket problem right if
+you try to cover your head your feet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to cover your head your feet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to cover your head your feet or
+sort of about getting anything Tred to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about getting anything Tred to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of about getting anything Tred to
+cover your feet your head's not getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover your feet your head's not getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover your feet your head's not getting
+anything because often times you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because often times you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything because often times you find
+that if you stick to a particularly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you stick to a particularly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you stick to a particularly easy
+representation that's sort of easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that's sort of easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that's sort of easy to
+code or uh rather something a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code or uh rather something a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code or uh rather something a kind of
+representation that's easy to learn like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that's easy to learn like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that's easy to learn like
+say a vector of Weights that you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a vector of Weights that you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a vector of Weights that you're just
+trying to shift um your weights around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to shift um your weights around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to shift um your weights around
+then yes that might be easy relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yes that might be easy relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then yes that might be easy relatively
+easy but you're sort of stuck with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but you're sort of stuck with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy but you're sort of stuck with the
+representations that you can learn are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that you can learn are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations that you can learn are
+weights or Josh was making a big point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights or Josh was making a big point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights or Josh was making a big point
+about this and it is a big point that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and it is a big point that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and it is a big point that if
+you try to learn something like causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to learn something like causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to learn something like causal
+uh BAS then you're sort of limited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh BAS then you're sort of limited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh BAS then you're sort of limited by
+that representation that is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that representation that is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that representation that is your
+representation these sort of circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation these sort of circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation these sort of circles and
+arrows that go into other circles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that go into other circles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows that go into other circles and
+that might get you very very far and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might get you very very far and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might get you very very far and you
+might even have very good learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even have very good learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might even have very good learning
+algorithms for those particular models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for those particular models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms for those particular models
+for those particular representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those particular representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those particular representations
+that are tailored for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tailored for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are tailored for those
+representations like in these causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations like in these causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations like in these causal
+circles and arrows belief propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and arrows belief propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circles and arrows belief propagation
+might be a very good learning uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a very good learning uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a very good learning uh
+algorithm but if you commit to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but if you commit to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm but if you commit to that
+representation then you are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation then you are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation then you are sort of
+stuck with that representation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that representation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck with that representation and you
+might not be flexible enough to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be flexible enough to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be flexible enough to learn
+all the stuff that you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff that you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stuff that you want to
+and a very um flexible representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very um flexible representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a very um flexible representation
+sort of one of the more flexible ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the more flexible ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of one of the more flexible ones
+that have come onto the scene in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come onto the scene in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have come onto the scene in the
+past years is why don't we try to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past years is why don't we try to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past years is why don't we try to learn
+a program I say it's come onto the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program I say it's come onto the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program I say it's come onto the scene
+in recent years that's not exactly true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years that's not exactly true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recent years that's not exactly true
+people have been interested in learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been interested in learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been interested in learning
+programs for many many years for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for many many years for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs for many many years for many
+many decades but they sort of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades but they sort of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many decades but they sort of try to
+infer them from kind of a logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer them from kind of a logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infer them from kind of a logical
+perspective not really getting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective not really getting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective not really getting these
+probabilistic learning algorithms I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic learning algorithms I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic learning algorithms I'm
+sort of throwing words out there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of throwing words out there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of throwing words out there but
+it'll make more sense as I go through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make more sense as I go through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll make more sense as I go through it
+and you already have some of josa stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already have some of josa stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you already have some of josa stuff
+to carry you through but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry you through but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to carry you through but the point is
+there's always questions of learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always questions of learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always questions of learning and
+representation for probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for probabilistic
+programming languages the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages the representation
+is not circles and arrows it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not circles and arrows it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not circles and arrows it's not
+vectors of Weights it is programs that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of Weights it is programs that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of Weights it is programs that's
+what you're trying to learn that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to learn that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're trying to learn that's what
+you're trying to figure out the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to figure out the world
+with and then there's a question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then there's a question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and then there's a question of how
+do you learn these programs but we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you learn these programs but we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you learn these programs but we'll
+get to that um okay let's see so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that um okay let's see so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that um okay let's see so we
+think it's a good representation for Aon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good representation for Aon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's a good representation for Aon
+cognition for all the reasons that Josh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition for all the reasons that Josh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition for all the reasons that Josh
+just talked about and there's been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about and there's been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talked about and there's been a
+growing interest in these things for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing interest in these things for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing interest in these things for the
+past 10 years there both Witness both by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 10 years there both Witness both by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past 10 years there both Witness both by
+the proliferation of many many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proliferation of many many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proliferation of many many different
+types of programming languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of programming languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of programming languages
+probabilist sorry probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilist sorry probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilist sorry probabilistic
+programming languages I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming languages I don't know
+whether to call them PPL or or people or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to call them PPL or or people or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to call them PPL or or people or
+what exactly but puristic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly but puristic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what exactly but puristic programming
+languages there's been PMC based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there's been PMC based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages there's been PMC based on
+python there's Church which you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python there's Church which you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python there's Church which you're going
+to uh um play with right now but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh um play with right now but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh um play with right now but also
+blog wind bugs Pro blog Venture many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog wind bugs Pro blog Venture many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog wind bugs Pro blog Venture many
+others that I haven't mentioned here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that I haven't mentioned here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others that I haven't mentioned here um
+so first of all there's many of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all there's many of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all there's many of them and
+also DARPA has started taking interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also DARPA has started taking interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also DARPA has started taking interest
+and has given a large Grant to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has given a large Grant to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has given a large Grant to um
+Advance the seal they think it might big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance the seal they think it might big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance the seal they think it might big
+if you're interested in sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in sort of
+probalistic programming more generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probalistic programming more generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probalistic programming more generally
+than Church you think it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Church you think it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Church you think it's interesting
+to follow you want to learn more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow you want to learn more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to follow you want to learn more about
+it you should go to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you should go to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you should go to this thing
+probabilistic programming. org Weeki it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic programming. org Weeki it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic programming. org Weeki it
+sort of keeps it up to date with many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of keeps it up to date with many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of keeps it up to date with many
+many many different types of programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different types of programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different types of programming
+languages you don't necessarily have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you don't necessarily have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages you don't necessarily have to
+write this down right now I will send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down right now I will send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this down right now I will send
+you the slides later but just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the slides later but just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the slides later but just sort of
+keep it in mind form link to it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in mind form link to it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it in mind form link to it in your
+head um there's also this sort of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um there's also this sort of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head um there's also this sort of nice
+summary uh from this DARPA so DARPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary uh from this DARPA so DARPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summary uh from this DARPA so DARPA
+started funding this about a year ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started funding this about a year ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started funding this about a year ago
+and someone already uh went to a summer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone already uh went to a summer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and someone already uh went to a summer
+school on probalistic programming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school on probalistic programming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school on probalistic programming and
+sort of wrote the state of the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote the state of the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of wrote the state of the field
+it's 6 months ago it's a bit outdated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 6 months ago it's a bit outdated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 6 months ago it's a bit outdated
+but um it also makes for an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it also makes for an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um it also makes for an interesting
+read for those of you who want to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for those of you who want to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read for those of you who want to follow
+that okay so that's about probalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's about probalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so that's about probalistic
+programming very very very generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming very very very generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming very very very generally
+what about church very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about church very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about church very very very
+generally so as I said church is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally so as I said church is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally so as I said church is one
+example of a probalistic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a probalistic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a probalistic programming
+language it was developed by several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it was developed by several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it was developed by several
+people at MIT who have since gone on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT who have since gone on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people at MIT who have since gone on to
+do other different things like continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do other different things like continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do other different things like continue
+to develop church at Stanford um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop church at Stanford um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop church at Stanford um that's
+Professor Noah Goodman uh although of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Noah Goodman uh although of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor Noah Goodman uh although of
+course he's doing many many other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he's doing many many other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course he's doing many many other things
+um there's also been vikash maninka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also been vikash maninka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's also been vikash maninka
+who's gone on to develop other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gone on to develop other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's gone on to develop other
+probalistic programming languages like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probalistic programming languages like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probalistic programming languages like
+Venture at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venture at MIT
+um and one thing to say about generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one thing to say about generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and one thing to say about generally
+about probalistic programming languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probalistic programming languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about probalistic programming languages
+is that usually they are based on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that usually they are based on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that usually they are based on an
+already existing language so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing language so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already existing language so you take
+matlb and you try to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb and you try to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb and you try to make it
+probabilistic you take Python and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic you take Python and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic you take Python and you
+try to make it probabilistic um Juliana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it probabilistic um Juliana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make it probabilistic um Juliana
+has a probabalistic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probabalistic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a probabalistic programming
+implementation Church in particular is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation Church in particular is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation Church in particular is
+based on scheme which is a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on scheme which is a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on scheme which is a derivative of
+lisp which is itself sort of an attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lisp which is itself sort of an attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lisp which is itself sort of an attempt
+to capture Lambda calculus which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture Lambda calculus which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture Lambda calculus which is not
+a programming language it is an approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a programming language it is an approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a programming language it is an approach
+to trying to think about all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to think about all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to trying to think about all possible
+functions um developed by Alonzo church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um developed by Alonzo church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions um developed by Alonzo church
+and that's why church is called Church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why church is called Church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why church is called Church
+it has nothing to do with the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has nothing to do with the actual
+buildings um so the point about scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um so the point about scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings um so the point about scheme
+which is very nice is that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very nice is that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very nice is that it's very
+compositional and anything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional and anything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compositional and anything that you
+write can then be passed off into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write can then be passed off into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write can then be passed off into the
+other functions as the data you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions as the data you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other functions as the data you'll see
+some examples of that um Church has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of that um Church has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of that um Church has
+several inference engines that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several inference engines that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several inference engines that you can
+try to run we'll get into that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to run we'll get into that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to run we'll get into that the
+backbone of it is Metropolis Hastings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone of it is Metropolis Hastings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backbone of it is Metropolis Hastings
+type sampling over possible programs but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type sampling over possible programs but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type sampling over possible programs but
+it has other types of programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has other types of programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has other types of programming
+including uh explicit enumeration if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh explicit enumeration if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh explicit enumeration if
+your space is small enough it can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space is small enough it can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your space is small enough it can just
+look at all the possible ways to run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the possible ways to run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at all the possible ways to run a
+program it has rejection query again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it has rejection query again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program it has rejection query again
+we'll we'll get to this don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get to this don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll get to this don't worry
+about like what is he talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what is he talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like what is he talking about
+um it has yes so it has a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has yes so it has a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it has yes so it has a whole bunch of
+you know particle filtering is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know particle filtering is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know particle filtering is one
+attempt at that but the point is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at that but the point is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt at that but the point is uh
+there are each probabilistic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are each probabilistic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are each probabilistic programming
+language has its own set of inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has its own set of inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language has its own set of inference
+engines some of them try to go the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines some of them try to go the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines some of them try to go the
+Metropolis Hastings route some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis Hastings route some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metropolis Hastings route some of them
+try to say well it's a problemistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say well it's a problemistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to say well it's a problemistic
+programming language but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language but it's really
+limited to caal Bas Nets so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to caal Bas Nets so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to caal Bas Nets so the
+inference engines are going to be stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference engines are going to be stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference engines are going to be stuff
+that's good for caal Bas Nets but all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for caal Bas Nets but all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for caal Bas Nets but all of
+them all of them sort of share this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all of them sort of share this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all of them sort of share this
+dream of it's easier to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of it's easier to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream of it's easier to write the
+forward model than the inference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model than the inference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model than the inference and
+it's really annoying those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really annoying those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really annoying those of you who
+have ever tried to write an inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever tried to write an inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever tried to write an inference
+engine or to write inference over any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine or to write inference over any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine or to write inference over any
+sort of model it's really annoying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of model it's really annoying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of model it's really annoying to
+write that and it usually sort of only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that and it usually sort of only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that and it usually sort of only
+works for the one thing that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the one thing that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works for the one thing that you've
+built and one of the selling points of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and one of the selling points of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built and one of the selling points of
+probalistic programming languages one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probalistic programming languages one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probalistic programming languages one of
+the reasons that DARPA took an interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that DARPA took an interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons that DARPA took an interest
+beyond the fact that they can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the fact that they can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the fact that they can try to
+capture the human mind and flexible at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the human mind and flexible at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the human mind and flexible at
+eye and all that is they had this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and all that is they had this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and all that is they had this sort
+of Promise This pitch that why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Promise This pitch that why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Promise This pitch that why don't you
+just write down the forward model how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the forward model how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just write down the forward model how
+you think the world works and we'll kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the world works and we'll kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the world works and we'll kind
+of take care of inference for you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of take care of inference for you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of take care of inference for you okay
+and in many cases it turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases it turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in many cases it turns out to be a
+lot easier to write the forward model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier to write the forward model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot easier to write the forward model
+than to try to write the inference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to try to write the inference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than to try to write the inference
+engine for it in fact you can very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine for it in fact you can very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine for it in fact you can very
+quickly get to something that's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly get to something that's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly get to something that's even
+like five or six lines of code long that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or six lines of code long that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like five or six lines of code long that
+would be intractable would be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be intractable would be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be intractable would be very hard
+to write down the analytic expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the analytic expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the analytic expression
+for would be very hard to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for would be very hard to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for would be very hard to think about
+what would be the inference engine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the inference engine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would be the inference engine for
+it but it's really it's really just easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's really it's really just easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but it's really it's really just easy
+to write I mean all you have is a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write I mean all you have is a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write I mean all you have is a set of
+assumptions and you're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and you're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions and you're trying to figure
+out how they work together again we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how they work together again we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how they work together again we'll
+see some examples of that but my point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some examples of that but my point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see some examples of that but my point
+was all probabilistic programing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all probabilistic programing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all probabilistic programing
+languages are about writing the forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are about writing the forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are about writing the forward
+model and then sort of trying to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then sort of trying to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and then sort of trying to do the
+inference for you um another point about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference for you um another point about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference for you um another point about
+church in particular it is under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church in particular it is under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church in particular it is under
+construction so you'll notice this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so you'll notice this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction so you'll notice this when
+you write it now it will break it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it now it will break it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it now it will break it will
+freeze it will do all sorts of annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze it will do all sorts of annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freeze it will do all sorts of annoying
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+um so it is under construction it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it is under construction it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so it is under construction it's not
+exactly something that you would then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly something that you would then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly something that you would then go
+and work with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with like
+matlb let me put some caveats on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb let me put some caveats on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matlb let me put some caveats on that
+caveat which is these two ases right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat which is these two ases right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat which is these two ases right
+here first of all despite being a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first of all despite being a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first of all despite being a sort
+of a toy language it's already been used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a toy language it's already been used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a toy language it's already been used
+in several serious scientific papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several serious scientific papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in several serious scientific papers
+including a paper in science because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a paper in science because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including a paper in science because it
+is very easy to make certain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy to make certain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very easy to make certain points
+about cognition about computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cognition about computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cognition about computational
+cognition in church that is very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition in church that is very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition in church that is very hard to
+do in certain other languages in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in certain other languages in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in certain other languages in
+particular things that require recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things that require recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular things that require recursion
+or inference over inference where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inference over inference where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or inference over inference where you
+write down sort of the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down sort of the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down sort of the way that you
+think about an agent then you put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an agent then you put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about an agent then you put that
+into another agent that can be very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another agent that can be very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into another agent that can be very hard
+to write in certain languages church can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write in certain languages church can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write in certain languages church can
+kind of do that more easily um let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do that more easily um let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of do that more easily um let's see
+I had another caveat which is what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had another caveat which is what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had another caveat which is what was
+that oh another caveat is that despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh another caveat is that despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that oh another caveat is that despite
+it being under construction you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being under construction you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being under construction you sort of
+think well why should I worry about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well why should I worry about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think well why should I worry about this
+thing why should I even bother uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing why should I even bother uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing why should I even bother uh
+hacking with it is because you'll notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking with it is because you'll notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking with it is because you'll notice
+there's prob mods.org um and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's prob mods.org um and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's prob mods.org um and there are
+just a ton a ton of examples there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ton a ton of examples there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ton a ton of examples there's a
+semester worth of examples of all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester worth of examples of all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester worth of examples of all sorts
+of things from both cognition and Ai and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things from both cognition and Ai and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things from both cognition and Ai and
+interesting statistical models that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statistical models that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting statistical models that are
+very sort of easy to understand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of easy to understand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sort of easy to understand in
+church and for me at least it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church and for me at least it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church and for me at least it was very
+much a process of demystification that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a process of demystification that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much a process of demystification that
+something like this can help with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this can help with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this can help with you
+learn about something like the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about something like the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about something like the Chinese
+restaurant process the derish lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant process the derish lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant process the derish lay
+process nonparametrics and it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process nonparametrics and it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process nonparametrics and it's kind of
+hard you read the textbook description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you read the textbook description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard you read the textbook description
+of it it's hard to wrap your head around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's hard to wrap your head around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it it's hard to wrap your head around
+around and then you go and you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then you go and you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and then you go and you write
+three lines of code or five lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines of code or five lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three lines of code or five lines of
+code and you think oh oh that wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you think oh oh that wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and you think oh oh that wasn't so
+bad right and sort of easy to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right and sort of easy to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad right and sort of easy to write a
+bunch of these things in church so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these things in church so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these things in church so it's
+a useful tool for demystification it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful tool for demystification it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful tool for demystification it's a
+useful tool to get a handle on certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool to get a handle on certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful tool to get a handle on certain
+models in cognition and statistics so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in cognition and statistics so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models in cognition and statistics so
+those are the two asress is be warned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two asress is be warned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the two asress is be warned
+but also you know do play around with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know do play around with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also you know do play around with it
+um let's see the founding paper for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see the founding paper for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see the founding paper for
+those of you interested you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you interested you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you interested you can look at
+this link later on it was by Goodman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link later on it was by Goodman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this link later on it was by Goodman
+maninka Dan Roy bonitz and Tenon Bal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maninka Dan Roy bonitz and Tenon Bal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maninka Dan Roy bonitz and Tenon Bal and
+and for those of you who by the way have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who by the way have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for those of you who by the way have
+already read about uh Church a bit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already read about uh Church a bit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already read about uh Church a bit you
+think that this tutorial is a bit maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this tutorial is a bit maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this tutorial is a bit maybe
+we I should say we'll start off very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I should say we'll start off very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I should say we'll start off very
+very easy okay we'll do things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy okay we'll do things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy okay we'll do things like
+addition we'll do things like flipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition we'll do things like flipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition we'll do things like flipping
+coins okay if you think that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins okay if you think that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coins okay if you think that this is
+maybe you've already read through prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've already read through prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've already read through prob
+mods you've already done a few chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mods you've already done a few chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mods you've already done a few chapters
+of that by all means use this time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that by all means use this time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that by all means use this time to
+continue to think about probalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to think about probalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to think about probalistic
+programming for example either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming for example either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming for example either by
+talking to me and I'll find something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me and I'll find something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to me and I'll find something
+for you or by going to Forest db. org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or by going to Forest db. org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you or by going to Forest db. org
+again I'll I'll give you that link for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll I'll give you that link for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I'll I'll give you that link for
+those of you who want it it has a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who want it it has a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who want it it has a whole
+repository of different probalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of different probalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of different probalistic
+programming models that you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming models that you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming models that you can play
+with think about see how you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with think about see how you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with think about see how you would
+change them and things like that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change them and things like that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change them and things like that also
+after this tutorial if you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this tutorial if you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this tutorial if you're still
+interested you can go to that link oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can go to that link oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested you can go to that link oh
+and one last thing there's sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one last thing there's sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one last thing there's sort of um
+you can't see that right there one last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see that right there one last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't see that right there one last
+thing that I should say about church um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I should say about church um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I should say about church um
+it's based on scheme but a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on scheme but a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's based on scheme but a lot of the
+people that have sort of been doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have sort of been doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that have sort of been doing a
+lot of the work on it have become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the work on it have become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the work on it have become more
+in love with JavaScript um in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with JavaScript um in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in love with JavaScript um in fact the
+thing that you're going to be working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're going to be working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you're going to be working on
+is sort of a JavaScript implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a JavaScript implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a JavaScript implement
+mentation of church under the hood and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentation of church under the hood and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentation of church under the hood and
+they've started to implement something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've started to implement something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've started to implement something
+called Web PPL so web probalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Web PPL so web probalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Web PPL so web probalistic
+programming language it's a language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language it's a language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming language it's a language
+that's specifically a derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specifically a derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's specifically a derivative of
+JavaScript for those of you who like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript for those of you who like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript for those of you who like
+JavaScript you can play with that and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript you can play with that and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript you can play with that and if
+you go to web ppl.org if you search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to web ppl.org if you search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to web ppl.org if you search for
+web PPL again I can leave you the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web PPL again I can leave you the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web PPL again I can leave you the link
+for that it's sort of here but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that it's sort of here but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that it's sort of here but you can't
+see it um there are again a lot of nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it um there are again a lot of nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it um there are again a lot of nice
+examples there of different programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples there of different programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples there of different programming
+language programs that you can write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language programs that you can write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language programs that you can write uh
+in JavaScript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in JavaScript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in JavaScript
+okay um that was a very long-winded uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um that was a very long-winded uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um that was a very long-winded uh
+introduction and caveats and setting up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and caveats and setting up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction and caveats and setting up
+different things uh the objectives for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh the objectives for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things uh the objectives for
+this tutorial is first of all to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tutorial is first of all to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tutorial is first of all to become
+familiar with the church syntax it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the church syntax it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with the church syntax it can
+be a little wonky if you don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little wonky if you don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little wonky if you don't know it
+at first to run forward a few models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first to run forward a few models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first to run forward a few models to
+give you an example of just before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of just before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example of just before
+inference just you know an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference just you know an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference just you know an example of
+here's my forward model here's how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my forward model here's how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my forward model here's how I
+describe the world now let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the world now let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the world now let's try
+sampling from it okay let's sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from it okay let's sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling from it okay let's sample
+sample again sample again sample again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample again sample again sample again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample again sample again sample again
+see what distributions we get um get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what distributions we get um get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what distributions we get um get a
+sense for the point that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for the point that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense for the point that I'm going to
+make a few times which is once you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few times which is once you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a few times which is once you write
+your forward model that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your forward model that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your forward model that is a
+representation of a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a distribution
+okay and I'll I'll come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll I'll come back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll I'll come back to this
+point but just sort of keep that in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but just sort of keep that in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point but just sort of keep that in mind
+you write down a program and you run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a program and you run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down a program and you run it
+forward and you get a sample you run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and you get a sample you run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward and you get a sample you run it
+again you get a different sample you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get a different sample you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you get a different sample you run
+it in the limit you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the limit you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the limit you get some
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay um some other constructs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um some other constructs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um some other constructs like
+memorization uh after we do all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization uh after we do all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorization uh after we do all of this
+we'll try to get at sampling and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to get at sampling and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to get at sampling and the
+query operator and really conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query operator and really conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+query operator and really conditioning
+and inference so we said we'll try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inference so we said we'll try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inference so we said we'll try to
+run a few models forward once we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a few models forward once we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a few models forward once we do that
+we'll try to get the handle the hang of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to get the handle the hang of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to get the handle the hang of
+inference so you'll try to write down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so you'll try to write down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference so you'll try to write down uh
+a forward model mod about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward model mod about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a forward model mod about things like
+coin or goal inference or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin or goal inference or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin or goal inference or things like
+that and you try to actually infer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you try to actually infer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you try to actually infer
+something like what is the weight of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what is the weight of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like what is the weight of the
+coin from some data like some coin flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin from some data like some coin flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin from some data like some coin flips
+okay some very simple stuff um okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some very simple stuff um okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some very simple stuff um okay and
+we'll go through some examples like as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through some examples like as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll go through some examples like as I
+said coin flipping maybe causal networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said coin flipping maybe causal networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said coin flipping maybe causal networks
+maybe intuitive physics and intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe intuitive physics and intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe intuitive physics and intuitive
+psychology I do hope to get to intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology I do hope to get to intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology I do hope to get to intuitive
+psychology we'll see if we get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology we'll see if we get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology we'll see if we get to that
+um so some prequit in setup that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so some prequit in setup that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so some prequit in setup that's what
+I asked you to do at the beginning uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you to do at the beginning uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked you to do at the beginning uh if
+you happen to have a local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have a local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you happen to have a local
+implementation you you can open that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you you can open that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation you you can open that now
+now if you didn't just go to prob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you didn't just go to prob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you didn't just go to prob
+mods.org
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mods.org
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mods.org
+playay space. HTML um and open that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playay space. HTML um and open that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playay space. HTML um and open that up
+okay and we're going to play a game of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to play a game of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we're going to play a game of
+noisy toer says so now you should also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy toer says so now you should also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy toer says so now you should also
+open this open a browser go to that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this open a browser go to that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this open a browser go to that or
+open your local implementation also open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open your local implementation also open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open your local implementation also open
+up the file that I sent you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the file that I sent you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the file that I sent you um
+of um it should have been called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um it should have been called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um it should have been called like
+student copy something like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student copy something like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student copy something like that it
+contains a bunch of things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a bunch of things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a bunch of things that we're
+basically going to just sort of copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to just sort of copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to just sort of copy
+paste into the browser now the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste into the browser now the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paste into the browser now the nice
+thing about this browser is it is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this browser is it is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about this browser is it is sort
+of a working implementation of church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a working implementation of church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a working implementation of church
+you just paste in the code you hit run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just paste in the code you hit run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just paste in the code you hit run
+it runs okay so you guys should all more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it runs okay so you guys should all more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it runs okay so you guys should all more
+or less have a screen like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less have a screen like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or less have a screen like this
+um take this out so I don't sit on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take this out so I don't sit on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um take this out so I don't sit on it
+right now does everyone have more or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now does everyone have more or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now does everyone have more or
+less something like this some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less something like this some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less something like this some sort of
+browser that you can type things into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that you can type things into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that you can type things into
+and press run over there okay we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and press run over there okay we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and press run over there okay we'll
+start off with some very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with some very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with some very very simple
+stuff that you should already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you should already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that you should already have
+in um in the syntax with the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in the syntax with the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um in the syntax with the church
+tutorial so just try either pasting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial so just try either pasting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial so just try either pasting in
+or typing in things like this thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or typing in things like this thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or typing in things like this thing so
+the first thing you'll notice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you'll notice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing you'll notice is that
+over here it's what's called uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's what's called uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here it's what's called uh sorry
+let me adjust this screen so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me adjust this screen so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me adjust this screen so it's not
+actually so that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it does everyone see over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does everyone see over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does everyone see over here you
+should be looking I've sort of done over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking I've sort of done over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be looking I've sort of done over
+here plus 2 two and the result is four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus 2 two and the result is four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here plus 2 two and the result is four
+um so the first thing to see some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing to see some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the first thing to see some of you
+may be familiar with with this who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be familiar with with this who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be familiar with with this who's
+familiar with Polish notation where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Polish notation where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with Polish notation where you
+just go plus 2 two um instead of going 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go plus 2 two um instead of going 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go plus 2 two um instead of going 2
+plus who is who is not familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus who is who is not familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus who is who is not familiar with
+Polish notation okay good thank you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polish notation okay good thank you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polish notation okay good thank you um
+polish notation just means that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish notation just means that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish notation just means that instead
+of writing two plus two you write plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing two plus two you write plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of writing two plus two you write plus
+two two so you write the the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two so you write the the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two two so you write the the thing that
+operates the function outside and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates the function outside and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates the function outside and you
+write all the arguments for the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all the arguments for the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write all the arguments for the function
+like that in fact most of the time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in fact most of the time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that in fact most of the time you
+do this when you write down functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this when you write down functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this when you write down functions
+for code you usually write the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for code you usually write the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for code you usually write the function
+and the things that it operates on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that it operates on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things that it operates on but
+here it's going to work for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to work for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's going to work for everything
+it can be a bit confusing at first when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a bit confusing at first when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be a bit confusing at first when
+you do things like plus 22 the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do things like plus 22 the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do things like plus 22 the second
+thing is that you put brackets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that you put brackets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that you put brackets on
+anything that you want to evaluate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you want to evaluate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you want to evaluate okay
+so for example here is an expression the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here is an expression the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example here is an expression the
+expression is plus 22 and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is plus 22 and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is plus 22 and you want to
+evaluate that expression okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that expression okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that expression okay so for
+example I wanted to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I wanted to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I wanted to evaluate the
+expression um yeah I think I put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um yeah I think I put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression um yeah I think I put some
+like cursor for so you can see what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cursor for so you can see what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like cursor for so you can see what I'm
+doing with my thing okay if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with my thing okay if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with my thing okay if you want to
+do something like you know times 2 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like you know times 2 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like you know times 2 two
+that would be the same thing and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the same thing and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be the same thing and I would
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go
+to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run
+and that would be of course four again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be of course four again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be of course four again
+let's do some other examples from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do some other examples from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do some other examples from here
+like there's a bunch of simple logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a bunch of simple logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a bunch of simple logic
+like you might do display display is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might do display display is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you might do display display is
+just a way to run it to sorry to display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to run it to sorry to display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a way to run it to sorry to display
+the result over here um you can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result over here um you can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result over here um you can do a
+bunch of logic things like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of logic things like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of logic things like you know
+equal so again the operator is outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so again the operator is outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so again the operator is outside
+and you would do equal question mark 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would do equal question mark 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would do equal question mark 2
+two and then evaluate that expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then evaluate that expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and then evaluate that expression
+you can do bigger than equals all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do bigger than equals all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do bigger than equals all these
+different things the question mark is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the question mark is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things the question mark is
+just I've just named it that way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I've just named it that way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I've just named it that way it
+doesn't actually have any sense I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually have any sense I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't actually have any sense I could
+have just called it equal sorry no sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just called it equal sorry no sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just called it equal sorry no sorry
+um there is no particular meaning to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no particular meaning to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there is no particular meaning to the
+question mark it say that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark it say that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question mark it say that this thing
+this operator is called equal question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator is called equal question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator is called equal question
+mark That's the name for it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark That's the name for it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark That's the name for it and it's
+just it is the equals operator that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it is the equals operator that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it is the equals operator that's
+how you check if two things are equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you check if two things are equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you check if two things are equal to
+one another in languages like python you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another in languages like python you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another in languages like python you
+would do you know equals equals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do you know equals equals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do you know equals equals like
+that this is how you do it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is how you do it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is how you do it here
+okay um let's see a few other simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's see a few other simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um let's see a few other simple
+syntax things so you might say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax things so you might say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax things so you might say for
+example the statement for defining new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the statement for defining new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the statement for defining new
+variables is uh shockingly enough Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is uh shockingly enough Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables is uh shockingly enough Define
+so you would do Define X3 and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would do Define X3 and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would do Define X3 and now the
+next time that I do you know X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time that I do you know X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time that I do you know X then
+hopefully and I run that then it'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully and I run that then it'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully and I run that then it'll show
+three there are a few other basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there are a few other basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three there are a few other basic uh
+syntax things like lists that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax things like lists that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax things like lists that might be
+important like you know Define X to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important like you know Define X to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important like you know Define X to be a
+list of 1 two 3 and if you run that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 1 two 3 and if you run that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 1 two 3 and if you run that then
+you'll get one two 3 okay again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get one two 3 okay again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get one two 3 okay again we're
+we're starting out very very slow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting out very very slow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting out very very slow but
+we'll hopefully get soon to more things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hopefully get soon to more things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll hopefully get soon to more things
+like Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Gan
+processes um some simp simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um some simp simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes um some simp simple things
+like uh if then statements okay I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh if then statements okay I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh if then statements okay I'm just
+copying pasting off of this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying pasting off of this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying pasting off of this uh this
+document that you should all have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that you should all have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+document that you should all have so
+that's why I'm sort of running through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm sort of running through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm sort of running through
+it but the point is that you would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the point is that you would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the point is that you would do
+the Syntax for doing an if then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Syntax for doing an if then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Syntax for doing an if then
+conditional statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditional statement
+is like this you write down if and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this you write down if and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like this you write down if and then
+you write down the condition okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down the condition okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down the condition okay that
+either evaluates to true or to false so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either evaluates to true or to false so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either evaluates to true or to false so
+it's if this condition do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if this condition do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if this condition do the first
+thing if it's false do the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if it's false do the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing if it's false do the second thing
+okay in this particular case I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this particular case I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in this particular case I have
+defined a variable called Socrates I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a variable called Socrates I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a variable called Socrates I've
+defined it as drunk and then I run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it as drunk and then I run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it as drunk and then I run the
+condition equal Socrates drunk if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition equal Socrates drunk if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition equal Socrates drunk if that's
+true then return the answer true or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then return the answer true or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true then return the answer true or you
+know I could have written return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could have written return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I could have written return the
+answer Socrates is a drunk if it's false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Socrates is a drunk if it's false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer Socrates is a drunk if it's false
+return the answer false did everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the answer false did everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return the answer false did everyone
+more or less get the conditional it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less get the conditional it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less get the conditional it just
+says if condition return the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if condition return the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if condition return the first thing
+otherwise the thing on the second line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the thing on the second line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise the thing on the second line
+another important thing before we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important thing before we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another important thing before we start
+getting at more things like um recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at more things like um recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting at more things like um recursion
+and forward sampling is the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forward sampling is the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forward sampling is the notion of
+how would I Define a function so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I Define a function so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would I Define a function so so far
+we've defined variables right I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined variables right I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined variables right I could
+have defined something like Define x 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defined something like Define x 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defined something like Define x 2
+right and then that would have just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then that would have just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then that would have just been
+that but I want to Define probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I want to Define probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I want to Define probably
+functions so I might Define something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I might Define something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so I might Define something
+like Define and now I have two options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Define and now I have two options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Define and now I have two options
+there are two ways of defining functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of defining functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two ways of defining functions
+um in church one of them is to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in church one of them is to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in church one of them is to do the
+following you define square and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you define square and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following you define square and then you
+say well square is it s a procedure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well square is it s a procedure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well square is it s a procedure it
+is a Lambda and I'll explain this as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Lambda and I'll explain this as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Lambda and I'll explain this as I
+go along just watch me sort of type it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along just watch me sort of type it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go along just watch me sort of type it
+it takes in a particular argument say x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes in a particular argument say x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes in a particular argument say x
+and then what it does to it is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what it does to it is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what it does to it is it
+multiplies X by X okay so the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X by X okay so the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies X by X okay so the point is
+you say well you know here x is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you know here x is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say well you know here x is a
+particular thing it is an object what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing it is an object what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing it is an object what is
+it it is just two here square is a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is just two here square is a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it is just two here square is a thing
+what sort of thing is it it is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thing is it it is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of thing is it it is this
+thing ah what is this thing this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ah what is this thing this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing ah what is this thing this thing
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+procedure that this is sort of the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that this is sort of the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that this is sort of the only
+thing that you sort of need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you sort of need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you sort of need to know
+about functions it is Lambda is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions it is Lambda is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functions it is Lambda is the
+thing that actually defines functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that actually defines functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that actually defines functions
+okay it is a procedure that takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is a procedure that takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it is a procedure that takes in
+some number of arguments in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of arguments in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of arguments in this case
+just one argument you could have called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one argument you could have called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one argument you could have called
+it anything I just called it X you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anything I just called it X you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it anything I just called it X you could
+have called it argument one you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have called it argument one you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have called it argument one you could
+have called it Socrates you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have called it Socrates you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have called it Socrates you could have
+called it Fubar but the point is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it Fubar but the point is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it Fubar but the point is it
+takes in this argument and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in this argument and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in this argument and then what
+does it do with it is the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do with it is the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it do with it is the next thing
+okay so you say Lambda number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you say Lambda number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you say Lambda number of
+arguments that you take in and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that you take in and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments that you take in and then what
+do you do with it in this case you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do with it in this case you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do with it in this case you just
+do times XX so this is a function called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do times XX so this is a function called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do times XX so this is a function called
+Square very basic stuff it takes in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square very basic stuff it takes in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square very basic stuff it takes in an
+argument and it multiplies it by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and it multiplies it by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and it multiplies it by itself
+so it is the square of X right x * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is the square of X right x * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is the square of X right x * X
+very simple there's another way of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple there's another way of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple there's another way of doing
+that if you don't want to type out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't want to type out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you don't want to type out
+lambdas okay if you don't want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas okay if you don't want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas okay if you don't want to start
+doing Lambda this Lambda that it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Lambda this Lambda that it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Lambda this Lambda that it's sort
+of annoying um or let me just give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying um or let me just give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of annoying um or let me just give you
+one more example like if I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more example like if I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more example like if I wanted
+something with two arguments I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with two arguments I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with two arguments I could
+have done you know I could have called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done you know I could have called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done you know I could have called
+it something like my proc uh Lambda XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something like my proc uh Lambda XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it something like my proc uh Lambda XY
+and now what it does is it multiplies XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what it does is it multiplies XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what it does is it multiplies XY
+okay this is an example of a thing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is an example of a thing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is an example of a thing what
+sort of thing is it it is a procedure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing is it it is a procedure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing is it it is a procedure I
+know it's a procedure because it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a procedure because it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's a procedure because it starts
+with Lambda it takes in two arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lambda it takes in two arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Lambda it takes in two arguments
+here they're called X and Y what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're called X and Y what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're called X and Y what does it
+do with it it multiplies x * y really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it it multiplies x * y really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with it it multiplies x * y really
+this is just multiplication right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just multiplication right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just multiplication right so
+after I defined this procedure I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I defined this procedure I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I defined this procedure I could
+then do like my Pro sorry I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do like my Pro sorry I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do like my Pro sorry I should have
+explained that then you do my Pro say 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that then you do my Pro say 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained that then you do my Pro say 28
+or something like that yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that yeah yeah yeah
+sorry uh that's a that's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh that's a that's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry uh that's a that's a very good
+question and it would bring back 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it would bring back 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and it would bring back 16
+sorry once I defined my thing right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry once I defined my thing right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry once I defined my thing right this
+is an operator now this is an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an operator now this is an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an operator now this is an operator
+that can be applied to arguments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be applied to arguments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be applied to arguments and
+apply it by doing that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it by doing that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it by doing that that uh
+parenthesis that we just saw if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis that we just saw if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis that we just saw if I just
+tried by the way like without applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried by the way like without applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried by the way like without applying
+it if I just tried something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I just tried something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if I just tried something like this
+what you would get back is it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get back is it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would get back is it would
+say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this is a
+function okay because it just says what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay because it just says what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay because it just says what
+is this thing try to evaluate it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing try to evaluate it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this thing try to evaluate it you're
+not evaluating on anything so it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluating on anything so it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not evaluating on anything so it just
+Returns what is this thing it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns what is this thing it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns what is this thing it's a
+function it's a function that expects XY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a function that expects XY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a function that expects XY
+and then it multiplies them okay if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it multiplies them okay if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it multiplies them okay if you
+actually want to apply it on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to apply it on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to apply it on something
+you would need to provide it with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to provide it with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would need to provide it with some
+input arguments so I said let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arguments so I said let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input arguments so I said let's try to
+def Square as a Lambda of X that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def Square as a Lambda of X that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def Square as a Lambda of X that does
+takes in an X and multiplies X by X okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in an X and multiplies X by X okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in an X and multiplies X by X okay
+there's one more way to to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more way to to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one more way to to define a
+function which is sort of gets rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is sort of gets rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is sort of gets rid of
+this Lambda type thing it's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda type thing it's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda type thing it's exactly
+equivalent to the thing I just showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the thing I just showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the thing I just showed
+you it just takes a bit less writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it just takes a bit less writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it just takes a bit less writing
+which is to say Define I just misspelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say Define I just misspelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to say Define I just misspelled
+Square didn't I yes Define Square X like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square didn't I yes Define Square X like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square didn't I yes Define Square X like
+that times XX okay now what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times XX okay now what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that times XX okay now what this is
+saying so this is goes straight to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so this is goes straight to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying so this is goes straight to
+saying like before I would say Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like before I would say Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying like before I would say Define
+this thing two okay and then I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing two okay and then I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing two okay and then I said
+define this thing the square as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this thing the square as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define this thing the square as this
+procedure okay here you can say I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure okay here you can say I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure okay here you can say I want
+to directly Define a procedure okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to directly Define a procedure okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to directly Define a procedure okay I'm
+not going to bother with this Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bother with this Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bother with this Lambda
+stuff I want to directly Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I want to directly Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I want to directly Define a
+function I want to directly Define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want to directly Define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I want to directly Define a
+procedure can I do that yes you could if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure can I do that yes you could if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure can I do that yes you could if
+you wanted to you would just directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to you would just directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to you would just directly
+put these brackets right there you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these brackets right there you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put these brackets right there you would
+sort of say Define and if the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say Define and if the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of say Define and if the next thing
+is some brackets then it says okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some brackets then it says okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some brackets then it says okay I'm
+going to define a procedure where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a procedure where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a procedure where the
+name of the procedure is square and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the procedure is square and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the procedure is square and it
+takes in one argument which is X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in one argument which is X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in one argument which is X and
+what it does to it is times xx and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does to it is times xx and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does to it is times xx and if
+you do it that way then under the hood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it that way then under the hood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do it that way then under the hood
+what scheme does is actually writes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scheme does is actually writes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what scheme does is actually writes it
+out like this it puts in the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like this it puts in the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out like this it puts in the Lambda
+where it expects it but again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it expects it but again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it expects it but again this is
+not terribly important stuff and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terribly important stuff and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not terribly important stuff and those
+of you are sort of tuning out and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are sort of tuning out and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you are sort of tuning out and saying
+well fine and you just want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well fine and you just want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well fine and you just want to learn
+about a bit more about how probalistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a bit more about how probalistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a bit more about how probalistic
+programming uh Works don't worry we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming uh Works don't worry we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming uh Works don't worry we'll
+get to some examples in about 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some examples in about 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some examples in about 10 minutes
+here's another very useful thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another very useful thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another very useful thing that
+you might want to do in many of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do in many of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might want to do in many of your
+things this is called the map and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is called the map and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this is called the map and the
+way Map works is you map a function to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Map works is you map a function to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Map works is you map a function to a
+bunch of arguments so you would say map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of arguments so you would say map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of arguments so you would say map
+is just a highle function which takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a highle function which takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a highle function which takes in
+a particular procedure and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular procedure and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular procedure and then it
+applies it to each one of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies it to each one of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies it to each one of these things
+individually okay so Square in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually okay so Square in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually okay so Square in this case
+as we said it is a thing that takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said it is a thing that takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we said it is a thing that takes in
+one argument right so this is not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one argument right so this is not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one argument right so this is not going
+to take square and apply it to one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take square and apply it to one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take square and apply it to one it's
+not going to take square and apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to take square and apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to take square and apply it to
+two take Square apply it to three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two take Square apply it to three and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two take Square apply it to three and
+the result of this is just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of this is just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of this is just going to be a
+list of squares right 1 4 99 6 16 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of squares right 1 4 99 6 16 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of squares right 1 4 99 6 16 25
+okay simple enough yes but map is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple enough yes but map is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple enough yes but map is very
+useful you should probably know about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you should probably know about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful you should probably know about it
+okay some simple things like recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some simple things like recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some simple things like recursion
+okay so suppose I wanted to apply Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose I wanted to apply Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so suppose I wanted to apply Square
+to the list from 1 to 100 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the list from 1 to 100 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the list from 1 to 100 okay and
+suppose I didn't have the range 1 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I didn't have the range 1 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I didn't have the range 1 to 100
+most languages and scheme actually does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most languages and scheme actually does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most languages and scheme actually does
+have something called range which gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something called range which gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something called range which gives
+you all the numbers from 1 to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the numbers from 1 to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all the numbers from 1 to 100
+suppose I didn't suppose I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I didn't suppose I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I didn't suppose I want to
+construct all the numbers 1 to 100 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct all the numbers 1 to 100 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct all the numbers 1 to 100 I
+don't want to actually write them down 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to actually write them down 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to actually write them down 1
+2 3 4 5 6 all the way up to 100 I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 all the way up to 100 I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 3 4 5 6 all the way up to 100 I could
+write down something that does that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down something that does that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down something that does that and
+it uses a little bit of recursion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses a little bit of recursion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uses a little bit of recursion and
+the way it does it is this this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it does it is this this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it does it is this this is just
+to get you Ed to recursion because we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you Ed to recursion because we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you Ed to recursion because we'll
+be seeing it a little bit later um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing it a little bit later um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be seeing it a little bit later um and
+this says okay I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says okay I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says okay I'm going to
+Define yeah I'm going to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define yeah I'm going to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define yeah I'm going to define
+something called range which takes in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called range which takes in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called range which takes in an
+argument you should now be used to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you should now be used to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument you should now be used to it
+this is the same thing that we defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same thing that we defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same thing that we defined
+over here we're going to call something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're going to call something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here we're going to call something
+a procedure uh we're going to call we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure uh we're going to call we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure uh we're going to call we're
+going to define a procedure it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a procedure it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a procedure it's called
+range it takes in an argument n one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it takes in an argument n one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range it takes in an argument n one
+argument what does it do well it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what does it do well it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument what does it do well it depends
+it does a conditional okay conditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does a conditional okay conditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does a conditional okay conditional
+it depends let's see is n equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends let's see is n equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends let's see is n equal to zero
+if it's zero just give me back an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's zero just give me back an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's zero just give me back an empty
+list okay does everyone sort of see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay does everyone sort of see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list okay does everyone sort of see that
+if equal n zero give me back a list what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if equal n zero give me back a list what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if equal n zero give me back a list what
+if it's not zero what if I did range 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not zero what if I did range 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not zero what if I did range 10
+oh well in that case append another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well in that case append another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well in that case append another
+thing that you might want to know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might want to know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you might want to know so
+just combine these two things append
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just combine these two things append
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just combine these two things append
+what with what append range again with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with what append range again with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what with what append range again with n
+minus one and with n the point here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and with n the point here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one and with n the point here is
+to say okay how do I get the numbers 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say okay how do I get the numbers 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say okay how do I get the numbers 1
+to 100 I just sort of say range I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 I just sort of say range I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 I just sort of say range I want
+the range one to 100 so I sort of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range one to 100 so I sort of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range one to 100 so I sort of say
+100 am I at zero yet no okay so take 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 am I at zero yet no okay so take 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 am I at zero yet no okay so take 100
+and append it with range 99 what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and append it with range 99 what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and append it with range 99 what does
+range 99 do well is 99 zero no so give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 99 do well is 99 zero no so give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range 99 do well is 99 zero no so give
+me back 99 plus what plus range 98 is 98
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back 99 plus what plus range 98 is 98
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back 99 plus what plus range 98 is 98
+zero no keep going so it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no keep going so it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero no keep going so it's basically
+recursing range is a recursive function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing range is a recursive function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursing range is a recursive function
+that calls itself until it hits zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calls itself until it hits zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that calls itself until it hits zero
+okay very simple recursion and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very simple recursion and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay very simple recursion and now you
+can do this to write out all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this to write out all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this to write out all the numbers
+from 1 to 100 and then you if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 100 and then you if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to 100 and then you if you were
+so inclined you could do map Square to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inclined you could do map Square to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inclined you could do map Square to
+that okay and we run that and it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and we run that and it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and we run that and it gives
+me all the numbers from you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all the numbers from you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me all the numbers from you know the
+squares of the numbers from one to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the numbers from one to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares of the numbers from one to 100
+so far we've talked you know just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've talked you know just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we've talked you know just about
+uh very basic stuff this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very basic stuff this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh very basic stuff this is not
+different from scheme um you are all now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from scheme um you are all now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from scheme um you are all now
+experts in scheme notation and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in scheme notation and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts in scheme notation and things
+like that let's move on to something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that let's move on to something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that let's move on to something a
+little bit more interesting the church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more interesting the church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more interesting the church
+can do which is for example take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do which is for example take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do which is for example take you
+take random sequences and um or they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take random sequences and um or they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take random sequences and um or they can
+take random how should I put this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take random how should I put this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take random how should I put this kind
+of like the the kind of like plus is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the the kind of like plus is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the the kind of like plus is a
+basic thing in certain programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing in certain programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic thing in certain programming
+languages right it's it's a primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages right it's it's a primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages right it's it's a primitive
+right it's just written into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just written into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's just written into the
+language what plus means what times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language what plus means what times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language what plus means what times
+means you don't have to Define that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you don't have to Define that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you don't have to Define that the
+way most languages work is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way most languages work is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way most languages work is that they
+have this sort of long list of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of long list of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of long list of things
+that they need to evaluate and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they need to evaluate and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they need to evaluate and they
+start evaluating them and they sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start evaluating them and they sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start evaluating them and they sort of
+okay did I did I hit an expression I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did I did I hit an expression I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay did I did I hit an expression I
+know like a number or or not and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a number or or not and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like a number or or not and it's
+sort of no you didn't hit it yet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of no you didn't hit it yet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of no you didn't hit it yet okay
+fine keep evaluating keep evalu keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine keep evaluating keep evalu keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine keep evaluating keep evalu keep
+evaluating until you hit some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating until you hit some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluating until you hit some sort of
+primitive and A Primitive procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive and A Primitive procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive and A Primitive procedure
+could be something like Plus or a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something like Plus or a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be something like Plus or a number
+in church there are primitive procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in church there are primitive procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in church there are primitive procedures
+which are random primitive procedures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are random primitive procedures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are random primitive procedures
+they are procedures that when you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are procedures that when you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are procedures that when you hit
+them what you do is you just return a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you do is you just return a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them what you do is you just return a
+value a sampled value from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a sampled value from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value a sampled value from this
+expression from this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression from this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression from this probability
+distribution so the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so the most basic
+random primitive the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random primitive the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random primitive the most basic
+distribution that you can do in church
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you can do in church
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you can do in church
+is something called flip and if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called flip and if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something called flip and if you just
+write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down
+flip in church what you'll get if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip in church what you'll get if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip in church what you'll get if you
+run it like that is it tells you well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it like that is it tells you well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it like that is it tells you well
+it's a function and it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function and it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a function and it depends on
+certain arguments and it tells you many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain arguments and it tells you many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain arguments and it tells you many
+many things about it but that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things about it but that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things about it but that's not what
+we want we want to evaluate it so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want we want to evaluate it so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want we want to evaluate it so we'll
+put some parentheses around it and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some parentheses around it and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put some parentheses around it and we'll
+run it and it'll give us back false okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it and it'll give us back false okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it and it'll give us back false okay
+let's try that again so let's run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try that again so let's run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try that again so let's run that
+again it gave us back true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it gave us back true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it gave us back true
+okay interesting and if we run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interesting and if we run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay interesting and if we run that
+again you know we get false we run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know we get false we run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you know we get false we run it
+again we get maybe true maybe false you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get maybe true maybe false you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we get maybe true maybe false you
+could do repeat a thousand times flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do repeat a thousand times flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do repeat a thousand times flip
+okay repeat is another important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay repeat is another important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay repeat is another important thing
+that you would need to know it just says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would need to know it just says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you would need to know it just says
+repeat as many times as you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat as many times as you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat as many times as you want to
+repeat some sort of function in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat some sort of function in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat some sort of function in this
+case the function is flip okay so repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the function is flip okay so repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the function is flip okay so repeat
+flip a thousand times I hope you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a thousand times I hope you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a thousand times I hope you guys
+are trying this while I'm saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying this while I'm saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying this while I'm saying this
+are people trying this more or less Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people trying this more or less Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people trying this more or less Okay
+cool so repeat a thousand times flip and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so repeat a thousand times flip and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so repeat a thousand times flip and
+what you'll get back is this long list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll get back is this long list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'll get back is this long list
+of true false true false false true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true false true false false true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of true false true false false true
+false true and it's independent from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false true and it's independent from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false true and it's independent from one
+another because it's an exchangeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another because it's an exchangeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another because it's an exchangeable
+random sequence and if you want to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequence and if you want to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random sequence and if you want to see
+what this looks like well you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like well you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this looks like well you could just
+do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like
+hist um and you would run that and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hist um and you would run that and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hist um and you would run that and you
+would get you know more or less 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get you know more or less 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get you know more or less 50/50
+not exactly 50/50 because I only ran it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly 50/50 because I only ran it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly 50/50 because I only ran it
+a thousand times right if IID run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times right if IID run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times right if IID run this
+in the limit what I would get is 50/50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit what I would get is 50/50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit what I would get is 50/50
+on true false now what's nice about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on true false now what's nice about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on true false now what's nice about this
+is that uh this sort of gets at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh this sort of gets at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh this sort of gets at this
+thing that I was talking about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I was talking about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that I was talking about earlier
+where there's this sort of dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's this sort of dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's this sort of dual
+representation for any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation for any sort of
+probability distribution you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution you could
+either write the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either write the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either write the probability
+distribution in math you could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in math you could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in math you could sort of
+say well the probability of true is 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the probability of true is 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well the probability of true is 0.5
+and the probability of false is 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of false is 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the probability of false is 0.5
+right now I've defined a distribution in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I've defined a distribution in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I've defined a distribution in
+math and now you can sort of say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and now you can sort of say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math and now you can sort of say well
+what's you know conditioned on this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's you know conditioned on this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's you know conditioned on this what
+can you do and things like that or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do and things like that or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you do and things like that or what
+you can do is you can write sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can write sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is you can write sort of a
+program such that when you run it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program such that when you run it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program such that when you run it it
+will sample one of these values okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sample one of these values okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sample one of these values okay and
+in the limit it samples it such that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit it samples it such that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the limit it samples it such that it
+approximate the thing that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the thing that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate the thing that we just
+defined in math and you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in math and you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined in math and you might say well
+why not just Define it in math because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just Define it in math because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just Define it in math because
+often times it gets very very hairy very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times it gets very very hairy very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often times it gets very very hairy very
+very fast and in fact any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast and in fact any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast and in fact any sort of
+probability distribution that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that's sort of
+well defined and well behaved you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined and well behaved you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined and well behaved you can
+write as a program okay a program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as a program okay a program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as a program okay a program which
+if you run it many times it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run it many times it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run it many times it's sort of
+sampling profile the thing it'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling profile the thing it'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling profile the thing it'll give
+you back if you sample it many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back if you sample it many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back if you sample it many many
+different times will give you back that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times will give you back that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times will give you back that
+probability distribution or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution or you could
+equivalently say that what it means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently say that what it means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalently say that what it means for
+probability distribution to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution to be a
+probability distribution is to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution is to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution is to be some
+sort of program to be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of program to be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of program to be some sort of
+procedure that gives you back a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that gives you back a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that gives you back a sample
+and in the limit you get some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the limit you get some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the limit you get some sort of
+thing that we're going to call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we're going to call the
+probability distribution actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution actually that's
+the way we Define the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we Define the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we Define the probability
+distribution um and again this gets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um and again this gets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um and again this gets so
+one way to think about church programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about church programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about church programs
+is that any church program that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any church program that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that any church program that you
+write if you just write plus two2 you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write if you just write plus two2 you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write if you just write plus two2 you'll
+get back four that's in a way a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back four that's in a way a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back four that's in a way a
+deterministic program right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic program right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic program right that's the
+probability of getting back four on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting back four on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting back four on this
+exec ution equals one but there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exec ution equals one but there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exec ution equals one but there are many
+other things that you could write and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you could write and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that you could write and
+you could get back interesting things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get back interesting things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get back interesting things
+for them and the point is to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and the point is to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them and the point is to write
+something like a generative model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a generative model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a generative model that
+describes some sort of thing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes some sort of thing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes some sort of thing about the
+world and when you run it forward you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and when you run it forward you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and when you run it forward you
+get a certain sample but if you run it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a certain sample but if you run it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a certain sample but if you run it
+many many different times it gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different times it gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different times it gives you
+the probability distribution that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution that this
+model describes and now if you and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model describes and now if you and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model describes and now if you and again
+I'm getting slightly ahead of myself if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting slightly ahead of myself if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting slightly ahead of myself if
+you change that model if you for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change that model if you for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change that model if you for example
+condition on something you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on something you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition on something you'll get a
+different model you'll get a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model you'll get a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different model you'll get a different
+program and you're trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and you're trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program and you're trying to find the
+program such that its output will match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program such that its output will match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program such that its output will match
+the data okay but let's back up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data okay but let's back up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data okay but let's back up a little
+bit and we're still in flip land okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we're still in flip land okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit and we're still in flip land okay so
+we have here something which is flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here something which is flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here something which is flip
+that's very very basic um flip can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very basic um flip can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very very basic um flip can also
+be okay flip can also be a biased coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay flip can also be a biased coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be okay flip can also be a biased coin
+so for example if I do I Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if I do I Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if I do I Define
+something like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like you know
+Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define
+um let's do this slightly differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do this slightly differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's do this slightly differently
+let's call this Lambda something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this Lambda something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this Lambda something and
+what it does is flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+0.9 okay so if you run this forward what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 okay so if you run this forward what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9 okay so if you run this forward what
+you'll get now is that flip can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get now is that flip can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get now is that flip can actually
+taken some arguments if you don't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken some arguments if you don't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken some arguments if you don't give
+it any arguments it'll just do flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any arguments it'll just do flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it any arguments it'll just do flip
+50/50 if you give it some arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 if you give it some arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50/50 if you give it some arguments
+it'll do flip a biased coin where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do flip a biased coin where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do flip a biased coin where the
+coin is biased towards 0.9 and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin is biased towards 0.9 and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin is biased towards 0.9 and you can
+see that I I repeated that a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I I repeated that a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that I I repeated that a thousand
+times I get you know uh approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I get you know uh approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I get you know uh approximately
+90% heads or true and about 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% heads or true and about 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% heads or true and about 10%
+Tails ah perfect um I'm glad somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails ah perfect um I'm glad somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tails ah perfect um I'm glad somebody
+asked that question so if I were just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that question so if I were just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked that question so if I were just to
+do the following suppose that I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following suppose that I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the following suppose that I were
+just to do uh repeat flip 0.9 like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to do uh repeat flip 0.9 like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to do uh repeat flip 0.9 like
+that think about what would happen What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think about what would happen What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that think about what would happen What
+would happen is I would first evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is I would first evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen is I would first evaluate
+flip 0.9 okay that would give me back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 0.9 okay that would give me back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip 0.9 okay that would give me back a
+value either true or false and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value either true or false and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value either true or false and then this
+would say repeat that a thousand times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say repeat that a thousand times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say repeat that a thousand times
+you would get like a th000 trues or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get like a th000 trues or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would get like a th000 trues or a
+thousand falses or whatever it was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand falses or whatever it was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand falses or whatever it was that
+was first in fact it's going to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first in fact it's going to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was first in fact it's going to fail
+because repeat expects a function but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because repeat expects a function but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because repeat expects a function but
+the point is the reason that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is the reason that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is the reason that this is
+going to fail is because it wants a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail is because it wants a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to fail is because it wants a
+particular function this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular function this is not a
+function this is a value you evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a value you evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this is a value you evaluate
+this first it gives you a value like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first it gives you a value like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first it gives you a value like
+true or false then you repeat that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false then you repeat that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true or false then you repeat that value
+a thousand times that's not what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times that's not what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand times that's not what you
+want what you want is a procedure a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want what you want is a procedure a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want what you want is a procedure a
+procedure or uh distribution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure or uh distribution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure or uh distribution or
+something like that some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that some sort of
+function that when you run it you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that when you run it you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that when you run it you get a
+bias sample so what would that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias sample so what would that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias sample so what would that look like
+that would look like this it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like this it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would look like this it would be
+you know or I could do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or I could do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know or I could do something like
+this Define my coin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Define my coin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Define my coin okay
+weight okay something like this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay something like this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight okay something like this and what
+it does is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is this
+okay now what I've defined is I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what I've defined is I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what I've defined is I've
+defined a procedure that takes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a procedure that takes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined a procedure that takes in a
+particular weight and what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular weight and what it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular weight and what it does is it
+gives you back a flip on that weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you back a flip on that weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you back a flip on that weight
+okay yes although you might again write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes although you might again write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes although you might again write
+into some problems but we can get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some problems but we can get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some problems but we can get to
+that um because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um because well
+okay so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um lamb okay so how you define it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lamb okay so how you define it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um lamb okay so how you define it with a
+Lambda calculus you would say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda calculus you would say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda calculus you would say my
+coin Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin Lambda
+weight this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight this
+thing okay now we're saying what sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay now we're saying what sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay now we're saying what sort of
+thing is coin coin is a procedure how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is coin coin is a procedure how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is coin coin is a procedure how do
+we know it's a procedure because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's a procedure because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's a procedure because we have
+this Lambda right here how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda right here how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Lambda right here how many
+arguments did this expect one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments did this expect one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments did this expect one it's
+called weight what does it do flips a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called weight what does it do flips a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called weight what does it do flips a
+coin gives you back that that sample the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin gives you back that that sample the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin gives you back that that sample the
+equ way of doing that is by writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ way of doing that is by writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ way of doing that is by writing this
+thing without any lambas you would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing without any lambas you would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing without any lambas you would just
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+Define my coin notice the brackets there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my coin notice the brackets there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my coin notice the brackets there
+right before we didn't have brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before we didn't have brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right before we didn't have brackets
+around that Define my coin weight flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that Define my coin weight flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that Define my coin weight flip
+weight like that and now you're s saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight like that and now you're s saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight like that and now you're s saying
+like this is a procedure you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is a procedure you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is a procedure you should know
+it's a procedure because it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a procedure because it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a procedure because it's sort of
+the first thing that you're hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that you're hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that you're hitting
+after Define is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Define is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Define is a
+parenthesis what sort of procedure is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis what sort of procedure is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis what sort of procedure is it
+it's called my coin it takes in weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called my coin it takes in weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called my coin it takes in weight
+okay again these are equivalent and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again these are equivalent and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again these are equivalent and to
+answer nory's question about how would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer nory's question about how would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer nory's question about how would I
+just do that without you know having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that without you know having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do that without you know having to
+Define things I would say something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define things I would say something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define things I would say something like
+you know his repeat a thousand now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his repeat a thousand now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his repeat a thousand now what
+do I want to repeat I want to repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to repeat I want to repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to repeat I want to repeat
+some sort of procedure that samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of procedure that samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of procedure that samples
+things okay so it's I'll call it Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so it's I'll call it Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay so it's I'll call it Lambda
+it's an empty Lambda okay it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an empty Lambda okay it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an empty Lambda okay it doesn't
+take in any arguments it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in any arguments it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in any arguments it's just a
+procedure and what it does is it flips a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and what it does is it flips a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and what it does is it flips a
+coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin
+0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.9
+okay and if I run that I'll get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I run that I'll get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if I run that I'll get that
+okay yes no okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes no okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes no okay good
+okay so let's see there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's see there are many other
+uh Primitives that we could get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Primitives that we could get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Primitives that we could get to
+there's uniform draw you can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uniform draw you can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uniform draw you can look at
+this online but there's the basic perers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this online but there's the basic perers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this online but there's the basic perers
+are things like multinomial uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like multinomial uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like multinomial uniform
+random integer beta derish lay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random integer beta derish lay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random integer beta derish lay there's
+also the Chinese rest process so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the Chinese rest process so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the Chinese rest process so let's
+see we can build in our own little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we can build in our own little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we can build in our own little
+distribution okay let's try doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay let's try doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay let's try doing that
+so here I've defined something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've defined something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I've defined something which
+under the hood it's actually it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hood it's actually it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the hood it's actually it's an
+interesting distribution you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distribution you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting distribution you all
+probably know it but the way I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know it but the way I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know it but the way I'm going
+to Define it is I'm going to call it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define it is I'm going to call it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define it is I'm going to call it and
+times counts until heads okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times counts until heads okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times counts until heads okay this is a
+procedure that's going to flip a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that's going to flip a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that's going to flip a coin
+and if it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it comes
+up it's going to flip a coin with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's going to flip a coin with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up it's going to flip a coin with a
+particular weight if it comes up true if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular weight if it comes up true if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular weight if it comes up true if
+it comes up heads then it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up heads then it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes up heads then it's just going
+to stop it's going to give you back zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop it's going to give you back zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop it's going to give you back zero
+if it doesn't stop if it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't stop if it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it doesn't stop if it comes back
+taals it's going to tally that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taals it's going to tally that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taals it's going to tally that it's
+going to write down somewhere like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down somewhere like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write down somewhere like one
+okay and it's going to keep going okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's going to keep going okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and it's going to keep going okay
+it's going to recurse somehow call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to recurse somehow call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to recurse somehow call
+itself and then keep going so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then keep going so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then keep going so this is
+for for you this is an exercise for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for you this is an exercise for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for you this is an exercise for you
+you have it under uh the files under 3.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it under uh the files under 3.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have it under uh the files under 3.4
+build your own distribution I've left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own distribution I've left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build your own distribution I've left
+this open why don't you take two minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open why don't you take two minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this open why don't you take two minutes
+um we're trying to build a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're trying to build a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're trying to build a procedure
+that gives me the amount of time that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the amount of time that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives me the amount of time that I
+need to flip a coin before I get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to flip a coin before I get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to flip a coin before I get back
+heads okay if I take a particular coin I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads okay if I take a particular coin I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads okay if I take a particular coin I
+guess I don't want have one handy but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I don't want have one handy but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I don't want have one handy but I
+flip a coin and I just you know I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin and I just you know I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin and I just you know I flip
+it if it comes back heads I write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it comes back heads I write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if it comes back heads I write down
+zero and I'm done if it comes back Tails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm done if it comes back Tails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and I'm done if it comes back Tails
+I'm going to keep flipping it so I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep flipping it so I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep flipping it so I flip
+again and you know I might flip it 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you know I might flip it 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and you know I might flip it 10
+times until I get heads so the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times until I get heads so the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times until I get heads so the point is
+that this procedure will in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this procedure will in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this procedure will in that case
+return 10 that would be one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 10 that would be one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return 10 that would be one particular
+sample now of course if I take the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample now of course if I take the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample now of course if I take the coin
+again and I flip it again sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I flip it again sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and I flip it again sometimes I
+get 10 times until heads sometimes once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 10 times until heads sometimes once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 10 times until heads sometimes once
+sometimes five sometimes 20 okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes five sometimes 20 okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes five sometimes 20 okay so I'm
+going to get a particular Distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a particular Distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a particular Distribution
+on the number of times I need until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of times I need until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of times I need until I
+hit heads okay and the thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit heads okay and the thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit heads okay and the thing that we're
+trying to implement right now is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement right now is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to implement right now is just a
+procedure that what it does is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that what it does is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that what it does is it
+implements this counting thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this counting thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements this counting thing that I
+just said by literally flipping a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said by literally flipping a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said by literally flipping a coin
+well I don't know if literally but under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know if literally but under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know if literally but under
+the hood flipping a coin if the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood flipping a coin if the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hood flipping a coin if the coin
+comes back heads because this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back heads because this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back heads because this thing
+evaluates the true give back zero if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the true give back zero if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluates the true give back zero if it
+doesn't give back plus one plus what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give back plus one plus what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't give back plus one plus what
+okay so fill in those dots it shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fill in those dots it shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so fill in those dots it shouldn't
+be a long expression such that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a long expression such that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a long expression such that you'll
+get what I was just talking about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what I was just talking about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what I was just talking about so
+guys let me tell you what what I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys let me tell you what what I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys let me tell you what what I was
+going for I meant plus one counts till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for I meant plus one counts till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going for I meant plus one counts till
+heads coin weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads coin weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads coin weight
+okay and now if you do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now if you do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now if you do something like
+counts till adds I don't know 0.1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts till adds I don't know 0.1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts till adds I don't know 0.1 or
+something like that and you run it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and you run it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and you run it they
+got say so let's let's read through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got say so let's let's read through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got say so let's let's read through this
+for a second what happens is you defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second what happens is you defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second what happens is you defined
+a procedure it's called count still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure it's called count still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a procedure it's called count still
+heads it takes in a coin weight it flips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads it takes in a coin weight it flips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads it takes in a coin weight it flips
+a coin if it comes back head it gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin if it comes back head it gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coin if it comes back head it gives
+you back zero if it didn't come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back zero if it didn't come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you back zero if it didn't come back
+heads then you just do plus one and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads then you just do plus one and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads then you just do plus one and then
+you just call that thing again okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just call that thing again okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just call that thing again okay you
+do counts tail heads coin weight again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do counts tail heads coin weight again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do counts tail heads coin weight again
+and again if it comes back zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if it comes back zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again if it comes back zero then
+this time you'll have + one plus 0 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you'll have + one plus 0 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you'll have + one plus 0 right
+if it came back if it came back heads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it came back if it came back heads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it came back if it came back heads in
+here but if it didn't then this will be+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if it didn't then this will be+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but if it didn't then this will be+
+one plus something in in effect what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus something in in effect what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one plus something in in effect what
+we've defined here those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined here those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've defined here those of you who
+defined it and if not just look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it and if not just look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined it and if not just look at this
+what we defined here as sort of an INF a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we defined here as sort of an INF a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we defined here as sort of an INF a
+procedure that might give us back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that might give us back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that might give us back
+infinity in some way except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in some way except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity in some way except it's
+becoming extremely unlikely to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming extremely unlikely to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming extremely unlikely to do so
+with each particular flip of the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each particular flip of the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each particular flip of the coin
+now I run it once with 0.1 I get 15 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I run it once with 0.1 I get 15 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I run it once with 0.1 I get 15 I
+can run it again and I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run it again and I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run it again and I'll get
+you know eight that just means that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know eight that just means that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know eight that just means that on
+that run I flipped it eight times before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run I flipped it eight times before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that run I flipped it eight times before
+I got heads and again I can do this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got heads and again I can do this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got heads and again I can do this many
+many different times like I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different times like I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different times like I can
+do hist repeat 1,000 and then this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do hist repeat 1,000 and then this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do hist repeat 1,000 and then this thing
+semti procedure that does that and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semti procedure that does that and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semti procedure that does that and what
+you get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get is
+this which in case it doesn't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which in case it doesn't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which in case it doesn't look
+familiar sorry that um it's just the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar sorry that um it's just the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar sorry that um it's just the way
+these things usually you should this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things usually you should this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things usually you should this is
+sort of Flipping The X and Y axis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Flipping The X and Y axis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Flipping The X and Y axis but
+the point is how many times did I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is how many times did I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is how many times did I have
+to flip it to get you know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip it to get you know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to flip it to get you know how many
+times did it happen that I flipped three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times did it happen that I flipped three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times did it happen that I flipped three
+times or one or two three times that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or one or two three times that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times or one or two three times that's
+about 24% and it sort of goes down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 24% and it sort of goes down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 24% and it sort of goes down and
+down and down because it becomes much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and down because it becomes much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and down because it becomes much
+much much more unlikely that I'll flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more unlikely that I'll flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more unlikely that I'll flip
+it 40 times until I get heads it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 40 times until I get heads it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 40 times until I get heads it could
+be that I'll keep flipping it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that I'll keep flipping it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that I'll keep flipping it to
+Infinity but it's not going to happen um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but it's not going to happen um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity but it's not going to happen um
+this in case you didn't know falls off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in case you didn't know falls off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in case you didn't know falls off
+geometrically it's the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically it's the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically it's the geometric
+distribution okay that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay that's a very
+fundamental simple distribution and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental simple distribution and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental simple distribution and one
+way to write it is to say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write it is to say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to write it is to say what's the
+probability of K the probability of K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of K the probability of K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of K the probability of K is
+let's say we have a coin right which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have a coin right which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we have a coin right which has
+the its probability of coming up heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the its probability of coming up heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the its probability of coming up heads
+is p right then we say the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p right then we say the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is p right then we say the probability
+of K is p to the Kus 1 * 1 - P right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K is p to the Kus 1 * 1 - P right yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of K is p to the Kus 1 * 1 - P right yes
+it's I flip the coin well or 1 minus P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I flip the coin well or 1 minus P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I flip the coin well or 1 minus P
+times to the K the point is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to the K the point is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times to the K the point is you can
+Define the geometric distribution by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the geometric distribution by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define the geometric distribution by
+sort of saying what's the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying what's the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of saying what's the probability of
+any particular number or you can Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular number or you can Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular number or you can Define
+the procedure for it okay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure for it okay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure for it okay instead of
+writing down what should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down what should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down what should be the
+probability of any particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any particular sequence
+you can just write down the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just write down the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just write down the procedure
+that it describes this is the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it describes this is the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it describes this is the procedure
+the procedure doesn't explicitly tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure doesn't explicitly tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedure doesn't explicitly tell
+you what the distribution is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the distribution is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what the distribution is it just
+samples it you've built a procedure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples it you've built a procedure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples it you've built a procedure for
+flipping a coin and if you do it many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin and if you do it many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping a coin and if you do it many
+many many different times what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different times what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different times what you'll
+get is the geometric distribution okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the geometric distribution okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is the geometric distribution okay
+this will approach the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will approach the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will approach the geometric
+distribution um I can probably also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um I can probably also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution um I can probably also do
+density and then it'll show you it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then it'll show you it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and then it'll show you it like
+that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right
+okay so that's what I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's what I was talking about
+before with like trying to wrap your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with like trying to wrap your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before with like trying to wrap your
+head around something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head around something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head around something like the
+equivalence between a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence between a probability
+distribution that you can write down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you can write down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that you can write down in
+math or as analytical expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math or as analytical expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math or as analytical expression and
+writing down the equivalent procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the equivalent procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing down the equivalent procedure
+for generating that probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for generating that probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for generating that probability
+distribution okay let's move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay let's move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution okay let's move on to
+something a little bit more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something a little bit more interesting
+like gaussian sampling okay uh if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gaussian sampling okay uh if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like gaussian sampling okay uh if you're
+not with us you can look at 3.5 gussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with us you can look at 3.5 gussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with us you can look at 3.5 gussian
+samples what I've done here is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples what I've done here is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples what I've done here is basically
+I'm defining a particular Center let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining a particular Center let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm defining a particular Center let's
+walk through this for a second I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through this for a second I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through this for a second I'm
+defining a two-dimensional gaussian what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a two-dimensional gaussian what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a two-dimensional gaussian what
+it does is it takes a particular Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it takes a particular Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it takes a particular Center
+a center is just an XY point and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center is just an XY point and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a center is just an XY point and it does
+you know Galan around the first one Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Galan around the first one Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Galan around the first one Gan
+is is one I'm trying to define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one I'm trying to define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is one I'm trying to define a
+two-dimensional Gan the way I do it is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Gan the way I do it is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional Gan the way I do it is I
+take a point around a onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a point around a onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a point around a onedimensional
+gussian around this this point and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian around this this point and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian around this this point and I
+take a one dimensional Gan around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a one dimensional Gan around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a one dimensional Gan around the
+second point and then I just draw it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point and then I just draw it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point and then I just draw it so
+in this particular case I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular case I'm going to
+Define my gassian Center as 32 okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my gassian Center as 32 okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my gassian Center as 32 okay I'm
+going to take it x = 3 Y = 2 and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it x = 3 Y = 2 and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take it x = 3 Y = 2 and I want
+to sample a gan around 32 okay so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample a gan around 32 okay so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sample a gan around 32 okay so I'm
+going to sample a gan around Gan around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sample a gan around Gan around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sample a gan around Gan around
+three and a gan around two and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a gan around two and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a gan around two and I'm going
+to give you that back and if I repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you that back and if I repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you that back and if I repeat
+this a thousand times then and I scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a thousand times then and I scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a thousand times then and I scatter
+it I'll end up with a plot that looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll end up with a plot that looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I'll end up with a plot that looks a
+bit like this okay and you can see um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like this okay and you can see um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit like this okay and you can see um on
+the x-axis this is three and this is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis this is three and this is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-axis this is three and this is two
+and it's basically a gum with sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a gum with sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a gum with sampling
+points from around this thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from around this thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points from around this thing okay
+another forward procedure that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another forward procedure that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another forward procedure that I can
+sample okay is everyone more or less on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay is everyone more or less on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample okay is everyone more or less on
+board with this let's let's take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board with this let's let's take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board with this let's let's take two
+seconds to to read this again I a basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to to read this again I a basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds to to read this again I a basic
+procedure in church um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in church um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in church um is
+Gan uh what I do is I basically I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan uh what I do is I basically I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gan uh what I do is I basically I try to
+call Gan on some number gan gan takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Gan on some number gan gan takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Gan on some number gan gan takes in
+two arguments okay Gan takes in a mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arguments okay Gan takes in a mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two arguments okay Gan takes in a mean
+and a variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a variance
+okay in particular I'm going to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular I'm going to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in particular I'm going to take a
+gaan and its mean is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan and its mean is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan and its mean is going to
+be the first argument of center it's is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first argument of center it's is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first argument of center it's is
+going to be one I'm going to take a gaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one I'm going to take a gaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be one I'm going to take a gaan
+sampled from the second argument the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled from the second argument the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampled from the second argument the
+Y and a variance of one and then I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and a variance of one and then I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and a variance of one and then I'm
+just give you back that point okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you back that point okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just give you back that point okay so
+this is a procedure that takes in um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a procedure that takes in um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a procedure that takes in um a
+center point and each time you sample it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point and each time you sample it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center point and each time you sample it
+it'll give you a sample from around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you a sample from around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you a sample from around the
+mean 3 2 okay and if I run that so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean 3 2 okay and if I run that so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean 3 2 okay and if I run that so now
+I've defined a particular Center you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've defined a particular Center you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've defined a particular Center you
+know I've defined it 32 I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've defined it 32 I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I've defined it 32 I could have
+done many other different things and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done many other different things and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done many other different things and I
+repeat that 100 times I've basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that 100 times I've basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat that 100 times I've basically
+drawn a sample from uh from something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a sample from uh from something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn a sample from uh from something
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+32 this can quickly get more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 this can quickly get more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 this can quickly get more interesting
+if you do something like a mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do something like a mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do something like a mixture of
+gaussians so a gaan mixture model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians so a gaan mixture model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians so a gaan mixture model is
+usually just saying okay I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually just saying okay I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually just saying okay I have some
+particular space and I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular space and I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular space and I'm trying to
+figure out how many gaussians are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how many gaussians are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how many gaussians are in
+this scene right so let's write down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene right so let's write down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scene right so let's write down the
+forward model for that thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model for that thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model for that thing right
+what's the forward model for a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the forward model for a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the forward model for a mixture
+model the forward model is saying I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the forward model is saying I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the forward model is saying I'm
+going to draw out some number of gum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw out some number of gum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw out some number of gum I
+don't know how many and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how many and I don't
+necessarily know what their Center Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what their Center Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily know what their Center Point
+is right and from each one of these I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and from each one of these I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right and from each one of these I'm
+going to draw some number of samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw some number of samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw some number of samples
+does I want to understand more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I want to understand more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does I want to understand more or less
+that description that I just gave we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that description that I just gave we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that description that I just gave we're
+going to write it out now but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it out now but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write it out now but the point
+is the generative model in your head for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the generative model in your head for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the generative model in your head for
+a mixture of Gan should be there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of Gan should be there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mixture of Gan should be there's some
+number of Gans I don't know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Gans I don't know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of Gans I don't know what it is
+each one of them is centered on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them is centered on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of them is centered on some
+point I don't know what it is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I don't know what it is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I don't know what it is let's say
+I know the variance um just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the variance um just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the variance um just for
+Simplicity but I could obviously put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity but I could obviously put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simplicity but I could obviously put a
+prior on that and then I just sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior on that and then I just sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior on that and then I just sample
+from that and I'll get some distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and I'll get some distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that and I'll get some distribution
+and then you could use later on see once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could use later on see once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you could use later on see once
+you write down that forward model it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down that forward model it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write down that forward model it's
+pretty simple to then just invert it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple to then just invert it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple to then just invert it and
+say okay I see some number of points how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I see some number of points how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I see some number of points how
+many gaussin are there actually but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many gaussin are there actually but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many gaussin are there actually but
+let's write down the forward model okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down the forward model okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write down the forward model okay
+so I've already done this ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already done this ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already done this ahead of time
+and I'll do it here so what I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do it here so what I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll do it here so what I've done
+here minus the typo um thanks is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the typo um thanks is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here minus the typo um thanks is to say
+something like I want to sample a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like I want to sample a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like I want to sample a
+gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian
+center where I don't know where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center where I don't know where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center where I don't know where it is
+but I'm going to say that it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to say that it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm going to say that it's in this
+two- dimensional space between 0 and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- dimensional space between 0 and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two- dimensional space between 0 and 10
+a box that's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box that's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box that's 10
+wide and 10 tall okay so for each new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide and 10 tall okay so for each new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide and 10 tall okay so for each new
+gaan I don't know where it Center is but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan I don't know where it Center is but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaan I don't know where it Center is but
+I'm assuming it's somewhere in this box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming it's somewhere in this box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm assuming it's somewhere in this box
+that we're looking at and the way I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at and the way I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at and the way I do
+that is I say okay I Define some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I say okay I Define some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is I say okay I Define some sort of
+procedure each time you evaluate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure each time you evaluate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure each time you evaluate this
+procedure what it's going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure what it's going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure what it's going to give you
+back is a pair where the first thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is a pair where the first thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back is a pair where the first thing in
+the pair is a uniform between 0 and 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair is a uniform between 0 and 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair is a uniform between 0 and 10
+the second thing in the pair is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing in the pair is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing in the pair is a
+uniform between 0 and 10 if all you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform between 0 and 10 if all you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform between 0 and 10 if all you were
+to do were to sample Gan Center you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do were to sample Gan Center you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do were to sample Gan Center you
+would get back some number uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get back some number uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get back some number uniformly
+distributed uh in the 10 book okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh in the 10 book okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed uh in the 10 book okay good
+where the first one is let's say x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first one is let's say x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the first one is let's say x and
+the second one is y okay and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is y okay and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is y okay and the next
+thing I do is let's say I want to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I do is let's say I want to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I do is let's say I want to Define
+um some number of Gans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some number of Gans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some number of Gans
+and I don't know how many there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know how many there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know how many there are
+let's say for example that I I'm uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for example that I I'm uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say for example that I I'm uniform
+I know that there might I want to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that there might I want to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that there might I want to put
+some sort of ignorance prior on Gans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of ignorance prior on Gans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of ignorance prior on Gans
+between there might be one there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there might be one there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there might be one there might
+be two there might be there might be 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two there might be there might be 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two there might be there might be 10
+let's say I I I I stop at at 10 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I I I I stop at at 10 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I I I I stop at at 10 or
+something like that so in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so in this case I
+just say sample the number of Gans from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say sample the number of Gans from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say sample the number of Gans from
+something like random integer 10 since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like random integer 10 since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like random integer 10 since
+this goes to zero and you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to zero and you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to zero and you don't want
+zero and just adding a number one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and just adding a number one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and just adding a number one here
+okay but what I also could have done um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what I also could have done um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what I also could have done um
+and I think I was going to do this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I was going to do this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think I was going to do this as an
+exercise but since we want to get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but since we want to get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but since we want to get to
+physics and psychology and some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and psychology and some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and psychology and some more
+interesting stuff what I could have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff what I could have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff what I could have done
+here is Define number of Gans suppose I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Define number of Gans suppose I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Define number of Gans suppose I
+wanted to put a prior on there being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to put a prior on there being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to put a prior on there being
+potentially an infinite number of Gans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially an infinite number of Gans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially an infinite number of Gans
+what would I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would I do
+h aish l right or what else could I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h aish l right or what else could I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h aish l right or what else could I do
+that we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learned we could do the geometric right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we could do the geometric right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned we could do the geometric right
+we just defined the geometric a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just defined the geometric a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just defined the geometric a second
+ago the geometric gives us a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the geometric gives us a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago the geometric gives us a probability
+on numbers basically going from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on numbers basically going from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on numbers basically going from zero to
+infinity and it dies off very quickly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it dies off very quickly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and it dies off very quickly so
+this gives us sort of a natural prior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us sort of a natural prior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives us sort of a natural prior of
+some sort to say I think that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort to say I think that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort to say I think that there's
+some number of gaussians here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of gaussians here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some number of gaussians here I don't
+know what it is um I'm pretty sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is um I'm pretty sure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is um I'm pretty sure it
+dies off like I don't think 100 is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies off like I don't think 100 is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies off like I don't think 100 is as
+equally likely as 10 I don't think 10 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely as 10 I don't think 10 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely as 10 I don't think 10 is
+as equally likely as is one so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equally likely as is one so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as equally likely as is one so I could
+have said define number of gaussians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said define number of gaussians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said define number of gaussians
+just draw from geometric and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw from geometric and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw from geometric and then I
+would have gotten some number you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gotten some number you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have gotten some number you know
+potentially infinite you've just Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinite you've just Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially infinite you've just Define
+an infinite gum mixture model and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite gum mixture model and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite gum mixture model and then I
+draw some number of centers by basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some number of centers by basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw some number of centers by basically
+repeating this procedure I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating this procedure I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating this procedure I sort of
+sample the gaussians and then I scatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the gaussians and then I scatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the gaussians and then I scatter
+the points um let's see and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points um let's see and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points um let's see and then you can
+sort of look at the points and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at the points and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of look at the points and this is a
+fun game to play it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun game to play it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun game to play it's basically
+recapturing a bit of what Josh said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapturing a bit of what Josh said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recapturing a bit of what Josh said
+before which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before which is to say
+how many gaussians do you think are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many gaussians do you think are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many gaussians do you think are in
+this image right and you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image right and you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image right and you can sort of
+play that with yourself to get a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that with yourself to get a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play that with yourself to get a sense
+of it you know you've defined some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you know you've defined some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it you know you've defined some
+procedure you don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure you don't know how many
+gaussians you actually created you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians you actually created you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians you actually created you don't
+know exactly where they are but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly where they are but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly where they are but you can
+run it forward and you can sort of look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it forward and you can sort of look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it forward and you can sort of look
+at it and say hm well here I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and say hm well here I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it and say hm well here I think it's
+pretty obvious right I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious right I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty obvious right I think there's
+sort of a gaan here and maybe a gaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a gaan here and maybe a gaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a gaan here and maybe a gaan
+here so I guess the number here is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I guess the number here is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so I guess the number here is two
+but here it's sort of a bit less obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it's sort of a bit less obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here it's sort of a bit less obvious
+and again you can you can play with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can you can play with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again you can you can play with this
+um so those of you who written the down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those of you who written the down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so those of you who written the down
+and assuming you've done either a de lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assuming you've done either a de lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and assuming you've done either a de lay
+or a geometric distribution what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a geometric distribution what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a geometric distribution what you've
+basically done is written down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically done is written down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically done is written down the
+forward model for an infinite mixture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model for an infinite mixture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward model for an infinite mixture of
+an infinite gussian mixture model right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite gussian mixture model right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite gussian mixture model right
+and you did it in more or less five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you did it in more or less five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you did it in more or less five
+lines of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah um where do you see fold here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um where do you see fold here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um where do you see fold here
+or uh yes so fold is another highle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh yes so fold is another highle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh yes so fold is another highle
+procedure um it's not terribly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure um it's not terribly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure um it's not terribly important
+for the purposes of this tutorial but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this tutorial but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the purposes of this tutorial but
+what it does is it basically takes in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it basically takes in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it basically takes in um
+a function it takes in a list of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it takes in a list of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function it takes in a list of stuff
+and it basically applies it to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically applies it to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically applies it to the first
+argument then it takes it and applies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument then it takes it and applies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument then it takes it and applies it
+to whatever the result was plus the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever the result was plus the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whatever the result was plus the next
+item in the list well not exactly plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in the list well not exactly plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item in the list well not exactly plus
+but yes in addition so you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes in addition so you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes in addition so you can have a
+fold which has for example two arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold which has for example two arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold which has for example two arguments
+and what it does is it multiplies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it multiplies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does is it multiplies right
+so then you would take a list and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you would take a list and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you would take a list and you
+would basically do um or rather what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically do um or rather what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would basically do um or rather what is
+sum right what sum is basically is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum right what sum is basically is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum right what sum is basically is a
+fold of plus over a list okay it does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold of plus over a list okay it does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold of plus over a list okay it does it
+takes the first number sums it up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the first number sums it up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the first number sums it up with
+the second one takes that result sums up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one takes that result sums up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one takes that result sums up
+with a third on yeah AR fold needs three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a third on yeah AR fold needs three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a third on yeah AR fold needs three
+arguments folds needs um a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments folds needs um a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments folds needs um a particular
+well it needs the function that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it needs the function that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it needs the function that you're
+going to apply it needs a starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply it needs a starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to apply it needs a starting point
+to start from and it needs a list that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from and it needs a list that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start from and it needs a list that
+it's going to work on again not not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work on again not not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to work on again not not
+terribly uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly uh important
+for so in this particular case what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so in this particular case what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so in this particular case what I'm
+trying to do um in the background is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do um in the background is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do um in the background is I'm
+going to get a lot of gaussians I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a lot of gaussians I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a lot of gaussians I don't
+know how many I'm going to get basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many I'm going to get basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many I'm going to get basically
+a list of lists it could be one it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of lists it could be one it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of lists it could be one it could
+be three it could be 10 each one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three it could be 10 each one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be three it could be 10 each one of them
+is going to Define some number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to Define some number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to Define some number of points
+and I just want to scatter them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to scatter them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just want to scatter them but
+scatter works by taking in one list so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter works by taking in one list so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scatter works by taking in one list so
+it's basically just a way of collapsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically just a way of collapsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically just a way of collapsing
+say I have three or 10 I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have three or 10 I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have three or 10 I don't know how
+many I'm trying to collapse some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I'm trying to collapse some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many I'm trying to collapse some number
+of lists into a single list we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lists into a single list we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lists into a single list we've
+defined some number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined some number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined some number of
+gaussians this is a London Blitz example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians this is a London Blitz example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussians this is a London Blitz example
+Josh was talking about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh was talking about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Josh was talking about this a little bit
+um those of you who want to sort of jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those of you who want to sort of jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um those of you who want to sort of jump
+back in again you can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in again you can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in again you can go to
+3.5.2 in the student uh document you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5.2 in the student uh document you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3.5.2 in the student uh document you can
+copy in whatever is under that and paste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy in whatever is under that and paste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy in whatever is under that and paste
+it and let's talk about that example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and let's talk about that example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and let's talk about that example for
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+okay what this thing is doing is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what this thing is doing is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what this thing is doing is it's
+sort of Joshua's example do you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Joshua's example do you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Joshua's example do you remember
+his example of we have some sort of grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his example of we have some sort of grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his example of we have some sort of grid
+and we're trying to say is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to say is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to say is there a
+suspicious cluster somewhere right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious cluster somewhere right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspicious cluster somewhere right a
+disease cluster yeah we have some dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease cluster yeah we have some dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease cluster yeah we have some dots
+and we're trying to figure out um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to figure out um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to figure out um is
+there something going on here you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something going on here you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something going on here you know
+there's sort of a faulty I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a faulty I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a faulty I don't know
+whatever asbest or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever asbest or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever asbest or something like that
+um and I want to figure that out so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to figure that out so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I want to figure that out so what
+you're going to get is sort of a 2d map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get is sort of a 2d map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get is sort of a 2d map
+you're going to get some dots from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get some dots from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get some dots from that
+map and you're trying to figure out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and you're trying to figure out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and you're trying to figure out your
+hypothesis is either this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is either this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis is either this is sort of
+randomly distributed it's a uniform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed it's a uniform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly distributed it's a uniform or
+there's some sort of Center here okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of Center here okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some sort of Center here okay so
+how do we write down the forward model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we write down the forward model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we write down the forward model
+for something like that we would write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like that we would write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like that we would write
+down either the particular example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down either the particular example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down either the particular example I'm
+doing here is another example that Tom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is another example that Tom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing here is another example that Tom
+Griffiths did which is um during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths did which is um during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Griffiths did which is um during the
+blitz during the London bombing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blitz during the London bombing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blitz during the London bombing this is
+actually a wear old example of um of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a wear old example of um of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a wear old example of um of
+finding pattern some of the British uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding pattern some of the British uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding pattern some of the British uh
+the people of London were convinced that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people of London were convinced that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people of London were convinced that
+there were spies in London that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were spies in London that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were spies in London that were
+telling the Germans where to bomb during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the Germans where to bomb during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling the Germans where to bomb during
+the Blitz and the way that they reasoned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blitz and the way that they reasoned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blitz and the way that they reasoned
+this is they looked at the pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they looked at the pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is they looked at the pattern of
+bombings and they said there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombings and they said there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombings and they said there's no way
+that this is random okay they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is random okay they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is random okay they just
+looked at like dots on a map and to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at like dots on a map and to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at like dots on a map and to them
+it looked a bit like gaussian or things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked a bit like gaussian or things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looked a bit like gaussian or things
+like that they were working from sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they were working from sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they were working from sort of
+few examples when you look at there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples when you look at there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few examples when you look at there's
+sort of these nice website nice I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these nice website nice I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these nice website nice I don't
+know if it's nice but there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's nice but there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it's nice but there's these
+websites that show you the entire Blitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites that show you the entire Blitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites that show you the entire Blitz
+um from when it started to when it ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from when it started to when it ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from when it started to when it ended
+and it's basically a random distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a random distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically a random distribution
+it's if you run statistical test on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you run statistical test on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's if you run statistical test on it
+it's not different from a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not different from a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not different from a random
+distribution how would you run such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution how would you run such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution how would you run such a
+test on it what you would do for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on it what you would do for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test on it what you would do for example
+is you would write a forward model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you would write a forward model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you would write a forward model that
+says it's either random uniform or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's either random uniform or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it's either random uniform or it's
+not now tell me which one is more likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now tell me which one is more likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not now tell me which one is more likely
+okay and that's what people have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what people have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's what people have kind of
+done although it's a nice data set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done although it's a nice data set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done although it's a nice data set to
+play around with the way that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with the way that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play around with the way that we've
+written it over here is to say look we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it over here is to say look we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written it over here is to say look we
+have two options either it's a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two options either it's a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two options either it's a uniform
+bombing or it's some targeted bombing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing or it's some targeted bombing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing or it's some targeted bombing
+okay the uniform bombing is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the uniform bombing is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the uniform bombing is basically
+going to give us just some point between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us just some point between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us just some point between
+zero between this box of 0 to 10 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero between this box of 0 to 10 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero between this box of 0 to 10 just
+this thing that we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing that we were talking about
+before it's going to sample uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's going to sample uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's going to sample uniformly
+from this box the targeted bombing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this box the targeted bombing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this box the targeted bombing is
+going to sample some gaussians just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sample some gaussians just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sample some gaussians just like
+we defined before you don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined before you don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we defined before you don't know how
+many you don't know where the center is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you don't know where the center is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many you don't know where the center is
+and it's going to then sample from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to then sample from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to then sample from those
+gums and it's going to give you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gums and it's going to give you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gums and it's going to give you back
+some sort of scatter and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of scatter and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of scatter and you're
+basically going to say okay I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to say okay I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically going to say okay I don't know
+if it's random uniform or if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's random uniform or if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's random uniform or if there's
+some targeted bombing going on here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some targeted bombing going on here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some targeted bombing going on here so
+I'm going to place basically some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to place basically some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to place basically some
+inference I'm going to flip a coin if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference I'm going to flip a coin if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference I'm going to flip a coin if it
+comes up heads I'm going to do uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up heads I'm going to do uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up heads I'm going to do uniform
+bombing if it comes up Tails I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing if it comes up Tails I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombing if it comes up Tails I'm going
+to do targeted bombing and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do targeted bombing and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do targeted bombing and then you
+could look at something like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at something like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at something like this and
+you can say well I don't know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well I don't know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say well I don't know that's
+kind of OD I mean it doesn't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of OD I mean it doesn't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of OD I mean it doesn't exactly
+look like uniform bombing there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like uniform bombing there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like uniform bombing there's all
+this missing empty space over here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this missing empty space over here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this missing empty space over here right
+it doesn't exactly look like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't exactly look like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't exactly look like one
+particular Target and again you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Target and again you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular Target and again you can sort
+of play with this and we'll get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play with this and we'll get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of play with this and we'll get into the
+inference about how to invert this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about how to invert this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about how to invert this thing
+but just as a forward model you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as a forward model you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just as a forward model you can play
+with this run it forward and try to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this run it forward and try to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this run it forward and try to see
+if you can guess
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mAhtll45Yz8.txt b/mAhtll45Yz8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62fbf5b59e96762ec82b7c0adc648bd1cdf94031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mAhtll45Yz8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so is there any way to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there any way to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is there any way to prove that
+pigeons never existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons never existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons never existed
+or can be only not be proven to exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be only not be proven to exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or can be only not be proven to exist
+it's actually I think these question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually I think these question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually I think these question
+hinges on the only way you live and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges on the only way you live and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hinges on the only way you live and what
+you mean by pigeons what is meant by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by pigeons what is meant by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by pigeons what is meant by
+pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons
+right so today it's going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so today it's going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so today it's going to decide
+pigeons which is to say that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons which is to say that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons which is to say that there are
+these systems of commissions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems of commissions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these systems of commissions which are
+created when people come from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created when people come from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created when people come from different
+language background and they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language background and they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language background and they have to
+communicate they have to speak to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate they have to speak to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate they have to speak to each
+other so like in Africa in in Asia in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so like in Africa in in Asia in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so like in Africa in in Asia in
+fact when pidgin arose in the coast of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when pidgin arose in the coast of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when pidgin arose in the coast of
+China and it referred to this business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and it referred to this business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China and it referred to this business
+language that people used to cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that people used to cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that people used to cross
+linguistic barriers so from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic barriers so from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic barriers so from that
+perspective pigeons do exist right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective pigeons do exist right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective pigeons do exist right if
+you take it as the definition pigeons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it as the definition pigeons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take it as the definition pigeons
+have been documented over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been documented over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been documented over and over again
+there are no native languages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no native languages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are no native languages and
+typically they are indeed reduce in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they are indeed reduce in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they are indeed reduce in
+instructure but as people use them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructure but as people use them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructure but as people use them more
+and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more
+you know they can they can develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can they can develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they can they can develop
+structure so right so so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so right so so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so right so so this is what we
+need to be clear about how we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be clear about how we define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be clear about how we define
+pigeons right because we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons right because we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons right because we looked at the
+way Bickerton defined it right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Bickerton defined it right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way Bickerton defined it right so the
+claim was a very strong one that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim was a very strong one that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim was a very strong one that in the
+history of creole you have this earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of creole you have this earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of creole you have this earlier
+speech system that extremely meat using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech system that extremely meat using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech system that extremely meat using
+structure and it was very precise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it was very precise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and it was very precise in
+terms of what's missing and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's missing and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's missing and what's
+missing is a fixes so no no bits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing is a fixes so no no bits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing is a fixes so no no bits of
+words that can be used to create larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that can be used to create larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that can be used to create larger
+words so you don't have things like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so you don't have things like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words so you don't have things like in
+in English finger right so that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English finger right so that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in English finger right so that's a very
+extremely precise claims that claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely precise claims that claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely precise claims that claim
+according to which pigeons are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to which pigeons are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to which pigeons are supposed
+to be had to have the no bottom level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be had to have the no bottom level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be had to have the no bottom level of
+language complexity they are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language complexity they are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language complexity they are really
+simply system possible in fact even an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply system possible in fact even an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply system possible in fact even an
+language like they might remind a say of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like they might remind a say of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like they might remind a say of
+a language of Homo erectus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language of Homo erectus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a language of Homo erectus
+so that that that claim is a strong one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that claim is a strong one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that that claim is a strong one
+that we're looking at so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at so in the
+innovation Creole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation Creole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation Creole
+according to the evidence that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the evidence that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the evidence that we have
+we don't see any thing of that sort as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see any thing of that sort as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't see any thing of that sort as
+documented so the earliest archival data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented so the earliest archival data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented so the earliest archival data
+shows that we have a full fledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that we have a full fledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that we have a full fledge
+language with all the bells and whistles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language with all the bells and whistles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language with all the bells and whistles
+including affixes embedding a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including affixes embedding a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including affixes embedding a very
+complex language you know from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex language you know from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex language you know from the very
+earliest stages you see we get you seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest stages you see we get you seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest stages you see we get you seem
+to have some doubts about like like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some doubts about like like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some doubts about like like we
+can know if there was no recording of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know if there was no recording of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can know if there was no recording of
+there being a pigeon like we like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being a pigeon like we like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there being a pigeon like we like if
+there is a recording okay just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a recording okay just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a recording okay just because
+there's no recording can we not say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no recording can we not say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no recording can we not say that
+oh maybe that was like spoken one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe that was like spoken one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh maybe that was like spoken one right
+but it was never yeah I can see what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was never yeah I can see what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was never yeah I can see what you
+like you thank you drive that well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you thank you drive that well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you thank you drive that well you
+could say that okay so actually bigger -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that okay so actually bigger -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say that okay so actually bigger -
+let's use something of that that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use something of that that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's use something of that that kind of
+argument well the way put it I put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument well the way put it I put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument well the way put it I put it
+very subtly since that the absence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtly since that the absence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very subtly since that the absence of
+evidence is not evidence of absence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is not evidence of absence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence is not evidence of absence
+right which is exactly are you trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is exactly are you trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is exactly are you trying to
+claim here the fella could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim here the fella could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim here the fella could have
+particular kind of data is that evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of data is that evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of data is that evidence
+that didn't exist it might have existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't exist it might have existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't exist it might have existed
+but money recorded it okay but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but money recorded it okay but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but money recorded it okay but in this
+you know you're right the claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're right the claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're right the claim is
+stronger that it you know it's a back if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger that it you know it's a back if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger that it you know it's a back if
+it could have existed in the body could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have existed in the body could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have existed in the body could
+be attention because it could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attention because it could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be attention because it could have
+existed and be part of a community to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and be part of a community to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existed and be part of a community to
+the to the point where children being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the point where children being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the point where children being
+born in the community would have used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in the community would have used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born in the community would have used
+that evidence to create the Creole right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evidence to create the Creole right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that evidence to create the Creole right
+remember that this is what you what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this is what you what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that this is what you what you
+get you have at some point it's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you have at some point it's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you have at some point it's let's
+call it generation let's call it zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it generation let's call it zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it generation let's call it zero
+okay and for that generation all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for that generation all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and for that generation all the
+hearing is I think I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing is I think I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearing is I think I'm going to have to
+use a stronger market Rachel will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a stronger market Rachel will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a stronger market Rachel will you
+help me with this one with might work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me with this one with might work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help me with this one with might work
+oh yeah okay so so so there would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay so so so there would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah okay so so so there would have
+been enough of this kind of data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been enough of this kind of data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been enough of this kind of data for
+these children then to use that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children then to use that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these children then to use that and then
+from that create the Creole right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that create the Creole right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that create the Creole right so
+it's not as if that this would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as if that this would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not as if that this would have been
+a very fleeting type of language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fleeting type of language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very fleeting type of language so
+given that they were they were observers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that they were they were observers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that they were they were observers
+of the speech patterns that period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech patterns that period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speech patterns that period
+people wrote about the patterns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wrote about the patterns of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wrote about the patterns of the
+of the Africans you see it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Africans you see it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Africans you see it would have
+been surprising if it was indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been surprising if it was indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been surprising if it was indeed
+communal lingua franca of sorts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal lingua franca of sorts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal lingua franca of sorts and
+nobody noticed that well there was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody noticed that well there was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody noticed that well there was the
+system where all the French officials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where all the French officials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where all the French officials
+were gone you see what one could could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gone you see what one could could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were gone you see what one could could
+could could imagine along your line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could imagine along your line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could imagine along your line or
+since that maybe the men have been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that maybe the men have been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that maybe the men have been some
+Africans who who will be producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans who who will be producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans who who will be producing
+something that could be pigeon light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could be pigeon light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that could be pigeon light
+which would which would be like a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would which would be like a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would which would be like a second
+language version of French which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language version of French which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language version of French which is what
+we expect right because if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect right because if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we expect right because if you if you
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning
+I don't know Italian you might go to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know Italian you might go to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know Italian you might go to a
+state where you put use Italian verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you put use Italian verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you put use Italian verbs
+without affixes right it forgotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affixes right it forgotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without affixes right it forgotten
+perspective yes one could imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective yes one could imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective yes one could imagine that
+there would be some speakers producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be some speakers producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be some speakers producing
+pidgin like data right but could there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pidgin like data right but could there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pidgin like data right but could there
+be a whole community that will be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole community that will be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a whole community that will be using
+the pigeon including say people in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon including say people in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pigeon including say people in in
+their own homes to the point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own homes to the point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own homes to the point where the
+children would be only getting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children would be only getting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children would be only getting because
+remember that for Bickerton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that for Bickerton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that for Bickerton
+you know the crucial 50s is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the crucial 50s is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the crucial 50s is that you
+have children here you see and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have children here you see and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have children here you see and the
+children are transforming this pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are transforming this pigeon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children are transforming this pigeon
+into a Creole and then you get at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Creole and then you get at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a Creole and then you get at a
+later generation this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later generation this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later generation this is called the
+Serrano well plus one oh then you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serrano well plus one oh then you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serrano well plus one oh then you get
+the creole becoming a stable language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creole becoming a stable language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creole becoming a stable language
+from the pigeon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people sighs would it be then like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sighs would it be then like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sighs would it be then like
+people are keeping their languages being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are keeping their languages being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are keeping their languages being
+developed at the same time what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at the same time what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed at the same time what people
+keep in their African languages yeah in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in their African languages yeah in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in their African languages yeah in
+fact the days report so someone actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the days report so someone actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the days report so someone actors
+Olivia trio for example you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia trio for example you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Olivia trio for example you know the
+well-known Haitian leader was claimed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known Haitian leader was claimed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known Haitian leader was claimed to
+also speak African languages from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also speak African languages from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also speak African languages from say
+the bay family right so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bay family right so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bay family right so this is this is
+likely that one could imagine that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that one could imagine that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that one could imagine that at
+some point there will be many speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point there will be many speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point there will be many speakers
+in the community would be bilingual or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community would be bilingual or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the community would be bilingual or
+trilingual even speaking foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilingual even speaking foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trilingual even speaking foreign
+languages but the question here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages but the question here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages but the question here is
+whether there was anything like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there was anything like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there was anything like when
+Bickerton posits that was spoken across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bickerton posits that was spoken across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bickerton posits that was spoken across
+community to the point where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to the point where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community to the point where the
+children had no choice but to use only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children had no choice but to use only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children had no choice but to use only
+this speech and data to create the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speech and data to create the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this speech and data to create the
+native Creole and the evidence is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Creole and the evidence is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native Creole and the evidence is not
+there and also structurally and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and also structurally and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and also structurally and this is
+what we see so maybe we should come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see so maybe we should come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see so maybe we should come back
+that question when we look at the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question when we look at the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question when we look at the data
+because going to come back to the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because going to come back to the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because going to come back to the data
+that we have and try to make sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have and try to make sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have and try to make sense of
+this thing if you think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing if you think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing if you think about the
+situation with Spanish there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with Spanish there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with Spanish there with
+English in the u.s. it's very I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English in the u.s. it's very I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English in the u.s. it's very I mean I
+wouldn't I would say that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I would say that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't I would say that there's
+several generations that speak it I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several generations that speak it I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several generations that speak it I also
+would say that it's relatively unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that it's relatively unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that it's relatively unstable
+in the way that a pidgin might be but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that a pidgin might be but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that a pidgin might be but I
+also wouldn't know what the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wouldn't know what the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also wouldn't know what the difference
+would be between an unstable pidgin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be between an unstable pidgin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be between an unstable pidgin and
+code switching in the sense that like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code switching in the sense that like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code switching in the sense that like if
+you think about more of a modern-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about more of a modern-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about more of a modern-day
+example I would say that Spanglish is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I would say that Spanglish is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I would say that Spanglish is
+the best candidate but that also is my a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that would Tingley should be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would Tingley should be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would Tingley should be anything
+like a pigeon right and in first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pigeon right and in first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pigeon right and in first of all
+I would say that the conditions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that the conditions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say that the conditions that
+surround Spanglish are very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround Spanglish are very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surround Spanglish are very different
+from those that surrounded say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those that surrounded say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those that surrounded say the
+creation of the haitian creole so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the haitian creole so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of the haitian creole so in
+terms of justin mix you see so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of justin mix you see so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of justin mix you see so in
+Haitian Creole devastation will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole devastation will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Haitian Creole devastation will have
+lots of Afghani which is being spoken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of Afghani which is being spoken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of Afghani which is being spoken
+and plus many varieties of French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus many varieties of French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plus many varieties of French
+doesn't just want french were many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just want french were many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just want french were many
+languages that for now called French but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that for now called French but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages that for now called French but
+in fact they were quite different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they were quite different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact they were quite different in
+the structure what the French themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure what the French themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure what the French themselves
+called the path one right looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the path one right looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the path one right looking at
+that definition then technically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition then technically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition then technically the
+only pigeons would be the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pigeons would be the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only pigeons would be the very very
+first languages like so then like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first languages like so then like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first languages like so then like you
+can't have Creole be a pigeon because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have Creole be a pigeon because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have Creole be a pigeon because it
+influenced well that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced well that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced well that's what we're going
+to see exactly that that in a way there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see exactly that that in a way there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see exactly that that in a way there
+is a sense in which you know by by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sense in which you know by by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a sense in which you know by by using
+that because it's that close right from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's that close right from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because it's that close right from
+pigeons you're really creasing bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons you're really creasing bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pigeons you're really creasing bias
+against the idea that you know the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the idea that you know the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the idea that you know the the
+Africans actually they were learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans actually they were learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africans actually they were learning
+French in the same way say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French in the same way say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French in the same way say that the
+French people themselves in Europe back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French people themselves in Europe back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French people themselves in Europe back
+when French was being created we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when French was being created we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when French was being created we're
+learning Latin and in fact we went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Latin and in fact we went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning Latin and in fact we went to
+look at some data like that ok so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some data like that ok so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some data like that ok so let's
+so this is this is all good so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is all good so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is all good so you guys
+have been I've been asking all the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been I've been asking all the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been I've been asking all the right
+questions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/miw2CiKp1r0.txt b/miw2CiKp1r0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbf26e77bda320d5f920b3ce1efc6b0dfe2a6a0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/miw2CiKp1r0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1952 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last Tuesday, we
+ended up the lecture talking
+
+about knapsack problems.
+
+We talked about the continuous
+knapsack problem and the fact
+
+that you could solve
+that optimally
+
+with a greedy algorithm.
+
+And we looked at the 0-1
+knapsack problem and discussed
+
+the fact that while we could
+write greedy algorithms that
+
+would solve the problem quickly,
+we have to be careful
+
+what we mean by "solve," and
+that while those algorithms
+
+would choose a set of items
+that we could indeed carry
+
+away, there was no guarantee
+that it would choose the
+
+optimal items, that is to say,
+one that would meet the
+
+objective function of maximizing
+the value.
+
+We looked after that at a brute
+force algorithm on the
+
+board only for finding an
+optimal solution, a guaranteed
+
+optimal solution, but observed
+the fact that on even a
+
+moderately sized set of
+items, it might take a
+
+decade or so to run.
+
+Decided that wasn't very good.
+
+Nevertheless, I want to start
+today looking at some code
+
+that implements a brute force
+algorithm, not because I
+
+expect anyone to actually run
+this on a real example, but
+
+because a bit later in the term,
+we'll see how we could
+
+modify this to something that
+would be practical.
+
+And there's some things to
+learn by looking at it.
+
+So let's look at
+some code here.
+
+I don't expect you to understand
+in real time all
+
+the details of this code.
+
+It's more I want you to
+understand the basic idea
+
+behind it and then the
+result we get.
+
+So you'll remember that we
+looked at the complexity by
+
+saying well, really, it's
+like binary numbers.
+
+So the first helper subroutine
+I'm going to use is something
+
+that generates binary numbers.
+
+So it takes an n, some natural
+number, and the number of
+
+digits and returns a binary
+string of that length,
+
+representing the decimal
+number n.
+
+Why am I giving it this
+number of digits?
+
+Because I need to zero pad it.
+
+If I want to have a vector that
+represents whether or not
+
+I take items, if I take only one
+item, say the first one, I
+
+don't want just a binary spring
+with one digit in it.
+
+Because I need all those zeros
+to indicate that I'm not
+
+taking the other items.
+
+And so the second argument tells
+me, in effect, how many
+
+zeros I'm going to need.
+
+And there's nothing mysterious
+about the way it does it.
+
+OK.
+
+The next helper function
+generates the
+
+power set of the items.
+
+What is a power set?
+
+If you take a set, you can then
+ask the question what are
+
+all the subsets of the set?
+
+What's the smallest
+subset of a set?
+
+It's the empty set.
+
+No items.
+
+What's the largest
+subset of a set?
+
+All of the items.
+
+And then we have everything in
+between, the set that contains
+
+the first item, the set that
+contains the second item, et
+
+cetera, the set that contains
+the first and the second, the
+
+first and the third.
+
+There are a lot of them.
+
+And of course, how
+many is a lot?
+
+Well, 2 to the n is a lot.
+
+But now we're going
+to generate every
+
+possible subset of items.
+
+And we're going to do this
+simply using the decimal to
+
+binary function to tell us
+whether or not we keep each
+
+one, so we can enumerate them.
+
+We can generate them all.
+
+And now we have the set of all
+possible items one might take,
+
+irrespective of whether they
+obey the constraint of not
+
+weighing too much.
+
+The next function is the
+one that does the work.
+
+This is the interesting one.
+
+Choose best.
+
+It takes a power set, the
+constraint, and two functions.
+
+One, getValue--
+
+it tells me the value
+of an item.
+
+And the other getWeight--
+
+it tells me the weight
+of an item.
+
+Then it just goes through.
+
+And it enumerates all
+possibilities
+
+and eventually chooses--
+
+I won't say the best
+set, because it
+
+might not be unique.
+
+There might be more than
+one optimal answer.
+
+But it finds at least
+one optimal answer.
+
+And then it returns that.
+
+Again it's a very
+straightforward implementation
+
+of the brute force algorithm
+I sketched on the board.
+
+And then we can run it with
+testBest, which is going to
+
+build the items using
+the function we
+
+looked at last time.
+
+It's then going to get the
+power set of the items.
+
+It's going to call chooseBest
+and then print the result.
+
+So let's see what happens
+if we run it.
+
+We get an error.
+
+Oh dear.
+
+I hadn't expected that.
+
+And it says test-- oh testBest
+is not defined.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's try that again.
+
+Sure looks like it's
+defined to me.
+
+There it is.
+
+OK.
+
+And you may recall that this
+is a better answer than
+
+anything that was generated
+by the greedy
+
+algorithm on Tuesday.
+
+You may not recall it,
+but believe me it is.
+
+It happened to have found
+a better solution.
+
+And not surprisingly, that's
+because I contrived the
+
+example to make sure
+that would happen.
+
+Why does it work better in the
+sense-- or why does it find a
+
+better answer?
+
+Why might it find
+a better answer?
+
+Well, because the greedy
+algorithm chose something that
+
+was locally optimal
+at each step.
+
+But there was no guarantee that
+a sequence of locally
+
+optimal decisions would reach
+a global optimum.
+
+What this algorithm does is it
+finds a global optimum by
+
+looking at all solutions.
+
+And that's something we'll see
+again and again, as we go
+
+forward, that there's always a
+temptation to do things one
+
+step at a time, finding
+local optimum--
+
+optima--
+
+because it's fast.
+
+It's easy.
+
+But there's no guarantee
+it will work well.
+
+Now the problem, of course,
+with finding the global
+
+optimum is, as we discussed, it
+is prohibitively expensive.
+
+Now you could ask is it
+prohibitively expensive
+
+because I chose a stupid
+algorithm,
+
+the brute force algorithm?
+
+Well, it is a stupid
+algorithm.
+
+But in fact, this is a problem
+that is what we would call
+
+inherently exponential.
+
+We've looked at this
+concept before.
+
+That in addition to talking
+about the complexity of an
+
+algorithm, we can talk about the
+complexity of a problem in
+
+which we ask the question how
+fast can the absolute best
+
+solution, fastest solution
+to this problem, be?
+
+And here you can construct a
+mathematical proof that says
+
+the problem is inherently
+exponential.
+
+No matter what we do, we're not
+going to be able to find
+
+something that's guaranteed to
+find the optimal, that is
+
+faster than exponential.
+
+Well, now let's be careful
+of that statement.
+
+What that means is the worst
+case is inherently
+
+exponential.
+
+As we will see in a couple of
+weeks-- it'll take us a while
+
+to get there--
+
+there are actually algorithms
+that people use to solve these
+
+inherently exponential problems
+and solve them fast
+
+enough to be useful.
+
+So, for example, when you go
+to look at airline fares on
+
+Kayak to try and find the best
+fare from A to B, it is an
+
+inherently exponential problem,
+but you get an answer
+
+pretty quickly.
+
+And that's because there are
+techniques you can use.
+
+Now, in fact, one of the reasons
+you get it is they
+
+don't guarantee that
+you actually
+
+get an optimal solution.
+
+But there are techniques that
+guarantee to give you an
+
+optimal solution that almost all
+the time will run quickly.
+
+And we'll look at one of those
+a bit later in the term.
+
+Before we do that, however, I
+want to leave for a while the
+
+whole question of complexity
+behind and look at another
+
+class of optimization
+problems.
+
+We'll look at several
+different kinds of
+
+optimization problems as
+the term goes forward.
+
+The kind I want to look at today
+is probably what I would
+
+say is the most exciting
+branch of
+
+computer science today.
+
+And of course I might
+have a bias.
+
+And that's machine learning.
+
+It's a word you'll
+hear a lot about.
+
+And it's a technique that
+many of you will apply.
+
+You might not write
+your own codes.
+
+But I guarantee you were either
+be the beneficiary or
+
+the victim of machine learning
+almost every time you log on
+
+to the web these days.
+
+I should probably start
+by defining what
+
+machine learning is.
+
+But that's hard to do.
+
+I really don't know
+how to do it.
+
+Superficially, you could say
+that machine learning deals
+
+with the question of how to
+build programs that learn.
+
+However, I think in a very real
+sense every program we
+
+write learns something.
+
+If I implement Newton's method,
+it's learning what the
+
+roots of the polynomial is.
+
+Certainly when we looked
+at curve fitting--
+
+fitting curves to data--
+
+we were learning a model
+of the data.
+
+That's what that
+regression is.
+
+Wikipedia says--
+
+and of course, it must be true
+if Wikipedia says it--
+
+that machine learning is a
+scientific discipline that is
+
+concerned with the design and
+development of algorithms that
+
+allow computers to evolve
+behaviors based
+
+on empirical data.
+
+I'm not sure how helpful
+this definition is.
+
+But it was the best
+I could find.
+
+And it doesn't really matter.
+
+But it sort of gets at the issue
+that a major focus of
+
+machine learning research is
+to automatically learn to
+
+recognize complex patterns and
+make intelligent decisions
+
+based on data.
+
+This whole process is something
+
+called inductive inference.
+
+The basic idea is
+one observes--
+
+actually one doesn't.
+
+The program observes examples
+that represent an incomplete
+
+information about some
+statistical phenomena and then
+
+tries to generate a model, just
+like with curve fitting,
+
+that summarizes some statistical
+properties of that
+
+data and can be used to predict
+the future, for
+
+example, give you information
+about unseen data.
+
+There are roughly speaking two
+distinctive approaches to
+
+machine learning called
+supervised learning and
+
+unsupervised learning.
+
+Let's first talk about
+supervised learning.
+
+It's a little easier to
+appreciate how it might work.
+
+In supervised learning, we
+associate a label with each
+
+example in a training set.
+
+So think of that as an answer
+to a query about an example.
+
+If the label is discrete,
+we typically call it a
+
+classification problem.
+
+So we would try and classify,
+for example, a transaction on
+
+a credit card as belonging to
+the owner of that credit card
+
+or not belonging to the owner,
+as i.e., with some
+
+probability, a stolen
+credit card.
+
+So it's discrete.
+
+It belongs to the owner.
+
+It doesn't belong
+to the owner.
+
+If the labels are real valued,
+we think of it as
+
+a regression problem.
+
+And so indeed, when we did the
+curve fitting, we were doing
+
+machine learning.
+
+And we were handling a
+regression problem.
+
+Based on the examples from the
+training set, the goal is to
+
+build a program that can predict
+the answer for other
+
+cases before they were
+explicitly observed.
+
+So we're trying to generalize
+from the statistical
+
+properties of a training set to
+be able to make predictions
+
+about things we haven't seen.
+
+Let's look at an example.
+
+So here, I've got red
+and blue circles.
+
+And I'm trying to learn what
+makes a circle red or what's
+
+the difference between red and
+blue, other than the color?
+
+Think of my information as the
+(x,y) values and the label as
+
+the color, red or blue.
+
+So I've labeled each one.
+
+And now I'm trying to
+learn something.
+
+Well, it's kind of tricky.
+
+What are the questions I need to
+answer to think about this?
+
+And then we'll look at
+how we might do it.
+
+So, a first question
+I need to ask is
+
+are the labels accurate?
+
+And in fact, in a lot of real
+world examples, in most real
+
+world examples, there's
+no guarantee that
+
+the labels are accurate.
+
+So you have to assume that
+well, maybe some of
+
+the labels are wrong.
+
+How do we deal with that?
+
+Perhaps the most fundamental
+question is the past
+
+representative of the future?
+
+We've seen many examples where
+people have learned things,
+
+for example, to predict
+the price of housing.
+
+And it turns out you hit some
+singularity which means the
+
+past is not a very good
+predictor of the future.
+
+And even if all of your learning
+is good, you get the
+
+wrong answer.
+
+So you sort of always have
+to ask that question.
+
+Do you have enough data
+to generalize?
+
+And by this, I mean enough
+training data.
+
+If your training set is very
+small, you shouldn't have a
+
+lot of confidence in
+what you learn.
+
+A big issue here is feature
+extraction.
+
+As we'll see when we look at
+real examples, the world is a
+
+pretty complex place.
+
+And we need to decide what
+features we're going to use.
+
+If I were to ask 25% of you to
+come up in the front of the
+
+room and then try and separate
+you based upon some feature--
+
+if I were to say, all right, I'm
+going to separate the good
+
+students from the bad students,
+but the only
+
+features I have available are
+the clothes you're wearing, it
+
+might not work so well.
+
+And very importantly, how
+tight should the fit be?
+
+So now let's go back to
+our example here.
+
+We can look at two different
+ways we might
+
+generalize from this data.
+
+And indeed, when we're looking
+at classification problems in
+
+supervised learning, what
+we're typically doing is
+
+trying to find some way of
+dividing our training data.
+
+In this case, I've given you a
+two-dimensional projection.
+
+As we'll see, it's not always
+two-dimensional.
+
+It's not usually
+two-dimensional.
+
+So I might choose this rather
+eccentric shape
+
+and say that's great.
+
+And why is that great?
+
+It's great because it minimizes
+training error.
+
+So if we look at it as an
+optimization problem, we might
+
+say that our objective function
+is how many points
+
+are correctly classified
+in the training
+
+data as red or blue.
+
+And this triangular shape
+has no training error.
+
+Every point is perfectly
+classified in
+
+the training data.
+
+If I choose this linear
+separator instead, I have some
+
+training error.
+
+This red point is misclassified
+in the training.
+
+Does that mean that
+the triangle is
+
+better than the line?
+
+Not necessarily, right?
+
+Because my goal is to predict
+future points.
+
+And maybe that's mislabeled
+or an experimental error.
+
+Maybe it's accurately labeled
+but an outlier, very unusual.
+
+And this will not
+generalize well.
+
+This is analogous to what we
+talked about as overfitting
+
+when we looked at
+curve fitting.
+
+And that's-- a very big problem
+in machine learning is
+
+if you overfit to your training
+data, it might not
+
+generalize well and might
+give you bogus
+
+answers going forward.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's a very quick look
+at supervised learning.
+
+We'll come back to that.
+
+I now want to talk about
+unsupervised learning.
+
+The big difference here is we
+have training data, but we
+
+don't have labels.
+
+So I just give you a
+bunch of points.
+
+It's as if we looked at this
+picture, and I didn't tell you
+
+which were the red points and
+which were the blue points.
+
+They were just all points.
+
+So what can I learn?
+
+What typically you're learning
+in unsupervised learning, is
+
+you're learning about
+regularities of the data.
+
+So if we looked at this and
+think away the red and the
+
+blue, we might well say well,
+at least, if I look at this,
+
+there is some structure
+to this data.
+
+And maybe what I should do
+is divide it this way.
+
+It gives me kind of a nice
+clean separation.
+
+But maybe I should divide
+it this way.
+
+Or maybe I should put
+a circle around each
+
+of these four groupings.
+
+Complicated, what to do.
+
+But what we see is there is
+clearly some structure here.
+
+And the idea of unsupervised
+learning is to
+
+discover that structure.
+
+Far and away, the dominant form
+of unsupervised learning
+
+is clustering.
+
+And that's what I was just
+talking about, is finding the
+
+cluster in this data.
+
+So we'll move forward here.
+
+There it is, with everything
+the same color.
+
+But here I've labeled
+the x- and y-axes
+
+as height and weight.
+
+What does clustering mean?
+
+It's the process of organizing
+the objects or the points into
+
+groups whose members are
+similar in some way.
+
+A key issue is what do
+we mean by similar?
+
+What's the metric
+we want to use?
+
+And we can see that here.
+
+If I tell you that,
+really, I want to
+
+cluster people by height--
+
+say, people are similar if
+they're the same height--
+
+then it's pretty clear how I
+should divide this, right,
+
+what my clusters should be.
+
+My clusters should probably be
+this group of shorter people
+
+and this group of
+taller people.
+
+If I tell you I'm interested
+in weight, then probably I
+
+want a cluster it with the
+divisor here between the
+
+heavier people and the
+lighter people.
+
+Or if I say well, I'm interested
+in some combination
+
+of those two, then maybe I'll
+get four clusters as I
+
+discussed before.
+
+Clustering algorithms are
+used all over the place.
+
+For example, in marketing,
+they're used to find groups of
+
+customers with similar
+behavior.
+
+Walmart is famous for using that
+clustering to find that.
+
+They did a clustering to
+determine when people bought
+
+the same thing.
+
+And then they would rearrange
+their shelves to encourage
+
+people to buy things.
+
+And sort of the most famous
+example they discovered was
+
+there was a strong correlation
+between people between people
+
+who bought beer and people
+who bought diapers.
+
+And so there was a period
+where if you walked in a
+
+Walmart store, you would find
+the beer and the diapers next
+
+to each other.
+
+And I leave it to you
+to speculate on
+
+why that was true.
+
+It just happened to be
+true in Walmart.
+
+Amazon uses clustering to find
+people who like similar books.
+
+So every time you buy a book on
+Amazon, they're running a
+
+clustering algorithm to find
+out who looks like you.
+
+Said, oh, this person
+looks just like you.
+
+So if they buy a book, maybe
+you'll get an email suggesting
+
+you buy that book or the next
+time you log into Amazon.
+
+Or when you look at a book, they
+tell you here are some
+
+similar books.
+
+And then they've done a
+clustering to group books as
+
+similar based on
+buying habits.
+
+Netflix uses that to recommend
+movies, et cetera.
+
+Biologists spend a lot of time
+these days doing clustering.
+
+They classify plants or animals
+
+based on their features.
+
+We'll shortly see an example
+of that, as in right after
+
+Patriot's Day.
+
+But they also use it
+a lot in genetics.
+
+So clustering is used to try and
+find genes that look like
+
+or groups of genes.
+
+Insurance companies use that to
+decide how much to charge
+
+you for your automobile
+insurance.
+
+They cluster drivers based
+upon-- and use that to predict
+
+who's going to have
+an accident.
+
+Document classification on the
+web is used all the time.
+
+It's used a lot in medicine.
+
+Just used all over the place.
+
+So what is it exactly?
+
+Well the nice thing is
+we can define it very
+
+straightforwardly as an
+optimization problem.
+
+And so we can ask what
+properties does a good
+
+clustering have?
+
+Well, it should have low
+intra-cluster dissimilarity.
+
+So in a good clustering, all
+of the points in the same
+
+cluster should be similar, by
+whatever metric you're using
+
+for similarity.
+
+As we'll see, there are a
+lot of choices there.
+
+But that's not enough.
+
+We'd also like to have high
+inter-cluster dissimilarity.
+
+So we'd like the points within
+a cluster to be a lot like
+
+each other.
+
+But if points are in different
+clusters, we'd like them to be
+
+quite different from
+each other.
+
+That tells us that we
+have a good cluster.
+
+All right, let's look at it.
+
+How might we model
+dissimilarity?
+
+Well, using a concept we've
+already seen-- variance.
+
+So we can talk about the
+variance of some cluster C as
+
+equal to the sum of all elements
+x in C, of the mean
+
+of C minus x squared.
+
+Or maybe we can take the square
+root of it, if we want.
+
+But it's exactly the idea we've
+seen before, right?
+
+Then we say what's the average
+value of the cluster?
+
+And then we look at how far is
+each point from the average.
+
+We sum them.
+
+And that tells us how
+much variance we
+
+have within the cluster.
+
+Make sense?
+
+So that's variance.
+
+So we can use that to talk
+about how similar or
+
+dissimilar the elements
+in the cluster are.
+
+We can use the same idea to
+compare points in separate
+
+clusters and compute various
+different ways-- and we'll
+
+look at different ways--
+
+to look at the distance
+between clusters.
+
+So combining these two things,
+we could get, say, a metric
+
+we'll call badness--
+
+not a technical word.
+
+And now I'll ask the question
+is the optimization problem
+
+that we're solving
+in clustering
+
+finding a set of clusters--
+
+capital C--
+
+such that badness of that set
+of clusters is minimized?
+
+Is that a sufficient definition
+of the problem
+
+we're trying to solve?
+
+Find a set of clusters
+C, such that the
+
+badness of C is minimized.
+
+is that good enough?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No, why not?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just imagine a case
+where you view cluster-- if
+
+you make a single cluster,
+every cluster has
+
+one element in it.
+
+And the variance is 0.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+So that has a trivial solution,
+which is probably
+
+not the one we want,
+of putting each
+
+point in its own cluster.
+
+Badness--
+
+it won't be bad.
+
+It'll be a perfect clustering
+in some sense.
+
+But it doesn't do us
+any good really.
+
+So what do we do to fix that?
+
+What do we usually do
+when we formulate an
+
+optimization problem?
+
+What's missing?
+
+I've given you the objective
+function.
+
+What have I not giving you?
+
+AUDIENCE: Constraints.
+
+PROFESSOR: A constraint.
+
+So we need to add some
+constraint here that will
+
+prevent us from finding
+a trivial solution.
+
+So what kind of constraints
+might we look at?
+
+There are different
+ways of doing it.
+
+A couple of ones
+that is usual.
+
+Sometimes you might have as a
+constraint, the maximum number
+
+of clusters.
+
+Say, all right, cluster my data,
+but I want at most K
+
+clusters --
+
+10 clusters.
+
+That would be my constraint,
+like the weight for the
+
+knapsack problem.
+
+Or maybe I'll want to put
+something on the maximum
+
+distance between clusters.
+
+So I don't want the distance
+between any two clusters to be
+
+more than something.
+
+In general, solving this
+optimization problem is
+
+computationally prohibitive.
+
+So once again, in practice, what
+people typically resort
+
+to is greedy algorithms.
+
+And I want to look at two kinds
+of greedy algorithms,
+
+probably the two most common
+approaches to clustering.
+
+One is called k-means.
+
+In k-means clustering, you say
+I want exactly k clusters.
+
+And find the best
+k clustering.
+
+We'll talk about how
+it does that.
+
+And again, it's not guaranteed
+to find the best.
+
+And the other is hierarchical
+clustering.
+
+We'll come back to
+that shortly.
+
+Both are simple to understand
+and widely used in practice.
+
+So let's first talk about
+how we do this.
+
+Let's first look at hierarchical
+clustering.
+
+So we have a set of n items
+to be clustered.
+
+And let's assume we have an n
+by n distance matrix that
+
+tells me for each pair of items
+how far they are from
+
+each other.
+
+So we can look at an example.
+
+So here's an n by n distance
+matrix for the airline
+
+distance between some cities
+in the United States.
+
+The distance from Boston
+to Boston is 0 miles.
+
+Distance from New York is 206.
+
+The distance from Chicago
+to San Francisco
+
+is 2,142, et cetera.
+
+All right?
+
+So I have my n by n distance
+matrix there.
+
+Now let's go through how
+hierarchical clustering would
+
+relate these things
+to each other.
+
+So we start by assigning each
+item to its own cluster.
+
+So if we have n items, we
+now have n clusters.
+
+All right?
+
+That's the trivial solution
+that you suggested before.
+
+The next step is to find the
+most similar pair of clusters
+
+and merge them.
+
+So if we look here and we just--
+we start, we'll have
+
+six clusters, one
+for each city.
+
+And we would merge the two most
+similar, which I guess in
+
+this case is New York
+and Boston.
+
+Hard to believe that those are
+the most similar cities.
+
+But at least by this distance
+metric they're the closest.
+
+So we would merge those two.
+
+And then you just continue the
+process in principle, until
+
+all items are in one cluster.
+
+So now you have a whole
+hierarchy of clusters.
+
+And you can cut it off
+where you want.
+
+If you want to have six
+clusters, you could look at
+
+where the hierarchy
+you have six.
+
+You can look where you have
+two, where you have three.
+
+Of course, you don't have to go
+all the way to finish it if
+
+you don't want to.
+
+This kind of hierarchical
+clustering is called
+
+agglomerative.
+
+Why?
+
+Well, because we're
+combining things.
+
+We're agglomerating them.
+
+So this is pretty
+
+straightforward, except for two.
+
+The complication in step (2) is
+we have to define what it
+
+means to find the two most
+similar clusters.
+
+Now it's pretty easy when the
+clusters each contain one
+
+element, because, well, we
+have our metric-- in this
+
+case, distance--
+
+and we can just do
+that as I did.
+
+But it's not so obvious
+what you do when they
+
+have multiple elements.
+
+And in fact, different metrics
+can be used to get different
+
+properties.
+
+So I want to talk about
+some of the
+
+metrics we use for that.
+
+These are typically called
+linkage criteria.
+
+So one popular one is what's
+called single linkage.
+
+It's also called
+
+connectedness, or minimum method.
+
+In this, we consider the
+distance between a pair of
+
+clusters to be equal to the
+shortest distance from any
+
+member to any other member.
+
+So we take the two points in
+each cluster that are closest
+
+to each other and say
+that's the distance
+
+between the two clusters.
+
+People also use something called
+complete linkage--
+
+It's also called diameter
+or maximum--
+
+where we consider the distance
+between any two clusters to be
+
+the distance between the points
+that are furthest from
+
+each other.
+
+So in one case, essentially
+single linkages was looking at
+
+the best case.
+
+Complete--
+
+in English, not French--
+
+is looking at the worst case.
+
+And you won't be surprised to
+hear that you could also look
+
+at the average case, where you
+take all of the distances.
+
+So you take all of the
+pairwise things.
+
+You add them up.
+
+You take the average.
+
+You can also take the mean, the
+
+median, if you want instead.
+
+None of these is necessarily
+best.
+
+But they do give you
+different answers.
+
+And so I want to look at that
+now with our example here.
+
+So let's look at
+it and run it.
+
+So the first step is independent
+of what linkage
+
+we're using.
+
+We get these six clusters.
+
+All right, now let's look
+at the second step.
+
+Well, also pretty simple
+since we only have one
+
+element in each one.
+
+We're going to get
+that clustering.
+
+All right.
+
+Now, what about the next step?
+
+What do I get if I'm
+using the minimal
+
+single linkage distance?
+
+What gets merged here?
+
+Somebody?
+
+AUDIENCE: Boston, New
+York and Chicago.
+
+PROFESSOR: Boston, New
+York, and Chicago.
+
+And it turns out we'll get the
+same thing if we use other
+
+linkages in this case.
+
+Let's continue to
+the next step.
+
+Now we'll end up merging San
+Francisco and Seattle.
+
+Now we get a difference.
+
+What does the red represent
+and what
+
+does the blue represent?
+
+Which linkage criteria?
+
+We're saying, we could either
+merge Denver with Boston, New
+
+York, and Chicago.
+
+Or we could merge Denver with
+San Francisco and Seattle.
+
+Which is which?
+
+Which linkage criterion has put
+Denver in which cluster?
+
+Well, suppose we're using
+single linkage.
+
+Where are we getting it from?
+
+AUDIENCE: Boston, New
+York and Chicago?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+Because it's not so
+far from Chicago.
+
+Even though it's pretty far
+from Boston or New York.
+
+But if we use average linkage,
+we see on average, it's closer
+
+to San Francisco and Seattle
+than it is to the average of
+
+Boston, New York, or Chicago.
+
+So we get a different answer.
+
+And then finally, at
+the last step,
+
+everything gets merged together.
+
+So you can see, in this case,
+without having labels, we have
+
+used a feature to produce things
+and, say, if we wanted
+
+to have three clusters, we
+would maybe stop here.
+
+And we'd say, all right, these
+things are one cluster.
+
+This is a cluster.
+
+And this is a cluster.
+
+And that's not a bad
+geographical clustering,
+
+actually, for deciding
+how to relate these
+
+things to each other.
+
+This technique is used a lot.
+
+It does have some weaknesses.
+
+One weakness is it's very
+time consuming.
+
+It doesn't scale well.
+
+The complexity is at least order
+n-squared, where n is
+
+the number of points
+to be clustered.
+
+And in fact, in many
+implementations, it's worse
+
+than n-squared.
+
+And of course, it doesn't
+necessarily find the optimal
+
+clustering, even giving
+these criteria.
+
+It might never at any level have
+the optimal clustering,
+
+because, again, at each step,
+it's making a locally optimal
+
+decision, not guaranteed to
+find the best solution.
+
+I should point out that a big
+issue in deciding to get these
+
+clusters or getting
+these clusters was
+
+my choice of features.
+
+And this is something we're
+going to come back to in
+
+spades, because I actually think
+it is the most important
+
+issue in machine learning--
+
+is if we're going to say which
+points are similar to each
+
+other, we need to understand
+our feature space.
+
+So, for example, the feature
+I'm using here
+
+is distance by air.
+
+Suppose, instead, I added
+distance by air and distance
+
+by road and distance by train.
+
+Well, particularly given this
+sparsity of railroads in this
+
+country, we might get very
+different clustering,
+
+depending upon where
+the trains ran.
+
+And suppose I throw in a totally
+different feature like
+
+population.
+
+Well, I might get another
+different clustering,
+
+depending on how I use that.
+
+What we typically need to do in
+these situations, dealing
+
+with multi-dimensional data--
+and most data is
+
+multi-dimensional--
+
+is we construct something called
+a feature vector that
+
+incorporates multiple
+features.
+
+So we might have
+for each city--
+
+we'll just take something
+like the distance.
+
+Or let's say, instead of
+distance, we'll compute the
+
+distance by having for each
+city its GPS coordinates,
+
+where it is on the globe,
+and its population.
+
+And let's say that's how
+we define a city.
+
+And that would be our
+feature vector.
+
+And then we would cluster it,
+say, using hierarchical
+
+clustering to determine which
+cities are most like which
+
+other cities.
+
+Well, it's a little
+bit complicated.
+
+I have to ask how do I compare
+feature vectors?
+
+What distance metric
+do I use there?
+
+Do I get confused that GPS
+coordinates and populations
+
+are essentially unrelated?
+
+And I wouldn't like to compare
+those to each other.
+
+Lots of issues there, and that's
+what we're going to
+
+talk about when we come back
+from Patriot's Day--
+
+is how in the real world
+problems, we go from the large
+
+number of features associated
+with objects or things in the
+
+real world to feature vectors
+that allow us to automatically
+
+deduce which things are
+quote "most similar"
+
+to which other things.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/odOULv5UqAg.txt b/odOULv5UqAg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06fb54dc0dff0cc753377e22915276cc43477164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/odOULv5UqAg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today I am going to use Mathematica to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I am going to use Mathematica to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today I am going to use Mathematica to
+visualize upon a new particle polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize upon a new particle polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize upon a new particle polymer
+Network and to investigate how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and to investigate how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and to investigate how the
+polymer length affects the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer length affects the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer length affects the probability
+the polymer will cross the nanoparticles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer will cross the nanoparticles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer will cross the nanoparticles
+and how the polymer length affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the polymer length affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how the polymer length affects the
+nanoparticle polymer network formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle polymer network formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle polymer network formation
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+polymers and macromolecules composed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and macromolecules composed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and macromolecules composed of
+100 mm subunits they can have jobs many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 mm subunits they can have jobs many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 mm subunits they can have jobs many
+different configuration depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configuration depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different configuration depending on
+their identity of their subunit common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their identity of their subunit common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their identity of their subunit common
+everyday examples of polymers PVC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday examples of polymers PVC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday examples of polymers PVC
+polystyrene Teflon and so on when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene Teflon and so on when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polystyrene Teflon and so on when
+particles and polymers a favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and polymers a favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and polymers a favorable
+interaction and mixed it is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and mixed it is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and mixed it is not always
+apparent whether they will form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent whether they will form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent whether they will form a
+cross-linked network if the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linked network if the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linked network if the polymer
+configuration makes the end-to-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration makes the end-to-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration makes the end-to-end
+testing of the polymer shorter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of the polymer shorter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing of the polymer shorter than the
+distance between two particles no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two particles no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between two particles no
+polymer particle Network will form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer particle Network will form this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer particle Network will form this
+project will focus on visualizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project will focus on visualizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project will focus on visualizing the
+interaction between particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between particles and
+polymers given polymers links or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers given polymers links or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers given polymers links or the
+number of subunits in stage one we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of subunits in stage one we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of subunits in stage one we make
+polymer by use the random walk method we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer by use the random walk method we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer by use the random walk method we
+consider particle as many lattice sized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider particle as many lattice sized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider particle as many lattice sized
+polymer will start from a random lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will start from a random lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will start from a random lattice
+site this initiation part just ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site this initiation part just ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site this initiation part just ensure
+that the polymer will truly random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polymer will truly random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the polymer will truly random walk
+at a certain distance away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain distance away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a certain distance away from the
+surface of the particle in the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the particle in the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the particle in the random
+walk simulation the step size is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk simulation the step size is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk simulation the step size is the
+length of the subunit of the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the subunit of the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the subunit of the polymer
+which is about 10 times smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 10 times smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 10 times smaller than the
+size of the particles the step and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the particles the step and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the particles the step and go
+tell you the direction that the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the direction that the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the direction that the polymer
+will walk the step tell you how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will walk the step tell you how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will walk the step tell you how much the
+polymer will walk in the X and the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will walk in the X and the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will walk in the X and the y
+direction the next position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the next position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the next position of the
+polymer will be the current position of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will be the current position of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will be the current position of
+the polymer plus step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer plus step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polymer plus step
+each time the new polymer position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time the new polymer position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time the new polymer position is
+computed it is stored in silent lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed it is stored in silent lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed it is stored in silent lists
+which will call paths once we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will call paths once we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will call paths once we have the
+polymer path we can visualize it inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer path we can visualize it inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer path we can visualize it inside
+the particle matrix using graphic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle matrix using graphic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particle matrix using graphic in
+stage 2 we want to generate many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage 2 we want to generate many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage 2 we want to generate many
+polymers and visualize how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and visualize how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers and visualize how they
+distribute and interact with particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute and interact with particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute and interact with particles
+inside a lattice of many particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a lattice of many particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside a lattice of many particles and
+in order to do so we combine all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do so we combine all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to do so we combine all the
+steps in stage 1 into one function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in stage 1 into one function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in stage 1 into one function
+polymer random walk which takes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer random walk which takes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer random walk which takes in the
+polymer length and the ladders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer length and the ladders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer length and the ladders of
+particles and returns a polymer path we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and returns a polymer path we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and returns a polymer path we
+will generate a hundred random random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate a hundred random random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will generate a hundred random random
+walk polymers of a thousand subunit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk polymers of a thousand subunit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk polymers of a thousand subunit by
+using table we visualize the polymers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using table we visualize the polymers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using table we visualize the polymers
+and particle matrix using graphic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle matrix using graphic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particle matrix using graphic in
+stage three we want to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage three we want to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage three we want to calculate the
+probability of crossover between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of crossover between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of crossover between
+nanoparticle and polymers by Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle and polymers by Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle and polymers by Counting
+how many polymers that wrap around more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many polymers that wrap around more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many polymers that wrap around more
+than two particles in a nutshell we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two particles in a nutshell we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two particles in a nutshell we
+write a function and cross link success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a function and cross link success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a function and cross link success
+which tests whether each subunit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tests whether each subunit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tests whether each subunit of the
+polymer will touch a neighboring park or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will touch a neighboring park or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer will touch a neighboring park or
+by using region member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there is at least a subunit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is at least a subunit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is at least a subunit that
+successfully cross a particle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully cross a particle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully cross a particle the
+polymer connects two or more particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer connects two or more particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer connects two or more particles
+and the function return 1 if the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function return 1 if the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the function return 1 if the polymer
+fails to cross a particle the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to cross a particle the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails to cross a particle the function
+will return 0 so we run this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return 0 so we run this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will return 0 so we run this function
+over many polymers by using the peer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many polymers by using the peer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many polymers by using the peer
+function and this is a result that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a result that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this is a result that we
+got and we really want you to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and we really want you to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got and we really want you to know the
+ratio of the cross-linked polymer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the cross-linked polymer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of the cross-linked polymer to a
+total number of polymers and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of polymers and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of polymers and to do that
+we just do a simple math by dividing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just do a simple math by dividing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just do a simple math by dividing the
+number of successfully cross-linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successfully cross-linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of successfully cross-linked
+polymer to the total of number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer to the total of number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer to the total of number of
+polymers below is a function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers below is a function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers below is a function to
+calculate the ratio of polymer telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ratio of polymer telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ratio of polymer telling
+two or more particles together next we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more particles together next we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more particles together next we
+calculate the ratio of cross-linking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ratio of cross-linking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the ratio of cross-linking for
+polymers of various lengths a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers of various lengths a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers of various lengths a hundred
+200 500 800 1000 and 1500 since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 500 800 1000 and 1500 since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 500 800 1000 and 1500 since the
+operation take a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation take a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation take a while
+I'll show just the results the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show just the results the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show just the results the most
+interesting the most interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the most interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the most interesting thing
+that we can obtain for this data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can obtain for this data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can obtain for this data is
+actually plotting the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plotting the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plotting the ratio of
+cross-linked vs. of polymer lengths what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linked vs. of polymer lengths what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-linked vs. of polymer lengths what
+we find out is that as a polymer length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out is that as a polymer length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find out is that as a polymer length
+increases the probability to cross link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability to cross link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability to cross link
+increases this makes sense because as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this makes sense because as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases this makes sense because as a
+polymer gets longer it can walk a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer gets longer it can walk a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer gets longer it can walk a larger
+distance and touch a particle what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and touch a particle what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and touch a particle what is
+even more interesting is that the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more interesting is that the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more interesting is that the graph
+has a shape of a log function we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shape of a log function we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shape of a log function we go
+ahead and use that to generate a least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use that to generate a least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and use that to generate a least
+square fit equation and then we plot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square fit equation and then we plot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square fit equation and then we plot it
+with the data as you can see the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data as you can see the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the data as you can see the square
+fit function gives you a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit function gives you a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit function gives you a pretty
+good fit of the data what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit of the data what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good fit of the data what does that tell
+you is that first there's a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that first there's a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is that first there's a minimum
+number of subunits the cross link will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of subunits the cross link will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of subunits the cross link will
+occur in arcade the meaning polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in arcade the meaning polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in arcade the meaning polymer
+length will have to be between 100 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length will have to be between 100 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length will have to be between 100 and
+200 subunits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 subunits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 subunits
+to be able to provide you some type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to provide you some type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to provide you some type of
+cross linking between polymer and nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking between polymer and nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross linking between polymer and nano
+particles second the grab plateau at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles second the grab plateau at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles second the grab plateau at a
+certain polymer length any polymers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain polymer length any polymers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain polymer length any polymers that
+are longer than those would increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are longer than those would increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are longer than those would increase the
+probability of cross-linked although the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of cross-linked although the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of cross-linked although the
+analysis a probability for polymer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis a probability for polymer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis a probability for polymer to
+cross link is useful it does not tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross link is useful it does not tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross link is useful it does not tell
+any information about the network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any information about the network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any information about the network of
+polymers in particle as a whole so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers in particle as a whole so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers in particle as a whole so in
+stage four our you cluster analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage four our you cluster analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage four our you cluster analysis to
+analyze to analyze network formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze to analyze network formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze to analyze network formation
+given polymer length and particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given polymer length and particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given polymer length and particle
+distribution in a nutshell the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in a nutshell the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution in a nutshell the function
+single polymer crossing test will return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single polymer crossing test will return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single polymer crossing test will return
+all the park cause lattice I wish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the park cause lattice I wish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the park cause lattice I wish the
+input polymer can connect then we use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input polymer can connect then we use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input polymer can connect then we use a
+built in function undirected edge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in function undirected edge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in function undirected edge and
+graph to visualize this connection we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to visualize this connection we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph to visualize this connection we
+want to do the simulation for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the simulation for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do the simulation for all the
+polymers in particle to visualize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers in particle to visualize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymers in particle to visualize the
+connectedness within our polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectedness within our polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectedness within our polymer
+nanoparticle network then use a cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle network then use a cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle network then use a cluster
+analysis to analyze the network formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to analyze the network formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to analyze the network formed
+by mixing polymer and nanoparticles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing polymer and nanoparticles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by mixing polymer and nanoparticles
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in here we arrive a little function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here we arrive a little function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here we arrive a little function that
+basically run the single polymer custom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically run the single polymer custom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically run the single polymer custom
+test over many polymer of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test over many polymer of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test over many polymer of the same
+length what I want to show you is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length what I want to show you is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length what I want to show you is this
+graph community plot and Phi graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph community plot and Phi graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph community plot and Phi graph
+communities in this graph you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in this graph you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities in this graph you see that
+there's many clusters which has a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many clusters which has a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many clusters which has a very
+dance across linking between polymer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance across linking between polymer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dance across linking between polymer and
+nanoparticles however most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles however most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles however most of the
+cluster do not connect it together this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster do not connect it together this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster do not connect it together this
+suggests that the that the a network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that the that the a network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests that the that the a network of
+polymer and nanoparticle may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and nanoparticle may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and nanoparticle may not be
+formed even though you have many cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed even though you have many cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed even though you have many cluster
+of densely cross linking between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of densely cross linking between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of densely cross linking between
+nanoparticles and polymers what I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles and polymers what I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles and polymers what I want
+to show next is a comparison between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show next is a comparison between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show next is a comparison between a
+cluster network of a hundred subunit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster network of a hundred subunit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster network of a hundred subunit
+polymer and a cluster Network of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and a cluster Network of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer and a cluster Network of a
+thousand subunit polymers as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand subunit polymers as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand subunit polymers as you can see
+as a polymer length increase there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polymer length increase there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a polymer length increase there is a
+higher chance that cluster can connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher chance that cluster can connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher chance that cluster can connect
+together so definitely the polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so definitely the polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so definitely the polymer
+length can affect the connectedness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length can affect the connectedness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length can affect the connectedness of
+the system and give a higher chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and give a higher chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and give a higher chance that
+polymer can connect nanoparticle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer can connect nanoparticle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer can connect nanoparticle and
+form of cohesive Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a realist system of polymers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a realist system of polymers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a realist system of polymers and
+nanoparticles which have favorable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles which have favorable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles which have favorable
+interaction once the polymer hits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction once the polymer hits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction once the polymer hits a
+nanoparticle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle
+it will stick to that nanoparticle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will stick to that nanoparticle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will stick to that nanoparticle in
+the system that we used above polymer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that we used above polymer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that we used above polymer is
+allowed to walk in such a way that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to walk in such a way that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to walk in such a way that does
+not take into account the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take into account the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not take into account the interaction
+between nanoparticles and polymers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nanoparticles and polymers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between nanoparticles and polymers in
+stage 5 we'll have to take into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage 5 we'll have to take into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage 5 we'll have to take into account
+that interaction by using this algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction by using this algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interaction by using this algorithm
+step first we make a lot of nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step first we make a lot of nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step first we make a lot of nano
+particle size one lattice I is randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle size one lattice I is randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle size one lattice I is randomly
+selected and a random Walker will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and a random Walker will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected and a random Walker will start
+from the side and can walk a polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the side and can walk a polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the side and can walk a polymer
+Walker hits a char site including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker hits a char site including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker hits a char site including the
+original one then the polymer stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one then the polymer stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original one then the polymer stick to
+that side the modified polymer random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side the modified polymer random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side the modified polymer random
+walk function is very similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk function is very similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk function is very similar to the
+random walk polymer function above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk polymer function above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random walk polymer function above
+except for is used region member to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for is used region member to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for is used region member to test
+whether or not a subunit touch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a subunit touch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not a subunit touch a
+particle if the subunit touch a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if the subunit touch a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle if the subunit touch a particle
+the function will stop and return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function will stop and return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function will stop and return the
+current path here I generate a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current path here I generate a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current path here I generate a hundred
+polymer of a thousand subunit by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer of a thousand subunit by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer of a thousand subunit by using
+this modified polymer random walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modified polymer random walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modified polymer random walk
+function and using graphic to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and using graphic to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and using graphic to visualize
+it as you can look into this picture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you can look into this picture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as you can look into this picture the
+probability that polymers work rustling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that polymers work rustling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that polymers work rustling
+nanoparticles decreases because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles decreases because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticles decreases because you
+restricted it to stopping once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted it to stopping once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted it to stopping once the
+polymer heating a nanoparticle although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer heating a nanoparticle although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer heating a nanoparticle although
+this approach takes into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach takes into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach takes into account the
+interaction between nanoparticles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between nanoparticles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between nanoparticles and
+polymer it is still not a realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer it is still not a realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer it is still not a realistic
+representation of a real system in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a real system in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a real system in this
+approach we let a polymer subunits bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we let a polymer subunits bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we let a polymer subunits bond
+on their particle surface and grow into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their particle surface and grow into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on their particle surface and grow into
+a polymer in a real system polymers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polymer in a real system polymers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polymer in a real system polymers are
+thrown into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thrown into a
+for a solution of particles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solution of particles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solution of particles the
+confirmation of polymers in a dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of polymers in a dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation of polymers in a dynamic
+process in which the entire polymer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which the entire polymer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process in which the entire polymer
+twist turned so that the two ends of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist turned so that the two ends of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist turned so that the two ends of the
+polymer final particle surface this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer final particle surface this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymer final particle surface this
+project has not taken into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project has not taken into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project has not taken into account the
+dynamic conformation of polymers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic conformation of polymers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic conformation of polymers in a
+dilute solution for future research I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute solution for future research I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute solution for future research I
+would like to improve this project by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to improve this project by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to improve this project by
+taking into a polymer conformation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into a polymer conformation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking into a polymer conformation when
+doing polymer random walk and fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing polymer random walk and fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing polymer random walk and fighting
+how polymer concentration and nano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how polymer concentration and nano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how polymer concentration and nano
+particle concentration affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle concentration affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle concentration affect the
+nanoparticle polymer network by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle polymer network by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanoparticle polymer network by doing
+cluster analysis I would like to thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster analysis I would like to thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster analysis I would like to thank
+dr. Nina for your guidance on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. Nina for your guidance on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. Nina for your guidance on this
+project I would like to thank professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I would like to thank professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I would like to thank professor
+Carter for teaching 301 6 which I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter for teaching 301 6 which I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carter for teaching 301 6 which I found
+very helpful for my project for my other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful for my project for my other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful for my project for my other
+the project I'm working on my Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project I'm working on my Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project I'm working on my Europe
+right now and I would like to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and I would like to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and I would like to tell you
+all the TAS Israel one six for helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the TAS Israel one six for helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the TAS Israel one six for helping
+me during office hour
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ojdXVFQfZPw.txt b/ojdXVFQfZPw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca3ff200865c7feca75056e4a2db306921674be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojdXVFQfZPw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+To me the key to teaching algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To me the key to teaching algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To me the key to teaching algorithms
+well is just to be excited about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is just to be excited about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well is just to be excited about the
+material. I think if you if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. I think if you if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. I think if you if you are
+personally think these algorithms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think these algorithms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally think these algorithms are
+really cool and like wow how did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and like wow how did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and like wow how did they
+come up with this and wow how I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this and wow how I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this and wow how I mean
+look how this thing interacts with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how this thing interacts with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look how this thing interacts with this
+thing and magically it all runs super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and magically it all runs super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and magically it all runs super
+fast. Um, I think communicating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Um, I think communicating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. Um, I think communicating that
+excitement, students pick up on it, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement, students pick up on it, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitement, students pick up on it, uh,
+really quickly and themselves get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and themselves get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and themselves get
+engaged in the material and care care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in the material and care care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged in the material and care care
+more about it. So, I just try to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it. So, I just try to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about it. So, I just try to have
+fun with the material and and encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with the material and and encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun with the material and and encourage
+the students to similarly have fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to similarly have fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students to similarly have fun
+learning it. So, it all comes together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it. So, it all comes together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it. So, it all comes together.
+Um, occasionally we'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, occasionally we'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, occasionally we'll do a
+demonstration, but a lot of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration, but a lot of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration, but a lot of the the
+material in this class is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in this class is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in this class is pretty
+theoretical. So, it's mostly board work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical. So, it's mostly board work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical. So, it's mostly board work
+and trying to draw representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to draw representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to draw representative
+figures and things like that.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/osaVeUBA0Qk.txt b/osaVeUBA0Qk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..947ac7a2fd60919710ac6107f5dea3e9307706bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/osaVeUBA0Qk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12332 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're gonna move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're gonna move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're gonna move on to
+uh another topic i've kept hinting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another topic i've kept hinting at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another topic i've kept hinting at
+all semester but it's finally here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all semester but it's finally here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all semester but it's finally here
+which is to think more explicitly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to think more explicitly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to think more explicitly about
+equity or fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity or fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity or fairness
+so our discussions this semester have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our discussions this semester have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our discussions this semester have
+been almost solely couched in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been almost solely couched in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been almost solely couched in the
+language of efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of efficiency
+we talk about maximizing social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about maximizing social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about maximizing social welfare
+we talk about the total size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the total size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about the total size of the
+triangle and the squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle and the squares
+but we don't actually talk about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't actually talk about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't actually talk about who
+gets what we've very much stayed away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets what we've very much stayed away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets what we've very much stayed away
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+equity concerns and focus just on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity concerns and focus just on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity concerns and focus just on
+efficiency concerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency concerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency concerns
+the problem is that doesn't lead us very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that doesn't lead us very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that doesn't lead us very
+far in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far in life
+because you can have many outcomes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can have many outcomes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can have many outcomes that
+are equally efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equally efficient
+but have different equity consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have different equity consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but have different equity consequences
+the best example of course is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best example of course is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best example of course is perfect
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+versus a perfectly price discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a perfectly price discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a perfectly price discriminating
+monopolist remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist remember
+under perfect competition you maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under perfect competition you maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under perfect competition you maximize
+welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare
+but a perfectly price discriminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a perfectly price discriminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a perfectly price discriminating
+monopolist also maximizes welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist also maximizes welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist also maximizes welfare
+the difference is in the latter case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is in the latter case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference is in the latter case the
+monopolist gets all the surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist gets all the surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolist gets all the surplus
+when the former case is shared between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the former case is shared between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the former case is shared between
+producers and consumers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and consumers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers and consumers
+so it's sort of weird to say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of weird to say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of weird to say we're
+indifferent between those two outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between those two outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between those two outcomes
+between one where apple gets all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one where apple gets all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between one where apple gets all our
+money and when we're apple gets some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and when we're apple gets some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and when we're apple gets some of
+our money and we get some of our money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money and we get some of our money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our money and we get some of our money
+seems like kind of a strange uh strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like kind of a strange uh strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like kind of a strange uh strange
+to say we're different between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we're different between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we're different between those
+outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes
+so now that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that's sort of the
+in some sense that's the easy case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense that's the easy case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense that's the easy case so
+we're talking about equity efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in some sense the easy case is the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the easy case is the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense the easy case is the case
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+there's two equally efficient outcomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two equally efficient outcomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two equally efficient outcomes
+and they have different equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have different equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have different equity
+consequences that's the rare case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that's the rare case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that's the rare case
+the more common case is what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more common case is what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more common case is what we call the
+equity efficiency trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity efficiency trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity efficiency trade-off
+which is that by making distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that by making distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that by making distributions
+more equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more equal
+we are going to induce inefficiencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to induce inefficiencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are going to induce inefficiencies
+that the act of making distribution more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the act of making distribution more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the act of making distribution more
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+is going to introduce inefficiencies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to introduce inefficiencies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to introduce inefficiencies in
+the system and that's where things get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and that's where things get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system and that's where things get
+really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interesting
+okay so in other words so the best way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words so the best way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words so the best way
+to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about this
+i find most helpful is due to a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find most helpful is due to a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i find most helpful is due to a famous
+economist named arthur oaken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist named arthur oaken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economist named arthur oaken
+and his thought example of the leaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his thought example of the leaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and his thought example of the leaky
+bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket
+oaken's thought example was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oaken's thought example was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oaken's thought example was the
+following imagine that the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following imagine that the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following imagine that the way the
+government distributed money from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government distributed money from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government distributed money from the
+rich the poor was literally they went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich the poor was literally they went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich the poor was literally they went to
+the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rich
+had the rich put money in a bucket and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the rich put money in a bucket and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had the rich put money in a bucket and
+they carried it and dumped out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they carried it and dumped out in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they carried it and dumped out in front
+of the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the poor
+imagine that's the way distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's the way distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that's the way distribution
+happened well in that world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened well in that world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened well in that world
+if i told you that every dollar a rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i told you that every dollar a rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i told you that every dollar a rich
+person put in the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person put in the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person put in the bucket
+got carried along and got handed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got carried along and got handed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got carried along and got handed to a
+poor person so bill gates dollar became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor person so bill gates dollar became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor person so bill gates dollar became
+a homeless guy's dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homeless guy's dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a homeless guy's dollar
+probably most of us would think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most of us would think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably most of us would think that was
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+i think the vast majority of americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the vast majority of americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think the vast majority of americans
+say yeah probably the homeless guy can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah probably the homeless guy can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah probably the homeless guy can
+use a dollar more than bill gates could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a dollar more than bill gates could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a dollar more than bill gates could
+okay but now imagine that there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now imagine that there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now imagine that there was a
+leak in the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak in the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak in the bucket
+imagine bill gates put 100 pennies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine bill gates put 100 pennies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine bill gates put 100 pennies in
+but along the way to the poor person it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way to the poor person it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but along the way to the poor person it
+leaked out and so we dumped it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked out and so we dumped it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaked out and so we dumped it from the
+poor person that was less than 100.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor person that was less than 100.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor person that was less than 100.
+now then the question is how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then the question is how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now then the question is how much
+leakage well if the leakage was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage well if the leakage was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakage well if the leakage was
+one penny out of 100 you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one penny out of 100 you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one penny out of 100 you probably
+wouldn't change your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't change your mind
+would it change your mind if it was 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it change your mind if it was 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it change your mind if it was 20
+pennies i have a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies i have a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pennies i have a hundred
+50 pennies out of a hundred what if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pennies out of a hundred what if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pennies out of a hundred what if it
+was a hundred pennies out of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hundred pennies out of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a hundred pennies out of a hundred
+what if taking a dollar from bill gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if taking a dollar from bill gates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if taking a dollar from bill gates
+by time we got to the poor person it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by time we got to the poor person it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by time we got to the poor person it was
+all gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all gone
+at what point would you say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what point would you say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what point would you say you know
+what i don't think that's a good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i don't think that's a good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i don't think that's a good idea
+anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore
+and really that's a great way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really that's a great way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really that's a great way of
+thinking about the equity efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the equity efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the equity efficiency
+trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off
+how much efficiency are you willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much efficiency are you willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much efficiency are you willing to
+give up to restream from rich to poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up to restream from rich to poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up to restream from rich to poor
+and the efficiency you give up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the efficiency you give up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the efficiency you give up is
+represented by the leakage in the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the leakage in the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the leakage in the bucket
+okay now what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now what we're going to do
+in this lecture and next monday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture and next monday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this lecture and next monday's
+lecture is we're going to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is we're going to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is we're going to discuss
+this equity efficiency trade-off in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equity efficiency trade-off in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equity efficiency trade-off in four
+steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps
+okay the first step is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first step is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the first step is going to be
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+valuation that is taking the difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation that is taking the difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation that is taking the difficult
+step we've avoided taking so far and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we've avoided taking so far and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step we've avoided taking so far and
+asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking
+how does society feel about some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does society feel about some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does society feel about some people
+versus other people so far we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus other people so far we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus other people so far we just
+thought of one generic person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of one generic person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of one generic person
+and they're represented by total surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're represented by total surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're represented by total surplus
+but in fact we have a distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact we have a distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact we have a distribution of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+and how do economists think about taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do economists think about taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do economists think about taking
+money away from person a and giving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money away from person a and giving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money away from person a and giving to
+person b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person b
+that's a new topic for us the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new topic for us the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a new topic for us the second
+thing we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to talk about
+is what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what do we know about
+um the facts on inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do we know about what's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about what's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we know about what's actually
+happened to the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the distribution of
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+uh in the u.s at a point in time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the u.s at a point in time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the u.s at a point in time and
+over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time
+the third thing is we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing is we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing is we're going to talk
+about the sources of leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is why does the bucket leak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why does the bucket leak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is why does the bucket leak in
+practice why do we typically think there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice why do we typically think there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice why do we typically think there
+is an equity efficiency tradeoff why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equity efficiency tradeoff why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an equity efficiency tradeoff why
+can't we just take the dolphin rich guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we just take the dolphin rich guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't we just take the dolphin rich guy
+and give it to the poor guy what caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it to the poor guy what caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it to the poor guy what caused
+the leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leakage
+and then finally we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+some examples of transfer mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of transfer mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples of transfer mechanisms
+we're going to talk about what society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what society
+does in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does in practice
+to transfer from rich to poor and how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer from rich to poor and how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer from rich to poor and how it
+works and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and what
+what the ultimate leakage looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ultimate leakage looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the ultimate leakage looks like
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's going to be our goal in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be our goal in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's going to be our goal in the
+next two lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next two lectures
+it's going to think about this equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to think about this equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to think about this equity
+efficiency trade-off so to start that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency trade-off so to start that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency trade-off so to start that
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+we have to start with this first issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start with this first issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to start with this first issue
+of choosing the social optimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is how do we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how do we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how do we evaluate
+transfers from one party to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers from one party to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers from one party to another
+party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party
+okay and so to rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so to rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so to rank
+outcomes what we're going to do is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what we're going to do is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes what we're going to do is use
+the same thing we always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing we always do
+when we want to think about trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want to think about trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we want to think about trade-offs
+which is we're going to do a constrained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we're going to do a constrained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is we're going to do a constrained
+maximization exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization exercise
+what i want to think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to think about your
+trade-off between cookies and pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between cookies and pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between cookies and pizza
+i did a constrained optimization utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a constrained optimization utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did a constrained optimization utility
+function subject to your budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function subject to your budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function subject to your budget
+constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint
+well i now want to think about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i now want to think about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i now want to think about your
+trade-off between me and patricia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between me and patricia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between me and patricia
+now instead we're gonna need a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead we're gonna need a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now instead we're gonna need a different
+utility function in fact we're gonna use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function in fact we're gonna use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function in fact we're gonna use
+what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a
+social welfare function a social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function a social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function a social welfare
+function is basically society's utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is basically society's utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is basically society's utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+how does society value different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does society value different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does society value different
+individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals
+okay so loosely so loofly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so loosely so loofly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so loosely so loofly speaking
+social water function is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social water function is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social water function is some
+function of utility of person one comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of utility of person one comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of utility of person one comma
+utility of person two comma dot dot dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of person two comma dot dot dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of person two comma dot dot dot
+com utility of person 350 million if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com utility of person 350 million if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+com utility of person 350 million if
+it's the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the u.s
+okay so it's some aggregation function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's some aggregation function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's some aggregation function
+just like we mathematically aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we mathematically aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we mathematically aggregate
+your taste for pizza and cookies now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your taste for pizza and cookies now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your taste for pizza and cookies now
+we're going to mathematically aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mathematically aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mathematically aggregate
+all society's utility to get a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all society's utility to get a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all society's utility to get a social
+welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function
+so for example consider figure 21-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example consider figure 21-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example consider figure 21-1
+okay let's think of society as only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think of society as only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's think of society as only two
+people homer and ned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people homer and ned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people homer and ned
+let's imagine that's all of society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that's all of society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine that's all of society
+because once again it's always these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again it's always these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once again it's always these two
+by two examples are easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two examples are easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two examples are easy
+okay what we've drawn here are what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we've drawn here are what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we've drawn here are what's
+called iso welfare curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called iso welfare curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called iso welfare curves
+what these are are basically society's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these are are basically society's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what these are are basically society's
+indifference curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves
+just like if these x if these x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like if these x if these x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like if these x if these x and y
+axis said pizza and cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis said pizza and cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis said pizza and cookies
+i would draw on a difference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would draw on a difference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would draw on a difference curve
+between pizza and cookies now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pizza and cookies now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between pizza and cookies now i'm
+drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing
+society's indifference curve between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society's indifference curve between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society's indifference curve between
+homer and ned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homer and ned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homer and ned
+so in other words what this says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words what this says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words what this says is that
+society is indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is indifferent
+between homer having u1 super h and ned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between homer having u1 super h and ned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between homer having u1 super h and ned
+having u1 super n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having u1 super n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having u1 super n
+versus the meet homer having you two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the meet homer having you two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the meet homer having you two
+super h and then having you two super ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super h and then having you two super ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super h and then having you two super ed
+those are those are combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those are combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are those are combinations of
+resources across which society's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources across which society's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources across which society's
+indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent
+and much like any other indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much like any other indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and much like any other indifference
+curve further out is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve further out is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve further out is better
+we'd all prefer both homer and ned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd all prefer both homer and ned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd all prefer both homer and ned to
+have more more is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more more is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more more is better
+okay so that's easier the further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's easier the further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's easier the further out
+the iso welfare curve goes the happier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iso welfare curve goes the happier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iso welfare curve goes the happier
+you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are
+and along the iso well for curve are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the iso well for curve are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and along the iso well for curve are
+allocations of resources across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations of resources across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocations of resources across
+individuals among which were indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals among which were indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals among which were indifferent
+okay now the question is that's all well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question is that's all well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now the question is that's all well
+and easy to graph as a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy to graph as a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and easy to graph as a theoretical
+proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+but in practice what does the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice what does the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in practice what does the social
+welfare function look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function look like
+utility functions i just wrote down with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions i just wrote down with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions i just wrote down with
+utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+and you took it as sort of you know i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you took it as sort of you know i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you took it as sort of you know i
+wrote down square root we worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down square root we worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote down square root we worked with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+but there were some properties we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were some properties we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there were some properties we wrote
+down that sort of gave us a sense what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that sort of gave us a sense what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down that sort of gave us a sense what
+utility functions look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions look like
+social welfare functions are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare functions are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare functions are much more
+open because they don't come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open because they don't come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open because they don't come from
+introspection about your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection about your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introspection about your preferences
+they come from an introspection about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from an introspection about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come from an introspection about
+society's preferences which are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society's preferences which are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society's preferences which are much
+harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder
+so what we do here is we talk about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do here is we talk about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we do here is we talk about some
+typical forms of social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical forms of social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical forms of social welfare
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+that we use in economics the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use in economics the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we use in economics the most common
+form is what's called utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is what's called utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is what's called utilitarian
+social welfare function utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function utilitarian
+social welfare function this is due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function this is due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function this is due to
+the philosopher jeremy bentham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher jeremy bentham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the philosopher jeremy bentham
+if you ever visit university college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever visit university college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever visit university college
+london actually if you did until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london actually if you did until about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london actually if you did until about
+15 years ago you could see jared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years ago you could see jared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 years ago you could see jared
+benson's head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benson's head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benson's head
+it was on display he was a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on display he was a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was on display he was a famous
+philosopher there but apparently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher there but apparently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher there but apparently the
+students would take it out use it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would take it out use it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students would take it out use it for
+soccer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soccer
+so they took it off display you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they took it off display you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they took it off display you can't
+see it anymore but he's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it anymore but he's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it anymore but he's a famous
+philosopher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosopher
+and he gave with the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gave with the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he gave with the idea of
+utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarianism
+and basically utilitarianism is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically utilitarianism is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically utilitarianism is it
+simply says the social welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says the social welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply says the social welfare function
+is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply
+the linear aggregation of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear aggregation of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear aggregation of every
+individual's utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's utility
+so social welfare function is simply u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so social welfare function is simply u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so social welfare function is simply u1
+plus u2 plus u3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u2 plus u3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u2 plus u3
+plus plus you 350 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus you 350 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus plus you 350 million
+so the u.s social worker functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s social worker functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the u.s social worker functions
+literally we just measure everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally we just measure everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally we just measure everyone's
+utility added up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility added up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility added up
+and that's the social welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the social welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the social welfare function
+and in subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in subsets
+it's a natural starting point right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural starting point right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a natural starting point right you
+just say look it's just a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say look it's just a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say look it's just a linear
+it's like having a linear utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like having a linear utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like having a linear utility
+function it's a it's a linear utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a it's a linear utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a it's a linear utility
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+now let's be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's be clear
+what this says is that i don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that i don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this says is that i don't care
+anymore about anybody in society so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore about anybody in society so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore about anybody in society so i
+don't care any more or less about bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care any more or less about bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care any more or less about bill
+gates and the homeless guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates and the homeless guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gates and the homeless guy
+i treat them i i mean different between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i treat them i i mean different between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i treat them i i mean different between
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay but does this mean i wouldn't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but does this mean i wouldn't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but does this mean i wouldn't want
+to transfer money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transfer money
+from bill gates to the homeless guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bill gates to the homeless guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from bill gates to the homeless guy in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+i still would want to transfer and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still would want to transfer and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i still would want to transfer and why
+depending on the leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the leakage
+why because of the mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because of the mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because of the mission
+yeah exactly i care about the utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly i care about the utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly i care about the utility of
+the same but the next dollar is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but the next dollar is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same but the next dollar is not
+worth anything to bill gates it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth anything to bill gates it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth anything to bill gates it's worth
+a lot to the homeless guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to the homeless guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to the homeless guy
+so a utilitarian social wear function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a utilitarian social wear function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a utilitarian social wear function
+which is a natural starting point i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a natural starting point i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a natural starting point i
+don't think if it's particularly liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think if it's particularly liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think if it's particularly liberal
+okay it's a natural starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a natural starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a natural starting point
+you're just adding them up ends up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just adding them up ends up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just adding them up ends up with
+a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very
+in substance redistributive conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in substance redistributive conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in substance redistributive conclusion
+which is that you want to distribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you want to distribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that you want to distribute
+from rich to poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rich to poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rich to poor
+indeed what the optimum with utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what the optimum with utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed what the optimum with utilitarian
+social welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function
+is that you want to redistribute until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want to redistribute until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you want to redistribute until
+marginal utilities are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utilities are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utilities are equal
+so this calls this social order function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this calls this social order function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this calls this social order function
+calls for fairly radical redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls for fairly radical redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls for fairly radical redistribution
+this says you want to redistribute until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says you want to redistribute until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says you want to redistribute until
+utilities are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilities are equal
+marginal tails are equal i'm sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tails are equal i'm sorry yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tails are equal i'm sorry yeah
+it sounds like a population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like a population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds like a population
+this is like making a convict well once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like making a convict well once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like making a convict well once
+again let's you're right i mean you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's you're right i mean you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again let's you're right i mean you just
+add people and subtract people it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add people and subtract people it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add people and subtract people it
+wouldn't be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be a problem
+uh but but for now let's just assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but for now let's just assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but but for now let's just assume the
+population has just got one given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population has just got one given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population has just got one given
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+okay so if two people it's just ned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if two people it's just ned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if two people it's just ned and
+homer just to add them up all it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homer just to add them up all it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homer just to add them up all it says
+is as net has more resources than home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as net has more resources than home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as net has more resources than home
+we're going to redistribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to redistribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to redistribute
+indeed with this function if we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed with this function if we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed with this function if we make the
+assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption
+that total social welfare is total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that total social welfare is total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that total social welfare is total
+social resources are fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social resources are fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social resources are fixed
+that a society is a fixed budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a society is a fixed budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a society is a fixed budget
+constraint that can't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that can't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint that can't change
+okay then what does this function imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what does this function imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then what does this function imply
+would be the optimal distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the optimal distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the optimal distribution of
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+so ignoring the fact that people might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ignoring the fact that people might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ignoring the fact that people might
+work less or more hard ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less or more hard ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less or more hard ignore that
+imagine it's just a total amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's just a total amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine it's just a total amount of
+money society has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money society has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money society has
+if that's you that's your social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's you that's your social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's you that's your social welfare
+function what's the optimal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the optimal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function what's the optimal distribution
+of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes everyone yes good point fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes everyone yes good point fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes everyone yes good point fixed
+resources and identical utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and identical utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and identical utility
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+great point yeah exactly great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great point yeah exactly great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great point yeah exactly great
+great catch if there's a fixed bundle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great catch if there's a fixed bundle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great catch if there's a fixed bundle of
+income and everyone has identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and everyone has identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income and everyone has identical
+utility functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility functions
+then we simply would want everyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we simply would want everyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we simply would want everyone have
+the same amount of money why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of money why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount of money why
+because giving someone a dollar would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because giving someone a dollar would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because giving someone a dollar would
+make them less happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them less happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them less happy
+than taking away from someone else would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taking away from someone else would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than taking away from someone else would
+make them sad it's all about diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them sad it's all about diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them sad it's all about diminishing
+margin utility just like we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility just like we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+margin utility just like we talked about
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+so now that might not be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that might not be true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that might not be true for
+example you guys said you know scrooge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you guys said you know scrooge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you guys said you know scrooge
+mcduckis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcduckis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcduckis
+nice cruise mcduck raise your hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cruise mcduck raise your hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cruise mcduck raise your hand if
+you don't scrooge mcduck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't scrooge mcduck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't scrooge mcduck
+okay not bad excuse me duck is his comic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not bad excuse me duck is his comic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay not bad excuse me duck is his comic
+character when i was a kid he used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character when i was a kid he used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character when i was a kid he used to
+like to dive and swim in his money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to dive and swim in his money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to dive and swim in his money
+now he clearly had a higher margin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he clearly had a higher margin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now he clearly had a higher margin
+utility the next dollar than i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility the next dollar than i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility the next dollar than i do
+okay so if scrooge mcduck really likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if scrooge mcduck really likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if scrooge mcduck really likes
+money we might want to let scrooge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we might want to let scrooge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money we might want to let scrooge
+mcduck have some extra money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcduck have some extra money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mcduck have some extra money
+but if utility functions are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if utility functions are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if utility functions are identical
+and social resources are fixed this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social resources are fixed this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social resources are fixed this is
+one equal distribution of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equal distribution of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equal distribution of income
+that's really radical okay that's beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really radical okay that's beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really radical okay that's beyond
+what any country in the world does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what any country in the world does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what any country in the world does
+a perfectly good distribution of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly good distribution of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a perfectly good distribution of income
+but it comes naturally out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes naturally out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it comes naturally out of this
+fairly plain vanilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly plain vanilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly plain vanilla
+social welfare function quite a striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function quite a striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function quite a striking
+finding right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding right
+now but in fact if we think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in fact if we think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in fact if we think of this as
+sort of our starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of our starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of our starting point
+bentham was actually conservative this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bentham was actually conservative this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bentham was actually conservative this
+is typically viewed as sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically viewed as sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is typically viewed as sort of a
+conservative starting point even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative starting point even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative starting point even though
+that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very
+liberal conclusion the more liberal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal conclusion the more liberal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal conclusion the more liberal
+extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme
+is what we call a rosy in social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call a rosy in social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we call a rosy in social welfare
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+due to the philosopher uh james i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the philosopher uh james i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the philosopher uh james i think
+rawls who was at harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rawls who was at harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rawls who was at harvard
+john rawls i'm sorry he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john rawls i'm sorry he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+john rawls i'm sorry he said
+the goal of society is to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of society is to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal of society is to maximize the
+well-being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-being
+of its worst off member so rawlsy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its worst off member so rawlsy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its worst off member so rawlsy and
+social welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function
+is the minimum of u1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum of u1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the minimum of u1
+comma u2 comma dot dot dot in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma u2 comma dot dot dot in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma u2 comma dot dot dot in other
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words
+all you care about is the worst off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about is the worst off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you care about is the worst off
+person society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person society
+okay so rawlsy and social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rawlsy and social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so rawlsy and social welfare
+function would say oh care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would say oh care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function would say oh care about the
+worst off person in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst off person in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst off person in society
+okay now let's take this crazy let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take this crazy let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's take this crazy let's
+think about where rawls came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where rawls came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about where rawls came
+came at this from rawls came at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came at this from rawls came at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came at this from rawls came at this
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+the concept that he called the veil of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept that he called the veil of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept that he called the veil of
+ignorance which he said look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance which he said look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignorance which he said look
+before you were born you know nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you were born you know nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you were born you know nothing
+about what you're going to be you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're going to be you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you're going to be you could
+be born to rich or poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be born to rich or poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be born to rich or poor
+healthy sick you have no idea you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy sick you have no idea you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy sick you have no idea you're
+just a little embryo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little embryo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little embryo
+okay from that perspective he said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from that perspective he said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from that perspective he said what
+you would want is to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want is to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want is to make sure
+that you're going to be okay and so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be okay and so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be okay and so from
+that perspective society should want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective society should want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perspective society should want to
+minimize the well-being of the worst-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the well-being of the worst-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the well-being of the worst-off
+member
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+member
+that was his rationalization but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his rationalization but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was his rationalization but this
+has really radical implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really radical implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really radical implications
+not only does this say we want an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does this say we want an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only does this say we want an equal
+distribution of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of income
+this says we would destroy any amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says we would destroy any amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says we would destroy any amount of
+money of the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money of the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money of the rich
+to give some money to the poor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give some money to the poor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give some money to the poor so
+imagine what this says if i could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what this says if i could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine what this says if i could take
+if everyone's distribution of income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone's distribution of income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone's distribution of income is
+equal in this class let's say our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in this class let's say our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal in this class let's say our
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+okay except patricia has forty thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay except patricia has forty thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay except patricia has forty thousand
+dollars more than more than everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars more than more than everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars more than more than everyone
+else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else
+then what that would say is we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what that would say is we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what that would say is we would
+happily take forty thousand dollars away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily take forty thousand dollars away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happily take forty thousand dollars away
+from patricia to give one dollar to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from patricia to give one dollar to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from patricia to give one dollar to me
+okay because i'm like everyone else the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i'm like everyone else the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because i'm like everyone else the
+worst off member let's say i'm one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst off member let's say i'm one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst off member let's say i'm one
+dollar less than the rest of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar less than the rest of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar less than the rest of you
+make it easy so you all have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy so you all have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it easy so you all have the same
+amount of money i have one dollar less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money i have one dollar less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money i have one dollar less
+she has forty thousand more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has forty thousand more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she has forty thousand more
+rawlsy would say would happily take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rawlsy would say would happily take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rawlsy would say would happily take away
+her forty thousand give me a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her forty thousand give me a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her forty thousand give me a dollar
+it doesn't make a whole lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make a whole lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make a whole lot of sense
+okay but it's one sort of extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's one sort of extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but it's one sort of extreme
+and it's basically this notion of kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically this notion of kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's basically this notion of kind
+of it's in some sense rawlsy they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's in some sense rawlsy they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's in some sense rawlsy they have
+an extremely risk-averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely risk-averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely risk-averse
+embryo gives you the rawlsian the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo gives you the rawlsian the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embryo gives you the rawlsian the idea
+that i don't know what my income is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't know what my income is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't know what my income is
+going to be but i want to make sure i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be but i want to make sure i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be but i want to make sure i'm
+not poor then i would want sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not poor then i would want sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not poor then i would want sort of a
+rawlsy and social welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rawlsy and social welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rawlsy and social welfare function
+okay so that's that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's that's sort of the
+liberal um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liberal um
+uh extreme okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extreme okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh extreme okay now
+there's two other views which are harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two other views which are harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two other views which are harder
+to write down mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down mathematically
+at least in the context of 1401 but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the context of 1401 but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least in the context of 1401 but are
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+there is let's take the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is let's take the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is let's take the most
+conservative extreme so if rawlsy is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative extreme so if rawlsy is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservative extreme so if rawlsy is the
+most liberal extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most liberal extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most liberal extreme
+the most conservative extreme would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most conservative extreme would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most conservative extreme would be
+uh the nozick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nozick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the nozick
+nozickian argument it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozickian argument it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozickian argument it's not really
+social welfare function his argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function his argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social welfare function his argument
+is that we should never redistribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we should never redistribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we should never redistribute
+income we should only redistribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we should only redistribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income we should only redistribute
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+in other words once everyone has equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words once everyone has equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words once everyone has equal
+opportunities then we should just roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities then we should just roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities then we should just roll
+the dice and let things lay on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dice and let things lay on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dice and let things lay on what they
+may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may
+so here's an example let's say all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example let's say all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example let's say all of us
+are born with the same opportunities in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born with the same opportunities in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are born with the same opportunities in
+life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life
+and we end up where we are today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up where we are today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we end up where we are today and
+let's say that you guys are willing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you guys are willing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that you guys are willing
+to pay me ten dollars every lecture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me ten dollars every lecture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay me ten dollars every lecture to
+hear me lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear me lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear me lecture
+well if that's true with the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's true with the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's true with the end
+semester i have a lot more money than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester i have a lot more money than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester i have a lot more money than
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+nozik would say well why should i be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozik would say well why should i be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozik would say well why should i be
+taxed and given to you that makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed and given to you that makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxed and given to you that makes no
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+you voluntarily paid me why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you voluntarily paid me why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you voluntarily paid me why should
+lebron james are voluntarily paying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebron james are voluntarily paying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lebron james are voluntarily paying to
+see him play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see him play
+why should he then be taxed on the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should he then be taxed on the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should he then be taxed on the money
+we voluntarily gave him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we voluntarily gave him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we voluntarily gave him
+so knows excuses as long as we all start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knows excuses as long as we all start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so knows excuses as long as we all start
+with an equality of opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equality of opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an equality of opportunity
+let the dice roll if someone has more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the dice roll if someone has more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the dice roll if someone has more
+talents and skills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents and skills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talents and skills
+and people want to pay them then let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people want to pay them then let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people want to pay them then let
+them keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them keep it
+so basically rawls's idea nozick's idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically rawls's idea nozick's idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically rawls's idea nozick's idea
+is to essentially equalize opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to essentially equalize opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to essentially equalize opportunity
+and let the dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let the dice
+land where they may yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this just like opportunity that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this just like opportunity that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this just like opportunity that can
+be regulated or like is it like because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated or like is it like because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be regulated or like is it like because
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+was thinking that problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking that problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was thinking that problems with the
+brock james by being like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brock james by being like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brock james by being like
+tall and fit like doesn't have equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and fit like doesn't have equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall and fit like doesn't have equal
+opportunity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity right
+so there's two problems with the nozeki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two problems with the nozeki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two problems with the nozeki
+view one is what is opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view one is what is opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view one is what is opportunity
+what does equal opportunity mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does equal opportunity mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does equal opportunity mean
+and the answer is it's not clear there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it's not clear there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is it's not clear there's
+genetic equal opportunity there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic equal opportunity there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic equal opportunity there's
+the fact that if i'm born in poverty i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if i'm born in poverty i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that if i'm born in poverty i
+go to lower quality schools so i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to lower quality schools so i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to lower quality schools so i don't
+really have an equal opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have an equal opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have an equal opportunity
+i went to ritzy you know public high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went to ritzy you know public high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i went to ritzy you know public high
+school in new jersey because my parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in new jersey because my parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school in new jersey because my parents
+were well off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were well off
+like someone who went to high school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone who went to high school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like someone who went to high school in
+some poor town new jersey didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some poor town new jersey didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some poor town new jersey didn't have
+the same opportunities i did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same opportunities i did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same opportunities i did
+so the first problem with this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first problem with this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first problem with this argument
+is that in subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in subsets
+it's impossible to equalize opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to equalize opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to equalize opportunity
+it sort of starts with a false premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of starts with a false premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sort of starts with a false premise
+okay the second problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the second problem with this
+argument is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is it
+ignores luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it ignores luck okay which is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ignores luck okay which is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ignores luck okay which is that in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+if you look at why some people are rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at why some people are rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at why some people are rich
+and some people are poor even with equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people are poor even with equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people are poor even with equal
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+a lot of it's not skill or talent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's not skill or talent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it's not skill or talent it's
+luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck
+they were in the right place at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in the right place at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in the right place at the
+right time they the right parents who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time they the right parents who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right time they the right parents who
+gave them the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave them the right
+you know inheritance uh they met the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know inheritance uh they met the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know inheritance uh they met the
+right person in business school and went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right person in business school and went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right person in business school and went
+on to and that person brought them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to and that person brought them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to and that person brought them into
+their company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their company
+it's luck indeed if you try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's luck indeed if you try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's luck indeed if you try to explain
+differences in income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in income
+by any measure of skill we have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any measure of skill we have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by any measure of skill we have you can
+never explain even half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never explain even half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never explain even half of the
+difference in income across people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in income across people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in income across people
+a lot of it appears to be luck well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it appears to be luck well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of it appears to be luck well in
+that case we would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case we would then
+not want to let lucky people be richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to let lucky people be richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to let lucky people be richer
+than unlucky people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than unlucky people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than unlucky people
+that doesn't really seem to make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really seem to make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't really seem to make sense
+well i want skilled people richer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want skilled people richer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i want skilled people richer than
+unskilled people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled people but
+it doesn't seem it seems like we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't seem it seems like we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't seem it seems like we might
+redistribute against from the lucky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute against from the lucky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribute against from the lucky to
+the unlucky so that's the other problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unlucky so that's the other problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unlucky so that's the other problem
+with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the
+with the nozikian notion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nozikian notion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nozikian notion and then
+finally the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally the fourth
+approach the fourth approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the fourth approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the fourth approach
+is um a totally alternative view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a totally alternative view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um a totally alternative view
+which we call commodity egalitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commodity egalitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this view is simply saying look who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view is simply saying look who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this view is simply saying look who
+cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares
+how much money i have relevant to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money i have relevant to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much money i have relevant to you
+all that matters that you can live a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters that you can live a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that matters that you can live a
+decent life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decent life
+this says what matters is not relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says what matters is not relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says what matters is not relative
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+but absolute resources what matters is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but absolute resources what matters is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but absolute resources what matters is
+making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure
+everyone in society has food and shelter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in society has food and shelter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in society has food and shelter
+and i would argue health care etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would argue health care etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would argue health care etc
+a set of big things everyone should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of big things everyone should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of big things everyone should have
+and then above that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then above that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then above that
+who cares so in some sense commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares so in some sense commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who cares so in some sense commodities
+egalitarians is kind of a mix of rawls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarians is kind of a mix of rawls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egalitarians is kind of a mix of rawls
+and nozick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nozick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nozick
+it cares about the minimum saying we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cares about the minimum saying we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cares about the minimum saying we've
+got to break sure everyone has a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to break sure everyone has a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to break sure everyone has a decent
+state of living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of living
+but above that let's roll the dice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but above that let's roll the dice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but above that let's roll the dice as
+long as we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as we have
+as long as we're providing a decent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're providing a decent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as we're providing a decent
+state of living for everyone that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of living for everyone that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of living for everyone that if
+someone can make a lot of money let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can make a lot of money let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone can make a lot of money let's
+let them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them
+okay so this is a very interesting view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very interesting view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a very interesting view
+and it basically talks about the view of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically talks about the view of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it basically talks about the view of
+kind of should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of should we
+give people money or stuff and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people money or stuff and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people money or stuff and so the
+commodity egalitarianism view says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity egalitarianism view says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity egalitarianism view says
+look it's let's worry less about money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's let's worry less about money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look it's let's worry less about money
+more about stuff let's make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about stuff let's make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about stuff let's make sure
+everybody has enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has enough
+stuff to lead a decent life and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to lead a decent life and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to lead a decent life and then
+we'll roll the dice from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll roll the dice from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll roll the dice from there
+so let me start if i was not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start if i was not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me start if i was not clear
+enough at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough at all
+none of these are right okay these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these are right okay these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these are right okay these are
+all alternative views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alternative views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all alternative views
+it is harder to write down to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is harder to write down to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is harder to write down to make an
+assumption about social welfare function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about social welfare function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption about social welfare function
+is about a utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about a utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about a utility function
+we have less primitives to draw on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have less primitives to draw on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have less primitives to draw on but
+the point is these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is these are all
+different ways of thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of thinking about the
+trade-off we can't avoid thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off we can't avoid thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off we can't avoid thinking about
+the trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trade-off
+that's why once again we're the dismal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why once again we're the dismal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why once again we're the dismal
+science okay because nothing's free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science okay because nothing's free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science okay because nothing's free
+we can't always think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't always think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't always think about the
+trade-off we have to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off we have to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off we have to think about
+redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution
+and these give us different frameworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these give us different frameworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these give us different frameworks
+for thinking about that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for thinking about that okay
+questions about that yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that yeah what
+for like um yeah what happens if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like um yeah what happens if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like um yeah what happens if like
+there are individuals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are individuals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are individuals that
+just don't they they always make like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't they they always make like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't they they always make like
+they'll always make the wrong decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll always make the wrong decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll always make the wrong decision
+like they'll spend all their money like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll spend all their money like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they'll spend all their money like
+irresponsibly and therefore like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsibly and therefore like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irresponsibly and therefore like they
+can't have a good example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a good example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a good example
+well i mean that that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean that that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean that that's a very
+interesting question so i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question so i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question so i think
+nozick i mean i don't know i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozick i mean i don't know i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nozick i mean i don't know i don't know
+how hard-hearted a guy knows it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard-hearted a guy knows it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how hard-hearted a guy knows it is
+but if you took to noziki and view to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you took to noziki and view to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you took to noziki and view to
+the extreme as long as that person had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme as long as that person had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme as long as that person had
+an equal opportunity then they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal opportunity then they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equal opportunity then they should
+just die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just die
+i mean you know they had an equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know they had an equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you know they had an equal
+opportunity if they made a series of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if they made a series of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity if they made a series of bad
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+why should we care now that's obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should we care now that's obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should we care now that's obviously
+an extreme view but i think that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme view but i think that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme view but i think that would
+be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the
+the the view there whereas commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the view there whereas commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the view there whereas commodity
+terrorism would say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorism would say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorism would say look
+let's at least make sure that despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's at least make sure that despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's at least make sure that despite
+their bad decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bad decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bad decisions
+they don't starve but we still don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't starve but we still don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't starve but we still don't
+want to make them rich if they're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make them rich if they're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make them rich if they're making
+bad decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad decisions
+so let's just set a minimum and get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just set a minimum and get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's just set a minimum and get into
+that and then let things go from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then let things go from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then let things go from there
+okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great segue to what i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great segue to what i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great segue to what i'm going
+to talk about next which is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about next which is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about next which is let's
+actually talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about
+territories into practice and measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories into practice and measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+territories into practice and measuring
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm going to come back to your basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to come back to your basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to come back to your basic
+income point in a couple minutes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income point in a couple minutes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income point in a couple minutes so
+let's talk about actually measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about actually measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about actually measuring
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+okay and the reason we don't talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason we don't talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the reason we don't talk about
+this because it highlights how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it highlights how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it highlights how important
+this issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue is
+so let's go to some facts these are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to some facts these are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go to some facts these are from
+my uh textbook from 1441.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh textbook from 1441.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my uh textbook from 1441.
+okay so go to figure 21-2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ignore the last row for a second focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the last row for a second focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore the last row for a second focus
+on the first five rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first five rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first five rows
+what the first five rows show is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first five rows show is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the first five rows show is the
+percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of
+income received by each quintile or each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income received by each quintile or each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income received by each quintile or each
+fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth
+of the income distribution in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the income distribution in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the income distribution in other
+words each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words each row
+is twenty percent of people so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twenty percent of people so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is twenty percent of people so the first
+row is the poorest twenty percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is the poorest twenty percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row is the poorest twenty percent of
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+the next row is the second poorest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next row is the second poorest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next row is the second poorest
+twenty percent of people and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty percent of people and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty percent of people and so on
+the numbers in each cell are the share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in each cell are the share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numbers in each cell are the share
+of income held by that quintile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income held by that quintile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income held by that quintile
+in other words if the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if the distribution of
+income was totally equal everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income was totally equal everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income was totally equal everyone's
+numbers would be 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers would be 20.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers would be 20.
+distribution was totally equal every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution was totally equal every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution was totally equal every
+quintile would have 20. but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintile would have 20. but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quintile would have 20. but in fact
+that's never been true in any society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's never been true in any society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's never been true in any society
+ever in history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever in history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever in history
+the richest always have more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richest always have more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richest always have more than the
+poorest we have no perfect distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest we have no perfect distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest we have no perfect distribution
+of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income
+and you see that if you look at in 1967
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that if you look at in 1967
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see that if you look at in 1967
+when these data's first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these data's first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when these data's first
+are reliably collected you see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reliably collected you see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reliably collected you see that the
+highest 20 percent of individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest 20 percent of individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest 20 percent of individuals
+had about 10 times as much as the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 10 times as much as the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had about 10 times as much as the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that there was a lot of inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that there was a lot of inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that there was a lot of inequality
+okay now if you roll forward till about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you roll forward till about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if you roll forward till about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gap was shrinking so you saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gap was shrinking so you saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gap was shrinking so you saw that
+the highest 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest 20
+share was about fixed but the lowest 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share was about fixed but the lowest 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share was about fixed but the lowest 20
+percent was rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent was rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent was rising
+but then if you look since 1980 that gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you look since 1980 that gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then if you look since 1980 that gap
+has wind enormous wide and enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has wind enormous wide and enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has wind enormous wide and enormously
+the point now where the 2013 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point now where the 2013 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point now where the 2013 is the
+latest here but the facts haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest here but the facts haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest here but the facts haven't really
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+the richest 20 of americans earned more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richest 20 of americans earned more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the richest 20 of americans earned more
+than half the income in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half the income in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half the income in america
+and the poorest 20 earn only about 3 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poorest 20 earn only about 3 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the poorest 20 earn only about 3 of
+the income in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income in america
+so inequalities widen massively in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inequalities widen massively in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so inequalities widen massively in the
+u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s
+okay how does that put us in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does that put us in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how does that put us in
+international terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international terms
+uh oh okay and i'm sorry and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh okay and i'm sorry and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh oh okay and i'm sorry and then the
+last row is the share of the top five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row is the share of the top five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last row is the share of the top five
+percent this is particularly striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this is particularly striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent this is particularly striking
+in fact go to the next page this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact go to the next page this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact go to the next page this is a
+graph the share of the top one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the share of the top one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph the share of the top one percent
+of income holders in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income holders in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income holders in america
+this is the share of income held by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the share of income held by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the share of income held by the
+one percent richest americans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent richest americans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one percent richest americans
+you can see that in the early 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the early 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that in the early 20th
+century that was pretty high almost 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that was pretty high almost 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that was pretty high almost 20
+percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent
+it then fell down about 10 percent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then fell down about 10 percent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then fell down about 10 percent by
+the early 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early 1970s
+it's now up and by the latest state up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now up and by the latest state up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now up and by the latest state up
+to about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about 25
+it's higher than it was at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's higher than it was at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's higher than it was at the beginning
+of 20th century so the one percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20th century so the one percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20th century so the one percent of
+richest americans have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest americans have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richest americans have about
+25 of the income earned in society so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 of the income earned in society so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 of the income earned in society so
+it's extremely unequal income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely unequal income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's extremely unequal income
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+i'm once again not saying bad or good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm once again not saying bad or good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm once again not saying bad or good
+i'm making a positive statement unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm making a positive statement unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm making a positive statement unequal
+is irrefutable bad or good we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrefutable bad or good we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is irrefutable bad or good we'll get to
+but they're refutable very unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're refutable very unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're refutable very unequal
+income distribution it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income distribution it's also
+irrefutable we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrefutable we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrefutable we have a
+much more unequal distribution of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more unequal distribution of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more unequal distribution of income
+than the rest of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rest of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rest of the world
+so in figure 21-4 we compare the facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in figure 21-4 we compare the facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in figure 21-4 we compare the facts
+for the u.s the rest the oecd which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the u.s the rest the oecd which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the u.s the rest the oecd which is a
+said developed economies yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great point it's all about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point it's all about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point it's all about this
+is all before tax before tax but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all before tax before tax but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all before tax before tax but if
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+if you add taxes it makes us look even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add taxes it makes us look even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you add taxes it makes us look even
+worse relative to other countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse relative to other countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse relative to other countries
+because our attacks are less progressive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our attacks are less progressive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our attacks are less progressive
+than other countries okay this before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other countries okay this before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than other countries okay this before
+tax then before transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax then before transfers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax then before transfers
+so if you look at other so this list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at other so this list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at other so this list is
+a lot of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of numbers
+look at the bottom line the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bottom line the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bottom line the bottom line
+is the average across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the average across
+all non-us countries of the share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all non-us countries of the share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all non-us countries of the share of
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+held by each part of the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held by each part of the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held by each part of the income
+distribution and uh the next bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh the next bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and uh the next bottom line
+the bottom line is the u.s so we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is the u.s so we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is the u.s so we say the
+bottom ten percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ten percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom ten percent
+of legal distribution on average across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of legal distribution on average across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of legal distribution on average across
+these countries has three percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries has three percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these countries has three percent of
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+indeed nowhere except for mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed nowhere except for mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed nowhere except for mexico
+is the number lower than the 1.6 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number lower than the 1.6 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the number lower than the 1.6 percent
+in the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s
+likewise if you look at the top 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if you look at the top 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if you look at the top 10
+percent of income earners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of income earners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of income earners
+on average across these countries uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average across these countries uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average across these countries uh
+they earn 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they earn 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they earn 25
+of the income in the u.s it's 30 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the income in the u.s it's 30 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the income in the u.s it's 30 and
+indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed
+nowhere is the number higher than in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere is the number higher than in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere is the number higher than in uh
+except in mexico and turkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in mexico and turkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in mexico and turkey
+so we are the most unequal country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are the most unequal country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are the most unequal country
+except for mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for mexico
+in of on this list once again not saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of on this list once again not saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in of on this list once again not saying
+good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+just saying the facts okay we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying the facts okay we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saying the facts okay we're gonna
+come to we're come to how we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to we're come to how we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to we're come to how we think about
+good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or bad
+okay so those are the facts about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the facts about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are the facts about
+inequality but as the question here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but as the question here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality but as the question here
+pointed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out
+it's not clear we care about inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear we care about inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear we care about inequality
+indeed in a standard economic framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in a standard economic framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed in a standard economic framework
+i don't care about inequality my utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about inequality my utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care about inequality my utility
+is a function of my consumption not your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of my consumption not your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of my consumption not your
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+so standard economic framework i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standard economic framework i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so standard economic framework i don't
+care about inequality i just care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about inequality i just care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about inequality i just care about
+what i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i have
+and that speaks more to the commodity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that speaks more to the commodity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that speaks more to the commodity
+commodity egalitarianism view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity egalitarianism view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commodity egalitarianism view
+which is how are we doing in making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how are we doing in making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how are we doing in making sure
+people have enough to live and to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have enough to live and to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have enough to live and to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um we say we move from so when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say we move from so when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we say we move from so when we talk
+about inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inequality
+inequality is a measure of relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution we want to move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we want to move to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution we want to move to
+something which the measure of absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which the measure of absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which the measure of absolute
+absolute dis income and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute dis income and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute dis income and that's what we
+call the poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the poverty line in the u.s a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line in the u.s a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line in the u.s a measure of
+absolute deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what share of americans are earning less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what share of americans are earning less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what share of americans are earning less
+than some minimum standard they need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some minimum standard they need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than some minimum standard they need to
+live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+now you can immediately see the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can immediately see the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can immediately see the problem
+with inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with inequality
+it's unit free right i simply compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unit free right i simply compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unit free right i simply compare
+dollars to dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars to dollars
+once i start going here i have to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i start going here i have to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once i start going here i have to make a
+judgment which is what is deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment which is what is deprivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment which is what is deprivation
+what do you need to live so in substance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to live so in substance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you need to live so in substance
+this makes more sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes more sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes more sense
+absolutely makes more sense in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely makes more sense in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely makes more sense in some
+sense it makes more sense think about do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it makes more sense think about do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it makes more sense think about do
+people have enough to live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have enough to live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have enough to live on
+but it is more difficult because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is more difficult because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is more difficult because you
+have to draw a judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw a judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to draw a judgment
+about what it is so the judgment we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is so the judgment we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it is so the judgment we've
+drawn is what's called the poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn is what's called the poverty line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn is what's called the poverty line
+the poverty line was invented by a civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line was invented by a civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line was invented by a civil
+servant in the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant in the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servant in the 1960s
+molly orshinsky she said well what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molly orshinsky she said well what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molly orshinsky she said well what does
+it take to live in america
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to live in america
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take to live in america
+said well the typical person spends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well the typical person spends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well the typical person spends
+about a third of their budget on food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of their budget on food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a third of their budget on food
+in the 1960s so let's cost out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1960s so let's cost out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1960s so let's cost out
+the cost of a nutritionally adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of a nutritionally adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of a nutritionally adequate
+bundle of food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle of food
+multiply it by three and call that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by three and call that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by three and call that the
+poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line
+she did that and that's still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did that and that's still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did that and that's still the
+poverty line all we've done is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line all we've done is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line all we've done is taken
+that and updated it by inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and updated it by inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and updated it by inflation
+remember we talked about the cpi the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about the cpi the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we talked about the cpi the
+inflation rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation rate
+all we've done is taken molly or chances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we've done is taken molly or chances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we've done is taken molly or chances
+poverty line updated by inflation ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line updated by inflation ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty line updated by inflation ever
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+and what do we get well if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get well if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do we get well if you look at
+table 21.5 this shows you the poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 21.5 this shows you the poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table 21.5 this shows you the poverty
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+in the u.s today it varies by family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s today it varies by family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the u.s today it varies by family
+size because you need more resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because you need more resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size because you need more resources
+with a bigger family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bigger family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bigger family
+but not one to one because of economies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not one to one because of economies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not one to one because of economies
+of scale in the household
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale in the household
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scale in the household
+you don't need twice as much money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need twice as much money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need twice as much money to
+have a household with two people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a household with two people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a household with two people because
+you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only
+you still only need one living unit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still only need one living unit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still only need one living unit you
+can share cookware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can share cookware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can share cookware
+you only you can only have to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only you can only have to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only you can only have to heat
+heating for two people so much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating for two people so much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating for two people so much more
+except than heating for one person etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except than heating for one person etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except than heating for one person etc
+so there's economies of scale within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's economies of scale within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's economies of scale within the
+household so poverty line does not go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so poverty line does not go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+household so poverty line does not go up
+does not double with every person you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not double with every person you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not double with every person you
+does not does not double you go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not does not double you go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not does not double you go from one
+to two it's less than doubles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two it's less than doubles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two it's less than doubles
+and you could see this scale essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see this scale essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see this scale essentially
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+say that uh this is 2015 it's so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh this is 2015 it's so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh this is 2015 it's so it's
+higher now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher now
+but baseless says that one person with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but baseless says that one person with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but baseless says that one person with
+income below 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income below 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income below 11
+170 is living in poverty and a family of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 is living in poverty and a family of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+170 is living in poverty and a family of
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+it's about 24 250. it's about 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 24 250. it's about 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 24 250. it's about 24
+20 so basically say a family below 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so basically say a family below 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so basically say a family below 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family for below 25 000 is living in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family for below 25 000 is living in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family for below 25 000 is living in
+poverty okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty okay
+now is that um is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that um is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that um is that
+the right number well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a number of reasons it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of reasons it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a number of reasons it might not
+be the right number first of all it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right number first of all it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the right number first of all it does
+not differ based on what country lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not differ based on what country lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not differ based on what country lives
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you are you guys don't know because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are you guys don't know because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are you guys don't know because
+you're sheltered but if you tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sheltered but if you tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sheltered but if you tried to
+right now try to take twenty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now try to take twenty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now try to take twenty five
+thousand dollars go live in boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars go live in boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars go live in boston
+there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way
+i mean there's no it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean there's no it's just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean there's no it's just like
+impossible whereas in rural mississippi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible whereas in rural mississippi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible whereas in rural mississippi
+you can probably do okay in twenty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably do okay in twenty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably do okay in twenty five
+thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars
+so but it doesn't vary by area uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it doesn't vary by area uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it doesn't vary by area uh it
+doesn't vary it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary it also
+um uh the poverty line calculation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the poverty line calculation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the poverty line calculation is
+all messed up now because when she did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all messed up now because when she did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all messed up now because when she did
+it food was a third of people's budgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it food was a third of people's budgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it food was a third of people's budgets
+it's now more like 20 of people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now more like 20 of people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now more like 20 of people's
+budgets it's fallen enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets it's fallen enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgets it's fallen enormously
+and the elements the other elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the elements the other elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the elements the other elements that
+poor people have to pay notably housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people have to pay notably housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people have to pay notably housing
+and medical care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medical care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and medical care
+have gone up much faster and the poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone up much faster and the poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone up much faster and the poverty
+line hasn't accounted for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line hasn't accounted for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line hasn't accounted for that
+um so in fact there's lots of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact there's lots of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in fact there's lots of reasons
+that this line is problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this line is problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this line is problematic
+nonetheless it's very hard to change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it's very hard to change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it's very hard to change it
+indeed i was in the u.s government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed i was in the u.s government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed i was in the u.s government
+for 14 months and i only went to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 14 months and i only went to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 14 months and i only went to one
+super duper secret meeting okay i went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper secret meeting okay i went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super duper secret meeting okay i went
+to a lot of meetings with the president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of meetings with the president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a lot of meetings with the president
+stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like that
+but one time my secretary said there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one time my secretary said there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one time my secretary said there's a
+meeting and i can't tell you what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and i can't tell you what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and i can't tell you what it's
+about i can't even tell you where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about i can't even tell you where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about i can't even tell you where it is
+when the time comes they will come get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes they will come get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the time comes they will come get
+you and bring you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and bring you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and bring you there
+i was like jesus it's nuclear war like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was like jesus it's nuclear war like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was like jesus it's nuclear war like
+what the hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the hell
+so they brought me to this room we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they brought me to this room we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they brought me to this room we're
+all in this room i'm like what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in this room i'm like what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all in this room i'm like what's going
+on they're like we need to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they're like we need to discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on they're like we need to discuss
+revising the poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising the poverty line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revising the poverty line
+i'm like what well why is it super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm like what well why is it super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm like what well why is it super
+secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret
+because the us today distributes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the us today distributes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the us today distributes more
+than a trillion dollars a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a trillion dollars a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a trillion dollars a year
+based on the poverty line so any changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the poverty line so any changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the poverty line so any changes
+you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make
+is going to create winners and losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to create winners and losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to create winners and losers
+and the losers are going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the losers are going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the losers are going to be really
+mad okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mad okay
+and as a result it's been incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result it's been incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result it's been incredibly
+hard to change the poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to change the poverty line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to change the poverty line
+because for example let's say we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example let's say we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for example let's say we change
+it to recognize the fact that it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to recognize the fact that it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to recognize the fact that it should
+be higher in new york than mississippi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher in new york than mississippi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be higher in new york than mississippi
+well that means new yorkers would win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means new yorkers would win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that means new yorkers would win
+and mississippians would lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mississippians would lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mississippians would lose
+bad news politically new yorkers would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news politically new yorkers would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news politically new yorkers would
+be happy mississippi should be sad but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy mississippi should be sad but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be happy mississippi should be sad but
+because the mission march utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mission march utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mission march utility
+and the laws of politics the guys who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the laws of politics the guys who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the laws of politics the guys who
+are sad make more noise than the guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sad make more noise than the guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sad make more noise than the guys
+who are happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are happy
+so it's very very hard to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very very hard to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very very hard to change this
+despite it's despite its problematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite it's despite its problematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite it's despite its problematic
+features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features
+nonetheless it's still a useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it's still a useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonetheless it's still a useful
+benchmark it is useful that it's fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark it is useful that it's fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark it is useful that it's fixed
+over time because it allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time because it allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time because it allows us to
+essentially see how things have evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially see how things have evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially see how things have evolved
+over time and we can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and we can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and we can see that
+in figure 21 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figure 21 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in figure 21 6.
+this shows the poverty rate over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the poverty rate over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this shows the poverty rate over time
+and it shows it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it shows it for
+everybody that's the red it shows it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's the red it shows it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that's the red it shows it for
+the elderly that's the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elderly that's the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elderly that's the blue
+for kids that's the green and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids that's the green and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for kids that's the green and for
+non-elderly adults that's the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-elderly adults that's the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-elderly adults that's the yellow
+so what do we see here we see a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see here we see a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we see here we see a couple
+things first of all for every group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all for every group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things first of all for every group
+poverty fell enormously during the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty fell enormously during the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty fell enormously during the 1960s
+that's the so-called war on poverty we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the so-called war on poverty we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the so-called war on poverty we
+choose a number of social programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a number of social programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a number of social programs
+that lowered poverty enormously during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lowered poverty enormously during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lowered poverty enormously during
+the 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1960s
+okay for the elderly it kept going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the elderly it kept going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for the elderly it kept going down
+and the elderly went from the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the elderly went from the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the elderly went from the most
+impoverished group in society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished group in society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impoverished group in society
+to the least for kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the least for kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the least for kids
+it bounced back up and now kid poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bounced back up and now kid poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bounced back up and now kid poverty
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates
+are nearly as high as they were back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nearly as high as they were back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nearly as high as they were back in
+the night early 1960s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night early 1960s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night early 1960s
+for the rest of folks it sort of went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of folks it sort of went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of folks it sort of went
+down then flattened yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then flattened yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then flattened yeah
+how do you determine how much wealth a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you determine how much wealth a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you determine how much wealth a
+kid has uh it's based on their family's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid has uh it's based on their family's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid has uh it's based on their family's
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+this is not wealth it's income it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not wealth it's income it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not wealth it's income it's
+based in their so basically when ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in their so basically when ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based in their so basically when ask
+does a kid live in poverty it's like do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a kid live in poverty it's like do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a kid live in poverty it's like do
+they live in a household that's below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live in a household that's below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live in a household that's below
+the poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poverty line
+okay so the bottom line is so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the bottom line is so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the bottom line is so think
+about so let's say this is families with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's say this is families with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so let's say this is families with
+kids is another way to think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids is another way to think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids is another way to think about this
+the bottom line is essentially poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is essentially poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is essentially poverty
+hasn't done a whole lot we haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't done a whole lot we haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hasn't done a whole lot we haven't done
+a whole lot on poverty in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot on poverty in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole lot on poverty in the last
+50 years okay we sort of lowered a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years okay we sort of lowered a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years okay we sort of lowered a lot
+in the 60s and then it's been it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 60s and then it's been it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 60s and then it's been it's been
+bounced up and down but it's been pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced up and down but it's been pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounced up and down but it's been pretty
+flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat
+okay is it is the result there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is it is the result there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is it is the result there
+now so the bottom line is i my now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the bottom line is i my now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so the bottom line is i my now my
+take now i'm going to draw a judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now i'm going to draw a judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take now i'm going to draw a judgment
+my take is along all these dimensions we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my take is along all these dimensions we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my take is along all these dimensions we
+don't look so hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look so hot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look so hot
+okay we're the most unequal nation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're the most unequal nation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're the most unequal nation in
+the world and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world and we have
+you know uh still if you look at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh still if you look at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know uh still if you look at all
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+we have 15 of our people living below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 15 of our people living below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 15 of our people living below
+some standard of absolute deprivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard of absolute deprivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some standard of absolute deprivation
+literally saying we are accepting if 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally saying we are accepting if 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally saying we are accepting if 15
+of people in america cannot afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in america cannot afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people in america cannot afford to
+live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live
+okay we are sort of accepting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are sort of accepting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are sort of accepting that
+including uh you know more than 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh you know more than 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including uh you know more than 20
+percent of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of kids
+okay so i don't think we're doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't think we're doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i don't think we're doing that
+well but in some sense this is even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but in some sense this is even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but in some sense this is even the
+most yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most yeah
+go ahead 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead 18
+64 people yeah are those like single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 people yeah are those like single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 people yeah are those like single
+people because i imagine like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because i imagine like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because i imagine like
+kids would fall within the thing i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would fall within the thing i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids would fall within the thing i mean
+that's like the average of all 18 to 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the average of all 18 to 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the average of all 18 to 64
+including those that have kids and don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those that have kids and don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including those that have kids and don't
+so look at childless 864 that would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at childless 864 that would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at childless 864 that would come
+down more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down more
+says the average now this is a striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the average now this is a striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the average now this is a striking
+set of facts but not to my mind the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of facts but not to my mind the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of facts but not to my mind the most
+striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking
+probably the most striking fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most striking fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the most striking fact that
+probably probably the fact i've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably the fact i've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably probably the fact i've seen
+the most influence on me in the last 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most influence on me in the last 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most influence on me in the last 10
+years is shown in figure 21 7.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is shown in figure 21 7.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years is shown in figure 21 7.
+this is a figure put together in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a figure put together in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a figure put together in the
+wake of the freddie gray riots in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake of the freddie gray riots in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wake of the freddie gray riots in
+baltimore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baltimore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baltimore
+you may have heard about those that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about those that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have heard about those that's
+when a uh prisoner was beat to death in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a uh prisoner was beat to death in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a uh prisoner was beat to death in
+the back of a police van
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of a police van
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of a police van
+and he was tap from the area of sandtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was tap from the area of sandtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was tap from the area of sandtown
+okay sandtown winchester which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sandtown winchester which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sandtown winchester which is a
+super bad area think the wire if you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super bad area think the wire if you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super bad area think the wire if you see
+the wire like super bad area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire like super bad area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wire like super bad area of
+baltimore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baltimore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baltimore
+okay about three miles away is an area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about three miles away is an area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay about three miles away is an area
+called roland park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called roland park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called roland park
+which is a very rich area the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very rich area the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very rich area the average
+life expectancy in roland park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy in roland park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life expectancy in roland park
+is 84 years that's above the u.s average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 84 years that's above the u.s average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 84 years that's above the u.s average
+that's pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good
+the average life expectancy three miles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average life expectancy three miles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average life expectancy three miles
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+is 67 years which is below north korea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 67 years which is below north korea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 67 years which is below north korea
+and what it was around world war ii in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it was around world war ii in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it was around world war ii in
+the u.s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the u.s
+three miles and we get a 17-year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three miles and we get a 17-year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three miles and we get a 17-year
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+in the average life expectancy what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the average life expectancy what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the average life expectancy what's
+going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on
+well what you'd expect people are way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you'd expect people are way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what you'd expect people are way
+poorer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer
+in sound town the average income is 107
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sound town the average income is 107
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sound town the average income is 107
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry in roland park it's 107 000.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry in roland park it's 107 000.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry in roland park it's 107 000.
+in sandtown it's 24 000. the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sandtown it's 24 000. the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sandtown it's 24 000. the average
+income is below the poverty line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is below the poverty line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income is below the poverty line
+in roland park 2.5 percent of kids live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in roland park 2.5 percent of kids live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in roland park 2.5 percent of kids live
+in poverty and standtown is 55 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poverty and standtown is 55 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in poverty and standtown is 55 percent
+of kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kids
+okay so basically you have incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically you have incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so basically you have incredibly
+incredible inequality and short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible inequality and short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible inequality and short
+distances to me this is striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances to me this is striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances to me this is striking
+because it really brings home how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really brings home how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it really brings home how much
+brings home the inequality by putting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings home the inequality by putting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings home the inequality by putting it
+in such sort of close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such sort of close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in such sort of close
+geographic terms so we have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic terms so we have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geographic terms so we have a lot of
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+there's no there's no question and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no question and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no there's no question and this
+certainly motivates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly motivates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly motivates
+i think it's hard to look at facts like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's hard to look at facts like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's hard to look at facts like
+this regardless of your political stripe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regardless of your political stripe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regardless of your political stripe
+and not worry not at least worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not worry not at least worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not worry not at least worry
+and consider the fact that there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consider the fact that there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consider the fact that there may be
+some role for government redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some role for government redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some role for government redistribution
+okay but that that's not the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that that's not the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that that's not the end of the
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+okay this in some sense think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this in some sense think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this in some sense think of this as
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+this part of the lecture sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lecture sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lecture sort of the
+benefits of government redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of government redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits of government redistribution
+the benefits of government distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of government distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits of government distribution
+we have incredible inequality incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have incredible inequality incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have incredible inequality incredible
+poverty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty
+uh all around the country now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all around the country now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all around the country now we have to
+come but of course in economics nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but of course in economics nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but of course in economics nothing
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+now we have to come to the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to come to the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have to come to the cost of
+redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution
+the benefits are clear what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits are clear what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefits are clear what about the
+costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs
+and so now we have to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have to talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now we have to talk about uh
+the efficiency costs or the leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency costs or the leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the efficiency costs or the leakage
+efficiency costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+costs of redistribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of redistribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs of redistribution
+or in other words how big is the leakage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words how big is the leakage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in other words how big is the leakage
+so going back to oaken i hope that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to oaken i hope that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going back to oaken i hope that these
+figures inspire you to think we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures inspire you to think we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures inspire you to think we ought to
+be putting some money in buckets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be putting some money in buckets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be putting some money in buckets and
+giving it to poor people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to poor people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving it to poor people
+but now the question is should we what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the question is should we what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now the question is should we what
+if it all leaks out how leaky is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it all leaks out how leaky is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it all leaks out how leaky is the
+bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bucket
+and that's what you talk about now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you talk about now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what you talk about now and
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+leakages in the bucket come from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakages in the bucket come from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leakages in the bucket come from three
+sources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources
+the first and least important source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and least important source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first and least important source is
+administrative costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrative costs
+literally you got to pay someone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you got to pay someone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you got to pay someone to
+carry the bucket okay so if you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the bucket okay so if you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry the bucket okay so if you put a
+dollar in and carry the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in and carry the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar in and carry the bucket
+he's going to take some money out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to take some money out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's going to take some money out for
+the right of carrying the bucket that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of carrying the bucket that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right of carrying the bucket that's
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small
+but non-trivial maybe low single digits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but non-trivial maybe low single digits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but non-trivial maybe low single digits
+the second source of leakage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second source of leakage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second source of leakage is
+the efficiency costs of taxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you tax people and take their money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tax people and take their money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you tax people and take their money
+away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away
+they may work less hard think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may work less hard think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may work less hard think about the
+extreme case where i'm going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case where i'm going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case where i'm going to say
+i'm going to go back to the utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go back to the utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to go back to the utilitarian
+world i'm going to tell everyone we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world i'm going to tell everyone we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world i'm going to tell everyone we're
+going to equalize income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equalize income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to equalize income
+that means that everyone no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that everyone no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that everyone no matter what
+they make example the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make example the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make example the same amount of
+money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money
+why would you work i mean you guys would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you work i mean you guys would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you work i mean you guys would
+because your tools but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your tools but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your tools but like
+why would what why would like why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would what why would like why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would what why would like why would
+like regular people work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like regular people work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like regular people work
+okay they wouldn't because no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they wouldn't because no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they wouldn't because no matter
+what you do you end up with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you end up with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do you end up with the same
+income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income
+it's 100 tax so why would you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100 tax so why would you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 100 tax so why would you work
+that's extreme but the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's extreme but the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's extreme but the point is
+the extreme exam makes a point that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme exam makes a point that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extreme exam makes a point that when
+you tax people there's potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tax people there's potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tax people there's potential
+efficiency costs in terms of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency costs in terms of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency costs in terms of them
+earning less income the third issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning less income the third issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning less income the third issue
+is the efficiency costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of transfers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is when you give people money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you give that money when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you give that money when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you give that money when you get
+money they may also work less so not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they may also work less so not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money they may also work less so not
+only might i work less when you tax me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only might i work less when you tax me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only might i work less when you tax me
+i might work less if you give me money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might work less if you give me money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might work less if you give me money
+why should go to work if you're sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should go to work if you're sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why should go to work if you're sending
+me a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a check
+so not only would an equal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only would an equal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only would an equal distribution
+of income leave me to work less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income leave me to work less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of income leave me to work less than
+being taxed leave me with less because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taxed leave me with less because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being taxed leave me with less because
+i'm getting money so why should i bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting money so why should i bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting money so why should i bother
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+as long as leisure's a normal good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as leisure's a normal good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as leisure's a normal good
+remember i don't want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i don't want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i don't want to work
+so if you're just sending me money why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're just sending me money why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're just sending me money why
+would i go to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would i go to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would i go to work
+okay so to see this we can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to see this we can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to see this we can sort of
+summarize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize this
+with with one example so let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with one example so let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with one example so let's go to
+figure 21.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 21.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure 21.8
+and i want to sort of walk through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to sort of walk through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i want to sort of walk through some
+fairly complicated examples walk through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated examples walk through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly complicated examples walk through
+this is a simple illustration of a tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple illustration of a tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple illustration of a tax
+and transfer scheme of the type we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer scheme of the type we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and transfer scheme of the type we have
+in america we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in america we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in america we start
+in this example with an individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example with an individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example with an individual
+earning twenty dollars an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning twenty dollars an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earning twenty dollars an hour
+so the slope of this line is negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slope of this line is negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the slope of this line is negative
+twenty dollars an hour this person can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty dollars an hour this person can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty dollars an hour this person can
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+two that can and on remember we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that can and on remember we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that can and on remember we don't
+model work we model leisure i almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model work we model leisure i almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model work we model leisure i almost
+made the mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the mistake
+remember we don't model the bad we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we don't model the bad we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we don't model the bad we model
+the good we don't model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good we don't model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good we don't model
+labor without our leisure let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor without our leisure let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labor without our leisure let's say that
+the max leisure can take is two thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max leisure can take is two thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the max leisure can take is two thousand
+two thousand hours okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand hours okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand hours okay so you can
+either take two thousand dollars of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either take two thousand dollars of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either take two thousand dollars of
+leisure and earn and consume nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure and earn and consume nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure and earn and consume nothing
+or you could take no leisure consume 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could take no leisure consume 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you could take no leisure consume 40
+000 and let's say consumption's income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 and let's say consumption's income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 and let's say consumption's income
+no savings in this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no savings in this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no savings in this model
+okay so you're in 20 an hour you consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're in 20 an hour you consume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you're in 20 an hour you consume
+your whole income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your whole income
+and you can take up to 2 000 hours of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take up to 2 000 hours of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take up to 2 000 hours of
+leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+okay so your budget constraint is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your budget constraint is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so your budget constraint is the
+dark line running from 40 000 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark line running from 40 000 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark line running from 40 000 on the
+y-axis 2000 on the x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis 2000 on the x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis 2000 on the x-axis
+okay now let's say that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's say that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's say that we're going to
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put
+in into this budget constraint we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into this budget constraint we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into this budget constraint we're
+going to add two things the first is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add two things the first is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add two things the first is a
+transfer program to the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer program to the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer program to the poor
+we're worried about poverty so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried about poverty so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're worried about poverty so we're
+gonna have a new program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a new program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a new program
+that says that every american
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that every american
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says that every american
+gets at least ten thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at least ten thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets at least ten thousand dollars
+everyone's ten thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's ten thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's ten thousand dollars
+but as their income goes up we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as their income goes up we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as their income goes up we're going
+to take that away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take that away
+so we're going to say since we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say since we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to say since we have a
+transfer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer program
+the transfer program is going to be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer program is going to be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer program is going to be of
+the form the transfer you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form the transfer you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the form the transfer you get
+is the max of zero comma ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the max of zero comma ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the max of zero comma ten thousand
+minus your income that's our transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus your income that's our transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus your income that's our transfer
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+so if your income zero you get ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your income zero you get ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if your income zero you get ten
+thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand
+if you're gonna said thousand you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna said thousand you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're gonna said thousand you get
+zero we're just making sure everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're just making sure everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero we're just making sure everybody
+gets ten thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets ten thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets ten thousand dollars
+we don't care about people having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about people having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't care about people having more
+than that so we're gonna take it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so we're gonna take it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so we're gonna take it away
+we're gonna say look want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say look want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say look want to make sure
+you have ten thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ten thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ten thousand dollars
+but above that we don't care about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but above that we don't care about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but above that we don't care about you
+okay so if you're someone earning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you're someone earning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you're someone earning a
+hundred thousand dollars this program's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars this program's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand dollars this program's
+irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrelevant
+okay if you're someone earning five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you're someone earning five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you're someone earning five
+thousand dollars we'll give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars we'll give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars we'll give you another
+five thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand dollars
+to get you up to ten okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you up to ten okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get you up to ten okay so that's
+based our transfer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based our transfer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based our transfer program
+this is typically the way welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically the way welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is typically the way welfare
+programs work around the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs work around the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs work around the world
+okay essentially they give you money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay essentially they give you money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay essentially they give you money but
+then they take it away as you get richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they take it away as you get richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they take it away as you get richer
+to make sure the money's targeted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the money's targeted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure the money's targeted to the
+poorest people okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest people okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorest people okay
+so that's our transfer program that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our transfer program that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's our transfer program that's
+the first thing it's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing it's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing it's going to do
+the second thing it's good the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing it's good the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second thing it's good the second
+thing we're going to transfer but we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to transfer but we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to transfer but we've
+got to pay for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pay for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to pay for this
+so payments we have to have a tax now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so payments we have to have a tax now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so payments we have to have a tax now
+let's say we only want to tax the rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we only want to tax the rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we only want to tax the rich
+you want to tax the poor and give money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to tax the poor and give money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to tax the poor and give money
+to the poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the poor
+so let's say our tax program is of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say our tax program is of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say our tax program is of the
+following form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following form
+anyone making more than 20 000 per year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone making more than 20 000 per year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone making more than 20 000 per year
+pays a 20 tax rate on the income above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays a 20 tax rate on the income above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pays a 20 tax rate on the income above
+20 000. so no one's taxed on their first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000. so no one's taxed on their first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000. so no one's taxed on their first
+20 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 000
+but in every dollar above 20 000 you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in every dollar above 20 000 you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in every dollar above 20 000 you pay
+20 cents to the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 cents to the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 cents to the government
+it's what's called a marginal tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what's called a marginal tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what's called a marginal tax
+okay it's a marginal you have a marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a marginal you have a marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a marginal you have a marginal
+tax rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax rate
+of 20 percent what does marginal mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 percent what does marginal mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 20 percent what does marginal mean it
+means you only pay on the next dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you only pay on the next dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you only pay on the next dollar
+so it's a marginal tax march 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a marginal tax march 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a marginal tax march 20 percent
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+20k okay so once you earn 20k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20k okay so once you earn 20k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20k okay so once you earn 20k
+up 20k you pay nothing once you earn 20k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 20k you pay nothing once you earn 20k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up 20k you pay nothing once you earn 20k
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+every dollar above 20k you face a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar above 20k you face a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every dollar above 20k you face a
+marginal tax rate of 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tax rate of 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal tax rate of 20
+you pay 20 cents of every dollar of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay 20 cents of every dollar of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pay 20 cents of every dollar of the
+government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government
+okay so that is our tax program not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is our tax program not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that is our tax program not
+looking at the diagram do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the diagram do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the diagram do people
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+how these programs work for getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these programs work for getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these programs work for getting the
+diagram yeah manny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram yeah manny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram yeah manny
+in other countries uh like is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries uh like is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries uh like is there any
+like data that's showing like how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like data that's showing like how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like data that's showing like how this
+affects the number like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the number like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the number like the number of
+hours people work that's exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours people work that's exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours people work that's exactly where
+we're getting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting to
+um that's our concern right is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's our concern right is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's our concern right is that
+that's my point here is that this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my point here is that this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my point here is that this might
+lower how many hours people work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower how many hours people work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower how many hours people work
+okay and let's talk about why but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's talk about why but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and let's talk about why but the
+question about the logistics of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the logistics of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about the logistics of these
+programs first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs first
+okay well let's talk about how it effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's talk about how it effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well let's talk about how it effect
+hours worked let's go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours worked let's go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours worked let's go to
+the diagram okay let's go to the diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram okay let's go to the diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram okay let's go to the diagram
+let's consider several different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider several different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider several different people
+start with person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with person
+a person a earned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person a earned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person a earned
+let's they earn some that before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's they earn some that before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's they earn some that before this
+program was in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program was in place
+they would have chosen to be a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have chosen to be a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have chosen to be a high
+leisure low consumption person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure low consumption person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure low consumption person
+when this program is in place we tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this program is in place we tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this program is in place we tell
+them look person a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them look person a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them look person a
+you can get more of both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get more of both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get more of both
+more leisure and more consumption all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leisure and more consumption all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more leisure and more consumption all
+you have to do is quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is quit
+stop working you move from point a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop working you move from point a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop working you move from point a to
+point d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point d
+you get more leisure and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more leisure and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get more leisure and more
+consumption so that naturally happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so that naturally happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption so that naturally happens
+so everyone earning less than 10 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone earning less than 10 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everyone earning less than 10 000
+immediately quits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately quits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately quits
+once again assuming less is a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again assuming less is a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again assuming less is a normal
+good immediately quits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good immediately quits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good immediately quits because
+because look once you're below ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look once you're below ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because look once you're below ten
+thousands 100 tax rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands 100 tax rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands 100 tax rate
+why work so anyone who would have earned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why work so anyone who would have earned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why work so anyone who would have earned
+less than 10 000 doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 000 doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 10 000 doesn't work
+because you're just going to give back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just going to give back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're just going to give back
+to the government anyway why do you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government anyway why do you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the government anyway why do you care
+that's person a what about person b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's person a what about person b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's person a what about person b
+person b earns more than ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person b earns more than ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person b earns more than ten thousand
+but note their indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note their indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but note their indifference curve
+crosses below the new budget straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses below the new budget straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses below the new budget straight
+let me step back the new budget strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me step back the new budget strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me step back the new budget strain
+is the red segments plus the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the red segments plus the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the red segments plus the black
+segment in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment in the middle
+new budget constraint runs from 32 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new budget constraint runs from 32 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new budget constraint runs from 32 000
+on the y-axis it intersects the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis it intersects the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the y-axis it intersects the black
+line the old budget's turning to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the old budget's turning to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the old budget's turning to 20
+thousand dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars
+it's the old budget straight from twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the old budget straight from twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the old budget straight from twenty
+thousand dollars down to ten thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars down to ten thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand dollars down to ten thousand
+dollars and it becomes the new red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and it becomes the new red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars and it becomes the new red
+segment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment
+i should mention that so the new budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should mention that so the new budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should mention that so the new budget
+strain is the two red segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain is the two red segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain is the two red segments
+and the black segment in between that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the black segment in between that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the black segment in between that's
+the new budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new budget constraint
+so let's look at person b what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at person b what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look at person b what happens
+to person b and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to person b and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to person b and y
+what does person be do and yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does person be do and yeah why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does person be do and yeah why
+because it's a hard difference right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a hard difference right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a hard difference right
+crucially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially
+since person b's at every serve crosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since person b's at every serve crosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since person b's at every serve crosses
+the red line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red line
+we know they must be better off at point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know they must be better off at point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know they must be better off at point
+d than at point b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d than at point b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d than at point b
+because we know that since point d is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that since point d is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that since point d is
+above that line that's that's a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that line that's that's a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that line that's that's a higher
+indifference curve than the run at point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve than the run at point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve than the run at point
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+so not only do you cause every person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only do you cause every person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so not only do you cause every person
+below ten thousand to quit you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below ten thousand to quit you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below ten thousand to quit you also
+cause some people above ten thousand to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause some people above ten thousand to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause some people above ten thousand to
+quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit
+why well they give up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well they give up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well they give up a little
+consumption they get a ton of leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption they get a ton of leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption they get a ton of leisure
+so let's say someone's doing eleven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say someone's doing eleven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say someone's doing eleven
+twelve thousand like wait a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve thousand like wait a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve thousand like wait a second
+all my work is only getting me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my work is only getting me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all my work is only getting me a
+thousand two thousand dollars over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two thousand dollars over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand two thousand dollars over
+quitting i might as well quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitting i might as well quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quitting i might as well quit
+so this welfare program caused a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this welfare program caused a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this welfare program caused a ton of
+people to quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to quit
+all the people who are going to earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people who are going to earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the people who are going to earn
+very little quit and some people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little quit and some people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little quit and some people are
+giving errands somewhat little quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving errands somewhat little quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving errands somewhat little quit
+okay but that's not all let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's not all let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that's not all let's look at
+person c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person c
+person c used to work a certain amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person c used to work a certain amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person c used to work a certain amount
+you know used to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know used to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know used to work
+you know more than a thousand hours take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more than a thousand hours take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more than a thousand hours take
+less than a thousand hours of leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a thousand hours of leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than a thousand hours of leisure
+now what happens well what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens well what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens well what happens
+forget the diagram step back if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the diagram step back if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the diagram step back if i take
+someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone
+and introduce a marginal tax rate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce a marginal tax rate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and introduce a marginal tax rate what
+happens to their labor supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to their labor supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to their labor supply
+and why what happens to their leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why what happens to their leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why what happens to their leisure
+and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i take you you're working let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i take you you're working let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i take you you're working let's say
+you were you're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were you're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were you're taking
+800 hours of leisure doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 hours of leisure doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 hours of leisure doesn't matter what
+the exact number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact number was
+i then come and say you have a 20 tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i then come and say you have a 20 tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i then come and say you have a 20 tax
+rate and every earnings about 20 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and every earnings about 20 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and every earnings about 20 000
+how does that affect your your leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that affect your your leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that affect your your leisure
+yeah you would increase it why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you would increase it why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you would increase it why
+because then after about 10 000 um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then after about 10 000 um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then after about 10 000 um you
+get like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get like
+i guess you can get less money but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you can get less money but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you can get less money but i
+guess maybe less utility out of above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe less utility out of above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess maybe less utility out of above
+10k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10k
+since you're right you might increase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you're right you might increase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you're right you might increase it
+but what else you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what else you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what else you do
+yeah the wage effectively decreases so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the wage effectively decreases so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the wage effectively decreases so
+the price of leisure decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of leisure decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of leisure decreases
+so you take more likely right i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take more likely right i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you take more likely right i think
+that you increase leisure that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you increase leisure that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you increase leisure that's what he
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+okay increase leisure but what else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay increase leisure but what else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay increase leisure but what else yeah
+you might increase it just to like cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might increase it just to like cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might increase it just to like cover
+um taxes so you might work yeah what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taxes so you might work yeah what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um taxes so you might work yeah what do
+we what do we call the two effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly we have substitution income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we have substitution income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we have substitution income
+effects the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects the substitution effect
+would say your net wage is lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say your net wage is lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say your net wage is lower your
+net weight just went from twenty dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net weight just went from twenty dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net weight just went from twenty dollars
+an hour to sixteen dollars an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to sixteen dollars an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an hour to sixteen dollars an hour
+right so a lower net wage you work less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lower net wage you work less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so a lower net wage you work less
+but the income effect says you work more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the income effect says you work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the income effect says you work more
+because you're now effectively poorer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're now effectively poorer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're now effectively poorer
+when you're poorer you consume less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're poorer you consume less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're poorer you consume less of
+everything including leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything including leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything including leisure
+so when you tax my wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you tax my wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you tax my wage
+i might work i might take less leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might work i might take less leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might work i might take less leisure
+i.e work more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e work more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i.e work more
+through the substitution effect i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the substitution effect i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the substitution effect i'm
+sorry we taxed my wage i might take more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we taxed my wage i might take more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we taxed my wage i might take more
+i might take more leisure i.e work less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might take more leisure i.e work less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i might take more leisure i.e work less
+the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect
+because the returns to work are lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the returns to work are lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the returns to work are lower
+but i might take less leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i might take less leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i might take less leisure
+you work more because i'm now poorer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work more because i'm now poorer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you work more because i'm now poorer so
+we don't know what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know what's going to happen
+but we typically assume substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we typically assume substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we typically assume substitution
+effects dominate you can't go wrong in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects dominate you can't go wrong in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects dominate you can't go wrong in
+this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class
+without making that assumption okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making that assumption okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without making that assumption okay we
+want you to remember the trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to remember the trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to remember the trade-off
+but typically assume substitution of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically assume substitution of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but typically assume substitution of x
+dominates so we typically think people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates so we typically think people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates so we typically think people
+will work less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work less
+we think taxing people cause them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think taxing people cause them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think taxing people cause them to
+work less but be clear it's not obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less but be clear it's not obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work less but be clear it's not obvious
+it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will
+but we typically think that's the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we typically think that's the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we typically think that's the result
+and typically once again when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically once again when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and typically once again when you
+average men and women as we discussed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average men and women as we discussed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average men and women as we discussed in
+our labor supply lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our labor supply lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our labor supply lecture
+overall you get an upward sloping labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall you get an upward sloping labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall you get an upward sloping labor
+supply curve that is overall if you tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve that is overall if you tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve that is overall if you tax
+people they'll work less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they'll work less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they'll work less
+okay so what that does it lowers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that does it lowers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what that does it lowers the
+hours of work for person c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work for person c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work for person c
+this is our leaks in the bucket we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our leaks in the bucket we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our leaks in the bucket we've
+suddenly massively reduced the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly massively reduced the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly massively reduced the amount
+potentially massively reduce the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially massively reduce the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially massively reduce the amount
+people want to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people want to work
+why do we care we care because of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care we care because of figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we care we care because of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we done we've gone from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we done we've gone from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we done we've gone from an
+initial point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial point
+where people initially were supplying s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people initially were supplying s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people initially were supplying s
+had initial supply curve of s1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had initial supply curve of s1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had initial supply curve of s1
+and demand curve of d and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand curve of d and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and demand curve of d and therefore
+we're supplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're supplying
+l1 hours of le of labor at a wage w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 hours of le of labor at a wage w1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l1 hours of le of labor at a wage w1
+now they're they're producing less their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're they're producing less their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're they're producing less their
+supply curve shift in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve shift in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply curve shift in
+that's created a deadweight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created a deadweight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created a deadweight loss
+there is less stuff being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is less stuff being produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is less stuff being produced
+because people are staying home rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are staying home rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are staying home rather
+than working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than working
+and the key point is that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key point is that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the key point is that's not a
+problem okay staying home around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay staying home around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay staying home around the
+zone's problem the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone's problem the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zone's problem the problem is
+they're staying home only because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're staying home only because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're staying home only because we've
+reduced the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced the price
+of labor we've we've increased the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor we've we've increased the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of labor we've we've increased the price
+we've reduced the price of leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced the price of leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've reduced the price of leisure
+i'm sorry we've we've reduced the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry we've we've reduced the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry we've we've reduced the return
+to labor we've reduced the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to labor we've reduced the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to labor we've reduced the price of
+leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leisure
+as a result people are staying home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result people are staying home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a result people are staying home
+we've distorted their behavior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've distorted their behavior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've distorted their behavior
+we've caused them to stay home and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've caused them to stay home and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've caused them to stay home and not
+work because we're not working there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because we're not working there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work because we're not working there's
+less stuff for the rest of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less stuff for the rest of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less stuff for the rest of us
+so there's a deadweight loss efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a deadweight loss efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a deadweight loss efficiency
+falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls
+and that is the efficiency equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the efficiency equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the efficiency equity
+trade-off this deadweight loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off this deadweight loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off this deadweight loss
+is okan's leak that's the leak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okan's leak that's the leak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okan's leak that's the leak in
+oaken's bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oaken's bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oaken's bucket
+so now we have the trade-off on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the trade-off on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the trade-off on the one
+hand we have an incredibly unequal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we have an incredibly unequal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we have an incredibly unequal
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+where a program like this could really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a program like this could really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a program like this could really
+make people better off take money from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people better off take money from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people better off take money from
+rich people who don't need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people who don't need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich people who don't need it
+give to poor people who do on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to poor people who do on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give to poor people who do on the other
+hand in doing so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in doing so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand in doing so we're going to have
+less stuff with society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less stuff with society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less stuff with society
+we're going to shrink the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to shrink the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to shrink the size of the
+pie in order to redistribute the slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie in order to redistribute the slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pie in order to redistribute the slices
+of the pie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pie
+is it worth it that's where the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth it that's where the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it worth it that's where the social
+welfare function comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare function comes in
+the social welfare function allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social welfare function allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the social welfare function allows you
+to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to evaluate
+whether something like this is worth it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something like this is worth it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something like this is worth it
+without a social function you can never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a social function you can never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without a social function you can never
+answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that question
+you just can't because there's one hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't because there's one hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't because there's one hand
+on the other hand what a social welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand what a social welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand what a social welfare
+function does give you a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does give you a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function does give you a mathematical
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+allows you to answer that question so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to answer that question so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows you to answer that question so in
+section on friday you work through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on friday you work through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section on friday you work through an
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+of using a social welfare function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using a social welfare function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using a social welfare function to
+evaluate a welfare transfer program like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a welfare transfer program like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate a welfare transfer program like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay and then we'll come back on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll come back on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll come back on monday
+and talk more about taxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk more about taxation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk more about taxation
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p06QDsAPY4g.txt b/p06QDsAPY4g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a8ddb0e290599a3c9541b84aa218d4ab695d79e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p06QDsAPY4g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome back to recitation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome back to recitation so
+the problem I'd like to work with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'd like to work with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem I'd like to work with you
+today is is this one here it's just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is is this one here it's just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is is this one here it's just to
+compute this two variable integral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this two variable integral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this two variable integral uh
+and the integram that we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integram that we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the integram that we're going to be
+Computing is e to the U over U and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is e to the U over U and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is e to the U over U and what
+you might notice right away is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might notice right away is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might notice right away is that this
+inner in inner integral it's an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner in inner integral it's an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner in inner integral it's an integral
+over U of e to the U over U and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over U of e to the U over U and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over U of e to the U over U and this is
+not a an integral that we have a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a an integral that we have a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a an integral that we have a nice
+formula for from one variable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for from one variable calculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for from one variable calculus
+so I'm going to suggest that as you try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to suggest that as you try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to suggest that as you try
+to solve this you think about how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this you think about how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this you think about how can
+you use uh the fact that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use uh the fact that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use uh the fact that this is a
+multivariable integral maybe doing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable integral maybe doing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multivariable integral maybe doing uh
+swapping the order of integration Etc to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping the order of integration Etc to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swapping the order of integration Etc to
+to solve this so uh why don't you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this so uh why don't you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this so uh why don't you go
+ahead and work this problem on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and work this problem on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and work this problem on your own
+check back with me in a few minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back with me in a few minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check back with me in a few minutes and
+I'll see how I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it okay welcome back so as I suggested I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back so as I suggested I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay welcome back so as I suggested I
+think what we should do is we should uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we should do is we should uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think what we should do is we should uh
+we should we should see what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should we should see what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should we should see what happens if
+we switch the order of integration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switch the order of integration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we switch the order of integration I
+don't know how to do this inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do this inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know how to do this inside
+integral and so maybe if we switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so maybe if we switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and so maybe if we switch the
+order of integration then something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration then something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of integration then something's
+going to work out so in order to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out so in order to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work out so in order to start
+get started doing that uh we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started doing that uh we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started doing that uh we need to
+draw the region of integration so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the region of integration so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the region of integration so why
+don't we do that over here so just walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do that over here so just walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't we do that over here so just walk
+over here so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got our variables are T and U so I drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our variables are T and U so I drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our variables are T and U so I drawn
+the T and U axis here and now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T and U axis here and now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the T and U axis here and now let's look
+at the region of integration so T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the region of integration so T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the region of integration so T is
+running from uh 0 to 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll just draw 1/4 about there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just draw 1/4 about there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll just draw 1/4 about there and
+now the range for U uh the bottom range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the range for U uh the bottom range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the range for U uh the bottom range
+is the square root of T so when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of T so when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the square root of T so when I'm
+going to draw the curve U is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw the curve U is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw the curve U is the square
+root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of
+T just looks like a parabola on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just looks like a parabola on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T just looks like a parabola on its
+side and then the top bound is at U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then the top bound is at U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and then the top bound is at U
+equal 12 and notice that uh that when T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 12 and notice that uh that when T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 12 and notice that uh that when T
+is 1/4 that means that U is 1/2 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/4 that means that U is 1/2 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1/4 that means that U is 1/2 because
+U is just the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T and so what we're really interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so what we're really interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and so what we're really interested in
+is this region here the region between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this region here the region between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this region here the region between
+square root of t u is the square of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of t u is the square of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of t u is the square of T
+and between U is 1/2 so this is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between U is 1/2 so this is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and between U is 1/2 so this is our
+region so let's see uh let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so let's see uh let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so let's see uh let's let's
+rewrite the uh the integral uh to be by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the uh the integral uh to be by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the uh the integral uh to be by
+by swipping SW swapping the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by swipping SW swapping the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by swipping SW swapping the order of
+integration so I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here so now uh we want to put on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now uh we want to put on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so now uh we want to put on the
+outside we want to put uh the range of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside we want to put uh the range of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside we want to put uh the range of U
+first so the range of U we can see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so the range of U we can see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first so the range of U we can see on
+the graph here U ranges from zero to2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph here U ranges from zero to2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph here U ranges from zero to2 so
+that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+easy and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy and now
+t uh so T is always starting right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh so T is always starting right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh so T is always starting right here
+at at uh at T equals z and it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at uh at T equals z and it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at at uh at T equals z and it's always
+ending at this curve which is tal u^2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at this curve which is tal u^2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending at this curve which is tal u^2 so
+we have these little intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these little intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have these little intervals
+here and so uh our our ranges for T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so uh our our ranges for T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so uh our our ranges for T is
+going to be T is running from zero to U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be T is running from zero to U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be T is running from zero to U
+^2 and then we have the same integrant e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 and then we have the same integrant e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 and then we have the same integrant e
+to the U over U and now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DTD all right and now now we see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTD all right and now now we see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DTD all right and now now we see that
+this was a nice thing to do because look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a nice thing to do because look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a nice thing to do because look
+the first integral that we need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first integral that we need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first integral that we need to take
+is an integral in t but our integram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integral in t but our integram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an integral in t but our integram
+doesn't involve the variable T so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the variable T so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't involve the variable T so this
+is going to be a very easy integral to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take so I just take that integrant and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so I just take that integrant and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take so I just take that integrant and I
+just uh multiply it by the constant T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh multiply it by the constant T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh multiply it by the constant T so
+we just have e to U over U * T and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have e to U over U * T and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just have e to U over U * T and then
+it's a definite integral which ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definite integral which ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a definite integral which ranges
+from u^2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u^2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u^2 to
+zero du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be uh one2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh one2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh one2
+here this is really just going to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is really just going to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is really just going to be uh
+u e to the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u e to the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u e to the U
+du all right so now uh so so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du all right so now uh so so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du all right so now uh so so let me
+write that up over here again so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that up over here again so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that up over here again so we have
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+at integral from U equals 0 to 12 of u e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at integral from U equals 0 to 12 of u e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at integral from U equals 0 to 12 of u e
+to the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the U
+du and uh now we want to remember uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and uh now we want to remember uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du and uh now we want to remember uh the
+method of um integration by parts from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of um integration by parts from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of um integration by parts from
+one variable calculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so uh integration by parts uh you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh integration by parts uh you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so uh integration by parts uh you'll
+remember will tell us that the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember will tell us that the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember will tell us that the integral
+of u e to the U is going to be pardon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u e to the U is going to be pardon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of u e to the U is going to be pardon
+me is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me is going to be
+well u e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well u e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well u e to the
+U um minus E to the U so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um minus E to the U so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U um minus E to the U so that's just
+applying integration by parts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying integration by parts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying integration by parts and then
+this is a definite integral so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definite integral so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a definite integral so we have
+uh our range 1/2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our range 1/2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our range 1/2 to
+zero and so well now we can just uh plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so well now we can just uh plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and so well now we can just uh plug
+this in so we get 12 e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so we get 12 e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in so we get 12 e to
+the2 minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the2 minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the2 minus E
+to2 minus the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 minus the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to2 minus the quantity
+so zero we just get 0 minus E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zero we just get 0 minus E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so zero we just get 0 minus E to
+the e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e to the
+0o and so Al together we have Let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o and so Al together we have Let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0o and so Al together we have Let's see
+we have a negative e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a negative e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a negative e to the
+one2 and then we have a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and then we have a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and then we have a plus
+one and negative e to the 1/2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and negative e to the 1/2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and negative e to the 1/2 over
+2 because we had a 1/2 and a minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 because we had a 1/2 and a minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 because we had a 1/2 and a minus a
+whole and then plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and then plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole and then plus one
+and that's our solution
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p0Brd5vwV_Q.txt b/p0Brd5vwV_Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..08f8cb6dcbe1e29076397da1c83a150ac5f6c783
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p0Brd5vwV_Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to present to some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to present to some important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to present to some important
+criteria by which to evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria by which to evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria by which to evaluate the
+legislative proposals in the legislative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative proposals in the legislative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative proposals in the legislative
+hearings and I'm going to present them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings and I'm going to present them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings and I'm going to present them
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my suggested order of importance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+the criteria so number one I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest the most important criteria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest the most important criteria is
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+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+evaluate the proposals ask yourself does
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+
+ align:start position:0%
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal accord with valid research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proposal accord with valid research
+on maintaining fish populations number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on maintaining fish populations number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on maintaining fish populations number
+two I would suggest the second most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I would suggest the second most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I would suggest the second most
+important criterion is policy design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criterion is policy design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criterion is policy design and
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics ask yourself does a proposal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics ask yourself does a proposal
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a well-designed policy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include a well-designed policy and the
+number three I would suggest that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three I would suggest that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three I would suggest that the
+third most important criterion is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third most important criterion is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third most important criterion is is
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+
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+politics ask yourself is a proposal does
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics ask yourself is a proposal does
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+ align:start position:0%
+a proposal have support and is it likely
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+a proposal have support and is it likely
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass or can you make it likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pass or can you make it likely to
+pass um values and management are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass um values and management are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass um values and management are two
+other criteria that I have not ranked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other criteria that I have not ranked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other criteria that I have not ranked in
+the top three for this issue um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top three for this issue um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top three for this issue um if you
+take a look at the handout on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the handout on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the handout on the board
+you'll see why I have it ranked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why I have it ranked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see why I have it ranked
+management as an important as the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management as an important as the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management as an important as the most
+important criterion for this issue we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criterion for this issue we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criterion for this issue we
+already have the magnuson-stevens act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the magnuson-stevens act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have the magnuson-stevens act
+the which is the federal legislation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which is the federal legislation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the which is the federal legislation
+used to manage fisheries and since it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to manage fisheries and since it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to manage fisheries and since it
+was revised in 1996 you can see the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was revised in 1996 you can see the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was revised in 1996 you can see the the
+top map shows with the red circles all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top map shows with the red circles all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top map shows with the red circles all
+the red circles are fish populations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red circles are fish populations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red circles are fish populations
+that have recovered in the New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have recovered in the New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have recovered in the New England
+states your home constituencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states your home constituencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states your home constituencies
+since 2000 and the graph on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2000 and the graph on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2000 and the graph on the bottom
+is shows that overall decline in in fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shows that overall decline in in fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is shows that overall decline in in fish
+stocks that are heavily measured as over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that are heavily measured as over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that are heavily measured as over
+fished so this isn't primarily in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fished so this isn't primarily in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fished so this isn't primarily in a
+management problem because we there will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management problem because we there will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management problem because we there will
+doubt to be proposals with management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt to be proposals with management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubt to be proposals with management
+problems but for this issue at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but for this issue at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but for this issue at least
+that management is possible and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that management is possible and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that management is possible and we know
+that we have some success in managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some success in managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have some success in managing
+this issue federally so we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue federally so we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this issue federally so we have some
+organizational capacity that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational capacity that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizational capacity that we're
+already aware of so now I'm going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already aware of so now I'm going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already aware of so now I'm going to go
+over the three top criteria and why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the three top criteria and why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the three top criteria and why I
+rank them that way with some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank them that way with some important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rank them that way with some important
+questions some important questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions some important questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions some important questions to
+use to gather information during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to gather information during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to gather information during the
+hearings for each of the criteria so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings for each of the criteria so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hearings for each of the criteria so
+number one is science science I'd rank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is science science I'd rank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one is science science I'd rank
+is the most important criterion for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important criterion for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the most important criterion for this
+issue because science is our best tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because science is our best tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because science is our best tool
+for understanding the natural world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding the natural world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding the natural world
+which includes fisheries also it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes fisheries also it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which includes fisheries also it's very
+important for this issue because as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this issue because as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for this issue because as you
+may know there seems to be legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know there seems to be legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may know there seems to be legitimate
+disagreement about the science on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement about the science on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement about the science on this
+issue so it's very important for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so it's very important for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue so it's very important for you to
+use the hearings to assess you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the hearings to assess you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the hearings to assess you're gonna
+have to take the stand on which which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the stand on which which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take the stand on which which of
+the science that's presented to you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science that's presented to you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the science that's presented to you you
+think is valid and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is valid and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is valid and that's going to
+underpin how you assess the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpin how you assess the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpin how you assess the other
+criteria you're gonna have to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria you're gonna have to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria you're gonna have to take a
+stand on science in order to in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on science in order to in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stand on science in order to in order to
+decide which legislation to support you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which legislation to support you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which legislation to support you
+can't assess you can't really assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assess you can't really assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't assess you can't really assess the
+policy design for example without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy design for example without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy design for example without
+knowing what science you think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what science you think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing what science you think is
+legitimate some really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate some really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legitimate some really important
+questions to ask yourself about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to ask yourself about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions to ask yourself about the
+science during the hearings some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science during the hearings some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science during the hearings some
+important information to gather it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information to gather it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important information to gather it's
+important to find out who funded the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to find out who funded the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to find out who funded the
+research each Richard such presented to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research each Richard such presented to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research each Richard such presented to
+you also whether the research was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also whether the research was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also whether the research was
+published in a peer-reviewed journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a peer-reviewed journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a peer-reviewed journal
+peer reviewed research has been vetted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer reviewed research has been vetted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peer reviewed research has been vetted
+by other scientists and has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other scientists and has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by other scientists and has had
+criticism from other scientists who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism from other scientists who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism from other scientists who
+weren't involved in it non peer-reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't involved in it non peer-reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't involved in it non peer-reviewed
+research there's no guarantee of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there's no guarantee of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research there's no guarantee of that
+ask yourself is there broad agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself is there broad agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself is there broad agreement
+among other scientists with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other scientists with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other scientists with this
+research or is this research presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research or is this research presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research or is this research presented
+by one or two scientists and the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one or two scientists and the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one or two scientists and the rest of
+the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign
+community disagrees with them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general just ask yourself when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general just ask yourself when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general just ask yourself when a
+proposal presents a method of management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal presents a method of management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal presents a method of management
+what ways of management of fisheries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ways of management of fisheries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ways of management of fisheries
+management have data to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management have data to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management have data to show that
+they're actually effective so now going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually effective so now going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually effective so now going
+on to number two policy design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to number two policy design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to number two policy design and
+economics that's the that's also a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that's the that's also a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics that's the that's also a very
+important criterion because any any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criterion because any any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important criterion because any any
+policies effectiveness is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies effectiveness is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies effectiveness is going to be
+dependent on it being well designed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on it being well designed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent on it being well designed and
+the economic costs of each proposal are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic costs of each proposal are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economic costs of each proposal are
+real both to your constituents in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real both to your constituents in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real both to your constituents in to the
+federal government and so far we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government and so far we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal government and so far we have
+very little information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little information about the
+different proposals policy designs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proposals policy designs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different proposals policy designs so
+it's important to gather information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to gather information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to gather information
+during the hearings about the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the hearings about the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the hearings about the policy
+design so some important questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so some important questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so some important questions to
+ask yourself are what are the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself are what are the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask yourself are what are the economic
+costs associated with each proposal both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs associated with each proposal both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs associated with each proposal both
+to your constituents both short-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your constituents both short-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your constituents both short-term
+costs and long-term costs both to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and long-term costs both to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and long-term costs both to our
+state and to the federal government what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and to the federal government what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and to the federal government what
+are the economic benefits of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the economic benefits of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the economic benefits of each
+proposal again those short-term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal again those short-term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposal again those short-term and
+long-term you it's important to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term you it's important to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term you it's important to ask
+yourself what proposal of the proposals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what proposal of the proposals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself what proposal of the proposals
+which proposal is the least coercive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proposal is the least coercive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proposal is the least coercive
+while still being effective so if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still being effective so if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still being effective so if we can
+incorporate some aspects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate some aspects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorporate some aspects of
+self-organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organization
+of the fisheries industry it will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fisheries industry it will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fisheries industry it will that
+that will often make it a less coercive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will often make it a less coercive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will often make it a less coercive
+policy also from the policy design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy also from the policy design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy also from the policy design
+standpoint an important question to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint an important question to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint an important question to try
+to suss out from the hearings is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suss out from the hearings is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to suss out from the hearings is what
+are the fisheries likely to comply with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the fisheries likely to comply with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the fisheries likely to comply with
+the policy who's going to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy who's going to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy who's going to make them
+comply if they don't who will implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply if they don't who will implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comply if they don't who will implement
+the policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the policy
+and moving on to politics politics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving on to politics politics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and moving on to politics politics is
+important because you're the election is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you're the election is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because you're the election is
+important and because we also that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and because we also that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and because we also that's an
+important the hearings are an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the hearings are an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important the hearings are an important
+time to gather politic political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to gather politic political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to gather politic political
+information
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p0bc1f6ULxw.txt b/p0bc1f6ULxw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99934474828be7444b0dd0ea87910bcfc19ecc7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p0bc1f6ULxw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4142 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Today we're
+going to talk about dynamic
+
+storage allocation, which is a
+hugely rich and interesting
+
+topic, and hopefully cover some
+of the basics of dynamic
+
+storage allocation today.
+
+I want to start out with perhaps
+the simplest storage
+
+allocation scheme, and that's
+stack allocation, which I
+
+think you're probably fairly
+familiar with.
+
+So stack allocation is just an
+array and a pointer into the
+
+array, an index or a pointer
+into the array.
+
+And when you have a stack in
+a computer memory, you're
+
+talking about the array of all
+memory, and the stack pointer
+
+pointing that's used, for
+example, for calls.
+
+The reason stack allocation
+is neat is
+
+because it's so simple.
+
+If I want to allocate x bytes,
+then what I do, is I just
+
+simply increment my stack
+pointer by x bytes, and then I
+
+return the original position of
+the stack pointer as being
+
+the location of the storage
+that's just been allocated.
+
+So pretty simple.
+
+Typically if you write a stack
+allocator, the routines are so
+
+simple they get inlined,
+although it's of course
+
+advantageous to say that things
+are inlined, but most
+
+compilers these days
+will inline.
+
+And as you can see, it's just a
+couple of operations here to
+
+perform this calculation.
+
+To deallocate the bytes,
+we basically--
+
+oh, yeah, I should mention,
+this isn't
+
+checking for overflow.
+
+So technically, one should
+check for overflow.
+
+One way to do that is for the
+assert package, and that way,
+
+at run time, you don't
+have to pay the
+
+extra overhead of checking.
+
+And see, these operations are
+so cheap that actually
+
+checking for overflow is perhaps
+as expensive as doing
+
+the rest of the operations
+themselves.
+
+Checking to see whether you went
+over the right end of the
+
+array here.
+
+So to free x bytes, you
+basically just simply
+
+decrement the stack pointer.
+
+And of course, technically,
+you should also check for
+
+underflow, make sure somebody
+didn't say to deallocate more
+
+bytes than were actually
+already
+
+allocated on the stack.
+
+And so course, check for
+stack underflow.
+
+So this is pretty good, because
+allocating and freeing
+
+take just constant time.
+
+Very quick.
+
+But you're required to free
+memory consistent with the
+
+stack discipline, which is the
+last in, first out discipline.
+
+So you don't get to free
+something that you allocated
+
+long ago until you've freed
+everything else that's been
+
+allocated since.
+
+So therefore, it has limited
+applicability, but it's great
+
+when it works.
+
+Now it turns out, sometimes you
+can actually use the call
+
+stack yourself to store stack
+values, using a function
+
+called alloca.
+
+But this function is now
+deprecated, meaning that
+
+people advise you not to use it
+in any modern programming.
+
+And part of the reason is that
+the compiler is more efficient
+
+with fixed size stack frames.
+
+You remember when we went
+through how the compiler
+
+actually lays out memory and
+does the calling convention?
+
+If you have a fixed size stack
+frame, then the frame pointer
+
+and the stack pointer are
+redundant, and so you can
+
+reclaim a register, namely, the
+frame pointer register,
+
+and do everything off
+the stack pointer.
+
+But if you use things like
+alloca, which are pushing the
+
+sides of the stack frame, then
+you actually have to keep both
+
+pointers there, and that's a
+little bit less efficient in
+
+terms of the register usage.
+
+OK?
+
+So that's pretty much
+stack storage.
+
+Any questions about stacks?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there anything
+that detects overflow or
+
+underflow without
+using inserts?
+
+Like, if you wanted to check--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, you
+couldn't check explicitly.
+
+Just say, you know, for this, is
+before you check that, make
+
+sure that SP plus x, is it
+bigger than the right end?
+
+AUDIENCE: But how do you know
+where the right end is?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Well, because
+I'm assuming here that
+
+in this case, you are
+allocating it.
+
+Now, if you're talking
+about using the
+
+call stack, you mean?
+
+You'll never run out.
+
+We'll do that analysis
+in a little bit.
+
+But you'll never run
+out of stack space.
+
+Although as a practical matter,
+most compilers assume
+
+a stack of a megabyte, and so
+if you overflow that, your
+
+program will fail in any
+of a variety of ways.
+
+AUDIENCE: You can
+do guard pages.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: You can do
+guard pages, which don't
+
+always work.
+
+But let me explain
+guard pages, OK?
+
+So what's sometimes done is,
+if I have my stack growing
+
+down in memory--
+
+OK, so here's my stack, and
+it's growing this way--
+
+and I want to make sure, for
+example, the thing that's
+
+typically growing up this way
+is heat, and I want to make
+
+sure that they don't collide
+somewhere in here.
+
+So one thing I can do
+is put some pages in
+
+here that are protected.
+
+These are read-only pages.
+
+Or actually even better
+is no permissions.
+
+So I can put no permissions so
+that if you ever try to read
+
+or write that page, it
+
+automatically generates a fault.
+
+And so the runtime will
+sometimes do that.
+
+The difficulty is, what happens
+if you increased your
+
+stack so much that you went
+beyond your guard pages?
+
+But as a practical matter most
+of the times that people
+
+exceed the guard pages is
+only by small amount.
+
+And so just putting a few guard
+pages in there will make
+
+sure that you can use the memory
+management hardware,
+
+which basically ends up being
+free from your point of view
+
+as a programmer, in
+order to catch a
+
+stack overflow problem.
+
+And you can do that yourself.
+
+You can use the call mmap, which
+we haven't talked about,
+
+to set permissions on
+pages at user level.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: No.
+
+You can actually handle the
+error however you want.
+
+You can vector into a user
+to find routine.
+
+Now, what are you going to do,
+I don't know, but you can
+
+indeed catch the error yourself
+and decide that
+
+there's some way of recovering,
+as opposed to
+
+crashing and burning.
+
+So generally, it's considered
+poor form for your software to
+
+fail, other than in
+a controlled way.
+
+So you should always have your
+software exiting or calling
+
+error, and it should never
+segment fault.
+
+Most people consider any program
+that segfaults to be
+
+poorly engineered.
+
+Is there any case where there's
+a segfaulting program
+
+that is not poorly engineered?
+
+I don't know.
+
+I think most people, it's
+probably an understatement.
+
+OK?
+
+So this is stack memory.
+
+You can build it yourself out of
+an array and a pointer, or
+
+you can I use this
+the call stack.
+
+And when you have something
+that's using that kind of
+
+discipline, it's great, because
+it's really cheap.
+
+Now in C and C++, and we're
+going to start moving and
+
+talking more about things like
+C++, we have what's called
+
+heap allocation.
+
+And in C, the routines are
+called malloc and free, and
+
+C++ provides a new directive
+and delete.
+
+So unlike Java and
+Python, C and C++
+
+provide no garbage collector.
+
+So in other words, you're
+responsible as a programmer
+
+for freeing allocated
+storage yourself.
+
+If you fail to do so, you
+create a memory leak.
+
+So a memory leak means I
+allocated something, I no
+
+longer am in a position to use
+it, but I failed to free it,
+
+so it can't be reused.
+
+And if you keep doing that,
+especially if you're in a
+
+loop, then you have
+a memory leak.
+
+Where if you look at a program
+with a memory leak, and you
+
+look using [? Top ?] or
+whatever, how big is my
+
+program, you watch as it goes
+and computes and computes, and
+
+it keeps getting bigger and
+bigger and bigger and bigger
+
+as it's running, and it just
+runs away, getting more and
+
+more storage.
+
+Also you have to watch out for
+things like dangling pointers.
+
+That is, you deallocated
+something, but somebody still
+
+wanted to use it.
+
+Or double-freeing.
+
+You have two places in
+the code where you
+
+free the same storage.
+
+Very bad to try to free
+the same storage.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: It's
+basically going to be sitting
+
+in the storage structure, which
+we'll talk about how
+
+those are organized
+in a few minutes--
+
+going to be sitting in the
+storage structure, but the
+
+program that is going to look at
+that and not recognize that
+
+it's in the storage structure,
+and think that it's something
+
+that now all its pointers
+can be reset.
+
+And so you basically clobber
+all the invariants of the
+
+storage structure, and somewhere
+down the road, you
+
+get a segment fault
+or something.
+
+OK?
+
+Yeah, John?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+that comes out of that is--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Just a second.
+
+Why don't you take this?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+One thing that often happens in
+the real world is when you
+
+free something, it adds it to
+a free, list and if you free
+
+something twice, it will add two
+copies of that pointer to
+
+the free list.
+
+So later on, when you malloc,
+malloc might return the same
+
+pointer to you twice.
+
+So the same memory block might
+be allocated for two
+
+completely different
+functionalities, and attackers
+
+use that to do all sorts
+of interesting
+
+things to your program.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah.
+
+OK?
+
+So fortunately, there are some
+really good-- why don't you
+
+keep that down there, and then
+if you guys want to chime in,
+
+you'll have some
+power to do so.
+
+So fortunately, there are now
+some tools to make that easier
+
+to debug these kinds of
+really nasty bugs.
+
+The one we'll be using is
+Valgrind, and what you do is
+
+you just say, Valgrind minus
+minus leak check equals yes,
+
+and then run your program the
+way you would normally run it.
+
+And what it will do is, it will
+monitor the way that the
+
+program is doing allocations
+and frees, and give you a
+
+report as to whether everything
+that was allocated
+
+was free, and whether you tried
+to free something twice,
+
+and so forth.
+
+Now, this works with the
+existing allocators.
+
+If you have your own allocator
+that you decide you're going
+
+to write for a little piece of
+your code, you say, gee, I'm
+
+going to do my own little
+allocation here, you can
+
+actually communicate to Valgrind
+what that allocator
+
+is, and it can check for
+proper use of that
+
+structure as well.
+
+So you can see valgrind.org
+for details.
+
+And are a lot of other programs
+on the market, and
+
+out there as open software,
+such as purify and
+
+a variety of others.
+
+So let's talk about
+heap allocation.
+
+I want to start by talking about
+fixed size allocation.
+
+So suppose the world has only
+one size of objects that you
+
+care about.
+
+Then it turns out that doing an
+allocator is really simple,
+
+and you could program
+one yourself.
+
+So here's basically
+how it works.
+
+It's called using a free list.
+
+And what you have is, in your
+array, say, that you're using
+
+for storing all of your values,
+and here they're
+
+basically this size, what you
+do is you have a certain
+
+number that are used.
+
+That means that the program
+is using them,
+
+not the storage allocator.
+
+And what you do is you take
+advantage of the fact that if
+
+it's an unused block of storage,
+then you can put a
+
+pointer in there.
+
+And so what you do, is you
+string all these unblocked
+
+pieces of storage together
+into a free list.
+
+So we point to there, which
+points to there, which points
+
+to there, which points to there,
+which points nowhere.
+
+So you just simply linked
+together all of the things
+
+that are free in that list.
+
+And then whenever you need one
+to allocate an object, what
+
+you do is, you grab one
+off the free list.
+
+So you set the value that you're
+going to want to take
+
+off free list to free--
+
+so here x gets a pointer to this
+object, the one that's at
+
+the start of the list.
+
+Then you update free with
+free arrow next, which
+
+gives you this guy.
+
+So that's the next
+guy in line.
+
+And then you basically
+return x.
+
+And that's all there is to it.
+
+You just grab the first element
+off the free list.
+
+Now, there's a little bit of
+subtlety in that the thing
+
+that you're grabbing off has a
+garbage pointer in it, because
+
+we're not initializing
+storage.
+
+There are some storage
+allocators that will always
+
+set the value that's returned
+to the user to
+
+all zeros, for example.
+
+But typically malloc
+doesn't do that.
+
+It basically leaves that as
+uninitialized storage.
+
+And so you can actually go and
+see, what were the values that
+
+used to be stored in there?
+
+And so basically, you can end
+up with a garbage pointer
+
+there, but you really don't care
+about that, because it's
+
+no longer on the list.
+
+So you can see, for example,
+if I then went and I--
+
+well, let's do this, to take a
+look at what happens when a
+
+free an item.
+
+So if I want to free an object
+x, I take some object x here.
+
+Let's say it's this guy
+that's being freed.
+
+What I do is, I make it
+point to the first
+
+element of the list.
+
+So basically, next equals
+free, So he
+
+basically points there.
+
+And then I say free equals x,
+meaning move the free pointer
+
+up to now point to the new
+beginning of the list.
+
+So we're basically pushing and
+popping things off the front
+
+of the list.
+
+It's just the stack discipline,
+except we're using
+
+a linked list, rather
+than using an array.
+
+So we push to free, and
+we pop to allocate.
+
+Now the tricky thing here--
+
+you can sort of see what might
+go wrong if I then said, oh,
+
+let me free this thing again.
+
+Suppose you said, now that this
+is free, suppose you came
+
+in and say, oh, I'll free
+that thing again.
+
+Well, now you're going to go
+through the same code here,
+
+and you're going to see, you're
+going to completely
+
+screw up the free list.
+
+So that's why you don't want
+to do a double free.
+
+So you can see exactly what's
+going to go on in the free
+
+list implementation.
+
+So this is pretty good
+and pretty cheap.
+
+Allocating and freeing
+take constant time.
+
+That's great, just as
+with stack pointer.
+
+It's got good temporal locality,
+and the reason is
+
+because you're tending to
+allocate the thing that you
+
+freed most recently.
+
+The free list operates
+as a last in,
+
+first out data structure.
+
+So from a temporal locality
+point of view,
+
+it's really very good.
+
+You're always using the most
+recently freed stuff whenever
+
+you allocate, and that means
+you have very good caching
+
+behavior from a temporal
+locality point of view.
+
+However, it has poor spatial
+locality, and the reason is
+
+due to what's called external
+fragmentation, where you get
+
+your storage distributed
+across virtual memory.
+
+So if you think about this, as
+you start allocating and
+
+freeing in different orders,
+the order of that free list
+
+gets very jumbled up.
+
+And as it increases, and you end
+up with jumping from one
+
+thing to another, you basically
+can end up causing
+
+you to use a lot of the page
+table, because you're
+
+basically using a huge piece
+of it, rather than-- and in
+
+particular, the translation
+look aside buffer
+
+can also be a problem.
+
+So the translation look aside
+buffer typically works on a
+
+page basis.
+
+And if you recently referenced
+things on a given page, that's
+
+very good for the TLB, because
+it's already got the
+
+translation, the virtual address
+mapping of that page
+
+dealt with.
+
+So it basically has poor spatial
+locality, because it's
+
+getting all jumbled up.
+
+Compared to stack allocation,
+which is always very nice in
+
+terms of its behavior, because
+you're going across
+
+consecutive locations in memory,
+which means you're
+
+always allocating and freeing
+from the same page, unless you
+
+trip over a page boundary.
+
+So here's some ways of
+mitigating external
+
+fragmentation.
+
+Of course, this makes the
+code for free list more
+
+complicated.
+
+And then you have to weigh, how
+much am I losing in having
+
+a more complicated allocator
+versus suffering the
+
+fragmentation may occur?
+
+Yes, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: You specificed before
+that it was fixed size.
+
+Is that why we don't specify
+anything about the size?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+That's right.
+
+We're just assuming that it's
+all whatever the unit size is.
+
+So this is really good when
+you've created your own data
+
+structure, and let's say you're
+doing nodes in a graph.
+
+You know exactly what elements
+you want in the graph, for
+
+each vertex.
+
+And now what you want to do is
+basically be able to give
+
+yourself a note of a graph, free
+a note of a graph, and
+
+manage that storage yourself.
+
+Yes, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+allocated across virtual
+memory [INAUDIBLE] one
+
+application?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Why is it
+allocated across virtual
+
+memory if it's all
+one application?
+
+Well, because the size that you
+may end up needing can end
+
+up being large.
+
+And I'll show you in just a
+minute how that happens.
+
+So here's the idea.
+
+What you can do is keep a
+free list per disk page.
+
+So disk page, a traditional
+page is 4,000 bytes.
+
+These days they talk about
+super pages that are
+
+megabytes, and who knows what
+size pages various operating
+
+systems will support.
+
+I believe the clouds use 4k,
+as configured right now are
+
+using 4k, which leads to some
+strange anomalies where the
+
+TLB can address less stuff
+than the L3 cache.
+
+But so be it.
+
+So basically, they just keep a
+free list per disk page, and
+
+basically always allocate from
+the free list for the page
+
+that's fullest, the page that
+you've allocated the most of
+
+the stuff off of.
+
+Rather than for a page
+that's less empty.
+
+So what this means is that when
+you come to allocate, you
+
+have to figure out, which
+page should I do the
+
+allocation off of?
+
+But we'll have a free
+list on each page.
+
+Whenever you free of a block of
+storage, you have to free
+
+it to the page on which
+the block resides.
+
+Don't put into a free list
+of a different page.
+
+You put it into a free list all
+of that particular page.
+
+Now if a page becomes empty, in
+other words, there's only
+
+the free list on it, there's no
+actually used elements by
+
+the programmer, the virtual
+memory system
+
+will page it out.
+
+And since the programmer's never
+referencing things on
+
+that page, it basically
+costs you nothing.
+
+You end up not having to have
+an entry in the TLB, and you
+
+may have written to it, but
+you will end up allocating
+
+things preferentially to
+the more full pages.
+
+And the basic idea is, it's
+better to have the use of your
+
+pages balance 90/10
+than 50/50.
+
+So this kind [? of fig ?]
+configuration
+
+is better than that.
+
+So why is that?
+
+If you have 90% of your storage
+on one page and only
+
+10% on another--
+
+yeah, let's say we only of two
+pages in our system, and 90%
+
+of the objects are on one page,
+and 10% of the objects
+
+are on the other page, versus
+if they're 50-50.
+
+Then what you can do is look
+at the probability that two
+
+accesses are going to
+go to the same page.
+
+Because if you're going to the
+same page, then your paging
+
+hardware, which is very much
+like the cache, your TLB,
+
+which is very much
+like a cache--
+
+whenever you get a hit on the
+same page, that's good, it
+
+costs you nothing.
+
+If you hit on a different
+page, that's bad.
+
+So what happens is, the
+probability that two hit the
+
+same page is, well, for the
+first one, it's, what's the
+
+probability that the first
+one was on this page,
+
+versus on the other?
+
+So it's going to be on the same
+page if they're both on
+
+this page or they're
+both on this page.
+
+And so that's going to be 0.9
+times 0.9 plus 0.1 times 0.1.
+
+Whereas if it's 50/50, then the
+probability that you get
+
+hit on the same page is now this
+0.5 times 0.5 plus 0.5
+
+times 0.5, which is only 50%.
+
+So we get 82% hit rate versus
+the 50% hit rate.
+
+So it's much more likely, if I'm
+stacking everything out in
+
+the extreme, it's better to have
+everything on one page
+
+and nothing on the other.
+
+Then I get 100% hit rate,
+because whenever I'm accessing
+
+something, I always am hitting
+on the page I had before.
+
+So this kind of heuristic
+helps it so that you're
+
+swinging your accesses to using
+fewer pages, and the
+
+fewer pages, the less likely
+it is that you're going to
+
+stress your virtual memory
+paging, disk swapping, you're
+
+going to stress your TLB
+and what have you.
+
+Good for that?
+
+We're going to get deeper
+into this, so.
+
+So that's basically fixed
+size allocation.
+
+It's really nice, because you
+can basically use a very
+
+simple free list.
+
+But of course what most people
+need and want is variable
+
+sized allocation.
+
+The most popular way of doing
+variable sized allocation is a
+
+scheme called binned free lists,
+and of that, then there
+
+are a zillion variations
+on it.
+
+But mostly, people use
+binned free lists.
+
+The idea is, we're going to
+leverage the efficiency of
+
+normal free lists.
+
+Normal free lists I can allocate
+and free in just one
+
+operation, in just a constant
+amount of time I make.
+
+And what we're going to do
+is accept some internal
+
+fragmentation.
+
+So by internal fragmentation
+I mean the following.
+
+When somebody asks for something
+of a given size,
+
+what we're going to do is
+actually give them something
+
+which is a little bit
+bigger, maybe.
+
+And so we'll waste some.
+
+And in particular, what we'll
+do is, we'll organize our
+
+system so that all the blocks
+that we ever give out are
+
+always a size the
+power of two.
+
+In practice, you don't always
+give out exactly a power of
+
+two, because then you get cache
+alignment problems.
+
+But this is the basic scheme,
+is to give out things are
+
+powers of two.
+
+And that way, if somebody asks
+for something that has 13
+
+bytes, you give them 16 bytes.
+
+For somebody who asked
+for 65 bytes, have to
+
+give them 128 bytes.
+
+So you might waste up to as
+much as a factor of two.
+
+But now, for a given that range
+of values, there's only
+
+a logarithmic number of
+different sizes that we have
+
+to give out, because we're
+only giving them out
+
+in powers of two.
+
+So here's the basic allocation
+scheme to allocate x bytes.
+
+So what I do is, if I'm
+allocating x bytes, what I do
+
+is, I look in the bin ceiling of
+log x, because that's where
+
+everything of size two to the
+ceiling of log x is, which is
+
+basically rounding x up to
+the next power of two.
+
+If it's non-empty, I just return
+a block as if it were
+
+an ordinary free list.
+
+And what I'll be doing is
+returning a block which is at
+
+most twice the size of
+the requested block.
+
+But that's generally OK.
+
+Somebody wants at least
+that many bytes.
+
+The fact that it's a few more
+bytes won't matter to them.
+
+They don't know that there's
+more bytes hidden there.
+
+They only take advantage of the
+fact that there are many
+
+bytes as I've asked for.
+
+Otherwise, suppose that
+that bin is empty.
+
+There's nothing in that
+bin at this time.
+
+Well, then what you do is you
+start looking to find a block
+
+in the next larger non-empty
+bin, and you split it up.
+
+So for example here,
+suppose that the
+
+request is x equals 3.
+
+I have to look in bin 2, which
+is blocks of size 4.
+
+Uh oh, bin 2 is empty.
+
+So what I do is, I start going
+down, looking in the next bin.
+
+Oops, that's empty too,
+that's empty--
+
+and then finally, I get to one
+where there is a block in it.
+
+So what I do then is
+I dice this up.
+
+I cut it in half, and then cut
+that one in half, until I get
+
+a piece that's exactly the
+size I want to return.
+
+OK?
+
+And then I distribute all of
+these guys up to the other
+
+bins, like this.
+
+So I return one of this size,
+and I populate these other
+
+guys with one block each of
+the appropriate size.
+
+And as you can see, they're
+basically growing in a
+
+geometric fashion.
+
+And then I distribute
+that bin.
+
+Now there's a caveat here.
+
+Suppose that no larger blocks
+exist in my storage structure.
+
+Well, then I have to ask the
+operating system for more
+
+bytes, to allocate x more
+bytes of virtual memory.
+
+Now in practice what you do is
+you don't actually ask for x,
+
+since you never ask
+the operating
+
+system for small values.
+
+You always ask the operating
+system for big values.
+
+Give me another page worth,
+or give me another
+
+five pages, or something.
+
+Because that's an expensive call
+to the operating system,
+
+to ask it to allocate
+more storage.
+
+Let me explain how that works.
+
+And this gets back to the
+question you had before, which
+
+is, where's the stuff
+coming from anyway?
+
+What the operating system is
+allocating is actually not
+
+physical pages, but rather
+parts of virtual memory.
+
+So we looked at this before,
+about how virtual memory is
+
+laid out for a typical
+program.
+
+So what we do is, on the very
+high addresses, we have the
+
+stack, and the stack
+grows downwards.
+
+This is the call stack.
+
+At the low address, we typically
+start out with
+
+what's called the text segment,
+
+which holds your code.
+
+Then there's a region called
+the data segment, and this
+
+consists of data that needs
+to be initialized.
+
+So the compiler typically
+distinguishes between data
+
+that needs initialization and
+data which is going to be
+
+zero, because data that needs
+initialization, it writes into
+
+the binary executable file
+and stores that on disk.
+
+So when you load in your
+program, it just loads as part
+
+of the text here, it loads that
+data segment, saying what
+
+all of the storage is.
+
+The next segment is, for
+historical reasons, called the
+
+BSS segment.
+
+And what BSS consists of is all
+the variables that at the
+
+start of the program should
+be initialized to 0.
+
+It doesn't bother storing
+these in the file.
+
+Why not?
+
+Because it's easy enough to just
+bring it in, understand
+
+what that distance there is, and
+then do a memset of this
+
+whole region with zero, to
+zero it out, rather than
+
+trying to read in a whole
+bunch of zeroes.
+
+An obvious kind of
+data compression.
+
+Then heap storage is allocated
+in the space
+
+above the BSS segment.
+
+So the idea is, there's a part
+of heap which has already been
+
+allocated stuff.
+
+And whenever you need more
+heap storage, you ask the
+
+operating system-- the operating
+system moves just as
+
+if it were a stack, moves the
+line for where heap is to
+
+allocate, to give you more pages
+of heap storage that you
+
+can now allocate out of.
+
+And what it's doing
+is allocating
+
+pieces of virtual memory.
+
+Now, here's a good mind
+question, which I think gets
+
+directly to your point.
+
+So think about this.
+
+We have a 64-bit
+address space.
+
+If I try to write at the rate of
+4 billion bytes per second,
+
+that's pretty fast, because
+that's the speed at which the
+
+registers get written.
+
+Not the speed that memory
+gets written.
+
+So really, it's something like
+4 billion bytes per second.
+
+It takes over a century to write
+all of virtual memory.
+
+So as a practical matter,
+that means I never run
+
+out of stack space.
+
+I never run out of heap space.
+
+They're never going to cross,
+no matter how much I'm
+
+allocating.
+
+Even if I allocate on every
+cycle, there's not going to be
+
+a program-- unless you're going
+to set a program running
+
+for a millennium sort
+of thing, you're not
+
+going to see that.
+
+Most programs run for
+a few minutes.
+
+Some may run for days.
+
+Some may run for years.
+
+Very few do people write
+to run for a century.
+
+So why not just allocate out
+of free virtual memory and
+
+never bother freeing?
+
+Why am I worried about freeing
+stuff all the time?
+
+Why not just allocate it?
+
+It's virtual memory.
+
+It's virtual.
+
+I just allocate more storage
+as I need it.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] memory?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So it is
+tied to real memory, and
+
+that's part of the answer.
+
+It is tied to real memory,
+because anything that you
+
+write must find itself
+a place on disk.
+
+Because it's going to be written
+to pages, and those
+
+pages are going to be paged
+and then written to what's
+
+called the swap space on
+disk, which allows you
+
+to put things there.
+
+Even so, though, writing
+to disk--
+
+it's still not going
+to take very long.
+
+I mean, you're never going to
+be able to use up disk,
+
+because disk takes so
+long to write for.
+
+But that is part
+of the answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you need to
+basically use [INAUDIBLE]
+
+software?
+
+And so--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: And
+the page table.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+on the disk.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So the issue
+is, this is where the
+
+external fragmentation
+would be horrendous.
+
+If you just kept writing across
+memory, and you only
+
+had a couple of words written
+on every page that were
+
+actually used, the rest is just
+garbage, then what you're
+
+saying is that in order to
+access a given datum, I'm not
+
+going to have it in memory with
+it a lot of other stuff.
+
+What I'm going to have in memory
+with it is going to be
+
+all garbage, this stuff that
+I would have freed.
+
+And so therefore, you end
+up having your program
+
+distributed across a large
+region of virtual memory, and
+
+that means as we're doing the
+paging, et cetera, we're
+
+getting very poor
+page locality as
+
+I'm accessing things.
+
+And so I have a finite number of
+pages that I fit in memory,
+
+and now I may be blowing that
+out, and every access, rather
+
+than going to something
+nearby, is
+
+instead going to disk.
+
+And so that can cause disk
+thrashing, where every access
+
+causes a disk access.
+
+So how fast are disk accesses?
+
+Order of magnitude?
+
+How fast are disk accesses?
+
+What's a disk access cost?
+
+Fast disk?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: No, it's
+slower than that.
+
+Disk access.
+
+So good memory access, DRAM
+memory is, like, 60
+
+nanoseconds for DRAM access.
+
+It's like 60 nanoseconds.
+
+So the processor is going
+somewhere around, these days,
+
+between 3 and 4 gigahertz.
+
+So memory is like 200 processor
+cycles away.
+
+How fast is disk?
+
+An ordinary disk, not a
+solid state device.
+
+Ordinary disk.
+
+10 milliseconds is a good
+ballpark to give.
+
+That's a good number to know.
+
+10 milliseconds, not 10
+microseconds, not 10
+
+nanoseconds.
+
+10 milliseconds.
+
+So you are, what?
+
+6 to 7 orders of magnitude
+slower if you go to disk.
+
+Really slow.
+
+So one of the things in
+performance optimization--
+
+we're focusing a lot
+on the CPU--
+
+is often the case for
+database things.
+
+How do you minimize those
+disk accesses?
+
+And all the things that we're
+learning about, performance
+
+for CPUs, can be applied to
+disk accesses, as well.
+
+So the idea here is
+we want to avoid--
+
+that's why we don't want to have
+our stuff strewn across a
+
+whole bunch of pages where we
+only have a fixed amount of
+
+internal memory, because
+then we'll end up
+
+paging all the time.
+
+Every access will cause us to
+do a disk access, because it
+
+won't be very likely
+that we're getting
+
+stuff on the same page.
+
+So getting back, for example,
+to the fixed allocation,
+
+that's why it's a good idea to
+try to keep those pages full,
+
+so that we have a small thing.
+
+So the goal of most storage
+allocators is therefore to use
+
+as little virtual memory as
+possible, and try to keep the
+
+used portions very compact.
+
+Because the more compact it is,
+the more likely it is that
+
+when you access one, you'll be
+able to access something
+
+nearby without causing
+a page fault.
+
+So that's the goal of almost
+all storage allocators.
+
+Try to keep things compact, try
+to keep things tight and
+
+in very little virtual memory
+space, even though virtual
+
+memory is huge.
+
+Now, that doesn't mean that
+everything has to be
+
+contiguous.
+
+For example, in this
+organization as I showed
+
+before, actually, I have it just
+on the previous slide, so
+
+why don't I go back there--
+
+these are very far away in
+memory, but there's only a
+
+couple of them, and they're
+tight and local in the regions
+
+that they're operating in.
+
+What I don't want to do is
+have it where I have just
+
+little stuff.
+
+It's OK to go into the middle
+of virtual memory and have a
+
+whole bunch of consecutive
+pages full of data.
+
+That's fine.
+
+What's bad is having just a
+little bit of data, a little
+
+bit of data, and a little
+bit of data sort of
+
+sprinkled all over.
+
+That's bad.
+
+But as long as I can put a whole
+bunch of data nearby, it
+
+doesn't matter where in virtual
+memory I put it,
+
+particularly.
+
+So the idea is, let's try to use
+as little virtual memory
+
+as possible.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+So how do we do that?
+
+So the first thing is, binned
+free list turns out to do a
+
+really good job of using
+relatively little memory.
+
+So suppose that the user program
+is using, at most, m
+
+memory at any point during
+the execution.
+
+Maybe allocating,
+maybe freeing.
+
+But if I took the high watermark
+of everything he
+
+says that he needs,
+we call that m.
+
+Then it turns out that if you
+use a bin free list allocator,
+
+the amount of virtual memory
+consumed is at
+
+most m times log n.
+
+Order m times log n.
+
+And why is that?
+
+Here's kind of a hand-wavy
+proof sketch.
+
+So whenever I make a request for
+a block of size x, it may
+
+consume at most twice x storage
+
+that's actually in use.
+
+And so it turns out that the
+total amount of memory devoted
+
+to blocks of size 2 to the k
+is therefore at most 2m.
+
+So for any given size, I might,
+at any given point in
+
+time, have the program using all
+blocks of that given size.
+
+Let's say size 2 to the k.
+
+And since there are a
+logarithmic number of those
+
+bins, each bin of which could
+have a size at most m, the
+
+total is order m log m.
+
+Now it turns out that there's
+actually a stronger property.
+
+In fact, you can show that
+binned free list is order one
+
+competitive.
+
+Who knows the term "competitive"
+in this sense?
+
+The algorithmic meaning
+of "competitive"?
+
+So what it means is, it's at
+most a constant factor slower
+
+than the optimal omniscient
+algorithm that could figure
+
+out exactly what's going
+on in every step.
+
+So you're within a constant
+factor competitive with the
+
+optimal allocator, assuming
+that the optimal allocator
+
+does not do what's called
+coalescing.
+
+If it simply is dividing up
+things, then it can subdivide,
+
+but it can never glue things
+back together again.
+
+It turns out that in fact,
+binned free list is really
+
+much better than that.
+
+So let's talk a bit about
+coalescing, because many, many
+
+memory allocators
+use coalescing.
+
+So the idea is, I'm concerned
+about the case where I end up
+
+with a whole bunch of little
+small objects, and yet the
+
+allocations now come
+from big chunks.
+
+And so I have to go and use more
+of my virtual memory, or
+
+maybe I can glue together those
+little pieces into a big
+
+chunk, and not have to
+go off to memory.
+
+So that's what coalescing
+is all about.
+
+So the idea is, if two things
+are adjacent, let
+
+me glue them together.
+
+And there are really clever
+systems for doing that,
+
+including a very famous one
+called the buddy system.
+
+But using any of these
+mechanisms for coalescing, you
+
+always have to trade off between
+the simplicity of not
+
+coalescing.
+
+Not coalescing so stick it in
+the free list, I'm done.
+
+Coalescing is, stick it in the
+free list, oh, am I next to
+
+somebody I can merge with?
+
+Now let me merge.
+
+So you always have to weigh, is
+that really going to be an
+
+advantageous thing?
+
+It turns out there are no good
+theoretical bounds that I'm
+
+aware that prove the
+effectiveness of coalescing.
+
+People have not figured out how
+to analyze this, or what
+
+an appropriate model is for
+understanding whether
+
+coalescing is a good idea.
+
+However, it does seem to work
+in practice for some things,
+
+and I think the reason for
+that-- and this is just my own
+
+take on it--
+
+is that storage tends to be
+deallocated as a stack.
+
+So you tend to go into a region
+of a program where you
+
+do a lot of heap allocation--
+
+let's say I'm building up a
+graph, and I keep doing a
+
+whole bunch of mallocs.
+
+And when I'm done with the
+graph, what do I do?
+
+I free it all.
+
+So I tend to have these batch
+allocations and then
+
+deallocations, and they tend
+to work often as a stack,
+
+often in a batch.
+
+And that means that when I do
+that freeing, I can sometimes
+
+take advantage of that
+and do coalescing.
+
+In some systems, people have
+what are called memory pools,
+
+where you have a region where
+when you allocate out of it,
+
+you know you're allocating out
+of your own particular region
+
+specifically so that you can
+do coalescing of things in
+
+that region.
+
+And so you may have multiple
+allocators, and you'll call
+
+the allocator on the region,
+say, for a graph, because
+
+let's imagine you're creating
+two graphs, and one of them
+
+you're going to keep around,
+and the other
+
+you're going to dump.
+
+Well, if I create them at the
+same time, the storage gets
+
+all intermixed, I'll deallocate
+one graph.
+
+The other one will be, I'll have
+fragmentation all over.
+
+These little spots appeared
+where the other
+
+graph used to be--
+
+not so good.
+
+But if I say, use this allocator
+for this graph, use
+
+that allocator for that graph,
+then when I'm done and I'm
+
+allocating those out of two
+different regions of memory,
+
+that when I'm done with the
+first graph and deallocate
+
+everything, now I've created
+a nice big piece
+
+of contiguous storage.
+
+So people will sometimes play
+with different memory pools
+
+for allocators, and C++ has a
+fairly rich set of libraries
+
+and so forth for that,
+to allow you to do
+
+that kind of thing.
+
+So let's go on and talk about
+garbage collection, because
+
+that's something you've probably
+seen in Java and
+
+Python, and what's going on
+under the covers there.
+
+Because even though C and
+C++ do not have garbage
+
+collection, you can
+actually implement
+
+your own garbage collector.
+
+It's not that hard, except
+for some details.
+
+It's only hard when you want
+it to perform well.
+
+So the idea is to free
+the programmer
+
+from freeing objects.
+
+The downside, by the way, is
+when you free the programmer
+
+from freeing objects,
+they tend to
+
+create lots of garbage.
+
+And so what happens in Java
+programs, for example, is
+
+you'll have these--
+
+I remember once having a Java
+program where, when it was
+
+sitting, waiting for user input,
+it would periodically
+
+go, garbage collect.
+
+It was just sitting
+there, and then it
+
+would go, garbage collect.
+
+We weren't doing anything.
+
+It was just periodically, the
+way they had written the code,
+
+they were somehow generating
+garbage, doing allocations and
+
+frees, when you were sitting
+around doing nothing.
+
+And so it would basically use
+up all of the space and then
+
+do a garbage collection, use
+up all the space and do a
+
+garbage collection.
+
+Naturally that's kind
+of a slow system.
+
+And so even in something like
+Java, where you have a garbage
+
+collector, you do have to worry
+about whether you're
+
+creating garbage or not, and you
+can generate faster code
+
+by not creating as much garbage,
+or by finding ways of
+
+recycling the garbage
+yourself.
+
+So even in Java, it's worthwhile
+saying, give me a
+
+big chunk of memory, let
+me manage it myself,
+
+now let me free it.
+
+I don't have to free it, but
+when I'm done with it, I'll be
+
+done with it.
+
+But in the meantime, let me
+manage it myself so that I
+
+don't have it continually
+generating more garbage.
+
+So the garbage collector
+can be built in, or
+
+you can do it yourself.
+
+And mostly in this class, we do
+stuff ourselves, so we know
+
+how they work.
+
+So that even when you're doing
+it with built in, you know
+
+what's going on under
+the covers.
+
+So here's some terminology.
+
+The roots in garbage collection
+are the objects
+
+that are directly accessible
+by the program.
+
+And those typically are things
+like globals, stacked
+
+variables, and so forth.
+
+Things that the program can
+directly address by name.
+
+The live objects are reachable
+from the roots by following
+
+pointers, and the debt objects
+are the ones that the
+
+programmer can never
+get to again.
+
+And so what we're interested in
+doing in garbage collection
+
+is finding all the dead objects
+and recycling them so
+
+we can use them again, so that
+they don't end up taking up
+
+space in our virtual memory and
+slowing us down by making
+
+our virtual memory space
+continue to grow and grow and
+
+grow across many disk pages.
+
+So one of the questions, in
+order for one to be able to do
+
+garbage collection, is
+how do I know where
+
+pointers are in objects?
+
+How do I know what's
+accessible?
+
+And so typically, in order to
+do that, you have to have a
+
+very strong idea of where is a
+pointer and where is data?
+
+Because you don't want to
+follow data as if it's a
+
+pointer, you want to know which
+regions of a given block
+
+of memory are pointers.
+
+And so strong typing helps a
+lot with that, which is why
+
+mostly people do garbage
+collection in strongly typed
+
+languages, because then you
+can actually identify it.
+
+It also requires you to prohibit
+pointer arithmetic.
+
+So the ability to take a pointer
+and then index off
+
+that pointer means I can get to
+some piece of storage that
+
+I can't access directly.
+
+And so typically in these kinds
+of systems, pointer
+
+arithmetic is illegal.
+
+So you can do array indexing, as
+long as you treat the array
+
+as a single object.
+
+You can't treat an array as
+the component pieces.
+
+You have to treat it
+as a single object.
+
+So pointer arithmetic.
+
+Well, you folks, who's
+familiar with pointer
+
+arithmetic?
+
+At this point, almost all of
+you have done stuff with
+
+pointer arithmetic, if your
+code is any good.
+
+Almost all of you have done
+adding to pointers in order to
+
+move through an array or what
+have you as being somewhat
+
+cheaper than doing an array
+index every time.
+
+It saves you an extra memory
+reference, typically.
+
+So that's one of their
+restrictions when you want to
+
+do garbage collection in
+a general setting.
+
+Now probably the simplest
+and most useful one as a
+
+programmer to use for garbage
+collection is what's called
+
+reference counting.
+
+I know many, many programs where
+what you do is you do
+
+reference counting
+because you can.
+
+But as you'll see, it
+has a limitation.
+
+So the idea in reference
+counting is to keep a count of
+
+the number of pointers
+referencing each object.
+
+So here we have a whole bunch
+of different objects of
+
+different sizes, and whenever
+there's a pointer going to the
+
+object, I add one to the
+reference count shown in green
+
+at the top here.
+
+I hope I got the count right.
+
+Whenever the count drops to
+zero, you free the object.
+
+That means nobody's pointing
+to this object
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+Let's free it.
+
+So let's see how that goes.
+
+So suppose that, for example,
+that pointer got
+
+moved to over here.
+
+Went away from there,
+got moved to there.
+
+Well, now there are two fields
+that have to be updated.
+
+The one that we took the pointer
+away from and the one
+
+that we put it to.
+
+So we update those.
+
+Oops, that guy went to zero.
+
+That means this stuff
+is garbage.
+
+But I can't just immediately
+go and collect
+
+that piece of storage.
+
+Why not?
+
+AUDIENCE: To save the value of
+the pointer, and [INAUDIBLE]
+
+pointer later?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+Yeah, to save the
+
+value of the pointer--
+
+AUDIENCE: To save the value of
+the pointer and then use it
+
+again later.
+
+The pointer isn't there,
+but you know where--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Not
+quite, not quite.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+the reference counts for
+[INAUDIBLE], and also--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah.
+
+If you're going to deallocate
+this guy, he's got pointers.
+
+They have to follow his pointers
+and see which ones
+
+need to be deallocated.
+
+Good.
+
+So this guy now, we realize,
+is garbage.
+
+But before we can just free him,
+I've got to deallocate
+
+these pointers.
+
+So this guy also got
+decremented, but he didn't.
+
+So this guy, we have to
+decrement these two fields,
+
+because we took away those
+pointers because we're going
+
+to garbage collect that.
+
+And when we do that, it turns
+out this thing turns to
+
+garbage, as well.
+
+So when you do reference
+counting, you have to make
+
+sure that when you decrement
+things and decide you're going
+
+to free something, you also then
+go through and free the
+
+things, and you continue that
+process until everything that
+
+has been deallocated
+can be deallocated.
+
+And then this becomes
+recyclable, put back into the
+
+storage, into your free list or
+whatever scheme you have.
+
+So this is a very simple way,
+when you're implementing data
+
+structures, of building your
+own dynamic storage.
+
+Because you basically can
+allocate stuff, you can free
+
+it, and whenever the reference
+count goes to 0, boom.
+
+You just have it deallocated.
+
+OK?
+
+But you can program that
+yourself [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Now there's a problem with
+the scheme, though.
+
+What's the problem?
+
+Cycles.
+
+Yeah, cycles are the problem
+for reference counting.
+
+So here's an example.
+
+The problem is that a cycle is
+never garbage collected.
+
+Let's take a look at this
+structure here.
+
+So everybody's got a pointer
+from somewhere, but it turns
+
+out that there's a cycle here
+where, notice that they are
+
+pointing to each other, we even
+have a guy coming off
+
+here, but nothing points
+into the cycle.
+
+So there's no way that, from the
+roots, I can ever access
+
+these four guys.
+
+They're garbage, but my
+reference counting scheme will
+
+never find it, because no one's
+ever going to decrement
+
+one of those counters here.
+
+So those are all garbage,
+but how would I know?
+
+And that's basically
+the disadvantage
+
+of reference counting.
+
+And uncollected garbage,
+as we all know, stinks.
+
+So we don't want that
+situation to occur.
+
+So nevertheless, reference
+counting is great if you've
+
+got an acyclic structure.
+
+And the number of times acyclic
+structures come up
+
+where reference counting is the
+simple and easy way to do
+
+the storage management is huge
+when you get into doing any
+
+kind of interesting
+programming.
+
+Lots and lots of opportunity
+to use
+
+reference counting approach.
+
+So questions about reference
+counting?
+
+You have a question?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: So this means you
+actually have to do this
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+ever do a [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+You can, like, save the work--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON:
+That's right.
+
+Whenever you move a pointer,
+if you're going to move a
+
+pointer, you first decrement
+the counter on the place
+
+you're moving it from, and then
+garbage collect if need
+
+be, and then you move
+the pointer--
+
+that's typically what you do--
+you move the pointer and
+
+increment the count at that
+location, which typically
+
+doesn't require any extra work
+to decrement, which is the
+
+trick thing.
+
+Sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: There's no good way
+to do this in idle time.
+
+Like I'll have some idle time
+later, let me do it--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So that's
+what you use true garbage
+
+collection for Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: You could actually,
+there's techniques where you
+
+can defer the work of
+incrementing it.
+
+Like you basically put the
+increment and decrement
+
+operations that you'd like to do
+into a buffer, and then you
+
+can do them later.
+
+But it's sort of the same.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah,
+you could log.
+
+So there are schemes where you
+log that, oh, I decremented
+
+this, better check it
+later, type thing.
+
+Or I decrement it to 0.
+
+Let me just put it in there,
+and I'll go actually do the
+
+stuff in batch mode at
+some later time.
+
+Yep.
+
+So programming is fun, because
+you can be clever with
+
+schemes like that.
+
+And that could be quite a
+reasonable thing to do, which
+
+is wait until you're waiting on
+the user for input, and at
+
+that point, collect
+your garbage.
+
+Now, the thing you have to risk
+is, what happens if that
+
+takes a long time
+to get there?
+
+And then there's the complexity
+of your algorithms
+
+and so forth.
+
+So you get into a lot of issues
+of software maintenance
+
+and so forth.
+
+But that can be a very effective
+thing, is take it
+
+out of the critical path of the
+actual complication you're
+
+doing, if that's mission
+critical, and put it in some
+
+part of the computation where
+it isn't mission critical.
+
+Very good idea.
+
+I'm sorry?
+
+AUDIENCE: For thread safety.
+
+Like if you have shared
+reference accounts, like
+
+multiple threads updating the
+counts, you don't want to have
+
+them all in the same count
+at the same time.
+
+So they fill it like a thread
+local buffer, and--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: I see
+what you're saying.
+
+Yes.
+
+So we're going to get into
+that as we deal with
+
+multi-threading and so forth,
+that if you've got two guys
+
+that are operating on the same
+data structure, you have to be
+
+very careful about the
+consistency, and that one
+
+doesn't do something while the
+other is doing something else,
+
+and so forth.
+
+So for that reason,
+it can be a good
+
+idea to postpone operation.
+
+So general garbage collection
+is based on a graph
+
+abstraction.
+
+So let's move into
+the graph world.
+
+So I can view objects and
+pointers as forming a directed
+
+graph G equals VE, where V are
+the objects and E are the
+
+pointers from one object
+to another.
+
+The live objects are reachable
+from the roots.
+
+And now the thing is that
+finding all of the live
+
+objects is then like doing
+a graph search.
+
+The common ways of doing a graph
+search are depth for
+
+search and breadth-first
+search.
+
+It turns out we're going to use
+breadth-first search for
+
+reasons that I'll show you.
+
+So the idea in breadth-first
+search, to
+
+find all the objects.
+
+So the idea is, what we're going
+to do is go through and
+
+find, where are all the objects
+in my system that are
+
+reachable from the root?
+
+And then anything that
+I didn't find, ah.
+
+That must be garbage.
+
+So here's the idea.
+
+What we're going to use is FIFO
+queue called Q. So that's
+
+a first in, first out.
+
+It has a head and a tail.
+
+And the mechanism is very
+much like a stack.
+
+Whenever I need to enqueue
+something, I put it on the
+
+tail end and increment
+the tail pointer.
+
+Whenever I need to take
+something off the queue, I
+
+increment the head pointer.
+
+So I'm always doing head and
+tail, pushing on the tail and
+
+pulling off the head.
+
+Enqueue and dequeue.
+
+So the way that this works is,
+I basically go through all my
+
+objects, and if they're a route,
+I put a mark on it.
+
+And I enqueue--
+
+this is pseudocode, by the way,
+so don't hold me to my C
+
+programming standard here.
+
+And I market, and then I enqueue
+it on the queue Q. And
+
+otherwise, I just simply
+mark it as zero.
+
+So being marked means whether
+we've discovered it's
+
+reachable from a route.
+
+So to begin with, what we're
+going to do is mark everything
+
+that's reachable from the
+routes, and we're going to
+
+enqueue them on the FIFO.
+
+And everything else, we're
+going to mark as
+
+unreachable, for now.
+
+And now what we're going to do
+is see which ones we discover.
+
+So what we do is, while the
+queue is non-empty, we're
+
+going to take something off of
+the queue and then look at all
+
+of its neighbors.
+
+So all the edges UV, look at all
+the things that go from U
+
+to V And if it's not marked,
+then we're going to mark it
+
+and put it on the queue.
+
+That's it.
+
+If it's already marked, we don't
+have to do anything with
+
+it, but if it's unmarked,
+we'll mark it and do it.
+
+And then in the end, everything
+that's marked is
+
+going to be something that is
+live, and everything that is
+
+unmarked is going to be
+things that are dead.
+
+But it's going to be actually
+even sexier and more clever
+
+than that, as you'll see.
+
+So here's an example.
+
+We start out with my queue being
+empty, with head and
+
+tail pointing to
+the same place.
+
+And what we do, is we go through
+and we first-- in this
+
+case, I have just one
+route R, right here.
+
+So we basically mark R
+and put it on, and
+
+that's how we get started.
+
+And everything else is
+unmarked up here.
+
+So I'm going to mark with green
+up here, and I'm going
+
+to show what's on the queue with
+the green down here, and
+
+dark green when I pop
+something off.
+
+So the first thing I
+do is I say, OK.
+
+Let me dequeue something.
+
+And in this case, I'm dequeueing
+R, because it's the
+
+only thing on there.
+
+And what I do now is I visit
+all the neighbors.
+
+So I visit b, so I put that on,
+mark it and put that on,
+
+and then I visit c, so I
+visit and put that on.
+
+Then I'm done with R. I visited
+all its neighbors.
+
+So then I go and I dequeue
+B, and now
+
+visit all its neighbors.
+
+Well, in [? visit ?] c, there's
+nothing to be done
+
+there, because c is
+already marked.
+
+So I don't enqueue it again.
+
+I already have observed that.
+
+And there's nothing else
+adjacent to b, so basically, I
+
+then go on and dequeue c.
+
+So I have c here, and now we go
+visit its neighbours, and
+
+the neighbors are d and e.
+
+So we enqueue d, enqueue e, and
+now we are done dequeuing
+
+all his neighbors and marking
+them, so now we pop off d.
+
+And now d has no neighbors, so
+there's nothing to be done.
+
+And now I dequeue e, and
+basically, e has one neighbor
+
+f, so we mark f.
+
+Then we dequeue f, we mark g,
+then we dequeue g, and g has--
+
+the only neighbor is e.
+
+And now my queue is empty,
+and so I'm done.
+
+And now you'll see,
+what did I do?
+
+I marked all the things that
+were reachable from r, and
+
+everything else is garbage.
+
+Now, that's only
+half the story.
+
+So I've marked them, but more
+relevantly, it turns out for
+
+garbage collection, is look at
+what I've got in my queue.
+
+What do I have in my queue?
+
+I've got all the live objects,
+got put in the queue as we
+
+were going along.
+
+All the live objects are
+put in the queue.
+
+And not only that, but notice
+they're all adjacent to each
+
+other in the queue.
+
+They're compact in the queue.
+
+And so the idea is, we're going
+to take advantage of
+
+that property.
+
+That when I do breadth-first
+search, that the queue, when
+
+I'm done, I put every
+object in there.
+
+So all the live vertices
+are placed in
+
+contiguous storage in queue.
+
+So this is the principle behind
+the copying garbage
+
+collector, which is one of
+the more popular garbage
+
+collectors that's used.
+
+The idea is that as I'm
+executing, I'm going to have
+
+some live objects and some dead
+objects, and I'm going to
+
+have some place that I'm doing
+my next allocation at.
+
+And as I go through, I allocate
+more things in what's
+
+called the from space, and I
+keep allocating, and I may do
+
+a deallocation, and maybe some
+more allocation, and maybe
+
+another deallocation, and some
+more allocation, and
+
+eventually I run out of my
+memory that I've assigned for
+
+my heap storage.
+
+So when I get to this point, now
+what I do is I'm going to
+
+do breadth-first search
+on the from space.
+
+And what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to copy using the
+
+live storage here, using
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] to a TO
+
+space, where the TO space
+implements the FIFO queue.
+
+So here's the TO space, and when
+I go through and I walk
+
+all that, I've now copied all
+of the values, all of the
+
+objects down to this
+space over here.
+
+And now I have this amount
+of storage left.
+
+I make the two space
+exactly the same
+
+size as the from space.
+
+I have to make it at least that
+big, because I know that
+
+it may be that everything
+here is alive.
+
+Maybe nothing got deallocated.
+
+So I have to make sure that the
+TO space is large enough
+
+to handle everything that might
+be alive there, and it
+
+may be everything.
+
+So the TO space is generally
+allocated to be exactly the
+
+same size as the FROM space.
+
+So basically, the way I
+compacted is I copied things
+
+down using the breadth-first
+search algorithm.
+
+Now there's one problem with
+this, and that is that we have
+
+pointers in these objects.
+
+And when I copy it down here,
+how did I make sure that all
+
+the pointers now point
+to the new locations?
+
+So here's how you do that.
+
+So since the FROM address of
+the object is not generally
+
+equal to the TO address,
+pointers must be updated.
+
+So I have to know, of course,
+where the pointers are.
+
+So the idea is that when an
+object is copied to the TO
+
+space, what we're going to do
+in FROM space is store a
+
+forwarding pointer in
+FROM space saying,
+
+I copy you to here.
+
+So that whenever I look at
+something in the FROM space
+
+that's already been copied, I
+can say, oh, here's where it's
+
+been copied to.
+
+It's been copied to this
+region in the TO space.
+
+When an object is removed from
+the FIFO queue in the TO
+
+space, we're going to update
+all its pointers.
+
+I'm going to give you
+an example of this.
+
+So if you think about it, when
+I remove something from the
+
+FIFO queue, at that point, I
+know all of its adjacent
+
+vertices have been placed into
+the queue, into the TO space.
+
+And so at that point, I know
+where all the final
+
+destinations of pointers are.
+
+So here's an example.
+
+So suppose that I'm doing the
+copy of these guys, and I've
+
+got all the pointers around
+here, and now some of these
+
+guys have already made it
+into the FIFO queue.
+
+Let's say this guy has made
+it in, because I've got
+
+forwarding pointer to there, and
+this guy has made it in,
+
+so I've got forwarding
+pointer to there.
+
+And this is what my queue
+currently holds.
+
+So when I remove an item from
+the queue, I then look at this
+
+guy, and what I do is first
+of all, I visit all of the
+
+adjacent neighbors.
+
+So I visit this guy and I say,
+oh, he's already been copied,
+
+because I have a forwarding
+pointer.
+
+So nothing to be done there.
+
+But this guy, he hasn't
+been copied yet.
+
+So I have to make sure that
+that guy is copied by
+
+enqueuing the adjacent
+vertices.
+
+So I copy my neighbor
+to there.
+
+And part of copying is, if I'm
+actually making a copy, I'm
+
+going to have a pointer
+from here.
+
+The pointer now has to point to
+this guy over here, because
+
+that's how I'm copying.
+
+Otherwise it isn't a copy.
+
+So in the copy, this pointer
+is the same as that one, is
+
+pointing to the same storage
+location, namely
+
+this place over here.
+
+So I do that for all my
+adjacent vertices.
+
+People follow so far?
+
+Now I've copied all of the
+neighbors for this guy.
+
+Now this guy, all of his
+neighbors are in their final
+
+destinations in the TO space.
+
+So that means I can now update
+these pointers to be the
+
+pointers in the TO space.
+
+So I do that as follows.
+
+Oh, first of all, I forgot to
+place the forwarding pointer
+
+here to indicate that
+he's been copied.
+
+That's how I'm doing
+the marks.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+So I copied the values, and
+that's just a straight copy,
+
+because all the pointer
+values are now
+
+pointing into this space.
+
+Then I put a forwarding
+pointer in.
+
+Now I'm ready to do the update
+of the pointers here.
+
+So I update the pointers
+to the removed item.
+
+So here's one pointer.
+
+I get rid of him there and
+I make him point to the
+
+forwarding thing.
+
+He used to point to here, now
+he's pointing to here.
+
+This one used to point to
+here, I want to make
+
+him point to there.
+
+There we go.
+
+So now he's pointing here.
+
+And now this guy here now has
+his pointers to his final
+
+destinations.
+
+And so the invariance that I'm
+maintaining is that everything
+
+before the head of the queue all
+have their final pointers
+
+in place in the TO space.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So do you know where
+to put the pointers--
+
+how do [UNINTELLIGIBLE] pointers
+go from the TO space
+
+to the TO space so that they're
+actually getting to
+
+their final destination?
+
+So my question is,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] by following
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+But how do you know what
+pointer to follow?
+
+How do you know that
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: If I have a
+pointer to something in the
+
+FROM space, then I update it to
+be the forwarding pointer
+
+in the TO space.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, the question
+is, how do you know that
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+it's being pointed
+to [? the ?]
+
+actually in the TO space?
+
+Can you check, is this
+in the TO space?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Well, yeah.
+
+I mean, you know what the range
+of the two spaces is, so
+
+you could check that.
+
+OK.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So the reason you
+would be using [? BFS ?]
+
+instead of [? DFS ?] is
+because [INAUDIBLE].
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: The reason
+you're using BFS is because it
+
+has this nice property that
+the queue represents the
+
+copying of all the values.
+
+If I use DFS, I need a stack
+to do it, and then I'm
+
+overwriting the locations where
+the vertices would be
+
+stored in the data structure.
+
+By using DFS, there's this just
+clever thing that the
+
+queue, when I'm done with
+DFS, represents all
+
+of the visited vertices.
+
+It's very clever.
+
+Wish I'd thought of that.
+
+But I was, I think, only 10
+years old or something when
+
+they invented this, and I
+wasn't that precocious.
+
+OK?
+
+So very, very clever.
+
+So this is the scheme behind
+the Minsky, Fenichel,
+
+Yochelson garbage collector.
+
+So Marvin Minsky, you may have
+heard of, was one of the
+
+inventors of a scheme
+like this.
+
+One reason he's so famous.
+
+Good.
+
+So this is really nice, because
+it takes me linear
+
+time to copy and update
+all of the vertices.
+
+It's just one pass of
+breadth-first search.
+
+Very fast to copy and update
+all the vertices.
+
+Sometimes, by the way, people
+call these forwarding
+
+pointers, they call them
+broken hearts.
+
+You'll see that in
+the literature.
+
+They call them a broken
+heart if it's--
+
+I don't quite remember
+why that's the--
+
+it's like, I went there,
+oh, you're not
+
+there, it's over there--
+
+it's like, I don't know.
+
+Now, the last thing you have to
+do-- and this is something
+
+that's not talked about a
+lot in the literature--
+
+is how do you manage
+these from and to
+
+spaces in virtual memory?
+
+So here's the strategy
+that works well.
+
+So basically, typically what I'm
+doing is after I've done a
+
+copy, I've emptied everything
+out of the FROM space, and
+
+I've got a portion that's used
+in the TO space, and then an
+
+unused portion that I'm going
+to be able to do allocations
+
+out of for the next
+pass around.
+
+So what I do at that point
+is I make the old TO
+
+become the new FROM.
+
+So here's the new FROM.
+
+This is available space.
+
+And now what I do is I extend
+this space, if necessary, to
+
+make the new heap space that I'm
+going to allocate out of
+
+equal in size to
+the used space.
+
+And the reason for doing this
+is to amortize the cost of
+
+going through all of the
+storage, so that the cost of
+
+going the garbage question
+can be amortized
+
+against what's used.
+
+If I didn't extend this, I might
+have only freed up a
+
+tiny little bit of space, and
+now when I run out of that
+
+space, I'll run the garbage
+collector going over all the
+
+elements, but I'll only have
+gotten a few elements
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So what I want to do is make
+sure that I've done at least a
+
+certain number of allocations
+proportional to the number
+
+that I'm going to have to walk
+over in order to finish it.
+
+So that's why you make this
+be the same size.
+
+Now when the space runs out, the
+new TO is allocated with
+
+the same size as FROM.
+
+So if you can allocate it back
+in the old FROM space here,
+
+that's great.
+
+If there's room here
+to allocate it
+
+at the front, super.
+
+That's where you allocate it.
+
+But as in this example, the FROM
+space here is bigger than
+
+the space that goes
+up to here.
+
+So therefore what I do is I
+allocate it at the end, and
+
+then I go through and
+copy to here.
+
+Now if this ended up being
+used, then the next time
+
+around, I would be able to reuse
+this space at the front
+
+for the next time that I flip
+the garbage collection.
+
+The idea is, if things will
+fit as early in memory as
+
+possible, that's where
+I put them.
+
+But if they don't fit,
+I put them later.
+
+And you can prove, if you do
+this, that the virtual memory
+
+space used is order 1 times
+the optimal, where you're
+
+getting nearly the best virtual
+memory space used
+
+compared to the amount of items
+that are in use by the
+
+user at any time.
+
+So it keeps everything sort
+of compact towards
+
+the front end here.
+
+So in this case, I had
+to allocate to here.
+
+If the use had been very small,
+I could have allocated
+
+just a very small amount
+for the heap.
+
+When I was done, the
+new TO space would
+
+have fit at the beginning.
+
+I would have allocated
+it at the beginning.
+
+And it's a nice little exercise,
+for those of you who
+
+are analytically inclined, to
+figure out what the constant
+
+is here, because it's a little
+bit of a game to figure out
+
+what the amortized constant,
+for those who have some
+
+algorithmic energy and our
+confident about working in
+
+this kind of thing instead
+of studying for the quiz.
+
+So dynamic storage allocation.
+
+Hugely interesting area.
+
+Lots is known and
+lots is unknown.
+
+For example, I mentioned
+coalescing.
+
+We really don't understand
+coalescing.
+
+Disaster people have been doing
+it for 50 years or more.
+
+We do not understand
+coalescing.
+
+There are a lot of strategies
+that people have studied,
+
+things like the buddy
+system, I mentioned.
+
+There are other types of garbage
+collectors called mark
+
+and sweep garbage collection.
+
+Those are typically inferior
+to the copying garbage
+
+collection, because they
+leave you with a
+
+memory that isn't compact.
+
+And so you end up using more
+and more of your virtual
+
+memory, because you're leaving
+things in place.
+
+On the other hand, you leave
+things in place so there's no
+
+need to move pointers.
+
+So that can be a
+valuable thing.
+
+There's things called
+generational garbage
+
+collection.
+
+Generational garbage collectors
+realize that things
+
+that are allocated typically
+are freed very soon
+
+thereafter, and so therefore, if
+you especially take care of
+
+the things that are allocated
+and guess that they're going
+
+to be used again, and that
+things that haven't been
+
+deallocated for a long time
+are very unlikely to be
+
+allocated, you can get better
+performance out
+
+of a garbage collector.
+
+There's real time garbage
+collection.
+
+So this is what I've explained,
+is what's called a
+
+stop and copy garbage
+collector.
+
+Meaning that when you run
+out of storage, oops!
+
+Stop the world, run the
+garbage collector.
+
+There are real time garbage
+collectors which, whenever you
+
+do an allocation, it goes and
+it does a few cycles of
+
+garbage collection, and is such
+that you can always keep
+
+up with the allocations and
+deallocations going on.
+
+By doing a few cycles, you
+eventually get to garbage
+
+collect everything, but you do
+it intermixed, so that you're
+
+slowing everything down by a
+constant amount, rather than
+
+running and suddenly, OK, your
+robot arm is going like this,
+
+oops, garbage collect, garbage
+collect, garbage collect,
+
+[CREAKING SOUND].
+
+So you can have your robot arm
+move smoothly, because it's
+
+paying the price all the way.
+
+It's not stopping and going.
+
+There is multi-threaded
+storage allocation.
+
+What happens when you have a
+multi-threaded environment
+
+where you have many processors
+that are all allocating out of
+
+the same pool?
+
+How do they organize it?
+
+You can have the interesting
+things going there where
+
+things are allocated on one
+processor, and then get
+
+deallocated on another.
+
+And if you're not careful, you
+have something like a memory
+
+leak going on, which is called
+memory drift, where the memory
+
+gets allocated on one, and one
+guy's busy creating it, and it
+
+keeps getting deallocated on
+the other, but never gets
+
+recycled back to the
+guy who needs it.
+
+And so how is it that you figure
+out to make sure that
+
+memory drift doesn't end up
+having you grow your memory?
+
+In fact, many, many garbage
+collectors that are out there
+
+have this memory drift problem
+for multi-threaded storage
+
+allocation.
+
+There's also parallel
+garbage collection.
+
+How do you, in a parallel
+environment, have the garbage
+
+collector going on as a separate
+process while you
+
+have other things going
+on at the same time?
+
+So a huge, huge, huge
+area of storage.
+
+And for our next lab, lab 3,
+you'll be building your own
+
+storage allocator.
+
+So you have a lot of
+fun with this.
+
+[? Reid ?] says this is
+his favorite lab.
+
+Great.
+
+Any questions?
+
+OK.
+
+Good luck on the
+quiz next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pHJzX2noZxs.txt b/pHJzX2noZxs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80ac47061de46ff88c4202a5bd0f4de745e25df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pHJzX2noZxs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16096 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+is like modeling and what modeling can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like modeling and what modeling can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like modeling and what modeling can
+achieve or why people are doing it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve or why people are doing it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve or why people are doing it at
+all or is it doable at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or is it doable at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all or is it doable at all
+should one be interested in this or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should one be interested in this or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should one be interested in this or this
+is completely you know a hair brain idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely you know a hair brain idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely you know a hair brain idea
+reverse engineering when you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering when you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering when you really want
+to reconstruct how this system looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconstruct how this system looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reconstruct how this system looks
+like what you are going to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you are going to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what you are going to use for
+modeling careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling careful
+and one more issue is that i really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one more issue is that i really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one more issue is that i really need
+to talk about although of course this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about although of course this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about although of course this is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nothing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really
+exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting
+happened in biological modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in biological modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in biological modeling
+yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet
+people tried and applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tried and applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tried and applied
+the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same
+tools methods that have been around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools methods that have been around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools methods that have been around in
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+for decades they're facing the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades they're facing the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for decades they're facing the very same
+issues very same problems you have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues very same problems you have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues very same problems you have three
+you know coupled odes well what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know coupled odes well what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know coupled odes well what's going
+to happen okay very quickly you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen okay very quickly you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen okay very quickly you're gonna
+run into trouble so what's the way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble so what's the way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into trouble so what's the way out
+is like the last this is like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the last this is like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like the last this is like really
+really the hope that robustness as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the hope that robustness as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the hope that robustness as we
+know i mean life is robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i mean life is robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i mean life is robust
+can teach us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can teach us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can teach us
+some lessons that we can exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lessons that we can exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lessons that we can exploit
+if we want to do large-scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do large-scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we want to do large-scale
+meaningful modeling so actually that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful modeling so actually that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful modeling so actually that's
+like the third point now for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the third point now for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the third point now for you guys
+what's your background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+computers okay so good so i mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay so good so i mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers okay so good so i mean for
+uh about a pure biologist to carry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about a pure biologist to carry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about a pure biologist to carry you
+know the point home that robots this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the point home that robots this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the point home that robots this is
+something important and look out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important and look out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something important and look out for
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+this might be the solution is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be the solution is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be the solution is kind of
+new for you guys probably it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new for you guys probably it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new for you guys probably it's pretty
+obvious that if you do very large scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that if you do very large scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious that if you do very large scale
+for chemical engineering and these type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemical engineering and these type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for chemical engineering and these type
+of things are good very important i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things are good very important i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things are good very important i mean
+you know how it is right if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it is right if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how it is right if you think
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+all the chaotic systems like yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the chaotic systems like yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the chaotic systems like yeah
+i have some background but it's nice oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have some background but it's nice oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have some background but it's nice oh
+i will i will it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will i will it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will i will it's just uh
+introductory slide is this important or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory slide is this important or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory slide is this important or
+not for you guys you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for you guys you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for you guys you have to understand
+why this is important for biologists why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is important for biologists why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is important for biologists why
+would i care so that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would i care so that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would i care so that's kind of the
+distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction
+okay so what's the goals of science of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the goals of science of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what's the goals of science of
+course you know the main goal of science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know the main goal of science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you know the main goal of science
+and you know one can open a whole you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know one can open a whole you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know one can open a whole you
+know discussion this is predictive power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know discussion this is predictive power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know discussion this is predictive power
+there are other goals understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other goals understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other goals understanding
+internet change and training playground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet change and training playground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet change and training playground
+for social inept without and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social inept without and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social inept without and so forth
+but what we want to do is is predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we want to do is is predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we want to do is is predictions
+so how do how did biology evolve or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do how did biology evolve or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do how did biology evolve or how
+did it work obviously you had a black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work obviously you had a black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it work obviously you had a black
+box something happened right you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box something happened right you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box something happened right you said
+certain conditions perturbations you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conditions perturbations you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain conditions perturbations you had
+something that you can describe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can describe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can describe that's
+you know the living organism and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the living organism and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the living organism and there
+are some or few readouts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some or few readouts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some or few readouts
+for example you get a drug and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you get a drug and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you get a drug and and and
+the the patient responded or not or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the patient responded or not or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the patient responded or not or like
+if there is no oxygen around then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no oxygen around then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is no oxygen around then for
+most organisms this means death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organisms this means death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organisms this means death
+you do not really know we didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not really know we didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not really know we didn't really
+know for a long time what's inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a long time what's inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a long time what's inside the
+box we can we just played with this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box we can we just played with this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box we can we just played with this we
+had certain inputs and we have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had certain inputs and we have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had certain inputs and we have certain
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+of course layer biology during the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course layer biology during the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course layer biology during the past
+several hundred years or 100 years we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundred years or 100 years we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several hundred years or 100 years we
+started to learn that there is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to learn that there is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to learn that there is a very
+complicated intricate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated intricate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated intricate
+network inside the cell which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network inside the cell which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network inside the cell which is like
+the unit of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit of life
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you want to do modeling of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do modeling of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do modeling of course you
+can do black box things and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do black box things and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do black box things and that's what
+brute force or exhaustive reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force or exhaustive reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force or exhaustive reverse
+engineering is about that you do all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is about that you do all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is about that you do all
+sorts of inputs and outputs and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of inputs and outputs and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of inputs and outputs and you can
+kind of guess what's inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of guess what's inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of guess what's inside
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+it's much more efficient if you i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more efficient if you i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more efficient if you i'm
+sorry it really bothers me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it really bothers me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry it really bothers me
+it's much more efficient if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more efficient if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more efficient if you have a
+pretty good idea what's inside the box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea what's inside the box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good idea what's inside the box
+because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then
+the the the modeling description is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the modeling description is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the modeling description is
+going to be much more efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much more efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be much more efficient
+so what's inside oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's inside oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's inside oops
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+now you all have some biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you all have some biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you all have some biological
+backgrounds so you know there are genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds so you know there are genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backgrounds so you know there are genes
+rna proteins proteins have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna proteins proteins have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna proteins proteins have certain
+activation states these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation states these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation states these things are
+translocated i mean there is temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocated i mean there is temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translocated i mean there is temporal
+spatial information and that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information and that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information and that's going to
+set up your entire network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up your entire network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up your entire network
+so what systems biology or at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what systems biology or at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what systems biology or at least some
+field of systems biology is aiming to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of systems biology is aiming to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field of systems biology is aiming to do
+is creating a predictive mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating a predictive mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is creating a predictive mathematical
+logical representation of the living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical representation of the living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical representation of the living
+organism and that kind of leads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and that kind of leads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and that kind of leads the
+whole issue that what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole issue that what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole issue that what is
+again for you guys it's obvious for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for you guys it's obvious for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for you guys it's obvious for
+biology it's not that obvious whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's not that obvious whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology it's not that obvious whether
+modeling is good or bad biologists do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is good or bad biologists do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling is good or bad biologists do
+not really like the whole idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really like the whole idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really like the whole idea of
+institutional modeling and that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional modeling and that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional modeling and that's kind
+of obvious but i mean that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious but i mean that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obvious but i mean that's
+understandable but for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable but for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable but for um
+you guys according to the backgrounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys according to the backgrounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys according to the backgrounds
+you know very well that all we are doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very well that all we are doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very well that all we are doing
+in science in most cases actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science in most cases actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in science in most cases actually
+modeling we are creating some we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling we are creating some we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling we are creating some we are
+creating some sort of a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some sort of a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating some sort of a mathematical
+representation of a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of a system
+think about anything i mean of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about anything i mean of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about anything i mean of course if
+you describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you describe
+the movement of the earth and the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement of the earth and the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movement of the earth and the sun
+that's you know to mass point that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know to mass point that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know to mass point that's a
+kind of representation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of representation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of representation and that's
+going to give you pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give you pretty good
+predictions but all we are doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions but all we are doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions but all we are doing is
+science is essentially some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is essentially some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is essentially some sort of
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+so again let me just mention this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again let me just mention this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again let me just mention this very
+quickly this is for biologists right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this is for biologists right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly this is for biologists right so
+because biologists are really absorbed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because biologists are really absorbed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because biologists are really absorbed
+by the whole idea of in silicon modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the whole idea of in silicon modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the whole idea of in silicon modeling
+although they started to warm up towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they started to warm up towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they started to warm up towards
+the whole concept recently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole concept recently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole concept recently the
+biologists have been doing modeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists have been doing modeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists have been doing modeling for
+the very beginning of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very beginning of of
+of biology if you had an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biology if you had an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of biology if you had an experimental
+drug you're not going to give it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug you're not going to give it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug you're not going to give it to the
+kid i mean or or little johnny whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid i mean or or little johnny whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid i mean or or little johnny whether
+to see whether it works or not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it works or not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see whether it works or not but
+you're going to use an experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use an experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to use an experimental
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+now there is a very strong underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a very strong underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there is a very strong underlying
+assumption here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here
+which is this model this animal is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this model this animal is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this model this animal is going
+to react to the drug the very same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react to the drug the very same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to react to the drug the very same way
+as a child will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a child will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a child will
+which might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be
+correct or incorrect but if some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or incorrect but if some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct or incorrect but if some of you
+may recall or you might hurt might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may recall or you might hurt might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may recall or you might hurt might have
+heard the threadamide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the threadamide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard the threadamide
+issue when they just simply chose their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue when they just simply chose their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue when they just simply chose their
+own animal model there is an animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own animal model there is an animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own animal model there is an animal
+model that would have produced the birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that would have produced the birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that would have produced the birth
+malformations didn't choose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malformations didn't choose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malformations didn't choose that
+but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh
+the bottom line is that biologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that biologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is that biologists have
+been using models and and they have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using models and and they have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using models and and they have no
+problem when they are using an animal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when they are using an animal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem when they are using an animal uh
+when they are trying to model uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are trying to model uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they are trying to model uh for
+example the human response so my line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the human response so my line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the human response so my line
+can be modeling this can be an inventory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be modeling this can be an inventory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be modeling this can be an inventory
+in vivo model and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vivo model and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vivo model and of course the
+alternative is in silicon valley okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is in silicon valley okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative is in silicon valley okay so
+this is like the intro for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the intro for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like the intro for the
+biologists that you don't need to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists that you don't need to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists that you don't need to hear
+so the first issue is that what is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first issue is that what is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first issue is that what is in
+the black box black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black box black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black box black box
+and this is essentially how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is essentially how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is essentially how do we
+represent biological knowledge in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent biological knowledge in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent biological knowledge in a way
+that could be used for modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be used for modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could be used for modeling
+and that's sort of reverse engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of reverse engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's sort of reverse engineering
+of the interstellar regulatory network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interstellar regulatory network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interstellar regulatory network
+so just to give you some estimate is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you some estimate is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just to give you some estimate is how
+complex is this thing that's inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is this thing that's inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex is this thing that's inside a
+black box um let me just give you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box um let me just give you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black box um let me just give you uh
+some you know estimate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know estimate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know estimate that
+i was playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was playing with
+for a while i've been giving a tutorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while i've been giving a tutorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while i've been giving a tutorial
+on assistance biology for many years now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on assistance biology for many years now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on assistance biology for many years now
+so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just
+tries to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to help
+give people a feeling of how complex the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people a feeling of how complex the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give people a feeling of how complex the
+system is so the cautious estimate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is so the cautious estimate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is so the cautious estimate is
+that on the number of interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the number of interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the number of interacting
+parameters is going to be on the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is going to be on the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters is going to be on the order
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+a couple of hundred thousands but less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of hundred thousands but less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of hundred thousands but less
+than a million the way this comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a million the way this comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a million the way this comes out
+you have ten to twenty thousand active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ten to twenty thousand active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have ten to twenty thousand active
+genes per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes per cell
+different post translation modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different post translation modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different post translation modifications
+different localizations that will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different localizations that will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different localizations that will have
+independent regulatory inputs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent regulatory inputs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent regulatory inputs for
+something else it's going to be let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's going to be let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else it's going to be let's
+say less than three per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say less than three per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say less than three per
+yeast and three to six that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast and three to six that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeast and three to six that probably
+less than ten their protein per gene on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than ten their protein per gene on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than ten their protein per gene on
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in humans
+so of course the whole thing may be way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the whole thing may be way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course the whole thing may be way
+off either direction because if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off either direction because if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off either direction because if you have
+splice variants for example lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice variants for example lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice variants for example lots of
+antisense described genes this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisense described genes this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antisense described genes this number
+might be way higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be way higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be way higher
+on the other hand if modularity really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if modularity really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if modularity really
+works well in biology you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well in biology you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well in biology you don't really
+need to put everything and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put everything and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to put everything and every
+parameter in your model you can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in your model you can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in your model you can work
+with appropriate modules and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with appropriate modules and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with appropriate modules and that's
+actually one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually one of the
+key hopes but that's one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key hopes but that's one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key hopes but that's one of the main
+directions one biology is trying to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one biology is trying to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions one biology is trying to move
+these days because that's still very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days because that's still very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days because that's still very
+large the point here is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the point here is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large the point here is the following
+if you take these numbers and translate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take these numbers and translate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take these numbers and translate
+into actual numbers of parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actual numbers of parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into actual numbers of parameters and
+networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+for bacteria e coli that that number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacteria e coli that that number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bacteria e coli that that number the
+complexity of that network is not much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of that network is not much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of that network is not much
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the
+regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+control mechanism for a jumbo jet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control mechanism for a jumbo jet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control mechanism for a jumbo jet
+so actually the idea of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the idea of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually the idea of the whole
+concept is coming from john doyle i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is coming from john doyle i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is coming from john doyle i'm
+just kind of stealing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of stealing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of stealing this
+sentence from him john is a chaotic is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence from him john is a chaotic is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence from him john is a chaotic is a
+very famous mathematician actually he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous mathematician actually he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very famous mathematician actually he's
+the one who worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one who worked out
+the theory behind stealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory behind stealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory behind stealth
+stealth is not supposed to fly the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth is not supposed to fly the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stealth is not supposed to fly the way
+that looks like it's not supposed to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like it's not supposed to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like it's not supposed to fly
+the reason that flies is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that flies is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that flies is that the
+control mechanism is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control mechanism is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control mechanism is so
+well designed that it actually is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well designed that it actually is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well designed that it actually is going
+to remain in the air but if you describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain in the air but if you describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remain in the air but if you describe
+like the aerodynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the aerodynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the aerodynamic
+capabilities that that's not specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that that's not specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities that that's not specified
+so the point is that the control theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is that the control theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is that the control theory
+the control mechanism in a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control mechanism in a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control mechanism in a very complex
+engine these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine these days
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+not much much much higher but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much much much higher but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much much much higher but not
+definitely not many orders affected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not many orders affected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not many orders affected
+higher than for example for e coli so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than for example for e coli so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than for example for e coli so if
+you want to try it very very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to try it very very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to try it very very very very
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+and work out all the details for e coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work out all the details for e coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work out all the details for e coli
+then one might try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one might try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one might try
+to do some sort of a meaningful dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sort of a meaningful dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sort of a meaningful dynamic
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+on at least the bacteria and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at least the bacteria and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on at least the bacteria and actually
+there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+groups or many institutions some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or many institutions some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups or many institutions some
+companies who are trying to do that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who are trying to do that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies who are trying to do that okay
+now that's not an obvious thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not an obvious thing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's not an obvious thing there
+will be still lots of lots of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be still lots of lots of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be still lots of lots of questions
+open like i'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open like i'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open like i'm going to talk about
+parameter optimization which is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter optimization which is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter optimization which is of
+course you cannot solve it it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you cannot solve it it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you cannot solve it it's just a
+very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very very
+you know computationally intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know computationally intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know computationally intractable
+problem but the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but the point is that
+the way you design an and if the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you design an and if the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you design an and if the way you
+design an an airplane which has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an an airplane which has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design an an airplane which has to be
+robust is very similar to way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust is very similar to way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust is very similar to way
+an organism will work then there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism will work then there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism will work then there are
+certain tricks that you can borrow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain tricks that you can borrow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain tricks that you can borrow from
+contour theory that you can apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour theory that you can apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour theory that you can apply to
+bacteria okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria okay
+so representational biology the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so representational biology the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so representational biology the simplest
+level this is just stole um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this is just stole um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this is just stole um
+the epidermal growth factor receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epidermal growth factor receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epidermal growth factor receptor
+pathway from the keg database so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from the keg database so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway from the keg database so the
+simplest level is some you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest level is some you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest level is some you have some
+sort of directed graph now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of directed graph now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of directed graph now this is
+obvious for you guys for biologists i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious for you guys for biologists i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious for you guys for biologists i
+point out that okay this is like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that okay this is like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that okay this is like the
+simplest level of of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biological representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological representation
+so of course you have the nodes that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course you have the nodes that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course you have the nodes that are
+proteins or genes or post translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or genes or post translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins or genes or post translation
+modifications and whatnot then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications and whatnot then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications and whatnot then there is
+the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges
+that are the regulatory interactions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the regulatory interactions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the regulatory interactions now
+you cannot do much with this this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot do much with this this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot do much with this this is not
+a dynamic model yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic model yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dynamic model yet
+you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+a more detailed description of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more detailed description of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more detailed description of actually
+what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening
+between um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between um some
+parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters
+and you need to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you need to make that
+dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic
+by introducing time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by introducing time
+and in this case if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case if you have a
+continuous differential equations then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous differential equations then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous differential equations then
+you need some sort of description of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some sort of description of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some sort of description of how
+things are going to change here and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to change here and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to change here and of
+course you need certain type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you need certain type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you need certain type of
+parameters kinetic parameters you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters kinetic parameters you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters kinetic parameters you need
+all these ingredients ingredients now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ingredients ingredients now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ingredients ingredients now
+this is obvious for you guys again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obvious for you guys again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obvious for you guys again
+so when you do reverse engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do reverse engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you do reverse engineering and
+biologists have been doing reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists have been doing reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists have been doing reverse
+engineering for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering for
+many many decades essentially when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many decades essentially when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many decades essentially when you
+try to identify a protein that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to identify a protein that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to identify a protein that's
+essentially reverse engineering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reverse engineering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially reverse engineering the
+individual nodes so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual nodes so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual nodes so that's the
+biochemistry of genome and other large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of genome and other large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry of genome and other large
+scale node node identifying projects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale node node identifying projects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale node node identifying projects are
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+biochemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry
+protein interaction screening two hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein interaction screening two hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein interaction screening two hybrid
+co-ip is trying to determine all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-ip is trying to determine all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-ip is trying to determine all the
+regulatory interactions all the edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory interactions all the edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory interactions all the edges in
+your directed graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your directed graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your directed graph
+but you can actually start and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually start and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can actually start and some
+there are some efforts that try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some efforts that try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some efforts that try to do
+brute force reverse engineering why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force reverse engineering why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brute force reverse engineering why
+would you do that i mean these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that i mean these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you do that i mean these
+approaches are extremely time consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are extremely time consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches are extremely time consuming
+although there are smart ways to hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are smart ways to hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although there are smart ways to hybrid
+you can speed up things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed up things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can speed up things you can do
+things in a in a high throughput manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a in a high throughput manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a in a high throughput manner
+but working out every single detail for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but working out every single detail for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but working out every single detail for
+a genome of 20 30 000 things is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genome of 20 30 000 things is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genome of 20 30 000 things is it's
+going to take a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a while
+so if you know parts of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know parts of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you know parts of it
+and you're quite sure about some sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're quite sure about some sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're quite sure about some sub
+networks here you can start to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks here you can start to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks here you can start to apply the
+same time brute force methods which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time brute force methods which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time brute force methods which is
+quite simple you have consecutive time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple you have consecutive time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite simple you have consecutive time
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+time steps and you try to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps and you try to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time steps and you try to determine
+a set of regulator rules that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of regulator rules that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of regulator rules that can
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+a gene expression pattern or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene expression pattern or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene expression pattern or
+parameter setting at the later time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter setting at the later time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter setting at the later time
+point based on the previous time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point based on the previous time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point based on the previous time point
+and if you do have many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do have many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do have many many
+sufficiently diverse consecutive time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently diverse consecutive time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently diverse consecutive time
+points then you can have a fairly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then you can have a fairly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points then you can have a fairly good
+idea how things are going to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how things are going to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea how things are going to regulate
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+most widely used assumption is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most widely used assumption is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most widely used assumption is that you
+have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of
+and additive model in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additive model in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and additive model in this case the
+state of a gene is at a later time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of a gene is at a later time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of a gene is at a later time point
+is going to be determined somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be determined somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be determined somehow
+by the weighted sum of the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the weighted sum of the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the weighted sum of the state of
+another set of genes some sort of bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of genes some sort of bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of genes some sort of bias
+factor and you have some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and you have some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and you have some sort of a
+skewing function there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing function there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skewing function there
+it doesn't really matter what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't really matter what actually
+you're doing there are different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing there are different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing there are different type of
+methods the number crunch can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods the number crunch can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods the number crunch can be done
+different ways the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways the bottom line is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+they're just individual methods that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just individual methods that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just individual methods that
+have been used that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been used that you need to
+determine all the bias vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all the bias vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine all the bias vectors and
+weight values and if you think about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight values and if you think about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight values and if you think about you
+can just very simply think about it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just very simply think about it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just very simply think about it that
+it's like you have many many many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you have many many many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like you have many many many many
+linear equations and you need as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations and you need as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations and you need as many
+equations as bias factors and weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as bias factors and weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as bias factors and weight
+factors you have there in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors you have there in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors you have there in order to do
+reverse engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering
+which was actually these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was actually these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was actually these are the
+exhaustive solutions and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive solutions and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhaustive solutions and that was
+actually done on the bound here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done on the bound here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually done on the bound here
+eduardo zoomtext is a very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eduardo zoomtext is a very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eduardo zoomtext is a very smart
+mathematician actually showed you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician actually showed you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematician actually showed you that
+if you have r unknown parameters instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have r unknown parameters instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have r unknown parameters instead
+of other differential equations then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other differential equations then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other differential equations then you
+will need it on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need it on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will need it on the order of
+2r on the order of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2r on the order of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2r on the order of r
+sufficiently diverse time points to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently diverse time points to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently diverse time points to do
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+reverse engineering this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse engineering this is kind of
+self-evident this is the number that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident this is the number that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident this is the number that one
+would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect
+but uh actually he proved it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh actually he proved it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh actually he proved it so that's
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+the point on this slide is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point on this slide is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point on this slide is that if you
+think about reverse engineering then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about reverse engineering then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about reverse engineering then
+based on the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the assumption
+how your network works or network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your network works or network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how your network works or network
+representation if you think about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation if you think about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation if you think about like
+boolean networks and the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean networks and the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean networks and the different
+levels of connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels of connectivity
+you can make estimates of how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make estimates of how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make estimates of how much
+how many different time points how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different time points how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many different time points how many
+different measurements you need to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements you need to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different measurements you need to do to
+do a reverse engineering yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+in this case no no no this is the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case no no no this is the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case no no no this is the only
+one that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that has
+continuous differential equations these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous differential equations these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous differential equations these
+are like boolean representations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like boolean representations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are like boolean representations it's
+like an old slide the point here is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an old slide the point here is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an old slide the point here is just
+showing that of course if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that of course if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that of course if you have a
+fully connected network you cannot do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully connected network you cannot do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully connected network you cannot do it
+uh if you have a boolean connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a boolean connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a boolean connected with
+k that means that your average number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k that means that your average number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k that means that your average number of
+input per node is k then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input per node is k then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input per node is k then
+the number is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh no the linearity was that simply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no the linearity was that simply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh no the linearity was that simply this
+is just an additive model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not
+no lab has produced any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lab has produced any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no lab has produced any
+sufficiently good quality data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently good quality data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently good quality data
+and large enough data set to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large enough data set to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large enough data set to worry about
+what the function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the function is
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what people are trying to determine at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are trying to determine at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are trying to determine at
+this kid is actually who might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid is actually who might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kid is actually who might be
+regulating whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating whom
+the equation is is simply out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is is simply out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is is simply out of
+question at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question at the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question at the moment
+this just gives you like like a feel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just gives you like like a feel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just gives you like like a feel of
+how to or or the difficulties of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to or or the difficulties of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to or or the difficulties of what
+you need okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need okay
+if you do not have enough independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do not have enough independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do not have enough independent
+measurements then one other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements then one other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements then one other way
+of going and actually biologists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going and actually biologists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of going and actually biologists have
+been using it for a long time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using it for a long time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been using it for a long time is
+actually using perturbations so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using perturbations so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually using perturbations so if you
+do individual perturbations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do individual perturbations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do individual perturbations in the
+system any kind of directed perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system any kind of directed perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system any kind of directed perturbation
+that these are the part of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the part of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these are the part of the network
+i'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm interested in
+then you can do this type of measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do this type of measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do this type of measurement
+and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what
+the principle is very simple imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle is very simple imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle is very simple imagine
+that you have three genes a is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have three genes a is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have three genes a is a great
+thing bb is accounting c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing bb is accounting c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing bb is accounting c
+and then you create a perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you create a perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you create a perturbation
+matrix you knock out individual genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you knock out individual genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you knock out individual genes
+and this is going to show you that based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to show you that based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to show you that based
+on this topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this topology
+how the individual downstream regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the individual downstream regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the individual downstream regulated
+genes are going to behave so from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are going to behave so from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes are going to behave so from this
+perturbation matrix you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation matrix you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation matrix you can
+create an accessibility matrix which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an accessibility matrix which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an accessibility matrix which
+means that who might be regulating whom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that who might be regulating whom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that who might be regulating whom
+and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course
+one a given accessibility matrix can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a given accessibility matrix can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a given accessibility matrix can be
+associated with different regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with different regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with different regulatory
+networks both of these networks can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks both of these networks can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks both of these networks can be
+described by this accessibility matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this accessibility matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by this accessibility matrix
+and then usually what people think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then usually what people think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then usually what people think is
+like let's take the most possible use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's take the most possible use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's take the most possible use
+and they tend to believe it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to believe it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they tend to believe it now
+perturbation measurements are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation measurements are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation measurements are not
+working very well so far i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working very well so far i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working very well so far i mean
+you can work on sub networks and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work on sub networks and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work on sub networks and it has
+been shown to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shown to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shown to work
+if you have a sub network that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a sub network that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a sub network that has been
+sufficiently well described but nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently well described but nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently well described but nothing
+has been really produced by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been really produced by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been really produced by these
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+nothing really new uh has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really new uh has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing really new uh has been
+discovered by this method but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by this method but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by this method but this is
+kind of the the the gist of it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the the gist of it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the the gist of it this is
+kind of the the underlying principle how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the underlying principle how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of the the underlying principle how
+people trying to approach this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you do reverse engineering with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do reverse engineering with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you do reverse engineering with
+these type of methods you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of methods you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these type of methods you
+giving good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving good quality
+data and enough computational uh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and enough computational uh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and enough computational uh number
+crunching power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunching power
+most probably we are going to have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probably we are going to have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most probably we are going to have some
+sort of a regulatory topology of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a regulatory topology of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a regulatory topology of a
+network it's it's it's almost given and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it's it's it's almost given and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it's it's it's almost given and
+there are lots of reps who are producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of reps who are producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of reps who are producing
+uh knockouts for yeast and they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knockouts for yeast and they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh knockouts for yeast and they started
+to produce some meaningful datasets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce some meaningful datasets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce some meaningful datasets
+but if you want to do dynamic modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to do dynamic modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you want to do dynamic modeling
+you would have you would at least hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have you would at least hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have you would at least hope
+that you have some sort of kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have some sort of kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have some sort of kinetic
+parameters in that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in that model
+that describe or approximate reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe or approximate reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that describe or approximate reality
+fairly well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+aspect of reverse engineering is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of reverse engineering is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of reverse engineering is when
+you have some idea about the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some idea about the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some idea about the kinetic
+parameters but you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters but you're trying to
+refine these measurements and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine these measurements and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refine these measurements and that's
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+real slab did that what they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real slab did that what they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real slab did that what they did
+actually they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they
+essentially tagged by green fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tagged by green fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially tagged by green fluorescent
+protein every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein every single
+uh protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh protein
+in in e coli so agree for us protein is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in e coli so agree for us protein is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in e coli so agree for us protein is
+like a tag and it's on every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tag and it's on every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tag and it's on every single
+protein and they just do time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and they just do time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein and they just do time series
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+on every single protein and it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single protein and it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every single protein and it can be
+done in a high throughput fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a high throughput fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done in a high throughput fashion
+because in every single well they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in every single well they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in every single well they know
+which protein is staggered and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which protein is staggered and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which protein is staggered and if you do
+this then you can actually from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you can actually from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then you can actually from the
+measurements you can refine the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you can refine the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you can refine the actual
+kinetic parameters pretty well so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameters pretty well so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameters pretty well so the
+reason you need this is quite obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you need this is quite obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason you need this is quite obvious
+when biologists or biochemists determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when biologists or biochemists determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when biologists or biochemists determine
+kinetic parameters that's usually done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameters that's usually done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameters that's usually done
+in in a free solution you grind up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a free solution you grind up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in a free solution you grind up the
+bacteria do something and that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria do something and that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria do something and that can be
+quite different from the actual kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from the actual kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite different from the actual kinetic
+parameter present in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter present in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter present in the cell
+so for one thing think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one thing think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one thing think about it
+in a free solution you approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free solution you approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a free solution you approximate
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+with very large number of molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very large number of molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very large number of molecules
+whereas in cells sometimes you have 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in cells sometimes you have 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas in cells sometimes you have 50
+to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100
+um proteins of the same kind so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um proteins of the same kind so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um proteins of the same kind so you
+might have a very different and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a very different and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a very different and it's not
+a free solution it's a much more dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free solution it's a much more dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a free solution it's a much more dense
+solution so the kinetic efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the kinetic efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the kinetic efficient
+kinetic parameter can be very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameter can be very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic parameter can be very different
+so reverse engineering can give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reverse engineering can give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so reverse engineering can give you
+much better estimates or it can refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better estimates or it can refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better estimates or it can refine
+the estimates on the actual category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as well yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well yes
+and the point is that if you do re you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that if you do re you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the point is that if you do re you
+want to start with the best parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with the best parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to start with the best parameter
+set and in this case it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and in this case it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and in this case it's uh
+yes localization of course it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes localization of course it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes localization of course it's
+important i think about it that membrane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important i think about it that membrane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important i think about it that membrane
+proteins i mean things that will happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins i mean things that will happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins i mean things that will happen
+in the liquid phase is going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid phase is going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid phase is going to be very
+different from the free water solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the free water solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the free water solution
+so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's assume that one went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume that one went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assume that one went through
+all the difficulties and have a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the difficulties and have a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the difficulties and have a fairly
+good description of the topology and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of the topology and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of the topology and the
+regulatory interactions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory interactions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory interactions and then
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all you have good quality kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have good quality kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have good quality kinetic
+parameters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so
+should one try yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should one try yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should one try yeah
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+two things that stand out not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that stand out not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that stand out not the
+schematics like that before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematics like that before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematics like that before
+this one yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yep
+there are two things about this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things about this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two things about this that
+stand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i'm sure that some of their gfp type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that some of their gfp type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure that some of their gfp type
+proteins actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins actually
+were legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were legal
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um some yeah because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some yeah because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some yeah because they
+you know they impeded function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they impeded function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they impeded function or
+substance critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance critical
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and other proteins obviously because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other proteins obviously because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other proteins obviously because
+they have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have you know
+convoluted protein um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted protein um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convoluted protein um
+probably reduced um reduce activity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably reduced um reduce activity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably reduced um reduce activity or
+whatever and both of those actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and both of those actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and both of those actually go
+towards so if you want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards so if you want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards so if you want to understand
+parameters especially kinetic parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters especially kinetic parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters especially kinetic parameters
+for um demodulation or whatever they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um demodulation or whatever they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um demodulation or whatever they're
+going to seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do they address that they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they address that they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they address that they didn't
+they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't
+at this stage they were happy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage they were happy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this stage they were happy to see
+that they can produce something in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can produce something in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can produce something in a
+high throughput fashion your points are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high throughput fashion your points are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high throughput fashion your points are
+absolutely valid and correct and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely valid and correct and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely valid and correct and
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+what they do is they do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they do is they do another
+discretion at an individual protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion at an individual protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discretion at an individual protein
+level what they say that if i rewire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what they say that if i rewire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what they say that if i rewire and
+they took a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took a sub
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this was not done in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not done in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was not done in the actual
+publication for the entire network they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication for the entire network they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication for the entire network they
+just took that part of the network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took that part of the network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just took that part of the network that
+describes how the flagelle are assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the flagelle are assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the flagelle are assembled
+and if you use these refined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you use these refined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you use these refined
+more um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more um
+li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+li
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+li
+these better kinetic parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these better kinetic parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these better kinetic parameters that
+actually were significantly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were significantly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually were significantly different
+from some of it that were that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of it that were that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of it that were that was
+measured before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured before
+then you have a much more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a much more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a much more accurate
+description of the kinetic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the kinetic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the kinetic of the
+dynamics how the flagella are assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics how the flagella are assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics how the flagella are assembled
+so they are kind of proving it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are kind of proving it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are kind of proving it or
+addressing it at the at the level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing it at the at the level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addressing it at the at the level of the
+overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall
+of that overall functional module
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that overall functional module
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that overall functional module
+do you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see a
+possibility in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility in that
+assuming that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that that
+two proteins in a particular light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two proteins in a particular light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two proteins in a particular light
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um assuming that those are tweaked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assuming that those are tweaked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um assuming that those are tweaked by
+the gfp in different ways so that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gfp in different ways so that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gfp in different ways so that so
+that maybe um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe um
+you know the implication of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the implication of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the implication of looking at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+gfp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so what they were actually doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what they were actually doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what they were actually doing
+was the gfp is not really trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the gfp is not really trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the gfp is not really trying to
+measure the protein it's measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the protein it's measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the protein it's measuring the
+activity of the translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of the translation
+so when you have a gfp tag protein or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a gfp tag protein or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have a gfp tag protein or
+let's say protein a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say protein a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say protein a
+then what they are really interested is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they are really interested is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they are really interested is
+that how fast that protein is activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how fast that protein is activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how fast that protein is activated
+by the non-tagged transcription factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the non-tagged transcription factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the non-tagged transcription factors
+and what they were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they were interested in
+the parameters they wanted to refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters they wanted to refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameters they wanted to refine
+is the activation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the activation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the activation of that
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+okay so the gfe protein is just simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the gfe protein is just simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the gfe protein is just simply a
+marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a very quick very immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a very quick very immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a very quick very immediate
+feedback loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop
+and it interferes with that yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it interferes with that yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it interferes with that yeah that's
+a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem
+but if you do not have that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do not have that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you do not have that you have
+like much larger feedback was through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much larger feedback was through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like much larger feedback was through
+many many many different proteins all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many different proteins all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many many different proteins all
+you wanted to see how that actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to see how that actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to see how that actual
+protein is activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is activated
+and the activators of that transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the activators of that transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the activators of that transcription
+unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+unaffected there is no gfp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected there is no gfp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unaffected there is no gfp
+tag on those proteins right look but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag on those proteins right look but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag on those proteins right look but i
+think my question and then i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my question and then i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think my question and then i'll just
+modify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify it
+back and forth is there a way to so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth is there a way to so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth is there a way to so
+let's say there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there are two
+competing regulatory projects yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing regulatory projects yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing regulatory projects yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+of a certain protein that is gfp labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain protein that is gfp labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a certain protein that is gfp labeled
+right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you get differing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get differing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get differing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get different regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get different regulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get different regulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get different regulation of
+those yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those yes
+do you foresee that there's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you foresee that there's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you foresee that there's a way to
+actually de-convolute like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually de-convolute like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually de-convolute like what the
+actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+right like uh so there's that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like uh so there's that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like uh so there's that there's a
+vision error associated with being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision error associated with being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision error associated with being
+hiding yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hiding yes
+and you're going to get two different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get two different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to get two different um
+expression profiles for both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles for both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression profiles for both of those
+persons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the only way you would do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only way you would do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only way you would do it is
+actually you take two different tags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you take two different tags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you take two different tags
+probably that's the best way to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that's the best way to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that's the best way to go from
+one set of measurements you can attempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of measurements you can attempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set of measurements you can attempt
+those things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things but
+with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that
+is it possible to get information out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to get information out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible to get information out
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+just like the degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the degree of
+uh the perturbation of the actual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the perturbation of the actual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the perturbation of the actual system
+from using a double practice do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using a double practice do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from using a double practice do you
+understand yes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yes um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yes um
+i'm not quite sure whether it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not quite sure whether it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not quite sure whether it's it's
+worth the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth the effort
+what they are doing is as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because like right now they have they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like right now they have they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like right now they have they
+don't have an estimate on yes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an estimate on yes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an estimate on yes how
+accurate they are yes absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate they are yes absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate they are yes absolutely
+so what they do is they try to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do is they try to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they do is they try to estimate
+of the whether their effort is worth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whether their effort is worth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the whether their effort is worth or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the
+outcome of the entire modeling effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the entire modeling effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome of the entire modeling effort
+and on issues like whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on issues like whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on issues like whether the
+description is a robust network or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is a robust network or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description is a robust network or not
+right every single measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every single measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right every single measurement
+will give you a somewhat biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a somewhat biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a somewhat biased
+parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter
+right so if if you measure a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if you measure a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if if you measure a single
+parameter in different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter in different different
+settings they will always be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings they will always be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settings they will always be different
+what's the error there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the error there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the error there
+the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that
+with this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this way
+you can refine parameters to some extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can refine parameters to some extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can refine parameters to some extent
+and that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a
+significant improvement sometimes it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant improvement sometimes it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant improvement sometimes it was
+like an order or two or does a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an order or two or does a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an order or two or does a major
+difference from what they thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from what they thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from what they thought it was
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+based on that they have a more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that they have a more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on that they have a more accurate
+description of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the system
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+with certain within certain error range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain within certain error range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with certain within certain error range
+very different parameters would give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different parameters would give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different parameters would give you
+the very same result this is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same result this is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very same result this is what you
+expect from robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from robustness
+we were getting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were getting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were getting there
+later you just missed the first couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you just missed the first couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you just missed the first couple
+of slides and i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep
+if you keep playing with parameters you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep playing with parameters you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you keep playing with parameters you
+can very easily overfit your entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very easily overfit your entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can very easily overfit your entire
+system so i'm not quite sure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so i'm not quite sure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system so i'm not quite sure whether
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+yes for individual protests you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for individual protests you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes for individual protests you can do
+it and obviously if you do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and obviously if you do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and obviously if you do very
+different taggings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different taggings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different taggings
+and very different types of measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very different types of measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very different types of measurements
+for the same sorts of proteins then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same sorts of proteins then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same sorts of proteins then in
+some way you can decompose but or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way you can decompose but or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way you can decompose but or at
+least you can catch very obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can catch very obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least you can catch very obvious
+contradictions and you say say well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions and you say say well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions and you say say well for
+this parameter i have no idea what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter i have no idea what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this parameter i have no idea what's
+going on or for this parameter i need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on or for this parameter i need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on or for this parameter i need to
+measure it individually because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it individually because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it individually because if you
+develop an antibody or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an antibody or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop an antibody or some other
+measurement but that technique then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement but that technique then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement but that technique then
+probably you can measure it much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you can measure it much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you can measure it much more
+accurately so probably that would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so probably that would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately so probably that would be the
+best way for most proteins probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way for most proteins probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best way for most proteins probably
+won't have to that many problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+and that's kind of the whole gist of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the whole gist of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's kind of the whole gist of
+large scale modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large scale modeling
+how much effort do you need how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much effort do you need how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much effort do you need how much
+information do you put in to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information do you put in to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information do you put in to get some
+sort of a uh reasonably accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a uh reasonably accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a uh reasonably accurate
+prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so let's move on to that so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to that so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's move on to that so what do you
+need to do for my modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do for my modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do for my modeling
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+there are obvious steps you have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are obvious steps you have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are obvious steps you have to ask
+this is like step zero you want to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like step zero you want to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like step zero you want to ask
+interesting questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions
+you need to collect data good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to collect data good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to collect data good quality
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data
+you need to create an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to create an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to create an appropriate
+mathematical logical representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logical representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical logical representation of
+the system that's what we have talked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that's what we have talked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system that's what we have talked so
+far about we need to run simulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far about we need to run simulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far about we need to run simulation and
+test how well the simulation is fitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test how well the simulation is fitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test how well the simulation is fitting
+the data test for robustness or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data test for robustness or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data test for robustness or for
+other network properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other network properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other network properties
+you update the model based on how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you update the model based on how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you update the model based on how well
+your model or description is describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model or description is describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model or description is describing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the data and they use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and they use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data and they use it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit
+we are getting there okay if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are getting there okay if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are getting there okay if uh
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+it's a relatively interest sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively interest sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a relatively interest sensitivity
+to individual parameter evidence for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to individual parameter evidence for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to individual parameter evidence for the
+entire network that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire network that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire network that's kind of the
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have a network now you still have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a network now you still have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a network now you still have
+to ask another question how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask another question how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ask another question how does this
+network really behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network really behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network really behave
+so essentially your question is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially your question is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so essentially your question is what is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in most cases what people think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most cases what people think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most cases what people think about is
+like let's and this is the only models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's and this is the only models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's and this is the only models
+that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have
+been really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been really
+employed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employed to
+um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know
+in some sort of you know realistic way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of you know realistic way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sort of you know realistic way
+to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to describe
+biological systems is just using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems is just using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological systems is just using
+ordinary differential equations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary differential equations of
+course there are other ways doing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are other ways doing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are other ways doing you
+can use different equations for kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use different equations for kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use different equations for kind of
+discrete steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete steps
+the point here is these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is these are
+deterministic systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic systems
+so the question is is biology a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is biology a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is is biology a
+deterministic system or is is it true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic system or is is it true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic system or is is it true
+that it determines the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it determines the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it determines the description of
+biological network is going to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological network is going to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological network is going to give you
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+uh meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh meaningful
+that interesting system you're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting system you're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that interesting system you're you know
+you all know what it is there is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what it is there is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all know what it is there is only
+one outcome from a previous uh parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outcome from a previous uh parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one outcome from a previous uh parameter
+setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+biology as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology as we know
+is most probably not that highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most probably not that highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is most probably not that highly
+deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic
+actually we know for a fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we know for a fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we know for a fact that
+individual biological regulations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual biological regulations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual biological regulations are
+always stochastic it's another question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stochastic it's another question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always stochastic it's another question
+how the biological network behaves but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the biological network behaves but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the biological network behaves but
+for individual reactions you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individual reactions you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for individual reactions you know that
+you have very few molecules less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very few molecules less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have very few molecules less than
+100 transcription factors in the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 transcription factors in the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 transcription factors in the nucleus
+cell is far from free solution reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is far from free solution reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell is far from free solution reaction
+kinetics is often slow so this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is often slow so this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics is often slow so this is all
+the hallmarks of stochastic reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hallmarks of stochastic reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hallmarks of stochastic reactions
+that chemical engineers are all too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical engineers are all too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemical engineers are all too
+familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case
+you have to do different type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do different type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do different type of
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+you want to use stochastic differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use stochastic differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to use stochastic differential
+equations when you have kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when you have kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations when you have kind of a
+stochastic error in differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic error in differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic error in differential
+equations which is kind of cheating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is kind of cheating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which is kind of cheating the
+real thing is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real thing is what
+a long time ago let's be introduced like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago let's be introduced like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time ago let's be introduced like
+30 years ago it actually do a stochastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years ago it actually do a stochastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 years ago it actually do a stochastic
+modeling of individual individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of individual individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of individual individual
+chemical reactions this is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions this is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical reactions this is the thing
+that is actually closest to reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually closest to reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is actually closest to reality
+of course the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the problem is that
+competition this is so difficult it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition this is so difficult it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition this is so difficult it's so
+intensive and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unless there is a good reason that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there is a good reason that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless there is a good reason that you
+need to do this type of modeling then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this type of modeling then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this type of modeling then
+this is not really economical approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not really economical approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not really economical approach
+now there are other tricks people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other tricks people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other tricks people are
+trying to do like john doyle is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do like john doyle is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do like john doyle is trying
+at cal attack with killsby who came back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cal attack with killsby who came back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cal attack with killsby who came back
+from retirement to do something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from retirement to do something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from retirement to do something called
+the tall leap so this is like a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tall leap so this is like a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tall leap so this is like a really
+detailed description of how things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed description of how things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed description of how things are
+hitting each other and how chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting each other and how chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting each other and how chemical
+reactions develop now is this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions develop now is this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions develop now is this really
+true is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true is it
+can you kind of guess where the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you kind of guess where the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you kind of guess where the reaction
+is going to be in let's say 10 steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in let's say 10 steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in let's say 10 steps you
+can tell what's going to happen in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell what's going to happen in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell what's going to happen in one
+step if you do a stochastic modeling can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step if you do a stochastic modeling can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step if you do a stochastic modeling can
+you kind of guess what happens in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of guess what happens in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of guess what happens in 10
+steps so they're not trying to cheat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so they're not trying to cheat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so they're not trying to cheat and
+they're trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to see
+whether if you think about it continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if you think about it continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether if you think about it continue
+like um od is going to describe it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um od is going to describe it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um od is going to describe it very
+simply what's going to happen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply what's going to happen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply what's going to happen the
+stochastic equation is going to jump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic equation is going to jump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic equation is going to jump
+around this in some way and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this in some way and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this in some way and you will
+have alternative outcomes of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alternative outcomes of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have alternative outcomes of the same
+reaction with the tall leap what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with the tall leap what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction with the tall leap what they're
+trying to see they just jump from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see they just jump from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see they just jump from here
+to here and gas is certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and gas is certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here and gas is certain
+what's the probability that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that the system
+is going to be in this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be in this state
+and in let's say 10 time units or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in let's say 10 time units or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in let's say 10 time units or
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that
+okay so this is again a wide open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is again a wide open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is again a wide open
+question the big question is is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the big question is is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the big question is is this
+really an important thing that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an important thing that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an important thing that we think
+about biology and model it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biology and model it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biology and model it in a
+stochastic fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic fashion
+now let me just show you an example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me just show you an example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me just show you an example from
+real experiments that shows that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments that shows that yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real experiments that shows that yes
+it's important that was a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that was a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important that was a very nice
+experiment in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment in which
+they created a plasmid of two proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created a plasmid of two proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created a plasmid of two proteins
+they were attacked with two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were attacked with two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were attacked with two different
+gfps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gfps
+and this was a very carefully controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a very carefully controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was a very carefully controlled
+experiments when two proteins were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments when two proteins were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments when two proteins were
+translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated
+on the same plasmid was every in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same plasmid was every in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the same plasmid was every in every
+single bacteria and everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bacteria and everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single bacteria and everything was
+driven gene expression by the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven gene expression by the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven gene expression by the very very
+same uh promoters and everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh promoters and everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same uh promoters and everything was
+in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle
+identical in every single cell so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in every single cell so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in every single cell so what
+you would expect in the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect in the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect in the relative
+expression of these pro two proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of these pro two proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of these pro two proteins
+should be the same in every single cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same in every single cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be the same in every single cell
+so it should show the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should show the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should show the same kind of
+mixture of red and green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of red and green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of red and green
+so that was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was kind of the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+expectation and instead of this what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and instead of this what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation and instead of this what you
+see is there are very red very green and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is there are very red very green and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is there are very red very green and
+yellow cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow cells
+showing that individual cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that individual cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that individual cells
+will choose very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose very different
+path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path
+pathways the path so there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways the path so there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathways the path so there will be
+cells that will have much more one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that will have much more one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that will have much more one of
+the protein than the other ones although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein than the other ones although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein than the other ones although
+everything was identical as much as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was identical as much as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was identical as much as we
+can control experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can control experimentally
+okay we know stochastic is important we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we know stochastic is important we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we know stochastic is important we
+know that probably differentiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that probably differentiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that probably differentiation is
+driven by stochasticity you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by stochasticity you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by stochasticity you have a
+parent cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent cell
+and after division you have two cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after division you have two cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after division you have two cells
+that are going to go two completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to go two completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are going to go two completely
+different path one remains a stem cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path one remains a stem cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different path one remains a stem cell
+the other guy goes the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guy goes the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guy goes the opposite
+direction and that might be just simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that might be just simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and that might be just simply
+driven how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven how
+certain proteins are distributed sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain proteins are distributed sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain proteins are distributed sort of
+randomly between the two daughter cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly between the two daughter cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly between the two daughter cells
+during the cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the cell division
+it is known actually that for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known actually that for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is known actually that for many
+differentiation steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation steps
+probably the decision whether a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the decision whether a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the decision whether a cell
+goes one way or another is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes one way or another is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes one way or another is going to be a
+stochastic process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastic process
+now whether this is important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whether this is important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whether this is important for
+modeling the cell cycle cell growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the cell cycle cell growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the cell cycle cell growth and
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+features we do not know yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features we do not know yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features we do not know yes
+but how do you define stochastics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you define stochastics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do you define stochastics
+oh this is a very good question right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is a very good question right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is a very good question right so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well in a way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a way okay
+how would you define successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you define successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you define successfully
+again this is the representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is the representation of
+scientific knowledge right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific knowledge right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific knowledge right so we
+describe temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe temperature
+with a single number although you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single number although you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single number although you know
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that yeah you have individual kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah you have individual kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah you have individual kinetic
+energies of all molecules so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of all molecules so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of all molecules so if you have
+many molecules it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many molecules it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many molecules it doesn't really matter
+you give temperature if you have ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give temperature if you have ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give temperature if you have ten
+molecules the whole issue is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the whole issue is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules the whole issue is very
+different so the stochasticity is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so the stochasticity is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so the stochasticity is that
+you go down one more level of detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down one more level of detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go down one more level of detailed
+description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description
+of the individual reactions that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual reactions that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the individual reactions that will
+happen with a certain probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with a certain probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with a certain probability
+so you can call it randomness but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can call it randomness but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can call it randomness but the
+point is that most of these things as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that most of these things as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that most of these things as we
+understand will occur with a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand will occur with a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand will occur with a certain
+probability so probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability so probabilistic
+descriptions of individual molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of individual molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+descriptions of individual molecular
+reactions are much more accurate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are much more accurate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions are much more accurate and
+much much closer to reality than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much closer to reality than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much closer to reality than
+continuous convenience differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous convenience differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous convenience differential
+equations are nice and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are nice and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations are nice and they were
+invented by you know newton leibniz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by you know newton leibniz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented by you know newton leibniz
+to do useful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do useful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do useful things
+but i don't think that even they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't think that even they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i don't think that even they thought
+that this was an accurate no well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was an accurate no well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this was an accurate no well
+probably they thought but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably they thought but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably they thought but
+for a long time we know that this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time we know that this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time we know that this is not
+a very accurate description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very accurate description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very accurate description of
+certainly not since one you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not since one you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not since one you know
+chemistry and physics is around right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so once you have a description and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you have a description and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you have a description and you
+decide which way to go so these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which way to go so these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide which way to go so these slides
+just showed you that we have evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you that we have evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just showed you that we have evidence
+that stochastic is present in biology we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stochastic is present in biology we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stochastic is present in biology we
+have lots of evidence i just showed like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of evidence i just showed like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lots of evidence i just showed like
+one experiment whether it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experiment whether it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experiment whether it's worth
+doing for modeling and not going with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for modeling and not going with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing for modeling and not going with
+ods that's an open question probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ods that's an open question probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ods that's an open question probably
+it's going to determine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to determine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to determine which
+no what what's your question that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what what's your question that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no what what's your question that's why
+it's very important that you formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important that you formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very important that you formulate
+your question appropriately now when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question appropriately now when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question appropriately now when
+once you decide it so you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you decide it so you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you decide it so you have the
+network topology kinetic parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network topology kinetic parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network topology kinetic parameters
+equations everything then you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations everything then you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations everything then you actually
+start to run simulations and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to run simulations and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to run simulations and see what
+happens so let me show you this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so let me show you this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so let me show you this example
+that actually this can't describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually this can't describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually this can't describe
+certain biological phenomena and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain biological phenomena and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain biological phenomena and you can
+actually formulate useful hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually formulate useful hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually formulate useful hypothesis
+based on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on this
+this was there's something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was there's something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was there's something called a
+nuclear cytoplasmic transport that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear cytoplasmic transport that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear cytoplasmic transport that's an
+active reaction itself proteins can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active reaction itself proteins can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active reaction itself proteins can get
+in the nucleus and then can come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nucleus and then can come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nucleus and then can come out and
+that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually
+driven by this uh regulatory or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by this uh regulatory or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven by this uh regulatory or this
+dynamic network using a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic network using a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic network using a couple of
+involving a couple of proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a couple of proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving a couple of proteins
+essentially this protein this rand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this protein this rand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this protein this rand
+protein which is a gdp it's a g-protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is a gdp it's a g-protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein which is a gdp it's a g-protein
+couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+uh so it uses gtp as a as an energy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it uses gtp as a as an energy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so it uses gtp as a as an energy it's
+an active reaction this is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an active reaction this is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an active reaction this is what is
+actually moving things in and out from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving things in and out from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually moving things in and out from
+the cytoplasm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cytoplasm
+when people started to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people started to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people started to think about
+modeling they have a strong assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling they have a strong assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling they have a strong assumption
+everybody does that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody does that if you have a
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+that's not very stochastic that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very stochastic that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very stochastic that's
+sufficiently isolated from the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently isolated from the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently isolated from the rest of
+the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+and we understand it well enough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we understand it well enough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we understand it well enough then
+probably that network can be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that network can be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably that network can be described
+pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well
+with a mathematical model and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mathematical model and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a mathematical model and you can
+probably make pretty good um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predictions based on that so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions based on that so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions based on that so these
+people actually did this experiment they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually did this experiment they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually did this experiment they
+were experts in the brand nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were experts in the brand nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were experts in the brand nuclear
+cytoplasmic transport system that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic transport system that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasmic transport system that's why
+they knew that probably there were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew that probably there were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew that probably there were not
+that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many
+blank spots in this network so what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank spots in this network so what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blank spots in this network so what they
+did you know they took all the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know they took all the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you know they took all the kinetic
+parameters they already measured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters they already measured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters they already measured it
+several times this is not such a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times this is not such a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times this is not such a large
+network they fitted that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network they fitted that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network they fitted that in
+and they started to do measurements they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started to do measurements they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they started to do measurements they
+actually measure came pretty well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure came pretty well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure came pretty well with
+pretty accurately how quickly proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurately how quickly proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty accurately how quickly proteins
+enter the nucleus this is the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the nucleus this is the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the nucleus this is the nucleus
+it's empty and then it's getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's empty and then it's getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's empty and then it's getting into
+the nucleus so they can measure it quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so they can measure it quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus so they can measure it quite
+accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately
+so the first question they had or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question they had or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first question they had or you
+have does the model produce time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have does the model produce time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have does the model produce time series
+results that fit the data and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that fit the data and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results that fit the data and they did
+all these experiments and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these experiments and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these experiments and these are the
+measurements and these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and these are the
+predictions and yes it seemed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and yes it seemed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions and yes it seemed that the
+model produced fairly good descriptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model produced fairly good descriptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model produced fairly good descriptions
+very accurate descriptions so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate descriptions so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very accurate descriptions so that is
+good news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good news
+now the next question you ask that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next question you ask that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the next question you ask that okay
+i describe a certain experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i describe a certain experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i describe a certain experimental
+setting but is the model robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but is the model robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting but is the model robust
+and how sensitivity to parameters but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how sensitivity to parameters but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how sensitivity to parameters but
+here's if you have the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's if you have the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's if you have the right
+ratio of parameters and measurements i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of parameters and measurements i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of parameters and measurements i'm
+sure you understand this you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand this you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you understand this you can always
+overfit the system you can always find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfit the system you can always find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overfit the system you can always find a
+set of parameters that will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameters that will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of parameters that will give you the
+right result now is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right result now is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right result now is this
+anything useful probably not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything useful probably not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything useful probably not because
+that's what you'd like to predict what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you'd like to predict what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you'd like to predict what's
+going to happen if you take a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen if you take a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen if you take a very
+different parameter parameter setting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameter parameter setting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parameter parameter setting or
+you put in a new drug or combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in a new drug or combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in a new drug or combinatorial
+treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment
+so what these people do and in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what these people do and in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what these people do and in this case
+you need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to do
+is check for sensitivity so robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check for sensitivity so robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is check for sensitivity so robustness
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you check
+the outcome of the behavior of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the behavior of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome of the behavior of the
+system whatever you measure for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whatever you measure for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system whatever you measure for example
+in this case how quick or what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case how quick or what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case how quick or what's the
+dynamic that things get into the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic that things get into the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic that things get into the nucleus
+and you start to play around with every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start to play around with every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you start to play around with every
+single parameter and ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parameter and ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single parameter and ask the question
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in what parameter range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what parameter range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in what parameter range
+do you still have the same result let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you still have the same result let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you still have the same result let's
+say with a 10 error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with a 10 error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with a 10 error
+so these are all the parameter settings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all the parameter settings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all the parameter settings
+these are individual perturbations these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are individual perturbations these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are individual perturbations these
+are perturbations on individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perturbations on individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perturbations on individual
+parameters at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters at the same time
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+still give you the same result with a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still give you the same result with a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still give you the same result with a 10
+error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so let's next step and if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's next step and if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so let's next step and if you are
+you know say see that well it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say see that well it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know say see that well it looks
+fairly good that you start to trust your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly good that you start to trust your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly good that you start to trust your
+description this is very robust that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description this is very robust that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description this is very robust that's
+that's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cool
+now the the next thing you need to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the next thing you need to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the next thing you need to do is
+actually can the model produce something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can the model produce something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually can the model produce something
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+for example a testable hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a testable hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example a testable hypothesis
+and that's what these guys did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what these guys did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what these guys did
+so they said well the model would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they said well the model would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they said well the model would
+predict that if you knock down this rcc1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that if you knock down this rcc1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict that if you knock down this rcc1
+protein that helps ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that helps ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein that helps ram
+to perform its function then it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform its function then it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to perform its function then it has to
+behave in a certain way and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a certain way and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave in a certain way and that's what
+they did they use the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they use the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did they use the temperature
+sensitive muted to knock that protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive muted to knock that protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive muted to knock that protein
+out and this is the measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this is the measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and this is the measured
+dynamic or kinetics of the nucleoside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic or kinetics of the nucleoside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic or kinetics of the nucleoside of
+the proteins getting into the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins getting into the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins getting into the nucleus
+often knocked down and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often knocked down and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often knocked down and this is the
+simulated so in this case actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated so in this case actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulated so in this case actually this
+describes the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes the system
+fairly well after you introduced a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well after you introduced a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly well after you introduced a very
+profound perturbation you know down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound perturbation you know down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound perturbation you know down a
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+so these are kind of the key steps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are kind of the key steps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are kind of the key steps you
+want to do in the case of following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in the case of following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do in the case of following
+and if you have all these things then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have all these things then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have all these things then
+you can assume or you have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume or you have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume or you have actually
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+fairly high confidence that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly high confidence that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly high confidence that's your
+network you describe your model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you describe your model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you describe your model is
+describing that at least that's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing that at least that's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing that at least that's some
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the simulation which you have on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simulation which you have on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the simulation which you have on
+the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom
+so you have two simulation states right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have two simulation states right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have two simulation states right
+that rcc one protein is present or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rcc one protein is present or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rcc one protein is present or
+absent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absent
+so that's what you have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what you have there
+and you have and you actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have and you actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have and you actually measure
+these things in uh the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in uh the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things in uh the presence of
+absence of morphine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without actually taking the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually taking the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually taking the parameters
+what is also gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is also gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is also gonna be
+before you actually do the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually do the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you actually do the experiment
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+you see i'm saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see i'm saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see i'm saying like
+can you actually predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you actually predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you actually predict
+that curve with others between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve with others between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve with others between the
+parameters this is not between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this is not between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this is not between the
+parameters you build the model you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you build the model you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you build the model you check
+for robustness and then you do not touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for robustness and then you do not touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for robustness and then you do not touch
+the model anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model anymore
+right then you start to do in silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you start to do in silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you start to do in silicon
+experiments say you know the analysis 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments say you know the analysis 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments say you know the analysis 0
+how does the system behave and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the system behave and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the system behave and then
+actually you measure whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you measure whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you measure whether the
+prediction was correct now after you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was correct now after you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction was correct now after you are
+done with five of these experiments say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with five of these experiments say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with five of these experiments say
+i have a fairly good model so you can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a fairly good model so you can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a fairly good model so you can i
+can start to play with this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to play with this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start to play with this thing
+and ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask the question
+introduce random changes what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce random changes what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce random changes what's the
+model that's going to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's going to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that's going to speed up
+and then the silicon is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the silicon is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the silicon is going to give
+you student answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you student answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you student answers
+and then you can pass those but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can pass those but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can pass those but the
+point is that and that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that and that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that and that's going to be
+like the last slide in this lecture that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the last slide in this lecture that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the last slide in this lecture that
+you're kind of trying to speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of trying to speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of trying to speed up the
+discovery process here of course every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery process here of course every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery process here of course every
+single time you need to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time you need to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single time you need to do the
+experiment but you can go through a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but you can go through a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but you can go through a much
+larger number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger number of
+possible experiments is cyclical than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible experiments is cyclical than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible experiments is cyclical than in
+in in vitro or individual okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in vitro or individual okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in vitro or individual okay
+so that's kind of i've introduced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of i've introduced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of i've introduced this
+concept or mentioned the robustness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or mentioned the robustness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or mentioned the robustness of
+robustness is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness is uh
+you know the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the relative
+sensitivity of a network to parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of a network to parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity of a network to parameters
+and this will answer the question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will answer the question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this will answer the question that
+this is a relatively small network this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively small network this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a relatively small network this
+was still you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still you know
+a couple of tens of parameters but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of tens of parameters but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of tens of parameters but what
+people are trying to do and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to do and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to do and there are
+companies that trying to do this there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that trying to do this there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that trying to do this there
+is some company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some company that
+my friends started five years ago it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends started five years ago it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friends started five years ago it's
+called gene network sciences their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gene network sciences their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called gene network sciences their
+physicists solid states physicists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists solid states physicists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists solid states physicists and
+they say well we can model very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well we can model very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say well we can model very large
+things and these guys actually build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these guys actually build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and these guys actually build
+networks on the order of a thousand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks on the order of a thousand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks on the order of a thousand or
+two thousand interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two thousand interacting
+things parameters proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things parameters proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things parameters proteins
+they use ordinary differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use ordinary differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they use ordinary differential equations
+and you know they will do forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they will do forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know they will do forward
+modeling forward simulations but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling forward simulations but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling forward simulations but if you
+think about this whole robustness issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this whole robustness issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this whole robustness issue
+or network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or network
+fitting parameter fitting well this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting parameter fitting well this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitting parameter fitting well this is
+going to be a problem right these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem right these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a problem right these are
+the time series data predicted by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time series data predicted by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time series data predicted by the
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+and you can actually do measurements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually do measurements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually do measurements of
+these things right so you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right so you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things right so you can start to
+see how well the simulations fit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how well the simulations fit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how well the simulations fit the
+experimental data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental data
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if you think about it you have very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it you have very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it you have very many
+parameters here you have only thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here you have only thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here you have only thousands
+of parameters here and they can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters here and they can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters here and they can change
+in all sorts of combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all sorts of combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all sorts of combinations
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so when you try to fit your model to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you try to fit your model to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you try to fit your model to the
+exponent of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent of the data
+if you lose them here you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lose them here you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you lose them here you have to
+tighten there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten there
+so this is a very very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very very complicated
+computer scientist will understand right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist will understand right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist will understand right
+away this is an intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is an intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away this is an intractable
+computational problem right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational problem right so if you
+think about like these parameters have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like these parameters have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like these parameters have
+only two values then it's gonna be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two values then it's gonna be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two values then it's gonna be and
+you have n parameters then what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have n parameters then what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have n parameters then what you have
+to go through exhaustively is 2 to the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through exhaustively is 2 to the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go through exhaustively is 2 to the m
+so it's very it's not doable so they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very it's not doable so they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very it's not doable so they use
+also the three genetic algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the three genetic algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the three genetic algorithms
+or whatnot but nobody has any idea right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatnot but nobody has any idea right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatnot but nobody has any idea right
+now about the landscape of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about the landscape of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about the landscape of this
+parameter space is this like really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space is this like really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter space is this like really have
+certain you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain you know
+optimal states or this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal states or this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal states or this kind of
+local optima and we're just playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local optima and we're just playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local optima and we're just playing
+around with these things and you'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with these things and you'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with these things and you'd like
+to know these things before you trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know these things before you trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know these things before you trust
+your model so you can play and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model so you can play and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your model so you can play and you can
+do relatively exhaustive searches for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do relatively exhaustive searches for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do relatively exhaustive searches for
+small networks but then you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small networks but then you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small networks but then you start to
+enter the realm of kind of realistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the realm of kind of realistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the realm of kind of realistic
+size networks of a thousand parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size networks of a thousand parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size networks of a thousand parameters
+you have no idea what you're where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what you're where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no idea what you're where you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+so that's what enters the whole issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what enters the whole issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what enters the whole issue of
+robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robustness
+if we understand what robustness means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we understand what robustness means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we understand what robustness means
+in these networks maybe you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these networks maybe you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these networks maybe you do not
+really need to worry about the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to worry about the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to worry about the actual
+parameter values that much because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values that much because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values that much because with
+the certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certain
+ranges the system has to behave the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the system has to behave the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges the system has to behave the very
+same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+yeah but you all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but you all know
+and there is some evidence for this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some evidence for this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is some evidence for this so
+there was a very nice paper from gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very nice paper from gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a very nice paper from gary
+odell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odell
+when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they
+took all the knowledge we have about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all the knowledge we have about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all the knowledge we have about the
+segment polarity network of drosophila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment polarity network of drosophila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment polarity network of drosophila
+so this is all the knowledge we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all the knowledge we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all the knowledge we know
+these are all the proteins that play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the proteins that play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the proteins that play
+wrong with and all the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with and all the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong with and all the regulatory
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they describe these things that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they describe these things that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they describe these things that they
+put you know listen to matlab and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you know listen to matlab and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put you know listen to matlab and they
+start to play with this and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to play with this and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to play with this and what they
+found they found two striking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found they found two striking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found they found two striking things
+one is that if you have this network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that if you have this network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that if you have this network
+parameter values essentially do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values essentially do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter values essentially do not
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+in the range of two to three orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of two to three orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the range of two to three orders of
+magnitude you could change any parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude you could change any parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude you could change any parameter
+setting you still have the same outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you still have the same outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting you still have the same outcome
+also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also
+this network behave in a robust way only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network behave in a robust way only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network behave in a robust way only
+if you introduce two regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you introduce two regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you introduce two regulatory
+interactions these two guys and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions these two guys and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions these two guys and when
+they looked harder they actually found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked harder they actually found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they looked harder they actually found
+evidence that those are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that those are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence that those are there
+so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the
+the the the key message or important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the key message or important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the key message or important
+message of this work was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of this work was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message of this work was
+that maybe it's mainly the topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it's mainly the topology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe it's mainly the topology
+that's going to determine how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to determine how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to determine how your
+network behaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network behaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network behaves
+people tried like andrew murray here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tried like andrew murray here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people tried like andrew murray here at
+cambridge at harvard tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge at harvard tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge at harvard tried to
+de-convolute the network um one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-convolute the network um one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-convolute the network um one of the
+question is that if you have a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that if you have a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that if you have a network
+that's robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's robust
+is this working the very same way as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this working the very same way as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this working the very same way as we
+understand in control theory so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in control theory so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand in control theory so we have
+models redundancy feedback loops or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models redundancy feedback loops or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models redundancy feedback loops or
+there is some sort of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some sort of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is some sort of another
+interesting you know topology at play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know topology at play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting you know topology at play
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+evolution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution uh
+developed or invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed or invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed or invented
+so they try to do this but but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they try to do this but but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they try to do this but but they
+still the essence of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the essence of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still the essence of this
+study was that the parameter values can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was that the parameter values can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study was that the parameter values can
+change a lot and you still have the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a lot and you still have the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change a lot and you still have the very
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+outcome so if this is true for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so if this is true for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome so if this is true for many
+biological networks or large networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological networks or large networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological networks or large networks
+and this is actually the way it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually the way it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually the way it's always
+designed although it will take a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed although it will take a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed although it will take a lot of
+work and a lot of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and a lot of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and a lot of independent
+confirmation then you do not really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation then you do not really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confirmation then you do not really need
+to worry that much about individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry that much about individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry that much about individual
+parameter fitting once you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter fitting once you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter fitting once you understand
+the topology and you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology and you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology and you have some sort of
+approximate feel about the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate feel about the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate feel about the individual
+parameters okay so that's kind of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so that's kind of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters okay so that's kind of good
+news and also that they could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and also that they could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news and also that they could make
+predictive they could make predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive they could make predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive they could make predictions
+so uh this is one of the key robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is one of the key robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is one of the key robustness
+is one of the key properties of a linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the key properties of a linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the key properties of a linked
+organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+oh this is the kind of semi-official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is the kind of semi-official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is the kind of semi-official
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+and okay so how does this work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so how does this work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so how does this work
+as we understand robustness is derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we understand robustness is derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we understand robustness is derived
+in control theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in control theory
+jumbo jet or three things you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo jet or three things you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumbo jet or three things you have
+feedback loops you have redundancy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops you have redundancy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loops you have redundancy and
+you have a modular design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you apply anything in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply anything in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you apply anything in the right
+combination the right way involving lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination the right way involving lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination the right way involving lots
+of lots of complicated math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of complicated math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lots of complicated math
+then you have probably a variable system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have probably a variable system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have probably a variable system
+we do not know whether we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know whether we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do not know whether we have some
+other design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other design
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+work in biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in biology
+in principle that's possible there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle that's possible there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle that's possible there are
+lots of race issues raised like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of race issues raised like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of race issues raised like
+it was raised that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was raised that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was raised that if you have a
+power law distribution of regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law distribution of regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power law distribution of regulatory
+interactions if you think about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions if you think about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions if you think about this
+grab this description right like small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this description right like small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this description right like small
+world nets you might have heard a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world nets you might have heard a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world nets you might have heard a lot
+about these things now these things do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things now these things do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these things now these things do
+not translate in any way into dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not translate in any way into dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not translate in any way into dynamic
+questions so nobody knows whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so nobody knows whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions so nobody knows whether this
+makes any sense or not but i'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any sense or not but i'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes any sense or not but i'm just
+throwing something at you that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing something at you that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing something at you that well
+maybe yes maybe if you have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yes maybe if you have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe yes maybe if you have some sort of
+you know parallel distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know parallel distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know parallel distribution
+regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory
+interactions uh then you know then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh then you know then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh then you know then
+maybe that's gonna be the key or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's gonna be the key or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's gonna be the key or some
+sort of design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of design
+nobody really understands why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really understands why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody really understands why the
+worldwide web works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide web works
+it's not supposed to work it works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supposed to work it works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supposed to work it works but
+nobody understands why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody understands why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody understands why
+there are some ideas but nobody can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some ideas but nobody can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some ideas but nobody can
+describe really the dynamics and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe really the dynamics and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe really the dynamics and it's
+not supposed to work the way it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to work the way it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not supposed to work the way it is
+described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described
+whether that it's that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that it's that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that it's that could be
+deconvoluted to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvoluted to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvoluted to describe
+the work of word by web why it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of word by web why it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of word by web why it works
+in into these categories into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into these categories into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in into these categories into these
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+or there is some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is some sort of a
+self-organizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing
+evolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolutionary
+principle at work that nobody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle at work that nobody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle at work that nobody knows
+lots of people like stu kaufman some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people like stu kaufman some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people like stu kaufman some
+other people who are kind of betting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who are kind of betting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who are kind of betting on
+these things that there is some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that there is some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that there is some kind of
+self-organizing evolution principle at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing evolution principle at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-organizing evolution principle at
+work here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here
+nobody understands that in real terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody understands that in real terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody understands that in real terms
+what that means but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means but
+as you understand there is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you understand there is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you understand there is kind of a
+philosophical or like a religious issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical or like a religious issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical or like a religious issue
+here that there is control theory as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that there is control theory as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that there is control theory as the
+nigeria puts together a robot system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigeria puts together a robot system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nigeria puts together a robot system and
+there is evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is evolution
+is the two things essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two things essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two things essentially the same
+or there is difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there is difference
+so how can you use robustness you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can you use robustness you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can you use robustness you can
+actually write with you can exploit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write with you can exploit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually write with you can exploit this
+for biology there was a very nice people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology there was a very nice people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for biology there was a very nice people
+from normal barca who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from normal barca who did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from normal barca who did
+if she they took uh drosophila again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she they took uh drosophila again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if she they took uh drosophila again
+it's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of interesting
+bone morphogenic proteins that prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone morphogenic proteins that prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bone morphogenic proteins that prepare
+you a cell which way to develop or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a cell which way to develop or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a cell which way to develop or not
+to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to develop
+are distributed especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributed especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are distributed especially
+in a well determined way so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a well determined way so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a well determined way so for example
+this is a protein this is the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a protein this is the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a protein this is the whole
+result of the egg certain proteins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the egg certain proteins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of the egg certain proteins are
+expressed only in the midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed only in the midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed only in the midline
+so this protein study was the top was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this protein study was the top was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this protein study was the top was
+front back uh ventral dorsal midline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front back uh ventral dorsal midline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front back uh ventral dorsal midline
+lateral you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral you know
+an animal so you think about it you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal so you think about it you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an animal so you think about it you you
+know look at this thing this is odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look at this thing this is odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know look at this thing this is odd
+right you'd expect things you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd expect things you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you'd expect things you know
+spreading out so how can this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading out so how can this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreading out so how can this thing
+happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen
+this is like a real description of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a real description of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a real description of the
+real distribution this is the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real distribution this is the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real distribution this is the central
+lateral distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral distribution
+so how can this thing happen so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can this thing happen so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can this thing happen so these
+are involving very very few proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involving very very few proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are involving very very few proteins
+three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four
+and they describe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they describe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they describe this
+in kind of a one dimensional way so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of a one dimensional way so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in kind of a one dimensional way so they
+kind of unfolded the animal so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unfolded the animal so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of unfolded the animal so this is
+the distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribution
+as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a
+central and lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central and lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central and lateral
+and what they did that well this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did that well this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did that well this is what
+we know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about this
+system we do not know the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we do not know the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system we do not know the parameters
+roughly though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly though
+let's generate a very large number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's generate a very large number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's generate a very large number of
+random networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random networks
+they generate like 60 000 random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate like 60 000 random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they generate like 60 000 random
+networks you can do it's relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks you can do it's relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks you can do it's relatively
+small network a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small network a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small network a couple of
+differential equations partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations partial
+differential equations and that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations and that has the
+question what are the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what are the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what are the common
+characteristics of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+networks relative to those that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks relative to those that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks relative to those that are not
+robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+and they came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they came up
+with a handful of observations screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a handful of observations screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a handful of observations screw
+which is a protein does not diffuse song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a protein does not diffuse song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a protein does not diffuse song
+which is another protein is not chopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another protein is not chopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is another protein is not chopped
+this thing has to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing has to break down
+and only the observed distribution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only the observed distribution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only the observed distribution is
+robust there was no distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust there was no distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust there was no distribution that
+was like flat and robust and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like flat and robust and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like flat and robust and we are
+talking about a very large number tens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a very large number tens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a very large number tens
+of thousands of randomly generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of randomly generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousands of randomly generated
+networks that retain the overall wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that retain the overall wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks that retain the overall wiring
+the topology but the parameter values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology but the parameter values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the topology but the parameter values
+were randomly changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomly changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were randomly changed
+so they came up with these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they came up with these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they came up with these two
+hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis
+and it showed that it's only the robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it showed that it's only the robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it showed that it's only the robots
+that robust networks must have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that robust networks must have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that robust networks must have these
+features and actually they could uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and actually they could uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and actually they could uh
+experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally
+verify this which is very very nice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this which is very very nice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify this which is very very nice so
+the idea again is that you can play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea again is that you can play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea again is that you can play
+around these networks ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these networks ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around these networks ask what's the
+common feature of robust networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common feature of robust networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common feature of robust networks and
+that will help you that will teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you that will teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will help you that will teach you
+something about the actual biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the actual biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about the actual biology
+present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of
+modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling
+based on ordinary differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on ordinary differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on ordinary differential equations
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real
+networks now you all know that until we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now you all know that until we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks now you all know that until we
+understand you'll understand that until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you'll understand that until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you'll understand that until
+we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really
+understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how
+parameter fitting is going to work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter fitting is going to work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter fitting is going to work and
+how the system works we cannot we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system works we cannot we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the system works we cannot we cannot
+really do very large scale modeling but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do very large scale modeling but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do very large scale modeling but
+there were other people who took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other people who took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were other people who took
+alternative approaches and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative approaches and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative approaches and they said
+well maybe we can understand something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we can understand something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well maybe we can understand something
+about the overall topology of networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the overall topology of networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the overall topology of networks
+if we take very rough models like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take very rough models like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take very rough models like
+boolean networks genes are on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean networks genes are on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean networks genes are on and off
+and the regular regulate each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regular regulate each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the regular regulate each other
+and they like snook off and leave glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they like snook off and leave glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they like snook off and leave glass
+they started in the 60s and they played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started in the 60s and they played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they started in the 60s and they played
+around with this and they wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with this and they wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with this and they wrote
+interesting books and they became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting books and they became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting books and they became very
+popular and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular and uh
+they were not really part of uh really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not really part of uh really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were not really part of uh really
+experimental science but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental science but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental science but nevertheless
+they produce some very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce some very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they produce some very interesting
+suggestions that kind of keep coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions that kind of keep coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions that kind of keep coming
+back so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back so let me
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+mention something a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention something a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention something a couple of things
+here briefly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here briefly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here briefly because
+as i said these things these boolean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said these things these boolean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i said these things these boolean
+networks never had anything to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks never had anything to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks never had anything to do with
+real description of biology they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real description of biology they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real description of biology they're very
+very far from that and they they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from that and they they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far from that and they they you
+know that was the 60s 70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that was the 60s 70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that was the 60s 70s
+they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made
+huge errors in their analysis they very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge errors in their analysis they very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge errors in their analysis they very
+much understand the kind of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much understand the kind of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much understand the kind of the gene
+expression space and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression space and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression space and so forth
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+they introduced a couple of concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced a couple of concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they introduced a couple of concepts
+which were not really exactly new but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were not really exactly new but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were not really exactly new but
+they showed that it's an important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that it's an important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that it's an important thing
+that if you have a boolean network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a boolean network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you have a boolean network
+things turn on off each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things turn on off each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things turn on off each other
+then it's a deterministic network then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a deterministic network then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's a deterministic network then
+depending on what's the average number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what's the average number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what's the average number
+of input per gene or per parameter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input per gene or per parameter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of input per gene or per parameter the
+system can display chaotic or organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can display chaotic or organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system can display chaotic or organized
+behavior chaotic behavior means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior chaotic behavior means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior chaotic behavior means that the
+system just keeps wandering about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just keeps wandering about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system just keeps wandering about in the
+whole gene expression space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gene expression space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole gene expression space
+organized behavior means that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized behavior means that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized behavior means that you have
+limited cycles or attractors limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited cycles or attractors limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited cycles or attractors limit
+cycles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles in
+continuous differential equations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous differential equations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous differential equations in
+boolean networks you have attractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean networks you have attractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean networks you have attractors
+which means that it doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it doesn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that it doesn't really
+matter what's the initial parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what's the initial parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what's the initial parameter
+setting in terms of you know individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in terms of you know individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting in terms of you know individuals
+on or off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on or off
+the system tends to fall towards the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system tends to fall towards the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system tends to fall towards the
+tractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tractors
+this is not new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not new
+because people knew that this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people knew that this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people knew that this thing
+exists but the concept that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but the concept that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but the concept that these
+attractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors
+can behave or can display very um robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can behave or can display very um robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can behave or can display very um robust
+properties is is still very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties is is still very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties is is still very important
+now is this important or not and then at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this important or not and then at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this important or not and then at
+that time stu goffman is a very a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time stu goffman is a very a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time stu goffman is a very a very
+interesting kind i mean just you know he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind i mean just you know he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting kind i mean just you know he
+didn't do any experiments in his 70s he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do any experiments in his 70s he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't do any experiments in his 70s he
+came up with a set of papers and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a set of papers and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with a set of papers and it's
+just it's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's just uh
+it's very it's interactively very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very it's interactively very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very it's interactively very
+entertaining what he did he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining what he did he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertaining what he did he
+actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suggested that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested that
+differentiation states are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation states are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation states are essentially
+different attractors and during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different attractors and during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different attractors and during
+malignant transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malignant transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malignant transformation
+development of cancer cells go from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of cancer cells go from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development of cancer cells go from a
+normal attractor towards a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal attractor towards a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal attractor towards a
+you know malignant and a new attractor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know malignant and a new attractor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know malignant and a new attractor
+and then they will stay there whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they will stay there whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they will stay there whatever
+you do or you have to change a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do or you have to change a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do or you have to change a lot of
+things to drive it back to normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to drive it back to normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to drive it back to normal
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+there might be some evidence this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some evidence this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some evidence this is
+actually true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually true
+you heard about gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heard about gene expression
+measurements and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if authentic group did they took cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if authentic group did they took cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if authentic group did they took cancer
+breast cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breast cancer
+samples from patients before treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples from patients before treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples from patients before treatment
+after treatment and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after treatment and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after treatment and from
+the metastasis of of the same tumor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metastasis of of the same tumor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metastasis of of the same tumor in
+the same patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same patient
+and they measure gene expression parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measure gene expression parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they measure gene expression parents
+and then well if you look at cancer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then well if you look at cancer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then well if you look at cancer you
+might have heard about it you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard about it you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard about it you might be
+aware of that you have unemployed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that you have unemployed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of that you have unemployed the
+completely messed up uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely messed up uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely messed up uh you know
+genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+um chromosomes recombined in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chromosomes recombined in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um chromosomes recombined in a
+completely random fashion and you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random fashion and you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random fashion and you'd
+expect that well yeah the same tumor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that well yeah the same tumor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that well yeah the same tumor is
+going to keep changing a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep changing a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep changing a lot
+well based on this it seemed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well based on this it seemed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well based on this it seemed that this
+is not the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the case
+a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tumor
+in a given patient is always going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given patient is always going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a given patient is always going to be
+very very similar to the two more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar to the two more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very similar to the two more in the
+same patient given at a different time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same patient given at a different time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same patient given at a different time
+point or during metastasis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or during metastasis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point or during metastasis
+whatever you do a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you do a capital
+interval genius fashion i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval genius fashion i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval genius fashion i'm sorry
+genetic fashion parents and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic fashion parents and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic fashion parents and they're
+going to be very different from somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very different from somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very different from somebody
+else so it seemed that once a tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so it seemed that once a tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else so it seemed that once a tumor
+develops it finds a new stable state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops it finds a new stable state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develops it finds a new stable state
+it's going to stay there it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to stay there it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to stay there it's not going
+to wonder about and now there's lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wonder about and now there's lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wonder about and now there's lots of
+evidence well different lands were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence well different lands were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence well different lands were
+different cell lines and certain cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cell lines and certain cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cell lines and certain cell
+lines that have been established for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that have been established for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that have been established for a
+long time and unless you introduce very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and unless you introduce very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and unless you introduce very
+huge genetic changes they are pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge genetic changes they are pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge genetic changes they are pretty
+similar to each other they are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other they are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to each other they are always
+much more similar to each other than say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more similar to each other than say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more similar to each other than say
+anything else so it seems that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else so it seems that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else so it seems that the
+genetic network and this kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic network and this kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic network and this kind of makes
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+finds a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds a new
+robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust
+stable state and then it tends to stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable state and then it tends to stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable state and then it tends to stay
+tends to stay there because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to stay there because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to stay there because if you
+introduce individual small perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce individual small perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce individual small perturbations
+the system can fix itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system can fix itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system can fix itself
+so this is pretty much very similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty much very similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is pretty much very similar to
+what they suggested you have strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they suggested you have strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they suggested you have strong
+attractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractors
+now is this useful not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this useful not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this useful not this
+representation we do not know but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we do not know but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation we do not know but you
+can ask questions like how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask questions like how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask questions like how many
+perturbations do you need to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations do you need to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbations do you need to introduce
+to drive the system from one attractor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive the system from one attractor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drive the system from one attractor
+to another one and if it shows that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one and if it shows that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another one and if it shows that for
+a large network you cannot do it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large network you cannot do it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large network you cannot do it with
+less than 100 perturbations well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 100 perturbations well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 100 perturbations well that
+would suggest a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest a very different
+therapeutic strategy than if you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic strategy than if you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapeutic strategy than if you can do
+it with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with one
+or which things you need to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which things you need to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or which things you need to change
+things that are highly connected or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are highly connected or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are highly connected or or
+intermediate connected so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate connected so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate connected so you can
+actually these representations might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these representations might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually these representations might
+teach you something about the robustness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you something about the robustness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you something about the robustness
+of the network that's why i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network that's why i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the network that's why i wanted to
+mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention
+also i want to warn you for a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i want to warn you for a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also i want to warn you for a couple of
+things like learn a couple of things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like learn a couple of things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like learn a couple of things uh
+one of you about things like uh when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you about things like uh when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of you about things like uh when we
+talk about modeling we always talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about modeling we always talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about modeling we always talk about
+like a single cell what's happening in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single cell what's happening in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a single cell what's happening in
+that cell and which way it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell and which way it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cell and which way it's going to
+develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+you shouldn't forget that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't forget that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't forget that whenever
+measurements you do whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you do whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you do whatever
+measurements you do you always work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you do you always work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements you do you always work with
+population average data this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population average data this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population average data this kind of
+leads back to guess this is the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads back to guess this is the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads back to guess this is the issue
+let me just show you this very nice set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you this very nice set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show you this very nice set
+of experiment did by jim ferrell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment did by jim ferrell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment did by jim ferrell
+when he when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he when they
+measure the june kinase activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the june kinase activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the june kinase activity
+of individual xenophobic sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual xenophobic sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of individual xenophobic sites
+and uh actually he had to do this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh actually he had to do this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh actually he had to do this whole
+experiment himself although he's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment himself although he's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment himself although he's like a
+well-established full professor because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-established full professor because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-established full professor because
+there was no student in his lab who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no student in his lab who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no student in his lab who's
+willing to do the following experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do the following experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to do the following experiment
+so what they did is that they measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did is that they measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they did is that they measured
+june kinase activity on the progesterone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+june kinase activity on the progesterone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+june kinase activity on the progesterone
+treatment this is those response curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment this is those response curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment this is those response curve
+in a population of xenophosocites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population of xenophosocites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a population of xenophosocites
+and what happened is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happened is that
+they chose this very nice it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose this very nice it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they chose this very nice it was
+responsible with the whole key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible with the whole key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible with the whole key
+coefficient one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient one
+now the problem was that this was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem was that this was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the problem was that this was very
+far from what he thought was the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from what he thought was the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far from what he thought was the case
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so he asked some of the students to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked some of the students to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he asked some of the students to
+actually measure the junkies activity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure the junkies activity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure the junkies activity on
+individual other sides that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual other sides that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual other sides that's a lot of
+work instead of you know running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work instead of you know running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work instead of you know running a
+single western you have to run a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single western you have to run a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single western you have to run a hundred
+different westerns for individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different westerns for individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different westerns for individual
+medical suicides so he started to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical suicides so he started to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical suicides so he started to you
+know take individual sites right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take individual sites right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know take individual sites right and
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+and it actually he had a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually he had a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually he had a very strong
+assumption what he was expecting that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption what he was expecting that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption what he was expecting that's
+why he you know invested all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he you know invested all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why he you know invested all the time
+but what he found is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he found is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what he found is that
+for an individual size they're either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an individual size they're either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an individual size they're either
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+inactivated or activated with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivated or activated with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivated or activated with a very
+sharp dose response curve with the hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp dose response curve with the hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp dose response curve with the hair
+coefficient of close to 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of close to 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of close to 100
+you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a
+strong positive feedback loop there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong positive feedback loop there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong positive feedback loop there so
+the point is that what you see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that what you see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that what you see here is
+like an average because each other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an average because each other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an average because each other side
+exactly at a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly at a slightly different
+concentration but what you have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but what you have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration but what you have in a
+single system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single system
+is a strong positive feedback loop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strong positive feedback loop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a strong positive feedback loop so
+when you do and describe the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do and describe the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do and describe the system and
+when you try to do reverse engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to do reverse engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to do reverse engineering
+if you go with population average data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go with population average data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go with population average data
+your reverse engineering is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reverse engineering is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reverse engineering is going to
+give you a real coefficient of one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a real coefficient of one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a real coefficient of one or
+some sort of a description although this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a description although this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of a description although this
+is what reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what reality is
+and this is what you should do for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you should do for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you should do for your
+modeling if you want to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling if you want to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling if you want to describe the
+system correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system correctly
+right so this is kind of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is kind of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is kind of another
+warning how complicated biology is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning how complicated biology is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning how complicated biology is that
+most measurements we are doing right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most measurements we are doing right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most measurements we are doing right now
+is grinding down a lot of cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is grinding down a lot of cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is grinding down a lot of cells and
+you're doing sort of some sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing sort of some sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing sort of some sort of the
+population average measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population average measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population average measurement
+yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh yeah actually he decomposed in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah actually he decomposed in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah actually he decomposed in that
+publishing paper he showed exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing paper he showed exactly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing paper he showed exactly why
+you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have that
+and there is a feedback parameter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a feedback parameter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is a feedback parameter that
+you can he can he you can tweak and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can he can he you can tweak and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can he can he you can tweak and you
+can actually show that you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually show that you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually show that you can uh
+completely change the history of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely change the history of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely change the history of this
+curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely
+absolutely the the difference there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the the difference there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the the difference there is
+that this is a real network and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a real network and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is a real network and what
+these guys are doing their kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are doing their kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys are doing their kind of
+energy they put it in yeah and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they put it in yeah and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they put it in yeah and that's
+what uh jim collins is doing at bu this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh jim collins is doing at bu this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what uh jim collins is doing at bu this
+guy jim ferrell did for an actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy jim ferrell did for an actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy jim ferrell did for an actually
+existing network and how he was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing network and how he was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing network and how he was kind of
+tweaking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweaking that
+in individual feedback uh parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in individual feedback uh parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in individual feedback uh parameter
+you have seen that so that was kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen that so that was kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have seen that so that was kind of
+modularity and this is the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity and this is the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modularity and this is the positive
+feedback loop here it's kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop here it's kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback loop here it's kind of uh
+deconvolted here is important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolted here is important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deconvolted here is important to
+understand or not well this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or not well this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand or not well this is very
+something very simple but this might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple but this might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something very simple but this might be
+very useful for drug development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for drug development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful for drug development
+because the concept is simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the concept is simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the concept is simple
+you do not want to design a drug that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not want to design a drug that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not want to design a drug that's
+going to interfere with something inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere with something inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interfere with something inside
+a feedback loop right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feedback loop right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feedback loop right
+that's why it's a feedback loop so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a feedback loop so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's a feedback loop so if
+you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep
+an input there that's kind of uh going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input there that's kind of uh going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an input there that's kind of uh going
+down the drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the drain
+so if you understand this network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you understand this network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you understand this network and
+you understand you have feedback loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand you have feedback loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand you have feedback loops
+you want to that would give you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to that would give you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to that would give you very
+strong indications where to design drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong indications where to design drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong indications where to design drugs
+or where to interfere with the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where to interfere with the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or where to interfere with the system
+because it's some st certificate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's some st certificate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's some st certificate it
+makes sense in other case when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense in other case when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense in other case when you are
+inside the feedback loop it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the feedback loop it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the feedback loop it doesn't make
+any sense to put in too much effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to put in too much effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sense to put in too much effort
+okay so one more the last thing is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one more the last thing is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one more the last thing is i
+want to mention is constraint based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention is constraint based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention is constraint based
+models so these things are very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so these things are very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so these things are very very
+very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very complicated
+dynamic networks and you know there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic networks and you know there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic networks and you know there are
+lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of
+problems involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems involved
+and is there a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is there a kind of a
+simple way or smart way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way or smart way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way or smart way
+to make a shortcut and learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a shortcut and learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a shortcut and learning
+something about biology with much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about biology with much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about biology with much less
+effort and those are the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and those are the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort and those are the constraint
+based models those are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based models those are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based models those are essentially
+there's nothing they are like flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing they are like flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing they are like flux
+balance analysis and these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance analysis and these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance analysis and these things are
+have been around for ages for chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around for ages for chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been around for ages for chemical
+engineers and they are useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and they are useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and they are useful for
+certain things they are essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things they are essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things they are essentially the
+beefed up version of kirchhoff's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beefed up version of kirchhoff's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beefed up version of kirchhoff's law
+stating that if you have a metabolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating that if you have a metabolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating that if you have a metabolic
+network for example then whatever goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network for example then whatever goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network for example then whatever goes
+into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a
+node that has to come out otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that has to come out otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that has to come out otherwise the
+system is going to explode or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to explode or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is going to explode or that
+metabolite is going to disappear right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite is going to disappear right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite is going to disappear right
+these are not dynamic things all you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not dynamic things all you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not dynamic things all you are
+describing is that at every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing is that at every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing is that at every single
+metabolite node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolite node
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the the flux the net flux has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the flux the net flux has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the flux the net flux has to be zero
+and then you have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have a set of
+linear equations and of course usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations and of course usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations and of course usually
+you have much more parameters than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much more parameters than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have much more parameters than
+linear equations but at least we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations but at least we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations but at least we're
+going to start at the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at the question
+and uh that's what bernard paul's group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's what bernard paul's group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh that's what bernard paul's group
+has been doing for a while and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been doing for a while and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been doing for a while and they did
+very interesting uh things for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting uh things for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting uh things for example
+they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed
+that if this is like the uh flux cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this is like the uh flux cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this is like the uh flux cone
+which is i'm sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is i'm sure that
+those of you this chemical engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you this chemical engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you this chemical engineering
+are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are familiar with
+uh this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this gives you the
+underneath the flux cone you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the flux cone you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the flux cone you can have
+you have all the possible or allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the possible or allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have all the possible or allowed
+solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions
+i mean you can since you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can since you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can since you have more
+equations that you have more parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you have more parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that you have more parameters
+and equations there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equations there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equations there are many different
+combinations of the parameters that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the parameters that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of the parameters that give
+you the solution so the animal can live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the solution so the animal can live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the solution so the animal can live
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+underneath this anywhere underneath this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this anywhere underneath this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath this anywhere underneath this
+flux balance code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux balance code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux balance code
+the interesting thing they hypothesized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing they hypothesized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting thing they hypothesized
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that evolution optimizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in other words the animal is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the animal is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the animal is going to
+live on the edge produce maximum energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the edge produce maximum energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live on the edge produce maximum energy
+with a certain number of with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain number of with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain number of with certain
+amount of oxygen input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of oxygen input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of oxygen input
+and actually they measured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually they measured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually they measured it
+they took the metabolic network of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the metabolic network of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the metabolic network of e
+coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coli
+that's fairly well described you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly well described you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fairly well described you have
+essentially the entire e-coli network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the entire e-coli network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the entire e-coli network
+around and you can download it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you can download it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and you can download it and you
+can play with this and that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with this and that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can play with this and that's pretty
+well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known
+and that's simple right just linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simple right just linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's simple right just linear
+equations you solve it and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you solve it and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations you solve it and then you have
+an idea where what are the allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea where what are the allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea where what are the allowed
+parameter combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter combinations
+these are very simple combinations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very simple combinations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are very simple combinations of
+these like just stoichiometric numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like just stoichiometric numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these like just stoichiometric numbers
+right how many things go in and come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many things go in and come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how many things go in and come out
+and then you simply measure that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you simply measure that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you simply measure that if you
+take you measure the oxygen input or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you measure the oxygen input or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you measure the oxygen input or the
+energy source for growth how fast is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source for growth how fast is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source for growth how fast is
+mass produced how fast the animal grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass produced how fast the animal grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass produced how fast the animal grows
+they show that it is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show that it is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they show that it is always
+living on the edge so it's optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on the edge so it's optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living on the edge so it's optimizing
+and when you are switching from any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you are switching from any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you are switching from any one
+energy source to another one it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source to another one it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy source to another one it's going
+to find the other edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the other edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the other edge
+and if you do the experiment 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the experiment 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the experiment 10
+different times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times
+the animal is going to take very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal is going to take very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the animal is going to take very
+different routes to get there if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different routes to get there if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different routes to get there if you
+keep taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep taking
+time serious points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time serious points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time serious points
+during um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during um
+the development it's finding the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development it's finding the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development it's finding the new
+edge but it's always arriving to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but it's always arriving to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge but it's always arriving to the new
+edge and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and it's going to
+find that new stable optimal growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that new stable optimal growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that new stable optimal growth
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+so this is actually very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually very interesting
+because this is an entirely non-dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an entirely non-dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is an entirely non-dynamic
+description it's a very simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's a very simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description it's a very simplified
+description but it teaches you something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but it teaches you something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but it teaches you something
+very important about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+biology of e coli and it can be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of e coli and it can be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology of e coli and it can be very
+useful for example for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for example for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for example for um
+chemical engineers who are working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineers who are working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical engineers who are working in
+fermentation this is very important you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation this is very important you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermentation this is very important you
+can really optimize the production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really optimize the production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really optimize the production of
+certain type of proteins if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of proteins if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type of proteins if you
+understand the metabolic network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the metabolic network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the metabolic network
+underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath
+so one more thing is just the end that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one more thing is just the end that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one more thing is just the end that
+this is not entirely new and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not entirely new and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not entirely new and this is a
+very old paper it's not actually an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old paper it's not actually an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very old paper it's not actually an
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+people described like the coagulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people described like the coagulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people described like the coagulation
+pathway that has been known for a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that has been known for a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway that has been known for a long
+time and you can actually describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can actually describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and you can actually describe
+pretty well so of course modeling has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so of course modeling has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well so of course modeling has
+been around in biology as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around in biology as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been around in biology as well
+uh it just we didn't have that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just we didn't have that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it just we didn't have that much
+measurements and there was certainly no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and there was certainly no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements and there was certainly no
+public or private funding to do all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or private funding to do all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public or private funding to do all the
+experiments and so this is what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and so this is what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and so this is what we are
+heading so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heading so
+traditionally biology tried to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally biology tried to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally biology tried to predict
+things and did the experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and did the experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and did the experiments and
+people did everything in their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did everything in their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people did everything in their head
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+based on their intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on their intuition
+and what we are trying to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we are trying to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we are trying to do here is
+kind of speed up or make it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of speed up or make it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of speed up or make it more
+efficient this process you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this process you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient this process you have the
+process you have the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you have the experiment
+you have to prediction you do modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to prediction you do modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to prediction you do modeling
+in between that's going in silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between that's going in silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between that's going in silicon
+you're off lots of alternative solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're off lots of alternative solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're off lots of alternative solutions
+you throw out all the obviously wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw out all the obviously wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw out all the obviously wrong
+solutions and you just experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you just experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you just experimentally
+test the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test the ones
+that are supported by your model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supported by your model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are supported by your model and
+they kind of can speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of can speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of can speed up
+designing of new therapeutic approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing of new therapeutic approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing of new therapeutic approaches
+for example combinatorial treatment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example combinatorial treatment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example combinatorial treatment
+which is very difficult if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very difficult if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very difficult if you think
+about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it
+combating an explosion explosion of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combating an explosion explosion of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combating an explosion explosion of all
+potential treatments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential treatments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential treatments
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you um
+see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see any
+with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um
+i just like the parallel that came out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just like the parallel that came out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just like the parallel that came out
+of the paper in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the paper in terms of
+the physics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics of
+kinetic gas theory and just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic gas theory and just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic gas theory and just in the
+dynamic institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i i haven't seen any experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i haven't seen any experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i haven't seen any experimental
+verification one way or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification one way or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification one way or another
+most of these approaches actually were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these approaches actually were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of these approaches actually were
+done by physicists like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by physicists like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done by physicists like
+um people described large brilliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people described large brilliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um people described large brilliant
+networks based on spin glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks based on spin glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks based on spin glasses
+and then now they said it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now they said it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then now they said it's going to
+behave something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you can formulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can formulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can formulate
+experimental testable hypothesis based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental testable hypothesis based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental testable hypothesis based
+on that and then you do the experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and then you do the experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that and then you do the experiments
+and you see this is the way it works it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this is the way it works it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see this is the way it works it
+doesn't work that's great the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work that's great the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work that's great the problem is
+that there are some theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some theoretical
+approaches that physicists work out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that physicists work out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches that physicists work out that
+just cannot be translated into anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot be translated into anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cannot be translated into anything
+biologically tested that's my only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically tested that's my only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologically tested that's my only
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+and those are not that of course those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are not that of course those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are not that of course those
+are not that obvious how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's a good question obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good question obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's a good question obviously
+and that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's uh
+i mean if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if i
+if you were here at the when i talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were here at the when i talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were here at the when i talked
+about microarray measurements or noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about microarray measurements or noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about microarray measurements or noise
+others are pretty noisy measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are pretty noisy measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others are pretty noisy measurements
+right so you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you can do it
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if you want to do perimeter fitting or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do perimeter fitting or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to do perimeter fitting or
+microwave i wouldn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave i wouldn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave i wouldn't do it
+microarray is compressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray is compressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray is compressing
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if you can guess pretty well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can guess pretty well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can guess pretty well what's
+going up or down right now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up or down right now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up or down right now that's
+already a nice achievement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a nice achievement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a nice achievement
+one can play with this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can play with this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one can play with this and
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+microwave is improving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave is improving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave is improving and
+we are certainly thinking about shares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are certainly thinking about shares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are certainly thinking about shares
+showing for example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing for example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing for example that
+based on certain chips like half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on certain chips like half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on certain chips like half of the
+f matrix probes are wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f matrix probes are wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f matrix probes are wrong
+they are just not what they are supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are just not what they are supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are just not what they are supposed
+to be and if you throw those out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and if you throw those out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be and if you throw those out you
+have very good quality measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good quality measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good quality measurements
+so one can you know improve this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one can you know improve this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one can you know improve this type of
+measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement
+but right now if you just take any micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now if you just take any micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but right now if you just take any micro
+measurement from literature or yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement from literature or yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement from literature or yourself
+and you want to do on primary fitting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do on primary fitting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to do on primary fitting on
+that that's essentially noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's essentially noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's essentially noise
+propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation
+if your question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your question is
+that i do a modeling i have a fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i do a modeling i have a fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i do a modeling i have a fairly
+good description of the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of the model
+very large network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very large network
+and my microphone measurement can give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my microphone measurement can give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my microphone measurement can give
+you within 95 confidence who goes up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you within 95 confidence who goes up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you within 95 confidence who goes up or
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+and my prediction is just going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my prediction is just going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my prediction is just going to be
+from the model for many proteins who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model for many proteins who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the model for many proteins who
+goes up or down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up or down
+and you match it in a probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you match it in a probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you match it in a probabilistic
+fashion to the outcome of the microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion to the outcome of the microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion to the outcome of the microarray
+in that case yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case yes
+and that's that is being done and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that is being done and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's that is being done and that's
+a useful approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a useful approach
+because you have a very large network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a very large network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have a very large network
+and what you want to say that i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you want to say that i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you want to say that i want to
+predict how most or many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how most or many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict how most or many of the
+parameters are going to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are going to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters are going to change
+and if i can tell you who goes up or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can tell you who goes up or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i can tell you who goes up or
+down even without giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down even without giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down even without giving you
+very good quality numbers that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good quality numbers that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good quality numbers that's going
+to be something very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something very useful
+so that's something actually i had must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something actually i had must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something actually i had must
+have had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a
+extra slide somewhere which is yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra slide somewhere which is yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra slide somewhere which is yeah and
+actually i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i do
+that was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was it
+kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh
+predicted what i want to say so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted what i want to say so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted what i want to say so there
+are there's a lot of input data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a lot of input data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there's a lot of input data
+when you have very good quality models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have very good quality models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have very good quality models
+and there are other ways of going that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other ways of going that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other ways of going that
+high throughput data that are like not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high throughput data that are like not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high throughput data that are like not
+that high quality and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high quality and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that high quality and you can do
+probabilistic modeling you can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic modeling you can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic modeling you can create
+you have one network and you create lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one network and you create lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one network and you create lots
+of alternative networks when individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alternative networks when individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alternative networks when individual
+parameter changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter changes
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+you just keep pruning that tree which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just keep pruning that tree which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just keep pruning that tree which
+model is giving you the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is giving you the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is giving you the best
+fit to that low quality microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to that low quality microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit to that low quality microarray
+measurement so in that case yes you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so in that case yes you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement so in that case yes you can
+you can use it for parameter fitting i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it for parameter fitting i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use it for parameter fitting i
+wouldn't do it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pZEjVRqe-N4.txt b/pZEjVRqe-N4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65139c278f39a0501173ae82a12106082d4b0a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pZEjVRqe-N4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1795 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, so we
+started talking about
+
+transition metals, and at the
+end of last time we'd given an
+
+introduction to all the sort of
+nomenclature and things you
+
+need to know, and we had just
+gotten up to d orbitals, and
+
+when you're talking about
+transition metals you're
+
+talking about d orbitals.
+
+So, we're going to start with a
+little review of d orbitals,
+
+some of you have seen
+this before, maybe
+
+some of you have not.
+
+But here is what you're
+going to need to
+
+know about the d orbitals.
+
+You need to know the names of
+all the d orbitals, you should
+
+be able to draw the shapes of
+the d orbitals, and so the bar
+
+is not too high for this.
+
+You see the drawings that are
+in your handouts, you should
+
+be able to do about that
+well, it doesn't
+
+have to be super fancy.
+
+But you should be able to draw
+their shapes, and you should
+
+also be able to recognize which
+d orbital it is -- if
+
+you have a picture of different
+d orbitals, you
+
+should be able to name
+that d orbital.
+
+So let's just review what the
+d orbitals look like.
+
+And in this class, we're always
+going to have the same
+
+reference frame, so we're
+always going to have the
+
+z-axis up and down, the y-axis
+is horizontal, and the x-axis
+
+is coming out of the board
+and going into the board.
+
+So, we'll always use that
+same description.
+
+It'll often be given, but if
+it's not, you can assume
+
+that's what we're
+talking about.
+
+So, the first d orbital we'll
+consider is d z squared.
+
+It has its maximum amplitude
+along the z-axis, and it also
+
+has a little donut
+in the x y plane.
+
+So, d x squared minus y squared
+has its maximum
+
+amplitude along the x and the
+y axis, so directly on-axis
+
+for this particular d orbital.
+
+The next sets of d orbitals have
+their maximum amplitudes
+
+off-axis, so they don't
+correspond directly to the
+
+axes that I just mentioned,
+they're, in
+
+fact, 45 degrees off-axis.
+
+So we have the d y z shown here,
+d x z shown here, so
+
+maximum amplitude 45 degrees off
+z and x axes, and then z
+
+-- these pictures are a little
+bit complicated to see -- d x
+
+y, so it's 45 degrees off
+of the x and the y.
+
+And so, here I tried to draw
+them all in the same
+
+orientation of axes, which is
+a little bit difficult.
+
+So now let's look at them in
+terms of where they're drawn
+
+so you can kind of see them a
+little bit better, and so why
+
+don't you try to learn to
+recognize all of these.
+
+So, what is this one called?
+d z squared.
+
+What is this one, so its maximum
+amplitude is along x
+
+and y? d x squared
+minus y squared.
+
+I think this picture might be
+a little -- you might have
+
+somewhat aversion later on, but
+this is just good practice
+
+for you in recognizing them.
+
+So here we have one 45 degrees
+off-axis, which one is this?
+
+Yup.
+
+And this one over here?
+
+Yup.
+
+So, y z.
+
+And this last one here?
+
+Yup, we have the x z,
+so it's going up and
+
+down for the for z-axis.
+
+So, a little more
+practice now.
+
+To show what these look like
+again, you want to think in
+
+three dimensions, and on paper
+and in most the time in
+
+Powerpoint you're not in three
+dimension, so here's a little
+
+movie in three dimensions.
+
+Here you can really see that
+donut, so this is d x squared
+
+-- see the maximum amplitude
+along z-axis here, and down
+
+here, and the little donut
+in the x y plane.
+
+So this one is d x squared
+minus y squared.
+
+The maximum amplitudes are right
+directly along axis, so
+
+that allows you to distinguish
+it from d x y.
+
+So when it's on-axis
+here, it's the x
+
+squared minus y squared.
+
+So moving along here, so this is
+d x y, so you see that it's
+
+in that axis but it's not
+directly on-axis -- the
+
+maximum amplitude is 45 degrees
+off, so the orbitals
+
+are in between the axes there.
+
+Now we're looking at one that
+has a z in it, and it looks
+
+like it's x z, so that's where
+our maximum amplitude is
+
+between the x and the z-axes,
+45 degrees off.
+
+And our last one, we
+have y and z here.
+
+Again, 45 degrees off-axis
+between the y-axis and z-axis.
+
+So, hopefully these little
+movies will help cement in
+
+your brain, what the shapes
+of these d orbitals are.
+
+All right, so that's d orbitals,
+and we're going to
+
+be mentioning d orbitals in
+every lecture in this, and you
+
+have to be thinking about what
+the shapes of the d orbitals
+
+are to talk about today's
+topic, which is
+
+crystal field theory.
+
+So, there are two types of
+theories that you may hear of
+
+and that your book mentions --
+crystal field theory, and
+
+ligand field theory, and like
+most things that you learn
+
+about in freshman chemistry, the
+theories were developed to
+
+explain experimental
+information.
+
+So there are special properties
+of coordination
+
+complexes, so that's where you
+have a transition metal in the
+
+middle and you have ligands
+all around it, so you have
+
+these coordination complexes
+and they have special
+
+properties.
+
+And so people wanted to try to
+rationalize these special
+
+properties and they came up
+with these two theories.
+
+So, the basic idea behind these
+theories is that when
+
+you place a metal ion with the
+particular oxidation number in
+
+the center of a coordination
+sphere, and you have all these
+
+ligands, these donor ligands,
+all surrounding them, that the
+
+energy of the d orbitals is
+going to be altered by the
+
+position of those ligands.
+
+So it's all about the d
+orbitals, and the d orbitals
+
+are going to experience some
+influence from these ligands,
+
+these donor ligands that are
+surrounding the metal.
+
+So then, between these two
+theories that are used to
+
+explain how these d orbitals
+are being affected.
+
+The crystal field theory is
+based on an ionic description,
+
+so it considers the ligands
+as negative point charges.
+
+It's a very simplified model,
+whereas as the ligand field
+
+theory considers covalent, as
+well as ionic aspects of
+
+coordination.
+
+It's more powerful it's more
+useful, but it's also a bit
+
+more complex, and so we don't
+cover it in this of course,
+
+and if you go on and take the
+first level of inorganic
+
+chemistry, which is 503, then
+you'll hear about this.
+
+But for this course, we're
+just going to talk about
+
+crystal field theory.
+
+Even though it's very much
+of a simplified model, it
+
+actually works very well.
+
+You can explain quite a few
+properties of coordination
+
+complexes just using this
+simplified method.
+
+So, crystal field theory,
+again, very simple.
+
+It's just considering the
+ionic interactions, it
+
+considers the ligands as
+negative point charges.
+
+And so, the basic idea is that
+ligands, as negative point
+
+charges, are going to have
+repulsive effects if they get
+
+close to the d orbitals.
+
+So here is a drawing of a metal,
+and so this is metal
+
+abbreviated m, its oxidation
+number is m plus here, and it
+
+has ligands all around it.
+
+What is the geometry here?
+
+It's octahedral geometry.
+
+And so we have ligands up and
+down along z, ligands along y,
+
+and a ligand going back
+along x, and a ligand
+
+coming out along x.
+
+And so here's another picture
+of the same thing, the metal
+
+is in the middle, and the
+ligands -- in this case, you
+
+have these ammonia ligands or
+these little negative point
+
+charges, which are all
+along the axes.
+
+You have four along the
+equatorial, and one up and one
+
+down, so this is the octahedral
+geometry.
+
+And so you can just think about
+each of these ligands as
+
+negative point charges.
+
+And so, if the negative point
+charge is pointing right
+
+toward a d orbital, that'll
+be very repulsive.
+
+If it's not it's
+less repulsive.
+
+That's the whole idea behind
+this crystal field theory.
+
+So, here again, is just another
+little picture, so you
+
+can kind of get the idea that
+we're going to be thinking
+
+about the all the shapes of
+the d orbitals, and we're
+
+going to think about where
+the ligands are.
+
+Today we're going to talk about
+octahedral geometry, but
+
+we're also going to go on and
+talk about tetrahedral
+
+geometry later.
+
+So here in octahedral geometry,
+you can think about
+
+the positions of all of these
+negative point charges
+
+surrounding your d orbitals.
+
+And when the d orbitals are
+on axis, like the ligands,
+
+there's going to be more
+repulsion, so you can see here
+
+that would be quite repulsive
+-- you have a negative point
+
+charge by that d orbital.
+
+When the d orbitals are off-axis
+and the ligands are
+
+on-axis, that's less
+repulsive.
+
+And that's the basic idea.
+
+So, let's look at each one of
+these orbitals now in detail
+
+and think about how a ligands
+that's pointing directly
+
+toward it is going
+to be affected.
+
+So we have the ligands, l, as
+these point charges directed
+
+toward the d z squared, and
+the d x squared minus y
+
+squared orbitals, and these
+would result in
+
+quite a bit of repulsion.
+
+So if you had a ligand right up
+here along z, and so that
+
+would be a very close
+interaction.
+
+In this case, you're going to
+have ligands along x and y,
+
+again pointing directly toward
+the orbitals, that would be
+
+quite repulsive.
+
+And I'll just mention, we'll
+come back to this later, that
+
+one can think about the case
+where you have the octahedral
+
+geometry where the ligands are
+in a definite position, and
+
+you can also think about this
+sort of hypothetical case
+
+where you have a metal in the
+middle and you have the
+
+ligands, here are the little
+ligands, and they're
+
+everywhere, there's ligands
+everywhere all around.
+
+And so, in this case where you
+have ligands everywhere all
+
+around your metal, then all your
+d orbitals would have the
+
+same energy, but if you take
+the ligands and you isolate
+
+them in particular positions,
+then you can consider how the
+
+different shapes of the d
+orbitals will be affected.
+
+We'll come back to
+that in a minute.
+
+All right, so here we have a
+case where our ligands are
+
+on-axis, our orbitals on-axis,
+this is a large repulsion.
+
+So, I will tell you that d x
+squared and d z squared and d
+
+x squared minus y squared
+orbitals are destabilized, and
+
+they are destabilized
+by the same amount.
+
+So there's repulsion now, and
+so they're destabilized, and
+
+they're destabilized by the
+same amount of energy.
+
+So what's it called
+when orbitals
+
+are of the same energy?
+
+Yup.
+
+So, d z squared and d x squared
+minus y squared are
+
+degenerate.
+
+So, d z squared and d x squared
+minus y squared
+
+orbitals are destabilized more
+than the other three orbitals,
+
+and let's consider now
+why that is true.
+
+So here are our other sets of
+orbitals, and remember, here
+
+the maximum amplitude of these
+orbitals are 45 degrees
+
+off-axis, whereas our ligands
+are all on-axis.
+
+So, the ligand negative charges
+are directed in
+
+between these orbitals, not
+directly toward them.
+
+So that is stabilized compared
+to this hypothetical case
+
+where the ligands are
+everywhere, so some of them
+
+will be pointing toward them,
+and also stabilized compared
+
+to the other sets of orbitals
+where the ligands are now
+
+pointing directly at them.
+
+So these three sets of orbitals
+are stabilized
+
+relative to the d z squared and
+the d x squared minus y
+
+squared orbitals, and they're
+stabilized by the same amount.
+
+So these three orbitals are also
+degenerate with respect
+
+to each other.
+
+So then to sort of summarize
+this set of orbitals, we have
+
+for d z squared and d x squared
+minus y squared, we
+
+have large repulsions by those
+negative point charges,
+
+they're pointing directly at the
+orbitals, and so they're
+
+destabilized, higher in energy
+than the other -- the d x y, d
+
+y z and d x z.
+
+For the d y z, d x z and d x y,
+they're smaller repulsion,
+
+because these orbitals are
+off-axis, and so the negative
+
+point charges aren't pointing
+directly at them.
+
+So they're stabilized relative
+to these guys up here.
+
+So that's the whole idea behind
+an octahedral case of
+
+crystal field theory.
+
+And we can look at this
+just one other way, if
+
+pictures help you.
+
+Here it's a little clearer
+that those negative point
+
+charges are pointing directly
+toward the orbitals, here I
+
+think you can see that the
+negative point charges are not
+
+directly pointing toward
+any of the orbitals.
+
+So I'll show you a bunch of
+different figures, this all
+
+shows you the same thing, but
+some might help you see this
+
+relationship better.
+
+OK, so now we're going to draw
+some diagrams. I'm going to
+
+start over here.
+
+So we're going to draw what's
+called a crystal field
+
+splitting diagram, and this
+is for an octahedral case.
+
+And the diagrams are going to
+look different depending on
+
+what the geometry is.
+
+So when we draw this diagram,
+energy is going up, and we're
+
+going to start with our 5 d
+orbitals, and so this is going
+
+to be the average energy,
+the average
+
+energy of our d orbitals.
+
+And so, this is then with a
+spherical crystal field.
+
+So that's where the ligands are
+
+distributed around uniformly.
+
+So it's all spherical, they
+aren't set up in the
+
+octahedral case yet, our
+octahedral diagram's going to
+
+be over here, but this is the
+case that this represents.
+
+If you have all your ligands
+spherically distributed around
+
+your metal, then the energy
+of all the d orbitals are
+
+identical, because every d
+orbital has the same amount of
+
+ligands, it's uniform,
+it's symmetrical
+
+all around the metal.
+
+And I just want to tell you that
+this is was very exciting
+
+to me when I saw this.
+
+I've been teaching this class
+for a while, and I never had a
+
+real spherical crystal field
+around my metal before.
+
+And then I walked into Walgreens
+one day, and I was
+
+very excited to see that
+Walgreens sold spherical
+
+crystal fields.
+
+I mean you never know what
+you're going to get.
+
+I'm a big fan of Walgreens,
+I've found a lot of good
+
+stuff, toys for my dog,
+etcetera, but
+
+this was really amazing.
+
+So I asked the cashier on the
+way out whether they knew they
+
+were selling spherical
+crystal fields, and
+
+they did not actually.
+
+So, you just never know what
+you're going to get.
+
+OK, so in that case, where the
+ligands are uniform all
+
+around, the energy
+is the same.
+
+But now, if we have an
+octahedral crystal field over
+
+here, so we have our octahedral
+crystal field, then
+
+we get some splitting.
+
+So some of our orbitals are
+going to be destabilized, and
+
+they'll be higher
+in energy here.
+
+So we have the d x squared
+minus y squared, and d z
+
+squared over here are going
+to be higher in energy.
+
+And we're going to have three
+that lower in energy, so we'll
+
+have our d x y, our d y z, and
+our d x z over here, will be
+
+lower in energy.
+
+This difference is called the
+octahedral field splitting
+
+energy, because it's the amount
+of energy that the
+
+octahedral field is split.
+
+So over here, we can put this
+is for the octahedral case,
+
+crystal field splitting
+energy.
+
+And again, some of the orbitals
+go up in energy, some
+
+of the orbitals go down in
+energy, and the overall energy
+
+needs to be conserved.
+
+So, if two orbitals go up in
+energy, and three go down in
+
+energy, then to have everything
+add up, you can say
+
+that three go up in energy by
+3/5, and two, these three
+
+orbitals are going to
+go down by 2/5.
+
+So overall, the energy of the
+system is maintained.
+
+OK, so that's a crystal field
+splitting diagram for an
+
+octahedral case, and now let's
+look at some examples of this.
+
+So let's look at an example,
+and we're going to have a
+
+chromium system that has
+three n h 3 ligands
+
+and three b r ligands.
+
+Now, you tell me what the
+d count of that is.
+
+Let's just take 10
+more seconds.
+
+They're not as high overall, but
+still more people got the
+
+right answer.
+
+So, let's take a look at this.
+
+What's the oxidation
+number of bromium?
+
+What is it?
+
+Bromium?
+
+What's 1 b r minus?
+
+What's its oxidation number.
+
+Minus 1.
+
+There are three of them.
+
+What about ammonia?
+
+0.
+
+So, 3 times 0.
+
+And the overall charge
+of this is 0, so
+
+there's nothing up there.
+
+So what does that mean
+about chromium?
+
+Plus 3.
+
+All right, so now we have to
+figure out the d count.
+
+So the d count is going to equal
+the -- and the periodic
+
+table, the group number, so if
+you switch to my slides, we
+
+can see what that is.
+
+So what is that for chromium?
+
+6.
+
+And then we have 6 minus 3,
+because our oxidation number
+
+is 3, and so we have
+a d 3 system.
+
+So, did some of you get
+this wrong because
+
+you stopped too early?
+
+Here, the answer, if you had 3,
+you could have stopped with
+
+oxidation number and still
+gotten it correct.
+
+So that's a d 3 system.
+
+So, we're going to worry about
+three d electrons, and we're
+
+going to put three d electrons
+into our splitting diagram.
+
+OK, so if you had a hypothetical
+spherical crystal
+
+field, you would have your one's
+in here, but now let's
+
+consider what happens in
+the octahedral case.
+
+So we can come down here.
+
+Am I going to put my first
+electron down here or up here?
+
+Down.
+
+Oh, I just realized that I
+didn't put two things on this
+
+diagram, so these are in your
+notes, but these diagrams have
+
+little abbreviations in them
+for the orbital levels.
+
+So we have an e g and t 2 g, and
+that's an abbreviation for
+
+the names of the ts of orbitals,
+which you'll see
+
+later is very convenient in
+terms of writing things out.
+
+All right, so we're going
+to put them down here.
+
+Am I going to put two of them
+together with the spins up in
+
+the first orbital?
+
+No.
+
+So you know that that is not
+good, give you the same four
+
+quantum numbers, you don't
+want to do that.
+
+So, we can put them in.
+
+What about just putting in a
+paired set over here yet?
+
+No.
+
+They have the same energies
+here, so we're going to put
+
+them in all singly, and
+then we're done.
+
+So we put three electrons
+in these three orbitals.
+
+Now we can introduce a couple
+other terms, which is where I
+
+realized I forgot to
+put the labels on.
+
+So, you'll often
+be asked for --
+
+OK, you'll often be asked for
+something called the d n
+
+electron configuration.
+
+And so here you can use the
+abbreviations for the
+
+orbitals, so we point three
+electrons in to the t 2 g
+
+orbitals, so we can just
+say that's t 2 g
+
+raised to the three.
+
+So that let's someone know that
+you have three electron
+
+in the set of orbitals that
+are stabilized in an
+
+octahedral crystal field.
+
+Then we can consider something
+else that's called c f s e,
+
+and I think I should have --
+
+OK, so I'll write that out.
+
+So, this is the crystal field
+stabilization energy.
+
+So it's not the crystal field
+splitting energy, it's the
+
+stabilization energy, which
+indicates how much those
+
+electrons are stabilized by
+being in an octahedral field,
+
+rather than this hypothetical
+spherical crystal field.
+
+And so what we can do there is
+you see that you have three
+
+electrons in those lower sets
+of orbitals, and those
+
+orbitals are stabilized by 2/5
+times the octahedral crystal
+
+field splitting energy.
+
+And so that gives an answer of
+minus 6/5 times the octahedral
+
+crystal field splitting
+energy.
+
+So that's how much those
+electrons are stabilized.
+
+So they are lower in energy --
+see, the average energy is
+
+much, much higher in this
+hypothetical case, but because
+
+of having this octahedral
+geometry, and there are only
+
+three electrons to consider,
+they all go into the
+
+stabilized energy, and so
+they're stabilized by minus
+
+6/5 times whatever the
+octahedral crystal field
+
+splitting energy is for
+this particular case.
+
+So, now let's look at
+another example.
+
+So let's look at an example of
+a coordination complex -- you
+
+have manganese and you have
+six water ligands and some
+
+chlorides hanging around.
+
+So why don't you tell me what
+the oxidation number is for
+
+this now -- not the d count,
+but the oxidation number?
+
+OK, so let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+OK, so let's just look at that
+one for a minute, people did
+
+very well on that.
+
+So, what's the overall charge in
+this coordination complex?
+
+So we can write this out here.
+
+Our six ligands and we say that
+here it's plus 3 overall,
+
+because we have three chloride
+ions hanging around with a
+
+negative charge.
+
+So this tells us that the
+overall charge on the
+
+coordination complex
+had to be plus 3.
+
+And this again is 0, so that
+means that is plus 3.
+
+So, people did very
+well on that.
+
+All right, so then what
+is the d count?
+
+What is it?
+
+4, right.
+
+So we have 7 minus 3 is 4,
+so we have a d 4 system.
+
+All right, so now, if you look
+up there, we have to make a
+
+decision about that fourth
+electron. three electrons were
+
+easy, four makes
+it complicated.
+
+Do we put the fourth one
+down in the lower
+
+set or do we go up?
+
+So there are two possibilities
+here.
+
+So I have two diagrams
+drawn over here.
+
+And you might be in a case where
+you have a small crystal
+
+field splitting energy, or you
+might be in a case where you
+
+have a large crystal field
+splitting energy.
+
+And so, there are two
+different ways the
+
+electrons can go.
+
+So over here where you have a
+small crystal field splitting
+
+energy, that's called
+a weak field.
+
+And when you have a big
+splitting energy, that's a
+
+strong field.
+
+So, with the weak field there's
+not that much of an
+
+energy difference
+between them.
+
+And so, when you're putting in,
+you do your first three
+
+electrons, that's always
+going to be the same.
+
+But then the fourth electron, in
+this case, if there's not a
+
+big difference in the energy, if
+it's pretty small, if it's
+
+a weak field, you can put that
+fourth one up there.
+
+Because it takes energy to pair
+the electrons up, and so
+
+you're asking the question, does
+it take more energy to
+
+pair them, or does it take
+more energy to put one
+
+in the upper set?
+
+And for a weak field you say
+that the crystal field
+
+splitting energy is smaller than
+the pairing energy or p
+
+e, so p e is the
+pairing energy.
+
+And so it takes more energy to
+pair than it does to bump one
+
+electron up to the
+higher level.
+
+So that's what a weak field
+situation would look like.
+
+Now in a strong field situation,
+boy, there's a big
+
+splitting difference, a big
+energy difference here.
+
+So in this case, the crystal
+field splitting is much larger
+
+than p e, that pairing energy
+for the electron.
+
+So it's better to pair,
+then to put one up.
+
+I can't even reach those,
+that's really far up.
+
+So I'm not going to do
+that, I'm just going
+
+to put them in here.
+
+I'll put the first three in,
+and then the fourth one is
+
+going to go down where
+I can reach it.
+
+I don't have the energy
+to put it up there.
+
+So that's a strong field.
+
+Weak field I can handle, strong
+field I'm going to try
+
+pair them all up.
+
+So, now we can write the
+different d n electron
+
+configurations for these two.
+
+So, in this case, if we
+have our d n electron
+
+configuration, so we
+have three in the t
+
+2 g, we have three.
+
+And in the e g set we have one,
+so that is our electron
+
+configuration for this
+weak field case.
+
+And for the strong field case,
+we didn't put any up in the e
+
+g, so we just have t
+2 g, four electrons
+
+in that set of orbitals.
+
+OK, so let's just put up what
+we've done here, and introduce
+
+another term, which are high
+spin and low spin.
+
+So we have these two cases
+here, and again, we're
+
+considering how big is this
+octahedral crystal field
+
+splitting energy compared
+to a pairing energy.
+
+The energy involved in pairing
+electrons together.
+
+In a weak field, the splitting
+energy is small, so electrons
+
+are placed singly with spins
+parallel to the fullest extent
+
+in all the sets of orbitals.
+
+In this other case with the
+strong field, the pairing
+
+energy is smaller than the
+splitting energy -- strong
+
+field you have a big
+splitting energy.
+
+And so, in that case, with the
+splitting energy is large,
+
+you're going to put all your
+electrons in and pair them up
+
+in t 2 g and don't put any
+electrons in the e g sets of
+
+orbitals until you completely
+filled your t 2 g set.
+
+So, the net result of this is
+for a weak field, you have the
+
+maximum number of unpaired
+electrons, so see, you have a
+
+maximum number, you have
+four electrons,
+
+all four are unpaired.
+
+So that's the maximum number
+of unpaired electrons, and
+
+this is referred to
+as high spin.
+
+And in the other case, you have
+the minimum number of
+
+unpaired electrons that you can
+have, and so you have this
+
+one set that's paired here,
+so that would be
+
+considered a low spin case.
+
+We can also talk about the
+stabilization energy of these
+
+two cases, and so we have
+the crystal field
+
+stabilization energy.
+
+So why don't you go ahead and
+tell me for a weak field case,
+
+what is our stabilization
+energy?
+
+Let's just take 10
+more seconds.
+
+OK, pretty good.
+
+So let's work this out.
+
+So, first we consider how many
+electrons we have in the lower
+
+set of orbitals, so
+we have three.
+
+Those three are stabilized
+by 2/5.
+
+And then we have one in the
+upper set, so we have one at
+
+3/5 times the octahedral
+crystal
+
+field splitting energy.
+
+So this ends up with minus 3/5
+times the octahedral crystal
+
+field splitting energy.
+
+And notice why a is not correct
+-- you don't have the
+
+symbol for the octahedral
+crystal
+
+field splitting energy.
+
+On a test, you need to make
+sure that you remember to
+
+write this term, so this was
+a little test so that you
+
+hopefully emphasize that you
+want to have that there.
+
+All right, so that's
+for this one.
+
+Let's look at the low spin case,
+the strong field case,
+
+and do our crystal field
+splitting energy for that.
+
+So in this case we're going to
+have four electrons times
+
+minus 2/5 times the octahedral
+crystal field splitting
+
+energy, so that's equal to minus
+8/5 times the octahedral
+
+crystal field splitting energy,
+and some books will
+
+also indicate, and they'll say
+plus p e to indicate that
+
+there's pairing energy that's
+associated there.
+
+So it's not quite as beneficial
+as one might think.
+
+You do have a lot of electrons
+in these in lower energy
+
+orbitals, but you did have to
+pair some of them, so you had
+
+one, and if two of them are
+paired, you can see
+
+sometimes 2 p e.
+
+So, some books will do that,
+some books will not.
+
+So I just wanted to mention
+that both are OK.
+
+And whether you're asked to
+write that or not, and the
+
+question will say include the
+pairing energy, so you know
+
+whether you're supposed to do
+that or not, that there is
+
+that energy associated
+with pairing in this
+
+strong field case.
+
+OK, so let's look at another
+example, and then you should
+
+be all set to do these
+problems for
+
+an octahedral field.
+
+So we'll take our
+electrons down.
+
+All right, so let's at a
+case of cobalt plus 2.
+
+So let's consider how many we're
+going to put in, the
+
+oxidation number is?
+
+Plus 2.
+
+And what is the d count then?
+
+What group number?
+
+9 minus 2 is 7, so we're
+doing a d 7 system.
+
+All right, so now for the weak
+field case here, why don't you
+
+tell me what is the correct
+electron distribution.
+
+OK, let's just take
+10 more seconds.
+
+OK, very good.
+
+This is the weak field case, so
+in this case, we are going
+
+to fill up singly all of the
+orbitals, because the
+
+splitting energy is less than
+the pairing energy, so we're
+
+going to put them to the fullest
+extent possible before
+
+we have to pair.
+
+So we have 7, so we're going to
+do 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and now
+
+we have to pair.
+
+We have no -- we've used up
+all our orbitals, so we're
+
+going to start pairing down here
+in the lower energy, so
+
+that would be 6, 7.
+
+So we had no choice, we had to
+pair them, but because it was
+
+a weak field, we filled
+them all up singly
+
+first before we paired.
+
+So now let's consider what we're
+going to do down here.
+
+Now remember, this is a strong
+field, so there's a big
+
+splitting energy, so it takes
+less energy to pair them than
+
+to reach this higher level.
+
+So first we put them
+in the same way --
+
+1, 2, 3, but now that we have
+the 3 in, it's better to pair
+
+than to bring them up here.
+
+So we'll do 1, 2, 3, we'll
+pair them all up.
+
+Now it's all filled, we
+have no other choice
+
+but to go up here.
+
+So, we have these very different
+cases depending on
+
+the splitting energy.
+
+So what controls the
+splitting energy?
+
+Well, what controls the
+splitting energy is nature of
+
+the ligands, so we're going to
+be talking about that next
+
+time, and you'll recognize for
+certain kinds of ligands
+
+you're going to have a strong
+field, and other kinds you'll
+
+have a weak field.
+
+But right now we're not talking
+about that, we're just
+
+showing those two
+possibilities.
+
+So, for this system, is this
+going to be a high spin or a
+
+low spin system?
+
+So, this will be high spin,
+because we have the maximum
+
+amount of unpaired electrons.
+
+And over here we're going to
+have a low spin system.
+
+We have the minimum
+number possible of
+
+the unpaired electrons.
+
+All right, so let's finish this
+up now, and do our d n
+
+electron configurations
+and our crystal
+
+field splitting energies.
+
+So, for this case, we're going
+to have in our t 2
+
+g system, how many?
+
+5.
+
+And in e g?
+
+2.
+
+And for our splitting energy,
+we have 5 times minus 2/5
+
+times the octahedral crystal
+field splitting energy plus 2
+
+times plus 3/5, and what does
+that end up equaling?
+
+Minus 4/5 times the
+octahedral crystal
+
+field splitting energy.
+
+And we could also optionally put
+2 p e because we have two
+
+sets paired.
+
+All right, so let's look at
+our strong field system.
+
+How many do we have
+in our e 2 g set?
+
+6.
+
+What about e g?
+
+1.
+
+And for our splitting energy
+then, we have 6 times minus
+
+2/5 times the octahedral crystal
+field splitting energy
+
+plus 1 times 3/5, and what
+is that going to equal?
+
+Minus what?
+
+9/5.
+
+And how many pairing energies?
+three pairing energies, great.
+
+I think you have
+that part down.
+
+Next time we get more
+complicated, we're going to
+
+talk about types of ligands,
+we're going to talk about
+
+tetrahedral, we're going to talk
+about square planar, and
+
+that's, of course, after
+the exam on Wednesday.
+
+So, good luck, everyone, with
+the exam on Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pdR9hV8mRWE.txt b/pdR9hV8mRWE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db5b9b15442c46ff7509b03a65be4d883884abad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pdR9hV8mRWE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now discuss the Morgan's laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now discuss the Morgan's laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now discuss the Morgan's laws
+that are some very useful relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are some very useful relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are some very useful relations
+between sets and their complements one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sets and their complements one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between sets and their complements one
+of the Morgan's laws takes this form if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Morgan's laws takes this form if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Morgan's laws takes this form if
+we take the intersection of two sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the intersection of two sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the intersection of two sets and
+then take the complement of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the complement of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then take the complement of this
+intersection what we obtain is the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection what we obtain is the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection what we obtain is the union
+of the complements of the two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complements of the two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the complements of the two sets
+pictorially here is the situation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially here is the situation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorially here is the situation we
+have our Universal set inside that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our Universal set inside that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our Universal set inside that set
+we have a set s which is this one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a set s which is this one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a set s which is this one and we
+have another set T which is this one let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another set T which is this one let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another set T which is this one let
+us look at this side the complement of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us look at this side the complement of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us look at this side the complement of s
+is this part of the diagram the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part of the diagram the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this part of the diagram the
+complement of T is this part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of T is this part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of T is this part of the
+diagram what is left what is left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what is left what is left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram what is left what is left is
+just this region here which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this region here which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this region here which is the
+intersection of s with T so anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of s with T so anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of s with T so anything
+that does not belong here belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not belong here belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does not belong here belongs to the
+intersection that this means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that this means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection that this means that the
+complement of the intersection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the intersection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the intersection is
+everything out there which is this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out there which is this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything out there which is this set
+if you are not convinced by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are not convinced by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are not convinced by this
+pictorial proof let us go through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial proof let us go through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictorial proof let us go through an
+argument that is a little more formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that is a little more formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that is a little more formal
+what does it take for an element to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take for an element to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it take for an element to
+belong to the first set in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the first set in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the first set in order to
+belong to that set X belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to that set X belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to that set X belongs to the
+complement of s intersection T this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of s intersection T this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of s intersection T this is
+the same as saying that X does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that X does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as saying that X does not
+belong to the intersection with s with T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the intersection with s with T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to the intersection with s with T
+what does that mean since it is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean since it is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean since it is not in
+the intersection this is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection this is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersection this is the same as
+saying that X does not belong to s or X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that X does not belong to s or X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that X does not belong to s or X
+does not belong to T but this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not belong to T but this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not belong to T but this is the
+same as saying that X belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that X belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as saying that X belongs to the
+complement of s or X belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of s or X belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of s or X belongs to the
+complement of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of T
+and this is equivalent to saying that X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equivalent to saying that X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equivalent to saying that X
+belongs to the union of the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the union of the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to the union of the complement
+of s with the complement of T so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s with the complement of T so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s with the complement of T so this
+establishes this first the Morgans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this first the Morgans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes this first the Morgans
+law there's another de Morgan's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law there's another de Morgan's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law there's another de Morgan's law
+which is obtained from this one by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obtained from this one by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is obtained from this one by a
+syntactic substitution we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic substitution we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntactic substitution we're going to
+play the following trick wherever we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the following trick wherever we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the following trick wherever we see
+an S we're going to replace it by s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S we're going to replace it by s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an S we're going to replace it by s
+complement and wherever we see an s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and wherever we see an s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement and wherever we see an s
+complement we will replace it with an S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement we will replace it with an S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement we will replace it with an S
+and similarly whenever we see a T we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly whenever we see a T we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly whenever we see a T we'll
+replace it by T complement and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by T complement and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it by T complement and when we
+see a T complement we will replace it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a T complement we will replace it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a T complement we will replace it by
+T so doing this synthetic substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so doing this synthetic substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so doing this synthetic substitution
+what we obtain is s complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we obtain is s complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we obtain is s complement
+intersection with T complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with T complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection with T complement
+everything gets complemented is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets complemented is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything gets complemented is the same
+as s Union T now let us take compliments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s Union T now let us take compliments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as s Union T now let us take compliments
+of both sides the complement of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides the complement of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both sides the complement of a
+complement is the set itself so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is the set itself so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement is the set itself so we
+obtain this and now we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this and now we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this and now we take the
+complement of the other side which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the other side which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of the other side which is
+this one and this is the second de
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this is the second de
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and this is the second de
+Morgan's law it tells us that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law it tells us that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morgan's law it tells us that the
+complement of a union is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of a union is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement of a union is the same as the
+intersection of the complements we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the complements we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of the complements we
+derived it from the first de Morgan's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived it from the first de Morgan's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived it from the first de Morgan's
+law by a syntactic substitution if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law by a syntactic substitution if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law by a syntactic substitution if you
+are not convinced it would be useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not convinced it would be useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not convinced it would be useful for
+you to go through an argument of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go through an argument of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to go through an argument of this
+kind to show that something is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to show that something is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind to show that something is an
+element of this set if and only if it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this set if and only if it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of this set if and only if it is
+an element of that set as well finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of that set as well finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of that set as well finally
+it turns out that the Morgan's laws are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the Morgan's laws are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the Morgan's laws are
+valid when we take unions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid when we take unions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid when we take unions or
+intersections of more than two sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections of more than two sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections of more than two sets
+there is a more general form and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a more general form and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a more general form and the
+general form is as follows in analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form is as follows in analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general form is as follows in analogy
+with this one if we have a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one if we have a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one if we have a collection of
+sets s n perhaps an infinite collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets s n perhaps an infinite collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets s n perhaps an infinite collection
+we take the intersection of those sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the intersection of those sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the intersection of those sets
+and then the complement what that is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the complement what that is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the complement what that is is
+the union of the complement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the complement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of the complement
+so this is analogous to this law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is analogous to this law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is analogous to this law and
+this law extends to this one if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law extends to this one if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law extends to this one if we have
+the union of certain sets and we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of certain sets and we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of certain sets and we take
+the compliment of the Union what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliment of the Union what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the compliment of the Union what we
+obtain is the intersection of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is the intersection of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain is the intersection of the
+complements we will have many occasions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements we will have many occasions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complements we will have many occasions
+to use de Morgan's laws they're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use de Morgan's laws they're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use de Morgan's laws they're actually
+very useful they allow us in general to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful they allow us in general to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful they allow us in general to
+go back and forth between unions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth between unions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and forth between unions and
+intersections
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qB5wq5L6EL4.txt b/qB5wq5L6EL4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49562c8008a3443fff04f047ee64d4fa8aaa6366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qB5wq5L6EL4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3217 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Last time, which is
+now two weeks ago, we started
+
+the talk about the signals and
+systems approach, by which I
+
+mean, think about a system by
+the way it transforms its
+
+input signal into an
+output signal.
+
+That's kind of a bizarre way
+of thinking about systems.
+
+I demonstrated that last time by
+thinking about a mass and a
+
+spring, something you have a
+lot of experience with, but
+
+you probably didn't use this
+kind of approach for
+
+thinking about it.
+
+Over this lecture and over the
+next lecture, what I'd like to
+
+do is show you the advantages
+of this kind of approach.
+
+And so for today, what I'd like
+to do is talk about how
+
+to think about feedback within
+this structure, and I'd like
+
+to also think about how you
+can use this structure to
+
+characterize the performance
+of a system in a
+
+quantitative fashion.
+
+So first off, I want to just
+think about feedback.
+
+Feedback is so pervasive
+that you don't notice
+
+it most of the time.
+
+You use feedback in virtually
+everything that you do.
+
+Here is a very simple example
+of driving a car.
+
+If you want to keep the car in
+the center of your lane,
+
+something that many people
+outside of Boston, at least,
+
+think is a good idea, then you
+are mentally doing feedback.
+
+You're constantly comparing
+where you are to where you'd
+
+like to be and making small
+adjustments to the system
+
+based on that.
+
+When you think of even the most
+simple of systems, like
+
+the thermostat in a house--
+
+I'm not talking about
+a cheap motel.
+
+The cheap motels
+don't do this.
+
+But in a real house, there's a
+thermostat, which regulates
+
+the temperature.
+
+That's important, because if
+the temperature suddenly
+
+drops, it would never do that
+of course, but if the
+
+temperature ever dropped, it
+could compensate for it.
+
+Here's one of my favorite
+examples.
+
+Feedback is enormously
+pervasive in biology.
+
+There's no general rules in
+biology, but to a first cut,
+
+everything is regulated.
+
+And in many cases, the
+regulation is amazing.
+
+Here's an example from 6.021,
+where it's illustrating the
+
+system that your body uses to
+regulate glucose delivery from
+
+food sources to every cell in
+your body, which is crucial to
+
+your being cognizant
+and mobile.
+
+And the idea is that it does
+that with amazing precision
+
+despite the fact that
+eating and exercise
+
+are enormously episodic.
+
+In order for you to remain
+healthy and functional, you
+
+need to have something between
+approximately two and ten
+
+millimoles per liter
+of glucose in your
+
+blood at all times.
+
+Were it to go higher than that,
+systematically, you
+
+would develop cardiac problems
+and could lead to even
+
+congestive heart failure.
+
+If you were to have lower than
+two millimoles per liter, you
+
+would go comatose.
+
+That's a very narrow range,
+two to five, especially
+
+because what we eat is so
+episodic, when we exercise is
+
+so episodic.
+
+It's amazing, and just to
+dramatize how amazing it is,
+
+how much sugar do you
+think circulates in
+
+your blood right now?
+
+Well, if you convert five
+millimoles per liter, and if
+
+you assume the average person
+has about three liters of
+
+blood, which is true, and if you
+calculate it, that comes
+
+out to 2.7 grams.
+
+That's this much.
+
+This is 2.7 grams
+of table sugar.
+
+So this is how much sugar
+is in your blood, now.
+
+This is what's keeping
+you healthy.
+
+This is what's keeping you
+from becoming comatose.
+
+Or not.
+
+How much sugar do you
+think is in this?
+
+AUDIENCE: The amount
+in that other cup.
+
+PROFESSOR: Exactly.
+
+We call that the Theory
+of Lectures.
+
+I don't want to look like
+an idiot, so my
+
+problems make sense.
+
+This is the amount of sugar
+in a can of soda.
+
+Numerically, this is 39 grams.
+
+That's more than 13
+times this much.
+
+So when you down one of these,
+it's very important that the
+
+sugar gets taken out of the
+blood quickly, and it does.
+
+And that happens by way of a
+feedback system, and the
+
+feedback system is
+illustrated here.
+
+Basically, the feedback involves
+the hormone insulin,
+
+and that's why insulin
+deficiency is such a
+
+devastating disease.
+
+Finally, everything we do
+has feedback in it.
+
+Think about how your
+life would be
+
+different if it didn't.
+
+Even a simple task, like
+removing a light bulb, would
+
+be virtually impossible except
+for the fact that you get
+
+feedback from everything.
+
+Your hand's amazing.
+
+You have touch sensors, you have
+proprioceptive sensors,
+
+you have stress sensors on the
+muscles and ligaments, and
+
+they all coordinate to tell you
+when to stop squeezing on
+
+the light bulb so you
+don't break it.
+
+That's all completely amazing,
+and what we'd like to do,
+
+then, is think about that kind
+of a system, a feedback
+
+system, within the signals
+and systems construct.
+
+As an example, I want to think
+through the WallFinder problem
+
+that you did last week
+in Design Lab.
+
+I'm sure you all remember that,
+in that problem, we were
+
+trying to move the robot to a
+fixed distance away from the
+
+wall, and we thought about
+that as a feedback system
+
+comprised of three parts,
+a controller, a
+
+plant, and a sensor.
+
+We wrote difference equations to
+characterize each of those
+
+parts, and then we figured out
+how to solve those difference
+
+equations to make some
+meaningful prediction about
+
+how the robot would work.
+
+So just to make sure you're
+all on board with me, now,
+
+here's a question for you.
+
+These are the equations
+that describe
+
+the WallFinder problem.
+
+How many equations and how
+many unknowns are there?
+
+Take 20 seconds, talk to your
+neighbor, figure out an answer
+
+between (1) and (5).
+
+Unlike during the exam next
+week, you are allowed to talk.
+
+[CLASSROOM SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+
+PROFESSOR: T and K are no.
+
+[CLASSROOM SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, so what's the
+answer, number (1), (2), (3),
+
+(4), or (5)?
+
+Everybody raise your hands.
+
+Let me see if I got the answer.
+
+OK.
+
+Come on, raise your hands.
+
+Come on, everybody vote.
+
+If you're wrong, just blame
+it on your neighbor.
+
+You had a poor partner.
+
+That's the idea.
+
+Right?
+
+So you can all vote, and you
+don't need to worry about
+
+being wrong.
+
+And you're all wrong, so
+that worked out well.
+
+OK, so I don't like the-- so
+the predominant answer is
+
+number (2).
+
+I don't like number (2).
+
+Can somebody think of a reason,
+now that you know the
+
+answer by the Theory
+of Lectures, the
+
+answer is not (2)?
+
+Why isn't the answer (2)?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, I was
+saying (5).
+
+PROFESSOR: You were
+saying (5).
+
+Why did you say (5)?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't remember for
+sure, but can you substitute n
+
+for different things?
+
+Like Df of n, you could
+substitute n for, and if you
+
+did that you would have two
+equations, which is
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+kind of thing, you count
+
+before or after doing
+substitution and
+
+simplification.
+
+And I mean to count before
+you do simplification.
+
+Any other issues?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is D0 [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Say again?
+
+AUDIENCE: D0 [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Is D0_n different
+or the same from D0_n-1?
+
+That's the key question.
+
+So I want to think about this
+as a system of algebraic
+
+equations, and if I do that,
+then there's a lot of them.
+
+So it looks like there's
+three equations.
+
+The problem with that approach
+is that there's actually three
+
+equations for every
+value of n.
+
+If you think about a system of
+equations that you could solve
+
+with an algebra solver, you
+would have to treat all the
+
+n's separately.
+
+That's what we call the
+samples approach.
+
+So here's a way you
+could solve them.
+
+You could think about what if
+k and t are parameters, so
+
+they're known, they're given?
+
+What if my input signal is
+known, say it's a unit sample
+
+signal, for example?
+
+What would I need to
+solve this system?
+
+Well, I'd need to tell you
+the initial conditions.
+
+So in some sense, I want to
+consider those to be known.
+
+So my knowns kind of comprise
+t and k, the initial
+
+conditions for the output of the
+robot, and the sensor, all
+
+of the input signals because I'm
+telling you the input and
+
+asking you to calculate
+the output.
+
+My unknowns are all of the
+different velocities for all
+
+values of n bigger than or equal
+to 0 because I didn't
+
+tell you those.
+
+All of the values of robot's
+output at samples
+
+n bigger than 0.
+
+All the values of the sensor
+output for values
+
+n bigger than 0.
+
+So I get a lot of unknowns,
+infinitely many, and I get a
+
+lot of equations, also
+infinitely many.
+
+So the thing I want you think
+about is, if you're thinking
+
+about solving difference
+equations using algebra,
+
+that's a big system
+of equations.
+
+By contrast, what if you were
+to try to solve the system
+
+using operators?
+
+Now, how many equations and
+unknowns do you see?
+
+By the Theory of Lectures.
+
+OK, raise your hand.
+
+Or talk to your neighbor so you
+can blame your neighbor.
+
+Talk to your neighbor.
+
+Get a good alibi.
+
+[CLASSROOM SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+
+PROFESSOR: So the idea here
+is that if you think about
+
+operators instead, so that you
+look at a whole signal at a
+
+time, then each equation only
+specifies one relationship
+
+among signals, and there's a
+small number of signals.
+
+So if I think about the knowns
+being k, t the parameters and
+
+the signal d(i), and if I think
+about the unknowns being
+
+the velocity, the output, and
+the sensor signal, then I get
+
+three equations and
+three unknowns.
+
+So one of the values of thinking
+about the operator
+
+approach is that it just simply
+reduces the amount of
+
+things you need to
+think about.
+
+It reduces complexity.
+
+That's what we're trying
+to do in this course.
+
+We're trying to think of methods
+that allow you to
+
+solve problems by reducing
+complexity.
+
+We would like, ultimately,
+to solve very complicated
+
+problems, and this operator
+approach is an approach that
+
+lets you do that.
+
+It does a lot more
+than that, too.
+
+It also generates new
+kinds of insights.
+
+So it lets you focus on the
+relations, but the relation is
+
+now not quite the same
+as we would have
+
+expected from algebra.
+
+Now, the relation between the
+input signal and the output
+
+signal is an operator.
+
+We're going to represent the
+operation that transforms the
+
+input to the output
+by this symbol, h.
+
+We'll call that the
+system functional.
+
+It's an operator.
+
+It's a thing that, when operated
+on x, gives you y.
+
+And this is one of the main
+purposes of today's lecture,
+
+it's also convenient to think
+about h as a ratio.
+
+We like to think of it that
+way because, as we'll see,
+
+there's a way of thinking
+about h as a ratio of
+
+polynomials in R. So two ways
+of thinking about it.
+
+We're trying to develop a
+signals and systems approach
+
+for thinking about feedback.
+
+We want to think about the
+input goes into a box.
+
+The box represents
+an operation.
+
+We will characterize that
+by a functional.
+
+We'll call the functional h.
+
+The functional, when applied
+to the input, produces the
+
+output, and what we'd like to do
+is infer what is the nature
+
+of that functional, and what
+are the properties of the
+
+system that functional
+represents.
+
+OK, so I see that you're
+all with me.
+
+Think about the WallFinder
+system.
+
+Think about the equations for
+the various components of that
+
+system when expressed
+an operator form.
+
+And figure out the system
+functional for that system.
+
+figure out the ratio of
+polynomials that can be in r
+
+that is represented by h.
+
+Take 30 seconds, talk to your
+neighbor, figure out whether
+
+the answer is (1), (2),
+(3), (4), or (5).
+
+So what's the answer -- (1),
+(2), (3), (4), or (5)?
+
+Come on, more voter
+participation.
+
+All right?
+
+Blame it on your partner.
+
+OK, virtually 100% correct.
+
+So the idea is algebra.
+
+You solve the operator equations
+exactly as though
+
+they were algebraic.
+
+Here, I've started with the
+second equation and just done
+
+substitutions until I got
+rid of everything other
+
+than d(0) and d(i).
+
+So I express v in terms of ke,
+then I express e in terms of
+
+d(i) minus rd(0).
+
+Then I'm left with one equation
+that relates d(0) and
+
+d(i), which I can solve
+for the ratio.
+
+And the answer comes out there,
+which was number (3).
+
+Point is that you can treat the
+operator just as though it
+
+were algebra, so that results
+in enormous implications.
+
+But what we want to understand
+is what's the relationship
+
+between that functional, that
+thing that we just calculated,
+
+and the behaviors.
+
+These are the kinds of behaviors
+that you observed
+
+with the WallFinder system.
+
+When you built the WallFinder
+system, depending on what you
+
+made k, you could get behaviors
+that were monotonic
+
+and slow, faster and
+oscillatory, or even faster
+
+and even more oscillatory.
+
+And what we'd like to know is,
+before we build it, how should
+
+we have constructed the
+system so that it
+
+has a desirable behavior?
+
+And, incidentally, are these
+the best you can do?
+
+Or is there some other set of
+parameters that's lurking
+
+behind some door that we just
+don't know about, and if we
+
+could discover it, it would
+work a lot better?
+
+So the question is, given the
+structure of our problem,
+
+what's the most general kind of
+answer that we can expect?
+
+And how do we choose the best
+behavior out of that set of
+
+possible behaviors?
+
+So that's what I want to think
+about for the rest of the hour
+
+and a half, and I want to
+begin by taking a step
+
+backwards and look at
+something simpler.
+
+The idea's going to be the same
+as the idea that we used
+
+when we studied Python.
+
+I want to find simple behaviors,
+think about that as
+
+a primitive, and combine
+primitives to get a more
+
+complicated behavior, so I want
+to use an approach that's
+
+very much PCAP.
+
+Find the most simple behavior,
+and then see if I can leverage
+
+that simple behavior to somehow
+understand more
+
+complicated things.
+
+So let's think about this very
+simple system that has a
+
+feedback loop that has a delay
+in it and a gain of P0.
+
+What I want to do is think
+about what would be the
+
+response of that very simple
+system if the input were a
+
+unit sample.
+
+So find y, given that the
+input x is delta.
+
+In order to do that, I have to
+start the system somehow.
+
+I will start it at rest.
+
+You've all seen already, I'm
+sure, that rest is the
+
+simplest assumption
+I can make.
+
+I'll say something at the end of
+the hour about how you deal
+
+with things that are
+not at rest.
+
+For the time being, we'll
+just assume rest
+
+because that's simple.
+
+Assume that the system is at
+rest, that means that the
+
+output of every delay
+box is 0.
+
+That's what rest means.
+
+If the output of this starts at
+0, then the output of the
+
+scale by P0 is also 0.
+
+And if that's 0, and if the
+input is at 0 because I'm at
+
+time before 0, then the output
+is 0, indicated here.
+
+So now if I step, then the
+input becomes 1 because
+
+delta of 0 is 1.
+
+The output of the delay box is
+still 0, so the first answer
+
+is 1, the 1 just propagates
+straight through
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE] box.
+
+Then I step, and the 1 that was
+here goes through the r
+
+and becomes 1, the 1 goes
+through P0 and becomes P0, but
+
+at the same time, the 1 that
+was at the input goes to 0
+
+because the input is 1 only
+at time equals 0.
+
+So the result, then, is that
+after one step, the
+
+output has become P0.
+
+This propagated to 1, that
+became P0, add it to 0, and it
+
+became P0, so now the answer,
+which had been 1, is P0.
+
+On the next step, a very
+similar thing happens.
+
+The P0 that was here becomes the
+output of the delay, gets
+
+multiplied by P0 to give you P0
+squared, gets added to 0 to
+
+give you P0 squared,
+et cetera.
+
+The thing that I want you to see
+is that the output was in
+
+some sense simple.
+
+The value simply increased as
+P0 to the n, geometrically.
+
+There's another way we
+can think about that.
+
+I just did the sample by sample
+approach, but the whole
+
+theme of this part
+of the course
+
+is the signals approach.
+
+If I think about the whole
+signal in one fell swoop, then
+
+I can develop an operator
+expression to
+
+characterize the system.
+
+The operator expression says the
+signal y is constructed by
+
+adding the signal x to
+the signal P0RY.
+
+If I solve that for the ratio of
+the output to input, I get
+
+1 over (1 minus P0R).
+
+Again, going back to the idea
+that I started with, that
+
+we're going to get ratios of
+polynomials in R now the R is
+
+in the bottom, and now I can
+expand that just as though it
+
+were an algebraic expression.
+
+I can expand 1 over P0R in
+a power series by using
+
+synthetic division.
+
+The result is very similar in
+structure to the result we saw
+
+in sample by sample.
+
+It consists of an ascending
+series in R, which means an
+
+ascending number of delays.
+
+Every time you increase the
+number of delays by 1, you
+
+also multiply the amplitude by
+P0, so this is, in fact, the
+
+same kind of result,
+but viewed from a
+
+signal point of view.
+
+Finally, I want to think about
+it in terms of block diagrams.
+
+Same idea, I've got the same
+feedback system, but now I
+
+want to take advantage of this
+ascending series expansion
+
+that I did and think about
+each of the terms in that
+
+series as a signal flow path
+through the feedback system.
+
+So one, the first term in the
+ascending series, represents
+
+the path that goes directly from
+the input to the output,
+
+passing through no delays.
+
+The second term in the series,
+P0R, represents the path that
+
+goes to the output, loops
+around, comes back through the
+
+adder, and then comes out.
+
+In traversing that more
+complicated path, you picked
+
+up 1 delay and 1
+multiply by P0.
+
+Second term, two loops.
+
+Third term, three loops.
+
+Fourth term, four loops.
+
+The idea is that the block
+diagram gives us a way to
+
+visualize how the answer
+came about.
+
+It came about by all the
+possible paths that lead from
+
+the input to the output.
+
+Those possible paths all
+differed by a delay, and
+
+that's why the decomposition
+was so simple, each path
+
+corresponding to a different
+number of
+
+delays through the system.
+
+That won't always be true from
+more complicated systems, but
+
+it is true for this one.
+
+This flow diagram also lets
+you see something that's
+
+extremely interesting.
+
+Cyclical flow paths, which are
+characteristic of feedback--
+
+feedback means the signal
+comes back.
+
+Cyclical flow paths require that
+transient inputs generate
+
+persistent outputs.
+
+They generate persistent outputs
+because the output at
+
+time n is not triggered by
+the input at time n.
+
+It's triggered by the output
+at time n minus 1.
+
+It keeps going on itself.
+
+That's fundamental
+to feedback.
+
+There's no way of getting
+around that.
+
+That's what feedback is.
+
+And it also shows why you got
+that funny oscillatory
+
+behavior in WallFinder.
+
+There wasn't any way
+around that.
+
+Feedback meant that you
+were looping back.
+
+That meant that there
+was a cycle in
+
+the signal flow paths.
+
+That means that even transient
+signals, signals that go away
+
+very quickly like the
+[INAUDIBLE] sample, generate
+
+responses that go on forever.
+
+So that's a fundamental way
+of thinking about systems.
+
+Systems are either feedforward
+or feedback.
+
+Feedforward means that
+there are no cyclic
+
+paths in the system.
+
+No path in the system that take
+you from the input to the
+
+output has a cycle in it.
+
+That's what acyclic means.
+
+That's what feedforward means.
+
+Acyclic, feedforward, those
+all have responses to
+
+transient inputs that
+are transient.
+
+That contrasts with
+cyclic systems.
+
+A cyclic system has feedback
+and will have the property
+
+that transient signals
+can generate
+
+outputs that go on forever.
+
+OK, how many of these
+systems are cyclic?
+
+Easy questions.
+
+15 seconds, talk to
+your neighbor.
+
+OK, so what's the answer?
+
+How many?
+
+OK, virtually 100%.
+
+Correct, the answer's (3).
+
+I've illustrated the cycles in
+red, so there's a cycle here,
+
+there's two cycles in this one,
+and there's a cycle here.
+
+So the idea is that, when you
+see a block diagram, one of
+
+the first things you want to
+characterize, because it's
+
+such a big difference between
+systems, is whether or not
+
+there's a cycle in it.
+
+If there's a cycle, then you
+know there's feedback.
+
+If there's feedback, then you
+know you have the potential to
+
+have a persistent response to
+even a transient signal.
+
+OK, so if you only have one
+loop of the type that I
+
+started with, where we had just
+one loop with an R and a
+
+P0, then the question is, as you
+go around the loop, do the
+
+samples get bigger,
+or smaller, or do
+
+they stay the same?
+
+That's a fundamental
+characterization of how the
+
+simple feedback system works.
+
+So here, if on every cycle the
+amplitude of the signal
+
+diminishes by multiplication by
+half, that means that the
+
+response ultimately decays.
+
+Mathematically, it goes on
+forever, just like I said
+
+previously, but the amplitude is
+decaying, so practically it
+
+stops after a while.
+
+It becomes small enough that
+you lose track of it.
+
+By contrast, if every time you
+go around the loop, you pick
+
+up amplitude, if the amplitude
+here were multiplied by 1.2,
+
+then it gets bigger.
+
+So the idea, then, is that you
+can characterize this kind of
+
+a feedback by one number.
+
+We call that number the pole.
+
+Very mysterious word.
+
+I won't go into the origins
+of the word.
+
+For our purposes, it just simply
+means the base of the
+
+geometric sequence that
+characterizes the response of
+
+a system to the unit
+sample signal.
+
+So here, I've showed an
+illustration of what can
+
+happen if p is 1/2, p is one,
+p is 1.2, which you can see
+
+decay, persistence,
+divergence.
+
+Can you characterize
+this system by P0?
+
+And if so, what is P0?
+
+Yes?
+
+No?
+
+[CLASSROOM SIDE CONVERSATIONS]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, and virtually
+everybody's
+
+getting the right answer.
+
+The right answer's (2).
+
+So we like algebra.
+
+We like negative numbers, so
+we're allowed to think about
+
+poles being negative.
+
+In fact, by the end of the hour,
+we'll even think about
+
+poles having imaginary parts,
+but for the time
+
+being, this is fine.
+
+If the pole were negative,
+what that means is the
+
+consecutive terms in the unit
+sample response, the response
+
+of the system to a unit sample
+signal, the unit sample
+
+response, the unit sample
+response can
+
+alternate in sine.
+
+OK, so this then represents
+all the possible behaviors
+
+that you could get from
+a feedback system
+
+with a single pole.
+
+If a feedback system has
+a single pole, the only
+
+behaviors that you can
+get are represented
+
+by these three cartoons.
+
+So here, this z-axis contains
+all possible values of P0.
+
+If P0 is bigger than 1, then
+the magnitude diverges, and
+
+the signal grows
+monotonically.
+
+If the pole is between 0 and
+1, the response is also
+
+monotonic, but now it
+converges towards 0.
+
+If you flip the sign, the
+relations are still the same,
+
+except that you now get
+sign alternation.
+
+So if the P0 is between 0 and
+minus 1, which is here, the
+
+output still converges because
+the magnitude of the pole is
+
+less than 1.
+
+But now the sign flips.
+
+And if the pole is below minus
+1, then you get alternation,
+
+but you also get divergence.
+
+The important thing is we
+started with a simple system,
+
+and we ended up with an
+absolutely complete
+
+characterization of it.
+
+This is everything
+that can happen.
+
+That's a powerful statement.
+
+When I can analyze a system,
+even if it's simple, and find
+
+all the possible behaviors,
+I have something.
+
+If you have a simple system with
+a single pole, this is
+
+all that can happen.
+
+There might be offsets.
+
+There might be delays.
+
+The signal may not start until
+the fifth sample, but the
+
+persistent signal will either
+grow without bounds, the k to
+
+0, or do one of those two
+with alternating sign.
+
+That's the only things that can
+happen, which of course,
+
+begs the question, well, what
+if the system's more
+
+complicated.
+
+OK, so here's a more
+complicated system.
+
+This system cannot be
+represented by just one pole.
+
+In fact, the system's
+complicated enough you should
+
+think through how you
+would solve it.
+
+You should all be very
+comfortable with
+
+this sort of thing.
+
+So if you were to think about
+what if I had a system like
+
+so, and I want it to
+be 1.6 minus 0.63.
+
+What would be the output signal
+at time 2 if the input
+
+were a unit sample signal?
+
+OK, as with all systems we're
+going to think about, we have
+
+to specify initial conditions.
+
+The simplest kind of initial
+conditions we could think
+
+about would be rest.
+
+If I thought about this system
+at rest, then the initial
+
+outputs of the R's would be 0.
+
+That's at rest.
+
+For times less than 0,
+the input would be 0.
+
+0 times 1.6 plus 0 times -0.63
+plus 0 would give me 0.
+
+Now, the clock ticks.
+
+When the clock ticks,
+it becomes times 0.
+
+At times 0, the input is 1.
+
+This 0 just propagated down to
+here, but this was 0, so
+
+nothing interesting happens
+at the R's.
+
+But now my output is 1.
+
+Now, the clock ticks.
+
+What happens?
+
+When the clock ticks, this
+1 propagates down here.
+
+This 0 propagates down
+here, but that was 0.
+
+This 1 goes to 0 because the
+input's only 1 at times 0.
+
+So what's the output?
+
+1.6.
+
+Now, the clock ticks.
+
+What happens?
+
+Well, this 1 comes down here.
+
+This 1.6 comes down here.
+
+This 0 becomes another 0 because
+the input has an
+
+infinite stream of 0's after
+the initial time.
+
+So what's the output?
+
+Well, it's 1.6 times 1.6 plus
+1 times -0.63, so the answer
+
+is number (3).
+
+Yeah?
+
+OK.
+
+I forgot to write it
+up there, so the
+
+answer's in red down here.
+
+1.6 squared minus 0.63.
+
+OK?
+
+The point is that it's slightly
+more complicated to
+
+think about than the case with a
+single pole, and in fact, if
+
+you use that logic to simply
+step through all the
+
+responses, you get a response
+that doesn't look geometric.
+
+The geometric sequences that we
+looked at previously either
+
+monotonically increased,
+monotonically decreased
+
+towards 0, or give one of
+those two things and
+
+alternated.
+
+This does none of
+those behaviors.
+
+So the point is Freeman's
+an idiot.
+
+He spent all that time telling
+us what one pole does, and now
+
+two poles does something
+completely different.
+
+Right?
+
+So the response is
+not geometric.
+
+The response grows
+and then decays.
+
+It never changes sign.
+
+It does something completely
+different from what we would
+
+have expected from a
+single pole system.
+
+As you might expect from the
+Theory of Lectures, that's not
+
+the end of the story.
+
+So the idea is to now capitalize
+on this notion that
+
+we can think about operators
+as algebra.
+
+If our expressions behaved like
+I told you they did last
+
+lecture, if they behaved as
+entities upon which--
+
+if they are isomorphic with
+polynomials, as I said, then
+
+there's a very cute thing we
+can do with this system to
+
+make it a lot simpler.
+
+The thing we can do is factor.
+
+If we think about the operator
+expression to characterize
+
+this system, the thing that's
+different is that
+
+there's an R squared.
+
+But if R operators work just
+like polynomials--
+
+you can factor polynomials.
+
+That's the factor theorem
+from algebra.
+
+And if I factor it, I get two
+things that look like
+
+first-order systems.
+
+Well, that's good.
+
+The factored form means that
+I can think about this more
+
+complicated system
+as the cascade of
+
+two first-order systems.
+
+Well, that's pretty good.
+
+In fact, it doesn't even matter
+what order I put them
+
+in because, as we've seen
+previously, if the system
+
+started at initial rest, then
+you can swap things because
+
+they obey all the principles of
+polynomials, which include
+
+commutation.
+
+So what we've done, then,
+is transform this more
+
+complicated system into the
+cascade of two simple systems,
+
+and that's very good.
+
+Even better, we can think about
+the complicated system
+
+as the sum of simpler parts, and
+that uses more intuition
+
+from polynomials.
+
+If we have one over a
+second-order polynomial, we
+
+can write it in a factored form
+here, but we can expand
+
+it in what we call partial
+fractions.
+
+We can expand this thing in
+this sum, and if you think
+
+about putting this over a common
+denominator and working
+
+out the relationship, this
+difference, 4.5 over 1 minus
+
+0.9R minus 3.5 over
+1 minus 0.7R.
+
+That's precisely the same using
+the normal rules for
+
+polynomials.
+
+That's precisely the same
+as that expression.
+
+But the difference, from the
+point of view of thinking
+
+about systems, is enormous.
+
+We know the answer
+to that one.
+
+That's the sum of the responses
+to two first-order
+
+systems, so we can write that
+symbolically this way.
+
+We can think about having
+a sum system that
+
+generates this term.
+
+This term is a simple system of
+the type of that we looked
+
+at previously that, then,
+gets multiplied by 4.5.
+
+I'm just factoring again.
+
+I'm saying I've got something
+over something, which means
+
+that I can put something in each
+of two different parts of
+
+two things that I multiply
+together.
+
+And I can think about this as
+having been generated by this
+
+system, and you just
+add them together.
+
+The amazing thing is that that
+says that, despite the fact
+
+that the response looked
+complicated, it was in fact
+
+the sum of two geometrics.
+
+So it wasn't very different
+from the answer
+
+for a single pole.
+
+What I've just done
+is amazing.
+
+I've just taken something that,
+had you studied the
+
+difference equations and had
+you studied the block
+
+diagrams, it would have been
+very hard for you to conclude
+
+that something this complicated
+has a response
+
+that can be written as the
+sum of two geometrics.
+
+By thinking about the system
+as a polynomial in R, it's
+
+completely trivial.
+
+It's a simple application of the
+rules for polynomials that
+
+you all know.
+
+So what we've shown, then, is
+that this complicated system
+
+has a way of thinking
+about as just two
+
+of the simpler systems.
+
+The complicated response that
+grew and decayed, that's just
+
+the difference, really,
+4.5 minus 3.5.
+
+It's the weighted difference of
+a part that goes 0.7 to the
+
+n, then a different part
+that goes 0.9 to the n.
+
+So far, we've got to results,
+the n equals 1 case, the
+
+first-order polynomial in our
+case, the one pole case,
+
+that's trivial.
+
+It's just a geometric
+sequence.
+
+The response is just a
+geometric sequence.
+
+If it happens to be
+second-order, this is
+
+second-order because when you
+write the operator expression,
+
+the polynomial in the bottom is
+second-order, second-order
+
+polynomial in R.
+
+This second-order system
+has a response that
+
+looks like two pieces.
+
+Each piece looks like a
+piece that was from
+
+a first-order system.
+
+And in fact, that idea
+generalizes.
+
+If we have a system that can
+be represented by linear
+
+difference equation with
+constant coefficients that
+
+will always be true if the
+system was constructed out of
+
+the parts that we talked about,
+adders, gains, delays.
+
+If the system is constructed
+out of adders, gains, and
+
+delays, then it will be possible
+to express the system
+
+in terms of one difference
+equation.
+
+General form is showed here.
+
+Y then can be constructed out
+of parts that are delayed
+
+versions of Y and delayed
+versions of X. If you do that,
+
+then you can always write the
+operator that expresses the
+
+ratio between the output and the
+input as the ratio of two
+
+polynomials.
+
+That will always be true.
+
+So this, now, is the
+generalization step.
+
+We did the n equals 1 case, we
+did the n equals 2 case, and
+
+now we're generalizing.
+
+We will always get, for any
+system that can be represented
+
+by a linear difference equation
+with constant
+
+coefficients, we can always
+represent the system
+
+functional in this form.
+
+Then just like we did in the
+second-order case, we can use
+
+the factor theorem to break
+this polynomial in the
+
+denominator into factors.
+
+That comes from the factor
+theorem in algebra.
+
+Then we can re-express that in
+terms of partial fractions.
+
+And what I've just showed is
+that, in the general case,
+
+regardless of how many delays
+are in the system, if the
+
+system only has adders, gains,
+and delays, I can always
+
+express the answer as
+a sum of geometrics.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+That means that if I knew the
+bases for all of those
+
+geometric sequences, I know
+something about the response.
+
+The bases are things
+we call poles.
+
+If you knew all the poles,
+you'd know something very
+
+powerful about the system.
+
+So every one of the factors
+corresponds to a pole, and by
+
+partial fractions, you'll get
+one response for each pole.
+
+The response for each pole
+goes like pole to the n.
+
+You know the basic shape.
+
+You don't know the constants,
+but you know the basic shape
+
+of the response just by
+knowing the poles.
+
+We can go one more step,
+which makes the
+
+computation somewhat simpler.
+
+I used the factor theorem.
+
+Here, I'm using the fundamental
+theorem of
+
+algebra, which says that if I
+have a polynomial of order n,
+
+I have n roots.
+
+The poles are related to the
+roots of the R polynomial.
+
+The relationship is take
+the functional,
+
+substitute for R --
+
+1 over Z. Re-express the
+functional as a ratio of
+
+polynomials in Z. The poles
+are the roots of the
+
+denominator.
+
+So recapping, I started with
+a first-order system.
+
+I showed you how to get
+a second-order system.
+
+I showed that, in general, you
+can use the factor theorem to
+
+break down the response of a
+higher-order system into a sum
+
+of responses of first-order
+systems.
+
+Now, I've shown that you can use
+the fundamental theorem of
+
+algebra to find the poles
+directly, and then by knowing
+
+the poles, you know each of
+the behaviors, monotonic
+
+divergence, monotonic
+convergence,
+
+or alternating signs.
+
+And so here is this same example
+that I started with,
+
+worked out by thinking about
+what are the poles.
+
+The poles are 0.7 and 0.9,
+which we see by a simple
+
+application of the fundamental
+theorem of algebra.
+
+OK, we got a long way by just
+thinking about operators as
+
+polynomials.
+
+We haven't done anything
+that you haven't
+
+done in high school.
+
+Polynomials are very familiar
+and we've made an isomorphism
+
+between systems and
+polynomials.
+
+OK, make sure you're
+all with me.
+
+Here's a higher order system.
+
+How many of these statements
+are true --
+
+0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5?
+
+Talk to your neighbor,
+get an answer.
+
+So how many are true --
+
+0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5?
+
+Oh, come on.
+
+Blame it on your neighbor.
+
+You weren't talking, but I
+didn't hear you not talking.
+
+How many are true --
+
+0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5?
+
+Raise your hands.
+
+AUDIENCE: They can't
+all be true.
+
+PROFESSOR: They can't
+all be true.
+
+Are they mutually
+contradictory?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, yeah.
+
+5 --
+
+PROFESSOR: N1 of the above,
+that sounds like--
+
+OK, so you've eliminated 1.
+
+Which one's true?
+
+How many statements are true?
+
+Looks like about 75%.
+
+Correct?
+
+What should I do?
+
+How do I figure it out?
+
+What's my first step?
+
+What do I do?
+
+AUDIENCE: Operators.
+
+PROFESSOR: Operators,
+absolutely.
+
+So turn it into operators.
+
+So take the difference
+equation,
+
+turn it into operators.
+
+The important thing to see is
+that there are three Y terms.
+
+Take them all to the same side,
+and I get an operator
+
+expression like that.
+
+The ones that depend on X, there
+are two of them, that's
+
+represented here.
+
+The thing this is critical for
+determining poles is figuring
+
+out the denominator.
+
+The poles are going to
+come from this one.
+
+After I get the ratio of two
+polynomials in R, I substitute
+
+1 over Z for each R. So for this
+R, I get 1 over Z. For
+
+this R squared, I get
+1 over Z squared.
+
+Then I want to turn it back into
+a ratio of polynomials in
+
+Z, so I have to multiply top
+and bottom by Z squared.
+
+And when I do that, I get this
+ratio of polynomials in Z.
+
+The poles are the roots of the
+denominator polynomial in Z.
+
+The poles are minus
+1/2 and plus 1/4.
+
+So the unit sample response
+converges to 0.
+
+What would be the condition
+that that represents?
+
+AUDIENCE: Take the polynomial
+on the bottom.
+
+PROFESSOR: Something about the
+polynomial on the bottom.
+
+Would all second-order systems
+have that property that the
+
+unit sample response would
+converge to 0?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Louder?
+
+AUDIENCE: Absolute value
+of the poles?
+
+PROFESSOR: Absolute value
+of the poles has to be?
+
+AUDIENCE: Less than 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: Less than 1.
+
+If the magnitude of the poles
+is less than 1, then the
+
+response magnitude will
+decay with time.
+
+So that's true here, and it
+would be true so long as none
+
+of the poles have a magnitude
+exceeding 1.
+
+There are poles at
+1/2 and 1/4.
+
+No, that's not right.
+
+It's -1/2 or 1/4.
+
+There's a pole at 1/2.
+
+No, that's not right.
+
+There's a pole at -1/2.
+
+There are two poles.
+
+Yes, that's true.
+
+None of the above.
+
+No, that's not true.
+
+So the answer was (2).
+
+Everybody's comfortable?
+
+We've done something
+very astonishing.
+
+We took an arbitrary system, and
+we've figured out a rule
+
+that let's us break
+it into the sum
+
+of geometric sequences.
+
+We can always write the response
+to a unit sample
+
+signal, we can always write, as
+a weighted sum of geometric
+
+sequences, and the number of
+geometric sequences in the sum
+
+is the number of poles, which
+is the order of the operator
+
+that operates on Y.
+OK, so we've done
+
+something very powerful.
+
+There's one more thing that we
+have to think about, and then
+
+we have a complete picture
+of what's going on.
+
+Think about when you learned
+polynomials.
+
+One of the big shocks was that
+roots can be complex.
+
+What would that mean?
+
+What would it mean if we had
+a system whose poles were
+
+complex valued?
+
+So first off, does such
+a system exist?
+
+Well, here's one.
+
+I just pulled that
+out of the air.
+
+If I think about the functional,
+1 over (1 minus R
+
+plus R squared) --
+
+if I convert that into our ratio
+of polynomials in Z and
+
+then find the roots, I
+find that the roots
+
+have a complex part.
+
+The roots are 1/2 plus or
+minus root 3 over 2j.
+
+There's an imaginary part.
+
+So the question is what
+would that mean?
+
+Or is perhaps that system
+just meaningless?
+
+Well, complex numbers work in
+algebra, and complex numbers
+
+work here, too.
+
+So the fact that a pole has a
+complex value in the context
+
+of signals and systems simply
+means that the pole is
+
+complex, that the base of the
+geometric sequence, that base
+
+is complex.
+
+So that means that we can still
+rewrite the denominator,
+
+which was 1 minus R plus R
+squared, we can rewrite that
+
+denominator in terms of a
+product of two first-order R
+
+polynomials.
+
+The coefficients are now
+complex, but it still works.
+
+The algebra still works right.
+
+That has to work because that's
+just polynomials.
+
+That's the way polynomials
+behave.
+
+Now, we can still factor it.
+
+We can still use the
+factor theorem.
+
+In fact, we can still use the
+fundamental theorem of algebra
+
+to find the poles
+by the Z trick.
+
+That's fine.
+
+We can still use partial
+fractions.
+
+All of these numbers
+are complex, but
+
+the math still works.
+
+The funny thing is that
+it implies that
+
+the fundamental modes--
+
+by fundamental mode, I mean the
+simple geometric for the
+
+case of a first-order system,
+more complex behaviors for
+
+higher order systems.
+
+The mode is the time response
+associated with a pole.
+
+So the modes are, in this case,
+complexes sequences.
+
+So in general, the modes
+look like P0 to the n.
+
+Here, my modes are simply
+have a complex value.
+
+So what did I say they were?
+
+The poles were 1/2
+plus or minus--
+
+so my modes simply look that.
+
+Same thing.
+
+The strange thing that happened
+was that those modes,
+
+those geometric sequences, are
+now have complex values.
+
+The first one up here, if I just
+look at the denominator,
+
+these coefficients mean that
+it's proportionate to the mode
+
+associated with this, which is
+that, which has a real part,
+
+which is the blue part, and
+the imaginary part,
+
+which is a red part.
+
+There were two poles,
+plus and minus.
+
+The other pole just flips
+the imaginary part.
+
+So if I have imaginary poles,
+all I get is complex modes,
+
+complex geometric sequences.
+
+An easier way of thinking about
+that is thinking about--
+
+so when we had a simple, real
+pole, we just had P0 to the n.
+
+That's easy to visualize because
+we just think about
+
+each time you go from 0 to 1 to
+2 to 3, it goes from 1 to
+
+P0 to P0 squared to P0 cubed.
+
+Here, when you're multiplying
+complex numbers, it's easier
+
+to imagine that on the
+complex plane.
+
+Think about the location of the
+point 1, think about the
+
+location of the point P0, think
+about the location of
+
+the point P0 squared, and in
+this particular case, where
+
+the pole was 1/2 plus or minus
+the square root of 3 over 2
+
+times j, this would
+be pole to the 0.
+
+This is pole to the 1.
+
+This is pole squared,
+pole cubed.
+
+As you can see when you have a
+complex number, the trajectory
+
+in complex space can
+be complicated.
+
+In this case, it's circular.
+
+The circular trajectory in the
+complex plane corresponds to
+
+the sinusoidal behavior
+in time.
+
+So there's a correlation between
+the way you think
+
+about the modes evolving on the
+complex plane and the way
+
+you think about the
+real and imaginary
+
+parts evolving in time.
+
+It seems a little
+weird that the
+
+response should be complex.
+
+We're studying this kind of
+system theory primarily
+
+because we're trying to gain
+insight into real systems.
+
+We want to know how things
+like robots work.
+
+How does the WallFinder work?
+
+What would it mean if the
+WallFinder went to position
+
+one plus the square
+root of 3 over 2j?
+
+That doesn't make sense.
+
+So there's a little bit of a
+strange thing going on here.
+
+How is it that we need complex
+numbers to model real things?
+
+That doesn't seem
+to sound right.
+
+But the answer is that, if the
+difference equation had real
+
+coefficients, as they will
+for a real system--
+
+if you think about a real
+system, like a bank account,
+
+the coefficients in the
+difference equation are real
+
+numbers, not complex numbers.
+
+If you think about the
+WallFinder system, the
+
+coefficients in the WallFinder
+system, the coefficients of
+
+the difference equations--
+
+the coefficients of the
+different equations describe
+
+the WallFinder behavior
+were all real numbers.
+
+Here, I'm thinking about the
+denominator polynomial.
+
+If we try to find the roots of a
+polynomial, and if we find a
+
+complex root, if the
+coefficients were all real, it
+
+follows that the complex
+conjugate of the original root
+
+is also a root.
+
+That's pretty simple, if you
+think about what it means to
+
+be a polynomial.
+
+If you think about a polynomial
+is whatever--
+
+so I've got 1 plus Z plus Z
+squared plus blah, blah, blah.
+
+2, 3 minus 16, if all of those
+coefficients real, then the
+
+only way the--
+
+If P were a root of this
+polynomial, then P* would have
+
+to be a root, too, because if
+you complex conjugate each of
+
+the Z's, it's the same thing
+as complex conjugating the
+
+whole thing because the
+coefficients are real valued.
+
+So the idea then is that if I
+happen to get a complex root
+
+for my system that can be
+described by real value
+
+coefficients, it must also
+be true that it's complex
+
+conjugate is a root.
+
+If that happens, the two roots
+co-conspire so that the modes
+
+have canceling imaginary
+parts.
+
+You can prove that.
+
+I'm not worried about you being
+able to prove that.
+
+I just want you to understand
+that if you have two roots
+
+that are complex conjugates,
+they can conspire to have
+
+their imaginary parts
+cancel, and that's
+
+exactly what happens.
+
+Here, in this example, the
+example that I started with,
+
+where the system was 1 over (1
+minus R plus R squared), the
+
+unit sample responses
+showed here.
+
+You can write as the sum of
+sinusoidal and cosinusoidal
+
+signals, and the sum that falls
+out has the property
+
+that the imaginary
+parts cancel.
+
+It's still useful to look at the
+imaginary parts the same
+
+as it is when you're trying
+to solve polynomials.
+
+It's useful because the
+period of all of these
+
+signals is the same.
+
+If I think about the period of
+the individual modes, if I
+
+think about the period of P0
+to the n, 1/2 plus or minus
+
+root 3 over 2j to the n, the
+period of that signal --
+
+I can see in the complex plane,
+this is the n equals 0,
+
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+8, 9, 10, 11, 12 --
+
+the period is 6.
+
+If I were to take the minus 1,
+I would go around the circle
+
+the other way.
+
+This would be zero term 1,
+2, 3, 4, 5, 6, et cetera.
+
+Both of the modes, the geometric
+sequence associated
+
+with the two complex conjugate
+poles, both of those modes had
+
+the same period, they're
+both 6, as does the
+
+response to the real part.
+
+So you can deduce the period of
+the real signal by looking
+
+at the periods of the
+two complex signals.
+
+So think about this system.
+
+Here, I've got a system whose
+responses showed here.
+
+I'm going to tell you that the
+response was generated by a
+
+second-order system, that
+is to say a system whose
+
+polynomial was second-order,
+whose polynomial in R was
+
+second-order.
+
+Which of these statements
+is true?
+
+I want to think about the pole
+as being a complex number.
+
+Here, I'm showing you the
+complex number in polar form.
+
+It's got a magnitude and an
+angle, and I'd like you to
+
+figure how what must the
+magnitude have been, and what
+
+must the angle have been.
+
+So what's the utility?
+
+Why did I tell you the pole in
+terms of it's magnitude and
+
+angle rather than telling it to
+you in it's Cartesian form
+
+as a real and imaginary part?
+
+What's good about thinking about
+magnitude and angle?
+
+Or if I break the pole into
+magnitude and angle, and if I
+
+think about the mode--
+
+the modes are always of
+the form P0 to the n.
+
+If I think about modes as having
+a magnitude and an
+
+angle, when I raise it
+to the n, something
+
+very special happens.
+
+What happens?
+
+You can separate it.
+
+What is R e to the j omega
+raised to the n?
+
+That's the same as R to the
+n, e to the j n omega.
+
+It's the product of a real
+thing times a very simple
+
+complex thing.
+
+What's simple about
+the complex thing?
+
+The magnitude is everywhere
+1 e to the j, the
+
+magnitude of that term.
+
+So all of the magnitude
+is here, none of the
+
+magnitude is here.
+
+All of the angle is here, none
+of the angle is here.
+
+I've separated the magnitude
+and the angle.
+
+So it's very insightful to think
+about poles in terms of
+
+magnitude and angle because
+it decouples the
+
+parts of the mode.
+
+So I can think, then, of this
+complicated signal that I gave
+
+you as being the product of a
+magnitude part and a pure
+
+angle part.
+
+From the magnitude part, I can
+infer something about R. R is
+
+the ratio of the nth 1 to the
+n minus 1-th one, so R is a
+
+lot bigger than 1/2.
+
+In fact, R in this
+case is 0.97.
+
+And this is pure angle.
+
+This lets me infer something
+about the oscillations.
+
+In fact, I can say something
+about the period.
+
+The period is, here's a peak,
+here's a peak, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+
+6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
+
+The period's 12.
+
+If the period is 12,
+what is omega?
+
+Omega is a number, such that
+by the time I got up to 12
+
+times it, I got up to 2 pi.
+
+What's omega?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pi over 6.
+
+PROFESSOR: 2 pi over 12.
+
+So it's about 1/2.
+
+So that's a way that I can infer
+the form of the answer.
+
+I ask you what pole corresponds
+to this behavior.
+
+Well, the decay that comes from
+the real part, that comes
+
+from R to the n.
+
+The oscillation, that comes from
+the imaginary part, and I
+
+can figure that out by thinking
+about the period and
+
+thinking about that
+relationship.
+
+So the answer, then, is this
+one, R is between 1/2 and 1,
+
+and omega is about 1/2.
+
+OK, one last-- whoops,
+wrong button.
+
+One last example.
+
+So what we've seen is a very
+powerful way of decomposing
+
+systems, so that we can always
+think about them in terms of
+
+poles and complex geometrics,
+which we will call modes,
+
+poles and modes.
+
+And that behavior works for
+any system in an enormous
+
+class of systems, so I want to
+think about one last one,
+
+which is Fibonacci sequence.
+
+You all know the Fibonacci
+sequence.
+
+You've all programmed it.
+
+We started with that when we
+were doing Python, and we made
+
+some illustrations about the
+recursion and all that sort of
+
+thing by thinking about it.
+
+Now, I'm going to
+use signals and
+
+systems do the same problem.
+
+So Fibonacci was interested
+in population growth.
+
+How many pairs of rabbits can be
+produced from a single pair
+
+in a year if it is suppose that
+every month each pair
+
+begets a new pair, from which
+the second month it becomes
+
+productive?
+
+OK, it's not quite the same
+English I would have used.
+
+From this statement, you can
+infer a difference equation.
+
+I've written it in terms of
+X. What do you think X is?
+
+X is the input signal, and here,
+I'm thinking about X as
+
+something that's specifies
+the initial condition.
+
+This is the thing I alluded
+to earlier.
+
+One trick that we use to make it
+easy to think about initial
+
+conditions is that we embed
+them in the input.
+
+So in this particular case, I'll
+think about the initial
+
+condition arising from
+a delta function.
+
+If I think about X as a delta,
+then the sequence of results
+
+Y0, Y1, Y2, Y3 from this
+difference equation, is the
+
+conventional Fibonacci
+sequence.
+
+It would correspond to what if
+you had a baby rabbit, one
+
+baby rabbit, that's the
+one, in generation
+
+0, that's the delta.
+
+So the input is a way that
+I can specify initial
+
+conditions, and that's a very
+powerful way of thinking about
+
+initial conditions.
+
+So here's the problem.
+
+I've got one set of baby
+rabbits at times 0.
+
+They grow up.
+
+They have baby rabbits, which
+grow up at the same time the
+
+parents had more baby rabbits,
+at which point more babies
+
+grow into bigger rabbits.
+
+And big rabbits have more
+babies, et cetera, et cetera,
+
+et cetera, et cetera,
+et cetera.
+
+So you all know that.
+
+You all know about Fibonacci
+sequence.
+
+It blows up very quickly.
+
+What are the poles of the
+Fibonacci sequence?
+
+The difference equation looks
+just like the difference
+
+equations we've looked
+at throughout
+
+this hour and a half.
+
+We can do it just like we did
+all the other problems.
+
+We write the difference equation
+in terms of R. We
+
+rewrite the system functional
+in terms of a ratio of two
+
+polynomials in R. We substitute
+R goes to 1 over Z,
+
+deduce a ratio of polynomials in
+Z, factor the denominator,
+
+find the roots of the
+denominator, and find that
+
+there are two poles.
+
+The poles for the Fibonacci
+sequence are plus or minus the
+
+root of 5 over 2.
+
+That's curious.
+
+There's no recursion there.
+
+It's a different way of
+thinking about things.
+
+There are two poles.
+
+The first pole, the
+plus one --
+
+1 plus the root of 5 over 1,
+corresponds to a pole whose
+
+magnitude is bigger than 1.
+
+It explodes.
+
+There it is.
+
+The second one is a
+negative number.
+
+So the first one is the
+golden ratio, 1.618...
+
+The second one is the negative
+reciprocal of the golden
+
+ratio, which is -0.618...
+
+And those two numbers,
+amazingly, conspire so that
+
+their sum, horrendous as they
+are, is an integer.
+
+And in fact, that's the integer
+that we computed here.
+
+So we've used Fibonacci before
+to think about the way you
+
+structure programs, iteration,
+recursion, that sort of thing.
+
+Here, by thinking about signals
+and systems, we can
+
+think about exactly the
+same problem as poles.
+
+There's no complexity
+in this problem.
+
+It doesn't take N or N
+squared or N log N
+
+or anything to compute.
+
+It's closed form.
+
+The answer is (pole one) to the
+N plus (pole two) to the
+
+N. That's it.
+
+That's the answer.
+
+So what we've done is we found
+a whole new way of thinking
+
+about the Fibonacci sequence
+in terms of poles, and more
+
+than that, we found that that
+way of thinking about poles
+
+works for any difference
+equation of this type.
+
+And we found that poles, this
+way of thinking about systems
+
+in terms of polynomials, is a
+powerful abstraction that's
+
+exactly the same kind
+of PCAP abstraction
+
+that we used for Python.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qP6y2edM6Ms.txt b/qP6y2edM6Ms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65deb34cf85f3f4a0ab4a0b00d94ed691cb31c23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qP6y2edM6Ms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1699 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we talk about observables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we talk about observables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we talk about observables and
+permission operators so we've said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission operators so we've said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission operators so we've said that
+the operator queue is permission in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator queue is permission in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator queue is permission in the
+language that we've been work in so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we've been work in so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that we've been work in so far
+if you find that the integral DX sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find that the integral DX sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you find that the integral DX sign
+one huge sign two is actually child star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one huge sign two is actually child star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one huge sign two is actually child star
+equal to the integral DX of Q acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral DX of Q acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the integral DX of Q acting
+this time on side one all-star side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time on side one all-star side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time on side one all-star side so
+as you've learned already this requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you've learned already this requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you've learned already this requires
+some properties about the wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties about the wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some properties about the wave functions
+far away at infinity some integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away at infinity some integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far away at infinity some integration by
+parts and things to manage but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and things to manage but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and things to manage but this is
+the general statement for a large class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general statement for a large class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general statement for a large class
+of functions this should be true now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions this should be true now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions this should be true now we
+want to sometimes use a briefer notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sometimes use a briefer notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sometimes use a briefer notation
+for all of this and I will sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of this and I will sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all of this and I will sometimes you
+see it sometimes not and you feel do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it sometimes not and you feel do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it sometimes not and you feel do
+whatever you feel you like to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you feel you like to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you feel you like to use this
+notation using so here's a definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation using so here's a definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation using so here's a definition
+he put a sorry one comma sign two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put a sorry one comma sign two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he put a sorry one comma sign two and a
+parenthesis this denotes a number and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis this denotes a number and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis this denotes a number and in
+fact denotes the integral of sine one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact denotes the integral of sine one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact denotes the integral of sine one
+star X side 2 of X DX so whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star X side 2 of X DX so whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star X side 2 of X DX so whenever you
+put in the first input ends up complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the first input ends up complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in the first input ends up complex
+one degree then when you put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree then when you put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one degree then when you put in the
+second input it's like that it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input it's like that it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input it's like that it's all
+integrated this has a couple of obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated this has a couple of obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated this has a couple of obvious
+properties if you put a number x sine 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the number will appear together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number will appear together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number will appear together with
+Taiwan and will be complex conjugate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan and will be complex conjugate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Taiwan and will be complex conjugate so
+it can go out as a star sign one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go out as a star sign one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can go out as a star sign one side
+too and if you put the number on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and if you put the number on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and if you put the number on the
+second input it comes out as is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input it comes out as is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second input it comes out as is because
+the second input is not translated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second input is not translated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second input is not translated in
+the definition with this definition a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition with this definition a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition with this definition a
+hermitian operator hughes permission has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator hughes permission has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operator hughes permission has
+a nice look to it it becomes kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice look to it it becomes kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice look to it it becomes kind of
+natural and simple it's the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and simple it's the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural and simple it's the statement
+that we can have sorry 1 comma Q thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have sorry 1 comma Q thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can have sorry 1 comma Q thank
+you you can put the Q in the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can put the Q in the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you can put the Q in the first thing
+you sign one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this second term in the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second term in the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this second term in the right hand side
+is exactly this in the world here I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly this in the world here I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly this in the world here I'm
+the first term in the left hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the left hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term in the left hand side is
+the definition so it's just a maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition so it's just a maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition so it's just a maybe a
+briefer way to write it so when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefer way to write it so when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefer way to write it so when you get
+tired of writing if you will the eggs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of writing if you will the eggs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired of writing if you will the eggs of
+the first of the second with discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the second with discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first of the second with discussed
+last time the expectation values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the expectation values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time the expectation values of
+operators so what is the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so what is the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators so what is the expectation
+value patient of you in some state side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value patient of you in some state side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value patient of you in some state side
+effects and that is denoted as braces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and that is denoted as braces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and that is denoted as braces
+here and the side is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the side is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the side is equal to the
+integral of side the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of side the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of side the expectation value
+depends on the state we live in and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the state we live in and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the state we live in and it's
+sy sy or if you wish the side this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy sy or if you wish the side this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy sy or if you wish the side this is
+the expectation value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so far so good with reviewed button
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far so good with reviewed button
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so far so good with reviewed button
+permission operator is with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission operator is with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission operator is with an
+expectation value so let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value so let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value so let's begin with
+some claims expectation values of Q with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some claims expectation values of Q with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some claims expectation values of Q with
+Q permission so everywhere here Q will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q permission so everywhere here Q will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q permission so everywhere here Q will
+be permission is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be permission is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be permission is real
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's an important thing you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an important thing you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an important thing you want
+the feet are the expectation value of Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feet are the expectation value of Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the feet are the expectation value of Q
+you have AB size star outside well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have AB size star outside well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have AB size star outside well it
+better be really food and a thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be really food and a thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be really food and a thing and
+that's the goal of this discussion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal of this discussion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal of this discussion that
+hermitian operators are the things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operators are the things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hermitian operators are the things you
+can measure in one of the kind so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure in one of the kind so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure in one of the kind so this
+better be real so let's so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be real so let's so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better be real so let's so let's see
+what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is
+well a few side that's this potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a few side that's this potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well a few side that's this potential
+value if I complex conjugate it I must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if I complex conjugate it I must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if I complex conjugate it I must
+complete spawn to make this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete spawn to make this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete spawn to make this whole thing
+now if you want to complete one today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to complete one today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want to complete one today
+than aim to grow you can complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than aim to grow you can complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than aim to grow you can complex
+conjugate the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here it is I took this right-hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is I took this right-hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is I took this right-hand side
+here the integrand I have copied it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the integrand I have copied it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the integrand I have copied it and
+now I can't respond together that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can't respond together that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can't respond together that's what
+you mean by compass when generating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by compass when generating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean by compass when generating a
+little but this is equal integral D X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but this is equal integral D X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little but this is equal integral D X
+now I have a product of two functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a product of two functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a product of two functions
+here psystar and q that has acted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here psystar and q that has acted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here psystar and q that has acted on
+side so that's how I think I never think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so that's how I think I never think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so that's how I think I never think
+of conjugating q q is the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conjugating q q is the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conjugating q q is the set of
+operations that have acted them aside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that have acted them aside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations that have acted them aside
+and I'm just going to conjugate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to conjugate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm just going to conjugate and the
+nice thing is that you never have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is that you never have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing is that you never have to
+what is Q star that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Q star that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is Q star that there's no
+meaningful so what happens here product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful so what happens here product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful so what happens here product
+of two functions the compass conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two functions the compass conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two functions the compass conjugate
+of the first person is something twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first person is something twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first person is something twice
+you get the function back and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the function back and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the function back and here you
+go Q side star but that these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Q side star but that these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go Q side star but that these are
+functions you can move them around so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can move them around so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can move them around so
+this few half side star Q outside and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this few half side star Q outside and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this few half side star Q outside and so
+far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far so good
+you know I've done everything I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've done everything I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've done everything I could
+have done they told me to compass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done they told me to compass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done they told me to compass
+conjugate this so I complex for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate this so I complex for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate this so I complex for today
+today then I'm still not there but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today then I'm still not there but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today then I'm still not there but I
+haven't used that this operator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used that this operator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't used that this operator is
+hermitian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so because the operator is permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the operator is permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because the operator is permission
+now you can move the cue from this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can move the cue from this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can move the cue from this first
+input to the second one so it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the second one so it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the second one so it's equal to
+vx size star to sign and oh that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx size star to sign and oh that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vx size star to sign and oh that was the
+expectation value Q on sigh so the star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value Q on sigh so the star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value Q on sigh so the star
+of this number is equal to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number is equal to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this number is equal to the number
+itself and that proves the claim Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that proves the claim Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and that proves the claim Q is
+real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is our first thing the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our first thing the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our first thing the second
+claim that is equally important claim to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the eigenvalues of the operator two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of the operator two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues of the operator two are
+real so what are the eigenvalues of q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so what are the eigenvalues of q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so what are the eigenvalues of q
+well you've learned with the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've learned with the momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've learned with the momentum
+operator eigenvalues or I I gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator eigenvalues or I I gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator eigenvalues or I I gain
+functions of an operator are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of an operator are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of an operator are those
+special functions that the operator acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special functions that the operator acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special functions that the operator acts
+on them and gives it a number called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and gives it a number called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on them and gives it a number called the
+eigenvalue times that function so q say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue times that function so q say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue times that function so q say
+i'm sorry one if someone is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry one if someone is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sorry one if someone is a
+particularly nice choice then it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nice choice then it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly nice choice then it will be
+equal to some number and called q1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some number and called q1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to some number and called q1 and
+sorry one and then I will say that Q 1 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry one and then I will say that Q 1 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry one and then I will say that Q 1 Q
+1 is the eigen value that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the eigen value that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is the eigen value that's the
+definition and sine 1 is the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and sine 1 is the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and sine 1 is the eigen
+vector or the eigenfunction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the eigenfunction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or the eigenfunction and the
+claim is that that number is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that that number is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim is that that number is going to be
+real so why would that be the case well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so why would that be the case well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real so why would that be the case well
+we can now prove it in many ways but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now prove it in many ways but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can now prove it in many ways but we
+can prove it kind of easily with claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it kind of easily with claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it kind of easily with claim
+number one and actually gain a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and actually gain a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one and actually gain a little
+insight to calculate the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight to calculate the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight to calculate the expectation
+value of Q on that precise state sine 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Q on that precise state sine 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Q on that precise state sine 1
+let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see
+which is it you see sign one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it you see sign one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is it you see sign one is a
+particular state we call it an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular state we call it an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular state we call it an
+eigenstate of the operator now you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of the operator now you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of the operator now you can
+ask suppose you live in Taiwan that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask suppose you live in Taiwan that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask suppose you live in Taiwan that's
+who you are that's your state what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are that's your state what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who you are that's your state what is
+the expectation value of this operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of this operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation value of this operator
+so we'll learn more about this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll learn more about this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll learn more about this question
+later but we can just do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but we can just do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later but we can just do it
+it's the integral of the X sine 1q side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so at this moment we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this moment we can use the
+eigenvalue condition this condition here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue condition this condition here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue condition this condition here
+that this is equal to VX psy 1 star Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to VX psy 1 star Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is equal to VX psy 1 star Q 1
+sine 1 and the Q 1 can go out and it's Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 1 and the Q 1 can go out and it's Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 1 and the Q 1 can go out and it's Q
+1 integral the X of sine 1 star sign 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now we've proven in clean number 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we've proven in clean number 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we've proven in clean number 1
+that the expectation value of Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expectation value of Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the expectation value of Q is
+always real whatever state you think so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always real whatever state you think so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always real whatever state you think so
+it must be real if you take it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be real if you take it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it must be real if you take it on the
+same side 1 and if the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same side 1 and if the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same side 1 and if the expectation value
+of sorry 1 is real then this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry 1 is real then this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sorry 1 is real then this quantity
+which is equal to that expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to that expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is equal to that expectation value
+the real this point it is the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real this point it is the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real this point it is the product of
+two factors a real factor here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors a real factor here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two factors a real factor here that
+integral is not only real is even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is not only real is even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is not only real is even
+possible Thanks q1 so if this is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then because this part is video the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because this part is video the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then because this part is video the
+other number must be real therefore Q 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number must be real therefore Q 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other number must be real therefore Q 1
+is real now it's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real now it's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is real now it's an interesting
+observation that if your Island State I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that if your Island State I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that if your Island State I
+didn't function is a normalized eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't function is a normalized eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't function is a normalized eigen
+function look at the eigen function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look at the eigen function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function look at the eigen function
+equation it doesn't depend on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it doesn't depend on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation it doesn't depend on what
+precise side when you have because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise side when you have because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise side when you have because if
+you put side 1 or you put twice side 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put side 1 or you put twice side 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put side 1 or you put twice side 1
+this equation still holds so if it falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation still holds so if it falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation still holds so if it falls
+from side one if side one is called an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from side one if side one is called an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from side one if side one is called an
+eigen function 3 sorry one 5001 - Taiwan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function 3 sorry one 5001 - Taiwan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function 3 sorry one 5001 - Taiwan
+are all eigen functions properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all eigen functions properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all eigen functions properly
+speaking mathematics one says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking mathematics one says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking mathematics one says that the
+eigen function is the subspace generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function is the subspace generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen function is the subspace generated
+by this thing by multiplication because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this thing by multiplication because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this thing by multiplication because
+everything is accepted but when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is accepted but when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is accepted but when we talk
+about the particle maybe being in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the particle maybe being in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the particle maybe being in the
+state of side 1 we would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of side 1 we would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of side 1 we would want to
+normalize it to be side 1 integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it to be side 1 integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize it to be side 1 integral
+squared equal to 1 in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equal to 1 in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared equal to 1 in that case you
+would obtain that the expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would obtain that the expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would obtain that the expectation value
+of the operator on that state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operator on that state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the operator on that state is
+precisely the island when you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the island when you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the island when you keep
+measuring this operator the state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this operator the state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring this operator the state you
+keep getting the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep getting the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep getting the eye
+so I'll take like a comment for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+normalize sorry 1 it's a two-stage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize sorry 1 it's a two-stage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalize sorry 1 it's a two-stage that
+you use for expectation values whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for expectation values whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use for expectation values whenever
+we compute expectation values here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute expectation values here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we compute expectation values here is
+probably a very important thing whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a very important thing whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a very important thing whenever
+YouTube is an expectation value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube is an expectation value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube is an expectation value
+you better normalize the state because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better normalize the state because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you better normalize the state because
+otherwise think of it the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise think of it the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise think of it the expectation
+value if you don't normalizes they view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you don't normalizes they view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value if you don't normalizes they view
+the calculation and you get some answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation and you get some answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculation and you get some answer
+but your friend uses a wave functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your friend uses a wave functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but your friend uses a wave functions
+three times yours and your friend gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times yours and your friend gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times yours and your friend gets
+now nine times your answer so for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now nine times your answer so for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now nine times your answer so for this
+to be a well-defined calculation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a well-defined calculation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a well-defined calculation the
+state must be normalized so here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state must be normalized so here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state must be normalized so here we
+should really say that the state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really say that the state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should really say that the state is
+normalized same one is the eigenfunction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized same one is the eigenfunction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized same one is the eigenfunction
+normalized and though this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and though this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized and though this integral
+would be equal to q1 belonging to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to q1 belonging to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be equal to q1 belonging to the
+wheels q1 is real so for a normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels q1 is real so for a normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheels q1 is real so for a normalized
+Sun one or how it should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun one or how it should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sun one or how it should be the
+expectation value of Q on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of Q on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation value of Q on that
+eigenstate is precisely
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qp05AtXbOP0.txt b/qp05AtXbOP0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6f7fb336df838767525cc4cc1db1548a58636f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qp05AtXbOP0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what would be we've been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what would be we've been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what would be we've been looking at
+streams this signal-processing way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams this signal-processing way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams this signal-processing way of
+putting systems together and remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting systems together and remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting systems together and remember
+the key idea is that we decouple the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key idea is that we decouple the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key idea is that we decouple the
+apparent order of events in our programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent order of events in our programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent order of events in our programs
+from the actual order of events in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the actual order of events in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the actual order of events in the
+computer and that means that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that means that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that means that we can
+start dealing with very long streams and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with very long streams and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start dealing with very long streams and
+only having to generate the elements on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having to generate the elements on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having to generate the elements on
+demand that sort of on-demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that sort of on-demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand that sort of on-demand
+computation is built into the streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is built into the streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation is built into the streams
+data structure all right so if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure all right so if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structure all right so if we have a
+very long stream we only compute what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long stream we only compute what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long stream we only compute what we
+need the things only get computed when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the things only get computed when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the things only get computed when
+we actually ask for them or what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually ask for them or what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually ask for them or what our
+examples are they actually asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are they actually asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples are they actually asking for
+them for instance we might we might ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for instance we might we might ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for instance we might we might ask
+for the nth element of a stream but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nth element of a stream but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the nth element of a stream but
+here's here's a procedure that computes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a procedure that computes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's here's a procedure that computes
+the nth element of a stream write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth element of a stream write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nth element of a stream write an
+integer in the nth element of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer in the nth element of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer in the nth element of some
+stream s and we just recursively walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream s and we just recursively walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream s and we just recursively walk
+down the stream if n is zero we compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the stream if n is zero we compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the stream if n is zero we compute
+the head otherwise it's the nth the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head otherwise it's the nth the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the head otherwise it's the nth the nth
+minus one element of the tail of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one element of the tail of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one element of the tail of the
+stream right that's sort of just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream right that's sort of just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream right that's sort of just like
+for lists but the difference is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lists but the difference is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lists but the difference is those
+elements aren't going to get computed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements aren't going to get computed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements aren't going to get computed
+until we walk down taking successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we walk down taking successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we walk down taking successive
+ants all right so that's one way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants all right so that's one way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ants all right so that's one way that
+these stream elements might get forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stream elements might get forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stream elements might get forced
+right on another way here's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on another way here's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on another way here's a little
+procedure that prints a stream we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that prints a stream we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that prints a stream we say
+print a stream right so to print a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print a stream right so to print a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print a stream right so to print a
+stream s what do we do we print the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream s what do we do we print the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream s what do we do we print the head
+of the stream and that'll cause the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream and that'll cause the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stream and that'll cause the head
+to be computed and then we recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be computed and then we recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be computed and then we recursively
+print stream the tail of the stream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print stream the tail of the stream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print stream the tail of the stream and
+if we're already done maybe we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're already done maybe we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're already done maybe we have to
+return something I've got the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return something I've got the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return something I've got the message
+done okay and then so if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay and then so if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done okay and then so if you make a
+stream you could say here's this stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream you could say here's this stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream you could say here's this stream
+this very long stream and then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very long stream and then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very long stream and then you say
+print the stream and the elements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the stream and the elements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the stream and the elements of the
+stream will get computed successively as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream will get computed successively as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream will get computed successively as
+that print calls them they won't get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that print calls them they won't get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that print calls them they won't get all
+computed initially all right so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed initially all right so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed initially all right so in this
+way we can in this way we can deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can in this way we can deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can in this way we can deal with
+some very long streams well how long can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very long streams well how long can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some very long streams well how long can
+a strain be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strain be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strain be
+well could be infinitely long this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could be infinitely long this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could be infinitely long this let's
+look at an example here on the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example here on the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at an example here on the computer
+I could I could walk up to this computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could walk up to this computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I could walk up to this computer
+and I could say how about we'll define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could say how about we'll define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I could say how about we'll define
+how about the stream of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+starting with some number in a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with some number in a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with some number in a stream of
+positive integers starting with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers starting with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive integers starting with some
+number N and that's Kahn stream of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number N and that's Kahn stream of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number N and that's Kahn stream of the
+end onto the integers from one more all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end onto the integers from one more all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end onto the integers from one more all
+right so there are the integers then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are the integers then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are the integers then I
+could say let's get all the integers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say let's get all the integers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say let's get all the integers to
+find the stream of integers to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the stream of integers to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the stream of integers to be the
+integers starting with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now if I say something like what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I say something like what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if I say something like what's
+the what's the 20th integer it says 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the 20th integer it says 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the 20th integer it says 21
+because we start counting at zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we start counting at zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we start counting at zero okay
+or I can do more complicated things let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can do more complicated things let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I can do more complicated things let
+me define a little predicate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how about define no seven it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about define no seven it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about define no seven it's going to
+test an integer and it's going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test an integer and it's going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test an integer and it's going to say
+it's not I take the remainder of X by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I take the remainder of X by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I take the remainder of X by
+seven I don't get zero and then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven I don't get zero and then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven I don't get zero and then I could
+say define the integers with no sevens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say define the integers with no sevens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say define the integers with no sevens
+to be take all the integers and filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filter them to have no sevens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hmm so now I've got the stream of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm so now I've got the stream of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hmm so now I've got the stream of all
+the integers that are not divisible by 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers that are not divisible by 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers that are not divisible by 7
+so if I say what's the what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say what's the what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I say what's the what's the
+hundredths integer and the list not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredths integer and the list not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundredths integer and the list not
+divisible by 7 I get 117 or if I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by 7 I get 117 or if I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by 7 I get 117 or if I'd like
+to say I could say well gee what are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I could say well gee what are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I could say well gee what are all
+of them so I could say print print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so I could say print print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them so I could say print print
+stream all the integers with no 7 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream all the integers with no 7 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream all the integers with no 7 it
+goes off printing may have to wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off printing may have to wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes off printing may have to wait a
+very long time to see them all well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time to see them all well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long time to see them all well you
+can start asking gee you know is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start asking gee you know is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can start asking gee you know is it
+really true that this data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true that this data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really true that this data structure
+with the integers is really all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the integers is really all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the integers is really all the
+integers now let me draw a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers now let me draw a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers now let me draw a picture of
+that program I just read look here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program I just read look here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that program I just read look here's the
+right here's the definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's the definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's the definition of the
+integers again that I just typed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers again that I just typed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers again that I just typed in
+right it's a console of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a console of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's a console of the first
+integer under the integers starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer under the integers starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer under the integers starting with
+the rest now we can make a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest now we can make a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest now we can make a picture of
+that and see what it looks like and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see what it looks like and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and see what it looks like and it's
+conceptually what I have is a box that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually what I have is a box that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually what I have is a box that's
+the integers starting with in it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers starting with in it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers starting with in it takes
+in some number N and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some number N and it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some number N and it's going to
+return a stream of this infinite stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return a stream of this infinite stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return a stream of this infinite stream
+of all integers starting within and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all integers starting within and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all integers starting within and what
+do I do well this is an integers clown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do well this is an integers clown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I do well this is an integers clown
+box what's it got in it well it takes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box what's it got in it well it takes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box what's it got in it well it takes in
+this N and it puts then it increments it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then it puts the result in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it puts the result in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it puts the result in to
+recursively another integers from box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+takes the result of that and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the result of that and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes the result of that and the
+original an and puts those together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original an and puts those together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original an and puts those together with
+the cons and forms a stream so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cons and forms a stream so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cons and forms a stream so that's a
+picture of that program I wrote and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that program I wrote and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that program I wrote and this
+is a let's see these kind of diagrams we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a let's see these kind of diagrams we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a let's see these kind of diagrams we
+first saw drawn by Peter Henderson the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw drawn by Peter Henderson the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first saw drawn by Peter Henderson the
+same guy who did the estrin language so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guy who did the estrin language so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same guy who did the estrin language so
+we call them Henderson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them Henderson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them Henderson
+and the convention here is that you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the convention here is that you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the convention here is that you put
+these things together and the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together and the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things together and the solid
+lines of things coming out our streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of things coming out our streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of things coming out our streams
+and dotted lines are our initial values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dotted lines are our initial values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dotted lines are our initial values
+going in so this one has the shape of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in so this one has the shape of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in so this one has the shape of it
+takes in some integer some initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in some integer some initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes in some integer some initial value
+and now it puts a stream right and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it puts a stream right and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it puts a stream right and again
+you can ask you know is it really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask you know is it really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can ask you know is it really is
+that data structure integers really all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure integers really all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data structure integers really all
+the integers right or is it is it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers right or is it is it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers right or is it is it just
+something that's cleverly arranged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's cleverly arranged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's cleverly arranged so
+that whenever you look for an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you look for an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whenever you look for an integer
+you find it there right that's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it there right that's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find it there right that's sort of a
+philosophical question right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical question right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophical question right if
+something is something is there whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is something is there whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is something is there whenever
+you look is it really there or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look is it really there or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look is it really there or not you
+know it's sort of that sort of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's sort of that sort of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's sort of that sort of the same
+sense in which in which the money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which in which the money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in which in which the money in
+your savings account is in the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your savings account is in the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your savings account is in the bank
+right well well let me do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well well let me do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well well let me do another
+example gee we started the course with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example gee we started the course with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example gee we started the course with
+an algorithm from Alexandria which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm from Alexandria which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm from Alexandria which was
+here on of Alexandria's algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on of Alexandria's algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on of Alexandria's algorithm for
+computing the square root let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the square root let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing the square root let's let's
+take a look on another Alexandrian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look on another Alexandrian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look on another Alexandrian
+algorithm this one is is Eratosthenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this one is is Eratosthenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm this one is is Eratosthenes
+method for for computing all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for for computing all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for for computing all of the
+primes so this is called the sieve of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes so this is called the sieve of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes so this is called the sieve of
+Eratosthenes and what you do is you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eratosthenes and what you do is you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eratosthenes and what you do is you you
+start out and you list all the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out and you list all the integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start out and you list all the integers
+say starting with two and then you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say starting with two and then you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say starting with two and then you take
+the first integer and you say oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first integer and you say oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first integer and you say oh that's
+prime and then you go look at the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and then you go look at the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime and then you go look at the rest
+and you cross out all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cross out all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cross out all the things
+divisible by two so I cross out this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by two so I cross out this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by two so I cross out this and
+this and this this takes a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this this takes a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this this takes a long time
+because I have to do it for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to do it for all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to do it for all of the
+integers main so I go through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers main so I go through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers main so I go through the entire
+list of integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crossing out the ones divisible by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing out the ones divisible by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing out the ones divisible by two
+and now when I finished with all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when I finished with all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now when I finished with all of the
+integers I go back and look and say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers I go back and look and say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers I go back and look and say what
+am I left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I left with
+well the first thing that starts there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing that starts there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the first thing that starts there
+is three so three is a prime and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three so three is a prime and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three so three is a prime and now I
+go back through what I'm left with and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back through what I'm left with and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back through what I'm left with and I
+cross out all the things divisible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out all the things divisible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross out all the things divisible by
+three so let's see 9 and 15 and 21 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so let's see 9 and 15 and 21 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so let's see 9 and 15 and 21 and
+27 and 33 and so on I won't finish and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and 33 and so on I won't finish and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 and 33 and so on I won't finish and
+then I see what I'm left with and I next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I see what I'm left with and I next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I see what I'm left with and I next
+when I have this five and I know I scan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have this five and I know I scan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have this five and I know I scan
+through the rest and I find the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rest and I find the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the rest and I find the first
+one that's divisible by five I cross out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's divisible by five I cross out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's divisible by five I cross out
+from the remainder all the ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the remainder all the ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the remainder all the ones that are
+divisible by five and I do that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by five and I do that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisible by five and I do that and then
+I go through and find seven go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go through and find seven go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go through and find seven go through
+all the rest cross out things to visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest cross out things to visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rest cross out things to visible
+by seven and I keep doing that forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seven and I keep doing that forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by seven and I keep doing that forever
+and when I'm done what I'm left with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I'm done what I'm left with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I'm done what I'm left with is
+a list of all the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all the primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of all the primes
+alright so that's the that's the sieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that's the that's the sieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that's the that's the sieve
+of eratosthenes let's look at it as a as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eratosthenes let's look at it as a as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of eratosthenes let's look at it as a as
+a computer program there's a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program there's a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a computer program there's a procedure
+called sieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I'll just write what I did right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll just write what I did right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'll just write what I did right
+I'll say to sieve some stream s I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say to sieve some stream s I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll say to sieve some stream s I'm
+going to build a stream whose first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a stream whose first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to build a stream whose first
+element is the head of this remember I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the head of this remember I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element is the head of this remember I
+found always found the first thing I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found always found the first thing I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found always found the first thing I was
+left with and the rest of it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with and the rest of it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with and the rest of it is the
+result of taking the tail of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+filtering it to throw away all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering it to throw away all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering it to throw away all the
+things that are divisible by the head of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are divisible by the head of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are divisible by the head of
+this and now sniffing the result right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now sniffing the result right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and now sniffing the result right
+that's just what I did and now to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what I did and now to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just what I did and now to get
+the infinite stream of primes we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite stream of primes we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infinite stream of primes we just
+sieve all the integers starting from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's let's try that we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try that we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try that we can actually
+actually do it let's see I typed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it let's see I typed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it let's see I typed in the
+definition of civil or I hope so I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of civil or I hope so I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of civil or I hope so I could
+say something like define the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right to be the result of saving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be the result of saving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be the result of saving the
+integers starting with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now I've got this list of crimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got this list of crimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I've got this list of crimes
+that's all of the crimes alright so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all of the crimes alright so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all of the crimes alright so for
+example what's the 20th crime in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what's the 20th crime in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example what's the 20th crime in that
+list right 73 seeing that little pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right 73 seeing that little pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right 73 seeing that little pause
+was it was only at the point when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was only at the point when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it was only at the point when I
+started asking for the 20th prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started asking for the 20th prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started asking for the 20th prime is
+that it started computing or I can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it started computing or I can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it started computing or I can say
+here let's look at all of the primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right in there it goes computing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in there it goes computing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in there it goes computing all of
+the primes of course we'll take awhile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes of course we'll take awhile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes of course we'll take awhile
+again if I want to look at all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I want to look at all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I want to look at all of them
+so let's stop it okay let me draw you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's stop it okay let me draw you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's stop it okay let me draw you a
+picture of that well I've got a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that well I've got a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of that well I've got a picture
+of that which that program really looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which that program really looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which that program really looked
+like getting some practice with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting some practice with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like getting some practice with these
+diagrams I have a sieve box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams I have a sieve box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams I have a sieve box
+how does sieve work it takes in a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it splits off the head from the tail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it splits off the head from the tail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it splits off the head from the tail and
+the first thing that's going to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that's going to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that's going to come out
+of the sieve is the head of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sieve is the head of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sieve is the head of the original
+stream then it also takes the head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream then it also takes the head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream then it also takes the head and
+uses that right it takes the stream it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that right it takes the stream it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that right it takes the stream it
+filters the tail and uses the head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters the tail and uses the head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters the tail and uses the head to
+filter for non divisibility takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter for non divisibility takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter for non divisibility takes the
+result of non divisibility and puts it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of non divisibility and puts it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of non divisibility and puts it
+through another another sieve box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another another sieve box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through another another sieve box and
+puts the result together so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the result together so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the result together so you can
+think of this sieve as a filter but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this sieve as a filter but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this sieve as a filter but
+notice that it's an infinite recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's an infinite recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that it's an infinite recursive
+filter because inside the sieve box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because inside the sieve box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter because inside the sieve box is
+another sieve box and inside that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sieve box and inside that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sieve box and inside that is
+another sieve box and another sift box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sieve box and another sift box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sieve box and another sift box
+so you see we start getting some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see we start getting some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see we start getting some very
+powerful things we're starting to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful things we're starting to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful things we're starting to mix
+this signal processing view of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal processing view of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this signal processing view of the world
+with things like recursion that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like recursion that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with things like recursion that come
+from computation and there are all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computation and there are all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from computation and there are all sorts
+of interesting things you can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things you can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting things you can do that
+are like this all right any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right well we've been looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well we've been looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right well we've been looking at a
+couple of examples of stream programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of stream programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of examples of stream programming
+all the stream procedures that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stream procedures that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the stream procedures that we've
+looked at so far have the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at so far have the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at so far have the same kind of
+character we've been writing these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character we've been writing these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character we've been writing these these
+recursive procedures that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive procedures that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive procedures that kind of
+generate these stream elements one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these stream elements one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate these stream elements one at a
+time and put them together in constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and put them together in constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and put them together in constant
+and con streams so we've been thinking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and con streams so we've been thinking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and con streams so we've been thinking a
+lot about generators there's another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about generators there's another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot about generators there's another way
+to think about stream processing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about stream processing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about stream processing and
+that's to focus not on on programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to focus not on on programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's to focus not on on programs that
+sort of process this elements as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of process this elements as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of process this elements as you
+walk down the stream but on things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down the stream but on things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk down the stream but on things that
+that kind of a process the streams all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a process the streams all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of a process the streams all
+at once let's see show you what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once let's see show you what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once let's see show you what I mean
+let me start by defining two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by defining two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me start by defining two two
+procedures that will come in handy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that will come in handy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures that will come in handy the
+first ones called add streams add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones called add streams add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones called add streams add
+streams takes takes two streams s1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams takes takes two streams s1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams takes takes two streams s1 and
+s2 and it's going to produce a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2 and it's going to produce a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s2 and it's going to produce a stream
+whose elements are the consecutive some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose elements are the consecutive some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose elements are the consecutive some
+are the corresponding sums but we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the corresponding sums but we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the corresponding sums but we just
+sort of add them element wise if either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of add them element wise if either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of add them element wise if either
+stream is empty we just returned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is empty we just returned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream is empty we just returned the
+other one otherwise we're gonna make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one otherwise we're gonna make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one otherwise we're gonna make a
+new stream whose head is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stream whose head is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stream whose head is the sum of the
+two heads and whose tail is the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two heads and whose tail is the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two heads and whose tail is the result
+of recursively adding the tails right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursively adding the tails right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of recursively adding the tails right so
+it'll produce the element Y sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll produce the element Y sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll produce the element Y sum of two
+streams and then another useful thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and then another useful thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and then another useful thing to
+have around is scale stream scale stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have around is scale stream scale stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have around is scale stream scale stream
+takes some constant number in a stream s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some constant number in a stream s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some constant number in a stream s
+and it's going to produce the stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to produce the stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to produce the stream of
+elements of this multiplied by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this multiplied by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of this multiplied by this
+constant and that's easy that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's easy that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and that's easy that's just a
+map of the the function of an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the the function of an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map of the the function of an element
+that multiplies it by the constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies it by the constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that multiplies it by the constant and
+we map that down the stream okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map that down the stream okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map that down the stream okay so
+given those two let me show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those two let me show you what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those two let me show you what I
+mean by programs that that operate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by programs that that operate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by programs that that operate on
+streams and all at once let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and all at once let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and all at once let's look at
+this suppose I write this I say define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pull it ones to be a con stream of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it ones to be a con stream of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull it ones to be a con stream of one
+on to once what's that that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to once what's that that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to once what's that that's going to
+be an infinite stream of ones because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite stream of ones because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an infinite stream of ones because
+the first thing is one and the tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is one and the tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing is one and the tail of
+it is a thing whose first thing is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a thing whose first thing is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a thing whose first thing is 1 and
+whose tail is a thing whose first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose tail is a thing whose first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose tail is a thing whose first thing
+is 1 and so on and so on and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and so on and so on and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and so on and so on and so on so
+that's an infinite stream of ones and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an infinite stream of ones and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an infinite stream of ones and
+now using that let me give you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using that let me give you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now using that let me give you another
+definition of the integers we can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the integers we can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of the integers we can define
+the integers to be well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers to be well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers to be well the first
+integer will take to be 1 its constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer will take to be 1 its constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer will take to be 1 its constant
+of 1 on to the element wise some to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 on to the element wise some to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 on to the element wise some to add
+streams of the integers to once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams of the integers to once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams of the integers to once the
+integers are a thing whose first element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are a thing whose first element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers are a thing whose first element
+is 1 and the rest of them you get by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and the rest of them you get by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 and the rest of them you get by
+taking those integers and incrementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking those integers and incrementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking those integers and incrementing
+each one by one so the second element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one by one so the second element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one by one so the second element of
+the integers is the first element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers is the first element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integers is the first element of the
+integers incremented by one and the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers incremented by one and the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers incremented by one and the rest
+of that is the next one and the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is the next one and the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that is the next one and the third
+element of that is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of that is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of that is the same as the
+second element as the first element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element as the first element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second element as the first element of
+the tail of the integers incremented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the integers incremented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tail of the integers incremented by
+one which is the same as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is the same as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one which is the same as the first
+element of the original increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the original increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the original increment
+integers integrated incremented by 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers integrated incremented by 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers integrated incremented by 1 and
+incremented by 1 again and so on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented by 1 again and so on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremented by 1 again and so on that
+looks pretty suspicious see notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty suspicious see notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks pretty suspicious see notice that
+it works because of delay see this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works because of delay see this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works because of delay see this looks
+like let's take a look at once this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's take a look at once this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like let's take a look at once this
+looks like it couldn't have even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it couldn't have even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like it couldn't have even be
+processed because it's suddenly saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed because it's suddenly saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed because it's suddenly saying
+in order to know what one's is I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to know what one's is I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to know what one's is I say
+it's con stream of something onto once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's con stream of something onto once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's con stream of something onto once
+the reason that works is because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that works is because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that works is because of that
+very sneaky hidden delay in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sneaky hidden delay in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sneaky hidden delay in there
+because what this really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what this really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what this really is
+remember concertina just an abbreviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember concertina just an abbreviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember concertina just an abbreviation
+this really is cons of one on to delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is cons of one on to delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really is cons of one on to delay
+of once so how does that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of once so how does that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of once so how does that work
+you see I'm going to define ones first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I'm going to define ones first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see I'm going to define ones first I
+see what ones is supposed to be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what ones is supposed to be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what ones is supposed to be defined
+as well ones is supposed to be defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well ones is supposed to be defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well ones is supposed to be defined
+as a Const whose first part is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Const whose first part is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Const whose first part is 1 and
+whose second part is well it's a promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose second part is well it's a promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose second part is well it's a promise
+to compute something that I don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute something that I don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute something that I don't worry
+about yet so it doesn't bother me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yet so it doesn't bother me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yet so it doesn't bother me that
+at the point I do this definition ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point I do this definition ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point I do this definition ones
+isn't defined having run the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't defined having run the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't defined having run the definition
+now once is defined so that when I go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once is defined so that when I go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now once is defined so that when I go
+and look at the tail of it it's defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the tail of it it's defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the tail of it it's defined
+it's very sneaky and then integers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sneaky and then integers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sneaky and then integers the
+same way I can refer to integers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I can refer to integers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way I can refer to integers here
+because hidden way down because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hidden way down because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because hidden way down because of this
+con stream it's the con stream of 1 onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con stream it's the con stream of 1 onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con stream it's the con stream of 1 onto
+something that I don't worry about yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I don't worry about yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I don't worry about yet
+so I don't look at it and I don't notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't look at it and I don't notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't look at it and I don't notice
+that integers isn't defined at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integers isn't defined at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that integers isn't defined at the point
+where I try and run the definition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I try and run the definition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I try and run the definition okay
+let me draw a picture of that integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw a picture of that integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw a picture of that integers
+thing because it's still so maybe seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's still so maybe seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing because it's still so maybe seems
+a little bit shaky what do I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit shaky what do I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit shaky what do I do
+I've got the stream of ones and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the stream of ones and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the stream of ones and that
+sort of comes in and goes into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes in and goes into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of comes in and goes into something
+into an adder that's going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an adder that's going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an adder that's going to be this
+add streams thing and that goes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add streams thing and that goes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add streams thing and that goes in
+that's going to put out the integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the other thing that goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing that goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other thing that goes into the
+adder here is the integer so if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder here is the integer so if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adder here is the integer so if there's
+a little feedback live and all I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little feedback live and all I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little feedback live and all I need to
+start it off is someplace I've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it off is someplace I've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start it off is someplace I've got to
+stick that initial one you know a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that initial one you know a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick that initial one you know a real
+signal processing thing this might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing thing this might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing thing this might be a
+delay element with that was initialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay element with that was initialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay element with that was initialized
+to one but there's a picture of of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one but there's a picture of of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one but there's a picture of of that
+one's program and in fact that looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's program and in fact that looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's program and in fact that looks a
+lot like if you've seen real signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like if you've seen real signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like if you've seen real signal
+block diagram things that looks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram things that looks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram things that looks a lot
+like like sort of accumulators finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like sort of accumulators finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like like sort of accumulators finite
+state accumulators and in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state accumulators and in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state accumulators and in fact we can
+modify this a little bit to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this a little bit to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modify this a little bit to change this
+into something that integrates a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that integrates a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something that integrates a stream
+or a finite state accumulator however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a finite state accumulator however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a finite state accumulator however
+you like to think about it so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to think about it so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to think about it so instead of
+the ones coming in and getting out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones coming in and getting out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones coming in and getting out the
+integers what we'll do is is say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers what we'll do is is say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers what we'll do is is say there's
+a stream that's coming in and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream that's coming in and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stream that's coming in and we're
+going to get out the integral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out the integral of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get out the integral of this
+successive values for that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive values for that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive values for that and that
+looks almost the same the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks almost the same the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks almost the same the only thing
+we're gonna do is when s comes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is when s comes in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is when s comes in here
+before we just add it in we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we just add it in we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we just add it in we're gonna
+multiply it by some number DT and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by some number DT and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by some number DT and now
+what we have here this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have here this is exactly the
+same thing we have a box which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we have a box which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we have a box which is an
+integrator and it takes in a stream s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator and it takes in a stream s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrator and it takes in a stream s
+and instead of one here we can put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of one here we can put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and instead of one here we can put the
+initial value for the integral and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value for the integral and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value for the integral and that
+one looks very very much like a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks very very much like a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks very very much like a like a
+signal processing block diagram program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing block diagram program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing block diagram program
+in fact here's the procedure that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact here's the procedure that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact here's the procedure that looks
+exactly like that right we take when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like that right we take when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like that right we take when you
+find the integral of a stream so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the integral of a stream so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the integral of a stream so
+integral is going to take a stream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is going to take a stream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is going to take a stream and
+produce a new stream and it takes in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a new stream and it takes in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a new stream and it takes in an
+initial value and some time constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value and some time constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value and some time constant and
+what do we do well we internally define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we internally define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we do well we internally define
+this thing int and we make this internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing int and we make this internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing int and we make this internal
+name so we can feed it back loop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so we can feed it back loop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name so we can feed it back loop it
+around itself and int is defined to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around itself and int is defined to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around itself and int is defined to be
+something that starts out at the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that starts out at the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that starts out at the initial
+value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value
+and the rest of it is gotten by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it is gotten by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest of it is gotten by adding
+together we take our input stream scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we take our input stream scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together we take our input stream scale
+it by DT and he had that to int and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by DT and he had that to int and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by DT and he had that to int and now
+what returned from all that the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what returned from all that the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what returned from all that the value of
+the integral is this thing int and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is this thing int and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral is this thing int and we
+use this internal definition syntax so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this internal definition syntax so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this internal definition syntax so
+we could write a little internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write a little internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write a little internal
+definition that refers to itself well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that refers to itself well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that refers to itself well
+all sorts of things we can do let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things we can do let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things we can do let's try
+this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one
+how about the Fibonacci numbers you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the Fibonacci numbers you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about the Fibonacci numbers you can
+say define define fibs well what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say define define fibs well what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say define define fibs well what are the
+fit and watching numbers there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and watching numbers there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and watching numbers there's
+something that starts at zero and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that starts at zero and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that starts at zero and the
+next one is one and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is one and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is one and the rest of the
+Fibonacci numbers are gotten by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Fibonacci numbers to their own tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's a there's a definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a definition of the
+Fibonacci numbers how does that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers how does that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fibonacci numbers how does that work
+well we start off and someone says gee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we start off and someone says gee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we start off and someone says gee
+compute for us the Fibonacci numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for us the Fibonacci numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute for us the Fibonacci numbers and
+we're going to tell you it starts out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tell you it starts out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to tell you it starts out
+with 0 and 1 and everything after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0 and 1 and everything after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 0 and 1 and everything after the
+zero and one is gotten by summing two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one is gotten by summing two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and one is gotten by summing two
+streams one is the fibs themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams one is the fibs themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams one is the fibs themselves and
+the other one is the tale of the fibs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is the tale of the fibs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one is the tale of the fibs so
+if I know that these start out with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know that these start out with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know that these start out with zero
+and one I know that the fibs now start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one I know that the fibs now start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one I know that the fibs now start
+out with zero and one and the tale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with zero and one and the tale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with zero and one and the tale of
+the fifth start out with one so as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth start out with one so as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth start out with one so as soon
+as I know that I know that the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know that I know that the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I know that I know that the next one
+here is zero plus one is one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is zero plus one is one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is zero plus one is one and that
+tells me that the next one here is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the next one here is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells me that the next one here is 1 and
+the next one here is 1 and as soon as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one here is 1 and as soon as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one here is 1 and as soon as I
+know that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I know
+the next one is too rich the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is too rich the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is too rich the next one
+here is - and the next one here is 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is - and the next one here is 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is - and the next one here is 2 and
+this is 3 this 1 goes to 3 and this is 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 3 this 1 goes to 3 and this is 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 3 this 1 goes to 3 and this is 5
+right so it's perfectly sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's perfectly sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's perfectly sensible
+definition it's a one-line definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's a one-line definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition it's a one-line definition
+and again I can walk over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I can walk over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again I can walk over to the
+computer and type that in exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and type that in exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and type that in exactly that
+and then say print stream the Fibonacci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say print stream the Fibonacci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then say print stream the Fibonacci
+numbers and they all come flying in see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they all come flying in see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and they all come flying in see
+this is a lot like learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot like learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a lot like learning about
+recursion again see instead of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion again see instead of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion again see instead of thinking
+about recursive procedures we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recursive procedures we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recursive procedures we have
+recursively defined data objects but see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively defined data objects but see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively defined data objects but see
+that shouldn't surprise you at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't surprise you at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't surprise you at all
+because by now you should be coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by now you should be coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because by now you should be coming to
+really believe that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really believe that there's no
+difference really between procedures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference really between procedures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference really between procedures and
+data and in fact in some sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in fact in some sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and in fact in some sense the
+underlying streams are our procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying streams are our procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying streams are our procedure
+sitting there although we don't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there although we don't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting there although we don't think of
+them that way so the fact that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that way so the fact that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them that way so the fact that we have
+recursive procedures well then it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive procedures well then it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive procedures well then it should
+be natural that we we have recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be natural that we we have recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be natural that we we have recursive
+data - ok well this is all pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data - ok well this is all pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data - ok well this is all pretty pretty
+neat unfortunately there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat unfortunately there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neat unfortunately there are there
+problems that streams aren't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that streams aren't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that streams aren't going to
+solve let me let me show you one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve let me let me show you one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve let me let me show you one of them
+see in the same way let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the same way let's imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the same way let's imagine that
+we're building an analog computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building an analog computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're building an analog computer to
+solve some differential equation like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some differential equation like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some differential equation like so
+you want to solve the equation y prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve the equation y prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to solve the equation y prime
+dy DT is y squared and I give you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT is y squared and I give you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dy DT is y squared and I give you some
+initial value I'll tell you why is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value I'll tell you why is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value I'll tell you why is 0
+equals 1 and just let's say DT is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and just let's say DT is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 and just let's say DT is is
+equal to something now in the old days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something now in the old days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to something now in the old days
+people built analog computers to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people built analog computers to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people built analog computers to solve
+these kinds of things and the way you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things and the way you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kinds of things and the way you do
+that is really simple you get yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really simple you get yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is really simple you get yourself
+an integrator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that one integrator box and we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one integrator box and we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that one integrator box and we put
+in the initial value y of 0 is 1 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial value y of 0 is 1 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the initial value y of 0 is 1 and now
+if we feed something in and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we feed something in and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we feed something in and get
+something out we'll say see what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out we'll say see what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something out we'll say see what we're
+getting out is the answer what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out is the answer what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out is the answer what we're
+going to feed in is the derivative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feed in is the derivative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feed in is the derivative and
+the derivative is supposed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is supposed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative is supposed to be the
+square of the answer so if we take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the answer so if we take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of the answer so if we take these
+values and map using square and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and map using square and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and map using square and if I
+feed this around that's how I feel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed this around that's how I feel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed this around that's how I feel a
+block diagram for an analogue computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram for an analogue computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram for an analogue computer
+that solves this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solves this differential equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that solves this differential equation
+now what we'd like to do is write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we'd like to do is write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we'd like to do is write a
+stream program that looks exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream program that looks exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream program that looks exactly like
+that and what do I mean exactly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what do I mean exactly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what do I mean exactly like
+that well I'd say define Y to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I'd say define Y to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I'd say define Y to be the
+integral of dy starting at one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of dy starting at one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of dy starting at one with
+point zero zero one as a time step and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero zero one as a time step and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero zero one as a time step and
+I'd like to say that says this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say that says this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say that says this and then
+I'd like to say well dy has gotten by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say well dy has gotten by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to say well dy has gotten by
+mapping square along Y so define D Y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping square along Y so define D Y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping square along Y so define D Y to
+be map square along Y so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be map square along Y so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be map square along Y so there's a
+stream description of this analog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream description of this analog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream description of this analog
+computer and unfortunately it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and unfortunately it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and unfortunately it doesn't
+work and you can see why it doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you can see why it doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and you can see why it doesn't work
+because when I come in and say define Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I come in and say define Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when I come in and say define Y
+to be the integral of dy it says oh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral of dy it says oh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the integral of dy it says oh the
+integral of what huh oh that's undefined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of what huh oh that's undefined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of what huh oh that's undefined
+so I can't write this definition before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't write this definition before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can't write this definition before
+I write written this one on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write written this one on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write written this one on the other
+hand if I try and write this one first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if I try and write this one first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if I try and write this one first
+it says oh I defined Y to be the map of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says oh I defined Y to be the map of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says oh I defined Y to be the map of
+square along wat oh that's not defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square along wat oh that's not defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square along wat oh that's not defined
+yet so I can't write this one first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I can't write this one first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet so I can't write this one first and
+I can't write that one first so I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't write that one first so I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't write that one first so I can't
+can't quite play this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was there a way out see we could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a way out see we could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was there a way out see we could do that
+with once see over here we did this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with once see over here we did this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with once see over here we did this we
+did this thing once and we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this thing once and we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this thing once and we were able to
+define ones in terms of ones because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define ones in terms of ones because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define ones in terms of ones because of
+this delay that was built inside because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delay that was built inside because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this delay that was built inside because
+Kahn stream had a delay now why is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kahn stream had a delay now why is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kahn stream had a delay now why is it
+sensible see why is it sensible for Kahn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible see why is it sensible for Kahn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible see why is it sensible for Kahn
+stream to be built with this delay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to be built with this delay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream to be built with this delay the
+reason is that Kahn stream can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that Kahn stream can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that Kahn stream can do a
+useful thing without looking at its tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing without looking at its tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful thing without looking at its tail
+see if I say this is Kahn stream of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I say this is Kahn stream of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I say this is Kahn stream of 1
+onto something without knowing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto something without knowing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto something without knowing anything
+about something I know that the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something I know that the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something I know that the stream
+starts off with 1 that's why I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off with 1 that's why I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off with 1 that's why I was
+sensible to build something like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible to build something like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible to build something like on
+stream and that so we put a delay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and that so we put a delay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and that so we put a delay in
+there and that allows us to have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that allows us to have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and that allows us to have this
+sort of self referential definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self referential definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of self referential definition
+well integrals a little bit the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well integrals a little bit the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well integrals a little bit the same way
+so you notice for an integral I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you notice for an integral I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you notice for an integral I can
+let's go back and look at integral for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and look at integral for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go back and look at integral for a
+second so you notice the integral it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you notice the integral it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so you notice the integral it
+makes sense to say what's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to say what's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense to say what's the first
+thing in the integral without knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the integral without knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the integral without knowing
+the stream that you're integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream that you're integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream that you're integrating
+because the first thing in the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first thing in the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the first thing in the integral
+is always going to be the initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always going to be the initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always going to be the initial value
+that you hand it so integral could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hand it so integral could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you hand it so integral could be a
+procedure like Kahn stream you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure like Kahn stream you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure like Kahn stream you could
+define it and then even before it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it and then even before it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define it and then even before it knows
+what it's supposed to be integrating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to be integrating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to be integrating it
+knows enough to say what its initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows enough to say what its initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows enough to say what its initial
+value is so we can make a smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is so we can make a smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value is so we can make a smarter
+integral which is a ha you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which is a ha you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral which is a ha you're going to
+give me a stream to integrate and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a stream to integrate and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a stream to integrate and an
+initial value but I really don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value but I really don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value but I really don't have to
+look at that stream that I'm supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that stream that I'm supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that stream that I'm supposed to
+integrate until you ask me to work down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate until you ask me to work down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate until you ask me to work down
+the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stream
+in other words integral can be like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words integral can be like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words integral can be like on
+stream it can expect that there's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it can expect that there's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it can expect that there's going
+to be a delay or in its integrand and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a delay or in its integrand and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a delay or in its integrand and we
+can write that here's a procedure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that here's a procedure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write that here's a procedure that
+does that another version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that another version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that another version of the
+integral and this is almost like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this is almost like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and this is almost like the
+previous one except the stream it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one except the stream it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one except the stream it's
+going to get in is going to expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get in is going to expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get in is going to expect to be
+a delayed object and how does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delayed object and how does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a delayed object and how does this
+integral work well the little thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral work well the little thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral work well the little thing
+that's going to define inside of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to define inside of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to define inside of itself
+says on the con stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says on the con stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says on the con stream
+the initial value is the initial value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value is the initial value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial value is the initial value
+but only inside of that con stream and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only inside of that con stream and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but only inside of that con stream and
+then remember there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then remember there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then remember there's going to be a
+hidden delay inside here only inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden delay inside here only inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden delay inside here only inside of
+that con stream will I start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that con stream will I start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that con stream will I start looking at
+the delay what the actual delayed object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay what the actual delayed object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay what the actual delayed object
+is so my answer is the first things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so my answer is the first things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so my answer is the first things the
+initial value if anybody now asks me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value if anybody now asks me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value if anybody now asks me for
+my tale at that point I'm going to force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tale at that point I'm going to force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tale at that point I'm going to force
+that delayed object I'll call that s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delayed object I'll call that s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that delayed object I'll call that s and
+I do the add streams so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the add streams so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the add streams so this is this is
+an integral which is sort of like on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral which is sort of like on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integral which is sort of like on
+stream it's not going to actually try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it's not going to actually try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream it's not going to actually try
+and try and see what you handed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and see what you handed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try and see what you handed it
+that's the thing to integrate until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing to integrate until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing to integrate until you
+look past the first element and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look past the first element and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look past the first element and if we do
+that then we can make this work what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we can make this work what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we can make this work what we
+have to do here is say define Y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do here is say define Y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do here is say define Y to the
+integral of AB delay of Y AB delay of dy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of AB delay of Y AB delay of dy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of AB delay of Y AB delay of dy
+and so Y is going to be the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Y is going to be the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Y is going to be the integral of
+delay of dy already at 1 and now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of dy already at 1 and now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay of dy already at 1 and now this
+will work because I type in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work because I type in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will work because I type in the
+definition of Y and it says I'm suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Y and it says I'm suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of Y and it says I'm suppose
+to the integral of something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral of something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the integral of something I don't
+care about right now because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about right now because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about right now because it's a
+delay and these things now you define D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and these things now you define D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay and these things now you define D
+Y now Y is defined so when I define D Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y now Y is defined so when I define D Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y now Y is defined so when I define D Y
+you can see that definition through Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that definition through Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that definition through Y
+everything's now started up both streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's now started up both streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's now started up both streams
+have their first element and then when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their first element and then when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their first element and then when I
+started mapping down looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started mapping down looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started mapping down looking at
+successive elements both Y and dy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive elements both Y and dy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive elements both Y and dy are
+defined all right so there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined all right so there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined all right so there's a little
+game you can play that goes a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can play that goes a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can play that goes a little bit
+beyond just using the delay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond just using the delay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond just using the delay that's
+hidden inside streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden inside streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden inside streams
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok let's take a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok let's take a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok let's take a break
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well just before the break not sure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just before the break not sure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just before the break not sure if
+you noticed it but something nasty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you noticed it but something nasty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you noticed it but something nasty
+started to happen see we've been going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to happen see we've been going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to happen see we've been going
+along with these streams and divorcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with these streams and divorcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with these streams and divorcing
+divorcing time in the programs from time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorcing time in the programs from time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divorcing time in the programs from time
+in the computers and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computers and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the computers and all that
+well that divorcing got hidden inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that divorcing got hidden inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that divorcing got hidden inside
+the streams and then at the very end we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streams and then at the very end we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the streams and then at the very end we
+saw that sometimes in order to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that sometimes in order to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that sometimes in order to really
+take advantage of this method you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this method you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this method you have
+to pull out other delays you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull out other delays you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull out other delays you have to
+write some explicit delays that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some explicit delays that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some explicit delays that are not
+hidden inside that constraint and I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden inside that constraint and I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hidden inside that constraint and I did
+a very simple example with differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example with differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple example with differential
+equations but if you have some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but if you have some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but if you have some very
+complicated system with all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated system with all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated system with all kinds of
+self loops it becomes very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self loops it becomes very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self loops it becomes very very
+difficult to see where you need those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see where you need those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to see where you need those
+delays and if you leave them out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays and if you leave them out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays and if you leave them out by
+mistake it becomes very very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it becomes very very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake it becomes very very difficult
+to see why the thing maybe isn't working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see why the thing maybe isn't working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see why the thing maybe isn't working
+so that's that's kind of a mess that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's kind of a mess that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's kind of a mess that by
+getting this power and allowing us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this power and allowing us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting this power and allowing us to
+use delay we we end up with some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use delay we we end up with some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use delay we we end up with some very
+complicated programming sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated programming sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated programming sometimes
+because it can't all be hidden inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can't all be hidden inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it can't all be hidden inside
+those streams well is there a way out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those streams well is there a way out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those streams well is there a way out of
+that yeah there is a way out of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah there is a way out of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah there is a way out of that we
+could change the language so that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the language so that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change the language so that all
+procedures acted like on stream so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures acted like on stream so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures acted like on stream so that
+every procedure automatically has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every procedure automatically has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every procedure automatically has an
+implicit delay around its arguments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit delay around its arguments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit delay around its arguments and
+what would that mean that would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that mean that would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would that mean that would mean
+when you call a procedure the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you call a procedure the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you call a procedure the arguments
+wouldn't get evaluated instead they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get evaluated instead they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get evaluated instead they'd
+only be evaluated when you need them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be evaluated when you need them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only be evaluated when you need them so
+they might be passed off to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be passed off to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might be passed off to some other
+procedure which wouldn't evaluate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which wouldn't evaluate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure which wouldn't evaluate them
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+so all these procedures would be passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these procedures would be passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all these procedures would be passing
+promises around and then finally maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises around and then finally maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises around and then finally maybe
+when you finally got down to having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you finally got down to having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you finally got down to having to
+look at the value of something that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the value of something that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the value of something that was
+handed to a primitive operator would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed to a primitive operator would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed to a primitive operator would you
+actually start calling in all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start calling in all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually start calling in all those
+promises if we did that see since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises if we did that see since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises if we did that see since
+everything would have a uniform delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would have a uniform delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would have a uniform delay
+then you wouldn't have to write any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wouldn't have to write any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you wouldn't have to write any
+explicit delays because it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit delays because it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit delays because it would be
+automatically built in to the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically built in to the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically built in to the way the
+language works or another way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language works or another way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language works or another way to say
+that technically what I'm describing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technically what I'm describing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that technically what I'm describing is
+what's called if we did that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called if we did that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called if we did that our
+language would be so-called normal order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language would be so-called normal order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language would be so-called normal order
+evaluation language versus what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation language versus what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation language versus what we've
+actually been working with which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been working with which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually been working with which is
+called applicative order versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called applicative order versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called applicative order versus
+applicative order of evaluation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicative order of evaluation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicative order of evaluation and
+remember the substitution model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the substitution model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the substitution model for
+applicative order it says when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicative order it says when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicative order it says when you go
+and evaluate a combination you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate a combination you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and evaluate a combination you find the
+values of all the pieces right you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all the pieces right you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of all the pieces right you have
+value eight the arguments and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value eight the arguments and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value eight the arguments and then you
+substitute them in the body of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute them in the body of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute them in the body of the
+procedure normal order says no don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure normal order says no don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure normal order says no don't do
+that what you do is effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you do is effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what you do is effectively
+substitute in the body of the procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in the body of the procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in the body of the procedure
+but instead of evaluating the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of evaluating the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead of evaluating the arguments
+you just put a promise to compute them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put a promise to compute them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just put a promise to compute them
+there or another way to say that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or another way to say that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there or another way to say that is you
+take the expressions for the arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the expressions for the arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the expressions for the arguments
+if you like and substitute them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like and substitute them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like and substitute them in the
+body of the procedure and go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the procedure and go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body of the procedure and go on and
+never really simplify anything until you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really simplify anything until you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never really simplify anything until you
+get down to a primitive operator so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to a primitive operator so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to a primitive operator so that
+would be a normal order language well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a normal order language well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a normal order language well
+why don't we do that see if we did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do that see if we did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we do that see if we did we
+get all the advantages of delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the advantages of delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the advantages of delayed
+evaluation with none of the mess in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation with none of the mess in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation with none of the mess in fact
+if we did that and conce was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did that and conce was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we did that and conce was just a
+delayed procedure that would make const
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed procedure that would make const
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed procedure that would make const
+the same as con stream we wouldn't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as con stream we wouldn't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as con stream we wouldn't need
+streams at all because lists would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams at all because lists would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams at all because lists would
+automatically be streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically be streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically be streams
+that's how lists would behave and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how lists would behave and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how lists would behave and all
+data structures would behave that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures would behave that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures would behave that way
+everything would behave that way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would behave that way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything would behave that way right
+you never you never really do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never you never really do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you never you never really do any
+computation until you actually needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation until you actually needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation until you actually needed
+the answer right you wouldn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer right you wouldn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer right you wouldn't have to
+worry about all these explicit annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about all these explicit annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about all these explicit annoying
+tool is well why don't we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool is well why don't we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool is well why don't we do that
+first of all I should say people do do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I should say people do do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all I should say people do do
+that there are some very very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some very very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are some very very beautiful
+languages one of the one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages one of the one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages one of the one of the very
+nicest is a language called Miranda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicest is a language called Miranda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicest is a language called Miranda
+which is developed by David Turner at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is developed by David Turner at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is developed by David Turner at
+the University of Kent and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Kent and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Kent and that's how
+this language works it's a normal order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language works it's a normal order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this language works it's a normal order
+language and and it's data structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and and it's data structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and and it's data structures
+which look like lists are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look like lists are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look like lists are actually
+streams and you write ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and you write ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams and you write ordinary
+procedures in Miranda and they they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures in Miranda and they they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures in Miranda and they they do
+these prime things and these eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prime things and these eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prime things and these eight
+Queen's things just without anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen's things just without anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen's things just without anything
+special it's all it's all built in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special it's all it's all built in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special it's all it's all built in there
+but there's a price number how we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a price number how we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a price number how we got
+here we're we're decoupling time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're we're decoupling time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're we're decoupling time in the
+programs from time in the machines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs from time in the machines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs from time in the machines and
+if we put delay that sort of decouples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put delay that sort of decouples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we put delay that sort of decouples
+everywhere not just in streams remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere not just in streams remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere not just in streams remember
+what we're trying to do we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do we're trying to
+think about programming is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about programming is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about programming is a way to
+specify processes and if we give up too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify processes and if we give up too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify processes and if we give up too
+much time our language becomes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time our language becomes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time our language becomes more
+elegant but becomes a little bit less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant but becomes a little bit less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant but becomes a little bit less
+expressive there's certain distinctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive there's certain distinctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive there's certain distinctions
+that we can't draw one of them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't draw one of them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can't draw one of them for
+instance is iteration remember sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is iteration remember sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance is iteration remember sort of
+this old procedure right iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old procedure right iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this old procedure right iterative
+factorial that we looked at quite a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial that we looked at quite a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial that we looked at quite a long
+time ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time ago
+right iterative factorial had a thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right iterative factorial had a thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right iterative factorial had a thing
+and it said there was a internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it said there was a internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it said there was a internal
+procedure and there was a state which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and there was a state which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and there was a state which
+was a product in a counter and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a product in a counter and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a product in a counter and we
+iterate that going around the loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate that going around the loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate that going around the loop and
+we said that was an iterative procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that was an iterative procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that was an iterative procedure
+because it didn't build up state because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't build up state because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it didn't build up state because
+the reason it didn't build up state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it didn't build up state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason it didn't build up state is
+because this either that's called is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this either that's called is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this either that's called is
+just passing these things around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passing these things around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just passing these things around to
+itself or in the substitution model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or in the substitution model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself or in the substitution model that
+you could see in the substitution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see in the substitution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could see in the substitution model
+that Jerry did that an iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jerry did that an iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Jerry did that an iterative
+procedure that state doesn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that state doesn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure that state doesn't have to
+grow and in fact we said it doesn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and in fact we said it doesn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow and in fact we said it doesn't so
+this is an iteration but now think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an iteration but now think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an iteration but now think about
+this exact same text if we have a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same text if we have a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exact same text if we have a normal
+order language what would happen is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order language what would happen is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order language what would happen is this
+would no longer be an iterative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would no longer be an iterative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would no longer be an iterative
+procedure and if you really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and if you really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure and if you really think about
+the details of the substitution model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the substitution model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the substitution model
+which I'm not going to do here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not going to do here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm not going to do here this
+expression would grow why would it grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would grow why would it grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would grow why would it grow
+it's because when eater calls itself it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when eater calls itself it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because when eater calls itself it
+calls itself with this product if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls itself with this product if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls itself with this product if it's a
+normal order language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal order language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal order language that
+multiplication is not going to get done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is not going to get done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is not going to get done
+it's going to say I'm going to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to say I'm going to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to say I'm going to call
+myself with a promise to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself with a promise to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself with a promise to compute this
+product and now either goes around again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and now either goes around again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product and now either goes around again
+and I'm going to call myself with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to call myself with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to call myself with a
+promise to compute this product we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to compute this product we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to compute this product we're
+now one of the one of the factors is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the one of the factors is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the one of the factors is a
+promise and I call myself again and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise and I call myself again and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise and I call myself again and you
+write out the substitution model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the substitution model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write out the substitution model for
+that iterative process you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iterative process you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that iterative process you'll see
+exactly the same growth in state all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same growth in state all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same growth in state all
+those promises that are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those promises that are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those promises that are getting
+remembered that have to get called in at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered that have to get called in at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered that have to get called in at
+the very end so one of the one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end so one of the one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very end so one of the one of the
+disadvantages is that you can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages is that you can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages is that you can't really
+Express iteration maybe that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express iteration maybe that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express iteration maybe that's a little
+theoretical reason why not but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical reason why not but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical reason why not but in fact
+people who are going trying to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are going trying to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are going trying to write
+real operating systems in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real operating systems in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real operating systems in these
+languages are running into exactly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are running into exactly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages are running into exactly these
+times of problems like it's perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of problems like it's perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times of problems like it's perfectly
+possible to implement a text editor in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to implement a text editor in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to implement a text editor in
+languages like these but after you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like these but after you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages like these but after you work
+awhile you suddenly have three megabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awhile you suddenly have three megabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awhile you suddenly have three megabytes
+of stuff which is which is I guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff which is which is I guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff which is which is I guess they
+call them the dragging tale problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the dragging tale problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call them the dragging tale problem
+people who are looking at these stuff of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are looking at these stuff of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who are looking at these stuff of
+promises that sort of haven't been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises that sort of haven't been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promises that sort of haven't been
+called in because you couldn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in because you couldn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called in because you couldn't quite
+Express an iteration and one of the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express an iteration and one of the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express an iteration and one of the one
+of the research questions and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the research questions and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the research questions and these
+kinds of languages are figuring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of languages are figuring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of languages are figuring out the
+right compiler technology to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right compiler technology to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right compiler technology to get rid of
+this so-called dragging tails it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called dragging tails it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so-called dragging tails it's not
+it's not simple but there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simple but there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not simple but there's another
+there's another kind of more striking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of more striking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another kind of more striking
+issue about why you just don't go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about why you just don't go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about why you just don't go ahead
+and make your language normal order and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make your language normal order and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make your language normal order and
+the reason is that normal order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that normal order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is that normal order of the
+Lu ation and side-effects just don't mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu ation and side-effects just don't mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lu ation and side-effects just don't mix
+they just don't go together very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't go together very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just don't go together very well
+somehow you can't it's it's sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you can't it's it's sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you can't it's it's sort of you
+can't simultaneously go around trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't simultaneously go around trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't simultaneously go around trying to
+model objects with local state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model objects with local state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model objects with local state and
+change and at the same time do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and at the same time do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change and at the same time do these
+normal order tricks of decoupling time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal order tricks of decoupling time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal order tricks of decoupling time
+let me let me just show you a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just show you a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just show you a really
+simple example I'm very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example I'm very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple example I'm very very simple
+suppose we had a normal order language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we had a normal order language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we had a normal order language
+and I'm going to start out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to start out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to start out in this
+language this is now a normal order I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this is now a normal order I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language this is now a normal order I
+mean just define X to be 0 it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just define X to be 0 it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean just define X to be 0 it's just
+some variable and I'll initialize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable and I'll initialize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variable and I'll initialize and
+now I'm going to find this little funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to find this little funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to find this little funny
+function which is an identity function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is an identity function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is an identity function
+and what it does it keeps track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does it keeps track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it does it keeps track of the
+last time you called it weezing X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you called it weezing X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time you called it weezing X so
+this is alright so the identity of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alright so the identity of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alright so the identity of in
+just returns in but it sets X to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just returns in but it sets X to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just returns in but it sets X to the N
+and now find a little increment function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now find a little increment function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now find a little increment function
+but so there's a very little simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so there's a very little simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so there's a very little simple
+scenario you know imagine I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you know imagine I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenario you know imagine I'm
+interacting with this in a normal order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this in a normal order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this in a normal order
+language I type the following I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I type the following I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language I type the following I say
+define Y to be increment the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define Y to be increment the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define Y to be increment the identity
+function of 3 so Y is going to be 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 3 so Y is going to be 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of 3 so Y is going to be 4
+right now I say what's X well X should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I say what's X well X should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I say what's X well X should
+have been the value that was remembered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the value that was remembered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been the value that was remembered
+last when I called the identity function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last when I called the identity function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last when I called the identity function
+so you'd expect to say well X is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd expect to say well X is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you'd expect to say well X is three
+at this point but it's not because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but it's not because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this point but it's not because when
+I defined here Y here what I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I defined here Y here what I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I defined here Y here what I really
+defined Y to be to be increment of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined Y to be to be increment of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined Y to be to be increment of a
+promise to do this thing so I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to do this thing so I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise to do this thing so I didn't
+look at Y so that identity function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Y so that identity function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Y so that identity function
+didn't get run so if I brought type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get run so if I brought type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get run so if I brought type in
+this definition and look at X I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition and look at X I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition and look at X I'm going
+to get zero now if I go look at Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get zero now if I go look at Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get zero now if I go look at Y and
+say what's Y say Y is for looking at Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's Y say Y is for looking at Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say what's Y say Y is for looking at Y
+that very act of looking at Y caused the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very act of looking at Y caused the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very act of looking at Y caused the
+identity function to be run and now X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity function to be run and now X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity function to be run and now X
+will get remembered as 3 so here X will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get remembered as 3 so here X will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get remembered as 3 so here X will
+be 0 here X will be 3 that's a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 here X will be 3 that's a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 here X will be 3 that's a tiny
+little simple scenario but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simple scenario but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little simple scenario but you can see
+what kind of a mess that's going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a mess that's going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of a mess that's going to make
+for debugging interactive programs when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for debugging interactive programs when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for debugging interactive programs when
+you have normal order evaluation this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have normal order evaluation this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have normal order evaluation this is
+very confusing but it's very confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confusing but it's very confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very confusing but it's very confusing
+for a very deep reason which is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very deep reason which is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a very deep reason which is that the
+whole idea of putting in delays is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of putting in delays is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea of putting in delays is that
+you throw away time that's why we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw away time that's why we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you throw away time that's why we can
+have these infinite processes since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these infinite processes since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these infinite processes since
+we've thrown away time we don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thrown away time we don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thrown away time we don't have to
+wait for them to run right we decouple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for them to run right we decouple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for them to run right we decouple
+the order of events in the computer from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of events in the computer from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of events in the computer from
+what we write in our programs but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we write in our programs but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we write in our programs but when
+we talk about state and set and change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about state and set and change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about state and set and change
+that's exactly what we do want control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we do want control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we do want control
+of so it's almost as if there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so it's almost as if there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so it's almost as if there's this
+fundamental mental contradiction in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mental contradiction in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental mental contradiction in what
+you want and that brings us back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and that brings us back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and that brings us back to
+these these sort of philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sort of philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these sort of philosophical
+mutterings about what is it that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutterings about what is it that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutterings about what is it that you're
+trying to model and how do you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to model and how do you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to model and how do you look at
+the world or sometimes this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world or sometimes this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world or sometimes this is called
+the debate over functional programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate over functional programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the debate over functional programming
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so-called purely functional language is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called purely functional language is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called purely functional language is
+one that just doesn't have any side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that just doesn't have any side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that just doesn't have any side
+effects since you have no side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects since you have no side effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects since you have no side effects
+there's no assignment operator so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no assignment operator so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no assignment operator so there
+are no terrible consequences of it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no terrible consequences of it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are no terrible consequences of it you
+can use a substitution like thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a substitution like thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use a substitution like thing
+programs really or like mathematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs really or like mathematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs really or like mathematics and
+not like not like models in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like not like models in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not like not like models in the real
+world not like objects in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world not like objects in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world not like objects in the real world
+there are a lot of wonderful things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of wonderful things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of wonderful things
+about functional languages since there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functional languages since there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about functional languages since there's
+no time you never have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time you never have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time you never have any
+synchronization problems and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization problems and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronization problems and if you want
+to put something into a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put something into a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put something into a parallel
+algorithm you can run those the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you can run those the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm you can run those the pieces
+of that parallel process in any way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that parallel process in any way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that parallel process in any way you
+want right in those there's just never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right in those there's just never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want right in those there's just never
+any synchronization to worry about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any synchronization to worry about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any synchronization to worry about and
+it's a very congenial environment for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very congenial environment for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very congenial environment for
+doing this the price is you give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this the price is you give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this the price is you give up
+assignment so a advocate of a functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so a advocate of a functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment so a advocate of a functional
+language would say gee that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language would say gee that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language would say gee that's just a
+tiny price to pay you probably shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny price to pay you probably shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny price to pay you probably shouldn't
+use assignment most of time anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use assignment most of time anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use assignment most of time anyway and
+if you just give up assignment you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just give up assignment you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just give up assignment you can
+you can be in this much much much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be in this much much much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be in this much much much much
+nicer world than this place with objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer world than this place with objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer world than this place with objects
+well what's the rejoined er to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the rejoined er to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what's the rejoined er to that
+remember remember how we got into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember how we got into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember remember how we got into this
+mess all right we started trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess all right we started trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mess all right we started trying to
+trying to model things that had local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to model things that had local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to model things that had local
+state so remember Jerry's random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so remember Jerry's random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so remember Jerry's random number
+generator there was this random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator there was this random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator there was this random number
+generator that had some little state in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that had some little state in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that had some little state in
+it to compute the next random number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to compute the next random number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to compute the next random number and
+the next random number and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next random number and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next random number and the next
+random number and we wanted to hide that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number and we wanted to hide that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number and we wanted to hide that
+state away from the the chesare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state away from the the chesare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state away from the the chesare
+compute PI process and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute PI process and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute PI process and that's why we
+needed set we wanted to package that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed set we wanted to package that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed set we wanted to package that
+state in modular lis well functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in modular lis well functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in modular lis well functional
+programming person would say well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming person would say well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming person would say well you
+just saw wet I mean you can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw wet I mean you can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw wet I mean you can write a
+perfectly good modular program it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good modular program it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good modular program it's just
+you're you're thinking about modularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're thinking about modularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're thinking about modularity
+wrong you're hung up in this next random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you're hung up in this next random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong you're hung up in this next random
+number and the next random number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the next random number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and the next random number and
+the next random number why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next random number why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next random number why don't you
+just say let's write a program let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say let's write a program let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say let's write a program let's
+write an enumerator which just generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an enumerator which just generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write an enumerator which just generates
+an infinite stream of random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we can sort of have that stream all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can sort of have that stream all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we can sort of have that stream all
+at once and that's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once and that's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once and that's going to be our
+source of random numbers and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of random numbers and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source of random numbers and then if you
+like you can put that through some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can put that through some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can put that through some sort
+of processor which is uh I don't know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processor which is uh I don't know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processor which is uh I don't know it
+touches our o test and that can do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches our o test and that can do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touches our o test and that can do what
+it wants and what would come out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants and what would come out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wants and what would come out of
+there would be a stream of a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a stream of a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there would be a stream of a stream of
+of successive approximations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximations to PI so as we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to PI so as we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to PI so as we looked
+further down the stream we tug on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down the stream we tug on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further down the stream we tug on this
+Cesaro thing and it would pull out more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro thing and it would pull out more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cesaro thing and it would pull out more
+and more random numbers and the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more random numbers and the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more random numbers and the further
+and further we look down the stream the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further we look down the stream the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and further we look down the stream the
+better and approximation we get to PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and approximation we get to PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better and approximation we get to PI
+and we do exactly the same as the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do exactly the same as the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we do exactly the same as the other
+computation except we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation except we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation except we're thinking about
+the modularity different we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modularity different we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the modularity different we're saying
+imagine we had all those infinite stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we had all those infinite stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine we had all those infinite stream
+of random numbers all at once and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random numbers all at once and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of random numbers all at once and you
+can see the details of this of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the details of this of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see the details of this of this
+procedure in the book right similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in the book right similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in the book right similarly
+there are other things that we tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things that we tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other things that we tend to
+get locked into on this one and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get locked into on this one and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get locked into on this one and that one
+and the next one in the next one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one in the next one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one in the next one which
+don't have to be that way like you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be that way like you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to be that way like you might
+think about a like a banking system now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a like a banking system now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a like a banking system now
+just very simple idea imagine we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very simple idea imagine we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just very simple idea imagine we have a
+program that sort of represents a bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that sort of represents a bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program that sort of represents a bank
+account the bank account might have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the bank account might have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account the bank account might have in
+it if we looked at this in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we looked at this in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if we looked at this in a sort of
+message passing view of the world we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message passing view of the world we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message passing view of the world we'd
+say the bank account is an object that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the bank account is an object that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the bank account is an object that
+has some local state in there which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some local state in there which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some local state in there which is
+the balance say and a user using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance say and a user using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance say and a user using the
+system comes and sends a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes and sends a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes and sends a transaction
+request so the user sends a transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so the user sends a transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request so the user sends a transaction
+requests like deposit some money and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests like deposit some money and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests like deposit some money and the
+bank account may be let's say the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account may be let's say the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account may be let's say the bank
+account always responds with what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account always responds with what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account always responds with what the
+current balance is alright so the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current balance is alright so the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current balance is alright so the user
+says let's deposit some money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's deposit some money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says let's deposit some money in the
+bank account since back sends back a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account since back sends back a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account since back sends back a
+message which is the balance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message which is the balance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message which is the balance and the
+user says deposit some more in the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user says deposit some more in the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user says deposit some more in the bank
+account sends back a message and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account sends back a message and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account sends back a message and just
+like the random number generator you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the random number generator you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the random number generator you'd
+say gee we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say gee we would
+- you said we'd like to have balance be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you said we'd like to have balance be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- you said we'd like to have balance be
+a piece of local state inside this bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of local state inside this bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of local state inside this bank
+account because we want to separate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account because we want to separate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account because we want to separate the
+state of the user from the state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the user from the state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the user from the state of the
+bank account well that's the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account well that's the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account well that's the message
+process processing view there's a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process processing view there's a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process processing view there's a stream
+view of that thing which does the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of that thing which does the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of that thing which does the same
+thing without any setter side-effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing without any setter side-effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing without any setter side-effects
+and the idea is again we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is again we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is again we don't think
+about anything having local state we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything having local state we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about anything having local state we
+think about the bank account as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the bank account as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the bank account as
+something that's going to process a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to process a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's going to process a
+stream of transaction requests so think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of transaction requests so think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of transaction requests so think
+about this bank account not as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this bank account not as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this bank account not as something
+that goes message my message but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes message my message but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes message my message but
+something that takes in a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes in a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that takes in a stream of
+transaction requests like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction requests like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction requests like maybe
+successive deposit amounts long I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive deposit amounts long I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successive deposit amounts long I know
+one to two for those might be successive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two for those might be successive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to two for those might be successive
+amounts to deposit and then coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to deposit and then coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts to deposit and then coming out
+of it is the successive balance is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is the successive balance is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it is the successive balance is one
+three five nine so we think of the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five nine so we think of the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three five nine so we think of the bank
+account not as something that has state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account not as something that has state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account not as something that has state
+but something that acts sort of on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something that acts sort of on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but something that acts sort of on the
+infinite stream of requests but remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stream of requests but remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stream of requests but remember
+we've thrown away time so what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thrown away time so what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thrown away time so what we can do
+is if the users here we can have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the users here we can have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if the users here we can have this
+infinite stream of requests being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stream of requests being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stream of requests being
+generated one at a time coming from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated one at a time coming from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated one at a time coming from the
+user and this transaction stream coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and this transaction stream coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and this transaction stream coming
+back on a printer being printed one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on a printer being printed one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back on a printer being printed one at a
+time and if we drew a little line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if we drew a little line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if we drew a little line here
+right there to the user the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there to the user the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there to the user the user
+couldn't tell that the system doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell that the system doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't tell that the system doesn't
+have state it looks just like the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have state it looks just like the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have state it looks just like the other
+one but there's no state in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there's no state in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but there's no state in there and
+and by the way just to show you here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way just to show you here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way just to show you here's
+an actual implementation of this call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual implementation of this call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual implementation of this call it
+make deposit account because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make deposit account because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make deposit account because you can
+only deposit it takes a initial balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only deposit it takes a initial balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only deposit it takes a initial balance
+and then a stream of deposits you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a stream of deposits you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a stream of deposits you might
+make and it's what is it well it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and it's what is it well it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and it's what is it well it's just
+constrain of the balance on to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain of the balance on to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrain of the balance on to make a
+new account stream whose initial balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new account stream whose initial balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new account stream whose initial balance
+is the old balance plus the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the old balance plus the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the old balance plus the first thing
+in the deposit stream and whose wrists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the deposit stream and whose wrists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the deposit stream and whose wrists
+right and whose make deposit account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and whose make deposit account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and whose make deposit account
+works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works on
+which is the tail of the deposit stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the tail of the deposit stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the tail of the deposit stream
+so there's a there's sort of a mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's sort of a mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's sort of a mess
+typically typical message passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically typical message passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically typical message passage
+message passing object oriented thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message passing object oriented thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message passing object oriented thing
+that's done without side effects at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done without side effects at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's done without side effects at all
+you know very many things you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very many things you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very many things you can do
+this way well can you do everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way well can you do everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way well can you do everything
+without assignment to everybody go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without assignment to everybody go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without assignment to everybody go over
+to purely functional languages well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purely functional languages well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to purely functional languages well
+don't know but there seem to be places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but there seem to be places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know but there seem to be places
+where purely functional programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where purely functional programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where purely functional programming
+breaks down where it starts hurting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down where it starts hurting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaks down where it starts hurting is
+when you have things like this but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have things like this but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have things like this but you
+also mix it up with the other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mix it up with the other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mix it up with the other things
+that we had to worry about which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to worry about which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to worry about which are
+objects and sharing and two independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and sharing and two independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and sharing and two independent
+agents being the same so one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents being the same so one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agents being the same so one very
+typical one is suppose you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical one is suppose you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical one is suppose you want to
+extend this bank account so here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this bank account so here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend this bank account so here's a
+bank account it's gonna take into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account it's gonna take into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account it's gonna take into my
+bank accounts taken a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank accounts taken a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank accounts taken a stream of
+transaction requests and put out streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction requests and put out streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction requests and put out streams
+of say balances or responses to that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say balances or responses to that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of say balances or responses to that but
+suppose you want to model the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to model the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you want to model the fact that
+this is a joint bank account between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a joint bank account between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a joint bank account between two
+two independent people right so suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent people right so suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two independent people right so suppose
+I don't suppose there are two people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't suppose there are two people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't suppose there are two people say
+bill and Dave who have a joint bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and Dave who have a joint bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill and Dave who have a joint bank
+account how would you model this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account how would you model this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account how would you model this well
+you might bill puts out a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might bill puts out a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might bill puts out a stream of
+transaction requests and Dave puts out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction requests and Dave puts out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction requests and Dave puts out a
+stream of transaction requests and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of transaction requests and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream of transaction requests and
+somehow they have to merge into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they have to merge into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow they have to merge into this
+bank account so what you might do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account so what you might do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank account so what you might do is
+write a little stream processing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a little stream processing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a little stream processing thing
+pull merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which sort of takes these merges them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of takes these merges them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sort of takes these merges them
+together produces a single stream for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together produces a single stream for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together produces a single stream for
+the bank account now they're both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank account now they're both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank account now they're both
+talking to the same bank account that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the same bank account that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to the same bank account that's
+all great but how do you write merge see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all great but how do you write merge see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all great but how do you write merge see
+what did what's this procedure merge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did what's this procedure merge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did what's this procedure merge you
+wanna do something that's reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna do something that's reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna do something that's reasonable
+your first guess might be to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first guess might be to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first guess might be to say well
+we'll take alternate requests from bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take alternate requests from bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take alternate requests from bill
+and Dave see but what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dave see but what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Dave see but what happens if you
+know suddenly in the middle of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suddenly in the middle of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suddenly in the middle of this
+thing Dave goes away on vacation for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Dave goes away on vacation for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Dave goes away on vacation for two
+years all right then bill sort of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years all right then bill sort of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years all right then bill sort of is
+stuck so what you want to do is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck so what you want to do is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck so what you want to do is well
+it's hard to describe what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to describe what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to describe what you want to
+do is what people call a fair merge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is what people call a fair merge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is what people call a fair merge the
+idea of fair merge is it sort of should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of fair merge is it sort of should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of fair merge is it sort of should
+do them alternately but if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them alternately but if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do them alternately but if there's
+nothing waiting here it should take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing waiting here it should take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing waiting here it should take one
+twice notice I can't even say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice notice I can't even say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice notice I can't even say that
+without talking about time so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without talking about time so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without talking about time so one of the
+other active research areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other active research areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other active research areas and
+functional languages is inventing little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional languages is inventing little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional languages is inventing little
+things like fair merge and maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fair merge and maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like fair merge and maybe some
+others which will which will take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others which will which will take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others which will which will take the
+places where I used to need side effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where I used to need side effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where I used to need side effects
+and objects and sort of sort of hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and objects and sort of sort of hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and objects and sort of sort of hide
+them away and some very well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away and some very well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them away and some very well defined
+modules of the system so that all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules of the system so that all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modules of the system so that all the
+problems of of assignment don't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of of assignment don't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems of of assignment don't sort of
+leak out all over the system but are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak out all over the system but are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak out all over the system but are
+captured and some fairly well understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and some fairly well understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and some fairly well understood
+things more generally I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more generally I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things more generally I think what
+you're seeing is that we're running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing is that we're running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing is that we're running
+across what I think is a very basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across what I think is a very basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across what I think is a very basic
+problem in computer science which is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in computer science which is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in computer science which is how
+to how to define languages that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how to define languages that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how to define languages that somehow
+can talk about delayed of the l uation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about delayed of the l uation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can talk about delayed of the l uation
+but also be able to reflect this view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also be able to reflect this view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also be able to reflect this view
+that there are objects in the world how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are objects in the world how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are objects in the world how
+do we how do we somehow get both and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we how do we somehow get both and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we how do we somehow get both and I
+think that's a very hard problem and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a very hard problem and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a very hard problem and it
+may be that it's a very hard problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that it's a very hard problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be that it's a very hard problem
+that has almost nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has almost nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has almost nothing to do with
+computer science that it really is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that it really is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that it really is a
+problem having to do with two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem having to do with two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem having to do with two very
+incompatible ways of looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible ways of looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompatible ways of looking at the
+world okay questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you mentioned earlier that once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned earlier that once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned earlier that once you
+introduce assignment the general rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce assignment the general rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce assignment the general rule
+for for using a substitution model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for using a substitution model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for using a substitution model is
+you can't unless you're very careful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't unless you're very careful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't unless you're very careful you
+can't write is there a set of techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write is there a set of techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't write is there a set of techniques
+or a set of guidelines for localizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a set of guidelines for localizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a set of guidelines for localizing
+effects of assignment so that you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of assignment so that you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of assignment so that you're the
+very careful becomes defined I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful becomes defined I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very careful becomes defined I don't
+know let me think well certainly there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let me think well certainly there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know let me think well certainly there
+was an assignment inside memo-proc but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an assignment inside memo-proc but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an assignment inside memo-proc but
+that was sort of hidden away it ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of hidden away it ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of hidden away it ended up
+not making any difference part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making any difference part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making any difference part of the
+reason for that is once once this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is once once this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is once once this thing
+triggered that it had run and gotten an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered that it had run and gotten an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggered that it had run and gotten an
+answer that answer will never change so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that answer will never change so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that answer will never change so
+that was sort of a one-time assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of a one-time assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was sort of a one-time assignment
+so one very general thing you can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one very general thing you can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one very general thing you can do is
+if you only do what's called one-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only do what's called one-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you only do what's called one-time
+assignment you never change anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you never change anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment you never change anything
+then you can do better one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do better one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can do better one of the
+problems in this merged thing people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this merged thing people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this merged thing people
+have see if this is right I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have see if this is right I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have see if this is right I think it's
+true that with fair merge with just fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that with fair merge with just fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that with fair merge with just fair
+merge you can begin effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge you can begin effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge you can begin effectively
+simulating assignment in the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating assignment in the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating assignment in the rest of the
+language it seems like anything you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it seems like anything you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it seems like anything you do
+to go outside I don't not quite sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go outside I don't not quite sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go outside I don't not quite sure
+that's true for fair merge but it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for fair merge but it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true for fair merge but it's true
+of a little bit more general things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit more general things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a little bit more general things that
+people have been doing so it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been doing so it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been doing so it might be
+that any little bit you put in suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any little bit you put in suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any little bit you put in suddenly
+if they allow you to build arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they allow you to build arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they allow you to build arbitrary
+stuff it's almost as bad as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's almost as bad as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's almost as bad as having
+assignment altogether but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment altogether but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment altogether but that's a
+that's an area that people are thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an area that people are thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an area that people are thinking
+about now with merge if you know in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now with merge if you know in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now with merge if you know in a
+sense if I call bill bills a procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if I call bill bills a procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if I call bill bills a procedure
+then bill is going to increment the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bill is going to increment the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then bill is going to increment the bank
+account and/or build the list it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and/or build the list it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account and/or build the list it's going
+to put in the next element if I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the next element if I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put in the next element if I call
+Dave twice in a row that will do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave twice in a row that will do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave twice in a row that will do that
+I'm not sure we're fair merge has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we're fair merge has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure we're fair merge has to be
+in the problem is imagine these really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem is imagine these really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem is imagine these really
+is people see here I have a user who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people see here I have a user who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is people see here I have a user who's
+sitting interacting with this bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting interacting with this bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting interacting with this bank
+account putting a request get an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account putting a request get an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account putting a request get an answer
+put in a request get an answer but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a request get an answer but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in a request get an answer but if
+the only way I can cross this request is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way I can cross this request is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way I can cross this request is
+to alternate them from two people donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alternate them from two people donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to alternate them from two people donate
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+why don't I because this guy do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I because this guy do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't I because this guy do you
+think of them as real people it this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as real people it this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of them as real people it this guy
+might go away free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go away free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might go away free
+here and you're right so what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're right so what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you're right so what you're
+sitting here at the bank account window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here at the bank account window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting here at the bank account window
+and you can't put into request because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't put into request because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't put into request because
+it's waiting for this guy why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's waiting for this guy why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's waiting for this guy why does it
+have to be waiting for one because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be waiting for one because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be waiting for one because it's
+trying to compute a function I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute a function I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to compute a function I have to
+define a function another way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function another way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a function another way to say
+that is the answer to what comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the answer to what comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the answer to what comes out of
+this merge box is not a function of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this merge box is not a function of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this merge box is not a function of what
+goes in because see what what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in because see what what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in because see what what would the
+function be suppose he puts in 1 1 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be suppose he puts in 1 1 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function be suppose he puts in 1 1 1 1
+and he puts in 2 2 2 2 what's the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he puts in 2 2 2 2 what's the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he puts in 2 2 2 2 what's the answer
+supposed to be it's not good enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be it's not good enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be it's not good enough to
+say it's 1 2 1 2 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's 1 2 1 2 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's 1 2 1 2 1 2
+it's an but but if when bill puts in 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an but but if when bill puts in 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an but but if when bill puts in 1 1
+goes in when Dave puts into twice 2 goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in when Dave puts into twice 2 goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in when Dave puts into twice 2 goes
+in twice when bill puts in right why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in twice when bill puts in right why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in twice when bill puts in right why why
+can't it be hooked to the time of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't it be hooked to the time of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't it be hooked to the time of the
+input the actual procedural because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the actual procedural because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input the actual procedural because I
+don't have time see well I can say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time see well I can say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have time see well I can say is
+I'm gonna all I wanted to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna all I wanted to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna all I wanted to find a
+function I don't have time there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I don't have time there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I don't have time there's no
+concept if it's gonna alternate except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept if it's gonna alternate except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept if it's gonna alternate except
+if nobody's there it's gonna wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nobody's there it's gonna wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if nobody's there it's gonna wait a
+while for him all right it's just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for him all right it's just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while for him all right it's just going
+to say I have the stream of requests e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I have the stream of requests e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say I have the stream of requests e
+the timeless infinite streams of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeless infinite streams of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timeless infinite streams of all the
+requests that Dave would have made right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests that Dave would have made right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests that Dave would have made right
+and the timeless infinite stream of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the timeless infinite stream of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the timeless infinite stream of all
+the requests bill would have made and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requests bill would have made and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the requests bill would have made and I
+want to operate on them see that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to operate on them see that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to operate on them see that's how
+this bank account is working and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bank account is working and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bank account is working and the
+problem is that these poor people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that these poor people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that these poor people who
+are sitting at the bank account windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting at the bank account windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sitting at the bank account windows
+have have the misfortune to exist in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have the misfortune to exist in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have the misfortune to exist in
+time all right they don't see their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right they don't see their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right they don't see their
+infinite stream of all the requests they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stream of all the requests they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite stream of all the requests they
+would have ever made they're waiting now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have ever made they're waiting now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have ever made they're waiting now
+and they want an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want an answer
+all right so if you're sitting there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if you're sitting there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so if you're sitting there you
+know if this is the this the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is the this the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if this is the this the screen
+operation on some time sharing system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on some time sharing system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation on some time sharing system
+and it's working functionally you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's working functionally you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's working functionally you want
+an answer then when you type the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer then when you type the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an answer then when you type the
+character you don't want it to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you don't want it to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character you don't want it to have to
+wait for everybody in the whole system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for everybody in the whole system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for everybody in the whole system
+to have type 1 character before it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have type 1 character before it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have type 1 character before it can
+get around to service yet so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around to service yet so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around to service yet so that's the
+problem I mean it's the fact that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean it's the fact that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I mean it's the fact that people
+live in time apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in time apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in time apparently
+if they didn't it wouldn't be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm afraid I missed the point of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid I missed the point of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm afraid I missed the point of having
+no time in this banking transaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time in this banking transaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no time in this banking transaction
+there's a time very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a time very important for
+instance on the sequence of events if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance on the sequence of events if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance on the sequence of events if if
+they takes out $100 and we that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they takes out $100 and we that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they takes out $100 and we that the
+timing sequence should be important how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing sequence should be important how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing sequence should be important how
+do you treat the transactions as streams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you treat the transactions as streams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you treat the transactions as streams
+well that's the that's the thing I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the that's the thing I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the that's the thing I'm I'm
+saying you keep this is an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you keep this is an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you keep this is an example where
+you can't you can't do what goes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you can't do what goes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't you can't do what goes the
+point is what comes out of here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what comes out of here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is what comes out of here is
+simply not a function of the stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not a function of the stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply not a function of the stream
+going in here in the stream going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in here in the stream going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going in here in the stream going in
+here it's a function of the stream going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a function of the stream going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a function of the stream going
+in here and the stream going in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and the stream going in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here and the stream going in here and
+some kind of information about time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of information about time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of information about time
+which is precisely what a normal order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is precisely what a normal order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is precisely what a normal order
+language won't let you say in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language won't let you say in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language won't let you say in order to
+bring this back into a more functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this back into a more functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this back into a more functional
+perspective could we just explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective could we just explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective could we just explicitly
+timestamp all the inputs than bill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp all the inputs than bill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timestamp all the inputs than bill and
+Dave and define firmers to just be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave and define firmers to just be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave and define firmers to just be the
+sort on those timestamps the yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on those timestamps the yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort on those timestamps the yeah you
+could do that you can do that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that you can do that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do that you can do that sort of
+thing another thing you could say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing another thing you could say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing another thing you could say is
+imagine that really what this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that really what this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that really what this function
+is is that it does a read every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that it does a read every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is that it does a read every
+microsecond and then if there's none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsecond and then if there's none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsecond and then if there's none
+there that's considered an empty one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's considered an empty one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that's considered an empty one
+that's about equivalent to what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about equivalent to what you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's about equivalent to what you said
+and and yes you can do that but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and yes you can do that but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and yes you can do that but that's a
+kludge so you're so you're not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kludge so you're so you're not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kludge so you're so you're not it's not
+quite only implementation and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite only implementation and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite only implementation and we're
+worried about we're we're worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about we're we're worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about we're we're worried about
+expressive power in the language and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive power in the language and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive power in the language and
+what we're running across is it's a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're running across is it's a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're running across is it's a real
+mismatch between what we can say easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between what we can say easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch between what we can say easily
+and what we'd like to say we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'd like to say we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we'd like to say we're getting
+hung up with that is the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung up with that is the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hung up with that is the fact that
+expects one input from both bill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects one input from both bill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects one input from both bill and
+Dave that's the same you need it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave that's the same you need it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dave that's the same you need it's not
+quite one but it's anything you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite one but it's anything you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite one but it's anything you define
+so you can say Dave can go twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say Dave can go twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can say Dave can go twice as
+often but as anything you predefined is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but as anything you predefined is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often but as anything you predefined is
+not the right thing well you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the right thing well you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the right thing well you can't
+decide it's some particular function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide it's some particular function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide it's some particular function of
+their input or input requests worse yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their input or input requests worse yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their input or input requests worse yeah
+I mean worse yet there are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean worse yet there are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean worse yet there are things that
+even merge can't do I one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even merge can't do I one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even merge can't do I one thing you
+might want to do that's even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that's even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to do that's even more
+general is suddenly you add somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is suddenly you add somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is suddenly you add somebody
+else to this bank account system you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to this bank account system you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to this bank account system you go
+and you add John to this bank account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add John to this bank account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you add John to this bank account
+system and now there's yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and now there's yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and now there's yet another
+stream that's going to come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream that's going to come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream that's going to come into the
+picture at some time which you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture at some time which you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture at some time which you haven't
+pre specified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre specified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre specified
+so that's something even fair merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something even fair merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's something even fair merge
+can't do and they're things called uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do and they're things called uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do and they're things called uh I
+forget MANET managers or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget MANET managers or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget MANET managers or something
+that's a generalization of farmers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a generalization of farmers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a generalization of farmers to
+allow that there's a whole sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that there's a whole sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow that there's a whole sort of
+research discipline saying how far can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research discipline saying how far can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research discipline saying how far can
+you push this functional perspective by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push this functional perspective by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you push this functional perspective by
+adding adding more and more mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding adding more and more mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding adding more and more mechanism
+and then how far does that go before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how far does that go before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then how far does that go before the
+whole thing breaks down and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing breaks down and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing breaks down and you might
+have well been using said anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qpYjftJbGYI.txt b/qpYjftJbGYI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d46f42b6ee4b167d31dd2225598dc22ad7489a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qpYjftJbGYI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12184 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license
+your support will help mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help mit
+opencourseware continue to offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware continue to offer
+high quality educational resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high quality educational resources for
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so good afternoon continuing our story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good afternoon continuing our story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good afternoon continuing our story
+of about networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about networks
+what we've seen so far is a story where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen so far is a story where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've seen so far is a story where
+you have a network that you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a network that you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a network that you're trying to
+connect computers to communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect computers to communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect computers to communicate
+together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and
+we use a network with switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a network with switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use a network with switches
+arranged in some topology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to allow us to find pads between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow us to find pads between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to allow us to find pads between
+computers and so we looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and so we looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers and so we looked at the
+routing problem we looked at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing problem we looked at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+routing problem we looked at two
+different routing protocols to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different routing protocols to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different routing protocols to solve
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+earlier we talked about this idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we talked about this idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier we talked about this idea of a
+packet switch network and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch network and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet switch network and there are
+queues in packet switch networks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queues in packet switch networks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queues in packet switch networks and
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+traffic comes in too fast and the queues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic comes in too fast and the queues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic comes in too fast and the queues
+overflow packets may get dropped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow packets may get dropped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overflow packets may get dropped
+we also look before at links which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also look before at links which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also look before at links which have
+errors on them and so if you have errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors on them and so if you have errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors on them and so if you have errors
+on links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on links
+then your coding scheme isn't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your coding scheme isn't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your coding scheme isn't able to
+correct for those errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for those errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for those errors
+packets may get lost and when we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets may get lost and when we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets may get lost and when we looked
+at shared media networks with mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at shared media networks with mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at shared media networks with mac
+protocols you know depending on the mac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols you know depending on the mac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocols you know depending on the mac
+protocol you use you may have collisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you use you may have collisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you use you may have collisions
+which means that packets may get make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that packets may get make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that packets may get make it
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+so what you have is a packet switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have is a packet switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you have is a packet switch
+network that has the property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that has the property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that has the property of
+something called a best effort network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what best effort means is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what best effort means is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what best effort means is that the
+network has a few properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network has a few properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network has a few properties
+that you have to cope with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to cope with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to cope with the first
+property of the best best effort network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the best best effort network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the best best effort network
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+packets may get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets may get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets may get lost
+the second problem in a best definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second problem in a best definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second problem in a best definite
+issue that arises in a best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that arises in a best effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue that arises in a best effort
+network is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packets have delays but the delays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets have delays but the delays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets have delays but the delays are
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and particular queuing delays that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particular queuing delays that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particular queuing delays that
+happen in switches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in switches are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in switches are
+variable delays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the third property of a packet switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third property of a packet switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third property of a packet switch
+network is that you know each packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is that you know each packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is that you know each packet
+is treated independently by the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treated independently by the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is treated independently by the network
+so it could be that you have a stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be that you have a stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it could be that you have a stream of
+packets you want to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets you want to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets you want to send
+say belonging to a video stream or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say belonging to a video stream or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say belonging to a video stream or a
+file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file
+and the sender sends them in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sender sends them in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sender sends them in some
+sequential order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential order
+but these packets may take different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these packets may take different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these packets may take different
+pads through the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pads through the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pads through the network
+and in fact there may be switches in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there may be switches in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact there may be switches in the
+network for whatever reason that may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network for whatever reason that may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network for whatever reason that may not
+treat packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat packets
+in first in first out order they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first in first out order they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first in first out order they may
+reorder packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorder packets
+but more generally packets may take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally packets may take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but more generally packets may take
+different pads through the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pads through the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pads through the network
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+the routing protocol may decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routing protocol may decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the routing protocol may decide to
+change the pads on you and so packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the pads on you and so packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the pads on you and so packets
+may get reordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the fourth issue in a best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth issue in a best effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the fourth issue in a best effort
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+is that in fact packets may get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in fact packets may get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in fact packets may get
+duplicated so you may have duplicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated so you may have duplicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated so you may have duplicate
+the same package show up multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same package show up multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same package show up multiple times
+even though it was sent only once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was sent only once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it was sent only once
+for a bunch of reasons one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bunch of reasons one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a bunch of reasons one of them is
+there could be problems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be problems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there could be problems in the
+implementation of the switches or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the switches or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the switches or the
+nodes that cause packets to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that cause packets to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes that cause packets to get
+duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated
+but it could also be that you may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could also be that you may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could also be that you may have a
+link with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link with a
+high packet loss rate or this may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high packet loss rate or this may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high packet loss rate or this may be a
+shared medium where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared medium where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared medium where you have
+a mac protocol that has collisions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mac protocol that has collisions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mac protocol that has collisions so
+you may have a re-transmission protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have a re-transmission protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may have a re-transmission protocol
+that may try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may try
+to resend the packet a few times at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resend the packet a few times at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to resend the packet a few times at the
+lowest layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest layer
+over over a shared medium or a link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over a shared medium or a link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over a shared medium or a link
+and sometimes multiple versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes multiple versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes multiple versions of the
+multiple copies of the same packet may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple copies of the same packet may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple copies of the same packet may
+get through and we'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through and we'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get through and we'll actually
+understand why that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why that happens
+more today so packets may get duplicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more today so packets may get duplicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more today so packets may get duplicated
+so in a way a packet switch network like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way a packet switch network like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a way a packet switch network like
+the internet is great because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet is great because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet is great because it's very
+easy to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to build
+and the reason it's easy to build in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's easy to build in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's easy to build in
+some sense is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense is because
+about the only property that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the only property that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the only property that you're
+providing from the design of the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing from the design of the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing from the design of the network
+is to tell the end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to tell the end points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to tell the end points
+oh i might get your packets through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i might get your packets through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i might get your packets through
+there's no guarantees on anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantees on anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no guarantees on anything
+as long as there's some non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's some non-zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as there's some non-zero
+probability of getting a packet through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a packet through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of getting a packet through
+from one endpoint to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one endpoint to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one endpoint to the other
+that's pretty much all it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much all it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty much all it takes to
+declare that you have a conforming best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that you have a conforming best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declare that you have a conforming best
+effort network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort network
+so it's easy to build but of course it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to build but of course it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's easy to build but of course it
+means that you have all these issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have all these issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you have all these issues
+that you want to deal with if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to deal with if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you want to deal with if you
+actually want to run applications so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to run applications so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually want to run applications so an
+example of an application is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an application is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an application is let's say
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+are trying to download a web web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to download a web web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to download a web web page
+or a set of web web pictures and text on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a set of web web pictures and text on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a set of web web pictures and text on
+a page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a page
+what you would like is an abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like is an abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would like is an abstraction
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you can implement some sort of a scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement some sort of a scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement some sort of a scheme
+you can implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can implement
+in the network or in the uh between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the network or in the uh between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the network or in the uh between the
+endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+that makes it so that an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it so that an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it so that an application
+sends a bunch of bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a bunch of bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends a bunch of bytes
+or packets or sends a message and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or packets or sends a message and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or packets or sends a message and at the
+receiving side you get those bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving side you get those bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving side you get those bytes
+reliably so that's what we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably so that's what we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably so that's what we're going to
+understand today we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand today we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand today we're going to look at
+today and next week we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and next week we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and next week we're going to look
+at how to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how to implement
+a protocol that provides reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protocol that provides reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a protocol that provides reliable
+data transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data transport
+and the ideas we're going to look at are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ideas we're going to look at are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ideas we're going to look at are
+probably the ideas that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the ideas that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the ideas that are in the
+world's most popular computer program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most popular computer program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world's most popular computer program
+it's it's the most popular in that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the most popular in that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's the most popular in that it
+runs in the most number of places and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in the most number of places and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs in the most number of places and
+it's a protocol called tcp which stands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a protocol called tcp which stands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a protocol called tcp which stands
+for the transmission control protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transmission control protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the transmission control protocol
+now we're not going through all the gory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're not going through all the gory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're not going through all the gory
+details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details
+of tcp we're going to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tcp we're going to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tcp we're going to look at a
+simplified version of this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of this protocol
+so maybe it's tcp lite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it'll cover the main idea uh of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll cover the main idea uh of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll cover the main idea uh of how
+you can achieve reliability and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve reliability and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve reliability and this is
+you know this this particular program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this particular program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this particular program is
+running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running
+runs on pretty much every computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on pretty much every computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs on pretty much every computer
+and every phone and every little device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every phone and every little device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every phone and every little device
+that's on the internet today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the internet today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's on the internet today
+so it's really really popular in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really really popular in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really really popular in fact
+we're going to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to start with a
+simpler protocol that is a reliable data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler protocol that is a reliable data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler protocol that is a reliable data
+transport protocol that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport protocol that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport protocol that isn't
+used between endpoints tcp is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used between endpoints tcp is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used between endpoints tcp is used
+between endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between endpoints
+we're going to look at a version of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a version of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at a version of a
+protocol that's a simple version that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that's a simple version that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that's a simple version that
+actually runs in every 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs in every 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually runs in every 8
+11 device your laptop phone and access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 device your laptop phone and access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 device your laptop phone and access
+point so we'll study that protocol too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we'll study that protocol too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so we'll study that protocol too
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+in the context of end-to-end you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of end-to-end you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of end-to-end you know
+between endpoints reliable data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between endpoints reliable data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between endpoints reliable data
+transport the problem is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the problem is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport the problem is the following
+you have some network here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a best effort network with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a best effort network with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a best effort network with those
+properties and what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and what you want
+is you have an application at one end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have an application at one end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have an application at one end
+and you have an application at another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an application at another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have an application at another
+end running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end running on
+some end points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this system provides that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this system provides that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this system provides that we're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+study provides is an abstraction where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study provides is an abstraction where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study provides is an abstraction where
+you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run
+a software here you run software at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a software here you run software at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a software here you run software at this
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+and all of this stuff sits on your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this stuff sits on your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of this stuff sits on your in
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+this is your endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the abstraction provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some nice properties the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice properties the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice properties the application
+writes some data in here at the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes some data in here at the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes some data in here at the sender
+sending end so let's call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending end so let's call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending end so let's call this the
+sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender
+and the other guy is the receiver the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other guy is the receiver the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other guy is the receiver the
+application writes stuff inside here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application writes stuff inside here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application writes stuff inside here
+the network is the best effort network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is the best effort network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network is the best effort network
+and there's some protocol between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some protocol between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some protocol between
+these two pieces of software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two pieces of software
+that make sure that no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sure that no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sure that no matter what the
+network does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network does
+what goes up here into the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes up here into the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes up here into the application
+is exactly the data that was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the data that was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the data that was written
+from this application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this application
+in exactly the same order in which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same order in which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exactly the same order in which it
+was written so it provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written so it provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written so it provides
+reliable and in-order delivery of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and in-order delivery of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable and in-order delivery of data
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in order so every piece of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order so every piece of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order so every piece of data
+that's written shows up in exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's written shows up in exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's written shows up in exactly the
+same order exactly once at the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order exactly once at the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same order exactly once at the receiver
+and these two ends are called transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this these two ends constitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two ends constitute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these two ends constitute the
+transport layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport layer
+and they run at the end points okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run at the end points okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they run at the end points okay so
+the application writes in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application writes in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application writes in here
+the transfer protocol delivers up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer protocol delivers up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transfer protocol delivers up to the
+application stuff that's reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application stuff that's reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application stuff that's reliable
+and in order and in particular it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order and in particular it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in order and in particular it
+provides the semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the semantics
+that you can think of as exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of as exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of as exactly one
+semantics in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics in other words
+anything that's sent is delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's sent is delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's sent is delivered
+exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once
+to the receiver and it's delivered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver and it's delivered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the receiver and it's delivered in
+order now that's the abstraction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now that's the abstraction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order now that's the abstraction that
+tcp as well provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcp as well provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcp as well provides
+and that's the abstraction of our 602
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the abstraction of our 602
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the abstraction of our 602
+protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+is reliable in order exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reliable in order exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reliable in order exactly once
+delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery
+now there are other implementations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other implementations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there are other implementations you
+can have there are protocols you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have there are protocols you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have there are protocols you could
+have which provide reliability but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which provide reliability but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have which provide reliability but not
+in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order
+so you know i'll give you all the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know i'll give you all the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know i'll give you all the data
+that you send but it may show up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you send but it may show up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you send but it may show up in
+different order and it's your problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order and it's your problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different order and it's your problem to
+fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix it
+or you might provide a protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might provide a protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you might provide a protocol that
+provides in order but not reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides in order but not reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides in order but not reliable
+so i mean if i'm doing a real-time video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean if i'm doing a real-time video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean if i'm doing a real-time video
+conferencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferencing
+say skype skype would probably want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say skype skype would probably want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say skype skype would probably want to
+provide a protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a protocol
+that's in order but not reliable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in order but not reliable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in order but not reliable because
+you know if i speak you'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i speak you'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if i speak you'd like to
+actually get those things into the skype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get those things into the skype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get those things into the skype
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+in order but it's not really required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order but it's not really required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order but it's not really required
+that it be reliable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it be reliable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it be reliable because
+if the you know if a message shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the you know if a message shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the you know if a message shows up
+say more than 100 or 200 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more than 100 or 200 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say more than 100 or 200 milliseconds
+after i spoke it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i spoke it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after i spoke it
+you know it's going to distort the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to distort the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to distort the
+conversation it's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation it's not going to be
+intelligible to you and the human ear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligible to you and the human ear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligible to you and the human ear is
+wonderful that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful that
+the human brain is wonderful at dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain is wonderful at dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the human brain is wonderful at dealing
+with some clippiness in the voice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some clippiness in the voice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some clippiness in the voice you
+know occasional packets get lost it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know occasional packets get lost it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know occasional packets get lost it's
+not the end of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the end of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the end of the world
+so there are lots of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are lots of interesting
+applications where in order is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where in order is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where in order is useful
+but not perfectly reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not perfectly reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not perfectly reliable
+applications were reliably used useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications were reliably used useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications were reliably used useful
+but not perfectly not a bit torrent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not perfectly not a bit torrent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not perfectly not a bit torrent it
+would be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be an example of
+an application where you know eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application where you know eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an application where you know eventually
+you want all of those movies that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want all of those movies that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want all of those movies that you're
+trying to get but who cares what order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get but who cares what order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get but who cares what order
+they come in you're not going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in you're not going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come in you're not going to start
+watching it until the whole file is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it until the whole file is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it until the whole file is
+assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembled
+and so the protocol that bittorrent uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the protocol that bittorrent uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the protocol that bittorrent uses
+in effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in effect
+you know it's a complicated critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a complicated critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a complicated critical
+start point to point but in effect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start point to point but in effect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start point to point but in effect it
+provides reliability without worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides reliability without worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides reliability without worrying
+about ordering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ordering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about ordering
+so there's lots of combinations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of combinations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of combinations the
+combination we care about is reliable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we care about is reliable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination we care about is reliable in
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+essentially giving you the illusion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving you the illusion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially giving you the illusion that
+you have a circuit between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a circuit between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a circuit between the two
+endpoints a wire between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints a wire between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints a wire between the two
+endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoints
+okay so is the abstraction clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is the abstraction clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so is the abstraction clear
+everyone understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understands
+what we're trying to solve and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to solve and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to solve and in
+between is just think there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is just think there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between is just think there's an
+adversary or some network in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary or some network in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary or some network in the middle
+that you know you sent packets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you sent packets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you sent packets and the
+thing is just throwing packets away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just throwing packets away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is just throwing packets away
+and every once in a while just for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every once in a while just for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every once in a while just for the
+heck of it it decides to delay a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of it it decides to delay a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heck of it it decides to delay a packet
+for a long time and every once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and every once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time and every once in a
+while it deli decides to send packets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it deli decides to send packets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it deli decides to send packets in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+you know along different paths and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know along different paths and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know along different paths and your
+job is to deal with all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to deal with all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job is to deal with all of that
+and design the sending side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design the sending side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and design the sending side and the
+receiving side so stuff shows up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving side so stuff shows up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving side so stuff shows up
+reliably and in the same order in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably and in the same order in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably and in the same order in which
+it was sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sent
+so we're going to try to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to try to solve this
+problem we're going to solve it first by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to solve it first by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're going to solve it first by
+coming up with the protocol it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the protocol it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the protocol it has a
+nice name to it called stop and wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice name to it called stop and wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice name to it called stop and wait
+it's a very simple idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very simple idea and
+this will be a protocol that works but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a protocol that works but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a protocol that works but
+it's slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's slow
+but the good news is it works it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the good news is it works it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the good news is it works it's
+correct it gives the semantics we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it gives the semantics we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct it gives the semantics we want
+and then we'll try to improve its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll try to improve its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll try to improve its
+performance it's a very very simple idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it's a very very simple idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance it's a very very simple idea
+i'm sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sure you
+you know you think about this for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think about this for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you think about this for three
+minutes you'll come up with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you'll come up with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes you'll come up with something
+that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this
+you just take the message you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the message you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just take the message you want to
+send you know whatever file stream of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you know whatever file stream of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you know whatever file stream of
+video whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video whatever it is
+and break it up into packets so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break it up into packets so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and break it up into packets so far
+there's nothing new here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing new here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing new here
+the main first idea is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main first idea is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main first idea is we're going to
+number every packet with a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number every packet with a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number every packet with a sequence
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+so that's what's shown here as data 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's shown here as data 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's shown here as data 1
+data 2 data 3 and so forth so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data 2 data 3 and so forth so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data 2 data 3 and so forth so we're
+going to use a sequence number on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a sequence number on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a sequence number on every
+packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now again there are many ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again there are many ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now again there are many ways to
+implement sequence numbers the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement sequence numbers the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement sequence numbers the way
+that's the simplest and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest and most
+conceptually clean is every packet has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually clean is every packet has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually clean is every packet has a
+sequence number that increments by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number that increments by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number that increments by one
+for every subsequent packet that's sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every subsequent packet that's sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every subsequent packet that's sent
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you might initially start the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might initially start the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might initially start the sequence
+numbering at zero or one or whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering at zero or one or whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering at zero or one or whatever the
+sender and the receiver have to agree on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and the receiver have to agree on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender and the receiver have to agree on
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+now in reality tcp in the real world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in reality tcp in the real world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in reality tcp in the real world is
+a little more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated
+tcp provides uh sequence numbering by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcp provides uh sequence numbering by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tcp provides uh sequence numbering by
+numbering the bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering the bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbering the bytes
+uh but the byte offset in the stream so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the byte offset in the stream so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the byte offset in the stream so
+if you send a packet which is 25 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you send a packet which is 25 bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you send a packet which is 25 bytes
+and the next packet is 200 bytes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next packet is 200 bytes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next packet is 200 bytes the
+first packet is going to have a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first packet is going to have a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first packet is going to have a sequence
+number of let's say zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of let's say zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of let's say zero
+the second pack is going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pack is going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second pack is going to have a
+sequence number of 26 because it numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number of 26 because it numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number of 26 because it numbers
+the starting of the byte offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting of the byte offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting of the byte offset
+but these are all details that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are all details that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these are all details that the first
+order we don't have to really worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we don't have to really worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order we don't have to really worry
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the important point is there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point is there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point is there's a
+sequence number and a sequence number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number and a sequence number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number and a sequence number is
+a unique identifier for the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique identifier for the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique identifier for the packet
+in other words if i later send a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if i later send a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words if i later send a packet
+with the same sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same sequence number
+i have to guarantee that the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to guarantee that the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to guarantee that the material
+inside the packet is the same as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the packet is the same as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the packet is the same as it was
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+so the assumption is that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the assumption is that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the assumption is that this is a
+unique identifier for the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier for the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier for the contents of
+the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet
+so it's a unique identifier we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a unique identifier we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a unique identifier we won't
+reuse it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse it
+for some other set of bytes we'll always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other set of bytes we'll always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some other set of bytes we'll always
+use it again for the same set of bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it again for the same set of bytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it again for the same set of bytes
+if we ever retransmit a packet with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ever retransmit a packet with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we ever retransmit a packet with the
+same sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same sequence number
+when the receiver gets the packet with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the receiver gets the packet with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the receiver gets the packet with a
+certain sequence number it does what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sequence number it does what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sequence number it does what the
+post office does if you send registered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post office does if you send registered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post office does if you send registered
+post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post
+you turn around and send an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn around and send an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you turn around and send an
+acknowledgement and to allow the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement and to allow the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement and to allow the sender
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know which packets being acknowledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which packets being acknowledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know which packets being acknowledged
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+stick in the sequence number of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in the sequence number of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in the sequence number of the
+packet that's being acknowledged so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that's being acknowledged so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet that's being acknowledged so you
+send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send
+sequence one data one you get account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence one data one you get account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence one data one you get account
+data two you get active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data two you get active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data two you get active
+and everything is wonderful okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is wonderful okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is wonderful okay it's
+easy easy protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy easy protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy easy protocol
+so what happens when a packet's lost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when a packet's lost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when a packet's lost you
+get this data is lost what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this data is lost what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this data is lost what's going to
+happen is the sender is not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the sender is not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the sender is not going to get
+an acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement
+and after some period of time called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after some period of time called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after some period of time called the
+timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+the sender decides that it wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender decides that it wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender decides that it wants to
+retry that packet and it tries to resend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retry that packet and it tries to resend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retry that packet and it tries to resend
+the packet and if it works it gets an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet and if it works it gets an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet and if it works it gets an
+acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement
+when it gets that acknowledgement that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets that acknowledgement that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets that acknowledgement that's
+when it goes and sends the next packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes and sends the next packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it goes and sends the next packet
+so the property of stop and weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the property of stop and weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the property of stop and weight
+protocol is that you send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is that you send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol is that you send
+a packet only after you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet only after you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet only after you get an
+acknowledgement you send packet k plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement you send packet k plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement you send packet k plus
+one only after you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only after you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only after you get an
+acknowledgement for packet k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for packet k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for packet k
+if you don't get an acknowledgement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get an acknowledgement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't get an acknowledgement for
+packet k you wait for a period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet k you wait for a period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet k you wait for a period of time
+called the timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the timeout
+and after that timeout elapses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that timeout elapses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after that timeout elapses you
+re-transmit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmit
+the packet that you considered was lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet that you considered was lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet that you considered was lost
+that you thought was lost okay simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thought was lost okay simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you thought was lost okay simple
+now is this protocol reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this protocol reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is this protocol reliable
+and and when i ask that question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when i ask that question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and when i ask that question you
+have to assume that the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume that the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to assume that the network
+may drop and reorder and do whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may drop and reorder and do whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may drop and reorder and do whatever it
+is to packets but there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to packets but there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to packets but there's always a
+non-zero probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero probability
+that any packet or data packet or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any packet or data packet or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any packet or data packet or
+acknowledgement packet sent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement packet sent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement packet sent on the
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+has a non-zero probability of reaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a non-zero probability of reaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a non-zero probability of reaching
+the other side because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side because if the
+probability of packet loss is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of packet loss is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of packet loss is one
+i mean no one can help us so is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean no one can help us so is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean no one can help us so is this
+protocol reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay is this protocol in order it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is this protocol in order it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is this protocol in order it is in
+order in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order in the way
+i've not actually described what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've not actually described what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've not actually described what the
+receiver does but i should tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver does but i should tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver does but i should tell you that
+the receivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receivers
+semantics here are when the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics here are when the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics here are when the receiver
+gets the packet it delivers it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the packet it delivers it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the packet it delivers it to the
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it'll turn out that this protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it'll turn out that this protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it'll turn out that this protocol is
+not necessarily in order the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily in order the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily in order the way i
+described it i'll come back to why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it i'll come back to why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described it i'll come back to why
+but so far it looks like the protocol is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far it looks like the protocol is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so far it looks like the protocol is
+an order but remember what i said about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order but remember what i said about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an order but remember what i said about
+the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver
+when the receiver gets the data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the receiver gets the data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the receiver gets the data packet
+it delivers it up to the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so is the protocol potentially not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is the protocol potentially not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so is the protocol potentially not in
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+it's not actually an order we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually an order we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually an order we'll get
+back to why you have a question yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to why you have a question yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to why you have a question yeah
+i was just wondering if the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just wondering if the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was just wondering if the receiver
+gets the data package
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the data package
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets the data package
+and it tries to send the technology yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so i haven't specified that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i haven't specified that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i haven't specified that and
+you are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are uh
+one step ahead of uh you're at the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step ahead of uh you're at the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step ahead of uh you're at the next
+picture here what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture here what happens
+in this case you get a duplicate packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you get a duplicate packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you get a duplicate packet
+and in fact that's precisely for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that's precisely for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact that's precisely for this
+reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason
+that this protocol is not actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this protocol is not actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this protocol is not actually it's
+kind of in order but in order means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in order but in order means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of in order but in order means that
+you deliver packets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver packets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver packets in
+the same order in which they were sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order in which they were sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same order in which they were sent
+and in the way i've described the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the way i've described the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the way i've described the
+description given the description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description given the description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description given the description of
+this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol
+uh this protocol does not provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this protocol does not provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this protocol does not provide
+exactly one semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one semantics
+right it provides at least one semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it provides at least one semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it provides at least one semantics
+in other words every packet is delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words every packet is delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words every packet is delivered
+at least once to the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once to the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least once to the application
+and what you would like is to deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you would like is to deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you would like is to deliver
+every packet exactly once to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every packet exactly once to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every packet exactly once to the
+application in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application in order
+so what would you have to do at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you have to do at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what would you have to do at the
+receiver in the in the software that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver in the in the software that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver in the in the software that you
+write at the receiver transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write at the receiver transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write at the receiver transport
+to take the same idea and make it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the same idea and make it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the same idea and make it be
+a reliable in order exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable in order exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reliable in order exactly once
+protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look up if we receive that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up if we receive that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up if we receive that sequence
+number good so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number good so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number good so one
+implementation is uh you perhaps keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is uh you perhaps keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation is uh you perhaps keep
+track of all the sequence numbers you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of all the sequence numbers you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of all the sequence numbers you've
+ever received and delivered up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever received and delivered up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever received and delivered up to the
+application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application
+if the new guy comes in you look and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the new guy comes in you look and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the new guy comes in you look and see
+if it's in your list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in your list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's in your list
+and deliver it if not you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deliver it if not you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deliver it if not you could do
+better do you have to do all that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you have to keep track of the list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to keep track of the list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have to keep track of the list of
+all the sequence numbers you've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sequence numbers you've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sequence numbers you've ever
+received in order for this protocol to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received in order for this protocol to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received in order for this protocol to
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah is it enough to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it enough to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is it enough to keep track of
+simply the very last one you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the very last one you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the very last one you've
+delivered and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered and
+also guarantee that you'll only deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also guarantee that you'll only deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also guarantee that you'll only deliver
+stuff in order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in order so
+if you get up to packet number 17 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get up to packet number 17 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get up to packet number 17 and
+you now get 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now get 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now get 18
+you deliver it up to the application and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver it up to the application and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver it up to the application and
+update your counter to be from 17 to 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update your counter to be from 17 to 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update your counter to be from 17 to 18
+of the last sequence number you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last sequence number you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the last sequence number you've
+delivered if your last sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered if your last sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered if your last sequence number
+delivered in order is 17 and you get 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in order is 17 and you get 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in order is 17 and you get 16
+throw it out if you get 17 you throw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it out if you get 17 you throw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw it out if you get 17 you throw it
+out if you get anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you get anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if you get anything
+if you get 19 which probably shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get 19 which probably shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get 19 which probably shouldn't
+happen in this protocol unless there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this protocol unless there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in this protocol unless there's a
+mistake in the implementation at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in the implementation at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in the implementation at the
+sending end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending end
+uh if the last sequence number i got was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the last sequence number i got was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the last sequence number i got was
+17 can the sender send 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why not because that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not because that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not because that's right
+so unless there's a bug in either side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless there's a bug in either side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so unless there's a bug in either side
+of the implementation which trust me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implementation which trust me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the implementation which trust me
+when you implement it you'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you implement it you'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you implement it you'll probably
+end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up
+having some you know bugs and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some you know bugs and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having some you know bugs and you know
+something is amiss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is amiss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is amiss
+but there are these invariants that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these invariants that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are these invariants that have
+to hold the sender can send k plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the sender can send k plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the sender can send k plus one
+only if it gets an ack for k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if it gets an ack for k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if it gets an ack for k
+the sender gets an act for k only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender gets an act for k only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender gets an act for k only the
+receiver got k and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver got k and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver got k and therefore
+uh if the sender's last in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the sender's last in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the sender's last in order
+sequence number received and delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number received and delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number received and delivered
+the application was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the application was
+17 it can't actually get a 19 in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 it can't actually get a 19 in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 it can't actually get a 19 in a
+correctly implemented protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly implemented protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly implemented protocol
+but if it does because you know in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it does because you know in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if it does because you know in the
+real world you don't know who the heck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world you don't know who the heck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world you don't know who the heck
+wrote the sending side you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the sending side you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the sending side you know you
+might have done your receiver and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done your receiver and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have done your receiver and the
+sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender
+might have been done by oh i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been done by oh i don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been done by oh i don't know
+microsoft and it may have an issue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsoft and it may have an issue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microsoft and it may have an issue with
+it or apple or whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or apple or whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or apple or whoever
+i mean you don't want to trust it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you don't want to trust it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you don't want to trust it right
+so you have to be careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to be careful about
+making sure that you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that you might want to
+assume the protocols
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the protocols
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume the protocols
+you don't want to assume necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to assume necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to assume necessarily
+that the other guy has implemented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other guy has implemented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the other guy has implemented the
+protocol right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol right
+because he might not have and so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he might not have and so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he might not have and so who
+knows what might happen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what might happen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what might happen so
+your rule at the receiver is to rigidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rule at the receiver is to rigidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rule at the receiver is to rigidly
+obey whatever the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey whatever the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey whatever the you know the
+discipline is which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline is which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline is which is
+you deliver up a packet exactly in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver up a packet exactly in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver up a packet exactly in in
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+okay so that's uh we wanted exactly one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's uh we wanted exactly one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's uh we wanted exactly one
+semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics
+and the way you get that is you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you get that is you get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you get that is you get that
+by keeping track of the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by keeping track of the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by keeping track of the very last
+sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number
+that you received so this protocol so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you received so this protocol so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you received so this protocol so
+the first idea sequence numbers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first idea sequence numbers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first idea sequence numbers the
+second protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second protocol
+is a retransmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a retransmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a retransmission
+after a timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how big should this timeout be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how big should this timeout be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how big should this timeout be this
+whole protocol rests on this magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole protocol rests on this magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole protocol rests on this magic
+timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+what should it be 15 17 what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it be 15 17 what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should it be 15 17 what are the
+units of the timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of the timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of the timeout
+actually what are the units of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what are the units of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what are the units of this
+timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's time so it's like seconds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time so it's like seconds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's time so it's like seconds or
+milliseconds or something how big should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds or something how big should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds or something how big should
+it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what five milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah units or seconds or milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah units or seconds or milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah units or seconds or milliseconds
+good but how would you pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so that's a good idea there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that's a good idea there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so that's a good idea there's
+this thing i've written on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing i've written on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing i've written on the left
+called the round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the round trip time
+you do well you don't know the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do well you don't know the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do well you don't know the round
+trip time but you could measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip time but you could measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip time but you could measure the
+round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round trip time
+you could and i'll talk about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could and i'll talk about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could and i'll talk about how you
+measure it a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it a little bit later
+but it's important to realize that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to realize that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important to realize that if
+you make the timeout be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the timeout be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the timeout be
+smaller than the round trip time where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the round trip time where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the round trip time where
+the round trip time is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time is defined as the
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+at which you send a packet to when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you send a packet to when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you send a packet to when you
+got an acknowledgement for that packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an acknowledgement for that packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an acknowledgement for that packet
+if you make the timeout smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the timeout smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you make the timeout smaller than the
+round trip time what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round trip time what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round trip time what happens in this
+protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol
+let me first ask is the protocol still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me first ask is the protocol still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me first ask is the protocol still
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+by correct i mean does it provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by correct i mean does it provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by correct i mean does it provide
+reliable in-order delivery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable in-order delivery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliable in-order delivery
+okay it's correct because i mean the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's correct because i mean the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's correct because i mean the the
+that pro that correctness does not rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pro that correctness does not rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pro that correctness does not rest
+on how we pick the timeout however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we pick the timeout however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how we pick the timeout however
+what is the problem with making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem with making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the problem with making the
+timeout smaller than the round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah you know if the protocol is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know if the protocol is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you know if the protocol is going
+to be you know you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be you know you're going to be
+re-transmitting and re-transmitting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmitting and re-transmitting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmitting and re-transmitting and
+using up a lot more of the network's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using up a lot more of the network's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using up a lot more of the network's
+resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources
+than you need to in order for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need to in order for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you need to in order for you to
+actually get your protocol to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get your protocol to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get your protocol to work
+correctly and you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and you might
+if the timeout is really really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the timeout is really really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the timeout is really really small
+you would probably congest the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably congest the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would probably congest the network
+okay so the timeout has to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the timeout has to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the timeout has to be bigger
+than the round trip time the trouble in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the round trip time the trouble in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the round trip time the trouble in
+a packet switch network is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet switch network is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet switch network is that
+delays are variable in a best effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays are variable in a best effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delays are variable in a best effort
+network and in fact packets may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and in fact packets may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network and in fact packets may be
+reordered there may be weird things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordered there may be weird things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reordered there may be weird things
+going on in the network which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the network which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in the network which means that
+the run trip times are actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the run trip times are actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the run trip times are actually not
+constant they vary with time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant they vary with time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant they vary with time
+they vary with other traffic they vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary with other traffic they vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they vary with other traffic they vary
+with lots of other you know factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of other you know factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with lots of other you know factors
+and so what you want is an adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you want is an adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you want is an adaptive
+method that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that would
+measure the round trip time estimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the round trip time estimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the round trip time estimate the
+round trip time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round trip time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round trip time and then
+come up with some sort of an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some sort of an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some sort of an algorithm
+to compute or to set the timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute or to set the timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute or to set the timeout
+as a function of the observations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the observations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the observations of the
+round-trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip time
+i'll get back to that later on today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get back to that later on today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll get back to that later on today and
+we'll also talk about this in recitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also talk about this in recitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll also talk about this in recitation
+tomorrow uh it's actually a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow uh it's actually a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow uh it's actually a very nice
+application of a very simple low-pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of a very simple low-pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of a very simple low-pass
+filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter
+so we'll actually come back to this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll actually come back to this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll actually come back to this idea
+but what i want to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i want to have in
+you to have in your head right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have in your head right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to have in your head right now is
+this idea that there's a timeout and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that there's a timeout and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea that there's a timeout and the
+timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+has to be which i'll call rto for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be which i'll call rto for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be which i'll call rto for
+retransmission timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission timeout
+uh we have this idea that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have this idea that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we have this idea that the
+retransmission timeout has to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission timeout has to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission timeout has to be bigger
+than the round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the round trip time
+okay so what i need to tell you still is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i need to tell you still is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i need to tell you still is
+how to measure estimate the round trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure estimate the round trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to measure estimate the round trip
+time and how to use these estimates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and how to use these estimates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and how to use these estimates of
+the round trip time to pick the time out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time to pick the time out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time to pick the time out
+but let's subcontract that problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's subcontract that problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's subcontract that problem to
+someone let's say that there's a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone let's say that there's a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone let's say that there's a block
+the black box that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black box that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black box that
+will tell you what the timeout should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you what the timeout should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you what the timeout should be
+and now you have this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you have this protocol
+so assuming we have that black box and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming we have that black box and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so assuming we have that black box and
+someone telling you the retransmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone telling you the retransmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone telling you the retransmission
+timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout
+what i would like to do now is to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like to do now is to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like to do now is to spend
+some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time
+telling you how well this protocol works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how well this protocol works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you how well this protocol works
+i'd like to understand what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to understand what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to understand what is the
+throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughput
+which is the data rate um that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the data rate um that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the data rate um that you get
+if you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you run
+the stop and wait protocol so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop and wait protocol so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stop and wait protocol so that's
+what i want to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do now
+throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of stop and wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the input here is i'm going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the input here is i'm going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the input here is i'm going to assume
+a very very simple model i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very simple model i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very very simple model i'm going to
+assume for a minute that the round trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for a minute that the round trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume for a minute that the round trip
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+uh you know doesn't change a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know doesn't change a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know doesn't change a whole lot
+this is a very simplifying assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simplifying assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very simplifying assumption
+but there's some average round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some average round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some average round trip time
+and i'm going to assume that the round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to assume that the round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to assume that the round
+trip time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trip time is
+rtt the same result holds if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt the same result holds if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt the same result holds if the
+round-trip time varies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip time varies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip time varies but
+just simple model let's just assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple model let's just assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple model let's just assume that
+round-trip time is fixed and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip time is fixed and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round-trip time is fixed and let's
+assume that somebody tells us what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that somebody tells us what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that somebody tells us what the
+retransmission timeout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission timeout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmission timeout is
+and i need one more parameter i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i need one more parameter i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i need one more parameter i'm going
+to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume that
+i know the network's packet loss rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the network's packet loss rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know the network's packet loss rate
+because intuitively if the network's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because intuitively if the network's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because intuitively if the network's
+packet loss rate is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss rate is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss rate is zero
+there is no packets are lost no data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no packets are lost no data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no packets are lost no data
+packets no acknowledgements are lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets no acknowledgements are lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets no acknowledgements are lost
+then you would expect this protocol has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would expect this protocol has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would expect this protocol has
+higher throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher throughput
+than if packets were lost right if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if packets were lost right if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if packets were lost right if the
+packet lost rate is 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet lost rate is 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet lost rate is 50
+you would expect that what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect that what would happen
+is well you know half the packets or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you know half the packets or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well you know half the packets or
+acts are getting lost which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts are getting lost which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts are getting lost which means you
+have to retransmit the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to retransmit the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to retransmit the packet
+and every time you retransmit the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you retransmit the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you retransmit the packet
+the protocol comes to a wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol comes to a wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protocol comes to a wait
+and you have to wait until the timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to wait until the timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to wait until the timeout
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+so the bigger the packet loss rate you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bigger the packet loss rate you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bigger the packet loss rate you
+would expect the protocol to be slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the protocol to be slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect the protocol to be slower
+so i'm going to assume that we have rtt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to assume that we have rtt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to assume that we have rtt
+and rto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rto
+and we have a packet loss rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of l so what does what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l so what does what does that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of l so what does what does that mean
+what it means is that if i send a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that if i send a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that if i send a large
+number of packets through the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of packets through the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of packets through the network
+a fraction l of them will get lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction l of them will get lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fraction l of them will get lost
+and i'll just assume in the simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just assume in the simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll just assume in the simplifying
+model that the packet losses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that the packet losses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that the packet losses are
+independent so there's sort of bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so there's sort of bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so there's sort of bernoulli
+losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses
+you know every packet gets lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every packet gets lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know every packet gets lost
+independent independently with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent independently with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent independently with some
+probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability
+now i also will assume in this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i also will assume in this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i also will assume in this protocol
+does it matter to the performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter to the performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it matter to the performance of the
+protocol of the packet is law if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol of the packet is law if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol of the packet is law if the
+data packet is lost or if the ack packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet is lost or if the ack packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet is lost or if the ack packet
+is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't matter as far as the senders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter as far as the senders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter as far as the senders
+can this is an important point to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is an important point to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can this is an important point to
+understand as far as the sender is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand as far as the sender is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand as far as the sender is
+concerned if a timeout happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned if a timeout happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned if a timeout happens
+it has no way of knowing whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no way of knowing whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no way of knowing whether the
+timeout happened because the data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout happened because the data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout happened because the data was
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+or because the act was lost this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because the act was lost this is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because the act was lost this is like
+absolutely the receiver knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the receiver knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the receiver knows
+right actually the receiver doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually the receiver doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right actually the receiver doesn't know
+if a timeout happened but the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a timeout happened but the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a timeout happened but the receiver
+does know whether it got a data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does know whether it got a data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does know whether it got a data packet
+or not but the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but the sender
+the only thing it's acting on is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing it's acting on is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing it's acting on is the
+absence of an ack and the absence of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of an ack and the absence of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of an ack and the absence of an
+ack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ack
+indicates either that the data was lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates either that the data was lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates either that the data was lost
+or that that was lost and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that that was lost and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that that was lost and you
+it has no idea which therefore we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no idea which therefore we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has no idea which therefore we could
+assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume
+in this for this analysis that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this for this analysis that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this for this analysis that this
+packet loss rate of l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss rate of l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss rate of l
+is actually a bi-directional packet loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a bi-directional packet loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a bi-directional packet loss
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i mean by that is l is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that is l is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by that is l is the
+probability that either a data packet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that either a data packet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that either a data packet is
+lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost
+or its act was lost okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its act was lost okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or its act was lost okay
+now if i give you the one-way loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i give you the one-way loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i give you the one-way loss
+probability you can do the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can do the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you can do the calculation
+that's a probability calculation to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probability calculation to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a probability calculation to find
+out what is the probability that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the probability that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is the probability that either
+the packet was lost or the data was lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet was lost or the data was lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packet was lost or the data was lost
+that's an easy calculation but let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy calculation but let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an easy calculation but let me
+just assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just assume that
+the probability that either the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that either the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that either the packet
+was lost data packet was lost or attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lost data packet was lost or attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lost data packet was lost or attack
+was lost is l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lost is l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was lost is l
+so given these numbers what i want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given these numbers what i want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given these numbers what i want to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+given these things i want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these things i want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given these things i want to know what
+the throughput is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in other words how many packets per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words how many packets per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words how many packets per
+how many packets per second am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many packets per second am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many packets per second am i
+transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting
+am i able to transmit or am i able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i able to transmit or am i able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am i able to transmit or am i able to
+receive at the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive at the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive at the receiver
+so if you want to look at what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to look at what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you want to look at what happens
+in this picture if you draw time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that you know you send a packet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know you send a packet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know you send a packet and
+maybe you get an ack here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you get an ack here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you get an ack here
+so d1 a1 you send d2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so d1 a1 you send d2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so d1 a1 you send d2
+you send d2 immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get a2 after some time and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a2 after some time and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get a2 after some time and maybe
+you have a timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a timeout
+sorry you said d3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you said d3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry you said d3
+then you have a period of time which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a period of time which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have a period of time which is
+the rto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no ack happens you send d3 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ack happens you send d3 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ack happens you send d3 again
+and maybe no ack happens for a while you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe no ack happens for a while you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe no ack happens for a while you
+have another rto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another rto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another rto
+i'll assume that the rto is fixed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll assume that the rto is fixed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll assume that the rto is fixed here
+and you send d3 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get an ack here and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get an ack here and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get an ack here and then you
+send d4 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send d4 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send d4 here
+and so forth right that's an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth right that's an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth right that's an example of
+what could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen
+in a particular evolution time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular evolution time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular evolution time
+evaluation of the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluation of the protocol
+what i mean by throughput is that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by throughput is that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i mean by throughput is that i
+would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to
+run such an experiment for a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run such an experiment for a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run such an experiment for a very long
+time or run many many such experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or run many many such experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or run many many such experiments
+which is sort of equivalent to running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of equivalent to running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is sort of equivalent to running
+an experiment for a very long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment for a very long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an experiment for a very long time
+and then count how many packets did i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then count how many packets did i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then count how many packets did i
+successfully get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully get
+at the receiver or equivalently i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the receiver or equivalently i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the receiver or equivalently i can
+ask how many acts did i get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how many acts did i get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask how many acts did i get at the
+sender over that long experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender over that long experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender over that long experiment
+right and the number of acts that i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the number of acts that i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the number of acts that i get
+at the sender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sender
+divided by the time of that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time of that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the time of that experiment
+will tell me the number of packets per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me the number of packets per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell me the number of packets per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+right or put another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or put another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or put another way
+if i run the experiment for some long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i run the experiment for some long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i run the experiment for some long
+period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time
+and i send i receive n packets coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i send i receive n packets coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i send i receive n packets coming
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+right if i receive n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i receive n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if i receive n
+acknowledgements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if the expected time here between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the expected time here between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the expected time here between
+um when i send a data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when i send a data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when i send a data packet
+i send a data packet i get an app i send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a data packet i get an app i send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a data packet i get an app i send
+a data packet i get a knack i send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data packet i get a knack i send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data packet i get a knack i send a
+data packet and i get an ack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet and i get an ack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet and i get an ack
+i send a data packet and i get a hack if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a data packet and i get a hack if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a data packet and i get a hack if
+i take the expected value of that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take the expected value of that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take the expected value of that time
+that is the expected time between when i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the expected time between when i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the expected time between when i
+send a packet and when i get an ack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a packet and when i get an ack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a packet and when i get an ack
+the one over that number one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over that number one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one over that number one over
+the expected time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is equal to my throughput in packets per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to my throughput in packets per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to my throughput in packets per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because if i run the experiment for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i run the experiment for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if i run the experiment for a
+long time i'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time i'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time i'm going to get a
+you know some number of acknowledgments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some number of acknowledgments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know some number of acknowledgments
+so if i run it for some period of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i run it for some period of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i run it for some period of time
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+n times e of t where e of t is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times e of t where e of t is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n times e of t where e of t is this
+number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here
+and i get back n acknowledgements n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get back n acknowledgements n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i get back n acknowledgements n
+divided by n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by n times
+e of t is my throughput and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of t is my throughput and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e of t is my throughput and therefore
+one over the expected time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the expected time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the expected time
+is the throughput of my experiment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the throughput of my experiment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the throughput of my experiment right
+so this should be intuitive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be intuitive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this should be intuitive because
+what's really happening is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's really happening is um
+with a little bit of hand waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of hand waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a little bit of hand waving
+actually that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that
+you know i get i send data i get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i get i send data i get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i get i send data i get an
+accent data i get a knack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent data i get a knack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accent data i get a knack
+there's a next certain expected amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a next certain expected amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a next certain expected amount
+of time so i'm able to send one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so i'm able to send one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time so i'm able to send one over
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+packets per second okay so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets per second okay so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets per second okay so in other
+words the throughput is the reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the throughput is the reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the throughput is the reciprocal
+of the expected amount of time between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected amount of time between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected amount of time between
+when i set a packet and when i get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i set a packet and when i get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i set a packet and when i get an
+acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement
+so it's enough for us to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's enough for us to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's enough for us to compute the
+expected value of this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value of this time
+right or the mean value of that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so we could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we could do that
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+in a simple way there's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple way there's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple way there's the sort of
+tedious way to do it and there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious way to do it and there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tedious way to do it and there's a very
+simple nice way to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple nice way to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple nice way to do it
+so we want to calculate expected time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between data
+and ack and one way to do this is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ack and one way to do this is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ack and one way to do this is to say
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+let's say i send a data packet one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i send a data packet one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i send a data packet one of
+two things can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things can happen
+i either get an app for it or i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i either get an app for it or i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i either get an app for it or i don't
+get an app for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an app for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an app for it
+what's the probability that if i send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that if i send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the probability that if i send a
+data packet i get an app for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet i get an app for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet i get an app for it
+well the probability that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the probability that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the probability that um
+i send a packet and i don't get an act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a packet and i don't get an act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a packet and i don't get an act
+for it as l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it as l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it as l
+therefore the probability that if i send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability that if i send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the probability that if i send
+data packet i get a knack for it as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet i get a knack for it as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet i get a knack for it as one
+minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+right so with probability one minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i send a data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i immediately get when i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i immediately get when i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i immediately get when i say
+immediately i get an ack i get an ack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately i get an ack i get an ack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately i get an ack i get an ack
+for that data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that data packet
+right and how long does that take if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how long does that take if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how long does that take if i
+get an act for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an act for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an act for it
+the act comes back to me in a time which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act comes back to me in a time which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the act comes back to me in a time which
+is equal to rtt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to rtt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to rtt
+the round trip time right so therefore i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time right so therefore i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time right so therefore i
+can write a formula that looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a formula that looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write a formula that looks like this
+i can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write
+this expected time which i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expected time which i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expected time which i'm trying to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+as being equal to one minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being equal to one minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being equal to one minus l
+with probability one minus l the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus l the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus l the
+expected time between when i send a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time between when i send a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time between when i send a data
+packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+and when i get an act for it is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i get an act for it is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i get an act for it is equal to
+the rtt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right because one minus l is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because one minus l is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because one minus l is by
+definition the probability that i send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the probability that i send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the probability that i send a
+packet and i get an act for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and i get an act for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and i get an act for it
+send a data pack and get knife now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a data pack and get knife now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a data pack and get knife now what
+happens with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability
+l with probability l i send a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l with probability l i send a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l with probability l i send a data
+packet and i don't get an act for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and i don't get an act for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet and i don't get an act for it
+so now i want to compute the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to compute the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now i want to compute the expected
+time given that i don't get an ack for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given that i don't get an ack for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time given that i don't get an ack for
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+the first thing that has to happen is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that has to happen is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that has to happen is i
+need to take a timeout so i have to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take a timeout so i have to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take a timeout so i have to wait
+for a period of time shown in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period of time shown in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a period of time shown in this
+picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture
+given by the rto and then once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the rto and then once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the rto and then once
+i wait for that rto and i now start by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wait for that rto and i now start by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wait for that rto and i now start by
+sending a data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a data packet
+the expected amount of time before i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected amount of time before i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected amount of time before i get
+an act for that data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act for that data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an act for that data packet
+is exactly equal to the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly equal to the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly equal to the original
+expected time that i'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time that i'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time that i'm trying to
+calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate
+right because it doesn't matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it doesn't matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it doesn't matter what
+happened in the past let's say i take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past let's say i take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the past let's say i take a
+timeout and now i come back here and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout and now i come back here and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout and now i come back here and i
+sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell it
+i'm now going to send a data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm now going to send a data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm now going to send a data packet
+what's the expected time before i get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected time before i get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the expected time before i get an
+ack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ack
+well that's exactly equal to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly equal to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's exactly equal to the same
+answer that we're trying to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we're trying to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we're trying to calculate
+this expected time over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expected time over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expected time over here
+therefore i could write this recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i could write this recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore i could write this recursion
+type of relationship um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of relationship um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of relationship um
+the expected time is 1 minus l times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time is 1 minus l times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time is 1 minus l times the
+rtt plus l times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt plus l times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt plus l times
+the rto plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rto plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rto plus
+the same expected time that i'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expected time that i'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expected time that i'm trying
+to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate
+right all this says is with probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all this says is with probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all this says is with probability
+one minus l the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus l the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus l the time
+the the time it'll take for me to get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time it'll take for me to get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the time it'll take for me to get an
+ack is equal to the rtt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ack is equal to the rtt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ack is equal to the rtt
+and with probability l it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with probability l it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with probability l it's equal to
+first of all this rto i have to wait for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this rto i have to wait for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all this rto i have to wait for
+that retransmission timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retransmission timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that retransmission timeout
+and then once i do that well i have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once i do that well i have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once i do that well i have to
+add some more time and that time that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some more time and that time that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some more time and that time that i
+have to add is exactly equal to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add is exactly equal to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to add is exactly equal to the same
+expected time from the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time from the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time from the left hand side
+that i'm trying to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm trying to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i'm trying to calculate
+does it make sense you could kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense you could kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it make sense you could kind of do
+this in a more tedious way you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a more tedious way you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a more tedious way you could say
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+with probability one minus l my time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus l my time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability one minus l my time is
+rtt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt
+with probability l times one minus l the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability l times one minus l the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probability l times one minus l the
+time is equal to rtt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is equal to rtt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is equal to rtt
+plus rto with probability l times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rto with probability l times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus rto with probability l times 1
+minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+sorry l squared times 1 minus l is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry l squared times 1 minus l is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry l squared times 1 minus l is like
+2 losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 losses
+and then a retransmission the time is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a retransmission the time is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a retransmission the time is 2
+times the rto plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rto plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the rto plus
+rtt with probability l cubed times 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt with probability l cubed times 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt with probability l cubed times 1
+minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus l
+it's that you do all of that stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that you do all of that stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that you do all of that stuff you
+get the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is a more uh this is a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a more uh this is a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a more uh this is a simple
+way to do it so if you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so if you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it so if you run
+you take the expected time over to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the expected time over to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the expected time over to one
+side and solve this equation what you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and solve this equation what you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and solve this equation what you'll
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that the expected time is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the expected time is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the expected time is equal to
+rtt plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rtt plus
+l over 1 minus l times the rto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over 1 minus l times the rto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over 1 minus l times the rto
+i mean as the packet loss rate becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean as the packet loss rate becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean as the packet loss rate becomes
+larger and larger and larger this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger and larger this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger and larger and larger this term
+starts to dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to dominate
+because l over 1 myself starts to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because l over 1 myself starts to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because l over 1 myself starts to be
+bigger and bigger and bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger and bigger and bigger
+which is what you'd expect if the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you'd expect if the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what you'd expect if the packet
+loss if the bi-directional packet loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss if the bi-directional packet loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss if the bi-directional packet loss
+rate is large you would expect the rto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is large you would expect the rto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is large you would expect the rto
+terms to start to dominate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to start to dominate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to start to dominate and
+the expected time is larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time is larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time is larger and larger
+and larger if the packet loss rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger if the packet loss rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and larger if the packet loss rate is
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+then you would like the expected time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would like the expected time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would like the expected time is
+exactly equal to the rtt you send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the rtt you send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly equal to the rtt you send a
+packet you get an ack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet you get an ack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet you get an ack
+with an rtt you send the next packet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an rtt you send the next packet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an rtt you send the next packet you
+get a knack and of course the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a knack and of course the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a knack and of course the throughput
+is equal to one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to one over
+the expected time that's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time that's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected time that's the the
+reciprocal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal of the
+expected time okay now what's the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time okay now what's the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected time okay now what's the best
+case here the best case here is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here the best case here is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case here the best case here is that you
+get one packet per round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one packet per round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one packet per round trip time
+the worst case is you know arbitrarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case is you know arbitrarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst case is you know arbitrarily
+bad depending on the packet loss rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad depending on the packet loss rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad depending on the packet loss rate
+but the important point here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point here is that
+even the best case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the best case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the best case
+you're able to send only one packet at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to send only one packet at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're able to send only one packet at
+most one packet per round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one packet per round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one packet per round trip time
+the question is how good or bad is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how good or bad is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how good or bad is one
+packet per round trip time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet per round trip time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet per round trip time
+is this clear this intuition behind why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this clear this intuition behind why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this clear this intuition behind why
+this is one packet per round of time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one packet per round of time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one packet per round of time in
+the best case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best case
+that that should be pretty obvious right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be pretty obvious right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that should be pretty obvious right
+i send a packet to get an accent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a packet to get an accent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i send a packet to get an accent a
+packer to get an act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packer to get an act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packer to get an act
+this calculation just shows a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation just shows a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation just shows a little bit
+more detail about what happens when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail about what happens when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more detail about what happens when the
+packet loss rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet loss rates
+you know non-zero so if the packet loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know non-zero so if the packet loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know non-zero so if the packet loss
+rate is say 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is say 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is say 20 percent
+uh you take you know one-fifth over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you take you know one-fifth over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you take you know one-fifth over
+four-fifths so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-fifths so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-fifths so
+uh it's rtt plus uh one quarter of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's rtt plus uh one quarter of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's rtt plus uh one quarter of the
+re-transmission timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmission timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmission timeout
+that's that's what it says the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what it says the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's what it says the expected
+time is and one over that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is and one over that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is and one over that is the
+throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now how bad or good is it clear any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how bad or good is it clear any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how bad or good is it clear any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now how good or bad is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now how good or bad is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now how good or bad is this
+one over the round trip time so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the round trip time so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the round trip time so let's
+say that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you have
+you know a network between boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a network between boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a network between boston
+to i don't know san francisco and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i don't know san francisco and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to i don't know san francisco and if you
+do these you know pings or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these you know pings or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these you know pings or whatever
+let's imagine i don't know the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine i don't know the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's imagine i don't know the real
+numbers but let's say it's 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but let's say it's 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but let's say it's 80
+milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds
+just for the calculation to be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the calculation to be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for the calculation to be easier
+let's assume it's 100 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume it's 100 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume it's 100 milliseconds
+and let's say that a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say that a packet
+um you know on the internet it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know on the internet it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know on the internet it's about
+10 000 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 000 bits
+so let's make it bytes let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make it bytes let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's make it bytes let's say that
+it's a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a thousand
+say 1500 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what this says is that the throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that the throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this says is that the throughput
+that i would get with the stop and wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i would get with the stop and wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i would get with the stop and wait
+protocol if i ran it on this internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol if i ran it on this internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol if i ran it on this internet
+path would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path would be
+1500 bytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+divided by 100 millisecond so that's 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 100 millisecond so that's 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by 100 millisecond so that's 15
+000 bytes per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 bytes per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 bytes per second
+15 kilobytes a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 kilobytes a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 kilobytes a second
+which might have been really really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might have been really really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might have been really really good
+in 1985 but you know no one's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1985 but you know no one's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1985 but you know no one's going to
+be happy with this today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean you might have a link that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you might have a link that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you might have a link that's a
+megabyte a second or a gigabyte a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte a second or a gigabyte a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte a second or a gigabyte a second
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+10 you know bigger than that but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you know bigger than that but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 you know bigger than that but no
+matter how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how
+fast the networks the network links are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the networks the network links are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast the networks the network links are
+this protocol is completely dominated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol is completely dominated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol is completely dominated by
+the delay or the latency the round trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay or the latency the round trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the delay or the latency the round trip
+latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency
+between the sender and the receiver and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the sender and the receiver and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the sender and the receiver and
+you end up with a throughput that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a throughput that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up with a throughput that's
+pegged to a small value and so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegged to a small value and so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pegged to a small value and so people
+don't like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like that
+so question is how can you do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so question is how can you do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so question is how can you do better
+what can you do now to this protocol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do now to this protocol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can you do now to this protocol or
+come up with a new method a new protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a new method a new protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with a new method a new protocol
+that would improve the throughput of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would improve the throughput of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would improve the throughput of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+system because if people pay money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because if people pay money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because if people pay money for
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+links they'd like to actually get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links they'd like to actually get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+links they'd like to actually get higher
+performance from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance from it
+so what could you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what larger packets well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what larger packets well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what larger packets well
+yeah you know larger packets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah why don't we make our packets as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't we make our packets as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't we make our packets as
+big as the file we want to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as the file we want to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as the file we want to send
+actually i'll digress why don't we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'll digress why don't we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'll digress why don't we make
+packets really big like i got a megabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets really big like i got a megabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets really big like i got a megabyte
+file or a gigabyte file to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file or a gigabyte file to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file or a gigabyte file to send
+why do i have to break it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i have to break it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do i have to break it up into
+smaller packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well to send the data no matter if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to send the data no matter if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to send the data no matter if you
+break it up small or big you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it up small or big you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break it up small or big you're going to
+use the same bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same bandwidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the same bandwidth
+that's a good question yeah you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question yeah you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question yeah you have an
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's kind of true you know if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of true you know if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of true you know if a
+packet's uh if a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet's uh if a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet's uh if a packet
+is you know let's say a gigabyte file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know let's say a gigabyte file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know let's say a gigabyte file
+you want to transparent you send that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to transparent you send that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to transparent you send that in
+one atomic unit and goes through four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atomic unit and goes through four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atomic unit and goes through four
+hops in the network and then it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops in the network and then it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hops in the network and then it gets
+dropped on the fifth hop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped on the fifth hop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped on the fifth hop
+you end up having to send that entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up having to send that entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up having to send that entire
+gigabyte again over all those other hops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte again over all those other hops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte again over all those other hops
+that's actually not good but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not good but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually not good but in fact
+really large packets are probably a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large packets are probably a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really large packets are probably a bad
+idea even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea even for
+networks which don't drop any packets if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks which don't drop any packets if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks which don't drop any packets if
+you think of the case when i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the case when i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the case when i have a
+gigabyte file to send and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte file to send and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte file to send and you have a
+gigabyte file to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte file to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabyte file to send
+the problem with these really big if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with these really big if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with these really big if you
+make these packets really big is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these packets really big is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these packets really big is that
+one of us is you know on a shared link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us is you know on a shared link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of us is you know on a shared link
+only one of us can send that packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of us can send that packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one of us can send that packet
+which means the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the other
+guy is going to be waiting a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is going to be waiting a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is going to be waiting a really
+really long time for him to send that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time for him to send that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really long time for him to send that
+packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+so the reason why in the end packets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why in the end packets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the reason why in the end packets are
+modest size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modest size
+has to do with our wanting to share the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with our wanting to share the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with our wanting to share the
+network evenly over smaller time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network evenly over smaller time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network evenly over smaller time scales
+it's because we want to give fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because we want to give fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's because we want to give fairness
+across smaller time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across smaller time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across smaller time scales
+allowing everybody who's competing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing everybody who's competing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing everybody who's competing
+access to the network so even if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the network so even if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the network so even if we have
+big amounts of data to send we prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big amounts of data to send we prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big amounts of data to send we prefer to
+break them up into smaller chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them up into smaller chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break them up into smaller chunks
+among other reasons one reason being we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other reasons one reason being we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other reasons one reason being we
+don't want to starve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to starve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to starve
+other connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other connections
+and prevent them from gaining access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prevent them from gaining access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and prevent them from gaining access to
+the network because there's some you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network because there's some you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network because there's some you
+know huge transfers sitting in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know huge transfers sitting in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know huge transfers sitting in front
+so that's uh that's part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh that's part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh that's part of the reason
+so anyway so bigger package doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so bigger package doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway so bigger package doesn't
+quite cut it so what else could you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite cut it so what else could you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite cut it so what else could you do
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you know i'll come back to this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know i'll come back to this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know i'll come back to this on
+monday that's actually a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday that's actually a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monday that's actually a really good
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+but when would you stop for 8 16 32 i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when would you stop for 8 16 32 i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but when would you stop for 8 16 32 i
+mean at some point this is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because packets are lost okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because packets are lost okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because packets are lost okay this is a
+really good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good idea
+we're not actually going to teach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually going to teach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not actually going to teach that
+here in this course this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this course this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this course this isn't
+this is actually what tcp does in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what tcp does in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually what tcp does in the
+beginning of the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the connection
+but before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what else could you do that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could you do that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else could you do that's a good
+idea yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah
+yeah you could do a fixed number you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could do a fixed number you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you could do a fixed number you
+know somebody could pick i actually kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody could pick i actually kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know somebody could pick i actually kind
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+it is a really good idea to do one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a really good idea to do one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a really good idea to do one two
+four eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four eight
+and then if it fails you come back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it fails you come back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if it fails you come back down
+to say one or one half of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say one or one half of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say one or one half of whatever
+worked the last time and then continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked the last time and then continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked the last time and then continue
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+that particular thing has a name to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular thing has a name to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular thing has a name to it
+that protocol is called slow start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protocol is called slow start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that protocol is called slow start
+it's ironic because it's really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ironic because it's really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ironic because it's really fast
+it's exponential right one two four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponential right one two four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exponential right one two four
+eight but yet it's called slow start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight but yet it's called slow start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight but yet it's called slow start
+i'll probably tell you more about it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll probably tell you more about it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll probably tell you more about it on
+wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wednesday
+but we'll you know ease into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll you know ease into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'll you know ease into that
+solution we'll do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we'll do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we'll do something
+simpler we'll use something called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we'll use something called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler we'll use something called a
+sliding window protocol with a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding window protocol with a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding window protocol with a fixed
+size window you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size window you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size window you just
+make that 1v7 or 4 or 6 or 8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that 1v7 or 4 or 6 or 8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that 1v7 or 4 or 6 or 8.
+i'll tell you later uh next time how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you later uh next time how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you later uh next time how you
+pick that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick that value
+okay and one way to pick that value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one way to pick that value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and one way to pick that value is
+to do dynamically like uh the gentleman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do dynamically like uh the gentleman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do dynamically like uh the gentleman
+in front said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in front said
+uh it's it's more complicated but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's more complicated but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it's more complicated but let's
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+pick a fixed size value so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a fixed size value so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a fixed size value so the idea is
+actually very very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very very simple
+rather than have one packet outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than have one packet outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than have one packet outstanding
+use this idea you know in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this idea you know in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this idea you know in computer
+science we use this over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we use this over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science we use this over and over again
+pipelining so you just send multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining so you just send multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipelining so you just send multiple of
+them and have multiple outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and have multiple outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and have multiple outstanding
+packets by outstanding i mean a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets by outstanding i mean a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets by outstanding i mean a packet
+that hasn't yet been acknowledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't yet been acknowledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hasn't yet been acknowledged
+a data packet that hasn't yet been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data packet that hasn't yet been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a data packet that hasn't yet been
+acknowledged is called an outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged is called an outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged is called an outstanding
+data packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data packet
+and you have multiple of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have multiple of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have multiple of these
+outstanding and every time you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding and every time you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding and every time you get an
+acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement
+you send one more packet so that's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send one more packet so that's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send one more packet so that's shown
+in this timeline here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this timeline here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this timeline here right
+so you start here you send a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know why this isn't working oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why this isn't working oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know why this isn't working oh
+there we go you send a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go you send a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we go you send a packet
+you get an acknowledgement when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an acknowledgement when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an acknowledgement when you get
+an acknowledgement you send another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement you send another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement you send another
+packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+get an acknowledgement you send another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an acknowledgement you send another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an acknowledgement you send another
+packet but in the meantime there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet but in the meantime there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet but in the meantime there are
+these other acknowledgements coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other acknowledgements coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other acknowledgements coming in
+and the rule is very simple every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rule is very simple every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rule is very simple every time
+you get an acknowledgement that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an acknowledgement that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an acknowledgement that you have
+not seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not seen before
+send the next packet in sequence so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the next packet in sequence so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the next packet in sequence so the
+sender just keeps sending packets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender just keeps sending packets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender just keeps sending packets in
+sequence order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence order
+every time it gets an acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it gets an acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it gets an acknowledgement
+that it hasn't sent before seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it hasn't sent before seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it hasn't sent before seen before
+for a packet that it had sent before it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet that it had sent before it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet that it had sent before it
+sends the next incrementing sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends the next incrementing sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends the next incrementing sequence
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+so uh this painstaking animation will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this painstaking animation will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this painstaking animation will
+attempt to show you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to show you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to show you that
+assuming it's correct so the window here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's correct so the window here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's correct so the window here
+is five packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is five packets
+okay i'll tell you later how you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll tell you later how you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll tell you later how you should
+some guidelines on how to pick this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guidelines on how to pick this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some guidelines on how to pick this
+window size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window size
+but this number of packets here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this number of packets here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this number of packets here is
+called the window the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the window the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the window the number of
+outstanding packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding packets
+okay or the number of unacknowledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or the number of unacknowledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or the number of unacknowledged
+packets it's always going to be five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets it's always going to be five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets it's always going to be five
+uh under sorry it's going to be five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under sorry it's going to be five in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh under sorry it's going to be five in
+this example it's always going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example it's always going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example it's always going to be a
+fixed value in our protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value in our protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed value in our protocol
+okay so you send the first packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you send the first packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you send the first packet
+when you get an acknowledgement for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an acknowledgement for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an acknowledgement for that
+first packet you slide the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first packet you slide the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first packet you slide the window
+forward by one and you send packet six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by one and you send packet six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward by one and you send packet six
+when you get an acknowledgement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an acknowledgement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get an acknowledgement for
+packet two you slide the window forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet two you slide the window forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet two you slide the window forward
+and you send packet seven when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you send packet seven when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you send packet seven when you get
+an encouragement for three you slide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an encouragement for three you slide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an encouragement for three you slide the
+window forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window forward
+and you get an acknowledgement for a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get an acknowledgement for a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get an acknowledgement for a uh
+and you sent back at eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sent back at eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sent back at eight
+this is sorry yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that's a good question i'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good question i'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's a good question i'll get to
+that in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a moment
+the answer is that the sender's rule is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that the sender's rule is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that the sender's rule is
+always the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same
+yes you'll get acknowledgements out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you'll get acknowledgements out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you'll get acknowledgements out of
+order as long as it's an acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order as long as it's an acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order as long as it's an acknowledgement
+for a packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet
+sorry as long as it's an acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry as long as it's an acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry as long as it's an acknowledgement
+that you have not seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have not seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have not seen before
+for a packet that you have actually sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet that you have actually sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet that you have actually sent
+you slide the window forward by one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slide the window forward by one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you slide the window forward by one and
+send a new packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a new packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a new packet
+okay and you keep track of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you keep track of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you keep track of the fact that
+you've received an acknowledgement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've received an acknowledgement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've received an acknowledgement so
+you know that you should never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you should never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that you should never
+retransmit that packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to define this thing and pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to define this thing and pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to define this thing and pause
+here i want you to understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i want you to understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here i want you to understand this
+definition of a window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of a window
+and internalize it if the window size is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and internalize it if the window size is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and internalize it if the window size is
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+what it means is that the maximum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that the maximum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means is that the maximum number
+of unacknowledged packets that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unacknowledged packets that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unacknowledged packets that you can
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+in the connection is w there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the connection is w there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the connection is w there are many
+different ways of implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways of implementing
+defining a window in fact tcp inside it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a window in fact tcp inside it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a window in fact tcp inside it
+has two windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has two windows
+this definition is one of those windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition is one of those windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this definition is one of those windows
+i won't talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't talk about the
+second definition here i'll get to it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second definition here i'll get to it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second definition here i'll get to it on
+next week it's not important for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week it's not important for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week it's not important for us
+right now so again to repeat if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so again to repeat if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so again to repeat if the
+window size is w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window size is w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window size is w
+it means that the maximum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the maximum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that the maximum number of
+unacknowledged packets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacknowledged packets in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacknowledged packets in the
+in the system in the protocol is w so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system in the protocol is w so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the system in the protocol is w so
+the rule at the sender is going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule at the sender is going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rule at the sender is going to be to
+very religiously adhere to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very religiously adhere to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very religiously adhere to this
+to this rule in other words every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this rule in other words every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this rule in other words every time
+it gets an acknowledgement it waits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets an acknowledgement it waits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets an acknowledgement it waits and
+sees whether it's an acknowledgement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees whether it's an acknowledgement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees whether it's an acknowledgement for
+a packet it has sent before it that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet it has sent before it that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a packet it has sent before it that it
+had not seen before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not seen before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had not seen before
+if you get an acknowledgement like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get an acknowledgement like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you get an acknowledgement like that
+it means that some packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that some packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that some packet
+has been received which means you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been received which means you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been received which means you can
+get rid of that packet from the stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that packet from the stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that packet from the stack of
+unacknowledged packets that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacknowledged packets that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unacknowledged packets that you have
+and send a new packet because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send a new packet because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and send a new packet because you can
+send a new packet because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a new packet because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a new packet because you know
+that the number of unacknowledged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of unacknowledged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of unacknowledged
+packets reduced by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets reduced by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets reduced by one
+because you got an ack which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got an ack which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got an ack which means you
+can now send a new packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now send a new packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now send a new packet
+okay it's a very simple rule if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a very simple rule if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a very simple rule if you just
+follow that idea to implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that idea to implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow that idea to implement
+it also surprisingly easy to get wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the window doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window doesn't have to be
+consecutive this is a really really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive this is a really really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive this is a really really good
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+and it's very tempting to implement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very tempting to implement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's very tempting to implement a
+window that's consecutive and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window that's consecutive and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window that's consecutive and you'll
+find that after a while if you follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that after a while if you follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that after a while if you follow
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+that idea and you do it wrongly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea and you do it wrongly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea and you do it wrongly the
+protocol will just stall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol will just stall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol will just stall
+and you know every time there's about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know every time there's about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know every time there's about a
+quarter of the students the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the students the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the students the first time
+they implement it it just stops working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they implement it it just stops working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they implement it it just stops working
+after a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a while
+as the packet loss rates grow so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the packet loss rates grow so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the packet loss rates grow so it's
+important that in this definition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that in this definition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that in this definition of the
+protocol in the way it's defined here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the way it's defined here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol in the way it's defined here
+the window of unacknowledged packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window of unacknowledged packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window of unacknowledged packets
+it's not necessarily consecutive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily consecutive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessarily consecutive
+so you could have packets 1 2 3 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have packets 1 2 3 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could have packets 1 2 3 4
+8 9 10 11 outstanding if your winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 9 10 11 outstanding if your winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 9 10 11 outstanding if your winter
+size is eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size is eight
+the other guys may have gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guys may have gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other guys may have gotten
+acknowledged that's absolutely true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged that's absolutely true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledged that's absolutely true
+yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay
+all right now what happens under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what happens under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what happens under some
+all these other weird cases that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other weird cases that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other weird cases that are
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+happen here so let me first show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here so let me first show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen here so let me first show you a
+timeline of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeline of how
+a timeout is dealt with so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a timeout is dealt with so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a timeout is dealt with so let's say
+in this case the window size is five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the window size is five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case the window size is five
+again like the like was before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like the like was before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again like the like was before
+so everything is going wonderfully well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is going wonderfully well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everything is going wonderfully well
+here and let's say now you move on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's say now you move on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and let's say now you move on you
+send packet six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send packet six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send packet six
+seven eight and let's say packet eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven eight and let's say packet eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven eight and let's say packet eight
+is lost what sender is going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost what sender is going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lost what sender is going to do is
+it's going to send packet nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send packet nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send packet nine
+it's going to send packet 10 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send packet 10 um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send packet 10 um
+based on acknowledgements for four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on acknowledgements for four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on acknowledgements for four and
+three that it received before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that it received before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that it received before
+so sorry when it got acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry when it got acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sorry when it got acknowledgement
+three it sent packet eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it sent packet eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it sent packet eight
+eight was lost the center didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight was lost the center didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight was lost the center didn't know
+that at this point when it got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this point when it got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at this point when it got an
+acknowledgement for four it sends nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for four it sends nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for four it sends nine
+when it got an acknowledgement for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it got an acknowledgement for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it got an acknowledgement for five
+it sends ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sends ten
+when it gets an acknowledgement for six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets an acknowledgement for six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets an acknowledgement for six
+it goes ahead and sends 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes ahead and sends 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes ahead and sends 11
+when it gets an acknowledgement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets an acknowledgement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it gets an acknowledgement for
+7 it goes ahead and sends 12. so at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 it goes ahead and sends 12. so at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7 it goes ahead and sends 12. so at this
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+the sender actually has outstanding 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender actually has outstanding 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sender actually has outstanding 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 9 and 8. okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 9 and 8. okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 9 and 8. okay
+now at some point it discovers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at some point it discovers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at some point it discovers that
+uh in fact this picture continues when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact this picture continues when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact this picture continues when
+it in this picture what happened is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this picture what happened is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this picture what happened is that
+you sent out nine you got an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent out nine you got an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent out nine you got an
+acknowledgement for nine and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for nine and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for nine and at that
+point you send out 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you send out 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you send out 13
+because whenever you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because whenever you get an
+acknowledgement you send out the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement you send out the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement you send out the next
+consecutive packet you should be sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive packet you should be sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive packet you should be sending
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+so at this point in time the center has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point in time the center has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point in time the center has
+a bunch of outstanding packets in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of outstanding packets in it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of outstanding packets in it and
+it's got acknowledgement and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got acknowledgement and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got acknowledgement and this is an
+interesting case because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case because
+uh packet eight was lost nine was sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh packet eight was lost nine was sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh packet eight was lost nine was sent
+later and nine got acknowledged but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and nine got acknowledged but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later and nine got acknowledged but we
+still haven't timed out on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't timed out on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still haven't timed out on it
+so at this point in time the outstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point in time the outstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point in time the outstanding
+packets in the window are 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the window are 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the window are 13
+12 11 10 and 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 11 10 and 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 11 10 and 8
+giving you that non-consecutive uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you that non-consecutive uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you that non-consecutive uh
+observation that you noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that you noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation that you noticed
+and then at some point in time based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point in time based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then at some point in time based on
+the round trip time based on that black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time based on that black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the round trip time based on that black
+box the guy timed out and eight got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box the guy timed out and eight got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box the guy timed out and eight got
+re-transmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmitted
+and then it got re-transmitted you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it got re-transmitted you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it got re-transmitted you got
+an acknowledgement for eight and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement for eight and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acknowledgement for eight and the
+protocol sort of continues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol sort of continues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol sort of continues
+um in that in that fashion does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that in that fashion does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that in that fashion does this
+make sense so there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense so there's a very
+this is actually not that hard when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not that hard when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not that hard when you
+think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it
+what the sender does is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sender does is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the sender does is a very simple
+idea which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea which is
+every time it gets a new acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it gets a new acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time it gets a new acknowledgement
+for a packet it had sent before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet it had sent before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a packet it had sent before but
+hadn't seen an acknowledgement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't seen an acknowledgement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't seen an acknowledgement for
+before it just goes ahead and sends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it just goes ahead and sends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it just goes ahead and sends the
+next packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next packet
+and then it has a separate process by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has a separate process by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it has a separate process by
+which it maintains this timeout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it maintains this timeout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it maintains this timeout
+and whenever an acknowledgement does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever an acknowledgement does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whenever an acknowledgement does not
+arrive within a timeout it goes ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive within a timeout it goes ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive within a timeout it goes ahead
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+re-transmits that packet now when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmits that packet now when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-transmits that packet now when it
+retransmits the packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmits the packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmits the packet
+the assumption here is that the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption here is that the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption here is that the original
+packet was actually lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet was actually lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet was actually lost
+so the timeout has to be bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the timeout has to be bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the timeout has to be bigger than
+uh for the system to work well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the system to work well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for the system to work well the
+timeout has to be bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout has to be bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeout has to be bigger
+than the maximum time that a packet can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the maximum time that a packet can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the maximum time that a packet can
+sit around in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit around in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sit around in the system
+so if the timeout is too small and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the timeout is too small and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the timeout is too small and you
+retransmit eight too early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmit eight too early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmit eight too early
+it could be that eight is not lost but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that eight is not lost but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that eight is not lost but
+eight is just being reordered in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight is just being reordered in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight is just being reordered in the
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+going on some very long circuitous path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on some very long circuitous path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on some very long circuitous path
+you know i recently read that someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i recently read that someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i recently read that someone
+got a letter in new york 70 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a letter in new york 70 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a letter in new york 70 years
+it was sent in 1943 and it showed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sent in 1943 and it showed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was sent in 1943 and it showed up
+like two weeks ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two weeks ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two weeks ago
+so i mean it could happen on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean it could happen on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mean it could happen on the
+internet too i mean quite literally if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet too i mean quite literally if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet too i mean quite literally if
+you're on an amtrak train and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on an amtrak train and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on an amtrak train and you're
+using their wireless network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their wireless network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using their wireless network
+uh some packets come come to you in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some packets come come to you in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some packets come come to you in in
+you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in
+300 or 400 milliseconds which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 or 400 milliseconds which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 or 400 milliseconds which is
+arguably very long but literally there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably very long but literally there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguably very long but literally there
+are packets that will come back to you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are packets that will come back to you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are packets that will come back to you a
+minute after you sent them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute after you sent them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute after you sent them
+i've reached the receiver a minute after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've reached the receiver a minute after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've reached the receiver a minute after
+you sent them and they could be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent them and they could be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sent them and they could be out of
+order so in fact this is you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so in fact this is you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order so in fact this is you know my
+students and i call this the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and i call this the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and i call this the great
+amtrak network it's really good because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amtrak network it's really good because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amtrak network it's really good because
+it gives us really interesting research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us really interesting research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives us really interesting research
+problems to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems to work on
+but the people who are on that train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people who are on that train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the people who are on that train
+probably you know it's miserable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know it's miserable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know it's miserable
+so anyway this could happen but and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway this could happen but and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway this could happen but and so
+you know the timeout is a heuristic it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the timeout is a heuristic it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the timeout is a heuristic it
+could be that eight was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that eight was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that eight was
+retransmitted wrongly in a spurious way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitted wrongly in a spurious way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmitted wrongly in a spurious way
+but our hope is that if the timeout is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our hope is that if the timeout is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but our hope is that if the timeout is
+long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough
+it could be that um if the timeout's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that um if the timeout's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be that um if the timeout's
+long enough the idea is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough the idea is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough the idea is that you
+retransmit eight because the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmit eight because the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retransmit eight because the original
+eight was lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight was lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight was lost
+and now the outstanding packets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the outstanding packets in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the outstanding packets in the
+window are eight thirteen twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window are eight thirteen twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window are eight thirteen twelve
+eleven and uh ten but the eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven and uh ten but the eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eleven and uh ten but the eight
+here is not that eight but this eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not that eight but this eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not that eight but this eight
+but as long as you know this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as you know this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as long as you know this the
+contents of the eight are the same it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of the eight are the same it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents of the eight are the same it's
+sort of you know it doesn't matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know it doesn't matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you know it doesn't matter which
+eight it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight it is
+but of course if the timeout is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if the timeout is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course if the timeout is too
+small there are two eights sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there are two eights sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small there are two eights sitting in
+the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network
+and now you actually have more than w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you actually have more than w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you actually have more than w
+packets in the window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets in the window
+but as far as the sender is concerned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as far as the sender is concerned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as far as the sender is concerned it
+has exactly those 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has exactly those 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has exactly those 8
+10 11 12 and 13. it's true that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 12 and 13. it's true that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 11 12 and 13. it's true that there's
+one more packet if the timeout happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more packet if the timeout happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more packet if the timeout happened
+too early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too early
+it's the network's problem as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the network's problem as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the network's problem as far as the
+sender is concerned it has five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender is concerned it has five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sender is concerned it has five
+outstanding packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outstanding packets
+the receiver is a little trickier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver is a little trickier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the receiver is a little trickier than
+in the other case because what it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case because what it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the other case because what it has to
+do i mean it's trickier in that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i mean it's trickier in that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do i mean it's trickier in that it has
+to maintain a buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain a buffer
+of packets so the receiver has a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets so the receiver has a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of packets so the receiver has a little
+more of a job to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a job to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a job to do
+in the previous stop and wait protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous stop and wait protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the previous stop and wait protocol
+anytime it got an out of order packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime it got an out of order packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime it got an out of order packet
+it's probably because the sender is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably because the sender is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably because the sender is
+badly implemented right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly implemented right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+badly implemented right
+if the last sequence number i delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the last sequence number i delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the last sequence number i delivered
+to the application was 17 and i got a 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application was 17 and i got a 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the application was 17 and i got a 19
+it's a bug whereas here if the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bug whereas here if the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bug whereas here if the last
+sequence number i deliver to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number i deliver to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence number i deliver to the
+application is 17 and i get a 19
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is 17 and i get a 19
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is 17 and i get a 19
+it means that well there's a window and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that well there's a window and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that well there's a window and
+maybe 18 was lost or who knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 18 was lost or who knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 18 was lost or who knows what
+happened right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened right
+maybe 18 will show up later so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 18 will show up later so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 18 will show up later so the
+receiver now has an interesting job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver now has an interesting job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiver now has an interesting job and
+this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important
+because when you implement the stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you implement the stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you implement the stuff in
+this product on the lab you got to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product on the lab you got to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product on the lab you got to make
+sure that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that whenever
+you deliver packets from the receiver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver packets from the receiver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deliver packets from the receiver
+protocol to the application you deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to the application you deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol to the application you deliver
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+in order and update the last sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order and update the last sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order and update the last sequence
+number you delivered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you delivered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you delivered
+okay so that's important to do but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's important to do but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's important to do but if
+you do that and then acknowledge a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that and then acknowledge a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that and then acknowledge a
+packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet
+when it's received just send an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's received just send an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's received just send an
+acknowledgement for it the protocol will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for it the protocol will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acknowledgement for it the protocol will
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+and it'll work well so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll work well so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll work well so this is what
+you'll be looking at in the in the lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be looking at in the in the lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be looking at in the in the lab
+the piece that's going to go out today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that's going to go out today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the piece that's going to go out today
+this is the last lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the last lab
+and then on tomorrow in recitation we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on tomorrow in recitation we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on tomorrow in recitation we'll
+look at how the timeout is selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how the timeout is selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how the timeout is selected
+and then on monday i'll talk more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on monday i'll talk more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then on monday i'll talk more about
+an analysis of this protocol
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qsEYV-yD0H0.txt b/qsEYV-yD0H0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6554d9e168731dc1cb34ca0aed5ba1313653ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qsEYV-yD0H0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3697 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HARVEY: We have today some
+distinguished visitors,
+
+Tim Ray on piano and Eugene
+Friesen on his cello.
+
+And they along
+with another person
+
+named Greg Hopkins form a
+trio called Tre Corda, named
+
+for one of the
+pedals on the piano.
+
+Tim Ray will explain it.
+
+And as you know, they are
+giving a concert this evening.
+
+So you will all be
+coming to that concert,
+
+and I'll give you as I have
+before the concert points
+
+to write your concert
+reflections from.
+
+I'll send that out
+later this afternoon.
+
+That's at Killian
+tonight 8 o'clock.
+
+So you'll see the full group.
+
+But they're here this afternoon.
+
+So please give them
+a warm welcome.
+
+FRIESEN: Thank you.
+
+HARVEY: Thanks.
+
+RAY: Thank you.
+
+Thanks.
+
+So we're really glad to
+be here, and as Mark said,
+
+we're playing the
+concert tonight.
+
+So of course that's
+the first requirement
+
+for passing the class is
+that you have to come.
+
+We always make that joke.
+
+Nobody laughs.
+
+HARVEY: It's not a joke.
+
+RAY: It's not a joke.
+
+Oh that's why they don't laugh.
+
+OK.
+
+Now I get it.
+
+HARVEY: I'm very serious here.
+
+RAY: OK yeah.
+
+In just a little bit, we
+want to get into playing
+
+and of course get you guys
+playing as well, hopefully.
+
+Just a little bit about
+what we do as a trio.
+
+As Mark said, our trumpet
+player Greg Hopkins
+
+will join us tonight.
+
+And then you'll see Greg next
+week in the class as well.
+
+We are a trio.
+
+We've been together--
+gosh, I guess
+
+it's getting to be about 12
+years now, the three of us.
+
+And we do, it's an
+unusual instrumentation.
+
+I mean at least unusual in
+terms of traditional jazz trios
+
+because there's no base.
+
+There's no drums.
+
+It's also unusual in
+a classical setting.
+
+Usually a piano trio with
+cello usually has a violin
+
+not trumpet.
+
+So we're a little bit of a
+hybrid kind of formation.
+
+And it's something I had
+the idea to put together,
+
+like I said, about 12 years ago.
+
+And a lot of what we
+do is we play music
+
+that we compose,
+Eugene and myself
+
+and Greg all write
+for this group.
+
+We're all improvisers.
+
+So of course improvisation plays
+a large part in what we do.
+
+But we also delve
+into classical music.
+
+We delve into jazz,
+Brazilian stuff.
+
+And that's all our
+backgrounds as well.
+
+I mean, myself, Eugene, Greg--
+we're all classically trained.
+
+Then we're also
+jazz players and do
+
+a lot of things outside
+of this group as well.
+
+So besides that,
+Eugene and I actually
+
+have to a duo that we do.
+
+We're going to actually play
+a couple of songs from our duo
+
+repertoire because it's a
+little hard to do the trio
+
+stuff without the third person.
+
+Although we might mess around
+a little bit later with that,
+
+get you guys involved.
+
+But anything you want to say?
+
+FRIESEN: Sure.
+
+I mean Mark just told us
+the first thing about what
+
+you guys have been
+studying so far.
+
+And how many of you
+would categorize yourself
+
+as classically
+trained musicians?
+
+OK.
+
+Well that was my
+background as well.
+
+I was interested in
+pop music and rock
+
+really when I was in college.
+
+But I spent most of
+my energy in really
+
+practicing classical repertoire.
+
+And it wasn't until I
+got out a music school
+
+that I started to get a little
+bit more serious about doing
+
+the kind of ear training that
+you need for improvising.
+
+And for me it's been
+a lifelong process.
+
+I feel like I'm still
+learning a lot about that
+
+and learning to recognize chords
+and to learn how to contribute
+
+to a harmonic environment
+just by listening
+
+and by pitching in.
+
+And but I've also had a
+chance to do a lot of work
+
+with classically
+trained musicians who
+
+have never tried before.
+
+Kids of all ages, beginners,
+middle school, high school
+
+kids, and even
+professionals who are really
+
+very afraid to improvise.
+
+In fact, last year
+I had a chance
+
+to do a presentation at the
+American String Teachers
+
+Association on improvising.
+
+And I started this
+presentation by asking,
+
+what are some of the things
+that keep us classically trained
+
+musicians from improvising?
+
+And there were about 100
+people are so in that room,
+
+and everybody had
+something to say.
+
+I mean I didn't realize
+this could easily
+
+have been the topic of
+that whole presentation.
+
+People really inherit,
+I think, in our training
+
+a tremendous amount
+of inhibitions.
+
+Some of it is the
+impossibly high standards
+
+that we are kind of
+imbued with as students.
+
+Some of which, of
+course, is really
+
+good for motivating
+our hard work.
+
+But a lot of which
+really makes us kind of
+
+cower when we're in a situation
+where we're encouraged
+
+to be creative
+and play something
+
+that we haven't
+really rehearsed.
+
+And so that's been kind of
+the impetus of my teaching.
+
+And one thing
+that's really helped
+
+me is setting some guidelines
+that were comfortable for me
+
+as a classically trained player.
+
+So one of the first ways
+that I felt I could improvise
+
+was no wrong notes, completely
+open, free improv stuff.
+
+And I understand you
+guys get to do that
+
+each week with Tom Hall, right?
+
+Am I correct in assuming
+that at some point
+
+you do some improvising
+where you're not worrying
+
+about chords or scales
+or things like that?
+
+It's really most about
+interaction, right?
+
+And how it comes together
+rhythmically maybe.
+
+I mean do you work on the
+rhythmic side of things
+
+more that way, or is
+it more intuitive kind
+
+of communicating?
+
+Could someone
+answer that for me?
+
+AUDIENCE: Different things, and
+different exercises, I guess.
+
+FRIESEN: So it's
+different all the time,
+
+different guidelines for your
+improv that you're doing there.
+
+Gotcha.
+
+Well that was-- the free
+improv part of things
+
+and not worrying about notes is
+a tremendous liberator for me
+
+as a classically trained player.
+
+And then the next thing
+was playing diatonically.
+
+Learning how to create something
+that really had heart, that
+
+had shape, that had
+personal expression for me,
+
+but that was kind
+of limited in terms
+
+of how it wandered
+from key to key.
+
+And maybe we could play "First
+Ride" as an example of that.
+
+RAY: Sure.
+
+That's great.
+
+FRIESEN: I don't know where
+Tim wanted to go with this.
+
+We're just kind of winging this.
+
+But for me this piece
+that we're about to play
+
+was really one of
+the first improvs
+
+that I did that was a real
+successful cello and piano
+
+improv.
+
+It happened to be recorded
+in a great cathedral
+
+in New York, Saint
+John the Divine.
+
+And it had such a kind
+of formal quality.
+
+It's something that I
+wanted to play in concerts.
+
+So we transcribed it.
+
+We went by went back and
+listened to the recording
+
+and really transcribed it.
+
+It's like when you have
+an improv like this,
+
+it's kind of like capturing
+lightning in a bottle in a way.
+
+And if you want to
+duplicate it, you
+
+can take some of the themes
+and stuff as the starting
+
+off points, but in
+this case, it seemed
+
+to work so well as kind of
+a thought through thing,
+
+that we play it
+as close as we can
+
+to the recording as possible.
+
+Now the piano part is
+pretty much Tim's invention.
+
+What he had from
+the transcription
+
+were a few right hand
+lines that Paul Halley,
+
+the original
+improviser, improvised.
+
+But the cello part is
+really-- it's written.
+
+It's the same cello part
+that I originally improvised.
+
+So this is called "First Ride."
+
+RAY: Ready?
+
+FRIESEN: Yeah.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+RAY: Thanks.
+
+and the construction had
+the third in that chord.
+
+I don't know if you
+caught that, whatever
+
+that machine is out there.
+
+RAY: So I'd love to get
+some of your thoughts
+
+and some of your questions.
+
+But basically that whole
+thing that you heard just now,
+
+as Eugene said, was all
+originally freely improvised,
+
+but in a diatonic setting
+meaning we really never
+
+left the key of D major, right?
+
+I mean basically.
+
+I mean, you see I've got all
+these pages of transcription,
+
+but it's all-- we might
+try little exercise where
+
+we do that with some of you
+where diatonic-- we're staying
+
+in one key, but we're just
+moving the chords around,
+
+moving the roots of these
+chords around, doing
+
+some improvisations,
+and then doing
+
+figures, motives,
+melodies based on that.
+
+Were there any questions,
+any observations,
+
+commentary, criticism?
+
+Yes,
+
+HARVEY: Adrian.
+
+RAY: Adrian.
+
+Thank you.
+
+ADRIAN: I was wondering I
+guess whether like there
+
+was some sort of
+design framework
+
+that had been pre-planned,
+like even some chord
+
+progressions that you guys do?
+
+FRIESEN: Nothing.
+
+ADRIAN: Everything was just--
+
+FRIESEN: Yeah.
+
+RAY: Thanks.
+
+Cool, yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So the
+original theme actually
+
+reminded me a lot
+of Cannon in D.
+
+RAY: Of Cannon in D?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah,
+where you started.
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+[PLAYING CELLO]
+
+FRIESEN: Is the melody.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, I don't if
+it's just because of the title
+
+or just because
+it's [INAUDIBLE].
+
+RAY: That might of had
+something to do with it.
+
+I mean, I'm sure you probably
+know when you're improvising,
+
+you know you're
+all you're always
+
+drawing from things
+that you know.
+
+Drawing from music that you've
+heard, drawing of course,
+
+from the people around you
+who are improvising as well.
+
+So there's certainly
+plenty of times
+
+when I'm improvising
+and I'll play something
+
+and I'll be like, Oh, I
+think that was the theme
+
+song to some TV show from
+the '70s without really
+
+intentionally.
+
+I mean obviously jazz
+players will intentionally
+
+throw in little quotes
+for humorous effect.
+
+But oftentimes, they don't
+come out intentionally.
+
+They just come out.
+
+And that's sometimes
+the fun part of it.
+
+FRIESEN: I've heard it said
+that you are what you eat.
+
+You know that expression?
+
+Certainly true for
+us improvisers.
+
+What you know and what
+you listen to really
+
+plays a huge part
+in what you access
+
+when you're really
+and truly improvising.
+
+Although there's another
+thing that I might mention
+
+about this particular piece
+is that at least for me, there
+
+was something about the
+acoustics of the cathedral that
+
+really activated my
+imagination in a different way
+
+than it had ever been before.
+
+The way that the cello
+just rose up in the room
+
+somehow shifted my focus
+from me and from my technique
+
+to the room.
+
+I mean it was almost like there
+was this other kind of presence
+
+in there that I
+was tapping into.
+
+And it was an important
+experience for me.
+
+And oftentimes when I'm in
+an improvisational situation,
+
+I place myself back
+in the cathedral
+
+because I really
+felt like that was
+
+where my voice as an
+improviser was born.
+
+It was the first time I had
+that experience of really being
+
+the music and not being a cello
+player or even being a person.
+
+RAY: Any other
+comments or questions?
+
+CHRIS: Not really a
+question, but after hearing
+
+that you said that the
+[INAUDIBLE] design [INAUDIBLE].
+
+That was really
+inspiring that you
+
+managed to come up with
+something so varied.
+
+Because I am really interested
+in things like that.
+
+Because I really like the
+idea of trying to improvise
+
+like that.
+
+Just a simple idea.
+
+And I guess that's my
+favorite way of improvising.
+
+But I always find
+a sense of struggle
+
+to come up of with a whole
+variety of interesting things
+
+maybe just from that
+simple beginning.
+
+That's really, really
+cool that that--
+
+FRIESEN: Can you hear what
+he's saying well enough?
+
+Yeah.
+
+I mean maybe one of the
+things he's hinting at
+
+is the power there
+is in limitation.
+
+That when you really
+set boundaries
+
+about what your language
+is going to be sometimes
+
+that can be really liberating.
+
+And in my case, with my limited
+improv skills at that time--
+
+that was a 1986
+when we did that.
+
+I was really a pretty
+new improviser then.
+
+The fact that we were
+in an environment
+
+where I could use
+my open strings,
+
+my harmonics, you know, I knew
+what key we were in, really
+
+helped me so much.
+
+There's something about that
+that just calmed me down,
+
+and I think that that calmness
+and the incredible acoustics
+
+of the place helped for
+this kind of magical moment
+
+to happen.
+
+Because it's a special moment.
+
+A piece like that
+is something that
+
+really captured our
+attention in a special way.
+
+And that's why we
+want to transcribe it.
+
+That doesn't happen
+every time we sit down
+
+to play something compelling.
+
+But it is amazing
+what can happen
+
+with kind of a limited
+palette of harmony,
+
+I guess you could say.
+
+How that can ignite this
+kind of passion and feeling
+
+of warmth and rapture.
+
+And what are some
+other adjectives
+
+you would use for that music?
+
+RAY: Cool.
+
+FRIESEN: No they've got it.
+
+Some more adjectives.
+
+How would you describe it?
+
+Does it sound like
+church music or?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just calm.
+
+FRIESEN: Calm.
+
+Maybe that's the
+diatomic part of it.
+
+It's very grounded in that way.
+
+RAY: Yeah, definitely.
+
+Yeah, I mean I think the other
+thing that-- I'm sorry, Chris.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Chris, at least in
+my mind was when
+
+he was talking about sort
+of how much can come out
+
+of a very small amount
+of starter material,
+
+if you want to call it that.
+
+I think part of that
+is also as Eugene said.
+
+It's sometimes having
+the limitations of just,
+
+we're going to play
+in D major, let's see
+
+what happens, can
+trigger these things.
+
+I think some of the other
+thing too is sometimes
+
+when you're doing essentially
+what I would consider freely
+
+improvising, you're
+always trying
+
+to-- you're always listening.
+
+You're always trying to think in
+a larger form, a larger format.
+
+You know I mean all the music
+that we love has sections.
+
+All the great
+Mozart sonatas they
+
+have different sections
+that are contrasting.
+
+Same with a great jazz piece.
+
+They have different sections--
+contrasting sections,
+
+loud parts, soft
+parts, a section that
+
+features a particular soloist,
+a section the features
+
+the ensemble.
+
+You know, these are
+all things we're
+
+trying to recreate in maybe not
+necessarily a conscious way,
+
+although I mean, you could
+be more conscious about it.
+
+But even when you're
+just freely improvising,
+
+and again, you might be working
+on these kinds of things
+
+already.
+
+You're always kind of
+listening for-- your listening
+
+as you're playing.
+
+You're kind of thinking
+like, OK maybe it's
+
+time to come down and
+do a quiet section.
+
+Or maybe this is building
+up to a big section.
+
+Maybe this is the climax.
+
+Was that the climax?
+
+I don't know.
+
+Let's see where it goes.
+
+But you're always
+kind of-- I don't
+
+want to say that you're
+always judging and evaluating,
+
+but in a certain
+way the feelings
+
+that you develop when you play
+a great piece of classical music
+
+or a great jazz
+piece, these feelings
+
+you're trying to recreate in
+a freely improvised setting.
+
+And often times you
+can go back and you
+
+can look through
+what you just did.
+
+With my students--
+Eugene and I both
+
+teach at the Berklee College.
+
+A lot of times with
+my piano students,
+
+when we work on
+improvisation, I'm
+
+telling them you have
+to record yourself.
+
+You have to turn on your
+phone or whatever you've got,
+
+something just really easy
+that you carry around with you.
+
+You record your improvisation,
+record your group
+
+improvisations.
+
+And then listen back and
+go, Yeah this is great.
+
+I didn't like this so much.
+
+You know because that's
+the way you learn.
+
+That's a great learning tool,
+and I think sometimes it's
+
+one of those obvious things
+that people don't think to do.
+
+When, like I said,
+from my perspective,
+
+it's a really great
+way to develop
+
+a sense of what you're doing.
+
+So I'd like to
+play one more tune.
+
+And then we'll maybe open it
+up a little bit for you guys.
+
+I'm wondering if we should do
+something like the big violins,
+
+maybe?
+
+FRIESEN: Like the
+blues in E minor?
+
+RAY: Yeah.
+
+Do you want to?
+
+FRIESEN: Yeah.
+
+Have you guys worked on blues?
+
+Yeah, I'm sure you have.
+
+Well again, for me as a
+classically trained player,
+
+the blues were and are
+really, really challenging.
+
+I mean just keeping
+the form together,
+
+I really had to have
+the paper in front of me
+
+for a long, long time just
+to keep the twelve bar
+
+thing together.
+
+So but eventually it
+became internalized.
+
+And here is a blues
+that I came up with.
+
+I remember watching the shock
+and awe invasion of Baghdad.
+
+I was just sitting in
+front of this big screen
+
+TV with my cello, and what
+I found myself playing
+
+was this one, Ray.
+
+[PLAYING MUSIC]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+RAY: Cool.
+
+So, I have so much playing
+that with you, Eugene.
+
+That's a gas.
+
+So obviously blues form, right?
+
+Were you're able to
+keep track of it?
+
+Mostly you could, right?
+
+I mean that's one of things,
+like I said before, as a jazz
+
+group we're unusual because
+there's no bass and no drums.
+
+But of course, when
+again this is something
+
+I preach to some
+of my own students.
+
+It's like we're kind of
+always the bass player.
+
+We're always the drummer.
+
+Even if you're playing a flute,
+you're still the drummer,
+
+right?
+
+And I think that's one
+of the things-- this
+
+is one of the kinds of
+playing that we do as a trio
+
+where we actually
+use those skills.
+
+We use those like, OK, let's--
+we have this internal thing
+
+going on, this internal
+metronome going on.
+
+We don't need the ride
+cymbal necessarily
+
+because we're
+keeping it together.
+
+And then of course we
+because we like to have fun
+
+will throw caution
+to the wind and do
+
+some crazy stuff for a while.
+
+But still in the back
+of our mind, of course,
+
+we're listening, too.
+
+We're keeping
+track of that time.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Comments?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+I guess, I was wondering just
+how-- [INAUDIBLE] on the piano,
+
+you were like playing really
+quick fast notes like that
+
+[INAUDIBLE] the
+cello, you ended,
+
+you know every
+time you did this,
+
+you both ended at the same time.
+
+And is it just that
+you've played together
+
+long enough that you sort of--
+
+FRIESEN: Actually I
+think that the moments
+
+you may be referring to are
+the things about the blues
+
+form, where we would come
+to the end of a phrase.
+
+And as Tim was hinting at,
+or articulating before,
+
+when you feel like something
+needs to change-- you know some
+
+of those double bars in
+the music, in this case
+
+the end of the 12 bar form,
+where we are crescendo-ing,
+
+crescendo-ing getting crazier
+and crazier and crazier.
+
+It just feels like, Oh wouldn't
+that be a nice dramatic moment
+
+to just jump off the
+cliff back into the head
+
+into that real,
+real simple thing.
+
+AUDIENCE: I think two of the
+times it happened at the end
+
+of the 12 bars, I think
+one was just at the end
+
+of a [INAUDIBLE]--
+
+FRIESEN: And that's
+just lucking out.
+
+And I think that's
+probably what keeps
+
+all of us doing this is
+just that lucking out
+
+part of the thing, just
+not really knowing what's
+
+going to happen.
+
+And you know, none of
+us wants to rehearse
+
+so much that you can
+depend on those things.
+
+I love the very
+expression, there's
+
+no substitute for a genuine
+lack of preparation.
+
+Have you ever heard
+that one before?
+
+Because sometimes
+when you're really
+
+on the front of
+your chair, you know
+
+you're really listening
+in a way that is enhanced.
+
+And I think that is the
+thing that keeps us musicians
+
+doing this is that incredibly
+intense process of listening
+
+and presence, which by the way
+is transmitted to the audience.
+
+And we get a lot of
+energy from the audience.
+
+You probably know this
+already, the value
+
+of doing this in front of people
+is enhanced exponentially.
+
+And the quality of being in the
+audience when you're witnessing
+
+something that is
+happening in real time
+
+is something tangible.
+
+Not only that, but as scientific
+research has pointed out,
+
+our brain research,
+listeners will
+
+have a similar kind
+of experience brain
+
+experience as the performers.
+
+So we really get
+this vicarious kind
+
+of thrill, this
+kind of vicarious
+
+high just from being in
+the presence of something
+
+incredible that's going on.
+
+Which is why I'm quite sure
+that live performance will never
+
+die.
+
+You know, once we get over this
+infatuation with the screens,
+
+I think people will
+be back at concerts
+
+and live events like that.
+
+And certainly the thing that
+keeps us musicians at it
+
+because there again the
+enhanced listening that we
+
+can do in rehearsal is very
+different than it feels
+
+like from playing for you guys.
+
+You know there's an
+extra level of attention
+
+that comes to it that is--
+
+And sometimes it's just a tiny
+little switch in your brain
+
+that makes all the
+difference in the world.
+
+It's so amazing.
+
+You probably know this from
+the musical work you've done
+
+or the writing you've done.
+
+Sometimes you'll sit
+down and you'll just,
+
+your body will just type
+something really cool.
+
+And you didn't even mean to do
+it, it just kind of happened.
+
+You can't force
+that kind of thing.
+
+RAY: Absolutely.
+
+FRIESEN: Well, where should
+we go from here, Tim?
+
+RAY: So I wanted to
+do this actually.
+
+I wanted to hand out--
+because I know some of you
+
+have to leave early.
+
+So my thinking for this
+course-- you know, it is school.
+
+You do have to
+have an assignment.
+
+So I'm going to hand
+out a tune, and I
+
+want to get back
+to the improvising
+
+in a diatonic setting
+that Eugene and I were
+
+doing earlier.
+
+And that's what
+I want to do kind
+
+of with some of the
+rest of this class.
+
+But for the
+assignment, I actually
+
+want you guys to
+work on something
+
+similar to what we
+were just doing.
+
+We have a song, I'll
+pass it out now.
+
+We have a song in our trio
+repertoire called "Cargasian."
+
+This is it.
+
+FRIESEN: Oh, cool.
+
+I love this.
+
+RAY: And basically,
+what I would like
+
+for you to do with
+this-- check that out.
+
+This is actually written by our
+trumpet player, Greg Hopkins.
+
+So of course, this
+is a concert page.
+
+So I guess actually I think
+our saxophone player is
+
+the only guy who's
+going to have to--
+
+FRIESEN: Trumpet
+
+RAY: --do some transposition.
+
+But at any rate-- oboe, nice.
+
+So basically, like
+I said, we treat--
+
+we'll play this
+tonight in our concert,
+
+so you'll get to here
+us do it as a trio.
+
+Basically as you can see,
+there's just a melody line.
+
+Did I give you one, Mark?
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+No, I did.
+
+FRIESEN: I'll take one, too.
+
+RAY: So there's a melody
+line, which you can see.
+
+And this is also a
+12 bar blues form.
+
+So there's like a number one,
+number two, number three.
+
+These are the
+different sections.
+
+Number three you don't
+have to worry about.
+
+The chord changes so much,
+those are mostly just
+
+for my benefit as a pianist.
+
+When we play the melody,
+we all play in unison.
+
+In other words, like
+I said, no chords.
+
+It's all just playing
+this melody in unison.
+
+So of course, the first
+part of your assignment
+
+is to be able to play
+the melody in time.
+
+It's similar tempo
+to what we just did.
+
+[HUMMING]
+
+Nice little medium
+swing kind of groove.
+
+You have to watch out.
+
+At the end there's some
+three four measures.
+
+You do have to play the
+three four measures.
+
+And then you see at the end on
+the bottom of the page, solo
+
+over G minor blues.
+
+Now I know you guys have done
+some work with the blues.
+
+These are very basic-- this
+is sort of a basic Minor blues
+
+form, 12 bars.
+
+And basically, what I
+would like for you to do
+
+is to take some of the
+motives from the melody.
+
+And maybe Eugene
+and I will play it
+
+once real quickly just
+so you can hear it.
+
+Take some of the motives
+from this melody.
+
+There's a few key things.
+
+I'm sure once you hear them,
+you'll be able to identify them
+
+or you can circle
+them or whatever.
+
+Work with some of these motives.
+
+Come up with some blues
+improvisational ideas.
+
+And then what I'd like to
+do when Greg and I come back
+
+on Monday is we'll
+do essentially
+
+what Eugene and I were doing.
+
+I'll have you team up
+in maybe twos or threes
+
+and do some improvisation
+over the blues.
+
+And again a good way to
+practice that is sit down
+
+with a metronome, right?
+
+I mean obviously, sitting down
+with your friends is a better
+
+way to practice, but sitting
+down with a metronome,
+
+having the metronome go, just
+practicing improvisation.
+
+Like I say, we'll play
+through some of these figures
+
+and have you kind of
+identify some of those
+
+and maybe try to work those into
+some of your improvisations.
+
+Can we play this
+real quick, Eugene?
+
+FRIESEN: Let's find out.
+
+RAY: I guess we'll find out.
+
+FRIESEN: It's been a while.
+
+RAY: So like I said, we
+always play this just
+
+in unison, the melody.
+
+On the way out, you'll hear
+tonight at the concert,
+
+we try to do a sort of a
+cannon with the melody.
+
+But we won't try the cannon now.
+
+FRIESEN: So for now
+we're just going
+
+to read through three sections?
+
+RAY: We're just going
+to read through them.
+
+FRIESEN: Just to
+give the sound of it.
+
+RAY: A one, two three.
+
+[PLAYING MUSIC]
+
+RAY: Right, we're ending, yeah.
+
+And then the nice
+diminished chord.
+
+That's what we always
+teach you, right?
+
+End on a diminished chord?
+
+Good compositional.
+
+FRIESEN: Isn't that
+a great melody?
+
+I mean, that's like just the
+coolest, Buddhist design never.
+
+RAY: It's like a haiku.
+
+FRIESEN: All that
+space around you.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why do you
+put in bar lines?
+
+What's the point?
+
+FRIESEN: I think the
+point is that we always
+
+are really aligned.
+
+We feel the beat together.
+
+And you have to, right?
+
+To play that.
+
+AUDIENCE: You have
+to, but I don't
+
+feel the bar lines at all.
+
+FRIESEN: Don't you?
+
+Well, great.
+
+RAY: That's good.
+
+We like that.
+
+FRIESEN: As Tim
+mentioned, we know
+
+we often do this in
+unison then we'll play it
+
+as a round at a bar and two
+beats, is that how we do it?
+
+Or one beat?
+
+RAY: We start off the
+three of us on the way out.
+
+We play it unison together.
+
+Like I said, coming
+tonight, you'll hear it.
+
+Then we do the improvisation,
+which is like-- Whoops,
+
+I lost my microphone.
+
+The improvisation,
+which is all three
+
+of us improvising
+at the same time.
+
+It's not really like a
+typical, one person's
+
+a soloist and another
+person's an accompanist.
+
+FRIESEN: It's really
+efficient time wise.
+
+RAY: It's true.
+
+Makes for a nice
+short presentation.
+
+And then on the way out,
+yeah as Eugene was saying,
+
+we do a round.
+
+We start off trumpet and then
+one measure later is you.
+
+FRIESEN: At the bar, right.
+
+RAY: One bar.
+
+And then that piano
+comes in one bar later.
+
+So you get sort of
+this round effect.
+
+And then when we
+get to section two,
+
+we condense it to two beats.
+
+And then when we get
+to section three,
+
+we condense it to one beat.
+
+So we're only separated
+by one beat apiece.
+
+It's kind of fun.
+
+It's sort of a fun game.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why did you decide to,
+for example in measure seven,
+
+write a C flat instead
+of the [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+RAY: That's a very
+good question.
+
+I mean you might have to ask the
+composer, Greg, who's not here.
+
+But my guess would be, although
+there's no key signature.
+
+I mean I think of this
+as in the key of G minor,
+
+which has got flats.
+
+So I think that's probably
+what he would say.
+
+Although again, not having a
+key signature that probably
+
+doesn't make a lot of sense.
+
+I don't know.
+
+What do you think?
+
+FRIESEN: I think
+you're right now.
+
+RAY: But I think the idea
+is that it's in a flat key,
+
+and so C flat would be a little
+bit more conventional, for lack
+
+of a better word.
+
+I'm sort of one of those
+guys where I actually
+
+prefer to see B natural if
+I'm sight reading something.
+
+AUDIENCE: There is
+a B natural, right?
+
+RAY: That's true that's true.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, now you've
+completely stumped me.
+
+FRIESEN: It could be
+the software, too.
+
+RAY: It could be the notation
+software, which is oftentimes
+
+when musicians make unusual
+choices, it's not actually
+
+a choice, if you
+know what I mean.
+
+HARVEY: Can I just
+make another point.
+
+I think it would be
+interesting to ask
+
+Greg about when he
+comes by on Monday.
+
+Because actually a lot of these
+phrases in number one and two
+
+seem to be almost three beat
+phrases if you look at it.
+
+RAY: That's true.
+
+HARVEY: --it really
+anticipates and it then it
+
+goes into three, per se.
+
+So it's an interesting
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+with the kind of five
+integral beats or whatever.
+
+RAY: I would agree.
+
+Yeah, you're right.
+
+They're not typical
+phrase lengths.
+
+Yeah, you're right.
+
+There's a lot of threes,
+three beat phrases.
+
+Anyway, the other thing I just
+wanted to point out quickly
+
+was just, like I said,
+you see obviously,
+
+if you're looking for
+motives to grab onto.
+
+Well, maybe you
+can tell me what's
+
+one thing you might
+circle if you were going
+
+to try to pick out things
+that make this melody
+
+unique or different
+or interesting?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+RAY: Right.
+
+The little ascending thing
+at the beginning, right?
+
+You see that towards the end.
+
+You see it actually
+all over the place.
+
+The second line.
+
+And the third line.
+
+Little ascending intervals.
+
+That's a nice one.
+
+How about the thing in section
+two, the repeated note?
+
+That comes back again and
+again in section two, right?
+
+And then the other
+thing I would point out
+
+would be maybe this sort
+of quarter note triplet
+
+thing, which comes in
+once in the first section
+
+and then comes in again
+in the second section.
+
+Again these are
+all things you can
+
+try to incorporate
+into an improvisation.
+
+So like I said,
+this would be-- I
+
+think will be an interesting
+thing to work on.
+
+And we'll get you guys playing
+on this tune on Monday.
+
+Cool.
+
+So let's see.
+
+Getting back in kind
+of the diatonic thing.
+
+I wanted to do that.
+
+Get you guys playing
+a little bit.
+
+I guess I'll hand
+out this thing.
+
+So basically, I mean this
+is something you probably
+
+don't even need to look at, but
+what we're going to try now,
+
+get into a little
+bit, is just G major.
+
+And we're going to spend
+some time in G major.
+
+So I hope you like G major.
+
+Conveniently a transposed
+to A major for those of you
+
+who don't read.
+
+FRIESEN: Did you do the
+transposition yourself?
+
+RAY: I did the
+transposition myself.
+
+This was not done on a computer.
+
+This was done by hand,
+the old fashioned way,
+
+with a needle and thread.
+
+Anyway, like I said, I
+don't even necessarily
+
+why I'm handing
+this out because I'm
+
+sure you guys all know
+what a G major scale is.
+
+Well, Mark doesn't.
+
+We'll get Mark clued in.
+
+But I thought this might
+be an interesting thing
+
+to spend some time with.
+
+And if we have time at the
+end, maybe Eugene and I
+
+will play another piece from our
+repertoire, our vast repertoire
+
+of duo songs.
+
+But basically, like I
+said, the whole idea
+
+of doing improvisation in
+a diatonic setting-- which
+
+as you heard from the
+first piece we played,
+
+can really go as far
+as you want it to go,
+
+or it can stay kind of
+small, is a really, I
+
+think, an interesting
+way to practice.
+
+And I think it's a
+really interesting way
+
+to kind of develop a lot
+of the improvisation skills
+
+that you use in other kinds of
+improvisation, including atonal
+
+and jazz.
+
+Like I said, any
+kind of improvisation
+
+you do, I think the
+diatonic version of improv
+
+is I think a good way to--
+it's a good, as Eugene said,
+
+limitation, a good way to
+restrict the amount of things
+
+you have to think about.
+
+So it sounds like someone
+is knocking on the door.
+
+Let's do this.
+
+I haven't really
+necessarily planned this.
+
+But I'm going to do this.
+
+Eugene and I will do a little
+bit of a G major improvisation.
+
+The other thing I'll point out
+on the bottom of this page,
+
+again these are all
+diatonic chords.
+
+Chris, you're a
+piano player, right?
+
+Are there any other
+piano players here today?
+
+Cool.
+
+So but for anybody who's
+doing chordal instruments-- I
+
+see the banjo and the guitar--
+obviously, one of the things,
+
+and of course Eugene
+is as well versed
+
+in playing chordal
+accompaniments,
+
+probably more so than
+pretty much any other cello
+
+player I've ever met.
+
+It's one of his strengths.
+
+Again it's something you'll
+see more evidence of tonight
+
+in the concert.
+
+But you see I've just drawn
+out some basic diatonic chords.
+
+If we're in the key
+of G major, these
+
+are all just seventh chords.
+
+And it's not necessary.
+
+It doesn't mean you have
+to play seventh chords.
+
+But these are examples.
+
+G major, A minor, B minor,
+C major, D seven, E minor,
+
+and then the minor
+seven with a flat five
+
+if you go to the seventh
+degree, F sharp, right.
+
+So these are all, in terms of
+harmony, good source material.
+
+It doesn't necessarily
+mean that you
+
+have to move them around a
+lot or move around at all.
+
+Of course, but it's
+again, thinking back
+
+to that first tune
+we played, just
+
+using a major scale
+as a source material,
+
+there are just so many
+options in terms of harmony.
+
+Sometimes like I said, those of
+us who come from a jazz world,
+
+we're used to things
+moving more, moving quickly
+
+and in a less diatonic fashion.
+
+But again, like I said, just in
+the diatonic areas, you know,
+
+you've got 7 chords right here.
+
+And then you've got
+all these chords
+
+with different kinds of roots.
+
+You know you've got G major
+with a third in the bottom.
+
+You can do a C major with
+the fifth on the bottom.
+
+You can do again, like I
+said, all of these things.
+
+You've got a lot.
+
+Even just in the diatonic realm,
+you've got a lot of options
+
+as chordal instruments.
+
+So let's do a short little
+improv in G. Can we do that?
+
+And then we'll get you
+guys to come in on this.
+
+Actually and Alex,
+you're a vocalist.
+
+ALEX: Yeah, I'm doing vocals.
+
+FRIESEN: You're doing vocals.
+
+All right.
+
+Cool.
+
+All right.
+
+So we'll get you all involved.
+
+So actually let's do this.
+
+We'll start.
+
+At some point, I'll get you.
+
+We'll swap places, Chris.
+
+But for now, Eugene
+and I will start.
+
+And then maybe James,
+we'll get you to come in.
+
+At some point I'll
+give you a nod,
+
+and you can come in and join us.
+
+And maybe one of
+us will drop out,
+
+or we might just keep going.
+
+So we'll just do a little
+bit of round robin,
+
+bring you guys in,
+brings guys out.
+
+We need your note cards, Mark.
+
+You guys have all seen the
+Aardvark Big Band, right?
+
+Do you still use the note cards?
+
+I always love that system.
+
+Mark's got the system of
+like, to cue the entire band,
+
+he holds up a card that
+says letter E. It's great.
+
+HARVEY: Our festival jazz band
+direct, he's now swiped that.
+
+RAY: Oh, he swiped it from you.
+
+HARVEY: Big concert on
+Saturday, and everyone
+
+was using his own card.
+
+Imitation is the
+sincerest form of--
+
+[LAUGHING]
+
+FRIESEN: The sincerest
+form of theft.
+
+RAY: All right.
+
+So like I said, I haven't
+really planned this.
+
+So we'll see where this goes.
+
+Why don't you start?
+
+[PLAYING MUSIC]
+
+RAY: James.
+
+Sorry I've forgotten
+your name, next to James.
+
+AUSTIN: Austin.
+
+RAY: Austin.
+
+How about some trumpet?
+
+Want to put some oboe in there?
+
+Uh oh.
+
+Dry reed.
+
+That's OK.
+
+Adrian, can you come
+in on some guitar?
+
+Oh, I'm sorry.
+
+You're Adrian.
+
+Try some chords.
+
+Try C major.
+
+RAY: Can we get some flute?
+
+Yeah.
+
+And some banjo?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Nice.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Alex, want to try
+some long tones?.
+
+Yeah, yeah.
+
+Nice.
+
+Try some oboe?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Nice.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Nice.
+
+Wanna try some flute, Adrian?
+
+Yeah.
+
+We'll get the whole thing going.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Chris, why don't you jump in?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Mhm.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Nice.
+
+All right.
+
+Beautiful.
+
+That was great-- that was great.
+
+Yeah.
+
+It is-- it's hard to
+jump out there, right?
+
+I know, especially when
+your reed's not wet.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER]
+
+HARVEY: Then it's really hard.
+
+But no, seriously though,
+it's hard to put yourself out
+
+there sometimes.
+
+And again, I know
+you guys have been
+
+working with Tom on
+some improvisation.
+
+I imagine you've probably
+been doing some group stuff.
+
+There's always a little safety
+in numbers kind of mindset,
+
+which, I know, is totally cool.
+
+But, you know, frankly, what's
+nice is that I could tell you
+
+guys were all listening.
+
+You're kind of trying
+to find the group,
+
+find the place to go, find the
+place to be, where you're not
+
+where you're not
+sticking out-- you're
+
+contributing without
+going too far.
+
+Which is great,
+listening is obviously
+
+one of the biggest things.
+
+You have anything you want
+to try with these guys?
+
+FRIESEN: Oh sure.
+
+PROFESSOR: We have a whole
+room full of musicians
+
+who are versed in G major.
+
+FRIESEN: Oh, I know.
+
+That's so great.
+
+I might just say that, in
+terms of you are what you eat,
+
+I've always been
+intrigued with how
+
+to practice to become
+a better improviser.
+
+I mean, at first I thought
+improvising was just
+
+a state of being.
+
+It really was not anything
+you can prepare for.
+
+But that could not be
+further from the truth.
+
+You know, preparation
+plays a huge part
+
+in being a good improviser.
+
+So sometimes I
+think about using--
+
+if you think of your brain in
+two different parts, you know,
+
+the left brain and
+the right brain.
+
+You think of that left
+brain as being the rigor
+
+part of your brain,
+the part of your brain
+
+that is curious about music.
+
+Odd meters, scales, seventh
+chords dominant chords,
+
+chord substitutions, diminished
+chords, diminished scales.
+
+All these things
+are exotic foods
+
+that are just very
+enjoyable for us musicians.
+
+We get fascinated
+with them, and we
+
+want to spend time with them.
+
+They're are like my kids
+when I got them art supplies.
+
+They would not only use the art
+supplies as they were intended,
+
+but of course, they wanted
+to taste it, and put it
+
+on the walls, and on their
+clothes, and on your clothes.
+
+It was everywhere.
+
+They wanted it to be a full
+body sensory experience.
+
+It was something kind of
+elemental as a major scale
+
+and the modes of that scale.
+
+Each of these modes
+and each of these keys
+
+are things that you may
+understand with facility
+
+at first glance,
+and yet, there's
+
+no way of predicting how
+your understanding of them
+
+will be enhanced by your
+spending time with each one.
+
+So for example, I
+have a CD of drones.
+
+It's just-- maybe
+you have these,
+
+too-- it's just a
+root and a fifth
+
+and a couple of different
+octaves in all 12 keys,
+
+and each track on the
+CD is six minutes long.
+
+So one day, I might say,
+OK, today's Phrygian day.
+
+And I'll go through, and
+I'll just let the CD roll.
+
+And I'll play six minutes
+improvised in Phrygian mode
+
+through all 12 keys in that day.
+
+Just as an example of
+how you can use drones,
+
+as a very simple example.
+
+But I think what I
+wanted to say, mostly,
+
+was that your curiosity and
+your loving attention to each
+
+of these musical elements
+is something that goes deep
+
+inside your being, inside
+your inner musician.
+
+And then these become
+the tools that you
+
+use, the colors that you
+use, to really portray
+
+your expressiveness, when
+you're in a situation
+
+that you can access
+these things intuitively.
+
+So one of the things
+that I really love
+
+is odd meters, for example.
+
+I've been fascinated
+with the odd meters.
+
+And we haven't really
+spoken about rhythm
+
+that much, but really, the
+success of this improv we just
+
+did was really mostly
+about this little motor
+
+that we set up at
+the beginning of it,
+
+and varying it in so
+many different ways
+
+with syncopation, and
+keeping it moving along.
+
+And using the odd
+numbers in rhythm,
+
+I think there's a lot of power
+and a lot of energy in there.
+
+So we could think
+about 3, for example.
+
+Even 3/4 is such a
+magical kind of place
+
+to be in, because
+with quarter notes,
+
+with in each quarter note,
+we have 12/16 in each bar.
+
+And 12 is a great number.
+
+It not only has all this
+astrological significance,
+
+but, of course, is
+divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6.
+
+So for us musicians,
+there's just
+
+a whole storehouse of energy and
+rhythmic tension and propulsion
+
+available with that number 12.
+
+So let's take 3/4,
+and, first of all,
+
+let's just play
+some kind of pattern
+
+that we are subdividing
+with the quarter pulses.
+
+Can you play along with me?
+
+Anything you can come up with.
+
+You can just play
+16th notes, but really
+
+feature those quarter pulses.
+
+Can I hear all the 16th notes,
+but just accent the quarters.
+
+Keep going.
+
+Nice.
+
+That's beautiful.
+
+Great.
+
+Let's try another way now.
+
+I'll keep this quarter
+pulse, but now we're
+
+going to come up with a pattern,
+where we accent every three
+
+notes.
+
+So this is essentially,
+we're going
+
+to be playing four groups of
+three notes in the same amount
+
+of time as we were playing
+three groups of four notes.
+
+Do you follow?
+
+So we were doing 1-2-3-4,
+1-2-3-4 1-2-3-4, 1,
+
+now we're going to do 1-2-3,
+1-2-3, 1-2-3, 1-2-3, 1-2-3,
+
+1-2-3.
+
+So find a three note
+pattern where you can really
+
+feature the first note of each.
+
+Go ahead.
+
+1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1.
+
+I can tell you guys
+feel it already.
+
+That's really, really fun to do.
+
+So let's see if we can a
+little round, where we'll
+
+start with the people doing
+the quarter pulses, and after,
+
+let's say, two bars,
+the other group
+
+will come in with
+the quarter pulses,
+
+while the first group
+shifts to the three pulses.
+
+OK.
+
+And Chris, you can be on
+this side-- up through,
+
+let's see, one, two, three,
+four, Ja-- up through Jacob,
+
+and then the rest of you
+are in the second team, OK.
+
+We'll start with two bars of
+3/4 doing the quarter pulses,
+
+and then we're going
+to evolve to the three
+
+pulses, the dotted
+eighth note pulses,
+
+while they come in
+the quarter pulse.
+
+Clear?
+
+One?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] not
+clear-- so what's going on?
+
+FRIESEN: After two
+bars, you come in
+
+with a quarter pulse figure.
+
+AUDIENCE: And then
+they'll switch?
+
+FRIESEN: They'll switch
+when you come in--
+
+AUDIENCE: And we'll just stay--
+
+FRIESEN: And you'll
+switch after two bars.
+
+You're going to go to the
+dotted eighth note figure,
+
+the three figure we just did.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+FRIESEN: We just cycle.
+
+We'll just come back to what
+we were doing before, OK?
+
+1, 2, 3.
+
+2, 2 switch.
+
+Switch.
+
+And switch.
+
+Switch.
+
+OK, you got it?
+
+Let's try a little duet, just
+quickly, and see if we do it?
+
+Does everyone feel
+comfortable with this?
+
+Let's try a flute and oboe duet.
+
+And you don't have to
+choose which roles you have,
+
+and you don't have to switch.
+
+But let's say the
+first person who starts
+
+will start with a quarter
+note kind of feel.
+
+And this is just about rhythm,
+it's not so much about melody.
+
+So see if you can just make this
+kind of poly-rhythm evident.
+
+We've got the 4 and the
+3 going simultaneously.
+
+So let's try a
+flute and oboe duet.
+
+It's going to be like a 45
+second, or 49 second world
+
+premiere.
+
+That's it, yeah
+guys, good for you.
+
+What do you think?
+
+Do you like it?
+
+AUDIENCE: It feels
+like a template.
+
+I feel like if we--
+
+FRIESEN: Exactly.
+
+AUDIENCE: --got
+very used to this,
+
+we could do lots of
+innovative things
+
+once this becomes second nature.
+
+FRIESEN: Exactly right.
+
+It's a template.
+
+That's a great way
+of looking at it.
+
+Let's try another one of these.
+
+Let's try a James
+and trumpet duet.
+
+I'm sorry to interrupt
+already-- this
+
+is totally cool-- you don't
+have to play all the 16th notes.
+
+You can play a resulting
+rhythm that just plays down
+
+a funky quarter note feel,
+for example, you know I mean?
+
+And feel free to switch.
+
+In fact, let's make that a
+little rule of this duet.
+
+That at some point you're
+going to switch roles.
+
+OK?
+
+Don't try to plan it out.
+
+You'll just screw it up.
+
+AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER].
+
+FRIESEN: Good for you guys.
+
+Yeah.
+
+That's cool.
+
+What I love about
+it, too, and what
+
+we haven't talked
+all about-- and that
+
+is how to make an
+accompaniment, in a kind of pure
+
+and very exposed
+setting like this.
+
+And you guys are really
+good at that already.
+
+I found you gravitating towards
+that melody and accompaniment
+
+role between you, which is
+a great musical instinct.
+
+I love how you did that.
+
+RAY: And something that
+a lot a horn players
+
+don't think about
+because you're thinking--
+
+FRIESEN: So true
+
+RAY: --about playing
+melodies and leads.
+
+FRIESEN: I know, I know.
+
+I really notice it
+because the cello
+
+has this tradition
+of accompanying.
+
+The written repertoire
+is really 90%
+
+playing accompaniment roles.
+
+So I really appreciate
+it when I come
+
+across a violinist
+or a trumpet player
+
+who is sensitive to that--
+or a drummer-- who's really
+
+a great accompanist,
+really appreciate it.
+
+Anyway, just as an example of
+how a kind of musical element--
+
+in this case, the four against
+three-- with curiosity,
+
+as you experiment with
+this, you will gradually
+
+find yourself wanting
+to compose stuff.
+
+You'll be improvising stuff that
+you get attracted to and just
+
+through being
+drawn to something,
+
+with your natural curiosity with
+the musician's love for music.
+
+You'll find yourself
+wanting to expand it,
+
+and with your
+loving curiosity, it
+
+will grow into something
+that could either
+
+be a composition, or just part
+of your personal vocabulary,
+
+for your personal comfort.
+
+I think that's
+kind of what we do,
+
+is collect this quiver full
+of musical arrows of all
+
+kinds of different descriptions.
+
+And rhythmically, it's just
+a huge, huge great world.
+
+So I envy you, that you've got
+this long life ahead of you
+
+to check all this stuff out.
+
+I do, too.
+
+I'm doing the same thing.
+
+RAY: Indeed.
+
+FRIESEN: Where
+are, we time wise?
+
+HARVEY: We have about
+maybe five minutes more.
+
+RAY: Yeah, cool.
+
+I just wanted to mention
+that Eugene, as I mentioned,
+
+we both are teaching
+at the Berklee College,
+
+and if you ever get
+a chance to hear--
+
+and I don't know
+if you guys wander
+
+all the way across
+the river to Boston,
+
+there's another city
+over there-- they've
+
+got some cool things going on.
+
+Anyway, no seriously,
+if you ever
+
+see a notification for a group
+called the Berklee World String
+
+Orchestra, it's led by Eugene.
+
+It's a string orchestra,
+as you might expect.
+
+It's got all the string players,
+many of the string players
+
+to go to Berklee.
+
+And one of the things that's
+remarkable about this group,
+
+besides the fact
+that many of them
+
+are actually really
+good improvisers,
+
+is that Eugene does
+amazing work getting
+
+them to play rhythmically-- and
+getting them to play rhythms
+
+in all kinds of different
+styles of music, world music.
+
+A lot of original stuff.
+
+A lot of remarkable
+repertoire that they do.
+
+But like I said, a lot of
+it is based on-- at least
+
+my concept of what
+Eugene does-- is based
+
+on working with rhythms
+with this ensemble.
+
+And without a doubt
+it's worth checking out,
+
+if you get a chance to see that.
+
+FRIESEN: One of the
+ideas of the group
+
+was to activate the great
+world of rhythm, especially
+
+from Africa, and South
+America, and North America,
+
+with jazz-- well,
+all over the world--
+
+without a rhythm section.
+
+So all the rhythms
+are really spread out
+
+and written into the parts.
+
+There's this great interlocking,
+[INAUDIBLE] and all the parts
+
+are rhythmic, and I
+think pretty fun to play.
+
+And that's the
+experiment-- making
+
+rhythmic use of
+string instruments.
+
+RAY: So we just have
+a few minutes left.
+
+Are there any other questions?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I was talking
+to someone the other day
+
+about perfect pitch.
+
+There's this notion
+that some people
+
+have inborn perfect pitch.
+
+And they are, from
+birth, are annoyed
+
+if something is a couple
+cents sharper than they
+
+remember it being.
+
+Something like this.
+
+I don't have anything
+like that, but as I
+
+listen to more and more
+music, the different pitches
+
+start to feel different.
+
+And they have these distinct
+sort of personalities.
+
+And we haven't talked
+about this much,
+
+and I haven't heard people
+in improvisation talk
+
+about this at all.
+
+But you use that kind of thing?
+
+So you feel like the pitches
+have different feelings, colors
+
+to them that you can use?
+
+The same thing, maybe
+transposed up a couple steps
+
+would feel different?
+
+RAY: Yeah, that's an
+interesting question, actually.
+
+I do.
+
+I feel like different
+notes, different keys,
+
+have different feelings to them.
+
+I mean, I'm one of those
+people that has perfect pitch.
+
+I don't necessarily--
+to get back
+
+to what we were
+saying originally--
+
+I don't necessarily
+know if the piano
+
+is tuned at 442
+versus 440-- maybe
+
+there are people that
+tuned in-- I'm not.
+
+But I suspect most
+people aren't.
+
+But yeah, it's something,
+and it's interesting,
+
+too, the other thing I thinking
+about as you were talking
+
+was, from an
+improvisational standpoint,
+
+often people sometimes come
+up to me, and they ask me,
+
+do you have perfect pitch?
+
+I say, well, yeah, I do.
+
+And they go, oh, that must make
+it so much easier to improvise.
+
+Well, no, it's not that easy.
+
+It's not that simple.
+
+And I know, again, only
+speaking from my own experience,
+
+it does help in some
+small ways, I suppose.
+
+If, you know, Eugene and
+I walk out on a stage,
+
+and without talking about it,
+he just starts bowing a note,
+
+having perfect pitch will tell
+me, oh he's started on A flat.
+
+But once he starts playing,
+and I start playing,
+
+you don't think
+about perfect pitch.
+
+I'm not analyzing, oh,
+his D is a little sharp.
+
+And I don't know,
+that's going to bug me.
+
+No, no, no.
+
+I'm not going to--
+if I were to try
+
+to be that analytical in the
+moment, it would drive me nuts.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was more
+talking about aesthetics.
+
+I was more talking about
+what sort of a bearing
+
+does the aesthetic of different
+keys have on your feeling--
+
+FRIESEN: Well, in my case,
+my experience of music
+
+is related to the cello because
+I've had this thing in my lap
+
+since I was 10 years old.
+
+So when I hear a
+note, I can kind of
+
+imagine where it
+is on the cello.
+
+And that's the way that
+I know what note it is,
+
+but it's also the way I can
+visualize what key a melody is
+
+going to sound good
+in, because of how
+
+it will sound on the cello.
+
+Yeah.
+
+And then I think
+an interesting way
+
+to play with that is to
+transpose as much as you
+
+possibly can in all 12 keys.
+
+You know, start with a
+simple melody, and just
+
+the head of a tune, or an
+eight bar phrase, or 16 bars,
+
+and try playing it all 12 keys.
+
+And take your time.
+
+If you're like I am,
+it'll take a long time
+
+to get through 12 keys at first.
+
+But eventually, you begin to
+open to how the intervals work,
+
+and hear how your instrument
+sounds in all those 12 keys.
+
+And that's another way
+to sensitize yourself
+
+about how you react emotionally
+to what key something is in.
+
+It's very personal,
+but it's very real.
+
+That was a good question.
+
+RAY: It is, yeah.
+
+And I think, just
+one short comment,
+
+because we talk about
+with improvisation, we
+
+talk about feelings and being
+in touch with how things feel,
+
+and how things sound.
+
+And I think the key
+that something's
+
+in is one of those things.
+
+One of those things that
+gives you information.
+
+If I sit down and
+play a B minor chord,
+
+that's going to give me
+a certain feeling that
+
+would be a little bit
+different if I played
+
+an A minor chord
+or a B major chord.
+
+So that all kind of gets
+mixed in, for me at least,
+
+the key something is.
+
+I think it does.
+
+It gets mixed into how I how I
+approach it as an improviser.
+
+And which is why what Eugene
+says a great idea, you know,
+
+you learn to tune,
+and you say, OK,
+
+cool, I'm feeling really good
+about playing blues in F.
+
+And now try blues in D flat.
+
+It's going to feel
+really different.
+
+Partly because you probably
+don't play in D flat as well
+
+you do in F, but partly
+just because it's
+
+going to sound different.
+
+So I hope that answers
+your question a little bit.
+
+Any other-- Yeah.
+
+Adrian?
+
+AUDIENCE: So you
+mentioned [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Do you have any other
+useful exercises sort
+
+of like [INAUDIBLE] practice
+certain improvision skills.
+
+RAY: Excercises for
+practicing improvisation?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just like for
+practicing songs [INAUDIBLE].
+
+RAY: Right, yeah
+there's so many.
+
+FRIESEN: There's some
+great technology, too,
+
+you guys have probably
+checked out, right.
+
+I mean, everything
+from a looper pedal,
+
+so you can make your own
+loop, and practice along
+
+with it to Band in a Box.
+
+And iReal b, the
+iPhone app, where
+
+you can play tune, in
+any key, in any tempo.
+
+Those are all great things.
+
+I think it should be driven--
+in my personal opinion--
+
+it should be driven by your
+curiosity for what you really
+
+love.
+
+You know, any time it becomes
+an intellectual exercise,
+
+it's something to be aware of.
+
+I would counsel to gravitate
+towards things that you're
+
+really, truly drawn
+to that gives you
+
+an emotional response.
+
+We talked about the
+one side of the brain,
+
+the rigor side of the
+brain, and the other,
+
+I sometimes refer to as the
+surrender part of the brain.
+
+In other words,
+when I improvise,
+
+I often place myself in
+this kind of more open mode.
+
+It's where the
+music just is there,
+
+and I'm contributing
+to the music
+
+without having to
+analyze it, or try
+
+to remember anything
+I practiced.
+
+It's really just a way of
+being with your imagination
+
+and with your more
+open, emotional state
+
+inside the music.
+
+That's something that's
+hard to practice in school.
+
+So that's why it's so
+important to find a place
+
+to practice that you're
+comfortable in, that hopefully
+
+sounds good for your instrument,
+and spend some time there,
+
+just making the connection
+between how you're feeling
+
+and how it sounds.
+
+How comfortable you
+are and what you love.
+
+RAY: Yeah, I think that's great.
+
+I think that's great advice.
+
+I mean, just again
+piggybacking a little bit
+
+on what Eugene was saying,
+oftentimes, you'll find things.
+
+You'll find things that excite
+you when you're listening.
+
+You'll hear something at a
+concert or on a recording,
+
+and you'll go, wow that's great.
+
+And I think this
+is how most of us
+
+do it, and have done
+it, for our lives.
+
+For me, I would be in college,
+sitting in a class and Mark
+
+Harvey, or whoever
+my teacher was,
+
+would put on a recording
+of, you know, Bill Evans.
+
+And I'm like, wow, I've
+never heard this before.
+
+I've never heard someone play
+the piano like that before.
+
+And then it's like, OK, now I
+got to go check out Bill Evans.
+
+And now, after having
+done that, my playing
+
+has little bit of
+that in it, right?
+
+Because he's one of
+my favorite pianists.
+
+I think that's sort of
+what Eugene is saying.
+
+Stuff that you're drawn to,
+explore it, jump into it.
+
+It can be anything
+and everything,
+
+but then once you
+start exploring it,
+
+then you'll find resources.
+
+You'll find transcriptions
+of Bill Evans solos,
+
+and, of course,
+recordings, which
+
+are very easy to get,
+mostly, nowadays.
+
+And like I said, there's
+a lot of good resources
+
+out there for working
+on improvisation.
+
+But just find things that you're
+drawn to, even if it's just
+
+six measures of a
+John Coltrane solo.
+
+It's like, I love
+those six measures.
+
+I got to learn
+those six measures.
+
+I got to get them--
+I got to have them.
+
+And you learn them, and
+you start playing on them,
+
+or it could be anything.
+
+FRIESEN: The stranger
+your interests,
+
+the more interesting of a
+player you'll end up being.
+
+RAY: It's true.
+
+So, cool.
+
+FRIESEN: You are what you eat.
+
+Watch your diet.
+
+RAY: Watch your diet.
+
+So.
+
+HARVEY: Wise words
+on which to end.
+
+Let's give him hand.
+
+FRIESEN: Nice to hang
+out with you guys.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rJC4o7bhlms.txt b/rJC4o7bhlms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e5896320b216dbb94c57d1871c72c21b0d5699d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rJC4o7bhlms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+I think the great thing about having students
+who have really deep knowledge of math and
+
+science in these classes is that they draw
+upon that in the way that they think about
+
+math and science.
+
+So it's not just about math that, you know,
+happens in a textbook that lives on a piece
+
+of paper, but math that's embodied in engineering,
+math that's embodied in their lives, math
+
+that they can kind of think about in interesting
+and different ways.
+
+Same with science, you know, it's about science
+in practice that they may have done from a
+
+UROP on campus, or from some other experience
+that they've had interacting with faculty
+
+that have done research in those areas.
+
+So they can bring that to the classroom -- they
+can bring their own experience and their own
+
+passion for Math and Science.
+
+They bring so much to the classroom.
+
+And I don't need to sort of say like, "Well,
+you really need to understand what's great
+
+about science before you understand how to
+communicate that to students, or to understand
+
+what's great about... that math is a language
+that we can use in lots of ways.
+
+You need to understand that before you can
+teach math."
+
+I don't need to do any of that for the students
+here, and students who come from more diverse,
+
+sort of backgrounds with their own experience
+with math and science do sort of need to learn
+
+that first.
+
+They need to understand what's great about
+science; they need to understand how math
+
+is a language that helps us understand the
+world.
+
+And so I think that if I were teaching in
+a different university, I'd probably need
+
+to help students learn that first before they
+actually tried to convey that to their own
+
+students, and I'm fortunate enough to not
+have to do that here.
+
+For most of the students, math and science
+have always come really easily to them.
+
+They've sat in a room, someone's perhaps lectured
+at them, and they've kind of gotten it.
+
+They can do well on the tests, and they can
+move on.
+
+And, sometimes it's a struggle for them to
+think about, "Why...
+
+why is this student not getting it?
+
+You know, the teacher told it to them just
+like they told it to me, and yet I understood
+
+it and this student didn't."
+
+And it's a matter of trying to think about,
+"How do you break that
+
+down to help them understand that everybody
+sort of thinks about the world differently
+
+and thinks about their own learning differently?"
+
+and how to accept that challenge.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/reUjl788R9Q.txt b/reUjl788R9Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..936cffc69b831d01e532c8d4e6a9d13118aa0ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reUjl788R9Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's determine the moment of inertia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's determine the moment of inertia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's determine the moment of inertia of
+a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big
+wheel. Here we have a big wheel and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. Here we have a big wheel and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel. Here we have a big wheel and on
+the side it's it's attached here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side it's it's attached here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side it's it's attached here at the
+center and there's a string going around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and there's a string going around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and there's a string going around
+here and uh on that string is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh on that string is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and uh on that string is a little
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+hanging and our disc here has a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging and our disc here has a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging and our disc here has a radius
+r and um we now want to know in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and um we now want to know in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r and um we now want to know in a little
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+um what what the moment of inertia is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what the moment of inertia is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what what the moment of inertia is of
+this disc. And what we have to do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disc. And what we have to do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disc. And what we have to do is we
+have to drop this mass to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to drop this mass to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to drop this mass to the
+ground and uh we need to measure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and uh we need to measure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground and uh we need to measure what
+the height is here and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is here and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height is here and we need to
+measure how long it takes to to drop. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how long it takes to to drop. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure how long it takes to to drop. So
+we need to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to measure
+t. So how we're going to go about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. So how we're going to go about that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. So how we're going to go about that?
+Well, if moment of inertia that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if moment of inertia that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, if moment of inertia that probably
+has something to do with the torque of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with the torque of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has something to do with the torque of
+this wheel. So we have to start doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wheel. So we have to start doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wheel. So we have to start doing a
+torque analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque analysis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torque analysis.
+So torque about the center of mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So torque about the center of mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So torque about the center of mass
+equals uh moment of inertia about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh moment of inertia about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh moment of inertia about the
+center of mass times the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass times the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of mass times the angular
+acceleration. And uh we need to recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. And uh we need to recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. And uh we need to recall
+that the torque is uh the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the torque is uh the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the torque is uh the product of the
+radius times the perpendicular force. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius times the perpendicular force. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius times the perpendicular force. So
+we're going to have r here and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have r here and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have r here and then uh
+the force that's that's acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force that's that's acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force that's that's acting on this
+wheel here is actually this tension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel here is actually this tension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel here is actually this tension
+force here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force here.
+So we we're going to have r t here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we we're going to have r t here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we we're going to have r t here and
+um now uh we need to look at how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh we need to look at how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now uh we need to look at how how
+things actually moving with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually moving with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things actually moving with respect to a
+coordinate system. So if I pull or if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. So if I pull or if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system. So if I pull or if I
+let this mass drop the disc is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this mass drop the disc is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let this mass drop the disc is going to
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+clockwise. So we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise. So we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise. So we're going to
+have theta hat going this way. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theta hat going this way. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have theta hat going this way. And if
+theta head is going clockwise, my k head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta head is going clockwise, my k head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta head is going clockwise, my k head
+vector is going to go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is going to go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is going to go into the
+board. And if k head's going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. And if k head's going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board. And if k head's going to go
+there, well then and and it's rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, well then and and it's rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, well then and and it's rotating
+clockwise, the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise, the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clockwise, the angular
+acceleration is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is going to
+uh go in the khat direction. And if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go in the khat direction. And if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh go in the khat direction. And if that
+is the case, then our torque is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case, then our torque is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the case, then our torque is going to
+follow suit. So torque also goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow suit. So torque also goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow suit. So torque also goes into
+the into the board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the board.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the board.
+And so that means here we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that means here we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that means here we're going to
+deal with the khat direction and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the khat direction and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the khat direction and we're
+going to have I cm and then alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have I cm and then alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have I cm and then alpha
+z in the khat direction. Okay. So we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z in the khat direction. Okay. So we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z in the khat direction. Okay. So we can
+solve this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this for
+i rt over alpha z. Okay. Well that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i rt over alpha z. Okay. Well that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i rt over alpha z. Okay. Well that's uh
+pretty good. But we have two unknowns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good. But we have two unknowns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good. But we have two unknowns in
+here. The t and the alpha z. And we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The t and the alpha z. And we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. The t and the alpha z. And we can
+use some other concepts to actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some other concepts to actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some other concepts to actually get
+information on those. The T as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on those. The T as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on those. The T as you can
+guess already plays a role here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess already plays a role here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess already plays a role here in this
+massless string. So we can do a quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless string. So we can do a quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless string. So we can do a quick uh
+free body uh diagram and an F equals MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body uh diagram and an F equals MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free body uh diagram and an F equals MA
+analysis to get uh to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to get uh to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to get uh to get to that
+tension force. So we have our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension force. So we have our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension force. So we have our little
+mass m here. Gravity is acting on it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass m here. Gravity is acting on it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass m here. Gravity is acting on it.
+Um, and we have this tension force here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we have this tension force here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we have this tension force here,
+and we're going to put J hat down. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to put J hat down. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to put J hat down. So,
+we're going to get mg minus t equals m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get mg minus t equals m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get mg minus t equals m
+a. It's only going to go in the in the y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. It's only going to go in the in the y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. It's only going to go in the in the y
+direction. So, we can just leave it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So, we can just leave it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So, we can just leave it
+here. We can do this. H, we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We can do this. H, we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We can do this. H, we can solve
+this for t. And then we have um m um g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for t. And then we have um m um g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for t. And then we have um m um g
+minus a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a.
+Okay, good. So, we have that. Now, about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, we have that. Now, about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, good. So, we have that. Now, about
+the angular acceleration and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular acceleration and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular acceleration and whenever
+there's a string going around a disc,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a string going around a disc,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a string going around a disc,
+then we of course have a constrainted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we of course have a constrainted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we of course have a constrainted
+condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition
+um because the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because the linear
+acceleration of uh this little mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of uh this little mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of uh this little mass
+going down is related to the radius of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down is related to the radius of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down is related to the radius of
+the disc times the angular acceleration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc times the angular acceleration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disc times the angular acceleration.
+So we can solve this for alpha and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can solve this for alpha and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we can solve this for alpha and then
+we have a over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a over
+r. So let's put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. So let's put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r. So let's put that in
+here. r then we have m g minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. r then we have m g minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. r then we have m g minus a
+over a and then we get another r here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a and then we get another r here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a and then we get another r here.
+And we can write that a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can write that a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can write that a little bit more
+compact. m r 2 g over a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact. m r 2 g over a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact. m r 2 g over a minus
+one. Good. So now we have one last uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Good. So now we have one last uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Good. So now we have one last uh
+hurdle namely that a here that a uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle namely that a here that a uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdle namely that a here that a uh we
+can't measure. I said in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure. I said in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't measure. I said in the beginning
+we want to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to make an
+experiment. Actually we need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. Actually we need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. Actually we need that
+experiment because we can't uh we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because we can't uh we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment because we can't uh we can't
+otherwise get to this. So what we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise get to this. So what we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise get to this. So what we need
+is a relation that that uh connects um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relation that that uh connects um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a relation that that uh connects um
+what we can measure which is the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can measure which is the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can measure which is the time it
+falls down this height here to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down this height here to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+falls down this height here to the
+acceleration of this block and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this block and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration of this block and of course
+that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from
+onedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onedimensional
+kinematics and uh we know that h = 12 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics and uh we know that h = 12 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics and uh we know that h = 12 a
+t^2 so we can uh solve that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 so we can uh solve that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t^2 so we can uh solve that for a
+uh 2 h over t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 h over t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2 h over t
+^2 and uh now we can stick that in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 and uh now we can stick that in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 and uh now we can stick that in here
+and we have m r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have m r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have m r
+2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and
+uh g t^2 over 2h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh g t^2 over 2h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh g t^2 over 2h
+-1 and let's just write this here again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and let's just write this here again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 and let's just write this here again
+and that is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is our
+final solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final solution.
+So now we have only measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have only measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we have only measurable
+quantities here. The t we can measure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities here. The t we can measure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities here. The t we can measure.
+We just need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We just need a
+stopwatch and uh the h we can measure as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch and uh the h we can measure as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopwatch and uh the h we can measure as
+well. And uh this actually already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And uh this actually already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. And uh this actually already
+resembles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resembles
+uh if you know uh the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you know uh the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you know uh the theoretical
+um this already resembles the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this already resembles the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this already resembles the
+theoretical solution which of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical solution which of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical solution which of course is
+u for a disk 12 m r 2. So that's uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u for a disk 12 m r 2. So that's uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u for a disk 12 m r 2. So that's uh what
+one expects for a disk. And you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expects for a disk. And you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one expects for a disk. And you see that
+you know we're very close. So this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're very close. So this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're very close. So this term
+here is probably something like 1.5 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is probably something like 1.5 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is probably something like 1.5 or
+should better come out to be 1.5 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should better come out to be 1.5 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should better come out to be 1.5 because
+if we subtract one we get to that half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we subtract one we get to that half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we subtract one we get to that half
+here and you can use it to in return in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can use it to in return in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you can use it to in return in
+return you can also use it to uh predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return you can also use it to uh predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return you can also use it to uh predict
+the time it takes to fall down if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it takes to fall down if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time it takes to fall down if you
+know what the height is or or vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the height is or or vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the height is or or vice
+versa.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rfWCDzG4PWk.txt b/rfWCDzG4PWk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e0a04452e6d818534c8d1911dfdf0c14b08909a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rfWCDzG4PWk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4147 @@
+PROFESSOR: All right!
+
+Welcome back to 6849.
+
+Today, we're going to
+move into linkage folding.
+
+And before we get there, I
+want to talk about an issue
+
+that sort of motivates
+linkage folding.
+
+And it's about the
+definition of folding.
+
+So we've talked
+about origami a lot,
+
+and we've talked
+about crease patterns,
+
+and we've talked about
+the folded state-- which
+
+is the finished product
+after you fold something.
+
+But there's another thing
+we might care about.
+
+So whenever we wanted
+to prove that we could
+
+fold a piece of paper
+in a particular way,
+
+we described a folded state.
+
+We said what does the
+paper look like in 3D,
+
+how are the layers stacked,
+all these kinds of issues.
+
+But when you fold a
+real piece of paper,
+
+you start from a
+flat thing, and you
+
+want to continuously deform
+it into some 3D shape.
+
+And that is another
+kind of folding,
+
+which we call a folding
+motion, which we haven't really
+
+worried about up until now.
+
+And it's going to be the central
+concept in linkage folding.
+
+The way to define
+a folding motion
+
+is just a continuum
+of folded states.
+
+It's a movie.
+
+You start somewhere, usually
+we start from the flat folded
+
+state, and then at all times
+we specify a new folded state,
+
+a new way to fold
+a piece of paper.
+
+As long as that's a
+continuous process,
+
+then that is a folding motion.
+
+So we've done all
+this work proving
+
+that folded states exist.
+
+The question is, what if
+I want a folding motion?
+
+Because really, in
+order to fold the paper,
+
+I've got to get there.
+
+And that's we're
+going to worry about
+
+for the first few minutes.
+
+The good news is the reason we
+haven't worried about this up
+
+'till now is there's an
+equivalence between the two
+
+for paper folding.
+
+So if you have-- it's called
+a simple polygonal piece
+
+of paper, and that
+just means your piece
+
+of paper some polygon,
+but it has no holes in it.
+
+It's sort of solid,
+there's nothing like this.
+
+Then, it has a folding motion
+into any desired folded state.
+
+So you say, I don't know.
+
+I have this folded state
+where all the lines of a swan
+
+are aligned in that
+second fold and cut.
+
+How do I actually fold
+into that folded state?
+
+It's possible.
+
+Any folded state
+we describe, you
+
+can reach by a folding motion.
+
+So we're going to prove this.
+
+When you look at it the right
+way it's almost trivial,
+
+but maybe a little confusing.
+
+So I'll describe the proof to
+see what you think about it.
+
+I'm going to start with the
+case of one dimensional paper,
+
+because it's always
+easier to think about.
+
+The idea is the following.
+
+You have a piece of paper, and
+you have some folded state.
+
+I'm going to draw
+a little letter
+
+m, what you want
+to fold it into.
+
+They should have
+the same length.
+
+We're given this map, we're
+told how the piece of paper
+
+folds-- in this case
+into two dimensions--
+
+and if there were
+any touching layers
+
+here it would be described
+which is on the top of which.
+
+We're told how to
+instantaneously go
+
+from here to here.
+
+What we're not told is
+the steps in between,
+
+and that's what we're
+going to fill in over here.
+
+So the idea is rolling creases.
+
+I have my piece of
+paper here, and I'm just
+
+going to curl in the
+end a little bit.
+
+So I'm going to fold
+this thing into--
+
+or I just roll up the end,
+I can do this continuously.
+
+It's sort of like the
+real piece of paper.
+
+If you start folding
+and then pull,
+
+I continuously roll that crease.
+
+At all times, in fact, this
+is supposed to stay flat.
+
+It's really hard to
+get started in reality,
+
+but in theory, you
+can get started
+
+with an infinitesimal
+part of the crease.
+
+You just roll it in.
+
+So you make the piece
+of paper smaller.
+
+It will be-- geometrically
+these are on top of each other,
+
+so it'll be tiny.
+
+So it'll actually be a subset
+of the original piece of paper.
+
+You keep doing this,
+you end up, let's say,
+
+with a rolled up piece
+of paper like that.
+
+A little hard to draw.
+
+Really, it lies along
+the line segment,
+
+and you're just going around
+and around in a line segment.
+
+But it's like a cinnamon bun.
+
+Why do we bother?
+
+Well, if we look at a tiny
+piece of this folding--
+
+so in fact I should have
+done this at the beginning,
+
+let me do that now--
+away from the creases.
+
+If I look at a tiny portion,
+it's nice and smooth.
+
+I'm not at a crease.
+
+I'm going to highlight which
+portion of the paper here ends
+
+up-- this piece of paper's
+roughly in quarters.
+
+This is like the third quarter--
+that ends up over here.
+
+What I'd really like to
+do is roll up everything
+
+to lie on top of that,
+so I do some rolling.
+
+Maybe this is the-- and
+I'm going to roll this up.
+
+So I end up with
+the thick segment,
+
+and then some stuff
+rolled on top of it.
+
+I don't really care too much
+what it looks like, I just
+
+need that there's a
+continuous rolling process
+
+to get everything to lie
+on top of that segment.
+
+Now what I do going down--
+this is all in one dimension.
+
+All of this lies
+in one dimension.
+
+Now we're going to go
+into the second dimension.
+
+Exciting.
+
+So we imagine that there's this
+M, the folded shape that we
+
+want to build.
+
+And we're going to place it
+where the thick part belongs,
+
+where that highlighted
+part belongs.
+
+So it belongs
+here, and of course
+
+everything comes
+along for the ride.
+
+So you've got a little roll
+here and a bigger roll here.
+
+Something like that.
+
+Just taking that-- or I guess
+they were all on the same side,
+
+I'm not drawing
+very consistently.
+
+OK, but it's all lying along
+this segment of the M. Now
+
+I just need to unroll.
+
+This is where for
+the mathematicians
+
+this will become obvious
+in a little while.
+
+Maybe, I don't know.
+
+It's kind of a common trick.
+
+So we have this motion
+that got us here.
+
+We can obviously play
+that motion backwards.
+
+It's symmetric, I could unroll
+just as easily as I rolled.
+
+But now what I want to do is
+not unroll in one dimension--
+
+if I did that, I'd end
+up lying along the line
+
+segment extending this old part.
+
+Actually, it's not
+even quite straight,
+
+but let's pretend
+it's kind of straight.
+
+But now I want to unroll along
+the M. So unrolling here,
+
+the first thing I would
+unroll is this stuff.
+
+It's going to go along the
+long direction, the left side.
+
+So it's going to unroll
+along, and but instead
+
+of going straight, I want
+it to just move along
+
+the M. It's like
+I'm an ant, and I
+
+don't realize that I live in
+this two dimensional space.
+
+I'm going to pretend that I live
+on this one dimensional space,
+
+even though it's not
+physically there yet.
+
+That's why I drew it dashed.
+
+I just unroll.
+
+So I'll end up by the
+end-- at this point
+
+I will have this half
+of the M, the bold part,
+
+and then this half of the
+M hasn't been made yet.
+
+And I'll have a little roll
+that's enough to make that.
+
+I unroll more, and I
+end up going there.
+
+So it's kind of crazy.
+
+Just roll up the
+piece of paper so it's
+
+super tiny so you can put
+it on the folded state
+
+without having any creases,
+then undo everything
+
+you did, but living on the
+surface instead of in the line.
+
+So you may or may not believe
+that works, but it works.
+
+It's kind of cool.
+
+You can generalize that
+to two dimensional paper.
+
+It's a little harder
+to draw the diagram,
+
+so I bring the textbook.
+
+Here we have a polygon
+of paper, but same idea.
+
+We're going to roll
+up that piece of paper
+
+until it's super
+tiny-- in this case,
+
+super tiny is a little triangle.
+
+We identify--
+actually, ahead of time
+
+we identify a portion, a little
+triangle on the surface here,
+
+that does not hit any creases.
+
+Here it is.
+
+And so we roll up the paper to
+be contained in that triangle.
+
+Of course, there's
+many layers above it,
+
+which you can't-- it's
+hard to draw here.
+
+You just curl that
+triangle a little bit.
+
+Now it lives on the crane.
+
+Here, we're supposing
+we want to get
+
+a continuous motion
+of the crane.
+
+It's multiple layers,
+all sorts of fun things.
+
+And then you just
+keep on rolling,
+
+just like you did in the
+top thing but backwards.
+
+And instead of
+living in the plane,
+
+you now live on
+the crane surface.
+
+And the mapping between
+them is given to you.
+
+You're given the folded
+state that tells you
+
+how the piece of paper
+lives on the crane,
+
+and so you just undo
+everything on the crane,
+
+instead of in the plane.
+
+On the crane instead
+of in the plane--
+
+should be a Doctor Seuss.
+
+Yeah, question.
+
+How do I pick the region?
+
+I just-- in general, we
+have some crease pattern.
+
+I just take some region
+interior to one face
+
+of the crease pattern.
+
+So just avoiding
+creases is all I want.
+
+Yeah.
+
+The level of detail in
+describing any region will do.
+
+In reality, we want
+it small, so that's
+
+almost flat by smoothness.
+
+But that's sort of
+a technical detail.
+
+Other questions?
+
+How many people does
+this make sense to?
+
+Just curious.
+
+Yeah, almost everyone
+kind of makes sense.
+
+Good.
+
+You have to see it a few times.
+
+I remember giving a talk
+of this paper in 2001,
+
+and I sort of understood it, but
+it was a very interactive talk.
+
+People kept asking questions.
+
+I think by the end
+everyone understood it.
+
+Now I understand it.
+
+It's good stuff.
+
+There's some important
+open questions, though.
+
+This crucially relies on--
+this maybe not so-- well, yeah.
+
+If you had a hole in your piece
+of paper, this would not work.
+
+Because you can't reduce--
+you can't get rid of the hole
+
+by folding.
+
+And you can do all sorts
+of rolling, folding corners
+
+over, and making
+this thing smaller,
+
+but you'll never be able
+to get rid of that hole.
+
+And so this approach
+breaks down.
+
+Also, if your piece
+of paper was a cube,
+
+the surface of the cube--
+like, the end the last class
+
+we talked about
+flattening, we had a cube,
+
+and you want to
+collapse it flat.
+
+There we know that
+there's a folded state,
+
+but we don't know about
+the folding motions.
+
+It's kind of disconcerting.
+
+We presume there's
+a folding motion,
+
+but again, this
+approach doesn't work
+
+because you can't get a cube
+down to a tiny triangle.
+
+You can't get rid of the--
+it's kind of like having holes,
+
+but you surround a hole
+in the case of the cube,
+
+and you can't get rid of that
+topological feature by folding.
+
+So it's tricky.
+
+We avoid collision
+throughout here.
+
+We also crease
+basically every point.
+
+This is rather impractical
+if you actually
+
+want to make something.
+
+It's comforting,
+theoretically, but this is not
+
+how you actually fold
+a crane, because you
+
+have to do all this
+continuous crease rolling.
+
+So over time, every
+point of paper
+
+is at some point on a crease.
+
+And a big open problem
+is what can you
+
+do with finitely many creases?
+
+I'll write that down.
+
+Let's suppose you have no
+overlapping layers of paper,
+
+to make life a
+little bit easier.
+
+So the paper doesn't
+touch itself, so to speak.
+
+Can you do a finite
+number of extra creases?
+
+I would conjecture
+maybe yes, but this
+
+is a challenging problem.
+
+Here we have sort of
+infinitely many creases.
+
+Everything becomes a crease.
+
+The extreme form
+of this is what we
+
+call rigid origami, where
+you have no extra creases.
+
+So you're supposed to
+just use the creases that
+
+are given to you in
+the crease pattern,
+
+and the faces of the crease
+pattern are rigid polygons.
+
+They have to stay flat
+throughout the folding motion.
+
+So rigid origami
+is a thing about
+
+ridge-- about folding motions,
+not about folded states.
+
+I have some folded
+state I want to get to,
+
+can I get there
+with rigid polygons?
+
+And the creases now
+become hinges, basically.
+
+If you're making
+origami out of metal
+
+with flat sheets,
+or plastic polygons,
+
+whatever, hinging them together.
+
+Can use still fold this thing?
+
+Or did folding it
+require this kind
+
+of bending the
+paper in crazy ways,
+
+putting creases
+all over the place?
+
+Sometimes you can do this,
+most of the time you can't.
+
+And there's a lot we don't
+know about rigid origami.
+
+I have one simple example.
+
+Something we know is bad,
+which is kind of fun.
+
+Should have brought an
+actual paper shopping bag.
+
+You take a paper shopping
+bag, they're mass produced
+
+in this crease pattern,
+so they're produced flat,
+
+I believe.
+
+And can't be folded,
+doesn't fold rigidly.
+
+You just have these
+creases-- the edges
+
+of the bag, this
+kind of simple thing.
+
+It looks like straight skeleton
+over here, and a perpendicular.
+
+Looks very nice from a
+fold and cut standpoint.
+
+And it does have a folded
+state, which is flat.
+
+There's no way to get there.
+
+If you look at all the
+possible folded states
+
+of this pattern with rigid
+panels, there are two.
+
+There's the 3D state
+you should see here.
+
+There's the flat state.
+
+There's nothing that could
+possibly connect them.
+
+There are no other states,
+so there's no folding motion
+
+from one to the other.
+
+You could
+instantaneously be flat,
+
+and you could
+instantaneously be open,
+
+but you can't do
+anything in between
+
+without curving the paper
+or doing something invalid
+
+according to rigid origami.
+
+So obviously you don't want to
+make a paper shopping bag out
+
+of metal, I guess is the
+lesson, without adding
+
+extra creases at least.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I would love to find more open
+questions on rigid origami,
+
+but so far we've just looked
+at a few small things.
+
+But this turns us
+over to linkages,
+
+which are all about finding
+these motions without making
+
+extra creases.
+
+So I need to introduce a
+little bit of terminology.
+
+This is like creases
+and all those things
+
+from the origami world.
+
+But we care about various
+levels of linkages.
+
+Let me remind you,
+in general a linkage
+
+is going to be something
+like these guys.
+
+This is the Peaucellier
+linkage, these guys
+
+were pinned to the
+projector screen,
+
+these guys were flexible,
+these are rigid bars,
+
+and this guy ended up
+tracing a straight line
+
+as this thing moved.
+
+So that's the thing we want
+to map-- model mathematically.
+
+We're going to have
+zero thickness, just
+
+like with paper folding.
+
+We're going to have vertices,
+where things come together.
+
+And we're going to have edges,
+which are those rigid bars.
+
+And I'm going to try to
+speak in two languages at
+
+once-- the fairly
+intuitive one, and I'm
+
+going to use some
+notation in parentheses.
+
+So if you follow
+the math, great.
+
+If not, also fine.
+
+The graph is just
+combinatorial structure.
+
+It just says, look, I've
+got things joined together
+
+like this.
+
+There's no geometry,
+there's just
+
+a sense of what edges are
+joined together at vertices.
+
+It's an abstract thing, kind
+of like the shadow trees
+
+we work with.
+
+They're not really
+embedded anywhere,
+
+though here, you don't
+even have lengths.
+
+Linkage, you assign lengths
+to the edges, and that's it.
+
+So I take a graph and then
+I add lengths to edges.
+
+Its lengths of edges.
+
+So in math, this
+would be a function l
+
+that maps every edge to a
+non-negative real number.
+
+And I might want
+a little bit more.
+
+So this is sort of optional.
+
+You might have some
+pinned vertices,
+
+things that are not
+allowed to move.
+
+So you might add coordinates
+for pinned vertices.
+
+And so in math, this
+would be a function p
+
+that maps some subset
+of the vertices E
+
+prime to wherever
+you happen to live.
+
+So here, I'm supposing our
+linkage lives in d dimensions,
+
+because we're going to think
+about linkages in 2D today.
+
+We're going to think about
+linkages in 3D, linkages in 4D,
+
+and higher.
+
+Everything is fair game.
+
+We're going to be
+pretty general.
+
+And sometimes, I want to
+think about the linkage
+
+as this abstract thing.
+
+It tells me how
+things are connected,
+
+tells me what the lengths are.
+
+This is again like
+a shadow tree.
+
+Maybe I'm also told
+some vertices are pinned
+
+in particular places in the
+plane or in 3D or whatever.
+
+But sometimes I want to
+forget about that extra stuff
+
+and just think about the graph.
+
+We won't do that
+'till next lecture,
+
+but I mention it now
+because we will need it.
+
+And then where
+the real action is
+
+is in the configuration
+of a linkage.
+
+And that's the geometry,
+that's how the thing is folded.
+
+This is basically a
+folded state for linkages.
+
+Why is it different
+terminology than folded state?
+
+Just because it's a
+different sub-field, I guess.
+
+Avoid confusion with
+the other notions.
+
+With folded states,
+usually we allow creases
+
+all over the place.
+
+With the linkage, you're
+really only allowed
+
+to bend at the vertices,
+so it's a bit special.
+
+So a configuration
+just gives you
+
+coordinates for every vertex.
+
+So we would say configuration
+C maps every vertex
+
+to some point in d
+dimensions, and you
+
+have to satisfy a
+bunch of constraints.
+
+And the constraints are
+given by the linkage,
+
+so you've got the lengths
+and you've got the pinning.
+
+So you have to have that.
+
+If you look at two vertices
+that are connected by an edge,
+
+that edge has a
+length, the distance
+
+between those two
+points should be
+
+equal to the length of that edge
+as given by that function l.
+
+This is for phi w an edge, and
+then for the pinned vertices
+
+the point you choose
+better be exactly what's
+
+given by the pin function.
+
+Never mind the details,
+it's pretty intuitive.
+
+But link-- whenever
+I say linkage,
+
+I mean the abstract thing.
+
+Configuration, I mean actually
+embedded in whatever space
+
+you're living in.
+
+So let's do a simple example.
+
+Basically, the simplest
+linkage that you can think of
+
+is a square, and abstractly just
+a bunch of vertices and edges.
+
+This is the graph.
+
+I haven't written down anything.
+
+When I add lengths-- let's say
+they're all the same length,
+
+I want to represent a square--
+that becomes a linkage.
+
+And maybe I also specify this
+guy is at coordinates 0, 0;
+
+and this guy is at
+coordinates 1, 0 that's
+
+one unit away from this point.
+
+So that would sort
+of pin things down,
+
+and these guys are
+still available to move.
+
+This is of course not
+a valid drawing, not
+
+a valid configuration
+of the linkage.
+
+The lengths aren't
+all the same, this guy
+
+looks longer than this one.
+
+But then a valid configuration
+would be an actual square.
+
+I should draw in the plane.
+
+Let's say-- so this is
+at 0, 0; this is at 0, 1;
+
+this is 1, 1; 1, 0.
+
+So that's a configuration.
+
+There are a bunch of
+configurations this linkage.
+
+For example, that would
+be another configuration.
+
+And there's a whole
+degree of freedom here.
+
+And we really care about all
+those different configurations.
+
+We call that the
+configuration space.
+
+Configuration space is the
+set of all configurations.
+
+So it has one thing
+for the square,
+
+there's one thing for this
+particular parallelogram,
+
+and there's that whole picture.
+
+Why don't I show you
+graphically what it looks like?
+
+So here we have a
+square-- square, move.
+
+There we go.
+
+So yeah, it's flexible.
+
+That vertex C is
+moving around a circle.
+
+We can go around, and
+around, and around.
+
+All right, you get the idea.
+
+Are there any other
+configurations?
+
+No or yes.
+
+Pick one.
+
+Yes is correct.
+
+Ah, yeah, there.
+
+So when I get to here
+and everything's sort
+
+of overlapping--
+little hard to see,
+
+but you see there's
+the yellow and green.
+
+Then I can bend--
+and this I can't
+
+do in the way this
+program's set up-- I
+
+can now move d
+without moving AB.
+
+I could move the segment
+BD and spin that around.
+
+So in fact, if you think
+about it for a while--
+
+I hope I got this
+right, because I
+
+think every time I've
+given this lecture
+
+I draw a different picture.
+
+The space, the
+configuration space,
+
+it looks something like
+three kissing circles.
+
+So it's not quite
+drawn to scale.
+
+Each of these points
+I want to correspond
+
+to one configuration.
+
+I should really draw this
+with more board room.
+
+All right, so we
+started with the square.
+
+And let's say these are the
+pinned guys on the bottom.
+
+I had this one circle
+of motion, which
+
+just moved this segment
+around sort of in a circle.
+
+So at the opposite point would
+be where these guys are pinned
+
+and the square is inside out.
+
+And halfway along
+would be I don't know,
+
+let's say I'm going left
+here, I've got this,
+
+and then my square is over here.
+
+Draw the right number
+of points, yeah.
+
+And over on this side would
+be these are the pinned guys,
+
+and my square is over there.
+
+From here, I can
+do another circle
+
+of motion, which is I can
+never move these points,
+
+but now I can turn
+this guy around.
+
+And when I go halfway
+around it will
+
+be sort of folded on itself.
+
+So these are the
+pinned guys, and then
+
+the polygon's like that,
+all on top of itself.
+
+We're only thinking about
+where the vertices are,
+
+we're not thinking about
+overlap order here, one
+
+of the differences
+with linkages.
+
+And if I go around
+from this guy,
+
+it turns out-- I'm pretty
+sure these circles of things
+
+are different except right here.
+
+And so this thing is
+equal to this thing.
+
+So hence, three circles
+that, pairwise, kiss, I
+
+think is the topology
+of this space.
+
+You can walk around this thing.
+
+It was a little hard to
+draw, but in this very simple
+
+example, we can draw effectively
+how the configuration
+
+space works, how you
+can navigate operations.
+
+In general, I want points
+in the configuration space
+
+to correspond to
+configurations of the linkage.
+
+and I want paths in
+the configuration space
+
+to corresponds to motions.
+
+This is actually the first time
+we get a definition of motion.
+
+I haven't specified one
+here, although motion is just
+
+going to be a continuum
+of configurations,
+
+just like we had with paper.
+
+In the configuration
+space, a motion
+
+is just some path
+through the space.
+
+You start at some point.
+
+You end at some point.
+
+There may be multiple
+ways to get there,
+
+but if your thing is
+connected, there's
+
+a way to get from
+anywhere to anywhere.
+
+We want to understand
+the structure
+
+of paths in that space.
+
+That's motions.
+
+That's how you can get places.
+
+Mathematically, I guess
+this is one big parenthesis,
+
+you can think of a conflagration
+of an n-vertex linkage
+
+as a bunch of coordinates.
+
+You've got the coordinates
+for the first vertex,
+
+coordinates for v1, so
+if we're in d dimensions,
+
+there's going to be
+d of these things.
+
+So you've got, x, y, whatever.
+
+Then you could write down
+the coordinates for v2.
+
+Let's say we're in
+three dimensions.
+
+So we've got three
+here, three values here.
+
+I'm not going to write
+down what they are,
+
+because I don't know
+what they are-- then
+
+three values for
+the third vertex,
+
+and so on for n vertices.
+
+Why is this useful?
+
+Because you can think
+of a configuration,
+
+specify all these coordinates.
+
+How many coordinates in total?
+
+It's d times n numbers.
+
+You can think of a configuration
+as just d times n numbers.
+
+So you can think
+of a configuration
+
+as a point in d times
+n dimensional space.
+
+So this is giant space.
+
+Like for our square, I drew it
+as a two-dimensional diagram,
+
+but in reality
+there's four vertices.
+
+Each has two dimensions.
+
+So it's an eight-dimensional
+space-- a little hard
+
+to imagine.
+
+But it's so constrained--
+you can't just
+
+take any set of numbers here.
+
+They have to satisfy the
+edge length conditions,
+
+and they have to satisfy
+the pinning constraints.
+
+And by the end, the space
+is locally one-dimensional.
+
+It lives in eight
+dimensions, but you can only
+
+move along
+one-dimensional curves.
+
+So we say this
+configuration space
+
+or that these configurations
+have one degree of freedom.
+
+And "degree of
+freedom" is probably
+
+a term you've heard before.
+
+It's used all over the place.
+
+And the formal notion
+of degree of freedom
+
+here is just, locally, how
+many dimensions do you have
+
+if you look at the paths
+going out from where you are?
+
+If, for example, I have
+just a free segment,
+
+it's got a bunch of dimensions--
+a bunch of degrees of freedom.
+
+It can translate,
+and it can rotate.
+
+I guess, three.
+
+If I pin one of the
+vertices, now it only
+
+has one degree of freedom.
+
+It can spin around.
+
+Just locally, how many
+different ways can you move?
+
+What is the dimension
+of your space?
+
+And a lot of the time,
+we care about things
+
+that have only one
+degree of freedom
+
+because they're controlled.
+
+We get to say what they do.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's move on to something
+interesting about all this,
+
+which is Kempe's
+Universality Theorem.
+
+So this is the result that
+you can sign your name, so
+
+to speak, but I'll
+state it more formally.
+
+My input is an algebraic
+planar curve, and all of this
+
+can be generalized to
+beyond two dimensions,
+
+but I'll start with
+the planar case.
+
+Let me get back to that.
+
+Think of that as
+just this blind,
+
+some kind of polynomial curve.
+
+We're going to restrict that
+curve to a bounded disk,
+
+then claim that is
+exactly the trajectory
+
+of some vertex in a linkage.
+
+OK.
+
+So I have a lot of
+things to define here.
+
+One of them is trajectory.
+
+So this is pretty intuitive.
+
+So for example, you take some
+linkage like this square,
+
+and as it moves, you just
+follow one of the vertices.
+
+So for example, if we look
+at c, the trajectory of c
+
+is this white circle, at
+least as we move to here.
+
+I think even here, when
+we move d, c doesn't move.
+
+So the trajectory
+of c is that circle.
+
+It's just-- you take
+all the configurations,
+
+but then you just
+focus on one vertex
+
+and see where it
+can go in the plane.
+
+In general, it can be very
+complicated, like here, maybe.
+
+Yeah.
+
+You may recall it seems
+I do this every time.
+
+If you look at the trajectory,
+this is not actually a vertex,
+
+and that is not a valid color
+if you want to see something.
+
+This vertex, for
+example, its trajectory
+
+is some kind of figure
+eight curve like that.
+
+In general, it can
+be some crazy curve,
+
+and we want that crazy curve
+to match a given planar curve.
+
+What is this notation?
+
+All I mean, it's just
+something like 3x cubed times
+
+y minus 7y to the
+fourth power equals 0.
+
+You can also add 23 to it.
+
+Whatever.
+
+So you have some equation.
+
+This is an equation on points.
+
+In general, if you
+think about it,
+
+you've got two degrees
+of freedom for a point.
+
+It has an x-coordinate
+and a y-coordinate.
+
+You add one equation,
+one constraint,
+
+that effectively pins it
+down to be one-dimensional.
+
+So it's going to define
+some one-dimensional curve.
+
+It could be very general.
+
+It could even be disconnected.
+
+All sorts of weird stuff.
+
+But you can use this to write
+down circles and ellipses.
+
+That's the quadratic
+polynomials.
+
+But you could also write much
+more complicated things here.
+
+So this defines some
+crazy curve, locally
+
+one-dimensional thing.
+
+And it may also go off to
+infinity if there's hyperbolas,
+
+or whatever, in there.
+
+We're not going to try to
+capture the infinite curve
+
+because that's
+actually impossible.
+
+If you have any pin
+vertex, then you
+
+can only get so far away
+from that pin vertex.
+
+If you have no pin
+vertices, then you
+
+can show you can make
+any point in the plane.
+
+So if I want to get a
+one-dimensional set,
+
+it's got to be a bounded
+set from a linkage.
+
+So I take some big
+disk that captures
+
+the stuff I care about in
+that one-dimensional curve,
+
+and then I am going to
+trace out everything
+
+of that curve inside that disk
+using one vertex of a linkage.
+
+That's my goal.
+
+So it's a pretty
+powerful result.
+
+I like to call it Kempe's
+Universality Theorem
+
+because Kempe wrote a paper
+about it in 1891 or so-- 1876.
+
+Even earlier.
+
+He didn't really prove
+the theorem, though.
+
+Kempe is quite famous for
+two wrong proofs of theorems,
+
+but the theorems are true.
+
+The one he's most famous for
+is the four color theorem,
+
+which you may have heard of.
+
+Any plane or map can be
+colored with four colors
+
+such that no two
+countries share boundary
+
+if they have the same color.
+
+He didn't prove that theorem,
+but it was the late 1800s.
+
+It wasn't proved
+until 1960 or so.
+
+But the technique he used is
+called the discharging method,
+
+is the proof that
+people use today.
+
+There are now two proofs
+to the four color theorem.
+
+They both use discharging.
+
+So they both use Kempe's ideas.
+
+He was just ahead of his time.
+
+He also claimed to
+prove this theorem.
+
+And he proved a slightly
+weaker version of this theorem.
+
+I'm going to show you his
+proof because it's nice,
+
+and it can be fixed,
+actually, relatively easily--
+
+although that was done only in
+the context of this class six
+
+years ago.
+
+So Kempe's proof has been
+around for over 100 years.
+
+Other people had
+proved this theorem
+
+but in more complicated ways.
+
+We can prove it in the
+same way Kempe did,
+
+just a little bit of extra.
+
+So the rest of the lecture will
+be about proving that theorem.
+
+All right.
+
+So we've got two things
+we need to worry about.
+
+We have to worry
+about this curve,
+
+and we have to worry about
+being in a bounded disk.
+
+I like being in a bounded disk.
+
+That sounds really easy.
+
+Let's start with that.
+
+So this is this figure.
+
+I have, just for fun, a scan of
+the original Kempe paper where
+
+he draws the
+corresponding gadgets.
+
+This is, again, a gadget proof.
+
+We're going to have lots of
+cool gadgets to do fun things.
+
+A rhombus looks like this.
+
+It has one pin vertex,
+a, here, and you
+
+have a degree of freedom in
+how you specify this thing.
+
+You specify the lengths of the
+edges, but all of the edges
+
+have the same length.
+
+So it's like a square, except
+I only pin one of the vertices.
+
+That's really the same thing.
+
+And you can see, it can only
+go out to twice that distance,
+
+and then it fails
+to exist out here.
+
+These figures are drawn using
+a program called Cinderella,
+
+which is very, very cool.
+
+It's commercial, but
+you can download a demo
+
+and make your own fun
+constructions like this.
+
+These are all on the web,
+the ones I drew here.
+
+So you can see,
+basically, that point b
+
+is constrained to lie in a disk.
+
+That's it.
+
+Very simple.
+
+So that's the rhombus gadget.
+
+But I want to think
+about it a little bit.
+
+So this vertex is pinned,
+let's say, at 0,0.
+
+Well, I guess it's pinned
+at the center of the disk.
+
+I don't know where that is.
+
+This vertex is going to be
+the vertex I care about.
+
+It's the one that I want to
+force to lie on the curve
+
+and trace out the curve.
+
+This is going to
+be my magic vertex.
+
+Let's call it x,y.
+
+Say the point that
+it lives on is x,y.
+
+I somehow have to evaluate this
+multinomial, various powers
+
+of x and y, multiply
+them by some constants,
+
+add them together, and
+force that to equal 0
+
+by some constraint, by
+adding-- bars, in general,
+
+are constraints.
+
+Edges are constraints.
+
+They give me
+equality constraints.
+
+I say the distance
+between these two vertices
+
+is equal to something.
+
+Somehow I have to set up the
+distance between two vertices
+
+to be that crazy
+function that I'm given.
+
+It could be anything.
+
+It could be a mess.
+
+So Kempe had this cool idea.
+
+He said, look, you
+can write this point
+
+as a sequence of motions,
+you can think of them.
+
+So you start at the
+origin here, and then you
+
+move along this segment,
+and then you move
+
+along this segment.
+
+So let's just write
+down-- what's that angle?
+
+Call it alpha.
+
+Let me be consistent
+with my notation.
+
+Yes, alpha.
+
+And these are horizontal lines.
+
+And you can think of this
+angle-- I'll call it beta.
+
+So there's some length here.
+
+Did I give it a name?
+
+I do.
+
+I call it r/2, because
+if these are both r/2
+
+and these are also r/2-- that's
+the definition of a rhombus--
+
+then this point
+can get to anywhere
+
+within a disk of radius
+r centered at this point.
+
+So this would be the
+center of the disk.
+
+So we're given r, we're
+told what the disk is.
+
+We set this up.
+
+But now alpha and beta
+are in some sense free.
+
+They're actually
+related to-- no,
+
+they're not even
+related to each other.
+
+This point still has
+two degrees of freedom.
+
+Even though it can't
+go out to infinity,
+
+it can move in x and
+it can move in y.
+
+We saw because only
+one point was pinned,
+
+it could float around in
+a tw-dimensional space.
+
+So alpha and beta are actually
+both free to some extent.
+
+So instead of
+coordinatizing by x,y,
+
+you could coordinatize
+by alpha and beta.
+
+And you can relate those two
+coordinatizations by some trig.
+
+I'm going to cheat
+here because I never
+
+remember which is sine or
+cosine without thinking
+
+for 30 seconds.
+
+The way I remember
+is always cosine
+
+is alphabetically
+smaller than sine,
+
+and so cosine is
+the x-coordinate
+
+and sine is the
+y-coordinate, if you
+
+draw the triangle in the
+conical orientation, which
+
+you might forget.
+
+If you were given
+these angles and you
+
+want to construct
+this point, it's
+
+like, well, I go
+in this direction.
+
+That direction is cosine
+alpha, sine alpha.
+
+And I go that direction
+for r/2 distance.
+
+So I have r/2 times cosine alpha
+in the x-coordinate, r/2 sine
+
+alpha in the y-coordinates.
+
+It's nice and alphabetical.
+
+Then from there, I
+go in this direction,
+
+which is in the beta
+direction-- the cosine beta,
+
+sine beta direction.
+
+I go that direction by
+the same amount, r/2.
+
+So there you go.
+
+That's x and y written in
+terms of alpha and beta.
+
+For the purpose of this exercise
+I prefer cosines over sines.
+
+So I'm going to
+rewrite these sines
+
+in terms of cosines
+in the obvious way,
+
+which I will look up, which
+is cosine alpha minus pi/2,
+
+Those r/2 cosine
+beta minus pi/2.
+
+OK.
+
+Let's see if I can successfully
+draw cosine and sine.
+
+Sine starts here and does that.
+
+Cosine starts here
+and does that.
+
+They're just shifts
+of each other, which
+
+I didn't draw so beautifully.
+
+Something like that.
+
+Cosine and sine,
+just a shift by pi/2.
+
+So if I subtract
+pi/2 from the angles,
+
+I can turn it into a
+cosine instead of a sine.
+
+Great.
+
+So I have x and y
+written as cosines
+
+of things involving
+alpha and beta.
+
+So what?
+
+Well magically, when I think
+about squaring or raising
+
+x to some power like 10, if
+you look in angle space what
+
+happens to alpha
+and beta, it's kind
+
+of like multiplying
+the angles by 10.
+
+In some sense, going into
+the trigonometric world
+
+is like taking logarithms
+if you're into algebra.
+
+You have these exponents, and
+they're hard to think about.
+
+You take logs, it's
+just multiplication.
+
+No biggie.
+
+And for those of you who
+know complex analysis,
+
+that should be obvious.
+
+For the rest, just
+take it on faith,
+
+and we'll just find
+out that it's true.
+
+Because you have
+this good friend.
+
+You have the product
+of two cosines.
+
+You can rewrite it in terms of
+adding and subtracting angles.
+
+Now, you may not have
+learned it this way.
+
+You probably learned
+about rules for cosines
+
+of sums of things and cosines
+of differences of things.
+
+If you take these two
+expansions, add them together,
+
+lots of things
+cancel, and you end up
+
+just being left with cosine a
+times cosine b with a module
+
+a factor of 2.
+
+So in our situation, we
+have this crazy thing.
+
+Let me write down another
+one-- x to the seventh times y
+
+squared plus whatever,
+maybe times 6 here.
+
+Well, I know what x and y are.
+
+I just expand them.
+
+I can just plug in
+this thing involving
+
+cosine alpha and cosine beta
+into x, and plug in this thing
+
+involving cosine of alpha
+minus pi/2 and so on into y.
+
+Multiply all that stuff out.
+
+What you end up doing is
+multiplying cosines times
+
+cosines.
+
+And here's how we do it.
+
+To multiply two cosines, I
+absorb things and turn it
+
+into cosines of sums of angles
+and differences of angles.
+
+And I brought an
+example for you.
+
+I'm from Waterloo,
+so I use Maple.
+
+You could use Mathematica,
+whatever you want,
+
+because doing this
+algebra is a pain.
+
+But at the top there, it
+says substitute x equal
+
+that crazy thing and y
+equal that crazy thing.
+
+Here I didn't bother
+rewriting in terms of cosines
+
+because Maple's smarter than I
+am, so I don't need to do that.
+
+And I have some crazy
+equation at the top
+
+there, which is x cubed
+times y minus 5 times x times
+
+y squared equals 0, but I'm
+ignoring the equals 0 part.
+
+So I just plug that in, and the
+first time, the first answer
+
+there, it doesn't do anything.
+
+It just plugs it in.
+
+Then I say expand that, and
+it does all this crazy stuff.
+
+It multiplies all those things
+out, uses binomial theorem
+
+or whatever.
+
+You get various new
+coefficients out there,
+
+but you get various powers
+of cosines and sines
+
+of alphas and betas.
+
+And then I use the
+magic operation
+
+Combine Using Trig Formulas.
+
+And combine means when you
+have a product of two things,
+
+try to make it one thing.
+
+And that's just a way of telling
+Maple to apply this formula,
+
+but it does it for the sine case
+also-- both cosines and sines.
+
+And then you get this pretty
+equation, or pretty left-hand
+
+side I guess.
+
+You get sines.
+
+It's written it as
+sines and cosines.
+
+In our situation,
+we're only going
+
+to get cosines because I
+was very reductionist here.
+
+And it'll always be cosines
+of various integer multiples
+
+of alpha plus some
+integer multiple of beta.
+
+And then there'll be some
+power of r out there.
+
+It's no biggie.
+
+In fact, we're told what r is.
+
+We don't have to
+think very hard.
+
+We can construct r
+to the seventh power.
+
+It's not a big deal.
+
+In fact, all of
+these coefficients
+
+are not a big deal.
+
+We can just say 15
+over 32 times r cubed.
+
+We can just make an
+edge that's that length.
+
+The hard part is making
+these things because alpha,
+
+beta are variables.
+
+They're not a fixed thing.
+
+As this thing moves, we want to
+be able to compute twice alpha
+
+plus beta, and then take
+the cosine of that thing.
+
+Now taking the cosine
+of a thing is easy.
+
+It's just the x-coordinate.
+
+If I have a segment that's
+going in direction theta,
+
+then the x-coordinate
+of this thing
+
+with respect to that
+thing is cos theta.
+
+This is what I've been
+using all the time.
+
+The y-coordinate is sine
+theta, but x-coordinate
+
+is cosine theta.
+
+So if we can construct something
+at an angle of twice alpha
+
+plus beta, then we just
+project onto the x-axis.
+
+This length is cosine theta.
+
+Done.
+
+So all we need is to be
+able to take an angle,
+
+multiply it by some
+integer like 27,
+
+and we need to be able to
+add two angles together.
+
+And that's what Kempe does.
+
+So he does it with
+this crazy thing
+
+called a contraparallelogram.
+
+A parallelogram looks like this.
+
+You see the parallelogram.
+
+So it's a little more
+general than a rhombus,
+
+but not much more.
+
+And then the contraparallelogram
+is you take this diagonal,
+
+a,y I guess it's called here,
+and you reflect one side down.
+
+And so the blue thing is
+the contraparallelogram.
+
+How does it work?
+
+What does it do?
+
+Well, I'm assuming the
+left point there is pinned.
+
+Actually, I'm assuming
+both x and y are pinned.
+
+And it just moves around.
+
+It's kind of cool.
+
+It has this great
+feature that the angle
+
+at a here between
+the two blue segments
+
+is the same as the angle at y.
+
+And the angle at x is the
+same as the angle at b.
+
+You can see that
+throughout the motion.
+
+So it's basically
+an angle copier.
+
+Angle copier sounds
+good because if I
+
+want to multiply an angle by
+2, I'd like two copies of it
+
+and then stick them together.
+
+So we're just going to take
+this contraparallelogram
+
+and combine a bunch of them.
+
+So if we're going
+to multiply by 2--
+
+it's a little harder
+to see right on blue.
+
+So I have one
+contraparallelogram here,
+
+and then I make a similar--
+you just scale it up--
+
+contraparallelogram that
+lies along that one.
+
+So there's two
+contraparallelograms.
+
+And as I said
+before, this angle is
+
+going to be equal to this angle.
+
+That's going to be
+our input alpha.
+
+And we're trying to
+compute twice alpha,
+
+which will be here.
+
+And because this
+contraparallelogram
+
+is similar to this one,
+the angles are the same.
+
+It's just a blowing up of it.
+
+So that means these angles,
+which are equal to each other
+
+because it's
+contraparallelogram,
+
+will be equal to these
+angles because it's
+
+the same contraparallelogram
+scaled up.
+
+Therefore, we have two copies
+of the angle right there.
+
+I'll just show
+you that it works.
+
+A little hard to see on a
+digital screen with pixels.
+
+Here.
+
+When we get 90 degrees, we're
+going to get the twice of it
+
+is exactly 180.
+
+Here's 45.
+
+Here's two 30s
+make 60, and so on.
+
+It works basically all the time.
+
+Wow, cool.
+
+It's hard to see in some cases.
+
+I guess there, twice 180
+is making 360, and so on.
+
+That's how you
+multiply an angle by 2.
+
+But then you can extend that and
+just repeat this construction.
+
+I take one contraparallelogram,
+I attach it
+
+to another similar
+contraparallelogram,
+
+I attach that to another
+similar contraparallelogram,
+
+I get three copies of the angle.
+
+Amazing.
+
+Here's trisecting
+180 degree angle.
+
+I get three 60s.
+
+Wow, that looks crazy.
+
+But it works.
+
+This is sort of a
+proof that it works.
+
+It exists in all the states.
+
+Great.
+
+This is an angle
+trisector, which
+
+was a big deal in
+the late 1800s.
+
+You could build a linkage
+where if-- instead
+
+of thinking of this
+as being your input,
+
+or this, whatever-- any one of
+these three could be the input,
+
+and the output is
+three times that.
+
+That's what we want.
+
+You could turn it around and
+say, if I'm given some angle,
+
+I line up these two bars
+to be equal to that,
+
+and then I'll get three
+trisections of the angle.
+
+You can use this to
+quintisect an angle.
+
+You can divide into
+any integer number
+
+parts using this crazy linkage.
+
+Fun stuff.
+
+And we can use it to multiply
+an angle by some constant.
+
+I should write, we
+do this, we expand,
+
+and we will get
+a bunch of terms.
+
+We will get that our
+function phi here
+
+is a sum of a
+bunch of terms that
+
+look like some constant,
+which we can compute ahead
+
+of time nothing's changing,
+times cosine of some integer,
+
+what do I call it, it's
+to match minutes here,
+
+r sub i times alpha,
+plus s sub i times
+
+beta, plus some
+magic number delta,
+
+and delta is 0, or plus
+or minus pi over 2.
+
+So that's not a big deal.
+
+That's just saying whether
+we're using sign or cosine.
+
+What we need is to
+construct, and these
+
+are both integers could
+be positive or negative,
+
+negative's not such
+a big deal, it's
+
+just you look at the
+angle the other way.
+
+So we need some integer times
+alpha, some integer times beta,
+
+we can now do that.
+
+Then we need to
+add them together.
+
+How do we do that?
+
+We use the Kempe Additor.
+
+There he is drawing it.
+
+we drew a slightly more detailed
+diagram, looks like this.
+
+Now, this is a
+little more confusing
+
+so I had to label the thing.
+
+We've got the x-axis,
+I like that part.
+
+The idea is we have two inputs.
+
+Here's input one, defining
+one angle to the x-axis.
+
+Here's input two, another
+angle to the x-axis,
+
+here is about 90 degrees.
+
+I want to add them
+together and that
+
+will be this output over here.
+
+Our idea, I think I should
+draw this separately,
+
+not our idea this is
+Kempe's idea, here's
+
+0 here's input
+one, and input two.
+
+Both of these are measured
+as angles to the x-axis.
+
+All we need to do is sort of
+rotate this angle to be here,
+
+and then this guy
+will be the sum.
+
+How do we figure that out
+when all we know how to do
+
+is multiply angles by two or
+divide them in half let's say?
+
+I told you that.
+
+You think about it
+for a while, you
+
+realize, oh well
+let's instead think
+
+of it as taking this
+angle the smaller one,
+
+doesn't really matter
+but it's easier
+
+to think about copying
+that angle over here.
+
+I want to copy that
+angle over here,
+
+and I'm an origamist
+I think reflection.
+
+I would really like to
+reflect along the bisector.
+
+Now what is it a bisector of?
+
+It's a bisector of this angle,
+which hasn't been marked here.
+
+But if this a, this is b,
+then this would be b minus a.
+
+So I want to bisect that angle.
+
+Really I want to
+bisect the angle
+
+between this edge and this edge.
+
+How do I do that?
+
+I use a Kempe
+multiplicator, value of two,
+
+apply it to this angle, then
+I figure out that bisector.
+
+How do I copy this
+thing over to here?
+
+Well I take this
+angle and I double it,
+
+I'll get that, actually that.
+
+So I just used two
+Kempe doublers,
+
+one to have been one to double.
+
+And I can we
+possibly see it here?
+
+I have this line marked middle.
+
+That is the bisector between
+the input two line and the input
+
+one line.
+
+How is it found?
+
+Well it's here.
+
+That's one part of the Kempe
+halfer, doubler, whatever.
+
+And it's attached to one
+over there, similar one.
+
+So it's attached on one side to
+input two and on the other side
+
+to input one.
+
+And so therefore it
+actually takes that angle
+
+and it cuts it in half there.
+
+That's what it does.
+
+So now I have that
+middle line and I
+
+have another Kempe doubler
+which is attached to the output
+
+thing, and the middle, and
+it's attached to the x-axis
+
+to ground it.
+
+So now we're taking this
+angle and doubling it
+
+and that gives us the output.
+
+And you do it, and magically
+thanks to Cinderella,
+
+it does the right thing.
+
+So as I move, here I'm
+changing input one,
+
+and I'm moving the output
+and also this middle line,
+
+it's staying a bisector there,
+when they both get to 90
+
+it'll be 180, and so on.
+
+And I can change
+and put two as well.
+
+And once you build it it's kind
+of clear that it will work.
+
+There's a special
+case of doubling,
+
+but I can add any
+two angles I want.
+
+And what's fun is it also
+works, I set it up for input one
+
+being smaller input
+two, but it works just
+
+as fine the other way around.
+
+I don't want to go too
+big because I get out
+
+of the screen.
+
+There's 0 adding 0 to something.
+
+Cool, huh?
+
+Like magic.
+
+So Kempe was really smart.
+
+He knew about these linkages.
+
+He wrote that book How
+to Draw a Straight Line.
+
+But he knew a lot
+more about then
+
+how to draw a straight line.
+
+He could use, he could
+add two angles, man.
+
+Very cool.
+
+All right, what's left.
+
+Basically done,
+for Kempe's proof.
+
+I haven't told you what's
+wrong with this proof yet.
+
+Maybe you've been
+thinking about it.
+
+Then you just have to put
+all these gadgets together.
+
+We have a schematic
+of it in the textbook.
+
+So we started at the
+top with our rhombus.
+
+Not really drawn like a
+rhombus there, but pretend it's
+
+a rhombus, this guy.
+
+I guess this is simplified
+since we drew this figure.
+
+So all the edge
+links are the same.
+
+We've got that
+point p at the top,
+
+that's the one we care about.
+
+We've got the o in the bottom
+left, it's pinned to the table.
+
+And there's one gadget
+I didn't talk about,
+
+translators which is copies,
+angles around, not too
+
+big a deal.
+
+Then we, in this case
+say, we take alpha,
+
+it's right there, we multiply
+it by two, get two alpha,
+
+take beta maybe add those two
+together, we'll get twice alpha
+
+plus beta.
+
+And that is some angle
+we want to measure
+
+the x-coordinate of the
+segment with that angle.
+
+So we just make this thing
+have the right length.
+
+What length should it have?
+
+Well we have this
+cosine of whatever
+
+of our angle in
+our formula here.
+
+And there's some
+constant in front of it.
+
+And for whatever reason
+we have this constant 3a
+
+squared times b, something
+that we know how to compute.
+
+So we just make this edge
+have that length, that's
+
+a scale marker, and
+measure the projected
+
+x length of that thing.
+
+Well, in fact in general we have
+a whole bunch of these terms.
+
+We need to add them together.
+
+We have a whole bunch of these
+things you saw on the maple,
+
+had I don't know, 20 of those.
+
+So we just string them together.
+
+That's our thing we start at
+some point, which we call 0.
+
+In fact, it will be the
+same as that o, let's say.
+
+It should be the same as that o.
+
+We're going to measure relative
+to the center of the disk
+
+say, wherever 0 0 is.
+
+And then we want to measure
+how long this thing gets in x.
+
+Some of these terms might
+actually be negative,
+
+some are positive.
+
+But we're effectively adding
+up all of these weighted sums
+
+of cosines of our
+angles which we
+
+compute through
+these crazy things.
+
+At the end we want this to be 0.
+
+So our goal is to make the
+sum of all these things, which
+
+is the sum of all these
+things rewritten, equal to 0
+
+That was the definition
+of our curve.
+
+How do we force it to be 0?
+
+Well the actual value is
+the x-coordinate here.
+
+And I'm going to
+force this to lie
+
+on x equals 0 using a
+peaucellier linkage,
+
+because it forces
+points to line a line.
+
+In the way we drew
+it, it would force
+
+it to be on a vertical line.
+
+So you have to imagine this
+picture a little differently,
+
+because in fact
+this should be at x
+
+equals 0, which is
+normally right here.
+
+So this thing actually
+goes over to the right
+
+and we'll get positive
+and negative values
+
+and it should lie along
+the vertical line there.
+
+And that's how you force, now
+this point p prime has nothing
+
+to do with them, is
+not the same as p.
+
+But we computed it based
+on all these things
+
+in terms of alpha and beta.
+
+So this is a constraint
+on p in the end,
+
+because p determined
+all these things.
+
+And either this thing will
+be on the line or not.
+
+And we add this one
+equality constraint
+
+which would be exactly
+this constraint.
+
+It will constrain p
+to lie on that curve,
+
+and that's Kempe's construction.
+
+Questions?
+
+Three cool, just slightly wrong.
+
+Any ideas what's wrong?
+
+Has nothing do
+with this picture.
+
+It has everything to
+do with the gadgets.
+
+And actually it really has
+to do with all this business
+
+about the square.
+
+I've lost my diagram of
+the configuration space
+
+to the square.
+
+We had this thing that
+when the square was flat,
+
+it could fold in a new way.
+
+And you saw I couldn't
+even do that in Cinderella.
+
+Cinderella is
+designed to find sort
+
+of one primary
+arc of this thing.
+
+But there are these
+branch points, these guys.
+
+And this construction
+is perfect if you always
+
+stay on your track.
+
+But in a real linkage, you
+can diverge at any point
+
+and go to some other track, and
+you can walk around this space.
+
+When you have these branch
+points where there's
+
+more than two curves coming
+together, you have a choice.
+
+So you're not supposed
+to have a choice here,
+
+supposed to always
+do this thing.
+
+And sadly there's one
+gadget, really two gadgets,
+
+the parallelogram and
+the contra-parallelogram.
+
+The parallelogram
+we're using here.
+
+It's also used in the copy
+gadget which I didn't show you.
+
+What don't I tell you, a
+copy gadget looks like this.
+
+It's like a lamp, you
+know like the Pixar lamp.
+
+So if you have an angle here
+it gets copied here, right.
+
+These are just two
+identical parallelograms.
+
+So if you need multiple
+copies of an angle,
+
+you can make multiple
+copies that way.
+
+I don't think you really
+need this, but Kempe used it.
+
+It feels good to be
+able to copy an angel.
+
+And it's a parallelogram.
+
+And we used a lot, the
+contra-parallelogram.
+
+The trouble is they
+are the same linkage.
+
+If you forget about
+the configuration,
+
+you just look at the linkage
+which is who's pinned,
+
+what are the edge links, what
+is the graph connectivity,
+
+it looks like this, just these
+numbers are not all the same,
+
+and only one of these
+vertices is pinned.
+
+Other than that it's
+exactly this diagram.
+
+You know, It's a square,
+it's a quadrilateral,
+
+has some lengths.
+
+Opposite pairs are equal.
+
+But you can't really
+distinguish from the two
+
+kinds of configurations.
+
+There's one track which
+is the parallelogram.
+
+There's another track which
+is the contra-parallelogram.
+
+And you can do this.
+
+Let me show you in animation,
+give you some intuition.
+
+So here I drew both, oh sorry,
+not supposed to move that.
+
+Here I drew both of them, got
+the green contra-parallelogram.
+
+And there's the, sorry green,
+the blue contra-parallelogram.
+
+And then we've got the
+black and blue parallelogram
+
+on the outside.
+
+And ignore this diagonal, it
+should be a different color.
+
+And when we're flat,
+that's the same thing.
+
+And so we've got this one
+cycle that goes around
+
+and that's the blue picture.
+
+Then at this point you can
+switch into the black picture
+
+and follow the parallelogram
+around until it's flat.
+
+And that point you could also
+switch back to blue or not.
+
+So I think this is two
+circles joined to two points.
+
+If I'm not mistaken,
+the configuration space
+
+would look like this.
+
+So one of these tracks, say this
+one, is a contra-parallelogram.
+
+This one is a parallelogram.
+
+They meet at the two
+extremes, both flat cases.
+
+And in Kempe's construction
+he wants each of the things
+
+that we call the
+parallelogram like this one,
+
+to stay on one, the
+parallelogram track.
+
+And he wants the
+contra-parallelograms
+
+to stay on the
+contra-parallelograms track.
+
+But how do you force that?
+
+He didn't force it,
+and so technically he
+
+did not solve this problem.
+
+He solved, that
+solved this problem,
+
+which is that you
+would get exactly
+
+the trajectory of a vertex.
+
+He solved the slightly weaker
+problem, which is his point
+
+can travel along that curve.
+
+It can also travel
+on other curves.
+
+But it's going to
+be one dimensional
+
+because it is constrained.
+
+But there are these other
+tracks you might conceivably
+
+be able to go on.
+
+In particular, you
+can follow this track.
+
+There might be other things.
+
+And we'd like to
+get rid of that.
+
+It turns out you can get
+rid of that pretty easily.
+
+This problem was first noticed
+by Kapovitch and Millson
+
+in like 2002 I think.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Well that's when it
+finally got published.
+
+I think it was around for
+a few years before that.
+
+And they observed that
+for parallelograms you
+
+can fix it pretty easily
+like in this picture.
+
+You have the
+parallelogram a-b-c-d.
+
+You construct the
+midpoints of a and b
+
+and the midpoints of d and c.
+
+How do you actually do this?
+
+I want that point x to stay
+on the middle of that bar.
+
+You can do that
+by making, if you
+
+want to construct a point
+in the middle of a bar,
+
+you just add a tiny
+triangle, where
+
+it's forced to be that
+way, where a b equals,
+
+I mean the sum of a
+and b equals a plus b.
+
+And if you want,
+do we need this?
+
+I think you could just
+construct those three bars.
+
+This makes a little
+bit more rigid,
+
+but I don't think we
+actually need that here.
+
+So you can force a vertex
+to be along the midpoint
+
+there by making a tiny
+triangle, a zero area triangle.
+
+And when you do that, I don;t
+actually have a picture of it,
+
+we can look at the
+countra-parallelogram I guess,
+
+it forces the thing to work.
+
+So for example, suppose
+we go from the midpoint
+
+here to the midpoint there.
+
+That's going to stay parallel to
+this segment and this segment.
+
+It's like two parallelograms
+joined together.
+
+Okay, and if you went
+here, and then you
+
+tried to go off into the
+contra-parallelogram state,
+
+what would that do?
+
+Well you'd have like from
+the midpoint of this segment
+
+to the midpoint of this segment.
+
+Holy cow.
+
+It's like they're right
+on top of each other.
+
+So that's not going to
+have the right length.
+
+Right now it's supposed to be
+this length, same as the length
+
+a x.
+
+So if you try to jump
+tracks you can't.
+
+It's really easy to force
+to stay on the parallelogram
+
+track.
+
+And then six years
+ago in this class
+
+I posed, hey can we
+do the same thing
+
+for the contra-parallelogram.
+
+Kapovich and Millson gave
+some other very complicated
+
+solution.
+
+Turns out there's also
+pretty easy way to fix
+
+the contra-parallelogram, which
+is you add this pinpoint set up
+
+to be--- So these midpoints
+will all be aligned
+
+because it's a
+contra-parallelogram.
+
+You take the middle
+and you bisect,
+
+you put x far away, it would
+be very far down there.
+
+And you just make these
+lengths be what they should be.
+
+And it's not so
+obvious but you can
+
+prove that as the
+contra-parallelogram moves,
+
+these edges will all
+have the same length.
+
+It works.
+
+Whereas if you try to go
+into the parallelogram state,
+
+and you measure
+these links, they're
+
+going to be really tiny.
+
+Here they're really large.
+
+Am I doing that right?
+
+What am I measuring?
+
+No, the point is it's
+not about those links.
+
+These guys have to be co-linear
+in the contra-parallelogram
+
+case, but they are not collinear
+in the parallelogram case,
+
+and this is essentially
+forcing that co-linearity.
+
+So I don't want to go into the
+details of how that's proved,
+
+it's in the textbook.
+
+But this bracing will force it
+to say contra-parallelogram,
+
+that bracing will force
+it to be a parallelogram,
+
+and then we actually
+have proofed
+
+Kempe's universality theorem,
+with just a slight tweak
+
+to his proof.
+
+So that's the bug and the fix.
+
+Let me tell you some
+generalizations,
+
+some open problems,
+some applications.
+
+Maybe start with
+the obvious stuff
+
+which is something called
+Weierstrass approximation
+
+theorem, which is that if you
+have any continuous function,
+
+I should say let's
+think of it as a curve,
+
+has an epsilon approximation
+as a polynomial.
+
+OK, so in particular
+what this tells
+
+us is if we have some
+crazy curve we want
+
+to make, like signature,
+then you can approximate it
+
+by a polynomial of the form that
+we analyzed, this [INAUDIBLE]
+
+of x y equals 0.
+
+And the polynomial will
+actually look like this,
+
+It's a little bit
+ugly, if you've ever
+
+seen these constructions.
+
+But it will be always within
+an epsilon thickness of Eric,
+
+always Eric, never
+any other curve.
+
+All right so you can apply
+this to make your signature
+
+or make whatever crazy
+curve you have in mind.
+
+That's kind of nice.
+
+So this is why you can sign
+your name using polynomials.
+
+So that's an easy application.
+
+Some generalizations.
+
+All right.
+
+You can do curves
+in d dimensions.
+
+We talked about two dimensions.
+
+You can generalize that.
+
+You can also do surfaces
+in d dimensions.
+
+Basically if you want to specify
+a curve in three dimensions,
+
+you need two equations
+to constrain it down
+
+to a one dimensional thing.
+
+Generally you start
+with d dimensions
+
+and you can remove however
+many dimensions you want.
+
+You'll get some
+subsurface in there.
+
+Just add a bunch of
+polynomial constraints.
+
+You can do that.
+
+Other fun facts.
+
+The number of edges you
+need is about n to the d.
+
+This is being careful
+about reusing structure.
+
+In the plane you can deal
+with n squared edges.
+
+And that's optimal.
+
+You can show you
+need n squared edges
+
+to construct certain
+polynomials in the plane.
+
+In three dimensions you're
+going to need more, turns out.
+
+Basically, because the
+constructions we used
+
+want to work in a plane, and
+if you live in d dimensions,
+
+you have to add lots
+of edges to force
+
+it to live in two dimensions.
+
+So you can do the computation,
+add the numbers, and so on.
+
+What other good things?
+
+All right, for the
+mathematicians,
+
+you can make any compact
+semi algebraic set.
+
+It's basically a
+fancy way to say
+
+you can add polynomial
+constraints,
+
+but you can also take
+unions of solution sets.
+
+So I could take the
+union of five curves
+
+that I like, or I can take the
+intersection of five curves
+
+that I like.
+
+Bunch of things
+you can do, that's
+
+the meaning of semi
+algebraic set, polynomials
+
+and union and intersection.
+
+These are all proved in paper
+with Tim Avit and Reid Barton
+
+from this class six years ago.
+
+Another fun fact
+from that paper is
+
+that it's coNP-hard
+to test rigidity.
+
+Rigidity is the
+topic of next class.
+
+You're given a linkage,
+does it move it all?
+
+And you can use
+these constructions
+
+to mean, to show that something
+will move at all if and only
+
+if all these polynomials
+have a solution.
+
+And that turns out
+to be really hard.
+
+And it's something
+called coNP-hard,
+
+which is almost the
+same as NP-hard.
+
+it's just for rigidity,
+it's really easy
+
+to prove that something is
+not rigid, you just move it.
+
+It's a little harder to show
+that it can't move in any way.
+
+So that's for those who know
+coNP, it's coNP, not NP.
+
+Cool.
+
+Those are various
+generalizations.
+
+Big open problem
+here is what if you
+
+forbid the edges from crossing.
+
+This actually came
+up in lecture one.
+
+Someone asked it.
+
+It was first posed that I know
+from Don Shimamoto in 2004,
+
+I was giving a talk.
+
+And all these
+constructions, especially
+
+the contra-parallelogram,
+need to have
+
+edges that cross each other.
+
+Next class will also
+be about the case
+
+where edges cross
+each other but soon
+
+we are going to
+enter the case where
+
+edges are not allowed to cross.
+
+Can you do any of
+this stuff, construct
+
+any interesting polynomials?
+
+Even constructing a straight
+line, I think is open.
+
+The peaucellier linkage
+definitely doesn't work.
+
+Maybe there are
+some other linkages,
+
+we'd have to check them.
+
+But definitely Kempe's
+universality result
+
+is open for non-crossing edges.
+
+I have some fun
+projects like it'd
+
+be fun to implement
+this algorithm
+
+and see this thing run.
+
+You could build a sculpture
+out of Kempe linkages.
+
+They're a little
+bit tedious I would
+
+say to make interesting curves,
+but there's some cool ones.
+
+Like in the notes I have a
+link to the letter C made out
+
+of a linkage.
+
+You could do a whole
+alphabet, be kind of fun.
+
+Have these things cranking
+around and spelling
+
+all sorts of, actually spelling
+names would be the idea.
+
+Another fun application that I
+thought I would just throw in.
+
+If you are, back to origami.
+
+Origami can in some
+sense simulate linkages.
+
+And the motivation for
+this is you've, you
+
+know you've designed, you just
+design all these awesome tree
+
+maker diagrams for
+your problem set.
+
+And you realize, oh
+man, there's points
+
+all over the place on
+this piece of paper.
+
+How the heck am I
+going to find, if I
+
+had to make origami
+diagrams, first I say,
+
+oh you do this step, then
+this step, then this step.
+
+How am I going to tell someone
+oh, just fold to root 3 over
+
+7 comma root 5
+plus root 7 over 4,
+
+Which you could figure
+out in some sense
+
+from those geometries what
+all those coordinates are.
+
+How do you tell
+someone to fold there?
+
+Well, you could
+use a polynomial.
+
+Could say oh, you've
+got to construct root 5.
+
+Or what's a tough one?
+
+Let's say you want to compute
+the fifth root of 103.
+
+Is that prime?
+
+I think so.
+
+So some nasty thing like this.
+
+You say oh well, I
+would really like
+
+x to the fifth to equal 103.
+
+If I could solve
+this polynomial,
+
+then I could
+construct this number.
+
+How do I solve that polynomial?
+
+Well I'm all about solving
+polynomials using linkages.
+
+I could build a crazy
+linkage device out
+
+of my piece of paper.
+
+Don't try this at home, please.
+
+But in theory, you could come up
+with these n really long bars,
+
+fold them around, and
+think of them as linkages.
+
+And you tell people, oh well you
+just need to align these dots,
+
+you may make little pinches on
+at the ends of these things,
+
+those simulate the
+edges of your linkage.
+
+And then you just tell people
+to move these creases around
+
+until this point
+lies on some line.
+
+And then you've solved
+your polynomial.
+
+And this is a natural
+generalization
+
+in some sense to something
+called origami axioms, which
+
+we will probably talk
+about at some point.
+
+Usually you think about
+doing one fold at a time.
+
+You want to make one fold
+so that this point maps
+
+onto this line, and this
+point maps onto this line.
+
+That's the typical
+origami axiom.
+
+It's pretty good.
+
+It can trisect angles
+and it can do fun things.
+
+But it can really only
+solve degree four equations.
+
+You want to solve a
+degree five equation,
+
+you need some higher
+level techniques.
+
+And one way to do that is
+with Kempe's universality.
+
+It's pretty impractical,
+but at least in theory you
+
+can do anything, you can
+locate any point you want,
+
+any algebraic point,
+which are the things you'd
+
+want from tree maker, using
+this technique, little crazy.
+
+There are other
+ways to do it, too.
+
+But this one way to do it,
+as mentioned in the textbook.
+
+Questions.
+
+All right.
+
+That's how to sign your name.
+
+Next time we'll talk about
+rigidity and other fun linkage
+
+problems.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ruFpq-_wpc0.txt b/ruFpq-_wpc0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fd3326ea152d4d0cc566cc0c72f372e9c135509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ruFpq-_wpc0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this week we'll discuss applications of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll discuss applications of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we'll discuss applications of
+analytics that were designed to disrupt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics that were designed to disrupt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics that were designed to disrupt
+a standard way of thinking in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard way of thinking in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard way of thinking in the first
+lecture we'll use analytics to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll use analytics to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we'll use analytics to model
+expert opinion specifically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert opinion specifically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert opinion specifically in
+predicting the quality of health care in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the quality of health care in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the quality of health care in
+the second lecture we'll discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lecture we'll discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second lecture we'll discuss the
+Framingham Heart Study one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham Heart Study one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Framingham Heart Study one of the most
+influential medical studies of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential medical studies of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential medical studies of the 20th
+century through these examples will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century through these examples will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century through these examples will
+introduce classification problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce classification problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce classification problems and
+the method of logistic regression let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of logistic regression let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method of logistic regression let's
+get started
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/s8geHBRvSos.txt b/s8geHBRvSos.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a1b1e08f526bbd51c344c9b12a3cdd9827123b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/s8geHBRvSos.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+In this problem, we're given a
+collection of 10 variables, x1
+
+through x10, where each i, xi,
+is a uniform random variable
+
+between 0 and 1.
+
+So each i is uniform between 0
+and 1, and all 10 variables
+
+are independent.
+
+And we'd like to develop a bound
+on the probability that
+
+some of the 10 variables, 1 to
+10, being greater than 7 using
+
+different methods.
+
+So in part A we'll be using
+the Markov's inequality
+
+written here.
+
+That is, if we have a random
+variable, positive random
+
+variable x, the probability x is
+greater than a, where a is
+
+again some positive number, is
+bounded above by the expected
+
+value of x divided by a.
+
+And let's see how that works
+out in our situation.
+
+In our situation, we will call
+x the summation of i equal to
+
+1 to 10xi, and therefore, E of
+x is simply 10 times E of x1,
+
+the individual ones, and
+this gives us 5.
+
+Here we use used the linearity
+of expectation such that the
+
+expectation of the sum of the
+random variable is simply the
+
+sum of the expectations.
+
+Now, we can invoke Markov's
+Inequality.
+
+It says x greater
+or equal to 7.
+
+This is less than E of x over 7,
+and this gives us 5 over 7.
+
+For part B, let's see if we can
+improve the bound we got
+
+in part A using the Chebyshev
+inequality, which takes into
+
+account the variance of
+random variable x.
+
+Again, to refresh you on this,
+the Chebyshev Inequality says
+
+the probability that x deviates
+from its mean E of x,
+
+by more than a is bound above
+by the variance of x divided
+
+by a squared.
+
+So we have to actually do some
+work to transform the
+
+probability we're interested
+in, which is x greater or
+
+equal to 7, into the form that's
+convenient to use using
+
+the Chebyshev Inequality.
+
+To do so, we'll rewrite this
+probability as the probability
+
+of x minus 5 greater or equal
+to 2 simply by moving 5 from
+
+the right to the left.
+
+The reason we chose 5 is because
+5 is equal to the
+
+expected value of x from part
+A as we know before.
+
+And in fact, this quantity is
+also equal to the probability
+
+that x minus 5 less or
+equal to negative 2.
+
+ 
+
+To see why this is true, recall
+that x is simply the
+
+summation of the xi's, the 10
+xi's, and each xi is a uniform
+
+random variable between
+0 and 1.
+
+And therefore, each xi, the
+distribution of which is
+
+symmetric around its mean 1/2.
+
+So we can see that after we
+add up all the xi's, the
+
+resulting distribution
+x is also symmetric
+
+around its mean 5.
+
+And as a result, the probability
+of x minus 5
+
+greater than 2 is now equal to
+the probability that x minus 5
+
+less than negative 2.
+
+And knowing these two, we can
+then say they're both equal to
+
+1/2 the probability x minus 5
+absolute value greater or
+
+equal to 2, because this term
+right here is simply the sum
+
+of both terms here and here.
+
+ 
+
+At this point, we have
+transformed the probability of
+
+x greater or equal to 7 into the
+form right here, such that
+
+we can apply the Chebyshev's
+Inequality basically directly.
+
+And we'll write the probably
+here being less than or equal
+
+to 1/2 times, applying the
+Chebyshev Inequality, variance
+
+of x divided by 2 squared.
+
+Now, 2 is the same as a
+right here, and this
+
+gives us 1/8 times--
+
+now, the variance of x, we know
+is 10 times the variance
+
+of a uniform random variable
+between 0 and 1, which is
+
+1/12, and that gives us 5/48.
+
+ 
+
+Now, let's compare this with
+the number we got earlier
+
+using the Markov Inequality,
+which was 5/7.
+
+We see that 5/48 is much
+smaller, and this tells us
+
+that, at least for this example,
+using the Chebyshev
+
+Inequality combined with the
+information of the variance of
+
+x, we're able to get a stronger
+upper bound on the
+
+probability of the event that
+we're interested in.
+
+Now, in part B, we saw that
+by using the additional
+
+information of the variance
+combined with the Chebyshev
+
+Inequality, we can improve upon
+bound given by Markov's
+
+Inequality.
+
+Now, in part C, we'll use
+a somewhat more powerful
+
+approach in addition to the
+Chebyshev Inequality, the
+
+so-called central
+limit theorem.
+
+Let's see if we can even
+get a better bound.
+
+To remind you what a central
+limit theorem is, let's say we
+
+have a summation of i equal
+to 1 to some number n of
+
+independent and identically
+distributed
+
+random variables xi.
+
+Now, the central limit theorem
+says the following.
+
+We take the sum right here, and
+subtract out its means,
+
+which is E of the same
+summation, and further, we'll
+
+divide out, what we call
+normalize, by the standard
+
+deviation of the summation.
+
+In other words, the square
+root of the variance
+
+of the sum of xi.
+
+ 
+
+So if we perform this procedure
+right here, then as
+
+the number of terms in the sums
+going to infinity, here
+
+as in goes to infinity, we will
+actually see that this
+
+random variable will converge
+in distribution in some way
+
+that will eventually look like
+a standard normal random
+
+variable with means 0 and 1.
+
+And since we know how the
+distribution of a standard
+
+normal looks like, we can go to
+table and look up certain
+
+properties of the resulting
+distribution.
+
+So that is a plan to do.
+
+So right now, we have
+about 10 variables.
+
+It's not that many compared to
+a huge numbering, but again,
+
+if we believe it's a good
+approximation, we can get some
+
+information out of it by using
+the central limit theorem.
+
+So we are interesting knowing
+that probability summation of
+
+i equal to 1 to 10 x1 greater
+or equal to 7.
+
+We'll rewrite this as 1 minus
+the probability the summation
+
+i equal to 1 to 10, and
+xi less equal to 7.
+
+Now, we're going to apply
+the scaling to the
+
+summation right here.
+
+So this is equal to 1 minus the
+probability summation i
+
+equal to 1 to 10xi minus 5.
+
+Because we know from previous
+parts that 5 is the expected
+
+value of the sum right
+here, and divided by
+
+square root of 10/12.
+
+Again, earlier we know that
+10/12 is the variance of the
+
+sum of xi's.
+
+And we'll do the same on the
+other side, writing it 7 minus
+
+5 divided by square
+root of 10/12.
+
+ 
+
+Now, if we compute out the
+quantity right here, we know
+
+that this quantity is roughly
+2.19, and by the central limit
+
+theorem, if we believe 10 is a
+large enough number, then this
+
+will be roughly equal to 1 minus
+the CDF of a standard
+
+normal evaluated at 2.19.
+
+And we could look up the number
+in the table, and this
+
+gives us number roughly,
+0.014.
+
+Now let's do a quick summary of
+what this problem is about.
+
+We're asked to compute the
+probability of x greater or
+
+equal to 7, where x is the sum
+of 10 uniform random variables
+
+between 0 and 1, so
+we'll call it xi.
+
+We know that because each
+random variable has
+
+expectation 1/2, adding 10
+of them up, gives us
+
+expectation of 5.
+
+So this is essentially asking,
+what is the chance that x is
+
+more than two away from
+its expectation?
+
+So if this is a real line, and
+5 is here, maybe x has some
+
+distribution around 5, so the
+center what the expected value
+
+is at 5, we wonder how likely is
+it for us to see something
+
+greater than 7?
+
+Now, let's see where do we land
+on the probably spectrum
+
+from 0 to 1.
+
+Well, without using any
+information, we know the
+
+probability cannot be greater
+than 1, so a trivial upper
+
+bound for the probability
+right here will be 1.
+
+Well, for the first part we use
+Markov's Inequality and
+
+that gives us some number, which
+is roughly equal to 0.7.
+
+In fact, we got number 5/7,
+and this is from Markov's
+
+Inequality.
+
+Oh, it's better than 1, already
+telling us it cannot
+
+be between 0.7 and 1, but
+can we do better?
+
+Well, the part B, we see that
+all the way, using the
+
+additional information variance,
+we can get this
+
+number down to 5/48, which
+is roughly 0.1.
+
+Already, that's much
+better than 0.7.
+
+Can we even do better?
+
+And this is the Chebyshev,
+and it turns out we
+
+can indeed do better.
+
+Using the central limit theorem,
+we can squeeze this
+
+number all the way down to
+0.014, almost a 10 times
+
+improvement over the
+previous number.
+
+This is from central
+limit theorem.
+
+As we can see, by using
+different bounding techniques,
+
+we can progressively improve the
+bound on the probability
+
+of x exceeding 7, and from this
+problem we learned that
+
+even with 10 variables, the
+truth is more like this, which
+
+says that the distribution of
+x concentrates very heavily
+
+around 5, and hence, the
+probability of x being greater
+
+or equal to 7 could be much
+smaller than one might expect.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sEZHGMV2LiI.txt b/sEZHGMV2LiI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..962cedf844fbec1473e2906ec7a536d85b481678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sEZHGMV2LiI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, we can get started. So, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, we can get started. So, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, we can get started. So, in
+the first class, we talked about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first class, we talked about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first class, we talked about like
+what what is a projection estimate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is a projection estimate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what is a projection estimate and
+what is projection theory and tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is projection theory and tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is projection theory and tried to
+give a little bit of motivation for it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little bit of motivation for it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a little bit of motivation for it.
+Um, and today we'll start getting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and today we'll start getting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and today we'll start getting our
+hands on things and looking at examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on things and looking at examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands on things and looking at examples
+and proving theorems. Um now the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proving theorems. Um now the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and proving theorems. Um now the the uh
+cleanest setting in which to get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest setting in which to get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleanest setting in which to get started
+is finite fields. Um and although most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite fields. Um and although most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is finite fields. Um and although most
+of our class will be working in RN um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our class will be working in RN um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our class will be working in RN um
+I'm going to start there because the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start there because the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to start there because the uh
+proofs are very clean and the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are very clean and the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs are very clean and the examples
+are very clean and it's also it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very clean and it's also it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very clean and it's also it is also
+interesting in itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in itself.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So here's our setup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'll have fq the finite field with q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll have fq the finite field with q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll have fq the finite field with q
+elements. Um and then uh theta will so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. Um and then uh theta will so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. Um and then uh theta will so
+then I'll I'll have a map pi sub theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll I'll have a map pi sub theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll I'll have a map pi sub theta
+from fq^2 to fq. These will like be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fq^2 to fq. These will like be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fq^2 to fq. These will like be our
+different projections from fq ^2 to fq.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projections from fq ^2 to fq.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projections from fq ^2 to fq.
+And it's defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's defined by
+pi theta of x1 x2 is x1 * theta or x1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi theta of x1 x2 is x1 * theta or x1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi theta of x1 x2 is x1 * theta or x1 +
+x2 * theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So here theta is also in f.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um so now our setup is that we'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so now our setup is that we'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so now our setup is that we'll have a
+set of points x in the plane fq ^2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points x in the plane fq ^2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points x in the plane fq ^2 and
+we'll think about projecting this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think about projecting this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll think about projecting this set of
+points in a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in a bunch of different
+directions. So then we'll have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So then we'll have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. So then we'll have a set of
+directions which is called d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions which is called d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions which is called d.
+So d is a subset of fq and think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So d is a subset of fq and think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So d is a subset of fq and think of it
+as a set of directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to imagine taking this at X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to imagine taking this at X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to imagine taking this at X
+and projecting it in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and projecting it in all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and projecting it in all of these
+different directions that are in D. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions that are in D. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions that are in D. And
+we'll see um how big the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see um how big the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see um how big the different
+projections are. And um the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are. And um the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projections are. And um the the thing
+I'll measure, I'll call it S, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll measure, I'll call it S, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll measure, I'll call it S, which
+depends on X and D, is the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on X and D, is the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on X and D, is the size of the
+biggest projection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest projection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest projection.
+So it's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's the maximum
+theta in D of the size of pi theta of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, so one thing we study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so one thing we study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so one thing we study in
+projection theory is we like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory is we like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection theory is we like to
+understand for different sizes of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for different sizes of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand for different sizes of X and
+D, what can we say about S.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+So, let's look at a couple of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's look at a couple of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let's look at a couple of examples
+and then after that I'll put I'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that I'll put I'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after that I'll put I'll tell
+you some theorems what we know and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some theorems what we know and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some theorems what we know and some
+conjecture what we think might be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture what we think might be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture what we think might be true
+based on the examples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the examples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the examples.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the first example is a square grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or integer maybe it's good to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or integer maybe it's good to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or integer maybe it's good to say
+integer grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid.
+Um so for this example let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so for this example let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so for this example let's suppose
+that Q is actually prime. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q is actually prime. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q is actually prime. Um
+you could do similar things if if Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do similar things if if Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do similar things if if Q is
+not prime. It's just easier to write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime. It's just easier to write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime. It's just easier to write it
+down. Okay, so our set X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Okay, so our set X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Okay, so our set X is going to be
+the set X1 X2 where X1 and X2 go between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set X1 X2 where X1 and X2 go between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set X1 X2 where X1 and X2 go between
+one and M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and M.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and M.
+So even though we're over a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even though we're over a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So even though we're over a finite
+field, you can think of this as a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, you can think of this as a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field, you can think of this as a square
+integer grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid.
+Okay. And then we were saying last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we were saying last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we were saying last time
+that if you take this a square grid, an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take this a square grid, an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you take this a square grid, an
+integer grid, and you do a projection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid, and you do a projection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid, and you do a projection in
+a direction that's kind of a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direction that's kind of a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a direction that's kind of a rational
+angle, um then you get a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle, um then you get a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle, um then you get a small
+projection. So that's what our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection. So that's what our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection. So that's what our set of
+directions is going to be. Our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is going to be. Our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is going to be. Our set of
+directions is going to be the set of a1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is going to be the set of a1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is going to be the set of a1
+over a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a2
+where a1 and a2 go from one up to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a1 and a2 go from one up to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a1 and a2 go from one up to some
+a. So n and a are parameters that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So n and a are parameters that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a. So n and a are parameters that we can
+play with. There are many square grids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with. There are many square grids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play with. There are many square grids
+many choices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many choices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many choices.
+All right. So now let's figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now let's figure out what
+is s of xd. So what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s of xd. So what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s of xd. So what happens when I
+perform a projection of of uh uh of x at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a projection of of uh uh of x at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform a projection of of uh uh of x at
+one of these angles?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these angles?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these angles?
+So if theta is in d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I take pi and if I if x is in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take pi and if I if x is in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take pi and if I if x is in x
+um so if I take pi theta of uh of x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I take pi theta of uh of x1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so if I take pi theta of uh of x1 x2
+then I get um x1 plus a1 over a2 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get um x1 plus a1 over a2 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I get um x1 plus a1 over a2 x2
+and I'm going to put it over a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to put it over a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to put it over a common
+denominator. So it's a2 x1 + a1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So it's a2 x1 + a1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. So it's a2 x1 + a1 x2
+over a2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now in this situation, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now in this situation, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now in this situation, we're
+imagining that theta is fixed and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that theta is fixed and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining that theta is fixed and we're
+varying little x and big x. So we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying little x and big x. So we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying little x and big x. So we're
+going to try to see how big is pi theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to see how big is pi theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to see how big is pi theta
+of big x. So I want to see if a is fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big x. So I want to see if a is fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of big x. So I want to see if a is fixed
+and I vary x1 and x2, how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I vary x1 and x2, how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I vary x1 and x2, how many different
+numbers do I have here? So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do I have here? So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers do I have here? So the
+denominator isn't important because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator isn't important because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator isn't important because it's
+not changing. And I want to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing. And I want to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not changing. And I want to know how
+many different numerators I have. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different numerators I have. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different numerators I have. And
+the numerator is going to be an integer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator is going to be an integer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the numerator is going to be an integer.
+And it has size a * n at most plus a *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it has size a * n at most plus a *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it has size a * n at most plus a *
+n. So it basically has size a * n. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So it basically has size a * n. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n. So it basically has size a * n. So we
+see that the size of the projection of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the size of the projection of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the size of the projection of x
+is at most a * n. So this less than with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most a * n. So this less than with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at most a * n. So this less than with
+a squiggle here means there's a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squiggle here means there's a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a squiggle here means there's a constant
+factor that I left out. Here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that I left out. Here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that I left out. Here it's a
+factor of two, but in general squiggle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two, but in general squiggle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two, but in general squiggle
+just means there's some constant factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means there's some constant factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means there's some constant factor
+left out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh okay. And S is the biggest of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. And S is the biggest of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh okay. And S is the biggest of these.
+So S uh of XD is around a * M.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+so then uh you could do a little algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then uh you could do a little algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then uh you could do a little algebra
+to see how S and X and D relate to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how S and X and D relate to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see how S and X and D relate to each
+other. Um and if you do that you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um and if you do that you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. Um and if you do that you see
+that uh d is around s^2x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that's how it works in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's how it works in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's how it works in an
+integer grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's one more example um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's one more example um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's one more example um that
+that I thought I would mention which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought I would mention which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I thought I would mention which we
+also mentioned last time. It's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned last time. It's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also mentioned last time. It's an
+example that comes from sub fields. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that comes from sub fields. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that comes from sub fields. So
+if Q is not prime um then FP is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is not prime um then FP is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is not prime um then FP is an
+interesting subset of FQ and FP squ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting subset of FQ and FP squ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting subset of FQ and FP squ is
+an interesting subset of FQ q^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is called the subfield example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's say that Q is P ^2. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that Q is P ^2. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's say that Q is P ^2. There are
+similar phenomenon if Q is a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar phenomenon if Q is a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar phenomenon if Q is a higher
+power of P but the um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of P but the um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of P but the um the the
+computations are a bit different. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are a bit different. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computations are a bit different. Um so
+if Q is P^ squ um our set X is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is P^ squ um our set X is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is P^ squ um our set X is going to
+be FP^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be FP^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be FP^2
+sitting in FQ ^2. So the size of X is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in FQ ^2. So the size of X is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in FQ ^2. So the size of X is P
+^2 which is Q and our set of directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 which is Q and our set of directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 which is Q and our set of directions
+is going to be FP which is sitting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be FP which is sitting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be FP which is sitting in
+FQ. So the size of our set of directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FQ. So the size of our set of directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FQ. So the size of our set of directions
+is P which is Q to the 12.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P which is Q to the 12.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P which is Q to the 12.
+Um and then if theta is in D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then if theta is in D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then if theta is in D
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+X1 and X2 are in X then pi X1 X2 is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 are in X then pi X1 X2 is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X1 and X2 are in X then pi X1 X2 is in
+X. Pi theta of X1 X2 is X1 + X2 theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Pi theta of X1 X2 is X1 + X2 theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. Pi theta of X1 X2 is X1 + X2 theta.
+All those things are in the sub field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All those things are in the sub field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All those things are in the sub field
+FP. So this is in FP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP. So this is in FP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FP. So this is in FP.
+Um so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so therefore
+the size of pi theta of x is at most p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of pi theta of x is at most p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of pi theta of x is at most p
+in fact exactly p. Um and so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact exactly p. Um and so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact exactly p. Um and so that's our
+s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um and this example coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and this example coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um and this example coming from
+subfields is more extreme than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subfields is more extreme than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subfields is more extreme than the
+example coming from grips. Um so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example coming from grips. Um so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example coming from grips. Um so if you
+were to take this value of x and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to take this value of x and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to take this value of x and this
+value of s and plug them in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s and plug them in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of s and plug them in here
+uh to make a sort of a fair comparison
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make a sort of a fair comparison
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make a sort of a fair comparison
+in the grids we would have only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grids we would have only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grids we would have only one
+direction if we did that. But here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if we did that. But here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction if we did that. But here we
+have many directions. So this thing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many directions. So this thing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many directions. So this thing um
+has very small projections in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very small projections in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has very small projections in many
+different directions even more so than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions even more so than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions even more so than a
+square grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So those are a few examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and based on that I can tell you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on that I can tell you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on that I can tell you a
+conjecture that we stated also last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that we stated also last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture that we stated also last time
+and also I can tell you some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can tell you some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also I can tell you some of the
+things we know about this conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we know about this conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we know about this conjecture
+some of the main results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the main results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the main results.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+okay so first I'll say the conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'll say the conjecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first I'll say the conjecture.
+So if uh Q= P which is prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if uh Q= P which is prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if uh Q= P which is prime
+um and we're in this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're in this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and we're in this setup
+and S is smaller than around X over two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S is smaller than around X over two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and S is smaller than around X over two.
+um then we can't do better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we can't do better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um then we can't do better than the
+square grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so let's explain all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's explain all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's explain all the
+hypotheses in this conjecture. Um so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses in this conjecture. Um so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypotheses in this conjecture. Um so why
+do we have this? Well, if you take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have this? Well, if you take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have this? Well, if you take any
+set D, S of XD is is obviously smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set D, S of XD is is obviously smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set D, S of XD is is obviously smaller
+than the size of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the size of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the size of X.
+So if s was allowed to be the size of x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if s was allowed to be the size of x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if s was allowed to be the size of x,
+then d could be everything and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then d could be everything and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then d could be everything and there
+would be no no meaningful upper bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no no meaningful upper bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no no meaningful upper bound on
+d. So we have to insist that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d. So we have to insist that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d. So we have to insist that it's
+somewhat smaller than that. Um you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat smaller than that. Um you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat smaller than that. Um you you
+could ask about the range in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask about the range in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could ask about the range in between
+here and x but there's something to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and x but there's something to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and x but there's something to say
+but it's I think not not super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I think not not super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's I think not not super
+interesting. Um so we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Um so we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting. Um so we look at this
+regime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime.
+Okay. Um okay and we have this setup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um okay and we have this setup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um okay and we have this setup and
+why do we also add here that Q is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we also add here that Q is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we also add here that Q is a
+prime? Well, we have to add that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime? Well, we have to add that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime? Well, we have to add that because
+of example two. If Q is not a prime, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example two. If Q is not a prime, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of example two. If Q is not a prime, you
+have that example. And we just saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that example. And we just saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that example. And we just saw that
+this is false.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this conjecture is plausible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this conjecture is plausible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this conjecture is plausible in the
+sense that there's no counter example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that there's no counter example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that there's no counter example
+that you no one has found an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you no one has found an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you no one has found an example
+that beats the square grid. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats the square grid. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that beats the square grid. And
+basically, no one has found an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, no one has found an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically, no one has found an example
+that even is well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even is well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even is well.
+Okay. There are very few examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. There are very few examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. There are very few examples that
+are competitive with the square grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competitive with the square grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are competitive with the square grid.
+And they're all small variations of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, okay. You also might wonder uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. You also might wonder uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. You also might wonder uh what
+happens if Q is not a prime. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if Q is not a prime. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if Q is not a prime. And I
+haven't seen anyone write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen anyone write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't seen anyone write down a
+conjecture for that. Um, I think roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture for that. Um, I think roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture for that. Um, I think roughly
+speaking what people believe is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking what people believe is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking what people believe is that the
+all of the interesting examples should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the interesting examples should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the interesting examples should
+be of this type or that type or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of this type or that type or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of this type or that type or maybe
+you can combine them a little bit by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine them a little bit by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine them a little bit by
+taking sort of a grid of sub fields. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking sort of a grid of sub fields. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking sort of a grid of sub fields. Um
+so it would be a reasonable little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a reasonable little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it would be a reasonable little
+project if anyone is interested to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project if anyone is interested to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project if anyone is interested to try
+to write down the known examples and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the known examples and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write down the known examples and and
+make a conjecture about what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now this conjecture is open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now this conjecture is open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now this conjecture is open
+um but let's start to talk about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's start to talk about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's start to talk about what we
+know. We'll we'll we'll I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. We'll we'll we'll I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. We'll we'll we'll I'm going to
+state some theorems for you and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state some theorems for you and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state some theorems for you and we'll
+prove the theorems and uh maybe more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the theorems and uh maybe more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the theorems and uh maybe more
+importantly we'll introduce some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly we'll introduce some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly we'll introduce some of the
+basic techniques in in projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic techniques in in projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic techniques in in projection
+theory. Okay. So we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Okay. So we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. Okay. So we're going to talk
+about two techniques today. One of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two techniques today. One of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about two techniques today. One of them
+is a double counting argument that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double counting argument that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a double counting argument that has a
+combinatorics flavor and the other is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics flavor and the other is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics flavor and the other is a
+for analytic argument that's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analytic argument that's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analytic argument that's based on
+orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality
+and this is what they give.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what they give.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what they give.
+So theorem one which is based on double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So theorem one which is based on double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So theorem one which is based on double
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+says if uh we're in this setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if uh we're in this setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if uh we're in this setup
+and s is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and s is smaller
+than x over two um then the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x over two um then the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than x over two um then the number of
+directions is smaller than around pass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, now if S is around X over two,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, now if S is around X over two,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, now if S is around X over two,
+this is actually sharp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually sharp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually sharp.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+hold on, let me look at my notes for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on, let me look at my notes for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on, let me look at my notes for a
+second.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, actually I wrote that in my notes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, actually I wrote that in my notes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, actually I wrote that in my notes,
+but I'm not quite sure it's true. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not quite sure it's true. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not quite sure it's true. Let's
+just go on and I'll tell you theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go on and I'll tell you theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go on and I'll tell you theorem
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so theorem two is based on what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem two is based on what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so theorem two is based on what I'll
+call a forier method or orthogonality or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a forier method or orthogonality or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a forier method or orthogonality or
+something like that says if we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that says if we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that says if we have the
+setup and this time if we suppose that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and this time if we suppose that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and this time if we suppose that s
+is smaller than q / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than q / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is smaller than q / 2
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+d is smaller than s * qx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so let's digest this statement a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's digest this statement a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so let's digest this statement a
+little bit. um uh so the projection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. um uh so the projection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. um uh so the projection is
+always a subset of fq. So s is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a subset of fq. So s is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a subset of fq. So s is always
+smaller than or equal to q. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than or equal to q. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than or equal to q. So this
+hypothesis says that it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis says that it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis says that it's it's it's
+significantly smaller than that. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly smaller than that. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly smaller than that. The
+projection is significantly smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is significantly smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection is significantly smaller than
+the whole space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole space.
+Okay. And then we get this bound. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we get this bound. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we get this bound. Um and
+this bound is most interesting in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound is most interesting in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound is most interesting in the
+case that s was actually close to q over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that s was actually close to q over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that s was actually close to q over
+two because in that case this q and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because in that case this q and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two because in that case this q and this
+s are about the same size. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s are about the same size. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s are about the same size. So this is
+around s^2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around s^2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around s^2x
+which matches the grid example.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which matches the grid example.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which matches the grid example.
+So this is actually um sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is actually um sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is actually um sharp
+if s is around q2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I find that quite striking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I find that quite striking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I find that quite striking and
+impressive. This is a great example. Has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive. This is a great example. Has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive. This is a great example. Has
+an interesting intricate structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting intricate structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting intricate structure and
+we're wondering whether it was sharp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wondering whether it was sharp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're wondering whether it was sharp.
+And at least in this one regime uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at least in this one regime uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And at least in this one regime uh this
+theorem is shows that it actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is shows that it actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is shows that it actually is
+sharp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp.
+Okay. On the other hand, S could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. On the other hand, S could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. On the other hand, S could be a
+lot smaller than Q. Then we get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller than Q. Then we get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot smaller than Q. Then we get some
+bound here and we don't have any example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound here and we don't have any example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound here and we don't have any example
+that that matches that bound. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that matches that bound. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that matches that bound. Um
+I guess no I should also say this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess no I should also say this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess no I should also say this works
+over any field. So if you plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any field. So if you plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over any field. So if you plug in
+example two, it's actually also sharp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two, it's actually also sharp.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example two, it's actually also sharp.
+Um and so it's also sharp in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so it's also sharp in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and so it's also sharp in example
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+all right. But there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. But there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right. But there are a bunch of
+there are a bunch of choices of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of choices of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a bunch of choices of the
+parameter you could make where it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you could make where it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter you could make where it's not
+clear that this is sharp.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, the big goal of the class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, the big goal of the class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, the big goal of the class is
+to introduce these two techniques really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce these two techniques really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce these two techniques really
+and we'll use them to prove these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use them to prove these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use them to prove these two
+theorems. But maybe it's a good place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems. But maybe it's a good place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems. But maybe it's a good place to
+pause and check if people have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause and check if people have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause and check if people have questions
+or comments. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or comments. Yeah,
+>> it's um in the first theorem, are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's um in the first theorem, are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> it's um in the first theorem, are you
+assuming that it's prime?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that it's prime?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that it's prime?
+>> We are not assuming that it's prime. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We are not assuming that it's prime. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> We are not assuming that it's prime. Um
+right. So that's right. We're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's right. We're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So that's right. We're not
+assuming it's prime in either theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's prime in either theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming it's prime in either theorem.
+And so where it says setup, it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so where it says setup, it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so where it says setup, it means
+we're assuming this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming this.
+Yeah, that's right. Um okay. And so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's right. Um okay. And so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's right. Um okay. And so that
+raises a point that it appears that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a point that it appears that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises a point that it appears that the
+true answer to this question uh depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true answer to this question uh depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true answer to this question uh depends
+on whether Q is prime or not prime. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether Q is prime or not prime. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on whether Q is prime or not prime. But
+neither of these techniques depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of these techniques depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neither of these techniques depend on
+that. they work for all Q and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. they work for all Q and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. they work for all Q and they're
+sort of not able to notice whether Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not able to notice whether Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of not able to notice whether Q is
+prime or not prime. That will eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or not prime. That will eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or not prime. That will eventually
+be a big theme. We won't get to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big theme. We won't get to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a big theme. We won't get to it
+today, but eventually we'll try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but eventually we'll try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but eventually we'll try to find
+some techniques that do notice whether Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some techniques that do notice whether Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some techniques that do notice whether Q
+is prime or not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prime or not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is prime or not.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Um for the premise S is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um for the premise S is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um for the premise S is less than or
+equal to size of X / 2, how easy is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to size of X / 2, how easy is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to size of X / 2, how easy is it
+to construct some other examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct some other examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct some other examples that
+satisfy that element of the grid?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is um uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is um uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Okay. So the question is um uh you
+know can can we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can can we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know can can we find
+how how many examples can we find which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how many examples can we find which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how many examples can we find which
+obey the hypothesis so that this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the hypothesis so that this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obey the hypothesis so that this theorem
+says anything about them? Um well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says anything about them? Um well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says anything about them? Um well I
+think it's not super hard because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's not super hard because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's not super hard because we're
+allowed to take D to be small.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to take D to be small.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to take D to be small.
+Um so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know if D is just one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if D is just one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if D is just one direction
+then you could easily arrange the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could easily arrange the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could easily arrange the points
+so that their projection in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that their projection in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that their projection in one
+direction is quite small and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is quite small and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is quite small and you have a
+lot more flexibility than a grid and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more flexibility than a grid and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more flexibility than a grid and if
+you'd like the projection to be small in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like the projection to be small in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd like the projection to be small in
+two directions um then you would want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions um then you would want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two directions um then you would want
+some kind of cartisian product but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of cartisian product but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of cartisian product but it
+wouldn't have there's still a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have there's still a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have there's still a lot more
+cartisian products than integer grids.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian products than integer grids.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian products than integer grids.
+And then as you add more directions, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as you add more directions, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as you add more directions, it
+gets more rigid and and and we we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more rigid and and and we we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets more rigid and and and we we can
+start to think about it. We can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about it. We can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to think about it. We can think
+about it uh later on. It's it's a neat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh later on. It's it's a neat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it uh later on. It's it's a neat
+question how many examples we can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how many examples we can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how many examples we can come
+up with. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Other questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In example one, you said Q = P prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In example one, you said Q = P prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In example one, you said Q = P prime.
+Um, can Q be a prime power?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yes. Right. Right. So, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Right. Right. So, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Right. Right. So, okay.
+Yeah. So, the question was up in example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, the question was up in example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, the question was up in example
+one, we assume that Q is prime. Um, are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, we assume that Q is prime. Um, are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, we assume that Q is prime. Um, are
+there examples similar to that if Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there examples similar to that if Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there examples similar to that if Q is
+not prime?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not prime?
+Um, so okay, so if N and A are smaller,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so okay, so if N and A are smaller,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so okay, so if N and A are smaller,
+if Q is P to the R and you choose N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is P to the R and you choose N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if Q is P to the R and you choose N and
+A smaller than P, you can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A smaller than P, you can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A smaller than P, you can just use
+what's on the board for Bane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the board for Bane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's on the board for Bane.
+Um, if you wanted to choose N and A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you wanted to choose N and A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, if you wanted to choose N and A
+bigger than P, it doesn't really make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than P, it doesn't really make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than P, it doesn't really make
+sense in FQ. Um, so I think that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in FQ. Um, so I think that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in FQ. Um, so I think that there's
+a fix for that, but I didn't have time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fix for that, but I didn't have time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fix for that, but I didn't have time
+to think through the details before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through the details before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through the details before
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. So
+homework for one of us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework for one of us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework for one of us.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay. So let's start proving some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's start proving some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's start proving some
+things. Um so first we'll do the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um so first we'll do the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Um so first we'll do the double
+counter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So suppose that pi we just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose that pi we just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose that pi we just look at
+one direction where this projection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction where this projection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction where this projection is
+small. If s is a lot smaller than x, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. If s is a lot smaller than x, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small. If s is a lot smaller than x, it
+will look something like this. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look something like this. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will look something like this. Um so
+here's the space we're projecting onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the space we're projecting onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the space we're projecting onto
+and we'll have some points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have some points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have some points.
+Uh and this is our projection map. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and this is our projection map. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and this is our projection map. So
+here we have x and this arrow is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have x and this arrow is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have x and this arrow is the
+projection map pi theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection map pi theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection map pi theta.
+Um and then and then down here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then and then down here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then and then down here we have
+pi theta of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And you'll notice that for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you'll notice that for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And you'll notice that for each
+point in the projection or at least for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the projection or at least for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in the projection or at least for
+most points in the projection uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most points in the projection uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most points in the projection uh we'll
+have many points of x that are going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many points of x that are going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many points of x that are going on
+top of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of it.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, so we're going to pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we're going to pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so we're going to pay attention to
+that. Um and the first thing we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um and the first thing we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Um and the first thing we'll say
+is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um
+if s is smaller than x over two then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if s is smaller than x over two then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if s is smaller than x over two then we
+have a lot of points going on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of points going on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of points going on top of
+each other. Um uh so for every theta in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Um uh so for every theta in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. Um uh so for every theta in
+our set of directions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of directions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our set of directions,
+the number of pairs x1 and x2 and x that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pairs x1 and x2 and x that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of pairs x1 and x2 and x that
+got projected to the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that should be at least around um s * x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be at least around um s * x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be at least around um s * x
+/ s^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ s^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ s^ squ.
+Okay, so let's digest that. First of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's digest that. First of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so let's digest that. First of
+all, I'll warn you that I changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, I'll warn you that I changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, I'll warn you that I changed
+notation. So x1 and x2 are each points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. So x1 and x2 are each points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation. So x1 and x2 are each points
+in x. Those are not the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x. Those are not the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x. Those are not the components of
+anything. Um, okay. And so why is this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Um, okay. And so why is this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Um, okay. And so why is this?
+Well, imagine first that these uh each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, imagine first that these uh each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, imagine first that these uh each
+that each point in the projection has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each point in the projection has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each point in the projection has
+the same number of pre-im images. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of pre-im images. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of pre-im images. So
+each of these points has about x over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points has about x over s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these points has about x over s
+points of x sitting above it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of x sitting above it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points of x sitting above it.
+And then the number of ways to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the number of ways to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the number of ways to choose
+two of them um would be x over s^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them um would be x over s^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of them um would be x over s^2.
+And that would be true for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that would be true for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that would be true for each of these
+s points. So that would give us uh this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s points. So that would give us uh this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s points. So that would give us uh this.
+Actually, let me add here that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, let me add here that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, let me add here that I'm
+interested in two different points that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in two different points that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in two different points that
+got projected to the same point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is still true, but because I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is still true, but because I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is still true, but because I put
+two different points here, that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different points here, that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different points here, that's where
+I needed to use uh this hypothesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that was some intuition why it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was some intuition why it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that was some intuition why it
+might be true. Um, then you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true. Um, then you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true. Um, then you might
+wonder, well, maybe they're not evenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder, well, maybe they're not evenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder, well, maybe they're not evenly
+distributed. Maybe some of these points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. Maybe some of these points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed. Maybe some of these points
+have more pre-im images than others. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more pre-im images than others. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more pre-im images than others. It
+turns out that that only helps you. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that only helps you. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that that only helps you. I'm
+going to make it an exercise. It's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it an exercise. It's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it an exercise. It's kind
+of a standard combinatorics exercise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard combinatorics exercise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a standard combinatorics exercise.
+So, it's exercise on your first problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's exercise on your first problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it's exercise on your first problem
+set uh using Koshy Schwarz to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. So, there are a lot of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, there are a lot of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. So, there are a lot of points
+getting collapsed together in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting collapsed together in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting collapsed together in these
+different projections and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projections and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different projections and we're going to
+put it all together. So the key object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together. So the key object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it all together. So the key object
+that we're going to count is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to count is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to count is the number
+of directions theta and distinct points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions theta and distinct points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions theta and distinct points
+in x uh so that they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x uh so that they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x uh so that they have the same
+projection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay? And they have to be a lot of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And they have to be a lot of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And they have to be a lot of those
+because for every direction there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for every direction there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for every direction there are a
+lot of them. So the number of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them. So the number of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of them. So the number of these is
+at least x^2 s inverse number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least x^2 s inverse number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least x^2 s inverse number of
+directions. The x^2 s inverse is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. The x^2 s inverse is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. The x^2 s inverse is just
+that simplified and that was how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplified and that was how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simplified and that was how many
+there are in each direction and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in each direction and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in each direction and there
+are d directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now the point is that it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the point is that it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the point is that it's hard to
+have this many collapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this many collapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this many collapses
+um because if you take any two pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because if you take any two pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because if you take any two pairs of
+points in X there's only one direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in X there's only one direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in X there's only one direction
+in which they get mapped on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they get mapped on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which they get mapped on top of each
+other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other.
+So that gives us an upper bound on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives us an upper bound on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives us an upper bound on on
+this star. So but for any points x1 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this star. So but for any points x1 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this star. So but for any points x1 not
+equal to x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to x2
+the number of theta so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of theta so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of theta so that
+pi theta of x1 = p<unk> theta of x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi theta of x1 = p<unk> theta of x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi theta of x1 = p<unk> theta of x2
+there's at most one and that gives us an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at most one and that gives us an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at most one and that gives us an
+upper bound for star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound for star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound for star
+is upperbounded by x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upperbounded by x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is upperbounded by x2
+once you choose x1 and x2 there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you choose x1 and x2 there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you choose x1 and x2 there's only
+one choice of theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so this key quantity is sandwiched in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this key quantity is sandwiched in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this key quantity is sandwiched in
+between here and here. We have x^2 s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here. We have x^2 s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between here and here. We have x^2 s
+inverse d is less than star is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse d is less than star is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse d is less than star is less than
+x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2.
+And you simplify this a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you simplify this a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you simplify this a little bit and
+we get that d is less than s. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that d is less than s. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that d is less than s. That's the
+proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let me summarize it without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me summarize it without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me summarize it without the
+equations. The key object is this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. The key object is this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. The key object is this object
+star. U let's call let's call this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. U let's call let's call this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. U let's call let's call this the
+set of coincidences. A coincidence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coincidences. A coincidence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coincidences. A coincidence is
+when you have two points in X that get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two points in X that get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have two points in X that get
+mapped to the same point in by pi theta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the same point in by pi theta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to the same point in by pi theta.
+And if many projections are small, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if many projections are small, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if many projections are small, there
+must be many coincidences.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be many coincidences.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be many coincidences.
+But there can't be that many because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there can't be that many because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there can't be that many because if
+you take two points X1 and X2, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two points X1 and X2, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take two points X1 and X2, there's
+only one direction that makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one direction that makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one direction that makes a
+coincidence. And that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence. And that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence. And that's what we're
+using.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+double counting?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let me show you the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me show you the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let me show you the second
+approach which is based on uh I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which is based on uh I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach which is based on uh I called
+it a forier approach or based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a forier approach or based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a forier approach or based on
+orthogonality or based on cancellation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this approach begins with an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this approach begins with an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this approach begins with an image
+that uh that that I want you to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that that I want you to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that that I want you to have in
+mind and that you know we could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and that you know we could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and that you know we could try to
+work on this image in many ways. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this image in many ways. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this image in many ways. Uh so
+it's the overlapping lines image.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So suppose I have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose I have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So suppose I have a bunch of
+points that have small projections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that have small projections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that have small projections in
+many directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many directions.
+Okay. So if I project this down it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I project this down it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if I project this down it has a
+small projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if I look at the so maybe I'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I look at the so maybe I'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I look at the so maybe I'll call
+this pi theta 1. If I look at the pre-im
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pi theta 1. If I look at the pre-im
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pi theta 1. If I look at the pre-im
+images of these I'll get some lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in uh in a certain direction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in a certain direction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in a certain direction that
+corresponds to theta 1. And so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to theta 1. And so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to theta 1. And so I've
+covered my set with uh not too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered my set with uh not too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered my set with uh not too many
+lines. So down here there are at most s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. So down here there are at most s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. So down here there are at most s
+points. So over here we have at most s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So over here we have at most s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So over here we have at most s
+lines. And I'll call this set of lines L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. And I'll call this set of lines L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines. And I'll call this set of lines L
+theta 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So to summarize uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So to summarize uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So to summarize uh
+if pi I guess pi theta of x is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if pi I guess pi theta of x is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if pi I guess pi theta of x is less than
+or equal to s then I get a set called l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to s then I get a set called l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to s then I get a set called l
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta
+uh is a set of at most s lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a set of at most s lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is a set of at most s lines
+uh that are that are I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are that are I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that are that are I guess
+perpendicular to theta. Um and that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to theta. Um and that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to theta. Um and that they
+cover my set X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now if I have many small projections,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if I have many small projections,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if I have many small projections,
+I can do this in many directions. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this in many directions. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can do this in many directions. And so
+I'll have sets of lines in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have sets of lines in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have sets of lines in different
+directions and I'll cover X many times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and I'll cover X many times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions and I'll cover X many times.
+So I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I can do this
+for every theta in my set of directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every theta in my set of directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every theta in my set of directions.
+Okay. So I'll do one more. I was meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'll do one more. I was meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I'll do one more. I was meaning
+to bring some colored chalk, but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring some colored chalk, but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bring some colored chalk, but I
+didn't I don't have colored chalk today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I don't have colored chalk today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't I don't have colored chalk today.
+So I'll do my best. Uh so let's say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll do my best. Uh so let's say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll do my best. Uh so let's say this
+is a dotted direction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dotted direction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a dotted direction and
+when I project in the theta 2 direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I project in the theta 2 direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I project in the theta 2 direction
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so this is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is um
+uh so this would be l theta 2 in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this would be l theta 2 in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so this would be l theta 2 in in
+dotted lines. Okay, I'm not going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted lines. Okay, I'm not going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted lines. Okay, I'm not going to add
+any more directions to the picture, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more directions to the picture, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more directions to the picture, but
+in your imagination, imagine that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your imagination, imagine that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your imagination, imagine that this
+set of points there are lines going many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points there are lines going many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points there are lines going many
+different ways that are uh covering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that are uh covering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that are uh covering the
+set of points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of points.
+Okay, so in our second method and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in our second method and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so in our second method and maybe
+in a lot of things that we do, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of things that we do, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lot of things that we do, we're
+going to imagine these lines and work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to imagine these lines and work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to imagine these lines and work
+with these lines as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these lines as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these lines as a way of
+understanding the projection estimates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So, let me add a little vocabulary about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me add a little vocabulary about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, let me add a little vocabulary about
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we've defined L theta. L our whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've defined L theta. L our whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've defined L theta. L our whole
+set of lines is the union over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lines is the union over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of lines is the union over all the
+different directions of the lines L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions of the lines L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions of the lines L
+theta. So, that's a set of lines.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So, that's a set of lines.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta. So, that's a set of lines.
+And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um
+so if L is a line, I'm going to write L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if L is a line, I'm going to write L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if L is a line, I'm going to write L
+of X as an abbreviation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as an abbreviation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X as an abbreviation for the
+characteristic function of that line 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of that line 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of that line 1
+sub L of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub L of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub L of X.
+And think about what happens when we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And think about what happens when we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And think about what happens when we add
+up all these characteristic functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all these characteristic functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all these characteristic functions.
+So f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f ofx
+is the sum over all the lines in my set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all the lines in my set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the sum over all the lines in my set
+of lines of L of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so take a moment to visualize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so take a moment to visualize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so take a moment to visualize that
+I have lines going in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have lines going in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have lines going in different
+directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions.
+Imagine their characteristic functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine their characteristic functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine their characteristic functions
+and add them all up. So when I add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them all up. So when I add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add them all up. So when I add them
+all up at any given point, it will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up at any given point, it will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up at any given point, it will tell
+me how many different lines to my set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many different lines to my set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me how many different lines to my set of
+lines went through that point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines went through that point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines went through that point.
+Um, and so if if x is in my set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so if if x is in my set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and so if if x is in my set of
+points, then f ofx is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, then f ofx is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points, then f ofx is the number of
+directions. If I take a point in my set,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. If I take a point in my set,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions. If I take a point in my set,
+this point is going to lie in one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is going to lie in one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is going to lie in one line
+in every direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every direction.
+If I take a point that's not in my set,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take a point that's not in my set,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I take a point that's not in my set,
+uh, it's not very clear what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, it's not very clear what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, it's not very clear what's going to
+happen. It won't necess not obvious it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. It won't necess not obvious it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. It won't necess not obvious it
+will be in any lines, but it might be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in any lines, but it might be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in any lines, but it might be in
+some lines. We don't know much about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lines. We don't know much about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some lines. We don't know much about how
+what f is doing at those points that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what f is doing at those points that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what f is doing at those points that are
+not in my set x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in my set x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in my set x.
+Okay, great. Um, okay. So, we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. Um, okay. So, we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. Um, okay. So, we're going
+to get at projection theory by trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at projection theory by trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get at projection theory by trying to
+study this function and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this function and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this function and in particular
+trying to uh study the set where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh study the set where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to uh study the set where the
+function is big. That's going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is big. That's going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is big. That's going to be our
+second approach. Um, and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second approach. Um, and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second approach. Um, and we're going to
+study the set where this function is big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the set where this function is big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study the set where this function is big
+using for a analysis or andor using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for a analysis or andor using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for a analysis or andor using
+orthogonality.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So um so L L of X remember is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um so L L of X remember is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um so L L of X remember is the
+characteristic function of a line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of a line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic function of a line and
+I'm going to decompose it into pieces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to decompose it into pieces.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to decompose it into pieces.
+So um okay so there are Q points in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um okay so there are Q points in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um okay so there are Q points in a
+line and there are Q squared points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and there are Q squared points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and there are Q squared points in
+my whole plate. And so the average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my whole plate. And so the average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my whole plate. And so the average value
+of L of X is 1 / Q. So I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L of X is 1 / Q. So I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L of X is 1 / Q. So I'm going to
+separate that out. That's 1 / Q plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that out. That's 1 / Q plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that out. That's 1 / Q plus a
+piece that I'll call L sub high of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that I'll call L sub high of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece that I'll call L sub high of X.
+That H is for high. We'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That H is for high. We'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That H is for high. We'll talk about
+that name more in a sec. So this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name more in a sec. So this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that name more in a sec. So this is the
+average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of our function. And therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our function. And therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our function. And therefore the
+leftover piece has mean zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover piece has mean zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftover piece has mean zero
+has value zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has value zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has value zero
+and not value zero it has average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not value zero it has average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not value zero it has average value
+zero as mean zero. Okay. Um and I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as mean zero. Okay. Um and I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as mean zero. Okay. Um and I also
+will think of this as the zero frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think of this as the zero frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will think of this as the zero frequency
+piece and the high frequency piece in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and the high frequency piece in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and the high frequency piece in
+terms of fora analysis. We can make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of fora analysis. We can make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of fora analysis. We can make that
+precise. We'll do that a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. We'll do that a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise. We'll do that a little bit
+later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later.
+But as a depending how much for analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as a depending how much for analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But as a depending how much for analysis
+you do, you may or may not like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do, you may or may not like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do, you may or may not like this
+intuition. But this is a constant part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition. But this is a constant part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition. But this is a constant part
+and this is like a higher frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like a higher frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is like a higher frequency
+oscillating part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating part.
+Okay, those are just words. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, those are just words. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, those are just words. So we
+decompose it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose it like this.
+Now the key observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that um well oversimplifying just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um well oversimplifying just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um well oversimplifying just a
+little bit. these high high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. these high high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. these high high frequency
+parts are orthogonal to each other. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are orthogonal to each other. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts are orthogonal to each other. So
+here's a precise statement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a precise statement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a precise statement.
+So if L1 uh not equal to L2 are lines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if L1 uh not equal to L2 are lines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if L1 uh not equal to L2 are lines,
+so I have two different lines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two different lines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have two different lines,
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the sum over all of the points in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over all of the points in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over all of the points in the
+plane of L1 H of X, L2, H of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of L1 H of X, L2, H of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane of L1 H of X, L2, H of X
+is less than or equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now when when we prove this lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now when when we prove this lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now when when we prove this lema
+in a little bit we will see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit we will see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit we will see that it's
+almost always equal to zero. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always equal to zero. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost always equal to zero. So these
+functions are almost always orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are almost always orthogonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are almost always orthogonal.
+Once in a while they're not orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once in a while they're not orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once in a while they're not orthogonal
+but then it's negative. That that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's negative. That that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then it's negative. That that part
+isn't that important anyway. So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that important anyway. So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that important anyway. So so
+roughly speaking these functions L1H and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking these functions L1H and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly speaking these functions L1H and
+L2 are orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 are orthogonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 are orthogonal.
+Okay. Now how does that help us?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+let's think about f ofx. f ofx,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about f ofx. f ofx,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about f ofx. f ofx,
+remember, is the sum uh over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, is the sum uh over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, is the sum uh over all the
+lines in our set of lines of L of X. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in our set of lines of L of X. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines in our set of lines of L of X. And
+so, we can break it up this way also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we can break it up this way also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we can break it up this way also.
+When we add up the constant parts, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we add up the constant parts, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we add up the constant parts, well,
+we'll just see what we get. We get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just see what we get. We get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just see what we get. We get the
+number of lines divided by Q. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines divided by Q. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines divided by Q. And then
+we have to add up all the high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to add up all the high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to add up all the high frequency
+parts. So plus the sum l in our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. So plus the sum l in our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. So plus the sum l in our set of
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+of lh x. So this thing here is the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lh x. So this thing here is the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lh x. So this thing here is the high
+frequency part of f. I'll call it f subh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency part of f. I'll call it f subh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency part of f. I'll call it f subh
+of x. For now you can think of that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. For now you can think of that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x. For now you can think of that as
+just a name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this part we understand quite well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this part we understand quite well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this part we understand quite well.
+Know exactly what it is. And so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Know exactly what it is. And so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Know exactly what it is. And so as
+understanding this function boils down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this function boils down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this function boils down
+to understanding this part. And for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding this part. And for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understanding this part. And for
+understanding this part, we can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this part, we can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding this part, we can use this
+orthogonality. We've written it as a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality. We've written it as a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality. We've written it as a sum
+of pieces that are each pretty simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces that are each pretty simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces that are each pretty simple
+and they're orthogonal to each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're orthogonal to each other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're orthogonal to each other.
+And so that lets us figure out or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that lets us figure out or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that lets us figure out or
+estimate quite well the L2 norm of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate quite well the L2 norm of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate quite well the L2 norm of this
+FH.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FH.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FH.
+So after the key lema, I guess there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after the key lema, I guess there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after the key lema, I guess there's
+the L2 estimate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 estimate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 estimate.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+It says the sum x in fq ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says the sum x in fq ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says the sum x in fq ^2
+of fh of x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, um that's the sum l1 l2 in l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um that's the sum l1 l2 in l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um that's the sum l1 l2 in l
+of the sum x and f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum x and f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sum x and f2
+l1 h of x l2 h of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And because of my orthogonality in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of my orthogonality in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And because of my orthogonality in the
+key lema, almost all of these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key lema, almost all of these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key lema, almost all of these terms are
+less than or equal to zero. Namely, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to zero. Namely, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to zero. Namely, if
+L1 is different from L2, then this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 is different from L2, then this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 is different from L2, then this sum
+is less than or equal to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to zero.
+So then I'll just keep this the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I'll just keep this the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then I'll just keep this the terms
+where they're equal to each other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, this sum here is easy to do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this sum here is easy to do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this sum here is easy to do uh
+because I just have to think one line at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just have to think one line at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just have to think one line at
+a time and all the lines will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time and all the lines will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time and all the lines will be
+equivalent to each other. So, it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other. So, it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to each other. So, it's just
+the number of lines times whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lines times whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lines times whatever this
+is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is.
+This thing also is not very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing also is not very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing also is not very hard to
+compute. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute. Um, but
+let me say that this is actually smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that this is actually smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me say that this is actually smaller
+than if I uh did the whole L of x squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if I uh did the whole L of x squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than if I uh did the whole L of x squ.
+I mean, you could you could just compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you could you could just compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean, you could you could just compute
+it and write down what happens though.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and write down what happens though.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and write down what happens though.
+But anyway, but um if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, but um if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But anyway, but um if you take a
+function and you subtract off its mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you subtract off its mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and you subtract off its mean,
+then the L2 norm is smaller than for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the L2 norm is smaller than for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the L2 norm is smaller than for the
+original function. So anyway, so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function. So anyway, so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original function. So anyway, so we
+could write this and then we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this and then we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could write this and then we can compute
+this even in our heads. So L of X is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even in our heads. So L of X is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even in our heads. So L of X is one
+at Q points and otherwise it's zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Q points and otherwise it's zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Q points and otherwise it's zero. So
+this thing here is Q. So we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is Q. So we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing here is Q. So we get the
+number of lines times Q. So that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines times Q. So that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines times Q. So that's our
+L2 estimate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now let's finish um the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's finish um the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now let's finish um the proof
+of theorem 2. There's theorem two up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theorem 2. There's theorem two up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theorem 2. There's theorem two up
+there. Um, we have this hypothesis that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, we have this hypothesis that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, we have this hypothesis that
+S is a lot smaller than Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is a lot smaller than Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is a lot smaller than Q.
+How does that matter? That controls this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does that matter? That controls this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How does that matter? That controls this
+term,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term,
+right? So, you know, if D was only as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, you know, if D was only as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So, you know, if D was only as
+big as L over Q, uh, then um, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as L over Q, uh, then um, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as L over Q, uh, then um, this
+complicated thing wouldn't come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing wouldn't come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated thing wouldn't come into
+play and and F could be that big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and and F could be that big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play and and F could be that big
+everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+okay. So, let's see how that works. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, let's see how that works. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. So, let's see how that works. So
+the number of lines in my set of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lines in my set of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of lines in my set of lines
+is s * d because I have d directions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s * d because I have d directions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is s * d because I have d directions and
+I have s lines in each direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have s lines in each direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have s lines in each direction.
+So this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this uh
+l over q is uh s * d / q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over q is uh s * d / q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l over q is uh s * d / q
+and I have a hypothesis that s is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a hypothesis that s is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have a hypothesis that s is at
+most q over two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most q over two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most q over two.
+So that implies that when I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that implies that when I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that implies that when I take this
+ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio
+um L / Q is less than half of D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um L / Q is less than half of D.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um L / Q is less than half of D.
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> Um equality L equals S * D. Does does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um equality L equals S * D. Does does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Um equality L equals S * D. Does does
+that assume that every uh so set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assume that every uh so set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that assume that every uh so set of
+lines has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines has the same
+like every L is the same size because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every L is the same size because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like every L is the same size because I
+thought that they could be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that they could be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that they could be different
+sizes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes.
+>> Yes. Right. That's okay. That's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Right. That's okay. That's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yes. Right. That's okay. That's a good
+technical catch. So um Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical catch. So um Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical catch. So um Right.
+Right. So in each direction I have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So in each direction I have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So in each direction I have at
+most S lines. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most S lines. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most S lines. Um but
+it might be okay to work with that but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be okay to work with that but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be okay to work with that but I
+find it slightly confusing to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it slightly confusing to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it slightly confusing to keep track
+of and you can always add some extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and you can always add some extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and you can always add some extra
+lines and the lines will still cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the lines will still cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the lines will still cover the
+set X. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set X. Um and so
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so I don't know I don't know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know I don't know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know I don't know that this
+is crucial but the what I like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is crucial but the what I like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is crucial but the what I like to do is
+to say that there are equal to s lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that there are equal to s lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that there are equal to s lines
+and they cover x and and we can say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they cover x and and we can say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they cover x and and we can say that
+and then it makes this computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it makes this computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it makes this computation
+clean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+okay so this l over q is less than half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this l over q is less than half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this l over q is less than half
+of d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of d.
+Now remember that at each point uh in x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now remember that at each point uh in x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now remember that at each point uh in x
+f ofx is d and f ofx breaks up as l over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is d and f ofx breaks up as l over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is d and f ofx breaks up as l over
+q plus the high frequency part and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q plus the high frequency part and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q plus the high frequency part and the
+the what we just saw is the l over q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we just saw is the l over q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what we just saw is the l over q is
+less than half of d. So the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half of d. So the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than half of d. So the high
+frequency part is the majority uh of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency part is the majority uh of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency part is the majority uh of of
+f at those points.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So we conclude that for every x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we conclude that for every x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So we conclude that for every x
+and x um the high frequency part of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x um the high frequency part of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x um the high frequency part of x is
+at least half of d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least half of d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least half of d.
+I'll just write greater subd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now we can comp compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we can comp compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we can comp compare this
+with our L2 bound there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our L2 bound there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our L2 bound there.
+Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So
+um so we can say that the sum over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can say that the sum over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we can say that the sum over all
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+that the sum over all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum over all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sum over all the points
+of fh of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fh of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fh of x
+squared. Well that should be at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. Well that should be at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared. Well that should be at least as
+big as the points at x times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as the points at x times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as the points at x times the number
+of directions squared. So in this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions squared. So in this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions squared. So in this sum
+some of these points are in my set x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these points are in my set x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these points are in my set x and
+at each of those points this has size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of those points this has size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each of those points this has size
+around d. So that contributes this much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around d. So that contributes this much.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around d. So that contributes this much.
+Plus there are other points which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus there are other points which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus there are other points which I
+really don't know what they're doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know what they're doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't know what they're doing.
+Okay. And then we have the upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we have the upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we have the upper bound
+the L2 estimate that we just proved over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 estimate that we just proved over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the L2 estimate that we just proved over
+there that is upper bounded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that is upper bounded by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that is upper bounded by the
+number of lines time q which is s * d *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines time q which is s * d *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines time q which is s * d *
+q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now we just rearrange this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we just rearrange this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now we just rearrange this and
+it will give us some information about s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will give us some information about s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will give us some information about s
+and d and x and q. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d and x and q. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and d and x and q. Um,
+so I'm going to get the D by itself. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to get the D by itself. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to get the D by itself. So
+I divide by that and I divide by that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by that and I divide by that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by that and I divide by that.
+I'm left with D is bounded by S * Q /X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with D is bounded by S * Q /X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with D is bounded by S * Q /X.
+There it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+>> just going back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> just going back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> just going back and forth between
+analysis. The mean value here is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. The mean value here is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis. The mean value here is taking
+over like talking about the mean over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over like talking about the mean over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over like talking about the mean over
+the sex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sex.
+>> Yeah. So when we say the word mean,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So when we say the word mean,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. So when we say the word mean,
+yeah, when I say the word mean, okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, when I say the word mean, okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, when I say the word mean, okay, so
+the question was when we said mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was when we said mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question was when we said mean
+value, the mean over what? Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, the mean over what? Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value, the mean over what? Um,
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+so let me put that up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put that up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me put that up here.
+So if I have a function g fub^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I have a function g fub^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I have a function g fub^2
+c then when I say the mean value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c then when I say the mean value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c then when I say the mean value
+of g what I mean is um 1 over q ^2 sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g what I mean is um 1 over q ^2 sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of g what I mean is um 1 over q ^2 sum
+in x and f q ^2 of g of x. So it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and f q ^2 of g of x. So it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in x and f q ^2 of g of x. So it's the
+mean over the whole vector space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Other questions or comments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other questions or comments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other questions or comments about the
+proof?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof?
+Okay. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, so
+I am also working on digesting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am also working on digesting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am also working on digesting the
+proof. Um, so the proof is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Um, so the proof is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. Um, so the proof is all about
+breaking up f as this constant part plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up f as this constant part plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up f as this constant part plus
+this high frequency part. And the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high frequency part. And the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this high frequency part. And the proof
+is saying that in a certain sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that in a certain sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that in a certain sense the
+high frequency part is actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency part is actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency part is actually kind of
+small compared to the constant part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the constant part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small compared to the constant part.
+So, I wanted to draw that out because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I wanted to draw that out because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I wanted to draw that out because I
+feel like it helps my intuition about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it helps my intuition about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like it helps my intuition about
+what the what the proof is saying.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the proof is saying.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what the proof is saying.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so, so let's look at this L2 estimate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, our L2 estimate was that um the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, our L2 estimate was that um the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, our L2 estimate was that um the sum
+f ofx^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx^2
+x in the whole plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the whole plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x in the whole plane
+was bounded by the number of lines times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bounded by the number of lines times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was bounded by the number of lines times
+Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so I want to think about what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I want to think about what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I want to think about what this
+means and uh, it helps me a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh, it helps me a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means and uh, it helps me a little bit
+to replace the sum by an average. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace the sum by an average. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace the sum by an average. So I'm
+going to divide both sides by Q ^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide both sides by Q ^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide both sides by Q ^2.
+So if I take 1 / q ^2 some x and f q^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take 1 / q ^2 some x and f q^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I take 1 / q ^2 some x and f q^2
+f h of x^2 then that's bounded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f h of x^2 then that's bounded by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f h of x^2 then that's bounded by the
+number of lines divided by q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines divided by q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of lines divided by q.
+Okay, so this is an L2 version of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is an L2 version of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is an L2 version of an
+average and by Koshy Schwarz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and by Koshy Schwarz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and by Koshy Schwarz that
+controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls
+uh let's see yeah so then so so the if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see yeah so then so so the if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see yeah so then so so the if I
+took a square root to get an L2 norm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a square root to get an L2 norm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took a square root to get an L2 norm I
+would have a square root over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a square root over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have a square root over here and
+by Koshy Schwarz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Koshy Schwarz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Koshy Schwarz
+I would get that the L1 average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get that the L1 average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would get that the L1 average
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+has a bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the bound is now the square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bound is now the square root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bound is now the square root of
+number of lines over Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that look right to everybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And so a bit informally, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so a bit informally, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And so a bit informally, you know,
+there might be some points X that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some points X that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be some points X that are
+different, but on average for a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, but on average for a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, but on average for a typical
+point X, the high frequency part only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X, the high frequency part only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point X, the high frequency part only
+has the size square root of L over Q.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the size square root of L over Q.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the size square root of L over Q.
+Whereas the low frequency part, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas the low frequency part, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas the low frequency part, the
+constant part has size L over Q at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant part has size L over Q at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant part has size L over Q at every
+point. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Here
+let's call let's call this constant part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call let's call this constant part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call let's call this constant part
+fnot that's your frequency part right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot that's your frequency part right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot that's your frequency part right so
+for comparison the size of fnot of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for comparison the size of fnot of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for comparison the size of fnot of x is
+always number of lines over q so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always number of lines over q so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always number of lines over q so the
+conclusion is that if the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that if the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion is that if the number of
+lines is uh much bigger than q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is uh much bigger than q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines is uh much bigger than q
+then this is way bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is way bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is way bigger than
+Um so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so then
+the high frequency part is much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency part is much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency part is much smaller
+than the constant part on average.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's telling us that whenever I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's telling us that whenever I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's telling us that whenever I add
+up a lot of lines has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lot of lines has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a lot of lines has to be
+significantly more than Q lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly more than Q lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly more than Q lines
+then that sum is pretty close to being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that sum is pretty close to being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that sum is pretty close to being a
+constant function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant function.
+At a typical point, the difference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At a typical point, the difference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At a typical point, the difference from
+being constant is extremely small. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being constant is extremely small. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being constant is extremely small. And
+there may be a few points where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a few points where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be a few points where the
+difference from being constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from being constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference from being constant is
+bigger, but but there's a pretty strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger, but but there's a pretty strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger, but but there's a pretty strong
+bound on them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Any questions or comments about
+this? um orthogonality proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah.
+>> The inequality fater.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So, so to recap a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So, so to recap a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+>> Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So, so to recap a
+little bit, we have these lines going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, we have these lines going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, we have these lines going in
+each direction and we have d directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each direction and we have d directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each direction and we have d directions
+and we add up all the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we add up all the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we add up all the characteristic
+functions of the lines. So that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the lines. So that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of the lines. So that's called
+f and each point of x is in all is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and each point of x is in all is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f and each point of x is in all is in
+the line in every direction. So f ofx is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line in every direction. So f ofx is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line in every direction. So f ofx is
+d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d.
+Now we broke up f into two pieces. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we broke up f into two pieces. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we broke up f into two pieces. The
+constant piece which was number of lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant piece which was number of lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant piece which was number of lines
+over q and then the mean zero piece or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over q and then the mean zero piece or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over q and then the mean zero piece or
+high frequency piece.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency piece.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency piece.
+Um, and I claim that the constant piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I claim that the constant piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I claim that the constant piece
+is small. The constant piece is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small. The constant piece is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is small. The constant piece is less
+than half of D. And that would mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of D. And that would mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of D. And that would mean that
+the high frequency part should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency part should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency part should be more
+than half of D. And why is the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of D. And why is the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than half of D. And why is the constant
+piece small? Well, this L is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece small? Well, this L is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece small? Well, this L is the number
+of directions times S. Um, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions times S. Um, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of directions times S. Um, and we
+plugged it in and we used the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it in and we used the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugged it in and we used the fact that
+S is at most Q over2. It's one of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is at most Q over2. It's one of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S is at most Q over2. It's one of our
+hypotheses. That's what fell out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um, okay. Now, I called this early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. Now, I called this early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, okay. Now, I called this early on
+the Forier method. We didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forier method. We didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Forier method. We didn't actually
+mention the Forier transform or for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the Forier transform or for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the Forier transform or for a
+series of anything. We didn't have to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of anything. We didn't have to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of anything. We didn't have to.
+Um, we did use orthogonality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we did use orthogonality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we did use orthogonality
+crucially, which is an idea that I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially, which is an idea that I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucially, which is an idea that I first
+saw in 4A analysis. Um, but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in 4A analysis. Um, but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in 4A analysis. Um, but it is
+possible to rewrite this proof using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to rewrite this proof using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to rewrite this proof using the
+the 4A transform. um and um it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform. um and um it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform. um and um it is
+uh I think it's worth doing even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's worth doing even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think it's worth doing even though
+we didn't need the for transform this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't need the for transform this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't need the for transform this as
+we keep going and do more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep going and do more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we keep going and do more sophisticated
+things in this spirit it helps to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this spirit it helps to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in this spirit it helps to have
+the 4 transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess the other thing is we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the other thing is we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the other thing is we didn't
+prove the key lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the key lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the key lema
+okay actually why don't we let's so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually why don't we let's so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay actually why don't we let's so I'm
+going to uh prove the key lema And I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh prove the key lema And I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh prove the key lema And I'll
+show you two proofs. One of them is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you two proofs. One of them is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you two proofs. One of them is sort
+of direct and the other one is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of direct and the other one is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of direct and the other one is based on
+the uh for a transform. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for a transform. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh for a transform. Okay.
+Um so I think we can erase this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I think we can erase this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I think we can erase this board
+here. We're just going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We're just going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. We're just going to talk about the
+key lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so I'll call this the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so I'll call this the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so I'll call this the direct
+proof of the key lama and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the key lama and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of the key lama and then we'll
+also have a forier proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um okay so actually two cases in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so actually two cases in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay so actually two cases in the
+lema. So the main case is that L1 and L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema. So the main case is that L1 and L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema. So the main case is that L1 and L2
+are not parallel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And in this case the the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And in this case the the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And in this case the the high
+frequency parts are orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency parts are orthogonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency parts are orthogonal.
+So sum of x L1 H of X L2 H of X in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum of x L1 H of X L2 H of X in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sum of x L1 H of X L2 H of X in this
+case is exactly zero. The the less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is exactly zero. The the less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is exactly zero. The the less than
+zero comes from the parallel keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero comes from the parallel keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero comes from the parallel keys.
+Okay. Now there's a lot of symmetry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there's a lot of symmetry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now there's a lot of symmetry in
+this problem. And so we have the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. And so we have the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem. And so we have the two
+lines that intersect. We can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that intersect. We can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines that intersect. We can make a
+linear change of variables and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear change of variables and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear change of variables and a
+translation so that one of them is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so that one of them is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so that one of them is the
+x1 axis and the other one is the x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 axis and the other one is the x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 axis and the other one is the x2
+axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis.
+So after change of variables, L1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after change of variables, L1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So after change of variables, L1 is the
+actually I'm going to say L1 is the X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to say L1 is the X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'm going to say L1 is the X2
+axis and L2 is the X1 axis. I know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and L2 is the X1 axis. I know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and L2 is the X1 axis. I know that
+looks a little silly. Um but yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little silly. Um but yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks a little silly. Um but yeah,
+somewhere there's going to be a any is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there's going to be a any is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere there's going to be a any is
+that a point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a point?
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+So over here is L2 and over here is L1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now and we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now and we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now and we do that
+if I take L1 high of a point X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take L1 high of a point X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take L1 high of a point X1 X2
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it only depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it only depends
+okay so okay so the function L1 of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay so the function L1 of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so okay so the function L1 of X
+only depends upon X1 if X1 is zero L1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends upon X1 if X1 is zero L1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only depends upon X1 if X1 is zero L1 is
+one if X1 is not zero we get zero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if X1 is not zero we get zero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if X1 is not zero we get zero then
+we're subtracting a constant function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're subtracting a constant function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're subtracting a constant function
+from that so it still only depends on X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so it still only depends on X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that so it still only depends on X1
+so This is a function g of x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so This is a function g of x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so This is a function g of x1
+and its mean zero. So the sum over x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its mean zero. So the sum over x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its mean zero. So the sum over x1
+and fq of g of x1 is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Similarly l2 high of x1 x2 only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Similarly l2 high of x1 x2 only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Similarly l2 high of x1 x2 only
+depends upon x2 and it's g of x2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the trickiest bit. Let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the trickiest bit. Let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the trickiest bit. Let me make
+sure that looks okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that looks okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that looks okay.
+So remember L L1 is one if X1 is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember L L1 is one if X1 is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So remember L L1 is one if X1 is zero
+and it's zero otherwise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero otherwise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's zero otherwise.
+And then we're subtract. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're subtract. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we're subtract. So that's a
+function that only depends on X1. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that only depends on X1. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that only depends on X1. We
+subtract off its mean. We get a a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off its mean. We get a a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract off its mean. We get a a new
+function that only depends on X1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess it's 1 - 1 over Q. If X1 is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's 1 - 1 over Q. If X1 is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's 1 - 1 over Q. If X1 is zero
+and it's minus one over Q if X1 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's minus one over Q if X1 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's minus one over Q if X1 is not
+zero. That's what G is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So now when we sum L1H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now when we sum L1H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So now when we sum L1H
+of X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X1 X2
+L2 H of X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 H of X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 H of X1 X2
+well it's the sum over X1 X2 of G of X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the sum over X1 X2 of G of X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's the sum over X1 X2 of G of X1
+G of X2. And now we can just break up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of X2. And now we can just break up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G of X2. And now we can just break up
+this sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum.
+It's the sum on x1 of g of x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the sum on x1 of g of x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the sum on x1 of g of x1
+times the sum on x2 of g of x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sum on x2 of g of x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the sum on x2 of g of x2
+0 * 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Does that look okay to people?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Then there's the minor case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then there's the minor case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then there's the minor case that
+they're parallel and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay, I don't have anything super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, I don't have anything super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, I don't have anything super
+instructive to say about this case. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to say about this case. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive to say about this case. They
+might as well both be p parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well both be p parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well both be p parallel to the
+x2 axis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 axis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 axis.
+It's not hard to compute it by hand. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not hard to compute it by hand. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not hard to compute it by hand. and
+and you'll see that it's negative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that it's negative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that it's negative.
+So I I'm going to not do it on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I I'm going to not do it on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I I'm going to not do it on the board
+because I think it's not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think it's not very
+illuminating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so that's one way to prove the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's one way to prove the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's one way to prove the key
+lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema.
+Uh but the key lema also the whole setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but the key lema also the whole setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but the key lema also the whole setup
+also has a nice relationship to for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a nice relationship to for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a nice relationship to for a
+analysis and and you can use we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and and you can use we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and and you can use we can also
+use for a analysis to to prove the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for a analysis to to prove the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for a analysis to to prove the key
+lema and if we do it that way we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema and if we do it that way we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lema and if we do it that way we can
+sort of justify in a precise way saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of justify in a precise way saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of justify in a precise way saying
+that something is the zero frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something is the zero frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that something is the zero frequency
+part or the high frequency part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So let me remind everybody how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me remind everybody how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let me remind everybody how
+fora analysis works over finite fields.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So um
+I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a
+for analysis based on having some like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analysis based on having some like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for analysis based on having some like
+group homorphism from your group into C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group homorphism from your group into C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group homorphism from your group into C
+star. So I'm going to call it E. So E is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. So I'm going to call it E. So E is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. So I'm going to call it E. So E is
+a map from FQ to C star. Think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from FQ to C star. Think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from FQ to C star. Think of it as
+FQ with addition. So this is a grouping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FQ with addition. So this is a grouping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FQ with addition. So this is a grouping
+group. That's an aelion group. Complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. That's an aelion group. Complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. That's an aelion group. Complex
+numbers with multiplication. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers with multiplication. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers with multiplication. This is a
+homorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I want it to be non-trivial. does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want it to be non-trivial. does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want it to be non-trivial. does
+not send does not just send everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not send does not just send everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not send does not just send everything
+to one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one.
+Okay. So for example, if Q= P is prime,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for example, if Q= P is prime,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So for example, if Q= P is prime,
+then it would be E of X is E 2<unk>I I X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be E of X is E 2<unk>I I X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be E of X is E 2<unk>I I X
+over P.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if Q is not prime, it takes a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if Q is not prime, it takes a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if Q is not prime, it takes a little
+bit more doing to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more doing to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more doing to write down a
+homorphism, but there but there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism, but there but there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homorphism, but there but there is one
+that's not true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so now suppose I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so now suppose I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so now suppose I have a
+function on fq to the d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on fq to the d.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on fq to the d.
+It has a fora transform. Um so the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a fora transform. Um so the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has a fora transform. Um so the for
+transform of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform of c
+is defined to be sum over q and fq to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be sum over q and fq to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined to be sum over q and fq to
+the d f ofx d ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d f ofx d ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d f ofx d ofx
+c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c.
+So this x c this is a dotproduct. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this x c this is a dotproduct. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this x c this is a dotproduct. It's
+just x1 c1 plus x2 c2 and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's the 4 a transform and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the 4 a transform and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the 4 a transform and it looks
+more or less uh like how you know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uh like how you know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less uh like how you know how it
+looks in uklidian space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in uklidian space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks in uklidian space.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So this c also lives in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this c also lives in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this c also lives in um
+inf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+There are two main really fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are two main really fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are two main really fundamental
+theorems about transform. One of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about transform. One of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems about transform. One of them is
+forier inversion and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier inversion and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier inversion and the other one is
+planer theorem as orthogonality and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer theorem as orthogonality and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer theorem as orthogonality and in
+the finite field setting they work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite field setting they work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite field setting they work out
+in the following way. So theorem one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way. So theorem one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the following way. So theorem one um
+for a inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a inversion
+f ofx is the sum c in fq to the d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is the sum c in fq to the d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f ofx is the sum c in fq to the d and
+here we need to take an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need to take an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we need to take an average
+f of c e of x dot c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c e of x dot c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of c e of x dot c.
+So it looks like 4A inversion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it looks like 4A inversion in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it looks like 4A inversion in
+uklitian space although there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uklitian space although there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uklitian space although there's this
+average here maybe worth saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average here maybe worth saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average here maybe worth saying that
+there are several reasonable conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several reasonable conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several reasonable conventions
+that you might put about you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might put about you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might put about you know
+somewhere in this setup we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this setup we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in this setup we need to
+divide something by some powers of Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide something by some powers of Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide something by some powers of Q and
+there are several reasonable conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several reasonable conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are several reasonable conventions
+and you see different conventions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see different conventions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see different conventions in
+different places um but anyway this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places um but anyway this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different places um but anyway this is
+one that I picked um and I I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I picked um and I I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that I picked um and I I never
+remember it so I always take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it so I always take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it so I always take the
+function one and comput it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one and comput it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function one and comput it for a
+transform and check that this works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and check that this works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and check that this works and
+that tells May I have this factor?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And theorem two is planer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that says that if I take the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that says that if I take the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that says that if I take the sum
+over fq to the d of f ofx g of xar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fq to the d of f ofx g of xar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over fq to the d of f ofx g of xar
+then that's equivalent to a sum on the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's equivalent to a sum on the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's equivalent to a sum on the 4
+a side. And there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side. And there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a side. And there's also a
+normalization. So that's 1 / q to the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization. So that's 1 / q to the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization. So that's 1 / q to the d
+sum x and sum c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum x and sum c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum x and sum c
+and f q to the d f of c g hat of c bar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f q to the d f of c g hat of c bar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f q to the d f of c g hat of c bar.
+So again if you compute a simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again if you compute a simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again if you compute a simple example
+you'll see that this is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that this is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that this is the right
+normalization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So now if you take the characteristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you take the characteristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now if you take the characteristic
+function of a line you can take its fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a line you can take its fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a line you can take its fora
+transform and something interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and something interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and something interesting
+happens that represents uh important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that represents uh important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that represents uh important
+connection between I don't know between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between I don't know between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between I don't know between
+lines and the 4A transform and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the 4A transform and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and the 4A transform and and
+therefore between projection theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore between projection theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore between projection theory and
+the 4A transform. So okay so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform. So okay so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4A transform. So okay so here's what
+happens. So suppose L is an athine line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in FQ ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in FQ ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in FQ ^2
+or or really the characteristic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or really the characteristic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or really the characteristic function
+of the alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alpha.
+Okay. So then it has a perp so L perp is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then it has a perp so L perp is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then it has a perp so L perp is
+the set of C. So that um c do x1 - x2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of C. So that um c do x1 - x2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of C. So that um c do x1 - x2 is
+zero for any x1 x2 in the line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for any x1 x2 in the line.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for any x1 x2 in the line.
+So in uklitian space this would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in uklitian space this would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in uklitian space this would look
+like this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So
+so here's my line l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my line l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's my line l
+uh this is x space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is x space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is x space
+and then over here in c space I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over here in c space I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over here in c space I would
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l.
+Notice that L perp always goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice that L perp always goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notice that L perp always goes through
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So here's here's my X1 and X2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's here's my X1 and X2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here's here's my X1 and X2.
+So this direction here is a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this direction here is a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this direction here is a tangent
+direction to L and then these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to L and then these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction to L and then these are the
+perpendicular directions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular directions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular directions.
+All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So
+proposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition
+if you take L hat of C and you take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take L hat of C and you take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take L hat of C and you take its
+absolute value there are two cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value there are two cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value there are two cases
+one of them is that you get Q and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is that you get Q and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is that you get Q and that's
+if C is in LP and the other one is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C is in LP and the other one is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if C is in LP and the other one is you
+get zero and that's if C is not in LP.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero and that's if C is not in LP.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero and that's if C is not in LP.
+So the for transform of a line first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the for transform of a line first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the for transform of a line first of
+all has is very sparse. It's zero almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has is very sparse. It's zero almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all has is very sparse. It's zero almost
+everywhere. The only places where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. The only places where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere. The only places where it's
+not zero are on this perpendicular line.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um I think it is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um I think it is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um I think it is a good
+experience to uh compute this out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to uh compute this out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to uh compute this out and
+check that it happens. When you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it happens. When you write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that it happens. When you write
+down this sum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this sum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this sum,
+the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum
+will reduce to a geometric series and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce to a geometric series and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will reduce to a geometric series and
+then you can sum the geometric series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can sum the geometric series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can sum the geometric series
+and you can see exactly what happens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see exactly what happens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see exactly what happens.
+So this is an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is an exercise
+on the homework.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And now um okay so we also do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now um okay so we also do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now um okay so we also do this
+thing of subtracting off the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of subtracting off the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing of subtracting off the mean
+and and that has a very natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that has a very natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that has a very natural
+interpretation in for analysis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um let's erase this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+so if you have a function g from f q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a function g from f q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a function g from f q to
+the d goes to c, then we can write g as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d goes to c, then we can write g as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the d goes to c, then we can write g as
+1 / q to the d sum over c g hat of c e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / q to the d sum over c g hat of c e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 / q to the d sum over c g hat of c e
+of x c. And one of these frequencies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x c. And one of these frequencies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x c. And one of these frequencies is
+often very special, namely the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often very special, namely the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often very special, namely the frequency
+zero. So I'm just going to break up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So I'm just going to break up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So I'm just going to break up this
+sum. It's 1 / q to the d g hat of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum. It's 1 / q to the d g hat of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum. It's 1 / q to the d g hat of zero
+plus um the sum over the nonzero c 1 / q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um the sum over the nonzero c 1 / q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus um the sum over the nonzero c 1 / q
+to the d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the d
+g had x c e of x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g had x c e of x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g had x c e of x.
+All right. So if you think about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So if you think about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So if you think about what
+this is, ghat of 0 is just the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is, ghat of 0 is just the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is, ghat of 0 is just the sum of
+the values of g and then I divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of g and then I divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of g and then I divide by
+that I get this formula here. That's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get this formula here. That's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get this formula here. That's the
+mean value of G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value of G.
+So this is G knot and it's the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is G knot and it's the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is G knot and it's the mean
+value of G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of G.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of G.
+And this thing here we'll call G high.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this thing here we'll call G high.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this thing here we'll call G high.
+G high is G minus its mean value. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G high is G minus its mean value. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G high is G minus its mean value. So it
+has mean zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that's what we did with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's what we did with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's what we did with our
+lens. This is the zero frequency part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. This is the zero frequency part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens. This is the zero frequency part of
+L and this is the nonzero frequency or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this is the nonzero frequency or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and this is the nonzero frequency or I
+called it high frequency part of L. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it high frequency part of L. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it high frequency part of L. So
+from from from the for analysis point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from the for analysis point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from from the for analysis point of
+view that that's what that's what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that that's what that's what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view that that's what that's what these
+things precisely mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now we can put this together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now we can put this together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now we can put this together
+to give a a new explanation of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a a new explanation of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a a new explanation of the key
+orthogonality lama.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality lama.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality lama.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+where should I put it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So we we gave one proof of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we we gave one proof of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So we we gave one proof of the key
+lama over here. We can do now another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lama over here. We can do now another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lama over here. We can do now another
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So let's give the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's give the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So let's give the forier
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+of the key lama.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh we'll still do the main case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll still do the main case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we'll still do the main case
+which is that L1 and L2 are not parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that L1 and L2 are not parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that L1 and L2 are not parallel
+and that's where we get literal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we get literal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where we get literal
+orthogonality then we get that the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality then we get that the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonality then we get that the sum
+of L1H of X L2 H of X is Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L1H of X L2 H of X is Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L1H of X L2 H of X is Z
+how will we do it we'll evaluate it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will we do it we'll evaluate it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will we do it we'll evaluate it with
+planer Wrap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So that's planer theorem 2. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's planer theorem 2. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's planer theorem 2. And
+now I have the high part here. What does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have the high part here. What does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have the high part here. What does
+the high part mean? The high part means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high part mean? The high part means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high part mean? The high part means
+I crossed out the zero frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I crossed out the zero frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I crossed out the zero frequency.
+So this is 1 over Q ^2 times the sum on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 1 over Q ^2 times the sum on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is 1 over Q ^2 times the sum on
+nonzero C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero C
+L1 hat of C L2 hat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 hat of C L2 hat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 hat of C L2 hat.
+So if if you compare the for transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if you compare the for transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if you compare the for transform
+of L1 and L1 high, the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L1 and L1 high, the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L1 and L1 high, the only difference
+is the zero frequency. I take I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero frequency. I take I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the zero frequency. I take I take the
+zero frequency here and I throw it out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero frequency here and I throw it out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero frequency here and I throw it out.
+All the other ones are the same. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the other ones are the same. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All the other ones are the same. So this
+is the same as this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as this.
+Okay. Now I'll make a picture. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I'll make a picture. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I'll make a picture. Um so
+here in in X space I have a line um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have a line L1 and I have a line L2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a line L1 and I have a line L2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a line L1 and I have a line L2.
+What happens in for space C space? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens in for space C space? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens in for space C space? Well,
+there's uh L1 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh L1 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh L1 per
+and then there's L2 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and L1 P and L2 per intersect only at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L1 P and L2 per intersect only at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and L1 P and L2 per intersect only at
+zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero.
+So here I'm summing over nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I'm summing over nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So here I'm summing over nonzero
+frequencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if C is non zero then C is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if C is non zero then C is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if C is non zero then C is not so
+either C is not in L1 per or C is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either C is not in L1 per or C is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either C is not in L1 per or C is not in
+L2 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L2 per
+because those two those two purps they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those two those two purps they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those two those two purps they
+only intersect at the origin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only intersect at the origin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only intersect at the origin.
+Okay. But this function is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But this function is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But this function is only
+supported when C is in L1 per and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported when C is in L1 per and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported when C is in L1 per and this
+one is only supported when C is in L2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is only supported when C is in L2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is only supported when C is in L2
+perp. So at every C in this sum, one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp. So at every C in this sum, one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perp. So at every C in this sum, one of
+these guys is zero. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or to put it a little bit differently,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to put it a little bit differently,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to put it a little bit differently,
+uh these two functions have disjoint for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these two functions have disjoint for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these two functions have disjoint for
+a support.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a support.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a support.
+So they are orthogonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so those are these are the two main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are these are the two main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are these are the two main
+classical techniques of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical techniques of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical techniques of projection
+theory. The double counting argument and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. The double counting argument and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory. The double counting argument and
+the forthagonality argument. Um they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forthagonality argument. Um they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forthagonality argument. Um they're
+each not that difficult. Um, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each not that difficult. Um, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each not that difficult. Um, but it
+actually is really pretty hard to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is really pretty hard to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is really pretty hard to go
+beyond them even though there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond them even though there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond them even though there's a lot of
+situations where they're they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where they're they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where they're they're not
+sharp. That's a that's a theme that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp. That's a that's a theme that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp. That's a that's a theme that
+we'll get to. Um, but before we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to. Um, but before we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to. Um, but before we get to
+that theme, we'll explore these for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theme, we'll explore these for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theme, we'll explore these for a
+while. Um, and we'll see that uh a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. Um, and we'll see that uh a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. Um, and we'll see that uh a bunch
+of people have used them in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have used them in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people have used them in fact in
+different areas of math to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas of math to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different areas of math to do some
+different different things that things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different things that things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different different things that things
+that I think are interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think are interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think are interesting.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+so the next thing that we'll do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing that we'll do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing that we'll do is the
+the more analytic setting of working in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more analytic setting of working in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more analytic setting of working in
+R2 instead of over a finite field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 instead of over a finite field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R2 instead of over a finite field and
+having balls instead of points. And I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having balls instead of points. And I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having balls instead of points. And I I
+sort of waved my hands about it uh last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waved my hands about it uh last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of waved my hands about it uh last
+class about exactly what we would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about exactly what we would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class about exactly what we would try to
+prove. Um and um uh so in our in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. Um and um uh so in our in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. Um and um uh so in our in our
+last 10 minutes I'll introduce the setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 minutes I'll introduce the setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 10 minutes I'll introduce the setup
+with balls and I'll tell you what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with balls and I'll tell you what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with balls and I'll tell you what are
+the analog of theorem one and theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of theorem one and theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the analog of theorem one and theorem
+two and this conjecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this conjecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and this conjecture.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we'll see we'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll see we'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we'll see we'll see the
+proofs of all that next class and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of all that next class and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of all that next class and we'll
+see the proofs are morally the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the proofs are morally the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the proofs are morally the same as
+these proofs in finite fields but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proofs in finite fields but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these proofs in finite fields but with a
+little bit of extra technical issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra technical issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of extra technical issues
+from uh from working in uklitian space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from working in uklitian space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh from working in uklitian space.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, let's do a setup with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let's do a setup with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, let's do a setup with
+balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Setup in R2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setup in R2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Setup in R2
+with balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, our set X is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, our set X is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, our set X is going to be
+a set of disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of disjoint
+unit balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit balls
+in a large ball.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large ball.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a large ball.
+And then D, our set of directions. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then D, our set of directions. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then D, our set of directions. I'll
+think of it as a subset of S1. So, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a subset of S1. So, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a subset of S1. So, this
+is a set of directions that we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of directions that we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a set of directions that we'll do
+projections in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they will also be disjoint and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will also be disjoint and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will also be disjoint and what
+I'm going to put here is that they're 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put here is that they're 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put here is that they're 1
+/ r separated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ r separated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ r separated.
+So you take so these these um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take so these these um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you take so these these um you can
+think of d as a set of angles and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of d as a set of angles and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of d as a set of angles and any
+two angles are at least 1 / r apart from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angles are at least 1 / r apart from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two angles are at least 1 / r apart from
+each other. The reason for that is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. The reason for that is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. The reason for that is if
+they were closer together than that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were closer together than that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were closer together than that the
+two projections would basically be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two projections would basically be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two projections would basically be the
+same in terms of how they what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in terms of how they what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in terms of how they what they do
+to a set of unit balls in in a ball of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a set of unit balls in in a ball of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a set of unit balls in in a ball of
+radius r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius r.
+Okay. So that's x and d. And then our s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's x and d. And then our s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's x and d. And then our s
+s of xd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of xd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of xd
+is the maximum over any direction in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum over any direction in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the maximum over any direction in our
+set of directions of the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of directions of the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of directions of the size of the
+projection of x in that direction. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of x in that direction. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of x in that direction. So
+this is a one-dimensional set. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-dimensional set. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-dimensional set. It's
+basically a set of unit intervals. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a set of unit intervals. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a set of unit intervals. And
+and this this absolute value is its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this absolute value is its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this absolute value is its
+length.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, we could ask just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we could ask just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we could ask just in
+terms of the size of X and the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the size of X and the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the size of X and the size of
+D, what can you say about S and how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D, what can you say about S and how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D, what can you say about S and how does
+it compare to the finite field case? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it compare to the finite field case? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it compare to the finite field case? And
+we saw last time that it's rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time that it's rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw last time that it's rather
+different from um the finite field case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from um the finite field case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from um the finite field case
+because of an example where X is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an example where X is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of an example where X is very
+clumped together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together.
+Um okay, so let me put up here a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, so let me put up here a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um okay, so let me put up here a couple
+of examples in our new geometric setup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, example one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a square grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's spaced out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, it looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's going to be an n byn grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be an n byn grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's going to be an n byn grid.
+And um I'm going to it's inside of an R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um I'm going to it's inside of an R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um I'm going to it's inside of an R
+ball, but I'm going to make it as spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball, but I'm going to make it as spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball, but I'm going to make it as spread
+out as possible. And so the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as possible. And so the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out as possible. And so the distance
+here is about r.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about r.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is about r.
+So that's my sax.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's my sax.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's my sax.
+Okay. And d could be the same as before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And d could be the same as before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And d could be the same as before.
+It could be the directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with slope
+um a1 over a2 where a1 and a2 are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a1 over a2 where a1 and a2 are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a1 over a2 where a1 and a2 are
+integers going from one up to a.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And if you if you compute how big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if you if you compute how big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And if you if you compute how big
+the projection is, it's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection is, it's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection is, it's the same as
+before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+A * n the same that's the same thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A * n the same that's the same thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A * n the same that's the same thing we
+got before at the beginning of class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got before at the beginning of class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got before at the beginning of class.
+except that the projection is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the projection is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the projection is never
+bigger than r. You know, you project a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than r. You know, you project a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than r. You know, you project a
+whole ball of radius r, you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole ball of radius r, you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole ball of radius r, you get an
+interval of length r. So, it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length r. So, it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length r. So, it's never
+bigger than that. So, I'll put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that. So, I'll put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than that. So, I'll put the
+minimum the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, there was one scenario. This is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there was one scenario. This is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, there was one scenario. This is an
+integer grid, which was an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid, which was an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integer grid, which was an important
+example before. But another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example before. But another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example before. But another thing you
+can do is you can take these points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can take these points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is you can take these points and
+clump them way together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So example two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So example two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So example two
+is a clump.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clump.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a clump.
+So I take a ball of radius n and I fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I take a ball of radius n and I fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I take a ball of radius n and I fill
+it with unit balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we still have the number of balls is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we still have the number of balls is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we still have the number of balls is
+around n^ squ but they're much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around n^ squ but they're much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around n^ squ but they're much more
+clumped together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clumped together.
+And when you do that, pi theta of x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you do that, pi theta of x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you do that, pi theta of x is
+only around n. You know, you project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only around n. You know, you project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only around n. You know, you project
+this set x in any direction, it'll be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set x in any direction, it'll be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set x in any direction, it'll be an
+interval of length n. And so that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length n. And so that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval of length n. And so that's true
+for everything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything.
+And if you compare these examples,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you compare these examples,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you compare these examples,
+you'll see that this one uh has has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that this one uh has has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that this one uh has has a
+much smaller has much bigger s than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller has much bigger s than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller has much bigger s than uh
+sorry, much smaller s's than than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, much smaller s's than than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, much smaller s's than than this
+one. This example is much more extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This example is much more extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. This example is much more extreme
+than the grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so it turns out that just asking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that just asking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that just asking the
+question, if you know the cardality of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, if you know the cardality of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question, if you know the cardality of X
+and you know the cardality of D, um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the cardality of D, um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the cardality of D, um what
+can you say about S? Uh we we'll answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say about S? Uh we we'll answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you say about S? Uh we we'll answer
+that question. That's a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question. That's a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question. That's a somewhat
+interesting question and and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question and and we'll
+answer it. Um but it's not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it. Um but it's not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it. Um but it's not the most
+interesting question. the the phenomenon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question. the the phenomenon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question. the the phenomenon
+there's a phenomenon that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a phenomenon that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a phenomenon that's more
+interesting which is that as the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that as the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting which is that as the points
+get spread out you get stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get spread out you get stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get spread out you get stronger
+estimates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates.
+Okay. So what does it mean that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does it mean that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does it mean that the
+points get spread out? We need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points get spread out? We need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points get spread out? We need to have
+some rules about it or you know how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules about it or you know how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some rules about it or you know how do
+we make that precise that they're spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that precise that they're spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we make that precise that they're spread
+out. Um so being clumped together means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um so being clumped together means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out. Um so being clumped together means
+there are a lot of points in a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of points in a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of points in a small
+ball and we can quantify that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and we can quantify that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball and we can quantify that in the
+following way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way.
+N subx of R is the maximum over any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N subx of R is the maximum over any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N subx of R is the maximum over any
+choice of center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of center
+of the size of X in the ball around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of X in the ball around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size of X in the ball around
+center C with radius R.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you can see that this quantity would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can see that this quantity would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can see that this quantity would
+be quite large in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite large in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be quite large in this example
+especially if you took little r to be n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you took little r to be n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if you took little r to be n
+and it would be a lot smaller in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be a lot smaller in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it would be a lot smaller in this
+example. So that point is more spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So that point is more spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. So that point is more spread
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And it turns out it doesn't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And it turns out it doesn't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And it turns out it doesn't just
+matter how our set of points is spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how our set of points is spaced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter how our set of points is spaced.
+It also matters how our set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also matters how our set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It also matters how our set of
+directions is spaced.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is spaced.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions is spaced.
+So we'll talk about that also. So n subd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll talk about that also. So n subd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll talk about that also. So n subd
+of r is the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r is the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r is the maximum
+um over any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over any
+actually I'll give this another letter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll give this another letter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I'll give this another letter.
+I'll call it row. Any arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it row. Any arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call it row. Any arc
+um of length row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of length row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of length row
+in s1. So we have the directions as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s1. So we have the directions as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in s1. So we have the directions as a
+subset of S1 of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of S1 of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of S1 of the number
+of the directions in the arc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the directions in the arc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the directions in the arc.
+So for you pick a particular parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for you pick a particular parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for you pick a particular parameters
+a size row and you ask how many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size row and you ask how many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a size row and you ask how many uh
+directions are there in in an arc of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are there in in an arc of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are there in in an arc of
+size row. So that's this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um so you could describe the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so you could describe the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um so you could describe the our
+goal in projection theory in uklidian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in projection theory in uklidian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal in projection theory in uklidian
+space in the following way. Given some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the following way. Given some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space in the following way. Given some
+information about this thing and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this thing and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about this thing and that
+thing try to estimate um uh s and d and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing try to estimate um uh s and d and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing try to estimate um uh s and d and
+x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can phrase it that way. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can phrase it that way. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can phrase it that way. Um and then
+there's a whole world of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole world of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole world of questions
+because there's a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's a lot of different
+things you could assume about nx and n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could assume about nx and n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you could assume about nx and n
+uh d. There's one particular scenario uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d. There's one particular scenario uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh d. There's one particular scenario uh
+one particular set of assumptions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular set of assumptions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular set of assumptions that
+has been investigated a lot and it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been investigated a lot and it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been investigated a lot and it seems
+it's not the only interesting one but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only interesting one but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only interesting one but it
+seems to be uh important and and uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be uh important and and uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be uh important and and uh a
+good thing to focus on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to focus on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to focus on.
+So we could say that X is a alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could say that X is a alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we could say that X is a alpha
+dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set of balls.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+the total number of balls is around R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of balls is around R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total number of balls is around R to
+the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha
+and N sub R of X is less than little R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N sub R of X is less than little R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and N sub R of X is less than little R
+to the alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This numerology is sort of consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This numerology is sort of consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This numerology is sort of consistent
+with how fractals behave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And there's a and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And there's a and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And there's a and then you can
+make a similar definition for D.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Maybe people feel it's not so I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe people feel it's not so I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe people feel it's not so I know
+people might feel it's not so clear why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might feel it's not so clear why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might feel it's not so clear why
+to focus on this particular set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on this particular set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on this particular set of
+conditions. We can talk about it. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. We can talk about it. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. We can talk about it. Uh
+okay. Anyway, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Anyway, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. Anyway, so
+so the final thing is that if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final thing is that if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final thing is that if you take
+this set of conditions, then we can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of conditions, then we can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of conditions, then we can do a
+version in uklidian space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version in uklidian space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version in uklidian space of the
+conjecture and theorem one and theorem 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture and theorem one and theorem 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjecture and theorem one and theorem 2
+and all the numbers match up and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the numbers match up and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the numbers match up and we can
+prove a version of theorem one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a version of theorem one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove a version of theorem one that
+looks just like that with this double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like that with this double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks just like that with this double
+counting and we can prove a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and we can prove a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting and we can prove a version of
+theorem two that looks just like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two that looks just like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two that looks just like that
+with for analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with for analysis
+and we have a conjecture that looks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a conjecture that looks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a conjecture that looks just
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that.
+Um and um the the big recent result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um the the big recent result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and um the the big recent result that
+I hinted at in the first class is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hinted at in the first class is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hinted at in the first class is that
+that that the analog of that conjecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the analog of that conjecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that the analog of that conjecture
+is proven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proven.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proven.
+Okay. So at the beginning of class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So at the beginning of class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So at the beginning of class on
+Tuesday, I will write all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday, I will write all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday, I will write all those things
+down and then we'll um and then we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then we'll um and then we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then we'll um and then we'll do
+analysis in R2 and we'll and we'll prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in R2 and we'll and we'll prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis in R2 and we'll and we'll prove
+theorem one. Theorem one prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one. Theorem one prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem one. Theorem one prime and
+theorem two prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two prime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem two prime.
+Okay, great. We'll stop there. Have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. We'll stop there. Have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. We'll stop there. Have a
+great weekend and I will see you next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great weekend and I will see you next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great weekend and I will see you next
+week.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sZlTriaYRM0.txt b/sZlTriaYRM0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5ab02773c50879b7b2201d94a79e2b916b34337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sZlTriaYRM0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6691 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time I talked about lcao mo for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I talked about lcao mo for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I talked about lcao mo for
+diatomic molecules and I didn't finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and I didn't finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules and I didn't finish
+but the important point was that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point was that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point was that this is
+a toy model this is based on a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy model this is based on a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a toy model this is based on a little
+bit of extension from something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of extension from something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of extension from something which is
+not really a toy model h2 + 2 basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a toy model h2 + 2 basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really a toy model h2 + 2 basically
+an interpretive framework that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretive framework that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interpretive framework that can be
+applied to basically all diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to basically all diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to basically all diatomic
+molecules and the logic is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the logic is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and the logic is relatively
+simple we know this one we get we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know this one we get we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple we know this one we get we get
+this the molecular orbitals for h2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the molecular orbitals for h2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the molecular orbitals for h2 +
+they're basically - there's a bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically - there's a bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically - there's a bonding
+one and the anti bonding one of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the anti bonding one of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the anti bonding one of course
+there's many more but we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more but we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many more but we don't care
+about them and then we go to h2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and then we go to h2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them and then we go to h2 and
+again there's basically only 2 orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's basically only 2 orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's basically only 2 orbitals
+that we care about because the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about because the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about because the next
+higher principle quantum number is has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher principle quantum number is has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher principle quantum number is has
+such high energy that we can just forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high energy that we can just forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high energy that we can just forget
+about them because those states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them because those states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them because those states that
+derive from the higher principle quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from the higher principle quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive from the higher principle quantum
+number are rid Burgh States or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number are rid Burgh States or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number are rid Burgh States or
+complicated things because they're at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things because they're at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things because they're at
+such high energy and then it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high energy and then it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high energy and then it's a very
+small step to go from hydrogen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small step to go from hydrogen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small step to go from hydrogen from
+hydrogen to the a H molecules because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to the a H molecules because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen to the a H molecules because
+well we've got the electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got the electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we've got the electronic structure
+for the atomic for the a atom which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atomic for the a atom which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the atomic for the a atom which is
+complicated more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated more complicated than
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+but because hydrogen only can make Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because hydrogen only can make Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because hydrogen only can make Sigma
+bonds because the P orbitals in hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds because the P orbitals in hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds because the P orbitals in hydrogen
+are so high that it's it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so high that it's it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so high that it's it's a it's a
+simpler picture and it can easily be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler picture and it can easily be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler picture and it can easily be
+understood this is in all the textbooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood this is in all the textbooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood this is in all the textbooks
+and it's more or less given to you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more or less given to you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's more or less given to you as
+something to memorize and but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to memorize and but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to memorize and but there's a
+lot more to it than just memorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to it than just memorization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more to it than just memorization
+and the important thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the important thing is that
+everything in lcao mo for diatomics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in lcao mo for diatomics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in lcao mo for diatomics is
+based on the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the periodic
+and the periodic table tells you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the periodic table tells you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the periodic table tells you about
+the the ionization energies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ionization energies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the ionization energies the
+periodicity of ionization energies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of ionization energies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodicity of ionization energies and
+so we can say for any non-integer well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say for any non-integer well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say for any non-integer well
+if we know what the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know what the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we know what the ionization energy
+from a particular state is we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a particular state is we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a particular state is we can use
+that ionization energy together to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionization energy together to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ionization energy together to do
+derive a non-integer principle quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a non-integer principle quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a non-integer principle quantum
+number this is all empirical and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is all empirical and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number this is all empirical and then
+use that empirical principle quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that empirical principle quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that empirical principle quantum
+number to get the size of the orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to get the size of the orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number to get the size of the orbital
+and basically the size is everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the size is everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically the size is everything
+because everything is based on overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is based on overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everything is based on overlap
+and the inter nuclear distance in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inter nuclear distance in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inter nuclear distance in a
+molecule is based on the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is based on the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule is based on the size of the
+relative sizes of the different atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of the different atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative sizes of the different atoms
+and for different electronic states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for different electronic states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for different electronic states of
+the atoms these sizes are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms these sizes are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atoms these sizes are different
+because they have the ionization energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the ionization energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have the ionization energy
+from that level in implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that level in implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that level in implicitly
+expressed so because you know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so because you know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed so because you know about
+arbol sizes and that the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbol sizes and that the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbol sizes and that the different
+atomic orbitals have different sizes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbitals have different sizes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic orbitals have different sizes you
+can do an enormous amount as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do an enormous amount as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do an enormous amount as far as
+understanding the electronic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the electronic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the electronic structure
+of all diatomic molecules now this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all diatomic molecules now this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all diatomic molecules now this when
+you have two states which have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two states which have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two states which have different
+different energies we do that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies we do that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies we do that something
+like this to describe the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to describe the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to describe the the the
+molecular orbitals that arise from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals that arise from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals that arise from them
+that's perturbation theory so the strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perturbation theory so the strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's perturbation theory so the strong
+or the the solid line is the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the solid line is the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the solid line is the dominant
+character the dotted line is the admix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the dotted line is the admix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character the dotted line is the admix
+character of the other orbital and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of the other orbital and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character of the other orbital and this
+is all qualitative but you know you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all qualitative but you know you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all qualitative but you know you have
+these different atomic orbital energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different atomic orbital energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different atomic orbital energies
+you know them from the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know them from the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know them from the periodic table
+basically and so you can say yes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and so you can say yes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically and so you can say yes an
+orbital there's going to be two orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital there's going to be two orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital there's going to be two orbitals
+arriving derived from these two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving derived from these two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arriving derived from these two states
+and one is polarized towards this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is polarized towards this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one is polarized towards this
+the other is polarized towards that atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is polarized towards that atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other is polarized towards that atom
+and so you get you get the the shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get the the shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get you get the the shape of
+the orbital and it's it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital and it's it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the orbital and it's it's actually
+useful for saying well is this if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for saying well is this if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for saying well is this if I if I
+were to do chemistry which end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do chemistry which end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to do chemistry which end of the
+this is electronegative and which end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is electronegative and which end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is electronegative and which end is
+electro positive or which end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro positive or which end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro positive or which end of this
+would attach to a metal surface would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would attach to a metal surface would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would attach to a metal surface would it
+attach pointing into the surface or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach pointing into the surface or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attach pointing into the surface or
+lying down and there's all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying down and there's all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lying down and there's all sorts of
+insights if you can draw these sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights if you can draw these sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights if you can draw these sorts of
+pictures and this is what we do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and this is what we do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and this is what we do as
+physical chemists we take the crudest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists we take the crudest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists we take the crudest
+model and we say okay we understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we say okay we understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and we say okay we understand the
+important features and as we discover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important features and as we discover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important features and as we discover
+new important features we build them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new important features we build them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new important features we build them in
+or we forget about them because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we forget about them because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we forget about them because they're
+too subtle and we're always looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too subtle and we're always looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too subtle and we're always looking for
+something where the crude picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where the crude picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where the crude picture
+doesn't work and we then find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and we then find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work and we then find the
+important thing that that is needed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that that is needed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that that is needed and
+for example if you were to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you were to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if you were to look at the
+molecular orbital diagram for c2 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagram for c2 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital diagram for c2 which
+is a perfectly legitimate gas phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfectly legitimate gas phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a perfectly legitimate gas phase
+molecule you'll you'll see that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you'll you'll see that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule you'll you'll see that there's
+a little bit of ambiguity about which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of ambiguity about which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of ambiguity about which is
+the ground state and this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state and this is an
+important thing and there's a big always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing and there's a big always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing and there's a big always
+a big controversy about this that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big controversy about this that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big controversy about this that was
+settled by spectroscopy okay so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled by spectroscopy okay so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settled by spectroscopy okay so if you
+can build an intuitive picture for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build an intuitive picture for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build an intuitive picture for all
+diatomic molecules you can also build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules you can also build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diatomic molecules you can also build an
+intuitive picture for what we would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive picture for what we would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive picture for what we would call
+chromophores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there are molecule there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are molecule there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are molecule there are a lot of
+molecules that are larger than diatomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are larger than diatomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules that are larger than diatomic
+molecules and but the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and but the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and but the electronic
+structure is mostly nothing except a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is mostly nothing except a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is mostly nothing except a few
+atoms that are close to each other where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are close to each other where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are close to each other where
+there's a double bond or there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double bond or there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a double bond or there's
+something special and and so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special and and so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something special and and so if you can
+do lcao mo for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lcao mo for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do lcao mo for
+atomic molecules you can also address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic molecules you can also address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic molecules you can also address
+electronic structure in much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure in much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure in much larger
+molecules because it's really due to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because it's really due to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules because it's really due to a
+few important atoms or several several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few important atoms or several several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few important atoms or several several
+different groups of important atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups of important atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different groups of important atoms and
+the ideas in here enable you to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas in here enable you to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas in here enable you to talk
+about the electronic structure of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electronic structure of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the electronic structure of almost
+anything and you know one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and you know one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and you know one of the things
+that we care about is spectroscopy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do we learn about the structure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we learn about the structure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we learn about the structure of a
+molecule and mostly you learn about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and mostly you learn about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and mostly you learn about it
+from doing electronic spectroscopy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing electronic spectroscopy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from doing electronic spectroscopy you
+do transitions between the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do transitions between the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do transitions between the ground state
+and some higher states and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some higher states and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some higher states and you want to
+be able to predict what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to predict what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to predict what we are going to
+see and for example and I think you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and for example and I think you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and for example and I think you may
+hear about about this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about about this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about about this a little bit more
+if you know the spectrum of nitrogen it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the spectrum of nitrogen it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the spectrum of nitrogen it
+doesn't start absorbing until far into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start absorbing until far into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't start absorbing until far into
+the vacuum UV and then going want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum UV and then going want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vacuum UV and then going want to
+Adam over the spectrum of oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam over the spectrum of oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Adam over the spectrum of oxygen
+well that defines the vacuum UV it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that defines the vacuum UV it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that defines the vacuum UV it
+starts to absorb around 200 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to absorb around 200 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to absorb around 200 nanometers
+and that's the two and a half billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the two and a half billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the two and a half billion
+years ago oxygen started to enter into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago oxygen started to enter into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago oxygen started to enter into
+the atmosphere and profoundly changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and profoundly changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and profoundly changed
+life on Earth because with the vacuum UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life on Earth because with the vacuum UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life on Earth because with the vacuum UV
+radiation nothing could live on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation nothing could live on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation nothing could live on the
+surface of land because it would all be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of land because it would all be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of land because it would all be
+killed by this hard UV and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by this hard UV and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed by this hard UV and and so
+everything was under water at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was under water at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything was under water at the bottom
+of the ocean but all of a sudden when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ocean but all of a sudden when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ocean but all of a sudden when
+oxygen appeared there was protection and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen appeared there was protection and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen appeared there was protection and
+then there's additional protection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's additional protection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's additional protection
+farther out into the towards the visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out into the towards the visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther out into the towards the visible
+from ozone it's not such a good shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ozone it's not such a good shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ozone it's not such a good shield
+but it absorbs between 235 3 350
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it absorbs between 235 3 350
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it absorbs between 235 3 350
+nanometers and it it protects us too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and it it protects us too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and it it protects us too but
+the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big
+thing there is oxygen and why should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there is oxygen and why should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there is oxygen and why should
+oxygen be so different from nitrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen be so different from nitrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen be so different from nitrogen and
+maybe you should think about that okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should think about that okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you should think about that okay I
+should have mentioned the schedule up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have mentioned the schedule up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have mentioned the schedule up
+there I'm going to give another lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm going to give another lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm going to give another lecture
+on perturbation theory one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on perturbation theory one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on perturbation theory one of my
+favorites which I thought I wasn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites which I thought I wasn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorites which I thought I wasn't going
+to get to give on Friday and then Troy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to give on Friday and then Troy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to give on Friday and then Troy
+is going to give two lectures on quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give two lectures on quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to give two lectures on quantum
+chemistry and there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry and there's going to be
+significant lab experience and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant lab experience and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant lab experience and you'll
+hear about that from the TAS and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about that from the TAS and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear about that from the TAS and so you
+will do real calculations so lcao mo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do real calculations so lcao mo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do real calculations so lcao mo is
+it could be the basis the organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the basis the organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be the basis the organization
+structure for quantitative calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for quantitative calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for quantitative calculations
+but the quantitative calculations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the quantitative calculations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the quantitative calculations are
+usually huge basis sets and you lose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually huge basis sets and you lose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually huge basis sets and you lose the
+lcao completely one could take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao completely one could take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao completely one could take the
+results of such a calculation and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of such a calculation and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of such a calculation and then
+projected onto a lcao mo picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected onto a lcao mo picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projected onto a lcao mo picture and
+that's generally what we do we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally what we do we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's generally what we do we reduce
+experiments we reduce theory to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we reduce theory to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments we reduce theory to
+something that we can Intuit and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can Intuit and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we can Intuit and it's
+really important to have intuition okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to have intuition okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important to have intuition okay
+huckle Theory local theory is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huckle Theory local theory is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huckle Theory local theory is another
+kind of non rigorous theory in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non rigorous theory in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of non rigorous theory in fact it's
+laughable in its simplicity and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughable in its simplicity and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laughable in its simplicity and the idea
+is that even such a crude theory can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that even such a crude theory can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that even such a crude theory can
+make sense out of huge families of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense out of huge families of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense out of huge families of
+molecules and enable you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and enable you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and enable you to be
+quantitative about things without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative about things without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative about things without having
+to do a huge calculation now you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a huge calculation now you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a huge calculation now you almost
+always have to diagonalize a matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to diagonalize a matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to diagonalize a matrix and
+because usually in hook affair you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually in hook affair you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually in hook affair you're
+dealing with more than two or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with more than two or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with more than two or three
+relevant orbitals it's a big deal yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant orbitals it's a big deal yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant orbitals it's a big deal yeah I
+don't know whether you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether you have
+of experience with matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience with matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience with matrix
+diagonalization routines but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization routines but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization routines but there are
+many of them and you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them and you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them and you're going to have
+experience with them and and so but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with them and and so but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with them and and so but the
+things you put into them have absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you put into them have absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you put into them have absolutely
+nothing to do with a real Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with a real Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to do with a real Hamiltonian
+it's a makeup picture it's a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a makeup picture it's a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a makeup picture it's a picture
+based on basically two parameters alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on basically two parameters alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on basically two parameters alpha
+and beta and I'll talk about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta and I'll talk about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta and I'll talk about this and
+these are parameters that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are parameters that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are parameters that are sort of
+agreed upon by by International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon by by International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreed upon by by International
+Committee it's not a committee but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee it's not a committee but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Committee it's not a committee but you
+know people say okay this is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people say okay this is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people say okay this is the value
+of alpha and beta that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha and beta that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of alpha and beta that we're going to
+use to describe many problems but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to describe many problems but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use to describe many problems but I just
+want to make sure you understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure you understand that
+huckle theory is only a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huckle theory is only a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huckle theory is only a little bit more
+ridiculous than lcao mo theory because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous than lcao mo theory because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous than lcao mo theory because
+in lcao mo you really have some semi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lcao mo you really have some semi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in lcao mo you really have some semi
+empirical sense of how big orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical sense of how big orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empirical sense of how big orbitals are
+and once you know how big orbitals are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you know how big orbitals are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you know how big orbitals are
+you know what's going on in this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's going on in this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what's going on in this you
+just have a couple of parameters that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a couple of parameters that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have a couple of parameters that
+says okay these are the rules let's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay these are the rules let's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay these are the rules let's now
+apply that okay don't carry your own too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that okay don't carry your own too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that okay don't carry your own too
+much stuff so organic chemists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff so organic chemists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much stuff so organic chemists are
+really wonderful because they give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wonderful because they give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wonderful because they give you a
+an abbreviated way of drawing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviated way of drawing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviated way of drawing a
+molecular structure and almost everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structure and almost everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular structure and almost everyone
+in this room is gifted in being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room is gifted in being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this room is gifted in being able to
+visualize three-dimensional structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize three-dimensional structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize three-dimensional structures
+physical chemists tend not to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists tend not to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical chemists tend not to be so
+gifted but here is something where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted but here is something where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gifted but here is something where we
+don't have any hydrogen's I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any hydrogen's I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any hydrogen's I mean there
+are hydrogen's but they're implied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hydrogen's but they're implied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hydrogen's but they're implied and
+we don't put carbons here we just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't put carbons here we just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't put carbons here we just say
+every and every vertex there is a carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every and every vertex there is a carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every and every vertex there is a carbon
+atom and so we we consider these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and so we we consider these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and so we we consider these things
+and and every organic chemist knows if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and every organic chemist knows if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and every organic chemist knows if I
+draw something like this that either I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something like this that either I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw something like this that either I
+was stupid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stupid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stupid
+and I drew something it was impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I drew something it was impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I drew something it was impossible
+or that what this structure is okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that what this structure is okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that what this structure is okay now
+this is a conjugated system we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conjugated system we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a conjugated system we have
+double bonds and single bonds and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and single bonds and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double bonds and single bonds and there
+that kind of thing is known to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing is known to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of thing is known to be
+unusually stable and in order for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually stable and in order for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unusually stable and in order for it to
+work it has to be planar if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it has to be planar if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it has to be planar if you have a
+conjugated system which is not planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated system which is not planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated system which is not planar
+then it doesn't it's not as stable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't it's not as stable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it doesn't it's not as stable so
+this is basically is based on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically is based on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically is based on their
+existence the existence of you unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence the existence of you unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence the existence of you unusual
+stability of conjugated systems and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of conjugated systems and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability of conjugated systems and it
+can be extended to non conjugated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be extended to non conjugated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be extended to non conjugated
+systems to non planar systems and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to non planar systems and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to non planar systems and we
+have rules for how to do that but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules for how to do that but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have rules for how to do that but the
+the simple simple rules are you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple simple rules are you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple simple rules are you start
+with a picture and you can write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a picture and you can write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a picture and you can write down a
+Hamiltonian and it's a time model but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and it's a time model but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and it's a time model but
+it's still something that the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still something that the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still something that the computer
+has to diagonalize so when we're doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to diagonalize so when we're doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to diagonalize so when we're doing a
+variational calculation expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variational calculation expressed in
+matrix language we have a Hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language we have a Hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language we have a Hamiltonian
+matrix we have eigenvectors and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we have eigenvectors and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix we have eigenvectors and we have
+AI ghen values and we have the overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI ghen values and we have the overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI ghen values and we have the overlap
+matrix and we have something where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we have something where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we have something where this
+is C alpha where here we can have non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C alpha where here we can have non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is C alpha where here we can have non
+orthonormal basis functions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis functions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal basis functions and this
+this makes them normalize so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes them normalize so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes them normalize so these are
+the normalized ortho normalized basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized ortho normalized basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized ortho normalized basis
+functions or basis vectors and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or basis vectors and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions or basis vectors and this is
+the kind of equation we have to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of equation we have to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of equation we have to solve
+it's the generalized eigenvalue equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the generalized eigenvalue equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the generalized eigenvalue equation
+and we don't like this because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't like this because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't like this because it
+doesn't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have this
+complicity of just a Hamiltonian where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicity of just a Hamiltonian where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicity of just a Hamiltonian where
+we have matrix elements along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have matrix elements along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have matrix elements along the
+diagonal and somewhere else and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and somewhere else and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and somewhere else and the idea
+is we want to take the secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to take the secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we want to take the secular
+determinant and make it zero by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and make it zero by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and make it zero by by
+adjusting values of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting values of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusting values of the energy
+differences along the diagonal but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences along the diagonal but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences along the diagonal but when
+we have this overlap matrix it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this overlap matrix it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this overlap matrix it's
+complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated
+now there's a way of dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a way of dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a way of dealing with the
+generalized eigenvalue equations but one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized eigenvalue equations but one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalized eigenvalue equations but one
+way to deal with it is to say s is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to deal with it is to say s is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to deal with it is to say s is equal
+to the unit matrix you can do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit matrix you can do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the unit matrix you can do anything
+you want and it's basically saying there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and it's basically saying there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and it's basically saying there
+is no overlap between orbitals on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no overlap between orbitals on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no overlap between orbitals on
+adjacent atoms we're going to neglect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent atoms we're going to neglect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent atoms we're going to neglect it
+and then we're going to bring it back if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to bring it back if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to bring it back if
+we need it but it's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need it but it's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need it but it's a wonderful
+simplification because it enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification because it enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification because it enables you to
+write down a simple effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a simple effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down a simple effective
+Hamiltonian which looks just like H see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which looks just like H see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian which looks just like H see
+alpha is equal to e alpha C alpha ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is equal to e alpha C alpha ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is equal to e alpha C alpha ok
+this we know how to solve and we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we know how to solve and we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we know how to solve and we can use
+the same procedure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same procedure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same procedure okay
+so these are the rules if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the rules if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the rules if we have a
+planar molecule we can say there are P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar molecule we can say there are P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar molecule we can say there are P
+orbitals one on each carbon atom or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals one on each carbon atom or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals one on each carbon atom or one
+on each atom that's not hydrogen which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each atom that's not hydrogen which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on each atom that's not hydrogen which
+are perpendicular to the plane of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perpendicular to the plane of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perpendicular to the plane of the
+molecule so PZ orbitals and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so PZ orbitals and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so PZ orbitals and those are
+special they give rise to PI bonds pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special they give rise to PI bonds pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special they give rise to PI bonds pi
+bonds are bonds where there is one plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are bonds where there is one plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are bonds where there is one plane
+of symmetry containing the bond and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetry containing the bond and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of symmetry containing the bond and so
+and then there are px and py s and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are px and py s and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are px and py s and these
+give rise to Sigma bonds so we have PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to Sigma bonds so we have PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give rise to Sigma bonds so we have PI
+bonds and Sigma bonds never the twain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and Sigma bonds never the twain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and Sigma bonds never the twain
+shall meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall meet
+and we don't care about the Sigma bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't care about the Sigma bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we don't care about the Sigma bonds
+because anybody can make Sigma bonds but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anybody can make Sigma bonds but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because anybody can make Sigma bonds but
+only only the special perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only the special perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only only the special perpendicular to
+the plane guys which are responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane guys which are responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane guys which are responsible for
+the fact that the molecule likes to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the molecule likes to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that the molecule likes to be
+planar and so we're only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar and so we're only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar and so we're only going to
+consider these PZ orbitals one on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider these PZ orbitals one on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider these PZ orbitals one on each
+atom so we don't care about no Pi Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so we don't care about no Pi Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom so we don't care about no Pi Sigma
+interactions and we're going to neglect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and we're going to neglect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and we're going to neglect
+the Sigma orbitals because they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma orbitals because they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sigma orbitals because they take
+care of themselves and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of themselves and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of themselves and you know
+we can do anything we want it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do anything we want it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do anything we want it's just a
+question of if we make too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of if we make too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of if we make too many
+ridiculous assumptions we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous assumptions we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous assumptions we'll get
+ridiculous results and this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous results and this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridiculous results and this has been
+time-tested and it gives pretty useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-tested and it gives pretty useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-tested and it gives pretty useful
+stuff and it provides a framework for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and it provides a framework for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and it provides a framework for
+making arguments about molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arguments about molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making arguments about molecular
+structure and molecular reactivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and molecular reactivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and molecular reactivity and
+the you know in organic chemistry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know in organic chemistry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know in organic chemistry you
+learn about resonance forms and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about resonance forms and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn about resonance forms and this is
+compatible with generating the resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with generating the resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible with generating the resonance
+forms and saying what is the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and saying what is the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and saying what is the relative
+importance and what is the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and what is the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and what is the charge
+distribution and bond strengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and bond strengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and bond strengths and
+everything like that so it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything like that so it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything like that so it's really
+useful using the most primitive tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful using the most primitive tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful using the most primitive tools
+that organic chemists introduce at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organic chemists introduce at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organic chemists introduce at an
+early stage in your education and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage in your education and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early stage in your education and that's
+one of the reasons why a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons why a lot of people
+become organic chemists because it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become organic chemists because it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become organic chemists because it's so
+beautiful okay so our hij matrix so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay so our hij matrix so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay so our hij matrix so we
+have a bunch of matrix elements and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of matrix elements and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of matrix elements and we
+say okay eight III is equal to alpha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay eight III is equal to alpha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay eight III is equal to alpha so
+every every carbon atom has its alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every carbon atom has its alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every carbon atom has its alpha
+value it's the same for all carbon atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's the same for all carbon atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's the same for all carbon atoms
+regardless of whose nearby and we have h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whose nearby and we have h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of whose nearby and we have h
+I I plus or minus one adjacent atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I plus or minus one adjacent atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I plus or minus one adjacent atoms and
+it's beta that's it that's the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beta that's it that's the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's beta that's it that's the whole
+ballgame and it's really a simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballgame and it's really a simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballgame and it's really a simple you
+know there's there's far less here than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's there's far less here than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's there's far less here than
+an LC a o mo but it's still a toy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LC a o mo but it's still a toy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an LC a o mo but it's still a toy and
+both of our toy models and they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of our toy models and they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of our toy models and they both
+very useful okay and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is not diagonal or off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not diagonal or off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not diagonal or off diagonal
+by10 that's really convenient and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by10 that's really convenient and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by10 that's really convenient and so you
+can you can draw that's H matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can draw that's H matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can draw that's H matrix
+regardless of what it looks like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what it looks like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of what it looks like as
+alpha alpha alpha alpha etc along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha alpha alpha etc along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha alpha alpha etc along the
+diagonal and Beta Beta Beta etc beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and Beta Beta Beta etc beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and Beta Beta Beta etc beta
+along the near diagonal and if it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the near diagonal and if it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the near diagonal and if it's a
+ring you have a beta here here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's pretty simple so we have zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty simple so we have zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty simple so we have zeros
+zeros we have so that it has a tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros we have so that it has a tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros we have so that it has a tri
+diagonal structure with something up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal structure with something up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal structure with something up
+here there never forget this thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there never forget this thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there never forget this thing here
+and there which is present when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there which is present when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there which is present when you have
+a ring and it's not present when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring and it's not present when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ring and it's not present when you
+don't that's it that's all the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't that's it that's all the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't that's it that's all the local
+theory is just there okay and so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things can be more complicated so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be more complicated so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things can be more complicated so if
+we're not content with what we get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not content with what we get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not content with what we get from
+the really primitive theory we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really primitive theory we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really primitive theory we can do
+something like saying well we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like saying well we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like saying well we can make
+beta be dependent on inner to clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta be dependent on inner to clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta be dependent on inner to clear
+distance if the molecule for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance if the molecule for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance if the molecule for some reason
+is constrained to have not equal bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained to have not equal bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constrained to have not equal bond
+lengths so we can add an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths so we can add an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths so we can add an additional
+parameter some kind of reason for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter some kind of reason for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter some kind of reason for this
+beta to be dependent on R but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta to be dependent on R but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta to be dependent on R but that's
+already getting sophisticated hetero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already getting sophisticated hetero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already getting sophisticated hetero
+atoms in other words if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in other words if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms in other words if you have a
+nitrogen instead of a carbon and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen instead of a carbon and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen instead of a carbon and a
+benzene type ring and it you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene type ring and it you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene type ring and it you can have a
+so well nitrogen is different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well nitrogen is different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well nitrogen is different from
+carbon it has a different you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon it has a different you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon it has a different you know in
+lcao theory it you know the distance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao theory it you know the distance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lcao theory it you know the distance the
+ionization energy for nitrogen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for nitrogen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for nitrogen is
+different from carbon it's larger and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from carbon it's larger and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from carbon it's larger and so
+the hetero atoms can be included if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hetero atoms can be included if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hetero atoms can be included if you
+use a different value of alpha and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different value of alpha and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different value of alpha and now
+alpha and beta are both negative now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta are both negative now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta are both negative now
+this is a little bit fraudulent yeah yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit fraudulent yeah yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit fraudulent yeah yes
+but the main thing is alpha why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main thing is alpha why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the main thing is alpha why is that
+because the overlap between two beta it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the overlap between two beta it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the overlap between two beta it
+comes from overlap even though we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from overlap even though we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from overlap even though we're
+neglecting overlap and so the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting overlap and so the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglecting overlap and so the bond
+distance is between normal and hetero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is between normal and hetero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance is between normal and hetero
+atoms are not usually that different and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are not usually that different and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms are not usually that different and
+so but the thing is you put what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the thing is you put what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but the thing is you put what you
+need into the model and the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need into the model and the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need into the model and the first thing
+you do is you solve the most simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you solve the most simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is you solve the most simple
+model and you say this is not quite what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you say this is not quite what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you say this is not quite what
+I wanted and so I allow a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted and so I allow a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted and so I allow a couple of
+extra degrees of freedom and it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra degrees of freedom and it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra degrees of freedom and it's really
+instructive you know how how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive you know how how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructive you know how how these
+things work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work
+but the thing is you're not calculating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is you're not calculating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is you're not calculating
+the matrix element of a real operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element of a real operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix element of a real operator
+it's all make-believe but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all make-believe but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all make-believe but it's really
+powerful because what you're comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because what you're comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because what you're comparing
+is families of molecules and the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is families of molecules and the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is families of molecules and the reality
+might be really complicated but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really complicated but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be really complicated but the
+complexity in each member of the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in each member of the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity in each member of the family
+is pretty much the same and you're what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much the same and you're what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty much the same and you're what
+it's allowing you to see is what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's allowing you to see is what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's allowing you to see is what are the
+differences it allows you to see the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences it allows you to see the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences it allows you to see the big
+picture and this is you know I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and this is you know I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and this is you know I love this
+you know and in fact at an early stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in fact at an early stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and in fact at an early stage
+in my education I thought Huckle theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my education I thought Huckle theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my education I thought Huckle theory
+was wonderful and it was sort of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful and it was sort of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wonderful and it was sort of what
+got me interested in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got me interested in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got me interested in quantum mechanics
+because it you know you normally see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it you know you normally see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it you know you normally see
+Huckle Theory before you know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huckle Theory before you know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huckle Theory before you know anything
+about quadratic because it's just a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quadratic because it's just a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quadratic because it's just a game
+okay so Henry Adams you can fiddle with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Henry Adams you can fiddle with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so Henry Adams you can fiddle with
+alpha now the ionization energies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha now the ionization energies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha now the ionization energies for
+carbon and nitrogen are not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and nitrogen are not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon and nitrogen are not that
+different I'm sorry they're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I'm sorry they're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different I'm sorry they're very
+different but the the effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the the effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different but the the effect on the
+alpha value in Huckle theory is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha value in Huckle theory is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha value in Huckle theory is very
+small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so it is but so the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it is but so the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so it is but so the more
+electronegative or the more the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative or the more the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative or the more the the
+higher the ionization energy the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the ionization energy the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the ionization energy the alpha
+value becomes increasingly negative now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value becomes increasingly negative now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value becomes increasingly negative now
+I was starting to say something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was starting to say something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was starting to say something as
+fraudulent and I was distracted by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraudulent and I was distracted by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraudulent and I was distracted by a
+really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good question
+alpha is under diagonal and we are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is under diagonal and we are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is under diagonal and we are we
+know we can determine the sign of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can determine the sign of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can determine the sign of a
+diagonal element and we know we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal element and we know we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal element and we know we can't
+determine the side of an off diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the side of an off diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the side of an off diagonal
+element but we say that alpha and theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but we say that alpha and theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element but we say that alpha and theta
+are both less than zero and the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both less than zero and the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both less than zero and the reason
+for this is that when you solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is that when you solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is that when you solve a
+secular equation especially you you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular equation especially you you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secular equation especially you you get
+you get two eigenvalues one where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two eigenvalues one where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get two eigenvalues one where you
+have minus beta and where you have plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus beta and where you have plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have minus beta and where you have plus
+beta and so in a sense beta is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and so in a sense beta is present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and so in a sense beta is present
+but it's just a sign choice and since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a sign choice and since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just a sign choice and since
+alpha and beta have to do with stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta have to do with stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta have to do with stability
+we just say alpha is negative we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say alpha is negative we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just say alpha is negative we know
+that and beta is chosen to be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and beta is chosen to be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and beta is chosen to be always
+negative it's not there's no you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's not there's no you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's not there's no you could
+have had beta be positive and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had beta be positive and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had beta be positive and you could
+do all the theory it's just a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the theory it's just a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all the theory it's just a lot more
+complicated explaining all the cases all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated explaining all the cases all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated explaining all the cases all
+right so let's let's continue with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's let's continue with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's let's continue with this
+and so we can do hetero atoms we can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can do hetero atoms we can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we can do hetero atoms we can so
+if we have a non-planar system we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a non-planar system we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have a non-planar system we can
+say that beta is a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that beta is a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that beta is a function of the
+dihedral angle we can put that in we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihedral angle we can put that in we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dihedral angle we can put that in we can
+do anything we want you know we have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything we want you know we have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything we want you know we have a a
+molecule and we're trying to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and we're trying to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule and we're trying to describe
+its properties relative to the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties relative to the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its properties relative to the the
+normal members of the group which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal members of the group which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal members of the group which are
+planar and no hetero atoms and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar and no hetero atoms and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planar and no hetero atoms and we can do
+stuff that will accommodate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that will accommodate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that will accommodate these
+interesting differences which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting differences which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting differences which you can
+impose by constraint letting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose by constraint letting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impose by constraint letting the
+molecule Anakin's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule Anakin's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule Anakin's
+trained environment or doing stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained environment or doing stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained environment or doing stuff that
+that distorts the geometry so we do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distorts the geometry so we do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distorts the geometry so we do this
+and we we can also count so when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we can also count so when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we we can also count so when we do
+this we get a Hamiltonian and we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we get a Hamiltonian and we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we get a Hamiltonian and we get the
+energies of the of the orbitals and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the of the orbitals and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of the of the orbitals and we
+get the the eigenvectors the eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the eigenvectors the eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the the eigenvectors the eigenvector
+that corresponds to each energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to each energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to each energy and the
+total energy involves the sum over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy involves the sum over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy involves the sum over the
+energies of each of the occupied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of each of the occupied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of each of the occupied
+orbitals the number of electrons in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the number of electrons in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals the number of electrons in that
+and we can we can also get bond order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can we can also get bond order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can we can also get bond order
+and charge so sometimes we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and charge so sometimes we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and charge so sometimes we want to know
+what is the charge on each atom if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the charge on each atom if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the charge on each atom if the
+charge is going to be different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is going to be different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is going to be different from
+zero because that also controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that also controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because that also controls
+chemistry certain things are negatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry certain things are negatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry certain things are negatively
+charged atoms are are sought out by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged atoms are are sought out by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged atoms are are sought out by
+certain classes of reactants anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain classes of reactants anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain classes of reactants anyway so
+these are all you get all this stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all you get all this stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all you get all this stuff and
+and of course some of it will require a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course some of it will require a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course some of it will require a
+little bit of patch work but once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of patch work but once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of patch work but once you
+know you have you do this for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have you do this for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have you do this for your
+career and you discover that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and you discover that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career and you discover that there are
+certain things that I know how to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that I know how to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things that I know how to handle
+and I used my favorite parameters for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used my favorite parameters for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I used my favorite parameters for it
+and you get closer to the truth and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get closer to the truth and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get closer to the truth and you
+always want to be surprised because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to be surprised because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to be surprised because you
+know when the crude Theory cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when the crude Theory cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when the crude Theory cannot be
+made consistent with observations you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made consistent with observations you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made consistent with observations you
+know you did something special you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you did something special you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you did something special you have
+a molecule which has a property which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule which has a property which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a molecule which has a property which is
+unexpected and we like that okay so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and we like that okay so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpected and we like that okay so when
+you're doing quantum chemistry there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing quantum chemistry there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing quantum chemistry there are
+five steps or when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five steps or when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five steps or when you're doing
+molecular orbital Theory and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital Theory and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital Theory and this is one
+you know what a choice rules we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what a choice rules we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what a choice rules we have a
+five-step procedure and we define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the atomic orbital basis and the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic orbital basis and the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic orbital basis and the basis
+set is one PZ orbital per atom and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is one PZ orbital per atom and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is one PZ orbital per atom and so we
+can have a molecular orbital which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a molecular orbital which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a molecular orbital which is
+sum I is 1 to N of CI mu P G hi so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I is 1 to N of CI mu P G hi so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum I is 1 to N of CI mu P G hi so this
+is this PZ orbital on the I to Adam this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this PZ orbital on the I to Adam this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this PZ orbital on the I to Adam this
+is the coefficient for it for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coefficient for it for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the coefficient for it for this
+particular linear combination okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular linear combination okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular linear combination okay so we
+have a bunch of molecular orbitals next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of molecular orbitals next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of molecular orbitals next
+step compute H and s but s is 0 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step compute H and s but s is 0 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step compute H and s but s is 0 because
+we made this ridiculous assumption it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made this ridiculous assumption it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made this ridiculous assumption it's
+convenient and this is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and this is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and this is called the
+complete neglect of overlap and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete neglect of overlap and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete neglect of overlap and we can
+do that it's wrong but it it when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's wrong but it it when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it's wrong but it it when you
+include overlap it leads to greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include overlap it leads to greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include overlap it leads to greater
+complexity of the calculation and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the calculation and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of the calculation and not
+much improvement in the results and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much improvement in the results and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much improvement in the results and so
+we normally don't worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normally don't worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we normally don't worry about the
+overlap so all we care about is this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so all we care about is this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap so all we care about is this and
+as I said H has this structure of Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said H has this structure of Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said H has this structure of Alpha
+Beta Beta tri diagonal structure it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta Beta tri diagonal structure it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta Beta tri diagonal structure it may
+be something up here that's it then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something up here that's it then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something up here that's it then we
+diagonalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hamiltonian and so this gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and so this gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian and so this gives us the
+eigen vectors or eigen values the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors or eigen values the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen vectors or eigen values the
+energies and i and eigenvectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and i and eigenvectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and i and eigenvectors
+associated with each energy each orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each energy each orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with each energy each orbital
+energy so we feel electrons into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we feel electrons into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so we feel electrons into the
+orbitals now for benzene what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals now for benzene what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals now for benzene what you would
+get now this is important how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now this is important how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get now this is important how many
+carbons atoms in benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons atoms in benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbons atoms in benzene
+right and how many orbitals will you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how many orbitals will you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and how many orbitals will you get
+from six primitive orbitals right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from six primitive orbitals right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from six primitive orbitals right and so
+there are six energy levels and and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are six energy levels and and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are six energy levels and and it
+happens that when you solve the secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that when you solve the secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that when you solve the secular
+equation you get these this pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get these this pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation you get these this pattern and
+you this is a problem where the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is a problem where the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you this is a problem where the number
+of nodal planes determines the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodal planes determines the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nodal planes determines the order of
+energy and so if you have benzene you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so if you have benzene you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so if you have benzene you
+can imagine that you the the orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that you the the orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine that you the the orbitals
+that you can have will be no notes nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have will be no notes nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can have will be no notes nodal
+planes one nodal plane and you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes one nodal plane and you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes one nodal plane and you can have
+the nodal planes between the atoms or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodal planes between the atoms or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nodal planes between the atoms or
+through atoms and two nodal planes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through atoms and two nodal planes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through atoms and two nodal planes or
+three you can't have anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you can't have anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three you can't have anymore
+with six atoms and so you you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six atoms and so you you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with six atoms and so you you almost
+don't have to solve this secular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to solve this secular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to solve this secular
+equation at all you can anticipate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at all you can anticipate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation at all you can anticipate what
+the structure is going to be just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is going to be just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure is going to be just by
+saying no notes one note to no three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no notes one note to no three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no notes one note to no three
+notes and you can even anticipate double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and you can even anticipate double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and you can even anticipate double
+degeneracies because you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies because you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies because you know if you
+have two nodal planes you can put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two nodal planes you can put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two nodal planes you can put them
+between through opposite bonds or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between through opposite bonds or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between through opposite bonds or
+through opposite atoms and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through opposite atoms and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through opposite atoms and those are
+examples of the forms that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the forms that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the forms that you would
+deal with the only thing you can't do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the only thing you can't do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the only thing you can't do is
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+know what the order the energies are but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the order the energies are but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the order the energies are but
+there are tricks for that too the tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tricks for that too the tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tricks for that too the tricks
+for that include the I sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that include the I sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that include the I sum of the
+eigenvalues is equal to sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues is equal to sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues is equal to sum of the
+diagonals and so we know that the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and so we know that the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals and so we know that the six
+orbital energies will will sum to zero I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energies will will sum to zero I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital energies will will sum to zero I
+will sum to six alpha the betas go away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sum to six alpha the betas go away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will sum to six alpha the betas go away
+and there are other tricks that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other tricks that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are other tricks that you can
+do but generally you solve the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but generally you solve the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but generally you solve the equation
+you don't want to put your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to put your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to put your your
+requirements for symmetry too far so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for symmetry too far so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements for symmetry too far so we
+we we end up doing that and then stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we end up doing that and then stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we end up doing that and then stick
+diagrams we fill electrons into orbitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we fill electrons into orbitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams we fill electrons into orbitals
+in energy order and for pending there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy order and for pending there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in energy order and for pending there
+are six of them and so this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six of them and so this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are six of them and so this is this is
+then the lowest energy state of benzene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lowest energy state of benzene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the lowest energy state of benzene
+this is called the independent electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the independent electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called the independent electron
+approximation they don't know about each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they don't know about each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation they don't know about each
+other this is illegal but it's legal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this is illegal but it's legal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other this is illegal but it's legal in
+a sense if you have two electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense if you have two electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense if you have two electrons in
+every orbital there all you have nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every orbital there all you have nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every orbital there all you have nothing
+but singlet States the ground state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but singlet States the ground state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but singlet States the ground state is
+always going to be a singlet state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be a singlet state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always going to be a singlet state
+unless you have something really weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have something really weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you have something really weird
+going on like in Oh - but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on like in Oh - but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on like in Oh - but that's not
+Huckle theory but it's examinable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huckle theory but it's examinable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huckle theory but it's examinable
+okay why does why does oxygen have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why does why does oxygen have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why does why does oxygen have a
+triplet ground state you know that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet ground state you know that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplet ground state you know that's a
+something that every textbook says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that every textbook says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that every textbook says you
+got to know that and of course they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know that and of course they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to know that and of course they
+don't really tell you anything more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really tell you anything more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really tell you anything more
+except something to memorize but okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except something to memorize but okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except something to memorize but okay so
+generally you have two electrons in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you have two electrons in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you have two electrons in each
+orbital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbital
+it's singlets now if you're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singlets now if you're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's singlets now if you're going to do
+spectroscopy you would perhaps promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you would perhaps promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectroscopy you would perhaps promote
+one of these guys to a higher state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys to a higher state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these guys to a higher state and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you'll have singlets and triplets but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have singlets and triplets but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have singlets and triplets but of
+course the only transition you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the only transition you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the only transition you would see
+would be a singlet to singlet transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a singlet to singlet transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a singlet to singlet transition
+so you might as well forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might as well forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might as well forget about
+triplets and you might as well forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets and you might as well forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triplets and you might as well forget
+about having two anti symmetries you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having two anti symmetries you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having two anti symmetries you can
+get away with murder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with murder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get away with murder
+especially in Huckle theory so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Huckle theory so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in Huckle theory so we we
+have a stick diagram we fill electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stick diagram we fill electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a stick diagram we fill electrons
+into the thing and then we compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the thing and then we compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the thing and then we compute the
+energy of the many electron problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the many electron problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the many electron problem and
+so let's let's let's just do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's let's just do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's let's just do this and
+you've all seen this so we number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen this so we number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've all seen this so we number the
+atoms we have our symmetric structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we have our symmetric structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms we have our symmetric structure
+and so I mu is going to be sum from I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I mu is going to be sum from I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I mu is going to be sum from I
+equals 1 to 6 see I knew and see mu is C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to 6 see I knew and see mu is C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to 6 see I knew and see mu is C
+1 mu C 2 mu 2 C 6 u these are the mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 mu C 2 mu 2 C 6 u these are the mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 mu C 2 mu 2 C 6 u these are the mixing
+coefficients well for benzene it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well for benzene it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients well for benzene it's
+pretty simple because you know that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple because you know that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple because you know that if
+you have no nodes and symmetry all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no nodes and symmetry all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have no nodes and symmetry all of
+these are going to be the same and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be the same and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going to be the same and so if
+you put ones here you put a 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put ones here you put a 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put ones here you put a 1 over
+square root of 6 out in front for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 6 out in front for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 6 out in front for
+normalization and you can you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and you can you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization and you can you can figure
+out the eigenvectors for benzene all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the eigenvectors for benzene all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the eigenvectors for benzene all of
+them just by counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just by counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them just by counting the number of
+nodes and that's useful because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's useful because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's useful because if you
+know the eigenvectors then you can show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigenvectors then you can show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the eigenvectors then you can show
+what the eigenvalue is by multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the eigenvalue is by multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the eigenvalue is by multiplying
+the original Hamiltonian by a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Hamiltonian by a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original Hamiltonian by a negative
+so you can so anyway we we have this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can so anyway we we have this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can so anyway we we have this and
+then the Hamiltonian we have alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Hamiltonian we have alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Hamiltonian we have alpha beta
+and then zeros and beta alpha beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then zeros and beta alpha beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then zeros and beta alpha beta and
+then zeros etc and so we have this tri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then zeros etc and so we have this tri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then zeros etc and so we have this tri
+diagonal structure and because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal structure and because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal structure and because it's a
+ring we have a beta here and here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then we ask our computer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we ask our computer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we ask our computer to
+diagonalize this or use clever tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize this or use clever tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize this or use clever tricks
+from linear from from algebra to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linear from from algebra to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from linear from from algebra to find
+the eigenvalues but I don't recommend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues but I don't recommend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvalues but I don't recommend it
+I mean the general problem is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the general problem is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the general problem is going to
+be something where you have to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something where you have to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something where you have to use a
+computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer
+so don't develop tricks unless you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't develop tricks unless you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so don't develop tricks unless you're
+want to check to see whether you program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check to see whether you program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to check to see whether you program
+the computer correctly and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer correctly and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer correctly and so when you
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you get e one the lowest energy is alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get e one the lowest energy is alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get e one the lowest energy is alpha
+plus 2 beta 82 is alpha plus beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 beta 82 is alpha plus beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 beta 82 is alpha plus beta and
+III is alpha minus beta and even I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III is alpha minus beta and even I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+III is alpha minus beta and even I'm
+sorry e 2 and E 3 are both this in E 485
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry e 2 and E 3 are both this in E 485
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry e 2 and E 3 are both this in E 485
+are this and e6 is alpha minus 2 beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this and e6 is alpha minus 2 beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this and e6 is alpha minus 2 beta
+now we don't really care about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't really care about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we don't really care about these
+orbitals because they don't put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals because they don't put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals because they don't put
+electrons in them and so when you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in them and so when you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in them and so when you put
+the electrons in the orbitals you get 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons in the orbitals you get 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons in the orbitals you get 2
+for this - for this - for that ok and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this - for this - for that ok and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this - for this - for that ok and so
+we just calculate the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculate the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just calculate the sum of the
+energies and we end up getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and we end up getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and we end up getting the
+energy levels for benzene the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels for benzene the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy levels for benzene the ground
+state is going to be 2 alpha plus 2 beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus 2 alpha plus beta plus 2 alpha plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 alpha plus beta plus 2 alpha plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 alpha plus beta plus 2 alpha plus
+beta right and so this gives you 6 alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right and so this gives you 6 alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right and so this gives you 6 alpha
+plus a beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this you know you you might have guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you you might have guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know you you might have guessed
+it but you didn't guess it your computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you didn't guess it your computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you didn't guess it your computer
+told you that and the computer actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that and the computer actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told you that and the computer actually
+likes numbers rather than symbols and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes numbers rather than symbols and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes numbers rather than symbols and so
+you actually obtain this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually obtain this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually obtain this simple
+structure from the computer requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from the computer requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure from the computer requires a
+little bit of manipulation but you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of manipulation but you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of manipulation but you still
+get six alpha plus eight beta and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six alpha plus eight beta and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get six alpha plus eight beta and and
+you also get the eigenvectors and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get the eigenvectors and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also get the eigenvectors and that's
+the stuff that you know so c1 is 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that you know so c1 is 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that you know so c1 is 1 over
+square root of 6 1 1 all of those and c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 6 1 1 all of those and c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 6 1 1 all of those and c2
+is going to be something a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be something a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be something a little bit
+more complicated we can have the nodal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated we can have the nodal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated we can have the nodal
+plane going through adams and so if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane going through adams and so if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane going through adams and so if it
+goes through adam 1 it's also going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through adam 1 it's also going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes through adam 1 it's also going to
+go through Adam 4 and so we have 0 and 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through Adam 4 and so we have 0 and 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through Adam 4 and so we have 0 and 0
+1 1 1 1 and now to figure out how to or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 1 and now to figure out how to or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 1 1 1 and now to figure out how to or
+m'l eyes that we just 1 over square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m'l eyes that we just 1 over square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m'l eyes that we just 1 over square root
+of 4 and so on we can figure these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 and so on we can figure these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 4 and so on we can figure these
+things out C 3 is going to be an eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out C 3 is going to be an eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things out C 3 is going to be an eigen
+vector now that instead of having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now that instead of having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector now that instead of having the
+eigen the nodal plane going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen the nodal plane going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen the nodal plane going through
+atoms it's going between atoms and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms it's going between atoms and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms it's going between atoms and so
+instead of having any zeros you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having any zeros you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having any zeros you're going
+to have something more complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now I can see that there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can see that there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can see that there's there's
+something in my notes which is subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in my notes which is subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in my notes which is subject
+to how you actually impose the symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you actually impose the symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how you actually impose the symmetry
+but suppose you have something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose you have something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but suppose you have something like this
+2 1 minus 1 minus 2 minus 1 1 so why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 minus 1 minus 2 minus 1 1 so why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 1 minus 1 minus 2 minus 1 1 so why did
+I use these numbers well I had to have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use these numbers well I had to have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use these numbers well I had to have I
+I had to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to have
+a nodal plane here between atoms the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nodal plane here between atoms the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nodal plane here between atoms the two
+and three and the corresponding guy will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three and the corresponding guy will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three and the corresponding guy will
+be I should have it to it to bottom let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I should have it to it to bottom let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I should have it to it to bottom let
+me just make sure I'm doing this right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure I'm doing this right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure I'm doing this right
+no I had a - okay it's a one okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I had a - okay it's a one okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I had a - okay it's a one okay and so
+and so the last one is here so the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the last one is here so the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the last one is here so the sign
+change occurs twice and those correspond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change occurs twice and those correspond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change occurs twice and those correspond
+to opposite bonds and anyway if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to opposite bonds and anyway if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to opposite bonds and anyway if this is
+what you why was there why were there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you why was there why were there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you why was there why were there
+twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twos
+well the twos are between two atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the twos are between two atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the twos are between two atoms that
+have ones and so it's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ones and so it's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ones and so it's going to have a
+larger eigenvector and you can figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger eigenvector and you can figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger eigenvector and you can figure it
+out lots of ways you can also say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out lots of ways you can also say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out lots of ways you can also say well
+every atom has to be used up yes I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+did I screw up yeah so to not see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I screw up yeah so to not see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I screw up yeah so to not see I'm
+sorry the previous one oh yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the previous one oh yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the previous one oh yeah yeah
+these these so I opposite sides okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right it doesn't matter the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it doesn't matter the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it doesn't matter the computer
+tells you but sometimes you can you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you but sometimes you can you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you but sometimes you can you know
+you can approach the problem very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approach the problem very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can approach the problem very
+quickly and just say this is I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and just say this is I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and just say this is I know what
+the eigenvectors are going to be and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are going to be and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenvectors are going to be and I
+have to normalize them and so but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to normalize them and so but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to normalize them and so but one of
+the things that you often do when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you often do when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that you often do when you
+get if you're trying to be smart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you're trying to be smart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you're trying to be smart and
+skip steps is to say okay we have six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip steps is to say okay we have six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip steps is to say okay we have six
+eigenvectors and each of the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and each of the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvectors and each of the atomic
+orbitals gets used up completely among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals gets used up completely among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbitals gets used up completely among
+the six eigenvectors and i do that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six eigenvectors and i do that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six eigenvectors and i do that all
+the time because it's a very useful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time because it's a very useful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time because it's a very useful way
+of making sure i haven't screwed up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making sure i haven't screwed up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making sure i haven't screwed up okay
+so we get this and that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get this and that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we get this and that's that's
+perfectly okay we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay we don't know how
+significant is but if we say we had we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant is but if we say we had we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant is but if we say we had we
+had three of these three athletes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three of these three athletes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had three of these three athletes I
+guess cameras would just do that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess cameras would just do that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess cameras would just do that right
+look but anyway if we had three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look but anyway if we had three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look but anyway if we had three of these
+when you do this you get 2 alpha plus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this you get 2 alpha plus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this you get 2 alpha plus 2
+beta so we get 6 alpha plus 6 beta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so we get 6 alpha plus 6 beta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta so we get 6 alpha plus 6 beta and
+alpha and beta are both negative and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta are both negative and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha and beta are both negative and so
+the energy for 3 ethylenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy for 3 ethylenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy for 3 ethylenes
+did I screw up again they're separate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I screw up again they're separate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did I screw up again they're separate so
+we're just saying is is benzene you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying is is benzene you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying is is benzene you know
+we could draw benzene and so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could draw benzene and so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could draw benzene and so we could
+say we have 3 isolated bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have 3 isolated bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have 3 isolated bonds
+and since we don't care about the Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we don't care about the Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since we don't care about the Sigma
+structure and no bonds are adjacent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and no bonds are adjacent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and no bonds are adjacent that
+you know that they're additive and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're additive and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that they're additive and so we
+represent benzene the primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent benzene the primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent benzene the primitive
+structure for benzene is three ethylenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for benzene is three ethylenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure for benzene is three ethylenes
+and benzene is to beta better yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benzene is to beta better yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and benzene is to beta better yeah
+that's the resonance stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the resonance stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the resonance stabilization
+that's a great thing okay so we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great thing okay so we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great thing okay so we get a
+resident stabilization and now the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident stabilization and now the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resident stabilization and now the more
+subtle and wonderful stuff is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and wonderful stuff is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle and wonderful stuff is we have
+these eigenvectors and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvectors and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvectors and we have the
+energies and we can do stuff with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and we can do stuff with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies and we can do stuff with them
+and one thing is bond order and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing is bond order and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one thing is bond order and so we
+have a formula the bond order between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formula the bond order between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a formula the bond order between
+atoms I and J is equal to the sum so u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms I and J is equal to the sum so u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms I and J is equal to the sum so u
+equals 1 to the including only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to the including only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 1 to the including only the
+occupied orbitals of CI you see J you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied orbitals of CI you see J you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupied orbitals of CI you see J you so
+we have the mule orbitals of the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the mule orbitals of the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the mule orbitals of the new
+molecular orbitals and we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals and we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbitals and we have the
+adjacent atoms and this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent atoms and this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent atoms and this gives you the
+bond order and so we can calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order and so we can calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order and so we can calculate the
+bond order and we find that every bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order and we find that every bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order and we find that every bond
+has a bond order a pi bond order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bond order a pi bond order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a bond order a pi bond order of
+two-thirds which is neat because the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds which is neat because the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds which is neat because the the
+non resonance structure says three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non resonance structure says three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non resonance structure says three of
+the bonds have a bond order of zero a pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds have a bond order of zero a pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bonds have a bond order of zero a pi
+bond order of zero and three have about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of zero and three have about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond order of zero and three have about
+a bond order of one and and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond order of one and and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bond order of one and and so the
+average is 1/2 and this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is 1/2 and this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average is 1/2 and this is this is
+bigger than 1/2 and it's uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you can do this and you can say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do this and you can say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do this and you can say okay
+the one to bond order the two three bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to bond order the two three bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one to bond order the two three bond
+order you do the laborious calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you do the laborious calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order you do the laborious calculation
+always get 2/3 now you could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get 2/3 now you could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get 2/3 now you could also
+calculate the charge on nmi and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the charge on nmi and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the charge on nmi and that is
+again mu for the occupied orbitals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again mu for the occupied orbitals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again mu for the occupied orbitals and
+that would be CI u CI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be CI u CI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be CI u CI
+mu and so for benzene you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and so for benzene you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu and so for benzene you would expect
+this to come out to be zero and it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to come out to be zero and it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to come out to be zero and it does
+so there is no charge let me just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no charge let me just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there is no charge let me just make
+sure that that well there's a there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that well there's a there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that that well there's a there's an
+equal charge on each atom whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal charge on each atom whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal charge on each atom whether it's
+zero or one sixth that I haven't done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one sixth that I haven't done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one sixth that I haven't done
+and I'm a little uncertain about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm a little uncertain about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm a little uncertain about what
+this is going to come out to me but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to come out to me but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to come out to me but
+they're going to be equal on every atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be equal on every atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be equal on every atom
+in benzene and so now suppose instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in benzene and so now suppose instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in benzene and so now suppose instead of
+benzene you have handling well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene you have handling well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benzene you have handling well you can
+do stuff and you could say well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do stuff and you could say well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do stuff and you could say well the
+AnnaLynne out here is going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AnnaLynne out here is going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AnnaLynne out here is going to affect
+the alpha value here a lot and here less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha value here a lot and here less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha value here a lot and here less
+and less and then you do the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less and then you do the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and less and then you do the calculation
+and you find when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find when you do this
+calculation you get unequal charges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you get unequal charges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you get unequal charges and
+you get the the the normal rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the the the normal rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the the the normal rules for
+arthel para vs. meta and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthel para vs. meta and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthel para vs. meta and you know
+everything it's great and you you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it's great and you you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything it's great and you you also
+when you do this you can actually write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this you can actually write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do this you can actually write
+resonance structures and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance structures and you could
+calculate well what is the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate well what is the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate well what is the energy of
+that resonance structure in a hook alike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resonance structure in a hook alike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that resonance structure in a hook alike
+theory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's lots of things you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of things you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's lots of things you can do in
+in order to say okay we do ho Co theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to say okay we do ho Co theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to say okay we do ho Co theory
+to just get this Zoo or a picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just get this Zoo or a picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just get this Zoo or a picture and
+then oh I'm Way over time but and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I'm Way over time but and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then oh I'm Way over time but and then
+we can add special effects and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add special effects and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can add special effects and we know
+how to parameterize them and if if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to parameterize them and if if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to parameterize them and if if we're
+close to being okay we'll get results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to being okay we'll get results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to being okay we'll get results
+that correspond to experiment and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to experiment and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that correspond to experiment and this
+is so much better than you deserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much better than you deserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so much better than you deserve
+because it's all garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all garbage
+but it's empirically calibrated garbage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's empirically calibrated garbage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's empirically calibrated garbage
+and if this it's calibrated over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this it's calibrated over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if this it's calibrated over an
+enormous number of molecules and a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous number of molecules and a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous number of molecules and a huge
+amount of experience and that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of experience and that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of experience and that's good
+that's what we do okay so I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do okay so I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do okay so I'll see you
+on Friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Friday
+with some perturbation theory one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some perturbation theory one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some perturbation theory one of my
+favorite problems too okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tBUHRpFZy0s.txt b/tBUHRpFZy0s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5a2fce7e52823623ed536f7dd53603d03fd4c86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tBUHRpFZy0s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+JOHN TSITSIKLIS: And we're going
+to continue today with
+
+our discussion of classical
+statistics.
+
+We'll start with a quick review
+of what we discussed
+
+last time, and then talk about
+two topics that cover a lot of
+
+statistics that are happening
+in the real world.
+
+So two basic methods.
+
+One is the method of linear
+regression, and the other one
+
+is the basic methods and
+tools for how to
+
+do hypothesis testing.
+
+OK, so these two are topics
+that any scientifically
+
+literate person should
+know something about.
+
+So we're going to introduce
+the basic ideas
+
+and concepts involved.
+
+So in classical statistics we
+basically have essentially a
+
+family of possible models
+about the world.
+
+So the world is the random
+variable that we observe, and
+
+we have a model for it, but
+actually not just one model,
+
+several candidate models.
+
+And each candidate model
+corresponds to a different
+
+value of a parameter theta
+that we do not know.
+
+So in contrast to Bayesian
+statistics, this theta is
+
+assumed to be a constant
+that we do not know.
+
+It is not modeled as a random
+variable, there's no
+
+probabilities associated
+with theta.
+
+We only have probabilities
+about the X's.
+
+So in this context what is a
+reasonable way of choosing a
+
+value for the parameter?
+
+One general approach is the
+maximum likelihood approach,
+
+which chooses the
+theta for which
+
+this quantity is largest.
+
+So what does that mean
+intuitively?
+
+I'm trying to find the value of
+theta under which the data
+
+that I observe are most likely
+to have occurred.
+
+So is the thinking is
+essentially as follows.
+
+Let's say I have to choose
+between two choices of theta.
+
+Under this theta the
+X that I observed
+
+would be very unlikely.
+
+Under that theta the X that I
+observed would have a decent
+
+probability of occurring.
+
+So I chose the latter as
+my estimate of theta.
+
+It's interesting to do the
+comparison with the Bayesian
+
+approach which we did discuss
+last time, in the Bayesian
+
+approach we also maximize over
+theta, but we maximize a
+
+quantity in which the relation
+between X's and thetas run the
+
+opposite way.
+
+Here in the Bayesian world,
+Theta is a random variable.
+
+So it has a distribution.
+
+Once we observe the data, it has
+a posterior distribution,
+
+and we find the value of Theta,
+which is most likely
+
+under the posterior
+distribution.
+
+As we discussed last time when
+you do this maximization now
+
+the posterior distribution is
+given by this expression.
+
+The denominator doesn't matter,
+and if you were to
+
+take a prior, which is flat--
+
+that is a constant independent
+of Theta, then that
+
+term would go away.
+
+And syntactically,
+at least, the two
+
+approaches look the same.
+
+So syntactically, or formally,
+maximum likelihood estimation
+
+is the same as Bayesian
+estimation in which you assume
+
+a prior which is flat, so that
+all possible values of Theta
+
+are equally likely.
+
+Philosophically, however,
+they're very different things.
+
+Here I'm picking the most
+likely value of Theta.
+
+Here I'm picking the value of
+Theta under which the observed
+
+data would have been more
+likely to occur.
+
+So maximum likelihood estimation
+is a general
+
+purpose method, so it's applied
+all over the place in
+
+many, many different types
+of estimation problems.
+
+There is a special kind of
+estimation problem in which
+
+you may forget about maximum
+likelihood estimation, and
+
+come up with an estimate in
+a straightforward way.
+
+And this is the case where
+you're trying to estimate the
+
+mean of the distribution of X,
+where X is a random variable.
+
+You observe several independent
+identically
+
+distributed random variables
+X1 up to Xn.
+
+All of them have the same
+distribution as this X.
+
+So they have a common mean.
+
+We do not know the mean we
+want to estimate it.
+
+What is more natural than just
+taking the average of the
+
+values that we have observed?
+
+So you generate lots of X's,
+take the average of them, and
+
+you expect that this is going to
+be a reasonable estimate of
+
+the true mean of that
+random variable.
+
+And indeed we know from the weak
+law of large numbers that
+
+this estimate converges in
+probability to the true mean
+
+of the random variable.
+
+The other thing that we talked
+about last time is that
+
+besides giving a point estimate
+we may want to also
+
+give an interval that tells us
+something about where we might
+
+believe theta to lie.
+
+And 1-alpha confidence interval
+is in interval
+
+generated based on the data.
+
+So it's an interval from this
+value to that value.
+
+These values are written with
+capital letters because
+
+they're random, because they
+depend on the data
+
+that we have seen.
+
+And this gives us an interval,
+and we would like this
+
+interval to have the property
+that theta is inside that
+
+interval with high
+probability.
+
+So typically we would take
+1-alpha to be a quantity such
+
+as 95% for example.
+
+In which case we have a 95%
+confidence interval.
+
+As we discussed last time it's
+important to have the right
+
+interpretation of what's
+95% means.
+
+What it does not mean
+is the following--
+
+the unknown value has 95%
+percent probability of being
+
+in the interval that
+we have generated.
+
+That's because the unknown
+value is not a random
+
+variable, it's a constant.
+
+Once we generate the interval
+either it's inside or it's
+
+outside, but there's no
+probabilities involved.
+
+Rather the probabilities are
+to be interpreted over the
+
+random interval itself.
+
+What a statement like this
+says is that if I have a
+
+procedure for generating 95%
+confidence intervals, then
+
+whenever I use that procedure
+I'm going to get a random
+
+interval, and it's going to
+have 95% probability of
+
+capturing the true
+value of theta.
+
+So most of the time when I use
+this particular procedure for
+
+generating confidence intervals
+the true theta will
+
+happen to lie inside that
+confidence interval with
+
+probability 95%.
+
+So the randomness in this
+statement is with respect to
+
+my confidence interval, it's
+not with respect to theta,
+
+because theta is not random.
+
+How does one construct
+confidence intervals?
+
+There's various ways of going
+about it, but in the case
+
+where we're dealing with the
+estimation of the mean of a
+
+random variable doing this is
+straightforward using the
+
+central limit theorem.
+
+Basically we take our estimated
+mean, that's the
+
+sample mean, and we take a
+symmetric interval to the left
+
+and to the right of
+the sample mean.
+
+And we choose the width of that
+interval by looking at
+
+the normal tables.
+
+So if this quantity, 1-alpha is
+95% percent, we're going to
+
+look at the 97.5 percentile of
+the normal distribution.
+
+Find the constant number that
+corresponds to that value from
+
+the normal tables, and construct
+the confidence
+
+intervals according
+to this formula.
+
+So that gives you a pretty
+mechanical way of going about
+
+constructing confidence
+intervals when you're
+
+estimating the sample mean.
+
+So constructing confidence
+intervals in this way involves
+
+an approximation.
+
+The approximation is the
+central limit theorem.
+
+We are pretending that
+the sample mean is a
+
+normal random variable.
+
+Which is, more or less,
+right when n is large.
+
+That's what the central limit
+theorem tells us.
+
+And sometimes we may need to
+do some extra approximation
+
+work, because quite often
+we do not know the
+
+true value of sigma.
+
+So we need to do some work
+either to estimate
+
+sigma from the data.
+
+So sigma is, of course, the
+standard deviation of the X's.
+
+We may want to estimate it from
+the data, or we may have
+
+an upper bound on sigma, and we
+just use that upper bound.
+
+So now let's move on
+to a new topic.
+
+A lot of statistics in the
+real world are of the
+
+following flavor.
+
+So suppose that X is the SAT
+score of a student in high
+
+school, and Y is the MIT GPA
+of that same student.
+
+So you expect that there is a
+relation between these two.
+
+So you go and collect data for
+different students, and you
+
+record for a typical student
+this would be their SAT score,
+
+that could be their MIT GPA.
+
+And you plot all this data
+on an (X,Y) diagram.
+
+Now it's reasonable to believe
+that there is some systematic
+
+relation between the two.
+
+So people who had higher SAT
+scores in high school may have
+
+higher GPA in college.
+
+Well that may or may
+not be true.
+
+You want to construct a model of
+this kind, and see to what
+
+extent a relation of
+this type is true.
+
+So you might hypothesize that
+the real world is described by
+
+a model of this kind.
+
+That there is a linear relation
+between the SAT
+
+score, and the college GPA.
+
+So it's a linear relation with
+some parameters, theta0 and
+
+theta1 that we do not know.
+
+So we assume a linear relation
+for the data, and depending on
+
+the choices of theta0 and theta1
+it could be a different
+
+line through those data.
+
+Now we would like to find the
+best model of this kind to
+
+explain the data.
+
+Of course there's going
+to be some randomness.
+
+So in general it's going to be
+impossible to find a line that
+
+goes through all of
+the data points.
+
+So let's try to find the best
+line that comes closest to
+
+explaining those data.
+
+And here's how we go about it.
+
+Suppose we try some particular
+values of theta0 and theta1.
+
+These give us a certain line.
+
+Given that line, we can
+make predictions.
+
+For a student who had this x,
+the model that we have would
+
+predict that y would
+be this value.
+
+The actual y is something else,
+and so this quantity is
+
+the error that our model would
+make in predicting the y of
+
+that particular student.
+
+We would like to choose a line
+for which the predictions are
+
+as good as possible.
+
+And what do we mean by
+as good as possible?
+
+As our criteria we're going
+to take the following.
+
+We are going to look at the
+prediction error that our
+
+model makes for each
+particular student.
+
+Take the square of that, and
+then add them up over all of
+
+our data points.
+
+So what we're looking at is
+the sum of this quantity
+
+squared, that quantity squared,
+that quantity
+
+squared, and so on.
+
+We add all of these squares, and
+we would like to find the
+
+line for which the sum of
+these squared prediction
+
+errors are as small
+as possible.
+
+So that's the procedure.
+
+We have our data, the
+X's and the Y's.
+
+And we're going to find theta's
+the best model of this
+
+type, the best possible model,
+by minimizing this sum of
+
+squared errors.
+
+So that's a method that one
+could pull out of the hat and
+
+say OK, that's how I'm going
+to build my model.
+
+And it sounds pretty
+reasonable.
+
+And it sounds pretty reasonable
+even if you don't
+
+know anything about
+probability.
+
+But does it have some
+probabilistic justification?
+
+It turns out that yes, you can
+motivate this method with
+
+probabilistic considerations
+under certain assumptions.
+
+So let's make a probabilistic
+model that's going to lead us
+
+to these particular way of
+estimating the parameters.
+
+So here's a probabilistic
+model.
+
+I pick a student who had
+a specific SAT score.
+
+And that could be done at
+random, but also could be done
+
+in a systematic way.
+
+That is, I pick a student who
+had an SAT of 600, a student
+
+of 610 all the way to 1,400
+or 1,600, whatever the
+
+right number is.
+
+I pick all those students.
+
+And I assume that for a student
+of this kind there's a
+
+true model that tells me that
+their GPA is going to be a
+
+random variable, which is
+something predicted by their
+
+SAT score plus some randomness,
+some random noise.
+
+And I model that random noise
+by independent normal random
+
+variables with 0 mean and
+a certain variance.
+
+So this is a specific
+probabilistic model, and now I
+
+can think about doing maximum
+likelihood estimation for this
+
+particular model.
+
+So to do maximum likelihood
+estimation here I need to
+
+write down the likelihood of the
+y's that I have observed.
+
+What's the likelihood of the
+y's that I have observed?
+
+Well, a particular w has a
+likelihood of the form e to
+
+the minus w squared over
+(2 sigma-squared).
+
+That's the likelihood
+of a particular w.
+
+The probability, or the
+likelihood of observing a
+
+particular value of y, that's
+the same as the likelihood
+
+that w takes a value of y
+minus this, minus that.
+
+So the likelihood of the
+y's is of this form.
+
+Think of this as just being
+the w_i-squared.
+
+So this is the density --
+
+and if we have multiple data you
+multiply the likelihoods
+
+of the different y's.
+
+So you have to write something
+like this.
+
+Since the w's are independent
+that means that the y's are
+
+also independent.
+
+The likelihood of a y vector
+is the product of the
+
+likelihoods of the
+individual y's.
+
+The likelihood of every
+individual y is of this form.
+
+Where w is y_i minus these
+two quantities.
+
+So this is the form that the
+likelihood function is going
+
+to take under this
+particular model.
+
+And under the maximum likelihood
+methodology we want
+
+to maximize this quantity with
+respect to theta0 and theta1.
+
+Now to do this maximization you
+might as well consider the
+
+logarithm and maximize the
+logarithm, which is just the
+
+exponent up here.
+
+Maximizing this exponent because
+we have a minus sign
+
+is the same as minimizing
+the exponent
+
+without the minus sign.
+
+Sigma squared is a constant.
+
+So what you end up doing is
+minimizing this quantity here,
+
+which is the same as
+what we had in our
+
+linear regression methods.
+
+So in conclusion you might
+choose to do linear regression
+
+in this particular way,
+just because it looks
+
+reasonable or plausible.
+
+Or you might interpret what
+you're doing as maximum
+
+likelihood estimation, in which
+you assume a model of
+
+this kind where the noise
+terms are normal random
+
+variables with the same
+distribution --
+
+independent identically
+distributed.
+
+So linear regression implicitly
+makes an assumption
+
+of this kind.
+
+It's doing maximum likelihood
+estimation as if the world was
+
+really described by a model of
+this form, and with the W's
+
+being random variables.
+
+So this gives us at least some
+justification that this
+
+particular approach to fitting
+lines to data is not so
+
+arbitrary, but it has
+a sound footing.
+
+OK so then once you accept this
+formulation as being a
+
+reasonable one what's
+the next step?
+
+The next step is to see how to
+carry out this minimization.
+
+This is not a very difficult
+minimization to do.
+
+The way it's done is by setting
+the derivatives of
+
+this expression to 0.
+
+Now because this is a quadratic
+function of theta0
+
+and theta1--
+
+when you take the derivatives
+with respect
+
+to theta0 and theta1--
+
+you get linear functions
+of theta0 and theta1.
+
+And you end up solving a system
+of linear equations in
+
+theta0 and theta1.
+
+And it turns out that there's
+very nice and simple formulas
+
+for the optimal estimates
+of the parameters in
+
+terms of the data.
+
+And the formulas
+are these ones.
+
+I said that these are nice
+and simple formulas.
+
+Let's see why.
+
+How can we interpret them?
+
+So suppose that the world is
+described by a model of this
+
+kind, where the X's and Y's
+are random variables.
+
+And where W is a noise term
+that's independent of X. So
+
+we're assuming that a linear
+model is indeed true, but not
+
+exactly true.
+
+There's always some noise
+associated with any particular
+
+data point that we obtain.
+
+So if a model of this kind is
+true, and the W's have 0 mean
+
+then we have that the expected
+value of Y would be theta0
+
+plus theta1 expected value of
+X. And because W has 0 mean
+
+there's no extra term.
+
+So in particular, theta0 would
+be equal to expected value of
+
+Y minus theta1 expected
+value of X.
+
+So let's use this equation
+to try to come up with a
+
+reasonable estimate of theta0.
+
+I do not know the expected
+value of Y, but I
+
+can estimate it.
+
+How do I estimate it?
+
+I look at the average of all the
+y's that I have obtained.
+
+so I replace this, I estimate
+it with the average of the
+
+data I have seen.
+
+Here, similarly with the X's.
+
+I might not know the expected
+value of X's, but I have data
+
+points for the x's.
+
+I look at the average of all my
+data points, I come up with
+
+an estimate of this
+expectation.
+
+Now I don't know what theta1 is,
+but my procedure is going
+
+to generate an estimate of
+theta1 called theta1 hat.
+
+And once I have this estimate,
+then a reasonable person would
+
+estimate theta0 in this
+particular way.
+
+So that's how my estimate
+of theta0 is going to be
+
+constructed.
+
+It's this formula here.
+
+We have not yet addressed the
+harder question, which is how
+
+to estimate theta1 in
+the first place.
+
+So to estimate theta0 I assumed
+that I already had an
+
+estimate for a theta1.
+
+OK, the right formula for the
+estimate of theta1 happens to
+
+be this one.
+
+It looks messy, but let's
+try to interpret it.
+
+What I'm going to do is I'm
+going to take this model for
+
+simplicity let's assume that
+they're the random variables
+
+have 0 means.
+
+And see how we might estimate
+how we might
+
+try to estimate theta1.
+
+Let's multiply both sides of
+this equation by X. So we get
+
+Y times X equals theta0 plus
+theta0 times X plus theta1
+
+times X-squared, plus X times
+W. And now take expectations
+
+of both sides.
+
+If I have 0 mean random
+variables the expected value
+
+of Y times X is just the
+covariance of X with Y.
+
+I have assumed that my random
+variables have 0 means, so the
+
+expectation of this is 0.
+
+This one is going to be the
+variance of X, so I have
+
+theta1 times variance of X. And
+since I'm assuming that my
+
+random variables have 0 mean,
+and I'm also assuming that W
+
+is independent of X this last
+term also has 0 mean.
+
+So under such a probabilistic
+model this equation is true.
+
+If we knew the variance and the
+covariance then we would
+
+know the value of theta1.
+
+But we only have data, we do
+not necessarily know the
+
+variance and the covariance,
+but we can estimate it.
+
+What's a reasonable estimate
+of the variance?
+
+The reasonable estimate of the
+variance is this quantity here
+
+divided by n, and the reasonable
+estimate of the
+
+covariance is that numerator
+divided by n.
+
+So this is my estimate
+of the mean.
+
+I'm looking at the squared
+distances from the mean, and I
+
+average them over lots
+and lots of data.
+
+This is the most reasonable way
+of estimating the variance
+
+of our distribution.
+
+And similarly the expected value
+of this quantity is the
+
+covariance of X with Y, and then
+we have lots and lots of
+
+data points.
+
+This quantity here is going to
+be a very good estimate of the
+
+covariance.
+
+So basically what this
+formula does is--
+
+one way of thinking about it--
+
+is that it starts from this
+relation which is true
+
+exactly, but estimates the
+covariance and the variance on
+
+the basis of the data, and then
+using these estimates to
+
+come up with an estimate
+of theta1.
+
+So this gives us a probabilistic
+interpretation
+
+of the formulas that we have for
+the way that the estimates
+
+are constructed.
+
+If you're willing to assume that
+this is the true model of
+
+the world, the structure of the
+true model of the world,
+
+except that you do not
+know means and
+
+covariances, and variances.
+
+Then this is a natural way of
+estimating those unknown
+
+parameters.
+
+All right, so we have a
+closed-form formula, we can
+
+apply it whenever
+we have data.
+
+Now linear regression is a
+subject on which there are
+
+whole courses, and whole
+books that are given.
+
+And the reason for that is that
+there's a lot more that
+
+you can bring into the topic,
+and many ways that you can
+
+elaborate on the simple solution
+that we got for the
+
+case of two parameters and only
+two random variables.
+
+So let me give you a little bit
+of flavor of what are the
+
+topics that come up when you
+start looking into linear
+
+regression in more depth.
+
+So in our discussions so far
+we made the linear model in
+
+which we're trying to explain
+the values of one variable in
+
+terms of the values of
+another variable.
+
+We're trying to explain GPAs
+in terms of SAT scores, or
+
+we're trying to predict GPAs
+in terms of SAT scores.
+
+But maybe your GPA is affected
+by several factors.
+
+For example maybe your GPA is
+affected by your SAT score,
+
+also the income of your family,
+the years of education
+
+of your grandmother, and many
+other factors like that.
+
+So you might write down a model
+in which I believe that
+
+GPA has a relation, which is a
+linear function of all these
+
+other variables that
+I mentioned.
+
+So perhaps you have a theory of
+what determines performance
+
+at college, and you want to
+build a model of that type.
+
+How do we go about
+in this case?
+
+Well, again we collect
+the data points.
+
+We look at the i-th student,
+who has a college GPA.
+
+We record their SAT score,
+their family income, and
+
+grandmother's years
+of education.
+
+So this is one data point that
+is for one particular student.
+
+We postulate the model
+of this form.
+
+For the i-th student this would
+be the mistake that our
+
+model makes if we have chosen
+specific values for those
+
+parameters.
+
+And then we go and choose the
+parameters that are going to
+
+give us, again, the
+smallest possible
+
+sum of squared errors.
+
+So philosophically it's exactly
+the same as what we
+
+were discussing before, except
+that now we're including
+
+multiple explanatory variables
+in our model instead of a
+
+single explanatory variable.
+
+So that's the formulation.
+
+What do you do next?
+
+Well, to do this minimization
+you're going to take
+
+derivatives once you have your
+data, you have a function of
+
+these three parameters.
+
+You take the derivative with
+respect to the parameter, set
+
+the derivative equal
+to 0, you get the
+
+system of linear equations.
+
+You throw that system of
+linear equations to the
+
+computer, and you get numerical
+values for the
+
+optimal parameters.
+
+There are no nice closed-form
+formulas of the type that we
+
+had in the previous slide
+when you're dealing
+
+with multiple variables.
+
+Unless you're willing to go
+into matrix notation.
+
+In that case you can again
+write down closed-form
+
+formulas, but they will be a
+little less intuitive than
+
+what we had before.
+
+But the moral of the story is
+that numerically this is a
+
+procedure that's very easy.
+
+It's a problem, an optimization
+problem that the
+
+computer can solve for you.
+
+And it can solve it for
+you very quickly.
+
+Because all that it involves
+is solving a
+
+system of linear equations.
+
+Now when you choose your
+explanatory variables you may
+
+have some choices.
+
+One person may think that your
+GPA a has something to do with
+
+your SAT score.
+
+Some other person may think that
+your GPA has something to
+
+do with the square of
+your SAT score.
+
+And that other person may
+want to try to build a
+
+model of this kind.
+
+Now when would you want
+to do this? ?
+
+Suppose that the data that
+you have looks like this.
+
+If the data looks like this then
+you might be tempted to
+
+say well a linear model does
+not look right, but maybe a
+
+quadratic model will give me
+a better fit for the data.
+
+So if you want to fit a
+quadratic model to the data
+
+then what you do is you take
+X-squared as your explanatory
+
+variable instead of X, and you
+build a model of this kind.
+
+There's nothing really different
+in models of this
+
+kind compared to models
+of that kind.
+
+They are still linear models
+because we have theta's
+
+showing up in a linear
+fashion.
+
+What you take as your
+explanatory variables, whether
+
+it's X, whether it's X-squared,
+or whether it's
+
+some other function
+that you chose.
+
+Some general function h of X,
+doesn't make a difference.
+
+So think of you h of X as being
+your new X. So you can
+
+formulate the problem exactly
+the same way, except that
+
+instead of using X's you
+choose h of X's.
+
+So it's basically a question
+do I want to build a model
+
+that explains Y's based on the
+values of X, or do I want to
+
+build a model that explains Y's
+on the basis of the values
+
+of h of X. Which is the
+right value to use?
+
+And with this picture here,
+we see that it can make a
+
+difference.
+
+A linear model in X might be
+a poor fit, but a quadratic
+
+model might give us
+a better fit.
+
+So this brings to the topic of
+how to choose your functions h
+
+of X if you're dealing with
+a real world problem.
+
+So in a real world problem
+you're just given X's and Y's.
+
+And you have the freedom
+of building models of
+
+any kind you want.
+
+You have the freedom of choosing
+a function h of X of
+
+any type that you want.
+
+So this turns out to be a quite
+
+difficult and tricky topic.
+
+Because you may be tempted
+to overdo it.
+
+For example, I got my 10 data
+points, and I could say OK,
+
+I'm going to choose an h of X.
+I'm going to choose h of X and
+
+actually multiple h's of X
+to do a multiple linear
+
+regression in which I'm going to
+build a model that's uses a
+
+10th degree polynomial.
+
+If I choose to fit my data with
+a 10th degree polynomial
+
+I'm going to fit my data
+perfectly, but I may obtain a
+
+model is does something like
+this, and goes through all my
+
+data points.
+
+So I can make my prediction
+errors extremely small if I
+
+use lots of parameters, and
+if I choose my h functions
+
+appropriately.
+
+But clearly this would
+be garbage.
+
+If you get those data points,
+and you say here's my model
+
+that explains them.
+
+That has a polynomial going up
+and down, then you're probably
+
+doing something wrong.
+
+So choosing how complicated
+those functions,
+
+the h's, should be.
+
+And how many explanatory
+variables to use is a very
+
+delicate and deep topic on which
+there's deep theory that
+
+tells you what you should do,
+and what you shouldn't do.
+
+But the main thing that one
+should avoid doing is having
+
+too many parameters in
+your model when you
+
+have too few data.
+
+So if you only have 10 data
+points, you shouldn't have 10
+
+free parameters.
+
+With 10 free parameters you will
+be able to fit your data
+
+perfectly, but you wouldn't be
+able to really rely on the
+
+results that you are seeing.
+
+OK, now in practice, when people
+run linear regressions
+
+they do not just give
+point estimates for
+
+the parameters theta.
+
+But similar to what we did for
+the case of estimating the
+
+mean of a random variable you
+might want to give confidence
+
+intervals that sort of tell you
+how much randomness there
+
+is when you estimate each one of
+the particular parameters.
+
+There are formulas for building
+confidence intervals
+
+for the estimates
+of the theta's.
+
+We're not going to look
+at them, it would
+
+take too much time.
+
+Also you might want to estimate
+the variance in the
+
+noise that you have
+in your model.
+
+That is if you are pretending
+that your true model is of the
+
+kind we were discussing before,
+namely Y equals theta1
+
+times X plus W, and W has a
+variance sigma squared.
+
+You might want to estimate this,
+because it tells you
+
+something about the model, and
+this is called standard error.
+
+It puts a limit on how
+good predictions
+
+your model can make.
+
+Even if you have the correct
+theta0 and theta1, and
+
+somebody tells you X you can
+make a prediction about Y, but
+
+that prediction will
+not be accurate.
+
+Because there's this additional
+randomness.
+
+And if that additional
+randomness is big, then your
+
+predictions will also have a
+substantial error in them.
+
+There's another quantity that
+gets reported usually.
+
+This is part of the computer
+output that you get when you
+
+use a statistical package which
+is called R-square.
+
+And its a measure of the
+explanatory power of the model
+
+that you have built
+linear regression.
+
+Using linear regression.
+
+Instead of defining R-square
+exactly, let me give you a
+
+sort of analogous quantity
+that's involved.
+
+After you do your linear
+regression you can look at the
+
+following quantity.
+
+You look at the variance of Y,
+which is something that you
+
+can estimate from data.
+
+This is how much randomness
+there is in Y. And compare it
+
+with the randomness that you
+have in Y, but conditioned on
+
+X. So this quantity tells
+me if I knew X how much
+
+randomness would there
+still be in my Y?
+
+So if I know X, I have more
+information, so Y is more
+
+constrained.
+
+There's less randomness in Y.
+This is the randomness in Y if
+
+I don't know anything about X.
+
+So naturally this quantity would
+be less than 1, and if
+
+this quantity is small it would
+mean that whenever I
+
+know X then Y is very
+well known.
+
+Which essentially tells me that
+knowing x allows me to
+
+make very good predictions about
+Y. Knowing X means that
+
+I'm explaining away most
+of the randomness in Y.
+
+So if you read a statistical
+study that uses linear
+
+regression you might encounter
+statements of the form 60% of
+
+a student's GPA is explained
+by the family income.
+
+If you read the statements of
+this kind it's really refers
+
+to quantities of this kind.
+
+Out of the total variance in Y,
+how much variance is left
+
+after we build our model?
+
+So if only 40% of the variance
+of Y is left after we build
+
+our model, that means that
+X explains 60% of the
+
+variations in Y's.
+
+So the idea is that
+randomness in Y is
+
+caused by multiple sources.
+
+Our explanatory variable
+and random noise.
+
+And we ask the question what
+percentage of the total
+
+randomness in Y is explained by
+
+variations in the X parameter?
+
+And how much of the total
+randomness in Y is attributed
+
+just to random effects?
+
+So if you have a model that
+explains most of the variation
+
+in Y then you can think that
+you have a good model that
+
+tells you something useful
+about the real world.
+
+Now there's lots of things that
+can go wrong when you use
+
+linear regression, and there's
+many pitfalls.
+
+One pitfall happens when you
+have this situation that's
+
+called heteroskedacisity.
+
+So suppose your data
+are of this kind.
+
+So what's happening here?
+
+You seem to have a linear model,
+but when X is small you
+
+have a very good model.
+
+So this means that W has a small
+variance when X is here.
+
+On the other hand, when X is
+there you have a lot of
+
+randomness.
+
+This would be a situation
+in which the W's are not
+
+identically distributed, but
+the variance of the W's, of
+
+the noise, has something
+to do with the X's.
+
+So with different regions of our
+x-space we have different
+
+amounts of noise.
+
+What will go wrong in
+this situation?
+
+Since we're trying to minimize
+sum of squared errors, we're
+
+really paying attention
+to the biggest errors.
+
+Which will mean that we are
+going to pay attention to
+
+these data points, because
+that's where the big errors
+
+are going to be.
+
+So the linear regression
+formulas will end up building
+
+a model based on these data,
+which are the most noisy ones.
+
+Instead of those data that are
+nicely stacked in order.
+
+Clearly that's not to the
+right thing to do.
+
+So you need to change something,
+and use the fact
+
+that the variance of W changes
+with the X's, and there are
+
+ways of dealing with it.
+
+It's something that one needs
+to be careful about.
+
+Another possibility of getting
+into trouble is if you're
+
+using multiple explanatory
+variables that are very
+
+closely related to each other.
+
+So for example, suppose that I
+tried to predict your GPA by
+
+looking at your SAT the first
+time that you took it plus
+
+your SAT the second time that
+you took your SATs.
+
+I'm assuming that almost
+everyone takes the
+
+SAT more than once.
+
+So suppose that you had
+a model of this kind.
+
+Well, SAT on your first try and
+SAT on your second try are
+
+very likely to be
+fairly close.
+
+And you could think of coming
+up with estimates in which
+
+this is ignored.
+
+And you build a model based on
+this, or an alternative model
+
+in which this term is ignored,
+and you make predictions based
+
+on the second SAT.
+
+And both models are likely to be
+essentially as good as the
+
+other one, because these
+two quantities are
+
+essentially the same.
+
+So in that case, your theta's
+that you estimate are going to
+
+be very sensitive to little
+details of the data.
+
+You change your data, you have
+your data, and your data tell
+
+you that this coefficient
+is big and that
+
+coefficient is small.
+
+You change your data just a
+tiny bit, and your theta's
+
+would drastically change.
+
+So this is a case in which you
+have multiple explanatory
+
+variables, but they're redundant
+in the sense that
+
+they're very closely related
+to each other, and perhaps
+
+with a linear relation.
+
+So one must be careful about the
+situation, and do special
+
+tests to make sure that
+this doesn't happen.
+
+Finally the biggest and most
+common blunder is that you run
+
+your linear regression, you
+get your linear model, and
+
+then you say oh, OK.
+
+Y is caused by X according to
+this particular formula.
+
+Well, all that we did was to
+identify a linear relation
+
+between X and Y. This doesn't
+tell us anything.
+
+Whether it's Y that causes X, or
+whether it's X that causes
+
+Y, or maybe both X and Y are
+caused by some other variable
+
+that we didn't think about.
+
+So building a good linear model
+that has small errors
+
+does not tell us anything about
+causal relations between
+
+the two variables.
+
+It only tells us that there's
+a close association between
+
+the two variables.
+
+If you know one you can make
+predictions about the other.
+
+But it doesn't tell you anything
+about the underlying
+
+physics, that there's some
+physical mechanism that
+
+introduces the relation between
+those variables.
+
+OK, that's it about
+linear regression.
+
+Let us start the next topic,
+which is hypothesis testing.
+
+And we're going to continue
+with it next time.
+
+So here, instead of trying
+to estimate continuous
+
+parameters, we have two
+alternative hypotheses about
+
+the distribution of the
+X random variable.
+
+So for example our random
+variable could be either
+
+distributed according to this
+distribution, under H0, or it
+
+might be distributed according
+to this distribution under H1.
+
+And we want to make a decision
+which distribution is the
+
+correct one?
+
+So we're given those two
+distributions, and some common
+
+terminologies that one of them
+is the null hypothesis--
+
+sort of the default hypothesis,
+and we have some
+
+alternative hypotheses--
+
+and we want to check whether
+this one is true,
+
+or that one is true.
+
+So you obtain a data
+point, and you
+
+want to make a decision.
+
+In this picture what would
+a reasonable person
+
+do to make a decision?
+
+They would probably choose a
+certain threshold, Xi, and
+
+decide that H1 is true if your
+data falls in this interval.
+
+And decide that H0 is true
+if you fall on the side.
+
+So that would be a
+reasonable way of
+
+approaching the problem.
+
+More generally you take the set
+of all possible X's, and
+
+you divide the set of possible
+X's into two regions.
+
+One is the rejection region,
+in which you decide H1,
+
+or you reject H0.
+
+And the complement of that
+region is where you decide H0.
+
+So this is the x-space
+of your data.
+
+In this example here, x
+was one-dimensional.
+
+But in general X is going to
+be a vector, where all the
+
+possible data vectors that
+you can get, they're
+
+divided into two types.
+
+If it falls in this set you'd
+make one decision.
+
+If it falls in that set, you
+make the other decision.
+
+OK, so how would you
+characterize the performance
+
+of the particular way of
+making a decision?
+
+Suppose I chose my threshold.
+
+I may make mistakes of
+two possible types.
+
+Perhaps H0 is true, but my data
+happens to fall here.
+
+In which case I make a mistake,
+and this would be a
+
+false rejection of H0.
+
+If my data falls here
+I reject H0.
+
+I decide H1.
+
+Whereas H0 was true.
+
+The probability of
+this happening?
+
+Let's call it alpha.
+
+But there's another kind of
+error that can be made.
+
+Suppose that H1 was true, but by
+accident my data happens to
+
+falls on that side.
+
+Then I'm going to make
+an error again.
+
+I'm going to decide H0 even
+though H1 was true.
+
+How likely is this to occur?
+
+This would be the area under
+this curve here.
+
+And that's the other type of
+error than can be made, and
+
+beta is the probability of this
+particular type of error.
+
+Both of these are errors.
+
+Alpha is the probability
+of error of one kind.
+
+Beta is the probability of an
+error of the other kind.
+
+You would like the
+probabilities
+
+of error to be small.
+
+So you would like to
+make both alpha and
+
+beta as small as possible.
+
+Unfortunately that's not
+possible, there's a trade-off.
+
+If I go to my threshold it this
+way, then alpha become
+
+smaller, but beta
+becomes bigger.
+
+So there's a trade-off.
+
+If I make my rejection region
+smaller one kind of error is
+
+less likely, but the
+other kind of error
+
+becomes more likely.
+
+So we got this trade-off.
+
+So what do we do about it?
+
+How do we move systematically?
+
+How do we come up with
+rejection regions?
+
+Well, what the theory basically
+tells you is it
+
+tells you how you should
+create those regions.
+
+But it doesn't tell
+you exactly how.
+
+It tells you the general
+shape of those regions.
+
+For example here, the theory
+who tells us that the right
+
+thing to do would be to put
+the threshold and make
+
+decisions one way to the right,
+one way to the left.
+
+But it might not necessarily
+tell us
+
+where to put the threshold.
+
+Still, it's useful enough to
+know that the way to make a
+
+good decision would
+be in terms of
+
+a particular threshold.
+
+Let me make this
+more specific.
+
+We can take our inspiration
+from the solution of the
+
+hypothesis testing problem
+that we had in
+
+the Bayesian case.
+
+In the Bayesian case we just
+pick the hypothesis which is
+
+more likely given the data.
+
+The produced posterior
+probabilities using Bayesian
+
+rule, they're written
+this way.
+
+And this term is the
+same as that term.
+
+They cancel out, then let me
+collect terms here and there.
+
+I get an expression here.
+
+I think the version you
+have in your handout
+
+is the correct one.
+
+The one on the slide was
+not the correct one, so
+
+I'm fixing it here.
+
+OK, so this is the form of how
+you make decisions in the
+
+Bayesian case.
+
+What you do in the Bayesian
+case, you
+
+calculate this ratio.
+
+Let's call it the likelihood
+ratio.
+
+And compare that ratio
+to a threshold.
+
+And the threshold that you
+should be using in the
+
+Bayesian case has something
+to do with the prior
+
+probabilities of the
+two hypotheses.
+
+In the non-Bayesian case we do
+not have prior probabilities,
+
+so we do not know how to
+set this threshold.
+
+But we're going to do is we're
+going to keep this particular
+
+structure anyway, and maybe use
+some other considerations
+
+to pick the threshold.
+
+So we're going to use a
+likelihood ratio test, that's
+
+how it's called in which we
+calculate a quantity of this
+
+kind that we call the
+likelihood, and compare it
+
+with a threshold.
+
+So what's the interpretation
+of this likelihood?
+
+We ask--
+
+the X's that I have observed,
+how likely were they to occur
+
+if H1 was true?
+
+And how likely were they to
+occur if H0 was true?
+
+This ratio could be big if my
+data are plausible they might
+
+occur under H1.
+
+But they're very implausible,
+extremely unlikely
+
+to occur under H0.
+
+Then my thinking would be well
+the data that I saw are
+
+extremely unlikely to have
+occurred under H0.
+
+So H0 is probably not true.
+
+I'm going to go for
+H1 and choose H1.
+
+So when this ratio is big it
+tells us that the data that
+
+we're seeing are better
+explained if we assume H1 to
+
+be true rather than
+H0 to be true.
+
+So I calculate this quantity,
+compare it with a threshold,
+
+and that's how I make
+my decision.
+
+So in this particular picture,
+for example the way it would
+
+go would be the likelihood ratio
+in this picture goes
+
+monotonically with my X. So
+comparing the likelihood ratio
+
+to the threshold would be the
+same as comparing my x to the
+
+threshold, and we've got
+the question of how
+
+to choose the threshold.
+
+The way that the threshold is
+chosen is usually done by
+
+fixing one of the two
+probabilities of error.
+
+That is, I say, that I want my
+error of one particular type
+
+to be a given number,
+so I fix this alpha.
+
+And then I try to find where
+my threshold should be.
+
+So that this probability theta,
+probability out there,
+
+is just equal to alpha.
+
+And then the other probability
+of error, beta, will be
+
+whatever it turns out to be.
+
+So somebody picks alpha
+ahead of time.
+
+Based on the probability of
+a false rejection based on
+
+alpha, I find where my threshold
+is going to be.
+
+I choose my threshold, and that
+determines subsequently
+
+the value of beta.
+
+So we're going to continue with
+this story next time, and
+
+we'll stop here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tKyaGnPni3U.txt b/tKyaGnPni3U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f01b0207625a2e98472592e6ad981190e2267c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tKyaGnPni3U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+how's everyone doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parents only how are you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents only how are you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents only how are you doing
+oh how is it that the parents were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh how is it that the parents were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh how is it that the parents were
+louder than the kids kids how are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder than the kids kids how are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+louder than the kids kids how are you
+guys doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys doing
+okay all right welcome parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right welcome parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right welcome parents
+welcome parents i'm really excited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome parents i'm really excited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome parents i'm really excited to
+have you here in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you here in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you here in class
+um this is 3091 introduction to solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is 3091 introduction to solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is 3091 introduction to solid
+state chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state chemistry
+and today we're gonna have a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're gonna have a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we're gonna have a little bit
+of fun uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun uh
+as you can see we got we got some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see we got we got some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see we got we got some
+activities now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities now
+um the way i like to frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way i like to frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the way i like to frame this
+are there any other seats uh no not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other seats uh no not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there any other seats uh no not so
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much
+but make yourself comfortable the way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make yourself comfortable the way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but make yourself comfortable the way i
+like to frame this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to frame this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to frame this
+is you got a lot of activities going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got a lot of activities going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got a lot of activities going on
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already
+right this is the uh parent weekend so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the uh parent weekend so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is the uh parent weekend so
+if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at
+um why is that happening if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is that happening if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um why is that happening if we look at
+um the uh oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the uh oh
+that's not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there we go um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there we go um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there we go um
+if we look at the mit family weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the mit family weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at the mit family weekend
+there's activities right and so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's activities right and so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's activities right and so what i
+thought is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought is that
+what we could do in this class we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do in this class we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we could do in this class we got to
+learn a little bit we're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit we're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a little bit we're going to learn
+about x-rays today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x-rays today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x-rays today
+but what i thought we could do is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i thought we could do is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what i thought we could do is also
+add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add
+some ideas for activities that you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas for activities that you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas for activities that you all
+could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do
+with your kids but it doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your kids but it doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your kids but it doesn't even
+matter it could be with any kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it could be with any kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter it could be with any kids
+um but just you know more activities to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but just you know more activities to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but just you know more activities to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+to give you more options and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you more options and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you more options and so in
+particular i've got five suggestions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular i've got five suggestions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular i've got five suggestions for
+you that we'll talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that we'll talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that we'll talk about today
+the first one is staying warm right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is staying warm right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is staying warm right it's
+gotten really cold so we're gonna talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten really cold so we're gonna talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten really cold so we're gonna talk
+about staying warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about staying warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about staying warm
+uh and then the next thing we'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the next thing we'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then the next thing we'll do is
+we'll appreciate the fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll appreciate the fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll appreciate the fall
+and all the colors and we'll cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the colors and we'll cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the colors and we'll cook
+cooking is such a wonderful thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking is such a wonderful thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking is such a wonderful thing to do
+i hope you guys can do it together we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you guys can do it together we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you guys can do it together we'll
+talk about that and we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that and we'll talk about
+phones and how they crack their screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and how they crack their screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones and how they crack their screens
+and and we have some sort of larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we have some sort of larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we have some sort of larger
+versions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions here
+that that we'll talk about um and and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we'll talk about um and and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we'll talk about um and and of
+course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course
+it wouldn't be complete if we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be complete if we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wouldn't be complete if we didn't
+blow bubbles because that's a really fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow bubbles because that's a really fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow bubbles because that's a really fun
+activity no matter what age you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity no matter what age you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity no matter what age you are
+right so that's our plan okay that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's our plan okay that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's our plan okay that's our
+plan today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan today
+now uh let's get started so we'll start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let's get started so we'll start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now uh let's get started so we'll start
+with the first activity right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first activity right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the first activity right now
+and it's staying warm okay now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's staying warm okay now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's staying warm okay now um
+uh i so i love candles and i think a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i so i love candles and i think a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i so i love candles and i think a lot
+of us have seen candles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have seen candles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us have seen candles
+um the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the difference
+is between everyone else and your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between everyone else and your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between everyone else and your your
+kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids
+who are in this class who see candles is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in this class who see candles is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are in this class who see candles is
+they don't see candles they see c25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't see candles they see c25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't see candles they see c25
+age 52 combusting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 52 combusting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+age 52 combusting and
+and and your kids now when they see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and your kids now when they see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and your kids now when they see a
+candle if you guys go out to dinner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle if you guys go out to dinner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle if you guys go out to dinner and
+there's a candle on the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a candle on the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a candle on the table
+the first thing i guarantee you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i guarantee you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing i guarantee you the
+first thing they're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing they're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing they're going to do is
+assess the volume of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the volume of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess the volume of the room
+figure out how much oxygen in grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much oxygen in grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how much oxygen in grams
+there is in that room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in that room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is in that room
+and they're going to decide which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to decide which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to decide which one is
+the limiting reagent the candle or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting reagent the candle or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the limiting reagent the candle or you
+and they'll make a choice they may get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll make a choice they may get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they'll make a choice they may get
+you out of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of the room
+because you don't know right you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know right you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't know right you got to
+know that and of course they'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that and of course they'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that and of course they'll have
+their periodic tables with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their periodic tables with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their periodic tables with them
+at the dinner don't be surprised when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the dinner don't be surprised when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the dinner don't be surprised when
+they take it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take it out
+okay now your students oh yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now your students oh yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now your students oh yeah that's
+perfect your students also know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect your students also know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect your students also know
+your kids my students your kids also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kids my students your kids also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your kids my students your kids also
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+that a lot of the earliest chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the earliest chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of the earliest chemistry
+going all the way back to the times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the way back to the times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going all the way back to the times of
+democritus thousands of years ago the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democritus thousands of years ago the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democritus thousands of years ago the
+way it started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it started
+was because people were breaking things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because people were breaking things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because people were breaking things
+and smashing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smashing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smashing things
+and lighting stuff on fire and now we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lighting stuff on fire and now we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lighting stuff on fire and now we've
+got the whole periodic table in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the whole periodic table in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the whole periodic table in this
+class but we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but we still
+know that the most fun element of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the most fun element of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that the most fun element of all
+to light on fire is the very first it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light on fire is the very first it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to light on fire is the very first it's
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+and so i thought i would show you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i thought i would show you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i thought i would show you what
+that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like
+okay so here's hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's hydrogen and
+like i said you know this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said you know this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like i said you know this is also
+it's a way to think about the oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way to think about the oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way to think about the oh that's
+a beautiful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful thing
+is that a beautiful thing i got to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a beautiful thing i got to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a beautiful thing i got to do it
+again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and
+and as as your kids know i could do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as your kids know i could do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as as your kids know i could do this
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+but it's just it and you know now my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just it and you know now my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's just it and you know now my
+hand doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand doesn't
+i don't feel it because of the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't feel it because of the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't feel it because of the heat
+capacity but that's another class but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity but that's another class but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity but that's another class but
+what we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're interested in
+is is combustion is combustion right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is combustion is combustion right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is combustion is combustion right so
+there's that one there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that one there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's that one there too
+right so this is all about the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all about the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is all about the context
+of staying warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of staying warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of staying warm
+but of course right but what and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course right but what and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course right but what and you
+don't need to light hydrogen on fire to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to light hydrogen on fire to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to light hydrogen on fire to
+stay warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay warm
+but um but i also have suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but i also have suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um but i also have suggested
+discussion topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion topics
+because i don't want you just to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i don't want you just to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i don't want you just to do
+these activities i want you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these activities i want you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these activities i want you to be
+engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engaged
+you know it might have been a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might have been a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might have been a while
+since you guys have connected i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you guys have connected i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you guys have connected i don't
+know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and
+and and or in person and so here maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or in person and so here maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and or in person and so here maybe
+you don't know what to say at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what to say at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know what to say at first
+right and so and so for example you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so and so for example you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so and so for example you
+could talk about balancing chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about balancing chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about balancing chemical
+reactions you could talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions you could talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions you could talk about the
+concept of a mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of a mole
+and you could also talk about limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could also talk about limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could also talk about limiting
+reagents which are really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents which are really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reagents which are really really
+important in life okay so that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in life okay so that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important in life okay so that's my
+first suggested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first suggested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first suggested
+uh activity like i said we'll have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh activity like i said we'll have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh activity like i said we'll have uh
+you know five new activities that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know five new activities that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know five new activities that's the
+first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one
+but like i also said we got to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like i also said we got to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but like i also said we got to learn
+something today and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something today and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something today and uh
+students this is not on the exam as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students this is not on the exam as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students this is not on the exam as a
+reminder but we do need to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder but we do need to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder but we do need to learn
+what x-rays are because next week we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x-rays are because next week we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what x-rays are because next week we're
+going to be shining them on stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shining them on stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shining them on stuff
+so today we're going to learn about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to learn about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today we're going to learn about how
+x-rays are generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are generated
+um and and it all starts with the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it all starts with the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and it all starts with the very
+first selfie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first selfie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first selfie
+this is it does anybody know who that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it does anybody know who that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is it does anybody know who that is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+is anna renkin that is the wife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anna renkin that is the wife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anna renkin that is the wife
+of wilhelm rankin that's the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wilhelm rankin that's the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wilhelm rankin that's the very first
+x-ray ever taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray ever taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray ever taken
+okay that's the very first section i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the very first section i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the very first section i've
+ever taken and wilhelm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever taken and wilhelm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever taken and wilhelm
+rankin was playing around with cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rankin was playing around with cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rankin was playing around with cathode
+ray tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray tubes
+and and so he i love this quote of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so he i love this quote of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so he i love this quote of him
+he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said
+i did not think i investigated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not think i investigated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did not think i investigated and
+that's another now we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another now we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another now we think
+of course we think but what we do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we think but what we do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course we think but what we do in
+this class is we investigate we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is we investigate we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is we investigate we're
+explorers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explorers
+we're explorers of chemistry and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're explorers of chemistry and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're explorers of chemistry and how
+chemistry connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry connects
+to what we see in life and what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we see in life and what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we see in life and what we're
+doing every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing every day
+right and so how did renkin do this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so how did renkin do this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so how did renkin do this okay
+well literally it was a dark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well literally it was a dark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well literally it was a dark
+and stormy night literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stormy night literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stormy night literally
+okay and he was in the basement in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he was in the basement in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he was in the basement in his
+lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab
+right that's him and and it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's him and and it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's him and and it's gonna be
+stormy tomorrow so you guys could even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stormy tomorrow so you guys could even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stormy tomorrow so you guys could even
+try to think about how it felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think about how it felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to think about how it felt
+right and and so what he did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so what he did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so what he did is
+everybody was playing with these cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was playing with these cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was playing with these cathode
+ray tubes everybody we learned a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray tubes everybody we learned a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray tubes everybody we learned a lot
+about cathode ray tubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cathode ray tubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cathode ray tubes
+right so here you put some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here you put some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so here you put some kind of
+cathode here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cathode here
+and then there's an anode here and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an anode here and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's an anode here and you
+hook it up to a voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook it up to a voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook it up to a voltage
+okay and what happens is electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what happens is electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what happens is electrons
+fly right this is a cathode ray tube so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly right this is a cathode ray tube so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly right this is a cathode ray tube so
+it's a crt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a crt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a crt
+electrons will fly off of the cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will fly off of the cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will fly off of the cathode
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and go here now if they go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go here now if they go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go here now if they go through the
+anode right and then you put a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode right and then you put a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anode right and then you put a screen
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that those are the very first cathode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are the very first cathode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those are the very first cathode
+ray tube experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray tube experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ray tube experiments
+and we talked about how this led to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about how this led to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about how this led to the
+discovery of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of the electron
+itself but what renkin did is he said no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but what renkin did is he said no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but what renkin did is he said no
+hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold on
+what if i just sort of change so i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i just sort of change so i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i just sort of change so i put a
+voltage here what if i amp that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here what if i amp that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage here what if i amp that up
+what if i just keep going right right oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i just keep going right right oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i just keep going right right oh
+by the way there's a vacuum inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there's a vacuum inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way there's a vacuum inside of
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+all right there has to be a vacuum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there has to be a vacuum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there has to be a vacuum and
+if i am the voltage up you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i am the voltage up you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i am the voltage up you know what
+actually i'm i'm going to put a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm i'm going to put a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually i'm i'm going to put a metal
+here for the anode all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the anode all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the anode all right
+i'm going to make that some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to make that some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to make that some kind of
+metal and i'm going to hit the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and i'm going to hit the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and i'm going to hit the metal
+with the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the electrons
+now this is exactly what happened what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is exactly what happened what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is exactly what happened what
+happened is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened is
+um the room glowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the room glowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the room glowed
+the room glowed so so rankin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room glowed so so rankin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the room glowed so so rankin
+showing in there the lights are off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing in there the lights are off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing in there the lights are off the
+lights are off but the room was lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights are off but the room was lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights are off but the room was lit
+and he said oh my goodness what is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said oh my goodness what is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said oh my goodness what is going
+on here right what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here right what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here right what is going on
+and and what he decided what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what he decided what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and what he decided what he
+literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally
+discovered a new type of ray a new type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a new type of ray a new type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered a new type of ray a new type
+of light ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light ray
+and because he didn't know what to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because he didn't know what to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because he didn't know what to call
+it he didn't have a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he didn't have a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it he didn't have a name
+on that dark and stormy night he wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that dark and stormy night he wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that dark and stormy night he wrote
+down the letter x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the letter x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the letter x
+which he regretted later he really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he regretted later he really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which he regretted later he really did
+because everybody started calling he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody started calling he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everybody started calling he
+didn't know what to call it so he called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what to call it so he called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what to call it so he called
+it an x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is what happens when you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what happens when you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what happens when you do this
+experiment with a very high voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with a very high voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with a very high voltage
+you get rays that came off of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rays that came off of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get rays that came off of this
+and illuminated the room he said i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illuminated the room he said i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illuminated the room he said i don't
+know what to call it i'll put the letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to call it i'll put the letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to call it i'll put the letter
+x for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x for now
+and that stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that stuck
+now these x-rays are unique they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these x-rays are unique they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these x-rays are unique they're
+unique because they have very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique because they have very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique because they have very high
+energy they have very high energy so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they have very high energy so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy they have very high energy so the
+x-ray energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray energies
+the energies are in the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies are in the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energies are in the range of
+100 to 100 ev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 100 ev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 to 100 ev
+to 100 kev that's a big energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 kev that's a big energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 kev that's a big energy
+and but but we know how to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but but we know how to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but but we know how to go back and
+forth between energy and wavelength so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between energy and wavelength so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between energy and wavelength so
+we know that that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that that means
+that the wavelength range is between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wavelength range is between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the wavelength range is between
+0.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01
+and 10 nanometers and that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 nanometers and that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 10 nanometers and that's what's
+really important you came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important you came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important you came up with a
+source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source
+that has wavelengths in this very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has wavelengths in this very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has wavelengths in this very very
+special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special
+regime this very special regime because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime this very special regime because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regime this very special regime because
+it's the distance between atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distance between atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the distance between atoms
+right okay now there's two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now there's two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay now there's two types of
+x-rays but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays but
+first let's let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's let's say
+at the time you might think you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time you might think you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time you might think you know
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+why wasn't he wearing anything you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wasn't he wearing anything you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why wasn't he wearing anything you know
+like at the dentist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the dentist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like at the dentist
+why was he wearing anything they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was he wearing anything they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was he wearing anything they didn't
+know that radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that radiation
+could be dangerous and so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be dangerous and so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be dangerous and so if you look at
+the time i took a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time i took a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time i took a look at
+you know there were ads like this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were ads like this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there were ads like this for a
+system to remove the hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to remove the hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to remove the hair
+and it was advertised as effective safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was advertised as effective safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was advertised as effective safe
+and painless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and painless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and painless
+this is a this is a target those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a target those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a this is a target those are
+x-rays one of the first uses of x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays one of the first uses of x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays one of the first uses of x-rays
+this is a a token to get into a bath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a token to get into a bath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a a token to get into a bath
+that's called a radium bath where it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a radium bath where it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called a radium bath where it's a
+water bath where you have radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bath where you have radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water bath where you have radium
+that you either drink or or is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you either drink or or is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you either drink or or is in the
+water itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water itself
+right but and look at what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but and look at what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but and look at what's happening
+in in paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in paris
+in paris radium cure a fad of paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paris radium cure a fad of paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in paris radium cure a fad of paris
+society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society
+patients play bridge and take tea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients play bridge and take tea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients play bridge and take tea for
+two hours daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours daily
+daily in a drying room this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily in a drying room this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily in a drying room this is what it
+says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says
+december the afternoon radium cure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december the afternoon radium cure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december the afternoon radium cure is
+the latest craze of paris society the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest craze of paris society the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latest craze of paris society the
+popularity of the treatment new to paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity of the treatment new to paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularity of the treatment new to paris
+has developed quite suddenly and is due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed quite suddenly and is due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has developed quite suddenly and is due
+no doubt to the fact that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt to the fact that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt to the fact that it is
+exceedingly pleasant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly pleasant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceedingly pleasant
+oh france right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they didn't know they didn't know and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know they didn't know and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't know they didn't know and it
+was the same with these x-rays what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same with these x-rays what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the same with these x-rays what is
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+well it turned out it was a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turned out it was a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it turned out it was a very very
+important type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important type
+of light and because of its importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and because of its importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light and because of its importance
+renkin won the first ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renkin won the first ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renkin won the first ever
+nobel prize given in physics there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize given in physics there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize given in physics there's an
+element number 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element number 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element number 111
+named renkgenium right and 60 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named renkgenium right and 60 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named renkgenium right and 60 years
+later the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later the dna
+was discovered the structure of the dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered the structure of the dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was discovered the structure of the dna
+the double helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix
+was was discovered because of x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was discovered because of x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was discovered because of x-rays
+right so the impact of x-rays is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the impact of x-rays is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the impact of x-rays is
+tremendous okay now um the next activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous okay now um the next activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous okay now um the next activity
+as i mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i mentioned
+has to do with enjoying the fall okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with enjoying the fall okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with enjoying the fall okay
+now the the thing is that um in new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the thing is that um in new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the thing is that um in new
+england has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+england has
+beautiful colors right and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors right and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful colors right and so if you
+haven't taken a stroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken a stroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't taken a stroll
+around the parks or maybe go you go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the parks or maybe go you go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the parks or maybe go you go up
+to a nice hike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a nice hike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a nice hike
+you'll see these beautiful colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these beautiful colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see these beautiful colors
+changing in the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing in the leaves
+but the thing is that in our class your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that in our class your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the thing is that in our class your
+kids they don't see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they don't see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids they don't see that
+anymore no they don't because when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore no they don't because when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore no they don't because when they
+see colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see colors
+they think about electron levels that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about electron levels that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think about electron levels that's
+what they think about they can't help it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think about they can't help it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they think about they can't help it
+they cannot help it so when they see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot help it so when they see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot help it so when they see you
+know orange or red all they're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know orange or red all they're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know orange or red all they're thinking
+about is oh my goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is oh my goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is oh my goodness
+there's an electron level here and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electron level here and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an electron level here and an
+electron getting excited and it's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron getting excited and it's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron getting excited and it's coming
+back down and emitting a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down and emitting a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down and emitting a photon
+and how those levels are changing as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how those levels are changing as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how those levels are changing as you
+go from one leaf to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one leaf to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one leaf to another
+and how chemistry is at the heart of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how chemistry is at the heart of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how chemistry is at the heart of it
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+right chemistry is at the heart of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chemistry is at the heart of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right chemistry is at the heart of it
+all right and and so that's what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and so that's what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and and so that's what they're
+thinking of and we can use chemistry i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of and we can use chemistry i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of and we can use chemistry i
+don't know if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if we have
+the next one ready here we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one ready here we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one ready here we can use
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+not only to change the levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to change the levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to change the levels
+of electrons that are in this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that are in this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that are in this material
+which then changes the color of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then changes the color of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which then changes the color of light
+that comes off of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes off of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes off of it
+it's all about the electrons but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the electrons but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about the electrons but we can
+use chemistry to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use chemistry to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use chemistry to control
+how quickly that happens or what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly that happens or what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly that happens or what you
+know nature does it on this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nature does it on this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know nature does it on this kind of
+yearly time scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly time scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yearly time scale
+we can do it on any time scale because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it on any time scale because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it on any time scale because
+of chemical kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chemical kinetics
+so we're going to get that experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get that experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to get that experiment
+out here in a sec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in a sec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here in a sec
+meanwhile oh there it is oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile oh there it is oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanwhile oh there it is oh
+can we give the helpers a huge hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we give the helpers a huge hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we give the helpers a huge hand
+because they are thank you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are thank you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they are thank you guys
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now what do i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what do i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now what do i do
+and that's it it's all this is premixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it it's all this is premixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's it it's all this is premixed
+okay now this is an example of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is an example of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is an example of how we
+can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change
+we can control the the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can control the the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can control the the color
+of a material using chemistry we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a material using chemistry we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a material using chemistry we can
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+when do i pour it all i pour it all okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do i pour it all i pour it all okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do i pour it all i pour it all okay
+why not yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now i want you to focus on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i want you to focus on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i want you to focus on the
+larger bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger bottle
+nothing's happening keep watching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening keep watching it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's happening keep watching it
+you got to keep watching it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay see that was that's an example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see that was that's an example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay see that was that's an example but
+your students your kids are seeing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students your kids are seeing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your students your kids are seeing this
+and they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're saying
+no it's it's all about electron levels i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's all about electron levels i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's it's all about electron levels i
+got to go and write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go and write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go and write down
+those electron levels i don't care if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electron levels i don't care if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electron levels i don't care if
+it's a bohr model or a semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bohr model or a semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bohr model or a semiconductor
+band gap i got to figure out how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap i got to figure out how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band gap i got to figure out how that
+happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened
+how did the color change i changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the color change i changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did the color change i changed the
+electron levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron levels
+in the liquid that's what i did and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid that's what i did and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the liquid that's what i did and i
+controlled the kinetics so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled the kinetics so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled the kinetics so my
+my my suggested topics for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my suggested topics for this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my suggested topics for this one
+of discussion okay chemical kinetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion okay chemical kinetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discussion okay chemical kinetics
+now we're going to talk about chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk about chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to talk about chemical
+kinetics later in the fall but you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics later in the fall but you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetics later in the fall but you guys
+can get a head start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a head start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a head start
+this weekend right because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weekend right because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weekend right because that's what
+happened there we controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there we controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened there we controlled
+when it didn't happen right away it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it didn't happen right away it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it didn't happen right away it
+happened later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened later
+why right acids and bases also coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right acids and bases also coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why right acids and bases also coming
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+get a head start and then how to paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a head start and then how to paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a head start and then how to paint
+with electrons because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrons because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electrons because
+that is what we're doing we're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we're doing we're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what we're doing we're changing
+how electrons interact with the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electrons interact with the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how electrons interact with the material
+to change the color we are painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the color we are painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the color we are painting
+right and that's what nature is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what nature is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's what nature is doing
+with its leaves now you might be on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its leaves now you might be on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its leaves now you might be on this
+walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk
+and you might be strolling around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be strolling around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might be strolling around and
+you might not go into the countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not go into the countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not go into the countryside
+you might just be down mass ave okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just be down mass ave okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might just be down mass ave okay now
+if you're walking down mass ave from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're walking down mass ave from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're walking down mass ave from
+here and you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you go
+not towards boston but the other way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not towards boston but the other way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not towards boston but the other way you
+get to another school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to another school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to another school
+okay now i gotta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i gotta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now i gotta
+i have i have talked to your kids about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have i have talked to your kids about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have i have talked to your kids about
+this already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this already
+what i want to do right now is address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do right now is address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i want to do right now is address
+the parents okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parents okay
+if you if you you you have activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you you you have activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you you you have activities
+you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to
+right and some of them may involve i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and some of them may involve i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and some of them may involve i
+don't know like a dinner or a party or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like a dinner or a party or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know like a dinner or a party or a
+lot of other parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of other parents
+some of those parents may have kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those parents may have kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of those parents may have kids
+that go to the other school now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to the other school now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go to the other school now
+here's what i want to tell you it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what i want to tell you it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what i want to tell you it might
+not be their fault
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be their fault
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be their fault
+it might not be their fault i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not be their fault i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might not be their fault i
+we do look i i'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do look i i'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do look i i'm just saying
+we do the best we can as parents we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the best we can as parents we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do the best we can as parents we do
+we do everything we can we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do everything we can we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do everything we can we did
+everything right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything right
+and then you realize sometimes kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you realize sometimes kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you realize sometimes kids
+have to make their own mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make their own mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make their own mistakes
+right so i i just you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i i just you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so i i just you know in
+and and the last thing i'll say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the last thing i'll say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the last thing i'll say about
+this you know i don't look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know i don't look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know i don't look
+be nice because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice because you know
+because they're probably going through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're probably going through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're probably going through a
+really hard time all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard time all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard time all right
+so that's my so that's what i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my so that's what i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's my so that's what i want to
+say about the stroll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the stroll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about the stroll
+um you might wind up down there i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might wind up down there i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you might wind up down there i don't
+know um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know um
+okay now oh okay back to our x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh okay back to our x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh okay back to our x-rays
+where were we okay now we got so x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were we okay now we got so x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where were we okay now we got so x-rays
+are coming off of this metal a super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming off of this metal a super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coming off of this metal a super
+high voltage is a dark and stormy night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage is a dark and stormy night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high voltage is a dark and stormy night
+what happened next is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened next is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened next is that
+we had to figure out what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to figure out what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had to figure out what were the
+properties of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of this
+light right and what we really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right and what we really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light right and what we really mean
+are things like intensity and wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like intensity and wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things like intensity and wavelength
+right now i wrote down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i wrote down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now i wrote down
+weight you know ranges there right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know ranges there right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight you know ranges there right but
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+what you have with x-rays are two types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have with x-rays are two types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have with x-rays are two types
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+type one type one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one type one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one type one
+which is called continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called continuous
+and it arises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it arises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it arises
+continuous okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous okay
+continuous and actually this is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and actually this is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous and actually this is a pretty
+good name because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good name because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good name because
+it's a continuous energy up to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a continuous energy up to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a continuous energy up to a point
+up to a point it's a continuous spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a point it's a continuous spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a point it's a continuous spectrum
+so what do i mean by that well what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that well what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do i mean by that well what i
+mean by that to understand that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that to understand that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by that to understand that we have
+to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know
+how we get it there are two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get it there are two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we get it there are two types of
+x-rays and in this first type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays and in this first type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays and in this first type
+what we have is we have some some atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is we have some some atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have is we have some some atom
+with a bunch of protons in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of protons in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bunch of protons in there
+this is this is like that metal atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is like that metal atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is like that metal atom and
+i've shot really high energy electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shot really high energy electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shot really high energy electrons
+at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+okay but that atom has electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that atom has electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but that atom has electrons
+sitting around it we know that one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around it we know that one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around it we know that one two
+three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four
+five six seven eight okay and then again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven eight okay and then again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven eight okay and then again
+and these are the quantum levels right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the quantum levels right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the quantum levels right
+this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be
+uh n equals three n equals two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n equals three n equals two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n equals three n equals two
+and in here we got n equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here we got n equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in here we got n equals one
+okay but now here's the thing i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now here's the thing i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now here's the thing i'm
+shooting high energy electrons at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting high energy electrons at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting high energy electrons at this
+atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom
+okay well so one of the first things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well so one of the first things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well so one of the first things
+that can happen is nothing at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen is nothing at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen is nothing at all
+so if i shoot it say up here way away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i shoot it say up here way away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i shoot it say up here way away
+you know if it's all the way up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's all the way up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if it's all the way up here
+going way away from the atom and doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going way away from the atom and doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going way away from the atom and doesn't
+feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel it
+then it might just come through it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might just come through it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it might just come through it might
+have some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some energy
+call it e naught right and it just came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it e naught right and it just came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it e naught right and it just came
+all the way through it didn't interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through it didn't interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through it didn't interact
+that's kind of boring what if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of boring what if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of boring what if i
+interacted what if i'm out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted what if i'm out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted what if i'm out here
+and i interact oh i got through some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i interact oh i got through some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i interact oh i got through some of
+those outer electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those outer electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those outer electrons
+immediately what do i see if i'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately what do i see if i'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately what do i see if i'm a
+negative charge i see this positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge i see this positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative charge i see this positive
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+and i'm like ah that looks good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm like ah that looks good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm like ah that looks good right
+it's an attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an attraction
+and so the electron curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the electron curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the electron curves
+like that now that means that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that now that means that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that now that means that it
+accelerated this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accelerated this is
+not a bohr electron stuck in an orbit no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bohr electron stuck in an orbit no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bohr electron stuck in an orbit no
+this one was free and it remained free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was free and it remained free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one was free and it remained free
+but because it got inside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it got inside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because it got inside of the
+electron cloud of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron cloud of the atom
+it saw a positive charge and that bends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saw a positive charge and that bends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it saw a positive charge and that bends
+it and that accelerates it and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that accelerates it and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and that accelerates it and when
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+like that's charged accelerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's charged accelerates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that's charged accelerates
+it gives off a photon it gives off a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives off a photon it gives off a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives off a photon it gives off a
+photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon
+so that might be some kind of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might be some kind of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might be some kind of energy
+that it rem it has left over that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it rem it has left over that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it rem it has left over that we
+call e1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call e1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call e1
+right and and and this would be like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and and this would be like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and and this would be like the
+photon one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon one
+right and and we know that it's lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and we know that it's lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and we know that it's lost
+energy to the photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to the photon
+it's decelerated it's decelerated you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decelerated it's decelerated you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's decelerated it's decelerated you
+decelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decelerate
+so okay so we know that e naught is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we know that e naught is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay so we know that e naught is
+greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater
+than e1 but i could have shot another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e1 but i could have shot another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than e1 but i could have shot another
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+through and this one got even luckier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and this one got even luckier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and this one got even luckier
+this one these are my electrons incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one these are my electrons incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one these are my electrons incoming
+electrons right these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons right these
+this one got even closer to the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one got even closer to the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one got even closer to the positive
+charge felt an even stronger attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge felt an even stronger attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge felt an even stronger attraction
+and decelerated even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so it
+also emits a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also emits a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also emits a photon
+right and so we know that e2 must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we know that e2 must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so we know that e2 must be
+smaller than e1 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than e1 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than e1 it's
+left with less energy now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with less energy now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with less energy now
+what you're doing is you're decelerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you're decelerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is you're decelerating
+electrons by having them pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons by having them pass through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons by having them pass through
+the the cloud of charge of an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cloud of charge of an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the cloud of charge of an atom
+and that deceleration emits photons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that deceleration emits photons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that deceleration emits photons and
+you can see right away what i'm doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see right away what i'm doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see right away what i'm doing is
+i'm kind of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm kind of breaking
+the electrons right well that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons right well that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons right well that's exactly
+what this kind of radiation is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this kind of radiation is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this kind of radiation is called
+this rate ah this radiation is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate ah this radiation is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this rate ah this radiation is in fact
+called brem stralin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called brem stralin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called brem stralin
+brim strolling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brim strolling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brim strolling
+straw lung and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straw lung and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straw lung and that
+literally means breaking radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breaking radiation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking radiation okay
+radiation it means breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it means breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation it means breaking
+well if i take this very simple picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i take this very simple picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if i take this very simple picture
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and i i try to make a plot like i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i try to make a plot like i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i i try to make a plot like i said
+if i want to understand my light i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to understand my light i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i want to understand my light i got
+to know about like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about like
+how it behaves as a function of say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it behaves as a function of say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it behaves as a function of say
+wavelength or frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength or frequency
+right and so if you plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if you plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if you plotted
+the wavelength with the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength with the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength with the intensity
+well you can see right here i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can see right here i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can see right here i'm going to
+get okay so i'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so i'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get okay so i'm going to get
+uh some photon that comes out that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some photon that comes out that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some photon that comes out that has
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+lambda right and then another photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda right and then another photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda right and then another photon
+that comes out that has another lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out that has another lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out that has another lambda
+but you can see that that electron could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that that electron could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can see that that electron could
+have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been
+could have been breaked at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been breaked at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been breaked at any
+loss of energy right at any loss of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of energy right at any loss of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss of energy right at any loss of
+energy and so what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so what you get
+is something that is very continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is very continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that is very continuous
+oh to a point this is the shape that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh to a point this is the shape that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh to a point this is the shape that it
+looks like right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like right
+so i can get this is right lambda right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can get this is right lambda right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can get this is right lambda right
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+if lambda is out there this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if lambda is out there this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if lambda is out there this would be
+like lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like lower
+energy lower energy photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lower energy photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy lower energy photons
+and now up here it's higher right higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now up here it's higher right higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now up here it's higher right higher
+energy photons okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy photons okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy photons okay
+now these are all x-rays they they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are all x-rays they they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these are all x-rays they they're in
+this very high energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very high energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this very high energy
+range but you've got this continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but you've got this continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range but you've got this continuous
+spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum
+because the electron could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electron could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the electron could have been
+slowed down in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowed down in any way
+except higher than this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except higher than this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except higher than this point
+why well that's just determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well that's just determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why well that's just determined
+by how much energy that initial electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how much energy that initial electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how much energy that initial electron
+got because you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got because you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got because you can imagine
+this point is a kind of special point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is a kind of special point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point is a kind of special point
+right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this
+is a this represents a fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this represents a fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a this represents a fully
+stopped electron fully braked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped electron fully braked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped electron fully braked
+fully stopped electron so that incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully stopped electron so that incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully stopped electron so that incoming
+electron has transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron has transferred
+all of its energy to the photon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its energy to the photon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of its energy to the photon and
+that's because this is higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because this is higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because this is higher energy
+that's as high as it gets that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as high as it gets that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as high as it gets that makes
+sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right
+okay we have a name for that too that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a name for that too that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have a name for that too that's
+the dwayne hunts limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dwayne hunts limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dwayne hunts limit
+dwayne hunt limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwayne hunt limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dwayne hunt limit
+and basically it says that the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically it says that the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically it says that the energy
+of the maximum energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the maximum energy
+e max of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e max of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e max of the
+of the the photon that can come out is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the photon that can come out is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the the photon that can come out is
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+to the electron times the voltage right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron times the voltage right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the electron times the voltage right
+the charge of the electron times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge of the electron times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge of the electron times the
+voltage across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage across
+ev right across the tube and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev right across the tube and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ev right across the tube and that that
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+hc over lambda min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hc over lambda min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hc over lambda min
+this is just saying max energy equals hc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying max energy equals hc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying max energy equals hc
+over min wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over min wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over min wavelength
+energy wavelength right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy wavelength right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy wavelength right
+okay so that's one time and if i had but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one time and if i had but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's one time and if i had but
+now you can see if i shot it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see if i shot it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can see if i shot it
+now i'm bumping up the voltage even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm bumping up the voltage even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm bumping up the voltage even more
+and i'm shooting it with higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm shooting it with higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm shooting it with higher energy
+electrons well you can imagine that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well you can imagine that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons well you can imagine that if
+if the if the electrons i shoot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the electrons i shoot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the if the electrons i shoot in
+have a higher energy then that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher energy then that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher energy then that point
+is going to go in and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go in and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go in and in
+like that all right so this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all right so this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all right so this would be
+brem strolling radiation and this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brem strolling radiation and this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brem strolling radiation and this would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+increase increasing incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase increasing incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase increasing incident
+oh ink ink that's not good incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh ink ink that's not good incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh ink ink that's not good incident
+right electron energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electron energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right electron energy
+and i will put a box around this so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will put a box around this so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i will put a box around this so that
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+increasing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing right
+is that arrow going like that so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that arrow going like that so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that arrow going like that so if i
+shoot it with higher and higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it with higher and higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoot it with higher and higher energy
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+i'm still going to have a minimum lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still going to have a minimum lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm still going to have a minimum lambda
+but it's going to get smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to get smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's going to get smaller and
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+continuous x-rays okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous x-rays okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous x-rays okay
+that's type one now speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's type one now speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's type one now speaking of
+breaking now speaking of breaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking now speaking of breaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking now speaking of breaking
+okay now here's my third activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's my third activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's my third activity
+and it's cooking and i love cooking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's cooking and i love cooking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's cooking and i love cooking and
+i hope you do too it's a really fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you do too it's a really fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you do too it's a really fun
+thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do
+and i think that you know i love cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that you know i love cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think that you know i love cooking
+with cast iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cast iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cast iron
+so maybe you've got a piece of cast iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you've got a piece of cast iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe you've got a piece of cast iron
+in your in your dorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your dorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your in your dorm
+that you could pull out and and pull out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could pull out and and pull out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could pull out and and pull out
+a recipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a recipe
+and start making something yeah but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start making something yeah but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start making something yeah but what
+i want you to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want you to think about
+see and this is the thing is your kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and this is the thing is your kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see and this is the thing is your kids
+our students don't see it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students don't see it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students don't see it as
+cast iron anymore they see it as iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast iron anymore they see it as iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast iron anymore they see it as iron
+with interstitially doped carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interstitially doped carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with interstitially doped carbon
+that's what they see it as right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they see it as right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what they see it as right
+and and so and so i want you to see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and so i want you to see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and so i want you to see it
+that way too and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way too and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way too and then that
+just gets you thinking how is this cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets you thinking how is this cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gets you thinking how is this cast
+iron so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron so strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron so strong
+and oh wait the early chemists i heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh wait the early chemists i heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and oh wait the early chemists i heard
+they they smashed and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they smashed and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they smashed and they
+and they and they lit things on fire how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and they lit things on fire how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they and they lit things on fire how
+how could we break this cast iron could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we break this cast iron could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could we break this cast iron could
+it break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it break
+could it break is there you know should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it break is there you know should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could it break is there you know should
+we be worried about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be worried about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be worried about it
+and so what i think you should do oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i think you should do oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i think you should do oh
+yeah there it is let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there it is let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there it is let's take this
+is you take the uh i don't have a pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take the uh i don't have a pan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you take the uh i don't have a pan
+but i have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have this
+is this filled yes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this filled yes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this filled yes okay and
+and you take out a hammer because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take out a hammer because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take out a hammer because you
+have a hammer in the closet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hammer in the closet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a hammer in the closet
+right and you go like this and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you go like this and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you go like this and and
+nothing happens and then you do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens and then you do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing happens and then you do it again
+okay you say well you know what maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you say well you know what maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you say well you know what maybe we
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+to go a little bigger and you go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go a little bigger and you go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go a little bigger and you go into
+your closet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your closet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your closet
+and you find the sledgehammer and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find the sledgehammer and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find the sledgehammer and you
+say you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what
+i think if we just use this handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if we just use this handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think if we just use this handy
+sledgehammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sledgehammer
+hopefully not in your dorm um then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not in your dorm um then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not in your dorm um then maybe
+we'll break it and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll break it and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll break it and so you
+you keep hitting it not over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep hitting it not over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you keep hitting it not over the
+electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical
+and you eat it again and i won't i won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you eat it again and i won't i won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you eat it again and i won't i won't
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+i won't go extreme here but i will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't go extreme here but i will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i won't go extreme here but i will tell
+you that i've done it before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that i've done it before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that i've done it before
+um it's and and nothing happens nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's and and nothing happens nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's and and nothing happens nothing
+happens there's not even a scratch on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's not even a scratch on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's not even a scratch on it
+yeah so but many but these are your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but many but these are your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so but many but these are your
+these are your kids who go to mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your kids who go to mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are your kids who go to mit
+not another school and they know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not another school and they know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not another school and they know and
+they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they know
+that intermolecular forces have power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermolecular forces have power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that intermolecular forces have power
+they've got a lot of power and they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a lot of power and they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got a lot of power and they know
+about bonding and they know about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bonding and they know about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about bonding and they know about the
+hydrogen bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bond
+and the power of the hydrogen bond and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power of the hydrogen bond and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power of the hydrogen bond and
+how strong it is and why it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong it is and why it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how strong it is and why it is
+and then they start thinking about water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start thinking about water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they start thinking about water
+so i wonder if we could leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wonder if we could leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i wonder if we could leverage
+the power of the hydrogen bond now do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the hydrogen bond now do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power of the hydrogen bond now do we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+liquid nitrogen we do okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid nitrogen we do okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid nitrogen we do okay
+so you know so i think they put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so i think they put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so i think they put it
+together that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that
+we might be able to leverage that power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be able to leverage that power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might be able to leverage that power
+of the hydrogen they knew they saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen they knew they saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen they knew they saw the
+gecko they say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gecko they say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gecko they say the
+london dispersion lets a gecko climb a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london dispersion lets a gecko climb a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+london dispersion lets a gecko climb a
+wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall
+well then hydrogen bonds might be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then hydrogen bonds might be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then hydrogen bonds might be what
+it takes to break the cast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to break the cast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes to break the cast
+iron right all the all that you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right all the all that you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron right all the all that you need is
+to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull
+the liquid nitrogen out of your dorm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid nitrogen out of your dorm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the liquid nitrogen out of your dorm
+closet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closet
+and and yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you want to go ahead yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go ahead yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go ahead yeah
+okay and and and and you know fill it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and and and you know fill it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and and and you know fill it
+with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with water
+and then because you need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because you need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because you need to take
+advantage of the power of the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the power of the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the power of the hydrogen
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+and then uh and then let it sit of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and then let it sit of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then uh and then let it sit of of
+course with the blast shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with the blast shield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course with the blast shield
+that you also have handy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also have handy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you also have handy right
+um okay well let's see how this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well let's see how this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay well let's see how this goes
+and we might take a we'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might take a we'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we might take a we'll see what
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+it's uh uh again this okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh again this okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh again this okay this is a
+bonding moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding moment
+right this is a bond this is a hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a bond this is a hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a bond this is a hydrogen
+bonding moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding moment
+but this is where the two of you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is where the two of you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is where the two of you the
+three of you the four of you it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of you the four of you it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of you the four of you it could be
+a huge group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge group
+this is where you talk about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you talk about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where you talk about things like
+the crystal structure of iron right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal structure of iron right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal structure of iron right this
+is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where
+you talk about things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about things like
+intermolecular forces and we've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces and we've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular forces and we've learned
+in the mall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the mall
+we've learned about them all in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned about them all in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've learned about them all in this
+class where you talk about the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where you talk about the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class where you talk about the power of
+hydrogen bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen bonds
+and the power of the bond between you as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power of the bond between you as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the power of the bond between you as
+a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a family
+right this is it just do it on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is it just do it on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is it just do it on this side
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of the blast shield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now we'll let that sit we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we'll let that sit we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we'll let that sit we'll see
+we'll see how that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see how that goes
+um and okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and okay
+yeah that's good now uh okay now where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's good now uh okay now where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's good now uh okay now where
+were we oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we oh
+so uh right oh there's another type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right oh there's another type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh right oh there's another type of
+x-ray there's another type of x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray there's another type of x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray there's another type of x-ray
+and and the other type of x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the other type of x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the other type of x-ray
+that's the only board left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the other type of x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is from
+a different phenomenon that also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different phenomenon that also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different phenomenon that also has
+to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it also has to do with the atom and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has to do with the atom and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also has to do with the atom and the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+because the one type is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the one type is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the one type is because the
+electrons are coming through this cloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are coming through this cloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are coming through this cloud
+and they get a little attracted and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get a little attracted and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they get a little attracted and they
+lose energy and they give that off to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose energy and they give that off to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose energy and they give that off to an
+x-ray photon but see the other kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray photon but see the other kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray photon but see the other kind
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+from a direct excitation the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a direct excitation the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a direct excitation the same kind
+that we learned about when we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned about when we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we learned about when we looked at
+the bore atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bore atom
+right and so so this is drawn here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so this is drawn here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so so this is drawn here now
+there's a very important thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very important thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very important thing that
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+as we've learned in this class when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've learned in this class when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we've learned in this class when you
+go from one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from one kind of
+area of expertise to another like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of expertise to another like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of expertise to another like
+crystallographers don't like commas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers don't like commas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographers don't like commas
+they don't like commas don't upset a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like commas don't upset a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like commas don't upset a
+crystallographer it makes no sense it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer it makes no sense it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallographer it makes no sense it's
+not worth it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth it this is
+the same thing with x-ray specialists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with x-ray specialists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing with x-ray specialists
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+use n equals one n equals two and equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use n equals one n equals two and equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use n equals one n equals two and equals
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+use klm because they prefer that so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use klm because they prefer that so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use klm because they prefer that so so
+the klms there are simply the quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the klms there are simply the quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the klms there are simply the quantum
+numbers the principal quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the principal quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the principal quantum numbers
+right so so 1 is k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so 1 is k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so 1 is k
+2 is l and 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is l and 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is l and 3
+is m and all we're doing is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m and all we're doing is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is m and all we're doing is the same
+kind of excitations it's drawn there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of excitations it's drawn there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of excitations it's drawn there
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+right so you see the incident electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see the incident electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see the incident electron
+comes in and now it's got enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and now it's got enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in and now it's got enough energy
+to excite one of those core electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite one of those core electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite one of those core electrons
+it's got enough energy to excite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got enough energy to excite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got enough energy to excite it
+and so what it does is it trades energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it does is it trades energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what it does is it trades energy
+with that core electron the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that core electron the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that core electron the core
+electron goes up and then it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes up and then it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron goes up and then it comes back
+down now if we had say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now if we had say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down now if we had say
+an m level so this is n equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m level so this is n equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an m level so this is n equals
+1 n equals 1 2 3. so if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 n equals 1 2 3. so if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 n equals 1 2 3. so if we had
+now i can draw it right if i had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can draw it right if i had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i can draw it right if i had some
+electron in my k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in my k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron in my k
+shell my n equals one shell and and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell my n equals one shell and and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell my n equals one shell and and that
+electron got bumped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron got bumped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron got bumped up
+to an l shell well now you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an l shell well now you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an l shell well now you know
+from our work with the bore atom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our work with the bore atom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from our work with the bore atom right
+you know that when this goes back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that when this goes back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that when this goes back down
+it's going to emit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to emit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to emit
+a photon right right but this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon right right but this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photon right right but this is very
+different now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different now
+this is very different this photon has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very different this photon has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very different this photon has
+only that energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only that energy
+nothing in between it's not continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in between it's not continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing in between it's not continuous
+i'm getting used to wearing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting used to wearing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm getting used to wearing this
+it feels good feels pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels good feels pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels good feels pretty good
+okay well but so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well but so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well but so so now
+i could have had an electron instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have had an electron instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have had an electron instead of
+go to the l level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the l level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the l level
+maybe it went all the way up to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it went all the way up to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it went all the way up to the end
+level and then from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then from there
+it went it cascades back down and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went it cascades back down and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went it cascades back down and it
+emits a photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits a photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emits a photon
+right and the way this works in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way this works in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the way this works in terms of
+labeling is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling is
+because it goes down to the k level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it goes down to the k level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it goes down to the k level
+these are k photons and we go in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are k photons and we go in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are k photons and we go in order
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so this is the least energy k photon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the least energy k photon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the least energy k photon it
+ended in k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended in k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended in k
+so that's a k alpha k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a k alpha k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a k alpha k
+alpha alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha alpha
+okay or k uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or k uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or k uh
+i'll just write it out to be clear k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write it out to be clear k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just write it out to be clear k
+beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta
+oh i hear sizzling oh that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i hear sizzling oh that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh i hear sizzling oh that's because
+you're pouring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pouring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're pouring
+that's good yeah more liquid nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good yeah more liquid nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good yeah more liquid nitrogen
+is never a bad thing no that's great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never a bad thing no that's great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never a bad thing no that's great
+no no i'm good you guys are doing such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no i'm good you guys are doing such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no i'm good you guys are doing such a
+good job now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good job now um
+okay so if it's k beta because it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's k beta because it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's k beta because it went
+to k it ended at k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k it ended at k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to k it ended at k
+it gave off a photon the photon is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave off a photon the photon is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gave off a photon the photon is is
+either alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either alpha beta
+right gamma depending on which one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gamma depending on which one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right gamma depending on which one but
+now okay uh here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay uh here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay uh here's the thing
+you know if you go back to that plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go back to that plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go back to that plot of
+energy right of lambda versus intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right of lambda versus intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right of lambda versus intensity
+well you know that there's nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know that there's nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know that there's nothing in
+between there are no electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there are no electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between there are no electronic
+states in here so you can't excite in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in here so you can't excite in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in here so you can't excite in
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+this is forbidden it's forbidden so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is forbidden it's forbidden so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is forbidden it's forbidden so
+unlike the breaking kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the breaking kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike the breaking kind
+of radiation in this case it's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation in this case it's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radiation in this case it's very very
+discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete
+right and so now if we plot what you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now if we plot what you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so now if we plot what you get
+from this well you're going to get a k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this well you're going to get a k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this well you're going to get a k
+alpha peak that's very very discrete and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha peak that's very very discrete and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha peak that's very very discrete and
+you're going to get a k beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a k beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get a k beta
+peak that's only at the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak that's only at the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak that's only at the one
+the one energy that is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one energy that is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one energy that is the difference
+between these levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these levels
+k alpha k beta so that's another kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k alpha k beta so that's another kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k alpha k beta so that's another kind
+this is a type two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a type two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a type two
+type this is type second type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type this is type second type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type this is type second type
+second type of x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i mean it sounded interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll let it keep going we'll let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let it keep going we'll let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll let it keep going we'll let it
+keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep going
+it's good because it gives you a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good because it gives you a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good because it gives you a time
+and i hope oh you guys can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope oh you guys can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope oh you guys can just
+leave it i i hope that you know during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it i i hope that you know during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it i i hope that you know during
+this time that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time that you're
+you're doing these activities don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these activities don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing these activities don't have
+your phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phones
+you know put them down listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put them down listen to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put them down listen to the
+sounds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds of
+of cast iron popping you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cast iron popping you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cast iron popping you can't
+appreciate it if you're on your phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it if you're on your phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate it if you're on your phone
+tweeting it or or dm'ing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweeting it or or dm'ing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tweeting it or or dm'ing it
+you can't do that it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't do that it's not going to
+happen it won't be as much of a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it won't be as much of a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen it won't be as much of a bond
+right so did i get it right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so did i get it right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so did i get it right no
+oh okay now okay so so we've got our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay now okay so so we've got our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay now okay so so we've got our
+second type of x-ray and it's discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second type of x-ray and it's discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second type of x-ray and it's discrete
+and we're going to put them together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to put them together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to put them together in
+a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minute
+um but first we got to talk about glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but first we got to talk about glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but first we got to talk about glass
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+oh more okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh more okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh more okay good
+good keep going just walk over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good keep going just walk over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good keep going just walk over
+oh glass that's perfect now the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh glass that's perfect now the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh glass that's perfect now the only way
+okay the thing is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the thing is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the thing is that um
+a lot of times this happens to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times this happens to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times this happens to your
+phone and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone and and
+we know about crystals in this class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about crystals in this class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about crystals in this class and
+this is the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one
+if you're willing to pay hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to pay hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're willing to pay hundreds of
+dollars of more more for your iwatch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of more more for your iwatch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars of more more for your iwatch you
+can get a quartz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a quartz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a quartz
+uh screen this is quartz this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh screen this is quartz this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh screen this is quartz this is what we
+know now we don't look at the apple ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now we don't look at the apple ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know now we don't look at the apple ad
+we look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at this
+in this class i'm good we're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah thank you and so we can hand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you and so we can hand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah thank you and so we can hand this
+out and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and and
+because we like to touch and feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we like to touch and feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we like to touch and feel the
+chemistry in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry in this class
+that is quartz that is quartz that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is quartz that is quartz that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is quartz that is quartz that's not
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+by the way and that's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way and that's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way and that's another thing
+we're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to learn
+right glass means amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right glass means amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right glass means amorphous
+it means not crystalline it means not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means not crystalline it means not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means not crystalline it means not
+crystalline that's the thing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline that's the thing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline that's the thing on the
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now quartz has has a lot of really great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now quartz has has a lot of really great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now quartz has has a lot of really great
+properties very strong material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties very strong material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties very strong material
+but it's a lot more expensive which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot more expensive which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot more expensive which is
+why this happens and you got all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this happens and you got all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this happens and you got all this
+all this glass this amorphous sio2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this glass this amorphous sio2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this glass this amorphous sio2
+that is uh oh that was a good one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now yeah i see water coming out um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah i see water coming out um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yeah i see water coming out um
+and and so and but there are ways to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and but there are ways to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and so and but there are ways to try
+to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make that
+stronger right to try to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger right to try to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger right to try to make the
+amorphous s out too stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous s out too stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous s out too stronger
+and there's no better way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no better way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no better way to think about
+that i don't want you to break your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't want you to break your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i don't want you to break your
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+right but if you think speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you think speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if you think speaking of
+phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones
+but if you think about glass you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about glass you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think about glass you you're
+probably thinking about baseball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thinking about baseball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably thinking about baseball
+and if you think about baseball you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about baseball you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you think about baseball you're
+thinking about the red sox of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the red sox of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the red sox of course
+right am i right and and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right am i right and and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right am i right and and um
+and so i brought glass and i and i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i brought glass and i and i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so i brought glass and i and i want
+to think about how glass breaks that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how glass breaks that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how glass breaks that's
+what we're going to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to study
+in a couple of weeks in this class but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of weeks in this class but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a couple of weeks in this class but i
+thought let's bring this to life but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought let's bring this to life but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought let's bring this to life but i
+need some volunteers and i'd like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some volunteers and i'd like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need some volunteers and i'd like some
+parents to come down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents to come down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents to come down
+i need some baseball arms some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need some baseball arms some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need some baseball arms some people
+who can who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can who can
+throw this at the glass it's okay come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw this at the glass it's okay come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw this at the glass it's okay come
+on i need some volunteers come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on i need some volunteers come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on i need some volunteers come on
+there you go okay you don't look quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go okay you don't look quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go okay you don't look quite
+like a parent but it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a parent but it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a parent but it's okay
+all right now okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now okay now
+okay now oh okay now we need to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh okay now we need to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now oh okay now we need to get
+let's get you a little further back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get you a little further back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's get you a little further back
+and um we're gonna have you put this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're gonna have you put this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um we're gonna have you put this on
+okay this is for aim and now what i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is for aim and now what i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is for aim and now what i want
+you to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to try to do
+is throw this as hard as you can at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is throw this as hard as you can at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is throw this as hard as you can at that
+piece of glass on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass on the left
+okay can you do that all right we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you do that all right we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay can you do that all right we really
+let it go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go
+now hold on hold on so let's let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hold on hold on so let's let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now hold on hold on so let's let's move
+you right over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right over here
+the one on the left right there as hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the left right there as hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the left right there as hard
+as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can
+okay that's all right try it again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all right try it again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's all right try it again we
+get multiple tries here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiple tries here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get multiple tries here
+we'll take turns we'll take turns okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take turns we'll take turns okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take turns we'll take turns okay
+try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that was good i think we need try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was good i think we need try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that was good i think we need try
+it a little harder one more time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little harder one more time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little harder one more time and
+then we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll get
+who what parent that's the annealed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who what parent that's the annealed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who what parent that's the annealed one
+isn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't it
+that's it last year it didn't break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it last year it didn't break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it last year it didn't break
+either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either
+thank you very much who's next i need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much who's next i need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much who's next i need a
+volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer
+come on down oh you look too happy not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on down oh you look too happy not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on down oh you look too happy not
+to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try
+you look too happy not to try oh can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look too happy not to try oh can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look too happy not to try oh can you
+hand those to this gentleman right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand those to this gentleman right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand those to this gentleman right here
+all right come on down now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right come on down now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right come on down now we're going
+after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that
+glas that piece of glass on the left and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glas that piece of glass on the left and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glas that piece of glass on the left and
+we're gonna see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna see
+if it's a good piece of glass for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a good piece of glass for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a good piece of glass for your
+phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right
+let's let it rip oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let it rip oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let it rip oh yeah
+that's all right try again try again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right try again try again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all right try again try again
+multiple tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you got this oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got this oh
+that's very strong glass try one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very strong glass try one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very strong glass try one more
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really okay let's try the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay let's try the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay let's try the one on the
+right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there
+let's see if that one breaks we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that one breaks we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see if that one breaks we might
+have them reversed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them reversed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them reversed
+you might have we don't have them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have we don't have them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have we don't have them
+reversed no all right let's try that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right let's let's thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's let's thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right let's let's thank
+thank you very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now does anyone else want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does anyone else want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does anyone else want to try
+apparently we have very unbreakable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we have very unbreakable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently we have very unbreakable
+glass maybe we've invented something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass maybe we've invented something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass maybe we've invented something new
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+at mit the sledgehammer oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit the sledgehammer oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit the sledgehammer oh
+that's a great idea no right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great idea no right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great idea no right
+but no but there's a reason for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no but there's a reason for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no but there's a reason for it
+because see what we're going to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see what we're going to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because see what we're going to learn
+is that baseballs aren't the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that baseballs aren't the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that baseballs aren't the only way
+even though this is boston's red sox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is boston's red sox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this is boston's red sox
+it's not the only way to break glass now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only way to break glass now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not the only way to break glass now
+i don't know what's going on with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what's going on with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know what's going on with this
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+um this is tempered that means that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is tempered that means that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is tempered that means that it's
+been treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been treated
+now it's been treated so that it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's been treated so that it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's been treated so that it's got
+super strong mechanical strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super strong mechanical strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+super strong mechanical strength
+this way right you saw that it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right you saw that it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way right you saw that it didn't
+break of course neither did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah but when the glass is tempered as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but when the glass is tempered as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah but when the glass is tempered as
+we'll realize it has to do with putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll realize it has to do with putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll realize it has to do with putting
+certain chemistry inside the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain chemistry inside the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain chemistry inside the glass
+ions that are bigger that cause causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions that are bigger that cause causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions that are bigger that cause causes
+strain in the in the material that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain in the in the material that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain in the in the material that
+tighten the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tighten the surface
+and so there's all this stress built up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's all this stress built up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's all this stress built up
+and it's all at the very edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all at the very edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's all at the very edge
+right so this part is super super strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this part is super super strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this part is super super strong
+but this part just a simple little tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this part just a simple little tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this part just a simple little tap
+i didn't even i barely even touched it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even i barely even touched it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't even i barely even touched it
+right and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and so
+so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um so the moral of that story is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so the moral of that story is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so the moral of that story is
+um glass might be stronger than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glass might be stronger than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um glass might be stronger than you
+think i guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think i guess
+uh in this one and also don't tap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this one and also don't tap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this one and also don't tap the
+edges of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of glass
+especially if it's tempered because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's tempered because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's tempered because
+that's what makes it so tough on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it so tough on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it so tough on this
+on the surface right but the strain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface right but the strain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface right but the strain
+builds up and if you relieve it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up and if you relieve it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+builds up and if you relieve it with
+just a tiny little tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tiny little tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tiny little tap
+boom right okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom right okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom right okay now
+all right oh where were we okay now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh where were we okay now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right oh where were we okay now uh
+okay oh discussion topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh discussion topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay oh discussion topics
+uh crystal versus glass okay ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crystal versus glass okay ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh crystal versus glass okay ordered
+versus disorder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus disorder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus disorder
+substitutional dopits that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional dopits that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional dopits that's how you
+temper glass right that's what's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper glass right that's what's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper glass right that's what's in your
+iphone glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iphone glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iphone glass
+and of course the red sox on tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the red sox on tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the red sox on tonight
+right and you should watch game three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you should watch game three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you should watch game three
+now the thing about these peaks is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing about these peaks is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing about these peaks is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+these are these peaks these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these peaks these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these peaks these are called
+characteristic and what's nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and what's nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic and what's nice about
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+is in fact that no matter what they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact that no matter what they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact that no matter what they only
+depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend
+i don't care how much energy i send in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care how much energy i send in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't care how much energy i send in
+these peaks only depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peaks only depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these peaks only depend
+on the metal atom right so rent can put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the metal atom right so rent can put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the metal atom right so rent can put
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+a metal and you'd always get the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal and you'd always get the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a metal and you'd always get the same
+peaks if i give it enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks if i give it enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peaks if i give it enough energy
+right maybe i don't have enough energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe i don't have enough energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe i don't have enough energy
+to excite anything from down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite anything from down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to excite anything from down here
+you don't get these peaks you still get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get these peaks you still get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get these peaks you still get
+grim strolling but you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grim strolling but you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grim strolling but you don't get
+characteristic uh peaks they're called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh peaks they're called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic uh peaks they're called
+characteristic because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic because they're
+characteristic of the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the metal
+now they're dependent on the chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're dependent on the chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're dependent on the chemistry
+if i put a different metal in i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put a different metal in i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i put a different metal in i'm going
+to get different peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get different peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get different peaks
+right and so with these two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so with these two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so with these two types of
+x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays
+i've got a new kind of light that i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a new kind of light that i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got a new kind of light that i can
+shine on materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine on materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shine on materials
+right i've got a new kind of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i've got a new kind of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i've got a new kind of light that
+i can shine and the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can shine and the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can shine and the light
+when i plot it all together it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i plot it all together it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i plot it all together it might
+look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+right where maybe these maybe these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where maybe these maybe these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right where maybe these maybe these are
+are the peaks the the oh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the peaks the the oh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the peaks the the oh okay
+maybe these are the peaks due to going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these are the peaks due to going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these are the peaks due to going
+down to k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to k
+and these are the ones due to going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the ones due to going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the ones due to going down
+to l right so those are k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l right so those are k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l right so those are k
+and these are l right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are l right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are l right
+and the rest is continuous and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is continuous and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rest is continuous and they're
+on top of each other and i get it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each other and i get it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of each other and i get it all
+but with that new kind of light i can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with that new kind of light i can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with that new kind of light i can do
+new things and that's very important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things and that's very important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new things and that's very important and
+that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do
+after the exam which is on monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the exam which is on monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the exam which is on monday
+the exam don't forget about the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam don't forget about the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exam don't forget about the exam
+when you're doing all these activities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing all these activities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing all these activities
+you've got to think about the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to think about the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to think about the exam
+why is this important this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important this is important
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+we will be shining x-rays as a source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be shining x-rays as a source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will be shining x-rays as a source of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+onto crystals and there's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto crystals and there's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto crystals and there's a very
+important thing that happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing that happened
+that happens when you shine light onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens when you shine light onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens when you shine light onto
+something and you can see it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you can see it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and you can see it here
+light is a wave light is a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a wave light is a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a wave light is a particle
+light is a wave light is a particle have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a wave light is a particle have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is a wave light is a particle have
+that discussion too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that discussion too
+but here we're looking at it as a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're looking at it as a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here we're looking at it as a wave
+and waves diffract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waves diffract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and waves diffract
+that means that they can add or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they can add or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that they can add or or
+cancel each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel each other
+right like water waves but depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like water waves but depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like water waves but depends on
+the size of the thing they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the thing they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the thing they're
+interacting with if the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with if the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with if the size of the
+thing they're interacting with is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're interacting with is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing they're interacting with is the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+as the wavelength of light then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the wavelength of light then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the wavelength of light then you can
+get diffraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diffraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get diffraction pattern
+and so when we shine x-rays which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we shine x-rays which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when we shine x-rays which are
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+which have wavelengths that are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have wavelengths that are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have wavelengths that are the same
+as the spacing between planes in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the spacing between planes in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the spacing between planes in a
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+right well then it interacts and it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well then it interacts and it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well then it interacts and it can
+diffract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffract
+and that allows us to determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us to determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that allows us to determine the
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+of the crystal that's called x-ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystal that's called x-ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crystal that's called x-ray
+diffraction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction and
+and this is this is how it all started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is how it all started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is this is how it all started
+it started with the bragg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started with the bragg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it started with the bragg
+uh father and son pair who actually said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh father and son pair who actually said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh father and son pair who actually said
+in their paper the crystal is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper the crystal is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their paper the crystal is in fact
+acting as a diffraction-graded grating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as a diffraction-graded grating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting as a diffraction-graded grating
+right and from that you can literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and from that you can literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and from that you can literally
+tell us which kind of crystal it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us which kind of crystal it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us which kind of crystal it is
+i want to point something out here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point something out here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to point something out here okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that's a father and son they both won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a father and son they both won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a father and son they both won
+the nobel prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nobel prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nobel prize
+together for this discovery now i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for this discovery now i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together for this discovery now i'm not
+putting pressure on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting pressure on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting pressure on
+on you guys i'm just saying it's not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you guys i'm just saying it's not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you guys i'm just saying it's not all
+about the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the kids
+right it's the parents got to step up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the parents got to step up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's the parents got to step up
+too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too
+okay so that's brag diffraction and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's brag diffraction and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's brag diffraction and that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one of the most x-ray diffraction this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most x-ray diffraction this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most x-ray diffraction this
+is what we're going to do with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we're going to do with these
+these powerful sources of light this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these powerful sources of light this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these powerful sources of light this is
+one of the most important ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the most important ways to
+characterize crystals um that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize crystals um that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize crystals um that we have
+and and just as a reminder oh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just as a reminder oh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and just as a reminder oh i
+mentioned the exam you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the exam you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned the exam you know
+don't forget this is what we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget this is what we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget this is what we're talking
+about these planes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these planes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these planes
+oh notice the negative right remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh notice the negative right remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh notice the negative right remember
+the one one one one bar don't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one one one bar don't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one one one one bar don't forget
+about negative directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negative directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about negative directions
+right these are the things that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the things that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are the things that we're
+diffracting off of literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffracting off of literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffracting off of literally
+the crystal planes so just a reminder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal planes so just a reminder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crystal planes so just a reminder
+not to forget about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to forget about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to forget about
+that but i can't end i can't end by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but i can't end i can't end by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but i can't end i can't end by
+talking about exam one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about exam one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about exam one
+so i have to end with something happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to end with something happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have to end with something happy
+and bubbles always make us happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bubbles always make us happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bubbles always make us happy
+always right i love blowing bubbles i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right i love blowing bubbles i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always right i love blowing bubbles i
+always will i always have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always will i always have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always will i always have
+and so but we don't just blow bubbles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but we don't just blow bubbles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so but we don't just blow bubbles in
+this class we don't just blow bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we don't just blow bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class we don't just blow bubbles
+we we really blow bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we really blow bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we really blow bubbles
+right and so what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is we're going to show you how we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to show you how we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we're going to show you how we like
+to blow bubbles you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow bubbles you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow bubbles you want to do this
+you go ahead all right now what we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead all right now what we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go ahead all right now what we like
+to do is we like to really blow bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we like to really blow bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is we like to really blow bubbles
+in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class
+and so we're going to use exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to use exothermic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're going to use exothermic
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+to blow bubbles and and i think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow bubbles and and i think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to blow bubbles and and i think that's
+really a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a good way
+um uh you you go ahead you go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you you go ahead you go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh you you go ahead you go ahead
+you're the one all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's the only way to blow bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to blow bubbles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to blow bubbles
+that's combining an exothermic reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's combining an exothermic reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's combining an exothermic reaction
+with bubbles it's so good you can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bubbles it's so good you can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bubbles it's so good you can't get
+that's happiness right there in a bottle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happiness right there in a bottle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happiness right there in a bottle
+that is happiness that is happiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so oh yes and look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh yes and look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so oh yes and look at this
+success success the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success success the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success success the power
+of the hydrogen bond right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen bond right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrogen bond right okay
+i hope you guys have a fantastic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you guys have a fantastic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you guys have a fantastic uh
+weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekend
+and i hope you enjoy yourselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope you enjoy yourselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i hope you enjoy yourselves and
+follow some of these discussions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tbQ-FeoEvTI.txt b/tbQ-FeoEvTI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53f3d9bac67545dbe854e3837be001f901934682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tbQ-FeoEvTI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1539 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+In the year 2000, an MIT faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the year 2000, an MIT faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the year 2000, an MIT faculty
+committee on lifelong learning proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee on lifelong learning proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee on lifelong learning proposed
+a program that was as straightforward as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program that was as straightforward as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program that was as straightforward as
+it was revolutionary. The idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was revolutionary. The idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was revolutionary. The idea is
+simple, just to publish our teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple, just to publish our teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple, just to publish our teaching
+material, our course content online on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, our course content online on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material, our course content online on
+the internet and make it widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and make it widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet and make it widely
+available to everyone who could use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to everyone who could use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available to everyone who could use it
+for free. Open Courseware OCW is MIT's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free. Open Courseware OCW is MIT's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free. Open Courseware OCW is MIT's
+web-based initiative that offers open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web-based initiative that offers open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web-based initiative that offers open
+access to the core teaching materials,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the core teaching materials,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to the core teaching materials,
+syllabi, lecture notes, assignments, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabi, lecture notes, assignments, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabi, lecture notes, assignments, and
+exams from 1,800 courses free of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams from 1,800 courses free of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exams from 1,800 courses free of charge
+for educators and learners worldwide.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educators and learners worldwide.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for educators and learners worldwide.
+The idea that we came up with open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea that we came up with open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The idea that we came up with open
+courseware uh was really a revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh was really a revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh was really a revolutionary
+idea particularly at the time because in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea particularly at the time because in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea particularly at the time because in
+1999 it was the heyday of the dotcom era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 it was the heyday of the dotcom era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 it was the heyday of the dotcom era
+and everyone was thinking of a forprofit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone was thinking of a forprofit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everyone was thinking of a forprofit
+model and although we considered it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and although we considered it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and although we considered it we
+felt that for MIT the right thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that for MIT the right thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that for MIT the right thing to do
+the right model is to give away the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right model is to give away the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right model is to give away the
+teaching materials. Some faculty thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials. Some faculty thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials. Some faculty thought
+it was the dumbest idea ever. At MIT,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the dumbest idea ever. At MIT,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the dumbest idea ever. At MIT,
+we're giving away all our intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving away all our intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're giving away all our intellectual
+property to the world for free and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to the world for free and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property to the world for free and no
+one would use their textbooks anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would use their textbooks anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would use their textbooks anymore.
+No one will come to their classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one will come to their classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No one will come to their classes
+anymore, etc., etc. And other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore, etc., etc. And other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore, etc., etc. And other people
+thought it was the best social good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was the best social good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was the best social good
+they'd ever heard of. Through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd ever heard of. Through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd ever heard of. Through the
+generous support of the William and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous support of the William and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous support of the William and
+Flora Helet Foundation, the Andrew W.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flora Helet Foundation, the Andrew W.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flora Helet Foundation, the Andrew W.
+Melon Foundation and the Abonicio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melon Foundation and the Abonicio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melon Foundation and the Abonicio
+Corporation. MIT has published materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation. MIT has published materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation. MIT has published materials
+from virtually all MIT undergraduate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from virtually all MIT undergraduate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from virtually all MIT undergraduate and
+graduate courses on the OCW site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate courses on the OCW site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate courses on the OCW site
+representing 33 academic disciplines. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing 33 academic disciplines. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing 33 academic disciplines. In
+addition to the core teaching materials,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the core teaching materials,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the core teaching materials,
+the site includes animations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site includes animations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the site includes animations,
+simulations, and more than 1,000 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations, and more than 1,000 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulations, and more than 1,000 hours
+of classroom instruction on video. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classroom instruction on video. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of classroom instruction on video. It's
+important to keep in mind that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep in mind that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to keep in mind that we are
+not offering MIT education through open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not offering MIT education through open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not offering MIT education through open
+courseware. So for example, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware. So for example, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware. So for example, you don't
+register for credits and you don't get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for credits and you don't get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register for credits and you don't get a
+degree. A true MIT education is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree. A true MIT education is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree. A true MIT education is
+something where students come on campus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where students come on campus,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where students come on campus,
+they live here and they learn with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live here and they learn with uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they live here and they learn with uh
+fellow students and with the faculty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow students and with the faculty.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow students and with the faculty.
+More than 90% of the MIT faculty and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More than 90% of the MIT faculty and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+More than 90% of the MIT faculty and
+hundreds of other MIT community members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of other MIT community members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of other MIT community members
+voluntarily share their knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily share their knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily share their knowledge and
+teaching materials on OCW, demonstrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials on OCW, demonstrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials on OCW, demonstrating
+the institute's widely held commitment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institute's widely held commitment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the institute's widely held commitment
+to openness. A core value of MIT for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to openness. A core value of MIT for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to openness. A core value of MIT for a
+long time has been public service. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time has been public service. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time has been public service. We
+should be in the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in the business of
+disseminating this knowledge to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminating this knowledge to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disseminating this knowledge to help you
+know the world. In a sense that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the world. In a sense that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the world. In a sense that's what
+books do, right? So this is if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books do, right? So this is if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books do, right? So this is if you want
+is the modern equivalent of that. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the modern equivalent of that. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the modern equivalent of that. In the
+four years since the site's launch, open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years since the site's launch, open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four years since the site's launch, open
+courseware materials have been accessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware materials have been accessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware materials have been accessed
+by 35 million individuals from more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 35 million individuals from more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 35 million individuals from more than
+220 countries and territories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 countries and territories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+220 countries and territories
+worldwide. Rohilio Morales, a PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide. Rohilio Morales, a PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide. Rohilio Morales, a PhD
+candidate at the Central University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate at the Central University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candidate at the Central University of
+Venezuela, is a metallurgical engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venezuela, is a metallurgical engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Venezuela, is a metallurgical engineer
+and a licensed commercial diver. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a licensed commercial diver. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a licensed commercial diver. For
+Morales, OCW is a valuable resource for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morales, OCW is a valuable resource for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Morales, OCW is a valuable resource for
+new information that improves underwater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information that improves underwater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new information that improves underwater
+inspections and testing. I often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspections and testing. I often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspections and testing. I often
+download information from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download information from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download information from different
+topics and give it to our professors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and give it to our professors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics and give it to our professors.
+Sometimes we discuss the information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes we discuss the information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes we discuss the information.
+Other times they use the slides from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other times they use the slides from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Other times they use the slides from the
+OCW site in class. It's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW site in class. It's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW site in class. It's a great
+resource.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource.
+I want to be part of OCW because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be part of OCW because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to be part of OCW because I
+believe in the spirit of the thing. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the spirit of the thing. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe in the spirit of the thing. I
+think the concept is dead on right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the concept is dead on right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the concept is dead on right and
+we don't feel proprietary about it. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't feel proprietary about it. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't feel proprietary about it. We
+want you to know what it is. We want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know what it is. We want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you to know what it is. We want you
+to be able to tap into it at some level,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to tap into it at some level,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to tap into it at some level,
+even if it's a fairly static level. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's a fairly static level. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's a fairly static level. Uh
+and and that's reason enough to do it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's reason enough to do it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's reason enough to do it as
+far as I'm concerned. At the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I'm concerned. At the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I'm concerned. At the University
+of St. Carlos, Guatemala's center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of St. Carlos, Guatemala's center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of St. Carlos, Guatemala's center of
+higher education for more than 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education for more than 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher education for more than 300
+years, Professor Wlesca Aldana Zagura
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, Professor Wlesca Aldana Zagura
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, Professor Wlesca Aldana Zagura
+teaches a course for physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches a course for physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches a course for physics
+instructors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors.
+When you try to teach certain subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you try to teach certain subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When you try to teach certain subjects
+and you don't have labs or equipment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have labs or equipment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you don't have labs or equipment or
+any kind of visualization, the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of visualization, the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of visualization, the students
+end up lacking the expertise necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up lacking the expertise necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up lacking the expertise necessary
+for their future success as physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their future success as physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for their future success as physics
+professors. The fact that MIT provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors. The fact that MIT provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors. The fact that MIT provides
+their materials without cost is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their materials without cost is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their materials without cost is simply
+extraordinary.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary.
+I think the most wonderful thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the most wonderful thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the most wonderful thing about
+this is that MIT was in a way almost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that MIT was in a way almost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that MIT was in a way almost to
+most people outside MIT like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people outside MIT like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people outside MIT like the
+Forbidden City. They had no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden City. They had no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forbidden City. They had no idea what
+happened inside. And with OCW, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened inside. And with OCW, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened inside. And with OCW, the
+bridge was lowered. They now see MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge was lowered. They now see MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge was lowered. They now see MIT in
+a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely different
+way. Triatno Yudo Harajoko, head of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Triatno Yudo Harajoko, head of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Triatno Yudo Harajoko, head of the
+architectural department at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural department at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural department at the
+University of Indonesia at Deac was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Indonesia at Deac was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Indonesia at Deac was
+amazed that a university as renowned as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed that a university as renowned as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazed that a university as renowned as
+MIT would give access to virtually all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT would give access to virtually all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT would give access to virtually all
+of its educational information. Harjoko
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its educational information. Harjoko
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its educational information. Harjoko
+believes that there is great value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that there is great value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believes that there is great value in
+MIT's free and open sharing. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT's free and open sharing. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT's free and open sharing. It's not
+simply the information that's valuable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the information that's valuable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the information that's valuable,
+but also the glimpse OCW offers into how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the glimpse OCW offers into how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the glimpse OCW offers into how
+MIT has structured its teaching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has structured its teaching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT has structured its teaching and
+research. The reach of Open Courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. The reach of Open Courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research. The reach of Open Courseware
+goes far beyond the site itself. Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes far beyond the site itself. Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes far beyond the site itself. Other
+organizations have now translated nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have now translated nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations have now translated nearly
+600 OCW courses into other languages,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 OCW courses into other languages,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+600 OCW courses into other languages,
+including Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese,
+and Thai. These translations have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Thai. These translations have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Thai. These translations have been
+accessed by 14 million visitors to date.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed by 14 million visitors to date.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessed by 14 million visitors to date.
+There are also more than 100 mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are also more than 100 mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are also more than 100 mirror
+sites, locally hosted versions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites, locally hosted versions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites, locally hosted versions of the
+OCW site in low bandwidth areas. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW site in low bandwidth areas. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW site in low bandwidth areas. The
+majority are located in subsaharan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority are located in subsaharan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority are located in subsaharan
+Africa. I traveled to Africa and I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa. I traveled to Africa and I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa. I traveled to Africa and I found
+the people there were very receptive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people there were very receptive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people there were very receptive to
+OCW and uh the mission of OCW which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW and uh the mission of OCW which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW and uh the mission of OCW which is
+to spread knowledge around the world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread knowledge around the world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spread knowledge around the world.
+Many of the universities in Africa, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many of the universities in Africa, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Many of the universities in Africa, they
+don't have books or the budgets are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have books or the budgets are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have books or the budgets are just
+really low compared to the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low compared to the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low compared to the United
+States. And so whatever little help they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. And so whatever little help they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. And so whatever little help they
+can get with setting up curricula or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get with setting up curricula or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get with setting up curricula or um
+just more information about a subject,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more information about a subject,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just more information about a subject,
+it really helps. Another area that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really helps. Another area that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really helps. Another area that many
+of us um had an aspiration for was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us um had an aspiration for was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us um had an aspiration for was that
+open courseware would not be just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware would not be just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware would not be just
+something that MIT does, but by setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that MIT does, but by setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that MIT does, but by setting
+an example and a model uh it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and a model uh it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example and a model uh it would
+become something that many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become something that many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become something that many other
+institutions would also do. not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions would also do. not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions would also do. not just in
+the areas that we are good at like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that we are good at like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the areas that we are good at like
+science or engineering or management but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or engineering or management but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science or engineering or management but
+in all kinds of fields of knowledge and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of fields of knowledge and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all kinds of fields of knowledge and
+today there are over 150 universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there are over 150 universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today there are over 150 universities
+around the world who are doing their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world who are doing their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world who are doing their own
+open courseware and I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware and I think the the
+dream that in fact open courseware would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream that in fact open courseware would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream that in fact open courseware would
+be truly a very very broad-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be truly a very very broad-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be truly a very very broad-based
+movement that will impact knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that will impact knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement that will impact knowledge
+information and education worldwide I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and education worldwide I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and education worldwide I
+think it's coming to fruition even as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's coming to fruition even as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's coming to fruition even as we
+speak now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak now
+Open Courseware has grown from a bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware has grown from a bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open Courseware has grown from a bold
+experiment to a global movement. With
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to a global movement. With
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to a global movement. With
+the complete MIT curriculum now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete MIT curriculum now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complete MIT curriculum now
+available on the site, open Courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the site, open Courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on the site, open Courseware
+has reached an important milestone, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has reached an important milestone, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has reached an important milestone, but
+is only at the beginning of the journey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only at the beginning of the journey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only at the beginning of the journey.
+MIT will continue to enhance and update
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT will continue to enhance and update
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT will continue to enhance and update
+OCW materials, develop new programs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW materials, develop new programs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW materials, develop new programs and
+features, and collaborate with others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features, and collaborate with others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features, and collaborate with others
+seeking to share their own knowledge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking to share their own knowledge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeking to share their own knowledge,
+helping to create a truly global network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to create a truly global network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping to create a truly global network
+of open educational resources.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open educational resources.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of open educational resources.
+I came from a family uh in fact we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came from a family uh in fact we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I came from a family uh in fact we were
+refugees in Hong Kong uh somewhat sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees in Hong Kong uh somewhat sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refugees in Hong Kong uh somewhat sort
+of financially restricted uh with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financially restricted uh with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of financially restricted uh with very
+few options and when I grew up I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few options and when I grew up I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few options and when I grew up I
+remember my father valuing education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my father valuing education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my father valuing education
+would bring home um old second thirdand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bring home um old second thirdand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would bring home um old second thirdand
+volumes of MIT books. I remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of MIT books. I remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volumes of MIT books. I remember
+flipping these books and uh seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping these books and uh seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping these books and uh seeing the
+dome, the picture of the dome on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome, the picture of the dome on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dome, the picture of the dome on the
+front cover and just aspiring one day uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front cover and just aspiring one day uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front cover and just aspiring one day uh
+to go to MIT and the fact that today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to MIT and the fact that today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to MIT and the fact that today I'm
+a professor at MIT and so forth is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor at MIT and so forth is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor at MIT and so forth is a
+testimony to the fact that MIT has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimony to the fact that MIT has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testimony to the fact that MIT has an
+impact way beyond its immediate borders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact way beyond its immediate borders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact way beyond its immediate borders
+and I think that's at the heart in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's at the heart in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that's at the heart in some
+sense of the idea of open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the idea of open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of the idea of open courseware
+that an institution like MIT has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an institution like MIT has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an institution like MIT has a
+responsibility has an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility has an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility has an opportunity
+to impact students way beyond our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impact students way beyond our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to impact students way beyond our
+immediate walls in Cambridge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate walls in Cambridge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate walls in Cambridge.
+MIT Open Courseware, unlocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Open Courseware, unlocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Open Courseware, unlocking
+knowledge, empowering minds.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tm1WI6R6Yoo.txt b/tm1WI6R6Yoo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff25293756b2e23f943f7c10dce3dd7a3f652eb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tm1WI6R6Yoo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7256 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so today is the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today is the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today is the last lecture
+of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new
+material we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions
+between gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between gases
+and condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases so we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases so we're going to talk about that
+and then we'll make it specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll make it specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll make it specific to
+oxidation and then on Friday I'll do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and then on Friday I'll do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and then on Friday I'll do a
+extended um uh practice problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended um uh practice problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended um uh practice problem I
+suppose on on reactions between gases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose on on reactions between gases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose on on reactions between gases
+and condensed phases so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+general some reaction I'm going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general some reaction I'm going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general some reaction I'm going to write
+this really generally AA plus b b going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really generally AA plus b b going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really generally AA plus b b going
+to c c plus d d and these are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c c plus d d and these are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c c plus d d and these are uh
+not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for ideal gases so the last time we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ideal gases so the last time we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for ideal gases so the last time we've
+seen um reaction like this in o2o it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen um reaction like this in o2o it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen um reaction like this in o2o it's
+been for ideal gases reacting and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been for ideal gases reacting and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been for ideal gases reacting and we're
+going to move away from that and do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move away from that and do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move away from that and do this
+more generally so let me just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally so let me just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally so let me just quickly
+remind you of of how we get to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of of how we get to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you of of how we get to um
+reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction
+coefficient we have a general expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we have a general expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient we have a general expression
+for the change of Gibs free energy with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the change of Gibs free energy with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the change of Gibs free energy with
+these unconstrained internal variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unconstrained internal variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unconstrained internal variables
+and we can reexpress this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um in terms of the reaction extent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the reaction extent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of the reaction extent
+remembering that dni over new I is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that dni over new I is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that dni over new I is a
+constant for all I reaction extent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for all I reaction extent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for all I reaction extent I
+don't need to have an i there just the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have an i there just the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to have an i there just the C
+okay and remind us that mu of I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and remind us that mu of I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and remind us that mu of I the
+chemical potential of a given species is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of a given species is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical potential of a given species is
+its reference chemical potential plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reference chemical potential plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reference chemical potential plus
+um is activity so this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is activity so this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is activity so this is still
+completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely
+General we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General we
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+take that expression and we write D of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that expression and we write D of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take that expression and we write D of g
+equals let's see mu I KN new of I plus r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t log a of I to the power new of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t log a of I to the power new of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t log a of I to the power new of
+I and this is all times d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this is all times d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and this is all times d
+c and uh this is DG KN plus RT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and uh this is DG KN plus RT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c and uh this is DG KN plus RT
+log product a i new of I again whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log product a i new of I again whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log product a i new of I again whole
+thing times d c and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing times d c and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing times d c and of course
+um this is zero at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is zero at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is zero at
+equilibrium because at equilibrium gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because at equilibrium gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium because at equilibrium gives
+energy is optimized so the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is optimized so the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is optimized so the coefficient
+is zero and um we get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium this uh product a of I new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this uh product a of I new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium this uh product a of I new
+of I which you know we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I which you know we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I which you know we call the
+equilibrium constant equal e minus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant equal e minus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant equal e minus Delta
+g/ RT so is a reminder um but uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g/ RT so is a reminder um but uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g/ RT so is a reminder um but uh this is
+why I wanted to take three minutes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to take three minutes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to take three minutes for
+that because we're going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we're going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we're going to make this
+specific to metal oxidation that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to metal oxidation that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to metal oxidation that's what
+we're doing so equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal and what you're going to find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and what you're going to find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and what you're going to find is
+that it simplifies a lot so that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it simplifies a lot so that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it simplifies a lot so that's good
+metal oxidation as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxidation as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxidation as we
+started the last lecture we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the last lecture we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the last lecture we have some
+metal reacting with a mole of oxygen gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal reacting with a mole of oxygen gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal reacting with a mole of oxygen gas
+going to m z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+O2 remember Z here has to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 remember Z here has to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 remember Z here has to do with the
+fact that we don't know um what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we don't know um what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we don't know um what the
+oxidation state of that metal is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state of that metal is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation state of that metal is so
+potassium will be one iron has a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium will be one iron has a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium will be one iron has a couple
+different oxidation States um copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oxidation States um copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different oxidation States um copper
+would be one or two I mean you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one or two I mean you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be one or two I mean you know so
+there's different oxidation States so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different oxidation States so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different oxidation States so
+this is to do this generally so so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to do this generally so so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is to do this generally so so all
+right um now we're going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now we're going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um now we're going to write the
+equilibrium constant for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium constant for this
+reaction so we have the activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we have the activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so we have the activity of the
+oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+uh m z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh m z
+O2 sorry the writing is getting a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 sorry the writing is getting a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 sorry the writing is getting a little
+bit small there the activity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit small there the activity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit small there the activity of the
+oxide over the activity of the metal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide over the activity of the metal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide over the activity of the metal to
+the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power
+Z time the activity of o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z time the activity of o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z time the activity of o2
+gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um right okay right the products on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right okay right the products on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um right okay right the products on the
+numerator reactants on the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator reactants on the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerator reactants on the denominator
+um the metal is a z moles of metal so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the metal is a z moles of metal so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the metal is a z moles of metal so we
+have that activity to the power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that activity to the power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that activity to the power of
+Z straightforward to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z straightforward to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z straightforward to write
+down everyone with me so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is for this oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is for this oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is for this oxidation
+reaction at equilibrium we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at equilibrium we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at equilibrium we're going to
+come back to that this is the metal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that this is the metal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that this is the metal and
+oxygen and the oxide all coexisting at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium okay now come the approxim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay now come the approxim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium okay now come the approxim
+we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to
+treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat
+O2 as how are we going to treat oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody how will we model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody how will we model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody how will we model
+oxygen constant pressure like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen constant pressure like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen constant pressure like
+atmospheric pressure not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheric pressure not constant
+pressure but we have a we have a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure but we have a we have a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure but we have a we have a as a
+gas as a what kind IDE yeah because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas as a what kind IDE yeah because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas as a what kind IDE yeah because it's
+the only model for gases that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only model for gases that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only model for gases that we know
+you know2 so you know what else can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know2 so you know what else can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know2 so you know what else can we
+use so an idea gas the activity of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so an idea gas the activity of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so an idea gas the activity of an
+ideal gas is just this partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas is just this partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal gas is just this partial
+pressure by atmosphere for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure by atmosphere for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure by atmosphere for one
+atmosphere reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere reference
+State good that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State good that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State good that's
+easy and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assume that condensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pure that's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure that's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure that's big
+if we assume the condensed phases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume the condensed phases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we assume the condensed phases are
+pure right that's equivalent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right that's equivalent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure right that's equivalent to
+saying that their composition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that their composition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that their composition is
+unchanging right that's saying that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal uh does not dissolve any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh does not dissolve any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal uh does not dissolve any
+oxygen and it's saying that this oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and it's saying that this oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen and it's saying that this oxide
+is what what kind of a compound is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what kind of a compound is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what what kind of a compound is
+always at fixed C geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like perfect
+Crystal sorry like perfect Crystal no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal sorry like perfect Crystal no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal sorry like perfect Crystal no
+well not perfect no not a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not perfect no not a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not perfect no not a perfect
+Crystal actually be something else we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal actually be something else we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crystal actually be something else we
+learned this uh just two days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes right it's a pure oxide meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right it's a pure oxide meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes right it's a pure oxide meaning it
+St ometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St ometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+St ometry
+is ideal it's a line compound it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ideal it's a line compound it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ideal it's a line compound it doesn't
+deviate from that so if we can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from that so if we can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviate from that so if we can assume
+the condensed phases are pure what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condensed phases are pure what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condensed phases are pure what is
+the activity of a pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase you got to think back what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you got to think back what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase you got to think back what's the
+activity of a component in its reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State
+one right thanks that was that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right thanks that was that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one right thanks that was that's that's
+recalling material from the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling material from the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recalling material from the middle of
+the semester so it goes back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so it goes back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester so it goes back a little
+bit but the activity of a material in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but the activity of a material in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but the activity of a material in
+its reference state is one so now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reference state is one so now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its reference state is one so now I have
+um some really handy approximations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some really handy approximations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some really handy approximations the
+activity of oxygen gas we're treating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of oxygen gas we're treating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of oxygen gas we're treating it
+like an ideal gas so it's just P2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an ideal gas so it's just P2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an ideal gas so it's just P2 by
+atmosphere and the activity of the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and the activity of the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and the activity of the metal
+and the activity of the oxide are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the activity of the oxide are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the activity of the oxide are both
+one so this is equivalent to assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is equivalent to assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so this is equivalent to assuming
+that there's Vanishing oxygen solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's Vanishing oxygen solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's Vanishing oxygen solubility
+in the metal and that the oxide is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the metal and that the oxide is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the metal and that the oxide is a
+line compound so with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound so with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line compound so with those
+approximations we have the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations we have the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations we have the equilibrium
+constant is P2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is P2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is P2 by
+atmosphere to the minus one and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere to the minus one and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere to the minus one and this is
+going to be equal to the E minus Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the E minus Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be equal to the E minus Delta G
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+RT so you see this simplified quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT so you see this simplified quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT so you see this simplified quite a
+lot this simplified quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lot all right I want to share some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot all right I want to share some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot all right I want to share some
+slides on binary metal oxygen systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on binary metal oxygen systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides on binary metal oxygen systems
+Tak convin you that uh they do tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tak convin you that uh they do tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tak convin you that uh they do tend to
+be pure materials so let's let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pure materials so let's let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pure materials so let's let's look
+here um I grabbed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+couple okay so here's the tin oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple okay so here's the tin oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple okay so here's the tin oxygen
+system and you can see that oxygen well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can see that oxygen well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and you can see that oxygen well
+it's just gas here um tin down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gas here um tin down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just gas here um tin down
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+metal until it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal until it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal until it becomes a
+liquid in the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in the liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liquid in the liquid
+phase it dissolves some oxygen you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it dissolves some oxygen you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase it dissolves some oxygen you can
+see that right the the liquid phase here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that right the the liquid phase here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that right the the liquid phase here
+has a solution region so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a solution region so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a solution region so you can
+dissolve oxygen in liquid tin but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve oxygen in liquid tin but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve oxygen in liquid tin but what
+about in solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tin right no oxygen dissolved so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin right no oxygen dissolved so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin right no oxygen dissolved so you see
+salatin will just coexist with this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salatin will just coexist with this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salatin will just coexist with this line
+compound to an oxide so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound to an oxide so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound to an oxide so this is what
+we're talking about a line compound of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a line compound of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about a line compound of
+an oxide and a metal that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide and a metal that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oxide and a metal that doesn't
+dissolve any Oxygen here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve any Oxygen here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolve any Oxygen here's another
+example copper oxygen again copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example copper oxygen again copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example copper oxygen again copper
+it's written here as a parentheses as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written here as a parentheses as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's written here as a parentheses as if
+it's a solid solution but you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solid solution but you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a solid solution but you know
+really there's vanishingly small oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's vanishingly small oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really there's vanishingly small oxygen
+dissolution in Copper there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolution in Copper there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolution in Copper there's some
+there's some but it's it's so it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some but it's it's so it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some but it's it's so it's so
+small as to be invisible on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as to be invisible on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as to be invisible on this
+PL I'll tell you that when you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL I'll tell you that when you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PL I'll tell you that when you're making
+a components for cryogenics or for space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a components for cryogenics or for space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a components for cryogenics or for space
+applications you want oxygen free copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you want oxygen free copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications you want oxygen free copper
+you can buy it from McMaster and uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy it from McMaster and uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can buy it from McMaster and uh you
+want it because oxygen is magnetic when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it because oxygen is magnetic when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it because oxygen is magnetic when
+it freezes and and so a lot of times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it freezes and and so a lot of times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it freezes and and so a lot of times you
+want non-magnetic copper so have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want non-magnetic copper so have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want non-magnetic copper so have to get
+oxygen free copper but you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen free copper but you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen free copper but you know it's
+there at the parts perm milon level it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the parts perm milon level it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at the parts perm milon level it
+doesn't show up at all on this plot so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up at all on this plot so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't show up at all on this plot so
+again oxygen not doesn't not dissolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again oxygen not doesn't not dissolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again oxygen not doesn't not dissolving
+in Copper and these oxides being line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Copper and these oxides being line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Copper and these oxides being line
+compounds here's more examples this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds here's more examples this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds here's more examples this is a
+little counter example this is manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counter example this is manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little counter example this is manganese
+manganese actually does dissolve some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese actually does dissolve some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese actually does dissolve some
+oxygen so you see it dissolves one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so you see it dissolves one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen so you see it dissolves one or
+two% of oxygen so maybe the activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two% of oxygen so maybe the activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two% of oxygen so maybe the activity of
+Manganese should be not quite one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manganese should be not quite one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manganese should be not quite one right
+maybe it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it should be
+099 um and Mangan these oxid similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+099 um and Mangan these oxid similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+099 um and Mangan these oxid similar
+they're not quite line compounds they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite line compounds they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not quite line compounds they
+have some solid solution regions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some solid solution regions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some solid solution regions so
+that's sort of a counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a counter
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+um another example titanium oxy oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another example titanium oxy oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um another example titanium oxy oxygen
+system here's titanium uh dissolves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here's titanium uh dissolves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here's titanium uh dissolves a
+lot of oxygen so this is an even counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oxygen so this is an even counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oxygen so this is an even counter
+counter example this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter example this is this is
+titanium's a funny system dissolves a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium's a funny system dissolves a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium's a funny system dissolves a
+lot of oxygen into solid titanium but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oxygen into solid titanium but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of oxygen into solid titanium but
+its oxides here are line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its oxides here are line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its oxides here are line
+compounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um you know what to make of this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what to make of this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what to make of this it's
+good to understand where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to understand where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to understand where the
+approximations apply and where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations apply and where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations apply and where they
+might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not questions on these phas diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not questions on these phas diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not questions on these phas diagrams
+before I go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I go back to the
+board this is this look dissolving all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this is this look dissolving all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this is this look dissolving all
+like all2 the molecule or just oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all2 the molecule or just oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like all2 the molecule or just oxygen
+General I'm sorry they didn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General I'm sorry they didn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General I'm sorry they didn't quite
+could could you repeat a little like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could you repeat a little like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could you repeat a little like
+going back like to the solutions is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back like to the solutions is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back like to the solutions is this
+like dissolving oxygen as O2 form or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dissolving oxygen as O2 form or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like dissolving oxygen as O2 form or
+other for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other for
+oh it almost certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it almost certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it almost certainly
+disassociate so this would be dissolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassociate so this would be dissolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disassociate so this would be dissolving
+oxygen atoms well I mean you you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms well I mean you you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen atoms well I mean you you how do
+you dissolve oxygen atoms I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dissolve oxygen atoms I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dissolve oxygen atoms I mean you
+expose a material to oxygen gas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose a material to oxygen gas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose a material to oxygen gas and
+there's some catalytic process by which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some catalytic process by which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some catalytic process by which
+the oxygen gas splits into oxygen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen gas splits into oxygen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen gas splits into oxygen atoms
+at the surface and the oxygen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface and the oxygen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface and the oxygen atoms
+diffuse into the metal it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse into the metal it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse into the metal it's almost
+certainly not dissolving o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not dissolving o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly not dissolving o2
+molecules um metals that do dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules um metals that do dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules um metals that do dissolve
+oxygen are are um the basis for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen are are um the basis for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen are are um the basis for a lot of
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+Technologies but we won't have time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies but we won't have time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies but we won't have time for
+that so let's move back to there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's move back to there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let's move back to there uh
+sorry any other questions on these phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry any other questions on these phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry any other questions on these phase
+diagrams and interpreting them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and interpreting them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and interpreting them or
+applications and so forth before I move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and so forth before I move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and so forth before I move
+back all right so so we have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back all right so so we have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back all right so so we have this really
+simple expression for the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple expression for the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple expression for the equilibrium
+constant and now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evaluate Delta G equal Del Delta h knus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate Delta G equal Del Delta h knus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate Delta G equal Del Delta h knus
+t Delta s for metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation so we're going to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so we're going to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so we're going to evaluate
+that so we're going to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eny enthalpy Delta H not equals Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eny enthalpy Delta H not equals Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eny enthalpy Delta H not equals Delta H
+not let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not let's say
+298 plus 298 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 plus 298 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 plus 298 to
+uh temperature D dummy temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature D dummy temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh temperature D dummy temperature and
+you know you can have a Delta CP for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can have a Delta CP for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can have a Delta CP for the
+reaction so this is General but here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this is General but here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction so this is General but here's
+here's the you know what's coming is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the you know what's coming is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the you know what's coming is an
+approximation so I'm going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so I'm going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so I'm going to tell you
+for most metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxides Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides Delta H
+knot let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot let's say
+298 is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 is large
+these are energetic reactions why would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are energetic reactions why would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are energetic reactions why would
+the enthalpy of formation of an oxide be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of formation of an oxide be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of formation of an oxide be
+large does somebody have the sense for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large does somebody have the sense for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large does somebody have the sense for
+why that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be give you a hint it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be give you a hint it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be give you a hint it's
+large negative it's it's large in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large negative it's it's large in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large negative it's it's large in the
+negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Direction what reaction are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction what reaction are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction what reaction are we talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oxidation
+oxidation so what what kind of reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so what what kind of reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so what what kind of reaction
+is an oxidation reaction other than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an oxidation reaction other than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an oxidation reaction other than just
+you know you could say it's an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could say it's an oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you could say it's an oxidation
+reaction but what's actually happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but what's actually happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction but what's actually happening
+maybe somebody who hasn't replied yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somebody who hasn't replied yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe somebody who hasn't replied yet
+today what's happening on the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what's happening on the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today what's happening on the atomic
+level during an oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction Does it include like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Does it include like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction Does it include like a
+favorable transfer of electrons yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable transfer of electrons yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorable transfer of electrons yeah
+yeah this is due to so thank you to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is due to so thank you to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is due to so thank you to to
+the two of you due to exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exothermic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer
+during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+oxygen Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation and I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation and I could
+uh I could say ionic right so it's ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could say ionic right so it's ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I could say ionic right so it's ionic
+bond formation you have very Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation you have very Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond formation you have very Electro
+negative element that's oxygen and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative element that's oxygen and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative element that's oxygen and less
+electronegative elements those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative elements those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative elements those are
+metals and the oxygen the that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and the oxygen the that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and the oxygen the that that
+bonding mechanism is electron transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding mechanism is electron transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonding mechanism is electron transfer
+and that's very exothermic so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very exothermic so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very exothermic so as a
+result Delta hes tend to be very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result Delta hes tend to be very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result Delta hes tend to be very large
+and negative and this allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative and this allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and negative and this allows us to
+neglect temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence neglect temp dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll just say that it's whatever it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just say that it's whatever it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just say that it's whatever it is
+at 298 because that's a convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 298 because that's a convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 298 because that's a convenient
+reference point and these are tabulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point and these are tabulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference point and these are tabulated
+the the enthalpy of oxidation reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the enthalpy of oxidation reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the enthalpy of oxidation reactions
+at standard conditions those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at standard conditions those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at standard conditions those are
+tabulated okay so that takes care of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated okay so that takes care of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabulated okay so that takes care of the
+enthropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enthropy
+what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy entropy Delta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is Delta s at some reference temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta s at some reference temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta s at some reference temperature
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+298 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral okay so who know who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so who know who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so who know who has a
+guess of what we're going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of what we're going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess of what we're going to do we're
+going to approximate this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what what am I looking for I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what am I looking for I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what am I looking for I want to
+justify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify what
+approximation aren't entropy values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation aren't entropy values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation aren't entropy values
+usually much smaller so if the enthalpy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually much smaller so if the enthalpy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually much smaller so if the enthalpy
+is already so big we could assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already so big we could assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already so big we could assume
+entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is
+zero I see so you're right that entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I see so you're right that entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero I see so you're right that entropy
+values tend to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values tend to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values tend to be much
+smaller but the thing is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but the thing is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller but the thing is they're
+multiplied by temperature so they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by temperature so they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by temperature so they do
+matter quite a lot because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter quite a lot because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter quite a lot because the
+temperature number can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature number can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature number can get
+large so we're not going to we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so we're not going to we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so we're not going to we're not
+going to neglect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to neglect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to neglect it
+completely but I'll tell you I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but I'll tell you I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely but I'll tell you I'm sorry
+look think get temperature dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look think get temperature dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look think get temperature dependent
+yeah we're going to collect it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to collect it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're going to collect it's
+temperature dependence so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature dependence so I'm going to
+um I'm going to write this before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to write this before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to write this before I
+write this which is the why we get to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this which is the why we get to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this which is the why we get to do
+that so let me write neglect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me write neglect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so let me write neglect the
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dependence and now somebody please tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and now somebody please tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence and now somebody please tell
+me why we might be able to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why we might be able to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me why we might be able to do this and
+it's not just that we really like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that we really like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that we really like to
+make our lives easier it turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our lives easier it turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make our lives easier it turns out to be
+a really good approximation in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good approximation in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really good approximation in many
+cases what about this oxidation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what about this oxidation reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases what about this oxidation reaction
+um what's the dominant entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what's the
+dominant contribution to Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant contribution to Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant contribution to Delta
+s could it be when the phas change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s could it be when the phas change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s could it be when the phas change
+happens so when the temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so when the temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens so when the temperature is
+constant the phase change meaning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the phase change meaning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant the phase change meaning from
+metal to metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to metal
+oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+y that's true but maybe tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's true but maybe tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y that's true but maybe tell me what
+what part of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when the O2 pH condens it yes thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the O2 pH condens it yes thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the O2 pH condens it yes thank you
+that's what I'm looking for the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm looking for the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm looking for the reaction
+entropy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy is
+dominated by and see you said that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by and see you said that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by and see you said that but
+thank you so much by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condensation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensation of
+o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o2
+from the gas that's it so here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gas that's it so here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the gas that's it so here's here's
+metal here's a chunk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal here's a chunk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal here's a chunk of
+metal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal right
+and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I
+have O2 gas right gas is very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have O2 gas right gas is very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have O2 gas right gas is very high
+entropy as you know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as you know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy as you know right
+O2 and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 and this
+reaction pulls the oxygen out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction pulls the oxygen out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction pulls the oxygen out of the
+gas right and makes a metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas right and makes a metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas right and makes a metal
+oxide so the reactants have much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so the reactants have much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so the reactants have much much
+higher entropy than the products simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy than the products simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher entropy than the products simply
+due to the fact that the reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that the reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the fact that the reactants
+included a mole of gas and the products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included a mole of gas and the products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included a mole of gas and the products
+don't include any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't include any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't include any
+gas and in almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and in almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and in almost all
+cases that change dominates the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that change dominates the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that change dominates the reaction
+entropy and since we're modeling um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and since we're modeling um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy and since we're modeling um
+since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're
+modeling oxygen as an ideal gas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling oxygen as an ideal gas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling oxygen as an ideal gas the
+entropy of this gas is temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of this gas is temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of this gas is temperature
+independent it's um configurational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's um configurational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent it's um configurational
+entropy it's the the thing we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy it's the the thing we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy it's the the thing we've been
+talking about pretty much the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about pretty much the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about pretty much the whole
+semester which is the entropy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester which is the entropy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester which is the entropy of
+randomly configured gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly configured gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly configured gas
+molecules good thank you so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules good thank you so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules good thank you so now we have
+we have waved our hands although we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have waved our hands although we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have waved our hands although we've
+done it scientifically scientific waving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it scientifically scientific waving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it scientifically scientific waving
+of hands has happened and we figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands has happened and we figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hands has happened and we figured out
+that we can neglect the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can neglect the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can neglect the temperature
+dependence of the enthropy and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the enthropy and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the enthropy and we can
+neglect the temperature dependence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the temperature dependence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neglect the temperature dependence of
+the entropy and this is going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy and this is going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entropy and this is going to make
+our lives even easier than they already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives even easier than they already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lives even easier than they already
+were we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were we can
+solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve
+for this thing we can solve for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this thing we can solve for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this thing we can solve for that
+oxygen partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen partial
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+P2 by atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 by atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 by atmosphere
+equals e the Delta H KN r t e minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e the Delta H KN r t e minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e the Delta H KN r t e minus
+Delta s/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta s/
+R this is the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pressure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal and its oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coexist at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium
+okay right so you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal we've got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal we've got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal we've got it
+oxide right and this is the oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide right and this is the oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide right and this is the oxygen
+partial pressure so there's some oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure so there's some oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial pressure so there's some oxygen
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the oxygen paral pressure at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the oxygen paral pressure at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the oxygen paral pressure at
+which this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this kind of
+situation is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equilibrium what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if what happens if the oxygen partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what happens if the oxygen partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if what happens if the oxygen partial
+pressure is higher than the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is higher than the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure is higher than the equilibrium
+value what do you think happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what do you think happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what do you think happens
+spontaneously in this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously in this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously in this system
+think principle I have the system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think principle I have the system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think principle I have the system in
+equilibrium and then I shove more oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and then I shove more oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and then I shove more oxygen
+gas in I increase the oxygen partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in I increase the oxygen partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas in I increase the oxygen partial
+pressure what do you expect to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure what do you expect to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure what do you expect to happen
+how will the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will the system
+respond spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond spontaneously
+oxidize one more time I'm sorry I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize one more time I'm sorry I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize one more time I'm sorry I didn't
+quite hear that spontaneously oxidized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hear that spontaneously oxidized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite hear that spontaneously oxidized
+yes fantastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes fantastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes fantastic
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spontaneously so you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously so you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously so you're going to have
+spontaneous conversion of more metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous conversion of more metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous conversion of more metal
+into oxide we've already established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxide we've already established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into oxide we've already established
+that the oxygen can't dissolve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oxygen can't dissolve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the oxygen can't dissolve in the
+metal and the oxygen can't dissolve in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and the oxygen can't dissolve in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and the oxygen can't dissolve in
+the oxide they're pure components so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide they're pure components so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxide they're pure components so all
+we can do is convert metal to oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is convert metal to oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do is convert metal to oxide
+metal to oxide metal to oxide excellent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to oxide metal to oxide excellent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal to oxide metal to oxide excellent
+thank you what about at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lower at lower oxygen partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower at lower oxygen partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower at lower oxygen partial pressure
+if we're below this value what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're below this value what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're below this value what do we
+expect to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to happen
+spontaneously we will see the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously we will see the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously we will see the reverse
+reaction happening so more O2 gas will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happening so more O2 gas will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction happening so more O2 gas will
+form how does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form how does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form how does it
+form through the oxide decomposing back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form through the oxide decomposing back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form through the oxide decomposing back
+into a metal and O2 gas exactly thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a metal and O2 gas exactly thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a metal and O2 gas exactly thank
+you I'm going to use this term the oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm going to use this term the oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm going to use this term the oxide
+is reduced but your your expression of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reduced but your your expression of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reduced but your your expression of
+spontaneously decomposing is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously decomposing is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously decomposing is exactly the
+right thing so if we pull down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing so if we pull down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing so if we pull down the
+oxygen pressure below the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen pressure below the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen pressure below the equilibrium
+value the system will respond by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the system will respond by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value the system will respond by
+converting oxide into metal and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting oxide into metal and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting oxide into metal and oxygen
+gas and you can think of this in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and you can think of this in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas and you can think of this in terms
+of the shot to the a if I add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shot to the a if I add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the shot to the a if I add more
+oxygen the system will try to counteract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the system will try to counteract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen the system will try to counteract
+that by condensing the oxygen into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by condensing the oxygen into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by condensing the oxygen into more
+oxide so it'll take more metal convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so it'll take more metal convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so it'll take more metal convert
+it into oxide right pulling some of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into oxide right pulling some of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into oxide right pulling some of my
+exess oxygen out of the atmosphere if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exess oxygen out of the atmosphere if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exess oxygen out of the atmosphere if I
+if I pull down the oxygen pressure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pull down the oxygen pressure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I pull down the oxygen pressure the
+system will try to counteract that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will try to counteract that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will try to counteract that by
+giving off more oxygen gas from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off more oxygen gas from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off more oxygen gas from the
+oxide right the oxide will decompose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide right the oxide will decompose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide right the oxide will decompose
+into more oxygen gas and more metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more oxygen gas and more metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into more oxygen gas and more metal
+that's right okay so um so that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so um so that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right okay so um so that that's
+what happens so for example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so for example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens so for example let's
+imagine TI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidizing it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizing it's a nice
+reaction at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction at
+298 Kelvin I looked it up the P2 at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 Kelvin I looked it up the P2 at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 Kelvin I looked it up the P2 at this
+equilibrium is anybody you have a guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is anybody you have a guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium is anybody you have a guess
+forget to guess I it's it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to guess I it's it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to guess I it's it's it's
+completely nutty 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely nutty 10 to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely nutty 10 to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres a
+completely silly make believe number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely silly make believe number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely silly make believe number
+right it's zero it's it's zero might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's zero it's it's zero might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's zero it's it's zero might as
+well be zero what does that mean about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be zero what does that mean about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be zero what does that mean about
+titanium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal it's very favorable for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal it's very favorable for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal it's very favorable for it to
+oxidize it's very favorable for to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it's very favorable for to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize it's very favorable for to
+oxidize titanium metal if you see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize titanium metal if you see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidize titanium metal if you see it in
+the air will actually be titanium metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air will actually be titanium metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air will actually be titanium metal
+with a thin layer of its own native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thin layer of its own native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a thin layer of its own native
+oxide on top of it because if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on top of it because if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on top of it because if you were
+to remove the oxide and wait a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the oxide and wait a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remove the oxide and wait a split
+second the oxide would spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the oxide would spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second the oxide would spontaneously
+reform and so this spontaneous oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and so this spontaneous oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform and so this spontaneous oxide
+formation process is really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation process is really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation process is really important
+for a lot of reasons it's important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of reasons it's important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of reasons it's important for
+microelectronics it's important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microelectronics it's important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microelectronics it's important for
+stainless steel that's how stainless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel that's how stainless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel that's how stainless
+steel remains stainless you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel remains stainless you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel remains stainless you have
+spontaneous formation of a passivating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous formation of a passivating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous formation of a passivating
+or you can think of it as a protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can think of it as a protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can think of it as a protecting
+oxide layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide layer
+and the engineering of those materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engineering of those materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the engineering of those materials
+continues it's all interesting stuff all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues it's all interesting stuff all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues it's all interesting stuff all
+right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that
+is enough to take us to Richards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to take us to Richards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is enough to take us to Richards and
+ellingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams so we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so we're going to do
+this I can't really motivate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can't really motivate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I can't really motivate this
+because it sounds kind of random what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sounds kind of random what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sounds kind of random what
+we're going to do so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do so I'm just going to
+tell you what it is and at the end tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is and at the end tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what it is and at the end tell
+you why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful we're going to plot Delta G as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful we're going to plot Delta G as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful we're going to plot Delta G as a
+function of temperature for metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature for metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of temperature for metal
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions as you know it's like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions as you know it's like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions as you know it's like this and
+so um this is a pretty simple thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is a pretty simple thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um this is a pretty simple thing this
+is a line with slope minus Delta s knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line with slope minus Delta s knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a line with slope minus Delta s knot
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intercept Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept Delta H
+knot right this is a a really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot right this is a a really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot right this is a a really really
+simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line so here's temperature let's say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so here's temperature let's say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so here's temperature let's say in
+kelvin here's zero here's zero here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin here's zero here's zero here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kelvin here's zero here's zero here's
+Delta G knot and we have a line right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G knot and we have a line right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta G knot and we have a line right we
+have a line with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a line with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a line with a
+slope and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope and an
+intercept so slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intercept that is a Richardson Ellen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept that is a Richardson Ellen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept that is a Richardson Ellen
+diagram now why did we do that give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now why did we do that give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram now why did we do that give you
+a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple
+reasons let's start by talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons let's start by talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons let's start by talking about the
+P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+scale what's that the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale what's that the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale what's that the equilibrium
+constant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is
+P2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 by
+atmosphere to the minus one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere to the minus one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere to the minus one which is
+equal to e minus g/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e minus g/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e minus g/
+RT so I'm just going to rearrange that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT so I'm just going to rearrange that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RT so I'm just going to rearrange that
+and write Delta g equals RT log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write Delta g equals RT log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and write Delta g equals RT log
+P2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atmosphere this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere this is a
+line on Delta G by T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line on Delta G by T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line on Delta G by T
+plot with slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+R log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2 and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intercepts let's draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that right here is temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right here is temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right here is temperature and
+Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kelvin
+zero here's zero here's Delta G KN I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here's zero here's Delta G KN I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero here's zero here's Delta G KN I'll
+draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw
+the oxidation of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal just to have a something on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal just to have a something on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal just to have a something on
+there and now I'm going to draw these P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I'm going to draw these P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and now I'm going to draw these P2
+Contours right Delta G not equals RT log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours right Delta G not equals RT log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours right Delta G not equals RT log
+P2 over atmosphere so I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 over atmosphere so I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 over atmosphere so I'm going to draw
+a series of lines all with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of lines all with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a series of lines all with zero
+intercepts and varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slope so there's a series of lines with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so there's a series of lines with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope so there's a series of lines with
+zero intercept and varying slope and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero intercept and varying slope and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero intercept and varying slope and as
+I move in this direction I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increasing increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+P2 so that's that's what a an ellingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 so that's that's what a an ellingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 so that's that's what a an ellingham
+plot is now I get to tell you why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is now I get to tell you why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot is now I get to tell you why it's
+useful all right so if I rush through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right so if I rush through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful all right so if I rush through
+the explanation what it is it's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation what it is it's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explanation what it is it's because
+it's just like I have to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like I have to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like I have to tell you what
+it is but now I can show you why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful
+why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+useful it's useful for materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's useful for materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful it's useful for materials
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me illustrate that let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two
+metals and I pick these just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and I pick these just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and I pick these just because
+they they rep they appear nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they rep they appear nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they rep they appear nicely
+separated on the plot let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated on the plot let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated on the plot let's consider
+tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin
+right and manganes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and manganes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and manganes all
+right if I um look up the ellingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I um look up the ellingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if I um look up the ellingham
+riches ellingham diagram for tin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riches ellingham diagram for tin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riches ellingham diagram for tin and
+manganes um I could do that but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganes um I could do that but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganes um I could do that but I'll
+just sort of draw qualitatively what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of draw qualitatively what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of draw qualitatively what it
+looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks
+like there's temperature and Kelvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's temperature and Kelvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's temperature and Kelvin
+there's Delta G knot and um I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Delta G knot and um I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Delta G knot and um I'm just
+here to tell you that uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tim
+line sits well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sits well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line sits well
+above the magnes line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the magnes line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the magnes line
+so that's just a fact about these Metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a fact about these Metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just a fact about these Metals
+this here is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here is n
+10+2 going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10+2 going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10+2 going to
+102 that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+102 that's what that
+is and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and this is
+two manganese plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two manganese plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two manganese plus
+O2 going to two manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 going to two manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 going to two manganese
+oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide
+okay and here are my P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Contours what is this plot telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours what is this plot telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Contours what is this plot telling
+me it's telling me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's telling me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me it's telling me
+that at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given uh I I didn't I have a type on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh I I didn't I have a type on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given uh I I didn't I have a type on my
+scan lection not sorry sorry at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan lection not sorry sorry at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scan lection not sorry sorry at a given
+temp at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp at any given
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+P2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2
+for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the
+manganese oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction is
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+than for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than for the
+tin oxidation reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a useful fact how do I see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a useful fact how do I see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a useful fact how do I see that
+let's say at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say at a given
+temperature at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature let's say that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature let's say that temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature let's say that temperature
+here I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have this
+point on the tin oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and this
+point on the manganese oxidation line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well the P2 Contour that runs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the P2 Contour that runs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the P2 Contour that runs through
+the manganese oxidation line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manganese oxidation line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the manganese oxidation line
+intercepting of that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting of that temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepting of that temperature
+corresponds to a lower partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a lower partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a lower partial pressure
+than the po2 Contour that runs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the po2 Contour that runs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the po2 Contour that runs through
+the tin oxidation line at that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tin oxidation line at that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tin oxidation line at that given
+temperature again at this given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature again at this given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature again at this given
+temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the
+P2 partial pressure Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 partial pressure Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 partial pressure Contour
+for manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for manganese
+oxidation is a lower partial pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is a lower partial pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation is a lower partial pressure
+than the Contour for tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation what does that mean manges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation what does that mean manges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation what does that mean manges
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+reduce tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce tin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce tin
+oxide so if you were to put tin oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so if you were to put tin oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so if you were to put tin oxide
+let's say an ore into a furnace in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say an ore into a furnace in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say an ore into a furnace in the
+presence of Manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of Manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of Manganese
+metal and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal and it
+up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the
+manganese will convert to manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese will convert to manganese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese will convert to manganese
+oxide and the tin oxide will convert to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and the tin oxide will convert to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide and the tin oxide will convert to
+10 metal why is that manganes has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 metal why is that manganes has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 metal why is that manganes has
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affinity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity for
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does
+10 or saying the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or saying the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or saying the same thing
+the enthalpy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enthalpy of
+oxidation is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative for manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation
+than for tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation you can see that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation you can see that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation you can see that from the
+plots The Intercept of these plots is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots The Intercept of these plots is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots The Intercept of these plots is
+Delta H so you can see that the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H so you can see that the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H so you can see that the inter
+intercept for the manganese oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept for the manganese oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept for the manganese oxidation
+that's this point down here is lower let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this point down here is lower let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this point down here is lower let
+me extend these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lines right The Intercept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines right The Intercept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines right The Intercept of the
+manganese oxidation reaction is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese oxidation reaction is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manganese oxidation reaction is lower
+than the intercept of the tin oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction the eny of Manganese oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the eny of Manganese oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the eny of Manganese oxidation
+is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more
+negative or if we speaking a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or if we speaking a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or if we speaking a little bit
+um Cally manganese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal
+pulls in quotation marks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen
+out of tin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxide so everything I just wrote these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so everything I just wrote these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide so everything I just wrote these
+are all saying the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+Metal oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonds all right these are all equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds all right these are all equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds all right these are all equivalent
+statements they're just ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements they're just ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements they're just ways of
+interpreting metal oxygen bonding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting metal oxygen bonding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreting metal oxygen bonding and
+the implications of that for materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of that for materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of that for materials
+processing right if you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing right if you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing right if you're going to be
+processing manganese in the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing manganese in the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing manganese in the presence of
+tin you need to know which one is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin you need to know which one is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tin you need to know which one is going
+to have a higher P2 at equilibrium for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a higher P2 at equilibrium for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a higher P2 at equilibrium for
+oxidation because because it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation because because it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation because because it's going to
+determine your process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outcome okay I want to uh share with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome okay I want to uh share with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome okay I want to uh share with you
+some pictures of Alan diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of Alan diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pictures of Alan diagrams
+so um there's lots of Alan diagrams out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um there's lots of Alan diagrams out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um there's lots of Alan diagrams out
+there here is uh one representation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here is uh one representation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there here is uh one representation this
+is a little busy but you can see lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little busy but you can see lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little busy but you can see lots of
+things here you can see um many metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here you can see um many metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here you can see um many metals
+which are all represented let me grab my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all represented let me grab my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are all represented let me grab my
+laser pointer sometimes the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer sometimes the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser pointer sometimes the laser
+pointer is stubborn so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is stubborn so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer is stubborn so here's
+iron uh oxidation reaction here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron uh oxidation reaction here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron uh oxidation reaction here's a
+nickel reaction copper As you move down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel reaction copper As you move down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel reaction copper As you move down
+you're going to metals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to metals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to metals that
+are have higher affinity for oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have higher affinity for oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are have higher affinity for oxygen so
+copper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is
+uh sometimes considered Noble right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes considered Noble right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sometimes considered Noble right so
+it's um it doesn't readily form an oxide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it doesn't readily form an oxide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's um it doesn't readily form an oxide
+you remember we talked about roof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember we talked about roof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember we talked about roof
+flashing takes a long time for it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing takes a long time for it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing takes a long time for it to
+turn green as opposed to calcium right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn green as opposed to calcium right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn green as opposed to calcium right
+if you have calcium metal around you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have calcium metal around you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have calcium metal around you
+should you should look out because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you should look out because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you should look out because it's
+going to explosively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explosively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to explosively
+oxidizes so down here you have calcium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizes so down here you have calcium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidizes so down here you have calcium
+magnesium aluminum aluminum is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium aluminum aluminum is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnesium aluminum aluminum is a very
+energetic oxidation reaction but we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic oxidation reaction but we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energetic oxidation reaction but we know
+it forms a passivating oxide so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms a passivating oxide so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forms a passivating oxide so you
+don't have exploding aluminum all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have exploding aluminum all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have exploding aluminum all over
+the place you have um almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place you have um almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place you have um almost
+instantaneous formation of aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous formation of aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous formation of aluminum
+oxide on the surface of aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on the surface of aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide on the surface of aluminum
+titanium silic and manganese chromium so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium silic and manganese chromium so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+titanium silic and manganese chromium so
+um this is a this is a limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a this is a limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is a this is a limited
+Richardson diagram El diagram because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richardson diagram El diagram because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Richardson diagram El diagram because it
+only shows about a dozen or so metals of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only shows about a dozen or so metals of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only shows about a dozen or so metals of
+course you can get very very busy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can get very very busy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you can get very very busy
+plots I want to point out one more thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots I want to point out one more thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plots I want to point out one more thing
+which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the
+um the po2 scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the po2 scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the po2 scale
+P2 and you see it's a series of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 and you see it's a series of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P2 and you see it's a series of numbers
+running from one atmosphere to 10 oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from one atmosphere to 10 oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running from one atmosphere to 10 oh
+sorry to uh 10 Theus 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to uh 10 Theus 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry to uh 10 Theus 200
+atmospheres and each of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres and each of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospheres and each of these numbers
+has a little tick mark and the tick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little tick mark and the tick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a little tick mark and the tick
+marks all Point towards the origin you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks all Point towards the origin you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks all Point towards the origin you
+see these tick marks they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these tick marks they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see these tick marks they're they're
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+angles why is that because it's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles why is that because it's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles why is that because it's asking
+you to imagine a series of straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to imagine a series of straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to imagine a series of straight
+lines connecting the origin to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines connecting the origin to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines connecting the origin to those
+values those series of straight lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values those series of straight lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values those series of straight lines
+connecting the origin to uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the origin to uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting the origin to uh let's see
+I've never done this before can I draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never done this before can I draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've never done this before can I draw
+the line so here's you know oh there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so here's you know oh there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line so here's you know oh there we
+go look at that so this would be a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at that so this would be a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go look at that so this would be a line
+of 10 Theus 50 atmospheres of oxygen so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 Theus 50 atmospheres of oxygen so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 10 Theus 50 atmospheres of oxygen so
+for example you might say that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zinc and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc and its
+oxide are in equilibrium at 400 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide are in equilibrium at 400 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxide are in equilibrium at 400 degrees
+C and 10us 50 atmospheres of oxygen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and 10us 50 atmospheres of oxygen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and 10us 50 atmospheres of oxygen that
+would be one way to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot and you also see that the Delta h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and you also see that the Delta h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and you also see that the Delta h
+of formation here is correlated to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation here is correlated to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of formation here is correlated to the
+electro negativity so this idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity so this idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electro negativity so this idea that
+metal oxygen Bond formation is energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxygen Bond formation is energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal oxygen Bond formation is energetic
+well we know that but it's more ener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that but it's more ener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we know that but it's more ener
+itic for Less electronegative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itic for Less electronegative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itic for Less electronegative
+Metals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metals
+right so um we expect Noble Metals like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um we expect Noble Metals like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so um we expect Noble Metals like
+silver and copper to be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and copper to be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver and copper to be fairly
+electronegative they like their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative they like their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronegative they like their
+electrons 1.9 1.93 and we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 1.9 1.93 and we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 1.9 1.93 and we expect
+alkaline alkaline earth metals let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline alkaline earth metals let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline alkaline earth metals let's say
+alkaline earth alkaline metals alkaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline earth alkaline metals alkaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alkaline earth alkaline metals alkaline
+earth metals like magnesium right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth metals like magnesium right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth metals like magnesium right
+they're they they are happy to give up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they they are happy to give up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they they are happy to give up
+their electrons to oxygen and know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electrons to oxygen and know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their electrons to oxygen and know that
+has a lower electr negativity calcium is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lower electr negativity calcium is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lower electr negativity calcium is
+down here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here at
+one um okay so just some some solidate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um okay so just some some solidate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um okay so just some some solidate
+chemistry here there's one more thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry here there's one more thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry here there's one more thing I
+want to tell you about ellingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams and that is the effective phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transitions so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider melting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider melting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider melting of
+metal or it's oxide right Metals melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or it's oxide right Metals melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal or it's oxide right Metals melt
+oxides also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides also
+melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+causes it causes discrete jumps in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes it causes discrete jumps in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes it causes discrete jumps in those
+values so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values so for
+example let's let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example let's let's consider
+um solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solid
+metal plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal plus
+O2 going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+O2 going to
+M2 solid it's reaction mon this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 solid it's reaction mon this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M2 solid it's reaction mon this has
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+entropy one it's negative it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy one it's negative it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy one it's negative it's negative
+because we're pulling oxygen gas out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're pulling oxygen gas out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're pulling oxygen gas out of
+the out of the gas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of the gas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the out of the gas right
+solids solids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case where metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where metal
+melts at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temp then2 so Metals having a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp then2 so Metals having a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temp then2 so Metals having a lower
+melting point which is true for most but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point which is true for most but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting point which is true for most but
+all oxides and raise the temp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+until the Metal Solid becomes liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the Metal Solid becomes liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the Metal Solid becomes liquid
+metal so that's what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so that's what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so that's what we're going to do
+we're going to consider that and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider that and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider that and now
+we're going to consider the oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the oxidation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to consider the oxidation
+again except now we're oxidizing liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal so the oxide is still solid but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so the oxide is still solid but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal so the oxide is still solid but
+the metal is now liquid and we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal is now liquid and we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal is now liquid and we'll call
+this reaction to have Delta S 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right well we know that the liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal has
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy
+than solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+metal we know that so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal we know that so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal we know that so what that means is
+that Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta
+SN 2 is going to be smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN 2 is going to be smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SN 2 is going to be smaller
+than Delta s 1 and they're all less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero in other words this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero in other words this is going to be
+even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negative on a plot it looks like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative on a plot it looks like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative on a plot it looks like as
+follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's
+temperature this is Delta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is Delta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature this is Delta G
+knot and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and we
+have a kink in the plot the Kink happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kink in the plot the Kink happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a kink in the plot the Kink happens
+at the melting point so here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the melting point so here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the melting point so here is
+metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+melting at that temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the lower curve is a solid oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction solid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Metal Solid metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metal Solid metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Metal Solid metal
+oxidation the upper curve is liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the upper curve is liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation the upper curve is liquid
+metal oxidation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this intercept is Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intercept is Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intercept is Delta H
+knot for solid metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for solid metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot for solid metal
+oxidation and this intercept is Delta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and this intercept is Delta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation and this intercept is Delta H
+knot for liquid metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxidation so let's go back to some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so let's go back to some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation so let's go back to some real
+plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now we can understand why there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can understand why there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can understand why there are
+break points in these there are break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break points in these there are break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break points in these there are break
+points in these curves because uh at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in these curves because uh at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in these curves because uh at
+these transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transition
+points the standard enthropy and entropy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the standard enthropy and entropy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points the standard enthropy and entropy
+of these reactions changes so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these reactions changes so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these reactions changes so you know
+here this melting this this melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this melting this this melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this melting this this melting
+point here of aluminum it changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here of aluminum it changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here of aluminum it changes the
+slope very slightly you can't really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope very slightly you can't really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope very slightly you can't really see
+it can't really see it but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't really see it but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't really see it but there is a
+slope change then up here the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope change then up here the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope change then up here the the the
+aluminum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum
+boils so so there's a you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils so so there's a you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils so so there's a you know there's
+another break in the slope all here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another break in the slope all here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another break in the slope all here
+manganes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+melts here the manganese melts uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts here the manganese melts uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melts here the manganese melts uh here
+zinc melts and zinc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc melts and zinc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zinc melts and zinc
+boils so forth and so on and if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils so forth and so on and if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boils so forth and so on and if you want
+to uh really lose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh really lose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh really lose your
+mind um you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at more complete inham diagrams so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at more complete inham diagrams so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at more complete inham diagrams so this
+this is posted on the website right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is posted on the website right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is posted on the website right and
+this is this is a very very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a very very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is a very very very
+thorough ellingham diagram now with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough ellingham diagram now with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thorough ellingham diagram now with with
+so many elements and melting points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many elements and melting points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so many elements and melting points and
+boiling points and you know anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling points and you know anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling points and you know anyway and
+so forth and you can you can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and you can you can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and you can you can start to
+look at these and learn what the melting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these and learn what the melting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these and learn what the melting
+points and the boiling points of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the boiling points of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and the boiling points of the
+metals and the oxides are and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and the oxides are and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals and the oxides are and you can
+see how they change the slope of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they change the slope of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they change the slope of these
+curves there are cases where the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves there are cases where the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves there are cases where the slope
+actually tips downward for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tips downward for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tips downward for a little
+while it's typically a melting point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's typically a melting point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's typically a melting point of
+an oxide and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you uh really like to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh really like to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you uh really like to explore
+this a little more which I encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little more which I encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little more which I encourage you
+to do it's a nice way to learn um go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's a nice way to learn um go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's a nice way to learn um go to
+uh the do it Pals page for ellam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the do it Pals page for ellam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the do it Pals page for ellam
+diagrams for those who don't know do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams for those who don't know do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams for those who don't know do it
+poms uh you should know do it pumps it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poms uh you should know do it pumps it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poms uh you should know do it pumps it
+is a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really
+excellent resource for learning Material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent resource for learning Material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent resource for learning Material
+Science Concepts it's maintained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Concepts it's maintained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Science Concepts it's maintained by
+University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of
+Cambridge and um you know it's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and um you know it's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge and um you know it's a nice
+complement to things like open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement to things like open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complement to things like open course
+Weare and and MX and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare and and MX and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare and and MX and let
+me let me share that just to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me share that just to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me let me share that just to show you
+where you might go to uh to um play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might go to uh to um play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you might go to uh to um play with
+this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little
+more get a feel for it so here is uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more get a feel for it so here is uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more get a feel for it so here is uh the
+do it Palms page for ellingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it Palms page for ellingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it Palms page for ellingham
+diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams
+um and if you click on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you click on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you click on
+oxides right you there's a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides right you there's a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxides right you there's a whole bunch
+of oxides and so let's let's go random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxides and so let's let's go random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oxides and so let's let's go random
+Cobalt oxide see alham diagram so it now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt oxide see alham diagram so it now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt oxide see alham diagram so it now
+tells you shows you Alem diagrams for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you shows you Alem diagrams for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you shows you Alem diagrams for
+Cobalt uh for its two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt uh for its two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cobalt uh for its two different
+oxidation States and it'll give you data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation States and it'll give you data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation States and it'll give you data
+you can you can Mouse around um get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can Mouse around um get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you can Mouse around um get the
+actual numbers uh change the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers uh change the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual numbers uh change the temperature
+it gives you free energy formation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you free energy formation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you free energy formation and
+so forth and it's a nice learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and it's a nice learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and it's a nice learning
+tool um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool um
+so now I will uh call it a day and stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I will uh call it a day and stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I will uh call it a day and stop
+recording e
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tsMrUdynbQQ.txt b/tsMrUdynbQQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..143d2cd2ca4f4930cb1f32f3856b9e4403a1eaff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tsMrUdynbQQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9443 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right let's let's get started so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's let's get started so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right let's let's get started so
+today um we're going to be starting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um we're going to be starting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today um we're going to be starting a
+completely new set of topics and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new set of topics and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new set of topics and we'll
+be talking about these topics for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about these topics for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about these topics for the
+next four lectures and it's a big topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next four lectures and it's a big topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next four lectures and it's a big topic
+um the big idea we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the big idea we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the big idea we're trying to
+accomplish in these next four lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish in these next four lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish in these next four lectures
+is for us to start defining our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for us to start defining our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for us to start defining our own
+object types okay and we'll be um we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types okay and we'll be um we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object types okay and we'll be um we'll
+be uh defining these object types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh defining these object types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be uh defining these object types
+through these things called python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these things called python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through these things called python
+classes all right so today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes all right so today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes all right so today's lecture
+we'll just give you a a really we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just give you a a really we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just give you a a really we'll
+just Define a really simple object type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define a really simple object type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Define a really simple object type
+and then we'll build up from there on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll build up from there on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll build up from there on so
+let's take a step back and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a step back and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a step back and think about
+uh particular objects like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular objects like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh particular objects like really
+specific objects that we've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects that we've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects that we've been working
+with so for example we've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so for example we've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so for example we've been working
+with probably the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probably the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with probably the number
+1,234 we've been working with the float
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,234 we've been working with the float
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,234 we've been working with the float
+Pi 3.14159 we've been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 3.14159 we've been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi 3.14159 we've been working with
+sequences of characters like H with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of characters like H with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences of characters like H with um
+lists of numbers right so here's a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of numbers right so here's a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of numbers right so here's a list
+with those specific uh elements within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those specific uh elements within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with those specific uh elements within
+it and we've been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we've been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and we've been working with
+dictionaries and here's a a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and here's a a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and here's a a specific
+dictionary with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionary with these
+entries now every one of these things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries now every one of these things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries now every one of these things up
+here is an object right we have it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an object right we have it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is an object right we have it in
+our program we can manipulate it we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our program we can manipulate it we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our program we can manipulate it we can
+add it to other things we can index we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to other things we can index we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to other things we can index we
+can do all these things but every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these things but every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do all these things but every one of
+these objects is basically has a c a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects is basically has a c a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects is basically has a c a
+certain type right we talked about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type right we talked about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain type right we talked about this
+back in lecture one when I introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in lecture one when I introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in lecture one when I introduced
+types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of
+objects um so what does that mean well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects um so what does that mean well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects um so what does that mean well
+in that lecture I said that the type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that lecture I said that the type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that lecture I said that the type of
+an object basically tells us the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object basically tells us the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object basically tells us the kinds
+of things that we can do with it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we can do with it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that we can do with it right
+so the things you can do with a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the things you can do with a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the things you can do with a number
+are going to be different than than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be different than than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be different than than the
+kinds of things you can do with strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things you can do with strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of things you can do with strings
+and we've been seeing this uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've been seeing this uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've been seeing this uh you know
+since that lecture up until today today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that lecture up until today today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that lecture up until today today
+we're going to see how we can create our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see how we can create our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see how we can create our
+own object types so to do that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own object types so to do that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own object types so to do that we have
+to understand uh the following thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand uh the following thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand uh the following thing and
+this is something I'll keep repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I'll keep repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something I'll keep repeating
+today so once you uh decide to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so once you uh decide to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so once you uh decide to create an
+object type or every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type or every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type or every one of these
+objects for example has been created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for example has been created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects for example has been created
+using some blueprint right and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some blueprint right and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some blueprint right and when
+you're creating these objects you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating these objects you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're creating these objects you need
+to think about two things the first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about two things the first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about two things the first is
+what data will represent this object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data will represent this object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data will represent this object and
+the second is what behaviors will this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is what behaviors will this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is what behaviors will this
+object have now the objects up here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object have now the objects up here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object have now the objects up here are
+pretty simple right the kinds of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple right the kinds of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple right the kinds of data
+that represents you know this integer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents you know this integer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents you know this integer is
+well there's no data really it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's no data really it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's no data really it's just
+the number itself but you know it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number itself but you know it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number itself but you know it has
+some operations some things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operations some things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some operations some things that you can
+do with this integer now the the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this integer now the the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this integer now the the data
+that represents a list is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents a list is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that represents a list is going to be
+different than the data that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the data that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the data that represents
+an integer because a list is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer because a list is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer because a list is kind of
+made up of a sequence of num numbers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of a sequence of num numbers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of a sequence of num numbers or
+you know objects and then the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know objects and then the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know objects and then the data that
+makes up a dictionary is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up a dictionary is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up a dictionary is completely
+different than the data that makes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the data that makes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the data that makes up
+the list because a dictionary has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list because a dictionary has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list because a dictionary has
+entries where each entry has a key and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries where each entry has a key and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries where each entry has a key and a
+value pair and then you have a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value pair and then you have a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value pair and then you have a bunch of
+these entries right so the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entries right so the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these entries right so the data
+representing each one of these objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing each one of these objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing each one of these objects
+is different and we're going to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different and we're going to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different and we're going to decide
+what data represents the new objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data represents the new objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what data represents the new objects
+that we want to create and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to create and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to create and of course
+this is something we've known from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we've known from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something we've known from the
+uh first lecture the kinds of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first lecture the kinds of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh first lecture the kinds of ways that
+we can interact with these objects is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can interact with these objects is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can interact with these objects is
+also different amongst all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also different amongst all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also different amongst all these
+different object types right so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object types right so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different object types right so in terms
+of a terminology when we create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a terminology when we create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a terminology when we create an
+actual object that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual object that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual object that we want to
+manipulate we call it an instance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate we call it an instance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate we call it an instance of a
+type so this specific number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so this specific number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so this specific number
+1,234 is an instance of an integer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,234 is an instance of an integer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,234 is an instance of an integer and
+this specific uh sequence of characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific uh sequence of characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific uh sequence of characters
+lowercase h l o is an instance of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase h l o is an instance of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase h l o is an instance of a
+string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string
+okay all right so the idea of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the idea of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so the idea of object
+oriented programming is basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented programming is basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented programming is basically that
+everything in Python is an is an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in Python is an is an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in Python is an is an object
+and this we've talked about when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we've talked about when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this we've talked about when we were
+introducing functions we treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing functions we treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing functions we treated
+functions like like objects and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like like objects and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like like objects and what
+that means is uh it's that we can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is uh it's that we can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is uh it's that we can create
+new objects that have some type so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new objects that have some type so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new objects that have some type so we
+actually create these very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create these very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually create these very specific
+objects that we can manipulate and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we can manipulate and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we can manipulate and we
+can also destroy the objects right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also destroy the objects right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also destroy the objects right so
+you can create them manipulate them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create them manipulate them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create them manipulate them and
+Destroy them as you will but each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destroy them as you will but each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destroy them as you will but each one of
+these objects has a specific type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects has a specific type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects has a specific type so
+let's talk a little bit more about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit more about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk a little bit more about uh
+the data abstraction so once you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data abstraction so once you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data abstraction so once you have an
+object that you'd like to create so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you'd like to create so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that you'd like to create so
+think of you know anything in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know anything in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know anything in in in the
+world right some some some thing um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world right some some some thing um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world right some some some thing um the
+two things that you need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that you need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things that you need to think about
+are what is going to be the way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what is going to be the way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are what is going to be the way that you
+represent the object in terms of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the object in terms of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the object in terms of data
+right and the other thing is what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the other thing is what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the other thing is what are
+the behaviors of this object how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors of this object how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors of this object how can
+other programmers or other objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programmers or other objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other programmers or other objects
+interact with this thing that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this thing that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with this thing that you're
+creating so when we're creating our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so when we're creating our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating so when we're creating our own
+object type we have to think about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type we have to think about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object type we have to think about these
+data abstractions okay so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data abstractions okay so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data abstractions okay so let's take a
+more sort of real life example so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of real life example so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sort of real life example so let's
+say I have these two very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have these two very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I have these two very specific
+specific cars that actually you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cars that actually you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cars that actually you know
+exist in the real world so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the real world so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the real world so we can
+actually you know Drive these cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know Drive these cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you know Drive these cars
+around we can manipulate them right they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we can manipulate them right they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around we can manipulate them right they
+have already been created they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been created they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already been created they are
+actual objects right well behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual objects right well behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual objects right well behind the
+scenes these objects were created using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes these objects were created using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scenes these objects were created using
+some blueprint right this this blueprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some blueprint right this this blueprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some blueprint right this this blueprint
+is not an actual tangible thing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an actual tangible thing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an actual tangible thing it's
+basically some abstract notion of how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some abstract notion of how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically some abstract notion of how to
+create those specific objects those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create those specific objects those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create those specific objects those
+specific cars so as we're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cars so as we're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cars so as we're thinking about
+creating our own object types we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating our own object types we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating our own object types we have to
+think about design decisions right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about design decisions right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about design decisions right if I
+want to create a blueprint for a car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a blueprint for a car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a blueprint for a car
+that somebody can then use to create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody can then use to create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somebody can then use to create an
+actual car in real life how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual car in real life how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual car in real life how do I
+abstract the car and as we're creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract the car and as we're creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract the car and as we're creating
+these objects ourselves we get to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects ourselves we get to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these objects ourselves we get to make
+these design decisions which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these design decisions which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these design decisions which is pretty
+cool so if I were creating this car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so if I were creating this car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool so if I were creating this car
+right the blueprint for a car I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the blueprint for a car I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the blueprint for a car I would
+say well I'm going to use maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'm going to use maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well I'm going to use maybe the
+length of the car the width of the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the car the width of the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the car the width of the car
+and the height of the car and the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the height of the car and the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the height of the car and the color
+of the car and those four data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car and those four data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car and those four data
+attributes will represent a car object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes will represent a car object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes will represent a car object
+but of course that's my design decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course that's my design decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course that's my design decision
+right if you are more familiar with cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you are more familiar with cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you are more familiar with cars
+or if you wanted to get into a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you wanted to get into a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you wanted to get into a more
+detailed description or um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed description or um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed description or um
+representation you would also uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you would also uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation you would also uh you
+know have uh a number for how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have uh a number for how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know have uh a number for how many
+horsepowers it has how many doors it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepowers it has how many doors it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horsepowers it has how many doors it has
+maybe how many people it could fit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe how many people it could fit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe how many people it could fit you
+know other things like that but a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other things like that but a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other things like that but a very
+simple uh data abstraction for a car is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh data abstraction for a car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh data abstraction for a car is
+length with height and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length with height and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length with height and
+color all right so that's data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color all right so that's data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color all right so that's data
+abstraction so what data represents this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so what data represents this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction so what data represents this
+object you're trying to create now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you're trying to create now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object you're trying to create now how
+about the interface well in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interface well in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the interface well in terms of the
+interface we decide what are some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface we decide what are some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface we decide what are some ways
+that programmers can interact with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that programmers can interact with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that programmers can interact with the
+object or other objects can interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or other objects can interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object or other objects can interact
+with this object so we could say that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this object so we could say that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this object so we could say that we
+could um let the users change the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um let the users change the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um let the users change the color
+of the car right we could say um that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car right we could say um that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the car right we could say um that we
+can uh let the car you know make a noise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh let the car you know make a noise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh let the car you know make a noise
+so honk the horn could be maybe one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so honk the horn could be maybe one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so honk the horn could be maybe one you
+know thing one function that this car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thing one function that this car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know thing one function that this car
+could do and if we say honk the horn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do and if we say honk the horn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do and if we say honk the horn
+then maybe you would print something to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you would print something to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe you would print something to
+the screen right something like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen right something like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen right something like that and
+then we can have the car drive from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can have the car drive from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can have the car drive from
+point A to point B or we could have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B or we could have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point A to point B or we could have the
+car you know you know go in a a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you know you know go in a a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car you know you know go in a a circle
+you could have the car crash another car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have the car crash another car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have the car crash another car
+and all of these behaviors will are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these behaviors will are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of these behaviors will are are
+part of this uh of this uh the interface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this uh of this uh the interface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this uh of this uh the interface
+uh for this particular car but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this particular car but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for this particular car but we're
+going to Define them such that any car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define them such that any car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define them such that any car
+that we create from here on any actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we create from here on any actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we create from here on any actual
+object that we create will have all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that we create will have all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that we create will have all of
+these behaviors and all of these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these behaviors and all of these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these behaviors and all of these data
+attributes Okay so so an example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes Okay so so an example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes Okay so so an example a
+little closer to home is the list right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer to home is the list right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little closer to home is the list right
+we've been working with lists so far so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with lists so far so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with lists so far so
+behind the scenes somebody created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scenes somebody created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the scenes somebody created the
+data type list right so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type list right so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type list right so there's some
+code in Python that basically defines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in Python that basically defines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in Python that basically defines
+the data that makes up the list the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that makes up the list the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that makes up the list the data
+attributes how is a list described and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes how is a list described and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes how is a list described and
+the behaviors the procedures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors the procedures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors the procedures the
+functions that a list can do right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that a list can do right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that a list can do right so in
+terms of data attributes well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of data attributes well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of data attributes well there's
+many design decisions that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many design decisions that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many design decisions that you know
+whoever decided to create this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever decided to create this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever decided to create this list
+class could have done how could they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class could have done how could they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class could have done how could they
+have represented the list well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have represented the list well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have represented the list well they
+could have said I'm going to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said I'm going to allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have said I'm going to allocate
+sort of a contigous block of memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a contigous block of memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a contigous block of memory and
+where uh and your elements will go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh and your elements will go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh and your elements will go in
+that order right from the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order right from the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that order right from the smallest
+memory uh value to the biggest memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory uh value to the biggest memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory uh value to the biggest memory
+value that's one design decision another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's one design decision another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's one design decision another
+one could be that instead of allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could be that instead of allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one could be that instead of allocating
+sort of a contiguous block of memory you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a contiguous block of memory you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a contiguous block of memory you
+could say oh I can allocate memories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say oh I can allocate memories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say oh I can allocate memories
+here and there that's okay but then each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there that's okay but then each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there that's okay but then each
+element in my me in my list will then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in my me in my list will then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in my me in my list will then be
+represented by two things the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by two things the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by two things the first
+being the value at that location and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the value at that location and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the value at that location and the
+second could be maybe another integer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second could be maybe another integer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second could be maybe another integer or
+something that tells python which memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells python which memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that tells python which memory
+location to go to to get the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location to go to to get the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location to go to to get the next
+element in the list so both valid design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the list so both valid design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element in the list so both valid design
+decisions I think python did the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions I think python did the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions I think python did the second
+one um right so those are that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um right so those are that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um right so those are that's how you
+represent a the uh the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a the uh the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a the uh the data that
+represents the list and in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the list and in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the list and in terms of
+behaviors well we've already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors well we've already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors well we've already been
+working with lists so we know a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with lists so we know a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with lists so we know a bunch of
+the behaviors that lists have right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors that lists have right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behaviors that lists have right you
+can index into it you can sort a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can index into it you can sort a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can index into it you can sort a list
+you can append an item to the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can append an item to the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can append an item to the end of the
+list you can get the maximum element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you can get the maximum element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list you can get the maximum element
+within the list all of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the list all of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the list all of these different
+uh procedures functions are things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh procedures functions are things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh procedures functions are things that
+you can do with lists right and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with lists right and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with lists right and we've
+been working with them and we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with them and we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with them and we've been
+working with lists without actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with lists without actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with lists without actually
+knowing the representation how somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the representation how somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the representation how somebody
+uh decided to represent this class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decided to represent this class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh decided to represent this class okay
+which is pretty cool so a couple more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty cool so a couple more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty cool so a couple more uh
+real life examples right if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life examples right if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life examples right if we were to
+think about representing you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about representing you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about representing you know one of
+the each of these so if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of these so if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the each of these so if we think about
+the object in elevator right again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object in elevator right again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the object in elevator right again it's
+up to us to make the design decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to us to make the design decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to us to make the design decision
+it's basically a box that can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a box that can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically a box that can change
+floors right so we could represent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors right so we could represent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+floors right so we could represent it
+using the length the width the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the length the width the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the length the width the height
+maybe we could also repres which are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could also repres which are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could also repres which are all
+you know Floats or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Floats or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Floats or something like that
+we can also represent it uh using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also represent it uh using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also represent it uh using the
+Max Capacity and the current floor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Capacity and the current floor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max Capacity and the current floor it's
+at so all five of these variables you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so all five of these variables you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at so all five of these variables you
+know together values together represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know together values together represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know together values together represent
+my elevator right and again it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my elevator right and again it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my elevator right and again it's my
+designed decision to do this yours might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed decision to do this yours might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed decision to do this yours might
+be different and in terms terms of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different and in terms terms of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different and in terms terms of um
+things that the elevator can do well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the elevator can do well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that the elevator can do well we
+can change its current floor which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change its current floor which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can change its current floor which is
+basically saying you know change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying you know change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying you know change the
+value of the variable current floor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the variable current floor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the variable current floor to
+be something else um add people to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something else um add people to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something else um add people to it
+maybe checking if you're at Max Capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe checking if you're at Max Capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe checking if you're at Max Capacity
+or not then you know maybe printing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not then you know maybe printing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not then you know maybe printing out
+a warning if you're above that removing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warning if you're above that removing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warning if you're above that removing
+people things like that an employee is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people things like that an employee is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people things like that an employee is
+also a pretty common example uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a pretty common example uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a pretty common example uh of
+something that's typically implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's typically implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's typically implemented
+in a bunch of programming languages so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of programming languages so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bunch of programming languages so
+an employee basically a person that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employee basically a person that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an employee basically a person that has
+a salary right maybe works for company X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a salary right maybe works for company X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a salary right maybe works for company X
+so you could represent this employee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could represent this employee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could represent this employee
+using uh their name right maybe a string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh their name right maybe a string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using uh their name right maybe a string
+for the first name a string for the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first name a string for the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first name a string for the last
+name and then their birth date maybe um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and then their birth date maybe um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and then their birth date maybe um
+and then their salary which is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their salary which is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then their salary which is you know
+a float or an inch something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a float or an inch something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a float or an inch something like that
+and in terms of behaviors what Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of behaviors what Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of behaviors what Can
+employees do well you can change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees do well you can change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees do well you can change their
+name you can change their salary you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you can change their salary you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name you can change their salary you can
+maybe activate or deactivate them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe activate or deactivate them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe activate or deactivate them as
+current employees things like that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current employees things like that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current employees things like that a
+Queue at a store also a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queue at a store also a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queue at a store also a really nice
+example and it's kind of goes hand inand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and it's kind of goes hand inand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and it's kind of goes hand inand
+with a stack of pancakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stack of pancakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a stack of pancakes
+um how would you represent a que at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you represent a que at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how would you represent a que at a
+store well the representation isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store well the representation isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store well the representation isn't
+going to be a set of things the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a set of things the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a set of things the
+representation could be something really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation could be something really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation could be something really
+simple like just a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like just a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple like just a list
+right which is fine so maybe the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is fine so maybe the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is fine so maybe the list
+will have you know some strings with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have you know some strings with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have you know some strings with the
+names of the people who are currently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of the people who are currently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+names of the people who are currently in
+the queue at a store but what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue at a store but what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the queue at a store but what's going to
+make a queue kind of special is that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a queue kind of special is that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a queue kind of special is that is
+the way that um we'll be using it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that um we'll be using it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that um we'll be using it right
+so the representation isn't super unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the representation isn't super unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the representation isn't super unique
+it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a
+list but the way that we um the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but the way that we um the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list but the way that we um the way that
+a que operates will be special because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a que operates will be special because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a que operates will be special because
+if you think about the que the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the que the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about the que the first
+person who comes into the queue will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who comes into the queue will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who comes into the queue will be
+the the first person out of the queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first person out of the queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the first person out of the queue
+right a first in first out kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a first in first out kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a first in first out kind of
+situation so that means if you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so that means if you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so that means if you make the
+design decision to add new people at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decision to add new people at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decision to add new people at the
+end of the queue right so if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the queue right so if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the queue right so if I have a
+new person that gets added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new person that gets added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new person that gets added
+here they're the newest person in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're the newest person in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're the newest person in that
+means if I'm removing a person from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I'm removing a person from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I'm removing a person from the
+queue I better remove the oldest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue I better remove the oldest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue I better remove the oldest one
+which is going to going to be over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to going to be over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is going to going to be over on
+the at the first at the beginning of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the first at the beginning of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the at the first at the beginning of my
+list right so the way that you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right so the way that you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list right so the way that you use the
+queue will be consistent with this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue will be consistent with this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue will be consistent with this idea
+and then you know people and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know people and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you know people and then you
+can basically simulate the queue and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically simulate the queue and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically simulate the queue and the
+stack of pancakes is very similar if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of pancakes is very similar if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack of pancakes is very similar if you
+think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about
+pancakes the um the first one you made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancakes the um the first one you made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancakes the um the first one you made
+is the last one you eat right so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the last one you eat right so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the last one you eat right so it's a
+first in last out of kind of situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in last out of kind of situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in last out of kind of situation
+so that means that we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means that we can still
+represent a stack of pancakes using a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a stack of pancakes using a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a stack of pancakes using a um
+a uh a list right so the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a list right so the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh a list right so the representation
+the data representation for a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data representation for a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data representation for a stack of
+pancakes will be the same as uh as a q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancakes will be the same as uh as a q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancakes will be the same as uh as a q
+except that the behavior will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the behavior will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that the behavior will be
+different right because if I just made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right because if I just made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different right because if I just made a
+new pancake and it goes at the end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pancake and it goes at the end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new pancake and it goes at the end here
+right the newest one that I made is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the newest one that I made is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the newest one that I made is the
+first one that I'm going to eat so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that I'm going to eat so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one that I'm going to eat so if I
+add I if I add a pancake to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add I if I add a pancake to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add I if I add a pancake to the end of
+my list I'm going to remove the pancake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my list I'm going to remove the pancake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my list I'm going to remove the pancake
+that I want to eat from the end of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to eat from the end of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to eat from the end of my
+list as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list as
+well okay so the idea of objectoriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so the idea of objectoriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay so the idea of objectoriented
+programming and the reason we're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and the reason we're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming and the reason we're doing
+this is because now we're bundling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because now we're bundling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because now we're bundling
+basically data and behaviors into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically data and behaviors into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically data and behaviors into one
+thing and so we can create all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so we can create all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and so we can create all of these
+different objects that have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects that have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different objects that have the same
+type that all are going to function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that all are going to function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type that all are going to function in
+the same way we know they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we know they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way we know they're going to be
+consistent right they're going be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent right they're going be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent right they're going be
+they're going to be consistent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be consistent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be consistent in the
+data that represents them and consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that represents them and consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that represents them and consistent
+in the way that we use them right so Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that we use them right so Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way that we use them right so Q
+right we we know for sure that the Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we know for sure that the Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we we know for sure that the Q is
+going to be a first in a first out kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a first in a first out kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a first in a first out kind
+of situation right um and the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation right um and the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of situation right um and the way we're
+going to implement this is using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to implement this is using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to implement this is using these
+things called python classes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called python classes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things called python classes and the
+reason we create these python classes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we create these python classes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason we create these python classes is
+to make code that's very nicely reusable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make code that's very nicely reusable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make code that's very nicely reusable
+we can create really simple python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create really simple python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create really simple python
+classes that we'll see today and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that we'll see today and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes that we'll see today and then we
+can build upon these python classes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build upon these python classes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build upon these python classes to
+create more complex classes which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create more complex classes which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create more complex classes which we'll
+see on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on
+Wednesday but the big idea here and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday but the big idea here and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday but the big idea here and this
+is something that I was a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that I was a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that I was a little bit
+confused about when I first started and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about when I first started and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused about when I first started and
+you know learning about objectoriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning about objectoriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know learning about objectoriented
+programming is you get to be in charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is you get to be in charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming is you get to be in charge
+of the design design decision right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the design design decision right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the design design decision right so
+you get to decide what data represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to decide what data represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to decide what data represents
+the class and you decide what behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and you decide what behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class and you decide what behaviors
+represent the class so if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the class so if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the class so if you wanted to
+say that you know you represent a queue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know you represent a queue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you know you represent a queue
+using a list right first in first out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a list right first in first out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a list right first in first out if
+you add items to the end you remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add items to the end you remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add items to the end you remove
+items from the beginning that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items from the beginning that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items from the beginning that's one
+design decision another design decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decision another design decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decision another design decision
+could be well you still represent it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be well you still represent it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be well you still represent it as
+a list but new items get added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list but new items get added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list but new items get added to the
+front but to be consistent with the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front but to be consistent with the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front but to be consistent with the idea
+of a cue that means you remove items
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cue that means you remove items
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cue that means you remove items
+from the back and then the behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back and then the behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the back and then the behavior is
+the same right we're implementing the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right we're implementing the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right we're implementing the a
+queue no matter which one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue no matter which one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queue no matter which one of those
+design decisions we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decisions we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design decisions we've
+made okay so as we're going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made okay so as we're going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made okay so as we're going through
+today's lecture I want to make a note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture I want to make a note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture I want to make a note of
+a couple things so I've got these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things so I've got these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple things so I've got these little
+tabs up at the top here um we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabs up at the top here um we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tabs up at the top here um we're going
+to be basically switching our brains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be basically switching our brains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be basically switching our brains a
+little bit today we're going to be dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit today we're going to be dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit today we're going to be dis
+defining a python object right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a python object right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a python object right so we're
+going to be writing code that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be writing code that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be writing code that tells
+python hey I am telling you I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python hey I am telling you I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python hey I am telling you I would like
+to create this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create this object
+type okay and these are the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay and these are the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay and these are the you know
+data these are the this is the data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data these are the this is the data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data these are the this is the data that
+represents them it represents it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents them it represents it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents them it represents it and
+these are the behaviors that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the behaviors that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the behaviors that represents
+it so that's uh us implementing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's uh us implementing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so that's uh us implementing the
+class so telling python that we are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so telling python that we are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so telling python that we are now
+creating and telling you what one what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating and telling you what one what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating and telling you what one what
+an object of this type is and does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object of this type is and does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object of this type is and does and
+the other thing is once we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is once we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing is once we have a
+definition for this object type we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for this object type we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition for this object type we're
+going to actually use the type right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually use the type right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually use the type right
+we're going to create new object of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to create new object of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to create new object of this
+type so when we're creating the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so when we're creating the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type so when we're creating the class
+when we're telling python that an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're telling python that an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're telling python that an object
+like this exists we're deciding the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this exists we're deciding the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this exists we're deciding the name
+of our class we're deciding what data AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our class we're deciding what data AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our class we're deciding what data AB
+abstracts it we're deciding what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts it we're deciding what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstracts it we're deciding what
+behaviors can we can do with it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors can we can do with it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors can we can do with it right so
+if we think about the list we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about the list we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about the list we haven't
+actually seen the code to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seen the code to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seen the code to do this but
+someone wrote code to Define this list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone wrote code to Define this list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone wrote code to Define this list
+class now we using the class means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now we using the class means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class now we using the class means that
+we're assuming that this code already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that this code already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're assuming that this code already
+exists right and you're just creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists right and you're just creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists right and you're just creating a
+whole bunch of objects of this type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of objects of this type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of objects of this type so
+we've been doing this definitely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing this definitely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing this definitely right
+if we think about the list class again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about the list class again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about the list class again
+here you know for example we created an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know for example we created an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know for example we created an
+actual object that we can manipulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual object that we can manipulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual object that we can manipulate
+right L is equal to 1 comma 2 we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right L is equal to 1 comma 2 we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right L is equal to 1 comma 2 we've also
+created L is equal to three comma four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created L is equal to three comma four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created L is equal to three comma four
+comma five and all these things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma five and all these things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comma five and all these things right
+we're basically creating these instances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically creating these instances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're basically creating these instances
+that we can manipulate and and and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can manipulate and and and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can manipulate and and and use
+in our program to achieve something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our program to achieve something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our program to achieve something
+useful and today we're going to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and today we're going to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and today we're going to see how
+we can do both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do both of those
+things I want to draw a little parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to draw a little parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I want to draw a little parallel
+with functions because it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functions because it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with functions because it's going to
+feel very similar right and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very similar right and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel very similar right and with
+functions when we uh when we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions when we uh when we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions when we uh when we were
+defining a function we were telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a function we were telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining a function we were telling
+python that I would like to uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that I would like to uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that I would like to uh you know
+abstract some code that does something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract some code that does something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract some code that does something
+useful using this class using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful using this class using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful using this class using this
+function definition right so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition right so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function definition right so we were
+writing the definition for the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the definition for the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing the definition for the function
+in this uh abstract way we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh abstract way we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this uh abstract way we didn't
+actually run the function at that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run the function at that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually run the function at that point
+right we just defined it and so when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we just defined it and so when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we just defined it and so when we
+define a class that's basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a class that's basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define a class that's basically what
+we're doing we're telling python that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing we're telling python that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing we're telling python that
+we're creating this object that bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating this object that bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating this object that bundles
+data and behaviors together okay um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and behaviors together okay um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and behaviors together okay um when
+we create an uh instances of of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create an uh instances of of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create an uh instances of of this
+data type that we're uh that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type that we're uh that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data type that we're uh that we're going
+to Def Define that's kind of like we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Def Define that's kind of like we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Def Define that's kind of like we uh
+called the actual function that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the actual function that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the actual function that we
+defined right so when we called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined right so when we called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined right so when we called the
+function we were now doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we were now doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we were now doing something
+useful in our program right we said here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in our program right we said here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful in our program right we said here
+are some actual parameters I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some actual parameters I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some actual parameters I want you to
+run this function with now tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this function with now tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run this function with now tell me what
+the output is okay and that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is okay and that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output is okay and that's exactly
+what we're going to do when we create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do when we create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do when we create
+instances of the of the data type we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of the of the data type we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of the of the data type we're
+def defining we're now creating actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def defining we're now creating actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+def defining we're now creating actual
+objects that we can manipulate and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we can manipulate and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects that we can manipulate and and
+use in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in our
+class okay so the object we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so the object we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class okay so the object we're going to
+uh create in today's lecture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh create in today's lecture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh create in today's lecture is a
+coordinate in a 2d plane okay pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate in a 2d plane okay pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate in a 2d plane okay pretty
+simple pretty mathematical so before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pretty mathematical so before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple pretty mathematical so before we
+actually uh write the code let's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh write the code let's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh write the code let's kind of
+think about what it actually means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it actually means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what it actually means to
+put a coordinate in a 2d plane so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a coordinate in a 2d plane so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a coordinate in a 2d plane so we're
+going to think about if we had a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about if we had a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about if we had a bunch
+of instances right if we had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instances right if we had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of instances right if we had a bunch of
+coordinates in a 2d plane what do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in a 2d plane what do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in a 2d plane what do they
+look like what kind of data are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what kind of data are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like what kind of data are we
+interested in you know grabbing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know grabbing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in you know grabbing from
+these instances what are some things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instances what are some things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these instances what are some things we
+can do with it so here I have a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it so here I have a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do with it so here I have a point in
+my 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 2D
+plane so if we think about how we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so if we think about how we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane so if we think about how we uh
+look at this uh at this coordinate well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this uh at this coordinate well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this uh at this coordinate well
+we know how far away the coordinate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how far away the coordinate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how far away the coordinate is
+on the x-axis and we know how far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x-axis and we know how far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the x-axis and we know how far away
+the coordinate is on the y- AIS right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate is on the y- AIS right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate is on the y- AIS right so
+that's one instance of a coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one instance of a coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one instance of a coordinate
+object now let's say we had another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object now let's say we had another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object now let's say we had another one
+right here's another dot in my 2D plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's another dot in my 2D plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here's another dot in my 2D plane
+again this dot will also know how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this dot will also know how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this dot will also know how far
+away it is on the x- axis and how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it is on the x- axis and how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it is on the x- axis and how far
+away it is on the y- AIS okay so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it is on the y- AIS okay so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it is on the y- AIS okay so one
+reasonable uh data abstraction for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh data abstraction for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable uh data abstraction for a
+coordinate in a 2d plane could be to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate in a 2d plane could be to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate in a 2d plane could be to say
+uh I want two numbers one representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want two numbers one representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I want two numbers one representing
+how far away is is on the x axis and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away is is on the x axis and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away is is on the x axis and one
+for how far away it is on on the y- axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how far away it is on on the y- axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how far away it is on on the y- axis
+right that seems pretty reasonable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that seems pretty reasonable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that seems pretty reasonable I
+don't care about color right even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about color right even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about color right even though
+I colored these things but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I colored these things but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I colored these things but you can
+imagine making a a AC cuter version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine making a a AC cuter version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine making a a AC cuter version of
+this coordinate object that also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate object that also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this coordinate object that also has a
+color associated with it okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color associated with it okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color associated with it okay so the
+data that will represent my point in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that will represent my point in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that will represent my point in a
+coordinate plane in a 2d coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate plane in a 2d coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate plane in a 2d coordinate
+plane is just two numbers right one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is just two numbers right one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane is just two numbers right one for
+the X one for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X one for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X one for the
+Y now what are some things that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y now what are some things that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y now what are some things that we can
+do with these coordinate objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these coordinate objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with these coordinate objects
+certainly something really simple we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly something really simple we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly something really simple we can
+do is to to say Well Point uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to to say Well Point uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is to to say Well Point uh you know
+one of these points you know the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these points you know the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these points you know the orange
+one for example tell me how far away you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example tell me how far away you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for example tell me how far away you
+are on the x-axis or tell me how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the x-axis or tell me how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are on the x-axis or tell me how far
+away you're on the y- axis right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you're on the y- axis right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you're on the y- axis right so
+those two commands could return you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two commands could return you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two commands could return you know
+something like three for that's how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like three for that's how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like three for that's how far
+away that point is on the x- Axis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that point is on the x- Axis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away that point is on the x- Axis or
+four for how far away it is on the y-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four for how far away it is on the y-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four for how far away it is on the y-
+axis um those are pretty simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis um those are pretty simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis um those are pretty simple things
+to do one more interesting thing to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do one more interesting thing to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do one more interesting thing to do
+is to say well hey you point Orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well hey you point Orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say well hey you point Orange
+Point right over there can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point right over there can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point right over there can you tell me
+how far away you are between the Green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away you are between the Green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how far away you are between the Green
+Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point
+right so that would be the ukian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be the ukian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be the ukian
+distance between these two points and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these two points and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between these two points and
+we're going to write a code that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write a code that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to write a code that uh
+figures out how far away one coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out how far away one coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures out how far away one coordinate
+object is from another coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is from another coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is from another coordinate
+object okay all right so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay all right so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object okay all right so let's start
+defining this class coordinate we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining this class coordinate we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining this class coordinate we're
+going to you can see here this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you can see here this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you can see here this is the
+code that implements the class so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that implements the class so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that implements the class so this
+will tell python that we are now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell python that we are now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell python that we are now uh
+creating this object type coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this object type coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating this object type coordinate
+okay so we're not using it yet we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're not using it yet we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're not using it yet we're not
+creating any object object s any object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating any object object s any object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating any object object s any object
+instances we're just telling python that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances we're just telling python that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances we're just telling python that
+we'd like to create this object type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to create this object type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to create this object type so
+we start with the keyword class right uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with the keyword class right uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start with the keyword class right uh
+in parallel we started with a keyword DF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel we started with a keyword DF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parallel we started with a keyword DF
+to define a function then we say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a function then we say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define a function then we say the
+name of our object type so this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of our object type so this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of our object type so this will be
+literally the type of the object so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the type of the object so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally the type of the object so
+coordinate just like we had list int
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate just like we had list int
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate just like we had list int
+float you know all those things this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float you know all those things this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+float you know all those things this
+will be of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be of type
+coordinate and then in parenthesis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and then in parenthesis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate and then in parenthesis here
+we say the parent of this class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the parent of this class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say the parent of this class so
+usually usually we say object until two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually usually we say object until two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually usually we say object until two
+lectures from now when we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from now when we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures from now when we're going to
+see what happens when we put something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when we put something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what happens when we put something
+else in there but when we put object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in there but when we put object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in there but when we put object in
+the parentheses there we're telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses there we're telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parentheses there we're telling
+python that anything a generic python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that anything a generic python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python that anything a generic python
+object can do our object can do as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object can do our object can do as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object can do our object can do as well
+so something really uh uh really basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something really uh uh really basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so something really uh uh really basic
+is saying that I'm going to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that I'm going to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that I'm going to create this
+object in memory and assign a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in memory and assign a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in memory and assign a variable
+to it so that I get a handle for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so that I get a handle for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it so that I get a handle for that
+object using this variable right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object using this variable right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object using this variable right
+something super basic any python object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something super basic any python object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something super basic any python object
+has this ability and ours will too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this ability and ours will too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has this ability and ours will too
+because I've put this object in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've put this object in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've put this object in the
+parenthesis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis here
+okay all right so now we've told python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now we've told python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so now we've told python
+we're creating a data type called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating a data type called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're creating a data type called
+coordinate what are we going to fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate what are we going to fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate what are we going to fill in
+the body of this class so the things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of this class so the things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of this class so the things we
+need to fill in are going to be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fill in are going to be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fill in are going to be our
+attributes okay now again what makes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes okay now again what makes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes okay now again what makes up
+an object two things the data that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object two things the data that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an object two things the data that you
+want to represent this object with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent this object with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to represent this object with and
+the procedures AKA functions AKA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedures AKA functions AKA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the procedures AKA functions AKA
+behaviors that you'd like this object to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that you'd like this object to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors that you'd like this object to
+have okay so the data will be uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so the data will be uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so the data will be uh two
+things right we decided that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right we decided that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right we decided that we're going
+to represent a coordinate using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a coordinate using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a coordinate using two
+numbers okay now what about behaviors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay now what about behaviors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay now what about behaviors
+behaviors will essentially be functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors will essentially be functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors will essentially be functions
+that work with objects of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work with objects of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work with objects of this
+particular type so we're going to Define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type so we're going to Define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type so we're going to Define
+them as functions but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as functions but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as functions but we're going to
+Define them in a really special way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define them in a really special way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define them in a really special way that
+tells python you can only run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python you can only run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python you can only run this
+function on an object of type coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on an object of type coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on an object of type coordinate
+which makes sense I would not like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense I would not like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes sense I would not like to
+find the distance between you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the distance between you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the distance between you know two
+integers that's just subtraction or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that's just subtraction or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that's just subtraction or I
+would not like to find the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not like to find the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not like to find the distance
+between two dictionaries what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two dictionaries what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two dictionaries what does that
+even mean right so distance method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mean right so distance method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even mean right so distance method that
+we uh mentioned is one thing we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh mentioned is one thing we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh mentioned is one thing we'd like
+to implement will only work with objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement will only work with objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement will only work with objects
+of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of type
+coordinate okay so uh these special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so uh these special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate okay so uh these special
+functions are actually called Methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are actually called Methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are actually called Methods
+okay and I'm going to use this term a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to use this term a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'm going to use this term a
+little bit today hopefully you get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit today hopefully you get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit today hopefully you get used
+to it and then from now on from there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and then from now on from there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and then from now on from there
+from next lecture on I'll just use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from next lecture on I'll just use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from next lecture on I'll just use the
+the word methods to refer to functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word methods to refer to functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word methods to refer to functions
+that only work with objects of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only work with objects of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only work with objects of this
+type okay so we so far in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so we so far in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type okay so we so far in the previous
+slide had class coordinate object now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide had class coordinate object now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide had class coordinate object now
+what is the next thing you have to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the next thing you have to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the next thing you have to do so
+the the next thing you always have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next thing you always have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the next thing you always have to do
+when you tell python you're creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you tell python you're creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you tell python you're creating a
+new data type is to tell python how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type is to tell python how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new data type is to tell python how you
+want to construct this data type okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to construct this data type okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to construct this data type okay
+kind of a Constructor uh a Constructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a Constructor uh a Constructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a Constructor uh a Constructor
+function and the way way we do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the way way we do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and the way way we do this is
+by defining so you can see we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by defining so you can see we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by defining so you can see we're
+defining it like a function DF but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining it like a function DF but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining it like a function DF but we're
+going to define a function that's has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a function that's has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to define a function that's has a
+special name and the name is double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name and the name is double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special name and the name is double
+underscore init double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore init double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore init double
+underscore okay so that's the name of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore okay so that's the name of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore okay so that's the name of
+this function and you can see it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and you can see it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function and you can see it's a
+function DF name and then parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function DF name and then parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function DF name and then parentheses
+and there's a bunch of stuff in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of stuff in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a bunch of stuff in the
+parentheses the first thing will be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the first thing will be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses the first thing will be this
+thing called self so already it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called self so already it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called self so already it's going
+to be a little bit different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a little bit different than
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular
+functions now I'm going to uh uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now I'm going to uh uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions now I'm going to uh uh this is
+not the only time I'll explain self I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only time I'll explain self I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the only time I'll explain self I'll
+explain it um you know throughout this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it um you know throughout this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it um you know throughout this
+lecture but the basic idea of self is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but the basic idea of self is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture but the basic idea of self is
+that it's always going to be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always going to be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's always going to be the first
+parameter of a method right a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of a method right a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter of a method right a function
+that only works with an object of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works with an object of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only works with an object of this
+class of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of this
+type and the reason why we have it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and the reason why we have it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and the reason why we have it here
+is because all we're doing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because all we're doing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because all we're doing here is
+telling python that we'd like to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling python that we'd like to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling python that we'd like to create
+this object type we don't have an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object type we don't have an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object type we don't have an actual
+object to manipulate right I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to manipulate right I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object to manipulate right I haven't
+created an actual object yet I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an actual object yet I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an actual object yet I'm just
+telling python I'd like to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling python I'd like to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling python I'd like to create this
+object so if I don't have an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if I don't have an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so if I don't have an actual
+object created yet I need some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object created yet I need some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object created yet I need some way to
+refer to an instance without actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to an instance without actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to an instance without actually
+having one yet and that's what the self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one yet and that's what the self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having one yet and that's what the self
+is doing right it's basically a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing right it's basically a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing right it's basically a variable
+that tells python that this is an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells python that this is an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells python that this is an object
+of uh that this is a a function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh that this is a a function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh that this is a a function that
+only works with an object of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works with an object of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only works with an object of this type
+and I'm going to use this variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to use this variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to use this variable
+self to refer to this object myself my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self to refer to this object myself my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self to refer to this object myself my
+data attributes and my methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes and my methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes and my methods and
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+that so will become clear there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so will become clear there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so will become clear there will be
+many examples but for now it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples but for now it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many examples but for now it's basically
+a way for us to refer to an object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for us to refer to an object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way for us to refer to an object of
+this type uh an instance of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type uh an instance of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type uh an instance of this type
+without actually having created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually having created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually having created
+one anything after Self is basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anything after Self is basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anything after Self is basically uh
+parameters you'd like to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you'd like to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters you'd like to create this
+object with so for us it doesn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with so for us it doesn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object with so for us it doesn't make
+sense to say uh create this coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to say uh create this coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to say uh create this coordinate
+object without actually initializing its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object without actually initializing its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object without actually initializing its
+X and Y values right when we put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y values right when we put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y values right when we put a
+coordinate object in a 2d plane I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object in a 2d plane I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object in a 2d plane I would
+like to put it in that 2D plane so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put it in that 2D plane so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to put it in that 2D plane so it
+needs an initial X and initial y value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs an initial X and initial y value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs an initial X and initial y value
+okay so these parameters here will tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these parameters here will tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these parameters here will tell
+python you need to pass in a value for x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python you need to pass in a value for x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python you need to pass in a value for x
+and y when you create your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y when you create your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y when you create your
+object and then the body of this in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then the body of this in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and then the body of this in it
+will have whatever you'd like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have whatever you'd like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have whatever you'd like whatever
+code you'd like to initialize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you'd like to initialize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you'd like to initialize your
+object yes question is like the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object yes question is like the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object yes question is like the way you
+the underscores is that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underscores is that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the underscores is that of
+write the underscores is part of how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the underscores is part of how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the underscores is part of how you
+write it so you have to have underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it so you have to have underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it so you have to have underscore
+underscore in it underscore underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore in it underscore underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underscore in it underscore underscore
+yeah it's a special function we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a special function we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's a special function we'll talk
+about them next lecture it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them next lecture it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them next lecture it's called a
+Dunder function double underscore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunder function double underscore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunder function double underscore
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+Dunder okay okay so the body of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunder okay okay so the body of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dunder okay okay so the body of this
+function can contain a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can contain a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can contain a bunch of
+initialization codes so anything you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization codes so anything you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialization codes so anything you'd
+like to initialize when you create an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to initialize when you create an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to initialize when you create an
+object of this type that's what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of this type that's what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of this type that's what you
+stick in here okay usually most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in here okay usually most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick in here okay usually most of the
+time 99% of the time you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 99% of the time you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time 99% of the time you want to
+initialize the data that makes up your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the data that makes up your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialize the data that makes up your
+object right so the data we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so the data we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object right so the data we decided
+makes up our object is how far you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up our object is how far you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes up our object is how far you are
+in the x- axis and how far away you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x- axis and how far away you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the x- axis and how far away you are
+in the y- axis so here this data that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y- axis so here this data that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the y- axis so here this data that I
+want every single one of my objects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want every single one of my objects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want every single one of my objects to
+have a value for x and a value for y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value for x and a value for y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a value for x and a value for y is
+initialized using self dot right so self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized using self dot right so self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized using self dot right so self
+dot a variable named X and self dot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a variable named X and self dot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot a variable named X and self dot a
+variable named y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable named y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable named y
+and the self dot before these variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the self dot before these variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the self dot before these variables
+distinguishes these variables X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes these variables X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguishes these variables X and Y
+here from regular variables right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from regular variables right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from regular variables right if I
+were to just say x equals x Val and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just say x equals x Val and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to just say x equals x Val and Y
+equals y Val X and Y will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y Val X and Y will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals y Val X and Y will just be
+regular variables as soon as my init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular variables as soon as my init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular variables as soon as my init
+function terminates those variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function terminates those variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function terminates those variables are
+gone but because I've got self.x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but because I've got self.x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone but because I've got self.x and
+self.y this means that these values X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self.y this means that these values X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self.y this means that these values X
+and Y will persist throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y will persist throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y will persist throughout the
+lifetime of my object when I create my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of my object when I create my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of my object when I create my
+actual object object and every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual object object and every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual object object and every single
+object I create will have their own X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I create will have their own X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I create will have their own X
+and Y values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yep good question does this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yep good question does this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yep good question does this uh
+self do thing have to be different uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self do thing have to be different uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self do thing have to be different uh it
+does not have to be so you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to be so you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have to be so you can have
+self. XV Val equals XV Val and self.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. XV Val equals XV Val and self.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self. XV Val equals XV Val and self.
+yval equals y Val the reason I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yval equals y Val the reason I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yval equals y Val the reason I did it
+here is to Showcase that they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to Showcase that they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to Showcase that they actually
+do not have to be the same yeah they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have to be the same yeah they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have to be the same yeah they are
+completely different right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different right so
+self.x is different than x value we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self.x is different than x value we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self.x is different than x value we're
+just happen to be assigning this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to be assigning this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just happen to be assigning this value
+to be whatever is passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+okay so a little bit of a a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a little bit of a a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a little bit of a a kind of
+again just kind of explaining what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just kind of explaining what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again just kind of explaining what the
+self is in the context of a blueprint so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self is in the context of a blueprint so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self is in the context of a blueprint so
+if we think about a blueprint in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about a blueprint in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think about a blueprint in real
+life right so here I have a blueprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right so here I have a blueprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life right so here I have a blueprint
+for a a room that I might want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a room that I might want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a room that I might want to create
+I don't actually have this room created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually have this room created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't actually have this room created
+yet right it's just an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right it's just an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right it's just an idea
+but what I know is that I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I know is that I'm going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I know is that I'm going to use
+this blueprint right uh uh to have uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blueprint right uh uh to have uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blueprint right uh uh to have uh uh
+to have a room that contains two chairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a room that contains two chairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a room that contains two chairs
+a coffee table and a sofa right so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coffee table and a sofa right so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a coffee table and a sofa right so in
+this blueprint I don't have actual rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blueprint I don't have actual rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blueprint I don't have actual rooms
+that I've implemented you know this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've implemented you know this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've implemented you know this this
+thing in I don't have actual rooms where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in I don't have actual rooms where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in I don't have actual rooms where
+I've put two chair chairs at coffee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put two chair chairs at coffee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've put two chair chairs at coffee
+table and a sofa in it's just an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and a sofa in it's just an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and a sofa in it's just an idea
+but self is uh is kind of the way that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but self is uh is kind of the way that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but self is uh is kind of the way that a
+blueprint accesses its attributes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint accesses its attributes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint accesses its attributes right
+so I've got if I say self. coffee table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got if I say self. coffee table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got if I say self. coffee table
+that means if in the future I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if in the future I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means if in the future I have an
+actual room self. coffee table means I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual room self. coffee table means I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual room self. coffee table means I'm
+referring to that room's coffee table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to that room's coffee table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to that room's coffee table
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the the self is a variable that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the self is a variable that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the the self is a variable that we
+used to refer uh to data or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to refer uh to data or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to refer uh to data or to
+attributes for uh for a blueprint when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for uh for a blueprint when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes for uh for a blueprint when I
+don't have actual rooms created but once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have actual rooms created but once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have actual rooms created but once
+I create instances of rooms right so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create instances of rooms right so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I create instances of rooms right so for
+example here I I have something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here I I have something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example here I I have something called
+living room created right so I've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room created right so I've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room created right so I've taken
+my blueprint and now somebody asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my blueprint and now somebody asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my blueprint and now somebody asked me
+to create a room with this blueprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a room with this blueprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a room with this blueprint
+right now I no longer use self because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I no longer use self because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now I no longer use self because I
+have an actual room in hand so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an actual room in hand so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an actual room in hand so now I
+would refer to coffee table in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would refer to coffee table in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would refer to coffee table in this
+living room as living room. coffee table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room as living room. coffee table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room as living room. coffee table
+or living rooms coffee table right no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or living rooms coffee table right no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or living rooms coffee table right no
+longer self's coffee table so self is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer self's coffee table so self is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer self's coffee table so self is
+only used in the context of my blueprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used in the context of my blueprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only used in the context of my blueprint
+okay and to sort of find bring the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to sort of find bring the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to sort of find bring the the
+last Point home the idea that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Point home the idea that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last Point home the idea that with the
+blueprint you can create many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint you can create many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint you can create many different
+instances well here's a living room that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances well here's a living room that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances well here's a living room that
+I've applied my uh blueprint to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've applied my uh blueprint to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've applied my uh blueprint to and
+here's another living room completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another living room completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another living room completely
+different room that somebody asked me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different room that somebody asked me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different room that somebody asked me to
+use my blueprint for to create it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my blueprint for to create it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use my blueprint for to create it
+different chairs different coffee tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chairs different coffee tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chairs different coffee tables
+different colored you know things these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored you know things these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colored you know things these
+are all different instances that I Ed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all different instances that I Ed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all different instances that I Ed my
+one template my one blueprint for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one template my one blueprint for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one template my one blueprint for the
+room on okay so when we're defining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room on okay so when we're defining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room on okay so when we're defining the
+class we don't have actual objects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we don't have actual objects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class we don't have actual objects right
+again that's just kind of a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's just kind of a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's just kind of a really big
+idea here we're just telling python I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here we're just telling python I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here we're just telling python I'd
+like to create this object and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to create this object and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to create this object and this is
+what it looks like I'm bundling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like I'm bundling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like I'm bundling this
+data with these behaviors together but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with these behaviors together but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data with these behaviors together but I
+don't have actual objects of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have actual objects of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have actual objects of this type
+created yet so let's actually create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created yet so let's actually create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created yet so let's actually create
+some objects um the code that does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objects um the code that does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some objects um the code that does this
+is as follows so I've put the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows so I've put the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows so I've put the definition
+for my class uh the Constructor the init
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my class uh the Constructor the init
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my class uh the Constructor the init
+method for my class up here just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for my class up here just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for my class up here just to
+remind us what it looks like and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us what it looks like and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us what it looks like and with
+that code we can now start to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code we can now start to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that code we can now start to create
+actual objects that we can manipulate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual objects that we can manipulate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual objects that we can manipulate so
+when we created something like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we created something like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we created something like you know
+L is equal to one you know square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is equal to one you know square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L is equal to one you know square
+bracket lists one comma 2 now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket lists one comma 2 now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bracket lists one comma 2 now I'm
+creating these actual coordinates in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these actual coordinates in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating these actual coordinates in my
+code using my blueprint so the way we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code using my blueprint so the way we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code using my blueprint so the way we do
+that is we invoke the name of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we invoke the name of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we invoke the name of our
+class so you say coordinate that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so you say coordinate that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so you say coordinate that's what
+we named it right that's our data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we named it right that's our data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we named it right that's our data type
+and here I'm passing in every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm passing in every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here I'm passing in every single
+parameter except for self so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter except for self so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter except for self so i
+initialized a a a cordinate object using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized a a a cordinate object using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized a a a cordinate object using
+xval and yval so I need to put in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xval and yval so I need to put in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xval and yval so I need to put in two
+parameters here for xval and yval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here for xval and yval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters here for xval and yval
+and self actually becomes this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self actually becomes this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self actually becomes this thing
+that I just created this object right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just created this object right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just created this object right so
+coordinate 3 comma 4 is now an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate 3 comma 4 is now an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate 3 comma 4 is now an object
+that's being referenced by variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being referenced by variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being referenced by variable
+named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named
+C and which is why I'm not passing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and which is why I'm not passing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and which is why I'm not passing in
+itself so it's kind of weird to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's kind of weird to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so it's kind of weird to think
+about but now I have one object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but now I have one object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but now I have one object in
+memory it's referenced by name c and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's referenced by name c and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory it's referenced by name c and on
+the next line I have another object in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next line I have another object in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next line I have another object in
+memory right again I've invoked the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right again I've invoked the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right again I've invoked the name
+of my class coordinate the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my class coordinate the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my class coordinate the this
+particular object x value will be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular object x value will be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular object x value will be zero
+and Y value will be zero so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y value will be zero so different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y value will be zero so different
+than the than the the one I just did on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the than the the one I just did on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the than the the one I just did on
+the previous line but it'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous line but it'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous line but it'll have the
+same structure right so they will both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure right so they will both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same structure right so they will both
+have some X and Y value they'll just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some X and Y value they'll just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some X and Y value they'll just be
+different from each other right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from each other right but
+they'll both have X and they'll both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll both have X and they'll both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll both have X and they'll both
+have y the one I've named down here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y the one I've named down here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have y the one I've named down here is
+going to be origin okay so I've got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be origin okay so I've got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be origin okay so I've got two
+objects of type coordinate one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of type coordinate one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects of type coordinate one is
+referenced by C by name c and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced by C by name c and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referenced by C by name c and the other
+one is referenced by name origin okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is referenced by name origin okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is referenced by name origin okay so
+now now that I have these objects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that I have these objects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that I have these objects in
+hand I can access any of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I can access any of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I can access any of their
+attributes and python will grab for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and python will grab for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and python will grab for me
+the attribute of that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attribute of that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attribute of that particular
+object so here I've got um this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so here I've got um this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so here I've got um this thing
+called dot notation which we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dot notation which we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dot notation which we've seen
+before and I'll I'll explain it again in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I'll I'll explain it again in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I'll I'll explain it again in
+a couple slides but the dot notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple slides but the dot notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple slides but the dot notation
+tells python to access the X data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python to access the X data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells python to access the X data
+attribute of object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute of object
+C so this will grab for me the x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this will grab for me the x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this will grab for me the x value
+of c three right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c three right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c three right
+and the next line will grab for me the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next line will grab for me the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next line will grab for me the x
+value of origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of origin
+zero and this is all made possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is all made possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and this is all made possible
+because X and we could also access Y X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X and we could also access Y X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X and we could also access Y X
+and Y were defined in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y were defined in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Y were defined in the class
+definition using self dot if I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition using self dot if I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition using self dot if I didn't
+use self dot those would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use self dot those would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use self dot those would just be
+variables and as soon as I created my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and as soon as I created my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and as soon as I created my
+object they would have gone away because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they would have gone away because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object they would have gone away because
+that function had terminated but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function had terminated but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that function had terminated but in
+order to have these variables X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have these variables X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to have these variables X and Y
+persist throughout the lifetime of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist throughout the lifetime of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist throughout the lifetime of my
+object I've defined them using self.x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I've defined them using self.x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I've defined them using self.x
+and self.y right so any object I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self.y right so any object I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and self.y right so any object I've
+created that's of type coordinate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that's of type coordinate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created that's of type coordinate will
+have some value for x and some value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some value for x and some value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some value for x and some value for
+y right so we can access that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so we can access that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y right so we can access that value
+through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this
+notation does that make sense so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation does that make sense so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation does that make sense so far is
+that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right okay so we're going to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're going to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so we're going to visualize
+this in a a slightly different way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a a slightly different way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in a a slightly different way so
+the exact same code AS on a previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same code AS on a previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same code AS on a previous
+slide we're now going to do it in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we're now going to do it in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide we're now going to do it in this
+in our little um memory sort of type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our little um memory sort of type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our little um memory sort of type so
+here I have C is equal to coordinate 34
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have C is equal to coordinate 34
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have C is equal to coordinate 34
+exactly what I had on the previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I had on the previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I had on the previous slide
+so in memory the way you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in memory the way you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in memory the way you think about it
+is you know as we've they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know as we've they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know as we've they've been
+thinking about other objects so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other objects so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about other objects so it's not
+much different we have C is our name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different we have C is our name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much different we have C is our name
+right and it's bound to an object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's bound to an object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's bound to an object of
+type coordinate it just so happens we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type coordinate it just so happens we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type coordinate it just so happens we
+Define this object but it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this object but it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define this object but it's the same
+idea I've got a name bound to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I've got a name bound to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I've got a name bound to some
+object and this object has its own XV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this object has its own XV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and this object has its own XV
+value and its own y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and its own y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and its own y
+value okay so when you evaluate c.x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so when you evaluate c.x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value okay so when you evaluate c.x
+python goes into memory it says hey what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python goes into memory it says hey what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python goes into memory it says hey what
+type is C and it says oh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is C and it says oh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is C and it says oh it's a
+coordinate object does coordinate object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object does coordinate object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object does coordinate object
+have a data attribute named X yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a data attribute named X yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a data attribute named X yes it
+does because it looks at the init and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does because it looks at the init and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does because it looks at the init and
+then it says well what's its value it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it says well what's its value it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it says well what's its value it's
+three and so it just returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so it just returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and so it just returns
+that and so uh the the the next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh the the the next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so uh the the the next three
+lines here are slightly different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here are slightly different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines here are slightly different from
+two slides uh two slides ago but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides uh two slides ago but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two slides uh two slides ago but very
+similar a is equal to Zer creates for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar a is equal to Zer creates for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar a is equal to Zer creates for me
+a variable named a bound to the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable named a bound to the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variable named a bound to the value
+zero right just to Showcase that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right just to Showcase that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right just to Showcase that it's
+exactly the same as having a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as having a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as having a variable
+named C bound to this object that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named C bound to this object that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named C bound to this object that we
+created and then when I say orig equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and then when I say orig equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and then when I say orig equals
+coordinate a comma a python says all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate a comma a python says all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate a comma a python says all
+right well here's a name orig for origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well here's a name orig for origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well here's a name orig for origin
+what is it bound what is it bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it bound what is it bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it bound what is it bound to
+well it's also bound to an object of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's also bound to an object of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's also bound to an object of
+type coordinate and it's an object we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type coordinate and it's an object we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type coordinate and it's an object we
+defined so we defined an object of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so we defined an object of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined so we defined an object of type
+coordinate having an X and Y value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate having an X and Y value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate having an X and Y value so
+here they are and they're originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are and they're originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they are and they're originally
+zero they're set to zero when I created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they're set to zero when I created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero they're set to zero when I created
+this object so when I say orig dox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object so when I say orig dox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object so when I say orig dox
+python will look up orig it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will look up orig it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+python will look up orig it's going to
+say hey what type are you oh you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey what type are you oh you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say hey what type are you oh you're a
+coordinate do you have an x value you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate do you have an x value you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate do you have an x value you do
+that's what we Define in the init let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we Define in the init let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we Define in the init let me
+grab that value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab that value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab that value from
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+okay so we're just manipulating objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just manipulating objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're just manipulating objects
+in memory right now that we've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory right now that we've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory right now that we've written
+the code to uh to work with objects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code to uh to work with objects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code to uh to work with objects that
+we created we're just creating a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created we're just creating a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we created we're just creating a whole
+bunch of these objects in memory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these objects in memory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these objects in memory and
+then you know grabbing their X values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know grabbing their X values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know grabbing their X values
+and then we're going to get the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to get the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to get the distance
+between two objects in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two objects in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two objects in a
+bit one more way to kind of show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit one more way to kind of show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit one more way to kind of show you
+that exact same code is to visualize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact same code is to visualize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exact same code is to visualize it
+so here is the code all the the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the code all the the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is the code all the the entire
+code as you would have it in a file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as you would have it in a file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code as you would have it in a file
+right so you would have all this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you would have all this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you would have all this all
+together the gray box is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the gray box is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the gray box is the definition
+for my object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my object
+type and the blue box is me using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and the blue box is me using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type and the blue box is me using this
+object that I just created okay I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that I just created okay I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object that I just created okay I've
+just separated that out just for clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separated that out just for clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separated that out just for clarity
+so when I have my gray box there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I have my gray box there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I have my gray box there's
+nothing to display right it just sits in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to display right it just sits in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing to display right it just sits in
+memory uh and python knows of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory uh and python knows of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory uh and python knows of this type
+of class cordinate that has two data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class cordinate that has two data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of class cordinate that has two data
+attributes the things that I've defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes the things that I've defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes the things that I've defined
+using self dot right X and Y when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using self dot right X and Y when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using self dot right X and Y when I
+create C is equal to coordinate 34 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create C is equal to coordinate 34 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create C is equal to coordinate 34 right
+visualizing what we're trying to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing what we're trying to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing what we're trying to do here
+here I've got this object whose name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got this object whose name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got this object whose name is
+C and it's at three comma four and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and it's at three comma four and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and it's at three comma four and then
+I've got this object named origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this object named origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this object named origin and
+its uh X and Y values are Z comma 0er so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh X and Y values are Z comma 0er so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its uh X and Y values are Z comma 0er so
+because I've created these objects using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've created these objects using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've created these objects using
+the same blueprint right the coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same blueprint right the coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same blueprint right the coordinate
+blueprint that I've defined up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint that I've defined up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint that I've defined up in the
+gray that means every object that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray that means every object that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray that means every object that I've
+created C and origin has a self.x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created C and origin has a self.x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created C and origin has a self.x and
+self.y value right it just so happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self.y value right it just so happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self.y value right it just so happens
+that the actual values for X and Y are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the actual values for X and Y are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the actual values for X and Y are
+different between these two objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between these two objects
+right okay so when I grab or originx I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so when I grab or originx I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so when I grab or originx I'm
+looking up origin and I'm grabbing its x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up origin and I'm grabbing its x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking up origin and I'm grabbing its x
+value zero right just another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero right just another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value zero right just another way to
+visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize
+it okay is everyone okay with these data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay is everyone okay with these data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay is everyone okay with these data
+attributes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes all
+right so now let's add a method right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's add a method right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now let's add a method right so
+a method remember is just a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method remember is just a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method remember is just a function
+that works with an object of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works with an object of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works with an object of this type
+okay so the way that we tell python we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way that we tell python we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way that we tell python we'd
+like to create a method is by passing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to create a method is by passing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to create a method is by passing in
+self as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self as the first
+parameter so let's create this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so let's create this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter so let's create this uh
+function named distance if you look in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function named distance if you look in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function named distance if you look in
+the actual python code for today I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual python code for today I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual python code for today I've
+got uh two more functions one to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh two more functions one to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got uh two more functions one to get the
+x value of this current object and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value of this current object and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x value of this current object and one
+to get the yv value but those are not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the yv value but those are not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the yv value but those are not as
+interesting this distance one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this distance one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting this distance one is
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+though so I would like to create this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so I would like to create this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though so I would like to create this
+function uh that only works with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh that only works with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function uh that only works with an
+object of type coordinate so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type coordinate so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type coordinate so what we
+done so far is this these lines up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is this these lines up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so far is this these lines up here
+so now we've got DF again it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got DF again it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got DF again it's just the
+function so we've got def name of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we've got def name of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so we've got def name of it
+distance and then the parameters so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then the parameters so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and then the parameters so
+again since this is a function that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again since this is a function that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again since this is a function that only
+works with an object of type coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with an object of type coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with an object of type coordinate
+I need to put self as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to put self as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need to put self as the first
+parameter and this self will help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and this self will help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and this self will help us
+refer to the object when I call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the object when I call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refer to the object when I call the
+method on it right so so if self is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on it right so so if self is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on it right so so if self is the
+first parameter that means that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first parameter that means that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first parameter that means that this
+distance method will be called on self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance method will be called on self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance method will be called on self
+so when I call when I have an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I call when I have an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I call when I have an actual
+object in hand that I'm calling distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in hand that I'm calling distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object in hand that I'm calling distance
+on the self parameter will take on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the self parameter will take on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the self parameter will take on the
+value that is that object we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is that object we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that is that object we're going to
+see this in the next slide okay so self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in the next slide okay so self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this in the next slide okay so self
+is the thing that I'm calling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that I'm calling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the thing that I'm calling this
+function on and then what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on and then what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function on and then what other
+parameters do I want to uh take uh give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters do I want to uh take uh give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters do I want to uh take uh give
+to this function well I want to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function well I want to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this function well I want to find the
+distance between myself so this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between myself so this object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between myself so this object
+that I'm going to call distance on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to call distance on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to call distance on and
+another coordinate object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coordinate object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another coordinate object
+now other than maybe a dock string here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now other than maybe a dock string here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now other than maybe a dock string here
+that says hey warning other should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says hey warning other should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says hey warning other should be a
+object of type coordinate there isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type coordinate there isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object of type coordinate there isn't
+really anything that that enforces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really anything that that enforces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really anything that that enforces the
+type of other when you make a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of other when you make a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of other when you make a function
+call when you make a method call right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call when you make a method call right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call when you make a method call right
+so you can call this distance method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can call this distance method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can call this distance method
+with other being an integer right which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other being an integer right which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other being an integer right which
+is not an object of type coordinate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an object of type coordinate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not an object of type coordinate the
+code will run but will immediately crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will run but will immediately crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code will run but will immediately crash
+because of what's going on inside so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what's going on inside so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what's going on inside so the
+only way this code will work is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way this code will work is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only way this code will work is if
+you're calling it on an object of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling it on an object of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're calling it on an object of type
+coordinate for the other okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for the other okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate for the other okay so the
+reason for that is because well when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is because well when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for that is because well when we
+think about grabbing the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about grabbing the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about grabbing the distance
+between two objects that are coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two objects that are coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two objects that are coordinates
+in a 2d plane we uh take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 2d plane we uh take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a 2d plane we uh take the difference
+between the X values Square uh square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the X values Square uh square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the X values Square uh square
+that take the difference between the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take the difference between the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that take the difference between the Y
+values square that right Pythagoras add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values square that right Pythagoras add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values square that right Pythagoras add
+those two together take the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two together take the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two together take the square
+root so if I'm calling this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so if I'm calling this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root so if I'm calling this distance
+method on an object of type coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on an object of type coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on an object of type coordinate
+I.E self how do I grab my's x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E self how do I grab my's x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I.E self how do I grab my's x
+value well I just say self.x right my x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well I just say self.x right my x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value well I just say self.x right my x
+value what is it and then I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what is it and then I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value what is it and then I would like
+to subtract that from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract that from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to subtract that from the other
+coordinate object's x value what's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object's x value what's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object's x value what's my
+other coordinate object it's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinate object it's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other coordinate object it's the thing
+that I'm passing in as a parameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm passing in as a parameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm passing in as a parameter so
+grab their x value so if I take self.x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab their x value so if I take self.x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab their x value so if I take self.x
+minus other dox python will grab my x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus other dox python will grab my x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus other dox python will grab my x
+value subtracted from other's x value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value subtracted from other's x value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value subtracted from other's x value
+square that we do the exact same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that we do the exact same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square that we do the exact same thing
+with Y right grab my X Y value subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y right grab my X Y value subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Y right grab my X Y value subtract
+it from others y value square that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from others y value square that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from others y value square that and
+then the rest is just Pythagoras add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest is just Pythagoras add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest is just Pythagoras add
+those two and take the square root I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and take the square root I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two and take the square root I
+take it to the power of a half okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to the power of a half okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to the power of a half okay and
+this function is just a regular function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is just a regular function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function is just a regular function
+other than this self being the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than this self being the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than this self being the first
+parameter and us working with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and us working with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter and us working with you know
+data attributes of myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes of myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attributes of myself and
+potentially other um parameters but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially other um parameters but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially other um parameters but you
+know you can see it returns a value it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see it returns a value it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can see it returns a value it
+has the DF a name and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the DF a name and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the DF a name and things like
+that so the way we're going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the way we're going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so the way we're going to use this
+method that we just wrote is using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we just wrote is using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that we just wrote is using the
+dot Operator just like we accessed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Operator just like we accessed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot Operator just like we accessed a
+data attribute of a object that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute of a object that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data attribute of a object that I
+created I can access a procedural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created I can access a procedural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created I can access a procedural
+attribute I.E a method of an object I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute I.E a method of an object I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute I.E a method of an object I
+just created so we use the dot operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just created so we use the dot operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just created so we use the dot operator
+for this the thing before the dot is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this the thing before the dot is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this the thing before the dot is the
+object I would like to call the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I would like to call the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object I would like to call the method
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+dot the name of the method I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot the name of the method I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot the name of the method I'd like to
+call and in parentheses it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and in parentheses it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call and in parentheses it's just a
+function so I need to give it any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I need to give it any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so I need to give it any
+parameters this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters this method
+expects now this should look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects now this should look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expects now this should look very
+familiar we introduced dot notation when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar we introduced dot notation when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar we introduced dot notation when
+we worked with lists right remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked with lists right remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked with lists right remember
+that and I said when we work with a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I said when we work with a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and I said when we work with a list
+right you for now have to remember why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you for now have to remember why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you for now have to remember why
+we use this special way of writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this special way of writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this special way of writing this
+this function but it was the same idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function but it was the same idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function but it was the same idea
+the thing before the dot was the list I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before the dot was the list I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing before the dot was the list I
+wanted to apply the function to right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply the function to right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply the function to right so
+my list is the name of a list variable I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my list is the name of a list variable I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my list is the name of a list variable I
+wanted to apply the function append and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply the function append and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to apply the function append and
+it happened to take an integer as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened to take an integer as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it happened to take an integer as a
+parameter okay and same with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay and same with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter okay and same with you know
+sort here is also another one but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort here is also another one but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort here is also another one but this
+one didn't take any parameters but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one didn't take any parameters but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one didn't take any parameters but it's
+the same idea the dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea the dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same idea the dot
+notation so in terms of our class here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so in terms of our class here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation so in terms of our class here
+I've got two coordinate objects right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two coordinate objects right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got two coordinate objects right
+and I've got a DOT notation being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a DOT notation being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've got a DOT notation being used
+here to find the distance between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to find the distance between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to find the distance between one
+object and another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and another one
+so the thing before the dot is an object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing before the dot is an object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing before the dot is an object
+I would like to use the distance method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to use the distance method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to use the distance method
+on pick one of them C dot distance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pick one of them C dot distance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on pick one of them C dot distance the
+name of the method I'd like to call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the method I'd like to call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of the method I'd like to call and
+in parentheses I've got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses I've got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in parentheses I've got another
+coordinate object or rig so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object or rig so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object or rig so
+here I am using the class right and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am using the class right and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I am using the class right and I've
+got actual values right actual objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got actual values right actual objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got actual values right actual objects
+that I'm manipulating right C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+orig okay so this might look a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orig okay so this might look a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orig okay so this might look a little
+bit weird but when we actually call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit weird but when we actually call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit weird but when we actually call the
+function remember we omitted self when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function remember we omitted self when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function remember we omitted self when
+we uh when we omitted uh sorry we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh when we omitted uh sorry we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh when we omitted uh sorry we
+omitted self when we made this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted self when we made this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omitted self when we made this function
+call but that's because self implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but that's because self implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call but that's because self implicitly
+becomes the thing before the dot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the thing before the dot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the thing before the dot the
+thing you're calling this method on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're calling this method on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you're calling this method on okay
+so let's visualize that in our memory so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's visualize that in our memory so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's visualize that in our memory so
+here I've got my class definition for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got my class definition for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got my class definition for a
+coordinate it has some data attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate it has some data attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate it has some data attributes
+and some procedural attributes I've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some procedural attributes I've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some procedural attributes I've got
+uh the these two objects being created C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the these two objects being created C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the these two objects being created C
+is this object of type coordinate or rig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this object of type coordinate or rig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this object of type coordinate or rig
+is this object of type coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this object of type coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this object of type coordinate
+they've got different X and Y values but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got different X and Y values but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've got different X and Y values but
+they both have X and Y some X and Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have X and Y some X and Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they both have X and Y some X and Y
+values when I make a function call to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when I make a function call to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when I make a function call to C
+uh to uh sorry a method call on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh sorry a method call on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to uh sorry a method call on
+C python says all right let me look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C python says all right let me look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C python says all right let me look at
+this thing before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing before the
+dot what is it it's an object of type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot what is it it's an object of type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot what is it it's an object of type
+coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate
+okay then it looks the method you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then it looks the method you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then it looks the method you're
+trying to call distance it says hey does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to call distance it says hey does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to call distance it says hey does
+coordinate have a distance method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate have a distance method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate have a distance method
+defined why yes it does we just wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined why yes it does we just wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined why yes it does we just wrote it
+and then it says all right well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it says all right well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it says all right well let me
+call this distance method it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this distance method it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this distance method it's going to
+set self as C the thing before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set self as C the thing before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set self as C the thing before the
+dot and any other parameters will be set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and any other parameters will be set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot and any other parameters will be set
+in order to whatever is being passed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to whatever is being passed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to whatever is being passed in
+here so or rig will become the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so or rig will become the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so or rig will become the other
+parameter for my class from my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for my class from my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter for my class from my
+definition for that function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is just the conventional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just the conventional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is just the conventional
+way of calling methods and it's the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of calling methods and it's the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of calling methods and it's the way
+we've been working with lists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with lists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been working with lists and
+dictionaries and things like that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and things like that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dictionaries and things like that so
+again we've got some object the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we've got some object the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we've got some object the thing
+before the dot some method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run and when we call it this way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and when we call it this way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run and when we call it this way the
+thing before the dot becomes self in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before the dot becomes self in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before the dot becomes self in our
+class definition right in our method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class definition right in our method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class definition right in our method
+definition and then all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and then all the other
+parameters become assigned one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters become assigned one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters become assigned one by one
+right everything except for self now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everything except for self now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right everything except for self now to
+sort of demystify this I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of demystify this I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of demystify this I would like to
+show you what this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what this is actually
+equivalent to so we can run the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to so we can run the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to so we can run the function
+the method that we defined using by by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method that we defined using by by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the method that we defined using by by
+actually passing in a value for self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually passing in a value for self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually passing in a value for self
+right if this is more if this is clearer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is more if this is clearer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if this is more if this is clearer
+to you so in that case the thing before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so in that case the thing before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you so in that case the thing before
+the dot cannot be an object right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot cannot be an object right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot cannot be an object right
+because if it is an object of the type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it is an object of the type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it is an object of the type
+coordinate then python will say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then python will say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate then python will say well
+this is the object I'm running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the object I'm running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the object I'm running the
+distance method on so to demystify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance method on so to demystify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance method on so to demystify this
+you can actually invoke the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually invoke the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually invoke the name of the
+class right the object that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right the object that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class right the object that you're
+trying to create the name the data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create the name the data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to create the name the data type
+right coordinate and then python says oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coordinate and then python says oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right coordinate and then python says oh
+I see you're calling the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see you're calling the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see you're calling the name of the
+class it's not an object so then what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's not an object so then what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class it's not an object so then what do
+you want from me okay the thing after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want from me okay the thing after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want from me okay the thing after
+the dot says I would like to run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot says I would like to run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dot says I would like to run this
+method on you but now it needs all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on you but now it needs all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method on you but now it needs all the
+parameters in the parameter list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the parameter list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters in the parameter list
+including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including
+self so here I would set you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self so here I would set you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self so here I would set you know I
+would have to give it explicitly C comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to give it explicitly C comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to give it explicitly C comma
+0 instead of just zero because the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 instead of just zero because the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 instead of just zero because the thing
+before the dot is the name of my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the dot is the name of my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the dot is the name of my class
+not an actual object like it is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an actual object like it is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an actual object like it is on the
+side so this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so this is actually the
+conventional way to do this right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional way to do this right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional way to do this right this
+is the shorthand the pythonic way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shorthand the pythonic way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the shorthand the pythonic way to do
+this but this hopefully demystifies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this hopefully demystifies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but this hopefully demystifies the
+self deal and the way um we actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self deal and the way um we actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self deal and the way um we actually you
+know set that first parameter to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know set that first parameter to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know set that first parameter to the
+thing before the DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before the DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing before the DOT
+all right yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question yeah exactly if there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah exactly if there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah exactly if there's more
+parameter just pop in those extra ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter just pop in those extra ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter just pop in those extra ones
+with commas just like a regular function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with commas just like a regular function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with commas just like a regular function
+right so this dot operator basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this dot operator basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this dot operator basically
+accesses either our data c.x or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses either our data c.x or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accesses either our data c.x or our
+methods right c. distance whatever or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods right c. distance whatever or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods right c. distance whatever or
+whatever method name we have right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever method name we have right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever method name we have right so
+that's it uh for today's lecture next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it uh for today's lecture next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it uh for today's lecture next
+lecture we're going to build on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to build on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we're going to build on this
+coordinate object by creating circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object by creating circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate object by creating circles
+and then we'll create some fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll create some fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll create some fraction
+objects and um we'll look at some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and um we'll look at some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and um we'll look at some other
+way some other objects that we can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way some other objects that we can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way some other objects that we can uh
+bundle together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/u9givSC2M8Y.txt b/u9givSC2M8Y.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6627ffd295d3a0b137b6f6931e901041ed03f82a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/u9givSC2M8Y.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3397 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: My name
+is Mark Harvey
+
+and I'm currently
+teaching a course called
+
+Musical Improvisation.
+
+And this demonstration is part
+of that course in collaboration
+
+with [? Mitas ?]
+and Phil Scarff,
+
+who's the leader
+of Natraj, which
+
+presented a great
+concert yesterday.
+
+I know some of you were there,
+but if you weren't there,
+
+maybe you'll be able
+to hear Natraj again
+
+in another setting.
+
+And so, Ravikiran is
+the other presenter.
+
+He'll be coming a little bit
+late, but he will be here.
+
+So we're going to
+begin with Phil.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: So
+today's workshop is
+
+going to be on
+application of frameworks
+
+from Indian classical music to
+improvisation in other idioms.
+
+And in Indian classical music
+there are two major systems.
+
+They're really two
+different idioms.
+
+There's North Indian
+classical music,
+
+which is also called
+Hindustani music.
+
+And there's South
+Indian classical music,
+
+which is also called
+Carnatic music.
+
+So I'm going to be talking
+about Hindustani music today.
+
+And our guest
+Chitravina Ravikiran
+
+will be covering
+Carnatic music after I
+
+talk about Hindustani music.
+
+So it'll be interesting to see
+the contrast between the two.
+
+So you might want to
+pay attention to that.
+
+So what we'll do is,
+you've got a handout.
+
+I see people seem to have
+that, so that's good.
+
+So I'm going to talk
+about a number of things
+
+that are outlined
+on the handout.
+
+I'm going to demonstrate
+some stuff as we go through.
+
+If you have questions feel free
+to raise your hand or whatever
+
+as we go, because I'd
+rather take the questions
+
+as we go than lose people if
+I'm going off on a tangent
+
+and you don't follow me.
+
+Probably other people have
+similar questions, too.
+
+So what I'm going to
+do to start with is,
+
+I'm going to present an
+alap in raga Hamsadhwani.
+
+For those who were at
+the concert yesterday,
+
+we played the piece "Red Swan,"
+which is in raga Hamsadhwani.
+
+So this sort of ties
+back to the concert.
+
+I'm not going to go
+too much into the nuts
+
+and bolts of ragas.
+
+There'll be a little bit of
+discussion here and there as
+
+needed to cover the
+frameworks, but this
+
+is more about sort
+of a higher level
+
+view of Indian
+classical music and how
+
+the frameworks
+from that music can
+
+be translated to
+other situations.
+
+So I'm going to
+play an alap, which
+
+is an exposition of the raga.
+
+It's done kind of solo with
+no percussion, just melody.
+
+And it starts out without meter.
+
+And it can evolve
+to a point where
+
+there's sort of an
+internal meter going on,
+
+but there's still no percussion.
+
+So what I want you to
+do is listen to this
+
+and pay attention to
+some of the things
+
+like how we're
+making use of range,
+
+note density,
+rhythmic development.
+
+Well, mainly those things.
+
+We'll talk about some
+other things afterwards.
+
+But listen for those
+things and then we'll
+
+discuss them after I finish.
+
+[MUSIC]
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+Thank you.
+
+OK, so did anybody notice
+anything about range--
+
+the use of range in that?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: It seemed to start
+in the lower end of the range
+
+and slowly build up to
+through the entire range.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yeah, that's right.
+
+Very good.
+
+And this is very typical
+of a Hindustani alap.
+
+It starts around the low tonic.
+
+It may kind of build into it
+and work a little bit around it,
+
+but the focus is going to
+be on introducing that tonic
+
+and sort of
+establishing the tonic.
+
+Then, you can
+optionally move down,
+
+which I did a little
+bit of, and you
+
+can expand the range downward.
+
+Then you can start expanding up.
+
+And you go up kind
+of sequentially.
+
+It can be note by note, it
+can be phrase by phrase,
+
+but more or less it goes
+sequentially upwards.
+
+And then as you do
+this development,
+
+then the range expands.
+
+We're not moving a
+confined range upward,
+
+we're expanding the range.
+
+So as this progresses, then, we
+use more and more of the range.
+
+And then there's a resolution
+point at the upper tonic.
+
+And then it can
+optionally continue
+
+above that, which I
+did a little bit of.
+
+And then the range again then
+starts condensing back down
+
+and comes back to the Sa.
+
+And then, depending
+upon the tradition,
+
+the performer may decide then
+to do another section where
+
+it goes into more of a
+rhythmic presentation.
+
+So there's like an
+internal time going on.
+
+And so I did that next.
+
+And then, so what other
+things did people notice?
+
+Are there any comments
+about, say, density of notes?
+
+Yeah, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, not
+about density of notes,
+
+but noticed that you only
+used a few notes of the scale.
+
+I think four or five.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yeah, that's true.
+
+I used five notes because
+this raga only has five notes.
+
+So, yes, it's a pentatonic
+raga, so only five notes
+
+are there in the raga.
+
+So in most ragas, you don't go
+outside whatever the notes are
+
+that are defined as
+being part of the raga.
+
+You don't go outside those.
+
+Occasionally, there are
+some ragas, exceptions,
+
+where you do.
+
+But for the most
+part, you don't.
+
+So that's why I
+stuck to five notes.
+
+But you're right
+about that, good.
+
+That's good observation.
+
+So any observations
+about note density?
+
+How it may have varied
+or developed or evolved?
+
+Or, say, frequency of notes.
+
+How long did the notes last?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: The ones at the top
+or the bottom of the range
+
+were usually longer.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: OK.
+
+That's a good observation.
+
+When I started out, I was
+playing much more sustained.
+
+When I got up to the
+high tonic, I also
+
+sustained a bit, that's true.
+
+And any other comments?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: It was progressive.
+
+So you started out
+with long notes
+
+and you progressed and went into
+faster and more diminutions.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yes, that's right.
+
+So the notes came
+faster, at a faster pace.
+
+A higher density of notes.
+
+It started out with fewer notes,
+much more contemplative kind
+
+of playing.
+
+And then as this
+involved, then the notes
+
+came at a more rapid
+pace gradually.
+
+So that's another thing.
+
+So note density's
+another framework.
+
+Oh I forgot to mention.
+
+Now, what I wanted
+to do is, I'm going
+
+to talk about each
+of these frameworks.
+
+And I'm going to talk about what
+is the tradition in Hindustani
+
+music, and then also
+how can we extrapolate
+
+the tradition in other ways,
+maybe changing a parameter
+
+here or there to use
+the same kind of idea,
+
+but extrapolate it and
+make it into something else
+
+and then also apply.
+
+You can apply the
+tradition directly
+
+or you can apply
+the extrapolation.
+
+Any of those things
+are possible.
+
+So of course, we
+talked about the range.
+
+That can be applied directly
+to another improvisation
+
+in another style.
+
+But we can also make
+changes to the range.
+
+So instead of starting
+on a low note,
+
+we can start on a high note.
+
+And we can build the range down.
+
+Instead of building
+the range up,
+
+we can build the range down.
+
+Or maybe we can start
+with a very wide range
+
+and then condense
+it down and then
+
+focus on a note at the end.
+
+So there's a lot of
+different possibilities,
+
+things you can do
+with the range.
+
+So that's the framework.
+
+And then the idea is, you
+can use the parameters
+
+from the tradition,
+or you can adjust them
+
+and make some
+changes and come up
+
+with some new ideas for
+other improvisations.
+
+So the same with note density.
+
+So does anybody have any ideas?
+
+What could we do with
+note density that
+
+might make it a little different
+from what you heard just now?
+
+Any ideas about what
+we could do instead
+
+of starting with
+long notes and then
+
+progressing to short notes
+and faster lines, what
+
+are some other things that
+one could do in a performance?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Keep the same
+density throughout.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: You could keep
+the same density throughout.
+
+That's right.
+
+That's one option.
+
+Any other options
+you can think of?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could
+play backwards.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: You
+could do it backwards.
+
+Exactly.
+
+Yeah, exactly.
+
+Those are all great ideas.
+
+So you could do it backwards.
+
+You could start with very
+fast lines, very rapid notes,
+
+very rapid passages,
+high note density,
+
+and then work your way back down
+to a very slow, longer notes,
+
+less dense presentation.
+
+So another thing is,
+in Hindustani music
+
+we have a thing
+called chalan, which
+
+refers to things like
+characteristic phrases
+
+that are used over and
+over in compositions
+
+and in improvisation, a
+kind of thematic material
+
+that comes back.
+
+And so that can take the form
+of actual melodic fragments.
+
+Or it can also be
+rules like, you may not
+
+play a certain note in
+ascent if you played
+
+another note before it,
+and things like this
+
+can also be part of the chalan.
+
+So one thing that I was
+doing, and I'm not sure
+
+how apparent this
+might have been,
+
+but some phrases that are
+common in Hamsadhwani.
+
+First of all, many times--
+[PLAYS F-SHARP] we start
+
+on the third and
+end on the second.
+
+So you heard me play a lot
+of phrases that would start--
+
+[PLAYS F-SHARP]-- on this
+pitch and end on [PLAYS E].
+
+So you can do this--
+[PLAYS PHRASE]
+
+or [PLAYS MORE PHRASES]--
+like that.
+
+And then there are some
+characteristic phrases, also,
+
+like this-- [PLAYS PHRASES].
+
+Those two phrases
+are very common.
+
+Even this-- [PLAYS PHRASE].
+
+So those things, you
+heard those coming
+
+back over and over again.
+
+How obvious they
+were, I'm not sure,
+
+but that's part of the
+way we present the music.
+
+So we can take that idea
+and, in another context,
+
+we can take like, say, a
+small melodic fragment,
+
+and use that as like a little
+theme you keep coming back to
+
+in the improvisation.
+
+So for example, if you
+take-- let me turn this off.
+
+You take a tune-- in fact,
+this happens in compositions
+
+quite a bit.
+
+So for example, a jazz
+piece like "Tenor Madness"
+
+by Sonny Rollins uses
+a thematic fragment
+
+that keeps coming back.
+
+And we can also use that as
+a basis for improvisation.
+
+So I'll play that
+composition and then play
+
+a little improv using that
+kind of fragment as an idea.
+
+[PLAYS "TENOR MADNESS"]
+
+Something like that.
+
+You can take that little,
+those themes-- [PLAYS THEME]
+
+and [PLAYS THEME],
+which is a variation,
+
+and use that in build an
+improvisation around that.
+
+So that's kind of
+an extrapolation
+
+of the use of chalan
+in Hindustani music.
+
+OK, now, towards the end,
+did anybody notice anything
+
+different about what I did
+towards the end of my alap
+
+presentation?
+
+AUDIENCE: You started moving
+to a rhythm [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yeah,
+I moved into rhythm
+
+and I also started
+repeating notes.
+
+Like-- [PLAYS EXAMPLES].
+
+So that's called jhala.
+
+And even in that case, I
+started with a repetition.
+
+The pulse of the repetition,
+or the rate of repetition,
+
+was a little bit slower.
+
+And then I built it up.
+
+I made it faster, and
+then I made it quite fast
+
+towards the end.
+
+So even that, there
+was a note density kind
+
+of progression in that
+presentation as well.
+
+So for jhala, where
+we're repeating
+
+notes in kind of a
+rhythmic fashion,
+
+does anybody have
+any ideas about how
+
+you might extrapolate?
+
+What could you do differently
+using that kind of concept
+
+but changing a parameter
+or two here or there?
+
+Does anybody have any ideas?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you move the
+notes around, rather than
+
+repeat the same note?
+
+PHIL SCARFF: You can
+move notes around, right.
+
+Rather than repeating
+the same note,
+
+you could move notes around.
+
+That's a great idea.
+
+And another thought I had
+was, instead of repeating them
+
+in more or less equal length,
+you could vary the length.
+
+Like you could say, play
+a long note, and then
+
+a shorter note,
+and a shorter note,
+
+and a shorter-- so you
+condense down the repetition.
+
+So maybe like-- [PLAYS EXAMPLE].
+
+Something like that, which
+is not typically done.
+
+Usually when the jhala
+starts, it kind of
+
+starts at a moderate clip.
+
+So that's one idea.
+
+Or you could even slow it down.
+
+You can start very fast and
+come down to slower speed.
+
+So some things that can
+be done with that, too,
+
+to change it around.
+
+So then one other one other
+thing is rhythmic progression.
+
+And I think that was
+already alluded to,
+
+but I started out in
+a very rubato mode,
+
+where I was playing not
+with really any time implied
+
+and with longer notes.
+
+And then as the note
+density increased,
+
+after a while I went
+into a time and started
+
+playing lines that were in time,
+but kind of in a moderate clip.
+
+And then after that, I went into
+the jhala and the jhala built
+
+up to a much faster
+internal speed.
+
+So there was a progression
+of rhythmic ideas
+
+as well, which, again, we can
+change parameters on that.
+
+You can start with
+a very fast rhythm
+
+and move to a slower rhythm
+or something like that.
+
+Or you could be in time
+and then go out of time--
+
+that kind of thing can be used.
+
+OK, now another thing that
+is done, another framework,
+
+is called bistar.
+
+And in bistar, what we do,
+it's like the beginning
+
+of the alap, where we're
+playing rubato style,
+
+but it's done over time.
+
+So this would be after the
+composition is introduced
+
+and after the
+percussion comes in
+
+and there's a rhythmic cycle
+going on at a certain speed.
+
+The performer may elect to
+play in that speed, which
+
+would be very obvious, but then
+you could also go out of time.
+
+While the time's going on,
+you can play out of time
+
+on top of that.
+
+That's called bistar.
+
+I guess I won't try to
+demonstrate that right now,
+
+but that's another
+idea that can be used.
+
+OK then, there's a
+technique called gatkari.
+
+And the gat means the
+composition and kari
+
+means, like, play.
+
+So you play with the
+composition is basically
+
+what it means, literally.
+
+So in this case, I haven't
+played the composition yet.
+
+So what I'll do is I'll play
+for you now just the first line
+
+of a simple composition
+in Hamsadhwani.
+
+And this is in a 16 beat cycle.
+
+[PLAYS MUSIC]
+
+So that's the first
+line of the composition.
+
+So traditionally,
+what can happen is,
+
+you can take a line
+of the composition,
+
+and in that cycle of 16
+beats, part of the cycle,
+
+you play the composition and
+then, for part of the cycle,
+
+improvise.
+
+So for example, you could
+play the first eight
+
+beats of the composition.
+
+And then improvise
+for eight beats.
+
+That adds up to 16.
+
+And then you keep
+repeating that.
+
+So it stays aligned with the
+cycle of the composition.
+
+So I'll just demonstrate a
+little of that right now.
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+So that's an idea that's
+called gatkari, or a framework.
+
+And now, one thing we could
+do to change it up-- well,
+
+let me ask you.
+
+What ideas do you have?
+
+What could be done?
+
+Can you think of
+any ideas on how
+
+you might change a parameter
+to make it different?
+
+Any thoughts?
+
+Yes, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Rather than coming
+back to the first half,
+
+come back to the second half.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yeah,
+that's right, exactly.
+
+You can even come back
+to different points
+
+in the composition.
+
+So the first time
+through the cycle,
+
+maybe you improvise on
+the last eight beats.
+
+Then maybe next time
+you start on beat five.
+
+And maybe you go for
+four beats and then
+
+you come back to
+the composition.
+
+So you could do that.
+
+You kind of mix it up and
+improvise, come in and out
+
+and improvise in
+different sections.
+
+That would be a way
+to extrapolate that.
+
+OK, and now there's another
+framework called layakari.
+
+And laya has to do
+with the rhythm,
+
+and again kari is like play.
+
+So this is like rhythm play.
+
+So in this framework,
+what is done is,
+
+the performer will play
+different rhythmic patterns
+
+or rhythmic combinations.
+
+There's more emphasis on rhythm
+in this particular framework.
+
+So I've given in a
+handout a few examples.
+
+But basically, let's
+take this 16-beat cycle.
+
+I think it might make sense if
+we have people clap for this.
+
+One second.
+
+I'll show you a
+clapping pattern.
+
+So in this rhythmic cycle,
+which is called tintal,
+
+the typical clapping
+pattern is pretty simple.
+
+It goes like this-- [CLAPS]
+1, 2 3, 4, [CLAPS] 5, 6, 7, 8,
+
+[UPSIDE-DOWN CLAP] 9, 10, 11,
+12, [CLAPS] 13, 14, 15, 16.
+
+And [CLAPS] 1.
+
+So we're clapping
+every four beats.
+
+And the third clap
+is done as a wave,
+
+or upside down-- you
+flip your hand over.
+
+So everybody do this with me.
+
+Let's see-- I'll
+just count four beats
+
+and we'll start at the
+beginning of the cycle.
+
+One, two, three, four--
+[CLAPS] 1, 2, 3, 4, [CLAPS] 5,
+
+6, 7, 8, [CLAPS] 9,
+10, 11, 12 [CLAPS] 13,
+
+14, 15, 16. [CLAPS]
+2, 3, 4, [CLAPS]
+
+6, 7, 8, [CLAPS] 10, 11,
+12, [CLAPS] 14, 15, 16.
+
+OK, good.
+
+Now, what I'm going
+to ask you to do
+
+is do that clapping
+pattern while I play.
+
+So keep the time going.
+
+So what I'll do is, I'll play
+a few rhythmic combinations
+
+and I'll play some
+of them slowly,
+
+using quarter
+notes, essentially,
+
+just so you can hear more
+easily how they work.
+
+And then I'll play some faster,
+also, more like eighth notes.
+
+So it'll give you
+a little more sense
+
+of how it might be performed.
+
+I'll start off with
+simple ones and make
+
+it a little more
+complicated as I go.
+
+So I'll give you four
+beats, and I'll probably
+
+play the composition once or
+twice just to get started.
+
+But I'll give you four beats and
+we'll start the clapping, OK?
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+[PLAYS MUSIC WITH STUDENTS
+ CLAPPING]
+
+OK, good.
+
+So that's some examples
+of different ways
+
+you can set the rhythm.
+
+You can also leave out,
+in these patterns--
+
+Well, actually, let me
+play one or two more.
+
+So for example, if you take the
+one where I did three, three,
+
+three, three, and four,
+altogether it comes out to 16.
+
+So I did three, three,
+three, three, four.
+
+So what you can do
+is, if you leave out
+
+the first note in each
+set, it's like a variation.
+
+So let's do the
+clapping pattern again.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+[CLAPPING STARTS]
+
+First I'll play the whole thing,
+then I'll leave out the note.
+
+[PLAYING MUSIC]
+
+It's a little hard to
+line up the clapping
+
+with the improvisation
+there, but that was the idea.
+
+And so you can take that thing.
+
+Now, does anybody have any ideas
+for how to extrapolate that.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: You could, rather
+than be in just a 16-beat cycle,
+
+go further [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yeah, sure,
+absolutely you could.
+
+You could do two cycles.
+
+You could do whatever,
+yeah, that's true.
+
+You can make it
+a longer pattern.
+
+I'll say that would
+be probably considered
+
+to be part of the tradition.
+
+It's not really exactly
+an extrapolation
+
+outside the tradition.
+
+But yes, that's a great idea.
+
+So it's something
+to think about.
+
+This one, I haven't
+really come up
+
+with any brilliant ideas
+for how to extrapolate this,
+
+but I'm sure that in this room
+there's enough mental capacity
+
+to think of some other
+ways of doing this.
+
+So I'll leave that to
+you to think about.
+
+OK, now a few other examples.
+
+There's a technique called
+tans, or a framework
+
+called tans, which are
+basically fast lines.
+
+And there are different
+ways to build tans.
+
+So I'm going to
+demonstrate a few of those.
+
+So first of all, you can use
+just a limited number of notes,
+
+like, say, three or four
+notes to construct tans.
+
+So then it's like,
+in a confined range,
+
+you're playing sort
+of a rapid passage.
+
+So something like this
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+Something like that
+is a confined range.
+
+And so what could
+we do with that?
+
+Well, I'm going to
+kind of move along
+
+because we need to
+switch over to Ravikiran
+
+in a couple of minutes.
+
+So some ideas there.
+
+You could take some tones.
+
+Now, notice I used all
+adjacent tones in the scale.
+
+So you could take some
+non-adjacent tones, maybe.
+
+Three non-adjacent tones,
+maybe with larger intervals
+
+in between, and
+use those instead.
+
+Something like that is a
+way to extrapolate that.
+
+Then we have tans that
+expand and contract.
+
+So let me play an
+example of that.
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+So there I started
+low, I expanded up
+
+a little bit above
+the high tonic,
+
+and then came back down again.
+
+So expanding, contracting.
+
+You can contract, expand,
+those kind of things.
+
+Some ideas for how
+to extrapolate that.
+
+OK, instead of
+going in sequence,
+
+maybe go out of sequence.
+
+So instead of sequentially
+expanding, maybe
+
+you start with a small range,
+then go to a large range,
+
+then maybe a medium range,
+then an even bigger range,
+
+or something like that,
+so you kind of mix it up.
+
+It's an idea for
+extrapolating that.
+
+Then we have a type of tan
+which is called a palta tan.
+
+Here we take a short
+melodic fragment
+
+and repeat it going
+up and down the scale,
+
+making any necessary adjustments
+to accommodate the chalan.
+
+So for example, if we take
+a simple pattern like this--
+
+[PLAYS PATTERN] three notes--
+we can make a tan out of that.
+
+So I'll just demonstrate
+how that works.
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+So something like that.
+
+Now, that could be
+extrapolated by maybe,
+
+instead of going up
+in a scalar fashion,
+
+you go up in intervals.
+
+Like you go up in
+some sort of arpeggio.
+
+Or maybe, instead of
+picking adjacent notes,
+
+you pick notes that have
+intervals in between,
+
+and then you take that pattern
+and move it up and down
+
+the scale.
+
+Things like that can
+be done to extrapolate.
+
+Then finally, another type
+of tan, which is frequently
+
+used to conclude a
+segment-- so we've
+
+been doing these other
+types of tans, confined
+
+range, expanding-contracting,
+palta tans,
+
+different things like this.
+
+We may choose to conclude
+that segment by just
+
+played a straight tan.
+
+It goes straight up or
+straight down, pretty simple.
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE] Something
+like that-- or [PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+to conclude a segment,
+that's usually used.
+
+So that's pretty much the end
+of my part of the presentation.
+
+Are there any other questions
+before we move on to our guest?
+
+OK, yes, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you
+chromaticize what you're doing?
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yes, absolutely.
+
+AUDIENCE: With ornamentation?
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Oh, yeah.
+
+Absolutely, yeah.
+
+You can chromaticize it.
+
+I mean, this can be
+applied to anything.
+
+So you could do
+anything chromatically.
+
+You could use
+chord progressions.
+
+It can be free form.
+
+You can move all around.
+
+Yeah, anything can be
+done to extrapolate.
+
+It's really a wide
+open scenario.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the instrument
+that plays the background?
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Oh, this is
+an electronic tambura,
+
+which takes the place of
+the real tambura, which
+
+is a stringed instrument which
+is used to provide a drone.
+
+In Indian classical
+music, we always
+
+have a drone going on while
+the music is happening.
+
+AUDIENCE: And is it this
+resonant in the actual tambura?
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yeah, it is very.
+
+Yeah, it is really
+quite resonant, yes.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: This might be
+slightly off topic, but what
+
+are the similarities and
+differences between chord
+
+progressions in jazz versus
+using a raga in Indian music?
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Right,
+so the two idioms
+
+are very similar
+in a lot of ways.
+
+And so the way I would say you
+compare a chord progression
+
+to Indian music in,
+let's say, jazz, right?
+
+That's what you're
+talking about.
+
+So in a jazz composition,
+you'll have a fixed length.
+
+Like it might be 32
+bars, for example.
+
+And it has a particular
+chord progression
+
+that lasts for that 32 bars.
+
+And then the cycle
+begins again, and it
+
+keeps on cycling through.
+
+So in Indian classical
+music, the analogy
+
+is you have the tal, which
+is the rhythmic cycle.
+
+And that rhythmic cycle
+has a specific structure
+
+which goes on for
+whatever number of beats.
+
+It may be 16 beats
+such as tintal,
+
+which we got a very slight
+introduction to today.
+
+And that keeps
+repeating over and over.
+
+So the tal becomes
+the structure.
+
+And the tabla-- in
+my interpretation
+
+here, the tabla, which
+is the percussion that
+
+would perform the tal, is
+playing specific strokes.
+
+So for example in tintal,
+the strokes go like this.
+
+I can verbalize the strokes that
+would be played on the drum.
+
+It goes-- dah, din, din, dah,
+dah, din, din, dah, dah, tin,
+
+tin, tah, tah, din din, dah.
+
+Those are the 16 beats
+that define tintal.
+
+So those strokes work
+in analogous fashion
+
+to a chord progression
+in jazz, so
+
+that it defines where
+you are in the cycle
+
+and when you're coming back
+to the beginning of the cycle.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+OK, great, so let's
+have Ravikiran come up.
+
+PROFESSOR: Thanks, Phil Scarff.
+
+PHIL SCARFF: Yeah, yeah.
+
+The pitches are
+essentially the same.
+
+But they're slightly different,
+because the tuning's not
+
+identical.
+
+In Indian classical music we
+don't use even-tempered tuning.
+
+So it's sort of
+related to just tuning,
+
+but it's not just
+tuning, either.
+
+It depends on the raga.
+
+So there's slight
+differences in the notes,
+
+depending on the raga.
+
+But pretty much it's the
+same 12 chromatic pitches.
+
+So for example, one
+thing that happens
+
+is, the major third is one
+of the big discrepancies.
+
+In the even-tempered
+system, the major third
+
+is, I think, 14 cents above
+the major third that's
+
+used in Indian
+classical music, which
+
+is more of a just major third.
+
+And a similar thing happens
+to the major seventh
+
+because it's related
+to the fifth.
+
+See, the root and the fifth
+would be justly tuned,
+
+as opposed to even tempered.
+
+So then the fifth, being
+justly tuned from the root,
+
+is the major third
+below the seventh.
+
+So the seventh also is much
+flatter-- the natural seventh.
+
+All set?
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN: Yes, sir.
+
+So good afternoon and--
+can you all hear me?
+
+So I think the
+introduction that Phil
+
+gave toward
+improvisational techniques
+
+in the North Indian
+system, much of it actually
+
+holds good in the South Indian
+system of Carnatic music,
+
+as well.
+
+Carnatic is probably about
+2000, 2500 years old system.
+
+The origins can be traced
+back to the era of the vedas
+
+and so forth in India.
+
+But somewhere along the line,
+probably around the 1300s,
+
+India actually developed two
+distinct classical systems.
+
+This was also
+around the time when
+
+there was a lot
+of Persian guests
+
+in the northern part of India.
+
+So a lot of imports happened,
+and a kind of a hybrid culture
+
+developed in the
+northern part of India.
+
+That's why the two systems
+of music, even today,
+
+they have a lot of common
+concepts, common roots,
+
+common ideas, common ideals.
+
+But the manner in which they
+have evolved and developed
+
+have varied about 700
+years down the line.
+
+So now, the concept
+of improvisation,
+
+if you can just summarize it,
+it can either be purely melodic,
+
+or it could be melo-rhythmic,
+or it could be purely rhythmic.
+
+So that's what it boils down
+to in most system of music.
+
+And so the example that Phil
+played of the first period,
+
+like the time, cycle bound but
+there's no rhythm, [INAUDIBLE]
+
+like the freestyle
+improvisation,
+
+the pure melodic
+one, the alapana.
+
+He explained to you
+how beautifully it's
+
+organized in a particular
+manner from the lower notes
+
+to the higher notes
+and from slow speed
+
+to the fastest speeds
+in Hindustani music.
+
+In Carnatic music, in fact some
+of the discussions about how
+
+it can be extrapolated were
+happening, I noticed that.
+
+But in Carnatic music,
+many of these things
+
+are already applied, in the
+sense that, you don't always
+
+start from the lower notes.
+
+You have several
+actual situations
+
+where you start
+from higher notes,
+
+or you actually render
+in faster speeds first
+
+and then you just
+come down and finish
+
+with tranquil kind
+of a feel to it.
+
+Or the other possibility
+which can also happen
+
+is the interspersing
+of these all the time.
+
+So there are times when
+you just keep interspersing
+
+the fast and slow phrases
+through the improvisation.
+
+Now, I'll just give
+an example of that.
+
+Can you hear well
+the instrument?
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+So here you see higher octave,
+lower octaves fast, slow,
+
+everything happening as
+the musical dynamics keep
+
+evolving during the course
+of the improvisation.
+
+This is very typical in many
+Carnatic ragas, when you do not
+
+really start in a slow fashion.
+
+But the slow to
+fast, low to high
+
+also holds good in many cases.
+
+Probably about 50-60%
+of the improvisation
+
+that we do in Carnatic
+music, pure improvisation,
+
+we do that same
+kind of development.
+
+But there are
+exceptions like this,
+
+but the exception has a good
+percentage of about 30-40%
+
+in Carnatic.
+
+So that's one of the things.
+
+And then if you're looking at
+pure rhythmic improvisation--
+
+today we are not having any
+percussion instruments for me
+
+to actually demonstrate
+that part of it,
+
+but it's very, very exciting,
+very involved and very well
+
+defined concepts of rhythm.
+
+So let's actually go to the
+melo-rhythmic part of it.
+
+Prior to that, I'll
+also give a parallel
+
+of what Phil showed in
+the jor and the jhala
+
+kind of improvisation,
+where we actually
+
+do a similar kind of
+development in Carnatic also.
+
+It's like, there is
+an element of rhythm,
+
+but it's not like cyclic rhythm.
+
+[TUNING INSTRUMENT]
+
+This instrument
+is the chitravina.
+
+Chitravina is like
+a 20-string slide.
+
+As you can all see, the
+technique of playing this
+
+is very simple.
+
+I'm sure that all of you
+can do this in no time.
+
+So all we do is just
+slide this on the thing
+
+and we get the notes.
+
+I'll just show this example
+of non-cyclic rhythm
+
+but still some kind of
+structured improvisation.
+
+This is known as tanam
+in Carnatic music.
+
+It's slightly
+distinct from the tan
+
+that you just heard
+in Hindustani,
+
+where it's more
+composition based.
+
+They also have the
+composition percussion
+
+happening in that kind of thing.
+
+But here it can be without
+the percussion also.
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+Kind of thing.
+
+So this is like as
+you will notice,
+
+there is the element
+of rhythm, but it's not
+
+like a tangible rhythm.
+
+So this is like a semi-rhythmic
+kind of improvisation.
+
+And then we have, the
+composition typically starts.
+
+I suppose I should add here
+that Carnatic music has
+
+several times only
+the composition
+
+rendered with no improvisation.
+
+So there are times when
+we only just interpret
+
+the composition, because
+there's a very rich tradition
+
+of several kinds of different
+musical forms, which
+
+are represented in a
+typical Carnatic concert.
+
+It's almost like Western
+classical in that sphere,
+
+except that there's no
+harmony to the composition,
+
+it's all melodic compositions.
+
+And there's a lot of lyrics
+also happening in many of them.
+
+So many times, the
+improvisation could
+
+be optional in many
+of these compositions.
+
+And in certain
+times when we do, we
+
+can have a very
+short improvisation.
+
+For example, it could
+just be like a few seconds
+
+of the pure melodic
+prelude that I just played.
+
+And then we just go
+into the composition.
+
+And then we just move into
+some improvisation alone
+
+or on top of the compositions.
+
+So now I'll just dwell on two
+types of improvisation that's
+
+possible in the
+melo-rhythmic manner.
+
+So once a piece starts,
+the percussion joins,
+
+and so then we get
+into the cyclic rhythm.
+
+Just like you just had this
+clapping and finger counting
+
+happening in Hindustani, we have
+the similar kind of structure.
+
+But what happens in Carnatic
+is that you have the percussion
+
+not merely keeping
+time but they also
+
+keep improvising on the
+composition parallel
+
+to what we are
+playing sometimes.
+
+So when you actually hear
+it with the percussion,
+
+you can have a very different
+kind of feel to the thing.
+
+But what I'll do now is just
+demonstrate a simple tala
+
+like a parallel of the
+tintal that you just heard.
+
+This is eight counts, so
+it's known as Adi tala.
+
+So it's [CLAPS] one,
+two, three, four,
+
+[CLAPS] five, six,
+[CLAPS] seven, eight.
+
+So it's like, first a beat,
+followed by three finger counts
+
+starting from the little
+finger, and then a beat
+
+and a wave of the hand, another
+beat and a wave of the hand.
+
+So you want to try it with me?
+
+So [CLAPS] one, two, three,
+four, [CLAPS] five, six,
+
+[CLAPS] seven, eight.
+
+[CLAPS] One, two, three, four,
+[CLAPS] five, six, [CLAPS]
+
+seven, eight.
+
+So this is one of the talas.
+
+I'll also just demonstrate
+another simple tala.
+
+It's just three counts.
+
+[CLAPS] One, [CLAPS] two, three.
+
+Just two beats and
+one wave of the hand.
+
+[CLAPS] One, [CLAPS] two,
+three. [CLAPS] One, [CLAPS]
+
+two, three.
+
+So what I'll do is, I'll
+take a composition in this
+
+just for contrast, take
+a small part of this
+
+and just show how the
+improvisation can happen.
+
+One of them is with the
+lyrics, because a competition
+
+has lyrics.
+
+So a line from the competition
+is taken and melodically
+
+developed, keeping the rhythm
+and the lyrics constant.
+
+Only the melody is
+skipped, changing.
+
+It's distinct from a melodic
+variation in the context
+
+that a melodic variation can
+still have a lot of closeness
+
+to the original line.
+
+But here, the whole thing
+can change drastically
+
+from the original
+melody, but you
+
+keep coming back to the
+original refrain of the line
+
+that you took for
+the improvisation.
+
+So I'll just take
+one competition
+
+in the style of three counts
+and just show it to you.
+
+So you all will
+keep time with me?
+
+[CLAPS] One, [CLAPS] two, three.
+
+[CLAPS] [CLAPS] three.
+
+[PLAYS EXAMPLE]
+
+So this is the main line.
+
+[SINGS]
+
+So this particular
+composition is in Sanskrit.
+
+[CONTINUES SINGING]
+
+So this line can
+be then changed.
+
+[CONTINUES SINGING]
+
+So when I play an
+instrument, I'll
+
+try and vocalize those
+syllables with the kind
+
+of plucking that I do.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So I keep going back to that.
+
+Then a new round of
+improvisation can start.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So this kind of improvisation
+keeps happening many times.
+
+In a typical concert
+in Carnatic you
+
+would also have a
+melodic accompaniment,
+
+which is, 99 out of
+100 times, a violin.
+
+The violin in is one of the
+most common melodic accompanying
+
+instruments in Carnatic music.
+
+It's also a very often used
+solo or duo instrument.
+
+Since about late
+1700s the violin
+
+has been an integral part
+of Carnatic music in India.
+
+So oftentimes when I
+play, the accompanist
+
+will respond to
+the improvisation
+
+in his or her own way
+and then I continue.
+
+So it's almost like a
+dialogue, an exchange
+
+is built up between the main
+artist and that accompanist
+
+during these times.
+
+And the percussion, of
+course, is very dynamic.
+
+So they keep having their
+own fun when this happens.
+
+And then the other
+kind of improvisation
+
+that can be possible in
+a melo-rhythmic manner
+
+in Carnatic is the
+sol-fa improvisation.
+
+Just like the do
+re me in Western,
+
+there are seven
+notes, fundamentally.
+
+They are known as sa,
+re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni.
+
+Those are the seven names.
+
+So many times we use those
+notes themselves to improvise.
+
+[SINGS]
+
+So you just enunciate
+those notes fast.
+
+In the typical instrument,
+you can just create a stroke
+
+for every one of the notes.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So it can be just melodic.
+
+Sometimes you can have a lot of
+interesting rhythmic patterns
+
+just like what you just saw--
+maybe descending patterns,
+
+ascending patterns of
+notes, or sometimes even
+
+kind of patterns.
+
+And I'll just demonstrate
+some patterns.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So one two three one two three
+one two three one two three
+
+one two three one two three
+one two three-- [SINGS]
+
+they're just threes.
+
+[SINGS]
+
+So these are even patterns.
+
+But if you notice,
+the song is actually
+
+starting-- it's like a
+take off after 9 out of 12.
+
+That's where this is-- one
+two three four one two three
+
+four five-- [SINGS].
+
+So that's where the
+take off point is.
+
+So each time you ought to be
+landing kind of clear on that
+
+particular after 9.
+
+Whatever improvisation we do,
+it's like flying an aircraft.
+
+You can go all over the place,
+but unless you land properly,
+
+it's going to be, you
+know, an accident.
+
+So you ought to really
+learn how to land correctly
+
+on the song in music
+in this improvisation.
+
+So some of these landing points
+could be pretty intricate.
+
+And then with the
+intricate points,
+
+you can really build a lot
+of beautiful, interesting
+
+mathematical patterns
+which can be a lot of fun
+
+for the artists themselves
+and for the listeners as well.
+
+Then I'll just demonstrate
+some small other patterns.
+
+[SINGS]
+
+So this is like five
+plus seven plus nine--
+
+kind of an ascending pattern.
+
+[SINGS]
+
+So again, it's
+like, the reverse.
+
+Like nine, seven,
+five, kind of thing.
+
+So you can have a lot of things.
+
+But everything I'm doing still
+within this kind of framework
+
+of only four per beat
+happening right now.
+
+Sometimes if the composition
+starts on the beat,
+
+then you can even
+change over from four.
+
+You can have fives, or
+threes, or sevens, or nines,
+
+or so many other kinds of
+pulse rate can be changed.
+
+For example, if
+the same song were
+
+to be starting in a
+different point on the beat--
+
+[SINGS]
+
+That means you're having
+five per beat there.
+
+And then-- one two three
+four five one two three four
+
+five one two three four five one
+two three one two three one two
+
+three one two three one two
+three one two three one two
+
+three four one two three
+four one two three four.
+
+The tempo has to
+be still constant,
+
+but within that, you
+keep changing the thing.
+
+So in Carnatic music,
+one of the key things
+
+which is distinct
+from Hindustani music
+
+is, in Hindustani music
+it's legal to accelerate
+
+doing the course
+of the competition.
+
+So you start and
+then the composition
+
+itself can be
+accelerated en masse.
+
+But in Carnatic you'd still need
+to maintain the basic tempo.
+
+But within that, you can
+change the pulse rate
+
+and you can show
+different kind of speeds.
+
+So I think I've covered
+most of the basic things
+
+in this short time.
+
+So if you have any questions,
+please feel free to.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is that the
+standard way of playing it?
+
+So you always pluck with these
+two fingers and mute with--
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN: No, I
+pluck with these two, actually.
+
+The first and the second finger.
+
+And this I use
+sometimes to damp.
+
+So a note--
+[PLAYS NOTE] So I can,
+
+if I want more staccato kind
+of thing. [PLAYS STACCATO]
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you
+use your thumb?
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN: Thumb is
+generally not so much played
+
+in actual things.
+
+I use the little finger
+for strumming these drone,
+
+or rhythm, strings.
+
+Sometimes a thumb is-- actually
+found thumb really should not
+
+be, if your technique is good,
+you don't really use the thumb.
+
+In the left hand, I use it to
+grip with these three fingers.
+
+And then these two
+are used to dampen
+
+any unnecessary vibration
+from the other side.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So this finger is a
+very integral part
+
+of good slide technique,
+in my opinion.
+
+Because if you don't
+use this, you'll
+
+end up always hearing
+a sort of monotonous
+
+sliding kind of quality to it.
+
+[PLAYS] Kind of thing.
+
+So if you want a very
+gripping kind of music,
+
+sometimes this is a
+very useful to employ.
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there any
+underlying difference
+
+between the way
+ragas are described
+
+in Hindustani versus
+Carnatic music?
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN:
+Well, the concept
+
+of the raga structure
+as an entity
+
+is the same for both, in
+the sense that both of them
+
+have the same kind
+of approach that it's
+
+like a melodic formula of
+ascending and descending notes
+
+in a particular
+sequence and pattern.
+
+And even a small change to
+the sequence, an addition
+
+or edition can make
+it a different raga.
+
+And that's actually the
+million dollar question,
+
+because in the West, when
+we think of a major scale,
+
+we may think of a
+lot of variations
+
+within that particular
+sequence, it'll
+
+still be within the scale.
+
+It will still be major scale.
+
+But in Indian music, because
+it's all melodic development,
+
+you don't just think
+of it as one scale.
+
+Even a small change
+in the sequence
+
+make it a different raga.
+
+People actually have
+asked me about this.
+
+A lot of my Western
+contemporary musicians
+
+have come and asked me,
+what is the whole rationale
+
+of just changing one note and
+calling it a different raga,
+
+or altering the
+sequence minutely,
+
+and how does it change
+the whole thing?
+
+The analogy I can
+give there, it's
+
+like a different shade
+of the same color.
+
+If you look at an Adobe
+Photoshop or something,
+
+you just have so many shades,
+like a million shades of green.
+
+So the similar way, you can
+have so many different shades
+
+of the major scale.
+
+So even altering a note here,
+if you're a capable musician who
+
+is well-versed in
+melodic development,
+
+then you can really create
+so many different shades
+
+of the same thing just with a
+small tweak in the sequence.
+
+And so that no two
+sequences will be similar,
+
+if you are to explore it like
+that, and take it on that path.
+
+And I'll just give you an
+example, small example,
+
+but a fairly extreme one.
+
+[PLAYS SCALE]
+
+Basic major scale.
+
+Now--
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So here, I only
+changed the sequence.
+
+You still have all the notes
+in both ascent and descent.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So it creates a
+totally different kind
+
+of signature tune to
+this particular raga.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So that's a totally different
+shade of the same major scale.
+
+It can be a very
+bouncy kind of cheer.
+
+It can be a very contained
+kind of cheer, happiness.
+
+It can be an exciting
+kind of happiness.
+
+It can be so many
+different kinds of moods
+
+that you will be able to create
+with a change in sequence.
+
+And that is one part
+of the raga structure.
+
+The other thing that makes a
+raga distinct from just a scale
+
+or a sequence
+formula is the kind
+
+of oscillations and
+the ornamentation
+
+that are in-built, or
+embedded within the raga.
+
+So in Hindustani music,
+your typical oscillations
+
+like the glide, the
+mint, as they call it.
+
+In Carnatic, you
+have what is known
+
+as the oscillation of a note.
+
+And this oscillation is
+quite distinct from a vibrato
+
+or a tremolo or
+something like that,
+
+because sometimes it can
+be much wider amplitude.
+
+Now, the major
+scale, so I'll just
+
+show how the second, fourth,
+and sixth notes are oscillated.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+So the second is oscillated
+between the second
+
+and the third.
+
+[SINGS]
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+Even the sixth is
+oscillated like that.
+
+And if you notice,
+the seventh is
+
+given a force which propels
+it almost to the next note.
+
+[PLAYS] So it's almost on
+the higher tonic note itself.
+
+You don't play the seventh
+flat in this particular raga.
+
+[PLAYS]
+
+You rarely play that seventh
+in a pure manner in Carnatic.
+
+You play the third in a
+pure manner many times,
+
+you just have the natural third.
+
+But very rarely the
+seventh will be played just
+
+naturally as such.
+
+It'll be generally pushed
+almost with a force.
+
+So the ornamentation is a
+combination of grace and force
+
+in almost every system of music.
+
+It can either be grace or force.
+
+So the typical ornamentation
+gives each raga
+
+a different kind of flavor.
+
+Yes, sir.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN: No,
+see, the technical term
+
+in Indian term, Indian parlance,
+is either nadai or gati.
+
+Gati is Sanskrit.
+
+So it's like, one two three
+four, one two three four
+
+is Chatusram.
+
+Tha ka dhi mi, tha ka
+dhi mi tha ka dhi mi.
+
+All of these have technical
+syllables and all of that.
+
+I'm just trying to
+demystify most of this
+
+for you right now using
+more simple terms.
+
+Tha ka dhi mi, tha ka dhi mi,
+tha ka dhi mi, tha ka dhi mi.
+
+Tha ki ta, tha ki ta,
+tha ki ta, tha ki ta.
+
+Tha ka tha ki ta, tha ka
+tha ki ta, tha ka tha ki ta,
+
+tha ka tha ki ta.
+
+Tha ka dhi mi tha ki ta, tha ka
+dhi mi tha ki ta, tha ka dhi mi
+
+tha ki ta, tha ka
+dhi mi tha ki ta.
+
+Tha ka dhi mi tha ka tha ki ta,
+tha ka dhi mi tha ka tha ki ta,
+
+Tha ka dhi mi tha ka tha ki ta.
+
+So all this is like four,
+three, seven, five and nine,
+
+known as Chaturasram, Thisram,
+Misram, Khandam, Sankeernam.
+
+These are the different kind of
+pulse rates which are possible.
+
+These are the
+traditional pulse rates
+
+that are generally
+used in Indian music.
+
+Now, you can also
+use, of course,
+
+people are using 11, 13, and
+other kinds of pulse rates
+
+also in certain compositions.
+
+AUDIENCE: That's
+a gati or nadai.
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN:
+That's a gati or nadai.
+
+In Sanskrit, gati means nadai.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: When you're
+improvising outside
+
+of the Carnatic tradition,
+such as a song like you
+
+did yesterday,
+"Lonely Woman," how
+
+do you make your note choices?
+
+What sort of thought
+process is involved in that?
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN: Well,
+when I play with musicians
+
+from other cultures,
+from diverse cultures,
+
+my natural inclination
+would be to see
+
+if it is like fitting into any
+kind of particular sequence
+
+pattern, or what kind
+of sequence dominates.
+
+So I'll almost think of
+it like another raga.
+
+But many times, I'll identify
+one particular sequence.
+
+Then I'll also know what notes
+are outside the sequence,
+
+so I'll have a fair idea
+of how the melody is.
+
+So that way, I think
+Carnatic music--
+
+I mean this as an
+objective statement
+
+not because I come
+from the tradition--
+
+but having collaborated
+with a lot of artists,
+
+I think that
+Carnatic is probably
+
+the most complete
+melodic system.
+
+So the kind of grounding
+that you get melodically
+
+when you learn this
+system makes you versatile
+
+enough to collaborate
+with almost any other kind
+
+of culture most of the time.
+
+When I say Carnatic in
+this particular context,
+
+it includes the
+North Indian also.
+
+The raga system of music is
+very melodically complete.
+
+But now, when we
+played "Lonely Woman,"
+
+we had almost free style kind
+of approach to it yesterday.
+
+So that one was more easy to do.
+
+But the other composition,
+the [? domba ?] [INAUDIBLE].
+
+There, at least, there
+are certain notes
+
+which is more like one
+of the pentatonics.
+
+[PLAYS SCALE] Or [PLAYS SCALE]
+kind of thing, so there.
+
+So it was not
+difficult [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Could you
+talk a little bit
+
+about the role of dance
+with Carnatic music.
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN:
+See, I personally believe
+
+that, until almost 1700, dance
+and music were pretty much
+
+close in the south of India.
+
+But then by 1700s, or
+rather, the later part
+
+of 1700s, pure
+music forms started
+
+getting more distinctive.
+
+And started
+diverging from dance.
+
+So today the dance repertoire
+and music repertoire
+
+are pretty distinctive, with a
+couple of overlaps like padams
+
+or tillanas and javalis
+and so forth happening.
+
+But there is very, very
+much of a divergence today.
+
+That's why, if you actually
+look at some composers
+
+before Tyagaraja and others
+who were more in the mid-1700s,
+
+people like Oottukkadu Venkata
+Kavi, a lot of his compositions
+
+would be very, very
+extrapolatable to dance also,
+
+because he was much
+closer to that period
+
+when dance, drama-- I
+mean theater-- and music
+
+were pretty much integrated,
+actually, almost.
+
+AUDIENCE: This is more a
+philosophical question.
+
+When you're a
+musician and you're
+
+practicing ragas and
+compositions, to what degree
+
+can you, maybe over the
+course of your career,
+
+over rehearse to the point
+where the improvisation sounds
+
+rehearsed rather than having
+that momentary brilliance
+
+that is the beauty
+of Carnatic music.
+
+Do you see that as a problem
+making Carnatic music?
+
+That sometimes it's
+improvisational,
+
+but it's over-rehearsed
+and not spur of the moment?
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN:
+I would say
+
+that that's not a
+problem only with any one
+
+particular system of music.
+
+I think in any
+system of music, you
+
+have to have a fine balance
+between the necessary amount
+
+of practice for
+command and control,
+
+but not to compromise
+your personal enjoyment
+
+or the spontaneity
+and the freshness
+
+of the thing-- for
+yourself, first.
+
+So even in, say,
+piano or something,
+
+if you really keep practicing
+mechanically just the fingers,
+
+only develop muscle memory,
+then only your muscles
+
+will be playing the
+music, not your mind.
+
+So the passion has
+to still be kept up.
+
+And that's a very
+difficult thing.
+
+Unless you, yourself,
+figure it out,
+
+it's very difficult to
+have a formula for that,
+
+like a common formula.
+
+So each artist has to--
+I mean, when I play,
+
+if I practice for about five,
+six hours, or seven hours
+
+continuously at a
+stretch, the moment
+
+I start finding things
+too effortless, I stop.
+
+So there has to be just that 5%,
+10% of effort still happening
+
+for you to really be in it.
+
+If it starts getting
+too effortless,
+
+it's almost mechanical.
+
+Then you are not even there.
+
+There has to be a certain
+amount of effortlessness,
+
+but probably about 90%
+effortlessness and 10% effort
+
+balance.
+
+AUDIENCE: Going
+back to the response
+
+you had about
+collaboration, is it
+
+at all disorienting
+that Carnatic verses you
+
+so well in melodic
+structure is it
+
+disorienting when that
+melodic structure is not
+
+there, not the point, and in
+fact the source of structure
+
+is harmonic or something else?
+
+I'm kind of curious
+about your statement
+
+that it trains you
+well, because I've
+
+seen where
+disorientation between--
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN:
+No, see, you
+
+have to really understand
+two things here.
+
+The melodic approach in the
+harmonic approach are distinct
+
+and they have their
+own rationale.
+
+each one has its
+own evolution which
+
+has been over a
+period of time based
+
+on aesthetics--
+general aesthetics,
+
+individual aesthetics
+common aesthetics,
+
+national, regional, cultural,
+all kinds of aesthetics
+
+come into play.
+
+The melodic combinations,
+from my experience,
+
+I have seen that almost any
+combination of notes played
+
+or heard successively
+can be made to work,
+
+over a period of time.
+
+But when you start playing
+simultaneous notes, which
+
+is more harmony, when
+you start getting
+
+into polyphonic, vertical
+arrangement of notes,
+
+there are sudden
+combinations only
+
+which can work better
+than other combinations.
+
+And even that is, you
+know, so many experiments
+
+keep happening all the time.
+
+You will take this conventional
+combinations of the three note
+
+chords and then you start doing
+so many other kinds of things.
+
+But again, it takes
+time for the ears
+
+to start getting
+adjusted to that.
+
+Now, similarly, when you
+start listening to harmony
+
+with a melodic ear, so to speak,
+or melody with a harmonic ear,
+
+then you'll start finding
+things which are disorienting
+
+or which are not resolved.
+
+And that's where my whole
+concept of melharmony came in.
+
+That was the rationale
+when I started melharmony.
+
+Actually you guys
+can do a wiki search
+
+on melharmony, which is a
+concept I started in 2000.
+
+My whole rationale
+was that people
+
+were hearing music with their
+culture and their type of ears.
+
+And then they would
+actually find--
+
+so suppose somebody
+from the West
+
+was hearing a melodic concept.
+
+He may find it pretty
+uni-dimensional with only one
+
+or two melodies happening
+at the same time with not
+
+much of a vertical dimension.
+
+And similarly, to a person
+who was hearing Western music
+
+with a raga in mind,
+there'll be so many notes
+
+which are going out of
+that particular sequence
+
+or out of the scale.
+
+But that will
+still be rationally
+
+applicable for that
+particular culture.
+
+So what I started
+doing is try to create
+
+this system of harmony with
+an emphasis on melodic rules.
+
+That's what melharmony is.
+
+So that's where I tried to start
+reconciling that difference,
+
+to create that bridge
+between these two oceans.
+
+But it's a very serious concept.
+
+So melharmony has its
+own separate rules
+
+for harmony itself-- very,
+very rationally explainable,
+
+applicable rules.
+
+And so I've been collaborating
+with different orchestras,
+
+like, say, BBC, or Sacramento
+Symphony, and different kinds
+
+of orchestras, or
+with jazz groups.
+
+So some of these compositions
+that I play are melharmonic.
+
+So there is that element
+of vertical thing,
+
+but with the emphasis
+on structured rules of
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+In fact, the Society for
+Music Theory conference
+
+in Boston in 2005--
+maybe, I don't
+
+know whether you were there in
+that-- Robert Morris, the Chair
+
+of composing from
+Eastman School of Music,
+
+presented a paper on melharmony.
+
+So it's a very interesting
+topic and subject.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+we'll leave it there.
+
+Let's give a big round of
+applause for Ravikiran.
+
+[APPLAUSE]
+
+And for Phil Scarff.
+
+Thank you all very much.
+
+CHITRAVINA RAVIKIRAN: Pleasure.
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+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome I know there'll be a few uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome I know there'll be a few uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome I know there'll be a few uh
+additional people and if people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional people and if people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional people and if people could
+slide over that'd be great as new people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide over that'd be great as new people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide over that'd be great as new people
+arrive uh it's my pleasure uh to welcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive uh it's my pleasure uh to welcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive uh it's my pleasure uh to welcome
+all of you here today uh my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you here today uh my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you here today uh my name is
+Steve lurman and uh I've been at MIT a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve lurman and uh I've been at MIT a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve lurman and uh I've been at MIT a
+long time but I certainly for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but I certainly for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time but I certainly for this
+occasion my my singular honor has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion my my singular honor has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion my my singular honor has been
+to be associated with open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be associated with open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be associated with open courseware
+since its Inception uh I served as chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since its Inception uh I served as chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since its Inception uh I served as chair
+of the interim management board and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interim management board and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the interim management board and
+chair and I'm now chair of the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair and I'm now chair of the faculty
+ 
+
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+chair and I'm now chair of the faculty
+Advisory
+
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+Advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advisory
+Board uh it's my privilege to be your MC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board uh it's my privilege to be your MC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Board uh it's my privilege to be your MC
+today but in fact while this event is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but in fact while this event is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today but in fact while this event is
+meant to honor the achievements uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to honor the achievements uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to honor the achievements uh of
+open cours whereare I sort of like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cours whereare I sort of like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open cours whereare I sort of like to
+emphasis emphasize my own view that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis emphasize my own view that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis emphasize my own view that the
+best is still yet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is still yet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best is still yet to
+come in 2001 MIT made an extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in 2001 MIT made an extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in 2001 MIT made an extraordinary
+commitment to publish in electronic form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to publish in electronic form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commitment to publish in electronic form
+the teaching materials we use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching materials we use in
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teaching materials we use in
+virtually all our courses the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually all our courses the entire
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+ align:start position:0%
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+undergraduate and graduate curriculum of
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+undergraduate and graduate curriculum of
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+ align:start position:0%
+this institution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this institution
+and we committed to make those materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we committed to make those materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we committed to make those materials
+freely and openly available for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely and openly available for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely and openly available for any
+non-commercial purposes including giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commercial purposes including giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-commercial purposes including giving
+people the right to reuse them to modify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the right to reuse them to modify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the right to reuse them to modify
+them and to repurpose them in in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and to repurpose them in in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and to repurpose them in in other
+ways for educational and research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways for educational and research
+ 
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+ align:start position:0%
+ways for educational and research
+purposes today a little more than six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes today a little more than six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes today a little more than six
+years later we're here to celebrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later we're here to celebrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later we're here to celebrate the
+Fulfillment of that initial promise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fulfillment of that initial promise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fulfillment of that initial promise this
+accomplishment was possible because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment was possible because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplishment was possible because of
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+
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+the dedication of the MIT staff and
+ 
+
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+the dedication of the MIT staff and
+faculty the commitment of a dedicated
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+ align:start position:0%
+faculty the commitment of a dedicated
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty the commitment of a dedicated
+open course Weare staff the tremendous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare staff the tremendous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course Weare staff the tremendous
+financial support of donors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial support of donors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial support of donors and the
+extraordinary leadership of the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary leadership of the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary leadership of the MIT
+senior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+senior
+Administration MIT open courseware now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration MIT open courseware now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration MIT open courseware now
+provides the materials for 1,800 courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the materials for 1,800 courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides the materials for 1,800 courses
+to Educators and Learners throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Educators and Learners throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Educators and Learners throughout the
+world unlocking what was previously a
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+ align:start position:0%
+world unlocking what was previously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world unlocking what was previously a
+closely held Treasure Trove Trove of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely held Treasure Trove Trove of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely held Treasure Trove Trove of
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+knowledge astonishing figure to date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge astonishing figure to date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge astonishing figure to date
+these materials have reached an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials have reached an
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+these materials have reached an
+estimated 35 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated 35 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated 35 million
+people we welcome the many friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we welcome the many friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people we welcome the many friends and
+supporters of open course Weare who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters of open course Weare who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters of open course Weare who are
+here to share with us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to share with us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to share with us this
+celebration we are also privileged to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration we are also privileged to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebration we are also privileged to
+have with us today colleagues from other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with us today colleagues from other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have with us today colleagues from other
+institutions around the world who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions around the world who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions around the world who have
+made open courseware a global movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made open courseware a global movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made open courseware a global movement
+rather than just an MIT
+
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+rather than just an MIT
+ 
+
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+rather than just an MIT
+project some are representatives from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project some are representatives from
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+
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+project some are representatives from
+the 160 members of the open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 160 members of the open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 160 members of the open courseware
+Consortium that has recently been formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium that has recently been formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consortium that has recently been formed
+there are more than 3,000 courses Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more than 3,000 courses Beyond
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more than 3,000 courses Beyond
+those we from MIT provide that are now
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+ align:start position:0%
+those we from MIT provide that are now
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+those we from MIT provide that are now
+freely available through open courseware
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+freely available through open courseware
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely available through open courseware
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+sites around the world from other
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+
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+sites around the world from other
+academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic
+institutions we'd like to make a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions we'd like to make a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions we'd like to make a special
+note to the representatives of uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note to the representatives of uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note to the representatives of uh the
+open Weare course Weare site just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open Weare course Weare site just
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+
+ align:start position:0%
+open Weare course Weare site just
+launched today from the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched today from the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched today from the University of
+Massachusetts at Boston this site just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts at Boston this site just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts at Boston this site just
+opened for Public Access as as far as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened for Public Access as as far as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opened for Public Access as as far as I
+understand it uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it uh this
+morning we also have with us today our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning we also have with us today our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning we also have with us today our
+translation Partners about 600 of mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation Partners about 600 of mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation Partners about 600 of mit's
+courses are now available in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses are now available in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses are now available in other
+languages including Spanish Portuguese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages including Spanish Portuguese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages including Spanish Portuguese
+Chinese and Thai as well as some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese and Thai as well as some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese and Thai as well as some other
+languages together these translations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages together these translations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages together these translations
+have made open courseware content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made open courseware content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made open courseware content
+accessible to about 14 million other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to about 14 million other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible to about 14 million other
+individuals worldwide Beyond those that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals worldwide Beyond those that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals worldwide Beyond those that
+our site has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our site has
+reached and we're joined today by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and we're joined today by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached and we're joined today by the
+open course sare external Advisory board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course sare external Advisory board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course sare external Advisory board
+members from around the country and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members from around the country and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members from around the country and
+abroad we're honored to have so many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abroad we're honored to have so many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abroad we're honored to have so many of
+you here uh we had a meeting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here uh we had a meeting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you here uh we had a meeting this
+morning which was yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning which was yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning which was yet another
+stimulating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulating and
+fascinating discussion about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating discussion about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fascinating discussion about the
+potential that open course wereare can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that open course wereare can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential that open course wereare can
+unlock as we make knowledge available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock as we make knowledge available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlock as we make knowledge available
+globally and more accessible to around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and more accessible to around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+globally and more accessible to around
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+world this afternoon we'll revisit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world this afternoon we'll revisit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world this afternoon we'll revisit the
+path MIT took to reach this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path MIT took to reach this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path MIT took to reach this moment
+explore the impact of open courseware uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the impact of open courseware uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the impact of open courseware uh
+on the world and on education here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world and on education here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the world and on education here in
+the United States and abroad and look to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and abroad and look to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States and abroad and look to
+the future of open course Weare and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of open course Weare and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future of open course Weare and
+education both both in the short term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education both both in the short term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education both both in the short term
+and in the longer term we're fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the longer term we're fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the longer term we're fortunate
+to have here as our keynote speaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have here as our keynote speaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have here as our keynote speaker
+today New York Times columnist Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today New York Times columnist Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today New York Times columnist Thomas
+fredman I'll introduce him more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman I'll introduce him more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman I'll introduce him more in
+detail later but he'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail later but he'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail later but he'll talk about
+individual empowerment and how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual empowerment and how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual empowerment and how the
+internet and Innovative usage such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and Innovative usage such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internet and Innovative usage such as
+open course where of that technology are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course where of that technology are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course where of that technology are
+making a difference for people around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a difference for people around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a difference for people around
+the world we're also going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we're also going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world we're also going to have a
+panel of distinguished academics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of distinguished academics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of distinguished academics
+researchers and scientists that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and scientists that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and scientists that will
+include Hal abson Charles vest John cely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Hal abson Charles vest John cely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include Hal abson Charles vest John cely
+Brown and Sam patroa and they'll help us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown and Sam patroa and they'll help us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown and Sam patroa and they'll help us
+explore the implications and the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the implications and the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore the implications and the future
+possibilities of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities of open
+courseware later this afternoon we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware later this afternoon we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware later this afternoon we'll
+also announce the launch of a new and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also announce the launch of a new and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also announce the launch of a new and
+exciting MIT open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting MIT open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting MIT open course Weare
+Initiative for secondary education yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initiative for secondary education yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Initiative for secondary education yet
+another chapter in the growing story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chapter in the growing story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another chapter in the growing story of
+what happens when we make course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we make course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when we make course
+materials accessible and freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials accessible and freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials accessible and freely
+available but first let me introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available but first let me introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available but first let me introduce the
+president of MIT Dr Susan hawfield she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of MIT Dr Susan hawfield she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of MIT Dr Susan hawfield she
+serves as mit's 16th president and'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as mit's 16th president and'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as mit's 16th president and'll
+give she'll give us her reflection as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give she'll give us her reflection as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give she'll give us her reflection as an
+open course whereare I'd like to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course whereare I'd like to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course whereare I'd like to mention
+I went back uh to her inauguration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back uh to her inauguration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I went back uh to her inauguration
+materials uh I was involved in that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh I was involved in that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials uh I was involved in that and
+I recalled that the theme of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recalled that the theme of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I recalled that the theme of her
+inauguration festivities the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauguration festivities the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inauguration festivities the sort of
+tagline was this sort of catchy phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagline was this sort of catchy phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagline was this sort of catchy phrase
+uncommon in commmon which tried to evoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon in commmon which tried to evoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncommon in commmon which tried to evoke
+what's uncommon about the place and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uncommon about the place and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's uncommon about the place and what
+we share in common with each other at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share in common with each other at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we share in common with each other at
+MIT and elsewhere around the world I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and elsewhere around the world I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT and elsewhere around the world I can
+think of almost nothing we've done at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of almost nothing we've done at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of almost nothing we've done at
+MIT that better embodies that tag phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT that better embodies that tag phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT that better embodies that tag phrase
+than open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than open
+courseware uh as someone will tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh as someone will tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware uh as someone will tell you
+later over 90% of the faculty of MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later over 90% of the faculty of MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later over 90% of the faculty of MIT
+have actually donated materials the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually donated materials the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have actually donated materials the air
+course materials it's something we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course materials it's something we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course materials it's something we have
+in common and the uncommonness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common and the uncommonness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in common and the uncommonness of the
+decision of MIT in around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of MIT in around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision of MIT in around
+2201 to take those materials and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2201 to take those materials and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2201 to take those materials and make
+them freely accessible is truly uncommon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them freely accessible is truly uncommon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them freely accessible is truly uncommon
+so with that I'm going to turn this over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that I'm going to turn this over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with that I'm going to turn this over
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Susan thank you Steve uh it is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thank you Steve uh it is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan thank you Steve uh it is a great
+joy to be here today for the celebration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joy to be here today for the celebration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joy to be here today for the celebration
+of where we are and the celebration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we are and the celebration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where we are and the celebration of
+where we're going to go um I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to go um I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to go um I want to
+begin my comments by thanking our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin my comments by thanking our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin my comments by thanking our
+faculty uh the MIT faculty as Steve just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh the MIT faculty as Steve just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty uh the MIT faculty as Steve just
+said they invented open courseware and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they invented open courseware and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they invented open courseware and
+they've made it the ESS that it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've made it the ESS that it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've made it the ESS that it is like
+um so much of MIT it's also true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so much of MIT it's also true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so much of MIT it's also true for
+open course where our faculty are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course where our faculty are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open course where our faculty are the
+real stars of our show um it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real stars of our show um it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real stars of our show um it was a
+committee of Faculty from MIT uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee of Faculty from MIT uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committee of Faculty from MIT uh that
+first proposed the idea of open course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposed the idea of open course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first proposed the idea of open course
+Weare in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weare in
+2000 and since then Steve just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and since then Steve just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2000 and since then Steve just said
+about 90% of the MIT faculty have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90% of the MIT faculty have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 90% of the MIT faculty have
+participated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participated
+voluntarily by contributing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily by contributing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voluntarily by contributing their
+teaching materials uh to the free and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials uh to the free and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching materials uh to the free and
+open their free and open publication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open their free and open publication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open their free and open publication in
+ocw now I have say i' say voluntarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw now I have say i' say voluntarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw now I have say i' say voluntarily
+this is the nature by which we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the nature by which we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the nature by which we do the
+work of the University our faculty do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the University our faculty do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the University our faculty do
+things voluntarily and it is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things voluntarily and it is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things voluntarily and it is simply
+wonderful that our faculty chose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful that our faculty chose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful that our faculty chose to
+participate in open course were at such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in open course were at such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in open course were at such
+a level um it's a remarkable level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level um it's a remarkable level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a level um it's a remarkable level of
+participation 90% I'm not sure there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation 90% I'm not sure there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation 90% I'm not sure there are
+many things or even one or two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things or even one or two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things or even one or two things
+that you could say all of our faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could say all of our faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could say all of our faculty
+have chosen to do in unison the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen to do in unison the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen to do in unison the way they
+have chosen to participate in open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen to participate in open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have chosen to participate in open
+courseware um and it really underscores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware um and it really underscores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware um and it really underscores
+is the dedication of our faculty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dedication of our faculty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the dedication of our faculty to
+mit's teaching Mission often people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's teaching Mission often people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mit's teaching Mission often people
+think of a place like MIT which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a place like MIT which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of a place like MIT which is a
+very profound research Mission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very profound research Mission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very profound research Mission and
+imagine that our faculty are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that our faculty are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that our faculty are only
+devoted to the research m mission but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to the research m mission but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devoted to the research m mission but we
+are enormously benefited by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are enormously benefited by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are enormously benefited by our
+faculty's dedication to the teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty's dedication to the teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty's dedication to the teaching
+Mission and they take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and they take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and they take this
+responsibility very seriously our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility very seriously our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility very seriously our
+faculty are passionate about teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty are passionate about teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty are passionate about teaching
+and they're remarkably good at it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're remarkably good at it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're remarkably good at it over
+the years this has been reflected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years this has been reflected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the years this has been reflected in the
+admiration MIT students have for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration MIT students have for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration MIT students have for their
+professors and since open course were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and since open course were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors and since open course were
+launched we've seen that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched we've seen that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+launched we've seen that kind of
+admiration reflected in the comments of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration reflected in the comments of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admiration reflected in the comments of
+people who have used open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have used open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have used open courseware
+around the world in addition to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world in addition to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world in addition to the
+faculty our students have played a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty our students have played a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty our students have played a
+seminal role in open courseware they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal role in open courseware they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal role in open courseware they've
+been integral to its success um both as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been integral to its success um both as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been integral to its success um both as
+ocw staff and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw staff and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw staff and as
+collaborators MIT students have helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators MIT students have helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborators MIT students have helped
+to publish the faculty materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish the faculty materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to publish the faculty materials and
+have contributed content as part of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contributed content as part of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have contributed content as part of two
+of our International programs the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our International programs the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our International programs the MIT
+international science and technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international science and technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international science and technology
+initiative which we call Misti which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative which we call Misti which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative which we call Misti which is
+a program where we place MIT students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program where we place MIT students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a program where we place MIT students
+around the world and a second program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and a second program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and a second program
+called the Africa internet technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Africa internet technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Africa internet technology
+initiative both of these are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative both of these are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiative both of these are essentially
+summer programs MIT students have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer programs MIT students have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer programs MIT students have
+traveled to China and to Africa to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled to China and to Africa to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveled to China and to Africa to teach
+courses at other youth universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses at other youth universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses at other youth universities
+using open courseware materials in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using open courseware materials in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using open courseware materials in fact
+what they've done in distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done in distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've done in distant
+universities is help the faculty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities is help the faculty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universities is help the faculty of
+those universities understand how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those universities understand how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those universities understand how they
+can use open coursework in their courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use open coursework in their courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use open coursework in their courses
+and last but not least um our students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last but not least um our students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and last but not least um our students
+have themselves encouraged faculty to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have themselves encouraged faculty to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have themselves encouraged faculty to
+participate in ocw at a level that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in ocw at a level that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in ocw at a level that um we
+could never have achieved without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never have achieved without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could never have achieved without
+them this kind of student faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this kind of student faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them this kind of student faculty
+collaboration is really at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration is really at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration is really at the heart of
+MIT now in addition to the students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT now in addition to the students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT now in addition to the students and
+the faculty there are many an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty there are many an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the faculty there are many an enormous
+number of individuals advisor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals advisor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of individuals advisor
+institutional partners and of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional partners and of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutional partners and of course the
+ocw staff who deserve our thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw staff who deserve our thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw staff who deserve our thanks for
+their remarkable dedication to ocw and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their remarkable dedication to ocw and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their remarkable dedication to ocw and
+to the realization of its promise that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the realization of its promise that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the realization of its promise that
+we're celebrating today now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're celebrating today now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're celebrating today now there's
+excuse me a special section in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me a special section in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me a special section in your
+program where we list the people and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where we list the people and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program where we list the people and I
+would uh uh send your attention to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh uh send your attention to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would uh uh send your attention to that
+as a way of understanding who and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of understanding who and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of understanding who and how
+many participated in this but I do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many participated in this but I do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many participated in this but I do want
+to mention just a few people by name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention just a few people by name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention just a few people by name
+whose extraordinary contributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose extraordinary contributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose extraordinary contributions and
+Leadership really had an a huge impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leadership really had an a huge impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leadership really had an a huge impact
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ocw first I want to call out the faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw first I want to call out the faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw first I want to call out the faculty
+leaders uh I think many of if not most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders uh I think many of if not most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders uh I think many of if not most
+of them are here dick U Hal abbl Steve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are here dick U Hal abbl Steve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are here dick U Hal abbl Steve
+lurman Tom magnanti and chera M migawa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurman Tom magnanti and chera M migawa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lurman Tom magnanti and chera M migawa
+without their Visionary contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without their Visionary contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without their Visionary contributions
+and I'm flagging support the ocw project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm flagging support the ocw project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm flagging support the ocw project
+would not have become what it is today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have become what it is today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not have become what it is today
+and I would just ask these faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would just ask these faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would just ask these faculty
+leaders please to stand so we can thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them um believe it or not institu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um believe it or not institu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um believe it or not institu
+leaders sometimes have a role in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders sometimes have a role in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders sometimes have a role in what
+happens that's good at a university and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that's good at a university and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that's good at a university and
+there are two past institutional leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two past institutional leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two past institutional leaders
+who were exceptional and absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were exceptional and absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were exceptional and absolutely
+unwavering champions of ocw from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwavering champions of ocw from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwavering champions of ocw from its
+initial concept to its Inception and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concept to its Inception and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial concept to its Inception and
+through its initial stages MIT president
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its initial stages MIT president
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through its initial stages MIT president
+ameritus Chuck vest now president of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameritus Chuck vest now president of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ameritus Chuck vest now president of the
+National Academy of engineering and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Academy of engineering and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Academy of engineering and and
+former proost of MIT Bob Brown who's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former proost of MIT Bob Brown who's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former proost of MIT Bob Brown who's now
+president of Boston University were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of Boston University were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of Boston University were
+tireless Advocates of ocw both on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tireless Advocates of ocw both on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tireless Advocates of ocw both on and
+off campus their leaders ship was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off campus their leaders ship was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off campus their leaders ship was
+instrumental in securing the funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in securing the funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrumental in securing the funding
+that allowed MIT to get started and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed MIT to get started and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allowed MIT to get started and you
+know I'm bringing early Skeptics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm bringing early Skeptics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I'm bringing early Skeptics of the
+program on campus to understanding some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on campus to understanding some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program on campus to understanding some
+of the opportunities that ocw presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opportunities that ocw presented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opportunities that ocw presented
+uh I don't think Bob is here but Chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think Bob is here but Chuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I don't think Bob is here but Chuck
+is and let's thank Chuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also and last in this line of individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and last in this line of individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and last in this line of individual
+recognition is uh ocws found found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is uh ocws found found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition is uh ocws found found in
+executive director an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive director an
+marges uh an much to our sadness but joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marges uh an much to our sadness but joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marges uh an much to our sadness but joy
+in her next opportunity she left MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her next opportunity she left MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in her next opportunity she left MIT
+earlier this fall to take a role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this fall to take a role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this fall to take a role in
+public service with the Commonwealth of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public service with the Commonwealth of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public service with the Commonwealth of
+Massachusetts she has taken on another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts she has taken on another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts she has taken on another
+opportunity for transformation another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for transformation another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for transformation another
+opportunity that will allow her to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that will allow her to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity that will allow her to serve
+thousands and thousands of people an was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of people an was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands and thousands of people an was
+executive ocw from its Inception and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive ocw from its Inception and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executive ocw from its Inception and we
+owe much of the success of ocw to her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe much of the success of ocw to her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owe much of the success of ocw to her
+day-to-day leadership and her ex quisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day leadership and her ex quisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day leadership and her ex quisite
+managerial expertise and thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managerial expertise and thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managerial expertise and thank you for
+joining us today and thank you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining us today and thank you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joining us today and thank you for your
+contribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+govern now what you're going to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern now what you're going to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+govern now what you're going to hear
+about today you're a lot of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today you're a lot of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today you're a lot of numbers
+reflecting the use of open course Weare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the use of open course Weare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the use of open course Weare
+and you know numbers um after numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know numbers um after numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know numbers um after numbers
+after numbers that Express the success
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after numbers that Express the success
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after numbers that Express the success
+and the penetration of ocw into you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the penetration of ocw into you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the penetration of ocw into you know
+the minds and lives of many I would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minds and lives of many I would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minds and lives of many I would just
+provide one anecdote Everywhere I Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide one anecdote Everywhere I Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide one anecdote Everywhere I Go
+over the world people provide me with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world people provide me with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world people provide me with
+ocw anecdotes and um you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw anecdotes and um you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw anecdotes and um you know they
+capture in interesting ways this spark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture in interesting ways this spark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture in interesting ways this spark
+of curiosity that got lit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of curiosity that got lit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of curiosity that got lit the
+satisfaction of an educational desire uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction of an educational desire uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfaction of an educational desire uh
+that was made um uh one uh insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made um uh one uh insight into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was made um uh one uh insight into
+the impact of ocw actually comes um from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of ocw actually comes um from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impact of ocw actually comes um from
+my daughter who is of that young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughter who is of that young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my daughter who is of that young
+generation who is you know lives out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation who is you know lives out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation who is you know lives out
+there on the frontier of Technology um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the frontier of Technology um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the frontier of Technology um I
+only visit the frontier through her and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only visit the frontier through her and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only visit the frontier through her and
+our students um I'm not out there myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students um I'm not out there myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our students um I'm not out there myself
+I'm too old um but in the middle midd of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too old um but in the middle midd of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm too old um but in the middle midd of
+September I was on a a a trip and I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September I was on a a a trip and I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September I was on a a a trip and I got
+um I was talking to our daughter on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was talking to our daughter on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was talking to our daughter on the
+telephone and she said mom you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone and she said mom you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone and she said mom you've got to
+go on iTunes video this is not a site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on iTunes video this is not a site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on iTunes video this is not a site
+that I have bookmarked I can tell you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have bookmarked I can tell you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have bookmarked I can tell you um
+you said you what you'll find on iTunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you what you'll find on iTunes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you what you'll find on iTunes
+video are some uh MIT courses but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video are some uh MIT courses but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video are some uh MIT courses but what
+she was pointing out to me is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was pointing out to me is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was pointing out to me is that
+iTunes video does um a best 10 a top 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iTunes video does um a best 10 a top 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iTunes video does um a best 10 a top 10
+ranking it's always changing telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking it's always changing telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranking it's always changing telling you
+what the top 10 courses are top 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the top 10 courses are top 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the top 10 courses are top 10
+courses the top 10 videos are now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses the top 10 videos are now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses the top 10 videos are now you
+all probably know that iTunes has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably know that iTunes has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all probably know that iTunes has a
+segment of the of the site that's iTunes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the of the site that's iTunes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment of the of the site that's iTunes
+U so iTunes University this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so iTunes University this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so iTunes University this is not
+iTunes University I'm talking about I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iTunes University I'm talking about I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iTunes University I'm talking about I'm
+talking just about iTunes video um for u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking just about iTunes video um for u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking just about iTunes video um for u
+a week or two I don't know how long it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week or two I don't know how long it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a week or two I don't know how long it
+lasted but certainly for the middle week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted but certainly for the middle week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasted but certainly for the middle week
+in the middle of September um there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of September um there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of September um there were
+two open course Weare sites videos that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two open course Weare sites videos that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two open course Weare sites videos that
+were rank ranked in the top 10 guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rank ranked in the top 10 guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were rank ranked in the top 10 guess
+what they were number three was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were number three was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were number three was
+classical mechanics we know it as 801
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+seven differential equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven differential equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven differential equations
+1803 go figure I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 go figure I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1803 go figure I
+mean what this expresses to me is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what this expresses to me is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what this expresses to me is the
+hunger in this world for Quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger in this world for Quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hunger in this world for Quality
+education the hunger for great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education the hunger for great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education the hunger for great
+educational materials and I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational materials and I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational materials and I would say
+and reflect on that is our joy in having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reflect on that is our joy in having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reflect on that is our joy in having
+provided ocw to a world that is using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided ocw to a world that is using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided ocw to a world that is using it
+so so one so wonderfully um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one so wonderfully um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one so wonderfully um we're
+delighted that all of you have joined us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted that all of you have joined us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delighted that all of you have joined us
+this afternoon thank you for coming uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon thank you for coming uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this afternoon thank you for coming uh
+to help us celebrate um but also thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us celebrate um but also thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us celebrate um but also thank
+you for coming to partner with us as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for coming to partner with us as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you for coming to partner with us as we
+reflect on open course where and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on open course where and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect on open course where and its
+impact and we also think about uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and we also think about uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact and we also think about uh where
+ocw might take us in the future now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw might take us in the future now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw might take us in the future now the
+story of ocw is best told by The Faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of ocw is best told by The Faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story of ocw is best told by The Faculty
+who created it and the individuals who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who created it and the individuals who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who created it and the individuals who
+use it so we will begin the afternoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so we will begin the afternoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it so we will begin the afternoon
+with a short video that tells you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short video that tells you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a short video that tells you a
+little bit more about Open course we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about Open course we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more about Open course we
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vJ_zJllcKPE.txt b/vJ_zJllcKPE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..778a64847ff8ab20014ccc03028173d8af29565c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vJ_zJllcKPE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Currents induced in a conducting shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currents induced in a conducting shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currents induced in a conducting shell
+oppose the penetration of a suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose the penetration of a suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppose the penetration of a suddenly
+applied magnetic field and cause a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied magnetic field and cause a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied magnetic field and cause a force
+that tends to crush the shell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A thin conducting cylindrical shell is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A thin conducting cylindrical shell is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A thin conducting cylindrical shell is
+placed on top of a coil. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on top of a coil. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placed on top of a coil. This is the
+same apparatus used with Edgidden's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same apparatus used with Edgidden's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same apparatus used with Edgidden's
+Boomer in demonstration 10.2.1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boomer in demonstration 10.2.1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boomer in demonstration 10.2.1.
+We generate a large current in the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We generate a large current in the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We generate a large current in the coil
+by discharging an initially charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by discharging an initially charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by discharging an initially charged
+capacitor C through the coil. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor C through the coil. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor C through the coil. This
+current generates a large magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current generates a large magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current generates a large magnetic field
+which tries to penetrate the cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tries to penetrate the cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tries to penetrate the cylindrical
+shell conductor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell conductor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell conductor.
+Axial currents induced in the conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axial currents induced in the conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Axial currents induced in the conducting
+cylindrical shell create a self-magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical shell create a self-magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylindrical shell create a self-magnetic
+field which opposes the penetration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which opposes the penetration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which opposes the penetration of
+the suddenly applied magnetic field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suddenly applied magnetic field.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the suddenly applied magnetic field.
+These currents cross with the applied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These currents cross with the applied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These currents cross with the applied
+field cause a radial force inwards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field cause a radial force inwards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field cause a radial force inwards that
+tends to crush the cylinder. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again is Edgidden's boomer apparatus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is Edgidden's boomer apparatus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again is Edgidden's boomer apparatus
+composed of the driver coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and large capacitor bank with total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large capacitor bank with total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and large capacitor bank with total
+capacitance of 48 microfarads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of 48 microfarads.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance of 48 microfarads.
+The capacitor bank is charged to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The capacitor bank is charged to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The capacitor bank is charged to 4
+kilovolts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Discharging the capacitor into the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discharging the capacitor into the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Discharging the capacitor into the coil
+with this trigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this trigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this trigger
+generates a large transient current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a large transient current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a large transient current in
+the coil which in turn generates a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil which in turn generates a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil which in turn generates a large
+magnetic field.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Currents induced in the thin foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currents induced in the thin foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Currents induced in the thin foil
+cylinder to oppose the penetration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder to oppose the penetration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cylinder to oppose the penetration of
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cause a radial inwards force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a radial inwards force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause a radial inwards force on the
+cylinder that tends to crush it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's see that again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what the magnetic field would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the magnetic field would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what the magnetic field would look
+like immediately after the field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like immediately after the field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like immediately after the field is
+turned on if the applied field were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on if the applied field were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned on if the applied field were
+uniform. At first, the shell acts like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform. At first, the shell acts like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform. At first, the shell acts like a
+perfect conductor. The magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor. The magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor. The magnetic field
+within the shell at t equals0 is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the shell at t equals0 is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the shell at t equals0 is zero.
+This happens because the axially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This happens because the axially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This happens because the axially
+directed surface currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are induced to buck out the penetration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are induced to buck out the penetration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are induced to buck out the penetration
+of the applied magnetic field through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the applied magnetic field through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the applied magnetic field through
+the shell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell.
+At the shell surface, the radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the shell surface, the radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the shell surface, the radial
+component of the magnetic field is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the magnetic field is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the magnetic field is zero
+while the tangential component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the tangential component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the tangential component is
+terminated by the surface current.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The crossroduct between the axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The crossroduct between the axial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The crossroduct between the axial
+current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the tangential component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tangential component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the tangential component of
+magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then gives the J crossb magnetic force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gives the J crossb magnetic force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then gives the J crossb magnetic force
+as radially inwards.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as radially inwards.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as radially inwards.
+This tends to crush the aluminum foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This tends to crush the aluminum foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This tends to crush the aluminum foil
+cylinder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As time goes on, the currents decay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As time goes on, the currents decay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As time goes on, the currents decay to
+zero and the imposed field penetrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the imposed field penetrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and the imposed field penetrates
+through the shell as if it were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the shell as if it were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the shell as if it were not
+there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For a step magnetic field, the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For a step magnetic field, the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For a step magnetic field, the surface
+current exponentially decays from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current exponentially decays from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current exponentially decays from its
+initial value when t equals z to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value when t equals z to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial value when t equals z to zero
+with magnetic diffusion time constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with magnetic diffusion time constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with magnetic diffusion time constant
+tao subm. The time constant ta subm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tao subm. The time constant ta subm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tao subm. The time constant ta subm is
+the conductivity of the shell sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity of the shell sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductivity of the shell sigma
+times the shell thickness delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the shell thickness delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the shell thickness delta
+times the shell radius a times the shell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the shell radius a times the shell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the shell radius a times the shell
+magnetic permeability here mu not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic permeability here mu not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic permeability here mu not the
+permeability of free space tom is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability of free space tom is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permeability of free space tom is the
+continuum version of the circuit lr time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum version of the circuit lr time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuum version of the circuit lr time
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's evaluate tom for our experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate tom for our experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's evaluate tom for our experiment
+the aluminum foil cylinder radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aluminum foil cylinder radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aluminum foil cylinder radius is
+about 4 1/2 cm meters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 1/2 cm meters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 1/2 cm meters.
+The foil wrapped as two layers has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The foil wrapped as two layers has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The foil wrapped as two layers has a
+total thickness of about 60 microns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total thickness of about 60 microns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total thickness of about 60 microns.
+We use the magnetic permeability of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use the magnetic permeability of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use the magnetic permeability of free
+space and a conductivity of aluminum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and a conductivity of aluminum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and a conductivity of aluminum of
+3 1/2 * 10 7 semens per meter. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 1/2 * 10 7 semens per meter. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 1/2 * 10 7 semens per meter. The
+calculated value of m is about 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated value of m is about 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated value of m is about 60
+micros.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+With this time constant in mind, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With this time constant in mind, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With this time constant in mind, let's
+see what the actual fields are. Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the actual fields are. Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the actual fields are. Because
+this is a singleshot experiment, we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a singleshot experiment, we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a singleshot experiment, we use
+the storage oscilloscope to record and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage oscilloscope to record and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage oscilloscope to record and
+store measured waveforms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store measured waveforms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store measured waveforms.
+We use this current probe to record the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use this current probe to record the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use this current probe to record the
+current in the coil in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the coil in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current in the coil in the upper
+oscilloscope trace. Its gain has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope trace. Its gain has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope trace. Its gain has been
+adjusted to 500 amps per centimeter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to 500 amps per centimeter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted to 500 amps per centimeter.
+This small 200 turn coil is placed just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This small 200 turn coil is placed just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This small 200 turn coil is placed just
+above the driver coil to record the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the driver coil to record the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the driver coil to record the time
+derivative of magnetic flux on the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of magnetic flux on the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of magnetic flux on the lower
+oscilloscope trace.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope trace.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope trace.
+We charge the capacitor to 4 kilovolts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As we discharge the capacitor bank, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we discharge the capacitor bank, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we discharge the capacitor bank, we
+record the current oscillations in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the current oscillations in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record the current oscillations in the
+driver coil on the upper scope trace and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver coil on the upper scope trace and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver coil on the upper scope trace and
+the time derivative of the magnetic flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of the magnetic flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time derivative of the magnetic flux
+on the lower scope trace. We see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower scope trace. We see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the lower scope trace. We see
+decaying oscillations characteristic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying oscillations characteristic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying oscillations characteristic of
+a RLC circuit. For our circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a RLC circuit. For our circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a RLC circuit. For our circuit
+parameters, the frequency of oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, the frequency of oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters, the frequency of oscillation
+is about 4 kHz. We store these waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 4 kHz. We store these waveforms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 4 kHz. We store these waveforms
+and reset the scope trigger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reset the scope trigger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reset the scope trigger.
+We now place the foil cylinder around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We now place the foil cylinder around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We now place the foil cylinder around
+the magnetic flux sensing coil.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remember the upper trace records the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the upper trace records the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the upper trace records the
+driver coil current which imposes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver coil current which imposes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver coil current which imposes the
+magnetic field while the lower trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field while the lower trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field while the lower trace
+records the sensing coil signal. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records the sensing coil signal. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records the sensing coil signal. Now
+inside the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cylinder
+we see that the driver coil current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the driver coil current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see that the driver coil current
+waveform has diminished somewhat but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform has diminished somewhat but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform has diminished somewhat but
+that the sensing coil waveform within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sensing coil waveform within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the sensing coil waveform within
+the foil cylinder has decreased even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foil cylinder has decreased even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the foil cylinder has decreased even
+more. The magnetic field has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. The magnetic field has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. The magnetic field has been
+shielded out of the cylinder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This modest shielding is expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This modest shielding is expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This modest shielding is expected
+because the product of angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product of angular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the product of angular frequency
+at 4 kHz with tom of 60 micros is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4 kHz with tom of 60 micros is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 4 kHz with tom of 60 micros is of
+order unity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+With a thicker cylinder,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With a thicker cylinder,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With a thicker cylinder,
+TOAOM is increased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOAOM is increased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TOAOM is increased
+and the shielding should be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the shielding should be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the shielding should be more
+complete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's measure the field inside another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's measure the field inside another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's measure the field inside another
+aluminum cylinder that is about 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum cylinder that is about 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum cylinder that is about 100
+times thicker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times thicker.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times thicker.
+The bottom scope trace shows the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bottom scope trace shows the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The bottom scope trace shows the field
+without the cylinder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the cylinder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the cylinder.
+Let's reset the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's reset the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's reset the scope
+and put the thick cylinder around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the thick cylinder around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put the thick cylinder around the
+sensing coil.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The new lower trace is essentially zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The new lower trace is essentially zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The new lower trace is essentially zero.
+For omega tom of order 100, the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For omega tom of order 100, the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For omega tom of order 100, the magnetic
+field inside the cylinder is greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field inside the cylinder is greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field inside the cylinder is greatly
+reduced.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vK_q-C-kXhs.txt b/vK_q-C-kXhs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a03c24c9ff3ae9ae339d1baa52504c6bd73e224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vK_q-C-kXhs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2648 @@
+OK.
+Today we are going to talk
+
+about a very interesting
+algorithm called Quicksort --
+
+-- which was invented by Tony
+Hoare in 1962.
+
+And it has ended up being a
+really interesting algorithm
+
+from many points of view.
+And because of that,
+
+it turns out today's lecture is
+going to be both hard and fast.
+
+If you see the person next to
+you sleeping,
+
+you will want to say let's get
+going.
+
+It's a divide-and-conquer
+algorithm.
+
+And it sorts,
+as they say,
+
+in place, meaning that it just
+rearranged the elements where
+
+they are.
+That is like insertion sort
+
+rearranges elements where they
+are.
+
+Mergesort does not.
+Mergesort requires extra
+
+storage in order to do the merge
+operation.
+
+To merge in linear time and
+place, it doesn't merge in place
+
+in linear time.
+It doesn't do it just by
+
+rearranging.
+It is nice because it is in
+
+place, so that means that it is
+fairly efficient in its use of
+
+storage.
+And it also happens to be very
+
+practical if you tune it a bit.
+The basic algorithm turns out,
+
+if you just implement that,
+it's not necessarily that
+
+efficient.
+But if what you do was then do
+
+the standard kinds of things you
+do to goose up the runtime of
+
+something, and we'll talk a
+little about what those things
+
+are, then it can be very,
+very practical.
+
+So, it uses divide-and-conquer
+paradigm.
+
+First step is divide.
+And to do this basically it
+
+does it by partitioning.
+So, it partitions the input
+
+array into two subarrays around
+an element we call the pivot --
+
+-- such that elements in the
+lower subarray are less than or
+
+equal to x, are less than or
+equal to elements in the upper
+
+subarray.
+If we draw a picture of the
+
+input array, this partition step
+basically takes some element x
+
+and everything over here is less
+than or equal to x after the
+
+partition step and everything
+over here is greater than or
+
+equal to x.
+And so now the conquer step is
+
+pretty easy.
+You just recursively sort the
+
+two subarrays.
+So, I recursively sort the
+
+elements less than or equal to
+x, I recursively sort the
+
+elements greater than or equal
+to x.
+
+And then combine is then just
+trivial.
+
+Because once I have sorted the
+things less than or equal to x,
+
+then sorted the things greater
+than or equal to x,
+
+the whole thing is sorted.
+So, there is nothing to do
+
+really for the combine.
+The key step in quicksort is
+
+this partition step.
+That is the thing that does all
+
+of the work.
+And so you can view quicksort
+
+of just as recursive
+partitioning.
+
+That's all it is.
+Just as mergesort was recursive
+
+merging, quicksort sort of goes
+the other way around and does
+
+recursive partitioning.
+The key is the linear time,
+
+by which I mean theta n,
+partitioning subroutine.
+
+And here are some pseudocode
+for it.
+
+This is actually slightly
+different from the book.
+
+The book has one.
+In fact, there is a nice
+
+problem in the book that has
+even a different one,
+
+but they are all basically the
+same idea.
+
+Partition (A,
+p, q).
+
+And what we are looking at,
+at this step of the recursion,
+
+is the subarray A from p to q.
+And basically we pick a pivot,
+
+which is we are going to just
+pick as the first element of the
+
+array A of p.
+
+And the book,
+just for your information,
+
+uses A of q.
+I use A of p.
+
+It doesn't really matter.
+And then we set an index to p
+
+and then we have a loop.
+
+This is the code.
+Basically the structure of it
+
+is a for loop with an "if"
+statement in the middle.
+
+And so the structure of the
+algorithm of this partitioning
+
+step looks as follows.
+We set the pivot to be the
+
+first element.
+Here is p and here is q.
+
+This is going to be our
+invariant for the loop.
+
+And, at any time during the
+execution of a loop,
+
+I essentially have some values
+up to i which are already less
+
+than or equal to x and then some
+values that end at j minus 1
+
+that are greater than or equal
+to x.
+
+And then I don't know about the
+rest.
+
+And so we start out with i
+equal to p and j equal to p plus
+
+1.
+It starts out at p plus 1 so
+
+that everything is unknown
+except for x here.
+
+And then the idea is that it is
+going to preserve this
+
+invariant.
+And the way it does it is,
+
+as we go through the loop,
+it looks at a of j and says is
+
+it greater than or equal to x?
+Sorry, is it less than or equal
+
+to x?
+If it is greater than or equal
+
+to x it does nothing,
+because what can happen?
+
+If this is greater than or
+equal to x, essentially it just
+
+goes to the next iterational
+loop which moves this boundary
+
+and the invariant is satisfied.
+Does everybody see that?
+
+Yeah, OK.
+But if it is less than or equal
+
+to x, I have got a problem if I
+want to maintain the invariant
+
+if this next element is less
+than or equal to x.
+
+And so what it does then is it
+says oh, let me just move this
+
+boundary and swap this element
+here, which is greater than or
+
+equal to x, with this one here
+that is less than or equal to x,
+
+thereby increasing the size of
+this subarray and then the
+
+invariant is satisfied again.
+It is a fairly simple
+
+algorithm.
+And it is actually a very tight
+
+and easy algorithm.
+That is one reason that this is
+
+such a great piece of code
+because it is very efficient.
+
+Now, in principle,
+the running time for this on n
+
+elements is order n.
+
+Because I am basically just
+going through the n elements and
+
+just doing a constant amount of
+work and then just a constant
+
+amount of work outside.
+This is a clever piece of code.
+
+In fact, in principle partition
+is easy, right?
+
+If I weren't worrying about
+doing it in place,
+
+it is really a pretty easy
+thing to do.
+
+I take an element and just
+compare every other element with
+
+it.
+I throw one into one bin and
+
+one into the other.
+That is clearly linear time.
+
+But often what you find is that
+just because you can do it that
+
+way theoretically doesn't mean
+that that is going to end up
+
+giving you good code.
+And this is a nice piece of
+
+code that allows you to do it in
+place.
+
+And that is one reason why this
+is a particularly good
+
+algorithm, because the constants
+are good.
+
+So, yes, when we do asymptotic
+analysis we tend to ignore the
+
+constants, but when you're
+actually building code you care
+
+about the constants.
+But first you care much more
+
+than just about the constants,
+is whether overall it is going
+
+to be a fast algorithm.
+Let's go through an example of
+
+this, I guess I will do it over
+here, just so we get the gist.
+
+Here is a sample array that I
+have created out of hallcloth.
+
+And here we are going to set x,
+the pivot, to be 6.
+
+Let's look to see how this
+algorithm works.
+
+So, i starts out here and j
+starts out here if we
+
+initialize.
+And what we do is start
+
+scanning right,
+essentially that code is
+
+scanning right until it gets
+something which is less than or
+
+equal to the pivot.
+It keeps going here until it
+
+finds, j keeps incrementing
+until it finds something that is
+
+less than or equal to the pivot.
+And, in that case,
+
+it is the number 5.
+Then it says we will swap these
+
+two things.
+And it does that and we get 6,
+
+5, 13, 10, 8,
+3, 2, 11.
+
+And meanwhile now i gets
+incremented and j continues
+
+where it left off.
+And so now we keep scanning
+
+right until we get to something
+that is less than or equal to
+
+the pivot.
+In this case it is 3.
+
+We swap 3 and 5 and get 6,
+3, etc.
+
+And now, at this step we
+increment i, we start j out
+
+here.
+And in this case,
+
+right off the bat,
+we have something which is less
+
+than or equal to x,
+so we swap these two.
+
+I blew it, didn't I?
+Oops.
+
+What did I do?
+I swapped the wrong thing,
+
+didn't I, here?
+Ah-ha.
+
+That is why I am not a
+computer.
+
+Good.
+We should have swapped this
+
+guy, right?
+Swapped i plus 1,
+
+right?
+This was i.
+
+We swap i plus 1,
+good.
+
+So, that's all wrong.
+Let's swap the right things.
+
+Now we have 6,
+5, 3, 10, 8,
+
+13, 2, 11.
+That even corresponds to my
+
+notes for some strange reason.
+This is i and now this is j.
+
+And now when I look,
+I immediately have something
+
+that is less than or equal to
+the pivot.
+
+We swap this and i plus 1,
+so now we have 6,
+
+5, 3, 2, 8, 13,
+10, 11.
+
+And we, at that point,
+increment i to here.
+
+And we have j now going here
+and j runs to the end.
+
+And the loop terminates.
+When the loop terminates there
+
+is one less swap that we do,
+which is to put our pivot
+
+element in the middle between
+the two subarrays.
+
+Here we swap this one and this
+one, and so that gives us then
+
+2, 5, 3, 6, 8,
+13, 10, 11.
+
+And this is the pivot.
+And everything over here is
+
+less than or equal to the pivot.
+And everything over here is
+
+greater than or equal to the
+pivot.
+
+OK, so the quicksort routine.
+Once we have this partition
+
+routine, quicksort is a pretty
+easy piece of code to write.
+
+I should have said return here
+i, right?
+
+You have got to return with the
+pivot.
+
+Here I have got to return i
+because we want to know where
+
+the pivot element is.
+Sorry.
+
+I will plug in my code.
+r gets partition of (A,
+
+p, q) and then we quicksort (A,
+p, r-1) and quicksort of (A,
+
+r+1, q).
+And that is it.
+
+That's the code.
+The initial call is quicksort
+
+of (A, 1, n).
+Because once we partitioned,
+
+we just have to quicksort the
+two portions,
+
+the left and right portions.
+Just the boundary case is
+
+probably worth mentioning for a
+second.
+
+If there are zero or one
+elements, that is basically what
+
+can possibly happen here,
+is that I get zero or one
+
+elements here.
+Then the point is there is
+
+nothing to do because the array
+is sorted, either because it is
+
+an empty array or because it
+only has one element.
+
+One of the tricks to making
+quicksort go fast,
+
+as one tunes this,
+is to, in fact,
+
+look at having a special
+purpose sorting routine for
+
+small numbers of elements.
+For example,
+
+if you get down to five
+elements having some straight
+
+line piece of code that knows
+how to sort five elements
+
+sufficiently as opposed to
+continuing to go through
+
+recursion in order to accomplish
+that.
+
+And there are a variety of
+other things.
+
+This is a tail recursive code,
+and so you can use certain tail
+
+recursion optimizations.
+And there are a variety of
+
+other kinds of optimizations
+that you can use to make this
+
+code go fast.
+So, yeah, you can tune it up a
+
+bit beyond what is there,
+but the core of it is this
+
+efficient partitioning routine.
+
+That is the algorithm.
+It turns out that looking at
+
+how fast it runs is actually a
+little bit challenging.
+
+In the analysis,
+we are going to assume that all
+
+elements are distinct.
+It turns out that this
+
+particular code does not work
+very well when you have repeated
+
+elements, but Hoare's original
+partitioning routine is actually
+
+more efficient in that case if
+there are duplicates in what you
+
+are sorting.
+And I encourage you to look at
+
+that.
+It has a much more complicated
+
+invariant for partitioning
+routine, but it does a similar
+
+kind of thing.
+It's just a bit more
+
+complicated.
+If they weren't all distinct,
+
+there are things you can do to
+make them distinct or you can
+
+just use this code.
+The easiest thing to do is just
+
+use Hoare's original code
+because that works pretty well
+
+when they are nondistinct.
+But this is a little bit easier
+
+to understand.
+Let's let T(n) be the
+
+worst-case running time on n
+elements.
+
+And so what is the worse-case?
+What is the worse-case going to
+
+be for quicksort?
+
+That's right.
+If you always pick the pivot
+
+and everything is greater than
+or everything is less than,
+
+you are not going to partition
+the array very well.
+
+And when does that happen?
+What does the original input
+
+look like that makes that
+happen?
+
+If it is already sorted or
+reverse sorted.
+
+So, if the input is sorted or
+reverse sorted.
+
+That is actually kind of
+important to understand,
+
+because it turns out the most
+common thing to sort is
+
+something that is already
+sorted, surprisingly,
+
+or things that are nearly
+sorted.
+
+But often it is just sorted and
+somebody wants to make sure it
+
+is sorted.
+Well, let's just sort it again
+
+rather than checking to see if
+it is sorted.
+
+And, in those cases,
+one side of the partition of
+
+each partition has no elements.
+Then we can write out what the
+
+recursion is for that.
+We have T(n).
+
+If one side has no elements,
+we are going to have T(0) on
+
+that side.
+And on the other side we are
+
+going to have T(n-1).
+We are just writing out the
+
+recursion for this.
+One side has no elements.
+
+The other side has n-1
+elements.
+
+And then partitioning and all
+the bookkeeping and so forth is
+
+order n.
+What is T(0)?
+
+What is T(0)?
+What is that asymptotically?
+
+It's a constant,
+order 1.
+
+That is just order 1 + T(n-1) +
+order n.
+
+Well, the order 1 can be
+absorbed into the order n,
+
+so this is really just saying
+it is T(n-1) + order n.
+
+And what is that equal to?
+That is order n^2.
+
+Why is that order n^2?
+It is an arithmetic series.
+
+Actually, just like we got for
+insertion sort.
+
+Just like for insertion sort it
+is an arithmetic series.
+
+Going through all that work and
+we have an algorithm called
+
+quicksort, and it is no faster
+than insertion sort.
+
+Nevertheless,
+I said it was a good algorithm.
+
+The reason it is a good
+algorithm is because its average
+
+case time, as we are going to
+see, is very good.
+
+But let's try to understand
+this a little bit more just so
+
+that we understand the
+difference between what is going
+
+to happen in the average case
+and what is going to happen in
+
+the worse-case.
+Let's draw a recursion tree for
+
+this for T(n) = T(0) + T(n-1) +
+and I will make the constant
+
+explicit for cn.
+So, we get an intuition of what
+
+is going on.
+Some constant times n.
+
+And then we have T(n) is equal
+to, and we write it with the
+
+constant part here,
+cn, and then T(0) here,
+
+and then T(n-1) here.
+Now, I know that all you folks
+
+are really fast and want to jump
+immediately to the full-blown
+
+tree.
+But, let me tell you,
+
+my advice is that you spend
+just a couple of minutes writing
+
+it out.
+Since the tree grows
+
+exponentially,
+it only costs you a constant
+
+overhead to write out the small
+cases and make sure that you
+
+have got the pattern that you
+are developing.
+
+So, I am going to go one more
+step.
+
+Here we have T(0) and now this
+becomes c(n-1) and now we have
+
+another T(0) over here and
+T(n-2).
+
+And we continue that,
+dot, dot, dot.
+
+That is all equal to cn with a
+T(0) here, c(n-1) with a T(0),
+
+c(n-2), T(0) here,
+and that goes all the way down
+
+until we end up with T(1) down
+here.
+
+What is the height of this tree?
+
+What is the height of the tree
+here?
+
+Yeah, n.
+Good.
+
+Because every step we are just
+decrementing the argument by 1.
+
+So, the height is n.
+To analyze this,
+
+let's first add up everything
+that is here.
+
+Just so we understand where
+these things are coming from,
+
+this is just theta of the
+summation of k equals 1 to n of
+
+k, actually of ck.
+That is what is in there.
+
+And that is equal to order n^2.
+That is where our algorithmatic
+
+series is coming from.
+So, that is Theta(n^2).
+
+And then all of these things
+here are all Theta(1).
+
+And how many of them are there?
+There are n Theta(1)'s.
+
+So, the total amount is T(n) =
+Theta(n) + Theta(n^2) =
+
+Theta(n^2).
+Just to see what the structure
+
+is in terms of the recursion
+tree, it is a highly unbalanced
+
+recursion tree.
+Now I am going to do something
+
+that I told you should never do,
+which is we are going to be do
+
+a best-case analysis.
+This is for intuition only.
+
+And, in general,
+we don't do best-case analyses.
+
+It doesn't mean anything,
+unless we get some intuition
+
+for it maybe.
+But basically it means nothing
+
+mathematically because it's
+providing no guarantee.
+
+And so this is intuition only.
+
+If we are really lucky what
+happens for partition?
+
+What is going to be the lucky
+case?
+
+Yeah, it splits right in the
+middle.
+
+Which is essentially --
+
+-- n/2 : n/2.
+It is really (n-1)/2 :
+
+(n-1)/2, but we're not going to
+worry about the details because
+
+we're only doing intuition for
+the best-case because best-case
+
+is not what we want.
+If that happened,
+
+what is the recurrence I get?
+Imagine it split it exactly in
+
+the middle every time,
+then what happens?
+
+You get T(n) = 2T(n/2) + order
+n for partitioning and
+
+bookkeeping.
+And what is the solution of
+
+that recurrence?
+That is n log n.
+
+That is the same as the merge
+sort recurrence.
+
+It is which case of the master
+theorem?
+
+Case 2, right?
+Because n to the log base 2 of
+
+2 is n to the 1,
+it is the same,
+
+so we tack on the extra log n.
+Case 2 of the master theorem.
+
+That is pretty good.
+That says that in the best-case
+
+quicksort is going to do well.
+How about let's suppose the
+
+split is always let's say 1/10 :
+9/10, 1/10n :
+
+9/10n.
+In that case,
+
+are we lucky or are we unlucky?
+
+I mean, if the split is really
+skewed, we clearly are going to
+
+be unlucky, right,
+because then it's,
+
+say, 1 to n.
+If it is really in the middle
+
+it is n log n.
+What do you suppose it is if it
+
+is 1/10 : 9/10?
+Is that lucky or unlucky?
+
+We will have a little democracy
+here.
+
+Who thinks that that is a lucky
+case?
+
+It is going to be fast running
+time.
+
+And who thinks it is an unlucky
+case?
+
+OK, so we have some brave
+souls.
+
+And who didn't vote?
+Oh, come on.
+
+Come on.
+It is always better,
+
+by the way, to say yes or no
+and be right or wrong,
+
+because then you have some
+emotional commitment to it and
+
+we will remember better,
+rather than just sitting and
+
+being quiet.
+You don't manipulate your own
+
+emotions well enough to remember
+things well.
+
+Those people who voted win over
+the people who don't vote,
+
+whether they are right or
+wrong.
+
+Well, let's take a look.
+Here is the recurrence.
+
+T(n) = T(1/10n) + T(9/10n) +
+Theta(n).
+
+And we will assume that this
+part here is less than or equal
+
+to some cn in order to analyze
+it.
+
+We will just do a recursion
+tree for this and see.
+
+Here is a recursion tree.
+
+We have T(n) = cn,
+T(1/10n), T(9/10n).
+
+Now we have again cn at the
+top.
+
+This gets complicated,
+right?
+
+This is 1/10cn.
+Now, over here we have 1/10.
+
+And then we are plugging it
+into the recursion again,
+
+so we now get T(1/100n) and
+over here we get T(9/100n).
+
+And over here we have now
+9/10cn.
+
+And that gives us T(9/100n)
+again.
+
+And here we get T(81/100n).
+And we keep going on.
+
+That is equal to cn,
+1/10cn here.
+
+Down this way we have 1/100cn.
+And that keeps going down until
+
+we get to order 1 down here.
+And over here we have 9/10cn.
+
+And here, let's see,
+this is 9/100cn and this is now
+
+9/100cn and this is 81/100cn.
+And these things keep going
+
+down until they get down to
+order 1.
+
+But the leaves are not all at
+uniform depth here,
+
+right?
+This side is way further up
+
+than this side,
+right?
+
+Because here we are only going
+down by 9/10 each time.
+
+So, in fact,
+what is the length of this path
+
+here?
+What is the length of this path
+
+down to this,
+if I take the left most spine?
+
+Somebody raise there hand.
+Yeah?
+
+Log base 10 of n.
+Because I am basically cutting
+
+down by a factor of 10 each
+time.
+
+And how long does it take me to
+reduce it to 1?
+
+That is the definition,
+if you will,
+
+of what a log is,
+log base 10.
+
+What is this one?
+What is this path going that
+
+way?
+
+Log of n. Log base 10/9 of n.
+Because we're going down by
+
+9/10 each time.
+Once again, essentially the
+
+definition of n.
+And everything in between there
+
+is somewhere between log base 10
+of n and log base 10/9 of n.
+
+So, everything is in between
+there.
+
+Now what I can do is do the
+trick that we did for mergesort
+
+in looking at what the
+evaluation of this is by adding
+
+up what is the cost of the total
+level.
+
+That is just cn.
+What is the cost of the next
+
+level?
+cn.
+
+And what is the cost of the
+next level?
+
+cn.
+Every level we are still doing
+
+the same amount of work.
+And we take that all the way
+
+down.
+And the last levels --
+
+Eventually we hit some point
+where it is not equal to cn
+
+where we start getting things
+that are less than or equal to
+
+cn because some of the leaves
+start dropping out starting at
+
+this level.
+Basically this part is going to
+
+be log base 10 of n,
+and then we start getting
+
+things that are less than or
+equal to cn, and so forth,
+
+until finally we get to add it
+all up.
+
+T(n) is going to be less than
+or equal to cn times,
+
+well, what is the longest that
+this could possibly be?
+
+Log base 10/9 of n.
+Plus we have all of the leaves
+
+that we have to add in,
+but all the leaves together add
+
+up to just order n.
+All the leaves add up to order
+
+n, so we have + Theta(n).
+And so this is how much?
+
+If I add all of this together,
+what is this asymptotically?
+
+That is n log n.
+So, T(n) is actually bounded by
+
+n log n.
+We are lucky.
+
+Those people who guessed lucky
+were right.
+
+A 1/10 : 9/10 split is
+asymptotically as good as a 50 :
+
+50 split.
+And, in fact,
+
+we can lower bound this by just
+looking at these things here and
+
+discover that,
+in fact, T(n) is lower bounded
+
+by cn log base 10 of n + order
+n.
+
+And so T(n) is lower bounded by
+also asymptotically n log n.
+
+So, T(n) is actually Theta(n lg
+n).
+
+Now, this is not really proof.
+I generally recommend that you
+
+don't do this kind of thing to
+do a proof.
+
+This is a good intuition of a
+recursion tree.
+
+The way you prove this is what?
+Substitution method.
+
+Good.
+What you do is use this to get
+
+your guess and then use
+substitution method to prove
+
+that your guess is right.
+It is too easy to make mistakes
+
+with this method.
+It is very easy to make
+
+mistakes.
+With the substitution method it
+
+is harder to make mistakes
+because there is just algebra
+
+there that you are cranking
+through.
+
+It is easier to verify rather
+than dot, dot,
+
+dots and trees that you drew
+improperly and wrote in wrong
+
+amounts and so forth.
+OK?
+
+So, this is n log n.
+That's pretty good.
+
+It is order n log n.
+And we are lucky.
+
+Now let's try another one.
+This is all for intuition
+
+because, I will tell you,
+by the time we get to the end
+
+of this class you folks are
+going to bolting for the door
+
+because we are going to do some
+good math today,
+
+actually.
+It is actually fun math,
+
+I think, but it is challenging.
+If you are not awake,
+
+you can still sleep now,
+but I will tell you when to
+
+wake up.
+One more bit of intuition.
+
+Suppose that we alternate
+steps.
+
+Suppose we do the partitioning
+thing.
+
+And it happens that we start
+out lucky and then we have a
+
+partitioning step that is
+unlucky and then we have a step
+
+that is lucky and a step that is
+unlucky and we do that all the
+
+way down the tree.
+Suppose we alternate.
+
+Are we lucky or unlucky if we
+do that?
+
+This time I want everybody
+voting.
+
+It doesn't matter what your
+answer is.
+
+Everybody has to have a stake
+in the game.
+
+It is sort of like horseracing.
+If ever you have watched
+
+horseracing, it is really
+boring, but if you put a little
+
+bit of money down,
+a little skin in the game
+
+suddenly it is interesting.
+The same thing here.
+
+I want everybody to put some
+skin in the game.
+
+Who thinks that this is going
+to be lucky?
+
+Who thinks it is going to be
+unlucky?
+
+OK.
+Who didn't vote?
+
+[LAUGHTER] You guys.
+No skin in the game,
+
+ha?
+Let's analyze this so we can
+
+once again write a recurrence.
+On the lucky step,
+
+we will have L(n) be the
+running time on a lucky step of
+
+size n.
+And that is going to be twice.
+
+While the next step is going to
+be unlucky.
+
+It is two unluckies over 2 plus
+order n.
+
+That is our lucky step.
+And then for the unlucky step
+
+it is essentially going to be L
+of n minus 1,
+
+it is going to be lucky on the
+next step, plus order n.
+
+That is unlucky.
+See how I have described this
+
+behavior with a system now of
+recurrences that are dependent
+
+where the boundary cases,
+once again which are unstated,
+
+is that the recurrences have a
+constant solution with constant
+
+input.
+Now we just do a little bit of
+
+algebra using substitution.
+L(n) is then equal to,
+
+well, I can just plug in,
+for U(n/2) plug in the value of
+
+U(n/2).
+And that gives me 2[L(n/2-1) +
+
+Theta(n) + Theta(n)].
+See what I did here?
+
+I simply plugged in,
+for U(n/2), this recurrence.
+
+In fact, technically I guess I
+should have said Theta(n/2) just
+
+to make this substitution more
+straightforward.
+
+It is the same thing,
+but just to not skip a step.
+
+That we can now crank through.
+And that is 2L(n/2 - 1) +,
+
+and now I have two T(n/2) plus
+another one, so all of that is
+
+just order n.
+And what is the solution to
+
+that recurrence?
+n log n.
+
+Theta(n lg n).
+Does everybody see that?
+
+OK?
+Theta(n lg n).
+
+This is basically just,
+once again, master theorem with
+
+a little bit of jiggering here.
+That minus one is only going to
+
+help us, actually,
+in the solution of the master
+
+theorem.
+So, it is order n lg n.
+
+We are lucky.
+If we alternate lucky and
+
+unlucky, we are lucky.
+How can we insure that we are
+
+usually lucky?
+If I have the input already
+
+sorted, I am going to be
+unlucky.
+
+Excuse me?
+You could randomly arrange the
+
+elements, that is one way.
+What is another way?
+
+That is a perfectly good way,
+actually.
+
+In fact, it is a common thing
+to do.
+
+Randomly choose the pivot,
+OK.
+
+It turns out those are
+effectively equivalent,
+
+but we are going to do the
+randomly choose the pivot
+
+because it is a little bit
+easier to analyze.
+
+But they are effectively
+equivalent.
+
+That gives us the algorithm
+called randomized quicksort.
+
+And the nice thing about
+randomized quicksort is that the
+
+running time is independent of
+the input ordering.
+
+Very much for the same reason
+that if I just scramble the
+
+input, it would be independent
+of the input ordering.
+
+If I randomly scramble the
+input then it doesn't matter
+
+what the order of the input was.
+Whereas, original quicksort has
+
+some slow cases,
+input sorted or reverse sorted,
+
+and some fast cases.
+In particular,
+
+it turns out that if it is
+random it is going to be pretty
+
+fast.
+If I actually randomly scramble
+
+the input or pivot on a random
+element, it doesn't matter what
+
+the input was.
+One way of thinking about this
+
+is with an adversary.
+Imagine your adversary,
+
+you are saying I have a good
+sorting algorithm and he says I
+
+have a good sorting algorithm
+and you're trying to sell to a
+
+single customer.
+And the customer says OK,
+
+you guys come up with
+benchmarks for each of your
+
+algorithms.
+And you get to look at his
+
+algorithm.
+Well, you look and you say oh,
+
+he is using quicksort.
+I will just give him something
+
+that is already sorted.
+That is what you could do to
+
+him.
+If you had quicksort,
+
+he would do the same thing to
+you.
+
+So, how can you defeat him?
+Well, one way is with
+
+randomization.
+Big idea in computer science,
+
+use random numbers.
+The idea here is if I permute
+
+the ordering at random,
+as one suggestion,
+
+or I pivot at random places,
+then the input ordering didn't
+
+matter.
+And so there is no bad ordering
+
+that he can provide that is
+going to make my code run
+
+slowly.
+Now, I might get unlucky.
+
+But that is just unlucky in my
+use of my random-number
+
+generator.
+It is not unlucky with respect
+
+to what the input was.
+What the input was doesn't
+
+matter.
+Everybody follow that?
+
+OK.
+The nice thing about randomized
+
+quicksort is that it makes no
+assumptions about the input
+
+distribution.
+You don't have to assume that
+
+all inputs are equally likely
+because either you can make it
+
+that way or you pivot in a way
+that makes that effectively
+
+whole.
+And, in particular,
+
+there is no specific input that
+can elicit the worst-case
+
+behavior.
+The worst-case is determined
+
+only by a random-number
+generator.
+
+And, therefore,
+since it is only determined by
+
+a random-number generator,
+we can essentially bound the
+
+unluckiness mathematically.
+We can say what are the odds?
+
+So, we are going to analyze
+this.
+
+And this is where you know if
+you belong in this course or
+
+not.
+If you have skipped 6.042 or
+
+whatever, this is a good place
+to do the comparison.
+
+Since it is going to be a
+little bit, why don't people
+
+just stand up for a moment and
+take a stretch break.
+
+Since this is going to be a
+nice piece of mathematics we are
+
+going to do, you are going to
+want to feel fresh for it.
+
+Stretch break is over.
+
+Analysis.
+Good.
+
+I think we are going to make
+this.
+
+I am sort of racing.
+There is a lot of stuff to
+
+cover today.
+Good.
+
+Let's let T(n) now be the
+random variable for the running
+
+time assuming --
+
+Wow.
+I didn't even write here what
+
+we did here.
+So, we are going to pivot on a
+
+random element.
+
+That is the basic scheme we are
+going to do.
+
+And the way I do that,
+by the way, is just in the code
+
+for partition,
+rather than partitioning on the
+
+first element,
+before I do the partition,
+
+I just swap the first element
+with some other element in the
+
+array chosen at random,
+perhaps itself.
+
+So, they are all equally likely
+to be pivoted on.
+
+And then just run the ordinary
+partition.
+
+This is a random variable for
+running in time assuming,
+
+we have to make an assumption
+for doing probability,
+
+the random numbers are
+independent.
+
+So that when I pivot in one
+place, it is independent of how
+
+I pivoted in some other place as
+I am running this algorithm.
+
+Then, to analyze this,
+what I am going to do is I want
+
+to know where we pivoted.
+For k = 0, 1,
+
+..., n-1, let's let,
+for a particular partition,
+
+the random variable X_k = 1 if
+partition generates a k :
+
+n-k-1 split,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+In the partition routine,
+I am picking a random element
+
+to pivot on.
+And X_k is going to be my
+
+random variable that is 1 if it
+generates a split that has k
+
+elements on the left side and
+n-k-1 elements on the right side
+
+of the pivot.
+Some of those,
+
+too, of course are n-1 because
+I also have the pivot.
+
+And 0 otherwise.
+So, I now have n random
+
+variables that I have defined
+associated with a single
+
+partition where all of them are
+going to be zero except one of
+
+them, whichever one happens to
+occur is going to have the value
+
+1.
+This is called,
+
+by the way.
+What is the name of this type
+
+of random variable?
+
+Bernoulli.
+Well, Bernoulli has other
+
+assumptions.
+It is an indicator random
+
+variable.
+It turns out it is Bernoulli,
+
+but that's OK.
+It is an indicator random
+
+variable.
+It just takes on the value of
+
+0, 1.
+And Bernoulli random variables
+
+are a particular type of
+indicator random variable.
+
+Which it turns out these are.
+That is an indicator random
+
+variable.
+Indicator random variables are
+
+a good way when you are trying
+to understand what the sum of a
+
+bunch of things is.
+It is a good way to break apart
+
+your big random variables into
+smaller ones that can be
+
+analyzed.
+Let's just take a look at this
+
+indicator random variable.
+What is the expectation of X_k
+
+equal to?
+
+In other words,
+what is the probability that I
+
+generate a k :
+n-k-1 split?
+
+X_k is, let's just write out
+what that means,
+
+just to refresh people's
+memory.
+
+That is 0 times the probability
+that X_k equals 0 plus 1 times
+
+the probability that X_k equals
+1, which is equal,
+
+well, that is all zero.
+That is just equal to the
+
+probability that X_k equals 1.
+And that is a general property
+
+of indicator random variables,
+is that their expectation is
+
+the probability that they are 1.
+The nice thing about indicator
+
+random variables is it directly
+connects the probability to the
+
+expectation without any other
+terms going on.
+
+What is the probability of X_k
+equals 1?
+
+1/n.
+So, all splits are equally
+
+likely.
+And I have n elements,
+
+so each ones has a 1/n chance
+of being picked as the pivot.
+
+And, once you pick the pivot,
+that determines what is on the
+
+left and the right and so forth.
+So, it is 1/n.
+
+Everybody with me so far?
+More or less?
+
+OK.
+As I say, this is going to test
+
+whether you're in the class.
+If you go home and you study
+
+this and you cannot get it,
+and you have a deficiency in
+
+your math background in trying
+to take the course,
+
+this is a good indication that
+probably you have taken
+
+something a little over your
+head.
+
+Let's write out what T(n) is
+equal to here.
+
+T(n) is going to be equal to
+T(0) + T(n-1) + Theta(n) if we
+
+get a 0 : n-1 split and is equal
+to T(1) + T(n-2) + order n if we
+
+have a 1 : n-2 split.
+
+And now down here it is going
+to be T(n-1) + T(0) + Theta(n)
+
+if we end up with an n-1 :
+0 split.
+
+So, this is our recurrence for
+T(n).
+
+And, unfortunately,
+the recurrence is kind of hairy
+
+because it has got n cases.
+And this is,
+
+once again, where the
+brilliance of being able to use
+
+indicator random variables comes
+in.
+
+Because we will be able to take
+this case analysis and reduce it
+
+to mathematics so we don't have
+cases using indicator random
+
+variables.
+And the way we do that is using
+
+the following trick of
+converting the cases into a
+
+summation.
+
+Let's just take a look at why
+these two things are the same.
+
+The indicator random variable
+is zero, except if you get the
+
+particular split.
+Therefore, this summation is
+
+going to be zero,
+except for that k which
+
+actually appeared in which case
+it is the value that we say it
+
+is.
+See the trick using
+
+multiplication by 0,
+1 variable to handle all the
+
+cases?
+I think that is damn clever.
+
+I think that is damn clever.
+And this is like the classic
+
+thing that you do with indicator
+random variables.
+
+It's one of the reasons they
+are a very powerful method.
+
+Because now we actually have a
+mathematical expression,
+
+hairy although it may be,
+for our recurrence.
+
+Now, what we are going to
+analyze is the expected value of
+
+T(n).
+That is what we want to do.
+
+What is the expected value of
+T(n)?
+
+To do that, I just write the
+expected value of T(n) is equal
+
+to the expected value of this
+big summation.
+
+And now we can go ahead and
+start to evaluate the expected
+
+value of that summation.
+Everybody with me?
+
+Yes?
+Any questions at this point?
+
+I see a thumbs up.
+That's nice to see.
+
+But I generally believe that
+what I want to see is no thumbs
+
+down.
+It is good to see the thumbs
+
+up, but that means one person
+understands, or thinks he
+
+understands.
+[LAUGHTER] So,
+
+this is, I claim,
+equal to the following.
+
+Actually, I am going to need a
+little space here so I am going
+
+to move the equal sign over a
+little bit.
+
+I claim that summation is equal
+to that.
+
+This expectation is equal to
+that summation of expectations.
+
+Why is that?
+What are the magic words that
+
+justify this step?
+Linearity of expectation.
+
+The expectation of a sum is the
+sum of the expectations.
+
+So, that is linearity of
+expectation.
+
+I don't need independence for
+that.
+
+That is just always true for
+expectation of any random
+
+variables.
+The sum of the expectations is
+
+the expectation of the sum and
+vice versa.
+
+Here we did the vice versa.
+That is equal to now the sum of
+
+k=0 to n-1 of expectation of X_k
+[T(k) + T(n-k-1) + Theta(n)].
+
+Why is that true?
+What I have done is I've said
+
+the expectation of the product
+is the product of the
+
+expectations.
+That is because of
+
+independence.
+What is independent of what?
+
+The X_k here,
+random variable,
+
+are independent of any of the
+other partitionings in,
+
+if you will,
+the X_k that would exist for
+
+any of the other recursive
+calls.
+
+So, whatever happens in here is
+independent of what happened
+
+there.
+We are actually hiding.
+
+Since we have a recurrence,
+we are not partitioning the
+
+same wage time.
+We have a different one.
+
+We actually have something
+going on underneath the
+
+mathematics you have to pay
+attention to that the
+
+mathematics alone isn't really
+showing, which is that in T(k)
+
+there is actually a set of
+random choices that are being
+
+made, if you will.
+And so you have to understand
+
+that those are independent of
+those, in which case we can
+
+multiple the probabilities of
+their expectations.
+
+Is everybody with me?
+That is a big one,
+
+independence of X_k from other
+random choices.
+
+That is equal to now,
+well, first of all,
+
+this is nice.
+What is the expectation of X_k?
+
+1/n.
+That actually doesn't even
+
+belong in the summation.
+We will just pop it outside.
+
+I get 1/n times the sum of k=0
+to n-1 of expectation of T(k) +
+
+1/n summation k=0 to n-1 of
+expectation of T(n-k-1) + 1/n
+
+summation k=0 to n-1 up to
+Theta(n).
+
+That is, again,
+using linearity of expectation
+
+there this time to split up
+these pieces and just factoring
+
+out the expectation of k as
+being 1/n.
+
+Everybody with me still?
+All of this is elementary.
+
+It is just one of these things
+that is hard just because there
+
+are so many steps.
+And it takes that you have seen
+
+some of this before.
+Now the next observation is
+
+that these two summations are,
+in fact, identical.
+
+They are the same summation,
+just in a different order.
+
+This is going T(0),
+T(1), T(2), T(3) up to T(n-1).
+
+This one is going T(n-1),
+T(n-2), T(n-3) down to T(0).
+
+These are, in fact,
+equal.
+
+So, therefore,
+I have two of them.
+
+And then what is this term
+equal to?
+
+What is that one equal to?
+Theta(n).
+
+Let's just see why.
+The summation of 0 :
+
+n of Theta(n) is Theta(n^2)
+divided by n.
+
+Or, if I want to bring the
+Theta(n) out,
+
+I have 1 times the summation of
+k equals1 to n of Theta(1) or of
+
+1.
+So, once again,
+
+you get n, either way of doing
+it.
+
+This is, in some sense,
+because the summations have
+
+identical terms,
+and this is just algebra.
+
+Now what we are going to do is
+do something for technical
+
+convenience.
+Because we are going to absorb
+
+the k=0, 1 terms into the
+Theta(n) for technical
+
+convenience.
+
+We have a recurrence here where
+I have an order n.
+
+And, if I look at the cases
+where k=0 or k=1,
+
+I know what the expectation is.
+For 0, 1, the expected cost is
+
+the worst case cost,
+which is constant.
+
+Because I am only solving the
+problem for a constant size.
+
+And we know that for any of the
+boundary cases that our solution
+
+of recurrence,
+our assumption is that it is
+
+constant time.
+So, I basically can just take
+
+those two terms out.
+And all that does it accumulate
+
+some more constant here in the
+Theta(n).
+
+It is going to make the
+solution of the recurrence a
+
+little bit easier.
+And, if I do that,
+
+I get expectation of T(n) = 2/n
+summation k=2 to n-1 of
+
+expectation of T(k) + Theta(n).
+
+So, all of that work was to
+derive the recurrence.
+
+And now we have to solve it.
+Just to review what we did,
+
+we started out with a
+recurrence which was for the
+
+random variable which involved a
+case statement.
+
+We converted that into some
+mathematics without the case
+
+statement, just with a product,
+and then we derived a
+
+recurrence for the expectation.
+And now we are in the process
+
+of trying to solve that
+recurrence.
+
+We have done some
+simplification of the recurrence
+
+so that we understand what it is
+that we are going to solve here.
+
+By the way, I don't give things
+like this on quizzes.
+
+I do expect you to understand
+it.
+
+The elements of this you will
+find on a quiz.
+
+This is a lot of work to figure
+out.
+
+This took smart people to do.
+Even though it is all
+
+elementary, but working out
+something like this at the
+
+elementary level is still a bit
+of work even for somebody who is
+
+knowledgeable in this area.
+Now we are going to solve that
+
+last recurrence over there and
+we are going to prove that the
+
+expectation of T(n) is less than
+or equal to (an lg n) for some
+
+constant a greater than 0.
+That is going to be what we are
+
+going to do.
+And so what technique do you
+
+think we should use to prove
+this?
+
+Does this look like a master
+method?
+
+It is nothing like the master
+method.
+
+So, when in doubt do
+substitution.
+
+It is the grand-daddy of all
+methods.
+
+What we will do is solve the
+base case by simply choosing a
+
+big enough so that (an lg n) is
+bigger than the expectation of
+
+T(n) for sufficiently large
+small n.
+
+So, I just pick a to be big
+enough.
+
+And this is,
+by the way, why I wanted to
+
+exclude 0 and 1 from the
+recurrence.
+
+Because, for example,
+when n=0, log of 0 is,
+
+it's like dividing by 0,
+right, you cannot do it.
+
+Log of 1 is 0.
+So here, even if I restricted
+
+it to 1, here I would have a 0,
+and I can't ever pick a big
+
+enough to dominate those cases.
+What I do is I just say look,
+
+I just absorb whatever the cost
+is into the T(n) for technical
+
+convenience.
+And that lets me address it as
+
+(an lg n) to be big enough to
+handle the base case.
+
+So, that is why we made that
+technical assumption.
+
+We are going to use a fact
+which is that the summation of
+
+k=2 to n-1 of k lg k is less
+than or equal to 1/2n^2 lg n -
+
+1/8n^2.
+I am going to leave that as an
+
+exercise for you to workout.
+I think it is an exercise in
+
+the book, too.
+I want you to go and evaluate
+
+this.
+There are two ways to evaluate
+
+it.
+One is by using purely
+
+summations and facts about
+summations by splitting the
+
+summation into two pieces and
+reconstituting it to prove this
+
+bound.
+The other way is to use the
+
+integral method for solving
+summations.
+
+Either way you can prove.
+The integral method actually
+
+gets you a tighter bound than
+this.
+
+This is a basic fact,
+and you should go off and know
+
+how to do that.
+Now let's do substitution.
+
+The expectation of T(n) is less
+than or equal to 2/n times the
+
+summation k=2 to n-1,
+now we do the substitution of
+
+ak lg k, the smaller values plus
+Theta(n).
+
+I might mentioned,
+by the way, that the hard part
+
+of doing this,
+it is easy to get the bound
+
+without this term,
+it is easy to get this bound,
+
+1/2n^2 lg n,
+it is harder to get the second
+
+order term.
+It turns out you need the
+
+second order term in order to do
+what we are going to do.
+
+You have to be able to subtract
+a quadratic amount of the n^2 lg
+
+n in order to make this proof
+work.
+
+And that is the trickier part
+in evaluating that summation.
+
+So, we get this.
+That is less than or equal to?
+
+Well, I happen to know how much
+this is by using that formula.
+
+I use my fact and get 2a/n
+(1/2n^2 lg n - 1/8n^2) +
+
+Theta(n).
+Did I do something wrong?
+
+There we go.
+Very good.
+
+That is equal to -
+If I multiply this first part
+
+through that is an lg n.
+And now, so I don't make a
+
+mistake, I want to express this
+as my desired,
+
+this is what I want it to be,
+minus a residual.
+
+I am going to write the
+residual as this part.
+
+And so, the way to write that
+is, that is going to be minus.
+
+And then it is going to be this
+term here, which is going to be
+
+an/4 - Theta(n).
+
+And that is going to be less
+than or equal to an lg n if this
+
+part is positive.
+And I can make that part
+
+positive by picking a big enough
+such that an/4 dominates the
+
+constant in the Theta(n) here.
+Whatever the constant is here,
+
+I can find an a that is big
+enough so that this term makes
+
+this part positive.
+If a is big enough so that an/4
+
+dominates Theta(n).
+And so the running time of
+
+randomized quicksort is order n
+lg n.
+
+That is what we just proved,
+the expected running time is
+
+order n lg n.
+Now, in practice,
+
+quicksort is a great algorithm.
+It is typically three or more
+
+times faster than mergesort.
+It doesn't give you the strong
+
+guarantee necessarily of
+mergesort and being worst-case n
+
+lg n.
+But in practice,
+
+if you use randomized
+quicksort, it is generally as
+
+much as three times faster.
+It does require code tuning in
+
+order to get it up to be that
+fast.
+
+You do have to go and coarsen
+the base cases and do some other
+
+tricks there,
+but most good sorting
+
+algorithms that you will find
+are based on quicksort.
+
+Also one of the other reasons
+it works well is because it
+
+tends to work well with caches
+in virtual memory.
+
+We are not really talking much
+about caching models and so
+
+forth, big topic these days in
+algorithms, but it does work
+
+very well with caches in virtual
+memory.
+
+It is another reason that this
+is a good algorithm to use.
+
+Good recitation,
+by the way, on Friday.
+
+We are going to see another n
+log n time algorithm,
+
+a very important one in
+recitation on Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/w1Z2FX8rQc0.txt b/w1Z2FX8rQc0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3e3490a4b0e4716d660c19a5df672d3e4f84041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/w1Z2FX8rQc0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8675 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
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+Hello and welcome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello and welcome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello and welcome.
+So today is mostly distinguished by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today is mostly distinguished by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today is mostly distinguished by what
+happens tomorrow, not surprisingly, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens tomorrow, not surprisingly, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens tomorrow, not surprisingly, but
+of course you all know that. So tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you all know that. So tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you all know that. So tomorrow
+we have our first quiz tomorrow evening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our first quiz tomorrow evening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have our first quiz tomorrow evening
+7:30 to 9:30. No recitation. We've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:30 to 9:30. No recitation. We've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7:30 to 9:30. No recitation. We've been
+through this several times. I won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this several times. I won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this several times. I won't
+spend any time on it other than to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend any time on it other than to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend any time on it other than to ask
+if there are any questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there are any questions.
+So if I don't hear any questions, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I don't hear any questions, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I don't hear any questions, the
+idea is going to be at the end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is going to be at the end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is going to be at the end of this
+lecture, the next time we'll see you is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, the next time we'll see you is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, the next time we'll see you is
+in office hours andor uh tomorrow,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in office hours andor uh tomorrow,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in office hours andor uh tomorrow,
+Wednesday, 7:30 on the third floor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, 7:30 on the third floor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday, 7:30 on the third floor of
+building 26.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 26.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building 26.
+Questions or comments about the exam?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions or comments about the exam?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Questions or comments about the exam?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the one page of notes 8 and 1 half by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one page of notes 8 and 1 half by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the one page of notes 8 and 1 half by
+11 front and back. You can write as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 front and back. You can write as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 front and back. You can write as
+small as you like. In fact, later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as you like. In fact, later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small as you like. In fact, later in
+today's lecture, I'll show you how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture, I'll show you how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture, I'll show you how a
+microscope works and you're welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope works and you're welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope works and you're welcome to
+use a microscope because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a microscope because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a microscope because they're
+completely non- electronic.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely non- electronic.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely non- electronic.
+Oh, as long as you use an optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, as long as you use an optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, as long as you use an optical
+microscope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope.
+Other questions about the exam?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Then for today,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then for today,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Then for today,
+so far since the beginning of the term,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far since the beginning of the term,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far since the beginning of the term,
+we've thought about a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've thought about a number of
+different kinds of representations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of representations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different kinds of representations for
+both DT systems, discrete time and CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both DT systems, discrete time and CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both DT systems, discrete time and CT
+systems, continuous time systems. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, continuous time systems. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems, continuous time systems. And we
+saw that we were interested in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that we were interested in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that we were interested in that
+large number of representations because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of representations because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number of representations because
+each of them had some particular aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them had some particular aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of them had some particular aspect
+that made it particularly convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it particularly convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made it particularly convenient
+sometimes. So for example in both CT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes. So for example in both CT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes. So for example in both CT and
+DT we looked at verbal but not so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT we looked at verbal but not so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT we looked at verbal but not so much
+that was mostly in the homework. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was mostly in the homework. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was mostly in the homework. We
+looked at uh difference and differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at uh difference and differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at uh difference and differential
+equations mostly because they were so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations mostly because they were so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations mostly because they were so
+compact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact,
+so concise,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concise,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concise,
+so precise. They told you exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so precise. They told you exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so precise. They told you exactly what
+the system does. No fluff. This is it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does. No fluff. This is it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system does. No fluff. This is it.
+So that was nice. Block diagrams, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was nice. Block diagrams, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was nice. Block diagrams, by
+contrast, are less concise, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast, are less concise, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contrast, are less concise, but they
+tell you the way a signal propagates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the way a signal propagates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you the way a signal propagates
+through the system on its way from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system on its way from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the system on its way from the
+input to the output. And that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the output. And that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input to the output. And that can be
+very helpful for understanding why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful for understanding why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very helpful for understanding why
+certain behaviors occur, especially when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain behaviors occur, especially when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain behaviors occur, especially when
+we talk about things like feedback.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about things like feedback.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about things like feedback.
+We looked at operator representations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We looked at operator representations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We looked at operator representations.
+They were nice because we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were nice because we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were nice because we could
+transform the way we think about systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the way we think about systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform the way we think about systems
+uh into the way we think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the way we think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh into the way we think about uh
+polomials. So we reduced a college level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. So we reduced a college level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. So we reduced a college level
+thing to a high school level thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to a high school level thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to a high school level thing.
+That's always nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's always nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's always nice.
+And then we looked at transforms. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we looked at transforms. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we looked at transforms. The
+the distinguishing feature of transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinguishing feature of transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distinguishing feature of transform
+representation was that we took an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation was that we took an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation was that we took an
+entire function of time and turned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire function of time and turned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire function of time and turned it
+into an algebraic expression. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algebraic expression. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an algebraic expression. So we
+turned a a differential system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned a a differential system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned a a differential system that
+described a system of differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a system of differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described a system of differential
+equations that describes a system into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that describes a system into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that describes a system into a
+system of algebraic equations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of algebraic equations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of algebraic equations that
+describes a system. All of those were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a system. All of those were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes a system. All of those were
+useful for different ways. And what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for different ways. And what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for different ways. And what I
+want to talk about today is yet another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about today is yet another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about today is yet another
+way to represent a system. And that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent a system. And that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to represent a system. And that is
+to represent a system by a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a system by a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent a system by a single
+signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in some sense we're going backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some sense we're going backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in some sense we're going backwards
+because we're taking what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're taking what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're taking what we would
+normally think of as an entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think of as an entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally think of as an entire system
+and reducing it getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing it getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reducing it getting rid of the
+system altogether. So all we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system altogether. So all we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system altogether. So all we're going to
+have is signals. That turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is signals. That turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is signals. That turns out to be a
+particular powerful way to do some sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular powerful way to do some sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular powerful way to do some sorts
+of operations and is actually the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations and is actually the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operations and is actually the first
+instance the first step in that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the first step in that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the first step in that we will
+take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take
+in a major field thought of as signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a major field thought of as signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a major field thought of as signal
+processing. When you reduce the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. When you reduce the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing. When you reduce the entire
+behavior of a system to a signal we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of a system to a signal we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of a system to a signal we then
+regard the whole processing task as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard the whole processing task as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regard the whole processing task as a
+signal processing task signal processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing task signal processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing task signal processing
+task not system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, so far we have focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so far we have focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so far we have focused on the
+responses to the most elementary kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to the most elementary kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to the most elementary kinds
+of signals. Unit sample signal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signals. Unit sample signal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of signals. Unit sample signal,
+unit impulse signal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse signal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit impulse signal,
+but generally speaking, we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally speaking, we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but generally speaking, we're interested
+in much more complicated signals as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much more complicated signals as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in much more complicated signals as
+you've already seen. I've already asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen. I've already asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've already seen. I've already asked
+you to calculate things like unit step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to calculate things like unit step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to calculate things like unit step
+responses. So, generally, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses. So, generally, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses. So, generally, we're going to
+be interested in much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be interested in much more complicated
+signals, the responses of systems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals, the responses of systems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals, the responses of systems to
+much more complicated signals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated signals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more complicated signals.
+That's not hard. The reason we skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not hard. The reason we skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not hard. The reason we skipped
+over it was that you can always figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it was that you can always figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over it was that you can always figure
+out the response to a more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the response to a more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the response to a more complicated
+signal, at least by falling back on some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal, at least by falling back on some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal, at least by falling back on some
+of our more primitive ways of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our more primitive ways of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our more primitive ways of thinking
+about systems. So, for example, if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about systems. So, for example, if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about systems. So, for example, if we
+think about a difference equation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a difference equation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a difference equation or
+block diagram, we can think about how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram, we can think about how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block diagram, we can think about how a
+more complicated signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated signal
+excites a response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excites a response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excites a response
+by simply thinking about the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply thinking about the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by simply thinking about the system
+operating on a sample by sample basis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on a sample by sample basis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operating on a sample by sample basis.
+So you of course all know that and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you of course all know that and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you of course all know that and to
+prove that you all know that answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you all know that answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that you all know that answer the
+following question here's a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following question here's a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following question here's a system
+here's a signal that is more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a signal that is more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a signal that is more complicated
+than just a unit sample unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a unit sample unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just a unit sample unit sample
+signal figure out what is the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal figure out what is the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal figure out what is the third
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+of this system to that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You should be absolutely quiet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should be absolutely quiet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should be absolutely quiet.
+That was sarcasm. Just, you know, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was sarcasm. Just, you know, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That was sarcasm. Just, you know, just
+so you know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Lots of self-satisfied looks. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of self-satisfied looks. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lots of self-satisfied looks. So I
+assume everybody's done. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everybody's done. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume everybody's done. So what's the
+answer? Raise the number of fingers that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? Raise the number of fingers that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? Raise the number of fingers that
+corresponds to the answer y of three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the answer y of three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to the answer y of three.
+raise your hand so that I can see them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand so that I can see them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand so that I can see them.
+Uh, drop them so I can't sort drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, drop them so I can't sort drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, drop them so I can't sort drop the
+ones with the wrong answers. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones with the wrong answers. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones with the wrong answers. I don't
+want to see those. Uh, okay. It's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see those. Uh, okay. It's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to see those. Uh, okay. It's about
+50%. So, maybe take another 10 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Notice that I'm asking for y of three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what's the answer? Y of three. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what's the answer? Y of three. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what's the answer? Y of three. And
+raise your hand. Everybody who has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand. Everybody who has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise your hand. Everybody who has the
+right answer, raise your hand.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer, raise your hand.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer, raise your hand.
+Okay, much better. Okay, so now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, much better. Okay, so now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, much better. Okay, so now the
+overwhelming majority says the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming majority says the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming majority says the answer is
+two. That's not very hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. That's not very hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. That's not very hard.
+If we think about the block diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we think about the block diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we think about the block diagram
+representation and if we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and if we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and if we think about
+propagating the more complicated signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating the more complicated signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating the more complicated signal
+represented over here through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented over here through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented over here through that
+signal through that system, we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal through that system, we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal through that system, we start
+with the system at rest. That means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the system at rest. That means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the system at rest. That means
+there's zeros coming out of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zeros coming out of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zeros coming out of all the
+delays.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+At time n= minus1, x is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At time n= minus1, x is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At time n= minus1, x is zero.
+combined with the initial uh zeros we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the initial uh zeros we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined with the initial uh zeros we
+get the answer is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the answer is zero
+right and then as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then as the
+at time n equals zero the input becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n equals zero the input becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time n equals zero the input becomes
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+So now the output goes to one at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the output goes to one at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the output goes to one at time
+one it goes to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it goes to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one it goes to two
+at time two it goes to three at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time two it goes to three at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time two it goes to three at time
+three it goes to two right this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it goes to two right this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three it goes to two right this is all
+obvious right etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right etc
+so the answer is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the answer is two
+y of three is two and the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of three is two and the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y of three is two and the point is that
+it's very trivial to think about by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very trivial to think about by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very trivial to think about by
+thinking about this system in a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this system in a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this system in a sort of
+sample by sample way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample by sample way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample by sample way.
+Not surprisingly, the point of today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not surprisingly, the point of today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not surprisingly, the point of today is
+to not think of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not think of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not think of the system
+sample by sample,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample by sample,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample by sample,
+but to elevate the conversation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to elevate the conversation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to elevate the conversation from
+samples to signals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to signals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples to signals.
+The first step in thinking about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first step in thinking about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first step in thinking about it as
+signals is to realize that you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals is to realize that you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals is to realize that you can think
+about the response of the system by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the response of the system by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the response of the system by
+decomposing the input into additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the input into additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing the input into additive
+parts. I can think about X which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. I can think about X which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. I can think about X which is this
+three sample signal. I can decompose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sample signal. I can decompose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sample signal. I can decompose it
+into single samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into single samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into single samples
+and then think about the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then think about the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then think about the response to
+each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those
+and it may not surprise you that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may not surprise you that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it may not surprise you that if the
+system were linear then the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system were linear then the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system were linear then the response to
+the sum would be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum would be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum would be the sum of the
+responses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses.
+So you can sort of see that there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can sort of see that there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can sort of see that there would
+be a way of adding together these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a way of adding together these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a way of adding together these
+rectangular pulses to get a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular pulses to get a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular pulses to get a triangle
+pulse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that works simply because the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that works simply because the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that works simply because the system
+is linear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear.
+The system has the property that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The system has the property that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The system has the property that the
+output for a sum is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for a sum is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output for a sum is the sum of the
+outputs for the individual components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs for the individual components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs for the individual components.
+And we can write that this way. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can write that this way. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can write that this way. So a
+system is linear. We can define linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is linear. We can define linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is linear. We can define linear
+in a more rigorous mathematical sense by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more rigorous mathematical sense by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a more rigorous mathematical sense by
+saying that a system is linear if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that a system is linear if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that a system is linear if the
+response to a weighted sum of inputs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a weighted sum of inputs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to a weighted sum of inputs is
+the similarly weighted sum of outputs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarly weighted sum of outputs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the similarly weighted sum of outputs.
+So imagine that I have a system whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So imagine that I have a system whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So imagine that I have a system whose
+whose output when the input is x1 is y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose output when the input is x1 is y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose output when the input is x1 is y1
+and whose output when the input is x2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whose output when the input is x2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whose output when the input is x2 is
+y2. We'll say the system is linear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2. We'll say the system is linear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2. We'll say the system is linear if
+and only if the weighted sum of inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the weighted sum of inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if the weighted sum of inputs
+alpha x1 plus beta x2 gives the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x1 plus beta x2 gives the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha x1 plus beta x2 gives the same
+weightings alphay y1 plus beta y2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightings alphay y1 plus beta y2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weightings alphay y1 plus beta y2 for
+all possible values of alpha and beta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible values of alpha and beta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all possible values of alpha and beta.
+If that's true, then we'll say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that's true, then we'll say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If that's true, then we'll say the
+system is linear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is linear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is linear.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+So then uh if it's linear then we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then uh if it's linear then we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then uh if it's linear then we we're
+allowed to do this decomposition because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do this decomposition because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to do this decomposition because
+all we're doing is decomposing the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is decomposing the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're doing is decomposing the input
+into a sum of inputs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a sum of inputs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a sum of inputs.
+We'll always be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll always be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll always be able to do that
+operation of the the the decomposition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the the the decomposition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation of the the the decomposition.
+And if the system is linear according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if the system is linear according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if the system is linear according to
+the definition I already showed, if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition I already showed, if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the definition I already showed, if the
+system also has the property that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system also has the property that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system also has the property that we
+will call time invariance,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call time invariance,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will call time invariance,
+then the response to the parts will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the response to the parts will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the response to the parts will be
+particularly easy to calculate. Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly easy to calculate. Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly easy to calculate. Time
+invariance has a similar formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance has a similar formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariance has a similar formal
+definition. We we will call a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. We we will call a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition. We we will call a system
+time invariant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariant.
+If given that the input the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If given that the input the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If given that the input the response to
+x of n is y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n is y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n is y.
+Given that we'll say the system is time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given that we'll say the system is time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Given that we'll say the system is time
+invariant if a shifted version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant if a shifted version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant if a shifted version of the
+input simply shifts the response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input simply shifts the response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input simply shifts the response.
+That seems like a kind of gobbledegook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That seems like a kind of gobbledegook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That seems like a kind of gobbledegook
+sort of thing. It's a very simple-minded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing. It's a very simple-minded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of thing. It's a very simple-minded
+notion that you should all have from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you should all have from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that you should all have from
+common experience. All it says is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common experience. All it says is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common experience. All it says is that
+if I do something today and I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do something today and I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do something today and I get a
+response,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response,
+if I do the same thing tomorrow,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the same thing tomorrow,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do the same thing tomorrow,
+I should get the same response just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should get the same response just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should get the same response just
+delayed by a day.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by a day.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed by a day.
+That's all it's saying. So basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all it's saying. So basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's all it's saying. So basically the
+system behaves sort of the same now as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system behaves sort of the same now as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system behaves sort of the same now as
+it did previously and as it will in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did previously and as it will in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it did previously and as it will in the
+future. That's what time invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. That's what time invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. That's what time invariance
+means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means.
+So if the response is time invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the response is time invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if the response is time invariant
+then we can compute the response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can compute the response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can compute the response to a
+shifted unit sample. Notice that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample. Notice that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample. Notice that this is
+the unit sample response. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample response. This is a
+shifted unit sample. So if the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample. So if the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample. So if the system is
+time invariant then the response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariant then the response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time invariant then the response to a
+shifted unit sample is the shifted unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample is the shifted unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample is the shifted unit
+sample response which you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response which you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample response which you can see from
+the picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture.
+So the idea then is that superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea then is that superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea then is that superposition
+is a very easy way to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very easy way to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very easy way to think about the
+response of a system if the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system if the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system if the system is
+linear and time invariant. Linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and time invariant. Linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear and time invariant. Linearity
+lets us break it up and think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us break it up and think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us break it up and think about the
+response to each part. Shift invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to each part. Shift invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to each part. Shift invariance
+or time invariance allows us to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time invariance allows us to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or time invariance allows us to shift
+the input and know automatically what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and know automatically what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input and know automatically what's
+the response going to look like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response going to look like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response going to look like.
+And there's a formal way we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a formal way we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's a formal way we can think
+about the way you do that operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way you do that operation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way you do that operation.
+How do you implement this superp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you implement this superp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you implement this superp
+position thing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position thing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position thing?
+You think about a system as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You think about a system as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You think about a system as having a
+unit sample response. This is a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response. This is a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit sample response. This is a unit
+sample signal. We'll call the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample signal. We'll call the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample signal. We'll call the unit
+sample response h of n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then a shifted unit sample will give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a shifted unit sample will give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a shifted unit sample will give a
+shifted unit sample response. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample response. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted unit sample response. That's
+time invariance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then a weighted shifted impulse gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a weighted shifted impulse gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then a weighted shifted impulse gives
+the same weighted shifted impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weighted shifted impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same weighted shifted impulse
+response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+the sum of such things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of such things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of such things
+gives the sum of such things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the sum of such things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the sum of such things.
+That's just a formal derivation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just a formal derivation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's just a formal derivation of a
+process that we will call convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that we will call convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that we will call convolution.
+So the response to an arbitrary DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the response to an arbitrary DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the response to an arbitrary DT
+signal that excites a linear time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that excites a linear time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that excites a linear time
+invariant system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant system
+can be described by the convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described by the convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be described by the convolution of
+the input with the uh unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input with the uh unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input with the uh unit sample
+response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response.
+We'll call that formula. We'll call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call that formula. We'll call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll call that formula. We'll call that
+operation convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation convolution.
+Convolution is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convolution is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convolution is completely
+straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward.
+For that reason, we try to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For that reason, we try to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For that reason, we try to make it a
+little bit more confusing by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more confusing by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more confusing by using
+terribly confusing notation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly confusing notation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly confusing notation.
+That too is sarcastic. I mean, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That too is sarcastic. I mean, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That too is sarcastic. I mean, so
+uh so the only thing that's at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the only thing that's at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so the only thing that's at all
+confusing about convolution, convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing about convolution, convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing about convolution, convolution
+is completely trivial. Here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely trivial. Here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely trivial. Here's what
+here's the way we would write it. X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way we would write it. X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way we would write it. X
+convolves with H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolves with H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolves with H.
+The signal X convolves with the signal H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The signal X convolves with the signal H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The signal X convolves with the signal H
+to give a new signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a new signal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a new signal.
+Being a signal, I can ask what's the nth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Being a signal, I can ask what's the nth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Being a signal, I can ask what's the nth
+sample look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample look like?
+And what that symbol means is this sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what that symbol means is this sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what that symbol means is this sum.
+The confusing thing is that most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The confusing thing is that most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The confusing thing is that most people
+in the field write it this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field write it this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the field write it this way.
+The signal x of n convolves with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The signal x of n convolves with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The signal x of n convolves with the
+signal h of n. The reason that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal h of n. The reason that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal h of n. The reason that's
+confusing and the thing you will never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and the thing you will never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing and the thing you will never
+do because you were here, right? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you were here, right? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you were here, right? The
+thing that you will never do is confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you will never do is confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you will never do is confuse
+the meaning of that statement with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of that statement with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of that statement with what
+looks like an operation on samples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Had I said multiply,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Had I said multiply,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Had I said multiply,
+you would have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have said
+if this were a multiply operator instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were a multiply operator instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were a multiply operator instead
+of a convolution multiplier uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a convolution multiplier uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a convolution multiplier uh uh uh
+operator, if that were multiply instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator, if that were multiply instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator, if that were multiply instead
+of convolve, you would have said, "Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convolve, you would have said, "Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of convolve, you would have said, "Oh,
+that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means
+the one sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one sample
+multiplied by the one sample is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the one sample is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the one sample is the
+product of the one samples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the one samples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the one samples.
+This is never this is not true. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is never this is not true. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is never this is not true. This is
+not generally true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generally true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not generally true.
+The operation, the convolution operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The operation, the convolution operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The operation, the convolution operation
+means take the whole signal X. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means take the whole signal X. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means take the whole signal X. That's
+why we think about it as an operation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we think about it as an operation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we think about it as an operation on
+signals, not an operation on samples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals, not an operation on samples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals, not an operation on samples.
+Convolution means take the whole signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convolution means take the whole signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Convolution means take the whole signal
+X and convolve it with the whole signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and convolve it with the whole signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and convolve it with the whole signal
+H to get a brand new signal X convolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to get a brand new signal X convolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H to get a brand new signal X convolved
+H.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H.
+and then take the nth sample.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the nth sample.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take the nth sample.
+Okay, so the only thing that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the only thing that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so the only thing that's all
+confusing about convolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing about convolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing about convolution is
+remembering that convolution is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that convolution is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that convolution is an
+operation that is applied to signals,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that is applied to signals,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that is applied to signals,
+not samples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, structure of convolution. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, structure of convolution. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, structure of convolution. So,
+I just showed you a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed you a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just showed you a mathematical
+formula. What I'd like you to have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. What I'd like you to have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula. What I'd like you to have is a
+little bit of an intuition for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an intuition for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of an intuition for what
+happens when you convolve two signals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you convolve two signals.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you convolve two signals.
+So let's think about the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's think about the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's think about the structure of
+this operation. What are we doing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation. What are we doing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operation. What are we doing?
+Imagine that we're going back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine that we're going back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine that we're going back to that
+original problem. What happens when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem. What happens when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original problem. What happens when you
+take x of and convolve it with h of n?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take x of and convolve it with h of n?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take x of and convolve it with h of n?
+Okay, all we need to do is this formula,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, all we need to do is this formula,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, all we need to do is this formula,
+right? That's all we need to do. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's all we need to do. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's all we need to do. What's
+that formula say? Well, let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula say? Well, let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula say? Well, let's think
+about how you would compute the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you would compute the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you would compute the zero
+output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output
+according to that formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that formula.
+All I did was substitute n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I did was substitute n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All I did was substitute n equals 0
+every place there was an n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place there was an n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every place there was an n.
+And what I see is that I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I see is that I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what I see is that I have to
+multiply x of k * h of minus k. But I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply x of k * h of minus k. But I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply x of k * h of minus k. But I've
+got x of n and h of n. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got x of n and h of n. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got x of n and h of n. So the first
+thing I do is I flip the axes. I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I do is I flip the axes. I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I do is I flip the axes. I make
+them k's. That's not hard. Then the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them k's. That's not hard. Then the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them k's. That's not hard. Then the x
+looks okay, but the h doesn't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks okay, but the h doesn't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks okay, but the h doesn't.
+I need h of minus k. So I have to flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need h of minus k. So I have to flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need h of minus k. So I have to flip
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+So I'm flipping about the n equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm flipping about the n equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'm flipping about the n equals 0
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+so that n so that positive n becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that n so that positive n becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that n so that positive n becomes
+minus n be the positive k becomes minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n be the positive k becomes minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n be the positive k becomes minus
+k because I want this to be minus k up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k because I want this to be minus k up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k because I want this to be minus k up
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+generally I have some shift thing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I have some shift thing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally I have some shift thing here
+this zero was because I was looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero was because I was looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this zero was because I was looking for
+the zero sample in general that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero sample in general that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zero sample in general that might be
+different that might be seven right if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that might be seven right if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different that might be seven right if I
+wanted to find y have seven then I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to find y have seven then I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to find y have seven then I'd
+have a seven over here and that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a seven over here and that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a seven over here and that number
+represents a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a shift
+in the case of zero it's a zero shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then I have to multiply these two so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to multiply these two so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I have to multiply these two so I
+displace this thing over here so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace this thing over here so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displace this thing over here so I can
+multiply I multiply down you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I multiply down you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply I multiply down you can see
+that there's only one sample that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's only one sample that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's only one sample that in the
+two is both non zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is both non zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is both non zero
+therefore I get a s single nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get a s single nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore I get a s single nonzero
+answer and then according to the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then according to the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and then according to the formula
+I have to sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to sum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to sum.
+So the zeroth answer is uh flip shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the zeroth answer is uh flip shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the zeroth answer is uh flip shift
+multiply sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you just repeat that for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just repeat that for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just repeat that for all the
+different answers. So at time equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers. So at time equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different answers. So at time equals 0
+the answer at time zero is flip shift by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer at time zero is flip shift by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer at time zero is flip shift by
+zero multiply sum the answer is one. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero multiply sum the answer is one. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero multiply sum the answer is one. If
+I want to find the one answer,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find the one answer,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to find the one answer,
+now the shift is shift by one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the shift is shift by one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the shift is shift by one.
+So now instead of having flip, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now instead of having flip, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now instead of having flip, which
+would have put the three samples here, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put the three samples here, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have put the three samples here, I
+shift by one. So now they're over there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by one. So now they're over there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift by one. So now they're over there.
+So now when I do the multiply, I pick up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now when I do the multiply, I pick up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now when I do the multiply, I pick up
+two nonzero answers and the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nonzero answers and the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nonzero answers and the answer is
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+If I wanted y equals 2, I do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I wanted y equals 2, I do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I wanted y equals 2, I do the same
+thing, but now I shift by two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but now I shift by two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but now I shift by two.
+flip, shift, multiply, sum. That's all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip, shift, multiply, sum. That's all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip, shift, multiply, sum. That's all I
+do. It's it's completely trivial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. It's it's completely trivial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. It's it's completely trivial.
+If I continue, the shift becomes larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I continue, the shift becomes larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I continue, the shift becomes larger
+and now it's falling off the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's falling off the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's falling off the end.
+Continue. Continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continue. Continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Continue. Continue
+and I get the in general that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the in general that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get the in general that's the
+prescription.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription.
+So what I've tried to show is two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I've tried to show is two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what I've tried to show is two ways
+of thinking about this convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about this convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about this convolution
+thing. The first was by superposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. The first was by superposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. The first was by superposition
+where I just think about breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just think about breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I just think about breaking the
+input into a bunch of samples.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into a bunch of samples.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input into a bunch of samples.
+Thinking about the response to each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thinking about the response to each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thinking about the response to each of
+those samples and adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those samples and adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those samples and adding
+that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a
+uh that's an input centric way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's an input centric way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's an input centric way of
+thinking about things because I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things because I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about things because I think of
+the input being broken up by a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input being broken up by a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input being broken up by a bunch of
+samples. This convolution formula is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples. This convolution formula is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples. This convolution formula is an
+output centric way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output centric way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output centric way of thinking about
+things. and I tell you I'd like to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. and I tell you I'd like to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. and I tell you I'd like to know
+the output at time p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output at time p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output at time p
+and to compute the output at time p you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to compute the output at time p you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to compute the output at time p you
+say well that's easy flip shift by p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that's easy flip shift by p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well that's easy flip shift by p
+multiply something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply something
+so input centric that's the the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so input centric that's the the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so input centric that's the the uh
+superposition way of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition way of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superposition way of thinking about
+things output centric that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things output centric that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things output centric that's the
+convolution way of thinking about things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution way of thinking about things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution way of thinking about things
+so now that you know all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that you know all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now that you know all about
+convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution
+find which plot below 1 2 3 or or none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find which plot below 1 2 3 or or none
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find which plot below 1 2 3 or or none
+of the above shows the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the above shows the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the above shows the result of
+convolving the two functions shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving the two functions shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving the two functions shown
+above.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You're so quiet. I assume you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're so quiet. I assume you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're so quiet. I assume you're
+practicing for the exam tomorrow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You're allowed to talk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, which one's right? One, two, three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, which one's right? One, two, three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, which one's right? One, two, three,
+four, or five?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, or five?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, or five?
+See if I know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See if I know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See if I know.
+Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh,
+looks good. About I only see one wrong,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good. About I only see one wrong,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks good. About I only see one wrong,
+two wrong.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wrong.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two wrong.
+Uh, so 95% or so. So, how do I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so 95% or so. So, how do I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so 95% or so. So, how do I think
+about this? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this? What's the
+what's what's the way that I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the way that I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's the way that I should
+think about convolving those? Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about convolving those? Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about convolving those? Okay,
+easiest, most straightforward way. Go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest, most straightforward way. Go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easiest, most straightforward way. Go
+back to the formula. Ah, never. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the formula. Ah, never. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the formula. Ah, never. Well,
+no, that'll always work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, that'll always work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no, that'll always work.
+Can somebody tell me a more intuitive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can somebody tell me a more intuitive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can somebody tell me a more intuitive,
+insightful way of thinking about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful way of thinking about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful way of thinking about what
+would be the result of convolving those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the result of convolving those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the result of convolving those
+top two functions? Tell me a property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top two functions? Tell me a property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top two functions? Tell me a property of
+the result of convolving.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. Yes. Flip, shift, multiply, sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's the answer at n equals one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One. So I've got two things that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One. So I've got two things that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One. So I've got two things that look
+kind of like geometrics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like geometrics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like geometrics.
+Imagine for the moment uh that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine for the moment uh that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine for the moment uh that was
+intended to be a hint, right? Imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a hint, right? Imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to be a hint, right? Imagine
+for the moment that the sequence looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment that the sequence looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the moment that the sequence looks
+like 1 2/3 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 2/3 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 2/3 49
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+827 blah blah blah. Imagine that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+827 blah blah blah. Imagine that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+827 blah blah blah. Imagine that it's a
+geometric sequence with a base of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sequence with a base of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric sequence with a base of about
+2/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What would happen? How would I compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would happen? How would I compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would happen? How would I compute
+the answer when I convolve that sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer when I convolve that sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer when I convolve that sequence
+with itself at zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself at zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with itself at zero?
+Flip, shift, multiply, divide. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flip, shift, multiply, divide. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flip, shift, multiply, divide. So I
+started out with two things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with two things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with two things that were
+both starting at zero. You flip one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both starting at zero. You flip one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both starting at zero. You flip one of
+them. How much overlap is there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. How much overlap is there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. How much overlap is there?
+Just the one. Just the n equals z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the one. Just the n equals z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the one. Just the n equals z.
+What's the answer at n equals 0?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One. Right? So if I imagine that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One. Right? So if I imagine that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One. Right? So if I imagine that this is
+the sequence after I flip it, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence after I flip it, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence after I flip it, there's a
+one under the one. The zeros here kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one under the one. The zeros here kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one under the one. The zeros here kill
+the terms down here. The zeros here kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms down here. The zeros here kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms down here. The zeros here kill
+the terms up there. The only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms up there. The only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms up there. The only thing that
+lives is 1* 1 is one. So the answer at y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives is 1* 1 is one. So the answer at y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives is 1* 1 is one. So the answer at y
+equals 0 is one. What's the answer at y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is one. What's the answer at y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 is one. What's the answer at y
+equals 1?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flip shift multiply sum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I flip
+shift.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift.
+So when I shift the new answer looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I shift the new answer looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when I shift the new answer looks
+like 1 2/3 4 over 9 uh 8 over 27 etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 2/3 4 over 9 uh 8 over 27 etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 1 2/3 4 over 9 uh 8 over 27 etc.
+Multiply and sum. What's the answer?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiply and sum. What's the answer?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Multiply and sum. What's the answer?
+4/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3.
+So the only nonzero answers are 1 * 2/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only nonzero answers are 1 * 2/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the only nonzero answers are 1 * 2/3
++ 2/3 * 1 4/3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2/3 * 1 4/3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 2/3 * 1 4/3.
+If I want to compute y of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I want to compute y of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I want to compute y of
+012,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+012,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+012,
+I shift it further. So I do 1 2/3 4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shift it further. So I do 1 2/3 4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shift it further. So I do 1 2/3 4 over
+9 8 over 27 blah blah blah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 8 over 27 blah blah blah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 8 over 27 blah blah blah.
+So flip shift. I shift one more multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So flip shift. I shift one more multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So flip shift. I shift one more multiply
+sum multiply 1 * 4 9th and I get 4 9ths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum multiply 1 * 4 9th and I get 4 9ths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum multiply 1 * 4 9th and I get 4 9ths
+multiply 2 over 3 * 2 over3 I get 4 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply 2 over 3 * 2 over3 I get 4 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply 2 over 3 * 2 over3 I get 4 over
+9 multiply 4 over 9 * 1 I get 4 over 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 multiply 4 over 9 * 1 I get 4 over 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 multiply 4 over 9 * 1 I get 4 over 9
+the answer to the sum of those is 4/3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the sum of those is 4/3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to the sum of those is 4/3 so
+I get 1 4/3 4/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 1 4/3 4/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get 1 4/3 4/3
+so you can see it's tracing out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it's tracing out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see it's tracing out this
+waveform so far this is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform so far this is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform so far this is the only one
+that has up and then flat and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has up and then flat and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has up and then flat and if I
+continue that process, it'll start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that process, it'll start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue that process, it'll start to
+fall off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay? If you're exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If you're exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? If you're exclusively
+mathematically minded,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically minded,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically minded,
+you can also just do it with math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also just do it with math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also just do it with math.
+All you do is think about a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All you do is think about a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All you do is think about a mathematical
+description of the left signal,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the left signal,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the left signal,
+say 2/3 of the nu of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2/3 of the nu of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 2/3 of the nu of n
+and the right signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right signal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the right signal.
+And now all I need to do is think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now all I need to do is think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now all I need to do is think about
+that formula.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula.
+So do a sum taking this the function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do a sum taking this the function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So do a sum taking this the function of
+n and turning it into a function of k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and turning it into a function of k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and turning it into a function of k.
+The second one I want to make a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second one I want to make a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The second one I want to make a function
+of n minus k. I have to shift both I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus k. I have to shift both I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n minus k. I have to shift both I
+have to change the um exponent as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the um exponent as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the um exponent as well
+as the index into the unit sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the index into the unit sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the index into the unit sample
+signal. Same thing over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. Same thing over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. Same thing over here.
+Now when I think about multiplying them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now when I think about multiplying them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now when I think about multiplying them,
+u of kills all the terms for k less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of kills all the terms for k less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of kills all the terms for k less than
+zero. So I can start at zero instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So I can start at zero instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So I can start at zero instead of
+minus infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This u kills everything for which n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This u kills everything for which n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This u kills everything for which n
+minus k is less than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k is less than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus k is less than zero.
+That means uh k less than n less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means uh k less than n less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That means uh k less than n less than or
+equal to n. So I end up with this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n. So I end up with this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to n. So I end up with this.
+This product is particularly easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This product is particularly easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This product is particularly easy
+because it's to the k and to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's to the k and to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's to the k and to the minus
+k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k.
+So the answer is to the n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the answer is to the n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the answer is to the n.
+And now I'm summing over k but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm summing over k but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm summing over k but there are
+no k's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no k's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no k's.
+So that's summing over one. And so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's summing over one. And so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's summing over one. And so my
+answer is just n plus1 2/3 to the n u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is just n plus1 2/3 to the n u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is just n plus1 2/3 to the n u of
+n which is same thing by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is same thing by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n which is same thing by thinking about
+it intuitively.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it intuitively.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it intuitively.
+Okay. So the point is that the operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the point is that the operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the point is that the operation
+is friendly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the idea then the big picture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea then the big picture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea then the big picture was
+convolution is a different way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is a different way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution is a different way to
+represent a signal a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a signal a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent a signal a system
+using convolution we represent an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using convolution we represent an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using convolution we represent an entire
+system by a single signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by a single signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by a single signal
+that signal the unit sample response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal the unit sample response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that signal the unit sample response is
+sufficient to characterize the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to characterize the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to characterize the output of
+the system for any possible input. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for any possible input. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system for any possible input. We
+just saw how the operation is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw how the operation is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saw how the operation is called
+convolution. So that enables us the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. So that enables us the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. So that enables us the big
+picture. We've represented an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. We've represented an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. We've represented an entire
+system by a single signal in this case h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by a single signal in this case h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by a single signal in this case h
+of n. Okay, that's what convolution is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n. Okay, that's what convolution is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n. Okay, that's what convolution is.
+It's a new representation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a new representation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a new representation.
+You can do exactly the same thing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do exactly the same thing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can do exactly the same thing for a
+CT system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the reason we use delta to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason we use delta to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason we use delta to represent
+the unit sample signal and the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample signal and the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit sample signal and the unit
+impulse response uh the unit impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response uh the unit impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response uh the unit impulse
+signal is clear because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is clear because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal is clear because the
+representation of an arbitrary signal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of an arbitrary signal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of an arbitrary signal in
+terms of delta functions looks much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of delta functions looks much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of delta functions looks much the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+in ct and in dt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ct and in dt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in ct and in dt.
+You can get there by thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can get there by thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can get there by thinking about the
+limiting argument for how to interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting argument for how to interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting argument for how to interpret
+the unit impulse. The unit impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit impulse. The unit impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit impulse. The unit impulse
+function was a function that is easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was a function that is easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was a function that is easiest
+to think about in a limit. Imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in a limit. Imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about in a limit. Imagine that
+I have a signal that is a square pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a signal that is a square pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a signal that is a square pulse
+whose area regardless of width is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose area regardless of width is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose area regardless of width is one.
+That's what a unit impulse function is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what a unit impulse function is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's what a unit impulse function is.
+Imagine how you would construct an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine how you would construct an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Imagine how you would construct an
+arbitrary signal x of t by having such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary signal x of t by having such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary signal x of t by having such a
+signal. You could take a signal and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. You could take a signal and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. You could take a signal and its
+shifted version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted version
+and come up with a weighted sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with a weighted sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and come up with a weighted sum of
+impulse functions or rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse functions or rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse functions or rectangular
+approximations to impulse functions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to impulse functions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations to impulse functions to
+represent an arbitrary signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent an arbitrary signal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent an arbitrary signal.
+If you did that, you would get a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you did that, you would get a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you did that, you would get a an
+approximation to the signal X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the signal X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation to the signal X
+which could be written as a limit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be written as a limit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could be written as a limit.
+So if you think about each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you think about each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you think about each of these
+being of width capital delta, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of width capital delta, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being of width capital delta, then the
+height has to be one over delta. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height has to be one over delta. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height has to be one over delta. So the
+um area remains one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um area remains one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um area remains one.
+Then if I want to build an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then if I want to build an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then if I want to build an arbitrary
+function X out of such signals, I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X out of such signals, I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function X out of such signals, I need a
+sum of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of them.
+And each one of these ps has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And each one of these ps has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And each one of these ps has to be
+multiplied by delta. So that when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by delta. So that when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by delta. So that when I
+multiply by the value of x at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the value of x at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the value of x at one point
+k delta I get the right height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k delta I get the right height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k delta I get the right height
+independent of what is delta.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what is delta.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of what is delta.
+So for a given delta I get a sum that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a given delta I get a sum that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for a given delta I get a sum that
+looks like that. And then in keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that. And then in keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like that. And then in keeping
+with the idea of thinking about a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of thinking about a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the idea of thinking about a unit
+impulse function as a limit I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse function as a limit I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse function as a limit I take the
+limit of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit of that.
+The result is a function that looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The result is a function that looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The result is a function that looks very
+much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like
+the decomposition of a signal in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decomposition of a signal in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decomposition of a signal in terms
+of the unit sample.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the unit sample.
+You sum to in the previous case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You sum to in the previous case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You sum to in the previous case we
+summed together a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed together a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summed together a weighted
+uh version of a unit sample signal. Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version of a unit sample signal. Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh version of a unit sample signal. Here
+the sum is replaced by an integral and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is replaced by an integral and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum is replaced by an integral and
+it's weighted just like it was before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weighted just like it was before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's weighted just like it was before.
+Okay. The point is that the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The point is that the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. The point is that the mathematics
+for CT and DT look very similar. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CT and DT look very similar. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for CT and DT look very similar. I
+decompose in the case of the CT an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose in the case of the CT an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose in the case of the CT an
+arbitrary signal X of T into an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary signal X of T into an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary signal X of T into an integral
+of weighted unit impulse functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weighted unit impulse functions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weighted unit impulse functions.
+Once I have it in that form, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once I have it in that form, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once I have it in that form, the
+argument is precisely the same for CT as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is precisely the same for CT as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument is precisely the same for CT as
+it was in DT. Imagine that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in DT. Imagine that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was in DT. Imagine that I have a
+linear time invariant system. Linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time invariant system. Linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear time invariant system. Linear
+means that I can compute the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can compute the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can compute the response to
+a sum as the sum of the responses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum as the sum of the responses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sum as the sum of the responses.
+Time invariant means that I shifting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time invariant means that I shifting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time invariant means that I shifting the
+input merely shifts the output. Doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input merely shifts the output. Doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input merely shifts the output. Doing
+the experiment tomorrow is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment tomorrow is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiment tomorrow is the same as
+doing the experiment today except it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the experiment today except it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the experiment today except it's
+now a day later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a day later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a day later.
+So if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if the
+response of a system is h of t when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system is h of t when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system is h of t when the
+input is delta of t. If the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is delta of t. If the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is delta of t. If the system is
+shifting variant shifting this by toao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting variant shifting this by toao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting variant shifting this by toao
+is the same as shifting that by toao.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A weighted sum of such things is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A weighted sum of such things is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A weighted sum of such things is a
+weighted sum of such things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of such things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted sum of such things.
+And a sum of such things is the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a sum of such things is the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And a sum of such things is the sum of
+such things. So I get an expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things. So I get an expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such things. So I get an expression
+which we'll think of as convolution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll think of as convolution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll think of as convolution for
+ct that looks just the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct that looks just the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ct that looks just the same.
+So in dt we we thought about if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in dt we we thought about if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in dt we we thought about if you
+convolve x with h you take the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve x with h you take the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve x with h you take the first
+index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index
+x of n and turn it into x of k a dummy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n and turn it into x of k a dummy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of n and turn it into x of k a dummy
+variable. You take the second one and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. You take the second one and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable. You take the second one and do
+n minus k. Here we do the same thing. t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus k. Here we do the same thing. t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus k. Here we do the same thing. t
+goes to tow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to tow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to tow
+and the second one goes to t minus toao.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one goes to t minus toao.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one goes to t minus toao.
+The sum up here turns into an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sum up here turns into an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The sum up here turns into an integral
+otherwise it's exactly the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's exactly the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's exactly the same thing.
+So to show your mastery of such things,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to show your mastery of such things,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to show your mastery of such things,
+what signal would result if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what signal would result if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what signal would result if you
+convolved e to the minus t u of t with e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved e to the minus t u of t with e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved e to the minus t u of t with e
+to the minus t u of t 1 2 3 4 or none
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, the place is quiet, so I assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the place is quiet, so I assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, the place is quiet, so I assume
+that means you stopped talking. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you stopped talking. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you stopped talking. So that
+means you've all agreed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you've all agreed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you've all agreed.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+So which waveform best represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So which waveform best represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So which waveform best represents the
+convolution of the top two signals? One,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the top two signals? One,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the top two signals? One,
+two, three, or four?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, almost 100% correct. Most people say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, almost 100% correct. Most people say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, almost 100% correct. Most people say
+four. How do you get four?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Uh, same reasoning as the last one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh, same reasoning as the last one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh, same reasoning as the last one
+I said.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said.
+So, what would I do? What what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what would I do? What what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what would I do? What what what
+would be my first step?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my first step?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be my first step?
+So I imagine that I want to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I imagine that I want to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I imagine that I want to think of
+flip. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip. So this
+gets multiplied by the flip of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets multiplied by the flip of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets multiplied by the flip of the other
+one. So at time t equals 0 the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero because there's no overlap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So it starts at zero. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it starts at zero. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So it starts at zero. So that
+means that this is out. Okay. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this is out. Okay. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this is out. Okay. Okay.
+Okay. Fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Fine.
+Now shift. What do I shift? Which one do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now shift. What do I shift? Which one do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now shift. What do I shift? Which one do
+I shift? Which way? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shift? Which way? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shift? Which way? Yeah.
+Why is there I mean it's flipping. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is there I mean it's flipping. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is there I mean it's flipping. Is
+there a value at tals?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a value at tals?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a value at tals?
+That's a that's a valid question. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a that's a valid question. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a that's a valid question. So the
+question is if I'm integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if I'm integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if I'm integrating
+uh over a function that goes from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over a function that goes from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over a function that goes from minus
+infinity to 0 and from 0 to infinity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to 0 and from 0 to infinity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to 0 and from 0 to infinity.
+Let's say the answer right at zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say the answer right at zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's say the answer right at zero is
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+You could say that there's a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could say that there's a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could say that there's a single
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+whose value is non zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value is non zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose value is non zero.
+What would happen if I integrated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would happen if I integrated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What would happen if I integrated a
+function that is zero everywhere except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is zero everywhere except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that is zero everywhere except
+at a point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a point?
+So it's zero everywhere up to here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's zero everywhere up to here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's zero everywhere up to here and
+then is zero everywhere after that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is zero everywhere after that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is zero everywhere after that. And
+at zero it's not zero. What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero it's not zero. What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero it's not zero. What's the
+integral of a function that differs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function that differs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of a function that differs from
+zero at a single point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at a single point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero at a single point?
+Zero. It's a little bit of a trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. It's a little bit of a trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero. It's a little bit of a trick
+question because we will later have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because we will later have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question because we will later have some
+functions for which that's not true.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for which that's not true.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions for which that's not true.
+What kind of a function would that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What kind of a function would that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What kind of a function would that not
+be true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta?
+If I were convolving delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I were convolving delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I were convolving delta
+with delta,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with delta,
+then you can integrate over an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can integrate over an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can integrate over an infinite
+decimal area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal area
+region and get something that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and get something that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and get something that's not
+zero. So there's a little bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So there's a little bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So there's a little bit of a
+caveat. So as long as the function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat. So as long as the function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caveat. So as long as the function that
+I'm convolving doesn't have an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm convolving doesn't have an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm convolving doesn't have an impulse
+in it or worse, we will talk later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it or worse, we will talk later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it or worse, we will talk later in
+the course about things worse than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course about things worse than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course about things worse than
+impulses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses.
+If there's nothing as high as an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If there's nothing as high as an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If there's nothing as high as an impulse
+or worse,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse,
+so that has a step in it. We would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has a step in it. We would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that has a step in it. We would think
+of a step as a singularity that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a step as a singularity that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a step as a singularity that is
+better, less ill-behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, less ill-behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better, less ill-behaved
+than an impulse. As long as the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an impulse. As long as the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an impulse. As long as the function
+does not have an impulse or a worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have an impulse or a worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not have an impulse or a worse
+when you flip it, you'll get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip it, you'll get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you flip it, you'll get zero
+contribution at zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution at zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution at zero.
+That all make sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That all make sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That all make sense.
+So this is zero at zero. But the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is zero at zero. But the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is zero at zero. But the
+reasoning is a little bit complicated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is a little bit complicated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning is a little bit complicated.
+So now what do I get when t gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what do I get when t gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now what do I get when t gets a
+little bit bigger than zero? What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than zero? What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit bigger than zero? What's the
+result of convolving when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of convolving when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of convolving when the
+time is slightly bigger than time zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is slightly bigger than time zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is slightly bigger than time zero?
+ball, flip, shift, multiply, integrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball, flip, shift, multiply, integrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ball, flip, shift, multiply, integrate.
+So I have to shift one of those, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have to shift one of those, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have to shift one of those, right?
+So now instead of having this one, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now instead of having this one, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now instead of having this one, I
+might have shifted a little bit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have shifted a little bit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have shifted a little bit to the
+right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right.
+So it might look like that. So now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it might look like that. So now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it might look like that. So now what
+happens when I multiply?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I multiply?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when I multiply?
+Well, you don't get zero anymore.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you don't get zero anymore.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you don't get zero anymore.
+So as for small t for t on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as for small t for t on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as for small t for t on the order of
+epsilon how does the integral grow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon how does the integral grow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon how does the integral grow with
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t.
+So if I want to make a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I want to make a plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I want to make a plot of the
+convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+So if I want to think about e the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I want to think about e the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I want to think about e the minus
+t u of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t u of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t u of t
+convolved with e to the minus t u of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with e to the minus t u of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolved with e to the minus t u of t
+versus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus t
+I I I already know that that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I already know that that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I I already know that that's like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+For t small how will the function grow?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Linear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linear.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+if this is very small right then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is very small right then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is very small right then the
+deviations from the height which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the height which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from the height which is one
+is very small right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very small right.
+So if this distance is small the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if this distance is small the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if this distance is small the
+deviation is that little triangle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is that little triangle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is that little triangle which
+goes like t square. So for t small t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like t square. So for t small t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes like t square. So for t small t
+square is very small compared to t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is very small compared to t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square is very small compared to t.
+I can ignore it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can ignore it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can ignore it.
+And so the function is going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the function is going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so the function is going to start
+going up like t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up like t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up like t.
+And if you work out the details, it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you work out the details, it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you work out the details, it'll
+eventually roll off because as you shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually roll off because as you shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually roll off because as you shift
+it further and further,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it further and further,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it further and further,
+the one exponential is in the tail of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one exponential is in the tail of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one exponential is in the tail of
+the other exponential. So one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other exponential. So one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other exponential. So one of the
+exponentials kills the other one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials kills the other one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials kills the other one and so
+the response goes to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response goes to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response goes to zero.
+Okay? or if you're more mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? or if you're more mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? or if you're more mathematically
+inclined. Yes. Because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined. Yes. Because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined. Yes. Because of that
+discussion, you say that if both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion, you say that if both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion, you say that if both
+functions are leftsided or if both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are leftsided or if both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions are leftsided or if both of
+them are right, it always turns out t=0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are right, it always turns out t=0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are right, it always turns out t=0
+is always zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always zero.
+That's not quite right because right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not quite right because right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's not quite right because right
+sided just means that the left is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided just means that the left is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided just means that the left is zero.
+So if I tell you that a signal is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I tell you that a signal is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I tell you that a signal is right
+sided, all I've said is that all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided, all I've said is that all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sided, all I've said is that all of the
+nonzero values are on the right. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values are on the right. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero values are on the right. But I
+haven't told you whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't told you whether they're
+impulses or not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses or not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulses or not.
+Right sided says something about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right sided says something about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right sided says something about the
+left. The left is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. The left is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left. The left is zero.
+Kind of weird.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind of weird.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kind of weird.
+Okay. So, if I'm right-handed, I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, if I'm right-handed, I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, if I'm right-handed, I might
+as well not have a left hand when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well not have a left hand when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well not have a left hand when I'm
+writing, right? So, the left is zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing, right? So, the left is zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing, right? So, the left is zero.
+So, right sided signals have zeros. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, right sided signals have zeros. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, right sided signals have zeros. The
+signals on the left of right- sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals on the left of right- sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals on the left of right- sided
+signals are zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are zero.
+But I haven't told you what was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I haven't told you what was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I haven't told you what was on the
+right. The right could be an impulse or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The right could be an impulse or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The right could be an impulse or
+worse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I just inferred some properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just inferred some properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just inferred some properties of
+what this convolution is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this convolution is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this convolution is going to look
+like. If you were mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. If you were mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. If you were mathematically
+inclined, you could do it by math.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined, you could do it by math.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inclined, you could do it by math.
+The math doesn't look very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The math doesn't look very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The math doesn't look very different
+from the math for the discrete version.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math for the discrete version.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math for the discrete version.
+You simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You simply
+write this as a function of toao rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as a function of toao rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as a function of toao rather
+than t. This one as a function of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t. This one as a function of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than t. This one as a function of t
+minus toao rather than t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Recognize that the 's cut off parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recognize that the 's cut off parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recognize that the 's cut off parts of
+the integral. This u is one only if t is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral. This u is one only if t is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral. This u is one only if t is
+bigger than zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero.
+So that lops off the t less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that lops off the t less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that lops off the t less than zero
+part. This lops off the part bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. This lops off the part bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. This lops off the part bigger than
+capital uh bigger than t. So that leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital uh bigger than t. So that leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital uh bigger than t. So that leaves
+the integral 0 to t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral 0 to t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral 0 to t.
+Putting these two together results in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Putting these two together results in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Putting these two together results in
+the towel parts killing each other. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the towel parts killing each other. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the towel parts killing each other. So
+I'm left with only a t part, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with only a t part, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm left with only a t part, but the
+integral is on tow. So just like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is on tow. So just like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is on tow. So just like the
+other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one
+the integral goes to the integral of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral goes to the integral of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral goes to the integral of one
+over finite limits 0 to t. So the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over finite limits 0 to t. So the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over finite limits 0 to t. So the answer
+is t. So the overall answer is t e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t. So the overall answer is t e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is t. So the overall answer is t e to
+the minus t u of t which is plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t u of t which is plotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus t u of t which is plotted
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+Okay. So the point of today then is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the point of today then is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So the point of today then is that
+this is a different representation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different representation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different representation for
+the way systems work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way systems work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way systems work.
+It's often computationally interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's often computationally interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's often computationally interesting.
+This is the way this is a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the way this is a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the way this is a perfectly
+plausible way of doing discrete time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible way of doing discrete time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible way of doing discrete time
+signal processing. Represent the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing. Represent the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal processing. Represent the system
+by a signal h of n and then compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a signal h of n and then compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a signal h of n and then compute the
+response to any signal by convolving h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to any signal by convolving h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to any signal by convolving h
+of n with that signal. Perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n with that signal. Perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n with that signal. Perfectly
+reasonable way to compute things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to compute things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable way to compute things.
+Uh honestly we'll find better ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh honestly we'll find better ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh honestly we'll find better ways of
+computing things by the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing things by the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing things by the end of the
+course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course.
+The real reason for studying convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The real reason for studying convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The real reason for studying convolution
+is conceptually. You can think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conceptually. You can think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is conceptually. You can think about how
+a system ought to work by thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system ought to work by thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system ought to work by thinking about
+convolution. And I want to show an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. And I want to show an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. And I want to show an
+example of that by thinking about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that by thinking about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of that by thinking about um
+systems that I'm interested in. I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that I'm interested in. I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that I'm interested in. I do
+work on hearing. I do work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on hearing. I do work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on hearing. I do work with
+microscopes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes.
+And we can regard a microscope as an LTI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can regard a microscope as an LTI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we can regard a microscope as an LTI
+system, a linear time invariant system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, a linear time invariant system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, a linear time invariant system.
+And convolution is a very good way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And convolution is a very good way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And convolution is a very good way of
+thinking about such optical systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about such optical systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about such optical systems.
+So the idea is that even the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that even the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that even the best
+microscope gives blurry images.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So and that's very fundamental physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and that's very fundamental physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So and that's very fundamental physics.
+It has to do with the defraction limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has to do with the defraction limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It has to do with the defraction limit
+of optical systems. If you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optical systems. If you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optical systems. If you're interested
+in that sort of things, take an optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sort of things, take an optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sort of things, take an optics
+course in um in the physics department
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in um in the physics department
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course in um in the physics department
+or come to my lab and do a europ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or come to my lab and do a europ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or come to my lab and do a europ.
+So the idea is that even the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that even the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that even the best
+microscopes in the world are blurred. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes in the world are blurred. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopes in the world are blurred. We
+have the best microscopes in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the best microscopes in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the best microscopes in the world
+in my lab and they fundamentally blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab and they fundamentally blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my lab and they fundamentally blur
+things and we have to worry about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we have to worry about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and we have to worry about that.
+The blurring is inversely related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The blurring is inversely related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The blurring is inversely related to the
+numerical aperture which has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture which has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture which has to do with
+the size of the optic. Big optics are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the optic. Big optics are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the optic. Big optics are
+good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good.
+So if you imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you imagine
+that a target emits a spherical wave of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a target emits a spherical wave of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a target emits a spherical wave of
+light.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light.
+So every point on the target emits a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So every point on the target emits a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So every point on the target emits a
+spherical wave. Then there's some optic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave. Then there's some optic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical wave. Then there's some optic
+that's collecting all of those waves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's collecting all of those waves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's collecting all of those waves and
+relaying them back to a different point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaying them back to a different point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaying them back to a different point.
+The resolution of the picture goes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The resolution of the picture goes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The resolution of the picture goes with
+how many of those rays the optic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those rays the optic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those rays the optic system
+picked up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up.
+So if you make the optic smaller, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you make the optic smaller, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you make the optic smaller, the
+picture becomes blurriier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture becomes blurriier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture becomes blurriier.
+If you make the optic even smaller, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you make the optic even smaller, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you make the optic even smaller, the
+picture becomes even smaller. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture becomes even smaller. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture becomes even smaller. And the
+way we think about that is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we think about that is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we think about that is by
+convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution.
+We think about the microscope as an LTI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We think about the microscope as an LTI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We think about the microscope as an LTI
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system.
+So we characterize it by its point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we characterize it by its point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we characterize it by its point
+spread function. Okay, we don't like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function. Okay, we don't like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function. Okay, we don't like to
+use any words that come from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use any words that come from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use any words that come from a different
+field just like every other field like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field just like every other field like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field just like every other field like
+we we like to invent our own. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we like to invent our own. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we like to invent our own. So in
+optics, the thing that we will call a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics, the thing that we will call a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics, the thing that we will call a an
+impulse response is called a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response is called a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response is called a point
+spread function. It just says if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function. It just says if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function. It just says if you had
+an ideal point of light, what would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal point of light, what would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ideal point of light, what would the
+image look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image look like?
+It's exactly the same as convolving. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's exactly the same as convolving. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's exactly the same as convolving. So
+you can think of the blurry image as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the blurry image as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of the blurry image as the
+convolution of the effect of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the effect of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the effect of the
+microscope, the point spread function,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope, the point spread function,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope, the point spread function,
+the impulse response with the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response with the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the impulse response with the ideal
+target.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target.
+So then as you change the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then as you change the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then as you change the size of the
+optic, it changes the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic, it changes the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic, it changes the size of the
+impulse response, the point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response, the point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse response, the point spread
+function. Crummy optics, fat point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Crummy optics, fat point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Crummy optics, fat point
+spread functions. Fat point spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread functions. Fat point spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread functions. Fat point spread
+functions. blurry pictures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. blurry pictures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. blurry pictures.
+And so here's a picture of how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here's a picture of how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so here's a picture of how our
+system works. This is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works. This is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system works. This is a uh
+representation to scale of a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to scale of a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation to scale of a tiny
+microscopic bead, a fraction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic bead, a fraction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic bead, a fraction of a
+micron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micron.
+So it's about six times smaller than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's about six times smaller than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's about six times smaller than the
+image. So this is an image taken with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image. So this is an image taken with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image. So this is an image taken with
+our microscope system. And you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our microscope system. And you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our microscope system. And you can see
+that most of the energy fits inside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of the energy fits inside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that most of the energy fits inside a
+region about half a micron. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region about half a micron. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region about half a micron. Okay.
+World's best microscope. You can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World's best microscope. You can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World's best microscope. You can't do
+better than this by physics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this by physics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this by physics.
+This is using 500 nanometer light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is using 500 nanometer light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is using 500 nanometer light and
+the size of that has to do with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of that has to do with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of that has to do with the the
+length scale of the light. So you end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale of the light. So you end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length scale of the light. So you end up
+with this particular microscope not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this particular microscope not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this particular microscope not
+being able to make images with less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to make images with less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to make images with less
+blurring than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring than that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring than that.
+That's the point spread function. Now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the point spread function. Now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the point spread function. Now of
+course the point spread function of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the point spread function of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the point spread function of a
+microscope is three-dimensional.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope is three-dimensional.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope is three-dimensional.
+In this class, we're only talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this class, we're only talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this class, we're only talking about
+1D time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1D time.
+In the microscope, it's 3D, X, Y, and Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the microscope, it's 3D, X, Y, and Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the microscope, it's 3D, X, Y, and Z.
+So, the impulse response has extent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the impulse response has extent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the impulse response has extent in
+X, Y, and Z. So, here's a picture taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, Y, and Z. So, here's a picture taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X, Y, and Z. So, here's a picture taken
+by Anthony Peter, who was a student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Anthony Peter, who was a student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Anthony Peter, who was a student in
+my lab of that same tiny little dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab of that same tiny little dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lab of that same tiny little dot.
+When the infocus plane shows the dot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When the infocus plane shows the dot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When the infocus plane shows the dot,
+and as you go out of focus, the dot gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you go out of focus, the dot gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you go out of focus, the dot gets
+bigger, smearer, and blurriier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger, smearer, and blurriier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger, smearer, and blurriier.
+What you can do then is assemble those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you can do then is assemble those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What you can do then is assemble those
+pictures that were taken one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that were taken one at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that were taken one at a time
+into a 3D volume and that 3D volume then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 3D volume and that 3D volume then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a 3D volume and that 3D volume then
+represents the u point spread function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the u point spread function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the u point spread function
+or the threedimensional impulse response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the threedimensional impulse response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the threedimensional impulse response
+of the microscope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the microscope.
+So the idea then is that convolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea then is that convolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea then is that convolution is
+a very good way to think about optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good way to think about optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good way to think about optical
+systems because they're very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because they're very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems because they're very easy to
+relate to the underlying physics. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the underlying physics. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate to the underlying physics. The
+blurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring
+is a direct result of a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct result of a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a direct result of a fundamental
+property of light the defraction limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of light the defraction limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of light the defraction limit
+and you can very accurately represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can very accurately represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can very accurately represent
+the effect of the blurring as convolving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the blurring as convolving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of the blurring as convolving
+with a point spread function an impulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a point spread function an impulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a point spread function an impulse
+response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response.
+Same sort of thing applies to optics at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same sort of thing applies to optics at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Same sort of thing applies to optics at
+any scale. So going from the microscopic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any scale. So going from the microscopic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any scale. So going from the microscopic
+to the rather microscopic that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rather microscopic that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rather microscopic that is to say
+the universe and beyond. Uh we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and beyond. Uh we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the universe and beyond. Uh we can think
+about the Hubble Space Telescope same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Hubble Space Telescope same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Hubble Space Telescope same
+thing. Okay, light that's all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay, light that's all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay, light that's all that
+matters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters.
+And here the issue is the reason they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here the issue is the reason they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here the issue is the reason they
+wanted to make a space telescope is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a space telescope is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to make a space telescope is that
+there are two principal sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two principal sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two principal sources of
+blurring for a groundbased micros uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring for a groundbased micros uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring for a groundbased micros uh
+telescope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope.
+One is the atmosphere blurring because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is the atmosphere blurring because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One is the atmosphere blurring because
+we're looking through an atmosphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking through an atmosphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking through an atmosphere and
+other is blurring because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is blurring because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is blurring because of the
+property of the optic elements in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the optic elements in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of the optic elements in the
+telescope. And it turns out it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope. And it turns out it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope. And it turns out it's pretty
+easy to show that the combined effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to show that the combined effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to show that the combined effect of
+the atmosphere and the lenses is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and the lenses is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere and the lenses is the
+convolution of the individual parts. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the individual parts. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution of the individual parts. You
+can think about atmospheric blurring as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about atmospheric blurring as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think about atmospheric blurring as
+convolving with the atmosphere's point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving with the atmosphere's point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolving with the atmosphere's point
+spread function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spread function
+and you can think of the blurring due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of the blurring due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can think of the blurring due to
+the microscope as due as convolving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope as due as convolving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the microscope as due as convolving with
+a blur blurring function due to optics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blur blurring function due to optics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a blur blurring function due to optics.
+The combined is the convol convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The combined is the convol convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The combined is the convol convolution
+of those. Which means that if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those. Which means that if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those. Which means that if you've got
+some amount of atmospheric blurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of atmospheric blurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some amount of atmospheric blurring
+and a telescope made out of 12 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a telescope made out of 12 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a telescope made out of 12 cm
+optics,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics,
+then the combined response is showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the combined response is showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the combined response is showed
+here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here,
+not very different from each individual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very different from each individual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very different from each individual.
+But if you made a big telescope,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you made a big telescope,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you made a big telescope,
+a onemeter type telescope, you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a onemeter type telescope, you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a onemeter type telescope, you might be
+expecting this much blurring, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting this much blurring, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting this much blurring, but
+because of the atmosphere, you get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the atmosphere, you get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the atmosphere, you get much
+more blurring. So the deviation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more blurring. So the deviation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more blurring. So the deviation between
+the small telescope and what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small telescope and what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small telescope and what you
+actually measure is not very different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure is not very different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure is not very different.
+The atmosphere makes an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The atmosphere makes an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The atmosphere makes an enormous
+difference when you start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference when you start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference when you start talking about
+a high resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high resolution
+telescope. That's the reason for putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope. That's the reason for putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescope. That's the reason for putting
+it in space. You get rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in space. You get rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in space. You get rid of the
+atmosphere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere.
+So in the Hubble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the Hubble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the Hubble
+the the Hubble space telescope was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Hubble space telescope was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Hubble space telescope was made
+principally out of two big mirrors. Both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principally out of two big mirrors. Both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principally out of two big mirrors. Both
+were parabolic. Both were highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were parabolic. Both were highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were parabolic. Both were highly
+optimized. Both were enormous. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized. Both were enormous. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized. Both were enormous. This is
+the main uh uh lens.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh uh lens.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main uh uh lens.
+The lens is 2.4 meters about 8 ft in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The lens is 2.4 meters about 8 ft in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The lens is 2.4 meters about 8 ft in
+diameter.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter.
+And it was astonishing. the thing. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it was astonishing. the thing. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it was astonishing. the thing. Uh so
+in order for a lens to work perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for a lens to work perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for a lens to work perfectly
+like I illustrated, it's important that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I illustrated, it's important that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I illustrated, it's important that
+every reflection remain in um um phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every reflection remain in um um phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every reflection remain in um um phase
+coherence. So the length that every ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence. So the length that every ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherence. So the length that every ray
+travels has to be precisely matched to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels has to be precisely matched to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels has to be precisely matched to
+what it's supposed to be. In the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to be. In the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's supposed to be. In the case of
+the Hubble,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hubble,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Hubble,
+they matched the surface. The surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they matched the surface. The surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they matched the surface. The surface
+was controlled to within 10 nanometers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was controlled to within 10 nanometers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was controlled to within 10 nanometers.
+That's absurd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's absurd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's absurd.
+So the blurring of my microscope was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the blurring of my microscope was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the blurring of my microscope was
+about half a micron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a micron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half a micron.
+So 50 times worse. The best I could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 50 times worse. The best I could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 50 times worse. The best I could see
+with my microscope is 50 times worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my microscope is 50 times worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my microscope is 50 times worse
+than was required for making this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than was required for making this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than was required for making this
+mirror. It was absolutely astonishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror. It was absolutely astonishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror. It was absolutely astonishing
+feat to make the mirror. And they made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat to make the mirror. And they made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feat to make the mirror. And they made a
+mistake.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake.
+So when they put this in space, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when they put this in space, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when they put this in space, they
+were expecting to see pictures like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting to see pictures like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were expecting to see pictures like
+this. This is a picture of a distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This is a picture of a distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. This is a picture of a distant
+star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star.
+They were expecting the distant star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were expecting the distant star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They were expecting the distant star
+would look like this. This is what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this. This is what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like this. This is what they
+actually measured. And the reason was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measured. And the reason was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measured. And the reason was
+that the feedback system that they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the feedback system that they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the feedback system that they used
+to grind the lens made a mistake by 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grind the lens made a mistake by 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grind the lens made a mistake by 2.2
+microns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns.
+2.2 microns would have been just barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 microns would have been just barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 microns would have been just barely
+resolvable on my microscope, but barely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvable on my microscope, but barely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolvable on my microscope, but barely.
+So this 8 foot. So the hair that's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this 8 foot. So the hair that's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this 8 foot. So the hair that's about
+100 microns in diameter. Okay. They were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 microns in diameter. Okay. They were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 microns in diameter. Okay. They were
+off by 2.2. two microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by 2.2. two microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by 2.2. two microns
+and because of that it was like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that it was like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because of that it was like a
+complete disaster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete disaster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete disaster.
+So that small error was enough to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that small error was enough to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that small error was enough to to
+make the images terrible. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the images terrible. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the images terrible. So the
+solution it wasn't very practical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it wasn't very practical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it wasn't very practical to
+ship up a new lens. So they shipped up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship up a new lens. So they shipped up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship up a new lens. So they shipped up
+eyeglasses. The eyeglasses was another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses. The eyeglasses was another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses. The eyeglasses was another
+transformation just like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation just like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation just like your
+eyeglasses.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses.
+Your eyeglasses work by changing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your eyeglasses work by changing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your eyeglasses work by changing the
+point spread function that is determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function that is determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function that is determined
+by your retina and your lens into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your retina and your lens into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by your retina and your lens into a new
+point spread function. They shift up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function. They shift up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point spread function. They shift up
+eyeglasses and the result of putting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses and the result of putting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses and the result of putting the
+eyeglasses into Hubble was to turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses into Hubble was to turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyeglasses into Hubble was to turn this
+into that and to give some of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that and to give some of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that and to give some of the most
+dazzling pictures we've ever had. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dazzling pictures we've ever had. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dazzling pictures we've ever had. So the
+point is that convolution is a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that convolution is a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that convolution is a complete
+way of describing a system. It's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of describing a system. It's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of describing a system. It's a very
+intuitive way for certain kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way for certain kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive way for certain kinds of
+systems and it's especially useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and it's especially useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems and it's especially useful for
+systems like lightbased systems where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like lightbased systems where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like lightbased systems where
+blurring is a natural way of thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring is a natural way of thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurring is a natural way of thinking
+about the way the system works.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way the system works.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the way the system works.
+Have a good time. See you tomorrow at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have a good time. See you tomorrow at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have a good time. See you tomorrow at
+7:30.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wJzBU7Do1ls.txt b/wJzBU7Do1ls.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4619132de8b3b93c090736f71dfae46c4159cde6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wJzBU7Do1ls.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've looked at independence for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at independence for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've looked at independence for two
+events what about when we have a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events what about when we have a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events what about when we have a bunch
+of events well in that case we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events well in that case we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of events well in that case we want to
+look at the idea of mutual independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the idea of mutual independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the idea of mutual independence
+so let's check that out I'll say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's check that out I'll say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's check that out I'll say that if
+I have n different events I'll say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have n different events I'll say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have n different events I'll say that
+they're mutually independent intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually independent intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mutually independent intuitively
+if the probability that one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the probability that one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the probability that one of them
+occurs is unchanged by which other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is unchanged by which other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs is unchanged by which other ones
+happen to have occurred so expressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have occurred so expressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to have occurred so expressed in
+unconditional probability which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconditional probability which is the
+way to make it precise what we're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make it precise what we're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to make it precise what we're really
+saying is that events a1 through a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that events a1 through a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that events a1 through a and a
+mutually independent when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent when the
+probability of AI is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of AI is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of AI is equal to the
+probability of AI given the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of AI given the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of AI given the intersection
+of any of the other A's of as long as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any of the other A's of as long as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of any of the other A's of as long as I
+is not one of them so take a 1 a 2 or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not one of them so take a 1 a 2 or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not one of them so take a 1 a 2 or a
+1 a 2 a 3 and so on and and a 5 is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a 2 a 3 and so on and and a 5 is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 a 2 a 3 and so on and and a 5 is going
+to be independent of all of those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent of all of those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be independent of all of those other
+intersections if we shift over to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections if we shift over to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersections if we shift over to the
+other definition of independence that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other definition of independence that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other definition of independence that we
+used for two sets in terms of products
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for two sets in terms of products
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for two sets in terms of products
+you could say that n sets are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that n sets are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could say that n sets are mutually
+independent when the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent when the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent when the product of the
+probability of the intersection of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of the intersection of any
+bunch of them is equal to the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them is equal to the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them is equal to the product of
+the individual probabilities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual probabilities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual probabilities of the
+events in the intersection let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the intersection let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+events in the intersection let's look at
+an example of mutual independence maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of mutual independence maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of mutual independence maybe
+the simplest one is one of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest one is one of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest one is one of independent
+coin flips which by definition are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips which by definition are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin flips which by definition are
+independent so the idea is that I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the idea is that I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent so the idea is that I will
+flip a coin a bunch of times and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin a bunch of times and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip a coin a bunch of times and I will
+let H I be the event that the if-- time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let H I be the event that the if-- time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let H I be the event that the if-- time
+I flip I get a heads so if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flip I get a heads so if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I flip I get a heads so if you think
+about what's going on what happens on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on what happens on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on what happens on
+the fifth flip has nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth flip has nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth flip has nothing to do with
+what happens on the first fourth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens on the first fourth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens on the first fourth or
+seventh flip there's no causal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh flip there's no causal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seventh flip there's no causal
+relationship between the flips of before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the flips of before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the flips of before
+or after flip five flip five is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after flip five flip five is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or after flip five flip five is an
+isolated event by itself and the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated event by itself and the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated event by itself and the fact
+that there were a bunch of heads before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a bunch of heads before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were a bunch of heads before
+or there will be a bunch of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there will be a bunch of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there will be a bunch of heads
+afterward doesn't have any impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward doesn't have any impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterward doesn't have any impact on
+probability that the fifth flip comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the fifth flip comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the fifth flip comes up
+with a head at least that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a head at least that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a head at least that's what we
+believe and that's the way that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe and that's the way that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe and that's the way that we would
+model them so what that means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model them so what that means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model them so what that means for
+example is that the probability of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that the probability of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is that the probability of a
+head on the fifth toss is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head on the fifth toss is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head on the fifth toss is equal to the
+probability of a head on the fifth toss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a head on the fifth toss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a head on the fifth toss
+given that the first toss was a head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the first toss was a head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the first toss was a head and
+the second and the fourth toss was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and the fourth toss was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second and the fourth toss was a
+head and the seventh Taurus was not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and the seventh Taurus was not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and the seventh Taurus was not a
+head this is the complement of h7 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head this is the complement of h7 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head this is the complement of h7 so
+that would just be an example of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just be an example of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would just be an example of one of
+the many different conditional equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many different conditional equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the many different conditional equality
+equation that hold when you have mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that hold when you have mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that hold when you have mutual
+independence let's look at an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence let's look at an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence let's look at an example
+suppose that I flip a fair coin twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I flip a fair coin twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that I flip a fair coin twice
+then the previous definition didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the previous definition didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the previous definition didn't
+require fairness at all in the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require fairness at all in the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require fairness at all in the coin
+flipping but now I'm gonna need it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping but now I'm gonna need it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flipping but now I'm gonna need it so
+that means that heads and tails are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that heads and tails are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that heads and tails are
+equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally likely
+I suppose I flipped the coin twice well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I flipped the coin twice well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose I flipped the coin twice well
+let h1 betta as before the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let h1 betta as before the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let h1 betta as before the probability
+the event that a head comes up on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that a head comes up on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that a head comes up on the
+first flip in h2 the event that a head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first flip in h2 the event that a head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first flip in h2 the event that a head
+comes up on the second flip and let o be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up on the second flip and let o be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up on the second flip and let o be
+the event that there were an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that there were an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the event that there were an odd number
+of heads in the two flips now I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads in the two flips now I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads in the two flips now I claim
+that o is independent of whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that o is independent of whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that o is independent of whether or not
+there's a head on the first flip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a head on the first flip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a head on the first flip that
+may seem a little weird because O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem a little weird because O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may seem a little weird because O
+depends on both the first flip and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on both the first flip and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on both the first flip and the
+second flip it's whether or not they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second flip it's whether or not they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second flip it's whether or not they're
+an odd number of heads there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of heads there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of heads there but
+nevertheless I claim that whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless I claim that whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless I claim that whether or not
+they're an odd number of heads is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're an odd number of heads is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're an odd number of heads is
+independent of whether or not the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of whether or not the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of whether or not the first
+toss was a head let's just check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss was a head let's just check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss was a head let's just check it
+using the official definition first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the official definition first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the official definition first of
+all o is the event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all o is the event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all o is the event
+h.t.t.h if I write out a HS and TS a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h.t.t.h if I write out a HS and TS a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h.t.t.h if I write out a HS and TS a
+pair of them for what the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of them for what the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of them for what the results of
+this at first and second flips were I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at first and second flips were I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at first and second flips were I
+know you get an odd number of heads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get an odd number of heads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you get an odd number of heads
+exactly when there's a first a head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when there's a first a head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly when there's a first a head and
+then a tail or first a tail and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a tail or first a tail and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a tail or first a tail and then a
+head which means that the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head which means that the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head which means that the probability of
+all is exactly 1/2 because the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is exactly 1/2 because the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is exactly 1/2 because the other two
+outcomes are true TT + HH which is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are true TT + HH which is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes are true TT + HH which is when
+you have an even number of heads now o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an even number of heads now o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an even number of heads now o
+intersection h1 is saying that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection h1 is saying that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection h1 is saying that you have
+an odd number of heads and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of heads and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of heads and the first
+toss is a head the only outcome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is a head the only outcome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss is a head the only outcome that
+fits that description is HT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits that description is HT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits that description is HT
+which means that the pretend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the pretend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that the pretend the
+probability of H T is 1/4 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of H T is 1/4 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of H T is 1/4 so the
+probability of a intersection h1 is 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a intersection h1 is 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of a intersection h1 is 1/4
+o into section h1 is just a peculiar way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o into section h1 is just a peculiar way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o into section h1 is just a peculiar way
+of saying you got a head and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying you got a head and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of saying you got a head and then you
+got a tail so that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a tail so that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a tail so that means that the
+probability of O intersection h1 is 1/4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of O intersection h1 is 1/4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of O intersection h1 is 1/4
+and of course that's equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course that's equal to the
+probability of all which we decided was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of all which we decided was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of all which we decided was
+1/2 and the probability of h1 which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and the probability of h1 which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/2 and the probability of h1 which of
+course is 1/2 all because we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is 1/2 all because we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is 1/2 all because we said the
+coin was fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin was fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin was fair
+so I've verified the condition for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've verified the condition for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've verified the condition for the
+independence of O and h1 and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of O and h1 and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence of O and h1 and therefore
+I'm done but the weird thing to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done but the weird thing to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm done but the weird thing to notice
+now is that if you look at o h1 and h2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that if you look at o h1 and h2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that if you look at o h1 and h2
+the three of them they are not mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three of them they are not mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three of them they are not mutually
+independent because in fact if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because in fact if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent because in fact if you know
+any two of them you can figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two of them you can figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any two of them you can figure out what
+the third one was but just explicitly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one was but just explicitly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one was but just explicitly in
+terms of conditional probabilities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of conditional probabilities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of conditional probabilities the
+probability of there being an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of there being an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of there being an odd number
+of heads given that they were the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads given that they were the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heads given that they were the first
+toss was a head and the second toss one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss was a head and the second toss one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toss was a head and the second toss one
+was a head is 0 because once you know h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a head is 0 because once you know h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a head is 0 because once you know h1
+and h2 oh you know exactly how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h2 oh you know exactly how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h2 oh you know exactly how many
+heads there were there were two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads there were there were two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads there were there were two and
+that's not odd so the probability of odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not odd so the probability of odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not odd so the probability of odd
+given h1 intersection h2 a 0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given h1 intersection h2 a 0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given h1 intersection h2 a 0 which is
+not equal to the probability of odd by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to the probability of odd by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not equal to the probability of odd by
+itself which was 1/2 so they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which was 1/2 so they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which was 1/2 so they're the
+three of them are not independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them are not independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them are not independent
+they're not mutually independent even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not mutually independent even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not mutually independent even
+though any two of them are because oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though any two of them are because oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though any two of them are because oh
+and h1 are and obviously O&H two are by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h1 are and obviously O&H two are by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and h1 are and obviously O&H two are by
+symmetry and h1 and h2 are coin tosses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and h1 and h2 are coin tosses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and h1 and h2 are coin tosses
+and they're independent so that leads us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're independent so that leads us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're independent so that leads us
+to the general idea of K way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the general idea of K way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the general idea of K way
+independence and an example would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence and an example would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence and an example would be if
+you flip a fair coin k times let Hib
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip a fair coin k times let Hib
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you flip a fair coin k times let Hib
+whether or not there's a head on the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there's a head on the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not there's a head on the I
+flip and you let o again be whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and you let o again be whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip and you let o again be whether or
+not they're an odd number of heads and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they're an odd number of heads and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not they're an odd number of heads and
+by the same argument you can verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same argument you can verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same argument you can verify that
+any set of K of these events are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any set of K of these events are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any set of K of these events are
+mutually independent but if you give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent but if you give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent but if you give me
+all k plus 1 then they are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k plus 1 then they are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all k plus 1 then they are not
+independent in fact any K of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in fact any K of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent in fact any K of them will
+determine the k plus first one but any k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the k plus first one but any k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the k plus first one but any k
+of them among themselves will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them among themselves will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them among themselves will be
+mutually independent so that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent so that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent so that's why this
+notion of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of how
+independent a set of a bunch of sets art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent a set of a bunch of sets art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent a set of a bunch of sets art
+comes up and this is how to count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and this is how to count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and this is how to count it
+so in general events a1 through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general events a1 through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in general events a1 through an
+arbitrary set of events or k way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary set of events or k way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary set of events or k way
+independent if any k of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if any k of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent if any k of them are
+mutually independent pairwise then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent pairwise then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutually independent pairwise then is
+just the case of two-way independence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the case of two-way independence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the case of two-way independence
+and what we saw was the example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we saw was the example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we saw was the example that
+with k point flips the events odd and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with k point flips the events odd and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with k point flips the events odd and
+the outcomes of head or not on h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes of head or not on h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcomes of head or not on h1
+through a che RK away independent but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a che RK away independent but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a che RK away independent but
+not k plus one way independent by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not k plus one way independent by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not k plus one way independent by the
+way now that we understand what k way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now that we understand what k way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way now that we understand what k way
+independence is mutual independence of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence is mutual independence of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence is mutual independence of n
+sets is simply n way independence but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is simply n way independence but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets is simply n way independence but I
+just wanted to close with the remark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to close with the remark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wanted to close with the remark
+that checking that n events are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that checking that n events are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that checking that n events are mutually
+independent means that you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent means that you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent means that you actually have
+to check all the intersections equaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check all the intersections equaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check all the intersections equaling
+the products of the individual events in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products of the individual events in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the products of the individual events in
+the intersections so that there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersections so that there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intersections so that there are two
+to the N possible collections of subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N possible collections of subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the N possible collections of subsets
+of a1 through a N and you have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a1 through a N and you have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a1 through a N and you have to check
+for each of them that the intersection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of them that the intersection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of them that the intersection
+of those ones that you chose is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those ones that you chose is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those ones that you chose is equal to
+the product of their probabilities but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of their probabilities but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product of their probabilities but
+of course you don't need to check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you don't need to check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you don't need to check the
+empty selection and you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty selection and you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty selection and you don't need to
+check the singleton set so you just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the singleton set so you just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check the singleton set so you just have
+to check to the 2 to the N equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check to the 2 to the N equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check to the 2 to the N equations
+corresponding to all the subsets of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to all the subsets of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to all the subsets of size
+more than 1 so it's 2 to the N line is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 1 so it's 2 to the N line is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than 1 so it's 2 to the N line is n
+plus 1 equations to check so in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 equations to check so in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 equations to check so in general
+there's it's not going to be easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's not going to be easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's it's not going to be easy to
+verify mutual independence by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify mutual independence by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify mutual independence by doing this
+kind of a calculation and you usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a calculation and you usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a calculation and you usually
+arrive at it by really by assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at it by really by assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive at it by really by assumption
+most of the time
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wP-ODG_e1i0.txt b/wP-ODG_e1i0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..740e5865db7d20c28080b3f330e7f704e615df70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wP-ODG_e1i0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+Let's review our wish list for the characteristics
+of a combinational device.
+
+In the previous lecture we worked hard to
+develop a voltage-based representation for
+
+information that could tolerate some amount
+error as the information flowed through a
+
+system of processing elements.
+
+We specified four signaling thresholds: V_OL
+and V_OH set the upper and lower bounds on
+
+voltages used to represent 0 and 1 respectively
+at the outputs of a combinational device.
+
+V_IL and V_IH served a similar role for interpreting
+the voltages at the inputs of a combinational
+
+device.
+
+We specified that V_OL be strictly less than
+V_IL, and termed the difference between these
+
+two low thresholds as the low noise margin,
+the amount of noise that could be added to
+
+an output signal and still have the signal
+interpreted correctly at any connected inputs.
+
+For the same reasons we specified that V_IH
+be strictly less than V_OH.
+
+We saw the implications of including noise
+margins when we looked at the voltage transfer
+
+characteristic - a plot of V_OUT vs. V_IN
+- for a combinational device.
+
+Since a combinational device must, in the
+steady state, produce a valid output voltage
+
+given a valid input voltage, we can identify
+forbidden regions in the VTC, which for valid
+
+input voltages identify regions of invalid
+output voltages.
+
+The VTC for a legal combinational device could
+not have any points that fall within these
+
+regions.
+
+The center region, bounded by the four threshold
+voltages, is narrower than it is high and
+
+so any legal VTC has to a have region where
+its gain is greater than 1 and the overall
+
+VTC has to be non-linear.
+
+The VTC shown here is that for a combinational
+device that serves as an inverter.
+
+If we're fortunate to be using a circuit technology
+that provides high gain and has output voltages
+
+close the ground and the power supply voltage,
+we can push V_OL and V_OH outward towards
+
+the power supply rails, and push V_IL and
+V_IH inward, with the happy consequence of
+
+increasing the noise margins - always a good
+thing!
+
+Remembering back to the beginning of Lecture
+2, we'll be wanting billions of devices in
+
+our digital systems, so each device will have
+to be quite inexpensive and small.
+
+In today's mobile world, the ability to run
+our systems on battery power for long periods
+
+of time means that we'll want to have our
+systems dissipate as little power as possible.
+
+Of course, manipulating information will necessitate
+changing voltages within the system and that
+
+will cost us some amount of power.
+
+But if our system is idle and no internal
+voltages are changing, we'd like for our system
+
+to have zero power dissipation.
+
+Finally, we'll want to be able to implement
+systems with useful functionality and so need
+
+to develop a catalog of the logic computations
+we want to perform.
+
+Quite remarkably, there is a circuit technology
+that will make our wishes come true!
+
+That technology is the subject of this lecture.
+
+The star of our show is the metal-oxide-semiconductor
+field-effect transistor, or MOSFET for short.
+
+Here's a 3D drawing showing a cross-section
+of a MOSFET, which is constructed from a complicated
+
+sandwich of electrical materials as part of
+an integrated circuit,
+
+so called because the individual devices in
+an integrated circuit are manufactured en-masse
+
+during a series of manufacturing steps.
+
+In modern technologies the dimensions of the
+block shown here are a few 10's of nanometers
+
+on a side - that's 1/1000 of the thickness
+of a thin human hair.
+
+This dimension is so small that MOSFETs can't
+be viewed using an ordinary optical microscope,
+
+whose resolution is limited by the wavelength
+of visible light, which is 400 to 750nm.
+
+For many years, engineers have been able to
+shrink the device dimensions by a factor of
+
+2 every 24 months or so,
+an observation known as "Moore's Law" after
+
+Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel,
+who first remarked on this trend in 1965.
+
+Each 50% shrink in dimensions enables integrated
+circuit (IC) manufacturers to build four times
+
+as many devices in the same area as before,
+and, as we'll see, the devices themselves
+
+get faster too!
+
+An integrated circuit in 1975 might have had
+2500 devices; today we're able to build ICs
+
+with two to three billion devices.
+
+Here's a quick tour of what we see in the
+diagram.
+
+The substrate upon which the IC is built is
+a thin wafer of silicon crystal which has
+
+had impurities added to make it conductive.
+
+In this case the impurity was an acceptor
+atom like Boron, and we characterize the doped
+
+silicon as a p-type semiconductor.
+
+The IC will include an electrical contact
+to the p-type substrate, called the "bulk"
+
+terminal, so we can control its voltage.
+
+When want to provide electrical insulation
+between conducting materials, we'll use a
+
+layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
+
+Normally the thickness of the insulator isn't
+terribly important, except for when it's used
+
+to isolate the gate of the transistor (shown
+here in red) from the substrate.
+
+The insulating layer in that region is very
+thin so that the electrical field from charges
+
+on the gate conductor can easily affect the
+substrate.
+
+The gate terminal of the transistor is a conductor,
+in this case, polycrystalline silicon.
+
+The gate, the thin oxide insulating layer,
+and the p-type substrate form a capacitor,
+
+where changing the voltage on the gate will
+cause electrical changes in the p-type substrate
+
+directly under the gate.
+
+In early manufacturing processes the gate
+terminal was made of metal, and the term "metal-oxide-semiconductor"
+
+(MOS) is referring to this particular structure.
+
+After the gate terminal is in place, donor
+atoms such as Phosphorous are implanted into
+
+the p-type substrate in two rectangular regions
+on either side of the gate.
+
+This changes those regions to an n-type semiconductor,
+which become the final two terminals of the
+
+MOSFET, called the source and the drain.
+
+Note that source and drain are usually physically
+identical and are distinguished by the role
+
+they play during the operation of the device,
+our next topic.
+
+As we'll see in the next slide, the MOSFET
+functions as a voltage-controlled switch connecting
+
+the source and drain terminals of the device.
+
+When the switch is conducting, current will
+flow from the drain to the source through
+
+the conducting channel formed as the second
+plate of the gate capacitor.
+
+The MOSFET has two critical dimensions: its
+length L, which measures the distance the
+
+current must cross as it flows from drain
+to source, and its width W, which determines
+
+how much channel is available to conduct current.
+
+The the current, termed I_DS, flowing across
+the switch is proportional to the ratio of
+
+the channel's width to its length.
+
+Typically, IC designers make the length as
+short as possible.
+
+When a news article refers to a "14nm process,"
+the 14nm refers to the smallest allowable
+
+value for the channel length.
+
+And designers choose the channel width to
+set the desired amount of current flow.
+
+If I_DS is large, voltage transitions on the
+source and drain nodes will be quick, at the
+
+cost of a physically larger device.
+
+To summarize: the MOSFET has four electrical
+terminals: bulk, gate, source, and drain.
+
+Two of the device dimensions are under the
+control of the designer: the channel length,
+
+usually chosen to be as small as possible,
+and the channel width chosen to set the current
+
+flow to the desired value.
+
+It's a solid-state switch - there are no moving
+parts - and the switch operation is controlled
+
+by electrical fields determined by the relative
+voltages of the four terminals.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wT3Y2K-fxXw.txt b/wT3Y2K-fxXw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a523558a080e2e81b9af69d02f5ac74bbe8cbbd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wT3Y2K-fxXw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1347 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's discuss the method ashin felts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's discuss the method ashin felts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's discuss the method ashin felts are
+used to build his model linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to build his model linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to build his model linear
+regression we'll start with one variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we'll start with one variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression we'll start with one variable
+linear regression which just uses one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression which just uses one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression which just uses one
+independent variable to predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable to predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable to predict the
+dependent variable this figure shows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable this figure shows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent variable this figure shows a
+plot of one of the independent variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of one of the independent variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of one of the independent variables
+average growing season temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average growing season temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average growing season temperature and
+the dependent variable wine price the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable wine price the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable wine price the
+goal of linear regression is to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of linear regression is to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal of linear regression is to create a
+predictive line through the data there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive line through the data there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive line through the data there
+are many different lines that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different lines that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different lines that could be
+drawn to predict wine price using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to predict wine price using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn to predict wine price using
+average growing season temperature a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average growing season temperature a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average growing season temperature a
+simple option would be a flat line at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple option would be a flat line at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple option would be a flat line at
+the average price in this case 7.07 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average price in this case 7.07 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average price in this case 7.07 the
+equation for this line is y equals seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this line is y equals seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for this line is y equals seven
+point zero seven this linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero seven this linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point zero seven this linear regression
+model would predict 7.07 regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would predict 7.07 regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would predict 7.07 regardless of
+the temperature but it looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature but it looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature but it looks like a
+better line would have a positive slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better line would have a positive slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better line would have a positive slope
+such as this line in blue the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this line in blue the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as this line in blue the equation
+for this line is y equals zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this line is y equals zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this line is y equals zero point
+five times average growing season
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times average growing season
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times average growing season
+temperature minus one point two five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature minus one point two five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature minus one point two five
+this linear regression model would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear regression model would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this linear regression model would
+predict a higher price when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a higher price when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict a higher price when the
+temperature is higher let's make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is higher let's make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is higher let's make this
+idea a little more formal in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a little more formal in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea a little more formal in general
+form a one variable linear regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a one variable linear regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a one variable linear regression
+model is a linear equation to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is a linear equation to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is a linear equation to predict
+the dependent variable Y using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable Y using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dependent variable Y using the
+independent variable X beta 0 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable X beta 0 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable X beta 0 is the
+intercept term or intercept coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept term or intercept coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept term or intercept coefficient
+and beta 1 is the slope of the line or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta 1 is the slope of the line or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta 1 is the slope of the line or
+coefficient for the independent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for the independent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient for the independent variable
+X for each observation I we have data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for each observation I we have data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X for each observation I we have data
+for the dependent variable Y I and data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dependent variable Y I and data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the dependent variable Y I and data
+for the independent variable X I using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the independent variable X I using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the independent variable X I using
+this equation we make a prediction beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation we make a prediction beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation we make a prediction beta
+0 plus beta 1 times X I for each data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus beta 1 times X I for each data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 plus beta 1 times X I for each data
+point I this prediction is hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I this prediction is hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I this prediction is hopefully
+close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to
+true outcome weii but since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outcome weii but since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true outcome weii but since the
+coefficients have to be the same for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients have to be the same for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients have to be the same for all
+data points i we often make a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points i we often make a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points i we often make a small
+error which were call epsilon i this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which were call epsilon i this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error which were call epsilon i this
+error term is also often called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term is also often called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error term is also often called a
+residual our errors will only all be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual our errors will only all be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residual our errors will only all be 0
+if all our points lie perfectly on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all our points lie perfectly on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if all our points lie perfectly on the
+same line this rarely happens so we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same line this rarely happens so we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same line this rarely happens so we know
+that our model will probably make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our model will probably make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our model will probably make some
+errors the best model or best choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors the best model or best choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors the best model or best choice of
+coefficients beta 0 and beta 1 has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients beta 0 and beta 1 has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients beta 0 and beta 1 has the
+smallest error terms or smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest error terms or smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest error terms or smallest
+residuals this figure shows the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals this figure shows the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residuals this figure shows the blue
+line that we drew in the beginning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that we drew in the beginning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that we drew in the beginning we
+can compute the residuals or errors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute the residuals or errors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute the residuals or errors of
+this line for each data point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line for each data point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line for each data point for
+example for this point the actual value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this point the actual value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for this point the actual value
+is about six point two using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about six point two using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about six point two using our
+regression model we predict about six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model we predict about six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model we predict about six
+point five so the error for this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five so the error for this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five so the error for this data
+point is negative zero point three which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is negative zero point three which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is negative zero point three which
+is the actual value minus our prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual value minus our prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the actual value minus our prediction
+as another example for this point the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as another example for this point the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as another example for this point the
+actual value is about eight using our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value is about eight using our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual value is about eight using our
+regression model we predict about seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model we predict about seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model we predict about seven
+point five so the error for this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five so the error for this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point five so the error for this data
+point is about 0.5 again the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is about 0.5 again the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is about 0.5 again the actual
+value minus our prediction one measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus our prediction one measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value minus our prediction one measure
+of the quality of a regression line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quality of a regression line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quality of a regression line is
+the sum of squared errors or SSE this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors or SSE this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors or SSE this is
+the sum of the squared residuals or err
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the squared residuals or err
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the squared residuals or err
+terms let n equal the number of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms let n equal the number of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms let n equal the number of data
+points that we have in our data set then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we have in our data set then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we have in our data set then
+the sum of squared errors is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors is equal to
+the air we make on the first data point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air we make on the first data point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air we make on the first data point
+squared plus the air we make on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus the air we make on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared plus the air we make on the
+second data point squared plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second data point squared plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second data point squared plus the
+errors you make on all data points up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you make on all data points up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors you make on all data points up to
+the nth data point squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can compute the sum of squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute the sum of squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can compute the sum of squared errors
+for both the red line and the blue line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the red line and the blue line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both the red line and the blue line
+as expected the blue line is a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expected the blue line is a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as expected the blue line is a better
+fit than the red line since it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit than the red line since it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit than the red line since it has a
+smaller sum of squared errors the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sum of squared errors the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller sum of squared errors the line
+that gives the minimum sum of squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the minimum sum of squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives the minimum sum of squared
+errors is shown in green this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors is shown in green this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors is shown in green this is the
+line that our regression model will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that our regression model will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that our regression model will find
+although sum of squared errors allows us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sum of squared errors allows us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although sum of squared errors allows us
+to compare lines on the same data set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare lines on the same data set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compare lines on the same data set
+it's hard to interpret for two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to interpret for two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to interpret for two reasons
+the first is that it scales with n the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is that it scales with n the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is that it scales with n the
+number of data points if we built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data points if we built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of data points if we built the
+same model with twice as much data the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model with twice as much data the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same model with twice as much data the
+sum of squared errors might be twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors might be twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors might be twice as
+big but this doesn't mean it's a worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but this doesn't mean it's a worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big but this doesn't mean it's a worst
+model the second is that the units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the second is that the units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model the second is that the units are
+hard to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to understand
+sum of squared errors is in squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors is in squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors is in squared
+units of the dependent variable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of the dependent variable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of the dependent variable because
+of these problems root mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems root mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these problems root mean squared
+error or our MSE is often used this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or our MSE is often used this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error or our MSE is often used this
+divides sum of squared errors by N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides sum of squared errors by N and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides sum of squared errors by N and
+then takes a square root so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then takes a square root so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then takes a square root so it's
+normalized by N and is in the same units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by N and is in the same units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalized by N and is in the same units
+as the dependent variable another common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the dependent variable another common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the dependent variable another common
+error measure for linear regression is R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error measure for linear regression is R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error measure for linear regression is R
+squared this error measure is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this error measure is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared this error measure is nice
+because it compares the best model to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it compares the best model to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it compares the best model to a
+baseline model the model that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline model the model that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline model the model that does not
+use any variables or the red line from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use any variables or the red line from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use any variables or the red line from
+before the baseline model predicts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the baseline model predicts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the baseline model predicts the
+average value of the dependent variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the dependent variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value of the dependent variable
+regardless of the value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of the value of the
+independent variable we can compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable we can compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent variable we can compute that
+the sum of squared errors for the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors for the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors for the best
+fit line or the Green Line is 5.73 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit line or the Green Line is 5.73 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit line or the Green Line is 5.73 and
+the sum of squared errors for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of squared errors for the
+baseline or the red line is 10.15 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline or the red line is 10.15 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline or the red line is 10.15 the
+sum of squared errors for the baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors for the baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of squared errors for the baseline
+model is also known as the total sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is also known as the total sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is also known as the total sum of
+squares commonly referred to as SST then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares commonly referred to as SST then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares commonly referred to as SST then
+the formula for R squared is R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for R squared is R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formula for R squared is R squared
+equals one minus sum of squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one minus sum of squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one minus sum of squared errors
+divided by total sum of squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by total sum of squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by total sum of squares
+in this case it equals one minus five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it equals one minus five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it equals one minus five
+point seven three divided by ten point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven three divided by ten point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven three divided by ten point
+one five which equals zero point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five which equals zero point four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one five which equals zero point four
+for R squared is nice because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R squared is nice because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R squared is nice because it
+captures the value added form using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the value added form using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures the value added form using a
+linear regression model over just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model over just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model over just
+predicting the average outcome for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the average outcome for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the average outcome for every
+data point so what values do we expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point so what values do we expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point so what values do we expect
+to see for R squared we'll both the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see for R squared we'll both the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see for R squared we'll both the sum
+of squared errors and the total sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squared errors and the total sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of squared errors and the total sum of
+squares have to be greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares have to be greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares have to be greater than or equal
+to zero because they're the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because they're the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because they're the sum of
+squared terms so they can't be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms so they can't be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared terms so they can't be negative
+additionally the sum of squared errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the sum of squared errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additionally the sum of squared errors
+has to be less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than or equal to the
+total sum of squares this is because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum of squares this is because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total sum of squares this is because our
+linear regression model could just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model could just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear regression model could just set
+the coefficient for the independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for the independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient for the independent
+variable to zero and then we would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to zero and then we would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable to zero and then we would have
+the baseline model so our linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline model so our linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baseline model so our linear
+regression model will never be worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model will never be worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression model will never be worse
+than the baseline model so in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the baseline model so in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the baseline model so in the worst
+case the sum of squared errors equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the sum of squared errors equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the sum of squared errors equals
+the total sum of squares and our R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sum of squares and our R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total sum of squares and our R
+squared is equal to zero so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to zero so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to zero so this means
+no improvement over the baseline in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no improvement over the baseline in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no improvement over the baseline in the
+best case our linear regression model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case our linear regression model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best case our linear regression model
+makes no errors and the sum of squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no errors and the sum of squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes no errors and the sum of squared
+errors is equal to zero and then our R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors is equal to zero and then our R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors is equal to zero and then our R
+squared is equal to one so an R squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to one so an R squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is equal to one so an R squared
+equal to one or close to one means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one or close to one means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one or close to one means a
+perfect or almost perfect predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect or almost perfect predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect or almost perfect predictive
+model our squared is nice because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model our squared is nice because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model our squared is nice because it's
+unit less and therefore universally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit less and therefore universally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit less and therefore universally
+interpretive all between problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretive all between problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretive all between problems
+however it can still be hard to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it can still be hard to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it can still be hard to compare
+between problems good models for easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between problems good models for easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between problems good models for easy
+problems we'll have an R squared close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we'll have an R squared close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we'll have an R squared close
+to one but good models for hard problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one but good models for hard problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one but good models for hard problems
+can still have an R squared close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still have an R squared close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still have an R squared close to
+zero throughout this course we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero throughout this course we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero throughout this course we will see
+examples of both types of problems
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wVSd_8EJABQ.txt b/wVSd_8EJABQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7d20a6af378a88d6fba9a89c160cbccb9acccf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wVSd_8EJABQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9536 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good so um so last lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so um so last lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good so um so last lecture we
+talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+about the property of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagator which is defined to be x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator which is defined to be x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator which is defined to be x x
+Prime which is also the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is also the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is also the same as
+5x 5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x 5x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x 5x
+Prime zero okay so this object we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime zero okay so this object we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime zero okay so this object we
+discussed uh so so conceptually it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh so so conceptually it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh so so conceptually it can
+be considered say have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered say have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be considered say have two
+interpretations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations so
+one is from here so this is roughly uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is from here so this is roughly uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is from here so this is roughly uh
+can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically
+interpret as the transition amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle from X to X Prime okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from X to X Prime okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle from X to X Prime okay so
+theistically you can think of it say as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically you can think of it say as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically you can think of it say as
+the say if you have a point say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say if you have a point say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say if you have a point say if you
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+space a space time point x Prime have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a space time point x Prime have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space a space time point x Prime have
+lot point x and then you ask what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot point x and then you ask what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot point x and then you ask what's the
+transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition
+Pro amplitude from X Prime to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro amplitude from X Prime to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pro amplitude from X Prime to
+X okay so so so uh so one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so so so uh so one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X okay so so so uh so one way to
+interpret this object is that and as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this object is that and as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret this object is that and as I
+emphasize this is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this is only
+theistically because this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically because this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically because this does not
+really describe a generally localized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really describe a generally localized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really describe a generally localized
+State it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State it's
+only approximately localized State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only approximately localized State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only approximately localized State
+okay and similarly uh uh the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly uh uh the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly uh uh the the second
+interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+correlations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations of
+five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five
+between say x yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say x yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say x yeah just
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+correlations Square correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+between the value of five at X Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the value of five at X Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the value of five at X Prime and
+the value of five at X okay so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of five at X okay so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of five at X okay so so this
+is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the
+um uh interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh interpretation
+most convenient for example From conma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most convenient for example From conma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most convenient for example From conma
+perspective if you find say describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective if you find say describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective if you find say describe
+average spins okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similarly the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus which is defined to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus which is defined to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus which is defined to
+be in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+order uh also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order uh also have
+two interpretations so so this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interpretations so so this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two interpretations so so this is like a
+transition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from
+X to X Prime yeah so if I draw X and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to X Prime yeah so if I draw X and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to X Prime yeah so if I draw X and if
+I still draw X that way so it's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still draw X that way so it's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I still draw X that way so it's like a
+transition amplitude like this okay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude like this okay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude like this okay from
+X to X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X to X Prime
+okay so you can similarly interpret the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can similarly interpret the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can similarly interpret the
+other from the uh using this language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other from the uh using this language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other from the uh using this language
+for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fan which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theta G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta G
+Plus x x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus x x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus x x
+prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x minus and then then this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus and then then this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x minus and then then this means that
+when T is greater than T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is greater than T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when T is greater than T
+Prime say if now let's take this to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime say if now let's take this to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime say if now let's take this to be
+the direction of time going up and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of time going up and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of time going up and now
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+X has later time than x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has later time than x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X has later time than x
+Prime and then then describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then then describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and then then describe the
+transition from X Prime to X okay but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from X Prime to X okay but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from X Prime to X okay but if
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+if the X Prime has a larger time and X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the X Prime has a larger time and X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the X Prime has a larger time and X
+has a smaller time and then describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a smaller time and then describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a smaller time and then describe the
+opposite direction from X to X Prime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from X to X Prime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction from X to X Prime but
+in both cases you always go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases you always go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both cases you always go from the
+smaller time to bigger time okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller time to bigger time okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller time to bigger time okay and so
+so we often call this also GF the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we often call this also GF the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we often call this also GF the time
+ordered correlation functions so the GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered correlation functions so the GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered correlation functions so the GF
+is also called so it's called fang green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also called so it's called fang green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also called so it's called fang green
+functions it's also called time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ordered okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered okay
+relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+okay and then we wrote down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we wrote down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we wrote down the
+expression so we calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so we calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so we calculate the
+expression explicitly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression explicitly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression explicitly for
+G+ and we also um almost finished the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G+ and we also um almost finished the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G+ and we also um almost finished the uh
+the expression for um yeah similarly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for um yeah similarly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression for um yeah similarly you
+can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do
+ex and also the um so any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex and also the um so any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex and also the um so any questions on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah yeah because the because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah because the because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah yeah because the because
+of the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the charge
+conservation and you cannot propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and you cannot propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation and you cannot propagate
+from one particle to the other particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one particle to the other particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one particle to the other particle
+so because five when acts on the Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because five when acts on the Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so because five when acts on the Zero
+generate say a the particle but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate say a the particle but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate say a the particle but when
+fire act on the left it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire act on the left it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire act on the left it actually
+generate the anti particle so anti so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the anti particle so anti so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the anti particle so anti so a
+particle cannot become anti particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cannot become anti particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cannot become anti particle
+right so only when five and the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so only when five and the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so only when five and the five
+diag and then it's from uh just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag and then it's from uh just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag and then it's from uh just the
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay
+good so we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so we also
+discussed the uh uh yeah so we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the uh uh yeah so we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed the uh uh yeah so we wrote
+down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this
+formula for r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+AF say in coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF say in coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AF say in coordinate
+space say x Prime can be written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space say x Prime can be written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space say x Prime can be written as a
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform I think it's k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I think it's k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I think it's k
+squ +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ +
+m² let me just check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m² let me just check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m² let me just check the
+sign um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign um
+I think it's I or minus I yeah minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's I or minus I yeah minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's I or minus I yeah minus
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+okay and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then this
+Factor then we mentioned that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor then we mentioned that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor then we mentioned that this
+Factor actually has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor actually has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Factor actually has a
+pole in the downstairs this have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the downstairs this have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pole in the downstairs this have the
+form Omega Square minus Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Omega Square minus Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form Omega Square minus Omega square
+plus Omega k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus Omega k
+s okay if you write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay if you write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s okay if you write it
+explicitly and then this uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and then this uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and then this uh this
+quantity become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity become
+singular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular
+at so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singular at Omega equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular at Omega equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular at Omega equal to
+plus minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus Omega
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+okay and the uh The Singularity lies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the uh The Singularity lies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the uh The Singularity lies on
+the integration contol if we consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration contol if we consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integration contol if we consider a
+complex Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex Omega
+plane and uh uh so here one of integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and uh uh so here one of integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and uh uh so here one of integral
+is the Omega and then the Omega go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Omega and then the Omega go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Omega and then the Omega go along
+the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real
+axis so the integration go along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so the integration go along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis so the integration go along the
+real axis and here is minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis and here is minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real axis and here is minus Omega
+K here is Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here is Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K here is Omega
+K okay so you have Singularity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so you have Singularity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K okay so you have Singularity on the
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+contour and then different ways of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour and then different ways of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour and then different ways of going
+around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the
+singularity then give you different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity then give you different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity then give you different
+choice of and advanced and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of and advanced and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of and advanced and F
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and which one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which one to
+choose based on uh which contol you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose based on uh which contol you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose based on uh which contol you
+should choose uh whether you should go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose uh whether you should go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should choose uh whether you should go
+around go above or go below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around go above or go below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around go above or go below the
+singularity and depend on the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity and depend on the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity and depend on the the
+prescription for each of them okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for each of them okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescription for each of them okay so we
+discussed that the uh for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that the uh for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that the uh for for
+GR which is proportional to Theta T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GR which is proportional to Theta T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GR which is proportional to Theta T
+minus t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t
+Prime then that means we should yeah uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then that means we should yeah uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime then that means we should yeah uh
+so let me just draw the similarity uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just draw the similarity uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just draw the similarity uh
+um so that means you actually need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that means you actually need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so that means you actually need to
+change your contol to go above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your contol to go above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your contol to go above the
+singularity to go above the both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity to go above the both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity to go above the both
+Singularity okay so that will guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity okay so that will guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity okay so that will guarantee
+you to proportional to Theta a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to proportional to Theta a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to proportional to Theta a minus
+Theta Prime when you do the integral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Prime when you do the integral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta Prime when you do the integral uh
+when you do the integral uh the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the integral uh the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do the integral uh the Omega
+integral using the uh using the Contour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral using the uh using the Contour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral using the uh using the Contour
+okay and using in the count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and using in the count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and using in the count
+force and similarly for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+GA which is proportion to seta T Prime T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA which is proportion to seta T Prime T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GA which is proportion to seta T Prime T
+minus t Prime in order to guarantee that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t Prime in order to guarantee that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t Prime in order to guarantee that
+then you have to take your contol to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to take your contol to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have to take your contol to be
+below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the
+singularity okay to be below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity okay to be below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity okay to be below the
+singularity so this all Omega real Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity so this all Omega real Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity so this all Omega real Omega
+axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis
+okay and uh for for the fan so the f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh for for the fan so the f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh for for the fan so the f is
+half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half and
+half so when so there's a Theta T minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so when so there's a Theta T minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so when so there's a Theta T minus
+t Prime part there's a Theta T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Prime part there's a Theta T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t Prime part there's a Theta T Prime
+minus t part okay if you try to uh uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t part okay if you try to uh uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t part okay if you try to uh uh to
+check that so so we're not going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that so so we're not going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that so so we're not going into
+detail there here I will uh leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail there here I will uh leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail there here I will uh leave
+you um yeah exercise for yourself so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um yeah exercise for yourself so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um yeah exercise for yourself so if
+you want to satisfy that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to satisfy that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to satisfy that kind of
+condition when T greater than T Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when T greater than T Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition when T greater than T Prime
+give you t g plus and when when T is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you t g plus and when when T is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you t g plus and when when T is
+smaller than T give you g minus you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than T give you g minus you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than T give you g minus you find
+when you do the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integration you have to do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration you have to do the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration you have to do the following
+way so for this one you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so for this one you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so for this one you go
+below for this one you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below for this one you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below for this one you go from
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+okay go up and so that's the and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay go up and so that's the and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay go up and so that's the and then
+then there's another way which is GF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another way which is GF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's another way which is GF
+Thea which is the opposite for GF in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea which is the opposite for GF in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thea which is the opposite for GF in
+terms of time ordering and then you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of time ordering and then you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of time ordering and then you will
+do the opposite way of here okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the opposite way of here okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the opposite way of here okay so so
+together there are four different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there are four different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together there are four different ways
+you can go around the singularity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go around the singularity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go around the singularity that
+give you four different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you four different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you four different kind
+of functions okay they give you four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions okay they give you four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of functions okay they give you four
+different functions so for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions so for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions so for those of you
+who are not familiar with complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not familiar with complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not familiar with complex
+analysis or or the cter integrals try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or or the cter integrals try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis or or the cter integrals try to
+refresh yourself a little bit okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh yourself a little bit okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refresh yourself a little bit okay
+because the complex analysis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the complex analysis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the complex analysis is
+definitely a very very powerful tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a very very powerful tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a very very powerful tool
+okay to be very familiar with it uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to be very familiar with it uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to be very familiar with it uh it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important okay
+so so it's allowing each time if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's allowing each time if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so it's allowing each time if you
+have to specify your contol like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to specify your contol like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to specify your contol like this
+okay so if each time you have to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if each time you have to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if each time you have to specify
+a contol like this it's not convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contol like this it's not convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contol like this it's not convenient
+and theist developed a more convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theist developed a more convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theist developed a more convenient
+way to treat of them in one shot okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to treat of them in one shot okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to treat of them in one shot okay so
+so instead of going around the counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of going around the counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of going around the counter
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+we just try to move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just try to move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just try to move the
+singularity okay so so we keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity okay so so we keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity okay so so we keep the
+counter to be fixed but we slightly move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to be fixed but we slightly move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter to be fixed but we slightly move
+the singularity okay for example for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singularity okay for example for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the singularity okay for example for the
+ this is the same if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ this is the same if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ this is the same if I just
+slightly move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+singularity by tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity by tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singularity by tiny
+bit below the real axis so if my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit below the real axis so if my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit below the real axis so if my
+integral coun is like this then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral coun is like this then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral coun is like this then this is
+equivalent to that okay if this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that okay if this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to that okay if this is just
+tinely part and then this won't won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinely part and then this won't won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tinely part and then this won't won't
+affect your answer okay and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your answer okay and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect your answer okay and similarly
+here in this case we just move both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case we just move both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this case we just move both
+Singularity above a little bit and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity above a little bit and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity above a little bit and in
+this case I move one Singularity above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I move one Singularity above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I move one Singularity above
+move one Singularity down so in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one Singularity down so in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move one Singularity down so in which
+case I don't have to change my control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't have to change my control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I don't have to change my control
+just slightly change my Singularity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly change my Singularity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just slightly change my Singularity and
+this can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be
+achieved by soal ABS prescription so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by soal ABS prescription so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved by soal ABS prescription so
+convenient a convenient trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is in the for example in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the for example in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the for example in the
+case instead of this uh so we always do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of this uh so we always do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case instead of this uh so we always do
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+integral with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+counter so we don't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter so we don't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter so we don't change the
+counter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter
+but we slightly change the integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we slightly change the integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we slightly change the integration
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+be Omega plus I Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Omega plus I Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Omega plus I Epsilon
+square plus Omega K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus Omega K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square plus Omega K
+squ okay so the downstairs previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so the downstairs previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ okay so the downstairs previously
+was minus Omega square plus Omega K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus Omega square plus Omega K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was minus Omega square plus Omega K
+square but now I add a tiny so Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but now I add a tiny so Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but now I add a tiny so Epsilon
+is infinite tesmo is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite tesmo is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite tesmo is
+positive and infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mod okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod okay
+so you see by by adding a such a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see by by adding a such a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see by by adding a such a tiny
+piece to here when you solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to here when you solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece to here when you solve this
+Singularity so it's now Omega plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity so it's now Omega plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singularity so it's now Omega plus I
+Epsilon equal to plus minus Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon equal to plus minus Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon equal to plus minus Omega and
+then move the Epson to the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move the Epson to the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then move the Epson to the other side
+and then the solution become minus Epson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the solution become minus Epson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the solution become minus Epson
+okay and then because EP is positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then because EP is positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then because EP is positive
+then this is slightly in the lower half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is slightly in the lower half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is slightly in the lower half
+plane okay and similarly for the for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay and similarly for the for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane okay and similarly for the for the
+advanced you just do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced you just do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced you just do a
+minus okay and then both similarity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay and then both similarity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus okay and then both similarity will
+move up okay and for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fan for the fan so the trick is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan for the fan so the trick is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan for the fan so the trick is you can
+do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+yeah sorry I so still have ik
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry I so still have ik
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sorry I so still have ik
+okay so this is the minus I so I just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the minus I so I just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is the minus I so I just do
+K square + m s the whole thing minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square + m s the whole thing minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K square + m s the whole thing minus
+Epsilon okay rather than change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay rather than change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon okay rather than change the
+Omega and the whole thing minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epon
+okay and you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you can check
+yourself when you solve the Omega using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself when you solve the Omega using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself when you solve the Omega using
+this just is the whole thing minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just is the whole thing minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just is the whole thing minus
+Epsilon in this case so so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in this case so so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon in this case so so for
+Advance you put it inside the Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance you put it inside the Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advance you put it inside the Omega
+square but here you put the out side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but here you put the out side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square but here you put the out side
+okay and then you can check when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can check when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then you can check when you
+solve for Omega actually uh uh you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for Omega actually uh uh you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for Omega actually uh uh you get
+this situation one move up netive move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation one move up netive move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation one move up netive move
+up and the positive move down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah yeah yeah because from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah yeah because from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah yeah because from the
+counter point of view from the coun inte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter point of view from the coun inte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counter point of view from the coun inte
+point of view it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view it only
+matters uh uh uh the precise shape of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters uh uh uh the precise shape of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters uh uh uh the precise shape of
+the counter is not important only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter is not important only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the counter is not important only
+matters what what similarity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what what similarity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters what what similarity the
+incloses so as far as it encloses these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incloses so as far as it encloses these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incloses so as far as it encloses these
+two similarity and then the story is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two similarity and then the story is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two similarity and then the story is the
+same but since I Chang The Singularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but since I Chang The Singularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but since I Chang The Singularity
+location only by by Epsilon and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location only by by Epsilon and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location only by by Epsilon and in the
+end I will take this Epsilon go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I will take this Epsilon go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I will take this Epsilon go to zero
+and then uh then the value will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same other question
+and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a
+very very uh simple but very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very uh simple but very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very uh simple but very powerful
+trick okay this makes things much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay this makes things much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay this makes things much more
+convenient and when you do uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and when you do uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient and when you do uh many
+manipulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations
+okay so so that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so that you don't have to
+constantly worry about the uh the C uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly worry about the uh the C uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly worry about the uh the C uh
+the precise uh C you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+take any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take any other
+questions good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good so so let me just uh give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so let me just uh give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so so let me just uh give some
+final remarks so so this almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final remarks so so this almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final remarks so so this almost
+concludes our a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes our a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concludes our a
+discussion of the free field Series so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the free field Series so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of the free field Series so
+let me just give you some fow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remarks so um so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks so um so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarks so um so as I
+mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that the
+G+ and GR Rel have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+applications saying in this matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications saying in this matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications saying in this matter so
+you deal with them you deal with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with them you deal with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you deal with them you deal with them
+all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the
+time and the and the this fan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+propagator it's uh uh uh we we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator it's uh uh uh we we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagator it's uh uh uh we we will see
+it plays a very important role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in next
+chapter which we will uh uh uh uh start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which we will uh uh uh uh start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter which we will uh uh uh uh start
+uh uh in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in the next few
+minutes okay so the JF will play very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so the JF will play very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes okay so the JF will play very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role
+okay and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh
+um so in addition to this two point fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in addition to this two point fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so in addition to this two point fun
+so these are the correlation function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the correlation function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the correlation function of
+two points okay is the X and X Prime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points okay is the X and X Prime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points okay is the X and X Prime you
+can in principle consider say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in principle consider say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can in principle consider say more
+General correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions say you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider or in arbitary state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay say for example you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay say for example you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay say for example you can just
+consider some State side and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider some State side and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider some State side and then you
+can consider FX1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider FX1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can consider FX1
+5x2 say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ixn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ixn
+okay so uh so this is like some endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so this is like some endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh so this is like some endpoint
+function yeah what's normally called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah what's normally called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah what's normally called
+endpoint function some General State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint function some General State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endpoint function some General State
+Side okay pite does not have to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Side okay pite does not have to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Side okay pite does not have to be the
+vacuum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum but
+since so General State remember a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so General State remember a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so General State remember a
+general State Side can all be built from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general State Side can all be built from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general State Side can all be built from
+a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and a
+dagger and the five can also be brething
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and the five can also be brething
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and the five can also be brething
+in terms of a and a diag so if you give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a and a diag so if you give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a and a diag so if you give
+me a state so I can in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a state so I can in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a state so I can in principle
+calculate this for any correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this for any correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this for any correlation
+function okay so this theory is fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so this theory is fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay so this theory is fully
+solved uh and no matter what you want me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved uh and no matter what you want me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved uh and no matter what you want me
+to compute uh using uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute uh using uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute uh using uh using
+what we have developed so far you can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have developed so far you can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have developed so far you can uh
+you can now over compute them okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now over compute them okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now over compute them okay so so
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is
+computable and so now let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable and so now let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable and so now let me just
+mention one simple fact regarding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention one simple fact regarding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention one simple fact regarding the
+vacuum correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum correlation
+function so let's consider the endpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's consider the endpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so let's consider the endpoint
+function the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vacuum okay and then you can easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay and then you can easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay and then you can easily
+convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince
+yourself okay you can easily convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay you can easily convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself okay you can easily convince
+yourself this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorize
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sums
+of product of two point functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so why so this is simple because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why so this is simple because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why so this is simple because
+because a and a dagger they have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a and a dagger they have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a and a dagger they have to be
+paired because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paired because
+the any a dagger create something out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any a dagger create something out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the any a dagger create something out of
+Zero have to be elated by a somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero have to be elated by a somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero have to be elated by a somewhere
+later okay so that means all the a and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so that means all the a and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so that means all the a and a
+dag has to be paired and uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag has to be paired and uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag has to be paired and uh and then
+that means that the uh they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the uh they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the uh they have to
+reduce to all the PO functions okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to all the PO functions okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce to all the PO functions okay so
+you can check explicitly so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check explicitly so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check explicitly so for example
+the simplest is the fourpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest is the fourpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest is the fourpoint
+function so if you can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+5x okay so you can easily convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x okay so you can easily convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x okay so you can easily convince
+yourself that the a dager when a dag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that the a dager when a dag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that the a dager when a dag of
+this create on this and then that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this create on this and then that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this create on this and then that can be
+say elated by any of them okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say elated by any of them okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say elated by any of them okay and so
+you can have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have say
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+similarly a d created by this one have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly a d created by this one have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly a d created by this one have
+to be all liated by some later so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all liated by some later so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all liated by some later so you
+have to always pair them okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to always pair them okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to always pair them okay so you can
+show that this just reduce to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this just reduce to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that this just reduce to all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+pairings so you can pair three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or
+pair one and four and two and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or one and three and two and four okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one and three and two and four okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one and three and two and four okay
+you just write down all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down all possible
+parings okay just write down allos of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parings okay just write down allos of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parings okay just write down allos of
+parents so so essentially um so in free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents so so essentially um so in free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents so so essentially um so in free
+the so in this free the any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in this free the any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so in this free the any point
+functions in the vacuum they just reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the vacuum they just reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions in the vacuum they just reduce
+to to the twoo function if you look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the twoo function if you look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to the twoo function if you look the
+the twoo function you knows everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twoo function you knows everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twoo function you knows everything
+okay you know everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh this I will give you as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this I will give you as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this I will give you as an
+exercise to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yourself and the final remark is related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and the final remark is related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself and the final remark is related
+to the problem three I think in your P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem three I think in your P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the problem three I think in your P
+set okay so in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+five we can also consider more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we can also consider more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five we can also consider more
+complicated operators okay can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consider say so-call composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operators means that we take the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators means that we take the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators means that we take the product
+of five all which is momentum okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five all which is momentum okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of five all which is momentum okay so we
+can have say we can consider five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have say we can consider five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have say we can consider five
+square 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square 5
+Cube say the hyponic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube say the hyponic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cube say the hyponic
+density the stress tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the stress tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density the stress tensor
+so these are all involving some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all involving some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all involving some some
+product of f okay all all is canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of f okay all all is canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of f okay all all is canonical
+momentum and so these are Lally called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and so these are Lally called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and so these are Lally called
+composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composite
+operators and as you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and as you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators and as you should have
+learned from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from your
+um from your uh pet uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from your uh pet uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um from your uh pet uh problem
+three that those operators often a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that those operators often a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three that those operators often a lot
+well defined because when you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined because when you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined because when you multiply
+them at the same point you will get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same point you will get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them at the same point you will get
+similarities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarities
+okay you will get singular Behavior you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you will get singular Behavior you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you will get singular Behavior you
+will get singular behavior and Rel need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get singular behavior and Rel need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get singular behavior and Rel need
+to R normalize them Etc okay and uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R normalize them Etc okay and uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to R normalize them Etc okay and uh so
+so such kind of Divergent behavior is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such kind of Divergent behavior is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so such kind of Divergent behavior is
+generic in Quantum field Theory and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic in Quantum field Theory and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic in Quantum field Theory and one
+of the most important part of quantum F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important part of quantum F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the most important part of quantum F
+the is to find sensible ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is to find sensible ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the is to find sensible ways to
+renormalize those emerging uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalize those emerging uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renormalize those emerging uh uh
+diverging quantities uh in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging quantities uh in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverging quantities uh in the in the
+physically sensible way okay and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically sensible way okay and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically sensible way okay and the
+problem three and it's the first example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem three and it's the first example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem three and it's the first example
+uh you encounter and later when you when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you encounter and later when you when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you encounter and later when you when
+we deal with inac in series they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with inac in series they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we deal with inac in series they're more
+complicated examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated examples
+ex okay so do you have any questions yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so right but how do you interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right but how do you interpret this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right but how do you interpret this
+especially with like theories where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with like theories where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with like theories where it's
+not AAL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right yeah yeah so so just theistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah so so just theistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah yeah so so just theistically
+you can imagine say you can imagine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine say you can imagine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine say you can imagine the
+uh this correlations as say you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this correlations as say you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this correlations as say you make
+measurement at any different point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement at any different point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement at any different point and
+and you study some kind of joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you study some kind of joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you study some kind of joint
+amplitude of them yeah so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of them yeah so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of them yeah so this is one
+way to interpret this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to interpret this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to interpret this
+quantities yeah yeah for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities yeah yeah for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities yeah yeah for example if you
+imagine there are spin operators and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there are spin operators and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there are spin operators and say
+sayi Del load some kind of spin uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sayi Del load some kind of spin uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sayi Del load some kind of spin uh and
+then you can imagine you measure them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine you measure them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine you measure them at
+any different SpaceTime points and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different SpaceTime points and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any different SpaceTime points and you
+look for their correlations yeah uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for their correlations yeah uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for their correlations yeah uh um
+yeah so this is the one example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the one example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so this is the one example but
+later we will see we will actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will see we will actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will see we will actually
+almost see immediately yeah just today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost see immediately yeah just today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost see immediately yeah just today
+uh I think we will reach there and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we will reach there and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I think we will reach there and you
+will see this actually is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see this actually is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see this actually is related to the
+scattering amplitudes and when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitudes and when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering amplitudes and when we talk
+about interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good good so so so try to uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good good so so so try to uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good good so so so try to uh uh uh
+try to enjoy the problem three in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to enjoy the problem three in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to enjoy the problem three in your
+pet and and after doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet and and after doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pet and and after doing it
+really read the problem again okay read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really read the problem again okay read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really read the problem again okay read
+the problem again I try to uh uh uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem again I try to uh uh uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem again I try to uh uh uh that
+problem contains the things which uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem contains the things which uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem contains the things which uh uh
+yeah just the simplest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just the simplest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah just the simplest uh
+um simpler situation for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simpler situation for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um simpler situation for the
+divergencies you will see uh in fil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergencies you will see uh in fil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergencies you will see uh in fil and
+to be prepared for that uh is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prepared for that uh is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prepared for that uh is important
+yeah even though we will not directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah even though we will not directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah even though we will not directly
+use the result of the problem three in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the result of the problem three in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the result of the problem three in
+the immediate future uh but but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate future uh but but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the immediate future uh but but I think
+it's important as part of your education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important as part of your education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important as part of your education
+to to get used to uh uh the Infinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get used to uh uh the Infinities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get used to uh uh the Infinities
+and the divergencies in Quantum field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the divergencies in Quantum field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the divergencies in Quantum field
+Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory
+okay good other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good other
+questions yes so I guess over here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so I guess over here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yes so I guess over here um
+everything on the left side is in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left side is in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything on the left side is in terms
+of these greens functions which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these greens functions which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these greens functions which could
+have been solved classically like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been solved classically like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been solved classically like
+without doing any quantization so is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing any quantization so is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing any quantization so is
+there a reason why like like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why like like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a reason why like like the
+correlator the quanti the is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlator the quanti the is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlator the quanti the is the same as
+like the Corel yeah just because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Corel yeah just because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Corel yeah just because it's a
+very simple this is a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple this is a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple this is a very simple
+Theory yeah yeah yeah but even in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory yeah yeah yeah but even in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory yeah yeah yeah but even in this
+case it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's actually
+um yeah it depend on how you interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it depend on how you interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah it depend on how you interpret
+the behavior of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of those
+functions even though this form you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions even though this form you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions even though this form you
+might say oh maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say oh maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say oh maybe we
+could anticipate this say say if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anticipate this say say if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could anticipate this say say if you
+have a say gin statistical system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a say gin statistical system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a say gin statistical system and
+you will uh you will anticipate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will uh you will anticipate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will uh you will anticipate this
+just say you only have gin fluct you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say you only have gin fluct you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say you only have gin fluct you
+only have ging correlations and nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have ging correlations and nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have ging correlations and nothing
+else but the specific form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but the specific form of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but the specific form of the
+functions they do encode quantum physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they do encode quantum physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions they do encode quantum physics
+and even though this factorized form uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though this factorized form uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though this factorized form uh
+it's like in yeah say say like in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like in yeah say say like in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like in yeah say say like in the
+Gin statistical Theory yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay so so so far we discussed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so so so far we discussed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay so so so far we discussed the
+simplest fre Theory just the theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest fre Theory just the theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest fre Theory just the theory of
+three scalar particles okay they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three scalar particles okay they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three scalar particles okay they they
+don't have spin they have spin zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have spin they have spin zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have spin they have spin zero so
+they don't have any SpaceTime component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have any SpaceTime component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have any SpaceTime component
+and uh uh and they uh they have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and they uh they have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh uh and they uh they have some
+Mass okay right visic particles and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay right visic particles and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mass okay right visic particles and
+later we will talk about electrons which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will talk about electrons which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later we will talk about electrons which
+have spin half and talk about photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spin half and talk about photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spin half and talk about photons
+which have spin one okay and before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have spin one okay and before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have spin one okay and before
+talking about them uh uh uh uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about them uh uh uh uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about them uh uh uh uh let's
+talk a little bit about interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about interactions
+because so far this the is absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so far this the is absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so far this the is absolutely
+boring okay so even though even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring okay so even though even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring okay so even though even though
+this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the
+illustrat this very important conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrat this very important conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrat this very important conceptual
+point that somehow when you Quan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that somehow when you Quan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that somehow when you Quan the
+field you can get particles okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can get particles okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you can get particles okay you can
+get AP L particles some it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get AP L particles some it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get AP L particles some it's a
+connection between the field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between the field and the
+particles okay but just in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay but just in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay but just in terms of
+series of particles this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of particles this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of particles this series
+absolutely boring okay there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely boring okay there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely boring okay there's nothing
+and the particles don't do anything uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particles don't do anything uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particles don't do anything uh
+uh they just go straight okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they just go straight okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they just go straight okay just
+Newton's first law okay it just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's first law okay it just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton's first law okay it just go
+straight like Newton's first law and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight like Newton's first law and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight like Newton's first law and uh
+um so so now let's try to add a littleit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now let's try to add a littleit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so now let's try to add a littleit
+fun to introduce a littleit interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to introduce a littleit interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun to introduce a littleit interactions
+okay and you will see that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you will see that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and you will see that when you
+introduce a liit interactions the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a liit interactions the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce a liit interactions the story
+become much richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much richer
+okay so so now let's talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now let's talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so now let's talk about uh
+interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and out to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and out to describe
+interactions a very powerful approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions a very powerful approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions a very powerful approach is
+the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+integral okay so we will also discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so we will also discuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral okay so we will also discuss
+the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past
+integral so we will use the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so we will use the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so we will use the past
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+approach to describe uh how to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to describe uh how to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to describe uh how to treat
+interactions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay
+and uh yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so first uh uh let's just say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first uh uh let's just say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so first uh uh let's just say a few
+words about some general remark on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about some general remark on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words about some general remark on
+interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series
+okay so previously we consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so previously we consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so previously we consider
+the with L density of the following form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we find it's a free particle it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find it's a free particle it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find it's a free particle it's a
+series of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of free
+particles and now we can easily make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and now we can easily make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and now we can easily make
+this series to be of interacting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series to be of interacting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this series to be of interacting uh
+interacting particles if I we just add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting particles if I we just add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting particles if I we just add
+some high order Powers okay so the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high order Powers okay so the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high order Powers okay so the for
+example one of the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example one of the simplest
+power is the uh five to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the uh five to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is the uh five to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh uh yeah you can also add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh uh yeah you can also add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so uh uh uh yeah you can also add
+the power five to the power three but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power five to the power three but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power five to the power three but
+five to the power three is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to the power three is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to the power three is a little bit
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um a little bit sick it's because the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit sick it's because the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a little bit sick it's because the um
+f cube is not don't have a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f cube is not don't have a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f cube is not don't have a definite
+sign uh I don't have a definite sign and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign uh I don't have a definite sign and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign uh I don't have a definite sign and
+so the so F Cube city does not have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so F Cube city does not have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so F Cube city does not have a
+well defined energy okay so your energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined energy okay so your energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well defined energy okay so your energy
+can go up lative and so this is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up lative and so this is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go up lative and so this is the uh
+the simplest uh uh the interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest uh uh the interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest uh uh the interacting
+Theory with a well defined say energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory with a well defined say energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory with a well defined say energy
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so and we will write this as l0 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we will write this as l0 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we will write this as l0 which is
+the free theory part which we considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free theory part which we considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the free theory part which we considered
+and then the interacting part okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the interacting part okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the interacting part okay this
+Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda
+factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial
+54s and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54s and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+54s and so this
+Lambda essentially heris this n should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda essentially heris this n should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda essentially heris this n should
+characterize uh the importance of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize uh the importance of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize uh the importance of this
+term so if Lambda go to zero of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if Lambda go to zero of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so if Lambda go to zero of course
+then this term go away and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term go away and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this term go away and then this
+term is not important and when Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is not important and when Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is not important and when Lambda
+become bigger then this term become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become bigger then this term become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become bigger then this term become more
+and more important and so so we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more important and so so we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more important and so so we call the
+Lambda to be the cing okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to be the cing okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda to be the cing okay which
+characterize the importance of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now so now first let's follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so now first let's follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so now first let's follow
+what we were doing before for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing before for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we were doing before for the
+general conization procedure we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general conization procedure we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general conization procedure we try to
+write down the the classical equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the the classical equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the the classical equation
+motion and then we quanti and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then we quanti and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion and then we quanti and then we
+solve the most General classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the most General classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the most General classical
+equations uh the most General solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh the most General solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations uh the most General solutions
+for the classical equations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the classical equations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the classical equations and then
+then we promote those solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we promote those solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we promote those solutions to
+operators right yeah so let's try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators right yeah so let's try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators right yeah so let's try to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+one so now when you write down equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now when you write down equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now when you write down equation
+motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so equation motion is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equation motion is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so equation motion is very
+simple you just get square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you just get square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you just get square
+5 m Square 5 so this is the fre Ser part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 m Square 5 so this is the fre Ser part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 m Square 5 so this is the fre Ser part
+and now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you
+have a linear part the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you have a long linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation and uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so who can solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equation any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volunteers it turns out actually this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers it turns out actually this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers it turns out actually this
+equation nobody has be able to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation nobody has be able to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation nobody has be able to solve it
+so far okay so so so we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far okay so so so we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far okay so so so we don't know how
+to solve it okay and so our previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it okay and so our previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve it okay and so our previous
+strategy even though sounds very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy even though sounds very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy even though sounds very
+powerful and immediately breaks down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and immediately breaks down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and immediately breaks down
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because to rely on you can actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to rely on you can actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because to rely on you can actually find
+the solutions to this equation motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to this equation motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to this equation motion
+okay and uh um yeah so we don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh um yeah so we don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh um yeah so we don't know how
+to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theistically but theistically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically but theistically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theistically but theistically you can
+imagine that this indeed should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this indeed should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this indeed should be a
+series of interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of interacting
+particles because previously when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles because previously when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles because previously when you
+don't have this term you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this term you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this term you just have a
+linear equation then f is not doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation then f is not doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equation then f is not doing
+anything okay now you have a five cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay now you have a five cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything okay now you have a five cube
+term so that means that different files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that means that different files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so that means that different files
+can not doing something together okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not doing something together okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not doing something together okay so
+uh when different f is doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when different f is doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when different f is doing something
+together by definition that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by definition that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by definition that's called
+interactions okay and that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay and that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay and that's called
+interactions and so so just theistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and so so just theistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and so so just theistically
+this should already this should give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should already this should give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should already this should give you
+a a series of interacting particles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so we
+will so we will talk about how to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so we will talk about how to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will so we will talk about how to treat
+such a theory since this cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a theory since this cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a theory since this cannot be
+solved exactly we can only try to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved exactly we can only try to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved exactly we can only try to solve
+it approximately okay so so the only way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it approximately okay so so the only way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it approximately okay so so the only way
+we know how to solve it approximately so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to solve it approximately so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know how to solve it approximately so
+far is to imagine the Lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is to imagine the Lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far is to imagine the Lambda is
+small and then you just expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and then you just expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and then you just expand the
+Lambda ptiv okay just treat the Lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda ptiv okay just treat the Lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda ptiv okay just treat the Lambda
+as a small parameter you just expand in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a small parameter you just expand in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a small parameter you just expand in
+Lambda and uh so so I will Aline this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh so so I will Aline this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and uh so so I will Aline this
+procedure in a little bit okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in a little bit okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedure in a little bit okay but
+before that let me just make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that let me just make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before that let me just make some
+general remarks which apply to to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general remarks which apply to to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general remarks which apply to to uh to
+to General interacting series which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to General interacting series which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to General interacting series which this
+is just one of the examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one of the examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just one of the examples
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so actually figuring out uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually figuring out uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so actually figuring out uh
+interactions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions from
+experiments uh it's actually one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh it's actually one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments uh it's actually one of the
+main task of the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main task of the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main task of the particle
+physics and many uh uh areas of conm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and many uh uh areas of conm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and many uh uh areas of conm
+matter physics okay and so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter physics okay and so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter physics okay and so for
+example we build LHC at at serm and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we build LHC at at serm and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we build LHC at at serm and you
+Collide these protons together billions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide these protons together billions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Collide these protons together billions
+of billions of dollars the whole purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of dollars the whole purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of billions of dollars the whole purpose
+is to figure out the uh the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out the uh the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out the uh the interactions
+between the uh between the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh between the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the uh between the particles
+between Elementary particles and uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Elementary particles and uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Elementary particles and uh to
+verify them ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify them ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify them ex
+okay and similarly with many kisma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly with many kisma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and similarly with many kisma
+experiments so so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments so so now
+ask you a a simple question so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a a simple question so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a a simple question so what's
+the most powerful way experimentally to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most powerful way experimentally to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most powerful way experimentally to
+prove the interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the interactions between
+particles what is the word to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles what is the word to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles what is the word to describe
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+what yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what yeah
+scattering so so you should already have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so so you should already have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering so so you should already have
+learned this in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this in quantum
+mechanics so scattering is the key thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so scattering is the key thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so scattering is the key thing
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+essentially that's essentially uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's essentially uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that's essentially uh uh uh
+the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the the the
+universal approach we have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal approach we have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universal approach we have been
+using for more than 100 Years starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for more than 100 Years starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using for more than 100 Years starting
+from roord okay who first the shoot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from roord okay who first the shoot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from roord okay who first the shoot the
+uh helium atom at the who first the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helium atom at the who first the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh helium atom at the who first the uh
+shooting electrons and helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting electrons and helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting electrons and helium
+atom okay no no no no no should the alha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay no no no no no should the alha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay no no no no no should the alha
+particles the other particles at atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the other particles at atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles the other particles at atoms
+and uh so so the scattering and then so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so the scattering and then so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh so so the scattering and then so
+you have R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of and uh then you have the so-called D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and uh then you have the so-called D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and uh then you have the so-called D
+nastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nastic
+scattering D which figured out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering D which figured out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering D which figured out that the
+proton actually have sub structure which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton actually have sub structure which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton actually have sub structure which
+leads to the discovery of quar okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the discovery of quar okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to the discovery of quar okay and
+actually MIT played the key role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MIT played the key role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually MIT played the key role of
+Redman and the kendle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redman and the kendle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redman and the kendle
+in the dis experiment which figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dis experiment which figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dis experiment which figured out
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+structure which discovered that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+qus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qus um
+yeah they play the key role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they play the key role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they play the key role in
+that so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so and
+still many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still many
+many interactions and particles were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interactions and particles were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interactions and particles were
+discovered this way okay and uh so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this way okay and uh so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered this way okay and uh so so
+the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of Sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three so essentially it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so essentially it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three so essentially it's very
+simple you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple you
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+cide a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles okay and just examine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay and just examine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles okay and just examine the
+outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so from the otherc you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the otherc you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so from the otherc you try to
+deduce what are the interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce what are the interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce what are the interactions between
+those particles okay so that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles okay so that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particles okay so that's what the
+experiment scattering uh experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment scattering uh experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment scattering uh experiment
+about okay so from here you deduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction which has always been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction which has always been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction which has always been very
+successful okay so in you have Neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful okay so in you have Neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful okay so in you have Neutron
+scattering Etc okay x-ray you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Etc okay x-ray you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering Etc okay x-ray you can use
+X-ray and N neutrons to to shine on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+samples and one of the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and one of the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and one of the most important
+observables for the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables for the scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables for the scattering
+experiment is what again this is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is what again this is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is what again this is a a
+simple question of quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics
+sorry no momentum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no momentum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no momentum is
+not the cross-section is closed but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cross-section is closed but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the cross-section is closed but but
+but there's some more fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some more fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some more fancy
+words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H that's fancier but not fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that's fancier but not fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H that's fancier but not fancy
+enough it's called s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix no I said Matrix but I didn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix no I said Matrix but I didn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix no I said Matrix but I didn't say
+it loud enough oh okay yeah just be bra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it loud enough oh okay yeah just be bra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it loud enough oh okay yeah just be bra
+be bra braver next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so one of the key
+element uh yeah so one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh yeah so one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element uh yeah so one of the key
+observables for uh for for scattering is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables for uh for for scattering is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observables for uh for for scattering is
+a so-call s Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-call s Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-call s Matrix
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so so math so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so math so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so math so
+Define s Matrix we need a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define s Matrix we need a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define s Matrix we need a little bit
+mathematical idealization okay just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical idealization okay just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical idealization okay just as
+in always in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in always in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in always in
+physics so the mathematical idealization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so the mathematical idealization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics so the mathematical idealization
+in order to Define Matrix is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+following so um so at tal to Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so um so at tal to Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so um so at tal to Infinity
+tal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prepare initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+State yeah initial State maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State yeah initial State maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State yeah initial State maybe the
+initial State as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+localized say w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packet infinite F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part so this is the a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this is the a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part so this is the a mathematical
+idealization part okay we want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization part okay we want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealization part okay we want them to
+be infinitely far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then but you aim them okay so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but you aim them okay so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then but you aim them okay so so you
+previde prepare them specially infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previde prepare them specially infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previde prepare them specially infinite
+far apart but aim them you prepare their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart but aim them you prepare their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart but aim them you prepare their
+initial momentum so that they can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial momentum so that they can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial momentum so that they can come
+together at some point okay you aim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at some point okay you aim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at some point okay you aim
+them and then then they will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then then they will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then then they will come
+together at some point and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at some point and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together at some point and then they
+will scatter they will interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will scatter they will interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will scatter they will interact with
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+other and then they will form some final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then they will form some final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and then they will form some final
+product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product
+and then the final product will then run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final product will then run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the final product will then run
+away from each other okay they all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from each other okay they all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from each other okay they all have
+velocity momentum they will run away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity momentum they will run away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity momentum they will run away and
+then you just wait wait until those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just wait wait until those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just wait wait until those
+product are far apart then you match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product are far apart then you match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product are far apart then you match
+with them okay so so that mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them okay so so that mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them okay so so that mathematically
+this called Asal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this called Asal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this called Asal
+Infinity yeah of course t equal to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity yeah of course t equal to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity yeah of course t equal to plus
+minus infini are also mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infini are also mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infini are also mathematical
+idealization and the final particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are also far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also far apart
+again infinite far apart because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again infinite far apart because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again infinite far apart because they
+they all visic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles and they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and they all
+move and even with slightly momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and even with slightly momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move and even with slightly momentum
+difference eventually there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference eventually there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference eventually there will be
+infinite if you wait long enough time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if you wait long enough time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite if you wait long enough time
+then there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so this five part are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this five part are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this five part are very important
+these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this
+means we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+neglect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions okay
+as T goes to plus minus infinity okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T goes to plus minus infinity okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as T goes to plus minus infinity okay so
+this this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this set
+up and then I tal to plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then I tal to plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and then I tal to plus minus
+infinity they're very far away and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity they're very far away and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity they're very far away and then
+you canle the interactions this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you canle the interactions this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you canle the interactions this is
+important then we can identify each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important then we can identify each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important then we can identify each
+particle because when they are together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because when they are together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because when they are together
+they're all interacting with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all interacting with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all interacting with each other
+it's it's not easy to cleanly identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not easy to cleanly identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not easy to cleanly identify
+each particles and discuss their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particles and discuss their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each particles and discuss their
+property okay and so so so now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay and so so so now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay and so so so now we can
+neglect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interactions so the ini and finow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection of free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so and can be described by free the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is very
+important because remember we cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because remember we cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because remember we cannot
+solve this kind of interacting Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this kind of interacting Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this kind of interacting Theory
+exactly okay so so now but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so so now but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay so so now but we can
+reliably almost to infinitely accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably almost to infinitely accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliably almost to infinitely accuracy
+to talk about the initial State and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the initial State and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about the initial State and the
+final States okay and and we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final States okay and and we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final States okay and and we can talk
+about them as precisely as we can as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as precisely as we can as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about them as precisely as we can as far
+as we go the T going to plus minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go the T going to plus minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we go the T going to plus minus
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah just in principle any any long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah just in principle any any long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah just in principle any any long
+linear term will lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term will lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term will lead to
+interactions yes the intuition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions yes the intuition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions yes the intuition is that
+anything beyond the linear level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything beyond the linear level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything beyond the linear level you
+will have different files coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have different files coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have different files coming
+together say whether is five cube five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together say whether is five cube five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together say whether is five cube five
+cube there or 54s or higher powers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube there or 54s or higher powers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube there or 54s or higher powers or
+exponentials just yeah just anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials just yeah just anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials just yeah just anything
+which is not linear files have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not linear files have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not linear files have to do
+something with each other and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with each other and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with each other and then that
+just means interaction yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sorry say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry say
+again oh yeah yeah yeah yeah this does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again oh yeah yeah yeah yeah this does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again oh yeah yeah yeah yeah this does
+not give you interactions because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not give you interactions because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not give you interactions because this
+just remember when you do equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember when you do equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember when you do equation
+motion that still give you a linear term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that still give you a linear term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion that still give you a linear term
+linear term just give you a mass yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term just give you a mass yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear term just give you a mass yeah
+yeah yeah right yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah right yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah
+this is yeah in the Lin the quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yeah in the Lin the quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is yeah in the Lin the quadratic
+term a three term so so things above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term a three term so so things above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term a three term so so things above the
+quadratic term give you the interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term give you the interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic term give you the interactions
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that how can I like translate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that how can I like translate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that how can I like translate that
+yeah yeah here you cannot translate uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah here you cannot translate uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah here you cannot translate uh
+uh here here here I'm just giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here here here I'm just giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh here here here I'm just giving you
+the intuition that somehow when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition that somehow when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition that somehow when you add
+such kind of L linear term that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such kind of L linear term that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such kind of L linear term that should
+lead to some kind of interactions but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to some kind of interactions but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to some kind of interactions but to
+understand what precisely kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what precisely kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what precisely kind of
+interactions uh you have to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh you have to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions uh you have to look at
+physical observables so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observables so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical observables so that's why we
+need to look at X Matrix even for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at X Matrix even for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to look at X Matrix even for this
+the we want to say ah suppose we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we want to say ah suppose we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we want to say ah suppose we have
+this the but in in real life what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the but in in real life what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the but in in real life what does
+this how do we see in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how do we see in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how do we see in the real
+experiment uh yeah if this if this Ser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh yeah if this if this Ser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment uh yeah if this if this Ser
+can be realized in the real experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be realized in the real experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be realized in the real experiment
+what it looks like and the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like and the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it looks like and the only way to
+see it is through this s Matrix yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it is through this s Matrix yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it is through this s Matrix yeah
+yeah and so be through S Matrix and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so be through S Matrix and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and so be through S Matrix and then
+yeah we can deduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good okay good so this is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay good so this is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good okay good so this is important
+because this makes sure that even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this makes sure that even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this makes sure that even even
+when we unable to solve this the exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we unable to solve this the exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we unable to solve this the exactly
+we can still talk about initial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still talk about initial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can still talk about initial and
+final State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final State
+exactly okay at least we can Define our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay at least we can Define our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay at least we can Define our
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+precisely so so let's Delo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so so let's Delo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so so let's Delo the
+collection of initial particle to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of initial particle to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of initial particle to be
+Alpha the momentum of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the momentum of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha the momentum of initial
+particles so essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles so essentially this
+characterize your initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize your initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize your initial State
+okay and uh because the here we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh because the here we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and uh because the here we talking
+about scalar particles they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scalar particles they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about scalar particles they don't have
+spin so the momentum are they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so the momentum are they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so the momentum are they only
+quantum numbers okay and uh uh say I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers okay and uh uh say I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers okay and uh uh say I use
+beta to describe the final momentum I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta to describe the final momentum I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta to describe the final momentum I
+call P1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call P1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call P1
+Prime say PN so the the initial number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime say PN so the the initial number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime say PN so the the initial number
+particle and final number particle don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and final number particle don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle and final number particle don't
+have to be the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same okay
+and then the then the scattering process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the then the scattering process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the then the scattering process
+is just to go from alpha to Beta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to go from alpha to Beta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just to go from alpha to Beta okay
+you start a bunch of particles at T to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start a bunch of particles at T to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start a bunch of particles at T to
+minus infinity with those momentum and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity with those momentum and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus infinity with those momentum and
+then at t plus infinity You observe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at t plus infinity You observe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at t plus infinity You observe some
+other particles with those momentum okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particles with those momentum okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other particles with those momentum okay
+and then we want to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we want to understand the
+transition amplitude between them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude between them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition amplitude between them so
+that's what the experiment measures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the experiment measures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the experiment measures okay
+and from here of course you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from here of course you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from here of course you get the
+cross-section Etc and uh and but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section Etc and uh and but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section Etc and uh and but this is
+a more fundamental object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to write
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+precisely so essentially we are looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so essentially we are looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely so essentially we are looking
+at say in the Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say in the Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at say in the Heisenberg
+picture this is my final state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is my final state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is my final state
+and then look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution from minus infinity to plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution from minus infinity to plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evolution from minus infinity to plus
+infinity start from initial state alha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity start from initial state alha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity start from initial state alha
+so this is the evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator of your Quantum system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator of your Quantum system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator of your Quantum system
+okay and so so so sometimes we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so so sometimes we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so so so sometimes we also
+write this as the so this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as the so this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this as the so this is in the
+shorting a picture and in the Heisenberg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting a picture and in the Heisenberg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting a picture and in the Heisenberg
+picture we write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture we write it as
+this so so now this means that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so now this means that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so so now this means that this is
+the state defined at minus infinity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state defined at minus infinity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state defined at minus infinity this
+is the state that defined at plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state that defined at plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the state that defined at plus
+infinity okay so this is the notation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so this is the notation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity okay so this is the notation in
+the hasenberg picture and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hasenberg picture and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hasenberg picture and this is
+notation in the Shing of picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the Shing of picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation in the Shing of picture
+Okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object so this object we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delot so you can worry you can run Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delot so you can worry you can run Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delot so you can worry you can run Alpha
+and beta over all possible initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta over all possible initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta over all possible initial
+States and all possible final States and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and all possible final States and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States and all possible final States and
+then that form a b a a big Matrix in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that form a b a a big Matrix in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that form a b a a big Matrix in
+fact infinite times infinite Matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact infinite times infinite Matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact infinite times infinite Matrix okay
+so this is our uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so
+essentially all your secret of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all your secret of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially all your secret of
+interactions are encoded in here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are encoded in here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions are encoded in here okay
+yes yeah because you can yeah so uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah because you can yeah so uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah because you can yeah so uh so
+this is so you have a value for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so you have a value for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is so you have a value for any
+choice of Alpha and beta right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of Alpha and beta right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of Alpha and beta right and so
+any choice of Alpha and beta is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any choice of Alpha and beta is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any choice of Alpha and beta is one
+Matrix element and but but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element and but but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix element and but but you have
+infinite possible choice of initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite possible choice of initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite possible choice of initial
+momentum yeah you can have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum yeah you can have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum yeah you can have arbitrary
+lumo particles you can have arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumo particles you can have arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumo particles you can have arbitrary
+momentum and the similarly for in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the similarly for in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the similarly for in
+principle for the fal States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah yeah here for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah here for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah here for this particular
+problem it's one kind of particle but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's one kind of particle but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's one kind of particle but
+but this definition is very general this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this definition is very general this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this definition is very general this
+is a very good question it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good question it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very good question it doesn't
+matter whether you have one kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you have one kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter whether you have one kind of
+particle Two Pine of particle even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Two Pine of particle even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle Two Pine of particle even
+infinite number of particles yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of particles yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite number of particles yeah
+infinite species of particles so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite species of particles so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite species of particles so here
+even for one p the particle I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for one p the particle I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even for one p the particle I have
+infinite possible choices because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite possible choices because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite possible choices because I have
+infinite possible choice of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite possible choice of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite possible choice of all those
+momentums I can choose k equal to 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentums I can choose k equal to 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentums I can choose k equal to 1 2 3
+to infinity and also the value of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and also the value of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and also the value of those
+K can all change P can change so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can all change P can change so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K can all change P can change so yeah so
+this is the infinite times infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the infinite times infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the infinite times infinite
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay
+so so essentially this s this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so essentially this s this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so essentially this s this is
+essentially just a matrix element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just a matrix element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just a matrix element of
+this Evolution operator okay essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Evolution operator okay essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Evolution operator okay essentially
+this is the Matrix element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Matrix element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Matrix element of the
+evolution operator you can see it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution operator you can see it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution operator you can see it from
+here explicit okay from minus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here explicit okay from minus infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here explicit okay from minus infinity
+to plus infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+good so um so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so um so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so um so it's
+convenient so let me just say a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient so let me just say a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient so let me just say a few
+things about the um uh about the uh s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the um uh about the uh s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about the um uh about the uh s
+Matrix so it's convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so it's convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so it's convenient
+so when inaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weak so when the interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak so when the interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak so when the interaction is
+weak you can imagine most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak you can imagine most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak you can imagine most of the time
+the particles they don't intact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles they don't intact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles they don't intact with
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+okay so when you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when you do the
+scattering you put a bunch of particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you put a bunch of particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering you put a bunch of particles
+scattering if the interaction is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering if the interaction is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering if the interaction is very
+weak then they don't actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak then they don't actually uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak then they don't actually uh
+interact very much okay so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact very much okay so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact very much okay so so we
+expect so when the when the S equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect so when the when the S equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect so when the when the S equal to
+Identity then that means there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Identity then that means there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Identity then that means there's no
+interaction at all okay for fre the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at all okay for fre the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction at all okay for fre the
+would be just identity okay so now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just identity okay so now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be just identity okay so now if
+you think the interaction is weak and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the interaction is weak and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think the interaction is weak and
+then it's convenient we write the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's convenient we write the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's convenient we write the a
+matric in the following form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric in the following form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matric in the following form
+it okay and this include the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and this include the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay and this include the interaction
+part okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+captures interaction effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay good and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good and by
+definition yeah any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes yeah yeah it's a matric is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah it's a matric is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah yeah it's a matric is the
+amplitude the probability you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the probability you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude the probability you have to
+square it oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah sorry say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again yeah if there's no interaction it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah if there's no interaction it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah if there's no interaction it
+will be identity but why does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense to end up in a certain State yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to end up in a certain State yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to end up in a certain State yeah
+just you always go back to the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you always go back to the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you always go back to the state
+does not change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change you
+why means that means Alpha Beta just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why means that means Alpha Beta just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why means that means Alpha Beta just
+Alpha must equal to Beta oh I see see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha must equal to Beta oh I see see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha must equal to Beta oh I see see
+yeah why means N means just do alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why means N means just do alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why means N means just do alpha
+beta right so means the alpha equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right so means the alpha equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta right so means the alpha equal to
+Beta yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta yeah
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+yes yeah we we will talk about that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah we we will talk about that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yeah we we will talk about that it's
+not commission it's unitary yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yesen yeah uh that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesen yeah uh that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesen yeah uh that's a good question
+that uh the so so if you consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the so so if you consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the so so if you consider the
+particular amplitude when you square it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular amplitude when you square it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular amplitude when you square it
+of course the face don't but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the face don't but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the face don't but in
+principle you can design the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can design the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle you can design the different
+you can Divine experiment then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Divine experiment then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can Divine experiment then the
+different thing they can interfere yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing they can interfere yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing they can interfere yeah
+yeah so in principle they contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in principle they contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in principle they contain
+physical information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical information
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes oh just convenience yeah just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh just convenience yeah just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes oh just convenience yeah just for
+convenience yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again yeah yeah yeah just say if the say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah yeah yeah just say if the say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah yeah yeah just say if the say
+in the free the uh if you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the free the uh if you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the free the uh if you start with a
+bunch of particles P1 PK then you end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of particles P1 PK then you end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of particles P1 PK then you end
+with a same P1 PK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so due to translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so due to translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so due to translation
+symmetry so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so we
+expect so expect energy momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservation okay so yeah so so this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation okay so yeah so so this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation okay so yeah so so this if
+you write it in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you write it in terms of
+the uh component rotation so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh component rotation so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh component rotation so this is
+Delta beta Alpha plus I T beta Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta beta Alpha plus I T beta Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta beta Alpha plus I T beta Alpha
+okay and I just purely convenient okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just purely convenient okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I just purely convenient okay I
+is purely convenient just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is purely convenient just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is purely convenient just for
+convenience so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience so
+um so due to the momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conservation so this corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so this corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so this corresponding to
+the interaction part so in this part we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction part so in this part we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interaction part so in this part we
+expect Alpha not equal to Beta okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Alpha not equal to Beta okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect Alpha not equal to Beta okay
+because you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you you have
+interactions but the total momentum must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but the total momentum must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions but the total momentum must
+be conserved okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be conserved okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be conserved okay so the
+sum of here must be the sum of here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of here must be the sum of here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of here must be the sum of here okay
+this the total momentum must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the total momentum must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the total momentum must be
+conserved so that means this thing must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so that means this thing must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conserved so that means this thing must
+contain a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a data
+function between the total initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function between the total initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function between the total initial
+momentum and the total the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the total the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum and the total the final
+momentum okay and uh so so we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay and uh so so we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum okay and uh so so we can just
+convenient to extract uh to to put to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to extract uh to to put to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient to extract uh to to put to
+separate that data function okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that data function okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate that data function okay so so
+so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+write it beta Alpha equal to I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it beta Alpha equal to I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write it beta Alpha equal to I you
+separate out this data function because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out this data function because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate out this data function because
+we know this data function must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this data function must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know this data function must be
+there so P Alpha minus P beta so p p p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so P Alpha minus P beta so p p p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so P Alpha minus P beta so p p p
+beta means total momentum okay for Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta means total momentum okay for Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta means total momentum okay for Alpha
+and beta and then you have m alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta and then you have m alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beta and then you have m alpha beta
+so so this is the Lal part so so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the Lal part so so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the Lal part so so this is
+part this trivial you expect from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this trivial you expect from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part this trivial you expect from
+kinematics okay and so this m alpha beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics okay and so this m alpha beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics okay and so this m alpha beta
+is called the scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amplitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude
+Okay so now some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so now some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so now some
+properties of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix because you see that a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because you see that a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix because you see that a matrix
+essentially just Matrix element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just Matrix element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just Matrix element
+essentially just the Matrix of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just the Matrix of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially just the Matrix of the
+U and the U is a unitary Matrix because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the U is a unitary Matrix because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U and the U is a unitary Matrix because
+it's a Evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Evolution
+operator okay so that means that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay so that means that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator okay so that means that the um
+uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um that means that the S Matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that means that the S Matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that means that the S Matrix is
+unitary Since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary Since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary Since
+U this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U this is a
+uary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uary
+operator so that means that s is a un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so that means that s is a un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator so that means that s is a un
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+okay also you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay also you can
+show I'm a little bit running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show I'm a little bit running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show I'm a little bit running out of
+time because today we have to end that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because today we have to end that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because today we have to end that's
+540 and uh um so for any simat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+540 and uh um so for any simat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+540 and uh um so for any simat of the
+honm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for any symet of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+honin that means that if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honin that means that if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honin that means that if you have
+some Q yeah if you have some say some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q yeah if you have some say some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q yeah if you have some say some
+urit operator which commute with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urit operator which commute with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urit operator which commute with the
+honin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay so remember all the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so remember all the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so remember all the all the
+symmetries their action are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries their action are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries their action are are
+generated by ulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by ulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by ulary
+operators okay so supposed to we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay so supposed to we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operators okay so supposed to we have
+some uary which commute with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+honin then you can easily show yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honin then you can easily show yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honin then you can easily show yourself
+so so this is the I leave this exerise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the I leave this exerise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is the I leave this exerise
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+yourself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so
+Lambda is a unit or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator generating some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator generating some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator generating some
+symmetries for some symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for example for the low range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example for the low range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example for the low range
+transformation would be like this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would be like this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation would be like this I
+Omega M which you have done in your in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega M which you have done in your in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega M which you have done in your in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+homework and then then then it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfy then when you act initial State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy then when you act initial State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy then when you act initial State
+and final state by by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final state by by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final state by by this
+Lambda and then the Matrix should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then the Matrix should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lambda and then the Matrix should be the
+same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same okay
+okay so you can easily prove this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can easily prove this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you can easily prove this by
+using the the commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the the commute
+okay yes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes is
+another like s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s
+um no no no no no they they um they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no no no no no they they um they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um no no no no no they they um they
+don't uh uh yeah uh yeah that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh uh yeah uh yeah that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't uh uh yeah uh yeah that's the
+statement right this is a statement so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right this is a statement so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement right this is a statement so
+as a matrix element yeah yeah yes uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix element yeah yeah yes uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix element yeah yeah yes uh uh
+it's a statement that Lambda commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a statement that Lambda commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a statement that Lambda commute
+with u okay okay yeah Lambda commute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u okay okay yeah Lambda commute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u okay okay yeah Lambda commute
+with u and S is the Matrix element of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u and S is the Matrix element of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with u and S is the Matrix element of U
+oh okay okay yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay so so this is the key object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so so this is the key object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay so so this is the key object
+we want to calculate in the interacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to calculate in the interacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to calculate in the interacting
+Theory so now without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so now without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so now without
+proof okay because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof okay because the
+proof require something going beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof require something going beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof require something going beyond
+what we discussed so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we discussed so far
+so let me just quote this s lsz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem which says that the m alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta this scattering amplitude can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obtained so we will discuss how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained so we will discuss how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained so we will discuss how you
+obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain the
+nature from such a correlation functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time ordered correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+functions so this Omega is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this Omega is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so this Omega is the
+vacuum of the full interacting the okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum of the full interacting the okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum of the full interacting the okay
+so this is the vacuum so I I write Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the vacuum so I I write Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the vacuum so I I write Omega
+to distinguish it from zero which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish it from zero which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish it from zero which is the
+fre Ser we discussed earlier okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre Ser we discussed earlier okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fre Ser we discussed earlier okay and
+this time ordering means that you order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time ordering means that you order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time ordering means that you order
+the operator according to their time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator according to their time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the operator according to their time so
+whichever time is bigger since earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever time is bigger since earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever time is bigger since earlier
+okay so so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is the
+object key object if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object key object if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object key object if you want to
+calculate m alpha beta and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate m alpha beta and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate m alpha beta and you have to
+calculate this object first okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this object first okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this object first okay and so
+so I will stop here and uh so so next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will stop here and uh so so next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will stop here and uh so so next
+time we will say a few more more words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will say a few more more words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we will say a few more more words
+about how the general approach to treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the general approach to treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how the general approach to treat
+this kind of theory and then we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theory and then we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theory and then we will
+start talking about the past integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the past integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the past integral so
+have people studied past integral people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people studied past integral people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have people studied past integral people
+so you all expert of pass integral or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all expert of pass integral or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you all expert of pass integral or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+quite okay yeah so so I will review the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite okay yeah so so I will review the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite okay yeah so so I will review the
+pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass
+integral uh yeah I will actually uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh yeah I will actually uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral uh yeah I will actually uh uh
+so I will actually introduce the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will actually introduce the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I will actually introduce the part
+integral from scratch but I will do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from scratch but I will do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from scratch but I will do it
+uh uh uh a little bit faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh a little bit faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh uh a little bit faster than
+ordinary qu mechanical class and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary qu mechanical class and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary qu mechanical class and even
+for people who have not seen before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who have not seen before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people who have not seen before I
+think you should be able to follow with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should be able to follow with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you should be able to follow with
+a little bit effort after the class okay
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wtyVfNC_5ms.txt b/wtyVfNC_5ms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58179b1fd213fb3ff6f4659c786ac8fc3af77475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wtyVfNC_5ms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+NARRATOR: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons License.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+SAL BARRIGA: Hi, I'm Sal.
+
+Today, we're going to solve
+Problem 8 of the Final Exam of
+
+2009 for 3.091.
+
+The problem reads as follows.
+
+The phospholipid--
+
+the chemical formula
+is right here--
+
+is added to hexane--
+
+which is C6H14, which
+is a hydrocarbon--
+
+in sufficient quantities to
+enable interaction between
+
+phospholipid molecules.
+
+Draw a cartoon depicting one
+possible molecular arrangement
+
+that results.
+
+You may stylize your parts of
+the phospholipid molecule with
+
+the squiggly line-- which
+is shown in the exam--
+
+for a hydrocarbon chain.
+
+So if we look at our molecule
+here, the first thing that we
+
+want to understand is what
+the structure is.
+
+And as you can see, the molecule
+has a nonpolar
+
+component and it has
+a polar component.
+
+So for the problem, it will be
+good to isolate the two with
+
+different colors, and then we'll
+stylize them such that
+
+the nonpolar part is the zigzag
+line and the polar
+
+component is the red circle.
+
+So we want to go ahead and draw
+the arrangement together
+
+when it's added to hexane.
+
+So the easiest thing to do
+is to draw a picture.
+
+So we come over here
+to the right.
+
+And this is part a.
+
+I'm going to draw a beaker
+with hexane.
+
+And I know that as soon as I
+look at my chemical formula
+
+for hexane--
+
+which is C6H14 and is
+a hydrocarbon--
+
+I know that it's nonpolar.
+
+So I know from my knowledge of
+3.091, when chemical bonding,
+
+that like dissolves like.
+
+So the molecules that are polar
+are going to want to
+
+stick together, and molecules
+that are nonpolar are going to
+
+want to stick together.
+
+So by looking at my
+phospholipid, I
+
+already know that--
+
+the problem tells me that--
+
+I'm adding a sufficient amount
+such that the molecules can
+
+interact with each other.
+
+So the only thing that comes to
+mind for me that will be a
+
+possible arrangement,
+would be that--
+
+in the hexane, which is
+nonpolar, and if we have a
+
+distribution of these
+phospholipid molecules--
+
+then one possible arrangement
+will be that you have a bunch
+
+of your polar heads interacting
+together with the
+
+hydrocarbon components out here
+
+interacting with the hexane.
+
+Because the hydrocarbon
+component again is nonpolar.
+
+The hexane is nonpolar.
+
+So those want to interact
+with each other.
+
+But the polar component,
+which are the
+
+heads for the molecule--
+
+the phospholipid
+as a molecule--
+
+are going to go ahead and
+interact with each other.
+
+And pretty much if you were to
+write this down on the exam,
+
+you would get full points
+for part a.
+
+Now we'll move on to part b.
+
+Part b says, to the beaker
+described in part a, an equal
+
+volume of liquid ammonia--
+
+NH3--
+
+is added.
+
+The mixture of hexane-NH3--
+
+or ammonia containing
+the phospholipid--
+
+is now subjected to vigorous
+agitation for several minutes
+
+and then allowed
+to equilibrate.
+
+Draw a schematic representation
+depicting one
+
+possible molecular arrangement
+that results.
+
+The values of density are 0.65
+grams per centimeter cubed for
+
+hexane and 0.6 grams
+per centimeter
+
+cubed for liquid ammonia.
+
+Assume that hexane and liquid
+ammonia are mutually
+
+immiscible.
+
+So there's a lot of
+
+information within the paragraph.
+
+And the first thing that it
+gives us is the densities
+
+between the two components.
+
+It tells us they're immiscible,
+so immiscibility
+
+means that they're
+not going to mix.
+
+The question that you want to
+answer now is, which layer is
+
+going to be at the top?
+
+Which layer is going to
+be at the bottom?
+
+Well, the more dense layer
+should be at the bottom, and
+
+the more dense happens
+to be hexane.
+
+So if I go ahead and draw my
+beaker again for part b, and
+
+then I mix my components.
+
+And now I have two components
+that are separated by an
+
+immiscible boundary.
+
+And I know that the density of
+hexane is given by 0.65 grams
+
+per centimeter cubed.
+
+And the density of
+liquid ammonia--
+
+which is NH3--
+
+is given as 0.60 grams
+per centimeter cubed.
+
+So I know that the hexane is
+going to be down here, so I'll
+
+go ahead and label this C6H14.
+
+And I'll label this as NH3.
+
+So one important thing to
+know is, what is the
+
+structure of ammonia?
+
+Well, we know that
+ammonia happens
+
+to be a polar molecule.
+
+And its structure is simply
+given by-- you have a central
+
+nitrogen atom, and you have
+three hydrogens and a lone
+
+pair of electrons-- and the lone
+pair of electrons is what
+
+gives the ammonia
+the structure.
+
+Hence, you have a polar dipole
+moment on your molecule.
+
+The fact that this is polar
+means that it's going to
+
+interact with the polar head of
+your phospholipid molecule.
+
+And we already know we have
+hexane plus your phospholipid.
+
+Well, if in our arrangement with
+the absence of ammonia
+
+the heads group together because
+that was the only
+
+polar component in the mixture,
+then over here I
+
+should expect the heads to
+rearrange themselves such that
+
+they are in contact
+with the ammonia.
+
+So one possible arrangement for
+the system would be that I
+
+would have my polar part of my
+molecule interacting with the
+
+ammonia, and the hydrocarbon
+chain interacting--
+
+which is the nonpolar
+component-- interacting with
+
+the nonpolar mixture.
+
+So if you were to draw this
+schematic, then you would get
+
+full points on the
+exam as well.
+
+So that's again, like
+dissolves like.
+
+And if you fully understand
+the nature of secondary
+
+bonding, then this problem
+shouldn't be that difficult to
+
+go through.
+
+Now there's a final part to this
+problem, which is part c.
+
+And part c says, to the beaker
+described in part b, a small
+
+amount of iodine--
+
+I2--
+
+is added to the mixture, and
+then subjected to vigorous
+
+agitation for several minutes,
+and then allowed to
+
+equilibrate.
+
+Explain what you expect
+to observe.
+
+Again, we're going on this whole
+issue of like dissolves
+
+like, or that polar molecules
+want to be with polar
+
+molecules because they should
+be miscible together.
+
+And we are given that now
+we're going to add I2--
+
+iodine.
+
+Well, iodine is a linear
+molecule that's nonpolar.
+
+There are no other atoms that
+are bonded to it that can give
+
+any polarity.
+
+So if I was to go ahead and draw
+this diagram, the first
+
+thing that comes to my mind is
+that the iodine should mix
+
+with the hexane, because
+essentially it's a nonpolar
+
+component mixing with another
+nonpolar component.
+
+So if I draw my diagram, I'm
+going to go ahead and draw the
+
+two immiscible regions.
+
+And one question that a lot of
+students have is, how do you
+
+know that the iodine
+is not going to be
+
+on top of the ammonia?
+
+Well, iodine is pretty dense.
+
+It's actually more dense than
+these two molecules over here.
+
+So the fact that it's more
+dense, I know it's going to
+
+want to sit at the bottom
+where the other nonpolar
+
+molecule is at.
+
+So I would argue that down here
+we would have hexane--
+
+C6H14--
+
+mixed with iodine.
+
+Over here, we will still
+have our ammonia.
+
+And then our polar heads
+would still be--
+
+the polar part of the
+phospholipid molecule will be
+
+in contact or bonding
+with the ammonia.
+
+And the nonpolar tail would be
+with the nonpolar components
+
+which are hexane and iodine.
+
+So if you did this on the exam,
+you get full points.
+
+And being able to fully
+understand secondary bonding
+
+will help you solve
+this problem in no
+
+less than 10 minutes.
+
+So that's it.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wzEqF_UQkks.txt b/wzEqF_UQkks.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75759c6fd8796f29c9d97181dde30a0b7904d7e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wzEqF_UQkks.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11158 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are we ready with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we ready with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are we ready with the
+concept questions from the homework this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept questions from the homework this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept questions from the homework this
+week?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week?
+How do we get different? There we go. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we get different? There we go. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we get different? There we go. I
+looked at one, it was one thing. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at one, it was one thing. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at one, it was one thing. I
+looked at the other, it was the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the other, it was the other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the other, it was the other.
+Does G enter into the expression for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does G enter into the expression for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does G enter into the expression for the
+undamped natural frequency?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undamped natural frequency?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undamped natural frequency?
+And most people said no, but about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And most people said no, but about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And most people said no, but about a
+third of you said yes. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of you said yes. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of you said yes. So that's the
+that if you've worked on that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've worked on that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you've worked on that problem
+now, you've already discovered the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, you've already discovered the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now, you've already discovered the
+answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+You'll find that G does not come into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll find that G does not come into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'll find that G does not come into
+the expression when you do a pendulum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression when you do a pendulum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expression when you do a pendulum.
+G is in the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is in the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is in the expression
+and there's a question on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a question on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a question on the homework
+about what's the difference. How can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the difference. How can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's the difference. How can you
+predict when G is going to be involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict when G is going to be involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict when G is going to be involved
+in a natural frequency expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural frequency expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a natural frequency expression and
+when it is not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it is not?
+So I want you to I def I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want you to I def I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I want you to I def I want you to
+think about that one a bit maybe talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that one a bit maybe talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that one a bit maybe talk
+about it at there's still questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at there's still questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it at there's still questions
+about it we talk about in recitation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it we talk about in recitation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it we talk about in recitation on
+Thursday Friday. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday Friday. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday Friday. Okay.
+So does G enter into the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So does G enter into the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So does G enter into the expression
+here? Sure. You know this the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Sure. You know this the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? Sure. You know this the simple
+pendulum the natural frequency square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum the natural frequency square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pendulum the natural frequency square
+root of G over L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of G over L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of G over L.
+For a simple mass spring dash potbot the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For a simple mass spring dash potbot the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For a simple mass spring dash potbot the
+natural frequency is K over M whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency is K over M whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency is K over M whether or
+not it's affected by gravity. So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's affected by gravity. So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's affected by gravity. So there's
+something different about these two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different about these two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different about these two.
+Okay let's go on to the third one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In an experiment, the system given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In an experiment, the system given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In an experiment, the system given
+initial velocity observed a decay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity observed a decay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity observed a decay in
+amplitude of vibration by 50% in 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of vibration by 50% in 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude of vibration by 50% in 10
+cycles. You can estimate the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles. You can estimate the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles. You can estimate the damping
+ratio to be approximately what? Well, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio to be approximately what? Well, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio to be approximately what? Well, it
+gives a little rule of thumb I gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a little rule of thumb I gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a little rule of thumb I gave you
+last week. I'll go over it again today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week. I'll go over it again today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week. I'll go over it again today.
+0.1 divided by the number of cycles to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 divided by the number of cycles to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1 divided by the number of cycles to
+decay 50%. So, if it took 10 cycles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay 50%. So, if it took 10 cycles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay 50%. So, if it took 10 cycles,
+0.11 divided by 10.01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.11 divided by 10.01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.11 divided by 10.01
+1.1% damping. Okay. Next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1% damping. Okay. Next.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1% damping. Okay. Next.
+At which of the three excitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At which of the three excitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At which of the three excitation
+frequencies will the response magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies will the response magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies will the response magnitude
+be greatest? You've done you've you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greatest? You've done you've you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greatest? You've done you've you've
+done uh oscillators excited by cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh oscillators excited by cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done uh oscillators excited by cosine
+omega t kind of things before. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t kind of things before. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t kind of things before. So
+at the ratio one most people said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ratio one most people said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the ratio one most people said it's
+where it would be the largest. Why at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it would be the largest. Why at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it would be the largest. Why at
+one? Anybody want to give a shot here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? Anybody want to give a shot here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? Anybody want to give a shot here?
+What happens when the you drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens when the you drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What happens when the you drive the
+system at its natural frequency?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at its natural frequency?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system at its natural frequency?
+resonance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance.
+It's called resonance. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called resonance. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's called resonance. We're going to
+talk about that today. So, it's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that today. So, it's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that today. So, it's when the
+frequency ratio is one that uh and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ratio is one that uh and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ratio is one that uh and for
+the system being lightly damped that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system being lightly damped that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system being lightly damped that you
+get the largest response. Finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the largest response. Finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the largest response. Finally,
+which one are we on here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one are we on here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one are we on here?
+Oh, this one. Can all of the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, this one. Can all of the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, this one. Can all of the kinetic
+energy be accounted for by by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy be accounted for by by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy be accounted for by by an
+expression of the form I Z omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the form I Z omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the form I Z omega
+squared?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared?
+Is there any that certainly accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any that certainly accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any that certainly accounts for
+some that's by the way I brought this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that's by the way I brought this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some that's by the way I brought this
+system if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you haven't
+so this is a really simple demo but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a really simple demo but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a really simple demo but it
+has all sorts of so in this case we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all sorts of so in this case we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all sorts of so in this case we're
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that motion
+certainly has some omega squar kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has some omega squar kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has some omega squar kind of
+kinetic energy but does the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy but does the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy but does the center of
+gravity translate as it's oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What's the potential energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the potential energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the potential energy in the
+system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system?
+This by the way, anytime you get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This by the way, anytime you get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This by the way, anytime you get an
+oscillation, there's an exchange. Energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation, there's an exchange. Energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation, there's an exchange. Energy
+flows from potential to kinetic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows from potential to kinetic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows from potential to kinetic to
+potential kinetic. That's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential kinetic. That's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential kinetic. That's what
+oscillation is. So there has to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is. So there has to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is. So there has to be an
+exchange going on between kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange going on between kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange going on between kinetic energy
+and potential energy. And if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential energy. And if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential energy. And if there's no
+losses in the system, the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in the system, the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses in the system, the total energy
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+constant. Okay? So the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Okay? So the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Okay? So the kinetic energy
+certainly in the motion but when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the motion but when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly in the motion but when it
+reaches maximum amplitude what's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches maximum amplitude what's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches maximum amplitude what's its
+velocity when it's right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity when it's right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity when it's right here
+zero. So all of its energy must be where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So all of its energy must be where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So all of its energy must be where
+in the potential and where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the potential and where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the potential and where's the
+potential in the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in the system
+pardon the string
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon the string
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon the string
+in the string doesn't not stored in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the string doesn't not stored in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the string doesn't not stored in the
+string. There's only two sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. There's only two sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string. There's only two sources of
+potential energy we talk about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy we talk about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy we talk about in this
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+Gravity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gravity and
+springs. Well, these strings don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs. Well, these strings don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springs. Well, these strings don't get
+don't stretch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stretch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't stretch.
+So, there's no spring kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's no spring kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's no spring kinetic energy
+there. Potential energy. There must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Potential energy. There must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Potential energy. There must be
+gravitational potential energy. How is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential energy. How is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravitational potential energy. How is
+it getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it getting
+how is it coming into the system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, he says when it's when it when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, he says when it's when it when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, he says when it's when it when it
+turns the center of gravity has to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the center of gravity has to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns the center of gravity has to raise
+up a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a little bit
+and that's the potential energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the potential energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the potential energy in the
+system. The center of gravity goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The center of gravity goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. The center of gravity goes up
+and down a tiny bit. So is there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down a tiny bit. So is there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and down a tiny bit. So is there any
+velocity in the vertical direction?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the vertical direction?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity in the vertical direction?
+Is there any kinetic energy associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any kinetic energy associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is there any kinetic energy associated
+with up and down motion? Yeah. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with up and down motion? Yeah. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with up and down motion? Yeah. So that
+doesn't entirely capture it. 1/2 I omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't entirely capture it. 1/2 I omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't entirely capture it. 1/2 I omega
+squ. Is it an important amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. Is it an important amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. Is it an important amount of
+energy? I don't know. But there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy? I don't know. But there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy? I don't know. But there is some
+velocity up and down. I guess my guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity up and down. I guess my guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity up and down. I guess my guess
+is that it actually isn't important. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually isn't important. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it actually isn't important. But
+it the answer is it does move up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the answer is it does move up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the answer is it does move up and
+down. It has to or you would not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. It has to or you would not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. It has to or you would not have
+any potential energy exchange in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any potential energy exchange in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any potential energy exchange in the
+system. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Okay.
+Next. Is that it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next. Is that it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next. Is that it?
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+let's keep moving here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep moving here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep moving here.
+Got a lot of fun things to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got a lot of fun things to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Got a lot of fun things to show you
+today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today.
+Let's uh So, last time we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh So, last time we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's uh So, last time we talked about
+uh response to initial conditions. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh response to initial conditions. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh response to initial conditions. I'm
+going to finish up with that and then go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish up with that and then go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finish up with that and then go
+on to talking about excitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to talking about excitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to talking about excitation of
+harmonic forces. So, last time we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic forces. So, last time we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic forces. So, last time we were
+considering a system like this. X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a system like this. X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering a system like this. X is
+measured from the zero spring force in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured from the zero spring force in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured from the zero spring force in
+this case gives you an equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case gives you an equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case gives you an equation of
+motion of that sort. And we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of that sort. And we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of that sort. And we found that
+you could express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could express
+x of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x of t
+as a I give you the exact expression x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a I give you the exact expression x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a I give you the exact expression x
+knot<unk>
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot<unk>
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot<unk>
+1 - zeta^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+omega damped time time minus a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega damped time time minus a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega damped time time minus a little
+phase. angle and there's a second term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. angle and there's a second term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. angle and there's a second term
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+v 0 over omega d sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega dt
+and the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole thing
+times e to the minus zeta omega nt. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus zeta omega nt. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times e to the minus zeta omega nt. So
+that's our response to an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our response to an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our response to an initial
+deflection x0 or an initial velocity v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection x0 or an initial velocity v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection x0 or an initial velocity v
+0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.
+That's the full kind of messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the full kind of messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the full kind of messy
+expression. There's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. There's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. There's another way of
+writing that which I'll show you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Another way of saying is that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way of saying is that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another way of saying is that it's an
+x knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+omega d t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+v 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v 0
+plus zeta omega n x knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus zeta omega n x knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus zeta omega n x knot
+all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over
+omega d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+omega d * t e to the minus zeta omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d * t e to the minus zeta omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d * t e to the minus zeta omega n
+t the same exponent that's this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the same exponent that's this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t the same exponent that's this is your
+decaying exponential that makes it die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential that makes it die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decaying exponential that makes it die
+out and so I've just rearranged some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so I've just rearranged some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and so I've just rearranged some of
+these things there's no little phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there's no little phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there's no little phase
+angle in here now so you have just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in here now so you have just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle in here now so you have just a
+cosine term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine term
+that's proportional to x knot and a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to x knot and a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's proportional to x knot and a sine
+term which has both v 0 and x knot in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which has both v 0 and x knot in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term which has both v 0 and x knot in it
+the x knot term if damping is small this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x knot term if damping is small this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x knot term if damping is small this
+term is pretty small because it's x knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is pretty small because it's x knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is pretty small because it's x knot
+times zeta when you divide by omega d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zeta when you divide by omega d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times zeta when you divide by omega d
+which is almost omega n that goes away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost omega n that goes away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is almost omega n that goes away
+so this term the scale of it is zeta ome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term the scale of it is zeta ome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term the scale of it is zeta ome
+zeta x knot so if this is one or two%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta x knot so if this is one or two%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta x knot so if this is one or two%
+that's a very small number so we used I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very small number so we used I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very small number so we used I
+gave you an approximation which for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+practical example examples that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example examples that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical example examples that you
+might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make an approximately sign here. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an approximately sign here. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an approximately sign here. So this
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+just x knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just x knot
+cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine
+omega dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega dt
+plus v 0 over omega d sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v 0 over omega d sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus v 0 over omega d sin
+omega d t e to the minus zeta omega n t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d t e to the minus zeta omega n t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d t e to the minus zeta omega n t
+and this is the practical one you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the practical one you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the practical one you can
+use for any any reasonable system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for any any reasonable system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use for any any reasonable system has
+relatively low damping even 10 or 15%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low damping even 10 or 15%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively low damping even 10 or 15%
+damping you get part of the transient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping you get part of the transient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping you get part of the transient
+decay comes from X knot cosine the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay comes from X knot cosine the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay comes from X knot cosine the other
+part V KN over omega D sign and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part V KN over omega D sign and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part V KN over omega D sign and that's
+for all that's what I remember in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all that's what I remember in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all that's what I remember in my
+head when I'm trying to do it now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head when I'm trying to do it now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head when I'm trying to do it now the
+question the thing I want to address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the thing I want to address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the thing I want to address
+today is you know what's this useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is you know what's this useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today is you know what's this useful for
+what I my approach to teaching you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I my approach to teaching you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I my approach to teaching you
+vibration is I want you to go away with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is I want you to go away with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration is I want you to go away with
+a few simple under practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few simple under practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few simple under practical
+understandings so that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings so that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings so that you can actually
+solve some vi solve some vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some vi solve some vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve some vi solve some vibration
+problems and one of them is just knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and one of them is just knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and one of them is just knowing
+how knowing this allows you to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how knowing this allows you to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how knowing this allows you to do a
+couple things and we'll do a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things and we'll do a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things and we'll do a couple of
+examples this morning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this morning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples this morning.
+Um by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um by the way
+this form this is some a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus b sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus b sign
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+and I labeled them a and b a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're both of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1
+cosine omega t plus b1 sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t plus b1 sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t plus b1 sin
+omega t. And you can always add a s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t. And you can always add a s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t. And you can always add a s and
+a cosine at the same frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine at the same frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cosine at the same frequency.
+I put just any frequency here. They just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put just any frequency here. They just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I put just any frequency here. They just
+have to be the same. You can always take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same. You can always take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be the same. You can always take
+an expression like that and rewrite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like that and rewrite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an expression like that and rewrite it
+as some magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as some magnitude
+cosine omega t minus a phase angle. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus a phase angle. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus a phase angle. And
+the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude
+is just a square root of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a square root of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a square root of the sum of the
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squares
+a1 2 + b1 2 and the phase angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 2 + b1 2 and the phase angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 2 + b1 2 and the phase angle
+the tangent inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent inverse
+of the sign term over the cosine term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sign term over the cosine term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sign term over the cosine term.
+So you can always rewrite s plus cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can always rewrite s plus cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can always rewrite s plus cosine
+as a cosine omega t minus v. We use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cosine omega t minus v. We use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cosine omega t minus v. We use that
+a lot in that'll be used a lot in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in that'll be used a lot in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot in that'll be used a lot in this
+course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then of course if this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then of course if this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then of course if this whole thing
+is multiplied by an e to the minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplied by an e to the minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is multiplied by an e to the minus a
+omega nt then so is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Okay. What are these things useful for?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we've derived this all for a mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we've derived this all for a mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we've derived this all for a mass
+spring system. Is that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring system. Is that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring system. Is that equation
+applicable to a pendulum?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to a pendulum?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to a pendulum?
+So, uh this this expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh this this expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh this this expression is
+applicable to any single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to any single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to any single degree of
+freedom system that oscillates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system that oscillates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system that oscillates.
+You just have to ex exchange a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just have to ex exchange a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You just have to ex exchange a couple
+things. So let's think about a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So let's think about a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. So let's think about a simple
+pendulum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So our the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our the common
+massless string and a bob on the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless string and a bob on the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massless string and a bob on the end
+some length L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is point A up here. IZ with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is point A up here. IZ with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is point A up here. IZ with
+respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus M G L sin theta equals Z. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M G L sin theta equals Z. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus M G L sin theta equals Z. That's
+the equation of motion with no damping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion with no damping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation of motion with no damping.
+That's the equation of motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the equation of motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the equation of motion of the
+system. Is it a linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Is it a linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. Is it a linear differential
+equation?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation?
+No. And to do the things that we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. And to do the things that we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. And to do the things that we want to
+be able to do in this in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do in this in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to do in this in this course
+like vibration with harmonic inputs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vibration with harmonic inputs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like vibration with harmonic inputs and
+so forth, we need we want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth, we need we want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth, we need we want to deal with
+linear equations. So one of the topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations. So one of the topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations. So one of the topics
+for today is linearization. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is linearization. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today is linearization. So this is
+one of the simplest examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the simplest examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the simplest examples of
+linearization. We need a linearized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization. We need a linearized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization. We need a linearized
+equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation
+and we need to remember in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to remember in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to remember in a couple of
+approximations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations.
+So sine of theta you can do a tailaylor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sine of theta you can do a tailaylor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So sine of theta you can do a tailaylor
+series expansion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series expansion.
+theta - theta cubed over 3 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta - theta cubed over 3 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta - theta cubed over 3 factorial
+plus theta 5 over 5 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta 5 over 5 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta 5 over 5 factorial
+plus minus and so forth. And cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus and so forth. And cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus and so forth. And cosine
+of theta is 1 - theta^ 2 / 2 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta is 1 - theta^ 2 / 2 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theta is 1 - theta^ 2 / 2 factorial
+plus theta 4 over 4 factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta 4 over 4 factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus theta 4 over 4 factorial
+and so forth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what we say what what do we mean when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we say what what do we mean when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what we say what what do we mean when
+we linearize something? So linearization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we linearize something? So linearization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we linearize something? So linearization
+means that we're essentially assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we're essentially assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we're essentially assuming
+the variable that we're working with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable that we're working with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable that we're working with is
+small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough
+that the right hand side an adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right hand side an adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the right hand side an adequate
+approximation of this function is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this function is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of this function is to
+keep only up to the linear terms on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep only up to the linear terms on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep only up to the linear terms on the
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side
+for sign the the term raised to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sign the the term raised to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sign the the term raised to the one
+power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power
+that's the linear term. This is a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the linear term. This is a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the linear term. This is a cubic
+term and a fifth order term. We're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and a fifth order term. We're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and a fifth order term. We're going
+to throw those away and say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw those away and say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to throw those away and say this is
+close enough. For cosine, it's 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough. For cosine, it's 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough. For cosine, it's 1 minus
+theta^ squ. We throw these away. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta^ squ. We throw these away. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta^ squ. We throw these away. The
+small angle approximation for cosine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle approximation for cosine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small angle approximation for cosine is
+it's equal to one. Okay, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to one. Okay, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's equal to one. Okay, so that's
+really that's the simplest example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that's the simplest example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that's the simplest example of
+linearization of a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization of a um
+of a nonlinear term. So when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nonlinear term. So when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a nonlinear term. So when you
+linearize this equation of motion,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize this equation of motion,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize this equation of motion,
+we end up with I zz with respect to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with I zz with respect to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we end up with I zz with respect to a
+theta dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta dot
+plus mg l theta equals z. And we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mg l theta equals z. And we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus mg l theta equals z. And we can get
+our familiar natural frequency for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our familiar natural frequency for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our familiar natural frequency for a
+boab as root of g over l. So we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boab as root of g over l. So we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boab as root of g over l. So we need
+linearization to be able to do pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization to be able to do pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearization to be able to do pendulum
+problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And maybe let's do an example here. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe let's do an example here. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And maybe let's do an example here. I've
+got a pendulum that we'll we'll do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a pendulum that we'll we'll do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a pendulum that we'll we'll do an
+experiment with this morning. But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with this morning. But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with this morning. But you
+know, 30° is about out like that, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, 30° is about out like that, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, 30° is about out like that, right?
+17° is about like that. That's quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17° is about like that. That's quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17° is about like that. That's quite a
+bit of angle. is that small in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of angle. is that small in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of angle. is that small in the sense
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I'm linearizing this equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm linearizing this equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm linearizing this equation.
+So 17 degrees happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 17 degrees happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 17 degrees happens to be
+um I'll use this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's actually 17.2° 2°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually 17.2° 2°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's actually 17.2° 2°
+= 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= 0.3
+radians.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sine
+of.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of.3
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+2955.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if we fill out look at these terms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we fill out look at these terms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if we fill out look at these terms,
+the lead term here is three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead term here is three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead term here is three.
+Plug in the.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plug in the.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plug in the.3
+minus and the second term when you f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and the second term when you f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and the second term when you f
+when you cube.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cube.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cube.3
+and divide it by six the second term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide it by six the second term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and divide it by six the second term is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+my number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you subtract that from this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you subtract that from this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you subtract that from this you
+get exactly this. So to four decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly this. So to four decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get exactly this. So to four decimal
+places,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places,
+you only need two terms in this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need two terms in this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you only need two terms in this series
+to get exactly the right answer. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get exactly the right answer. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get exactly the right answer. This
+thing out here, this fifth order term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out here, this fifth order term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing out here, this fifth order term is
+really tiny. But the approximation, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny. But the approximation, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tiny. But the approximation, if
+we say, okay, let's skip this. We're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say, okay, let's skip this. We're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say, okay, let's skip this. We're
+saying that 3 is approximately 0 2955.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that 3 is approximately 0 2955.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that 3 is approximately 0 2955.
+Pretty close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty close.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pretty close.
+So up to, you know, 17 degrees.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So up to, you know, 17 degrees.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So up to, you know, 17 degrees.3
+radians, that's a great approximation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's a little high by about I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a little high by about I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's a little high by about I think
+it's about one one and a half% high.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for pretty large angles for pendula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for pretty large angles for pendula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for pretty large angles for pendula
+uh the that simple linearization works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the that simple linearization works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the that simple linearization works
+just fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine.
+Okay. Okay, once we get it linearized,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, once we get it linearized,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, once we get it linearized,
+that equation of motion is of exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation of motion is of exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation of motion is of exactly
+the same form as the one up there. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form as the one up there. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same form as the one up there. We
+don't have any damping in it. We could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any damping in it. We could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any damping in it. We could
+add some damping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some damping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add some damping.
+Could put a damping in here, call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could put a damping in here, call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could put a damping in here, call it
+with a torsional damper, CT theta dot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a torsional damper, CT theta dot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a torsional damper, CT theta dot.
+And now that equation is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now that equation is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now that equation is exactly the
+same form as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form as the
+linear oscillator. linear meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear oscillator. linear meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear oscillator. linear meaning
+translational oscillator has an inertia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational oscillator has an inertia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translational oscillator has an inertia
+term, a damping term, a stiffness term.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, a damping term, a stiffness term.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term, a damping term, a stiffness term.
+It's a second order linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a second order linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a second order linear differential
+equation, homogeneous linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, homogeneous linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, homogeneous linear
+differential equation. Nothing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. Nothing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. Nothing on the
+right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because they're exactly the same form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're exactly the same form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're exactly the same form.
+Then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the
+solution for decay transient decay from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for decay transient decay from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for decay transient decay from
+initial conditions takes on exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions takes on exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions takes on exactly the
+same form except it has an initial angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form except it has an initial angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same form except it has an initial angle
+theta 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta 0
+and I'll use the approximation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll use the approximation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll use the approximation here
+cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine
+omega d t plus theta 0 dot the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d t plus theta 0 dot the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega d t plus theta 0 dot the initial
+velocity over omega d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity over omega d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity over omega d
+sin omega dt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega dt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega dt
+all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all times
+eus zeta omega n t. So that's the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus zeta omega n t. So that's the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eus zeta omega n t. So that's the exact
+same transient decay equation but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same transient decay equation but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same transient decay equation but now
+cast in angular terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you wanted to express it as uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you wanted to express it as uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you wanted to express it as uh a
+cosine omega t minus v, then the a would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus v, then the a would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus v, then the a would
+be this squar plus this squared square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this squar plus this squared square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this squar plus this squared square
+root. And the fee would be a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. And the fee would be a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root. And the fee would be a similar
+calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation
+as we have up there somewhere here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have up there somewhere here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have up there somewhere here.
+Just the b term over the a term. Tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the b term over the a term. Tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the b term over the a term. Tangent
+inverse. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. All right.
+What's it good for? So I use this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's it good for? So I use this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's it good for? So I use this this
+equation gets used quite a lot as a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation gets used quite a lot as a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation gets used quite a lot as a some
+practical uses. I'll show you. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uses. I'll show you. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical uses. I'll show you. Um,
+let's do an example. A little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example. A little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do an example. A little more
+complicated pendulum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pendulum.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated pendulum.
+My stick maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Center of mass there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A
+I Z with respect to A. We'll call it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Z with respect to A. We'll call it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Z with respect to A. We'll call it uh
+ml cubed over three for a slender rod.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And now what I want to do is I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now what I want to do is I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now what I want to do is I have
+coming along here a mass a bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has mass m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has mass m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has mass m
+has velocity vi for initial here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has velocity vi for initial here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has velocity vi for initial here
+and that's its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's its
+linear momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear momentum
+p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+and it's going to hit this stick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to hit this stick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to hit this stick and
+embed in it. So, you've done this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed in it. So, you've done this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embed in it. So, you've done this
+problem before. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem before. Yeah.
+Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ML cubed over three. That's the That's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ML cubed over three. That's the That's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ML cubed over three. That's the That's a
+ML ml.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ML ml.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ML ml.
+Good. I don't know where I was thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. I don't know where I was thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. I don't know where I was thinking
+cubed this morning. ML squared over 3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed this morning. ML squared over 3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed this morning. ML squared over 3.
+Good. Good catch there. Okay. So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Good catch there. Okay. So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. Good catch there. Okay. So, we
+have it. It's mass moment of inertia.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it. It's mass moment of inertia.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it. It's mass moment of inertia.
+This is a pendulum. This bullet's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a pendulum. This bullet's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a pendulum. This bullet's going
+to come along.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is exactly what I've got here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is exactly what I've got here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is exactly what I've got here.
+Get it in the picture. Yeah. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it in the picture. Yeah. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Get it in the picture. Yeah. So it's
+initially at rest. Come along and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially at rest. Come along and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially at rest. Come along and this
+paper, this clip here, it represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, this clip here, it represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper, this clip here, it represents the
+bullet. So zooming along, hits this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet. So zooming along, hits this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet. So zooming along, hits this
+thing, sticks to it, and when it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, sticks to it, and when it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, sticks to it, and when it hits
+it, it does that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it does that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, it does that.
+So then this thing after it hits, swings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then this thing after it hits, swings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So then this thing after it hits, swings
+back and forth. So what's the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. So what's the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth. So what's the response
+of this system to being hit by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system to being hit by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system to being hit by the
+bullet? Well, I claim you can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet? Well, I claim you can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet? Well, I claim you can do it
+entirely by evaluating response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely by evaluating response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely by evaluating response to
+initial conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions.
+But we need to use one conservation law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we need to use one conservation law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we need to use one conservation law
+to get there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what's conserved on impact? Is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's conserved on impact? Is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what's conserved on impact? Is linear
+momentum conserved on impact?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many think yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many think yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How many think yes
+linear momentum conserved? How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear momentum conserved? How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear momentum conserved? How many
+think angular momentum's conserved?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think angular momentum's conserved?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think angular momentum's conserved?
+Good. You guys have learned something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. You guys have learned something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Good. You guys have learned something
+this this year. That's great. Why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this year. That's great. Why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this year. That's great. Why is
+linear momentum not conserved?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Because are there any possible other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because are there any possible other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because are there any possible other
+external forces on the system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on the system?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external forces on the system?
+At the pin joint, you can have reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the pin joint, you can have reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At the pin joint, you can have reaction
+forces here and there you there you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here and there you there you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces here and there you there you have
+no control of them. But the moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no control of them. But the moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no control of them. But the moments
+about this point, are there any external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point, are there any external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this point, are there any external
+moments about that point during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about that point during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments about that point during the
+impact? No. They're reaction forces, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact? No. They're reaction forces, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact? No. They're reaction forces, but
+there's no moment arm. So there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no moment arm. So there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no moment arm. So there's no
+moments. So you can use conservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments. So you can use conservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments. So you can use conservation of
+angular momentum. So h1 I'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum. So h1 I'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum. So h1 I'll call it
+here with respect to a is just uh r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with respect to a is just uh r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with respect to a is just uh r
+cross p i and the the r is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross p i and the the r is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross p i and the the r is the length
+in the i direction. P's in the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i direction. P's in the j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the i direction. P's in the j
+direction. So the momentum is in the k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So the momentum is in the k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So the momentum is in the k.
+So this should be m v initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this should be m v initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this should be m v initial
+* uh l and its direction is in the k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* uh l and its direction is in the k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* uh l and its direction is in the k
+direction. So that's the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So that's the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So that's the initial
+angular momentum of the system with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the system with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum of the system with
+respect to this. This has no initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this. This has no initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to this. This has no initial
+angular momentum because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular momentum because it's
+motionless.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motionless.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motionless.
+And since angular momentum is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since angular momentum is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And since angular momentum is conserved
+then h two we'll call it with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then h two we'll call it with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then h two we'll call it with respect to
+a has got to be equal to h1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has got to be equal to h1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has got to be equal to h1
+with respect to a and that will then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a and that will then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to a and that will then be
+i zz with respect to ata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dot right but I need to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right but I need to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot right but I need to account for the
+mass this thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass this thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass this thing.
+So the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the total
+mass moment of inertia with respect to A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia with respect to A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass moment of inertia with respect to A
+is IZ with respect to A plus M what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now I've got the total mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I've got the total mass moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now I've got the total mass moment of
+inertia with respect to this point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia with respect to this point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia with respect to this point that
+of the stick plus that of the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stick plus that of the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the stick plus that of the initial
+mass that I've stuck on there. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that I've stuck on there. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that I've stuck on there. And this
+must be equal to theta dot and I'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to theta dot and I'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to theta dot and I'll put
+a knot down here because I'm looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knot down here because I'm looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a knot down here because I'm looking for
+my equivalent initial condition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equivalent initial condition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my equivalent initial condition.
+And this then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this then is
+m v initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m v initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m v initial
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+time l. And I solve for theta dot zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time l. And I solve for theta dot zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time l. And I solve for theta dot zero.
+And that looks like m v initial l over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that looks like m v initial l over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that looks like m v initial l over
+i z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i z
+a plus m l 2. and everything on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus m l 2. and everything on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus m l 2. and everything on the
+right hand side. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side. You know,
+you know the initial velocity, the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the initial velocity, the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the initial velocity, the mass
+of the bullet, the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bullet, the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bullet, the length of the
+distance from the pivot, mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the pivot, mass moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the pivot, mass moment of
+inertia,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia,
+and the additional mass moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional mass moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the additional mass moment of
+inertia. These are all numbers you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia. These are all numbers you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertia. These are all numbers you plug
+in and you get a value for this. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you get a value for this. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and you get a value for this. And
+once you have a value for this, uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a value for this, uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have a value for this, uh you
+can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use that
+in this problem. What's uh theta zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the initial def angular deflection at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial def angular deflection at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial def angular deflection at
+time t0 plus right after the bullets hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t0 plus right after the bullets hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t0 plus right after the bullets hit
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it.
+And why has And it hasn't moved because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why has And it hasn't moved because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And why has And it hasn't moved because
+it hasn't had time to move yet, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't had time to move yet, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it hasn't had time to move yet, right?
+It takes velo at some velocity. It takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes velo at some velocity. It takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It takes velo at some velocity. It takes
+finite time to get a a deflection. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time to get a a deflection. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite time to get a a deflection. So
+there's zero initial angular deflection,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zero initial angular deflection,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's zero initial angular deflection,
+but you get a step up in initial angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get a step up in initial angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you get a step up in initial angular
+velocity. And so the only the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity. And so the only the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity. And so the only the response
+of this system is theta of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system is theta of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this system is theta of t
+is theta0 dot over omega d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta0 dot over omega d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta0 dot over omega d
+sin omega dt.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega dt.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega dt.
+So what's omega d?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember
+I didn't remember. I'll define a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't remember. I'll define a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't remember. I'll define a few
+things here. In this case, this is CT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here. In this case, this is CT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here. In this case, this is CT
+over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Z
+A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+little M L squar. We have to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little M L squar. We have to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little M L squar. We have to deal with
+all the quantities after the collision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the quantities after the collision.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the quantities after the collision.
+2 time omega N. That's the damping ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 time omega N. That's the damping ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 time omega N. That's the damping ratio
+for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torsional pendulum. For this pendulum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional pendulum. For this pendulum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torsional pendulum. For this pendulum,
+it's the damping constant 2 * the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the damping constant 2 * the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the damping constant 2 * the mass
+the inertial quantity time omega n for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial quantity time omega n for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inertial quantity time omega n for a
+for a translational system at c / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a translational system at c / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a translational system at c / 2
+m omega n. For a rotate for a pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m omega n. For a rotate for a pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m omega n. For a rotate for a pendulum
+system, it's the torsional damping over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, it's the torsional damping over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, it's the torsional damping over
+2 * the mass moment of inertia times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * the mass moment of inertia times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 * the mass moment of inertia times
+omega n and omega n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n and omega n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n and omega n.
+Well, like for is going to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to calculate the natural frequency, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the natural frequency, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to calculate the natural frequency, it's
+just mgl divided by i zz plus this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mgl divided by i zz plus this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mgl divided by i zz plus this.
+Maybe ought to write that down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So always for a simple single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So always for a simple single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So always for a simple single degree of
+freedom oscillator you want the undamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom oscillator you want the undamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom oscillator you want the undamped
+natural frequency. Ignore the damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency. Ignore the damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency. Ignore the damping
+term. Take the stiffness term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Take the stiffness term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. Take the stiffness term
+coefficient here and divide it by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here and divide it by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here and divide it by the
+inertial coefficient. But we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coefficient. But we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inertial coefficient. But we care about
+the natural frequency after the impact.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency after the impact.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural frequency after the impact.
+So this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah trouble is here I don't know for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah trouble is here I don't know for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah trouble is here I don't know for this
+system I haven't worked out yet what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I haven't worked out yet what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system I haven't worked out yet what
+this term looks like what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term looks like what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this term looks like what is it
+this was this this result right here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this this result right here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was this this result right here is
+for the simple bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the simple bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the simple bob
+for this stick it's mg l over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this stick it's mg l over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this stick it's mg l over2
+plus the little m* l messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the little m* l messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the little m* l messy
+So m g l / 2 plus little m l that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So m g l / 2 plus little m l that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So m g l / 2 plus little m l that'll be
+the come from the potential energy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the come from the potential energy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the come from the potential energy in
+the system all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system all over
+i zz a + ml 2. So you get your natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i zz a + ml 2. So you get your natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i zz a + ml 2. So you get your natural
+frequency out of that expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency out of that expression.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency out of that expression.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you know we've talked you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know we've talked you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you know we've talked you do this
+problem sometimes before you when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sometimes before you when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sometimes before you when when
+you do say somebody asks you how high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do say somebody asks you how high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do say somebody asks you how high
+does it swing and so forth. Well you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it swing and so forth. Well you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it swing and so forth. Well you can
+do it by uh conservation of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by uh conservation of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it by uh conservation of energy
+etc. But now you have actually the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. But now you have actually the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. But now you have actually the exact
+expression for the time history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the time history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the time history of the
+thing after it after the impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after it after the impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing after it after the impact
+including the effects of damping. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the effects of damping. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the effects of damping. And if
+you were to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to draw
+the result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of this
+function of theta as a function of time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta as a function of time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of theta as a function of time,
+this one starts with no initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one starts with no initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one starts with no initial
+displacement but a velocity and does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement but a velocity and does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement but a velocity and does
+this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's your exponential decay envelope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's your exponential decay envelope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's your exponential decay envelope.
+And this is time. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is time. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is time. Okay.
+Now what? Yeah. Excuse me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why? This one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Excuse me. Forgot the G. I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Forgot the G. I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Excuse me. Forgot the G. I mean it
+accounts for the restoring moment. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the restoring moment. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for the restoring moment. The
+additional little bit of restoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional little bit of restoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional little bit of restoring
+moment that you get from having added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you get from having added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that you get from having added
+the mass of this thing to it. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of this thing to it. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mass of this thing to it. Right? So
+it has by itself mg l sin theta and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has by itself mg l sin theta and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has by itself mg l sin theta and we
+linearize it too. So it's mg l theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it too. So it's mg l theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearize it too. So it's mg l theta and
+those two terms would add together. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two terms would add together. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two terms would add together. So
+you just have a second term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a second term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have a second term here
+that that looks like m has mgl like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that looks like m has mgl like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that looks like m has mgl like
+behavior. Okay. The most how I most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Okay. The most how I most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior. Okay. The most how I most
+often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often
+personally make use of expressions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally make use of expressions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally make use of expressions like
+this or the one for translation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or the one for translation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this or the one for translation is
+because experimentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because experimentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because experimentally
+if I'm trying to predict the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm trying to predict the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm trying to predict the vibration
+behavior of a system one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of a system one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of a system one of the things
+you want to know is the damping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know is the damping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know is the damping.
+And one of the simplest ways to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the simplest ways to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one of the simplest ways to measure
+damping is to give a system an initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is to give a system an initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping is to give a system an initial
+deflection or initial velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection or initial velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deflection or initial velocity and
+measure its decay. and from its decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its decay. and from its decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure its decay. and from its decay
+calculate the damping. So the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last time I gave you an expression for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I gave you an expression for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I gave you an expression for
+doing that and that was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and that was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that and that was uh
+damping ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio
+1 over 2 pi time the number of cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 pi time the number of cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over 2 pi time the number of cycles
+that you count that you watch it times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you count that you watch it times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you count that you watch it times
+the natural log of x of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of x of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural log of x of t
+over x of t + n period. periods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x of t + n period. periods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over x of t + n period. periods of
+vibration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration.
+That's called this has a name. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's called this has a name. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's called this has a name. It's
+called the logarithmic decrement this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the logarithmic decrement this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the logarithmic decrement this
+thing. So when somebody says log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So when somebody says log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. So when somebody says log
+decrement, that's where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement, that's where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrement, that's where they're
+referring to this expression.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to this expression.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referring to this expression.
+And um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+comment about this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about this.
+In this expression, x of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this expression, x of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this expression, x of t
+must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must
+be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero
+mean.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If this if your measurement of we have x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this if your measurement of we have x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this if your measurement of we have x
+of t here or theta of t, they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t here or theta of t, they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of t here or theta of t, they must be
+zero mean. It must o be oscillations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean. It must o be oscillations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero mean. It must o be oscillations
+around zero or you have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero or you have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around zero or you have to have
+subtracted the mean to get it there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted the mean to get it there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracted the mean to get it there.
+Because if this is displaced and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if this is displaced and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if this is displaced and is
+oscillating around some offset, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating around some offset, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating around some offset, then
+this calculation is going to get get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation is going to get get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calculation is going to get get
+really messed up. It's got an offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really messed up. It's got an offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really messed up. It's got an offset
+plus an offset here, plus an offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an offset here, plus an offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus an offset here, plus an offset
+there, and it means it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, and it means it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, and it means it's totally
+meaningless. So, you must remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless. So, you must remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless. So, you must remove the
+mean value from any time history that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value from any time history that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value from any time history that
+you go to do this. Now, there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to do this. Now, there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to do this. Now, there's so
+there's an easier way, the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an easier way, the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an easier way, the same
+expression, and this is in fact the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression, and this is in fact the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression, and this is in fact the way
+I use this. I'll plot out like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this. I'll plot out like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use this. I'll plot out like you know
+just you know your data acquisition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know your data acquisition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know your data acquisition
+grabs it plots it for you. I take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs it plots it for you. I take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grabs it plots it for you. I take this
+value from here to here and this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from here to here and this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value from here to here and this is my
+peakto peak amplitude. And then I go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peakto peak amplitude. And then I go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peakto peak amplitude. And then I go out
+n cycles later and find the peakto peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cycles later and find the peakto peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cycles later and find the peakto peak
+amplitude.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude.
+And so this is perfectly this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is perfectly this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so this is perfectly this is just
+the same as one over 2 pi n but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as one over 2 pi n but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as one over 2 pi n but now you
+do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh
+natural log of x peak to peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of x peak to peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural log of x peak to peak
+at t over x peak to peak at t + n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t over x peak to peak at t + n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t over x peak to peak at t + n
+periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods
+and that that now peakto peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that now peakto peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that now peakto peak
+measurement you totally ignore the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement you totally ignore the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement you totally ignore the mean
+doesn't matter where you are you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where you are you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter where you are you want
+the here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here to here
+to here. Plug it in there and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here. Plug it in there and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here. Plug it in there and you're
+done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done.
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+I got one, two, three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got one, two, three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got one, two, three,
+four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four.
+Let's let n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equal four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal four.
+And let's assume this expression here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's assume this expression here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And let's assume this expression here
+then is 1 / 2<unk>i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is 1 / 2<unk>i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then is 1 / 2<unk>i
+* 4. And let's assume that in these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 4. And let's assume that in these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 4. And let's assume that in these four
+periods from that's one period 2 3 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods from that's one period 2 3 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods from that's one period 2 3 4 and
+getting out here to this fourth four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out here to this fourth four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out here to this fourth four
+periods away that this is 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods away that this is 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periods away that this is 15th
+the initial.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the initial.
+So this would be the natural log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be the natural log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be the natural log of
+five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So 1 over 2 pi * 4 natural log of five.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 1 over 2 pi * 4 natural log of five.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 1 over 2 pi * 4 natural log of five.
+And you run the numbers, you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you run the numbers, you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you run the numbers, you get
+0.064
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.064
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.064
+or what we call 6.4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we call 6.4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what we call 6.4%
+damping.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping.
+So that's how you do that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how you do that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's how you do that's that's the
+way you do calculation like that. Now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do calculation like that. Now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you do calculation like that. Now I
+gave you a quick rule of thumb for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a quick rule of thumb for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave you a quick rule of thumb for
+estimating damping and this is what I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating damping and this is what I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating damping and this is what I I
+don't I can't work I don't do logs in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I can't work I don't do logs in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I can't work I don't do logs in my
+head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head
+but I can do damping estimates without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can do damping estimates without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I can do damping estimates without
+that because I know that zeta is also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I know that zeta is also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because I know that zeta is also I
+just plug in some numbers here and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in some numbers here and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just plug in some numbers here and run
+them all in advance is.11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in advance is.11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all in advance is.11
+divided by the number of cycles to decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of cycles to decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the number of cycles to decay
+50%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, we're going to do an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I guess it can be seen in camera.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess it can be seen in camera.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess it can be seen in camera.
+So, here's my pendulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's my pendulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, here's my pendulum
+and I've tri this is my initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've tri this is my initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've tri this is my initial
+amplitude and this is about half.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and this is about half.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude and this is about half.
+So, if I take this thing over here like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I take this thing over here like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if I take this thing over here like
+that and let go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and let go
+and count the cycles that it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the cycles that it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and count the cycles that it takes to
+decay halfway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay halfway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay halfway,
+we can do this experiment. So, let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this experiment. So, let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this experiment. So, let's do
+it carefully. So, I'll line it up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it carefully. So, I'll line it up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it carefully. So, I'll line it up like
+that and you're going to help me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you're going to help me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you're going to help me tell
+you count how many cycles it takes till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count how many cycles it takes till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you count how many cycles it takes till
+it gets to here. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to here. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets to here. So,
+one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 about eight cycles. So, it decayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 about eight cycles. So, it decayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 about eight cycles. So, it decayed
+halfway in eight cycles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in eight cycles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+halfway in eight cycles.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+zeta is approximately.11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta is approximately.11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta is approximately.11
+over 8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8.
+It's 1 and a.5% 1.4%. 4% something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 1 and a.5% 1.4%. 4% something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 1 and a.5% 1.4%. 4% something like
+that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that.
+Okay, perfectly good estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, perfectly good estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, perfectly good estimate of
+damping. Now, got a stopwatch here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Going to do this experiment again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Going to do this experiment again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Going to do this experiment again.
+I want you to count. You're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to count. You're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to count. You're doing the
+counting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting.
+And I'm going to say start. And I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to say start. And I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to say start. And I want
+you to count cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to count cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to count cycles
+until I say stop. And I'll probably stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I say stop. And I'll probably stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I say stop. And I'll probably stop
+on 10 to make the calculation easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 10 to make the calculation easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on 10 to make the calculation easy.
+So you quietly to yourself, count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you quietly to yourself, count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you quietly to yourself, count the
+number of cycles from the time I release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cycles from the time I release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cycles from the time I release
+it until the time I stop. Come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it until the time I stop. Come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it until the time I stop. Come back
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this time the backdrop doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this time the backdrop doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this time the backdrop doesn't
+matter. We're just uh I just want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. We're just uh I just want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter. We're just uh I just want you to
+count cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'll start I'll let it get going and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll start I'll let it get going and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll start I'll let it get going and
+when it comes back to me is when I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes back to me is when I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it comes back to me is when I'm
+going to start the stopwatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start the stopwatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start the stopwatch
+because I have a hard time doing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a hard time doing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have a hard time doing them
+both at the same time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the same time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both at the same time. So
+start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How many cycles?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I got 17.84
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So 10 per divided by 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 10 per divided by 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So 10 per divided by 10
+is 1.784
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles
+uh seconds per cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seconds per cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh seconds per cycle.
+Can't write like that. 1.784 seconds per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can't write like that. 1.784 seconds per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can't write like that. 1.784 seconds per
+cycle. The frequency would be one over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. The frequency would be one over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. The frequency would be one over
+that. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Right?
+Thing you have to be careful about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thing you have to be careful about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thing you have to be careful about when
+you're counting cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're counting cycles
+is if I start here that's zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I start here that's zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if I start here that's zero.
+One,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One,
+two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two.
+Very common human mistake is when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very common human mistake is when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very common human mistake is when you're
+counting something like this to say one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting something like this to say one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting something like this to say one
+when you start and then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start and then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you start and then you're going to
+be off by one count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off by one count.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be off by one count.
+Follow me. If I start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Follow me. If I start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Follow me. If I start
+zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero,
+one, two. So, I start the clock on zero,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, two. So, I start the clock on zero,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, two. So, I start the clock on zero,
+but the first cycle isn't completed till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first cycle isn't completed till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the first cycle isn't completed till
+one whole cycle later. So, be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whole cycle later. So, be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one whole cycle later. So, be careful
+how you count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you count.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you count.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, we're going to shift gears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and take on a new topic,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take on a new topic,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take on a new topic,
+and that's the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the response to
+a harmonic input some cosine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic input some cosine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a harmonic input some cosine omega t
+excitation. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation. Yeah.
+What is omega d.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's called it's the damped natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's called it's the damped natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's called it's the damped natural
+frequency is how it's referred to. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is how it's referred to. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency is how it's referred to. It is
+the frequency you observe when you do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency you observe when you do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency you observe when you do an
+experiment like we just did. The actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like we just did. The actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment like we just did. The actual
+oscillation frequency when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation frequency when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation frequency when it's
+responding to initial conditions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to initial conditions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to initial conditions is
+slightly different from the undamped.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the undamped.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different from the undamped.
+But if you have light damping, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you have light damping, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if you have light damping, if you
+have even 10% damping 0.1 squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even 10% damping 0.1 squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have even 10% damping 0.1 squared is
+0.01.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.01.
+That's.99 square root is.995.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's.99 square root is.995.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's.99 square root is.995.
+So you're only off by half this. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're only off by half this. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you're only off by half this. They're
+only half a percent difference. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half a percent difference. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half a percent difference. So for
+lightly damp systems, for all intents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damp systems, for all intents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly damp systems, for all intents
+and purposes, mega n and mega d are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes, mega n and mega d are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and purposes, mega n and mega d are are
+almost exactly the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+we now want to think about we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to think about we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now want to think about we have a
+linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+putting a force into it that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a force into it that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a force into it that looks like
+some f cosine omega t. And out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f cosine omega t. And out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some f cosine omega t. And out of that
+system, we measure a response x of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And inside this box here is my system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And inside this box here is my system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And inside this box here is my system
+transfer function. It's the mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function. It's the mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer function. It's the mathematics
+that tells me I could take f of t in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me I could take f of t in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me I could take f of t in and
+predict what x of t out is. So I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what x of t out is. So I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict what x of t out is. So I need to
+know the information that goes into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the information that goes into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the information that goes into this
+box. And of course the real system, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box. And of course the real system, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box. And of course the real system, this
+is just the mechanical system. Force in,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the mechanical system. Force in,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the mechanical system. Force in,
+measured output out. This is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured output out. This is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured output out. This is what we
+call a single input single output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a single input single output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a single input single output
+system. SISO single input single output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. SISO single input single output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. SISO single input single output
+linear system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there's all sorts of linear systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's all sorts of linear systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's all sorts of linear systems
+that you're going to study as mechanical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to study as mechanical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to study as mechanical
+engineers and you've already begun, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and you've already begun, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers and you've already begun, I'm
+sure, studying some of them. One of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure, studying some of them. One of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure, studying some of them. One of the
+one of the properties of a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the properties of a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the properties of a linear system
+is if you put a force in F1 and measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you put a force in F1 and measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you put a force in F1 and measure
+a response out X1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response out X1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a response out X1
+and then you try a different force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you try a different force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you try a different force
+F_sub_2 and you measure the response out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F_sub_2 and you measure the response out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F_sub_2 and you measure the response out
+X2, what's the response if you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2, what's the response if you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2, what's the response if you put them
+both in at the same time, F1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in at the same time, F1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both in at the same time, F1 and
+F_sub_2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you just add the the responses to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just add the the responses to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just add the the responses to them
+individually. So f_sub_1 gives you x1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually. So f_sub_1 gives you x1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually. So f_sub_1 gives you x1,
+f_sub_2 gives you x2, f_sub_1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 gives you x2, f_sub_1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 gives you x2, f_sub_1 plus
+f_sub_2 gives you x1 plus x2. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 gives you x1 plus x2. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f_sub_2 gives you x1 plus x2. And that's
+one of the characteristics of a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the characteristics of a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the characteristics of a linear
+system. And we use it to we use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And we use it to we use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. And we use it to we use that
+concept to be able to separate the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept to be able to separate the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept to be able to separate the in
+the response our calculations about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response our calculations about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response our calculations about the
+response of a system like our oscillator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system like our oscillator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of a system like our oscillator
+here. Separate its response due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Separate its response due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Separate its response due to
+transient effects. Transients being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient effects. Transients being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transient effects. Transients being
+initial conditions. they die out over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions. they die out over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions. they die out over
+time. That's why we call them transients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. That's why we call them transients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. That's why we call them transients
+and steady state effects. So cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steady state effects. So cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steady state effects. So cosine
+omega t you can leave it running for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t you can leave it running for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t you can leave it running for a
+long long time and pretty soon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time and pretty soon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long long time and pretty soon the
+system will settle down to responding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will settle down to responding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system will settle down to responding
+just to that cosine omega t and that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to that cosine omega t and that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to that cosine omega t and that we
+call that we call steady state and we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that we call steady state and we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that we call steady state and we we
+use them separately. So we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them separately. So we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them separately. So we've done
+initial conditions. Now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions. Now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions. Now we're going to
+look at the steady state response of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the steady state response of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the steady state response of a
+say our oscillator or mass spring dash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our oscillator or mass spring dash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say our oscillator or mass spring dash
+pot to a harmonic input f cosine omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot to a harmonic input f cosine omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot to a harmonic input f cosine omega
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Another brief word. If I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another brief word. If I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Another brief word. If I have a
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+f cosine omega t would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the response that I measure to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the response that I measure to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the response that I measure to start
+off with might um it's sitting here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with might um it's sitting here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with might um it's sitting here at
+zero when you turn this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you turn this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when you turn this on
+and it's going to do some odd things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to do some odd things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to do some odd things
+initially and then eventually settle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then eventually settle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially and then eventually settle
+down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term
+steady response. The amplitude stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady response. The amplitude stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steady response. The amplitude stays
+constant. its phase angle with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. its phase angle with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. its phase angle with respect
+to the input isn't necessarily the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input isn't necessarily the same.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the input isn't necessarily the same.
+There's some possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+phase shift and that's so the two if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift and that's so the two if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shift and that's so the two if
+you're plotting them together they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're plotting them together they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're plotting them together they won't
+line up. See this messy stuff at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up. See this messy stuff at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line up. See this messy stuff at the
+beginning? When you first turn this on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning? When you first turn this on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning? When you first turn this on,
+it jumps from here to here that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it jumps from here to here that force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it jumps from here to here that force
+you and it gives it a kick to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it gives it a kick to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it gives it a kick to begin
+with. And this will have some response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. And this will have some response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. And this will have some response
+initially due to that transient startup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially due to that transient startup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially due to that transient startup.
+And this response is all modeled by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this response is all modeled by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this response is all modeled by the
+response to initial conditions. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial conditions. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial conditions. And
+it'll die out after a while. This messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll die out after a while. This messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll die out after a while. This messy
+stuff. What's the frequency? What what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. What's the frequency? What what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff. What's the frequency? What what
+frequency do you do you expect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency do you do you expect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency do you do you expect this
+initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial
+look erratic looking stuff to be at?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's response to initial conditions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's response to initial conditions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's response to initial conditions.
+What is the model for response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the model for response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the model for response to
+initial conditions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions?
+What's the frequency of the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the frequency of the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the frequency of the response to
+initial conditions of a single degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions of a single degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions of a single degree of
+freedom system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom system?
+We have equation over here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+up at the top has a cosine term and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the top has a cosine term and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up at the top has a cosine term and a
+sign term. Part of his response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign term. Part of his response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign term. Part of his response to
+initial displacement, part of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement, part of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial displacement, part of his
+response to initial velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to initial velocity.
+Any of this startup stuff can be cast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any of this startup stuff can be cast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any of this startup stuff can be cast as
+initial conditions. And the response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions. And the response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions. And the response to
+initial conditions is always at the damp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions is always at the damp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial conditions is always at the damp
+natural frequency. Period. No other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency. Period. No other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural frequency. Period. No other
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+for a single degree of freedom system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single degree of freedom system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a single degree of freedom system.
+So you get a behavior that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get a behavior that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you get a behavior that is
+oscillating at its natural frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at its natural frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating at its natural frequency.
+mixed in there is response at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in there is response at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed in there is response at the
+excitation frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excitation frequency
+and after a long time the response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after a long time the response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and after a long time the response is
+only excitation frequency. This is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only excitation frequency. This is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only excitation frequency. This is now
+out here. This is omega in here. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. This is omega in here. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. This is omega in here. You
+have omega and omega d going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have omega and omega d going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have omega and omega d going on.
+So this is messy. Usually isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is messy. Usually isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is messy. Usually isn't
+important. If it is, there are ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. If it is, there are ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. If it is, there are ways of
+getting the exact solution. But mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the exact solution. But mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the exact solution. But mostly
+vibration engineers, you're introd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what we call a harmonic input.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a harmonic input.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call a harmonic input.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I don't want that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we'll work a classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll work a classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll work a classic
+the classic single degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic single degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classic single degree of freedom
+oscillator problem excited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator problem excited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillator problem excited by
+fot cosine omega t. have done this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fot cosine omega t. have done this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fot cosine omega t. have done this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we'll do it using engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we'll do it using engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we'll do it using engineering
+terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology
+and look at it the way a person studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it the way a person studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at it the way a person studying
+vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration
+would think about this. We know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about this. We know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think about this. We know the
+equation of motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I'm interested in the steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm interested in the steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm interested in the steady state
+response. So this is X and I'll do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. So this is X and I'll do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. So this is X and I'll do just
+write it once like this. SS steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm only interested in it's after those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only interested in it's after those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only interested in it's after those
+transients have died out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that steady state response I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that steady state response I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that steady state response I know is
+going to be some amplitude x knot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some amplitude x knot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some amplitude x knot
+cosine omega t minus some phase angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus some phase angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus some phase angle
+that I don't necessarily know to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't necessarily know to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I don't necessarily know to begin
+with. But that's my input. This is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. But that's my input. This is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. But that's my input. This is my
+output. I plug it into here and turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output. I plug it into here and turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output. I plug it into here and turn the
+crank and see what falls out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank and see what falls out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crank and see what falls out.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you plug both of those in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you get two you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get two you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get two you get
+this going to be a little writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to be a little writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this going to be a little writing
+intensive for a few minutes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you plug the x knot cosine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you plug the x knot cosine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you plug the x knot cosine omega t
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+all of these terms. The m term gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these terms. The m term gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these terms. The m term gives you
+minus m omega^ 2. The K term gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m omega^ 2. The K term gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus m omega^ 2. The K term gives you a
+K. And the damping term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And the damping term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K. And the damping term
+minus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus C
+omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+omega t minus V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All of that equals the right hand side f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All of that equals the right hand side f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All of that equals the right hand side f
+cosine omega t. So this just purely from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. So this just purely from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. So this just purely from
+substitution and then gathering some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and then gathering some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and then gathering some
+terms together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I'm going to I'm going to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to divide through by k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide through by k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to divide through by k
+by k. If I divide through by k k k k k k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by k. If I divide through by k k k k k k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by k. If I divide through by k k k k k k
+k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k divid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k divid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k divid this
+give me a one. This gives me an m over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a one. This gives me an m over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me a one. This gives me an m over k
+which is 1 over the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1 over the natural frequency
+squared for example. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared for example. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared for example. And I'm going to
+put this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this into
+a form that is the standard form for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form that is the standard form for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form that is the standard form for
+discussing vibration problems. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing vibration problems. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing vibration problems. And so
+this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation
+can be rewritten in this form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be rewritten in this form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be rewritten in this form.
+1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 -
+omega^ 2 over omega n^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cossine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine
+omega t minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t minus v
+- 2 zeta omega over omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 zeta omega over omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2 zeta omega over omega n
+sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin
+omega t minus v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t minus v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t minus v.
+All that's still equal to fot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All that's still equal to fot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All that's still equal to fot
+cosine omega t. So this is getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. So this is getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. So this is getting into
+kind of more standard form. Say 1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more standard form. Say 1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more standard form. Say 1 minus
+omega. This now this omega over mega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega. This now this omega over mega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega. This now this omega over mega n
+is called the frequency ratio.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the frequency ratio.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called the frequency ratio.
+We're going to see a lot of that. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to see a lot of that. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're going to see a lot of that. And
+I've substituted in here c omega over k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've substituted in here c omega over k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've substituted in here c omega over k
+turns out to be 2 zeta omega over omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 2 zeta omega over omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out to be 2 zeta omega over omega
+n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n.
+So this frequency ratio appears a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this frequency ratio appears a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this frequency ratio appears a lot in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's see here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, you need I'm going to you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you need I'm going to you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, you need I'm going to you need a
+couple of trig identities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of trig identities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of trig identities.
+cosine omega t minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus v
+cossine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t
+cossine v plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine v plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine v plus
+sin omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega t
+sin v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin v
+and sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sin
+omega t minus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t minus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t minus v
+gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember my sin omega t cosine v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+cossine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t
+sin v. So that's a trig identity you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin v. So that's a trig identity you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin v. So that's a trig identity you
+actually use quite a bit doing vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use quite a bit doing vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use quite a bit doing vibration
+problems and we need them. So we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we need them. So we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we need them. So we take
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+plug them in in all these places and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug them in in all these places and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug them in in all these places and do
+quite a bit of cranking. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah,
+thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you.
+And that that's called that F over K is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that that's called that F over K is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that that's called that F over K is
+how much the spring would move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the spring would move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much the spring would move
+statically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically.
+How much the point would move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much the point would move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How much the point would move
+statically. We'll get to we'll need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically. We'll get to we'll need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statically. We'll get to we'll need that
+term also.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term also.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term also.
+Okay, you do all of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you do all of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, you do all of this.
+Now I'll call these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So this is C. That's expression C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You can't see that probably call this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't see that probably call this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can't see that probably call this D
+this E. So you put you plug D and E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into C and work it through you get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into C and work it through you get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into C and work it through you get two
+equations.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You get two you break it into two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get two you break it into two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get two you break it into two parts
+because one is a function of cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one is a function of cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because one is a function of cosine
+omega t. Then you have another part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t. Then you have another part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t. Then you have another part
+after the substitution that's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the substitution that's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the substitution that's a function
+of sin omega t and you can separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin omega t and you can separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sin omega t and you can separate
+them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But there's no sin omega t force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's no sin omega t force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But there's no sin omega t force on the
+right hand side to get zero. Got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side to get zero. Got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side to get zero. Got two
+equations here. How many unknowns do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here. How many unknowns do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here. How many unknowns do we
+have?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have?
+All we know when we start this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All we know when we start this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All we know when we start this thing is
+we is the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is the input
+and we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we now
+have two we have the we have unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two we have the we have unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two we have the we have unknown
+response amplitude and we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response amplitude and we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response amplitude and we have an
+unknown phase that we're looking for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown phase that we're looking for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown phase that we're looking for how
+many equations how many unknowns two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equations how many unknowns two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many equations how many unknowns two and
+two so you can do a lot of cranking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you can do a lot of cranking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so you can do a lot of cranking
+which I have no intention of doing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have no intention of doing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I have no intention of doing here
+and solve for the amplitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve for the amplitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve for the amplitude of the
+response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response
+and the phase this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And every textbook,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And every textbook,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And every textbook,
+the Williams textbook does this. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Williams textbook does this. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Williams textbook does this. There
+are two readings posted on uh on stellar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two readings posted on uh on stellar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two readings posted on uh on stellar
+by Ralph. Every textbook goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Ralph. Every textbook goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Ralph. Every textbook goes through
+these derivations that I've just done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivations that I've just done.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these derivations that I've just done.
+Nick, you got a question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pardon?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pardon?
+Yeah, I keep forgetting it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I keep forgetting it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I keep forgetting it.
+You're right. So, you got a K here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right. So, you got a K here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're right. So, you got a K here. And
+notice this equation. We can throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this equation. We can throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice this equation. We can throw away
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+for now. We get rid of this for now. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now. We get rid of this for now. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now. We get rid of this for now. We
+have two these two equations and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two these two equations and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two these two equations and two
+unknowns are just algebraic equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns are just algebraic equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns are just algebraic equations
+and they're not time dependent. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not time dependent. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not time dependent. We can
+get rid of that part. So we've now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that part. So we've now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that part. So we've now
+reduced this to algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced this to algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced this to algebra
+and the answer and that's the answer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer and that's the answer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer and that's the answer's
+plotted up there. You've probably seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted up there. You've probably seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotted up there. You've probably seen
+it before says that x0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before says that x0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before says that x0
+is f over k. Okay, I get it right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f over k. Okay, I get it right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is f over k. Okay, I get it right this
+time from the get-go over a denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the get-go over a denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time from the get-go over a denominator
+which appears again and again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which appears again and again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which appears again and again and again
+in vibration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vibration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in vibration.
+Omega^ 2 over omega n^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega^ 2 over omega n^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega^ 2 over omega n^ 2
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+2 zeta omega over omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 zeta omega over omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 zeta omega over omega n
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+square root whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and an expression for fe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tangent inverse of 2 zeta omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent inverse of 2 zeta omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent inverse of 2 zeta omega over
+omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n
+1 - omega^ 2 over omega n^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - omega^ 2 over omega n^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - omega^ 2 over omega n^2.
+So you can solve all that mess over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can solve all that mess over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can solve all that mess over here
+for these two quantities. Do I do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two quantities. Do I do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these two quantities. Do I do you
+need to remember this? Are you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember this? Are you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to remember this? Are you ever
+going to find you're going to ever going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find you're going to ever going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find you're going to ever going
+to be asked this on a quiz? Not by me.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asked this on a quiz? Not by me.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asked this on a quiz? Not by me.
+You're ever going to have to use this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're ever going to have to use this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're ever going to have to use this on
+a quiz and in homework? Absolutely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz and in homework? Absolutely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quiz and in homework? Absolutely.
+So this the takeaway is today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this the takeaway is today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this the takeaway is today
+know how to use those response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use those response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to use those response to
+initial condition formulas and damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition formulas and damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition formulas and damping
+and these two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two.
+So when you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So when you plot
+when you plot these you get this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plot these you get this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plot these you get this picture
+up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there
+and we need to talk about the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to talk about the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to talk about the properties
+of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remember this omega over omega n is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember this omega over omega n is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember this omega over omega n is this
+thing called a frequency ratio. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called a frequency ratio. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing called a frequency ratio. It's
+just a ratio of the excitation frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ratio of the excitation frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a ratio of the excitation frequency
+to the natural frequency of the system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the natural frequency of the system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the natural frequency of the system.
+And when they're equal, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when they're equal, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when they're equal, for example,
+this ratio is one. This whole thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio is one. This whole thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ratio is one. This whole thing in
+parenthesis goes to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis goes to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis goes to zero.
+This this expression over here goes to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this expression over here goes to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This this expression over here goes to 2
+zeta because that's one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta because that's one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeta because that's one.
+2 zeta^ 2 root is just 2 zeta at when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 zeta^ 2 root is just 2 zeta at when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 zeta^ 2 root is just 2 zeta at when
+omega= omega n. This whole expression is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega= omega n. This whole expression is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega= omega n. This whole expression is
+f over k / 2 zeta for example. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f over k / 2 zeta for example. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f over k / 2 zeta for example. And
+that's called resonance. And that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called resonance. And that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called resonance. And that's when
+you're right at where that peak goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right at where that peak goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right at where that peak goes to
+its maximum.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We need let's talk about this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need let's talk about this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We need let's talk about this expression
+for a moment. If you have a uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment. If you have a uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a moment. If you have a uh we have
+our cart, our mass spring dash pot. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cart, our mass spring dash pot. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cart, our mass spring dash pot. We
+started here. If you apply a force, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here. If you apply a force, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started here. If you apply a force, a
+static force fot, it'll stretch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static force fot, it'll stretch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static force fot, it'll stretch the
+spring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring
+by an amount f over k. So x we'll call x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount f over k. So x we'll call x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by an amount f over k. So x we'll call x
+static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static
+is just fnot over k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if I I want to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this has a name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has a name.
+This is called this ratio here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is called this ratio here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is called this ratio here just
+gives you the magnitude of the response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the magnitude of the response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the magnitude of the response.
+It it goes by a variety of names. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it goes by a variety of names. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It it goes by a variety of names. Some
+people call it a transfer function. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it a transfer function. Some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it a transfer function. Some
+people call it a frequency response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it a frequency response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people call it a frequency response
+function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function.
+I write it this is I write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write it this is I write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write it this is I write it
+intentionally this way. This is I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally this way. This is I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally this way. This is I put
+output over input because this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output over input because this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output over input because this this
+expression has units of output over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression has units of output over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression has units of output over
+input. So I just write it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input. So I just write it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input. So I just write it like this.
+Remember myself what remind myself what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember myself what remind myself what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember myself what remind myself what
+this transfer function is about. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer function is about. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transfer function is about. The
+input is force. The output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is force. The output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is force. The output is
+displacement. This expression has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement. This expression has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement. This expression has units
+of force force per unit displacement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I go to here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I try to plot this, let me start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I try to plot this, let me start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I try to plot this, let me start
+over. If I try to plot this, it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. If I try to plot this, it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. If I try to plot this, it's going
+to be depend on the exact value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be depend on the exact value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be depend on the exact value of the
+spring constant and the exact value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant and the exact value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring constant and the exact value of
+the force every time. I'll have to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force every time. I'll have to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the force every time. I'll have to draw
+get a unique plot every time I go to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a unique plot every time I go to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a unique plot every time I go to do
+this. So textbooks and engineers, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So textbooks and engineers, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. So textbooks and engineers, you
+know, I don't want to have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't want to have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, I don't want to have to remember
+this part. This is where all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part. This is where all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part. This is where all of the
+content is in is in this denominator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is in is in this denominator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is in is in this denominator and
+it's dimensionless. So what I'd really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dimensionless. So what I'd really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dimensionless. So what I'd really
+like to plot is x knot over x static.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to plot is x knot over x static.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to plot is x knot over x static.
+And if I do that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I do that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if I do that that is
+x knot over the quantity f over k. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x knot over the quantity f over k. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x knot over the quantity f over k. If I
+just divide this is xstatic. If I bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divide this is xstatic. If I bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just divide this is xstatic. If I bring
+this to this side then this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this side then this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this side then this expression
+this is just one over that denominator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one over that denominator.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just one over that denominator.
+And sometimes I think in the text the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And sometimes I think in the text the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And sometimes I think in the text the
+handout by Ralph they just call this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout by Ralph they just call this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handout by Ralph they just call this h
+of omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of omega
+it's dimensionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dimensionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's dimensionless
+frequency over frequency and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency over frequency and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency over frequency and that's
+actually what's plotted up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's plotted up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what's plotted up there
+the uh and this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh and this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh and this is called
+has different names also magnification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different names also magnification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has different names also magnification
+factor dynamic amplification factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor dynamic amplification factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor dynamic amplification factor
+because the ratio of x toxic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ratio of x toxic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the ratio of x toxic
+If uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If uh this is
+the dynamic effects magnify the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic effects magnify the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dynamic effects magnify the response
+compared to the static response. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the static response. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the static response. So it
+might be this over this might be 10. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be this over this might be 10. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be this over this might be 10. It
+means the dynamic response is 10 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the dynamic response is 10 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the dynamic response is 10 times
+the static response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static response.
+Okay. How do you to sum this up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How do you to sum this up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. How do you to sum this up and
+we'll be getting close to the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be getting close to the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be getting close to the end.
+We want to talk just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to talk just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We want to talk just about the
+properties of this. How do we use this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in practical use,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in practical use,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in practical use,
+you have an input specified some force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an input specified some force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an input specified some force
+cosine omega t. You know, you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. You know, you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t. You know, you have a
+single degree of freedom oscillator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree of freedom oscillator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single degree of freedom oscillator that
+is governed by equations like that one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is governed by equations like that one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is governed by equations like that one.
+And you want to predict the response.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you want to predict the response.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you want to predict the response.
+Well, you say x of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you say x of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you say x of t
+is equal to the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the magnitude
+of the force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the force
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you divide that by we could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide that by we could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you divide that by we could do it
+this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the magnitude of the force divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the magnitude of the force divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the magnitude of the force divided
+by K which is the static response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K which is the static response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by K which is the static response
+to get To predict x knot, we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get To predict x knot, we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get To predict x knot, we just have
+to take this quantity and multiply it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this quantity and multiply it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take this quantity and multiply it by
+fnot over k. So you know this, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot over k. So you know this, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fnot over k. So you know this, you
+better know that about your system. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better know that about your system. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better know that about your system. And
+you multiply it by this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multiply it by this quantity
+magnitude of h of omega. And the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of h of omega. And the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of h of omega. And the whole
+the time dependent part is times cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time dependent part is times cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time dependent part is times cosine
+omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega t
+minus the phase angle. And the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the phase angle. And the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the phase angle. And the phase
+angle you get either off the plot or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you get either off the plot or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle you get either off the plot or
+from the uh if I written it down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I haven't written the phase angle down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written the phase angle down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't written the phase angle down
+yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's kind of a messy expression, too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of a messy expression, too.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's kind of a messy expression, too.
+That's why we plot it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why we plot it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why we plot it.
+2 zeta omega over omega n all over 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 zeta omega over omega n all over 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 zeta omega over omega n all over 1 -
+omega^ 2 over omega n^ 2. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2 over omega n^ 2. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega^ 2 over omega n^ 2. But
+by knowing just this plot which you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing just this plot which you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by knowing just this plot which you just
+put in every textbook about vibration in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in every textbook about vibration in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in every textbook about vibration in
+the world. By knowing this transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. By knowing this transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. By knowing this transfer
+magnification factor calculating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification factor calculating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification factor calculating the
+static response multiplying the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static response multiplying the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static response multiplying the two
+together you have the the amplitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you have the the amplitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you have the the amplitude of
+the response. And its time dependence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response. And its time dependence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response. And its time dependence is
+cosine omega t minus the phase angle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus the phase angle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t minus the phase angle.
+And I've got a little example here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Actually, rather than the example, I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, rather than the example, I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, rather than the example, I've
+gone to all the trouble of setting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to all the trouble of setting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone to all the trouble of setting this
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. This is just a beam. Where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. This is just a beam. Where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. This is just a beam. Where's
+my other little beam?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And a beam is just a spring.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Put a mass on the end. This is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Put a mass on the end. This is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Put a mass on the end. This is basically
+a single degree of freedom system. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single degree of freedom system. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single degree of freedom system. It
+has a natural frequency. The beam has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a natural frequency. The beam has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a natural frequency. The beam has a
+certain stiffness. Okay. And now I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain stiffness. Okay. And now I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain stiffness. Okay. And now I'm in
+this case we're interested in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're interested in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we're interested in response
+to some harmonic input. So anybody of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some harmonic input. So anybody of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some harmonic input. So anybody of
+you any of you know what a squiggle pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any of you know what a squiggle pen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you any of you know what a squiggle pen
+is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is?
+This is a kid's toy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, all throughout the term, we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all throughout the term, we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, all throughout the term, we've
+studied rotating masses quite a bit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied rotating masses quite a bit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied rotating masses quite a bit,
+right? This thing has a rotating mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This thing has a rotating mass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? This thing has a rotating mass.
+So, you could see in the end, maybe when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could see in the end, maybe when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could see in the end, maybe when
+you leave today, you come down, take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave today, you come down, take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you leave today, you come down, take a
+look. It has a little rotating mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look. It has a little rotating mass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look. It has a little rotating mass.
+It's actually a pen. It was a kid's toy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually a pen. It was a kid's toy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually a pen. It was a kid's toy.
+Shakes like crazy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+now we need the lights down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And it happens that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I've got a strobe light here and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got a strobe light here and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got a strobe light here and I've
+kind of preset the frequency so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of preset the frequency so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of preset the frequency so it's
+very close to the frequency of vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the frequency of vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close to the frequency of vibration
+of this beam. So this there's a rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this beam. So this there's a rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this beam. So this there's a rotating
+mass in this pen going round and round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this pen going round and round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass in this pen going round and round
+and it puts a force into the system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it puts a force into the system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it puts a force into the system that
+looks like f cosine omega t in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like f cosine omega t in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like f cosine omega t in the
+vertical direction. also does it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical direction. also does it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical direction. also does it in
+horizontal but vertical is our response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal but vertical is our response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal but vertical is our response
+direction. So it's putting in a force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So it's putting in a force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. So it's putting in a force
+and I have set the length of this of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have set the length of this of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have set the length of this of
+this beam so that the natural frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam so that the natural frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam so that the natural frequency
+of this beam with his mass on the end is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this beam with his mass on the end is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this beam with his mass on the end is
+exactly or very close to being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or very close to being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly or very close to being the
+frequency of the excitation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the excitation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of the excitation.
+So this and I have the flash rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this and I have the flash rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this and I have the flash rate is
+slightly different than the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different than the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different than the vibration
+rate. So you see it illuminated at many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. So you see it illuminated at many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. So you see it illuminated at many
+positions as it goes through the cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions as it goes through the cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions as it goes through the cycle.
+So you see it going up and down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see it going up and down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you see it going up and down.
+So if I mismatch it quite a bit then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I mismatch it quite a bit then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I mismatch it quite a bit then you
+see it go and you actually if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it go and you actually if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it go and you actually if you look
+at the very right end you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very right end you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very right end you can see a
+white thing going round going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white thing going round going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white thing going round going up and
+down. That's the mask. You can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. That's the mask. You can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. That's the mask. You can actually
+see the mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the mass
+in the very end of the right there. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very end of the right there. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very end of the right there. You
+can see something going around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see something going around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see something going around and
+around there. That's the rotating mass.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there. That's the rotating mass.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around there. That's the rotating mass.
+So, the beam is going up and down. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the beam is going up and down. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the beam is going up and down. And
+I've got this this the vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this this the vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got this this the vibration
+frequency of that mass going round and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that mass going round and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency of that mass going round and
+round equal to the natural frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round equal to the natural frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+round equal to the natural frequency of
+the beam with the mass on the end.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam with the mass on the end.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam with the mass on the end.
+Now, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, if I
+and it's moving quite a bit. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving quite a bit. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's moving quite a bit. I'm going
+to loosen my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp
+and I change the length of the beam.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I change the length of the beam.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I change the length of the beam.
+I've shortened it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now the it's still moving up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the it's still moving up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the it's still moving up and
+down but not as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but not as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but not as much
+because the frequency of vi of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the frequency of vi of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the frequency of vi of the
+rotation of the eccentric mass is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the eccentric mass is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of the eccentric mass is no
+longer close to the natural frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer close to the natural frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer close to the natural frequency of
+the system. So where are what? In fact,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. So where are what? In fact,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. So where are what? In fact,
+I've made the natural frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made the natural frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made the natural frequency of the
+system. You can bring the lights back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. You can bring the lights back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. You can bring the lights back
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've made the natural frequency of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made the natural frequency of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made the natural frequency of the
+system by making the beam shorter. I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by making the beam shorter. I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system by making the beam shorter. I've
+made it stiffer. So the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it stiffer. So the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it stiffer. So the natural
+frequency has gone up. The frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency has gone up. The frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency has gone up. The frequency of
+the rotation of the eccentric mass has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation of the eccentric mass has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rotation of the eccentric mass has
+stayed about the same. So what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed about the same. So what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stayed about the same. So what's
+happened to that frequency ratio? Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to that frequency ratio? Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to that frequency ratio? Omega
+over omega n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over omega n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over omega n.
+So less than one or greater than one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So less than one or greater than one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So less than one or greater than one.
+So the omega n has gone up. Omega stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the omega n has gone up. Omega stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the omega n has gone up. Omega stayed
+the same. You're now less you're your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. You're now less you're your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same. You're now less you're your
+the frequency ratio when you shorten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency ratio when you shorten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency ratio when you shorten
+this beam is less than one. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam is less than one. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this beam is less than one. And
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+properties of the mag this transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the mag this transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the mag this transfer
+function we call it or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we call it or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function we call it or this
+magnification factor looks like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification factor looks like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification factor looks like this.
+When we're exciting it right at one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we're exciting it right at one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+When we're exciting it right at one,
+this is omega over omega n, you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is omega over omega n, you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is omega over omega n, you're right
+at resonance. When you excite it at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at resonance. When you excite it at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at resonance. When you excite it at a
+frequency ratio less than one, you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ratio less than one, you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency ratio less than one, you start
+dropping off this back side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping off this back side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping off this back side and the
+response goes down. And we could do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response goes down. And we could do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response goes down. And we could do and
+if you excited at frequencies much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you excited at frequencies much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you excited at frequencies much
+greater than the natural frequency, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the natural frequency, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the natural frequency, you
+end up way out here. And I can do that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up way out here. And I can do that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up way out here. And I can do that,
+too.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, how much do you think it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how much do you think it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how much do you think it will
+vibrate now?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate now?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrate now?
+A lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A lot.
+A little.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hardly. Whoops. Oh, I brought it out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardly. Whoops. Oh, I brought it out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardly. Whoops. Oh, I brought it out so
+much you can't see it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hardly moving at all. And that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in terms of this this terminology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this this terminology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of this this terminology of
+magnification factors, transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification factors, transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnification factors, transfer
+functions. This is a plot of x overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. This is a plot of x overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. This is a plot of x overx
+static. It goes to right here. When you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static. It goes to right here. When you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static. It goes to right here. When you
+go to zero frequency, you are at static.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero frequency, you are at static.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to zero frequency, you are at static.
+So the response the response at very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the response the response at very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the response the response at very
+very low frequencies goes to being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low frequencies goes to being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very low frequencies goes to being the
+same as the static frequency. So on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the static frequency. So on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the static frequency. So on this
+plot it goes to one at resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it goes to one at resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it goes to one at resonance
+you put in one here this goes to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in one here this goes to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in one here this goes to zero
+that becomes a one 2 zeta squared this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a one 2 zeta squared this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes a one 2 zeta squared this
+height here is 1 over 2 zeta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here is 1 over 2 zeta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height here is 1 over 2 zeta
+that's so the dynamic amplification at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so the dynamic amplification at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's so the dynamic amplification at
+resonance is just one over two times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance is just one over two times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance is just one over two times the
+damping ratio if you have 1% damping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio if you have 1% damping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damping ratio if you have 1% damping
+twice that is O2 one over2 is 50.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that is O2 one over2 is 50.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice that is O2 one over2 is 50.
+So if you only had 1% damping, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you only had 1% damping, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you only had 1% damping, the
+dynamic amplification, the amount that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic amplification, the amount that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic amplification, the amount that
+this vibrates greater than its static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vibrates greater than its static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vibrates greater than its static
+response is a factor of 50 greater. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a factor of 50 greater. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response is a factor of 50 greater. But
+then as you go higher in this omega over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you go higher in this omega over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as you go higher in this omega over
+omega n, then you get way out here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n, then you get way out here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega n, then you get way out here and
+you get almost no vibration at all. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get almost no vibration at all. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get almost no vibration at all. And
+that's what's happened when I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's happened when I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's happened when I've
+lengthened this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, that's so there's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's so there's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's so there's your
+introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to
+linear systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear systems.
+In this case, a single degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, a single degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case, a single degree of freedom
+system that vibrates an oscillator.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're talking about steady state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're talking about steady state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're talking about steady state
+response,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response,
+not the part of the solution, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the part of the solution, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the part of the solution, the
+mathematical solution to initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical solution to initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical solution to initial
+conditions. So all of this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So all of this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions. So all of this has been
+about steady state response of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about steady state response of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about steady state response of our
+simple oscillator to what we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple oscillator to what we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple oscillator to what we call a
+harmonic in input f cosine omega t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic in input f cosine omega t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic in input f cosine omega t and
+what so what's important that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what's important that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so what's important that you need
+to remember and be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember and be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember and be able to use
+this concept here you know this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept here you know this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept here you know this idea of
+a transfer function that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer function that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transfer function that's really
+important you might want to remember it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you might want to remember it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you might want to remember it
+though as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though as this
+dimensionless quantity X overX static.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity X overX static.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensionless quantity X overX static.
+Just remember the shape of this transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just remember the shape of this transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just remember the shape of this transfer
+function. Magnitude of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Magnitude of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Magnitude of the D
+amplification 1 over two zeta at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification 1 over two zeta at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification 1 over two zeta at
+resonance, you know, goes to one at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance, you know, goes to one at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonance, you know, goes to one at low
+frequency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency.
+The high frequency it gets drops way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The high frequency it gets drops way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The high frequency it gets drops way
+off. Next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. Next time
+we're going to talk pick up the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk pick up the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk pick up the topic of
+what we call vibration isolation. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call vibration isolation. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we call vibration isolation. The
+practical thing to know as engineers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical thing to know as engineers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical thing to know as engineers is
+you is uh when you have a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is uh when you have a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is uh when you have a significant
+vibration problem like in a lab and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration problem like in a lab and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration problem like in a lab and
+you're looking through your microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking through your microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking through your microscope
+and the floor vibration is causing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the floor vibration is causing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the floor vibration is causing
+trouble with your microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with your microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with your microscope
+and you can't move the subway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't move the subway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can't move the subway.
+What can you do to solve that problem?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What can you do to solve that problem?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What can you do to solve that problem?
+Well, you might be able what if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you might be able what if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you might be able what if you put
+some kind of a flexible pad under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a flexible pad under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a flexible pad under the
+microscope. you might be able to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope. you might be able to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscope. you might be able to reduce
+the vibration of the microscope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration of the microscope.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vibration of the microscope.
+Okay, things like that. That's the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, things like that. That's the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, things like that. That's the part
+that is the topic of vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the topic of vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the topic of vibration
+isolation. So, we're going to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation. So, we're going to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation. So, we're going to get into
+that next time. Thanks.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/x0scPosOsoI.txt b/x0scPosOsoI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f04a4147f2f3844ec36bfef49e8ee109a40915a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/x0scPosOsoI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright let's get started today we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's get started today we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's get started today we are
+going to complete our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to complete our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to complete our discussion of
+consumer choice by actually coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer choice by actually coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer choice by actually coming back
+and deriving the demand curve that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deriving the demand curve that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and deriving the demand curve that we
+started the semester with actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the semester with actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the semester with actually
+showing you how from the limited set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how from the limited set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you how from the limited set of
+tools we've given you we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we've given you we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools we've given you we can actually
+derive the underlying demand curves that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the underlying demand curves that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive the underlying demand curves that
+we've seen in this class I'm gonna spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in this class I'm gonna spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've seen in this class I'm gonna spend
+the rest of lecture than talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of lecture than talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of lecture than talking about
+the elasticity of demand what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand what determines
+the shape of that demand curve I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of that demand curve I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of that demand curve I'll talk
+about how changes in income affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how changes in income affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how changes in income affect
+demand and then we'll come and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and then we'll come and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and then we'll come and we'll
+come back talk about the effects or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back talk about the effects or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back talk about the effects or
+price change and we'll talk about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change and we'll talk about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change and we'll talk about sort
+of the theoretical concepts underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theoretical concepts underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the theoretical concepts underneath
+how you analyze a change in price in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you analyze a change in price in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you analyze a change in price in the
+economics model so let's start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics model so let's start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics model so let's start with
+deriving demand curves deriving demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving demand curves deriving demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving demand curves deriving demand
+curves okay so we started in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so we started in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves okay so we started in this class
+with the demand and supply curve and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the demand and supply curve and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the demand and supply curve and I
+said would say where they came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said would say where they came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said would say where they came from
+so basically we're now gonna talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we're now gonna talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically we're now gonna talk about
+how do you derive from the tools we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you derive from the tools we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you derive from the tools we've
+learned so far the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so far the relationship between
+price and quantity demanded the downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and quantity demanded the downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and quantity demanded the downward
+sloping relationship between price and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping relationship between price and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sloping relationship between price and
+quantity demanded that we showed you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity demanded that we showed you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity demanded that we showed you in
+the very first lecture so let's to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first lecture so let's to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first lecture so let's to do so
+let's return to our example from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's return to our example from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's return to our example from last
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+remember exam from last time as utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exam from last time as utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember exam from last time as utility
+function was of the form u equals P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was of the form u equals P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function was of the form u equals P
+times C okay your parents had given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C okay your parents had given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times C okay your parents had given you
+an income of 72 dollars with which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an income of 72 dollars with which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an income of 72 dollars with which you
+could buy pizza and cookies pizza at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy pizza and cookies pizza at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could buy pizza and cookies pizza at a
+price of $12 and cookies at a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of $12 and cookies at a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of $12 and cookies at a price of
+$6 okay that was a parameters our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6 okay that was a parameters our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$6 okay that was a parameters our
+example from last time and once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from last time and once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from last time and once again
+remember all I've done is given you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all I've done is given you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember all I've done is given you
+stuff here obviously your dis this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here obviously your dis this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff here obviously your dis this part
+is non-controversial as a price for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-controversial as a price for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non-controversial as a price for
+pizza and the market price cookies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and the market price cookies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pizza and the market price cookies in
+the market there's an income this amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market there's an income this amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market there's an income this amount
+of money your parents give you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money your parents give you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of money your parents give you that's
+all uncontroversial and this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uncontroversial and this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uncontroversial and this is just a
+sensible assumption of what someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible assumption of what someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible assumption of what someone's
+preferences might look like all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences might look like all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences might look like all I'm
+saying is with these four things we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is with these four things we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is with these four things we are
+done with these four things we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with these four things we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with these four things we can now
+derive a demand curve and how's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a demand curve and how's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a demand curve and how's that
+let's start by looking at it graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by looking at it graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start by looking at it graphically
+in Figure 4-1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Figure 4-1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Figure 4-1 okay
+figure for one on the left-hand side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for one on the left-hand side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure for one on the left-hand side is
+exactly the kind of a difference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of a difference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the kind of a difference curve
+analysis that we did last time so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that we did last time so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that we did last time so we
+start with budget constraint BC 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with budget constraint BC 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with budget constraint BC 1 okay
+that is something where you could either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something where you could either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something where you could either
+get up to 12 cookies and no pizza or up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to 12 cookies and no pizza or up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to 12 cookies and no pizza or up
+to six pizzas and no cookies okay and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six pizzas and no cookies okay and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to six pizzas and no cookies okay and we
+know from analysis last time given this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from analysis last time given this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know from analysis last time given this
+we showed you last time and you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you last time and you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we showed you last time and you went
+home and practiced and we're so excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and practiced and we're so excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home and practiced and we're so excited
+you told your mom and everything we told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you told your mom and everything we told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you told your mom and everything we told
+you how you could show that you'd want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you could show that you'd want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how you could show that you'd want
+that you'd want six cookies and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd want six cookies and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'd want six cookies and three
+slices of pizza at a point like point A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza at a point like point A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices of pizza at a point like point A
+okay we showed that last time now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we showed that last time now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we showed that last time now we
+also talked about happen when the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about happen when the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talked about happen when the price
+changes so for example imagine that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so for example imagine that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so for example imagine that the
+price of cookies rises to nine dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cookies rises to nine dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cookies rises to nine dollars
+okay well we know the price cookies rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we know the price cookies rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well we know the price cookies rise
+to nine dollars it's that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nine dollars it's that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nine dollars it's that you could
+still on your budget afford six pizzas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on your budget afford six pizzas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still on your budget afford six pizzas
+so the y-intercept does not change but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the y-intercept does not change but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the y-intercept does not change but
+the x-intercept changes now you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-intercept changes now you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x-intercept changes now you can only
+afford eight cookies so you move to BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford eight cookies so you move to BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford eight cookies so you move to BC
+to sub to you used to be able to used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sub to you used to be able to used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sub to you used to be able to used to
+be able to afford 12 cookies not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to afford 12 cookies not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to afford 12 cookies not going
+to afford eight cookies and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to afford eight cookies and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to afford eight cookies and most
+importantly the slope of the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly the slope of the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly the slope of the budget
+straight has steepened remember what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight has steepened remember what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight has steepened remember what is
+the slope with the buckets budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope with the buckets budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope with the buckets budget
+constraint it's the slope of the budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's the slope of the budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint it's the slope of the budget
+constraint the slope is minus p OC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the slope is minus p OC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the slope is minus p OC over
+P P that's the slope and that's deepened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P P that's the slope and that's deepened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P P that's the slope and that's deepened
+because the price of cookie says there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price of cookie says there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the price of cookie says there
+is it so you don't have a steeper budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so you don't have a steeper budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it so you don't have a steeper budget
+rate to slope used to be minus 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to slope used to be minus 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to slope used to be minus 1/2
+now it's minus 3/4 so now that's gone 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's minus 3/4 so now that's gone 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's minus 3/4 so now that's gone 4
+minus 1/2 2 minus 3/4 with this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 2 minus 3/4 with this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1/2 2 minus 3/4 with this new
+higher price for pizza a high price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price for pizza a high price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher price for pizza a high price of
+cookies I'm sorry in the price cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies I'm sorry in the price cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies I'm sorry in the price cookie
+shows to $9 that budget constraint has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows to $9 that budget constraint has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows to $9 that budget constraint has
+steepened okay what is this due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepened okay what is this due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steepened okay what is this due to
+demand for cookies well we find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for cookies well we find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for cookies well we find the
+highest tangency of your indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest tangency of your indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest tangency of your indifference
+curves with this new budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves with this new budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves with this new budget constraint
+and you could solve mathematically to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could solve mathematically to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could solve mathematically to
+show that that will occur at point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that that will occur at point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that that will occur at point B
+where you will choose to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will choose to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you will choose to continue to
+have 3 slices of pizza but to only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 slices of pizza but to only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 3 slices of pizza but to only have
+4 cookies that is what happens if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 cookies that is what happens if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 cookies that is what happens if you
+take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this
+you could streamed optimization if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could streamed optimization if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could streamed optimization if you
+change this price to nine reoptimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this price to nine reoptimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change this price to nine reoptimize the
+way we showed you last time you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we showed you last time you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we showed you last time you didn't
+up finding that you would want you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finding that you would want you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up finding that you would want you would
+want a 4/3 slice of pizza and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a 4/3 slice of pizza and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a 4/3 slice of pizza and four
+cookies at point B okay now what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies at point B okay now what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies at point B okay now what if
+instead the price of cookies fell to $4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the price of cookies fell to $4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead the price of cookies fell to $4
+so cookies got more got cheaper well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cookies got more got cheaper well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so cookies got more got cheaper well in
+that case now you could still only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case now you could still only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case now you could still only
+afford six slices of pizza so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford six slices of pizza so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford six slices of pizza so the
+y-intercept once again doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-intercept once again doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-intercept once again doesn't change
+but the x-intercept now moves out to 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the x-intercept now moves out to 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the x-intercept now moves out to 18
+because ninety can't afford 18 cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ninety can't afford 18 cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because ninety can't afford 18 cookies
+so your new budget constraint is flatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your new budget constraint is flatter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your new budget constraint is flatter
+its BC sub 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its BC sub 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its BC sub 3
+it's the flatter outermost budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the flatter outermost budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the flatter outermost budget
+constraint your opportunity set is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint your opportunity set is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint your opportunity set is much
+larger because cookies are cheaper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger because cookies are cheaper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger because cookies are cheaper you
+can see amount of money from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see amount of money from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see amount of money from your
+parents but it can buy more stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents but it can buy more stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents but it can buy more stuff and
+we're gonna buy more cookies so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna buy more cookies so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna buy more cookies so your
+opportunity set is larger so you now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity set is larger so you now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity set is larger so you now can
+reoptimize with a now flatter budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reoptimize with a now flatter budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reoptimize with a now flatter budget
+constraint the slope instead of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the slope instead of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint the slope instead of being a
+half has now fallen to a third okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half has now fallen to a third okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half has now fallen to a third okay the
+price goes over the but the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes over the but the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes over the but the price
+cookies is four dollars the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies is four dollars the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies is four dollars the price
+cookies over the price of pizza is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies over the price of pizza is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies over the price of pizza is now a
+third so an absolute value the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so an absolute value the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so an absolute value the slope is
+lower so you can now and we say that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so you can now and we say that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower so you can now and we say that if
+you take the same utility function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the same utility function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the same utility function and
+optimize that the new price at a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize that the new price at a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize that the new price at a price
+of cookies of $4 you will find that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cookies of $4 you will find that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cookies of $4 you will find that you
+will choose point C still three slices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose point C still three slices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose point C still three slices
+of pizza but now nine cookies so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza but now nine cookies so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pizza but now nine cookies so all
+three of those points we simply did by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those points we simply did by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of those points we simply did by
+doing the redoing the optimization I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the redoing the optimization I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the redoing the optimization I did
+last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time
+by taking this utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking this utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by taking this utility function
+maximizing it subject to a budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing it subject to a budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing it subject to a budget
+constraint dictated by these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint dictated by these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint dictated by these parameters
+and all you was change this parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you was change this parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all you was change this parameter
+twice once I may change it up once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice once I may change it up once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice once I may change it up once I
+change it down okay questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it down okay questions about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it down okay questions about that
+well you've now derived the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've now derived the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you've now derived the demand curve
+oh yeah I'm sorry question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know your fundamental your indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your fundamental your indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know your fundamental your indifference
+curves undeterred by utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves undeterred by utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves undeterred by utility function
+your different scores do not change it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your different scores do not change it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your different scores do not change it
+changes which indifference curves you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes which indifference curves you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes which indifference curves you
+end up choosing because the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up choosing because the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up choosing because the tangency
+point changes but the only change you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point changes but the only change you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point changes but the only change you
+ever Square will be changed utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever Square will be changed utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever Square will be changed utility
+function dearest cars purely come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function dearest cars purely come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function dearest cars purely come from
+this part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of it
+so difference curves come from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so difference curves come from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so difference curves come from here
+budget constraint comes from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint comes from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budget constraint comes from these
+pretty three pieces okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty three pieces okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty three pieces okay
+yeah well no but it is possible to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well no but it is possible to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well no but it is possible to take
+a bunch of demand curves to collaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of demand curves to collaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of demand curves to collaborate
+them to get one demand curve I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get one demand curve I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to get one demand curve I'm gonna
+talk about that later but no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later but no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that later but no
+indifference curves you can't really add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves you can't really add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curves you can't really add
+up because remember you Dalls are not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because remember you Dalls are not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up because remember you Dalls are not a
+thing so you can't add up indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you can't add up indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so you can't add up indifference
+curves but when I have people which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves but when I have people which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves but when I have people which you
+have demand curves and we've now derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have demand curves and we've now derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have demand curves and we've now derived
+the demand curve have we done that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve have we done that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve have we done that well
+what's the demand curve it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the demand curve it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the demand curve it's the
+relationship between price and quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between price and quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between price and quantity
+well I just showed you Liz you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I just showed you Liz you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I just showed you Liz you mean
+price in quantity when the price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price in quantity when the price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price in quantity when the price goes
+down quantity of cookies goes down goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down quantity of cookies goes down goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down quantity of cookies goes down goes
+up when the price goes up quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when the price goes up quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up when the price goes up quantity of
+cookies goes down well he just shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies goes down well he just shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies goes down well he just shift
+over to the right hand side a figure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right hand side a figure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the right hand side a figure for
+one there's a demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a demand curve
+I just graphed these three points I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just graphed these three points I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just graphed these three points I just
+graphed for each of the different price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed for each of the different price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphed for each of the different price
+of cookies I gave you how many cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cookies I gave you how many cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cookies I gave you how many cookies
+are demanded okay well at a price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are demanded okay well at a price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are demanded okay well at a price of
+cookies of six our initial price Jesus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies of six our initial price Jesus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies of six our initial price Jesus
+is really small six cookies whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really small six cookies whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really small six cookies whereas
+we're demanded okay when the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're demanded okay when the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're demanded okay when the price of
+cookies goes up to eight I'm sorry when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies goes up to eight I'm sorry when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies goes up to eight I'm sorry when
+it goes up to nine only four cookies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up to nine only four cookies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes up to nine only four cookies are
+demanded when the price of cookies Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded when the price of cookies Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded when the price of cookies Falls
+to four point C then nine cookies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four point C then nine cookies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to four point C then nine cookies are
+demanded so literally we've just arrived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded so literally we've just arrived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded so literally we've just arrived
+the demand curve starting with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve starting with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve starting with these
+primitives your tastes your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives your tastes your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives your tastes your preferences
+and your budget constraint we've derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your budget constraint we've derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your budget constraint we've derived
+a demand curve that's it that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demand curve that's it that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demand curve that's it that's what
+demand curve comes from okay and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve comes from okay and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve comes from okay and that is
+um that's essentially what is underneath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's essentially what is underneath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's essentially what is underneath
+the demand curve what's under the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve what's under the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand curve what's under the demand
+curve is the fact that as the reason to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is the fact that as the reason to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is the fact that as the reason to
+may incur slope down okay is that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may incur slope down okay is that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may incur slope down okay is that as the
+price goes up you want less of the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes up you want less of the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes up you want less of the good
+because with a given utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with a given utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with a given utility function
+that price goes up you want less of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price goes up you want less of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that price goes up you want less of the
+good and that's why demand curve slopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that's why demand curve slopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and that's why demand curve slopes
+down okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down okay
+so we've just arrived that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just arrived that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've just arrived that
+okay questions about that yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about that yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay questions about that yeah great
+question did you peek at my notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question did you peek at my notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question did you peek at my notes
+no because you if you had you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because you if you had you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because you if you had you would have
+said that's exactly the question I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's exactly the question I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that's exactly the question I would
+have asked you so since you asked me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have asked you so since you asked me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have asked you so since you asked me
+I'll answer it no it is not always true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll answer it no it is not always true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll answer it no it is not always true
+in fact that is a feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that is a feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact that is a feature of this
+particular utility function I've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular utility function I've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular utility function I've chosen
+this particular utility function I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular utility function I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular utility function I've
+chosen gives the feature that the demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen gives the feature that the demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen gives the feature that the demand
+for a good is a function only of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good is a function only of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a good is a function only of your
+income in that goods price not of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in that goods price not of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income in that goods price not of the
+other goods price that's a feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other goods price that's a feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other goods price that's a feature of
+this that's why we like this utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's why we like this utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's why we like this utility
+function okay it has that nice feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay it has that nice feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay it has that nice feature
+in general that's not true in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general that's not true in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general that's not true in general
+when the price of one good changes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the price of one good changes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the price of one good changes it
+will affect the demand for all goods not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect the demand for all goods not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will affect the demand for all goods not
+just that good itself so the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that good itself so the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that good itself so the more
+general utility function that would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general utility function that would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general utility function that would not
+be true with this utility function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true with this utility function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true with this utility function it
+gives what's called the flat price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives what's called the flat price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives what's called the flat price
+consumption curve okay not a term you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption curve okay not a term you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption curve okay not a term you
+need to know but just if you wanna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know but just if you wanna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know but just if you wanna be
+more technical which is basically least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical which is basically least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical which is basically least
+utility function demand for any good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function demand for any good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function demand for any good is
+a function only of its own price in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function only of its own price in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function only of its own price in your
+income therefore when other prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income therefore when other prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income therefore when other prices
+change it doesn't affect the demand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it doesn't affect the demand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it doesn't affect the demand for
+that good but that is not generally true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good but that is not generally true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that good but that is not generally true
+in general when you change the price of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when you change the price of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general when you change the price of
+one good demand for all goods changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good demand for all goods changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good demand for all goods changes
+okay questions about that okay yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what no matter what number I chosen but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no matter what number I chosen but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what no matter what number I chosen but
+the bottom line is the number as a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is the number as a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is the number as a price
+cookies changes the number of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies changes the number of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies changes the number of pizza
+slices would never change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices would never change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices would never change
+demanda would never change that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanda would never change that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanda would never change that's the
+feature of this of this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this of this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this of this particular
+chilli function it's a nice feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilli function it's a nice feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilli function it's a nice feature of
+it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay
+once again that comes to this trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again that comes to this trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again that comes to this trade-off
+with modeling I've chosen a simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modeling I've chosen a simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with modeling I've chosen a simplified
+utility function with this nice feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function with this nice feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function with this nice feature
+it's almost certainly not true okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost certainly not true okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost certainly not true okay but
+we once again allow it allowed us to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we once again allow it allowed us to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we once again allow it allowed us to the
+ride very sensible demand curve without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride very sensible demand curve without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ride very sensible demand curve without
+introducing other complications okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing other complications okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing other complications okay now
+what determines the XI this demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the XI this demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what determines the XI this demand
+curves particular shape what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves particular shape what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves particular shape what determines
+the shape of this demand curve and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this demand curve and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of this demand curve and that
+leads us to the second topic I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to the second topic I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads us to the second topic I want to
+cover today which is the elasticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today which is the elasticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover today which is the elasticity of
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the elasticity of demand what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity of demand what determines
+the shape of a demand curve is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a demand curve is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape of a demand curve is what we
+call the elephant elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the elephant elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the elephant elasticity of demand
+which we define as we define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we define as we define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we define as we define the
+elasticity of demand epsilon as Delta Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand epsilon as Delta Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand epsilon as Delta Q
+over Q over Delta P over P it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q over Delta P over P it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Q over Delta P over P it's the
+percentage change in quantity for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change in quantity for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change in quantity for a
+percentage change in price so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change in price so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage change in price so for
+example if quantity falls by two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if quantity falls by two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if quantity falls by two percent
+for every 1% increase in price that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every 1% increase in price that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every 1% increase in price that's
+the last is demand of negative two so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last is demand of negative two so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last is demand of negative two so
+that's the C of demand as long as demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the C of demand as long as demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the C of demand as long as demand
+cars are downward sloping is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars are downward sloping is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars are downward sloping is less than
+zero because the price goes up quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the price goes up quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because the price goes up quantity
+Falls okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls okay
+slots tissa t demand is less than zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots tissa t demand is less than zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slots tissa t demand is less than zero
+okay and less I'm sorry less than equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and less I'm sorry less than equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and less I'm sorry less than equal
+to 0 less than equal to zero yeah great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 less than equal to zero yeah great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 0 less than equal to zero yeah great
+question when we're doing this if we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when we're doing this if we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question when we're doing this if we did
+it in calculus it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in calculus it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in calculus it would be
+infinitesimally exelon change so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally exelon change so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitesimally exelon change so it
+wouldn't matter for this new or old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't matter for this new or old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't matter for this new or old
+quality when you do it discreetly use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality when you do it discreetly use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality when you do it discreetly use
+the old quantity okay so I should say Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old quantity okay so I should say Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old quantity okay so I should say Q
+0 and p 0 once again if you did this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and p 0 once again if you did this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and p 0 once again if you did this in
+calculus which is the way we're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus which is the way we're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus which is the way we're sort of
+thinking about an underlying intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about an underlying intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about an underlying intuition
+it's an epsilon change so Q 0 and p 0 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an epsilon change so Q 0 and p 0 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an epsilon change so Q 0 and p 0 or
+epsilon it doesn't really matter but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon it doesn't really matter but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon it doesn't really matter but if
+you do we just create lead want to use Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do we just create lead want to use Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do we just create lead want to use Q
+0 and p 0 okay there's a great question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and p 0 okay there's a great question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and p 0 okay there's a great question
+it's keep them coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's keep them coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's keep them coming
+okay now whenever we think of constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now whenever we think of constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now whenever we think of constant
+elasticity it's always useful think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity it's always useful think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity it's always useful think
+about the extremes so what me extremes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the extremes so what me extremes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the extremes so what me extremes
+this measure one extreme would be if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measure one extreme would be if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this measure one extreme would be if the
+elasticity mand was zero we would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity mand was zero we would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity mand was zero we would call
+that perfectly inelastic demand would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perfectly inelastic demand would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that perfectly inelastic demand would be
+epsilon equals zero now extremes never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon equals zero now extremes never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon equals zero now extremes never
+exist in the real world okay but we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the real world okay but we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist in the real world okay but we get
+but there are cases that come very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are cases that come very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are cases that come very close
+so can someone without flipping the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can someone without flipping the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can someone without flipping the page
+of the handout don't do it because only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout don't do it because only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the handout don't do it because only
+for flip relations and give me an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flip relations and give me an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for flip relations and give me an
+example of a good that might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a good that might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a good that might have
+perfectly in a very very very inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in a very very very inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly in a very very very inelastic
+demand we're no matter the price you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand we're no matter the price you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand we're no matter the price you'd
+still want the same quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want the same quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still want the same quantity
+yeah you you water something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you water something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you water something that's
+essential life like water what else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential life like water what else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential life like water what else yeah
+in the way back well insulin is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way back well insulin is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the way back well insulin is the
+classic example we use okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example we use okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example we use okay yeah
+sewage removals interesting although not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage removals interesting although not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sewage removals interesting although not
+quite because we see a lot of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite because we see a lot of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite because we see a lot of variation
+around the world and sewage removal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and sewage removal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world and sewage removal but
+something like that baseless centrioles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that baseless centrioles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that baseless centrioles
+of life insulin is a classic example we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life insulin is a classic example we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life insulin is a classic example we
+use indeed that's example I do use in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use indeed that's example I do use in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use indeed that's example I do use in
+the next so I guess I didn't list it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next so I guess I didn't list it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next so I guess I didn't list it on
+here so you could have turned the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you could have turned the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so you could have turned the page
+we think about perfectly the last demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about perfectly the last demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think about perfectly the last demand
+someone once again for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone once again for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone once again for those of you who
+don't know about the medical science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about the medical science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about the medical science
+here basically if you're diabetic you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically if you're diabetic you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically if you're diabetic you
+have trouble controlling your blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble controlling your blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have trouble controlling your blood
+sugar insulin is a medicine you take to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar insulin is a medicine you take to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar insulin is a medicine you take to
+help you control your blood sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you control your blood sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you control your blood sugar
+without it you die so you'd think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you die so you'd think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you die so you'd think that's
+pretty either last time in like I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty either last time in like I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty either last time in like I want
+to live so I'm gonna want to have my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live so I'm gonna want to have my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live so I'm gonna want to have my
+insulin and if the price goes up I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and if the price goes up I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin and if the price goes up I'm not
+gonna say now just die okay you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say now just die okay you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say now just die okay you're gonna
+want to still have the insulin so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to still have the insulin so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to still have the insulin so we
+think in that case quantity be fixed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in that case quantity be fixed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in that case quantity be fixed at
+some Q which is the insulin you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q which is the insulin you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Q which is the insulin you need to
+live and it wouldn't really matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and it wouldn't really matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live and it wouldn't really matter what
+the prices so the elasticity would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices so the elasticity would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices so the elasticity would be
+zero you have a perfectly inelastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you have a perfectly inelastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you have a perfectly inelastic
+curve quantity would not change with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve quantity would not change with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve quantity would not change with
+price okay basically that would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay basically that would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price okay basically that would happen
+when there is no plausible substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no plausible substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there is no plausible substitute
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+the reason water is not as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason water is not as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason water is not as good as
+insulin is because I can drink something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin is because I can drink something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin is because I can drink something
+else and sewage removal I can do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and sewage removal I can do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and sewage removal I can do other
+things to deal with the sewage in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to deal with the sewage in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to deal with the sewage in my
+house but is then there is no substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house but is then there is no substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house but is then there is no substitute
+I die okay so basically the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I die okay so basically the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I die okay so basically the bottom line
+is V when there's no plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V when there's no plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V when there's no plausible
+substitute they may be perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute they may be perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute they may be perfectly
+inelastic likewise we consider yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic likewise we consider yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic likewise we consider yeah okay
+this is a market that's a great point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a market that's a great point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a market that's a great point
+I'm just doing this as let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just doing this as let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just doing this as let's actually
+imagine there's one company for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's one company for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine there's one company for now
+you're right I'm not doing choice across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I'm not doing choice across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I'm not doing choice across
+companies okay so that would be so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies okay so that would be so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies okay so that would be so that
+would be perfectly inelastic we can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perfectly inelastic we can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be perfectly inelastic we can all
+sue to the other extreme perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue to the other extreme perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sue to the other extreme perfectly
+elastic so what's an example perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so what's an example perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic so what's an example perfectly
+elastic demand perfectly elastic demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic demand perfectly elastic demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic demand perfectly elastic demand
+is that part of last demand is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that part of last demand is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that part of last demand is that
+epsilon equals negative infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon equals negative infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon equals negative infinity
+okay so what what what would cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what what would cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what what what would cost
+perfectly inelastic demand people raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly inelastic demand people raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly inelastic demand people raise
+their hand and and tell me perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand and and tell me perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand and and tell me perfectly
+perfectly elastic a perfectly elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic a perfectly elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic a perfectly elastic
+demand I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand I'm sorry
+well cause perfectly elastic demand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cause perfectly elastic demand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well cause perfectly elastic demand what
+would cause it I'm sure to try spread it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cause it I'm sure to try spread it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would cause it I'm sure to try spread it
+around a little bit yeah that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a little bit yeah that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a little bit yeah that's
+interesting I mean it wouldn't that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I mean it wouldn't that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting I mean it wouldn't that's
+not I'm gonna come to that but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm gonna come to that but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I'm gonna come to that but that
+wouldn't that's something where demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't that's something where demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't that's something where demand
+will be less elastic but not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less elastic but not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be less elastic but not perfectly
+not close purl elastic because basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not close purl elastic because basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not close purl elastic because basically
+well then I ask a question this way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I ask a question this way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then I ask a question this way what
+would drive a good - very very elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive a good - very very elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would drive a good - very very elastic
+demand in general yeah exactly perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in general yeah exactly perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in general yeah exactly perfect
+substitutes diamonds like doughnut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes diamonds like doughnut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutes diamonds like doughnut
+perfect substitutes I mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect substitutes I mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect substitutes I mean they're
+increasingly making fake diamonds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly making fake diamonds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly making fake diamonds that
+are better and better substitutes but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better and better substitutes but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are better and better substitutes but a
+real diamond still doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real diamond still doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real diamond still doesn't have a
+perfect substitute so what does what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect substitute so what does what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect substitute so what does what's
+an example this up with a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example this up with a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example this up with a very good
+substitute yeah a spork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute yeah a spork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute yeah a spork
+there is no sub I am insulted that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no sub I am insulted that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no sub I am insulted that you
+would suggest at the great spork you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest at the great spork you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would suggest at the great spork you
+need two different things to replace a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two different things to replace a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need two different things to replace a
+spork and a fork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spork and a fork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spork and a fork
+no I reject your spork suggestion I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I reject your spork suggestion I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I reject your spork suggestion I'm
+just joking know what what else what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just joking know what what else what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just joking know what what else what
+else what is something that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what is something that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else what is something that's really
+good substance yeah yeah something which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good substance yeah yeah something which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good substance yeah yeah something which
+is an off-brand medication or like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an off-brand medication or like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an off-brand medication or like I
+like think of like a fast food okay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like think of like a fast food okay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like think of like a fast food okay like
+like make like fast-food burgers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make like fast-food burgers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like make like fast-food burgers and
+pretty good substance fast food pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good substance fast food pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good substance fast food pizza
+okay basically it's once again it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically it's once again it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay basically it's once again it's hard
+to think of an extreme example nothing's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of an extreme example nothing's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of an extreme example nothing's
+ever perfect elastic but things which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever perfect elastic but things which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever perfect elastic but things which
+have very good substitutes okay tipping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good substitutes okay tipping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good substitutes okay tipping
+this works well we think across brands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works well we think across brands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works well we think across brands
+okay think about different brands of gum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about different brands of gum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about different brands of gum
+geez I mean who the hell cares or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez I mean who the hell cares or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geez I mean who the hell cares or
+different brands of fast food yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a separate issue let's come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a separate issue let's come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a separate issue let's come back
+that's sort of a separate that's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a separate that's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of a separate that's like a
+key a weird kinked budget constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key a weird kinked budget constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key a weird kinked budget constraint
+that's not really about substitution but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really about substitution but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really about substitution but
+the bottom line is we don't need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is we don't need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is we don't need more
+examples the bottom line is we the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the bottom line is we the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples the bottom line is we the key
+element to and we show that in Figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to and we show that in Figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element to and we show that in Figure
+4-3 that's gonna be a horizontal demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4-3 that's gonna be a horizontal demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4-3 that's gonna be a horizontal demand
+curve with a perfectly elastic menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with a perfectly elastic menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve with a perfectly elastic menu
+horizontal demand curve and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal demand curve and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal demand curve and therefore
+price never changes because with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price never changes because with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price never changes because with a
+perfectly elastic demand this it's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic demand this it's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly elastic demand this it's sort
+of a weird way to think of our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird way to think of our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a weird way to think of our last
+demand the way it works if if I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the way it works if if I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the way it works if if I ever
+charge with her last night if I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge with her last night if I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge with her last night if I ever
+charge the price 1 epsilon above someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the price 1 epsilon above someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge the price 1 epsilon above someone
+else I'd lose all my business and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'd lose all my business and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I'd lose all my business and if I
+charge a price 1 epsilon below everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a price 1 epsilon below everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge a price 1 epsilon below everyone
+else I would have the entire market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I would have the entire market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I would have the entire market
+because if it's perfectly elastic like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's perfectly elastic like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's perfectly elastic like
+if one pack of gum I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one pack of gum I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if one pack of gum I don't know what
+these stupid gum thing orbits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stupid gum thing orbits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stupid gum thing orbits and
+ellipse or whatever if they charge like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse or whatever if they charge like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ellipse or whatever if they charge like
+a penny more than someone else know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a penny more than someone else know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a penny more than someone else know
+would buy them they go out of business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buy them they go out of business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would buy them they go out of business
+ok that's the idea here and that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's the idea here and that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok that's the idea here and that's why
+the price you can't change the price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price you can't change the price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price you can't change the price is
+fixed if anyone deviates from that price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed if anyone deviates from that price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed if anyone deviates from that price
+boom they need to lose the market at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom they need to lose the market at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boom they need to lose the market at the
+whole market yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's not really a market for dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a market for dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not really a market for dollar
+bills there's not really I mean you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills there's not really I mean you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills there's not really I mean you
+could say the demand for cash in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the demand for cash in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say the demand for cash in general
+might be fairly elastic because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fairly elastic because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be fairly elastic because you have
+credit cards and things like that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and things like that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and things like that that's
+interesting idea yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting idea yeah
+so basically when your perfectly elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when your perfectly elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically when your perfectly elastic
+demand you end up with sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand you end up with sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand you end up with sort of this
+constant price and quantity and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant price and quantity and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant price and quantity and and
+quantity changes but price doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity changes but price doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity changes but price doesn't
+change okay so that's kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so that's kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change okay so that's kind of the
+extremes now um in so in general we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes now um in so in general we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes now um in so in general we have
+goods that are more and less elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that are more and less elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that are more and less elastic
+okay in general we end up within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in general we end up within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in general we end up within this
+range and probably elastic imperfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and probably elastic imperfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range and probably elastic imperfectly
+the last thing the bottom line is here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing the bottom line is here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing the bottom line is here's
+the intuition I want you to have what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition I want you to have what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition I want you to have what
+determines elasticity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines elasticity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines elasticity is
+substitutability the more substitutable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutability the more substitutable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutability the more substitutable
+goods are the more elastically demanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are the more elastically demanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods are the more elastically demanded
+they are okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are okay
+so now now I want to go on to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now I want to go on to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now now I want to go on to another
+topic which is related which is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is related which is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic which is related which is we
+talked in our example about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in our example about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked in our example about what
+happened when I change prices what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when I change prices what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened when I change prices what about
+when I change income so the third topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I change income so the third topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I change income so the third topic
+I want to talk about is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about is what happens
+when income shifts and how does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when income shifts and how does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when income shifts and how does that
+affect demand curse when income shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect demand curse when income shifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect demand curse when income shifts
+how does that affect demand curves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that affect demand curves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does that affect demand curves okay
+well we can do the same exercise we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can do the same exercise we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we can do the same exercise we did
+before we did an exercise before we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we did an exercise before we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we did an exercise before we said
+well let's just use the tools we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just use the tools we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's just use the tools we used
+before to solve for your new choices at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to solve for your new choices at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before to solve for your new choices at
+different prices let's just solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prices let's just solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prices let's just solve for
+your choice if you're an income so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice if you're an income so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your choice if you're an income so let's
+go to figure four four okay figure four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to figure four four okay figure four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to figure four four okay figure four
+four once again we start with BC one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four once again we start with BC one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four once again we start with BC one
+same parameters as before same setup as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parameters as before same setup as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same parameters as before same setup as
+before okay we choose point a now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay we choose point a now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before okay we choose point a now let's
+say I raise your income from $72 to $96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I raise your income from $72 to $96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I raise your income from $72 to $96
+you've done well your parents are giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done well your parents are giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done well your parents are giving
+you more money $96 well in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more money $96 well in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you more money $96 well in that case you
+will choose to have both more pizza and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose to have both more pizza and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose to have both more pizza and
+more cookies given this utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cookies given this utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cookies given this utility function
+you will choose the point you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will choose the point you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will choose the point you will
+choose point B okay you will choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose point B okay you will choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose point B okay you will choose
+point B okay likewise if I lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B okay likewise if I lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point B okay likewise if I lower your
+income from $70 to $48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from $70 to $48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income from $70 to $48
+then you will choose point C okay so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will choose point C okay so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will choose point C okay so as
+your income goes up you'll choose more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income goes up you'll choose more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income goes up you'll choose more
+of both as your even goes down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both as your even goes down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both as your even goes down you
+choose less of both okay so now once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose less of both okay so now once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose less of both okay so now once
+again you'll notice this well let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll notice this well let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll notice this well let me
+come to that so basically what that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that so basically what that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to that so basically what that says
+is I can trace out the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can trace out the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I can trace out the relationship
+between how your income changes how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how your income changes how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between how your income changes how your
+demand for cookies change I can go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for cookies change I can go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand for cookies change I can go and
+grasp that on the next graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp that on the next graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grasp that on the next graph and
+generate what's called the angle curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate what's called the angle curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate what's called the angle curve
+the angle curve is the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle curve is the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle curve is the relationship
+between income and quantity demanded and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income and quantity demanded and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between income and quantity demanded and
+we'll come back to why this matters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to why this matters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back to why this matters okay
+the end curves relation to income and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end curves relation to income and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end curves relation to income and
+quantity med now here the Elven curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity med now here the Elven curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity med now here the Elven curve is
+linear once again that's just a feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear once again that's just a feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear once again that's just a feature
+of this utility function in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this utility function in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this utility function in general
+doesn't have to be linear but here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be linear but here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have to be linear but here the
+out curve is linear that's just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out curve is linear that's just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out curve is linear that's just because
+of the way we struck this utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we struck this utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we struck this utility
+function okay and the slope of the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and the slope of the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function okay and the slope of the angle
+curve is what we call the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is what we call the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is what we call the income
+elasticity of demand okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand okay
+gamma which is Delta Q over Q to 0 once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma which is Delta Q over Q to 0 once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma which is Delta Q over Q to 0 once
+again if we're doing discretely over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we're doing discretely over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we're doing discretely over
+Delta Y over Y 0 that's the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y over Y 0 that's the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta Y over Y 0 that's the income
+elasticity of demand okay now now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand okay now now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity of demand okay now now let me
+just say let me just say one one comment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say let me just say one one comment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say let me just say one one comment
+here about this because there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about this because there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here about this because there's sort of
+a big sheet that I'm doing here with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big sheet that I'm doing here with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big sheet that I'm doing here with all
+this that I need you guys to be aware of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I need you guys to be aware of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I need you guys to be aware of
+which is which is constant elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is constant elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is which is constant elasticity
+versus linear curves we know a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus linear curves we know a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus linear curves we know a constant
+elasticity curve will not be linear okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity curve will not be linear okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity curve will not be linear okay
+if it's linear it's not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's linear it's not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's linear it's not constant
+elasticity because he unless if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity because he unless if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity because he unless if it's
+salinity the elasticity will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salinity the elasticity will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salinity the elasticity will change
+along the curve okay so the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve okay so the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the curve okay so the demand curve
+I just wrote I drew in Figure four one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote I drew in Figure four one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wrote I drew in Figure four one
+that was a constant elasticity demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a constant elasticity demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a constant elasticity demand
+curve that's why it was curved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's why it was curved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's why it was curved this
+angle curve I drew here would not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle curve I drew here would not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle curve I drew here would not be
+constant elasticity because it's linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant elasticity because it's linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant elasticity because it's linear
+you could you can calculate for yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you can calculate for yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could you can calculate for yourself
+that the percentage change the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the percentage change the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the percentage change the income
+elasticity will shift as you go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity will shift as you go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity will shift as you go along
+this curve and you could show that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve and you could show that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curve and you could show that you
+can show yourself that what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show yourself that what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show yourself that what we're gonna
+do in this class is we're gonna draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this class is we're gonna draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in this class is we're gonna draw a
+linear constant elasticity curves which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant elasticity curves which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear constant elasticity curves which
+is of course technically wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course technically wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is of course technically wrong
+just think of them as blown-up versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of them as blown-up versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think of them as blown-up versions
+of a large demand curve everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a large demand curve everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a large demand curve everything is
+locally linear right once again for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally linear right once again for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally linear right once again for an
+epsilon change everything is linear so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon change everything is linear so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon change everything is linear so
+the truth is we're cheat a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is we're cheat a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truth is we're cheat a little bit
+and often draw a linear constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often draw a linear constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and often draw a linear constant
+elasticity curves and I want to own that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity curves and I want to own that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity curves and I want to own that
+that's a cheat okay but just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cheat okay but just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cheat okay but just if
+everything is really local it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is really local it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is really local it's not that
+bad a cheat okay so so that's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad a cheat okay so so that's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad a cheat okay so so that's kind of
+how we're good that's that sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're good that's that sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're good that's that sort of a
+cheat we're gonna do constantly through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat we're gonna do constantly through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat we're gonna do constantly through
+this course and we'll be very clear if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and we'll be very clear if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course and we'll be very clear if
+we very clear any problems or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we very clear any problems or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we very clear any problems or anything
+if we need you two to two to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need you two to two to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we need you two to two to deviate
+from that okay now what we have here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that okay now what we have here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that okay now what we have here in
+addition to a linear angle curve is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to a linear angle curve is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to a linear angle curve is we
+have an upward sloping angle curve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an upward sloping angle curve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an upward sloping angle curve or
+positive income elasticity we call goods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive income elasticity we call goods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive income elasticity we call goods
+with a positive income elasticity normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a positive income elasticity normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a positive income elasticity normal
+Goods goods where the more money you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods goods where the more money you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goods goods where the more money you
+have the more of them you want we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the more of them you want we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the more of them you want we call
+normal Goods okay because that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Goods okay because that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal Goods okay because that's sort of
+normal however it is also true that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal however it is also true that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal however it is also true that a
+number of goods in the world actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of goods in the world actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of goods in the world actually
+have gamma less than zero and we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gamma less than zero and we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gamma less than zero and we call
+those inferior goods why would a good be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inferior goods why would a good be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inferior goods why would a good be
+inferior why when your income goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior why when your income goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior why when your income goes up
+yeah exactly any examples I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly any examples I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly any examples I want to
+think of yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly grazie Omega watch this verges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly grazie Omega watch this verges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly grazie Omega watch this verges
+relax watches I wouldn't think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax watches I wouldn't think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relax watches I wouldn't think of them
+as an inferior either of them as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an inferior either of them as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an inferior either of them as
+inferior relevant they may be inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior relevant they may be inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior relevant they may be inferior
+but obviously when your income goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously when your income goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but obviously when your income goes up
+you're not gonna suddenly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna suddenly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna suddenly you know
+you're gonna want more both okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna want more both okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna want more both okay
+where's fast food you actually would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's fast food you actually would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's fast food you actually would
+want less of it as your income goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want less of it as your income goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want less of it as your income goes up
+literally you will eat a McDonald's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you will eat a McDonald's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you will eat a McDonald's less
+if you're richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're richer
+you're not gonna fewer watches if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna fewer watches if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not gonna fewer watches if you're
+richer okay so the bottom line is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer okay so the bottom line is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer okay so the bottom line is that
+you inferior goods you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inferior goods you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you inferior goods you're actually
+getting to it's it's a bit subtle about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to it's it's a bit subtle about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to it's it's a bit subtle about
+different goods of the same kind let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goods of the same kind let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goods of the same kind let's
+think about classes of goods rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about classes of goods rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about classes of goods rather than
+brands of goods once you get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brands of goods once you get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brands of goods once you get across
+brains you're right don't see my class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains you're right don't see my class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains you're right don't see my class
+of goods watches luxury watches in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods watches luxury watches in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goods watches luxury watches in
+general are clearly not inferior fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general are clearly not inferior fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general are clearly not inferior fast
+food may be inferior literally rich or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food may be inferior literally rich or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food may be inferior literally rich or
+people made probably less fast food than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people made probably less fast food than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people made probably less fast food than
+poor people okay yeah that's that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people okay yeah that's that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor people okay yeah that's that could
+be right but yeah uh I think not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right but yeah uh I think not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right but yeah uh I think not because
+the bottom line is rich guys are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is rich guys are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line is rich guys are gonna
+have are much more like I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are much more like I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have are much more like I have two
+refrigerators than one so it says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators than one so it says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrigerators than one so it says it's
+discreteness problem it's it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreteness problem it's it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discreteness problem it's it's two
+discrete to really use an example but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete to really use an example but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete to really use an example but I
+think fast food is a great example of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think fast food is a great example of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think fast food is a great example of a
+class example we use is potatoes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class example we use is potatoes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class example we use is potatoes okay
+we're like in the old days like before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like in the old days like before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like in the old days like before
+fast food like that was the cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast food like that was the cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast food like that was the cheap
+filling shitty tasting food stuff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling shitty tasting food stuff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling shitty tasting food stuff that
+guys sort of used ate all the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys sort of used ate all the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys sort of used ate all the time and
+now like when they have money they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like when they have money they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like when they have money they say
+I'm gonna move on to steak and they eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna move on to steak and they eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna move on to steak and they eat
+less potatoes okay so something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less potatoes okay so something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less potatoes okay so something where
+essentially you'd rather shift to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you'd rather shift to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially you'd rather shift to
+something else you have more money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you have more money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else you have more money is
+inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior
+okay now moreover within that within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now moreover within that within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now moreover within that within
+normal we're going to draw a distinction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal we're going to draw a distinction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal we're going to draw a distinction
+between what we call luxuries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we call luxuries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between what we call luxuries and
+necessities walk treats are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities walk treats are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities walk treats are going to be
+good where gamma is greater than one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good where gamma is greater than one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good where gamma is greater than one and
+necessities gamma is less than one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities gamma is less than one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessities gamma is less than one so
+we're gonna say essentially the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say essentially the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna say essentially the question
+is proportional to your budget what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to your budget what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to your budget what
+happens your income goes up in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens your income goes up in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens your income goes up in other
+words do you spend more and more they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words do you spend more and more they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words do you spend more and more they're
+both normal goods the rich you are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both normal goods the rich you are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both normal goods the rich you are the
+more you buy of it but a luxury good is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you buy of it but a luxury good is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more you buy of it but a luxury good is
+you spend even larger share of your of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend even larger share of your of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spend even larger share of your of
+your budget on that code as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget on that code as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your budget on that code as you get
+richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer
+so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that
+like watches boats maybe refrigerators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like watches boats maybe refrigerators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like watches boats maybe refrigerators
+etc things where the rich you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc things where the rich you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc things where the rich you get this
+more of your budget you spend on it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of your budget you spend on it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of your budget you spend on it in
+fear um necessities are things like food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear um necessities are things like food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fear um necessities are things like food
+we're clearly rich people spend more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're clearly rich people spend more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're clearly rich people spend more on
+food than poor people but they fella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food than poor people but they fella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food than poor people but they fella
+spend a smaller share of their budget on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a smaller share of their budget on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a smaller share of their budget on
+food than poor people okay so it goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food than poor people okay so it goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food than poor people okay so it goes up
+but doesn't go up proportion with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't go up proportion with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but doesn't go up proportion with your
+income it goes up less than portion with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income it goes up less than portion with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income it goes up less than portion with
+your income yeah yeah let's see it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income yeah yeah let's see it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income yeah yeah let's see it once
+again to brands you can absolutely see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to brands you can absolutely see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to brands you can absolutely see
+that you can think of luxury brands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of luxury brands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can think of luxury brands and
+necessity brands absolutely but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity brands absolutely but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessity brands absolutely but if you
+think about stay with categories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about stay with categories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about stay with categories of
+goods that then let's let's think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that then let's let's think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods that then let's let's think you
+think of you know jewelry is the clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know jewelry is the clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of you know jewelry is the clinic
+on example here and sort of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on example here and sort of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on example here and sort of you know
+food is the canonical example here yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know there's a huge industry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a huge industry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a huge industry in
+estimating these elasticity's of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating these elasticity's of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating these elasticity's of demand
+so I'm sure there's answer that I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure there's answer that I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure there's answer that I don't
+have it off the top of my head all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it off the top of my head all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it off the top of my head all right
+so that's so that's basically so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's basically so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's so that's basically so now
+I've given you the underlying tools of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the underlying tools of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you the underlying tools of
+consumer demand theory I've told you how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demand theory I've told you how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer demand theory I've told you how
+to decide what quantity consumer wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what quantity consumer wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide what quantity consumer wants
+I've told you how you can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you how you can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've told you how you can use that to
+derive a demand curve I've explained the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a demand curve I've explained the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive a demand curve I've explained the
+shape of the demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the demand curve
+I then talked about what happens as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then talked about what happens as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then talked about what happens as your
+income changes and talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income changes and talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income changes and talked about the
+shape of income of the income elasticity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of income of the income elasticity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of income of the income elasticity
+now I'm gonna put this together to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna put this together to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm gonna put this together to come
+back to revisit something you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to revisit something you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to revisit something you think you
+already know the answer to which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the answer to which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the answer to which is what
+happens when a price changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a price changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when a price changes
+the effects of price change now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of price change now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effects of price change now you
+might say well that's sort of silly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well that's sort of silly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say well that's sort of silly we
+already did that once this lecture we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that once this lecture we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did that once this lecture we
+already did when we derived the demands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did when we derived the demands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already did when we derived the demands
+curve affects the price change when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve affects the price change when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve affects the price change when we
+derived the demand curve we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the demand curve we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived the demand curve we did some
+price changes right I showed you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price changes right I showed you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price changes right I showed you what
+happened as the price cookies change but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened as the price cookies change but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened as the price cookies change but
+in fact we cheated a little bit and went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we cheated a little bit and went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we cheated a little bit and went
+we didn't cheat we gave you sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't cheat we gave you sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't cheat we gave you sort of the
+bottom line but didn't get into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line but didn't get into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line but didn't get into the
+elements of why that of why people react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of why that of why people react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of why that of why people react
+the way they do the price changes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do the price changes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they do the price changes now
+we're getting to some sort of deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting to some sort of deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting to some sort of deep
+theory ok now I'm going to talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory ok now I'm going to talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory ok now I'm going to talked about
+something it's deeply theoretical in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's deeply theoretical in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's deeply theoretical in a
+sense that in substance if all you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that in substance if all you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that in substance if all you care
+about is what happens in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what happens in the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what happens in the real world
+they just care about when a price change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just care about when a price change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just care about when a price change
+happens how does quantity change I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens how does quantity change I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens how does quantity change I'm
+gonna need some theoretical concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need some theoretical concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna need some theoretical concepts
+which are gonna become very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are gonna become very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are gonna become very powerful
+later on in the course but your poor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the course but your poor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on in the course but your poor to
+understand now which is how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now which is how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand now which is how is the
+underlying decision calculus change by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying decision calculus change by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying decision calculus change by a
+price change when the price changes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change when the price changes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change when the price changes and
+the way we're going to do that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're going to do that is that
+we're gonna decompose your response to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna decompose your response to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna decompose your response to a
+price change into two effects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change into two effects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price change into two effects the
+substitution effect and the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect and the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect and the income
+effect we're gonna separate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we're gonna separate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect we're gonna separate your
+response into two effects the separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response into two effects the separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response into two effects the separation
+is going to become very important later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to become very important later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to become very important later
+on the substitution effect we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the substitution effect we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the substitution effect we're going
+to define we define the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define we define the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define we define the substitution
+effect as the change in the quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as the change in the quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect as the change in the quantity of
+a good when the price changes hold the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good when the price changes hold the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good when the price changes hold the
+utility constant so it's Delta Q Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant so it's Delta Q Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant so it's Delta Q Delta
+DQ DP okay for shorthand but holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ DP okay for shorthand but holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DQ DP okay for shorthand but holding
+utility constant at some fixed level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant at some fixed level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant at some fixed level you
+bar the change in quantities price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the change in quantities price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar the change in quantities price
+changes so it's the elasticity of demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so it's the elasticity of demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes so it's the elasticity of demand
+but at a constant level of utility the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at a constant level of utility the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at a constant level of utility the
+income effect is the change in quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is the change in quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is the change in quantity
+of a good as income changes change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good as income changes change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good as income changes change in
+quantity DUI which is the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity DUI which is the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity DUI which is the income
+elasticity we talked about okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity we talked about okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elasticity we talked about okay the
+change in quantity um as the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in quantity um as the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in quantity um as the income
+changes okay and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes okay and this is actually
+multiple it's multiplied by the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple it's multiplied by the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple it's multiplied by the initial
+level of income either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of income either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of income either
+we'll learn about this in section but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn about this in section but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll learn about this in section but
+that's technically how the income effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's technically how the income effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's technically how the income effect
+is defined and you'll come into section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined and you'll come into section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined and you'll come into section
+about why that is but we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that is but we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why that is but we're gonna
+decompose this so let me that's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose this so let me that's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decompose this so let me that's sort of
+confusing so let me start by graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so let me start by graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusing so let me start by graphically
+to understand it so let's go to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it so let's go to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand it so let's go to figure
+four or five one of the more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five one of the more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or five one of the more complicated
+figures okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figures okay
+we start at budget constraint one same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start at budget constraint one same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start at budget constraint one same
+parameters as always all the math here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as always all the math here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters as always all the math here
+all this graphical stuff follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this graphical stuff follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this graphical stuff follows from
+the math using that utility function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math using that utility function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math using that utility function and
+these prices in income same as before so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prices in income same as before so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these prices in income same as before so
+we start as before at Point a your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start as before at Point a your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start as before at Point a your
+tangency is the best package you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency is the best package you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency is the best package you can
+have given that utility function is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given that utility function is six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have given that utility function is six
+cookies and three slices of pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and three slices of pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies and three slices of pizza
+okay now let's change now let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's change now let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's change now let's imagine
+a price of cookies rises to nine dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price of cookies rises to nine dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price of cookies rises to nine dollars
+the price of cookies in our example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of cookies in our example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price of cookies in our example
+price of cookies goes from $6 to $9 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cookies goes from $6 to $9 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cookies goes from $6 to $9 okay
+that's example gonna analyze now we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's example gonna analyze now we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's example gonna analyze now we know
+from before that we'll only move you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before that we'll only move you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from before that we'll only move you
+from six cookies to four cookies while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from six cookies to four cookies while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from six cookies to four cookies while
+holding pizzas constant at three so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding pizzas constant at three so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding pizzas constant at three so we
+know you'll end up you'll end up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll end up you'll end up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you'll end up you'll end up at
+Point C we did that before but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point C we did that before but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point C we did that before but actually
+two things are happening to get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are happening to get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things are happening to get you
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+the first thing that's happening is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that's happening is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first thing that's happening is the
+substitution effect which is the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect which is the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect which is the change
+in prices with utility constant and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prices with utility constant and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in prices with utility constant and how
+do we measure that we want to ask given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we measure that we want to ask given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we measure that we want to ask given
+that the price changed but the utilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price changed but the utilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the price changed but the utilities
+constant how what's the new quantity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant how what's the new quantity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant how what's the new quantity to
+choose what is utility constant need in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what is utility constant need in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what is utility constant need in
+this graph what does it mean known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph what does it mean known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph what does it mean known
+utility constant she had some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant she had some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant she had some other
+folks involved here what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks involved here what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks involved here what does it mean
+yeah same indifference curve so Wanda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same indifference curve so Wanda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah same indifference curve so Wanda
+has asked given the new prices but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has asked given the new prices but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has asked given the new prices but the
+old indifference curve what quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old indifference curve what quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old indifference curve what quantity
+would you choose well the way we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you choose well the way we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you choose well the way we do that
+is we find the tangency between the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we find the tangency between the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we find the tangency between the new
+slope of the budget constraint and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the budget constraint and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the budget constraint and the
+old and difference curve and we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and difference curve and we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and difference curve and we do that
+by drawing sort of an imaginary budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing sort of an imaginary budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by drawing sort of an imaginary budget
+constraint B C prime B C prime is a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint B C prime B C prime is a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint B C prime B C prime is a sort
+of imaginary budget constraint it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imaginary budget constraint it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of imaginary budget constraint it's not
+a real budget constraint but it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real budget constraint but it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real budget constraint but it has the
+slope of the new budget constraint but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the new budget constraint but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of the new budget constraint but
+it's tangent to the old indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tangent to the old indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's tangent to the old indifference
+curve that's the key thing B C Prime the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's the key thing B C Prime the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that's the key thing B C Prime the
+imaginary budget constraint the dashed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary budget constraint the dashed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary budget constraint the dashed
+line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line
+has the slope of the new budget strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the slope of the new budget strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the slope of the new budget strength
+same as the new price ratio so the slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the new price ratio so the slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the new price ratio so the slope
+is the new price ratio the slope is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new price ratio the slope is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the new price ratio the slope is the
+slope is now is that the new price ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is now is that the new price ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope is now is that the new price ratio
+but it's tangent to the old indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's tangent to the old indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's tangent to the old indifference
+curve so BC prime is basically going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so BC prime is basically going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve so BC prime is basically going to
+detention sealed inverse curve at point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detention sealed inverse curve at point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detention sealed inverse curve at point
+B so we're saying is the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're saying is the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we're saying is the substitution
+effect moves you from point A to point B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect moves you from point A to point B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect moves you from point A to point B
+that is holding utility constant but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is holding utility constant but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is holding utility constant but at
+these new prices you would choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new prices you would choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new prices you would choose to
+have fewer cookies and less pizza okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer cookies and less pizza okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fewer cookies and less pizza okay
+we call this notion compensated demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compensated demand that is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated demand that is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated demand that is I'm
+compensating you I'm holding utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating you I'm holding utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensating you I'm holding utility
+constant I'm saying price of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm saying price of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant I'm saying price of change
+sucks for you you're worse off your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks for you you're worse off your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sucks for you you're worse off your
+opportunity sets restricted but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity sets restricted but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity sets restricted but I'm
+going to compensate you by holding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compensate you by holding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compensate you by holding a
+utility constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility constant
+let's go let's compensate a demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go let's compensate a demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go let's compensate a demand
+you're compensated demand would mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're compensated demand would mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're compensated demand would mean
+that when the price goes up you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the price goes up you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the price goes up you would
+choose to reduce your consumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to reduce your consumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to reduce your consumption of
+cookies from six to four point eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies from six to four point eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies from six to four point eight
+nine okay now here's the key thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay now here's the key thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine okay now here's the key thing about
+substitution effects we can sign them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects we can sign them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects we can sign them
+definitively they are always negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitively they are always negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitively they are always negative
+the substitution effect is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect is always
+negative okay so check there's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so check there's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative okay so check there's always
+negative the income effect could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the income effect could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative the income effect could go
+other way we'll show that so G of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we'll show that so G of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we'll show that so G of X is
+always negative okay we can see this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always negative okay we can see this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always negative okay we can see this in
+two ways graphically think about it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways graphically think about it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways graphically think about it this
+way you have to be tangent to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you have to be tangent to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you have to be tangent to the same
+indifference curve with a higher sloped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve with a higher sloped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve with a higher sloped
+line so you have to move to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you have to move to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so you have to move to the left
+right if we change to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we change to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we change to the same
+indifference curve of the line with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve of the line with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve of the line with a
+higher slope it's gotta be to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher slope it's gotta be to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher slope it's gotta be to the left
+so that's the graphical intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the graphical intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the graphical intuition
+mathematically it's worth writing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it's worth writing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically it's worth writing out
+the steps because it helps us okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps because it helps us okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steps because it helps us okay
+that's why we teaches you up sir - of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we teaches you up sir - of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we teaches you up sir - of
+our consumer theory okay step one you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consumer theory okay step one you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our consumer theory okay step one you're
+at this new tangency okay step two we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this new tangency okay step two we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this new tangency okay step two we
+know that at any such tangency that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that at any such tangency that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that at any such tangency that's
+optimized the margin utility of cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized the margin utility of cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized the margin utility of cookies
+over the Marg utilities Pizza equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Marg utilities Pizza equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the Marg utilities Pizza equals the
+price of cookies over the price of Pizza
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cookies over the price of Pizza
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of cookies over the price of Pizza
+we know that's sure at any tangency okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that's sure at any tangency okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that's sure at any tangency okay
+cuz that's the optimal choice step 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's the optimal choice step 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's the optimal choice step 3
+we know PC over P P is up okay that's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know PC over P P is up okay that's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know PC over P P is up okay that's I
+just said that it's assumptions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said that it's assumptions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said that it's assumptions the
+price cookies up therefore that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price cookies up therefore that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price cookies up therefore that leads to
+step four which is the MU C over mu P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step four which is the MU C over mu P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step four which is the MU C over mu P
+must be up because it's still equal well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be up because it's still equal well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be up because it's still equal well
+how do you raise the ratio the Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you raise the ratio the Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you raise the ratio the Mars
+utility cookies to Marge utility pizzas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cookies to Marge utility pizzas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility cookies to Marge utility pizzas
+how do you accomplish that by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you accomplish that by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you accomplish that by having
+fewer cookies and more Pizza the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer cookies and more Pizza the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer cookies and more Pizza the way you
+get so that means that implies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so that means that implies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get so that means that implies that
+cookies are up I'm sorry cookies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies are up I'm sorry cookies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies are up I'm sorry cookies are
+down in pizzas are up and or pizzas are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in pizzas are up and or pizzas are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in pizzas are up and or pizzas are
+up okay how do you get that ratio to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay how do you get that ratio to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay how do you get that ratio to be
+higher well remember this is why I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher well remember this is why I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher well remember this is why I do
+this math here remember the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math here remember the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math here remember the key
+intuition more cookies means lower large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition more cookies means lower large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition more cookies means lower large
+utility of cookies the more cookies you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of cookies the more cookies you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of cookies the more cookies you
+have the less you care about the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the less you care about the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the less you care about the next
+cookie so I want the Marge utility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie so I want the Marge utility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie so I want the Marge utility of
+cookies to be lower if on tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies to be lower if on tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies to be lower if on tomorrow
+chilly cookies I'm sorry to be higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilly cookies I'm sorry to be higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chilly cookies I'm sorry to be higher
+I've got to have fewer cookies or I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to have fewer cookies or I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to have fewer cookies or I've
+got to have more pizza or both okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have more pizza or both okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to have more pizza or both okay so
+the substitution effect is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect is always
+negative if I'm gonna hold you till 'ti
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if I'm gonna hold you till 'ti
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if I'm gonna hold you till 'ti
+constant and change prices and raise a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and change prices and raise a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and change prices and raise a
+price you'll always want less that good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you'll always want less that good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you'll always want less that good
+from the substitution effect okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the substitution effect okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the substitution effect okay
+question about the graphics of the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now let's come to the income effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's come to the income effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let's come to the income effect
+the income effect says being effect says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income effect says being effect says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income effect says being effect says
+hold the income effect is saying holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the income effect is saying holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold the income effect is saying holding
+prices constant so I should have put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices constant so I should have put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices constant so I should have put
+this here the income effect is this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here the income effect is this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this here the income effect is this in a
+constant price should add that think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant price should add that think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant price should add that think of
+effect is the change in quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the change in quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is the change in quantity
+demanded as income changes holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded as income changes holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demanded as income changes holding
+prices constant so now we're saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices constant so now we're saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices constant so now we're saying the
+income effect is saying look the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is saying look the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is saying look the price
+changed so therefore I shifted my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so therefore I shifted my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so therefore I shifted my
+consumption towards away from cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption towards away from cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption towards away from cookies
+but the other thing that happened is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing that happened is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing that happened is I
+got poorer they might even get poor your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got poorer they might even get poor your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got poorer they might even get poor your
+parents didn't tell you less money but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents didn't tell you less money but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents didn't tell you less money but
+remember your opera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your opera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember your opera
+reset restricted you effectively are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset restricted you effectively are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reset restricted you effectively are
+poor because this price went up how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor because this price went up how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor because this price went up how do
+we represent that well we can exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent that well we can exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we represent that well we can exactly
+represent that by the shift from BC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that by the shift from BC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that by the shift from BC
+prime to BC to because b c prime and bc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to BC to because b c prime and bc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime to BC to because b c prime and bc
+to have the same slope that shift is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same slope that shift is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the same slope that shift is
+just the income effect so that's holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the income effect so that's holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the income effect so that's holding
+the prices constant the price ratio for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices constant the price ratio for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prices constant the price ratio for
+bc prime + bc - is the same okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bc prime + bc - is the same okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bc prime + bc - is the same okay but
+you're now effectively poor because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now effectively poor because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're now effectively poor because you
+at the same income you can afford fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same income you can afford fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same income you can afford fewer
+cookies she effectively poor so now your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies she effectively poor so now your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies she effectively poor so now your
+incomes effectively falling and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes effectively falling and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incomes effectively falling and at that
+new budget constraint with that new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new budget constraint with that new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new budget constraint with that new
+lower effective income and higher price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower effective income and higher price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower effective income and higher price
+ratio you choose Point C so we got from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio you choose Point C so we got from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio you choose Point C so we got from
+A to C just like I told you before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to C just like I told you before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to C just like I told you before but
+we actually get there are two steps one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually get there are two steps one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually get there are two steps one
+step is sort of the relative change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is sort of the relative change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is sort of the relative change in
+prices cause say oh I want to get away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices cause say oh I want to get away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices cause say oh I want to get away
+from cookies the other say I'm poorer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cookies the other say I'm poorer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from cookies the other say I'm poorer
+salt less of everything including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt less of everything including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt less of everything including
+cookies okay so when it's a price effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies okay so when it's a price effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies okay so when it's a price effect
+ones income effect and it matters these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones income effect and it matters these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones income effect and it matters these
+two effects matter now in this case they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two effects matter now in this case they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two effects matter now in this case they
+don't matter because they work together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter because they work together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't matter because they work together
+in this case you might say well look why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you might say well look why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you might say well look why
+do I care you know why do i the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I care you know why do i the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I care you know why do i the bottom
+line is number cookies fell by to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is number cookies fell by to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is number cookies fell by to
+substitute in fact work together why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in fact work together why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in fact work together why do
+I care well you might care because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care well you might care because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I care well you might care because if
+the income effect is is because if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income effect is is because if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the income effect is is because if the
+good is inferior then the income a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is inferior then the income a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good is inferior then the income a
+substitution effect work against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect work against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect work against each
+other if the good is inferior then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if the good is inferior then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if the good is inferior then the
+income soutien effects work against each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income soutien effects work against each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income soutien effects work against each
+other rather than with each other to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rather than with each other to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other rather than with each other to see
+this let's go to figure four six now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's go to figure four six now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this let's go to figure four six now
+we're going to totally change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to totally change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to totally change our
+example okay now I want to choose them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay now I want to choose them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay now I want to choose them
+between steak and potatoes totally for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between steak and potatoes totally for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between steak and potatoes totally for
+an example steak and potatoes you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example steak and potatoes you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example steak and potatoes you start
+a budget BC one potatoes are a dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budget BC one potatoes are a dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a budget BC one potatoes are a dollar
+and steak is five dollars so our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steak is five dollars so our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and steak is five dollars so our new
+example in our new example I'll put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in our new example I'll put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in our new example I'll put this
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here
+in our new example we've got the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our new example we've got the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our new example we've got the price
+of steak is $5 the price of potatoes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steak is $5 the price of potatoes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of steak is $5 the price of potatoes is
+$1 okay and your income is $25 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 okay and your income is $25 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$1 okay and your income is $25 that's
+our new example okay in that case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new example okay in that case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our new example okay in that case you
+will choose and this is a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose and this is a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will choose and this is a differential
+function it's a totally new example I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a totally new example I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function it's a totally new example I'm
+not gonna you know I'm not expected I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna you know I'm not expected I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna you know I'm not expected I
+say in the underlying math here I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the underlying math here I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say in the underlying math here I'm just
+showing you an example of something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you an example of something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you an example of something that
+might be true okay so you choose point a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true okay so you choose point a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be true okay so you choose point a
+you choose seven-and-a-half potatoes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose seven-and-a-half potatoes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose seven-and-a-half potatoes and
+three and a half steaks okay given those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half steaks okay given those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half steaks okay given those
+given those prices now we're gonna say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those prices now we're gonna say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those prices now we're gonna say
+what happens if the price of potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the price of potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if the price of potatoes
+goes from $1 to $3 the price of potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from $1 to $3 the price of potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from $1 to $3 the price of potatoes
+goes up well two things happen first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up well two things happen first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes up well two things happen first of
+all the change in compensated demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the change in compensated demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the change in compensated demand
+moves you from point A to point B how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves you from point A to point B how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves you from point A to point B how do
+we know that because we draw a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that because we draw a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that because we draw a new
+imaginary budget constraint that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary budget constraint that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaginary budget constraint that has the
+new price ratio but it's tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new price ratio but it's tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new price ratio but it's tangent to the
+old and difference curve it's your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and difference curve it's your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and difference curve it's your point
+A to point B so the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to point B so the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A to point B so the substitution effect
+lowers our demand for potatoes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers our demand for potatoes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers our demand for potatoes from
+seven and a half to four but the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half to four but the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven and a half to four but the income
+effect raises your demand for potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect raises your demand for potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect raises your demand for potatoes
+now the income effect means you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the income effect means you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the income effect means you actually
+move back from four to five uh net you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back from four to five uh net you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move back from four to five uh net you
+solve and fewer potatoes but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and fewer potatoes but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve and fewer potatoes but the
+substitution effects went opposite ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects went opposite ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effects went opposite ways
+why why do the income effect cause you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do the income effect cause you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why do the income effect cause you
+to want to have more potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to have more potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to have more potatoes
+substituteph economic add less yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clothes prices went up so are you you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes prices went up so are you you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothes prices went up so are you you're
+effectively what poorer right and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what poorer right and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively what poorer right and when
+you're poor how does that affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're poor how does that affect your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're poor how does that affect your
+consumption of fear your goods you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of fear your goods you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption of fear your goods you want
+more of them right so price painters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them right so price painters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of them right so price painters
+went up so effectively you're poor now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up so effectively you're poor now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went up so effectively you're poor now
+when you're poor in our previous example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're poor in our previous example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're poor in our previous example
+with cookies you want a fewer cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cookies you want a fewer cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with cookies you want a fewer cookies
+they're normal good but potatoes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normal good but potatoes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're normal good but potatoes are
+inferior good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior good
+so as you're poor you want more of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you're poor you want more of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you're poor you want more of them
+singham effect goes the opposite way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singham effect goes the opposite way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singham effect goes the opposite way the
+substitution effect that's where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect that's where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect that's where this
+starts to get interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to get interesting
+thinking effect always goes the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking effect always goes the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking effect always goes the same way
+the substitution effect this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect this is sort of
+just a purely useless theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a purely useless theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a purely useless theoretical
+exercise it gets interesting we think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise it gets interesting we think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise it gets interesting we think of
+effect goes the opposite way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect goes the opposite way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect goes the opposite way the
+substitution effect yeah oh I'm getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect yeah oh I'm getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect yeah oh I'm getting
+there I'm getting there okay so yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm getting there okay so yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I'm getting there okay so yeah you
+just usually well different ility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just usually well different ility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just usually well different ility
+functions will give you different you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will give you different you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions will give you different you
+have to have a different utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a different utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have a different utility
+function to get the good to be inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to get the good to be inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to get the good to be inferior
+so you till it was think of potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you till it was think of potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you till it was think of potatoes
+could be it's not gonna be square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it's not gonna be square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be it's not gonna be square root
+of you won't get inferior already with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you won't get inferior already with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you won't get inferior already with
+square root of P times s so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of P times s so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of P times s so it's a
+different utility function I mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different utility function I mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different utility function I mention
+that I think it's a difference to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think it's a difference to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think it's a difference to the
+function yeah so basically your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah so basically your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function yeah so basically your
+intuition I give you Jewish rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I give you Jewish rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition I give you Jewish rather
+inferior but mathematically would occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior but mathematically would occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior but mathematically would occur
+because we'd have utility function these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'd have utility function these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'd have utility function these
+are the function with generate and fear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the function with generate and fear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the function with generate and fear
+it could be a different looking utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a different looking utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be a different looking utility
+function but well well we'll do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but well well we'll do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function but well well we'll do it in
+section okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section okay
+so the bottom line is yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+safely the crisis today examle 500 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely the crisis today examle 500 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safely the crisis today examle 500 at
+the state is equivalent I'm not right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is equivalent I'm not right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state is equivalent I'm not right
+now to health function I'm right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to health function I'm right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to health function I'm right I
+didn't write it down it's a utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it down it's a utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't write it down it's a utility
+function so it's about filling up it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's about filling up it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so it's about filling up it's
+about taste steak maybe leave me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taste steak maybe leave me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about taste steak maybe leave me
+hungrier but it's way better so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungrier but it's way better so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungrier but it's way better so it's not
+about what fills me up literally all I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what fills me up literally all I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what fills me up literally all I'm
+saying is give my utility function I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is give my utility function I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is give my utility function I
+don't have the utility function written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the utility function written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the utility function written
+down but given my chili function I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but given my chili function I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but given my chili function I was
+choosing a balance of most of potatoes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a balance of most of potatoes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing a balance of most of potatoes
+in some steak now the price piñas goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some steak now the price piñas goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some steak now the price piñas goes
+up III end up wanting fewer potatoes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up III end up wanting fewer potatoes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up III end up wanting fewer potatoes but
+not as few as you might think for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as few as you might think for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as few as you might think for the
+substitution effect because potatoes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect because potatoes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect because potatoes are
+inferior ya know what I'm saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior ya know what I'm saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior ya know what I'm saying the
+income effect is holding the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is holding the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is holding the price
+constant what happens to demand so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what happens to demand so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant what happens to demand so
+holding the price constant what I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the price constant what I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding the price constant what I mean
+by that is moving from BC prime to be c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that is moving from BC prime to be c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that is moving from BC prime to be c2
+is the income effect holding your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the income effect holding your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the income effect holding your price
+constant so the price change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the price change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so the price change is
+reflecting the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the substitution effect
+that's reflected in moving for be c1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected in moving for be c1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected in moving for be c1 to
+be C prime the income effect is holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C prime the income effect is holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C prime the income effect is holding
+the price constant that is given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price constant that is given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price constant that is given that
+same slope of that imaginary new budget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same slope of that imaginary new budget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same slope of that imaginary new budget
+constraint you're now poor so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint you're now poor so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint you're now poor so that's why
+so it's it's once against a hard thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's once against a hard thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's once against a hard thing
+to wrap your mind around theoretical but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap your mind around theoretical but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wrap your mind around theoretical but
+the notion is when a price changes two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is when a price changes two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion is when a price changes two
+things happen it changes the relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen it changes the relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happen it changes the relative
+desirability of two goods and it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirability of two goods and it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirability of two goods and it changes
+your income your effective income your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income your effective income your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income your effective income your
+opportunity set two things are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity set two things are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity set two things are happening
+okay yeah they both have at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah they both have at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah they both have at the same
+time let's be clear this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's be clear this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's be clear this isn't
+sequential this happening in real time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential this happening in real time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential this happening in real time
+it's not like you said the price went up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you said the price went up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like you said the price went up
+I'm going to compute my you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute my you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to compute my you know it's
+happening in real time it's just we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in real time it's just we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in real time it's just we're
+decomposing into two effects and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing into two effects and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposing into two effects and the
+reason is the reason we're doing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is the reason we're doing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is the reason we're doing that is
+because once goods are inferior this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once goods are inferior this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once goods are inferior this
+decomposition becomes interesting okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition becomes interesting okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition becomes interesting okay
+so let's think about I like to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about I like to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's think about I like to think
+about this as sort of a simple a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as sort of a simple a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this as sort of a simple a simple
+table to help sort of remind you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to help sort of remind you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table to help sort of remind you how to
+think about this let's give a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this let's give a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this let's give a simple
+table here we have the price change okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here we have the price change okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here we have the price change okay
+so the price can go up and go up or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price can go up and go up or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price can go up and go up or the
+price can go down up and down here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price can go down up and down here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price can go down up and down here we
+have the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the substitution effect
+here we have the income effect and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the income effect and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have the income effect and here
+we have the total okay well in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the total okay well in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the total okay well in the case
+of a normal good so in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a normal good so in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a normal good so in the case of a
+normal good if a good is normal then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal good if a good is normal then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal good if a good is normal then we
+know the substitution effect when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the substitution effect when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the substitution effect when the
+price goes up leads you don't want less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes up leads you don't want less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price goes up leads you don't want less
+of a good the income effect also leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good the income effect also leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a good the income effect also leads
+you want less of a good so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want less of a good so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want less of a good so you
+definitely want less of a good these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want less of a good these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely want less of a good these are
+all equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equals
+there's always corner cases okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always corner cases okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always corner cases okay
+likewise so the price falls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise so the price falls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise so the price falls the
+substitution effect what you want more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect what you want more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution effect what you want more
+than good when the price falls you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than good when the price falls you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than good when the price falls you're
+effectively richer so the income effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively richer so the income effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively richer so the income effect
+makes you want more of the good so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you want more of the good so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes you want more of the good so you
+clearly want more than good okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly want more than good okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly want more than good okay that's
+the easy case the more interesting case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy case the more interesting case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy case the more interesting case
+is what if it's an inferior good now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if it's an inferior good now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what if it's an inferior good now if
+the price goes up the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes up the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price goes up the substitution
+effect is to sing some sense factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is to sing some sense factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is to sing some sense factor is
+always negative higher price means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always negative higher price means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always negative higher price means you
+substitute away from the good but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute away from the good but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute away from the good but the
+income effect is now positive so the net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is now positive so the net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is now positive so the net
+is unclear likewise if the price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unclear likewise if the price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unclear likewise if the price goes
+down price goes down the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down price goes down the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down price goes down the substitution
+effect is always positive you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is always positive you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is always positive you always
+want more of the good if the price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more of the good if the price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want more of the good if the price goes
+down but the income effect is now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but the income effect is now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down but the income effect is now you
+want less of the good why because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want less of the good why because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want less of the good why because you're
+richer if the price of a good Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer if the price of a good Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richer if the price of a good Falls
+you're richer richer means want less of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're richer richer means want less of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're richer richer means want less of
+that inferior good so the net effect is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inferior good so the net effect is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inferior good so the net effect is
+unclear so the interesting case becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear so the interesting case becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear so the interesting case becomes
+inferior goods okay questions about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior goods okay questions about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferior goods okay questions about the
+table so this raises the question are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so this raises the question are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so this raises the question are
+there goods what does this imply if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there goods what does this imply if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there goods what does this imply if this
+was actually if this was if the income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually if this was if the income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually if this was if the income
+effect dominate the substitution effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect dominate the substitution effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect dominate the substitution effect
+you could get what yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get what yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could get what yeah
+yes you can get an upward sloping demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can get an upward sloping demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you can get an upward sloping demand
+curve you could actually theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you could actually theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve you could actually theoretically
+get an upward sloping demand curve and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an upward sloping demand curve and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an upward sloping demand curve and
+we call this a Giffen good a Giffen good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a Giffen good a Giffen good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call this a Giffen good a Giffen good
+is a good where you can upward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good where you can upward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a good where you can upward sloping
+demand curve where actually the inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve where actually the inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve where actually the inferior
+income effect is so large it dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is so large it dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income effect is so large it dominates
+the substitution effect and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the substitution effect and you're
+actually an upward sloping demand curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an upward sloping demand curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an upward sloping demand curve
+that a higher price leads people want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a higher price leads people want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a higher price leads people want
+more of the good now in fact this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the good now in fact this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the good now in fact this is
+named after giving some guy Giffen i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after giving some guy Giffen i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named after giving some guy Giffen i
+guess and probably was a guy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and probably was a guy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess and probably was a guy because
+it's old okay um but in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's old okay um but in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's old okay um but in fact it's
+convenient because it's close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because it's close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient because it's close to the
+word Griffin and Griffin's are imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Griffin and Griffin's are imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word Griffin and Griffin's are imaginary
+and so are Givens okay it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so are Givens okay it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so are Givens okay it's actually
+hard to find examples in reality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to find examples in reality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to find examples in reality of
+giving goods okay it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving goods okay it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving goods okay it's actually pretty
+hard to find examples in reality okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to find examples in reality okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to find examples in reality okay
+but there was um one interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was um one interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there was um one interesting
+experiment that was run which is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that was run which is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that was run which is sort of
+the first convincing evidence that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first convincing evidence that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first convincing evidence that in
+some situations Giffen goods could exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations Giffen goods could exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some situations Giffen goods could exist
+so ran the following experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ran the following experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so ran the following experiment
+they run a study in China where um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run a study in China where um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they run a study in China where um very
+very poor households they based all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor households they based all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very poor households they based all
+house most hostels in China are poor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house most hostels in China are poor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house most hostels in China are poor but
+they surviving the super poor versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they surviving the super poor versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they surviving the super poor versus
+moderately poor households okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately poor households okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderately poor households okay
+and they basically gave them coupons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically gave them coupons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they basically gave them coupons
+which lowered the price of rice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lowered the price of rice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which lowered the price of rice which
+was their staple good okay they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was their staple good okay they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was their staple good okay they
+basically they eat rice and that's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they eat rice and that's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they eat rice and that's sort
+of their basic goodnight and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their basic goodnight and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their basic goodnight and they
+basically lowered the price of rice what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically lowered the price of rice what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically lowered the price of rice what
+they found is that for families that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found is that for families that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found is that for families that
+weren't super poor they found a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't super poor they found a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't super poor they found a typical
+downward sloping demand curve given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping demand curve given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping demand curve given the
+coupon off rice meant they bought more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon off rice meant they bought more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupon off rice meant they bought more
+rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice
+but for the very very poor families they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the very very poor families they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for the very very poor families they
+actually did find an upward sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did find an upward sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually did find an upward sloping
+demand curve giving them a discount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve giving them a discount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand curve giving them a discount the
+price of rice actually caused and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of rice actually caused and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price of rice actually caused and have
+less rice because they were they were it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rice because they were they were it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less rice because they were they were it
+was because literally it's all they ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because literally it's all they ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because literally it's all they ever
+ate was rice so by definition they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate was rice so by definition they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ate was rice so by definition they could
+have had more because they didn't eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had more because they didn't eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had more because they didn't eat
+anything else now that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else now that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else now that you're
+essentially saying look do you see tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying look do you see tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially saying look do you see tall
+rice you spend your whole budget of rice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice you spend your whole budget of rice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice you spend your whole budget of rice
+now I'm basically giving you extra money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm basically giving you extra money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm basically giving you extra money
+because all that rice you see you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all that rice you see you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all that rice you see you can
+now have cheaper are you gonna spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have cheaper are you gonna spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now have cheaper are you gonna spend
+that to buy more rice no you gonna buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to buy more rice no you gonna buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to buy more rice no you gonna buy
+something else and that's a Giffen good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and that's a Giffen good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else and that's a Giffen good
+so you can think if you think about sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think if you think about sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think if you think about sort
+of a corner solution when people buying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a corner solution when people buying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a corner solution when people buying
+all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a
+that's inferior that by definition if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inferior that by definition if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's inferior that by definition if
+you give them more money they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them more money they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you give them more money they're gonna
+move on to another good or there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to another good or there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move on to another good or there's at
+least a possibility and that's a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a possibility and that's a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least a possibility and that's a given
+good example but we have to search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example but we have to search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example but we have to search
+pretty darn hard typically in the man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn hard typically in the man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty darn hard typically in the man
+context we think that demand curves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we think that demand curves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context we think that demand curves are
+downward sloping however when we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping however when we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downward sloping however when we get to
+other contexts we're gonna find it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other contexts we're gonna find it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other contexts we're gonna find it's
+more normal to find that these income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more normal to find that these income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more normal to find that these income
+and substitution effects fight against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitution effects fight against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and substitution effects fight against
+each other and lead to strange shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and lead to strange shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and lead to strange shape
+curves and we'll come back to that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and we'll come back to that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and we'll come back to that later
+in the course okay um okay I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course okay um okay I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course okay um okay I'll see you
+all Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xB8xRCSyQlY.txt b/xB8xRCSyQlY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca38dc28c06df823929444307974b3688df94833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xB8xRCSyQlY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the idea was in a big class of like 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was in a big class of like 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was in a big class of like 300
+students most the students are not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students most the students are not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students most the students are not going
+to have an opportunity really to meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an opportunity really to meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an opportunity really to meet
+the professor's they may go to office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor's they may go to office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the professor's they may go to office
+hours but even then the office hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but even then the office hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours but even then the office hours
+you can't schedule your office hours a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't schedule your office hours a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't schedule your office hours a
+time where all 300 people in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where all 300 people in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time where all 300 people in the class
+are available so you'll just get to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available so you'll just get to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available so you'll just get to know
+maybe a few but with the pizza forums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a few but with the pizza forums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a few but with the pizza forums
+there every few weeks during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there every few weeks during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there every few weeks during the
+semester and there should be we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and there should be we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and there should be we
+encourage at least one person from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage at least one person from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage at least one person from each
+recitation to come and it's just a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation to come and it's just a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation to come and it's just a way
+to for the students to get to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for the students to get to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to for the students to get to know the
+faculty and vice versa and sometimes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and vice versa and sometimes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty and vice versa and sometimes we
+discuss things about chemistry but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss things about chemistry but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss things about chemistry but you
+know especially people have suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially people have suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know especially people have suggestions
+of what they like and don't like but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they like and don't like but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they like and don't like but a
+lot of times is just talking about their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times is just talking about their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of times is just talking about their
+experience at MIT and there been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at MIT and there been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience at MIT and there been some
+really useful things I think for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful things I think for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really useful things I think for the
+course that have come out of it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that have come out of it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that have come out of it like
+learning for example that we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for example that we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning for example that we had our
+problem sets do at the same time as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets do at the same time as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sets do at the same time as
+pretty much all of their other classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of their other classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of their other classes
+so we moved to a different day because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we moved to a different day because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we moved to a different day because
+that made no sense and also kind of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made no sense and also kind of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made no sense and also kind of some
+of the educational ways you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the educational ways you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the educational ways you know what
+clickers they're using how they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers they're using how they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers they're using how they like
+them we heard some horrible things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we heard some horrible things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them we heard some horrible things about
+clickers that had been used in physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers that had been used in physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickers that had been used in physics
+and so then they started to change them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they started to change them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then they started to change them
+and when we looked at clickers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we looked at clickers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we looked at clickers we
+learned from the physics experience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the physics experience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from the physics experience but
+it really came through knowing that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really came through knowing that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really came through knowing that from
+the students rather than talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students rather than talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students rather than talking to the
+other faculty we had sort of heard what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other faculty we had sort of heard what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other faculty we had sort of heard what
+worked and didn't work so having those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and didn't work so having those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked and didn't work so having those
+kind of direct conversations and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of direct conversations and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of direct conversations and they
+feel like they're kind of you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they're kind of you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they're kind of you know
+representing the student body and saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the student body and saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representing the student body and saying
+oh we like this or we don't like that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we like this or we don't like that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh we like this or we don't like that or
+have you thought about doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you thought about doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you thought about doing something
+this way and it's just it's just also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and it's just it's just also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and it's just it's just also a
+lot of fun and everyone goes around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fun and everyone goes around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fun and everyone goes around and
+sort of says what they're from I love to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of says what they're from I love to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of says what they're from I love to
+ask them what is one thing about MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what is one thing about MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask them what is one thing about MIT
+that is exactly what you expected and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly what you expected and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is exactly what you expected and
+what's one thing that really surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one thing that really surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's one thing that really surprised
+you when you got here and just I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you got here and just I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you got here and just I just
+find it really interesting to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it really interesting to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it really interesting to see what
+people said and I often get I expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said and I often get I expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people said and I often get I expected
+everyone to be smart everybody is smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to be smart everybody is smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to be smart everybody is smart
+I expected everyone to be you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expected everyone to be you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I expected everyone to be you know it
+just uh you know sort of more serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you know sort of more serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh you know sort of more serious
+but people are fun and nice and silly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are fun and nice and silly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people are fun and nice and silly
+and they're kind of like normal people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're kind of like normal people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're kind of like normal people
+and that sort of surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that sort of surprised
+and so that that is always a lot of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that is always a lot of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that that is always a lot of fun
+to hear that and get to know them
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xFS4xpYQ82w.txt b/xFS4xpYQ82w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..773eed5540c7aae4462bbf8e2989785511005cb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xFS4xpYQ82w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+In this problem, we're going
+to look at the probability
+
+that when you take a stick and
+break it into three pieces
+
+randomly that these three pieces
+can actually be used to
+
+form a triangle.
+
+All right, so we start
+out with a stick of
+
+unit length, so--
+
+length 1.
+
+And we'll choose a point along
+the stick to break.
+
+And we'll choose that point
+uniformly at random.
+
+So let's say that we chose it
+here, that was the point where
+
+we'll break it.
+
+And then independently of this
+first choice we'll again
+
+choose a second point
+to break it.
+
+Again, uniformly at random
+along the entire stick.
+
+So let's say the second point
+we chose was here.
+
+So what we have now is, we'll
+break it here, here, and so
+
+we'll have three pieces--
+
+the first one, the left
+one and the right one.
+
+And we want to know, what's the
+probability that when you
+
+take these three pieces you
+could form a triangle?
+
+So the first thing we
+should ask ourselves
+
+is, what do you need--
+
+what conditions must be
+satisfied in order to actually
+
+be able to form a triangle
+with three pieces?
+
+So you could think about, what
+would stop you from being able
+
+to do that?
+
+Well, one possibility is
+that you have pieces
+
+that look like this.
+
+ 
+
+So in that case you would
+try to form something
+
+that looks like this.
+
+But you can't get a triangle
+because these two pieces are
+
+too short and they can't
+touch each other.
+
+So actually the condition that
+must be satisfied is that when
+
+you take any two of the three
+pieces, their combined length
+
+has to be greater than
+the length of the
+
+remaining third piece.
+
+And that has to be true
+for any two pieces.
+
+ 
+
+And really that's just so that
+any two pieces, they can touch
+
+and still form a triangle.
+
+So let's try to add some
+probability to this.
+
+So we have a unit
+length stick.
+
+So let's actually give
+a coordinate system.
+
+The stick goes from 0 to 1.
+
+And let's say that we break
+it at these two points.
+
+ 
+
+So the first point where we
+choose, we'll call that x.
+
+So that's the first point that
+we choose to break it.
+
+And then the second point we
+choose, we'll call that y.
+
+Now note that I've drawn it so
+that x is to the left of y.
+
+But it could actually be the
+case that the first point I
+
+chose is here and the
+second point that I
+
+chose is to the left.
+
+But for now, let's
+first assume that
+
+this scenario holds.
+
+That the first point is to the
+left of the second point.
+
+So under this assumption,
+we can see that--
+
+from the definition of these
+random variables-- we can
+
+actually see that the
+lengths are given
+
+by these three lengths.
+
+ 
+
+So the lengths are x, the left
+most piece has length x.
+
+The second, middle piece
+has length y minus x.
+
+And the last piece has
+length 1 minus y.
+
+ 
+
+And now let's recall our
+three conditions.
+
+So the conditions were that any
+two of these, the sum of
+
+any two lengths, has
+to be at least--
+
+has to be greater than the
+length of the third piece.
+
+So let's do these together.
+
+So x plus y minus x has to be
+greater than 1 minus y.
+
+So with these two pieces you
+can cover this third piece.
+
+We also need that with the first
+and third pieces, we can
+
+cover the middle piece.
+
+And we need with the second and
+third pieces, we can cover
+
+the first piece.
+
+Now this looks kind of messy,
+but in fact we can actually
+
+simplify this.
+
+So this actually simplifies.
+
+x minus x, that disappears.
+
+And so this actually simplifies
+to 2y has
+
+to be at least 1.
+
+Or even more simply, y has
+to be greater than 1/2.
+
+ 
+
+What about this one?
+
+This one, we can rearrange
+things again.
+
+x we can move over.
+
+y we can move over here.
+
+And we get that 2x plus 1 has
+to be greater than 2y.
+
+Or put in other words, y is
+less than x plus 1/2.
+
+ 
+
+And for the last one, again
+we can simplify.
+
+The y's cancel each other out.
+
+And we're left with
+2x is less than 1.
+
+ 
+
+Or x is less than 1/2.
+
+ 
+
+So these are our three
+conditions
+
+that need to be satisfied.
+
+So now we just have to figure
+out what's the probability
+
+that this is actually
+satisfied?
+
+Now let's go back to original
+definition and see what are
+
+the actual distributions
+for these random
+
+variables, x and y.
+
+Remember, we defined them to
+be x is the location of the
+
+first break and y is the
+location of the second break.
+
+And as we said in the problem,
+these are chosen uniformly at
+
+random and they're
+independent.
+
+And so we can actually draw
+out their joint PDF.
+
+So x and y, you can cover
+any point in the square.
+
+And moreover, it's actually
+uniform within the square.
+
+Because each one is chosen
+uniformly at random and
+
+they're independent.
+
+So it's anywhere in here.
+
+And so what do we need to do?
+
+We just need to identify, what
+is the probability that these
+
+three conditions hold?
+
+ 
+
+Rewrite this, line these up.
+
+So these are our three
+conditions that we need.
+
+And now remember, we're still
+working under the assumption
+
+that the first point that we
+chose is actually to the left
+
+of the second point.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+That means that we are
+actually in this top
+
+triangle, top half--
+
+x is less than y.
+
+All right, so what do we need?
+
+We need y to be at least
+1/2, so here's 1/2.
+
+So we need y to be
+above this line.
+
+We need x to be less than 1/2.
+
+So we need x to be to
+the left of here.
+
+So now so far we're stuck
+in this upper square.
+
+And the last thing we need is y
+to be less than x plus 1/2.
+
+What is y?
+
+The line y equals x and a 1/2,
+x plus 1/2, is this one.
+
+So y has to be less than that,
+so it would have to be in this
+
+triangle here.
+
+So these three conditions tell
+us that in order for us to
+
+have a triangle we need to for
+x and y to fall jointly in
+
+this small triangle here.
+
+Now because the joint
+distribution is uniform, we
+
+know that the density
+is just 1, right?
+
+Because the area
+here is just 1.
+
+So the height is
+just 1 as well.
+
+And so the density, or the
+probability of falling within
+
+this small triangle, is just
+going to be also the area of
+
+this triangle.
+
+And what is the area
+of this triangle?
+
+Well, you can fit 8 of these
+triangles in here, or you
+
+could think of it as 1/2
+times 1/2 times 1/2.
+
+So the area is just 1/8.
+
+So assuming that x is less than
+y, then the probability
+
+of forming a triangle is 1/8.
+
+Now, that's only half
+this story, though.
+
+Because it's possible that when
+you chose these two break
+
+points that we actually had
+the opposite result.
+
+That x, the point that you
+chose first, falls to the
+
+right of the point that
+you chose second.
+
+In which case everything
+kind of flips.
+
+Now we assume that y is less
+than x, which means that now
+
+we're in this lower triangle
+in the square.
+
+Now we can go through this
+whole exercise again.
+
+But really, what we can see is
+that all we've really done is
+
+just swap the names.
+
+Instead of having x and y we now
+call x-- we call x y and
+
+we call y x.
+
+And so if we just swap names,
+we can see that--
+
+let's just fast forward through
+all these steps and
+
+see that we could just swap
+names here, too, as well, in
+
+the three conditions.
+
+So instead of needing y to be
+greater than 1/2, we just need
+
+x to be greater than 1/2.
+
+Instead of having x less than
+1/2, we need y less than 1/2.
+
+We also swap this.
+
+So we need x to be less than y
+plus 1/2 or y is greater than
+
+x minus 1/2.
+
+All right, now let's figure out
+what this corresponds to.
+
+We need x to be greater than
+1/2, so it needs to be to the
+
+right of here.
+
+We need y to be less than
+1/2, so we need it to
+
+be below this line.
+
+And we need y to be greater
+than x minus 1/2.
+
+What is the line y equals
+x minus 1/2?
+
+That is this line here.
+
+And we need y to be greater than
+that, so it needs to be
+
+above this line.
+
+And so we get that this is the
+triangle, the small triangle
+
+that we need in this case.
+
+And notice that it's exactly
+the same area
+
+as this one, right?
+
+And so we get another
+contribution of 1/8 here.
+
+So the final answer is
+1/8 plus 1/8 is 1/4.
+
+So the probability of forming
+a triangle using this three
+
+pieces is exactly 1/4.
+
+And so notice that we've done
+is, you've set things up very
+
+methodically in the beginning
+by assigning
+
+these random variables.
+
+And you consider different
+cases.
+
+Because you don't actually know
+the order in which x and
+
+y might fall, let's just assume
+that one particular
+
+order and work from there.
+
+And then do the other
+case, as well.
+
+And it just so happened that
+because of the symmetry of the
+
+problem the second case was
+actually very simple.
+
+We could just see that it is
+actually symmetric and so we
+
+get the same answer.
+
+So this is kind of an
+interesting problem because
+
+it's actually a practical
+application of something that
+
+you might actually do.
+
+And you can see that just by
+applying these probability
+
+concepts you can actually--
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xqwHRjUfECk.txt b/xqwHRjUfECk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5527584586c3156d83d8d25802aa6b54598234c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xqwHRjUfECk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Well, you had an eventful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Well, you had an eventful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Well, you had an eventful
+flight just there. Um, how do you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight just there. Um, how do you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight just there. Um, how do you feel
+about it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it?
+Well, it was uh it was really a pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it was uh it was really a pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it was uh it was really a pilot
+error. It was entirely my fault. I uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. It was entirely my fault. I uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error. It was entirely my fault. I uh I
+reversed the uh the elevator control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the uh the elevator control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversed the uh the elevator control
+without actually realizing it when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually realizing it when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without actually realizing it when I was
+doing maintenance last night. So, uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing maintenance last night. So, uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing maintenance last night. So, uh the
+plane was flying backwards and I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane was flying backwards and I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane was flying backwards and I didn't
+realize it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize it.
+Okay. That that could be a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. That that could be a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. That that could be a slight
+control error. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control error. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control error. Um,
+oh, before we go ahead, can you tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, before we go ahead, can you tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh, before we go ahead, can you tell me
+the name of your team and introduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of your team and introduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of your team and introduce the
+the team members, please?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team members, please?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team members, please?
+Well, um, I am Pico Neil. Oh, sorry. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um, I am Pico Neil. Oh, sorry. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, um, I am Pico Neil. Oh, sorry. The
+team name, the team, this is team five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team name, the team, this is team five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team name, the team, this is team five,
+but we call this is team three, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we call this is team three, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we call this is team three, but we
+called ourselves team five. And, uh, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ourselves team five. And, uh, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called ourselves team five. And, uh, a
+little interesting story behind that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interesting story behind that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little interesting story behind that,
+but we don't really have time for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really have time for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really have time for that.
+But, uh, it's Cameron.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, uh, it's Cameron.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But, uh, it's Cameron.
+Um, we have also, um, Lynn, which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we have also, um, Lynn, which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, we have also, um, Lynn, which is the
+girl we had earlier. I'm not sure you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl we had earlier. I'm not sure you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girl we had earlier. I'm not sure you
+had a picture of her. Um, two uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a picture of her. Um, two uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a picture of her. Um, two uh two
+team members who are not here is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members who are not here is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members who are not here is um
+Henry Henry Wang and also uh Sandra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Henry Wang and also uh Sandra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Henry Henry Wang and also uh Sandra
+Duncan Dun. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan Dun. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Duncan Dun. Okay.
+So, how did your performance on this run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how did your performance on this run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how did your performance on this run
+compare with your predictions in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with your predictions in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with your predictions in your
+previous runs?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous runs?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous runs?
+Well, uh, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh, you know,
+I, uh, the plane got finished kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I, uh, the plane got finished kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I, uh, the plane got finished kind of
+late in the game, so, uh, I knew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in the game, so, uh, I knew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in the game, so, uh, I knew it
+wasn't going to control beautifully, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to control beautifully, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't going to control beautifully, but
+I I didn't really expect it to do quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't really expect it to do quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I didn't really expect it to do quite
+as poorly as it did. Fortunately, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as poorly as it did. Fortunately, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as poorly as it did. Fortunately, uh,
+all of the important systems seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the important systems seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the important systems seem to be
+okay. And, uh, if luck is on my side,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. And, uh, if luck is on my side,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. And, uh, if luck is on my side,
+I'll get another chance to run it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get another chance to run it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll get another chance to run it later
+today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today.
+So, apart from the, uh, the problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, apart from the, uh, the problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, apart from the, uh, the problem with
+the elevators, what do you think was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevators, what do you think was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elevators, what do you think was the
+most effective part of your system?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective part of your system?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective part of your system?
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+or will be in the uh in the flights to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or will be in the uh in the flights to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or will be in the uh in the flights to
+come.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come.
+If I was to say anything, it'd probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I was to say anything, it'd probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I was to say anything, it'd probably
+be our propulsion system. We we uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our propulsion system. We we uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be our propulsion system. We we uh we
+wrangled with it quite a bit. I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrangled with it quite a bit. I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrangled with it quite a bit. I is
+actually the uh the fourth motor to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the uh the fourth motor to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the uh the fourth motor to be
+mounted on this plane and uh we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on this plane and uh we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounted on this plane and uh we finally
+got one that's working all right, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one that's working all right, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got one that's working all right, but
+I've I've bent the prop and crashes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've bent the prop and crashes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've bent the prop and crashes
+several times and had to rebend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times and had to rebend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times and had to rebend it
+manually, which somewhat cuts into its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually, which somewhat cuts into its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually, which somewhat cuts into its
+efficiency.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency.
+Move it move it out a bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Move it move it out a bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Move it move it out a bit.
+So, you guys have had a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you guys have had a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you guys have had a lot of new
+experiences in Unifi this year. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in Unifi this year. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in Unifi this year. You
+worked as a team. you designed, built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked as a team. you designed, built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked as a team. you designed, built
+and flew your aircraft uh and you kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flew your aircraft uh and you kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and flew your aircraft uh and you kept
+up a tough academic pace for quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a tough academic pace for quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a tough academic pace for quite a
+long period. What do you which of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period. What do you which of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long period. What do you which of these
+experiences do you think will be most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences do you think will be most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences do you think will be most
+valuable in the future for you for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable in the future for you for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable in the future for you for you
+and your teammates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your teammates?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your teammates?
+You go first. You go first.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You go first. You go first.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You go first. You go first.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+it's a it's a pretty tough question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a pretty tough question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's a pretty tough question.
+Unified is a lot like a toolbox. uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unified is a lot like a toolbox. uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unified is a lot like a toolbox. uh it's
+it's divided into a lot of subcomponents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided into a lot of subcomponents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's divided into a lot of subcomponents
+and each of them teaches you important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them teaches you important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them teaches you important
+skills that are uh you know useful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that are uh you know useful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skills that are uh you know useful in
+different parts of the industry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the industry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts of the industry.
+Personally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this was uh the the the uh team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was uh the the the uh team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was uh the the the uh team
+building exercise and I mean a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building exercise and I mean a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building exercise and I mean a lot of
+the new aerospace initiatives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new aerospace initiatives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new aerospace initiatives are
+looking for uh people capable of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh people capable of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh people capable of working
+on a system with others because nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a system with others because nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a system with others because nobody
+designs an entire aerospace system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs an entire aerospace system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designs an entire aerospace system in
+the industry these days. Um, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry these days. Um, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industry these days. Um, I don't
+know. Uh, aside from that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Uh, aside from that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. Uh, aside from that,
+I uh I got a lot out of the computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh I got a lot out of the computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I uh I got a lot out of the computers
+and programming segment. I'd never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programming segment. I'd never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and programming segment. I'd never
+learned a whole language from start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a whole language from start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned a whole language from start to
+finish before. So, probably my favorite.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish before. So, probably my favorite.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish before. So, probably my favorite.
+Pico,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pico,
+any thoughts? Um I would say uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts? Um I would say uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any thoughts? Um I would say uh
+knowing that sometimes you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that sometimes you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that sometimes you just have to
+give up a few things like not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up a few things like not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give up a few things like not only in
+just like recreational and personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like recreational and personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like recreational and personal
+activities, but like it probably is cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities, but like it probably is cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities, but like it probably is cost
+effective to give up a problem or two on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to give up a problem or two on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to give up a problem or two on
+a problem set to study a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem set to study a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem set to study a little bit more
+for test or give up a few a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for test or give up a few a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for test or give up a few a few things
+on the a problem set for the report or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the a problem set for the report or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the a problem set for the report or
+for the project. And I kind of learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the project. And I kind of learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the project. And I kind of learned
+that also late in the game. But say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also late in the game. But say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also late in the game. But say that
+that would be useful. Prioritize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be useful. Prioritize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be useful. Prioritize what
+you can do and the work and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do and the work and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do and the work and sometimes
+you just can't get everything done. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't get everything done. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't get everything done. So
+just do what's most important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do what's most important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do what's most important.
+So you were doing uh trade studies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you were doing uh trade studies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you were doing uh trade studies on
+where your efforts should go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your efforts should go.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your efforts should go.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Well, uh hopefully you'll get another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh hopefully you'll get another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, uh hopefully you'll get another
+shot and I wish you luck. Uh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot and I wish you luck. Uh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot and I wish you luck. Uh what are
+you going to do next?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do next?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you going to do next?
+Um I'm going to take him to lunch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm going to take him to lunch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm going to take him to lunch to
+help him out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help him out.
+He he's he's done a lot of work on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He he's he's done a lot of work on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He he's he's done a lot of work on the
+team and I I want to give back a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and I I want to give back a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team and I I want to give back a little
+bit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit.
+Well, good job you guys. Thanks a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, good job you guys. Thanks a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, good job you guys. Thanks a lot
+for talking to us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking to us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for talking to us.
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xvojobO-1Hw.txt b/xvojobO-1Hw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..273fab23eca29c215ea7f64f678ad17a119bb525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xvojobO-1Hw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+Now let's look at the electrical view of the
+MOSFET.
+
+Its operation is determined by the voltages
+of its four terminals.
+
+First we'll label the two diffusion terminals
+on either side of the gate terminal.
+
+Our convention is to call the diffusion terminal
+with the highest voltage potential the "drain"
+
+and the other lower-potential terminal the
+"source".
+
+With this labeling if any current is flowing
+through the MOSFET switch, it will flow from
+
+drain to source.
+
+When the MOSFET is manufactured, it's designed
+to have a particular threshold voltage, V_TH,
+
+which tells us when the switch goes from non-conducting
+or "open" to conducting or "closed".
+
+For the n-channel MOSFET shown here, we'd
+expect V_TH to be around
+
+The P+ terminal on the left of the diagram
+is the connection to the p-type substrate.
+
+For the MOSFET to operate correctly, the substrate
+must always have a voltage less than or equal
+
+to the voltage of the source and drain.
+
+We'll have specific rules about how to connect
+up this terminal.
+
+The MOSFET is controlled by the difference
+between the voltage of the gate, V_G, and
+
+the voltage of the source, V_S, which, following
+the usual terminology for voltages, we call
+
+V_GS, a shortcut for saying V_G minus V_S.
+
+The first picture shows the configuration
+of the MOSFET when V_GS is less than the MOSFET's
+
+threshold voltage.
+
+In this configuration, the switch is open
+or non-conducting, i.e., there is no electrical
+
+connection between the source and drain.
+
+When n-type and p-type materials come in physical
+contact, a depletion region (shown in dark
+
+red in the diagram) forms at their junction.
+
+This is a region of substrate where the current-carrying
+electrical particles have migrated away from
+
+the junction.
+
+The depletion zone serves as an insulating
+layer between the substrate and source/drain.
+
+The width of this insulating layer grows as
+the voltage of source/drain gets larger relative
+
+to the voltage of the substrate.
+
+And, as you can see in the diagram, that insulating
+layer fills the region of the substrate between
+
+the source and drain terminals, keeping them
+electrically isolated.
+
+Now, as V_GS gets larger, positive charges
+accumulate on the gate conductor and generate
+
+an electrical field which attracts the electrons
+in the atoms in the substrate.
+
+For a while that attractive force gets larger
+without much happening, but when it reaches
+
+the MOSFET's threshold voltage, the field
+is strong enough to pull the substrate electrons
+
+from the valence band into the conduction
+band,
+
+and the newly mobile electrons will move towards
+the gate conductor, collecting just under
+
+the thin oxide that serves the gate capacitor's
+insulator.
+
+When enough electrons accumulate, the type
+of the semiconductor changes from p-type to
+
+n-type and there's now a channel of n-type
+material forming a conducting path between
+
+the source and drain terminals.
+
+This layer of n-type material is called an
+inversion layer, since its type has been inverted
+
+from the original p-type material.
+
+The MOSFET switch is now closed or conducting.
+
+Current will flow from drain to source in
+proportion to V_DS, the difference in voltage
+
+between the drain and source terminals.
+
+At this point the conducting inversion layer
+is acting like a resistor governed by Ohm's
+
+Law so I_DS = V_DS/R where R is the effective
+resistance of the channel.
+
+This process is reversible: if V_GS falls
+below the threshold voltage, the substrate
+
+electrons drop back into the valence band,
+the inversion layer disappears, and the switch
+
+no longer conducts.
+
+The story gets a bit more complicated when
+V_DS is larger than V_GS, as shown in the
+
+bottom figures.
+
+A large V_DS changes the geometry of the electrical
+fields in the channel and the inversion layer
+
+pinches off at the end of the channel near
+the drain.
+
+But with a large V_DS, the electrons will
+tunnel across the pinch-off point to reach
+
+the conducting inversion layer still present
+next to the source terminal.
+
+How does pinch-off affect I_DS, the current
+flowing from drain to source?
+
+To see, let's look at some plots of I_DS on
+the next slide.
+
+Okay, this plot has a lot of information,
+so let's see what we can learn.
+
+Each curve is a plot of I_DS as a function
+of V_DS, for a particular value of V_GS.
+
+First, notice that I_DS is 0 when V_GS is
+less than or equal to the threshold voltage.
+
+The first six curves are all plotted on top
+of each other along the x-axis.
+
+Once V_GS exceeds the threshold voltage I_DS
+becomes non-zero, and increases as V_GS increases.
+
+This makes sense: the larger V_GS becomes,
+the more substrate electrons are attracted
+
+to the bottom plate of the gate capacitor
+and the thicker the inversion layer becomes,
+
+allowing it to conduct more current.
+
+When V_DS is smaller than V_GS, we said the
+MOSFET behaves like a resistor obeying Ohm's
+
+Law.
+
+This is shown in the linear portions of the
+I_DS curves at the left side of the plots.
+
+The slope of the linear part of the curve
+is essentially inversely proportional to the
+
+resistance of the conducting MOSFET channel.
+
+As the channel gets thicker with increasing
+V_GS, more current flows and the slope of
+
+the line gets steeper, indicating a smaller
+channel resistance.
+
+But when V_DS gets larger than V_GS, the channel
+pinches off at the drain end and, as we see
+
+in on the right side of the I_DS plots, the
+current flow no longer increases with increasing
+
+V_DS.
+
+Instead I_DS is approximately constant and
+the curve becomes a horizontal line.
+
+We say that the MOSFET has reached "saturation"
+where I_DS has reached some maximum value.
+
+Notice that the saturated part of the I_DS
+curve isn't quite flat and I_DS continues
+
+to increase slightly as V_DS gets larger.
+
+This effect is called channel-length modulation
+and reflects the fact that the increase in
+
+channel pinch-off isn't exactly matched by
+the increase current induced by the larger
+
+V_DS.
+
+Whew!
+
+MOSFET operation is complicated!
+
+Fortunately, as designers, we'll be able to
+use the much simpler mental model of a switch
+
+if we obey some simple rules when designing
+our MOSFET circuits.
+
+Up to now, we've been talking about MOSFETs
+built as shown in the diagram on the left:
+
+with n-type source/drain diffusions in a p-type
+substrate.
+
+These are called n-channel MOSFETs since the
+inversion layer, when formed, is an n-type
+
+semiconductor.
+
+The schematic symbol for an n-channel MOSFET
+is shown here, with the four terminals arranged
+
+as shown.
+
+In our MOSFET circuits, we'll connect the
+bulk terminal of the MOSFET to ground, which
+
+will ensure that the voltage of the p-type
+substrate is always less than or equal to
+
+the voltage of the source and drain diffusions.
+
+We can also build a MOSFET by flipping all
+the material types, creating p-type source/drain
+
+diffusions in a n-type substrate.
+
+This is called a p-channel MOSFET, which also
+behaves as voltage-controlled switch, except
+
+that all the voltage potentials are reversed!
+
+As we'll see, control voltages that cause
+an n-channel switch to be "on" will cause
+
+a p-channel switch to be "off" and vice-versa.
+
+Using both types of MOSFETs will give us switches
+that behave in a complementary fashion.
+
+Hence the name "complementary MOS", CMOS for
+short, for circuits that use both types of
+
+MOSFETs.
+
+Now that we have our two types of voltage-controlled
+switches, our next task is to figure out how
+
+to use them to build circuits useful for manipulating
+information encoded as voltages.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xw3ccgYhFis.txt b/xw3ccgYhFis.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5400cc76a11753c4d3dcde530942d889b4a41930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xw3ccgYhFis.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh so this is the next step for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so this is the next step for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so this is the next step for a
+first order differential equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order differential equation.
+We take instead of an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We take instead of an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We take instead of an exponential
+now we have an oscillating exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an oscillating exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have an oscillating exponentials
+the previous lecture grew or decayed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture grew or decayed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous lecture grew or decayed.
+Now we have an oscillate. We have AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have an oscillate. We have AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we have an oscillate. We have AC
+alternating current in this problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating current in this problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternating current in this problem.
+Instead of uh expon pure expon instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of uh expon pure expon instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of uh expon pure expon instead
+of real exponentials we have oscillation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real exponentials we have oscillation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of real exponentials we have oscillation
+vibration all the all the applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration all the all the applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibration all the all the applications
+that involve uh uh circular motion going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve uh uh circular motion going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involve uh uh circular motion going
+around and around instead of going off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and around instead of going off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and around instead of going off
+exponentially. Okay. So here's the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially. Okay. So here's the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially. Okay. So here's the point
+again. I'm looking for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. I'm looking for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. I'm looking for a particular
+solution. the particular solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. the particular solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution. the particular solution.
+It would be nice if we could say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be nice if we could say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It would be nice if we could say the
+particular solution was just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution was just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution was just some
+multiple of the cosine. But that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the cosine. But that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the cosine. But that won't
+work. So that makes this problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So that makes this problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. So that makes this problem one
+step harder than the exponential. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step harder than the exponential. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step harder than the exponential. We
+need to allow the signs in there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to allow the signs in there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to allow the signs in there because
+if I looked for a cosine, if I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I looked for a cosine, if I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I looked for a cosine, if I tried
+only this part that I could match that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this part that I could match that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only this part that I could match that,
+I could I'd have a times the cosine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I'd have a times the cosine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could I'd have a times the cosine that
+would be cosiness. But the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be cosiness. But the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be cosiness. But the derivative
+of a cosine is a sine function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cosine is a sine function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cosine is a sine function.
+So we h signs are going to get in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we h signs are going to get in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we h signs are going to get in there
+and we have to allow them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to allow them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to allow them into the
+solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution.
+Okay. So that's the right thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's the right thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's the right thing to
+assume. Actually there will be you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume. Actually there will be you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume. Actually there will be you'll
+see three different ways to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see three different ways to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see three different ways to write the
+answer to this problem. And this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem. And this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to this problem. And this is the
+first sort of most straightforward but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sort of most straightforward but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sort of most straightforward but
+not the best in the long run. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best in the long run. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best in the long run. Okay.
+straightforward one. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward one. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward one. I'm going to
+substitute that into the equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that into the equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that into the equation and
+find m and n. That's my job. Find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find m and n. That's my job. Find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find m and n. That's my job. Find these
+numbers. Okay. So, put that into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Okay. So, put that into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers. Okay. So, put that into the
+equation. On the left side, I want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. On the left side, I want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. On the left side, I want the
+derivative. So, that will be omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So, that will be omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative. So, that will be omega
+well the derivative of the cosine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the derivative of the cosine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the derivative of the cosine is
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+omega m sin omega t. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega m sin omega t. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega m sin omega t. Right?
+The derivative brought out this factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The derivative brought out this factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The derivative brought out this factor
+omega. The derivative of cosine was s.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega. The derivative of cosine was s.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega. The derivative of cosine was s.
+Now the derivative of this brings out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the derivative of this brings out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now the derivative of this brings out a
+factor of omega. Omega n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of omega. Omega n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of omega. Omega n
+cossine omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cossine omega t.
+And that should equal a * y. There's y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that should equal a * y. There's y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that should equal a * y. There's y.
+So I just multiply by a uh a m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just multiply by a uh a m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I just multiply by a uh a m
+a m cosine omega t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m cosine omega t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a m cosine omega t
+and a n sin omega t. That's the a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a n sin omega t. That's the a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a n sin omega t. That's the a y
+part. And now I have the source term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. And now I have the source term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. And now I have the source term
+plus cossine omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cossine omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cossine omega t.
+And that has to be true for all time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that has to be true for all time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that has to be true for all time.
+and the now I need the equation. What do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the now I need the equation. What do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the now I need the equation. What do
+I do with this? I'm looking for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do with this? I'm looking for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do with this? I'm looking for two
+things m and n. I'm looking for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things m and n. I'm looking for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things m and n. I'm looking for two
+equations. So I match the cosine terms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So I match the cosine terms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. So I match the cosine terms.
+I match that term, that cosine term, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I match that term, that cosine term, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I match that term, that cosine term, and
+the source term. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source term. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source term. So
+they all multiply cosine omega t. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all multiply cosine omega t. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all multiply cosine omega t. So I
+want omega n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want omega n.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want omega n.
+Sh should I bring this over on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sh should I bring this over on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sh should I bring this over on the other
+side? Minus a m + omega n equ= here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side? Minus a m + omega n equ= here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side? Minus a m + omega n equ= here I
+just have one cosine equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one cosine equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have one cosine equals 1
+- a m + omega n = 1. And now I'll match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a m + omega n = 1. And now I'll match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- a m + omega n = 1. And now I'll match
+the s terms. So in the s terms I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s terms. So in the s terms I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the s terms. So in the s terms I have a
+minus omega m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus omega m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus omega m
+sin omega t. And I have to bring this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega t. And I have to bring this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin omega t. And I have to bring this on
+the other side. So that'll be a minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side. So that'll be a minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side. So that'll be a minus a
+n sin omega t. And there's no sin omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sin omega t. And there's no sin omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sin omega t. And there's no sin omega
+t in the source. There's my two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in the source. There's my two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t in the source. There's my two
+equations. Those are my two equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Those are my two equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Those are my two equations
+for m and n. So I just solve those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m and n. So I just solve those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for m and n. So I just solve those two
+equations and I've got the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I've got the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and I've got the particular
+solution that I look for. So it's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that I look for. So it's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that I look for. So it's two
+equations, two unknowns. It's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, two unknowns. It's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, two unknowns. It's the basic
+problem of linear algebra. I'm inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of linear algebra. I'm inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of linear algebra. I'm inclined
+to just write down the answer which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write down the answer which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just write down the answer which I
+prepared in advance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared in advance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepared in advance.
+M it turns out to be minus a over omega^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it turns out to be minus a over omega^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M it turns out to be minus a over omega^
+2 + a 2 and n turns out to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + a 2 and n turns out to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 + a 2 and n turns out to have that
+same omega^ 2 + a 2 and above it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same omega^ 2 + a 2 and above it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same omega^ 2 + a 2 and above it goes
+omega.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+If you check this equation for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you check this equation for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you check this equation for example,
+omega * the m will give me a a omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega * the m will give me a a omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+omega * the m will give me a a omega
+with a minus with a minus and then a * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus with a minus and then a * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus with a minus and then a * n
+will also be have an a omega and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be have an a omega and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also be have an a omega and the
+same omega^ 2 + a^ 2 it I get they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same omega^ 2 + a^ 2 it I get they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same omega^ 2 + a^ 2 it I get they
+cancel to give zero and this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel to give zero and this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel to give zero and this equation is
+also solved. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also solved. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also solved. So
+one more important problem solved. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more important problem solved. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more important problem solved. Well,
+we found the particular solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found the particular solution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found the particular solution.
+I haven't added in I haven't matched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't added in I haven't matched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't added in I haven't matched the
+initial condition. Now in many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition. Now in many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial condition. Now in many many
+cases it's this particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's this particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's this particular solution
+that's of interest. This here let me put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of interest. This here let me put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of interest. This here let me put
+a box around our solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box around our solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a box around our solution
+and we substituted that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we substituted that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we substituted that in the
+differential equation. We discovered m,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. We discovered m,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation. We discovered m,
+we discovered n, we've got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered n, we've got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discovered n, we've got this
+particular solution. And and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution. And and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution. And and that's the
+sort of that's the oscillation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's the oscillation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of that's the oscillation that
+keeps going that if we're listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going that if we're listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going that if we're listening to
+radio or uh or if we have alternating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or uh or if we have alternating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio or uh or if we have alternating
+current, this is what we see. the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current, this is what we see. the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current, this is what we see. the
+the null solution, the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null solution, the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the null solution, the thing that's
+coming with no source term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming with no source term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming with no source term
+usually a is negative and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a is negative and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually a is negative and that
+disappears.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappears.
+That's called the transient term. The so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's called the transient term. The so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's called the transient term. The so
+the the null solution would be in have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the null solution would be in have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the null solution would be in have
+an ae to the a as always.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ae to the a as always.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ae to the a as always.
+But I'm not so interested in that. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm not so interested in that. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But I'm not so interested in that. It's
+uh because it disappears. You don't hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it disappears. You don't hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because it disappears. You don't hear
+it after a minute. and and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after a minute. and and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after a minute. and and this is the
+solution that you're this is what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you're this is what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that you're this is what your
+ear is hearing. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear is hearing. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ear is hearing. Okay,
+so we've got one form of the answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got one form of the answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've got one form of the answer.
+Now that's a pretty nice form, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's a pretty nice form, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now that's a pretty nice form, but it's
+not perfect. I can't see exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect. I can't see exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not perfect. I can't see exactly
+this can be simplified in a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be simplified in a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be simplified in a really nice
+way. So when we work with SS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So when we work with SS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. So when we work with SS and
+cosiness, it's this next step that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness, it's this next step that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness, it's this next step that's
+important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important.
+I believe that that same yp of t can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that that same yp of t can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe that that same yp of t can be
+written in a different way as what also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a different way as what also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a different way as what also
+uh another another form a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another another form a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another another form a different
+well I should say another another form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should say another another form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I should say another another form
+for the same y of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same y of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same y of t.
+another form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another form
+will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be
+the same y of t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same y of t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same y of t.
+You see what I don't like is having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see what I don't like is having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see what I don't like is having a
+cosine and a sign. So, because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and a sign. So, because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and a sign. So, because those are
+out of phase and they're combining into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase and they're combining into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of phase and they're combining into
+something and I want to find out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I want to find out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and I want to find out what
+they're combining into. And it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're combining into. And it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're combining into. And it's really
+nice. They're combining into a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. They're combining into a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. They're combining into a single
+cosine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine,
+but not just omega t. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not just omega t. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not just omega t. It's
+there's a lag, a phase shift. The angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lag, a phase shift. The angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lag, a phase shift. The angle
+involved is often called the phase. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved is often called the phase. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved is often called the phase. So
+the the two uh s and cosine combine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two uh s and cosine combine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the two uh s and cosine combine to
+give a phase shift with some amplitude.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a phase shift with some amplitude.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give a phase shift with some amplitude.
+Maybe I'll call it g uh the gain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll call it g uh the gain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe I'll call it g uh the gain or
+often it would be called capital r just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it would be called capital r just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often it would be called capital r just
+for uh because it's some some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh because it's some some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh because it's some some sort of
+what you're seeing here is polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing here is polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing here is polar
+coordinates. So I want to match this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. So I want to match this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. So I want to match this
+which has the G and the alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Polar coordinates is really the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar coordinates is really the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Polar coordinates is really the right
+way to think of this. G and an alpha, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of this. G and an alpha, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of this. G and an alpha, a
+a magnitude and an angle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude and an angle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a magnitude and an angle.
+I want to match that with the form I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to match that with the form I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to match that with the form I
+already had.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had.
+So I'll use a little trigonometry here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll use a little trigonometry here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I'll use a little trigonometry here
+to remember that this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember that this is equal to
+you I have a g.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have a g.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I have a g.
+Do you remember a formula for the cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you remember a formula for the cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you remember a formula for the cosine
+of a minus b? The cosine of a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a minus b? The cosine of a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a minus b? The cosine of a difference
+is cosine of omega t cosine of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine of omega t cosine of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine of omega t cosine of alpha
+plus it's a plus here because it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it's a plus here because it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus it's a plus here because it's a
+minus there sin omega t sin alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So I have just written this out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have just written this out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have just written this out in the
+two-term form and I did that so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-term form and I did that so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-term form and I did that so that I
+could match the two-term form I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could match the two-term form I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could match the two-term form I already
+had. So can I just do that matching the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. So can I just do that matching the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had. So can I just do that matching the
+cosine omega t the m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t the m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t the m
+must be g cos alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the n
+must be g sin alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, and now I have two equations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and now I have two equations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and now I have two equations,
+the M and the N. I I I still remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M and the N. I I I still remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the M and the N. I I I still remember
+what those are. I figured those out. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are. I figured those out. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what those are. I figured those out. But
+now I want to convert the MN form to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to convert the MN form to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I want to convert the MN form to the
+G alpha form. And this is what I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G alpha form. And this is what I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G alpha form. And this is what I have to
+do. And it's the usual thing with polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And it's the usual thing with polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And it's the usual thing with polar
+coordinates. How how can I get how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. How how can I get how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates. How how can I get how do I
+discover what G is there and what alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what G is there and what alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover what G is there and what alpha
+is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is?
+Okay, the trick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the trick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the trick is
+the one fundamental identity when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one fundamental identity when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one fundamental identity when you
+see cosiness and ss is to remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see cosiness and ss is to remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see cosiness and ss is to remember that
+cosine squar plus sin squared is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squar plus sin squared is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine squar plus sin squared is one.
+I'm going to use that have to use it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use that have to use it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to use that have to use it. So
+I'll square both sides. I'll have m 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll square both sides. I'll have m 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll square both sides. I'll have m 2
+and and I'll add. So I'll have m^2 + n^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is g^2 cos cosine^ 2 alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is g^2 cos cosine^ 2 alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is g^2 cos cosine^ 2 alpha
+g^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g^2
+times cossine^ 2 alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cossine^ 2 alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times cossine^ 2 alpha
+when I squared that one and sin^ squar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I squared that one and sin^ squar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I squared that one and sin^ squar
+alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha
+when I squared that one and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I squared that one and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I squared that one and again the
+point is that's one so that's just g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that's one so that's just g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that's one so that's just g
+squar so what have I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so what have I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar so what have I learned
+G is the square root of this. G is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is the square root of this. G is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is the square root of this. G is the
+square root of M2 + N2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of M2 + N2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of M2 + N2.
+And I'm always free to plug in the M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm always free to plug in the M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm always free to plug in the M and
+the N that I found. Okay, that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N that I found. Okay, that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N that I found. Okay, that's
+ah what about alpha? That's the angle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah what about alpha? That's the angle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah what about alpha? That's the angle.
+So I have have to again I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have have to again I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I have have to again I'm thinking
+trig here. How am I going to get alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig here. How am I going to get alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig here. How am I going to get alpha
+here? I want to get G out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? I want to get G out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? I want to get G out of this
+formula now and just focus on the alpha.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula now and just focus on the alpha.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula now and just focus on the alpha.
+Previously I got alpha out of it and got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Previously I got alpha out of it and got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Previously I got alpha out of it and got
+the G. Now the way to do it is take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G. Now the way to do it is take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G. Now the way to do it is take the
+ratio. If I take the ratio of that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. If I take the ratio of that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio. If I take the ratio of that to
+that, divide one by the other, the G's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, divide one by the other, the G's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, divide one by the other, the G's
+will fac will cancel. So I'll take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fac will cancel. So I'll take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fac will cancel. So I'll take the
+ratio of that to that to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of that to that to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio of that to that to get
+sin al g sin alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin al g sin alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin al g sin alpha
+divided by g cos alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by g cos alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by g cos alpha
+is then n / m right and the g's cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then n / m right and the g's cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then n / m right and the g's cancel
+as I wanted so now I have an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I wanted so now I have an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I wanted so now I have an equation
+for alpha or more exactly I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alpha or more exactly I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for alpha or more exactly I have an
+equation for tangent of alpha s over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for tangent of alpha s over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for tangent of alpha s over
+cosine is tan tangent of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is tan tangent of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine is tan tangent of alpha
+is n /n.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is called the you could call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is called the you could call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is called the you could call it
+the sinosoidal identity. What is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinosoidal identity. What is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sinosoidal identity. What is that
+word sinosoid? Sinosoid is a word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sinosoid? Sinosoid is a word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word sinosoid? Sinosoid is a word for
+any mixture of ss and cosiness. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mixture of ss and cosiness. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any mixture of ss and cosiness. Any
+mixture of ss and cosiness of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of ss and cosiness of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of ss and cosiness of the same
+uh omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh omega t.
+So, so the syosoidal identity says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the syosoidal identity says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so the syosoidal identity says that
+that I can rewrite that solution into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can rewrite that solution into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can rewrite that solution into
+this solution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And I really see the key number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I really see the key number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I really see the key number in the
+whole thing is the gain, the magnitude.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is the gain, the magnitude.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing is the gain, the magnitude.
+It's it's how loud the station comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's how loud the station comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's how loud the station comes
+through if we're if we're tuning a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if we're if we're tuning a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if we're if we're tuning a
+radio. So uh and again this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio. So uh and again this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio. So uh and again this is the
+response that keeps going because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that keeps going because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response that keeps going because the
+the cosine oscillates forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine oscillates forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cosine oscillates forever.
+There will be also uh something coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There will be also uh something coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There will be also uh something coming
+from the initial condition that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial condition that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the initial condition that we
+expect to die out. Okay. So I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to die out. Okay. So I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to die out. Okay. So I mentioned
+at the very start that there were three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very start that there were three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the very start that there were three
+forms of the answer to this s cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the answer to this s cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the answer to this s cosine
+input and I've given you two. I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and I've given you two. I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and I've given you two. I've given
+you the M andN form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the M andN form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the M andN form.
+You could say rectangular coordinates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could say rectangular coordinates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could say rectangular coordinates,
+cosiness and SS. I've given you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and SS. I've given you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosiness and SS. I've given you the
+polar form-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar form-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar form-
+which is a a gain, a magnitude and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a gain, a magnitude and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a a gain, a magnitude and a
+phase. And the third one involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. And the third one involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase. And the third one involves
+complex numbers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers.
+I have to make that a separate lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to make that a separate lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to make that a separate lecture
+maybe even two. So complex numbers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even two. So complex numbers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even two. So complex numbers uh
+where do they come in? It's a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they come in? It's a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where do they come in? It's a totally
+real equation. If I if I think about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real equation. If I if I think about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real equation. If I if I think about all
+this that I've done, it was all totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I've done, it was all totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that I've done, it was all totally
+real. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real. But
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+I can I I get there's a link the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I I get there's a link the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can I I get there's a link the key
+fact about complex numbers. Oilers's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about complex numbers. Oilers's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact about complex numbers. Oilers's
+great formula will give me a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great formula will give me a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great formula will give me a connection
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+cosine omega t and sin omega t with e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t and sin omega t with e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine omega t and sin omega t with e to
+the i omega t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i omega t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i omega t.
+So at the price of introducing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the price of introducing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So at the price of introducing that
+complex number imaginary number i or j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number imaginary number i or j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex number imaginary number i or j
+for for uh electrical engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh electrical engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for uh electrical engineers
+we have uh we're back to exponentials.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we're back to exponentials.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have uh we're back to exponentials.
+We're back to exponentials. So that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're back to exponentials. So that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're back to exponentials. So that'll
+come in the next lecture. This is uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the next lecture. This is uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come in the next lecture. This is uh one
+more example of a nice source function.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example of a nice source function.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more example of a nice source function.
+So the maybe I could just say the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the maybe I could just say the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the maybe I could just say the what
+are the what are the nicest source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the what are the nicest source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the what are the nicest source
+functions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the source function here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the source function here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the source function here and
+it was nice. Exponential was even nicer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was nice. Exponential was even nicer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was nice. Exponential was even nicer.
+Constant was best of all. And I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant was best of all. And I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constant was best of all. And I want to
+another one I want to introduce is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I want to introduce is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I want to introduce is a
+delta function. So that's a a delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function. So that's a a delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta function. So that's a a delta
+function is an impulse something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an impulse something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is an impulse something that
+happens in an instant. And that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in an instant. And that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in an instant. And that's an
+interesting very interesting and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting very interesting and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting very interesting and very
+important possibility. Okay. Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yDy3L7V-tL8.txt b/yDy3L7V-tL8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9e9425895a8b82871fbdd28054a14cbdf15429f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yDy3L7V-tL8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19707 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I have I can and have in the past uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have I can and have in the past uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have I can and have in the past uh
+talked for about six hours on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked for about six hours on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked for about six hours on the
+subject today we're just going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject today we're just going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject today we're just going to talk
+about the first of these molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first of these molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the first of these molecular
+biology for the bioinformaticists and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology for the bioinformaticists and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology for the bioinformaticists and if
+we have time then we can talk about Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time then we can talk about Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have time then we can talk about Gene
+measurement techniques not just microbes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement techniques not just microbes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement techniques not just microbes
+but all sorts of different Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all sorts of different Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all sorts of different Technologies
+depending on how fast or slow we go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how fast or slow we go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how fast or slow we go so
+let's just get started then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just get started then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just get started then
+so I have about 10 slides of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have about 10 slides of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have about 10 slides of basic
+biology okay if I see you start to yawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay if I see you start to yawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay if I see you start to yawn
+okay then we'll just go faster there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we'll just go faster there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then we'll just go faster there's a
+lot that we can cover okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that we can cover okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that we can cover okay
+so how many of you remember this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you remember this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many of you remember this kind of
+thing okay do you remember this do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay do you remember this do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay do you remember this do you
+remember this you are this okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this you are this okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this you are this okay so we
+could go pretty fast so obviously the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go pretty fast so obviously the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go pretty fast so obviously the
+key problem in biology or in all of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key problem in biology or in all of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key problem in biology or in all of life
+science is that organisms need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is that organisms need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science is that organisms need to
+produce proteins for a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce proteins for a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce proteins for a variety of
+different things that they need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that they need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things that they need to do
+over their lifetime so the goal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their lifetime so the goal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over their lifetime so the goal is
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+but the organisms have to make the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the organisms have to make the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the organisms have to make the same
+proteins again and again in a very set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins again and again in a very set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins again and again in a very set
+pattern Type of Way some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern Type of Way some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern Type of Way some of these
+proteins are important their enzymes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are important their enzymes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are important their enzymes to
+catalyze reactions these reactions would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze reactions these reactions would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze reactions these reactions would
+otherwise take 10 000 years to complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise take 10 000 years to complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise take 10 000 years to complete
+because you have the enzyme in the mail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the enzyme in the mail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have the enzyme in the mail
+can take 10 000 microseconds instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take 10 000 microseconds instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take 10 000 microseconds instead
+structural support otherwise a bag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural support otherwise a bag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural support otherwise a bag of
+water would just collapse these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water would just collapse these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water would just collapse these are
+things that are going to hold the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to hold the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going to hold the cell
+wall together to give it some shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall together to give it some shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall together to give it some shape and
+certainly we have hormones to signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we have hormones to signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly we have hormones to signal
+from one part of an organism to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one part of an organism to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one part of an organism to another
+part of the organism or for one organism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the organism or for one organism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the organism or for one organism
+to another organism so the key problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another organism so the key problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another organism so the key problem
+in life science over the past 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life science over the past 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in life science over the past 50 years
+is how to encode the instructions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to encode the instructions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how to encode the instructions for
+making these specific proteins because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these specific proteins because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these specific proteins because
+they have so many disparate shapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so many disparate shapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have so many disparate shapes
+different lens characteristics how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lens characteristics how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lens characteristics how does
+the organism know or how the cells know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism know or how the cells know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the organism know or how the cells know
+how to make these proteins and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make these proteins and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to make these proteins and the first
+step is obviously nucleotides that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is obviously nucleotides that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step is obviously nucleotides that's the
+basic most basic element of These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic most basic element of These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic most basic element of These
+Blueprints that goes into making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blueprints that goes into making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blueprints that goes into making the
+protein so we have adenine cytosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so we have adenine cytosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so we have adenine cytosine
+guanine and thymine hcgt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine and thymine hcgt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guanine and thymine hcgt
+and as we all know 50 years ago we we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we all know 50 years ago we we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we all know 50 years ago we we've
+learned that these were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that these were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that these were actually
+arranged in a chain actually two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a chain actually two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranged in a chain actually two
+anti-parallel chains where the ace base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel chains where the ace base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-parallel chains where the ace base
+pair with the t's and the C's go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair with the t's and the C's go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair with the t's and the C's go along
+with the G's and these are not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the G's and these are not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the G's and these are not just
+arbitrary trains but there's a these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary trains but there's a these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary trains but there's a these are
+chains with polarity so you have a start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains with polarity so you have a start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chains with polarity so you have a start
+and end to one chain it's lined up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end to one chain it's lined up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and end to one chain it's lined up with
+the and the start and the end to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the start and the end to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the start and the end to the
+other chain and this is the double helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chain and this is the double helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chain and this is the double helix
+this naturally forms a double helix if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this naturally forms a double helix if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this naturally forms a double helix if
+you melt this to the right temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you melt this to the right temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you melt this to the right temperature
+if you heat the DNA it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat the DNA it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you heat the DNA it starts to
+denature but if you cool it again it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature but if you cool it again it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denature but if you cool it again it'll
+start to come back together again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to come back together again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to come back together again a
+renature so it's a natural formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renature so it's a natural formation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renature so it's a natural formation
+depending on the temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the temperature of the
+bonds here the the temperature needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds here the the temperature needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds here the the temperature needed to
+break these bonds and so you get an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these bonds and so you get an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break these bonds and so you get an idea
+of what this double helix looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this double helix looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what this double helix looks like
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's take a step back okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's take a step back okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's take a step back okay we
+have the DNA we know that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the DNA we know that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the DNA we know that's going to be
+the end point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end point
+but we haven't had to even sequence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't had to even sequence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we haven't had to even sequence the
+A's G's and T's and T's to make genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's G's and T's and T's to make genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A's G's and T's and T's to make genomic
+or genetic diagnoses okay so even for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or genetic diagnoses okay so even for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or genetic diagnoses okay so even for
+the past more than 50 years we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past more than 50 years we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past more than 50 years we've been
+able to make genetic diagnoses even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make genetic diagnoses even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to make genetic diagnoses even
+before sequencing was invented how well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before sequencing was invented how well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before sequencing was invented how well
+obviously you can actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you can actually look at the
+chromosome structure so you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome structure so you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome structure so you can get a
+blood sample from any human isolate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood sample from any human isolate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood sample from any human isolate the
+white blood cells which still has DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white blood cells which still has DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white blood cells which still has DNA
+and stain them in a particular way take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stain them in a particular way take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stain them in a particular way take
+a photo photograph the photo micrograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo photograph the photo micrograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photo photograph the photo micrograph
+so that cut out the chromosomes and line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that cut out the chromosomes and line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that cut out the chromosomes and line
+them up and so people have been doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and so people have been doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up and so people have been doing
+this for decades more than half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for decades more than half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for decades more than half a
+century and basically these chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and basically these chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and basically these chromosomes
+have been numbered based on the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been numbered based on the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been numbered based on the original
+estimates of the size of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the size of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates of the size of these
+chromosomes so chromosome one is thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so chromosome one is thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes so chromosome one is thought
+to be the biggest chromosome 22 is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the biggest chromosome 22 is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the biggest chromosome 22 is not
+being smallest but it turns out 21 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smallest but it turns out 21 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smallest but it turns out 21 is
+actually smaller than 22 and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smaller than 22 and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually smaller than 22 and there's a
+couple other missed pairings like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other missed pairings like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple other missed pairings like this
+now that we have the exact length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have the exact length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have the exact length
+but this is how we've been able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how we've been able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is how we've been able to make
+genetic diagnoses each chromosome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic diagnoses each chromosome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic diagnoses each chromosome okay
+so each chromosome is a single double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each chromosome is a single double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each chromosome is a single double
+strand of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strand of DNA
+okay from end to end and obviously it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from end to end and obviously it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from end to end and obviously it's
+wound and coiled and re-wound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound and coiled and re-wound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wound and coiled and re-wound and
+recoiled in such a degree that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoiled in such a degree that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recoiled in such a degree that this
+looks nothing like a WX only because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks nothing like a WX only because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks nothing like a WX only because
+we're at a big picture here where at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a big picture here where at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at a big picture here where at
+least five orders of magnitude up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five orders of magnitude up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least five orders of magnitude up in
+terms of magnification from actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of magnification from actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of magnification from actually
+visualizing a double helix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing a double helix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualizing a double helix
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+like I said we've been able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said we've been able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said we've been able to make
+diagnoses for more than 50 years using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses for more than 50 years using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnoses for more than 50 years using
+come on using uh ingenomics anyone want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on using uh ingenomics anyone want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on using uh ingenomics anyone want
+to guess what this diagnosis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess what this diagnosis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to guess what this diagnosis is
+let's keep this in interactive here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep this in interactive here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep this in interactive here
+this is a downstream or trisomy 21 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a downstream or trisomy 21 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a downstream or trisomy 21 so
+you can see obviously it's highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see obviously it's highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see obviously it's highlight
+here with the little arrow but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the little arrow but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with the little arrow but there's
+three copies of chromosome 21 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three copies of chromosome 21 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three copies of chromosome 21 here and
+that happens to be a viable phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to be a viable phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens to be a viable phenotype
+you can be born with this and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be born with this and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be born with this and you can
+actually uh live for quite some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh live for quite some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh live for quite some time
+though you have Market phenotypic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have Market phenotypic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you have Market phenotypic
+problems or phenotypic issues you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or phenotypic issues you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems or phenotypic issues you can
+live with that this tries to be 21.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with that this tries to be 21.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live with that this tries to be 21.
+there's two other chromosomes that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two other chromosomes that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two other chromosomes that you
+can have an entire trust me of and still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have an entire trust me of and still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have an entire trust me of and still
+survive one way or another now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive one way or another now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive one way or another now we have
+22 pairs of chromosomes here yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explain the following the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the following the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the following the fact
+that it's not so this is for final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not so this is for final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not so this is for final
+processors I'll keep on popping up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors I'll keep on popping up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors I'll keep on popping up
+everyone how come an exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone how come an exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone how come an exception of
+testicular cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testicular cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testicular cancer
+Down syndrome people don't get canceled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Down syndrome people don't get canceled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Down syndrome people don't get canceled
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look at the genes figure it out I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the genes figure it out I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the genes figure it out I just
+heard through the public defenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard through the public defenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard through the public defenses
+they don't get cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like I was saying we have 22 pairs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I was saying we have 22 pairs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like I was saying we have 22 pairs of
+chromosomes that are ideally paired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes that are ideally paired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes that are ideally paired
+although we can get trisomies rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we can get trisomies rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we can get trisomies rarely
+we also have a pair of sex chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a pair of sex chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also have a pair of sex chromosomes
+either you have two x's or you have an X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have two x's or you have an X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you have two x's or you have an X
+and A Y and those are the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A Y and those are the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A Y and those are the normal
+conditions you can they're abnormal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you can they're abnormal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions you can they're abnormal
+conditions as well but these are the sex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions as well but these are the sex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions as well but these are the sex
+chromosomes here most of the Y pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes here most of the Y pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes here most of the Y pairs
+with a piece of the X but the Y has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a piece of the X but the Y has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a piece of the X but the Y has some
+unique material and the X certainly has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique material and the X certainly has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique material and the X certainly has
+a lot of unique material that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of unique material that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of unique material that doesn't
+pair at all there's some very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair at all there's some very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair at all there's some very important
+things on the Y for example piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the Y for example piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on the Y for example piece of the
+Androgen receptor and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Androgen receptor and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Androgen receptor and things like that
+there the coding for that is on the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the coding for that is on the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the coding for that is on the Y
+chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome
+so this is what an actual photograph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what an actual photograph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what an actual photograph
+looks like and this is the idealized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and this is the idealized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like and this is the idealized
+version of this ideogram with the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this ideogram with the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this ideogram with the base
+the bands essentially are actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bands essentially are actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bands essentially are actually quite
+specific if with a particular State when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific if with a particular State when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific if with a particular State when
+a particular stain is applied when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular stain is applied when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular stain is applied when you
+apply different stains you get different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply different stains you get different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply different stains you get different
+banding patterns and turns out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banding patterns and turns out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banding patterns and turns out these
+bands actually have to a lot to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands actually have to a lot to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bands actually have to a lot to do with
+the uh base pair composition of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh base pair composition of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh base pair composition of those
+regions for example GC Rich are regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions for example GC Rich are regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions for example GC Rich are regions
+I have a lot of G's and C's will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a lot of G's and C's will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a lot of G's and C's will turn
+out to be one color versus the A's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be one color versus the A's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be one color versus the A's and
+the t's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the t's
+so now we've seen the big picture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've seen the big picture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've seen the big picture from
+the chromosome we started with the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome we started with the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome we started with the DNA
+and the nucleotides and we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleotides and we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the nucleotides and we've already
+covered the double helices so just as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the double helices so just as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered the double helices so just as an
+introduction I got 10 only 10 slides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction I got 10 only 10 slides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction I got 10 only 10 slides of
+basic biology refresher and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biology refresher and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic biology refresher and then we'll
+get some interesting stuff so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some interesting stuff so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some interesting stuff so how do we
+get from the DNA to the genes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the DNA to the genes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the DNA to the genes right
+because even though we have 3.5 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though we have 3.5 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because even though we have 3.5 billion
+base pairs only 1.5 percent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs only 1.5 percent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs only 1.5 percent of that
+codes for the proteins we said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for the proteins we said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for the proteins we said the
+proteins were the final goal and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins were the final goal and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins were the final goal and out of
+the 3.5 billion base pairs only one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.5 billion base pairs only one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 3.5 billion base pairs only one and
+a half percent actually are in a coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half percent actually are in a coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half percent actually are in a coding
+region per se so let's talk about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region per se so let's talk about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region per se so let's talk about what
+we call a coding region exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a coding region exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call a coding region exactly this
+line here this red line here represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this red line here represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here this red line here represents
+the double helix okay that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix okay that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double helix okay that represents
+the aac's t's and G's and the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aac's t's and G's and the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the aac's t's and G's and the structure
+of a gene is such that there's a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene is such that there's a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a gene is such that there's a piece
+here which is going to serve as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is going to serve as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is going to serve as our
+blueprint for look for the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint for look for the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint for look for the protein
+called the open reading frame it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the open reading frame it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the open reading frame it's got a
+start initiation it's got an end or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start initiation it's got an end or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start initiation it's got an end or
+termination and there's pieces that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination and there's pieces that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+termination and there's pieces that will
+be spliced in and spliced out as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spliced in and spliced out as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spliced in and spliced out as part of
+this blueprint and we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blueprint and we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this blueprint and we'll talk about the
+splicing in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing in a second
+piece of the double helix that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the double helix that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the double helix that's
+upstream or before this towards the five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream or before this towards the five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream or before this towards the five
+Prime end it's called upstream and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime end it's called upstream and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime end it's called upstream and the
+piece of the double helix that's after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the double helix that's after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of the double helix that's after
+this termination codon it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this termination codon it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this termination codon it's called
+Downstream or it's on the three prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream or it's on the three prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstream or it's on the three prime
+end now here's the most crucial point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end now here's the most crucial point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end now here's the most crucial point we
+all love diagramming these things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all love diagramming these things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all love diagramming these things like
+this but there is no punctuation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but there is no punctuation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but there is no punctuation in the
+genome there's no highlighter there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome there's no highlighter there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome there's no highlighter there's no
+caps lowercase there's no italics bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps lowercase there's no italics bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caps lowercase there's no italics bold
+all you have are the letters right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have are the letters right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have are the letters right so
+one of the hardest problems is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the hardest problems is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the hardest problems is trying to
+figure out this structure from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this structure from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this structure from the
+letters right because there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters right because there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters right because there's no
+flashing arrow that says here is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing arrow that says here is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flashing arrow that says here is where
+the gene begins all you have are the AC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene begins all you have are the AC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene begins all you have are the AC
+C's and C's and it's only informatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and C's and it's only informatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's and C's and it's only informatics
+that actually deciphers this okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually deciphers this okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually deciphers this okay so we
+have algorithms that are that people use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have algorithms that are that people use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have algorithms that are that people use
+commonly now that have been trained on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly now that have been trained on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly now that have been trained on
+manual experiments and the results of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual experiments and the results of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manual experiments and the results of
+where this stream began and that chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this stream began and that chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this stream began and that chain
+began they learned the patterns they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began they learned the patterns they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began they learned the patterns they
+code it into algorithms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it into algorithms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code it into algorithms and then
+algorithms run on the entire genome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms run on the entire genome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms run on the entire genome to
+try to make predictions but in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make predictions but in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to make predictions but in the end
+there's still only predictions of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still only predictions of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's still only predictions of where
+these genes are and they're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are and they're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genes are and they're still
+commonly wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly wrong
+so each gene a gene encodes instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each gene a gene encodes instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each gene a gene encodes instructions
+to make a single protein okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a single protein okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a single protein okay
+the DNA is called up so before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA is called up so before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA is called up so before it's
+upstream and a lot of the regulatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream and a lot of the regulatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstream and a lot of the regulatory
+elements for this Gene are actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for this Gene are actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for this Gene are actually in
+the Upstream component so let's say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upstream component so let's say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Upstream component so let's say more
+than they are in the downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are in the downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than they are in the downstream
+component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component
+the support regarding the splicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the support regarding the splicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the support regarding the splicing
+imagine if an architect made a series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if an architect made a series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if an architect made a series of
+blueprints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprints
+but the Arctic said well if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Arctic said well if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Arctic said well if you don't
+want the jacuzzi in your house you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the jacuzzi in your house you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the jacuzzi in your house you could
+take this page out okay if you only want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this page out okay if you only want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this page out okay if you only want
+a One car garage instead of a two-car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a One car garage instead of a two-car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a One car garage instead of a two-car
+garage you could take this page out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage you could take this page out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garage you could take this page out
+that's what this splicing is okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this splicing is okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what this splicing is okay you
+start with a you start with a whole set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a you start with a whole set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with a you start with a whole set
+of what could be in the plans and pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what could be in the plans and pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what could be in the plans and pieces
+could be taken out or pieces could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be taken out or pieces could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be taken out or pieces could be
+left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in
+that's what the exons and introns can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the exons and introns can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the exons and introns can
+serve as the Exon the introns get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as the Exon the introns get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve as the Exon the introns get
+spliced out they can be thrown out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spliced out they can be thrown out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spliced out they can be thrown out and
+exons remain to actually be part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons remain to actually be part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons remain to actually be part of the
+blueprint which we'll talk about in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint which we'll talk about in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint which we'll talk about in the
+next few slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few slides
+different tissues May splice in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissues May splice in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different tissues May splice in and out
+different components here it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components here it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different components here it's not
+always the case even though I'm drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case even though I'm drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the case even though I'm drawing
+it here is Exxon intron Exon in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is Exxon intron Exon in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here is Exxon intron Exon in a
+different part of the same organism that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part of the same organism that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different part of the same organism that
+intron might be left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intron might be left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intron might be left in
+okay that's still a mystery that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's still a mystery that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's still a mystery that's
+exactly why that happens in some tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why that happens in some tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly why that happens in some tissues
+not in other tissues and even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in other tissues and even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in other tissues and even the
+mechanism the proteins that are involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism the proteins that are involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism the proteins that are involved
+in cutting and splicing these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cutting and splicing these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in cutting and splicing these things are
+reasonably well defined it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well defined it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well defined it's not clear
+why is it sometimes specific to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it sometimes specific to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it sometimes specific to one
+tissue versus another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue versus another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue versus another
+these are called alternative spliced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called alternative spliced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called alternative spliced
+products okay if I have the same open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay if I have the same open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products okay if I have the same open
+reading frame from start to end that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame from start to end that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading frame from start to end that's
+what how we Define an open reading frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how we Define an open reading frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how we Define an open reading frame
+if I have the Exon intron Exon in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the Exon intron Exon in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have the Exon intron Exon in one
+blueprint but just the two exons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint but just the two exons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blueprint but just the two exons and
+yeah those are alternative spliced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are alternative spliced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are alternative spliced
+products and because they're two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and because they're two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products and because they're two
+different blueprints you're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different blueprints you're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different blueprints you're gonna get
+two different houses or two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different houses or two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different houses or two different
+proteins at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins at the end
+so we talked about the code at the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about the code at the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we talked about the code at the start
+of code at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of code at the end
+and again the biological system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the biological system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the biological system can
+figure out the promoter regions where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the promoter regions where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out the promoter regions where is
+the boundary between intron and Exxon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary between intron and Exxon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary between intron and Exxon
+where's the start where's the end using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the start where's the end using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the start where's the end using
+just the sequence syntax there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sequence syntax there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the sequence syntax there's no
+highlighter there's no bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighter there's no bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighter there's no bold
+bolt or uppercase lower Gates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have three
+3.5 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+billion and the reason why so this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and the reason why so this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion and the reason why so this was
+an early estimate three percent it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early estimate three percent it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an early estimate three percent it's
+actually only 1.5 percent of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only 1.5 percent of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only 1.5 percent of the genome
+so only around UH 60 or 70 or 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only around UH 60 or 70 or 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so only around UH 60 or 70 or 80
+megabases or a million bases out of 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabases or a million bases out of 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabases or a million bases out of 3.5
+billion base pairs so what makes up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion base pairs so what makes up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion base pairs so what makes up the
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+okay if I just showed you the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I just showed you the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I just showed you the structure
+of the gene here is the gene that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gene here is the gene that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the gene here is the gene that I just
+showed you let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you let's say
+what's what makes up the space between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what makes up the space between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what makes up the space between
+genes well we're not going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes well we're not going to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes well we're not going to call it
+junk here but the 50 of the regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk here but the 50 of the regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk here but the 50 of the regions
+between genes are repeated elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between genes are repeated elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between genes are repeated elements
+okay so in other words there are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words there are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words there are at
+least four different types of repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four different types of repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least four different types of repeated
+elements and those four are repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and those four are repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and those four are repeated
+many times in the genome that makes a 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times in the genome that makes a 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times in the genome that makes a 50
+of the genome itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genome itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the genome itself
+now these repeated elements so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these repeated elements so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now these repeated elements so the
+repeated sequences are interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated sequences are interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated sequences are interesting
+because early on when we had to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because early on when we had to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because early on when we had to actually
+when people were using DNA in a forensic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were using DNA in a forensic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people were using DNA in a forensic
+type of way the number of repeats can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of way the number of repeats can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of way the number of repeats can be
+different between individuals so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between individuals so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between individuals so what do
+I mean by that so here is one type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that so here is one type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by that so here is one type of
+repeated element this is a line or long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated element this is a line or long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated element this is a line or long
+interspersonal nuclear element doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interspersonal nuclear element doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interspersonal nuclear element doesn't
+matter what it is but here you see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what it is but here you see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what it is but here you see one
+two three four five maybe six seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five maybe six seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four five maybe six seven
+eight copies of this line between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight copies of this line between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight copies of this line between this
+Gene and this Gene so you might have 998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and this Gene so you might have 998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and this Gene so you might have 998
+repeats between these two parts but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats between these two parts but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats between these two parts but I
+might have 997 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have 997 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have 997 of them
+and if you do that between a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that between a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do that between a whole bunch
+of different areas of the genome you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different areas of the genome you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of different areas of the genome you can
+actually measure you can actually find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure you can actually find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually measure you can actually find
+differences you can do you can do simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you can do you can do simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences you can do you can do simple
+things like figuring out it's a child's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like figuring out it's a child's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like figuring out it's a child's
+a descendant of one or both parents you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a descendant of one or both parents you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a descendant of one or both parents you
+can certainly tell to some certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly tell to some certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly tell to some certain
+degree of confidence whether a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of confidence whether a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of confidence whether a sample
+left at a crime scene is from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at a crime scene is from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left at a crime scene is from this
+individual versus the random population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual versus the random population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual versus the random population
+so just counting these repeats is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just counting these repeats is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just counting these repeats is
+actually pretty useful even though today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty useful even though today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty useful even though today
+we have much more accurate ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have much more accurate ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have much more accurate ways of
+figuring out whether sample came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out whether sample came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out whether sample came from
+one person versus another this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person versus another this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person versus another this is
+actually what was first used almost 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what was first used almost 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what was first used almost 20
+years ago in the forensic view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in the forensic view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago in the forensic view of the
+DNA so these are the repeated elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so these are the repeated elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA so these are the repeated elements
+here and the number of repeats can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the number of repeats can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and the number of repeats can be
+different between individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between individuals
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh look at the number and placement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the number and placement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh look at the number and placement of
+these repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these repeats
+and as you learn about the microwave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you learn about the microwave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you learn about the microwave you
+can measure complexes with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure complexes with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can measure complexes with the
+especially with genome with thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with genome with thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with genome with thousands of
+ways in the public and we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in the public and we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in the public and we actually
+determine what is it about the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what is it about the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what is it about the spacing
+or number of these repeats that done or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or number of these repeats that done or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or number of these repeats that done or
+the right employees give me a price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right employees give me a price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right employees give me a price
+do we have a purpose given that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a purpose given that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have a purpose given that they're
+concerned quite widely through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned quite widely through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned quite widely through our
+species so the repeats themselves are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so the repeats themselves are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so the repeats themselves are
+also interesting for one other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interesting for one other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also interesting for one other thing
+okay the repeat so makes you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the repeat so makes you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the repeat so makes you think that
+these are copies of an original and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are copies of an original and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are copies of an original and in
+fact when we look at the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when we look at the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact when we look at the sequence of
+these repeated elements we can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these repeated elements we can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these repeated elements we can tell
+what the original looked like and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original looked like and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the original looked like and how
+deep how deviant is this sequence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep how deviant is this sequence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep how deviant is this sequence from
+the original so how can we tell that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original so how can we tell that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original so how can we tell that so
+what a repeat exactly is it's a repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a repeat exactly is it's a repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a repeat exactly is it's a repeat
+codes for machinery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for machinery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for machinery
+to make a copy of itself that's all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a copy of itself that's all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a copy of itself that's all a
+repeat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat is
+okay so let me be really clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me be really clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let me be really clear the
+repeated elements making up 50 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated elements making up 50 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated elements making up 50 of the
+genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+codes for the Machinery that goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for the Machinery that goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for the Machinery that goes back
+and makes a copy of itself okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes a copy of itself okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes a copy of itself okay that's
+why it's going to persist in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's going to persist in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why it's going to persist in the genome
+right if all you need is one or a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if all you need is one or a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if all you need is one or a couple
+of these things that eventually they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that eventually they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things that eventually they're
+going to come back and make copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back and make copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come back and make copies of
+themselves as the genome goes on through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as the genome goes on through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves as the genome goes on through
+evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution
+now it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out
+all of these repeated elements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these repeated elements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these repeated elements are
+broken today in humans none of them work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken today in humans none of them work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken today in humans none of them work
+today in humans that's not true in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in humans that's not true in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in humans that's not true in other
+organisms repeats are still alive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms repeats are still alive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organisms repeats are still alive and
+well in the mouse but not in humans in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the mouse but not in humans in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in the mouse but not in humans in
+fact they're all dead in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're all dead in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're all dead in humans
+why you mean they don't work in they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you mean they don't work in they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you mean they don't work in they
+can't work none of them are working they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work none of them are working they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't work none of them are working they
+cannot go back and make copies anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go back and make copies anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot go back and make copies anymore
+none of them code for that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely I have a whole thing on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I have a whole thing on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely I have a whole thing on this
+so before we get to it okay if we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we get to it okay if we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so before we get to it okay if we get to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+so just think about that okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think about that okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just think about that okay so these
+different types of nuclear these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of nuclear these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of nuclear these
+different repeated sequences are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different repeated sequences are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different repeated sequences are all
+different ways to code for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to code for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to code for that
+Machinery that's all it is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that's all it is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Machinery that's all it is okay
+we're the smartest organisms on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the smartest organisms on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're the smartest organisms on this
+planet or so we like think so we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet or so we like think so we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet or so we like think so we must
+have the largest genome right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the largest genome right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the largest genome right
+absolutely wrong so we have 3.5 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely wrong so we have 3.5 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely wrong so we have 3.5 million
+bases or so it turns out with 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases or so it turns out with 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases or so it turns out with 3.5
+million base bases and only four letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million base bases and only four letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million base bases and only four letters
+agtc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agtc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agtc
+you can fit your entire genome on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit your entire genome on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can fit your entire genome on a
+CD-ROM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD-ROM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD-ROM
+okay you don't even need a DVD for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't even need a DVD for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you don't even need a DVD for this
+okay you could easily fit with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you could easily fit with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you could easily fit with no
+additional compression you can fit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional compression you can fit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional compression you can fit your
+entire genome in 750 megabytes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire genome in 750 megabytes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire genome in 750 megabytes okay
+which is what a typical CD-ROM can hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what a typical CD-ROM can hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what a typical CD-ROM can hold
+okay so just think about that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just think about that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just think about that for a
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+so look at these other organisms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at these other organisms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so look at these other organisms and
+what their genome sizes are the E coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their genome sizes are the E coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their genome sizes are the E coli
+it's an E coli is a common bacteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an E coli is a common bacteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an E coli is a common bacteria that
+lives in your gut it can be finally it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in your gut it can be finally it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in your gut it can be finally it
+can also be pathogenic has four million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be pathogenic has four million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also be pathogenic has four million
+bases yeast which is used to make bread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases yeast which is used to make bread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bases yeast which is used to make bread
+right 12 million bases but even the p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 12 million bases but even the p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right 12 million bases but even the p
+the garden pea right you get peas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden pea right you get peas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garden pea right you get peas in
+your salad maybe for lunch has more of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your salad maybe for lunch has more of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your salad maybe for lunch has more of a
+genome than we do 4.8 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome than we do 4.8 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome than we do 4.8 billion
+Maize and wheat wheat has 17 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maize and wheat wheat has 17 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maize and wheat wheat has 17 billion
+base pairs and we have three billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs and we have three billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs and we have three billion
+raised pairs okay so the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised pairs okay so the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised pairs okay so the size of the
+genome has nothing to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome has nothing to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome has nothing to do with the
+intelligence of the organism at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence of the organism at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence of the organism at all
+turns out so why where are these genomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so why where are these genomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out so why where are these genomes
+different it's a lot of the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's a lot of the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different it's a lot of the differences
+in the space between the genes so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space between the genes so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space between the genes so here
+are four organisms here's human the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four organisms here's human the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four organisms here's human the same
+50 000 base pairs I just showed you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 000 base pairs I just showed you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 000 base pairs I just showed you on
+the previous slide and here are four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide and here are four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous slide and here are four
+genes within 50 000 base price and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes within 50 000 base price and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes within 50 000 base price and a
+whole bunch of repeats in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of repeats in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of repeats in the middle
+here's the yeast and you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the yeast and you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the yeast and you can see how
+many genes there are and very few spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many genes there are and very few spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many genes there are and very few spaces
+so it's much more compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's much more compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's much more compact
+here's Maize and wheat would be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Maize and wheat would be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's Maize and wheat would be the same
+thing and 50 000 base pairs there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and 50 000 base pairs there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and 50 000 base pairs there's only
+one gene there and here's E coli in 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gene there and here's E coli in 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one gene there and here's E coli in 50
+000 bases not only is it so compact but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 bases not only is it so compact but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+000 bases not only is it so compact but
+there's actually genes on both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually genes on both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually genes on both sides of
+this of the genome both strands and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of the genome both strands and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of the genome both strands and they
+can even overlap it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even overlap it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even overlap it turns out
+let me talk about that more specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about that more specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me talk about that more specifically
+here this is the genome for plasmodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the genome for plasmodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the genome for plasmodium
+phosphora false Emporium which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphora false Emporium which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphora false Emporium which is the
+organism that causes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that causes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism that causes
+malaria okay still the number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria okay still the number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+malaria okay still the number one
+infectious disease killer okay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease killer okay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infectious disease killer okay in the
+world it's a chromosome two and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's a chromosome two and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's a chromosome two and you see
+the arrows here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows here
+the arrows represent which strand of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows represent which strand of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows represent which strand of the
+DNA the gene is on if they don't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA the gene is on if they don't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA the gene is on if they don't all
+have to be on the same strand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on the same strand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be on the same strand
+okay making the problem even harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay making the problem even harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay making the problem even harder and
+they can overlap okay there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can overlap okay there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can overlap okay there's many
+instances of a gene where another Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of a gene where another Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of a gene where another Gene
+exactly overlaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly overlaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly overlaps
+makes it hard to measure one versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it hard to measure one versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it hard to measure one versus the
+other turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other turns out
+so this is the central dogma we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the central dogma we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the central dogma we'll talk
+about Central dogma's in a second but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Central dogma's in a second but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Central dogma's in a second but
+this is basically the meat of how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the meat of how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically the meat of how this
+happened serves as a blueprint as we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened serves as a blueprint as we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened serves as a blueprint as we all
+know the DNA somehow when it's when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the DNA somehow when it's when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the DNA somehow when it's when the
+cell decides to make this protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell decides to make this protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell decides to make this protein
+somehow the DNA unravels in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the DNA unravels in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow the DNA unravels in such a way
+to expose just the smallest piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expose just the smallest piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expose just the smallest piece of the
+1.5 percent of the genome that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 percent of the genome that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 percent of the genome that's going
+to code for the protein it wants to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to code for the protein it wants to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to code for the protein it wants to make
+and so the DNA is kept locked up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the DNA is kept locked up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the DNA is kept locked up and
+nice and safe in the nucleus the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and safe in the nucleus the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and safe in the nucleus the center
+of the cells and the proteins have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells and the proteins have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cells and the proteins have to be
+made an exterior of the cells so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an exterior of the cells so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an exterior of the cells so a
+temporary copy is made of the DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary copy is made of the DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporary copy is made of the DNA that
+goes out and it's going to be worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out and it's going to be worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out and it's going to be worked on
+to make the protein and the temporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the protein and the temporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the protein and the temporary
+copy is called RNA are specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy is called RNA are specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy is called RNA are specifically
+messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA
+and so when you unravel that a messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you unravel that a messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when you unravel that a messenger
+RNA is actually made as an opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is actually made as an opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA is actually made as an opposite
+sequence uh or this is actually built in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh or this is actually built in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence uh or this is actually built in
+the opposite complementarity of the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite complementarity of the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite complementarity of the DNA
+so if there's a there there's a t here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a there there's a t here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if there's a there there's a t here
+Etc that gets exported out actively out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc that gets exported out actively out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc that gets exported out actively out
+of the nucleus and goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus and goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nucleus and goes into the
+cytoplasm where it's made into a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm where it's made into a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytoplasm where it's made into a protein
+and to me this is the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me this is the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to me this is the most interesting
+part of the whole thing okay somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the whole thing okay somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the whole thing okay somehow
+nature realized that you can't just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature realized that you can't just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature realized that you can't just make
+proteins with the four letters okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins with the four letters okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins with the four letters okay you
+have A's T C's and G's and proteins are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have A's T C's and G's and proteins are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have A's T C's and G's and proteins are
+made up of 21 amino acids okay not 20 21
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of 21 amino acids okay not 20 21
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made up of 21 amino acids okay not 20 21
+amino acids the 21st is actually one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids the 21st is actually one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids the 21st is actually one
+that was just discovered about uh 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just discovered about uh 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just discovered about uh 10
+years or so ago turns out and the coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so ago turns out and the coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years or so ago turns out and the coding
+for that one breaks all the rules we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one breaks all the rules we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one breaks all the rules we
+could talk about that if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about that if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk about that if people are
+interested but there's 20 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested but there's 20 amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested but there's 20 amino acids
+let's say and I have four letters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and I have four letters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say and I have four letters
+obviously if I made one amino acid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if I made one amino acid for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously if I made one amino acid for
+one letter I couldn't do it if I had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter I couldn't do it if I had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one letter I couldn't do it if I had two
+letters I got four things in this one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I got four things in this one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I got four things in this one or
+four things in this so that would code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things in this so that would code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four things in this so that would code
+for 16 amino acids but I have 20 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 16 amino acids but I have 20 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 16 amino acids but I have 20 to
+choose from so I need three letters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from so I need three letters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from so I need three letters to
+code for at least 20 amino acids so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for at least 20 amino acids so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for at least 20 amino acids so
+that's what's known as the uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's known as the uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what's known as the uh that's
+what's known as uh the genetic code I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as uh the genetic code I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's known as uh the genetic code I'm
+blanking on the term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanking on the term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blanking on the term
+so each position can be one of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each position can be one of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so each position can be one of the four
+nucleotides and nature evolved into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and nature evolved into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleotides and nature evolved into
+using three nucleotides to code for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using three nucleotides to code for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using three nucleotides to code for a
+single amino acid so that messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single amino acid so that messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single amino acid so that messenger RNA
+comes in here and one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in here and one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in here and one of the most
+amazing pieces of nanotechnology this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing pieces of nanotechnology this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing pieces of nanotechnology this
+ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosome
+looks at the Strand as it's coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the Strand as it's coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the Strand as it's coming in
+and is able to link that strand with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is able to link that strand with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is able to link that strand with
+other amino acids that are held in place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acids that are held in place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other amino acids that are held in place
+by these transfer rnas that recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these transfer rnas that recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these transfer rnas that recognize
+these triplet sequences so if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these triplet sequences so if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these triplet sequences so if there's a
+particular aat the TRNA that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aat the TRNA that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular aat the TRNA that's
+recognized as aat or rather the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as aat or rather the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized as aat or rather the opposite
+of that which is holding the right amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is holding the right amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that which is holding the right amino
+acid comes into place and the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid comes into place and the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid comes into place and the ribosome
+attaches it to build a growing protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches it to build a growing protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attaches it to build a growing protein
+chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain
+okay so in comes the RNA out comes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in comes the RNA out comes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in comes the RNA out comes a
+protein the micro machinery for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the micro machinery for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the micro machinery for this is
+astounding when you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding when you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding when you think about it
+remember this is happening many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is happening many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this is happening many many
+times per second in all of your cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times per second in all of your cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times per second in all of your cells
+you don't have to think about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to think about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to think about it and
+hardly ever fails if it failed we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly ever fails if it failed we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly ever fails if it failed we just
+couldn't do anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do anything
+so here's this genetic code so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this genetic code so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's this genetic code so there's
+64 different positions here and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 different positions here and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64 different positions here and so you
+see something like uu so U's are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like uu so U's are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something like uu so U's are used in
+the RNA instead of T's it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA instead of T's it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the RNA instead of T's it's just a
+slight difference there you you use code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference there you you use code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference there you you use code
+for phenylalene UCC codes for Siri and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phenylalene UCC codes for Siri and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for phenylalene UCC codes for Siri and
+that's the code essentially now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the code essentially now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the code essentially now
+obviously these four different codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these four different codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these four different codes
+code for Siri Siri it doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for Siri Siri it doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for Siri Siri it doesn't actually
+matter what the third base pair is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the third base pair is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the third base pair is it's
+the first two are what are specific so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two are what are specific so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two are what are specific so
+there's degeneracies in this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's degeneracies in this code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's degeneracies in this code
+because we don't have to choose from 64.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have to choose from 64.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we don't have to choose from 64.
+we only have 20 or 21 amino acids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have 20 or 21 amino acids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we only have 20 or 21 amino acids to
+choose from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose from
+so this is actually the central dogma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the central dogma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is actually the central dogma
+here and these are these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and these are these are all the
+different concepts we've talked about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts we've talked about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts we've talked about so
+far talking about nucleotides which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far talking about nucleotides which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far talking about nucleotides which are
+held in a double helix to one single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held in a double helix to one single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held in a double helix to one single
+double helix makes up a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double helix makes up a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double helix makes up a chromosome
+chromosome holds the genes or DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome holds the genes or DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome holds the genes or DNA and
+the entire set of all these genes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire set of all these genes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire set of all these genes is
+called The genome the genes called for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The genome the genes called for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called The genome the genes called for
+messenger RNA the transfer rnas bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA the transfer rnas bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger RNA the transfer rnas bring
+the amino acids and the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids and the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acids and the ribosome
+operates on that to make the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on that to make the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operates on that to make the proteins
+we'll talk about signal sequence in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about signal sequence in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about signal sequence in a
+second amino acids are joined together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second amino acids are joined together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second amino acids are joined together
+to make proteins and this sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make proteins and this sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make proteins and this sequence of
+arrows here is called the central dogma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here is called the central dogma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows here is called the central dogma
+even though the arrows work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the arrows work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the arrows work
+bi-directionally now this is originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-directionally now this is originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bi-directionally now this is originally
+the this is an original central dogma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is an original central dogma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this is an original central dogma
+now another fascinating part is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another fascinating part is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now another fascinating part is this
+sometimes the cell needs to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the cell needs to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the cell needs to make
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+that would be quite detrimental to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be quite detrimental to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be quite detrimental to the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+okay so for example there are cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example there are cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example there are cells in
+your pancreas that need to make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pancreas that need to make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pancreas that need to make things
+to digest the food we eat okay I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest the food we eat okay I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to digest the food we eat okay I just
+went to the truck I had a little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the truck I had a little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the truck I had a little uh
+dumpling and I need to break down that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpling and I need to break down that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpling and I need to break down that
+protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein
+that turns out I can break down protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out I can break down protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out I can break down protein
+with something called trypsin okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something called trypsin okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with something called trypsin okay
+trypsin will help me break down proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsin will help me break down proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trypsin will help me break down proteins
+as well as many other things but those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as many other things but those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as many other things but those
+things are proteins themselves so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are proteins themselves so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are proteins themselves so here's
+the here's the quandary here how are my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the quandary here how are my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the here's the quandary here how are my
+pancreatic cells how are they going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreatic cells how are they going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreatic cells how are they going to
+make these trypsin without digesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these trypsin without digesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these trypsin without digesting
+itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself
+right how do I make proteins that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do I make proteins that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how do I make proteins that are
+going to kill me if I need to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kill me if I need to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to kill me if I need to make them
+well so what happens is the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what happens is the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what happens is the first few
+base pairs of the sequence in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs of the sequence in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs of the sequence in fact the
+first few amino acids that get spit out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few amino acids that get spit out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first few amino acids that get spit out
+by the ribosome might code for what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ribosome might code for what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the ribosome might code for what's
+called a signal peptide and the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a signal peptide and the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a signal peptide and the ribosome
+might see this and say hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see this and say hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might see this and say hold on
+the thing I'm about to make could kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I'm about to make could kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing I'm about to make could kill
+me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me
+okay I need to stop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need to stop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I need to stop here
+now what happens is somehow the ribosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens is somehow the ribosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens is somehow the ribosome
+makes its way to a safer place to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes its way to a safer place to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes its way to a safer place to make
+the proteins called the endoplasmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins called the endoplasmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proteins called the endoplasmic
+reticulum or the ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum or the ER
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reticulum or the ER
+so this is the ribosome here's the RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the ribosome here's the RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the ribosome here's the RNA
+coming in here's a growing protein chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here's a growing protein chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here's a growing protein chain
+and all of a sudden this red piece here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden this red piece here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden this red piece here
+gets recognized by an accessory part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets recognized by an accessory part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets recognized by an accessory part of
+the ribosome the signal recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome the signal recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ribosome the signal recognition
+peptide says hold on don't keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide says hold on don't keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide says hold on don't keep going
+here because if I even have just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because if I even have just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because if I even have just one
+molecule this I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule this I'm going to start
+degrading the proteins within the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrading the proteins within the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrading the proteins within the cell
+so whole thing goes over it starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whole thing goes over it starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so whole thing goes over it starts to
+spit the protein chain into this hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit the protein chain into this hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit the protein chain into this hole
+into the endoplasmic reticulum where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the endoplasmic reticulum where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the endoplasmic reticulum where
+that can actually then be built safely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually then be built safely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually then be built safely
+this is in a separate compartment that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a separate compartment that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in a separate compartment that
+can be exported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be exported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be exported
+it's a pretty sophisticated piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty sophisticated piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pretty sophisticated piece of
+nanotechnology this thing it knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology this thing it knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology this thing it knows
+because it's given the right codes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's given the right codes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's given the right codes to
+not digest itself because it might need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not digest itself because it might need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not digest itself because it might need
+to make something quite toxic to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make something quite toxic to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make something quite toxic to the
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+there are signal recognition peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are signal recognition peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are signal recognition peptides
+like this likely for a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this likely for a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this likely for a lot of different
+compartments in the cell okay don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments in the cell okay don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments in the cell okay don't
+build this into the ER build it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this into the ER build it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build this into the ER build it
+somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else
+complete catalog of those is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete catalog of those is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete catalog of those is still
+unknown but would be quite valuable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown but would be quite valuable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown but would be quite valuable to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how did the cell decide to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did the cell decide to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how did the cell decide to make this
+Gene there's this area called this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene there's this area called this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene there's this area called this this
+area of research is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of research is called
+transcriptional regulation so why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional regulation so why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional regulation so why does
+the cell decide to make that messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell decide to make that messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell decide to make that messenger
+RNA no one knows for sure in any one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA no one knows for sure in any one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA no one knows for sure in any one
+case how we actually get the DNA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case how we actually get the DNA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case how we actually get the DNA to
+unfold in just the right way for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold in just the right way for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfold in just the right way for these
+things to actually be built but we love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to actually be built but we love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to actually be built but we love
+to theorize and we love to draw pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theorize and we love to draw pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theorize and we love to draw pictures
+like this and you'll even see pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you'll even see pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this and you'll even see pictures
+like this in the New England Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the New England Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the New England Journal
+medicine now okay this is a commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine now okay this is a commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine now okay this is a commonly
+accepted way to draw a gene so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted way to draw a gene so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted way to draw a gene so here's
+the start of a gene the arrow here means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of a gene the arrow here means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start of a gene the arrow here means
+that this is where the gene is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where the gene is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where the gene is going to
+be the copy is going to be taken off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the copy is going to be taken off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the copy is going to be taken off and
+this is the Upstream region and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Upstream region and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the Upstream region and these
+boxes represent things that can bind to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes represent things that can bind to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes represent things that can bind to
+that Upstream region to turn on or turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Upstream region to turn on or turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Upstream region to turn on or turn
+off this whole process so the gr here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this whole process so the gr here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off this whole process so the gr here
+represents the glucocorticoid receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the glucocorticoid receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the glucocorticoid receptor
+so when this cell sees steroids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this cell sees steroids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when this cell sees steroids
+the steroids are going to bind to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steroids are going to bind to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steroids are going to bind to the
+glucocorticoid receptor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucocorticoid receptor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucocorticoid receptor and the
+glucagonal card receptor is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucagonal card receptor is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glucagonal card receptor is going to
+bind here and this picture here shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind here and this picture here shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind here and this picture here shows
+that with the hormone with steroids this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the hormone with steroids this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the hormone with steroids this
+gets turned off they put a little X here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned off they put a little X here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned off they put a little X here
+and here this is saying without uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is saying without uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is saying without uh so
+with no steroids present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no steroids present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no steroids present
+these two are actually Bound in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are actually Bound in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are actually Bound in the
+Natural State but when you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural State but when you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Natural State but when you have that
+plus the glucocortis up here the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the glucocortis up here the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the glucocortis up here the thing
+gets turned on so you can imagine things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned on so you can imagine things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets turned on so you can imagine things
+in fact other proteins the gluco chord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact other proteins the gluco chord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact other proteins the gluco chord
+receptor is another protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor is another protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor is another protein
+come back to the DNA and bind to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the DNA and bind to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the DNA and bind to this
+Region's Upstream of the genes to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Region's Upstream of the genes to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Region's Upstream of the genes to turn
+on and turn off other genes so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and turn off other genes so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and turn off other genes so the whole
+thing is one amazing repetitive Cascade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is one amazing repetitive Cascade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is one amazing repetitive Cascade
+genes code for proteins some of which do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes code for proteins some of which do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes code for proteins some of which do
+their job some of which come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job some of which come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their job some of which come back to the
+DNA and turn on other genes or turn off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and turn on other genes or turn off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and turn on other genes or turn off
+other genes and this cycle goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other genes and this cycle goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other genes and this cycle goes on
+endlessly and we just know the smallest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly and we just know the smallest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endlessly and we just know the smallest
+fraction of these Cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of these Cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of these Cycles
+okay remember we're drawing nice pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember we're drawing nice pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay remember we're drawing nice pretty
+boxes like this here there is no bold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes like this here there is no bold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boxes like this here there is no bold
+face no highlighter nothing Upstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face no highlighter nothing Upstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face no highlighter nothing Upstream
+that tells us this is where it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us this is where it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us this is where it's going
+to bind all we have are the letters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind all we have are the letters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bind all we have are the letters and
+a lot of slow motion biology goes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of slow motion biology goes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of slow motion biology goes into
+figuring out where these binding sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where these binding sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out where these binding sites
+are and we love to think that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and we love to think that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and we love to think that we have
+algorithms to do this some work and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to do this some work and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms to do this some work and some
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't
+huge area of research here if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge area of research here if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge area of research here if we could
+figure out this immense network of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this immense network of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out this immense network of
+transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+what can start the process even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can start the process even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can start the process even though
+these are going on endlessly whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going on endlessly whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are going on endlessly whole
+bunches whole different actions on cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunches whole different actions on cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunches whole different actions on cells
+can actually trigger specific responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually trigger specific responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually trigger specific responses
+so for example hormone action on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example hormone action on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example hormone action on
+receptors I just had lunch my pancreas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors I just had lunch my pancreas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors I just had lunch my pancreas
+is now making insulin that insulin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now making insulin that insulin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now making insulin that insulin is a
+small protein it's getting exported out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein it's getting exported out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small protein it's getting exported out
+of my pancreatic cells into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my pancreatic cells into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my pancreatic cells into my
+bloodstream that insulin is going to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream that insulin is going to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream that insulin is going to now
+go to the muscle and fat because my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the muscle and fat because my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the muscle and fat because my
+stomach has taken in all this sugar from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach has taken in all this sugar from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stomach has taken in all this sugar from
+what I just ate right I need to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just ate right I need to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I just ate right I need to store
+that Sugar somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sugar somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sugar somewhere
+so the insulin is going from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the insulin is going from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the insulin is going from the
+pancreas into the butt and triggering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas into the butt and triggering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas into the butt and triggering a
+response as I speak in my liver fat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response as I speak in my liver fat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response as I speak in my liver fat and
+muscle cells so there might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle cells so there might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle cells so there might be a
+receptor up here another protein the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor up here another protein the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor up here another protein the
+insulin comes and binds and triggers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin comes and binds and triggers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulin comes and binds and triggers a
+whole bunch of things to turn on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of things to turn on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of things to turn on and
+turn off different genes being expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off different genes being expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn off different genes being expressed
+shock or stress to the cell I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock or stress to the cell I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock or stress to the cell I just
+walked over here from children's it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked over here from children's it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked over here from children's it is
+freaking cold out there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freaking cold out there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freaking cold out there okay
+whole bunch of things just started to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of things just started to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of things just started to be
+transcribed in my in my Gmail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed in my in my Gmail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed in my in my Gmail
+news source over lack of nutrients if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news source over lack of nutrients if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news source over lack of nutrients if
+you have yeast and you put in one cup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have yeast and you put in one cup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have yeast and you put in one cup of
+sugar all of a sudden it starts to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar all of a sudden it starts to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar all of a sudden it starts to make
+things to deal with that type of sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to deal with that type of sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to deal with that type of sugar
+if you change it to a different source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change it to a different source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you change it to a different source
+of sugar those genes go down another set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar those genes go down another set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sugar those genes go down another set
+of genes go up so that could start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes go up so that could start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of genes go up so that could start a
+whole bunch of genes being transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of genes being transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of genes being transcribed
+internal derangements of a cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal derangements of a cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal derangements of a cell okay
+this is this is actually two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is actually two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is actually two different
+ways to make a transcriptional program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to make a transcriptional program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to make a transcriptional program
+if I fly from here to San Francisco I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I fly from here to San Francisco I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I fly from here to San Francisco I'm
+going to be hit with cosmic rays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hit with cosmic rays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be hit with cosmic rays and
+more than likely one of them's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than likely one of them's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than likely one of them's going to
+hit one of my cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit one of my cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit one of my cells
+and all of a sudden if it hits something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden if it hits something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden if it hits something
+in the wrong place I might start to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong place I might start to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong place I might start to make
+a gene that I shouldn't be making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene that I shouldn't be making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene that I shouldn't be making
+but even better if my cell detects that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even better if my cell detects that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but even better if my cell detects that
+it's making something you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making something you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's making something you should be
+making it might just decide to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it might just decide to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it might just decide to kill
+itself okay save me the problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay save me the problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay save me the problem of
+having cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having cancer
+so those are two different ways internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are two different ways internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are two different ways internal
+derangements can actually trigger these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derangements can actually trigger these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derangements can actually trigger these
+things sometimes cells can decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sometimes cells can decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things sometimes cells can decide to
+kill themselves for the benefit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill themselves for the benefit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kill themselves for the benefit of the
+organism and that's another common way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and that's another common way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organism and that's another common way
+to start these programs and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start these programs and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start these programs and of course
+the list of things that could trigger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of things that could trigger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list of things that could trigger a
+transcriptional program is endless it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional program is endless it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional program is endless it's
+infinite right I can go like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right I can go like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite right I can go like this and
+I've just figured some genes in my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just figured some genes in my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just figured some genes in my hand
+for example anything could start these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example anything could start these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example anything could start these
+things going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any questions so far I'm about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far I'm about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far I'm about
+three or four slides left on biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four slides left on biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four slides left on biology
+this is stuff you all already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stuff you all already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is stuff you all already knew
+you're learning anything at all so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning anything at all so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning anything at all so far
+perhaps okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps okay
+so this is a little bit more esoteric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit more esoteric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a little bit more esoteric
+now okay this idea of temporal programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay this idea of temporal programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay this idea of temporal programs
+so one of the more important places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the more important places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one of the more important places
+where genes are getting turned on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where genes are getting turned on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where genes are getting turned on and
+turned off is during the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off is during the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off is during the development of
+an organism okay so in our 10 months of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism okay so in our 10 months of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an organism okay so in our 10 months of
+gestation when we're go from fertilized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestation when we're go from fertilized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestation when we're go from fertilized
+egg to actually leaving the womb whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg to actually leaving the womb whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egg to actually leaving the womb whole
+bunches of genes are getting turned on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunches of genes are getting turned on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunches of genes are getting turned on
+and turned off in a pretty well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned off in a pretty well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turned off in a pretty well defined
+program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program
+and the picture I'm showing here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture I'm showing here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture I'm showing here is the
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+the development and downs and uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development and downs and uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development and downs and uh and
+Gene and uh I guess so the terms they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and uh I guess so the terms they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene and uh I guess so the terms they
+use here are segmentation versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use here are segmentation versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use here are segmentation versus
+homeostasis okay take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis okay take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeostasis okay take a look at this
+picture for example these are two houses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for example these are two houses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for example these are two houses
+built in San Francisco in 1857. and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in San Francisco in 1857. and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in San Francisco in 1857. and they
+both started with the same blueprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both started with the same blueprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both started with the same blueprint
+and they both started out they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both started out they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they both started out they're
+essentially the same house right next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same house right next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the same house right next to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+but after more than a hundred years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after more than a hundred years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after more than a hundred years the
+two houses look very different from each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two houses look very different from each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two houses look very different from each
+other okay so this is given as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so this is given as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay so this is given as an
+example in this cell paper as basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this cell paper as basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in this cell paper as basically
+saying the genes that are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the genes that are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the genes that are involved in
+the development of a particular tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of a particular tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of a particular tissue
+might not be the same ones that refine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be the same ones that refine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be the same ones that refine
+the tissue after it's been built okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue after it's been built okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue after it's been built okay so
+the same tissue can have two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same tissue can have two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same tissue can have two different
+programs on two different time scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on two different time scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs on two different time scales
+in terms of gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of gene expression
+now let's talk about this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about this process of
+making the messenger RNA because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the messenger RNA because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the messenger RNA because this is
+important most common are most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important most common are most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important most common are most
+impressive way to measure genes now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive way to measure genes now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive way to measure genes now
+happens to do with a lot with messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to do with a lot with messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to do with a lot with messenger
+RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA
+mRNA can be transcribed at several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA can be transcribed at several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mRNA can be transcribed at several
+hundred nucleotides per minute that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred nucleotides per minute that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred nucleotides per minute that's
+not that fast actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that fast actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that fast actually
+okay so if you have a gene that's 10 000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have a gene that's 10 000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you have a gene that's 10 000
+base pairs long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs long
+I'm only doing a hundred a minute maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only doing a hundred a minute maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only doing a hundred a minute maybe
+a couple hundred a minute it could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple hundred a minute it could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple hundred a minute it could take
+me hours to transcribe one gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me hours to transcribe one gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me hours to transcribe one gene
+okay so we're thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're thinking about this
+process this actually puts it into real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this actually puts it into real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process this actually puts it into real
+a time scale that we can know and love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time scale that we can know and love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time scale that we can know and love
+here in terms of minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in terms of minutes
+so the gene dystrophin okay dystrophin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gene dystrophin okay dystrophin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gene dystrophin okay dystrophin
+is involved in muscle turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in muscle turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is involved in muscle turns out
+dystrophin has defects that can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystrophin has defects that can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dystrophin has defects that can lead to
+muscular dystrophy destruction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscular dystrophy destruction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscular dystrophy destruction is
+involved in how muscles are formed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in how muscles are formed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in how muscles are formed and
+contract one dystrophin gene could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract one dystrophin gene could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract one dystrophin gene could take
+20 hours to transcribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 hours to transcribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 hours to transcribe
+so how do we how are we able to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we how are we able to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we how are we able to make
+enough of this if it takes 20 hours to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of this if it takes 20 hours to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough of this if it takes 20 hours to
+make any ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if it takes 20 hours for me to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it takes 20 hours for me to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it takes 20 hours for me to make one
+transcript of dystrophin and I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript of dystrophin and I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript of dystrophin and I need to
+make a bunch how am I going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bunch how am I going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a bunch how am I going to do that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+you have to have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to have a whole bunch of
+ribosomes but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribosomes but what
+you okay you can have multiple copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay you can have multiple copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay you can have multiple copies of
+the gene in the genome but there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene in the genome but there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene in the genome but there's one
+other way that you haven't thought of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look I'm telling you it takes 20 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm telling you it takes 20 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look I'm telling you it takes 20 hours
+at the start of the pipe to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the start of the pipe to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the start of the pipe to the end of
+the pipe right but I'm not telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe right but I'm not telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipe right but I'm not telling you
+how fast I'm shoving things into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast I'm shoving things into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how fast I'm shoving things into the
+fight I can have one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight I can have one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fight I can have one of the things
+making the rmris right before behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the rmris right before behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the rmris right before behind the
+next behind the next behind the neck so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next behind the next behind the neck so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next behind the next behind the neck so
+I could just stream off thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just stream off thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could just stream off thousands of
+copies at a time right I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies at a time right I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies at a time right I don't have to
+wait for one to be done to start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for one to be done to start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait for one to be done to start the
+next I can have them all going one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I can have them all going one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I can have them all going one they
+spare off of each other a couple base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare off of each other a couple base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spare off of each other a couple base
+pairs off from each other that's how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs off from each other that's how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs off from each other that's how I
+can make more or fewer but I still need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make more or fewer but I still need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make more or fewer but I still need
+all the ribosomes to make them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ribosomes to make them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the ribosomes to make them into
+proteins you're absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you're absolutely right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins you're absolutely right
+so that's that's important concept even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's important concept even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's important concept even
+though they are long it doesn't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they are long it doesn't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they are long it doesn't tell you
+really how many we can make given any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how many we can make given any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really how many we can make given any
+unit time okay if the cell really wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit time okay if the cell really wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit time okay if the cell really wants
+to make a bunch of them it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a bunch of them it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a bunch of them it could
+probably figure out a way to do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure out a way to do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figure out a way to do it by
+just lining up the uh polymerases to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lining up the uh polymerases to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lining up the uh polymerases to
+make copies of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make copies of the gene
+now it turns out a lot of messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out a lot of messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out a lot of messenger RNA
+happens to end with poly a okay so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to end with poly a okay so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to end with poly a okay so what
+do I mean by this so as that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by this so as that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean by this so as that little
+polymerase is working on the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase is working on the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase is working on the DNA
+streaming off a copy of mRNA when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming off a copy of mRNA when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streaming off a copy of mRNA when it's
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+it seems to stutter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to stutter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to stutter
+okay so it adds a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it adds a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it adds a whole bunch of
+aaaas at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaaas at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aaaas at the end
+okay lucky for us okay I'm sure there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lucky for us okay I'm sure there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay lucky for us okay I'm sure there's
+some biological reason for this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some biological reason for this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some biological reason for this but
+happens to be very fortunate for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be very fortunate for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be very fortunate for us
+because if we have something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we have something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if we have something you know
+that sticks to this wall that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sticks to this wall that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sticks to this wall that's just
+made of PTT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of PTT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of PTT
+it's gonna bind to the aaaas and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna bind to the aaaas and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna bind to the aaaas and all of
+a sudden we can now have a big filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden we can now have a big filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden we can now have a big filter
+for all the messenger rnas okay all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the messenger rnas okay all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all the messenger rnas okay all we
+have to do is stream the messenger rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is stream the messenger rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is stream the messenger rnas
+past my little things stuck to the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past my little things stuck to the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past my little things stuck to the wall
+with the poly T's and it's going to bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the poly T's and it's going to bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the poly T's and it's going to bind
+to the poly A's that's how we can fish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the poly A's that's how we can fish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the poly A's that's how we can fish
+out all the messenger rnas from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the messenger rnas from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all the messenger rnas from the
+General Pool of rnas that might be out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Pool of rnas that might be out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Pool of rnas that might be out
+there because not all rnas are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because not all rnas are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there because not all rnas are actually
+coding for proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding for proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding for proteins
+and in general this is how we detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this is how we detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this is how we detect
+rnas you can take the sequence of rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas you can take the sequence of rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas you can take the sequence of rnas
+and build the reverse complement of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build the reverse complement of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and build the reverse complement of it
+so everywhere there's a g put a c in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everywhere there's a g put a c in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so everywhere there's a g put a c in my
+detection if there's an a put a t if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection if there's an a put a t if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection if there's an a put a t if
+there's a c put a g so we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a c put a g so we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a c put a g so we can use the
+reverse complement to help us tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse complement to help us tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse complement to help us tell
+whether the sequence is there or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sequence is there or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the sequence is there or not
+depending on how we design the probe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how we design the probe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how we design the probe and
+we're going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about that
+so why so this is I think the last slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why so this is I think the last slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why so this is I think the last slide
+so why are we trying to do this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we trying to do this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why are we trying to do this whole
+Genome Project why was it important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome Project why was it important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome Project why was it important to
+actually complete the Genome Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complete the Genome Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually complete the Genome Project
+Eric blender basically uses this analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric blender basically uses this analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eric blender basically uses this analogy
+that knowing all the genes is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowing all the genes is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that knowing all the genes is equivalent
+to knowing the periodic table of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to knowing the periodic table of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to knowing the periodic table of the
+elements for biology right so around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for biology right so around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements for biology right so around
+1850s 18 16s 1870s Mendeleev came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850s 18 16s 1870s Mendeleev came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850s 18 16s 1870s Mendeleev came up
+with the way of lining up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way of lining up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the way of lining up all the
+elements in such a way to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in such a way to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements in such a way to be able to
+predict characteristics of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict characteristics of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict characteristics of those
+elements now back then most of this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now back then most of this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements now back then most of this was
+empty spaces because they hadn't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty spaces because they hadn't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty spaces because they hadn't seen
+some of these rare elements before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these rare elements before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these rare elements before but
+they knew by golly there has to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew by golly there has to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew by golly there has to be an
+element right here that's inert for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right here that's inert for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element right here that's inert for
+example or there's got to be an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or there's got to be an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example or there's got to be an element
+here that's magnetic they can make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's magnetic they can make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's magnetic they can make these
+predictions even though they didn't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions even though they didn't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions even though they didn't see
+what was actually there yet they hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was actually there yet they hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was actually there yet they hadn't
+discovered it the same way the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it the same way the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered it the same way the periodic
+table for biology for genomics isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for biology for genomics isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table for biology for genomics isn't
+going to be a table it might be a tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a table it might be a tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a table it might be a tree
+because that's how these genes actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how these genes actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's how these genes actually
+form through duplication events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form through duplication events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form through duplication events
+and so the idea is maybe we can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is maybe we can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the idea is maybe we can predict
+that there must be something in genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there must be something in genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there must be something in genome
+that might that's binding to this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might that's binding to this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might that's binding to this so
+there must be something in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be something in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there must be something in the genome
+that's responsible for that now that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's responsible for that now that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's responsible for that now that we
+have the entire catalog we can start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the entire catalog we can start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the entire catalog we can start to
+fish those things out and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish those things out and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish those things out and what this
+whole course is how this is relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole course is how this is relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole course is how this is relevant to
+Medicine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine
+so most of the figures I've shown you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the figures I've shown you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the figures I've shown you
+here from this book genomes in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from this book genomes in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from this book genomes in fact
+there's a second edition of this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second edition of this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a second edition of this might
+be one of the required reading or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the required reading or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one of the required reading or
+something for the chorus but it's freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for the chorus but it's freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for the chorus but it's freely
+available at ncbi definitely know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at ncbi definitely know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available at ncbi definitely know this
+so I would and in fact all the figures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would and in fact all the figures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I would and in fact all the figures
+are there too if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there too if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there too if you're interested in
+adding these things to reports and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these things to reports and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding these things to reports and stuff
+I highly recommend this more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly recommend this more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I highly recommend this more than
+anything else only because it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else only because it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else only because it's very
+readable lots of great figures to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable lots of great figures to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readable lots of great figures to help
+explain these processes and it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain these processes and it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain these processes and it's very
+Cutting Edge structural proteomics math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge structural proteomics math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cutting Edge structural proteomics math
+spec microwaves the whole works much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec microwaves the whole works much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spec microwaves the whole works much
+better than other books uh relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other books uh relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than other books uh relevant
+books in this field and Department of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books in this field and Department of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books in this field and Department of
+Medicine has at this website has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine has at this website has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine has at this website has a
+primer on this it's starting to get old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer on this it's starting to get old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primer on this it's starting to get old
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is trying to get a little old but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is trying to get a little old but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is trying to get a little old but
+it's still quite relevant something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still quite relevant something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still quite relevant something that
+stuff will never go out get out of date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff will never go out get out of date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff will never go out get out of date
+okay so I got another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I got another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I got another
+let's say 45 minutes or so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's talk about Gene measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about Gene measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about Gene measurement
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+I will come up with something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will come up with something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will come up with something different
+for Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Tuesday
+so what I'm going to talk about now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to talk about now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to talk about now so
+any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions so far
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+and I guess assuming that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess assuming that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guess assuming that that the
+transcriptional complex binds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional complex binds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional complex binds to the
+into the start exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the start exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the start exactly
+faster than it when it moves along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it when it moves along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than it when it moves along the
+strength looks like a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so what's the fastest that Gene can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the fastest that Gene can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the fastest that Gene can be
+transcribed yeah so something like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed yeah so something like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribed yeah so something like I
+mean because you've got the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because you've got the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because you've got the first
+transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription
+absolutely yeah exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you could probably do the math okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably do the math okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could probably do the math okay and
+figure this out okay right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out okay right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure this out okay right so
+absolutely you can model this right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can model this right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can model this right a
+sound basis I'm just saying everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound basis I'm just saying everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound basis I'm just saying everything
+we know about the initiation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the initiation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know about the initiation of the
+transcriptional uh the site and moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional uh the site and moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcriptional uh the site and moving
+on and we're letting go all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we're letting go all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and we're letting go all the things
+that have to happen and there are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to happen and there are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to happen and there are quite
+people documentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+processes what is upper Bound for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes what is upper Bound for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes what is upper Bound for
+transcription and translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription and translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription and translation
+so basically you can model the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can model the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically you can model the whole
+thing as a pipe or a channel okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a pipe or a channel okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as a pipe or a channel okay and
+the length I already told you the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length I already told you the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length I already told you the length
+of this thing right how long it takes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing right how long it takes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing right how long it takes to
+make the strofen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the strofen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the strofen
+you just have to model how fast I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to model how fast I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have to model how fast I can
+put the next one in you might be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the next one in you might be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the next one in you might be able to
+model it based on just looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it based on just looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it based on just looking at the
+size of the polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the polymerase
+and maybe how many base pairs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe how many base pairs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe how many base pairs it's
+covering up maybe it's got to move out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering up maybe it's got to move out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering up maybe it's got to move out
+of the way before the next one can come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way before the next one can come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way before the next one can come
+in you can model it just like that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you can model it just like that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you can model it just like that for
+example would be quite interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be quite interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example would be quite interesting to
+see how that matches up with the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that matches up with the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how that matches up with the actual
+published numbers for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published numbers for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published numbers for it
+my bet is is that that's probably still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bet is is that that's probably still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my bet is is that that's probably still
+not the rate limiting step in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the rate limiting step in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the rate limiting step in this
+process that's another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's another interesting
+question where what's the slow part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where what's the slow part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question where what's the slow part here
+now am I actually sure it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now am I actually sure it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now am I actually sure it probably
+depends on the genes actually there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the genes actually there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the genes actually there's
+some genes that are only there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some genes that are only there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some genes that are only there's some
+important proteins that are only 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important proteins that are only 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important proteins that are only 10
+amino acids long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids long
+okay insulin for example is under like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay insulin for example is under like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay insulin for example is under like
+50 amino acids okay so some of this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 amino acids okay so some of this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 amino acids okay so some of this can
+be spit out pretty quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spit out pretty quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be spit out pretty quick
+and then you got some that are huge like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you got some that are huge like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you got some that are huge like
+the stroking and tighten some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stroking and tighten some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stroking and tighten some of these
+others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others
+any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again remember there's no nice line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again remember there's no nice line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again remember there's no nice line
+there it's got to be in the sequence so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's got to be in the sequence so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's got to be in the sequence so
+there are specific sequences that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are specific sequences that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are specific sequences that are
+known to be intron Exon boundaries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be intron Exon boundaries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known to be intron Exon boundaries
+clearly they're not a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly they're not a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly they're not a hundred percent
+because in other cells that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in other cells that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in other cells that same
+sequence might result in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence might result in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence might result in another
+transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript
+so there are intron Exon boundaries at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are intron Exon boundaries at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are intron Exon boundaries at
+both the start of the intron and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the start of the intron and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the start of the intron and the end
+of the intron and turns out one end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intron and turns out one end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the intron and turns out one end of
+it complements the other side so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complements the other side so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it complements the other side so these
+things are actually taken out in a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually taken out in a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually taken out in a loop
+type of form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of form
+okay so the thing that cuts this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the thing that cuts this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the thing that cuts this thing
+out lines up the MRNA in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out lines up the MRNA in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out lines up the MRNA in such a way
+that's able to put the start and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's able to put the start and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's able to put the start and end
+together and just basically Snips the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and just basically Snips the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and just basically Snips the
+whole thing out like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing out like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing out like that
+I can refer you pick your pictures in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can refer you pick your pictures in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can refer you pick your pictures in
+the genomes exactly on this again it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomes exactly on this again it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genomes exactly on this again it's
+not a hundred percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hundred percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a hundred percent
+for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance
+that sometimes initiates the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes initiates the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sometimes initiates the uh the
+splicing complex but often it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing complex but often it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing complex but often it doesn't
+mean it's very common uh syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines
+the splicing is not enough so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splicing is not enough so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the splicing is not enough so we have
+some heuristics which Work summer time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some heuristics which Work summer time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some heuristics which Work summer time
+we have a reverse engineered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reverse engineered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a reverse engineered in
+basketball for the ultimate splicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball for the ultimate splicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basketball for the ultimate splicing
+code you think about this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you think about this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code you think about this this is a
+massive decryption effort in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive decryption effort in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+massive decryption effort in the end
+right all we have are the AST C's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all we have are the AST C's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all we have are the AST C's and
+G's one level of coding is the triplet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's one level of coding is the triplet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's one level of coding is the triplet
+codon for the amino acids but another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codon for the amino acids but another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codon for the amino acids but another
+more interesting one is the grammar here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting one is the grammar here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting one is the grammar here
+okay okay where's the start of the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay where's the start of the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay where's the start of the gene
+where's and the gene what do I splice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's and the gene what do I splice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's and the gene what do I splice in
+what do I splice that what where are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I splice that what where are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I splice that what where are all
+the transcriptional regulatory elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptional regulatory elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transcriptional regulatory elements
+that's the Holy Grail here okay that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Holy Grail here okay that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Holy Grail here okay that is
+the Holy Grail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know those okay but does not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know those okay but does not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know those okay but does not always
+work either absolutely okay so I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work either absolutely okay so I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work either absolutely okay so I'll give
+you I'll tell you exactly why okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll tell you exactly why okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'll tell you exactly why okay the
+code for the start is only one there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for the start is only one there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code for the start is only one there's
+only one code for start hey YouTube but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one code for start hey YouTube but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one code for start hey YouTube but
+there's three codes to stop okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three codes to stop okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three codes to stop okay it
+turns out one of the codes to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out one of the codes to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out one of the codes to stop
+if there's another code 100 base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's another code 100 base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's another code 100 base pairs
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+that makes the 21st amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the 21st amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes the 21st amino acid
+okay so in other words you can't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words you can't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words you can't even
+just look at the triplets it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the triplets it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just look at the triplets it's in the
+context of other things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of other things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of other things too
+makes things messy again right they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things messy again right they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes things messy again right they're
+so nice and neat with just triple codons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nice and neat with just triple codons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nice and neat with just triple codons
+but that stop plus something else 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that stop plus something else 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that stop plus something else 100
+base pairs later gives the actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs later gives the actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs later gives the actually the
+21st amino acid uh selenocysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st amino acid uh selenocysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st amino acid uh selenocysteine
+that's life that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people for life I couldn't figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for life I couldn't figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people for life I couldn't figure out
+why how are you making Selena cysteine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how are you making Selena cysteine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how are you making Selena cysteine
+proteins there's only four in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins there's only four in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins there's only four in humans
+okay one which is involved in thyroid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one which is involved in thyroid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one which is involved in thyroid
+okay which is by a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is by a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is by a whole bunch of
+endocrinologists look at this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrinologists look at this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endocrinologists look at this it
+metabolizes thyroid hormone into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizes thyroid hormone into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizes thyroid hormone into one
+form to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form to another
+thyroxine uh try iodathyroidine that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroxine uh try iodathyroidine that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thyroxine uh try iodathyroidine that has
+a product that enzyme has a saline of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product that enzyme has a saline of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a product that enzyme has a saline of
+cysteine and people can figure out why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine and people can figure out why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cysteine and people can figure out why
+it was coding facility in a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was coding facility in a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was coding facility in a system
+because it looked like a stop coat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looked like a stop coat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looked like a stop coat on
+there right well you could start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right well you could start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right well you could start to
+figure these things out once you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure these things out once you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure these things out once you have
+the whole genome now okay you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole genome now okay you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole genome now okay you're looking
+for these exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's be very specific okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's be very specific okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's be very specific okay the
+repeats code for a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats code for a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats code for a protein
+that comes back looks for the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes back looks for the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes back looks for the sequence
+and actually integrates the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually integrates the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually integrates the sequence
+somewhere else in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the genome
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+repeats code for protein like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats code for protein like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats code for protein like any other
+Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene
+that Finds Its sequence and puts it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Finds Its sequence and puts it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Finds Its sequence and puts it in
+somewhere else in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else in the genome
+but for that to happen the code for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for that to happen the code for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for that to happen the code for the
+protein has to work right if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein has to work right if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein has to work right if it's
+damaged Beyond repair the thing can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged Beyond repair the thing can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damaged Beyond repair the thing can't
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+and sometimes it makes mistakes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it makes mistakes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it makes mistakes so
+things coming back right I made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming back right I made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things coming back right I made a
+protein it's coming back I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein it's coming back I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein it's coming back I'm trying to
+make it's trying to make a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it's trying to make a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it's trying to make a copy of
+itself sometimes it grabs the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself sometimes it grabs the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself sometimes it grabs the wrong
+thing to make a copy of so that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to make a copy of so that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to make a copy of so that's why we
+have copies of lots of things in genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have copies of lots of things in genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have copies of lots of things in genome
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good question okay it's able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question okay it's able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question okay it's able to
+recognize its own sequence but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize its own sequence but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize its own sequence but it's not
+at all perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all perfect
+okay but what we can say about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what we can say about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but what we can say about the
+difference between human mouths is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between human mouths is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between human mouths is that
+the mouse has those sequences for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse has those sequences for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mouse has those sequences for that
+protein a reverse transcriptase it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein a reverse transcriptase it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein a reverse transcriptase it has
+codes for it that seem to be fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for it that seem to be fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes for it that seem to be fully
+functional and in a human there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional and in a human there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional and in a human there's no
+there are none that are still functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are none that are still functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are none that are still functional
+that's what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're saying
+very curious why that is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curious why that is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very curious why that is okay
+this whole area of genomic archeology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area of genomic archeology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole area of genomic archeology
+that you can do with the genome now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do with the genome now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do with the genome now okay
+in fact what Zach was saying earlier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what Zach was saying earlier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what Zach was saying earlier is
+that we have so many millions of repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so many millions of repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so many millions of repeats
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+that we can look to see how deviant they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can look to see how deviant they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can look to see how deviant they
+are from a working copy right and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from a working copy right and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are from a working copy right and so we
+can age each other repeats this one's 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can age each other repeats this one's 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can age each other repeats this one's 40
+million years old this one's 50 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years old this one's 50 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million years old this one's 50 million
+years old because if it's got four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old because if it's got four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old because if it's got four
+places where it's different and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it's different and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where it's different and this one
+only has two the one with four is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has two the one with four is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only has two the one with four is
+probably older than the one with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably older than the one with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably older than the one with two
+right so like that we can age all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like that we can age all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so like that we can age all of
+these repeats it turns out a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these repeats it turns out a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these repeats it turns out a whole bunch
+of them were made at a certain point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were made at a certain point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were made at a certain point in
+time and then they've dropped off again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then they've dropped off again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then they've dropped off again
+no one knows why I'll show you the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows why I'll show you the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one knows why I'll show you the graph
+in a second here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or smaller too there's ways to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller too there's ways to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or smaller too there's ways to get rid
+of these things too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these things too
+right if you do too much damage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you do too much damage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you do too much damage the
+thing can't reproduce and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can't reproduce and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing can't reproduce and that's it
+that's the end of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the end of the line
+the most mind-blowing thing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most mind-blowing thing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most mind-blowing thing that the
+Genome Project has done for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome Project has done for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome Project has done for me
+personally is that I now I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally is that I now I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally is that I now I realize
+there's only one life form on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one life form on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one life form on this
+planet okay it's a DNA everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet okay it's a DNA everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet okay it's a DNA everything else
+is a side effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a side effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a side effect
+okay that DNA is doing everything it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that DNA is doing everything it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that DNA is doing everything it can
+to actually keep its code going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually keep its code going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to actually keep its code going
+that's all there is there's a great book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is there's a great book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all there is there's a great book
+called uh it's self-machine of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh it's self-machine of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh it's self-machine of course
+but there's also a more recent one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a more recent one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a more recent one
+called uh it's not genomes it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh it's not genomes it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh it's not genomes it's a
+paperback uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperback uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperback uh
+uh the the autobiography of a genome I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the autobiography of a genome I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the autobiography of a genome I
+think it's called it's like 23 chapters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called it's like 23 chapters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's called it's like 23 chapters
+and basically they just pick one gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they just pick one gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically they just pick one gene
+from each chapter to make a story it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each chapter to make a story it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from each chapter to make a story it's a
+great book I recommend reading that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book I recommend reading that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great book I recommend reading that uh
+lame kind of reading it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lame kind of reading it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lame kind of reading it's not a
+bestseller list for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestseller list for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bestseller list for a while
+um autobiography of a genome I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um autobiography of a genome I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um autobiography of a genome I think
+it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some chapters were harder to write than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chapters were harder to write than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some chapters were harder to write than
+others I think for this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you saying that because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you saying that because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you saying that because of these
+kinds of influences just looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of influences just looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of influences just looking at
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differential rate of synonymous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential rate of synonymous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential rate of synonymous
+substitutions versus a mass nominal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions versus a mass nominal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions versus a mass nominal
+substitution is not a good clock anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a lot of change and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of change and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of change and a lot of
+mistakes that can be reproduced from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that can be reproduced from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes that can be reproduced from
+a variety of sources none of which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of sources none of which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of sources none of which have
+to be all that magnificent or how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all that magnificent or how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be all that magnificent or how to
+stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet
+on the other hand when we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand when we're talking
+about you know well this Gene's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know well this Gene's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know well this Gene's probably
+older because that's orientations right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older because that's orientations right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older because that's orientations right
+too right it's all based on it's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right it's all based on it's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too right it's all based on it's that's
+a great point we can age these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great point we can age these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a great point we can age these things
+because we think we know models okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we think we know models okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we think we know models okay so
+given a fixed rate of nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a fixed rate of nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a fixed rate of nucleotide
+substitution okay where people try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution okay where people try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution okay where people try to
+calculate numbers for that we can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate numbers for that we can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate numbers for that we can make a
+premise but if that's not true then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premise but if that's not true then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premise but if that's not true then it's
+not going to hold okay if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to hold okay if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to hold okay if you have a
+transposal of the box right in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposal of the box right in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transposal of the box right in the
+middle of the regime and that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the regime and that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the regime and that would be
+the valve would be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve would be about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the valve would be about
+the same stress because got a new puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stress because got a new puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same stress because got a new puzzle
+just brought like a little ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you have a script I mean right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a script I mean right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you have a script I mean right
+it's more or less the same except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more or less the same except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more or less the same except for
+something in the picture then a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the picture then a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the picture then a lot of
+these kind of not catastrophic but more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of not catastrophic but more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of not catastrophic but more
+balanced changes right and it's all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced changes right and it's all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced changes right and it's all a
+matter of time scales okay these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of time scales okay these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of time scales okay these things
+are making copies of themselves over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making copies of themselves over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are making copies of themselves over
+millions of years okay it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years okay it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years okay it's not a
+day-to-day kind of thing at all that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day kind of thing at all that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day-to-day kind of thing at all that the
+cell in my lung can make a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in my lung can make a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell in my lung can make a copy of
+itself and move it somewhere in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and move it somewhere in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and move it somewhere in the
+genome on a grand scheme of things who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome on a grand scheme of things who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome on a grand scheme of things who
+cares it's not in my sperm cells it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares it's not in my sperm cells it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares it's not in my sperm cells it's
+not going to go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go on
+right so it's got to happen in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's got to happen in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's got to happen in the right
+cell at the right time across millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell at the right time across millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell at the right time across millions
+of years these things are happening when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years these things are happening when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years these things are happening when
+you think about it about it right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it about it right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about it about it right it's
+got to be in the right cell too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Communications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+one of our assistant studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our assistant studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our assistant studies
+yeah I think the rates are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the rates are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I think the rates are definitely
+different between different regions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between different regions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between different regions okay
+only because some of these processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because some of these processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because some of these processes
+have different rates like remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different rates like remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different rates like remember the
+banding pattern I showed you in the at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banding pattern I showed you in the at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banding pattern I showed you in the at
+Rich that corresponds to regions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich that corresponds to regions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rich that corresponds to regions are
+rich in at rich in GC some processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich in at rich in GC some processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich in at rich in GC some processes
+occur at different rates between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur at different rates between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur at different rates between them
+because they're tighter bonds there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're tighter bonds there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're tighter bonds there okay
+it might but we don't have any way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might but we don't have any way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might but we don't have any way to
+model it we don't have any way to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it we don't have any way to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it we don't have any way to model
+it which was you know 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which was you know 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it which was you know 2000s
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DNA from through the polygenic tree the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from through the polygenic tree the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA from through the polygenic tree the
+professors are quite similar for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors are quite similar for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors are quite similar for the
+intergen meeting that total loss danger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergen meeting that total loss danger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergen meeting that total loss danger
+tells us if you recently speak in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us if you recently speak in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us if you recently speak in this
+stuff is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is important
+and whether it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whether it is
+to keep selfishly unanimous to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep selfishly unanimous to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep selfishly unanimous to survive
+of the confectioners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me just show this one slide because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show this one slide because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just show this one slide because
+you're asking so many questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking so many questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking so many questions about
+repeats and this sort of summarize it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and this sort of summarize it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats and this sort of summarize it a
+lot okay so three million repeat copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay so three million repeat copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot okay so three million repeat copies
+started as working elements that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as working elements that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started as working elements that's how
+they can model this okay there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can model this okay there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can model this okay there's three
+million repeats in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million repeats in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million repeats in the genome
+assume so measure how far are they away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume so measure how far are they away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume so measure how far are they away
+from a working copy of them okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a working copy of them okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a working copy of them okay because
+through time these mutations just happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time these mutations just happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through time these mutations just happen
+randomly presumably at a fixed rate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly presumably at a fixed rate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly presumably at a fixed rate but
+not necessarily slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily slow
+most of the repeats predate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the repeats predate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the repeats predate the
+mammalian radiation so before mammals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian radiation so before mammals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mammalian radiation so before mammals
+were even formed most of these repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were even formed most of these repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were even formed most of these repeats
+are actually older than that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually older than that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually older than that in the
+genomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes
+but there's no evidence for transposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no evidence for transposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's no evidence for transposing
+activity in the last 50 million years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the last 50 million years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the last 50 million years
+since we've diverged from monkeys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've diverged from monkeys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we've diverged from monkeys
+none of these things have been alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these things have been alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none of these things have been alive
+but to still well alive and well in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to still well alive and well in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to still well alive and well in the
+mouse in the rack okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse in the rack okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse in the rack okay
+okay so now don't go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now don't go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now don't go ahead
+what's sort of the breakdown they how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of the breakdown they how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's sort of the breakdown they how
+many species and it's still there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many species and it's still there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many species and it's still there are
+monkeys still doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys still doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkeys still doing this
+I don't think we know yet because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we know yet because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think we know yet because the
+monkey genomes are just being finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey genomes are just being finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey genomes are just being finished
+now right so we can better answer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right so we can better answer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now right so we can better answer this
+question every month right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question every month right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question every month right
+by the end of this course you'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of this course you'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the end of this course you'll be able
+to answer better than today because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer better than today because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer better than today because
+these genomes are coming online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genomes are coming online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these genomes are coming online
+literally this is just only two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally this is just only two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally this is just only two years
+old information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're never going to be done sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to be done sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're never going to be done sequencing
+every organism on the planet but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every organism on the planet but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every organism on the planet but uh I
+think we'll have a better S for now than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have a better S for now than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'll have a better S for now than
+when this paper came out if you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this paper came out if you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this paper came out if you choose
+to do this here's the graph that I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this here's the graph that I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this here's the graph that I like
+to think of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think of okay
+so the different bars here the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the different bars here the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the different bars here the different
+colors represent the different repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors represent the different repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors represent the different repeat
+elements okay the lines the signs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay the lines the signs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements okay the lines the signs
+they're just different codes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just different codes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just different codes okay
+and here are less than one percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are less than one percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are less than one percent
+substitution from a working copy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution from a working copy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution from a working copy and
+here's 34 substitution from working copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 34 substitution from working copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's 34 substitution from working copy
+and you can read that as millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can read that as millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can read that as millions of
+years basically going back hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years basically going back hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years basically going back hundreds of
+millions of years and you can see at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years and you can see at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years and you can see at
+seven percent substitution there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent substitution there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven percent substitution there's a
+peak and then it drops and then a slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and then it drops and then a slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak and then it drops and then a slight
+Peak and then it drops so this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak and then it drops so this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak and then it drops so this these
+aren't fixed at all makes you wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't fixed at all makes you wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't fixed at all makes you wonder
+what happened on the planet at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened on the planet at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened on the planet at this
+point in in evolution why were all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in evolution why were all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in in evolution why were all of
+these things alive first for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things alive first for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things alive first for example
+then all of a sudden they've died off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden they've died off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all of a sudden they've died off
+down to zero so it's amazing when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero so it's amazing when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero so it's amazing when you
+think about that only because they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that only because they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that only because they can
+only model these as working copies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only model these as working copies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only model these as working copies and
+why how do they diverge from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how do they diverge from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how do they diverge from those
+working copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working copies
+it's fascinating genomic archeology this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fascinating genomic archeology this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fascinating genomic archeology this
+was not a field three years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a field three years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not a field three years ago
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it's relevance of medicine starts to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevance of medicine starts to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevance of medicine starts to be
+determined though so which is why we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined though so which is why we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined though so which is why we're
+going to move on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I got about 20 minutes left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I got about 20 minutes left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I got about 20 minutes left
+let's see how much of uh Gene retro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how much of uh Gene retro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see how much of uh Gene retro
+techniques I can cover here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques I can cover here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques I can cover here
+I'm going till two right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going till two right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going till two right okay
+say 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say 30 minutes
+so the gene measurement techniques I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gene measurement techniques I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the gene measurement techniques I'm
+going to talk about today are well once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today are well once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about today are well once
+how do we measure DNA how do we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we measure DNA how do we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do we measure DNA how do we measure
+RNA and how do we measure proteins okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA and how do we measure proteins okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA and how do we measure proteins okay
+if you can get this You're Gonna Know 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get this You're Gonna Know 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can get this You're Gonna Know 95
+of what you need to know in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you need to know in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what you need to know in this in this
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+let's start with DNA so DNA sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with DNA so DNA sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start with DNA so DNA sequencing
+was invented back in the mid 70s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented back in the mid 70s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was invented back in the mid 70s and
+when we measure DNA we're sequencing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure DNA we're sequencing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we measure DNA we're sequencing it
+okay so we want to know the sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to know the sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we want to know the sequence of
+a G's T's and C's and so how did we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a G's T's and C's and so how did we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a G's T's and C's and so how did we get
+all three and a half billion base first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three and a half billion base first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all three and a half billion base first
+basically just slightly more automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just slightly more automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just slightly more automated
+ways than what I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways than what I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways than what I'm going to show you
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+so what you can do is if you have a DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do is if you have a DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you can do is if you have a DNA
+sample remember it's A's G's T's and C's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample remember it's A's G's T's and C's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample remember it's A's G's T's and C's
+we have tools to make copies of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have tools to make copies of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have tools to make copies of them
+okay in fact we can borrow the enzymes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact we can borrow the enzymes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in fact we can borrow the enzymes
+that the cell uses and in a test tube I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell uses and in a test tube I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cell uses and in a test tube I
+can take my ADHD season seeds and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take my ADHD season seeds and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take my ADHD season seeds and make
+copies of them okay the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of them okay the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of them okay the process of
+making copies is a technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making copies is a technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making copies is a technique called
+polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR all PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR all PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR all PCR
+does is make copies of things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is make copies of things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is make copies of things and
+amplify them if you have one you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify them if you have one you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify them if you have one you make it
+into two then those two become four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two then those two become four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two then those two become four and
+four become eight Etc and it grows three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four become eight Etc and it grows three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four become eight Etc and it grows three
+three big something that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big something that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big something that you can
+actually visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually visualize
+so now basically the way this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now basically the way this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now basically the way this technique
+works is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is this
+as I'm making a copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm making a copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm making a copy
+okay of one strand of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of one strand of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay of one strand of DNA
+let's stop the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's stop the reaction
+okay so as I'm making a copy let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I'm making a copy let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so as I'm making a copy let's say
+100 base pairs let's stop the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 base pairs let's stop the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 base pairs let's stop the reaction
+I stopped it after I have a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stopped it after I have a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I stopped it after I have a whole bunch
+of copies going so some of the copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copies going so some of the copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of copies going so some of the copies
+are going to be 50 when I stopped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be 50 when I stopped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be 50 when I stopped it
+some are going to be 99 so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are going to be 99 so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some are going to be 99 so I'm going to
+be 98 so I'm going to be 97 so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 98 so I'm going to be 97 so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 98 so I'm going to be 97 so I'm going
+to have a whole variety of lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a whole variety of lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a whole variety of lengths of
+copies of that Gene of that sequence it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of that Gene of that sequence it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of that Gene of that sequence it
+might not even be a Jeep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even be a Jeep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not even be a Jeep
+so then let's start it up again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then let's start it up again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then let's start it up again
+but the last base pair I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last base pair I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the last base pair I'm going to add
+to that copy I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that copy I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that copy I'm going to make
+fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent
+okay and when we get fluorescent in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when we get fluorescent in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when we get fluorescent in such
+a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way
+that I'm going to make four colors one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to make four colors one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to make four colors one
+color for a one for t one for c one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for a one for t one for c one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for a one for t one for c one for
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+okay so I can make four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+last nucleus I'm going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last nucleus I'm going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last nucleus I'm going to put
+on this particular sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular sequence
+okay so now I have a whole variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have a whole variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I have a whole variety of
+lengths and I and the last base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and I and the last base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths and I and the last base pair
+might be a fluorescent color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a fluorescent color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a fluorescent color
+then what I can do is I can put that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I can do is I can put that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I can do is I can put that
+whole mix of length of dnas and put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mix of length of dnas and put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mix of length of dnas and put them
+in a gel I want to actually activate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gel I want to actually activate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a gel I want to actually activate an
+electric current the DNA starts to fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current the DNA starts to fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric current the DNA starts to fall
+because DNA gets pulled based on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DNA gets pulled based on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because DNA gets pulled based on its
+charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge
+but as you would guess the smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you would guess the smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as you would guess the smaller
+sequences get pulled faster because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences get pulled faster because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences get pulled faster because it's
+easier to move than the larger ones even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to move than the larger ones even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to move than the larger ones even
+by one base pair you can separate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one base pair you can separate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by one base pair you can separate them
+this way okay it's called gel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way okay it's called gel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way okay it's called gel
+electrophoresis that's why one base pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis that's why one base pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis that's why one base pair
+difference we can see on a gel depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we can see on a gel depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference we can see on a gel depending
+on the charge and all of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the charge and all of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the charge and all of this kind of
+thing so then what you do is you put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so then what you do is you put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so then what you do is you put a
+laser down at the bottom of the gel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser down at the bottom of the gel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser down at the bottom of the gel so
+it used to be we'd run the gel out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be we'd run the gel out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be we'd run the gel out and
+if it went off past the end you'd swear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it went off past the end you'd swear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it went off past the end you'd swear
+because you just ruined your sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just ruined your sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you just ruined your sequence
+you lost it it's in the puddle at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost it it's in the puddle at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lost it it's in the puddle at the
+bottom of the gel but now we want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the gel but now we want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom of the gel but now we want it to
+happen this way because we set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this way because we set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen this way because we set up a
+laser at the end that excites whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser at the end that excites whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser at the end that excites whatever
+fluorescent is coming down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent is coming down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent is coming down there
+and depending on the color we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on the color we can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on the color we can just
+read it off okay oh here's a red Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it off okay oh here's a red Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it off okay oh here's a red Peak
+here's a blue Peak here's a green Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a blue Peak here's a green Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a blue Peak here's a green Peak
+okay and then softer so we have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then softer so we have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then softer so we have a whole
+bunch of these Peaks and then software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these Peaks and then software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these Peaks and then software
+looks at this in fact it's a the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at this in fact it's a the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at this in fact it's a the most
+commonly used software for this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used software for this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used software for this is
+something called frap and Fred which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called frap and Fred which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called frap and Fred which is
+an open source freely available program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open source freely available program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open source freely available program
+people don't even use the software that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't even use the software that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't even use the software that
+came with the thing they wrote their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with the thing they wrote their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came with the thing they wrote their own
+it's called it's open source and looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called it's open source and looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called it's open source and looks
+at the Peaks and then makes the call I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Peaks and then makes the call I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Peaks and then makes the call I
+see this peak here I think it's a g i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this peak here I think it's a g i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this peak here I think it's a g i
+see this peak area I think it's a c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this peak area I think it's a c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this peak area I think it's a c
+okay there's going to be immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's going to be immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's going to be immediate
+problems with this okay first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this okay first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this okay first
+despite how fancy this looks we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite how fancy this looks we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite how fancy this looks we still
+can't do more than 300 base pairs with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do more than 300 base pairs with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do more than 300 base pairs with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they are in theory should be just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in theory should be just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are in theory should be just one
+base pair apart okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair apart okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pair apart okay
+but there's all sorts of reasons so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's all sorts of reasons so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's all sorts of reasons so why
+are there some jumbled here and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there some jumbled here and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there some jumbled here and some
+that are spaced out here as you let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are spaced out here as you let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are spaced out here as you let the
+thing go okay it's not a linear thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go okay it's not a linear thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing go okay it's not a linear thing
+the spacing okay so as you let it go it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing okay so as you let it go it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacing okay so as you let it go it
+gets wider and wider and wider in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets wider and wider and wider in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets wider and wider and wider in
+general but sometimes a copying process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but sometimes a copying process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general but sometimes a copying process
+itself can have errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can have errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can have errors
+okay let me be clear if the sequence I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me be clear if the sequence I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me be clear if the sequence I'm
+starting with has a whole bunch of G's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with has a whole bunch of G's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting with has a whole bunch of G's
+in a row sometimes it gets confused and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row sometimes it gets confused and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a row sometimes it gets confused and
+it just happens to make one wrong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just happens to make one wrong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just happens to make one wrong the
+wrong length right so if I have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong length right so if I have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong length right so if I have a lot of
+repeats in the sequence I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats in the sequence I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeats in the sequence I'm trying to
+sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence
+I make I'm going to have problems and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make I'm going to have problems and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I make I'm going to have problems and I
+just told you 50 of the genome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you 50 of the genome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just told you 50 of the genome is
+repeats okay that's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fishing season means reactions yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing season means reactions yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing season means reactions yeah and
+so that might cause it's like but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might cause it's like but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that might cause it's like but
+basically we can't do more than 300 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can't do more than 300 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we can't do more than 300 to
+400 base pairs than this Beyond this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 base pairs than this Beyond this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+400 base pairs than this Beyond this and
+this is state of the art this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is state of the art this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is state of the art this is the
+state of the art so to go from this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art so to go from this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state of the art so to go from this to
+three and a half billion base pairs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half billion base pairs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and a half billion base pairs you
+do a 300 at a time okay that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a 300 at a time okay that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a 300 at a time okay that's it
+there's no more magic than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more magic than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no more magic than this
+there's also another problem what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also another problem what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also another problem what if I
+have two peaks in the same spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I have two chromosomes on one chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two chromosomes on one chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have two chromosomes on one chromosome
+it might be one letter and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be one letter and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be one letter and the other
+might be another letter happens all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be another letter happens all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be another letter happens all the
+time one in a thousand turns out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one in a thousand turns out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time one in a thousand turns out what
+you'll talk about that's a polymorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk about that's a polymorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll talk about that's a polymorphism
+it could be this or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be this or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be this or that
+so that's how you can read it by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you can read it by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how you can read it by looking
+at the Peaks as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's basically it you terminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically it you terminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically it you terminate the
+chain with the fluorescent nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with the fluorescent nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain with the fluorescent nucleotide
+and you just line them up and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just line them up and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just line them up and you just
+read them off at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them off at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them off at the bottom
+and Fred basically makes the calls here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fred basically makes the calls here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fred basically makes the calls here
+he looks softer looks at the Peaks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looks softer looks at the Peaks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he looks softer looks at the Peaks and
+makes its best guess here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes its best guess here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes its best guess here
+for all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all of this would fit on a CD-ROM right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this would fit on a CD-ROM right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of this would fit on a CD-ROM right
+if you wanted to keep the tracings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to keep the tracings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wanted to keep the tracings
+you're gonna need a hell of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need a hell of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna need a hell of a lot of
+storage okay on the order of hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage okay on the order of hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage okay on the order of hundreds of
+terabytes for just one human but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes for just one human but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabytes for just one human but they're
+all stored and they're all saved for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stored and they're all saved for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all stored and they're all saved for the
+Human Genome Project because people go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Genome Project because people go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Human Genome Project because people go
+back and say well this peak wasn't so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and say well this peak wasn't so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and say well this peak wasn't so
+high I don't think this was the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high I don't think this was the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high I don't think this was the right
+letter but for the Human Genome Project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter but for the Human Genome Project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter but for the Human Genome Project
+not only do we have all three and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do we have all three and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only do we have all three and a half
+billion business we also have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion business we also have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion business we also have an
+assessment how good of a call it was for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment how good of a call it was for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assessment how good of a call it was for
+each letter based on these Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each letter based on these Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each letter based on these Peaks
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so how do we do get the entire Human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do get the entire Human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we do get the entire Human
+Genome Project you automate the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome Project you automate the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genome Project you automate the process
+so this is a picture of the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a picture of the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a picture of the genome
+Center the Whitehead Institute and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center the Whitehead Institute and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center the Whitehead Institute and
+basically it's a whole bunch of robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a whole bunch of robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's a whole bunch of robots
+just going off setting these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going off setting these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going off setting these things
+going okay most of the genomic sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay most of the genomic sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going okay most of the genomic sequence
+in just the 12 months prior to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just the 12 months prior to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in just the 12 months prior to the
+finish of the genome right even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish of the genome right even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish of the genome right even though
+the process had been going on for 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process had been going on for 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process had been going on for 10
+years it takes time to develop these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it takes time to develop these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years it takes time to develop these
+machines develop the technology and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines develop the technology and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machines develop the technology and more
+importantly develop the strategy which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly develop the strategy which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly develop the strategy which
+we'll talk about in a second and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a second and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about in a second and then
+the machines were built in basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines were built in basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machines were built in basically
+could do the whole genome in 12 months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the whole genome in 12 months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do the whole genome in 12 months
+at the end you can see the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you can see the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end you can see the number of
+genes that were in draft form grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that were in draft form grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that were in draft form grew
+exponentially until the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially until the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially until the end
+even though it started back in the mid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it started back in the mid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it started back in the mid
+90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90s
+the Whitehead can run 10 hundred a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Whitehead can run 10 hundred a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Whitehead can run 10 hundred a
+hundred thousand sequencing reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand sequencing reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred thousand sequencing reactions
+every 12 hours okay multiply that by 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 12 hours okay multiply that by 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 12 hours okay multiply that by 300
+base pairs for each and you can get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs for each and you can get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs for each and you can get on
+the order of three million base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of three million base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of three million base pairs
+let's say three three if I do 300 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say three three if I do 300 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say three three if I do 300 that's
+gonna be three 30 million base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be three 30 million base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be three 30 million base pairs
+let's say every 12 hours now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say every 12 hours now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say every 12 hours now
+robots pick all the colonies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots pick all the colonies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots pick all the colonies because
+these things are grown up in bacteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are grown up in bacteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things are grown up in bacteria
+okay here we go 60 million nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go 60 million nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here we go 60 million nucleotides
+per day is the current estimate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day is the current estimate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per day is the current estimate what
+they can sequence we couldn't do it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sequence we couldn't do it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can sequence we couldn't do it even
+five years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years ago
+so then you have all of these little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you have all of these little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you have all of these little
+little little pieces of 300 base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little pieces of 300 base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little little pieces of 300 base pairs
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and somehow you need to put this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow you need to put this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somehow you need to put this entire
+jigsaw puzzle back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzle back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jigsaw puzzle back together
+right so there's essentially two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's essentially two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's essentially two ways
+you can do this you can start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this you can start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this you can start with some
+strategy and say well I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and say well I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy and say well I'm just going to
+take this piece of this chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this piece of this chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this piece of this chromosome and
+sequence that then let's move to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that then let's move to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that then let's move to the
+next piece and sequence that and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next piece and sequence that and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next piece and sequence that and take
+that and take that and just have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and take that and just have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and take that and just have some
+structure in mind as to the order you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in mind as to the order you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure in mind as to the order you're
+going to do it and keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it and keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it and keep track of the
+pieces and then you know how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then you know how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces and then you know how they're
+going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go back
+the opposite approach is called shotgun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite approach is called shotgun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opposite approach is called shotgun
+sequencing and that's basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing and that's basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing and that's basically saying
+take the entire genome split it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the entire genome split it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the entire genome split it up into
+these 300 base pair fragments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 300 base pair fragments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these 300 base pair fragments
+and split it up again take the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and split it up again take the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and split it up again take the whole
+genome and split up again into 300 base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and split up again into 300 base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and split up again into 300 base
+per fragments using some other way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per fragments using some other way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per fragments using some other way
+okay so the way the place where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way the place where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the way the place where I'm
+going to cut it for this method are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut it for this method are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cut it for this method are
+going to be different than the ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different than the ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be different than the ways I
+cut it for this method sequence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it for this method sequence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it for this method sequence the
+whole mess and just see what overlaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mess and just see what overlaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole mess and just see what overlaps
+like basically this piece of this puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically this piece of this puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like basically this piece of this puzzle
+seems to go in this piece of that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to go in this piece of that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to go in this piece of that kind
+of puzzle I basically put the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of puzzle I basically put the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of puzzle I basically put the whole
+pieces together like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together like that
+now that assumes a lot of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that assumes a lot of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that assumes a lot of computational
+power okay now keep all these things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay now keep all these things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power okay now keep all these things in
+memory you got to line them up and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you got to line them up and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory you got to line them up and see
+which ones work best so the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones work best so the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ones work best so the best
+approach in the end was a hybrid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in the end was a hybrid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach in the end was a hybrid okay
+you don't just put all the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just put all the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't just put all the pieces
+together but you also keep some idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but you also keep some idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together but you also keep some idea of
+the scaffolding where you got the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaffolding where you got the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scaffolding where you got the pieces
+from instead of just doing it randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from instead of just doing it randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from instead of just doing it randomly
+like this it's a hybrid like most things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's a hybrid like most things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's a hybrid like most things
+like the hybrid work the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hybrid work the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the hybrid work the best
+but here are the pieces here all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are the pieces here all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here are the pieces here all the
+here are all the pieces cut one way here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all the pieces cut one way here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are all the pieces cut one way here
+all the pieces cut another way and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pieces cut another way and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the pieces cut another way and this
+is basically saying well a one to A2 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically saying well a one to A2 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically saying well a one to A2 has
+no overlap so we're stuck there we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no overlap so we're stuck there we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no overlap so we're stuck there we don't
+know how they join but A2 and A3 might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they join but A2 and A3 might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how they join but A2 and A3 might
+have some overlap and there's B here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some overlap and there's B here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some overlap and there's B here and
+then basically put them together based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically put them together based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then basically put them together based
+on the pieces the the and hopefully you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pieces the the and hopefully you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the pieces the the and hopefully you
+have some overlaps between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some overlaps between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some overlaps between them
+this a goes with this a but we also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a goes with this a but we also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a goes with this a but we also see
+B and B here so here's B1 fits right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and B here so here's B1 fits right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and B here so here's B1 fits right
+here and B3 fits like there et cetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and B3 fits like there et cetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and B3 fits like there et cetera
+Etc that's how these things are joined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc that's how these things are joined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc that's how these things are joined
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+obviously you're going to need a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you're going to need a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously you're going to need a whole
+bunch right you're going to need a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch right you're going to need a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch right you're going to need a whole
+bunch and so there's a lot of holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again
+percentage of genomes repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of genomes repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of genomes repeats
+so by statistically speaking you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by statistically speaking you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by statistically speaking you're
+gonna get a whole bunch that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a whole bunch that look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a whole bunch that look like
+they fit together right that's why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit together right that's why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fit together right that's why this
+doesn't work that easily right out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work that easily right out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work that easily right out of
+the box okay because you have too many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box okay because you have too many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box okay because you have too many
+small pieces that look so much like each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces that look so much like each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small pieces that look so much like each
+other so that's why hybrid approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's why hybrid approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so that's why hybrid approach
+works best if you remember that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works best if you remember that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works best if you remember that this
+piece came from chromosome one and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece came from chromosome one and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece came from chromosome one and this
+band and this thing then so you then can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and this thing then so you then can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band and this thing then so you then can
+put it somewhere physically in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it somewhere physically in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it somewhere physically in the
+genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome
+so for a human they had 10 four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a human they had 10 four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for a human they had 10 four
+processor machines with four gigabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor machines with four gigabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor machines with four gigabytes
+of RAM each and a 16 processor with 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RAM each and a 16 processor with 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RAM each and a 16 processor with 64
+gigabytes that took 10 000 CPU hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes that took 10 000 CPU hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gigabytes that took 10 000 CPU hours
+okay that's a huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's a huge amount of
+computational power just to put all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational power just to put all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational power just to put all the
+pieces together for the human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together for the human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces together for the human
+the overlap stick memory 600 gigabytes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap stick memory 600 gigabytes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overlap stick memory 600 gigabytes
+of RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the end hybrid of putting it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end hybrid of putting it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end hybrid of putting it on a
+physical map is the way to go let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical map is the way to go let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical map is the way to go let's see
+if I have that there so now we're at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have that there so now we're at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have that there so now we're at a
+state where you can actually go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you can actually go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state where you can actually go to
+websites like this one at the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites like this one at the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites like this one at the University
+of California Santa Cruz which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of California Santa Cruz which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of California Santa Cruz which is
+probably one of the more popular ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the more popular ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one of the more popular ones
+and you can just start to browse The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just start to browse The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can just start to browse The
+genome so if you just pick you can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome so if you just pick you can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome so if you just pick you can even
+hit a button to take you to a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a button to take you to a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit a button to take you to a random
+spot in the genome here's an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the genome here's an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in the genome here's an arbitrary
+region of chromosome 19 it shows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of chromosome 19 it shows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of chromosome 19 it shows you
+where the bands are where the GC Rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bands are where the GC Rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the bands are where the GC Rich
+regions are what you would see on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are what you would see on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions are what you would see on a
+karyotype where the predicted genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karyotype where the predicted genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+karyotype where the predicted genes are
+where actually people have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where actually people have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where actually people have seen
+different pieces of gene in messenger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces of gene in messenger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different pieces of gene in messenger
+RNA so you can start to tell where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA so you can start to tell where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA so you can start to tell where the
+introns and exons are what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns and exons are what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introns and exons are what are the
+polymorphisms are all on one screen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms are all on one screen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms are all on one screen and
+there's actually two different commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two different commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two different commonly
+used browsers for this I think the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used browsers for this I think the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used browsers for this I think the next
+screen is a little blow up of the UCS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is a little blow up of the UCS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen is a little blow up of the UCS
+the UCSC browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UCSC browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UCSC browser
+this is like a running thing of the GC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a running thing of the GC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like a running thing of the GC
+content here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content here
+so that gets us to this okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets us to this okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that gets us to this okay so now I
+already started hint at this let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already started hint at this let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already started hint at this let's say
+off the automated sequencer you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the automated sequencer you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the automated sequencer you see
+Peaks like this okay where here I see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks like this okay where here I see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks like this okay where here I see a
+little bit of a hump here a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a hump here a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a hump here a little bit
+of a hump here or here here exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hump here or here here exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hump here or here here exactly two
+humps that are exactly the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps that are exactly the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humps that are exactly the same size
+that makes you think that I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you think that I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes you think that I mean the
+program puts a little end here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program puts a little end here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program puts a little end here because I
+don't know which it is an A or a t but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which it is an A or a t but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know which it is an A or a t but
+what that really could mean is that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that really could mean is that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that really could mean is that that
+could be a polymorphism that that human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a polymorphism that that human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a polymorphism that that human
+actually has both letters one on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has both letters one on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has both letters one on one
+chromosome one on the other chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome one on the other chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome one on the other chromosome
+and so if you have a chunk of DNA that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a chunk of DNA that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you have a chunk of DNA that
+you're interested in finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in finding
+polymorphisms you can get that Gene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms you can get that Gene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms you can get that Gene or
+get that chunk of DNA sequencing 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that chunk of DNA sequencing 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that chunk of DNA sequencing 100
+humans and just see what the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and just see what the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans and just see what the different
+letters are in that sequence that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters are in that sequence that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters are in that sequence that's one
+way to do it but they found a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it but they found a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it but they found a whole
+bunch of these polymorphisms just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these polymorphisms just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of these polymorphisms just by
+doing the Genome Project okay the Genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the Genome Project okay the Genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the Genome Project okay the Genome
+Project was about was sequencing 30 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project was about was sequencing 30 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Project was about was sequencing 30 or
+so humans and there are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so humans and there are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so humans and there are going to be
+differences in 30 people so a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in 30 people so a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in 30 people so a whole
+bunch of them were found that way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them were found that way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of them were found that way as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+so you can either do it do this while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can either do it do this while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can either do it do this while
+sequencing the genome you find arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing the genome you find arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing the genome you find arbitrary
+polymorphisms or if I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms or if I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms or if I'm interested in
+this Gene because I think it's involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gene because I think it's involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Gene because I think it's involved
+in asthma I want to see if there's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asthma I want to see if there's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in asthma I want to see if there's five
+more steps I can go after that Gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more steps I can go after that Gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more steps I can go after that Gene and
+sequence it the same way both ways are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it the same way both ways are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence it the same way both ways are
+going to look like this on the automated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this on the automated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like this on the automated
+sequencer two peaks there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can also use micro rates which we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use micro rates which we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also use micro rates which we'll
+skip this one but you can use an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this one but you can use an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip this one but you can use an array
+to help you find these Snips as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you find these Snips as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help you find these Snips as well
+so I think you're going to have electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you're going to have electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you're going to have electron
+snaps right there's someone who's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snaps right there's someone who's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snaps right there's someone who's an
+expert for the Whitehead I'm telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert for the Whitehead I'm telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert for the Whitehead I'm telling you
+about Snips and problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Snips and problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Snips and problems
+so I think this is my last slide on DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is my last slide on DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think this is my last slide on DNA
+measurements okay and I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay and I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements okay and I'm just going to
+end on clinical use of sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on clinical use of sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end on clinical use of sense because
+this is genomic medicine okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is genomic medicine okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is genomic medicine okay
+so again Snips are single nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again Snips are single nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again Snips are single nucleotide
+polymorphisms at a particular arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms at a particular arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms at a particular arbitrary
+spot in that genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in that genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot in that genome
+you have an A I have a t let's say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an A I have a t let's say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an A I have a t let's say okay
+and it's usually just one thing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's usually just one thing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's usually just one thing or
+another they're rarely there's places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another they're rarely there's places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another they're rarely there's places
+where there's three combinations usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's three combinations usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there's three combinations usually
+it's one or the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one or the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one or the other
+that happens on average rough estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens on average rough estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens on average rough estimate
+but one in a thousand base pairs can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one in a thousand base pairs can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one in a thousand base pairs can be
+a polymorphism so if you do the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polymorphism so if you do the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polymorphism so if you do the math
+that's maybe three million 10 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe three million 10 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe three million 10 million
+different spots in the genome where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spots in the genome where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spots in the genome where you
+could have one letter or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one letter or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one letter or another
+and figuring out the association of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out the association of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out the association of
+those letters to differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters to differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those letters to differences in
+susceptibility to disease is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility to disease is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+susceptibility to disease is another
+Holy Grail now okay if you have diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Grail now okay if you have diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Holy Grail now okay if you have diabetes
+I don't have diabetes you have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have diabetes you have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have diabetes you have these
+letters I have these letters maybe those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I have these letters maybe those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters I have these letters maybe those
+letters have something to do with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters have something to do with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters have something to do with it
+it's the basic idea now here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the basic idea now here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the basic idea now here's one
+particular figure from an article in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular figure from an article in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular figure from an article in the
+New England Journal medicine just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England Journal medicine just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New England Journal medicine just to
+give you an idea this one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea this one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an idea this one particular
+Gene called HLA and this is specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene called HLA and this is specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gene called HLA and this is specifically
+hlab and you can have uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hlab and you can have uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hlab and you can have uh it's a
+particular HLA Gene and you can have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular HLA Gene and you can have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular HLA Gene and you can have one
+particular polymorphism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular polymorphism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular polymorphism
+on both your chromosomes you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both your chromosomes you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both your chromosomes you can have a
+mix of one or the other or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of one or the other or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of one or the other or you could
+have the most common form of this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most common form of this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the most common form of this so
+there's a common form of the letter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a common form of the letter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a common form of the letter this
+is a rare form how we can have a mix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rare form how we can have a mix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a rare form how we can have a mix of
+the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two
+and this one particular Gene if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one particular Gene if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one particular Gene if you're
+infected with HIV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with HIV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infected with HIV
+that one one spelling determines your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one one spelling determines your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one one spelling determines your
+conversion to AIDS it can actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion to AIDS it can actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion to AIDS it can actually have
+a huge impact so if you have this rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge impact so if you have this rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a huge impact so if you have this rare
+form of the polymorphism and on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the polymorphism and on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the polymorphism and on both
+your chromosome homozygous you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chromosome homozygous you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your chromosome homozygous you can go
+from having HIV to AIDS very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having HIV to AIDS very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from having HIV to AIDS very quickly
+within 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 10 years
+if you don't have if both your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have if both your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have if both your
+chromosomes have the more common form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes have the more common form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes have the more common form
+you can go on and on and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go on and on and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go on and on and some people
+never get eats okay as far as out as 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get eats okay as far as out as 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never get eats okay as far as out as 18
+years and if you have the mix you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and if you have the mix you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and if you have the mix you're
+somewhere in between here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in between here
+so associations of snips with diseases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so associations of snips with diseases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so associations of snips with diseases
+are exceedingly common to find now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exceedingly common to find now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are exceedingly common to find now in
+fact every other week in the New England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact every other week in the New England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact every other week in the New England
+general medicine this is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general medicine this is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general medicine this is what you're
+reading it's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading it's going to be some
+association with this spelling versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association with this spelling versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+association with this spelling versus
+that disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that disease
+frequent form the most frequent is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent form the most frequent is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent form the most frequent is going
+to be no HLA the black one yep so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no HLA the black one yep so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be no HLA the black one yep so let me
+ask you okay how much do you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you okay how much do you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you okay how much do you think it
+costs to measure a snip okay so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to measure a snip okay so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to measure a snip okay so if I
+have one arbitrary spot in all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one arbitrary spot in all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one arbitrary spot in all of our
+genomes that I want to measure whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes that I want to measure whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomes that I want to measure whether
+there's an AP to your G in any arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an AP to your G in any arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an AP to your G in any arbitrary
+genome how much do you think it costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome how much do you think it costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome how much do you think it costs
+not how much the lab charges how much do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how much the lab charges how much do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how much the lab charges how much do
+you think it costs to measure one base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it costs to measure one base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it costs to measure one base
+pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair
+how much does it cost guesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it cost guesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much does it cost guesses
+your EF yeah so you come up with answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your EF yeah so you come up with answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your EF yeah so you come up with answer
+five to ten cents probably gonna be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to ten cents probably gonna be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five to ten cents probably gonna be one
+cent in the next few years pretty cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent in the next few years pretty cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cent in the next few years pretty cheap
+sorry stole my thunder all right how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry stole my thunder all right how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry stole my thunder all right how do
+you got to oh yeah one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to oh yeah one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got to oh yeah one uh
+last thing on Snips okay you didn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing on Snips okay you didn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing on Snips okay you didn't take
+this dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dude
+stop giving you my slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop giving you my slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop giving you my slides
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how much time yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much time yeah okay
+let's talk about gene expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about gene expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about gene expression
+okay let's talk about microwaves fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about microwaves fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's talk about microwaves fourth
+slide and then we'll talk about protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and then we'll talk about protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide and then we'll talk about protein
+so we already covered DNA now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already covered DNA now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already covered DNA now we're
+working our way out of the nucleus okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working our way out of the nucleus okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working our way out of the nucleus okay
+now let's talk about the messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about the messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about the messenger RNA
+so like we said if the cell decides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like we said if the cell decides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like we said if the cell decides to
+make a particular protein it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a particular protein it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a particular protein it's going to
+start making the blueprints for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making the blueprints for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start making the blueprints for that
+protein the messenger RNA turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the messenger RNA turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein the messenger RNA turns out it's
+very easy to measure these now most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to measure these now most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to measure these now most
+commonly used the most common way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used the most common way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used the most common way to
+measure them is using a microwave all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them is using a microwave all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure them is using a microwave all a
+microarray is is a two centimeter by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray is is a two centimeter by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray is is a two centimeter by two
+centimeter about the size of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter about the size of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeter about the size of your
+thumbnail it's a man-made grid of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbnail it's a man-made grid of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumbnail it's a man-made grid of DNA
+where each spot in the grid is looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each spot in the grid is looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where each spot in the grid is looking
+for one particular RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one particular RNA
+and so the density is about 500 by 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the density is about 500 by 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the density is about 500 by 500
+so that's on order of a quarter million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's on order of a quarter million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's on order of a quarter million
+different spots on these arrays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spots on these arrays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different spots on these arrays and
+suffice you can say you can measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice you can say you can measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice you can say you can measure the
+entire Genome of transcripts with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Genome of transcripts with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire Genome of transcripts with one
+array today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array today
+and the way this works is you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way this works is you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way this works is you have to
+get the tissue that you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tissue that you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the tissue that you're interested in
+you can't just do this from blood unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do this from blood unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't just do this from blood unless
+you're interested in blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in blood
+if you're interested in the brain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the brain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the brain you
+got to get the brain tissue to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get the brain tissue to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get the brain tissue to figure
+out what genes are turned on there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what genes are turned on there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what genes are turned on there might
+expose it to certain influence get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it to certain influence get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expose it to certain influence get the
+RNA so isolate it remember most of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA so isolate it remember most of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA so isolate it remember most of them
+are sticky with the little a we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sticky with the little a we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sticky with the little a we just
+have to get the t's and pull them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the t's and pull them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to get the t's and pull them out
+make them fluorescent by making copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them fluorescent by making copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them fluorescent by making copies
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them
+remember I showed you that technique you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I showed you that technique you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember I showed you that technique you
+can make you can make a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make you can make a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make you can make a copy of
+something using the PCR and just have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something using the PCR and just have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something using the PCR and just have it
+put fluorescent ones in there and it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put fluorescent ones in there and it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put fluorescent ones in there and it'll
+become fluorescent let it sit on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become fluorescent let it sit on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become fluorescent let it sit on this
+man-made grid overnight come in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made grid overnight come in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-made grid overnight come in in the
+morning wash it off light up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning wash it off light up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning wash it off light up with the
+laser laser lights up the fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser laser lights up the fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser laser lights up the fluorescence
+and you basically take a picture and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically take a picture and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically take a picture and you
+get a tiff image okay if you scan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tiff image okay if you scan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a tiff image okay if you scan in
+pictures at home you know what a tiff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures at home you know what a tiff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures at home you know what a tiff
+image is but these are huge these are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is but these are huge these are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image is but these are huge these are on
+order of 10 megabytes these files and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 megabytes these files and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 10 megabytes these files and
+then the biology takes a pause the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the biology takes a pause the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the biology takes a pause the
+informatics comes in and starts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics comes in and starts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics comes in and starts to
+quantitate each of these it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate each of these it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate each of these it's
+quantitative to four to five orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative to four to five orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative to four to five orders of
+magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude
+and well it's not perfect there's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well it's not perfect there's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well it's not perfect there's a lot
+of noise there's a whole there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise there's a whole there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of noise there's a whole there's nothing
+most people like this technique again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people like this technique again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people like this technique again
+these are also commodity items today you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also commodity items today you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are also commodity items today you
+can get one of these for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get one of these for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get one of these for the entire
+genome for about 300 350 bucks today on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome for about 300 350 bucks today on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome for about 300 350 bucks today on
+Longwood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Longwood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Longwood
+the quantitative there's at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative there's at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantitative there's at least two
+different ways to do this is an absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do this is an absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do this is an absolute
+measurement technique and a relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement technique and a relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement technique and a relative
+technique so what does that mean how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so what does that mean how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so what does that mean how
+much of this Gene is present is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this Gene is present is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of this Gene is present is one
+technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique
+how much is this genius present relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is this genius present relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much is this genius present relative
+to this other tissue is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this other tissue is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this other tissue is another
+technique and the relative one uses two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and the relative one uses two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique and the relative one uses two
+fluorescent colors the absolute one uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent colors the absolute one uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent colors the absolute one uses
+one fluorescent color depends on what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fluorescent color depends on what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one fluorescent color depends on what's
+the nature of the spots are but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the spots are but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the spots are but we're
+not going to go into those details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into those details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to go into those details
+unless you really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you really want to
+the important point is that the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point is that the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point is that the genes
+are chosen arbitrarily okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chosen arbitrarily okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are chosen arbitrarily okay
+statisticians hate this aspect of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians hate this aspect of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statisticians hate this aspect of it
+these are not drawn from some master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not drawn from some master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are not drawn from some master
+normal distribution here okay this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution here okay this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution here okay this
+year's chips are different than last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's chips are different than last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's chips are different than last
+year's just because we know more of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's just because we know more of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year's just because we know more of the
+genes next your steps are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes next your steps are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes next your steps are going to be
+different than this year's trips so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than this year's trips so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than this year's trips so
+every year these things are changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year these things are changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every year these things are changing
+there's not ever going to be one fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not ever going to be one fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not ever going to be one fixed
+genome here and you need the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome here and you need the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome here and you need the functional
+tissue okay there's some diseases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue okay there's some diseases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue okay there's some diseases that
+are easy to study with microwaves like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to study with microwaves like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are easy to study with microwaves like
+cancer if you have a solid tumor patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer if you have a solid tumor patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer if you have a solid tumor patient
+goes to the operating room the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the operating room the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the operating room the tumor
+gets taken out you have a hunk of tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taken out you have a hunk of tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taken out you have a hunk of tissue
+you can extract the RNA you can find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can extract the RNA you can find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can extract the RNA you can find a
+lot of genes this way and so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of genes this way and so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of genes this way and so that's why
+most of the microwave papers involve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the microwave papers involve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the microwave papers involve
+cancer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer
+slightly harder to cease to study might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly harder to cease to study might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly harder to cease to study might
+be something like diabetes okay diabetes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like diabetes okay diabetes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like diabetes okay diabetes
+affects the liver muscle fat pancreas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the liver muscle fat pancreas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects the liver muscle fat pancreas
+maybe brain simultaneously you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe brain simultaneously you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe brain simultaneously you might
+want to get all of those tissues and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get all of those tissues and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get all of those tissues and let
+me tell you we don't normally do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you we don't normally do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me tell you we don't normally do
+biopsies of these things when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopsies of these things when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biopsies of these things when we
+diagnose diabetes Well we could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose diabetes Well we could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnose diabetes Well we could use
+animal models Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal models Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal models Etc
+slightly harder to cease to study would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly harder to cease to study would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly harder to cease to study would
+be something that's schizophrenia I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that's schizophrenia I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something that's schizophrenia I know
+the functional tissue but just which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional tissue but just which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional tissue but just which
+part of the brain am I going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the brain am I going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the brain am I going to actually
+get and put on this array I can't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and put on this array I can't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and put on this array I can't take
+an entire human brain to do this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire human brain to do this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire human brain to do this is it
+this part or this part so I even know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part or this part so I even know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part or this part so I even know
+the tissue but I don't know where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue but I don't know where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tissue but I don't know where I'm
+going to put the array what am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the array what am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the array what am I going
+to put on the array and then one harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put on the array and then one harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put on the array and then one harder
+to see sustaining would be something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see sustaining would be something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see sustaining would be something
+like hypertension what's the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hypertension what's the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hypertension what's the functional
+tissue in high blood pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue in high blood pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue in high blood pressure
+is it the heart is it the blood vessel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the heart is it the blood vessel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the heart is it the blood vessel
+is it the smooth muscle of the blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the smooth muscle of the blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it the smooth muscle of the blood
+vessel what exactly am I going to put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel what exactly am I going to put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vessel what exactly am I going to put on
+the array to learn what genes are up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array to learn what genes are up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array to learn what genes are up and
+down so this is not the Panacea for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is not the Panacea for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so this is not the Panacea for all
+the seasons okay if you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seasons okay if you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seasons okay if you want to know
+what genes are functionally evolved you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what genes are functionally evolved you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what genes are functionally evolved you
+have to be able to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be able to think about the
+functional tissue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional tissue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional tissue here
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+how long after death can you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long after death can you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long after death can you do this
+the easy way to answer that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to answer that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy way to answer that is that
+people have been able to get RNA from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been able to get RNA from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been able to get RNA from
+paraffin embedded tissues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraffin embedded tissues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraffin embedded tissues
+okay so and they think that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and they think that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and they think that they're
+successful but most people flash freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful but most people flash freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful but most people flash freeze
+these things if you're in the OR with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things if you're in the OR with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things if you're in the OR with
+the tumor getting taken out most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor getting taken out most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor getting taken out most people
+just put it into minus 70 right then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it into minus 70 right then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put it into minus 70 right then and
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+already does degrade as opposed to DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already does degrade as opposed to DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already does degrade as opposed to DNA
+which can stick around and that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can stick around and that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can stick around and that's why we
+can you know do Jurassic Park like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know do Jurassic Park like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know do Jurassic Park like
+stunts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stunts
+but rnas there's a real RNA degrades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rnas there's a real RNA degrades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rnas there's a real RNA degrades
+because we degrade it okay a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we degrade it okay a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we degrade it okay a lot of
+viruses are just strands of RNA so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses are just strands of RNA so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viruses are just strands of RNA so it's
+on our interest to the greatest so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our interest to the greatest so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our interest to the greatest so we
+have RNA so we exude rnasis it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have RNA so we exude rnasis it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have RNA so we exude rnasis it's much
+harder to work I mean high school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to work I mean high school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to work I mean high school
+students work with DNA right if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students work with DNA right if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students work with DNA right if you've
+ever done this in your high school where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done this in your high school where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever done this in your high school where
+they go get blood from you know an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go get blood from you know an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go get blood from you know an
+abattoir and they just basically get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abattoir and they just basically get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abattoir and they just basically get the
+blood and you can look at the strands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and you can look at the strands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood and you can look at the strands of
+DNA you can't do that with RNA because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA you can't do that with RNA because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA you can't do that with RNA because
+we all have rnasis we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all have rnasis we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all have rnasis we're going to
+degrade it immediately so you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade it immediately so you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrade it immediately so you had to
+wear gloves he had to use special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear gloves he had to use special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear gloves he had to use special
+techniques Etc he has hours after death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques Etc he has hours after death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques Etc he has hours after death
+and uh definitely a muscle tissue four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh definitely a muscle tissue four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh definitely a muscle tissue four
+hours after death of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours after death of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours after death of a different
+practical factorial pattern that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical factorial pattern that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical factorial pattern that you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+kicked in many other things and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked in many other things and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked in many other things and so if
+you really want to do it for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to do it for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to do it for uh
+reasonably guys basically that's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably guys basically that's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably guys basically that's close
+to take a moment of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what these arrays actually look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what these arrays actually look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what these arrays actually look
+like this is the whole Human Genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the whole Human Genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is the whole Human Genome
+array from a company called aphmetrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array from a company called aphmetrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array from a company called aphmetrics
+that makes these things and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes these things and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes these things and they
+actually make a 96 well format of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a 96 well format of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually make a 96 well format of this
+so here are 96 microarrays in just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are 96 microarrays in just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here are 96 microarrays in just one
+plate so imagine how much data you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate so imagine how much data you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate so imagine how much data you get
+out of this with 10 megabytes of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this with 10 megabytes of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this with 10 megabytes of each
+for each of these images huge amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these images huge amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these images huge amount of
+data being collected this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data being collected this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data being collected this way
+I'm not going to talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to talk about the
+differences here and we'll not talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here and we'll not talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here and we'll not talk
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+so you can use these microarrays to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use these microarrays to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can use these microarrays to tell
+which genes are up so for example if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes are up so for example if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which genes are up so for example if I
+have a whole bunch of patients and half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of patients and half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of patients and half
+of them had uh one type of Leukemia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had uh one type of Leukemia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them had uh one type of Leukemia and
+half another type of leukemia leukemia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half another type of leukemia leukemia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half another type of leukemia leukemia
+means a whole bunch of white blood cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a whole bunch of white blood cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a whole bunch of white blood cells
+go up in the blood so you get easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up in the blood so you get easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up in the blood so you get easy
+access to that tissue and you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to that tissue and you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to that tissue and you can find
+genes that are up in one and down in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are up in one and down in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes that are up in one and down in the
+other are down in one and down up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other are down in one and down up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other are down in one and down up in the
+other etc etc in the end you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other etc etc in the end you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other etc etc in the end you can get
+lists of genes very easily now we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of genes very easily now we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lists of genes very easily now we all
+commonly do this okay and this core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly do this okay and this core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly do this okay and this core
+facility is basically in every hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility is basically in every hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility is basically in every hospital
+if you're a clinician at the Brigham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a clinician at the Brigham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a clinician at the Brigham
+Women's Hospital you can take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women's Hospital you can take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Women's Hospital you can take your
+sample down to the poor facility they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample down to the poor facility they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample down to the poor facility they'll
+give you back the text file this Gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you back the text file this Gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you back the text file this Gene
+this amount this Gene this amount it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount this Gene this amount it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amount this Gene this amount it's
+just a matter of asking the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of asking the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a matter of asking the right
+questions now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions now
+but the list of genes isn't enough okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the list of genes isn't enough okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the list of genes isn't enough okay
+sometimes you want to go back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to go back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you want to go back and
+validate that a gene is actually where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate that a gene is actually where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate that a gene is actually where
+it's supposed to be or what you thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be or what you thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's supposed to be or what you thought
+was actually happening and there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually happening and there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually happening and there's two
+ways to do this inside two hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do this inside two hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do this inside two hybridization
+in real-time PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real-time PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real-time PCR
+so these are usually inserted after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are usually inserted after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are usually inserted after
+you've done a micro analysis inside two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done a micro analysis inside two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done a micro analysis inside two
+hybridization is very easy I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization is very easy I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization is very easy I take the
+same RNA that I'm looking for make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same RNA that I'm looking for make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same RNA that I'm looking for make the
+exact reverse complement of it and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact reverse complement of it and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact reverse complement of it and make
+it fluorescent again I make enough of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fluorescent again I make enough of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it fluorescent again I make enough of it
+that I can then stain a sample a tissue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can then stain a sample a tissue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can then stain a sample a tissue
+sample with that and then light it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample with that and then light it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample with that and then light it up
+and make a picture so wherever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a picture so wherever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a picture so wherever that
+transcript was this is going to stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript was this is going to stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcript was this is going to stick to
+it after I've washed it off and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after I've washed it off and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after I've washed it off and it's
+going to light up and I can think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to light up and I can think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to light up and I can think you
+know glorious pictures like this I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know glorious pictures like this I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know glorious pictures like this I can
+use different colors to light up one RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different colors to light up one RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use different colors to light up one RNA
+versus another and that might help me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another and that might help me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus another and that might help me
+tell that it's in the right tissue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that it's in the right tissue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell that it's in the right tissue that
+I thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was
+real-time PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time PCR
+it's uh even easier it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh even easier it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh even easier it's a little bit
+harder to conceptualize but basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to conceptualize but basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to conceptualize but basically
+real-time PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time PCR
+uses that polymers chain reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that polymers chain reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses that polymers chain reaction
+technique to actually to actually detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to actually to actually detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to actually to actually detect
+one sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sequence
+as compared to a control sequence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to a control sequence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as compared to a control sequence okay
+so it gives me a more quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives me a more quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it gives me a more quantitative
+measurement this gives me a nice picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement this gives me a nice picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement this gives me a nice picture
+that I can put on the cover of nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can put on the cover of nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can put on the cover of nature
+the rtpcr actually gives me a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rtpcr actually gives me a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rtpcr actually gives me a number
+that actually can then be used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually can then be used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually can then be used to
+validate the microwave findings it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate the microwave findings it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validate the microwave findings it was
+three times higher it was four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times higher it was four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times higher it was four times
+higher it's basically using a PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it's basically using a PCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it's basically using a PCR
+technique to see how fast do I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to see how fast do I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to see how fast do I get a
+detectable amount using the repetitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable amount using the repetitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectable amount using the repetitive
+uh the exponential growth aspects of PCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's get into proteins okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get into proteins okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's get into proteins okay
+because we're coming close to the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're coming close to the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're coming close to the end of
+the hour here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hour here
+so again the Holy Grail is get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the Holy Grail is get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the Holy Grail is get the
+proteins we all essentially use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we all essentially use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins we all essentially use
+microarrays as a proxy for proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays as a proxy for proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarrays as a proxy for proteins
+but we don't have an array the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have an array the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have an array the same kind
+of array that we have for microates we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of array that we have for microates we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of array that we have for microates we
+just don't have it for proteins why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have it for proteins why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't have it for proteins why
+because proteins are much harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because proteins are much harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because proteins are much harder to
+measure okay the RNA basically is A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay the RNA basically is A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure okay the RNA basically is A's
+TC's G's and it's Essentia Strand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC's G's and it's Essentia Strand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TC's G's and it's Essentia Strand and
+sometimes it buckles and has twists but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it buckles and has twists but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it buckles and has twists but
+it's pretty easy to measure using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to measure using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty easy to measure using these
+microwaves proteins can be positively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves proteins can be positively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwaves proteins can be positively
+charged negatively charged they can love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged negatively charged they can love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charged negatively charged they can love
+water they can hate water they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water they can hate water they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water they can hate water they can be
+big they can be small if you look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big they can be small if you look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big they can be small if you look at it
+this way it looks like one thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it looks like one thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way it looks like one thing if you
+look at it this way it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this way it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it this way it looks like
+another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing
+so there's no easy consistent way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no easy consistent way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's no easy consistent way to
+measure proteins like there are there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure proteins like there are there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure proteins like there are there is
+for RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for RNA
+just to give you an idea here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give you an idea here is a
+commonly used technique called 2D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used technique called 2D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly used technique called 2D
+polymerase of polychromyela for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase of polychromyela for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymerase of polychromyela for
+electrophoresis or 2D page take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis or 2D page take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrophoresis or 2D page take one
+sample a commission of proteins I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample a commission of proteins I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample a commission of proteins I've
+made all the proteins radioactive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the proteins radioactive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made all the proteins radioactive and
+I'm going to spread them out this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to spread them out this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to spread them out this way
+based on the size remember if I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the size remember if I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the size remember if I put a
+charge I can the smaller things move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge I can the smaller things move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge I can the smaller things move
+down faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down faster
+so here's size and here's pH here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's size and here's pH here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's size and here's pH here's the
+pH that they like to hang out at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH that they like to hang out at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH that they like to hang out at two
+different things two different aspects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things two different aspects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things two different aspects
+of proteins and in the one gamish I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins and in the one gamish I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins and in the one gamish I have
+all of these spots okay and if I do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these spots okay and if I do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these spots okay and if I do this
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+they're going to be slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be slightly different
+okay I've been doing a third time it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've been doing a third time it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I've been doing a third time it'll
+be slightly different okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly different okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be slightly different okay this is a
+picture this is the most irreproducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is the most irreproducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this is the most irreproducible
+thing you can imagine okay the gel isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can imagine okay the gel isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you can imagine okay the gel isn't
+just said just right it might just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said just right it might just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said just right it might just come
+out a different way so we wish that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a different way so we wish that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a different way so we wish that we
+could look at the spot and say oh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at the spot and say oh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could look at the spot and say oh it's
+got this size and this pH it's got to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this size and this pH it's got to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this size and this pH it's got to be
+this protein can't do that at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein can't do that at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protein can't do that at all so
+then what we'll do is we'll cut out one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll do is we'll cut out one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we'll do is we'll cut out one
+of these spots and use the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spots and use the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these spots and use the next
+technique to figure out what protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to figure out what protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique to figure out what protein
+might be in there but literally people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in there but literally people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be in there but literally people
+look at these pictures and they say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these pictures and they say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these pictures and they say well
+here's a picture from cancer here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture from cancer here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture from cancer here it's
+not cancer and oh I see this spot here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cancer and oh I see this spot here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cancer and oh I see this spot here
+and I don't see it here maybe it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't see it here maybe it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't see it here maybe it's a
+protein of Interest okay and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of Interest okay and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein of Interest okay and there's a
+whole informatics trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole informatics trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole informatics trying to figure out
+and automate and image process these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and automate and image process these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and automate and image process these
+things but they're terrible okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they're terrible okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but they're terrible okay this is
+not reproducible look how these spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reproducible look how these spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not reproducible look how these spots
+are streaky right I mean it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are streaky right I mean it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are streaky right I mean it's just a
+it's a mess each spot has dozens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mess each spot has dozens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a mess each spot has dozens
+hundreds of proteins in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of proteins in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of proteins in there
+okay here's one paper okay I picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's one paper okay I picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's one paper okay I picked
+these guys looked at all of these spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys looked at all of these spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys looked at all of these spots
+and sequenced all of them okay just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sequenced all of them okay just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sequenced all of them okay just
+identify all these different proteins so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify all these different proteins so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify all these different proteins so
+they've numbered each one okay so back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've numbered each one okay so back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've numbered each one okay so back
+in 99 this is the guy script actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 99 this is the guy script actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 99 this is the guy script actually in
+this building okay I'm laughing at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building okay I'm laughing at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this building okay I'm laughing at this
+but I mean it's a huge amount of work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean it's a huge amount of work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I mean it's a huge amount of work to
+do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this
+so from that one spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that one spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from that one spot
+we might want to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to figure out what
+proteins are there and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are there and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins are there and there's a
+technique that most people use is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that most people use is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that most people use is this
+technique called mass spectrometry mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called mass spectrometry mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique called mass spectrometry mass
+spectrometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry
+and so the way this works is you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way this works is you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the way this works is you get
+this little spot and there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little spot and there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little spot and there's a whole
+bunch of still there's a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of still there's a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of still there's a whole bunch of
+peptides in there even though we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides in there even though we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides in there even though we
+separated them a lot in these two axes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated them a lot in these two axes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated them a lot in these two axes
+there's a bunch of proteins here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of proteins here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of proteins here and if
+you actually shoot it into this detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually shoot it into this detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually shoot it into this detector
+so this what basically what mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this what basically what mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this what basically what mass
+spectrometry does is it takes takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry does is it takes takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrometry does is it takes takes a
+spot and hits it with the laser and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and hits it with the laser and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot and hits it with the laser and the
+things come flying off of there okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come flying off of there okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things come flying off of there okay and
+the way that they fly off of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they fly off of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they fly off of there
+depends a lot on the size of the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on the size of the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends a lot on the size of the protein
+and the charge of the protein so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the charge of the protein so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the charge of the protein so
+basically in the end through all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the end through all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in the end through all of this
+you basically have one axis here mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have one axis here mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically have one axis here mass
+divided by charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by charge
+and at Peaks basically that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at Peaks basically that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at Peaks basically that are coming
+off of the detector oh there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the detector oh there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off of the detector oh there's a whole
+bunch of stuff at this now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff at this now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of stuff at this now there's
+nothing there's a whole bunch there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's a whole bunch there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing there's a whole bunch there's
+nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing
+like that mass versus Charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that mass versus Charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that mass versus Charge
+so the way this works is what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this works is what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way this works is what you can do
+is these proteins here you can digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these proteins here you can digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these proteins here you can digest
+them okay remember how these are long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay remember how these are long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay remember how these are long
+proteins right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins right
+that same enzyme that I have in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same enzyme that I have in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same enzyme that I have in my
+pancreas that's still working on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas that's still working on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancreas that's still working on my
+lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lunch
+I can use it to my advantage I can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use it to my advantage I can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use it to my advantage I can take
+the spot and digest these peptides into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot and digest these peptides into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot and digest these peptides into
+successfully uh to have uh sequentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully uh to have uh sequentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully uh to have uh sequentially
+shorter protein so here's one Protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter protein so here's one Protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter protein so here's one Protein
+that's 40 amino acids long here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 40 amino acids long here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's 40 amino acids long here's one
+with 39 here's one 38 here's 137 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 39 here's one 38 here's 137 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 39 here's one 38 here's 137 here's
+136 and basically I do this in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+136 and basically I do this in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+136 and basically I do this in such a
+way so that all of these peptides get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that all of these peptides get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way so that all of these peptides get
+broken up into a series of smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken up into a series of smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broken up into a series of smaller
+peptides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptides
+okay why am I doing all this okay why am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why am I doing all this okay why am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why am I doing all this okay why am
+I doing all this because this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doing all this because this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I doing all this because this is the
+trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick
+I found one protein has 30 amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found one protein has 30 amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I found one protein has 30 amino acids
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+and one same protein but it's only 29
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one same protein but it's only 29
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one same protein but it's only 29
+amino acids long the difference in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids long the difference in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids long the difference in size
+is the last amino acid right then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the last amino acid right then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the last amino acid right then they
+go from 29 to 28 the difference in size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 29 to 28 the difference in size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 29 to 28 the difference in size
+there is that amino acid so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that amino acid so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that amino acid so if I have
+basically successfully cut this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically successfully cut this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically successfully cut this one
+amino acid at a time and have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid at a time and have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid at a time and have a whole
+range of these then I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these then I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of these then I've got the
+difference in sizes to help me tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in sizes to help me tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in sizes to help me tell what
+that last amino acid was and that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last amino acid was and that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that last amino acid was and that's how
+we use this we just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this we just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this we just look at the
+difference in Peaks the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in Peaks the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in Peaks the difference
+between the Peaks is what we measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Peaks is what we measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the Peaks is what we measure
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+no not at all it's a mess right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not at all it's a mess right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not at all it's a mess right the
+chart it's a ratio okay so this there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart it's a ratio okay so this there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart it's a ratio okay so this there's
+a bunch of Peaks here but there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of Peaks here but there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of Peaks here but there might
+that same peptide might be somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same peptide might be somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same peptide might be somewhere
+else too if it happened to get an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else too if it happened to get an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else too if it happened to get an extra
+charge absolutely it's not perfect at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge absolutely it's not perfect at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge absolutely it's not perfect at
+all it's not perfect at all a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not perfect at all a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not perfect at all a whole new
+area here that's dying for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here that's dying for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area here that's dying for new
+algorithms you do it your best shot you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you do it your best shot you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms you do it your best shot you
+look at the Peaks here there's naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Peaks here there's naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Peaks here there's naive
+ways to do it but they're not perfect at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it but they're not perfect at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it but they're not perfect at
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+and of course there's some proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's some proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's some proteins that
+love to have variable amounts of charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have variable amounts of charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love to have variable amounts of charge
+more than others so it can be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than others so it can be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than others so it can be some
+things are easier to detect than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are easier to detect than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are easier to detect than others
+I mean the technique itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the technique itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean the technique itself
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we know the size of each amino acid each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the size of each amino acid each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the size of each amino acid each
+of the 2021 amino acids so we can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 2021 amino acids so we can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 2021 amino acids so we can tell
+if there's a difference of peak here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a difference of peak here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a difference of peak here
+right but remember there are multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but remember there are multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but remember there are multiple
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely that's why we're able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's why we're able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's why we're able to use
+it at all okay and there's libraries of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all okay and there's libraries of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at all okay and there's libraries of
+that exactly in fact we can predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly in fact we can predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exactly in fact we can predict
+right we can look at every protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can look at every protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we can look at every protein in
+the database and predict what it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database and predict what it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the database and predict what it would
+look like when applied with trypsin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like when applied with trypsin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like when applied with trypsin to
+cut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut it
+what would the peaks look like okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the peaks look like okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the peaks look like okay and
+you can actually make predictions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make predictions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually make predictions and
+you basically take your pattern and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically take your pattern and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically take your pattern and
+compare it to the computer pattern this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to the computer pattern this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare it to the computer pattern this
+might be predicted this is the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be predicted this is the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be predicted this is the actual
+and the computer there's the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer there's the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the computer there's the algorithm
+here basically says this is the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically says this is the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here basically says this is the protein
+that is another important Point here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another important Point here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another important Point here I
+want to bring up this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring up this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to bring up this is not
+quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative
+okay this helps you identify a protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this helps you identify a protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this helps you identify a protein
+in a sample but it's not quantitative it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sample but it's not quantitative it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a sample but it's not quantitative it
+doesn't tell you how much there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you how much there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't tell you how much there is
+there's all sorts of newer fancier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of newer fancier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's all sorts of newer fancier
+techniques to compare this to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to compare this to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to compare this to some other
+sample to try to get some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to try to get some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample to try to get some kind of
+quantitative measurement but the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measurement but the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measurement but the way
+this is commonly used it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is commonly used it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is commonly used it's just
+identifying it's not quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah uh here here's the one okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh here here's the one okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah uh here here's the one okay so
+here's ovarian cancer same same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ovarian cancer same same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's ovarian cancer same same thing
+right so these guys use a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these guys use a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so these guys use a particular
+chip to do this but it's the chip is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip to do this but it's the chip is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip to do this but it's the chip is the
+the smallest piece of it it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest piece of it it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the smallest piece of it it's basically
+still a mass spec that's on the end here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a mass spec that's on the end here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a mass spec that's on the end here
+is unaffected unaffected cancer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unaffected unaffected cancer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unaffected unaffected cancer one
+cancer two here all the different bands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer two here all the different bands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer two here all the different bands
+and they said to help it identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said to help it identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said to help it identifying
+them here is the pattern right oh wow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here is the pattern right oh wow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them here is the pattern right oh wow I
+see a band here band here but no band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a band here band here but no band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a band here band here but no band
+here this must be diagnostic okay I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this must be diagnostic okay I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this must be diagnostic okay I will
+easily answer back I mean we're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily answer back I mean we're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily answer back I mean we're in
+danger of overfitting the data here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger of overfitting the data here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger of overfitting the data here okay
+you have hundreds of thousands of Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have hundreds of thousands of Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have hundreds of thousands of Peaks
+here and only four samples okay how hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and only four samples okay how hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and only four samples okay how hard
+is it to find them that will answer your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it to find them that will answer your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it to find them that will answer your
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+I tend to believe these things when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tend to believe these things when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tend to believe these things when they
+have something to do with the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to do with the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something to do with the biology
+okay if we go ahead and identify and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we go ahead and identify and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if we go ahead and identify and
+there's some causal mechanism that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some causal mechanism that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some causal mechanism that's
+great but others are going to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but others are going to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but others are going to be very
+happy with this especially since we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with this especially since we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with this especially since we have
+no other test for ovarian cancer today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other test for ovarian cancer today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no other test for ovarian cancer today
+that's fine or cervical cancer some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine or cervical cancer some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine or cervical cancer some
+cervical cancer we do Pastors brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cancer we do Pastors brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cervical cancer we do Pastors brain
+cancer we have nothing if there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer we have nothing if there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer we have nothing if there is
+something in the blood it's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the blood it's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the blood it's better than
+nothing is what they would answer back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here's basically the peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's basically the peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's basically the peak
+differences here so they say here's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here so they say here's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences here so they say here's this
+P here's the speak we think that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P here's the speak we think that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P here's the speak we think that's an
+Arginine or that's basically how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arginine or that's basically how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arginine or that's basically how this
+works okay you use the differences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay you use the differences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works okay you use the differences in
+Peaks these things are called Peak lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks these things are called Peak lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peaks these things are called Peak lists
+quantitative we're not going to go there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we're not going to go there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative we're not going to go there
+but basically you can take one sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you can take one sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you can take one sample
+and another sample and grow the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another sample and grow the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another sample and grow the one
+sample in heavy water okay instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in heavy water okay instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample in heavy water okay instead of
+H2O we'll use h3o and that extra H it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O we'll use h3o and that extra H it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2O we'll use h3o and that extra H it's
+not extra well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you can also use other different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use other different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can also use other different
+isotopes but basically you have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes but basically you have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotopes but basically you have the same
+atom like carbon can have 12 protons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom like carbon can have 12 protons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom like carbon can have 12 protons or
+you can have 12 plus a neutron you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have 12 plus a neutron you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have 12 plus a neutron you can
+have you can have all sorts of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can have all sorts of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you can have all sorts of other
+things in the nucleus of the atom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the nucleus of the atom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in the nucleus of the atom that
+could change how it looks on mass spec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change how it looks on mass spec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change how it looks on mass spec
+because you're changing the mass just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're changing the mass just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're changing the mass just
+slightly and then you can tell which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and then you can tell which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly and then you can tell which
+sample it came from and then try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it came from and then try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it came from and then try to
+quantitate that way but again the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate that way but again the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate that way but again the charge
+could change okay so one protein is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change okay so one protein is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could change okay so one protein is not
+in one spot it's in a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one spot it's in a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one spot it's in a whole bunch of
+spots you need to sum them all up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots you need to sum them all up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots you need to sum them all up and
+they're overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're overlapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're overlapping
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let me be clear the trypsin cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me be clear the trypsin cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me be clear the trypsin cuts
+into manageable fragments and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into manageable fragments and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into manageable fragments and there's
+another there's another fragmenter in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another there's another fragmenter in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another there's another fragmenter in
+front of the machine that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the machine that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the machine that's actually
+cutting it up into these one amino acids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting it up into these one amino acids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting it up into these one amino acids
+go ahead yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+absolutely that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely that's right
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard part is that a protein you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is that a protein you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is that a protein you don't
+know where the protein is okay you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the protein is okay you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where the protein is okay you see a
+whole bunch of spots there and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of spots there and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of spots there and you see
+that it's here but it could be on either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's here but it could be on either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's here but it could be on either
+side of the spectrum you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the spectrum you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the spectrum you're looking at
+and if you run let the machine run long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you run let the machine run long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you run let the machine run long
+enough you get a huge amount of data off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you get a huge amount of data off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you get a huge amount of data off
+of that machine okay an unmanageable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that machine okay an unmanageable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that machine okay an unmanageable
+amount of Peaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Peaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of Peaks
+okay and we can look and isolate one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can look and isolate one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we can look and isolate one
+Peak right here let me I think like from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak right here let me I think like from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak right here let me I think like from
+this peak we go to this Peak from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak we go to this Peak from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this peak we go to this Peak from that
+Peak we go to this peak okay we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak we go to this peak okay we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peak we go to this peak okay we've
+zoomed in so far to get the differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed in so far to get the differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoomed in so far to get the differences
+but it could be elsewhere depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be elsewhere depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it could be elsewhere depending on
+the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge
+it's not it's it's doable people do get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's it's doable people do get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's it's doable people do get
+great results of this but by no means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great results of this but by no means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great results of this but by no means is
+the informatics done in this field yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informatics done in this field yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the informatics done in this field yet
+okay and as more people use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as more people use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and as more people use this
+technique it's screaming for new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's screaming for new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique it's screaming for new
+algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms
+a quick statement is it obvious to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick statement is it obvious to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a quick statement is it obvious to
+everybody that the concentration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that the concentration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody that the concentration of
+protein is not the same punctuation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is not the same punctuation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein is not the same punctuation of
+RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RNA
+everybody should know that uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should know that uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody should know that uh in fact
+right like I was saying we're using it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I was saying we're using it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I was saying we're using it
+as a proxy right but let's be clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a proxy right but let's be clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a proxy right but let's be clear that
+the cell has a whole bunch of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell has a whole bunch of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cell has a whole bunch of this
+protein there and it's happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein there and it's happy with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein there and it's happy with that
+amount and it's not going anywhere it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and it's not going anywhere it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount and it's not going anywhere it
+doesn't need to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't need to make more
+that's the simplest example of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest example of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest example of something
+where there might be zero RNA but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there might be zero RNA but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there might be zero RNA but a
+whole lot of protein right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of protein right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of protein right
+if that protein is degrading really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that protein is degrading really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that protein is degrading really fast
+then some might need to make more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some might need to make more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some might need to make more but
+there's a massive disconnect here some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a massive disconnect here some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a massive disconnect here some
+things are going to be correlating a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be correlating a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going to be correlating a lot
+of things are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things are not
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all these things about proteins which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things about proteins which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these things about proteins which we
+don't know depends on the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to eliminate the charges yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate the charges yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to eliminate the charges yeah
+if you're asking a detail I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're asking a detail I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're asking a detail I don't know
+that's the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reason why
+you come over here proxy Maps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come over here proxy Maps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come over here proxy Maps
+absolutely but the thing is is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely but the thing is is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely but the thing is is that it's
+picking up charge right yeah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up charge right yeah of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up charge right yeah of course
+it is charged ultimately but the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is charged ultimately but the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is charged ultimately but the reason
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+you can use that as a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that as a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use that as a property
+absolutely the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely the problem
+yeah the biggest problem though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the biggest problem though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah the biggest problem though is that
+these are longer than small molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are longer than small molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are longer than small molecules
+right I mean this is these are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is these are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean this is these are much
+larger masses that's the problem and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger masses that's the problem and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger masses that's the problem and the
+and the proteins themselves right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proteins themselves right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the proteins themselves right
+they're so if you just chopped off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so if you just chopped off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so if you just chopped off the
+thing that's holding the charger that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's holding the charger that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's holding the charger that
+loves to if you have if you just chopped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves to if you have if you just chopped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loves to if you have if you just chopped
+off the polar part of it it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the polar part of it it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the polar part of it it's going to
+have different properties that that next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different properties that that next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different properties that that next
+Peak would be wildly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're actually so successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually so successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually so successful
+in defining disease classes and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining disease classes and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in defining disease classes and the
+final prognosis just based on RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final prognosis just based on RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final prognosis just based on RNA
+Express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is it why should we also control our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it why should we also control our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it why should we also control our
+bucks into premiums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think this is my this or my the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is my this or my the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is my this or my the next
+one is the last slide here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the last slide here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the last slide here
+now despite it being hard to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now despite it being hard to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now despite it being hard to measure
+these things there are definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there are definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things there are definitely
+companies that are trying to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are trying to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies that are trying to make
+protein chips here okay one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein chips here okay one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein chips here okay one way to
+detect proteins is to have an antibody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect proteins is to have an antibody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect proteins is to have an antibody
+against a protein right that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a protein right that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against a protein right that's how
+people have been doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been doing things like
+Western blots for decades and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western blots for decades and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Western blots for decades and you can
+radio label them and stuff so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label them and stuff so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio label them and stuff so you can
+make a plate here where each well has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a plate here where each well has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a plate here where each well has an
+antibody against one particular uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody against one particular uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antibody against one particular uh one
+particular protein or you can make for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein or you can make for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular protein or you can make for
+example people make a cytokine array so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example people make a cytokine array so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example people make a cytokine array so
+this array just basically each spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array just basically each spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this array just basically each spot
+looks for a different cytokine you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for a different cytokine you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks for a different cytokine you can
+buy these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy these things
+but you can't do this comprehensively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't do this comprehensively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't do this comprehensively
+like you can with microwaves that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can with microwaves that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you can with microwaves that's the
+point okay to look across all possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay to look across all possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay to look across all possible
+proteins plus Ultra Plus alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins plus Ultra Plus alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins plus Ultra Plus alternative
+spliced products and proteins just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spliced products and proteins just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spliced products and proteins just can't
+do it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it today
+you can do functional essays as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do functional essays as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do functional essays as well
+here's the antibody array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the antibody array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the antibody array
+that's it so we talked about sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we talked about sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so we talked about sequencing
+polymorphisms we skip Sage most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms we skip Sage most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms we skip Sage most
+abilities and microates now uh we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities and microates now uh we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abilities and microates now uh we didn't
+even cover Wafers let's call our wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cover Wafers let's call our wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even cover Wafers let's call our wafers
+in a second 2D page Mass Effect protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second 2D page Mass Effect protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second 2D page Mass Effect protein
+arrays let me at least cover the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays let me at least cover the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays let me at least cover the wafer
+thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's worth knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all
+so the Wafers blow my mind that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Wafers blow my mind that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the Wafers blow my mind that's why I
+like to end with this so those companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to end with this so those companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to end with this so those companies
+that make these microwaves they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make these microwaves they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make these microwaves they don't
+just make them one at a time they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make them one at a time they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make them one at a time they make
+them the same way computer chips are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the same way computer chips are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them the same way computer chips are
+made they make they're made 40 at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made they make they're made 40 at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made they make they're made 40 at a time
+in a wafer and then they're just cut out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wafer and then they're just cut out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a wafer and then they're just cut out
+so it's a company called perligin which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a company called perligin which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a company called perligin which
+is owned by that other company after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is owned by that other company after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is owned by that other company after
+metrics that basically said why are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that basically said why are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metrics that basically said why are we
+making 40 of the same array let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making 40 of the same array let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making 40 of the same array let's just
+make a way for one big array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a way for one big array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a way for one big array
+and with that you have so many spots you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that you have so many spots you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with that you have so many spots you
+have 60 million spots in one wafer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 million spots in one wafer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 million spots in one wafer it's
+about five inches okay I'm drawing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five inches okay I'm drawing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five inches okay I'm drawing it
+like this but it's really this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but it's really this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but it's really this small
+okay you can see the size here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see the size here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can see the size here this is
+the wafer five inch square has 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer five inch square has 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wafer five inch square has 60
+million probe so they've even two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million probe so they've even two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million probe so they've even two years
+ago they showed how you can use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago they showed how you can use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago they showed how you can use this
+Wafers to resequence an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers to resequence an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wafers to resequence an entire
+chromosome and that was one paper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and that was one paper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and that was one paper you
+think about how many how many years it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many how many years it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how many how many years it
+took the sequence the first chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the sequence the first chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took the sequence the first chromosome
+the Human Genome Project they can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Human Genome Project they can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Human Genome Project they can just
+do that now over a weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now over a weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that now over a weekend
+because they basically have each spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they basically have each spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they basically have each spot
+is a moving window a 25 base pairs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a moving window a 25 base pairs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a moving window a 25 base pairs so
+what do I mean by that they pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that they pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I mean by that they pick the
+smallest scrum so I think it was like 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest scrum so I think it was like 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest scrum so I think it was like 22
+23 they took the smallest chromosome and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 they took the smallest chromosome and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 they took the smallest chromosome and
+they took the first 25 nucleotides and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the first 25 nucleotides and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took the first 25 nucleotides and
+put it in one spot and then the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in one spot and then the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in one spot and then the middle
+one they said well it could be an A T C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they said well it could be an A T C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one they said well it could be an A T C
+or G so that's four spots now let's move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or G so that's four spots now let's move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or G so that's four spots now let's move
+to the next one to the next one so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one to the next one so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next one to the next one so they
+have a moving window a 25 nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a moving window a 25 nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a moving window a 25 nucleotides
+going from one end to the other end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one end to the other end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from one end to the other end of
+the chromosome across a series of wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome across a series of wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome across a series of wafers
+and once they have that done they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once they have that done they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once they have that done they can
+just take anyone's blood and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take anyone's blood and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take anyone's blood and just
+basically get the entire pattern now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get the entire pattern now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically get the entire pattern now and
+they don't have to say well I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to say well I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have to say well I think
+there's a snip here or a snip there they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a snip here or a snip there they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a snip here or a snip there they
+just know all the Snips now right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know all the Snips now right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know all the Snips now right
+because it's just a matter of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a matter of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's just a matter of how many
+humans you put on the array and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you put on the array and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans you put on the array and such
+blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood
+the big issue each scan the Tiff image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big issue each scan the Tiff image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big issue each scan the Tiff image
+takes 10 terabytes okay we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 10 terabytes okay we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes 10 terabytes okay we were just
+learning about gigabytes terabyte is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about gigabytes terabyte is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning about gigabytes terabyte is a
+thousand of those and this is 10 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of those and this is 10 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of those and this is 10 of them
+for just one of these wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just one of these wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just one of these wafers
+okay so it's well known that life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's well known that life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it's well known that life
+science data is growing much faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science data is growing much faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science data is growing much faster than
+this famous Moore's Law Moore's Law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this famous Moore's Law Moore's Law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this famous Moore's Law Moore's Law is
+from Gordon Moore from Intel that said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Gordon Moore from Intel that said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Gordon Moore from Intel that said
+that microprocessor power doubles every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microprocessor power doubles every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that microprocessor power doubles every
+18 months life science data is growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months life science data is growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 months life science data is growing
+way faster than that this is just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way faster than that this is just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way faster than that this is just one
+example of this they've publicly stated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this they've publicly stated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this they've publicly stated
+that they can sequence all Snips in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can sequence all Snips in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can sequence all Snips in a
+human in 10 days not just the ones we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human in 10 days not just the ones we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human in 10 days not just the ones we
+know about they just know all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about they just know all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about they just know all of them
+and this is just one of many companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just one of many companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is just one of many companies
+as many in the 95 Beltway here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many in the 95 Beltway here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many in the 95 Beltway here that are
+doing the same thing as competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing as competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the same thing as competition
+so remember how I was joking around that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember how I was joking around that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember how I was joking around that
+you could fit your entire genome on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fit your entire genome on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could fit your entire genome on a
+CD-ROM it is absolutely conceivable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD-ROM it is absolutely conceivable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CD-ROM it is absolutely conceivable that
+we can have this within the next one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have this within the next one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can have this within the next one or
+two years if we want it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years if we want it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years if we want it
+okay the technology is there to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the technology is there to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the technology is there to do this
+they certainly have the hard drive space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they certainly have the hard drive space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they certainly have the hard drive space
+they are purligent to do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are purligent to do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are purligent to do it so
+all right I think that's it we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I think that's it we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right I think that's it we should
+end since we're a little bit over
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/yg3NGFpZr4w.txt b/yg3NGFpZr4w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f21bab271d324bc4f7bcc7283003772939ca0d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/yg3NGFpZr4w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2067 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's do a case that is mostly solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a case that is mostly solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a case that is mostly solvable
+and illustrates all these things it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illustrates all these things it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and illustrates all these things it's a
+very entertaining case is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entertaining case is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very entertaining case is called
+landau-zener transitions for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landau-zener transitions for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landau-zener transitions for these two
+people left Landau that you've probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people left Landau that you've probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people left Landau that you've probably
+heard from lambda1 Lipschitz he's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from lambda1 Lipschitz he's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard from lambda1 Lipschitz he's the
+first person that tried to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person that tried to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first person that tried to do this and
+the zener did did it more carefully in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zener did did it more carefully in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zener did did it more carefully in
+fact apparently found that Landau made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact apparently found that Landau made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact apparently found that Landau made a
+factor of two error so and the paper of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two error so and the paper of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of two error so and the paper of
+zener it's actually quite nice and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zener it's actually quite nice and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zener it's actually quite nice and and
+it's a very nice example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very nice example that
+illustrates the physics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the physics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the physics of this
+transition so we'll devote the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so we'll devote the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition so we'll devote the rest of
+the lecture today to that landau-zener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture today to that landau-zener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture today to that landau-zener
+thing okay so it will give us a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so it will give us a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing okay so it will give us a little
+bit into the spirit of the adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into the spirit of the adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit into the spirit of the adiabatic
+approximation in the language that Barry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in the language that Barry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation in the language that Barry
+used so landau-zener transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+Zener and Landa were interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zener and Landa were interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zener and Landa were interested in
+molecules and some way of thinking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and some way of thinking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules and some way of thinking of
+molecules is to think of nuclei as fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is to think of nuclei as fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules is to think of nuclei as fixed
+separated by some distance R and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by some distance R and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by some distance R and then
+you assume they are fixed and they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume they are fixed and they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume they are fixed and they are
+separated by some distance R and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by some distance R and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated by some distance R and then
+you calculate what is the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate what is the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you calculate what is the electronic
+configuration so then our imagined that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so then our imagined that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration so then our imagined that
+you would have sy one one electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have sy one one electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have sy one one electronic
+configuration it's a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it's a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration it's a wave function that
+depends on some X's for the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some X's for the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on some X's for the electrons
+but it represents the situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it represents the situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it represents the situation where
+the two protons say for a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two protons say for a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two protons say for a simple
+molecule maybe they're more distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule maybe they're more distances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule maybe they're more distances
+but in particular they are separated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular they are separated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in particular they are separated by
+a distance R so that's an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance R so that's an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a distance R so that's an electronic
+configuration configuration protons a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration configuration protons a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration configuration protons a
+distance R away and suppose there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R away and suppose there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R away and suppose there's
+another configuration side 2 or 4 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another configuration side 2 or 4 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another configuration side 2 or 4 is
+another configuration so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another configuration so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another configuration so two
+configurations two different states baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations two different states baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations two different states baby
+in the first state the electrons are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first state the electrons are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first state the electrons are in
+some ground state in the second state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ground state in the second state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ground state in the second state
+they're in some kind of excited state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in some kind of excited state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in some kind of excited state of
+two different configurations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different configurations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different configurations
+now we could plot so we'll have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could plot so we'll have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we could plot so we'll have here
+distance R and here's the cloud of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R and here's the cloud of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance R and here's the cloud of
+electrons we could plot a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we could plot a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we could plot a graph
+as a function of the separation what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the separation what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of the separation what are
+the values of the energies and here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the energies and here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values of the energies and here is
+one possibility for the states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility for the states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one possibility for the states and
+here's another one and that's a plot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one and that's a plot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one and that's a plot of
+the style that Zeller drew in his paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style that Zeller drew in his paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the style that Zeller drew in his paper
+and this represents II one of our and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this represents II one of our and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this represents II one of our and
+this e 2 of our that is the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e 2 of our that is the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e 2 of our that is the energy of
+the first state the energy of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first state the energy of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first state the energy of the second
+state as a function of R so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state as a function of R so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state as a function of R so we are
+having here - energy eigenstates so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having here - energy eigenstates so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having here - energy eigenstates so we
+have h of our the from atonium depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h of our the from atonium depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have h of our the from atonium depends
+at the are and basically you're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the are and basically you're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the are and basically you're putting
+the two protons the distance R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two protons the distance R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two protons the distance R and
+calculating the electrons how they move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the electrons how they move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the electrons how they move
+sigh I of X are equal e I of r sy i of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh I of X are equal e I of r sy i of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigh I of X are equal e I of r sy i of X
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is for I equal one and two the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for I equal one and two the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for I equal one and two the case
+that people were interested in was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were interested in was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were interested in was the
+case where this molecule here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where this molecule here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where this molecule here for
+example in the state to for this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the state to for this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in the state to for this value
+of R there's a critical r0 where things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R there's a critical r0 where things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R there's a critical r0 where things
+the levels get very close for some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels get very close for some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the levels get very close for some value
+of R this molecule for example could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R this molecule for example could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of R this molecule for example could be
+a polar molecule a polar molecule is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polar molecule a polar molecule is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a polar molecule a polar molecule is a
+molecule as a permanent dipole moment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule as a permanent dipole moment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule as a permanent dipole moment it
+has plus charges and minus charges not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has plus charges and minus charges not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has plus charges and minus charges not
+evenly distributed so you get a dipole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed so you get a dipole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evenly distributed so you get a dipole
+and maybe here the molecule is nonpolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe here the molecule is nonpolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe here the molecule is nonpolar
+and here it's nonpolar here polar so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's nonpolar here polar so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here it's nonpolar here polar so if
+you would follow one of the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would follow one of the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would follow one of the energy
+eigenstates there's a critical value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates there's a critical value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates there's a critical value of
+Arc where the electronic configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc where the electronic configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arc where the electronic configuration
+is such that it goes from nonpolar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that it goes from nonpolar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such that it goes from nonpolar to
+polar and in the other energy eigenstate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and in the other energy eigenstate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar and in the other energy eigenstate
+it goes from powder to nonpolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is well okay what first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is well okay what first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is well okay what first
+of all what does all this have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what does all this have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all what does all this have to do
+with instantaneous energy eigenstates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with instantaneous energy eigenstates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with instantaneous energy eigenstates
+and independence why why are we thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and independence why why are we thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and independence why why are we thinking
+about this the issue is that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this the issue is that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this the issue is that sometimes
+you can think of this molecules as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this molecules as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of this molecules as
+forming or being subjected to extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming or being subjected to extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming or being subjected to extra
+interactions in which you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in which you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in which you would have a
+process or a reaction in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or a reaction in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process or a reaction in which the
+radius changes in time so it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius changes in time so it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius changes in time so it's possible
+under some configuration that R becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some configuration that R becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under some configuration that R becomes
+R of T and then this Hamiltonian is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of T and then this Hamiltonian is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of T and then this Hamiltonian is a
+Hamiltonian that depends on R of T this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that depends on R of T this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian that depends on R of T this
+wave functions pie I R R of T e eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions pie I R R of T e eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions pie I R R of T e eyes
+become R of T I'm sorry eyes become X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become R of T I'm sorry eyes become X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become R of T I'm sorry eyes become X of
+R of T this is an important point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of T this is an important point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R of T this is an important point it's
+simple but important most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but important most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but important most important
+points in physics are simple but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in physics are simple but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in physics are simple but you
+have to stop and recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop and recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to stop and recognize that
+something is slightly new is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is slightly new is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is slightly new is happening
+here if you have solved this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have solved this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here if you have solved this equation
+for all values of R if you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all values of R if you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all values of R if you know those
+energy eigenstate for all separations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate for all separations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstate for all separations of
+the molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule
+you now have found instantaneous energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have found instantaneous energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now have found instantaneous energy
+eigenstates if it so happens that R is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates if it so happens that R is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates if it so happens that R is a
+function of T because if this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T because if this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of T because if this is true
+for any value of this letter R well then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any value of this letter R well then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any value of this letter R well then
+this is true for all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true for all times
+because for any specific time this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for any specific time this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for any specific time this is
+the are the same are is here the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are the same are is here the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are the same are is here the same
+are is here and the same are is here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is here and the same are is here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are is here and the same are is here and
+that equation holds for all our so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation holds for all our so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that equation holds for all our so if
+this can be solved for all our this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be solved for all our this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can be solved for all our this
+holds for all times and you have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for all times and you have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holds for all times and you have your
+instantaneous energy eigenstates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates you
+have found those instantaneous energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found those instantaneous energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have found those instantaneous energy
+eigenstates and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates and therefore the
+instantaneous energy eigenstates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates are
+this ones and the instantaneous energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ones and the instantaneous energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ones and the instantaneous energies
+are this ones so many times in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this ones so many times in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this ones so many times in quantum
+mechanics you do that you solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you do that you solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics you do that you solve for the
+energy eigenstates for a whole range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates for a whole range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates for a whole range of
+some parameters and then it so happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters and then it so happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some parameters and then it so happens
+that those parameters may change in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those parameters may change in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those parameters may change in time
+but then you have found the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have found the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then you have found the
+instantaneous energy eigenstates for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates for all
+times so in that picture we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so in that picture we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times so in that picture we have a
+following situation in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following situation in which the
+energies now could be thought if if R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies now could be thought if if R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies now could be thought if if R is
+some function alpha of T then the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function alpha of T then the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some function alpha of T then the same
+picture would basically hold true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture would basically hold true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture would basically hold true for
+time here and the energies as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here and the energies as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time here and the energies as a function
+of time because as time changes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because as time changes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time because as time changes are
+changes and as R changes you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and as R changes you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and as R changes you already
+know how the figure looks so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the figure looks so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how the figure looks so this is a
+figure of the energy levels as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of the energy levels as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of the energy levels as a
+function of time and now the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and now the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time and now the physical
+questions is do we get a transition or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is do we get a transition or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions is do we get a transition or
+not so the adiabatic theorem would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the adiabatic theorem would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so the adiabatic theorem would say
+ok you should stay in your instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok you should stay in your instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok you should stay in your instantaneous
+energy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I
+but we're gonna get precisely to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna get precisely to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're gonna get precisely to this
+situation where these things could be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where these things could be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where these things could be so
+small so little that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so little that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so little that there's a
+possibility of a non adiabatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a non adiabatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility of a non adiabatic
+transition in which you jump to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in which you jump to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in which you jump to the
+other one because the gap is small so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one because the gap is small so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one because the gap is small so
+this goes to the real physics of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to the real physics of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes to the real physics of the
+adiabatic fear can we get an estimate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic fear can we get an estimate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adiabatic fear can we get an estimate or
+a calculation that tells us how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation that tells us how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a calculation that tells us how much
+probability you have of jumping the gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have of jumping the gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you have of jumping the gap
+and going to the other branch that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going to the other branch that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and going to the other branch that's
+what we're gonna try to do so for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna try to do so for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna try to do so for that
+we'll do a particular example so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a particular example so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a particular example so let's
+do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that
+it's a easy one to begin with I'll erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a easy one to begin with I'll erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a easy one to begin with I'll erase
+this so baby example toy example so take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so baby example toy example so take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so baby example toy example so take
+a hamiltonian h of t which is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamiltonian h of t which is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hamiltonian h of t which is gonna be
+of this form time-dependent one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form time-dependent one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this form time-dependent one but
+relatively simple elements just along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple elements just along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple elements just along
+the day I don't know okay that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I don't know okay that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day I don't know okay that's your
+Hamiltonian two by two matrix elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian two by two matrix elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian two by two matrix elements
+on the diagonal but just simple things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal but just simple things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal but just simple things
+the same thing so let's calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so let's calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing so let's calculate the
+instantaneous energy eigenstates okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous energy eigenstates okay
+sounds like a task it's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a task it's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like a task it's actually pretty
+simple the instantaneous energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the instantaneous energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple the instantaneous energy
+eigenstates are 1 0 and 0 1 they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates are 1 0 and 0 1 they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates are 1 0 and 0 1 they don't
+depend on time because essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time because essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on time because essentially this
+Hamiltonian is just alpha T or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is just alpha T or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hamiltonian is just alpha T or
+- 1 - 1 0 0 is it's a constant and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 - 1 0 0 is it's a constant and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 1 - 1 0 0 is it's a constant and some
+constant matrix times an overall factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant matrix times an overall factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant matrix times an overall factor
+the eigenstates of this matrix are 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenstates of this matrix are 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eigenstates of this matrix are 1 0
+and 0 1 and they are the eigenstates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 1 and they are the eigenstates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 1 and they are the eigenstates of
+this matrix for any time because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix for any time because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix for any time because the
+time goes in front the matrix doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes in front the matrix doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time goes in front the matrix doesn't
+apply change shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply change shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply change shape
+so these are the instantaneous energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the instantaneous energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are the instantaneous energy
+eigenstates they are good forever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates they are good forever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstates they are good forever to
+plot this I will assume from now on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this I will assume from now on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this I will assume from now on that
+alpha is positive the energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is positive the energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha is positive the energy of the
+first state is well what do you get when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first state is well what do you get when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first state is well what do you get when
+you up with Hamiltonian on this state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up with Hamiltonian on this state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you up with Hamiltonian on this state
+the matrix gives you the state but and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix gives you the state but and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix gives you the state but and
+this is just alpha T over 2 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just alpha T over 2 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just alpha T over 2 and the
+energy of the second state is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the second state is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the second state is going to
+be minus alpha T over 2 we can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus alpha T over 2 we can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be minus alpha T over 2 we can plot
+those energies and here is the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energies and here is the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those energies and here is the energy of
+the first date is alpha T over 2 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first date is alpha T over 2 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first date is alpha T over 2 with
+alpha positive this is like this thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha positive this is like this thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha positive this is like this thick
+output if here this is the state 1 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output if here this is the state 1 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output if here this is the state 1 0 is
+here 1 0 is here alpha t / state here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 0 is here alpha t / state here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here 1 0 is here alpha t / state here is
+the energy e 1 of T the energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy e 1 of T the energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy e 1 of T the energies
+time-dependent here is time and here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent here is time and here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time-dependent here is time and here are
+energies this is e 1 and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies this is e 1 and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies this is e 1 and then we have
+the e 2 is the other one that goes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e 2 is the other one that goes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e 2 is the other one that goes like
+this its state 0 1 that's the state - 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this its state 0 1 that's the state - 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this its state 0 1 that's the state - 0
+1 and the energy is e 2 of T which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the energy is e 2 of T which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and the energy is e 2 of T which is
+minus alpha t over 2 so it's negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha t over 2 so it's negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus alpha t over 2 so it's negative
+for large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for large
+positive time and positive for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive time and positive for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive time and positive for the other
+one so these are your instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so these are your instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so these are your instantaneous
+energy eigenstates okay and this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates okay and this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates okay and this is not
+quite what we wanted here we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what we wanted here we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite what we wanted here we wanted
+things to avoid themselves but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to avoid themselves but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to avoid themselves but this is
+going to illustrate an important effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illustrate an important effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to illustrate an important effect
+I claim actually that they true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim actually that they true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim actually that they true
+solutions of the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of the Schrodinger equation
+are in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in this case
+dressed up versions of the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed up versions of the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressed up versions of the instantaneous
+energy eigenstates so what I claim is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates so what I claim is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy eigenstates so what I claim is
+that kind of you do the adiabatic state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of you do the adiabatic state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of you do the adiabatic state
+corresponding to this they are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this they are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to this they are the
+abetik state corresponding to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abetik state corresponding to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abetik state corresponding to that and
+those are exact solutions so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are exact solutions so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are exact solutions so there's no
+coupling between the state one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between the state one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coupling between the state one and two
+so this this is possible so let's write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is possible so let's write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this is possible so let's write
+those solutions I claim here is I 1 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solutions I claim here is I 1 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those solutions I claim here is I 1 of T
+I claim is the exponential of minus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is the exponential of minus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I claim is the exponential of minus I
+over H bar integral up to T of e 1 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar integral up to T of e 1 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over H bar integral up to T of e 1 of T
+prime DT prime times the state 1 I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT prime times the state 1 I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime DT prime times the state 1 I claim
+this solve the Schrodinger equation IH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solve the Schrodinger equation IH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solve the Schrodinger equation IH
+bar DT of this side should be equal to H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar DT of this side should be equal to H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar DT of this side should be equal to H
+sy is it clear yes I think it's clear it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy is it clear yes I think it's clear it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy is it clear yes I think it's clear it
+solves it because if you take the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves it because if you take the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves it because if you take the time
+derivative of this thing it multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this thing it multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this thing it multiplies
+by E 1 the IH bar cancels that factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by E 1 the IH bar cancels that factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by E 1 the IH bar cancels that factor of
+I minus I over H bar the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus I over H bar the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus I over H bar the time
+derivatives brings out an e 1 of T but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives brings out an e 1 of T but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives brings out an e 1 of T but
+this state despite the face when H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state despite the face when H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state despite the face when H
+accident it goes through the face hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident it goes through the face hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident it goes through the face hits
+the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state
+and produces the e1 energy so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces the e1 energy so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and produces the e1 energy so this is
+solved by that equation and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by that equation and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved by that equation and you can do
+the integral it looks okay it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral it looks okay it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral it looks okay it's the
+exponential of minus I alpha T squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus I alpha T squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential of minus I alpha T squared
+over 4 H bar 1 and the states I 2 of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 H bar 1 and the states I 2 of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 H bar 1 and the states I 2 of T
+is the same exponential with e 2 with 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same exponential with e 2 with 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same exponential with e 2 with 2
+here and it's the exponential of plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's the exponential of plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's the exponential of plus I
+alpha T squared over 4 H bar - ok let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha T squared over 4 H bar - ok let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha T squared over 4 H bar - ok let's
+appreciate the lesson again we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the lesson again we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the lesson again we got a
+very simple system two levels crossing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple system two levels crossing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple system two levels crossing
+they cross the energy levels cross that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross the energy levels cross that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cross the energy levels cross that
+generally doesn't happen you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally doesn't happen you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally doesn't happen you have to
+have a very special Hamiltonian for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very special Hamiltonian for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very special Hamiltonian for
+their energy levels to cross we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy levels to cross we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their energy levels to cross we found
+the instantaneous energy eigenstates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous energy eigenstates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instantaneous energy eigenstates and
+we found two exact solutions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found two exact solutions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we found two exact solutions of the
+Schrodinger equation to perfect complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation to perfect complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation to perfect complete
+exact solutions of the Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solutions of the Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact solutions of the Schrodinger
+equation that represent the system doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that represent the system doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that represent the system doing
+just zoom like that or doing like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zoom like that or doing like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zoom like that or doing like that
+totally oblivious that there's a stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally oblivious that there's a stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally oblivious that there's a stayed
+there crossing the sir in the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there crossing the sir in the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there crossing the sir in the equation
+does some couple them in this case
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/z2oQe6B1Qa4.txt b/z2oQe6B1Qa4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97c78f584b648b9b631b9b1136e0f072a8059a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/z2oQe6B1Qa4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15003 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let me pick up where we left off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me pick up where we left off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me pick up where we left off
+last time and give you just a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and give you just a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and give you just a very quick
+overview of where we're at now because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of where we're at now because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of where we're at now because
+we're on the brink of a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the brink of a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the brink of a very important
+set of results that I think will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of results that I think will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of results that I think will change
+your perspective permanently on risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective permanently on risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your perspective permanently on risk and
+expected return last time remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return last time remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return last time remember we
+looked at this trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at this trade-off between
+expected return and volatility and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and volatility and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and volatility and we
+made the argument that when you combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the argument that when you combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the argument that when you combine
+a bunch of different Securities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different Securities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different Securities that are
+not all perfectly correlated what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all perfectly correlated what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all perfectly correlated what you
+get is this bullet shaped curve in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is this bullet shaped curve in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is this bullet shaped curve in terms
+of the possible tradeoffs between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible tradeoffs between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the possible tradeoffs between that
+expected return and riskiness of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and riskiness of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and riskiness of various
+different portfolios so every single dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different portfolios so every single dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different portfolios so every single dot
+on this bullet-shaped curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this bullet-shaped curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this bullet-shaped curve
+corresponds to a specific portfolio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a specific portfolio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a specific portfolio or
+waiting or vector of portfolio weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting or vector of portfolio weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting or vector of portfolio weights
+Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega okay
+so now what I'm going to ask you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I'm going to ask you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what I'm going to ask you to do
+for the next lecture or two is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next lecture or two is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the next lecture or two is to
+exhibit a little bit of a split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit a little bit of a split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhibit a little bit of a split
+personality kind of a perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality kind of a perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personality kind of a perspective
+I'm going to ask you to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to ask you to look at the
+geometry of risk and expected return but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of risk and expected return but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometry of risk and expected return but
+at the same time in the back of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time in the back of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time in the back of your
+brain I want you to keep in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I want you to keep in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain I want you to keep in mind the
+analytics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics
+of that set of geometries in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set of geometries in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that set of geometries in other words
+I want you to keep in mind how we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to keep in mind how we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to keep in mind how we got
+this bullet-shaped curve the way we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bullet-shaped curve the way we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bullet-shaped curve the way we got
+it was from taking different weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was from taking different weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was from taking different weighted
+averages of the Securities that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages of the Securities that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averages of the Securities that we have
+access to as Investments right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to as Investments right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to as Investments right so
+everyone of these points on the bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone of these points on the bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone of these points on the bullet
+corresponds to a specific waiting as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a specific waiting as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a specific waiting as you
+change those weightings you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change those weightings you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change those weightings you change the
+risk and return characteristics of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and return characteristics of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and return characteristics of your
+portfolio so the example that I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so the example that I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so the example that I gave
+after showing you this curve where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after showing you this curve where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after showing you this curve where I
+argued that the upper branch of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that the upper branch of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that the upper branch of this
+bullet is where any rational person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet is where any rational person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet is where any rational person
+would want to be and by rational I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to be and by rational I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to be and by rational I've
+defined that as somebody who prefers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that as somebody who prefers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that as somebody who prefers
+more expected return to less and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expected return to less and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expected return to less and some
+who prefers less risk to more right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prefers less risk to more right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who prefers less risk to more right
+other things equal so if you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things equal so if you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things equal so if you've got
+those kind of preferences then you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of preferences then you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those kind of preferences then you want
+to be in the Northeast you want to be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the Northeast you want to be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in the Northeast you want to be as
+North sorry Northwest as possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North sorry Northwest as possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+North sorry Northwest as possible and
+you would never want to be down in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never want to be down in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would never want to be down in this
+lower Branch when you can be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Branch when you can be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower Branch when you can be in the
+upper Branch because you'd have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Branch because you'd have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Branch because you'd have a higher
+expected return for the same level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return for the same level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return for the same level of
+risk right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk right
+so after we developed this basic idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after we developed this basic idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after we developed this basic idea I
+gave gave you this numerical example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave gave you this numerical example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave gave you this numerical example
+where you've got three stocks in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got three stocks in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you've got three stocks in your
+Universe General Motors IBM and Motorola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe General Motors IBM and Motorola
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universe General Motors IBM and Motorola
+and these are the parameters that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the parameters that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are the parameters that we've
+estimated using historical data now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated using historical data now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated using historical data now
+there's going to be a question and we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a question and we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a question and we've
+already raised that question of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already raised that question of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already raised that question of how
+stable are these parameters are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable are these parameters are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable are these parameters are they
+really parameters or do they change over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really parameters or do they change over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really parameters or do they change over
+time and I told you in reality of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I told you in reality of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and I told you in reality of course
+they change over time but for now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change over time but for now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change over time but for now let's
+play the game and assume that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game and assume that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play the game and assume that they are
+constant over time and see what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over time and see what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant over time and see what we can
+do with those parameters so with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with those parameters so with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with those parameters so with the
+means the standard deviations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the standard deviations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the standard deviations
+and most importantly The covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly The covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most importantly The covariance
+Matrix so this is the Matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this is the Matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix so this is the Matrix of
+variances and covariances with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and covariances with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variances and covariances with these
+data as inputs we can now construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as inputs we can now construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as inputs we can now construct that
+bullet-shaped curve the way we do it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet-shaped curve the way we do it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet-shaped curve the way we do it is
+of course to recognize that the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course to recognize that the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course to recognize that the expected
+Return of the portfolio is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the portfolio is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the portfolio is just a
+weighted average of the expected returns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the expected returns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted average of the expected returns
+of the component Securities where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the component Securities where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the component Securities where the
+weights are are our choice variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are are our choice variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are are our choice variables
+that's what we are getting to pick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we are getting to pick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we are getting to pick is
+how we allocate the 100% of our wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we allocate the 100% of our wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we allocate the 100% of our wealth
+to these three different Securities okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these three different Securities okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these three different Securities okay
+and the variance of course is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of course is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the variance of course is going to
+be given by a somewhat more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by a somewhat more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be given by a somewhat more complicated
+expression where you have the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression where you have the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression where you have the individual
+security variances entering here from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security variances entering here from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security variances entering here from
+the diagonals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagonals
+but you also have the off diagonal terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also have the off diagonal terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you also have the off diagonal terms
+entering uh in that same equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering uh in that same equation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entering uh in that same equation for
+that variance of the portfolio and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variance of the portfolio and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that variance of the portfolio and when
+we put these two equations together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put these two equations together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put these two equations together the
+mean and the variance and we take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the variance and we take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and the variance and we take the
+square root of the variance to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the variance to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of the variance to get the
+standard deviation and we plot it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and we plot it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and we plot it on a
+graph we get this okay this is the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we get this okay this is the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph we get this okay this is the curve
+the bullet shaped curve that we generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bullet shaped curve that we generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bullet shaped curve that we generate
+just from three Securities and from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from three Securities and from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from three Securities and from
+their covariances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their covariances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their covariances and
+where we left off last time is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we left off last time is that I
+pointed out a couple of things that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out a couple of things that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointed out a couple of things that was
+interesting about this curve one is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this curve one is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this curve one is that
+like the two asset example where when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the two asset example where when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the two asset example where when
+you start with two assets the curve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with two assets the curve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with two assets the curve the
+bullet goes through the the two Assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet goes through the the two Assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bullet goes through the the two Assets
+in this case with three or more assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case with three or more assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case with three or more assets
+it's going to turn out that the bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to turn out that the bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to turn out that the bullet
+is actually going to include these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going to include these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually going to include these
+assets as special cases but they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets as special cases but they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets as special cases but they won't
+be on the curve in other words what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the curve in other words what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on the curve in other words what this
+curve suggests is that any rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve suggests is that any rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve suggests is that any rational
+person is going to want to be on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is going to want to be on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is going to want to be on this
+upper Branch what that means is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Branch what that means is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper Branch what that means is that it
+never makes sense to put all your money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never makes sense to put all your money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never makes sense to put all your money
+in one single security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one single security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one single security
+you see that in other words if we agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in other words if we agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that in other words if we agree
+that any rational investor is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any rational investor is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any rational investor is going to
+want to be on that efficient Frontier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be on that efficient Frontier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be on that efficient Frontier
+that upper Branch right why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upper Branch right why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that upper Branch right why would you
+ever want to be off of that Branch you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever want to be off of that Branch you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever want to be off of that Branch you'd
+like to be Northwest of that but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be Northwest of that but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to be Northwest of that but you
+can't you'd never want to be below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you'd never want to be below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't you'd never want to be below that
+Branch or to the right of that Branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch or to the right of that Branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Branch or to the right of that Branch
+because you can do better by being on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can do better by being on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can do better by being on
+that Branch so what this suggests is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Branch so what this suggests is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Branch so what this suggests is
+that we never are going to want to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never are going to want to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we never are going to want to hold
+100% of IBM or 100% of General Motors or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of IBM or 100% of General Motors or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of IBM or 100% of General Motors or
+100% of uh Motorola if we did we'd be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of uh Motorola if we did we'd be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100% of uh Motorola if we did we'd be on
+those dots and those dots would lie on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dots and those dots would lie on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those dots and those dots would lie on
+that efficient Frontier but in fact they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that efficient Frontier but in fact they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that efficient Frontier but in fact they
+don't so right away we have now departed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so right away we have now departed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't so right away we have now departed
+from Warren Buffett's world of I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Warren Buffett's world of I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Warren Buffett's world of I want to
+pick a few stocks and watch them very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a few stocks and watch them very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a few stocks and watch them very
+very carefully yeah right expand that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully yeah right expand that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully yeah right expand that to
+say that you'd never want to invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you'd never want to invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that you'd never want to invest in
+less than three stocks a in a given time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three stocks a in a given time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than three stocks a in a given time
+um that's not necessarily true there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not necessarily true there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that's not necessarily true there are
+points on this line where and they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on this line where and they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points on this line where and they may
+be pathological so in other words they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pathological so in other words they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pathological so in other words they
+may be very rare but there may be points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very rare but there may be points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be very rare but there may be points
+on the line where you are holding two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line where you are holding two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the line where you are holding two
+stocks but not the third so you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks but not the third so you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks but not the third so you got to
+be careful about that but but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about that but but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be careful about that but but those are
+exceptions as a generic statement you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions as a generic statement you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions as a generic statement you're
+you're absolutely right the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right the typical
+portfolio is going to have some of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is going to have some of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is going to have some of all
+three of them and if you had four stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and if you had four stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and if you had four stocks
+the typical portfolio would have some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical portfolio would have some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical portfolio would have some of
+all four Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all four Yeah
+question is if you take one more stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if you take one more stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is if you take one more stock
+yes you always have the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you always have the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you always have the efficient
+Frontier of end stocks include all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier of end stocks include all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier of end stocks include all the
+end all the end stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end all the end stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end all the end stocks
+you should have number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have number
+well let me put it another way that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me put it another way that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let me put it another way that may
+be a little bit more intuitive what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more intuitive what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit more intuitive what this
+diagram suggests you guys are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram suggests you guys are already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram suggests you guys are already
+groping towards is the insight that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groping towards is the insight that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groping towards is the insight that the
+more the merrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the merrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the merrier
+as you add more stocks you cannot make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add more stocks you cannot make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you add more stocks you cannot make
+this investor worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investor worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this investor worse off
+okay so in other words I've now shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words I've now shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in other words I've now shown
+you an example with three stocks we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example with three stocks we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an example with three stocks we used
+to do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do two
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+is it possible that by giving you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that by giving you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it possible that by giving you an
+extra stock to invest in I've made you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra stock to invest in I've made you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra stock to invest in I've made you
+worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off
+yeah why just not stock exactly I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why just not stock exactly I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why just not stock exactly I can
+never make you worse off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make you worse off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make you worse off
+in a world where you're free to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a world where you're free to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a world where you're free to choose
+that is because you always have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because you always have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is because you always have the
+option of getting rid of the stock that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of getting rid of the stock that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option of getting rid of the stock that
+you don't like you can always put zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like you can always put zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't like you can always put zero
+on it so to your point and on as I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so to your point and on as I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it so to your point and on as I add
+more stocks first of all my risk reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stocks first of all my risk reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more stocks first of all my risk reward
+tradeoff Curve will get better what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff Curve will get better what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff Curve will get better what does
+it mean to get better what does it mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to get better what does it mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it mean to get better what does it mean
+for the risk reward trade-off to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the risk reward trade-off to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the risk reward trade-off to be
+better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better
+yes means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes means
+you get higher return same level risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get higher return same level risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get higher return same level risk
+that's right a higher return for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right a higher return for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right a higher return for the
+same level of risk or a lower risk for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level of risk or a lower risk for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same level of risk or a lower risk for
+the same level of return in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level of return in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level of return in other words
+your upper uh Branch actually moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your upper uh Branch actually moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your upper uh Branch actually moves to
+the Northwest that's what it means to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Northwest that's what it means to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Northwest that's what it means to
+get better as I add more stocks this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better as I add more stocks this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better as I add more stocks this
+will move to the Northwest and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move to the Northwest and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will move to the Northwest and therefore
+you you have available all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have available all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have available all of the
+opportunities to the South and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to the South and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities to the South and to the
+east but you would never take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east but you would never take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+east but you would never take those
+because you're rational in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're rational in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're rational in the sense
+that you always prefer less risk to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you always prefer less risk to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you always prefer less risk to more
+and more return to less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more return to less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more return to less
+okay yeah so if we put like all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so if we put like all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah so if we put like all of the
+stocks on the index this plot and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks on the index this plot and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks on the index this plot and if we
+looked at all the possible combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at all the possible combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at all the possible combinations
+that not at the same we can look at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not at the same we can look at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not at the same we can look at them
+all at the same time but then all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at the same time but then all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all at the same time but then all the
+subsets that you can think of yes then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that you can think of yes then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets that you can think of yes then
+you must come up with the some most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must come up with the some most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must come up with the some most
+efficient Frontier exactly in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient Frontier exactly in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient Frontier exactly in that
+market right hold on to that thought for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right hold on to that thought for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market right hold on to that thought for
+for 10 minutes we're going to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 minutes we're going to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 minutes we're going to come back
+to that all right let's let's do three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that all right let's let's do three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that all right let's let's do three
+first and then we can do all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we can do all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we can do all of them
+yeah Chris better understand Rel to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Chris better understand Rel to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Chris better understand Rel to this
+one so is the correlation of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so is the correlation of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so is the correlation of these
+stocks due primarily to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks due primarily to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks due primarily to just
+psychological factors of the market or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological factors of the market or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological factors of the market or
+is it due to Intrinsic uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it due to Intrinsic uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it due to Intrinsic uh you know
+correlation and then the follow on is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and then the follow on is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and then the follow on is
+when Buffett says invest in in one stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Buffett says invest in in one stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Buffett says invest in in one stock
+and just watch it carefully it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just watch it carefully it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just watch it carefully it's not
+assuming that the market will determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the market will determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the market will determine
+at some point that the stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point that the stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point that the stock is
+undervalued and what he so so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undervalued and what he so so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undervalued and what he so so those are
+two good questions let me take each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two good questions let me take each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two good questions let me take each of
+them separately let's first talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them separately let's first talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them separately let's first talk about
+the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correlation
+why is there correlation we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there correlation we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is there correlation we haven't
+really talked much about it but it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked much about it but it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked much about it but it turns
+out that there are many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there are many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that there are many different
+Arguments for why there is correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for why there is correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arguments for why there is correlation
+uh probably the most compelling is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably the most compelling is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably the most compelling is that
+uh a rising tide lifts all boats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a rising tide lifts all boats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a rising tide lifts all boats and
+vice versa in other words when business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa in other words when business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa in other words when business
+conditions are good then that helps all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are good then that helps all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are good then that helps all
+companies just like when business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies just like when business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies just like when business
+conditions are bad it hurts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are bad it hurts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions are bad it hurts all
+companies so there's some macroeconomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so there's some macroeconomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies so there's some macroeconomic
+type of commonality among businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of commonality among businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of commonality among businesses
+that create correlation that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create correlation that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that create correlation that's one
+reason but the second reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but the second reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason but the second reason is
+something you pointed out which is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you pointed out which is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you pointed out which is quite
+apt particularly over the last few weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apt particularly over the last few weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apt particularly over the last few weeks
+which is a psych logical Factor when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a psych logical Factor when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a psych logical Factor when the
+entire economy is under stress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire economy is under stress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire economy is under stress and
+people are scared to death about what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are scared to death about what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are scared to death about what's
+going to happen to the market what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to the market what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen to the market what what
+they will do is withdraw money and Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will do is withdraw money and Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will do is withdraw money and Mass
+from equities and put them into safer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equities and put them into safer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from equities and put them into safer
+assets like cash or or treasury bills or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets like cash or or treasury bills or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets like cash or or treasury bills or
+money market funds or whatever they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money market funds or whatever they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money market funds or whatever they can
+do to get to safety so I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get to safety so I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get to safety so I would say that
+the answer is both there are good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is both there are good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is both there are good
+economic reasons where correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic reasons where correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic reasons where correlations
+should exist among different companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should exist among different companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should exist among different companies
+but there are also psychological or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also psychological or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are also psychological or
+behavioral reasons that exacerbate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral reasons that exacerbate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral reasons that exacerbate those
+kinds of commonalities now your second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of commonalities now your second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of commonalities now your second
+question about Buffett versus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about Buffett versus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about Buffett versus this
+approach there's one fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach there's one fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach there's one fundamental
+difference between what Buffett would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what Buffett would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between what Buffett would
+say about a company that he decides to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about a company that he decides to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say about a company that he decides to
+buy versus how we're approaching it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy versus how we're approaching it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy versus how we're approaching it the
+fundamental difference is that Buffett
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference is that Buffett
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental difference is that Buffett
+would say that he's been able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that he's been able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that he's been able to
+identify a severe mispricing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a severe mispricing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify a severe mispricing
+in other words he would argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words he would argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words he would argue that
+markets are not an equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are not an equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets are not an equilibrium
+he would argue that Goldman Sachs is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would argue that Goldman Sachs is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would argue that Goldman Sachs is
+dramatically undervalued where it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically undervalued where it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically undervalued where it is
+today and 7 years from now he may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and 7 years from now he may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and 7 years from now he may be
+right and that's the kind of time frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the kind of time frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's the kind of time frame
+he has in mind if not longer okay so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has in mind if not longer okay so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has in mind if not longer okay so far
+I've made no such argument at all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made no such argument at all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've made no such argument at all about
+deriving these analyses right I've not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving these analyses right I've not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving these analyses right I've not
+made any argument about whether prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made any argument about whether prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made any argument about whether prices
+are good or bad in fact I'm arguing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good or bad in fact I'm arguing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are good or bad in fact I'm arguing in a
+way that these prices I'm taking as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these prices I'm taking as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that these prices I'm taking as
+given and the question is what can I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given and the question is what can I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given and the question is what can I do
+to construct a good portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a good portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to construct a good portfolio
+irrespective of whether markets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of whether markets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irrespective of whether markets are
+crazy or markets are rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy or markets are rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy or markets are rational
+in a few minutes I'm going to argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes I'm going to argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a few minutes I'm going to argue that
+when markets are rational and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when markets are rational and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when markets are rational and in
+equilibrium then there is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then there is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium then there is something that
+we can say about the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say about the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say about the relationship
+between risk and reward that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between risk and reward that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between risk and reward that's
+extraordinarily sharp and meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily sharp and meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinarily sharp and meaningful
+from the perspective of financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the perspective of financial
+decision- making and then at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making and then at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision- making and then at the end of
+the course I'm going to try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm going to try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course I'm going to try to explain
+to you what the limitations of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what the limitations of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you what the limitations of that set
+of assumptions uh are Dennis um just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions uh are Dennis um just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assumptions uh are Dennis um just as
+we wouldn't put anything in the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't put anything in the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wouldn't put anything in the bottom
+half of this Frontier like does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this Frontier like does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this Frontier like does this
+imply that we would strictly prefer IMM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that we would strictly prefer IMM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imply that we would strictly prefer IMM
+over GM we pretty much never anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over GM we pretty much never anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over GM we pretty much never anything
+well you know uh from a risk reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know uh from a risk reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know uh from a risk reward
+perspective let's take a look okay IBM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective let's take a look okay IBM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective let's take a look okay IBM
+has a higher expected rate of return and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher expected rate of return and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a higher expected rate of return and
+it's got a higher level of risk so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a higher level of risk so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a higher level of risk so you
+really can't say that you would never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't say that you would never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't say that you would never
+prefer uh GM over IBM because GM has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh GM over IBM because GM has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer uh GM over IBM because GM has
+lower risk and lower expected return if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk and lower expected return if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk and lower expected return if
+on the other hand GM were over here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand GM were over here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand GM were over here uh
+then then you would be right because any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you would be right because any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you would be right because any
+point to the direct Northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the direct Northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to the direct Northwest
+of a particular point on this curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular point on this curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a particular point on this curve is
+strictly preferred and GM and IBM don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly preferred and GM and IBM don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly preferred and GM and IBM don't
+have that relationship right in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that relationship right in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that relationship right in other
+words the way you can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the way you can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the way you can identify
+Securities that are dominated uh in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that are dominated uh in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities that are dominated uh in both
+Dimensions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions is
+so this is your risk Dimension this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your risk Dimension this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is your risk Dimension this is
+your expected return Dimension pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expected return Dimension pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expected return Dimension pick a
+point in this space and ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this space and ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in this space and ask the question
+what are the other portfolios that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other portfolios that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the other portfolios that are
+strictly preferred to that point well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly preferred to that point well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly preferred to that point well
+the answer is pretty simple any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is pretty simple any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is pretty simple any
+portfolio that has higher expected rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that has higher expected rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that has higher expected rate
+of return for the same level of risk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return for the same level of risk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of return for the same level of risk so
+the vertical line any portfolio that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical line any portfolio that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertical line any portfolio that has
+less risk for the same level of expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risk for the same level of expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less risk for the same level of expected
+return so the Eastern uh the Western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so the Eastern uh the Western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return so the Eastern uh the Western
+Direction and anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment uh in that that orthant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment uh in that that orthant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment uh in that that orthant
+or quadrant is strictly preferred so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quadrant is strictly preferred so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or quadrant is strictly preferred so in
+the case of IBM if you draw the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of IBM if you draw the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of IBM if you draw the vertical
+and the horizontal and ask the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the horizontal and ask the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the horizontal and ask the question
+does GM lie in that area no if you do GM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does GM lie in that area no if you do GM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does GM lie in that area no if you do GM
+and you draw the vertical and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you draw the vertical and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you draw the vertical and then the
+horizontal and ask does IBM lie in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and ask does IBM lie in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and ask does IBM lie in that
+uh strictly preferred quadrant the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strictly preferred quadrant the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh strictly preferred quadrant the
+answer is no so the answer to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no so the answer to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is no so the answer to your
+question about IBM versus GM no there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about IBM versus GM no there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about IBM versus GM no there
+isn't any strict relationship that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any strict relationship that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't any strict relationship that would
+say one would always dominate the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one would always dominate the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say one would always dominate the other
+but if GM were here then IBM is clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if GM were here then IBM is clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if GM were here then IBM is clearly
+contained in that preferred quadrant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in that preferred quadrant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained in that preferred quadrant so
+then the answer to your question would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the answer to your question would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the answer to your question would
+be yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be yes
+okay yeah Justin um theoretically then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah Justin um theoretically then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah Justin um theoretically then
+wouldn't everyone just buy IBM sell GM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't everyone just buy IBM sell GM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't everyone just buy IBM sell GM
+and then wouldn't there be some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then wouldn't there be some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then wouldn't there be some sort of
+equilibrium where then GM so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where then GM so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium where then GM so so the
+answer is it depends on other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it depends on other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is it depends on other things
+going on everyone would not do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on everyone would not do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on everyone would not do that
+everyone would do something else I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would do something else I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone would do something else I'm
+about to tell you so I'm about to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to tell you so I'm about to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to tell you so I'm about to give
+you the tools to make that exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tools to make that exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the tools to make that exact
+conclusion and the reason is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and the reason is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion and the reason is that when
+you when I show you what people will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when I show you what people will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when I show you what people will do
+that's going to far dominate what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to far dominate what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to far dominate what what
+you think people want to do just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think people want to do just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think people want to do just with
+pairs so instead of doing it with pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so instead of doing it with pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs so instead of doing it with pairs
+let's do it with all the Securities as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it with all the Securities as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it with all the Securities as
+as Zeke wanted to do okay we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Zeke wanted to do okay we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Zeke wanted to do okay we're going to
+do that in just a minute but I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in just a minute but I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in just a minute but I want to
+make sure everybody understands this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure everybody understands this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure everybody understands this
+basic uh framework first because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh framework first because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic uh framework first because we're
+going to now start making this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now start making this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to now start making this a little
+bit more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more complex
+okay where we left off at the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where we left off at the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where we left off at the very last
+uh moment of uh Wednesday's lecture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moment of uh Wednesday's lecture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moment of uh Wednesday's lecture was
+we I showed you this uh diagram with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I showed you this uh diagram with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I showed you this uh diagram with the
+tangency portfolio but we hadn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio but we hadn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio but we hadn't really
+gotten to talking about it remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to talking about it remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten to talking about it remember the
+case where we had only one risky asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we had only one risky asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we had only one risky asset
+and one riskless asset treasury bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one riskless asset treasury bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one riskless asset treasury bills
+and in that case when you are combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case when you are combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in that case when you are combining
+a portfolio with one risky asset and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio with one risky asset and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio with one risky asset and one
+riskless you got a straight line it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless you got a straight line it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless you got a straight line it
+turns said that that is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns said that that is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns said that that is much more
+General you get a straight line anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General you get a straight line anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General you get a straight line anytime
+you can combine a riskless asset with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine a riskless asset with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can combine a riskless asset with
+any number of risky assets so so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of risky assets so so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number of risky assets so so let me
+give you an example suppose we picked an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example suppose we picked an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an example suppose we picked an
+arbitrary portfolio which is this red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary portfolio which is this red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary portfolio which is this red
+dot p and I wanted you to tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot p and I wanted you to tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot p and I wanted you to tell me what
+is the risk reward possibilities that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risk reward possibilities that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the risk reward possibilities that
+you could achieve by mixing p with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could achieve by mixing p with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could achieve by mixing p with
+treasury bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treasury bills
+well you get that straight line right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get that straight line right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you get that straight line right we
+derived that last time so any point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that last time so any point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived that last time so any point
+along the straight line is what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the straight line is what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the straight line is what you
+could achieve right anybody tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could achieve right anybody tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could achieve right anybody tell me
+where the portfolio would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the portfolio would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the portfolio would be that
+invests 100% of your assets and T bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invests 100% of your assets and T bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invests 100% of your assets and T bills
+where is that on this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that on this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that on this graph
+right this dot right here how about 100%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this dot right here how about 100%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this dot right here how about 100%
+in portfolio P right the Red Dot over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in portfolio P right the Red Dot over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in portfolio P right the Red Dot over
+there how about the 25% in t bills 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how about the 25% in t bills 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there how about the 25% in t bills 75%
+in P where would that where would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P where would that where would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in P where would that where would that
+lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it would be along the line but where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be along the line but where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be along the line but where
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+25% T bills 75%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% T bills 75%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25% T bills 75%
+right exactly it would be three4 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly it would be three4 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right exactly it would be three4 of the
+way up towards this dot right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up towards this dot right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up towards this dot right because
+it's 75 of the risky 25 of the riskless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 75 of the risky 25 of the riskless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's 75 of the risky 25 of the riskless
+so you're going to get more you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get more you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to get more you're going
+to get closer to the risky asset okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get closer to the risky asset okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get closer to the risky asset okay
+great so we've now demonstrated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we've now demonstrated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so we've now demonstrated that
+what I can achieve as an investor just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can achieve as an investor just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I can achieve as an investor just
+mixing portfolio p with the risk-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing portfolio p with the risk-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing portfolio p with the risk-free
+rate is anywhere along that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is anywhere along that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate is anywhere along that line
+now this analysis applies to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this analysis applies to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this analysis applies to any
+portfolio P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio P
+so for example suppose I wanted to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example suppose I wanted to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example suppose I wanted to ask
+you what risk reward trade-offs could I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what risk reward trade-offs could I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what risk reward trade-offs could I
+generate by mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate by mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate by mixing
+risk free the risk- free rate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk free the risk- free rate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk free the risk- free rate with
+General Motors what would that look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay line line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay line line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay line line
+exactly that's right if I wanted to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's right if I wanted to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's right if I wanted to mix
+t- bills with General I get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills with General I get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills with General I get that
+straight line right through that dot if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line right through that dot if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line right through that dot if
+I wanted to mix t- bills with IBM I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to mix t- bills with IBM I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted to mix t- bills with IBM I'd go
+through that dot with IBM if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that dot with IBM if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that dot with IBM if I wanted to
+mix t- bills with Motorola I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix t- bills with Motorola I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix t- bills with Motorola I'd go
+through Motorola and if I wanted to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Motorola and if I wanted to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through Motorola and if I wanted to mix
+t- bills with any portfolio on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills with any portfolio on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills with any portfolio on that
+Frontier on that upper branch it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier on that upper branch it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier on that upper branch it would
+just be a line between t- bills and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a line between t- bills and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be a line between t- bills and that
+point on the upper Branch right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the upper Branch right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the upper Branch right
+so question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so question
+if I were to give you the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to give you the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to give you the choice of
+mixing t- bills with only one portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+which would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would it be
+which would you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the one where the line is tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where the line is tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one where the line is tangent to the
+curve the one where the line is tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the one where the line is tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the one where the line is tangent
+so you talking about right around here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you talking about right around here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you talking about right around here
+right somewhere here that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somewhere here that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right somewhere here that's where the
+line is just tangent to that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is just tangent to that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is just tangent to that curve
+now why is that how'd you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that how'd you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that how'd you come up with
+that yeah if you took anything below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah if you took anything below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah if you took anything below
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly if you picked any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if you picked any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly if you picked any other
+portfolio besides the tangency portfol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio besides the tangency portfol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio besides the tangency portfol
+let's let's pick one and see if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's pick one and see if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's pick one and see if you
+picked I don't know let's say this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked I don't know let's say this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked I don't know let's say this one
+right here if you drew a line between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here if you drew a line between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here if you drew a line between
+this point and that portfolio it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and that portfolio it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point and that portfolio it's going
+to turn out that there are other points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out that there are other points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn out that there are other points
+over here that are strictly in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that are strictly in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here that are strictly in the
+northwest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northwest
+of that line that you could do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line that you could do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that line that you could do better
+there exists only one portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists only one portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists only one portfolio
+that you can mix with t- bills such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can mix with t- bills such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can mix with t- bills such that
+you can never ever do better in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never ever do better in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can never ever do better in terms of
+generating risk reward tradeoffs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating risk reward tradeoffs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating risk reward tradeoffs for
+everybody uh that likes expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh that likes expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody uh that likes expected return
+and doesn't like Risk and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't like Risk and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't like Risk and it turns out
+that that portfolio happens to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that portfolio happens to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that portfolio happens to be the
+tangency portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio
+that's the portfolio that all of you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the portfolio that all of you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the portfolio that all of you in
+this room would love to have I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room would love to have I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room would love to have I don't
+know anything about you I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about you I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know anything about you I don't know
+your backgrounds I don't know your risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your backgrounds I don't know your risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your backgrounds I don't know your risk
+aversions but I don't have to know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversions but I don't have to know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversions but I don't have to know as
+long as I know that you like expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I know that you like expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I know that you like expected
+return and you don't like Risk those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and you don't like Risk those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return and you don't like Risk those are
+the only assumptions that I need then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only assumptions that I need then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only assumptions that I need then I
+know all of you in this room are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of you in this room are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all of you in this room are going
+to want that portfolio you may not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want that portfolio you may not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want that portfolio you may not you
+may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be
+at that portfolio for example some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that portfolio for example some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that portfolio for example some of
+you who don't like Risk you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who don't like Risk you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who don't like Risk you're going to
+be down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down here
+those of you who are budding hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are budding hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are budding hedge fund
+managers you're going to be up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers you're going to be up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managers you're going to be up here
+but the point is you're going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is you're going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is you're going to be on
+this line you're not going to be on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line you're not going to be on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line you're not going to be on this
+line down here why because why be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down here why because why be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line down here why because why be on
+that line when you could get higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line when you could get higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line when you could get higher
+return for a given level of risk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for a given level of risk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for a given level of risk or
+lower risk for a given level of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk for a given level of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower risk for a given level of return
+you're you're giving up something for no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're giving up something for no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're giving up something for no
+good reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is a remarkable Insight of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a remarkable Insight of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a remarkable Insight of
+modern portfolio Theory this basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern portfolio Theory this basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern portfolio Theory this basically
+tells us that regardless of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that regardless of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that regardless of our
+differences in preferences as long as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in preferences as long as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in preferences as long as we
+satisfy the hypothesis that we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the hypothesis that we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the hypothesis that we like
+expected return and we don't like risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and we don't like risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and we don't like risk
+that means that everybody in this room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that everybody in this room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that everybody in this room
+will agree that the only line that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will agree that the only line that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will agree that the only line that they
+would ever want to be on is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever want to be on is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would ever want to be on is that
+tangency line okay now questions ing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency line okay now questions ing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency line okay now questions ing is
+there a particular level of risk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a particular level of risk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a particular level of risk that
+takes to the tcy yes yes in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to the tcy yes yes in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes to the tcy yes yes in fact this
+tangency portfolio is one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio is one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio is one very
+particular and special portfolio so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and special portfolio so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular and special portfolio so in
+other words it's it's a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's it's a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's it's a particular
+waiting of IBM General Motors and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting of IBM General Motors and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting of IBM General Motors and uh uh
+Motorola that gives you this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola that gives you this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Motorola that gives you this particular
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it it's it's something you can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's it's something you can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's it's something you can solve
+analytically yes it has a solution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically yes it has a solution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically yes it has a solution and
+if we were using Matrix Algebra I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were using Matrix Algebra I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were using Matrix Algebra I can
+actually solve it for you but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve it for you but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually solve it for you but it's it's
+a little bit complicated so I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit complicated so I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit complicated so I'm not
+requiring that people know how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring that people know how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requiring that people know how to do
+that only that you know that it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only that you know that it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that only that you know that it exists
+yeah go above the Red Dot I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go above the Red Dot I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah go above the Red Dot I need to
+leverage myself exactly so it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage myself exactly so it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leverage myself exactly so it means that
+I have cost for my Deb yes so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have cost for my Deb yes so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have cost for my Deb yes so maybe
+sometimes it will be more efficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will be more efficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it will be more efficient to
+buy a portfolio with other weights if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a portfolio with other weights if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy a portfolio with other weights if I
+the if you assume that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you assume that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if you assume that there are
+borrowing and lending differences then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending differences then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending differences then
+obviously these these uh analyses don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these these uh analyses don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously these these uh analyses don't
+apply so in particular you know here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply so in particular you know here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply so in particular you know here you
+know if you're if you're here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're if you're here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you're if you're here you're
+actually lending right if you're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lending right if you're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lending right if you're here
+you're fully invested in the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fully invested in the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're fully invested in the stock
+market if you're here you're borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if you're here you're borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market if you're here you're borrowing
+if your borrowing and lending rates are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your borrowing and lending rates are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your borrowing and lending rates are
+different then it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different then it turns out that the
+curve that you want to be on actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that you want to be on actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve that you want to be on actually
+has a kink in it and that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kink in it and that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a kink in it and that means that
+there is a potential for being on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a potential for being on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a potential for being on this
+curve and then there's another tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and then there's another tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and then there's another tangency
+line that goes out at a different slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that goes out at a different slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line that goes out at a different slope
+that's possible but that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible but that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's possible but that's more
+complicated than what we want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than what we want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than what we want to talk
+about at this point so here I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at this point so here I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at this point so here I'm assuming
+borrowing and lending rates are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending rates are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing and lending rates are the same
+okay Zeke and then Ramy so if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Zeke and then Ramy so if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Zeke and then Ramy so if I had a
+choice of if I had control over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of if I had control over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of if I had control over the
+volatility of the market yes then if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the market yes then if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility of the market yes then if the
+yield goes down like of you know of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield goes down like of you know of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield goes down like of you know of the
+of the bills yes then I would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bills yes then I would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the bills yes then I would want to
+have a more volatile Market so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more volatile Market so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more volatile Market so that I
+can intersect the curve at a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can intersect the curve at a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can intersect the curve at a higher
+return point to the curve okay hold on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return point to the curve okay hold on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return point to the curve okay hold on
+you're you're you're changing the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you're changing the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're you're changing the the
+the assumptions here why are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions here why are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumptions here why are you
+controlling the volatility of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the volatility of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling the volatility of the market
+the the volatility of the market is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volatility of the market is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the volatility of the market is a
+data point that you're basically using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point that you're basically using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point that you're basically using
+as an input okay I know I know I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input okay I know I know I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an input okay I know I know I'm just
+trying to figure out like what I am what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out like what I am what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out like what I am what
+I am because you're basically connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am because you're basically connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am because you're basically connecting
+I see this as a connection between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see this as a connection between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see this as a connection between the
+yield curve and the market because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield curve and the market because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield curve and the market because it's
+not only it's not only retrospective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only it's not only retrospective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only it's not only retrospective in
+the sense that if the yield goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that if the yield goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense that if the yield goes down
+there's cash flow from the market let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cash flow from the market let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's cash flow from the market let's
+not worry about the Dynamics this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worry about the Dynamics this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worry about the Dynamics this is not
+meant to be a dynamic story right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a dynamic story right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to be a dynamic story right I
+didn't say anything about this happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say anything about this happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't say anything about this happening
+over time and there are lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and there are lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and there are lots of
+different changes going on this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different changes going on this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different changes going on this is a
+static snapshot today versus Next Period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static snapshot today versus Next Period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static snapshot today versus Next Period
+these returns and covariances and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these returns and covariances and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these returns and covariances and all
+that apply to the returns from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to the returns from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that apply to the returns from this
+period to the next whether it's monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to the next whether it's monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period to the next whether it's monthly
+or annual that's a static snapshot as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or annual that's a static snapshot as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or annual that's a static snapshot as of
+today so we're not talking about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so we're not talking about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so we're not talking about any
+term structure effects yet okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term structure effects yet okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term structure effects yet okay
+yeah Ry so you this assuming three so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Ry so you this assuming three so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Ry so you this assuming three so
+four five are you move theet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five are you move theet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five are you move theet
+yes absolutely if you start adding more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely if you start adding more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes absolutely if you start adding more
+stocks to this cocktail what's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks to this cocktail what's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks to this cocktail what's going to
+happen is the bullet is going to shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the bullet is going to shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is the bullet is going to shift
+to the left and it's going to shift up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and it's going to shift up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the left and it's going to shift up
+and so the tangency point will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the tangency point will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the tangency point will change
+but the curve that that that straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the curve that that that straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the curve that that that straight
+line the tangent line what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the tangent line what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line the tangent line what you're going
+to see is that tangent line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is that tangent line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see is that tangent line
+is going to go like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to go like that
+the slope that's right you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope that's right you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope that's right you're going to
+get more expected return per unit risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more expected return per unit risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get more expected return per unit risk
+and that is something we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is something we're going to
+take as a measure of how good this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as a measure of how good this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as a measure of how good this
+particular tradeoff is we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tradeoff is we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tradeoff is we're going to
+look at that slope of this line and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that slope of this line and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that slope of this line and the
+slope of this line will give us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this line will give us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope of this line will give us a
+measure of the expected rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the expected rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the expected rate of return
+per unit risk it's exactly what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit risk it's exactly what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit risk it's exactly what it's
+going to do for us so if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for us so if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for us so if you're in the
+upper right uh beyond the portfolio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right uh beyond the portfolio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right uh beyond the portfolio of
+that line yeah then you're borrowing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line yeah then you're borrowing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line yeah then you're borrowing to
+invest portfolio that's correct if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest portfolio that's correct if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest portfolio that's correct if you
+go to the if you were to extend the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the if you were to extend the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the if you were to extend the
+landine leftwards uh down to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landine leftwards uh down to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landine leftwards uh down to the left
+would you be then shorting the market to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be then shorting the market to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you be then shorting the market to
+invest in tles yes and if that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in tles yes and if that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in tles yes and if that happens
+you know what you would do it would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you would do it would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what you would do it would not
+go this way because of course standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way because of course standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this way because of course standard
+deviation can't be negative it would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation can't be negative it would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation can't be negative it would go
+like this it would go this way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it would go this way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it would go this way right
+because standard deviation is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because standard deviation is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because standard deviation is always
+non- negative it's square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative it's square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative it's square root of the
+variance which is always positive so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance which is always positive so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance which is always positive so if
+you decided to short the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decided to short the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decided to short the tangency
+portfolio put it in t pills well you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio put it in t pills well you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio put it in t pills well you'd
+be a knucklehead but but but you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a knucklehead but but but you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a knucklehead but but but you would
+you would be on this line right here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be on this line right here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would be on this line right here you
+would have higher and higher risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have higher and higher risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have higher and higher risk
+because you're taking a short position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're taking a short position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're taking a short position
+on equities and you'd have a lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on equities and you'd have a lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on equities and you'd have a lower and
+lower return because you're shorting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return because you're shorting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower return because you're shorting the
+high yield asset and buying the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield asset and buying the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield asset and buying the low
+yield asset right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield asset right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield asset right
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+any other questions about the geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about the geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions about the geometry
+of this point it's very important right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this point it's very important right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this point it's very important right
+this this is a major ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a major ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is a major ins
+yeah so earlier we discussed about when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so earlier we discussed about when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so earlier we discussed about when
+we bring multiple portfolios then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring multiple portfolios then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring multiple portfolios then the
+expected return changes as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return changes as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return changes as a function of
+N and standard deviation changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and standard deviation changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and standard deviation changes
+inversely as function of yes and is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely as function of yes and is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversely as function of yes and is that
+the reason why the shift is more towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why the shift is more towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why the shift is more towards
+the left because as we add more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left because as we add more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left because as we add more and more
+portfolios the end dominates the rout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios the end dominates the rout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios the end dominates the rout
+that's right that's right as we add more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right as we add more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right as we add more
+Securities you get more and more impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities you get more and more impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities you get more and more impact
+of diversification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diversification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of diversification
+so that increases your expected rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that increases your expected rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that increases your expected rate of
+return per unit risk because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return per unit risk because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return per unit risk because you can't
+make somebody worse off by giving them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make somebody worse off by giving them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make somebody worse off by giving them
+choices right they can always put a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices right they can always put a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices right they can always put a zero
+for the new stocks that you give them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new stocks that you give them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the new stocks that you give them if
+they don't like it so the only thing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like it so the only thing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't like it so the only thing it
+can do is to make you better off meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to make you better off meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is to make you better off meaning
+the only thing it can do is to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing it can do is to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing it can do is to give you
+a higher level of expected return per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level of expected return per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a higher level of expected return per
+unit risk or a lower level of risk per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit risk or a lower level of risk per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit risk or a lower level of risk per
+unit of expected return so by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of expected return so by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit of expected return so by adding
+more Securities you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Securities you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Securities you're basically
+increasing the slope of this line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the slope of this line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the slope of this line so
+let's talk about the slope of the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the slope of the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the slope of the line
+the slope of that line is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of that line is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the slope of that line is equal to the
+expected return of that tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return of that tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return of that tangency
+portfolio minus the T Bill rate divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio minus the T Bill rate divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio minus the T Bill rate divided
+by the volatility of that tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the volatility of that tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the volatility of that tangency
+portfolio if you just calculate you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio if you just calculate you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio if you just calculate you know
+rise over run that's what you get as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise over run that's what you get as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise over run that's what you get as the
+slope there's a name for this the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope there's a name for this the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope there's a name for this the name
+for this is called the sharp ratio you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is called the sharp ratio you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is called the sharp ratio you
+may have heard of this particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of this particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have heard of this particularly
+those of you who have interest in hedge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have interest in hedge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who have interest in hedge
+fund Investments hedge fund managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund Investments hedge fund managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund Investments hedge fund managers
+will often quote their sharp ratio very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often quote their sharp ratio very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will often quote their sharp ratio very
+proudly the sharp ratio is simply a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proudly the sharp ratio is simply a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proudly the sharp ratio is simply a
+measure of that risk reward tradeoff the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of that risk reward tradeoff the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of that risk reward tradeoff the
+higher the sharp ratio the better you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the sharp ratio the better you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher the sharp ratio the better you're
+doing if you're a mean variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you're a mean variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing if you're a mean variance
+Optimizer meaning you prefer more risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimizer meaning you prefer more risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optimizer meaning you prefer more risk
+or more expected return and less risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more expected return and less risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more expected return and less risk
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so the idea behind the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea behind the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the idea behind the tangency
+portfolio is that it is the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is that it is the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is that it is the one that
+will give you the highest sharp ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the highest sharp ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you the highest sharp ratio
+right let's look at it again if you pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's look at it again if you pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's look at it again if you pick
+a portfolio like here take take a look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio like here take take a look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio like here take take a look
+took look at the slope the slope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took look at the slope the slope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took look at the slope the slope is
+going to be lower take a point over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower take a point over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be lower take a point over here
+in the inefficient branch of the bullet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inefficient branch of the bullet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inefficient branch of the bullet
+then the slope is going to be even lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the slope is going to be even lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the slope is going to be even lower
+than the upper Branch the biggest slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the upper Branch the biggest slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the upper Branch the biggest slope
+occurs when you invest between t- bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs when you invest between t- bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs when you invest between t- bills
+and that tangency portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tangency portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tangency portfolio
+that's what you're optimizing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're optimizing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you're optimizing okay
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why the would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the would
+when I add understand anation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add understand anation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add understand anation
+goes down yes but then on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wouldn't it happen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it happen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it happen that
+of correlation yes between these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation yes between these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlation yes between these
+additional stocks would increase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stocks would increase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional stocks would increase and
+therefore as we how would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as we how would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore as we how would the
+correlation increase by adding another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation increase by adding another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation increase by adding another
+stock I mean the light if I have STS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock I mean the light if I have STS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock I mean the light if I have STS
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how could that be you've got 20 stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that be you've got 20 stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how could that be you've got 20 stocks
+okay and they've got a correlation among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they've got a correlation among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and they've got a correlation among
+those 20 stocks now I want you to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 20 stocks now I want you to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those 20 stocks now I want you to think
+about adding a 21st stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adding a 21st stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about adding a 21st stock
+when you add that 21st stock you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add that 21st stock you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you add that 21st stock you don't
+affect the existing correlations right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the existing correlations right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the existing correlations right I
+mean it's it is whatever it is those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it is whatever it is those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's it is whatever it is those are
+parameters at least for now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters at least for now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters at least for now we're going
+to call them parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to call them parameters
+when I add my 21st stock I'm giving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add my 21st stock I'm giving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add my 21st stock I'm giving the
+investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investor
+an extra degree of Freedom now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra degree of Freedom now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra degree of Freedom now instead
+of investing among 20 Securities I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing among 20 Securities I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing among 20 Securities I'm
+going to let you invest about 21 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let you invest about 21 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to let you invest about 21 you
+don't have to invest in the 21st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to invest in the 21st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to invest in the 21st
+or another way of thinking about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way of thinking about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another way of thinking about it is
+that when you only had 20 stocks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you only had 20 stocks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you only had 20 stocks you
+really had 21 portfolio weights but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had 21 portfolio weights but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had 21 portfolio weights but the
+21st weight I've arbitrarily constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st weight I've arbitrarily constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21st weight I've arbitrarily constrain
+to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be zero
+now I'm going to loosen the constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to loosen the constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm going to loosen the constraint
+and I'm going to say okay now can invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to say okay now can invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm going to say okay now can invest
+in the 21 the 21st stock you won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 21 the 21st stock you won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 21 the 21st stock you won't
+affect the existing correlations but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the existing correlations but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the existing correlations but the
+new stock that you add in can benefit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stock that you add in can benefit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new stock that you add in can benefit in
+providing additional diversification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing additional diversification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing additional diversification
+benefits as a general rule always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits as a general rule always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits as a general rule always be
+trying to have negative correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to have negative correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to have negative correlation
+oh well actually you don't need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well actually you don't need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh well actually you don't need a
+negative correlation to make this go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative correlation to make this go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative correlation to make this go to
+the left you just need to have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you just need to have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left you just need to have something
+less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one
+right remember from the last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember from the last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember from the last lecture
+this is the case where you had perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where you had perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the case where you had perfect
+anything less than perfect correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than perfect correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything less than perfect correlation
+brings you to the left okay so as long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings you to the left okay so as long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings you to the left okay so as long
+as when my 21st stock is not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as when my 21st stock is not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as when my 21st stock is not perfectly
+correlated with the existing stocks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the existing stocks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the existing stocks in
+that portfolio of 20 I'm going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portfolio of 20 I'm going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portfolio of 20 I'm going to move
+things to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in general that is true I mean I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general that is true I mean I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general that is true I mean I would
+try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try
+you would but but what this suggests is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would but but what this suggests is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would but but what this suggests is
+that negative correlation is a very rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative correlation is a very rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that negative correlation is a very rare
+thing it's very very difficult it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's very very difficult it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's very very difficult it's
+extremely difficult now that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely difficult now that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely difficult now that's the
+that's from the analytical perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the analytical perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's from the analytical perspective
+we can conclude it's very difficult let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can conclude it's very difficult let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can conclude it's very difficult let
+me ask you from an economic perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask you from an economic perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me ask you from an economic perspective
+why is it difficult to find a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it difficult to find a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it difficult to find a stock
+that's negatively correlated with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's negatively correlated with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's negatively correlated with all
+other stocks anybody give me a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stocks anybody give me a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stocks anybody give me a business
+rationale for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationale for that
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+there's what you said before that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what you said before that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's what you said before that when
+the economy goes down everything goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy goes down everything goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy goes down everything goes
+down ver to start with they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ver to start with they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down ver to start with they should be
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+different countries different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different countries different
+in different industry and they should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different industry and they should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different industry and they should
+not be let let's actually spend a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be let let's actually spend a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be let let's actually spend a little
+bit more time thinking about this I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time thinking about this I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more time thinking about this I want
+you guys to tell me right now give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to tell me right now give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to tell me right now give me a
+stock that you would put your money in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that you would put your money in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that you would put your money in
+right now today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now today
+S&P has gone down by 45% since the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P has gone down by 45% since the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S&P has gone down by 45% since the high
+uh several several months ago right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several several months ago right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several several months ago right
+stock market's doing terribly and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market's doing terribly and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock market's doing terribly and it
+doesn't look like it's getting any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it's getting any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look like it's getting any
+better so you tell me what stock would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you tell me what stock would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better so you tell me what stock would
+you put your money in right now today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your money in right now today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put your money in right now today
+yeah Terry Campbell Soup Campbell Soup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Terry Campbell Soup Campbell Soup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Terry Campbell Soup Campbell Soup
+why is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that
+people willas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people willas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people willas
+inexpensive pretty much just food okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive pretty much just food okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inexpensive pretty much just food okay
+but on the other hand if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand if people are
+poorer all around might not they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer all around might not they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poorer all around might not they start
+consuming even less of canned soup and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming even less of canned soup and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming even less of canned soup and
+try to bake their own soup from you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bake their own soup from you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to bake their own soup from you know
+little packages of ketchup and hot water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little packages of ketchup and hot water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little packages of ketchup and hot water
+I saw that in an I love Lucy episode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw that in an I love Lucy episode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw that in an I love Lucy episode
+years ago it's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago it's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago it's pretty cool
+so are you sure sure are you sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you sure sure are you sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are you sure sure are you sure that
+Campbell Soup is going to go up over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campbell Soup is going to go up over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Campbell Soup is going to go up over the
+next few months in response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few months in response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next few months in response to the
+current crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current crisis
+it'll stay stable ah but that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll stay stable ah but that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll stay stable ah but that's not
+that's not negative correlation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not negative correlation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not negative correlation that's
+zero correlation I want something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlation I want something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero correlation I want something that's
+going to go the opposite direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go the opposite direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go the opposite direction of
+where the economy is heading tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the economy is heading tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the economy is heading tell me
+where that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that is
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay fine so you're going to short the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine so you're going to short the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fine so you're going to short the
+market that's a that's a cheap uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's a that's a cheap uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market that's a that's a cheap uh a
+cheap answer sorry you don't get any for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap answer sorry you don't get any for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap answer sorry you don't get any for
+that I want I I want to I want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want I I want to I want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want I I want to I want to answer
+the question that was raised by David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that was raised by David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that was raised by David
+which is you know show me a stock that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know show me a stock that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know show me a stock that
+can get me even more to that left I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get me even more to that left I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get me even more to that left I want
+a negative negatively correlated stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative negatively correlated stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative negatively correlated stock
+yeah n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah n
+Walmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart
+be going up well that's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going up well that's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be going up well that's not the same
+thing as saying that it is going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying that it is going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as saying that it is going to go
+up over the next several months in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over the next several months in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up over the next several months in
+response to this economic crisis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this economic crisis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to this economic crisis you
+don't think that there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that there's going to be a
+decline in consumer spending that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in consumer spending that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decline in consumer spending that'll
+affect retail as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect retail as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect retail as well
+so far everything everybody's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far everything everybody's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far everything everybody's going to
+Walmart if they don't go to Walmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart if they don't go to Walmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart if they don't go to Walmart
+where would they go well that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would they go well that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where would they go well that's what I'm
+asking you where are you going to go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you where are you going to go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you where are you going to go so
+you're telling me now that you believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me now that you believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're telling me now that you believe
+that Walmart Walmart is the answer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Walmart Walmart is the answer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Walmart Walmart is the answer you
+think it'll be negatively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll be negatively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it'll be negatively correlated
+historically just to let you know retail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically just to let you know retail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically just to let you know retail
+has not been negatively correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been negatively correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not been negatively correlated with
+the business cycle okay so yeah Z what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business cycle okay so yeah Z what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business cycle okay so yeah Z what
+about Freddy ma Freddy Mack yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you like that investment I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like that investment I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like that investment I have
+something else for you after afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else for you after afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else for you after afterwards
+we can do it this time yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it this time yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do it this time yeah
+I I don't I don't I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't I don't I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't I don't I don't know if you
+want to argue that Freddy Mack is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that Freddy Mack is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to argue that Freddy Mack is
+negatively correlated with Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated with Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated with Market
+downturns I mean the reason that Freddy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downturns I mean the reason that Freddy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downturns I mean the reason that Freddy
+Mack got into the trouble that it did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack got into the trouble that it did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mack got into the trouble that it did
+was because of the economic downturn all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because of the economic downturn all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was because of the economic downturn all
+right one more uh baika Philip Morris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one more uh baika Philip Morris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one more uh baika Philip Morris
+Philip Morris that's an interesting one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip Morris that's an interesting one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philip Morris that's an interesting one
+um you know obviously people are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know obviously people are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know obviously people are very
+nervous now when you're nervous you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous now when you're nervous you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nervous now when you're nervous you're
+going to be you're going to be smoking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you're going to be smoking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be you're going to be smoking
+on the other hand on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand on the other hand
+again one could argue that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one could argue that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again one could argue that it's not
+negatively correlated it might be e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated it might be e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated it might be e
+either slightly uh positively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either slightly uh positively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either slightly uh positively correlated
+uh but even there you know people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but even there you know people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but even there you know people have
+argued that cigarettes are are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that cigarettes are are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argued that cigarettes are are you know
+a consumption good that can get hit with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumption good that can get hit with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a consumption good that can get hit with
+a downturn in uh in markets the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a downturn in uh in markets the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a downturn in uh in markets the the
+bottom line is that it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom line is that it's really hard to
+come up with negative correlated stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with negative correlated stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with negative correlated stocks
+because it let me let me tell you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it let me let me tell you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it let me let me tell you if you
+found one that was negatively correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one that was negatively correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found one that was negatively correlated
+if you found one that was really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you found one that was really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you found one that was really really
+negatively correlated what would all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated what would all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatively correlated what would all of
+you do exactly you'd buy it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do exactly you'd buy it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do exactly you'd buy it you know
+what that would have that the effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that would have that the effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that would have that the effect of
+that would be to depress uh to increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be to depress uh to increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be to depress uh to increase
+the price and depress the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price and depress the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price and depress the expected
+return right the expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right the expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return right the expected return
+remember what the expected return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the expected return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what the expected return is
+it's the expected future price divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the expected future price divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the expected future price divided
+by the current price if now all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the current price if now all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the current price if now all of you
+go out and buy Walmart or whatever stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and buy Walmart or whatever stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out and buy Walmart or whatever stock
+you think is negatively correlated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is negatively correlated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think is negatively correlated that
+would have the impact of increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the impact of increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have the impact of increasing the
+current price and therefore decreasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current price and therefore decreasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current price and therefore decreasing
+the expected return now if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return now if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected return now if you have a
+stock that's got a negative covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that's got a negative covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that's got a negative covariance
+and a negative return that doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negative return that doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a negative return that doesn't help
+because in fact that was a suggestion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact that was a suggestion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in fact that was a suggestion
+that was put forward here let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put forward here let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was put forward here let's just
+take the S&P and short it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the S&P and short it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the S&P and short it and then you
+get a negatively correlated stock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a negatively correlated stock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a negatively correlated stock the
+problem is that it's also got a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that it's also got a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that it's also got a negative
+expected return and then you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and then you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return and then you're not
+helping things the key is to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping things the key is to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping things the key is to find
+negative correlation with a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative correlation with a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative correlation with a positive
+return if you can find that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return if you can find that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return if you can find that then you
+really found something worthwhile but my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really found something worthwhile but my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really found something worthwhile but my
+guess is it won't last for exactly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is it won't last for exactly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess is it won't last for exactly this
+reason other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason other question
+okay so now let's go back and ask the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's go back and ask the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let's go back and ask the
+question what what does this mean if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what what does this mean if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question what what does this mean if it
+uh if we agree that all of us want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we agree that all of us want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if we agree that all of us want to be
+on that tangency portfolio what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that tangency portfolio what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that tangency portfolio what does
+that what does that tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what does that tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what does that tell us
+well that allows us to then make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that allows us to then make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that allows us to then make an
+argument that managers that are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that managers that are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that managers that are trying
+to provide value added services for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide value added services for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide value added services for us
+they need to be doing something above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be doing something above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to be doing something above
+and beyond what we can do ourselves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond what we can do ourselves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beyond what we can do ourselves okay
+now here's where Warren Buffett meets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where Warren Buffett meets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's where Warren Buffett meets
+modern Finance theory in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Finance theory in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Finance theory in a way
+if I want to see whether or not Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to see whether or not Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to see whether or not Warren
+Buffett or any other manager adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett or any other manager adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett or any other manager adding
+value one simple Criterion that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one simple Criterion that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value one simple Criterion that I can
+put forward is this this is what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put forward is this this is what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put forward is this this is what I can
+do on my own I can get that line pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on my own I can get that line pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on my own I can get that line pretty
+much by just using my you know uh Basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much by just using my you know uh Basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much by just using my you know uh Basic
+Finance skills that I've learned here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance skills that I've learned here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance skills that I've learned here at
+MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT
+if you're going to manage my money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to manage my money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're going to manage my money and
+charge me two and 20 show me what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge me two and 20 show me what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge me two and 20 show me what you
+can do above and beyond this I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do above and beyond this I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do above and beyond this I want you
+to tell me where you can get me on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me where you can get me on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me where you can get me on this
+graph can you get me up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph can you get me up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph can you get me up here
+can you get me over here can you get me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get me over here can you get me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you get me over here can you get me
+anywhere either to the left or above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere either to the left or above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere either to the left or above
+that curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that curve
+we can use that as a measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use that as a measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can use that as a measure of
+performance and there's a name for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and there's a name for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and there's a name for that
+it's called Alpha typically when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called Alpha typically when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called Alpha typically when people
+talk about Alpha they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Alpha they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about Alpha they're talking about
+deviations from a line like this we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from a line like this we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations from a line like this we're
+going to get to that more formally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that more formally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get to that more formally you
+don't have to write it down or make note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write it down or make note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to write it down or make note
+of it just yet it's on the next slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it just yet it's on the next slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it just yet it's on the next slide
+but we're going to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're going to show you how to
+measure that explicitly so now not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that explicitly so now not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that explicitly so now not only
+is this a good idea for you as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a good idea for you as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this a good idea for you as a
+baseline to manage your own portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline to manage your own portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline to manage your own portfolio
+but you can then use it as a metric to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can then use it as a metric to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can then use it as a metric to
+gauge whether other people are adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge whether other people are adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gauge whether other people are adding
+value to you so Warren Buffett would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to you so Warren Buffett would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value to you so Warren Buffett would say
+no problem I think I've got Alpha so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem I think I've got Alpha so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no problem I think I've got Alpha so I'm
+not going to bother with this I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bother with this I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to bother with this I think I
+can get you up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get you up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get you up here
+that is if you want to invest with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you want to invest with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you want to invest with me
+and in fact if you looked at Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you looked at Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact if you looked at Warren
+Buffett's performance over the last 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett's performance over the last 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett's performance over the last 2
+five years that he's been doing it or 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years that he's been doing it or 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five years that he's been doing it or 30
+years his sharp ratio is a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years his sharp ratio is a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years his sharp ratio is a lot better
+than the tangency portfolios so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the tangency portfolios so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the tangency portfolios so he
+actually has added value if you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has added value if you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has added value if you use this
+as a Criterion but the problem is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Criterion but the problem is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a Criterion but the problem is you
+have to identify the Warren buffets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to identify the Warren buffets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to identify the Warren buffets
+before they become Warren buffets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they become Warren buffets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they become Warren buffets
+because after they become Warren buffets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after they become Warren buffets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because after they become Warren buffets
+it's not clear that they're adding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that they're adding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that they're adding the
+same amount of value right it's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of value right it's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of value right it's already
+the cats out of the bag yeah B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats out of the bag yeah B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cats out of the bag yeah B
+the ratio so is this a St Rao D because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so the the the the Dynamics of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the the the Dynamics of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the the the the Dynamics of this
+are very complex and this is right now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very complex and this is right now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very complex and this is right now a
+static Theory static meaning today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static Theory static meaning today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+static Theory static meaning today
+versus Next Period we're not looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Next Period we're not looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Next Period we're not looking at
+the Dynamics over time in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics over time in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dynamics over time in order to do
+that there's lots of different effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's lots of different effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's lots of different effects
+that are much much more complicated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much much more complicated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are much much more complicated for
+that you really got to take 15 433 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really got to take 15 433 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really got to take 15 433 and
+even 433 won't cover those kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 433 won't cover those kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even 433 won't cover those kinds of
+questions in complete detail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in complete detail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions in complete detail because
+they rely on some very complex uh kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rely on some very complex uh kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they rely on some very complex uh kinds
+of analysis but I'm going to get to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis but I'm going to get to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of analysis but I'm going to get to that
+at the end so if I don't please bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so if I don't please bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end so if I don't please bring it
+up again I want to I want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again I want to I want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again I want to I want to make a
+comment about that and how you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about that and how you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment about that and how you can take
+this relatively simple static Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively simple static Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relatively simple static Theory and
+make it dynamic in an informal way even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it dynamic in an informal way even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it dynamic in an informal way even
+though the analytics become very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the analytics become very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the analytics become very hard
+when you try to do it formally okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to do it formally okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you try to do it formally okay so
+the key points of this lecture are oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key points of this lecture are oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key points of this lecture are oh
+sorry question uh can I think every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry question uh can I think every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry question uh can I think every
+point on the line is indifferent or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the line is indifferent or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on the line is indifferent or no
+no no not at all not at all indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no not at all not at all indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no not at all not at all indifferent
+any point on this line is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point on this line is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point on this line is a different
+risk reward combination so in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk reward combination so in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk reward combination so in other
+words it depends on your preferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it depends on your preferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words it depends on your preferences
+uity function yes yes now we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uity function yes yes now we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uity function yes yes now we haven't
+talked about utility functions yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about utility functions yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about utility functions yet but
+we're going to in a little while let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to in a little while let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to in a little while let me
+preview that since you asked okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview that since you asked okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preview that since you asked okay
+you all remember what indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all remember what indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all remember what indifference
+curves are from basic economics right an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are from basic economics right an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves are from basic economics right an
+indifference curve when I first came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve when I first came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifference curve when I first came
+across that you know I I was uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that you know I I was uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across that you know I I was uh you know
+rather offended because you know I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather offended because you know I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather offended because you know I I
+don't view myself as an indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't view myself as an indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't view myself as an indifferent
+individual uh I have lots of passions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh I have lots of passions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual uh I have lots of passions
+and so just you know why should we you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just you know why should we you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so just you know why should we you
+know be indifferent about two choices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be indifferent about two choices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know be indifferent about two choices in
+fact that's an economic term it simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's an economic term it simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that's an economic term it simply
+means that you're just as well off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're just as well off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you're just as well off
+between two combinations uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two combinations uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two combinations uh and
+therefore these two combinations you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these two combinations you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore these two combinations you're
+indifferent to okay you're indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent to okay you're indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent to okay you're indifferent
+between so if I had to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so if I had to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so if I had to ask you
+to draw on this graph an indifference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw on this graph an indifference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw on this graph an indifference
+curve of risk reward tradeoffs for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of risk reward tradeoffs for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve of risk reward tradeoffs for you
+the typical individual what would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical individual what would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the typical individual what would it
+look like can anybody give me a sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like can anybody give me a sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like can anybody give me a sense of
+what different kinds of risk-reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what different kinds of risk-reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what different kinds of risk-reward
+trade-offs you would be indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs you would be indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-offs you would be indifferent
+among and and to make the the question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among and and to make the the question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among and and to make the the question a
+little bit simpler let's start off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit simpler let's start off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit simpler let's start off with
+a particular Point okay so let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular Point okay so let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular Point okay so let's suppose
+that this point right here is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point right here is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this point right here is the point
+that I want you to draw the indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to draw the indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to draw the indifferent
+curve from uh which is a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve from uh which is a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve from uh which is a standard
+deviation on a monthly basis of about 6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation on a monthly basis of about 6%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation on a monthly basis of about 6%
+and an expected return of about i' say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an expected return of about i' say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an expected return of about i' say
+what is it 1.4% or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it 1.4% or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it 1.4% or something
+so you've got a monthly return of 1.4%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got a monthly return of 1.4%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you've got a monthly return of 1.4%
+and a risk of about 6%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a risk of about 6%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a risk of about 6%
+give me another point that you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me another point that you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give me another point that you would be
+indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indifferent between
+versus that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody any volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there could be a point above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there could be a point above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there could be a point above the
+tangent L okay um but to your right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent L okay um but to your right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent L okay um but to your right yeah
+somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere
+okay so do you have a particular number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do you have a particular number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do you have a particular number
+in mind in other words let's let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind in other words let's let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind in other words let's let's let's
+let me ask you this if I if I cranked up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you this if I if I cranked up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you this if I if I cranked up
+your volatility from 6% to 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your volatility from 6% to 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your volatility from 6% to 8%
+how much extra return would I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much extra return would I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much extra return would I have to
+give you in order for you to be just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you in order for you to be just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you in order for you to be just as
+well off as you were at six and one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well off as you were at six and one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well off as you were at six and one and
+1.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.4
+something higher than the 1.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something higher than the 1.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something higher than the 1.8
+okay higher than 1.8 okay or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay higher than 1.8 okay or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay higher than 1.8 okay or whatever
+the corresponding value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is 1.41
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is 1.41
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is 1.41
+and if I said now I want to be at % how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I said now I want to be at % how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I said now I want to be at % how
+much risk do I have to give you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much risk do I have to give you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much risk do I have to give you how much
+expected return do I have to give you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return do I have to give you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return do I have to give you to
+make you just as well off as this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I mean higher than 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean higher than 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean higher than 1.2
+or 1.4 higher than right but much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1.4 higher than right but much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1.4 higher than right but much higher
+that's the question it's a personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question it's a personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the question it's a personal
+question Ramy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+33%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33%
+you would have to have an increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to have an increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to have an increase in
+33% of your expected return even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33% of your expected return even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33% of your expected return even though
+I'm only giving you a 25% increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only giving you a 25% increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm only giving you a 25% increase in
+the risk well no so you'd have to at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk well no so you'd have to at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk well no so you'd have to at
+least do 25% of the sorry it's to 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least do 25% of the sorry it's to 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least do 25% of the sorry it's to 8%
+that's a third you're right so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a third you're right so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a third you're right so I'm
+increasing your risk by a third you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing your risk by a third you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing your risk by a third you want
+me to increase the expected return by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to increase the expected return by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to increase the expected return by a
+third so your TR tradeoff is linear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so your TR tradeoff is linear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third so your TR tradeoff is linear is
+that right you're looking at it linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you're looking at it linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right you're looking at it linearly
+anybody else you you know you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else you you know you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else you you know you may want
+to translate this into annual numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to translate this into annual numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to translate this into annual numbers
+right because I'm sensing that you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'm sensing that you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I'm sensing that you may
+not have a good you may not have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a good you may not have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have a good you may not have a good
+feel for what your own preferences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for what your own preferences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel for what your own preferences are
+and by the way this is a challenge you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this is a challenge you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this is a challenge you
+know not everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not everybody
+understands what their own personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what their own personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands what their own personal
+preferences are for these numbers I this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are for these numbers I this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences are for these numbers I this
+is not a natural act you know of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a natural act you know of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a natural act you know of of
+human nature that we automatically have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature that we automatically have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human nature that we automatically have
+preferences on these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences on these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences on these numbers
+but the bottom line is that if I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is that if I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the bottom line is that if I make
+you take more risk I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take more risk I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take more risk I'm going to have to
+compensate you and give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate you and give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate you and give you more
+expected return there's got to be reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return there's got to be reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return there's got to be reason
+why you want to take that risk okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you want to take that risk okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you want to take that risk okay for
+some people it's linear for other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people it's linear for other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people it's linear for other people
+it's it's much more than linear they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much more than linear they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's much more than linear they
+don't want to take any more risk in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take any more risk in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take any more risk in fact
+right now most investors don't even want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now most investors don't even want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now most investors don't even want
+to answer that question because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that question because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer that question because they
+don't want to take more risk and you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take more risk and you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to take more risk and you say
+well what if you did well I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if you did well I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what if you did well I don't want
+to well but just what if you I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well but just what if you I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to well but just what if you I don't
+want to what if I I just don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to what if I I just don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to what if I I just don't want to
+take the risk so they can't even answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the risk so they can't even answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the risk so they can't even answer
+that question but if they could my guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question but if they could my guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question but if they could my guess
+is that it would be way up here so you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it would be way up here so you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it would be way up here so you'd
+have to give them a lot of expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give them a lot of expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to give them a lot of expected
+return to make people take more risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to make people take more risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to make people take more risk
+today alternatively if you want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today alternatively if you want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today alternatively if you want to give
+people less risk my guess is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people less risk my guess is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people less risk my guess is that you
+can actually subtract a lot of return in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually subtract a lot of return in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually subtract a lot of return in
+order to take away a little bit of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to take away a little bit of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to take away a little bit of risk
+how do I know that take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I know that take a look at the
+yield on the three-month treasury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield on the three-month treasury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield on the three-month treasury
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so an indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an indifference curve
+it's going to look like this it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like this it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to look like this it's going
+to look uh like it'll be increasing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look uh like it'll be increasing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look uh like it'll be increasing but
+it'll actually be bowed this way and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually be bowed this way and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll actually be bowed this way and the
+theory behind why it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory behind why it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory behind why it's going to be
+convex holds water as opposed to spills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex holds water as opposed to spills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex holds water as opposed to spills
+water the reason it's going to be convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the reason it's going to be convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water the reason it's going to be convex
+is because there is a decreasing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because there is a decreasing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because there is a decreasing or
+diminishing marginal utility between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility between
+risk and expected rate of return like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and expected rate of return like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk and expected rate of return like
+anything else you know economists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you know economists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else you know economists have
+this notion of diminishing marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of diminishing marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this notion of diminishing marginal
+utility between any two Commodities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility between any two Commodities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility between any two Commodities
+right if you've got uh you know ice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you've got uh you know ice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you've got uh you know ice
+cream Sundays and um uh basketballs you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream Sundays and um uh basketballs you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cream Sundays and um uh basketballs you
+know there's only so many basketballs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's only so many basketballs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's only so many basketballs
+that you can enjoy before the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can enjoy before the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can enjoy before the next
+incremental basketball provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental basketball provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental basketball provides
+relatively little pleasure for you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little pleasure for you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively little pleasure for you the
+same thing with ice cream Sundays you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with ice cream Sundays you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing with ice cream Sundays you
+can only consume so many ice cream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only consume so many ice cream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only consume so many ice cream
+Sundays before the next incremental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sundays before the next incremental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sundays before the next incremental
+Sunday provides somewhat less benefit to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday provides somewhat less benefit to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sunday provides somewhat less benefit to
+you right that kind of diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right that kind of diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right that kind of diminishing
+marginal utility gives you this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility gives you this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal utility gives you this kind of
+a bode curve so where you are on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bode curve so where you are on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bode curve so where you are on this
+straight line depends upon how bod your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line depends upon how bod your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line depends upon how bod your
+curve is somebody that's really risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is somebody that's really risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is somebody that's really risk
+averse has a curve uh that looks let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse has a curve uh that looks let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse has a curve uh that looks let me
+draw this because it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this because it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw this because it's a little bit
+easier to see rather than trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see rather than trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to see rather than trying to
+follow my laser pointer um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow my laser pointer um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow my laser pointer um
+somebody that is so here's the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that is so here's the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody that is so here's the the
+tradeoff this is the line somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff this is the line somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff this is the line somebody
+that's extremely risk averse is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's extremely risk averse is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's extremely risk averse is going to
+have curves like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are indifference curves and as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are indifference curves and as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are indifference curves and as you
+go to the Northwest you're happier and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Northwest you're happier and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Northwest you're happier and
+happier somebody who so so the optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier somebody who so so the optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happier somebody who so so the optimal
+point is where this indifference curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is where this indifference curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is where this indifference curve
+hits this particular line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this particular line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits this particular line
+on the other hand if you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand if you're very
+risk-seeking if you don't need a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-seeking if you don't need a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk-seeking if you don't need a lot of
+compensation of expected return per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation of expected return per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation of expected return per unit
+risk then your indifference curve is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk then your indifference curve is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk then your indifference curve is not
+going to look like that it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like that it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like that it's going to
+look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like this
+in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case
+your tangency point will be farther to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tangency point will be farther to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your tangency point will be farther to
+the to the Northeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the Northeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to the Northeast
+you'll be taking more risk and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be taking more risk and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be taking more risk and getting
+more expected rate of return okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expected rate of return okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more expected rate of return okay but
+the bottom line for this graph and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line for this graph and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom line for this graph and this
+lecture is that everybody no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is that everybody no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture is that everybody no matter what
+your risk preferences are everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk preferences are everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your risk preferences are everybody's
+going to want to be on that line that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to be on that line that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to be on that line that
+tangency line and it turns out that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency line and it turns out that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency line and it turns out that that
+Insight is going to translate into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight is going to translate into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight is going to translate into a
+remarkable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable
+remarkable conclusion about risk-reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable conclusion about risk-reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable conclusion about risk-reward
+tradeoffs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoffs
+okay so the key points for this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key points for this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the key points for this lecture
+are diversification reduces risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diversification reduces risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are diversification reduces risk
+in Diversified portfolios covariances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Diversified portfolios covariances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Diversified portfolios covariances
+are the most important characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most important characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the most important characteristics
+of that portfolio it's not the variances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that portfolio it's not the variances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that portfolio it's not the variances
+but the co-variances investors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the co-variances investors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the co-variances investors
+should try to hold portfolios on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to hold portfolios on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should try to hold portfolios on the
+efficient Frontier that upper branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient Frontier that upper branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient Frontier that upper branch and
+with the riskless asset everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the riskless asset everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the riskless asset everybody is
+going to want to be on the tangency line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to be on the tangency line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to be on the tangency line
+okay those are the major conclusions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the major conclusions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay those are the major conclusions
+from this analysis and you can work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this analysis and you can work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this analysis and you can work all
+of this out analytically using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this out analytically using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this out analytically using the
+mathematics of optimization Theory but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of optimization Theory but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics of optimization Theory but
+in fact all of this can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all of this can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact all of this can be done
+graphically as we have geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically as we have geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically as we have geometrically
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+question Megan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Megan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question Megan
+sort of a simple minded question but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a simple minded question but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a simple minded question but I
+just I'm having trouble thinking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm having trouble thinking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just I'm having trouble thinking of the
+expected return um I know it's absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return um I know it's absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return um I know it's absolute
+but so much of portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so much of portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so much of portfolio
+sort metric metrics I guess um are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort metric metrics I guess um are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort metric metrics I guess um are
+relative to a benchmark or Market rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a benchmark or Market rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to a benchmark or Market rather
+than a risk so I don't know okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a risk so I don't know okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a risk so I don't know okay so
+we're going to get to that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get to that we're going
+to talk about benchmarks because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about benchmarks because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about benchmarks because you're
+right that most Investments today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that most Investments today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that most Investments today are
+all benchmarked against something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all benchmarked against something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all benchmarked against something right
+and you're probably wondering how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're probably wondering how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're probably wondering how that
+got to be that whole direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be that whole direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to be that whole direction of
+analysis and performance attribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and performance attribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and performance attribution
+that came out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came out of this
+in other words it was because of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it was because of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words it was because of this
+particular academic framework that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular academic framework that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular academic framework that was
+developed by Harry marwitz and Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Harry marwitz and Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Harry marwitz and Bill
+Sharp and others that indexation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp and others that indexation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp and others that indexation and
+benchmark Maring came to be so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark Maring came to be so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmark Maring came to be so I'm going
+to get to that let me put that off for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that let me put that off for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to that let me put that off for
+another lecture or so after we derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lecture or so after we derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lecture or so after we derive
+the implications of everybody wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of everybody wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implications of everybody wanting to
+hold a tangency portfolio it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold a tangency portfolio it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold a tangency portfolio it's going to
+turn out that that tangency portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out that that tangency portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn out that that tangency portfolio
+happens to be the Benchmark so we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the Benchmark so we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the Benchmark so we'll get
+to that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that yeah
+is there any assumption behind all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any assumption behind all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there any assumption behind all this
+analysis that would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis that would say
+if you have these preferences then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have these preferences then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have these preferences then you
+should use you should choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use you should choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use you should choose this
+portfolio if everyone did that yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio if everyone did that yes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio if everyone did that yes that
+change so so you would think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so so you would think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so so you would think that it
+would but in fact I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would but in fact I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would but in fact I'm going to show you
+that there's exactly one case where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's exactly one case where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's exactly one case where it
+doesn't and that's the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and that's the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't and that's the case of the
+equilibrium that I'm about to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that I'm about to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that I'm about to describe
+so let me turn to that right now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn to that right now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me turn to that right now if
+there are any other questions we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any other questions we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any other questions we've been
+using like Risk and standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like Risk and standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using like Risk and standard deviation
+kind interchangeably right whereas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind interchangeably right whereas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind interchangeably right whereas I
+think of risk is like the risk of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of risk is like the risk of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of risk is like the risk of not
+making anything yeah can you is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making anything yeah can you is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making anything yeah can you is there a
+way to mathematically translate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to mathematically translate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to mathematically translate from
+like the standard deviation portfolio to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard deviation portfolio to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the standard deviation portfolio to
+the risk of like not making well there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of like not making well there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of like not making well there
+is I mean there is although I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean there is although I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I mean there is although I would have
+to say that if you have a preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if you have a preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if you have a preference
+about the downside so not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the downside so not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the downside so not making
+anything as you point out then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as you point out then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything as you point out then that
+changes this analysis all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes this analysis all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes this analysis all right so this
+analysis really requires that you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis really requires that you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis really requires that you use
+standard deviation as the sum total of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation as the sum total of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation as the sum total of
+your uh perception of the risk of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh perception of the risk of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your uh perception of the risk of a
+portfolio if you have other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio if you have other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio if you have other kinds of
+sensitivities then you need to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities then you need to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivities then you need to bring
+them into the analysis and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the analysis and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into the analysis and that will
+change these outcomes all right the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these outcomes all right the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change these outcomes all right the way
+we do this comp is uh we measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this comp is uh we measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this comp is uh we measure the
+risk company if they're historically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk company if they're historically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk company if they're historically
+U never mind actually I guess if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U never mind actually I guess if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U never mind actually I guess if they
+were historically like higher they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were historically like higher they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were historically like higher they they
+varried higher wasn't strictly normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varried higher wasn't strictly normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varried higher wasn't strictly normal
+yeah and they end up being higher more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they end up being higher more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and they end up being higher more
+often than they were lower yeah they was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than they were lower yeah they was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often than they were lower yeah they was
+still a larger deviation yeah so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a larger deviation yeah so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a larger deviation yeah so you're
+using you're coing that with companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you're coing that with companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using you're coing that with companies
+that are also performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are also performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are also performing
+uh sense that's true but again you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sense that's true but again you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sense that's true but again you've
+made an assumption there that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an assumption there that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an assumption there that I'm not
+making which is you're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making which is you're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making which is you're assuming
+companies are outperforming or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are outperforming or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are outperforming or
+underperforming I'm assuming assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperforming I'm assuming assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underperforming I'm assuming assuming
+that the data are given and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data are given and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the data are given and I'm not
+making a bet on whether any companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a bet on whether any companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a bet on whether any companies
+are likely to succeed or fail I'm merely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to succeed or fail I'm merely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are likely to succeed or fail I'm merely
+looking at companies as investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at companies as investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at companies as investment
+opportunities that provide certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that provide certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities that provide certain
+expected returns volatilities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected returns volatilities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected returns volatilities and
+covariances you want to go down the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances you want to go down the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances you want to go down the path
+of Warren Buffett and I'm resisting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Warren Buffett and I'm resisting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Warren Buffett and I'm resisting that
+because I don't have the skills of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have the skills of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't have the skills of a
+Warren Buffet so I don't know what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffet so I don't know what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffet so I don't know what's a
+good value and what's not a good value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good value and what's not a good value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good value and what's not a good value
+and the case in point is the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the case in point is the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the case in point is the discussion
+we just had today you tell me what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just had today you tell me what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just had today you tell me what is a
+good value today do you really believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good value today do you really believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good value today do you really believe
+that Campbell Soup or Walmart should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Campbell Soup or Walmart should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Campbell Soup or Walmart should be
+the companies you invested today I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies you invested today I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the companies you invested today I don't
+know I mean another argument is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean another argument is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I mean another argument is
+entertainment you know why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment you know why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment you know why don't you
+invest in movie theaters lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in movie theaters lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in movie theaters lots of people
+now are going to see the James Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are going to see the James Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are going to see the James Bond
+movie and you know they want to escape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and you know they want to escape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie and you know they want to escape
+from reality wouldn't that be a growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reality wouldn't that be a growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from reality wouldn't that be a growth
+industry given market conditions well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry given market conditions well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry given market conditions well
+that's true but you know how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but you know how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true but you know how many people
+have $12 to spend on a movie plus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $12 to spend on a movie plus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have $12 to spend on a movie plus you
+got to get the popcorn and the Bon bonss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get the popcorn and the Bon bonss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to get the popcorn and the Bon bonss
+and all those and you know by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those and you know by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all those and you know by the time
+you're done it's like a $60 evening I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done it's like a $60 evening I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done it's like a $60 evening I
+mean I don't know so the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't know so the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't know so the point is that
+unless you are willing to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you are willing to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you are willing to make
+predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions
+this is the only alternative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only alternative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the only alternative that
+provides a disciplined approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a disciplined approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides a disciplined approach to
+investing in so-called good portfolios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in so-called good portfolios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in so-called good portfolios
+so it's a different it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a different it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a different it's a different
+approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach
+okay so now let me turn to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me turn to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me turn to the next
+lectures lectures 15 through 17 where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures lectures 15 through 17 where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures lectures 15 through 17 where
+we're now going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to talk about
+equilibrium we've already identified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we've already identified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium we've already identified
+that all of us in this room assuming we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of us in this room assuming we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of us in this room assuming we
+have mean variance preferences that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mean variance preferences that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mean variance preferences that's a
+that's an important assumption I grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important assumption I grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an important assumption I grant
+you but it's not an unreasonable one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it's not an unreasonable one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but it's not an unreasonable one it
+it's just it is an important assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it is an important assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just it is an important assumption
+we've all agreed that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've all agreed that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've all agreed that we're going to
+take on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take on
+portfolios that lie on that line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios that lie on that line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios that lie on that line and
+therefore the portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the portfolio
+that is the tangency portfolio I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the tangency portfolio I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the tangency portfolio I'm going
+to give it a special name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a special name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it a special name
+I'm going to call it m portfolio M okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call it m portfolio M okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to call it m portfolio M okay
+what we now know is that given a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now know is that given a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we now know is that given a choice
+between holding and Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between holding and Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between holding and Securities
+and t- Bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t- Bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t- Bills
+versus holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus holding
+t- bills and a single portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills and a single portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills and a single portfolio
+all of you would be indifferent between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you would be indifferent between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you would be indifferent between
+those two choices if that single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two choices if that single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two choices if that single
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+were M the tangency portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were M the tangency portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were M the tangency portfolio
+do we agree on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we agree on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we agree on that
+okay so therefore I could in principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore I could in principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore I could in principle
+construct a mutual fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a mutual fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a mutual fund
+called M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called M
+this mutual fund holds stocks in exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mutual fund holds stocks in exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mutual fund holds stocks in exact
+proportion to the weights given by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the weights given by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion to the weights given by that
+tangency portfolio in other words it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio in other words it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangency portfolio in other words it is
+the tangency portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency portfolio
+so what that suggests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that suggests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what that suggests
+is that all of you in this room would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of you in this room would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that all of you in this room would be
+absolutely indifferent between investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely indifferent between investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely indifferent between investing
+a on the end stocks and t- bills on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the end stocks and t- bills on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the end stocks and t- bills on the
+one hand versus investing in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand versus investing in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hand versus investing in two
+Securities on the other one security is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities on the other one security is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities on the other one security is
+t- bills and the other security is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills and the other security is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t- bills and the other security is
+shares of mutual fund M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares of mutual fund M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares of mutual fund M
+do we agree on that any controversy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we agree on that any controversy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we agree on that any controversy
+there I know I've made a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I know I've made a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I know I've made a number of
+assumptions to get us here but given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions to get us here but given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions to get us here but given
+mean variance preferences which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean variance preferences which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean variance preferences which is not
+an unreasonable assumption and given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unreasonable assumption and given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an unreasonable assumption and given
+that we've assumed these parameters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've assumed these parameters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've assumed these parameters are
+stable over time that's where we are Ry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forget about fees there are fees no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about fees there are fees no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about fees there are fees no
+matter what you do so for now I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you do so for now I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what you do so for now I'm going
+to forget about fees I'll put fees back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forget about fees I'll put fees back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forget about fees I'll put fees back
+in later and if I do that then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later and if I do that then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in later and if I do that then it's
+going to look even more compelling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look even more compelling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look even more compelling for
+you to want to invest in M uh mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to want to invest in M uh mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to want to invest in M uh mutual
+fund m versus n stocks I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund m versus n stocks I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund m versus n stocks I don't know how
+many of you have traded individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have traded individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you have traded individual
+stocks but if you ever try to manage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks but if you ever try to manage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks but if you ever try to manage a
+portfolio of you know a thousand stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of you know a thousand stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of you know a thousand stocks
+it's actually fairly timec consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly timec consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually fairly timec consuming
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay and by the way there are more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way there are more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by the way there are more than
+a thousand Securities I mean the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand Securities I mean the S&P 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand Securities I mean the S&P 500
+you can think of as being M but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as being M but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of as being M but that's
+an approximation right there's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation right there's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation right there's probably
+seven or 8,000 Securities that trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 8,000 Securities that trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven or 8,000 Securities that trade
+today probably only two or 3,000 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today probably only two or 3,000 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today probably only two or 3,000 that
+you would really take seriously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would really take seriously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would really take seriously and
+probably only 1,500 that you really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably only 1,500 that you really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably only 1,500 that you really need
+from a diversification perspective 1,500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a diversification perspective 1,500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a diversification perspective 1,500
+stocks would you want to trade in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks would you want to trade in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks would you want to trade in that
+or would you want to trade in one mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you want to trade in one mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would you want to trade in one mutual
+fund yeah can I ask I mean knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund yeah can I ask I mean knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund yeah can I ask I mean knowing that
+so with you get you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with you get you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with you get you're trying to
+get on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get on that
+yeah why don't you said exle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't you said exle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah why don't you said exle
+you buy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because Warren Buffett beat it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Warren Buffett beat it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Warren Buffett beat it in the
+past do you think he's going to beat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past do you think he's going to beat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past do you think he's going to beat it
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+I don't know that's right good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that's right good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know that's right good question
+good question I mean you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I mean you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question I mean you know if you're
+thinking about Warren Buffett as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Warren Buffett as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about Warren Buffett as a
+10-year investment I think I might short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year investment I think I might short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10-year investment I think I might short
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+I mean you know he's he seems healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know he's he seems healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you know he's he seems healthy
+but you know those Cherry those Cherry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know those Cherry those Cherry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know those Cherry those Cherry
+Cokes have to have impact I'm sorry you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cokes have to have impact I'm sorry you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cokes have to have impact I'm sorry you
+know you eat enough steaks at that Omaha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you eat enough steaks at that Omaha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you eat enough steaks at that Omaha
+restaurant I don't know what it is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant I don't know what it is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restaurant I don't know what it is and
+those Cherry Cokes I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Cherry Cokes I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Cherry Cokes I don't know
+so so okay so fine let's let's not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so okay so fine let's let's not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so okay so fine let's let's not do
+Warren Buffett let's do somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett let's do somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett let's do somebody else
+fine you tell me who that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you tell me who that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine you tell me who that is
+tell me who the next Warren Buffett is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me who the next Warren Buffett is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me who the next Warren Buffett is
+can anybody tell me I'd be happy to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody tell me I'd be happy to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody tell me I'd be happy to do
+that I'd be happy to invest in them who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd be happy to invest in them who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'd be happy to invest in them who
+who is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is it
+thank you thank you but those who can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you but those who can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you thank you but those who can't
+do teach those who can't teach teach JY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do teach those who can't teach teach JY
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do teach those who can't teach teach JY
+and uh at least I don't teach Jim so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh at least I don't teach Jim so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh at least I don't teach Jim so
+the point is that we don't know who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that we don't know who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that we don't know who the
+next Warren Buffett's going to be and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Warren Buffett's going to be and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Warren Buffett's going to be and I
+don't want to have to figure that out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have to figure that out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to have to figure that out I
+mean that's a pretty tall order to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a pretty tall order to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that's a pretty tall order to tell
+an investor that they've got to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor that they've got to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investor that they've got to figure
+out who the next investment genius is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who the next investment genius is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out who the next investment genius is if
+they knew they wouldn't have to ask them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew they wouldn't have to ask them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they knew they wouldn't have to ask them
+to invest they'd invest themselves right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest they'd invest themselves right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to invest they'd invest themselves right
+so what I'm showing you is a simple way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm showing you is a simple way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm showing you is a simple way
+of investing that may not be as good as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing that may not be as good as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing that may not be as good as
+Warren Buffett but it's certainly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett but it's certainly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett but it's certainly better
+than trying to pick the next Warren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than trying to pick the next Warren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than trying to pick the next Warren
+Buffett if you don't know what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett if you don't know what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buffett if you don't know what you're
+doing Jen easier to kind of figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Jen easier to kind of figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing Jen easier to kind of figure out
+the future Co variances of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future Co variances of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future Co variances of the different
+stocks than it is to pick the next War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks than it is to pick the next War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks than it is to pick the next War
+bu thank you that's another way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu thank you that's another way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bu thank you that's another way of
+looking at it if you ask the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it if you ask the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at it if you ask the question is
+it easier to try if is the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier to try if is the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier to try if is the historical
+covariances and variances and expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances and variances and expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariances and variances and expected
+returns more predictive of the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns more predictive of the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns more predictive of the future
+than your ability to find the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your ability to find the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than your ability to find the next
+Warren Buffett then yes that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett then yes that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warren Buffett then yes that's another
+good argument that in other words this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good argument that in other words this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good argument that in other words this
+framework relies on less ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework relies on less ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework relies on less ability to
+forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast
+it doesn't it doesn't completely rule it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't completely rule it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't it doesn't completely rule it
+out because as I said these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because as I said these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because as I said these parameters
+they change over time and you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change over time and you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they change over time and you have to
+think about that impact so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that impact so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that impact so it's not
+totally trivial but from the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally trivial but from the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally trivial but from the theoretical
+perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective
+it seems like it's a very internally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like it's a very internally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems like it's a very internally
+consistent approach now let me go on for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent approach now let me go on for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent approach now let me go on for
+a little while longer because if it were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while longer because if it were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while longer because if it were
+just this then this would be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this then this would be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this then this would be an
+interesting rule of thumb but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting rule of thumb but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting rule of thumb but this is
+not a a theory of financial markets just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a a theory of financial markets just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a a theory of financial markets just
+yet right I haven't really done anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right I haven't really done anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right I haven't really done anything
+uh truly astounding because you're still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh truly astounding because you're still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh truly astounding because you're still
+left with the question of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with the question of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with the question of what's the
+appropriate risk reward trade-off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk reward trade-off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate risk reward trade-off you
+know what what what should I use for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what what should I use for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what what should I use for my
+discount rate you know a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate you know a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate you know a lot of
+financial decision- making is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial decision- making is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial decision- making is not just
+picking stocks and making good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking stocks and making good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking stocks and making good
+Investments but it's whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments but it's whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments but it's whether or not
+should I invest in nanotechnology as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I invest in nanotechnology as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I invest in nanotechnology as a
+corporate uh uh officer of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate uh uh officer of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate uh uh officer of a particular
+tech company or should I invest in green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech company or should I invest in green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech company or should I invest in green
+technologies what discount rate should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies what discount rate should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies what discount rate should I
+use how should I engage in capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use how should I engage in capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use how should I engage in capital
+budgeting or project financing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting or project financing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting or project financing all of
+these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions
+seem like they have nothing to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like they have nothing to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like they have nothing to do with
+Investments so I don't want to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments so I don't want to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments so I don't want to make this
+course into an Investments course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course into an Investments course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course into an Investments course
+there's a lot about corporate financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot about corporate financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot about corporate financial
+management that relies on being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management that relies on being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management that relies on being able to
+understand these markets okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these markets okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand these markets okay so let me
+let me show you where we go next because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you where we go next because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me show you where we go next because
+we're very close now to the big payoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very close now to the big payoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very close now to the big payoff
+we've already identified the tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already identified the tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already identified the tangency
+portfolio as being special I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio as being special I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio as being special I'm going to
+call that portfolio M and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that portfolio M and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call that portfolio M and I'm going to
+argue that everybody in their right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that everybody in their right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue that everybody in their right
+minds are going to be indifferent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are going to be indifferent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minds are going to be indifferent
+between picking among these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between picking among these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between picking among these two
+investment opportunities T bills and M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment opportunities T bills and M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment opportunities T bills and M
+versus the n+1 investment opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the n+1 investment opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus the n+1 investment opportunities
+of all stocks plus t- bills okay it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all stocks plus t- bills okay it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all stocks plus t- bills okay it
+turns out that portfolio M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that portfolio M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that portfolio M
+therefore has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore has to be
+a very specific portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it turns out that that portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that that portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out that that portfolio
+is the portfolio of all assets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the portfolio of all assets in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the portfolio of all assets in the
+entire economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire economy
+in proportion to their market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proportion to their market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in proportion to their market
+capitalizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now what I just said is an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I just said is an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I just said is an incredibly
+deep result so I don't expect you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep result so I don't expect you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep result so I don't expect you to
+just get it let me say it again first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get it let me say it again first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get it let me say it again first of
+all I want you to understand it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want you to understand it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I want you to understand it and then
+I'm going to try to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to give you the
+intuition for it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition for it okay
+if it's true that everybody not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's true that everybody not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's true that everybody not only in
+this room but in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room but in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this room but in the world
+if everybody in the world is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody in the world is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody in the world is in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+between investing in those n plus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between investing in those n plus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between investing in those n plus1
+Securities and in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we can argue that those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can argue that those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can argue that those two
+Securities play a very special role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities play a very special role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Securities play a very special role in
+particular think about what that mutual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular think about what that mutual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular think about what that mutual
+fund M has to be everybody in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund M has to be everybody in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fund M has to be everybody in the world
+wants to hold M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to hold M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to hold M
+so you can actually let's make the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually let's make the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually let's make the the
+leap of faith that every body does hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap of faith that every body does hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap of faith that every body does hold
+M so in other words now we're in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so in other words now we're in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so in other words now we're in a world
+where everybody is already mean variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody is already mean variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody is already mean variance
+optimizers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizers
+and they already hold two Assets in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they already hold two Assets in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they already hold two Assets in
+their portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their portfolio
+the treasury bill asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury bill asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury bill asset
+and the mutual fund M so you hold M you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mutual fund M so you hold M you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mutual fund M so you hold M you
+hold M you hold M you hold M you hold M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold M you hold M you hold M you hold M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold M you hold M you hold M you hold M
+everybody holds M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody holds M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody holds M
+we hold different amounts of it so as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hold different amounts of it so as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hold different amounts of it so as a
+hedge fund manager you're holding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund manager you're holding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge fund manager you're holding a
+large amount of M in fact you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of M in fact you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large amount of M in fact you're you're
+holding twice as much M as your wealth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding twice as much M as your wealth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding twice as much M as your wealth
+allows and you're borrowing T bills to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows and you're borrowing T bills to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows and you're borrowing T bills to
+do so somebody who's very conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so somebody who's very conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so somebody who's very conservative
+is holding a very tiny little bit of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is holding a very tiny little bit of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is holding a very tiny little bit of m
+mostly that person is invested in t-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly that person is invested in t-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly that person is invested in t-
+bills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills
+but the point is that every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the point is that every single
+person's portfolio you look at when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's portfolio you look at when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person's portfolio you look at when you
+look at their portfolio it's m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their portfolio it's m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at their portfolio it's m
+if that's true if what I just said is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true if what I just said is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's true if what I just said is
+true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true
+what portfolio does m have to be there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what portfolio does m have to be there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what portfolio does m have to be there's
+only one that it can possibly be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that it can possibly be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that it can possibly be and
+that is the portfolio of all equities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the portfolio of all equities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the portfolio of all equities
+in the marketplace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the marketplace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the marketplace
+held in proportion to their market value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held in proportion to their market value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held in proportion to their market value
+do you see the beauty of that now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the beauty of that now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you see the beauty of that now let me
+try to explain it okay I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain it okay I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to explain it okay I hope you
+understand it let me explain it why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it let me explain it why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand it let me explain it why does
+that have to be this has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be this has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have to be this has to do with
+Supply equaling demand now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply equaling demand now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supply equaling demand now I'm going to
+make an argument about equilibrium I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an argument about equilibrium I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an argument about equilibrium I
+haven't done so up until now up until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done so up until now up until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done so up until now up until
+now I haven't said anything about Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I haven't said anything about Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I haven't said anything about Supply
+equ demand but I'm about to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ demand but I'm about to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equ demand but I'm about to do so
+if everybody is holding this portfolio M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody is holding this portfolio M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody is holding this portfolio M
+that's the demand side right everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the demand side right everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the demand side right everybody
+is demanding M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is demanding M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is demanding M
+on the supply side I'm assuming that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side I'm assuming that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the supply side I'm assuming that all
+stocks that are being supplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that are being supplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks that are being supplied
+are held if all stocks that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held if all stocks that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are held if all stocks that are being
+supplied are held by somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied are held by somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplied are held by somebody
+but if everybody in the world is holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if everybody in the world is holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if everybody in the world is holding
+the same portfolio M when you aggregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same portfolio M when you aggregate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same portfolio M when you aggregate
+all of the demands so I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the demands so I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the demands so I'm going to add
+up your demand and your demand and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your demand and your demand and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up your demand and your demand and your
+demand and your we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and your we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand and your we're going to go
+through the class and go through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the class and go through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the class and go through the
+world we're going to add up everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we're going to add up everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world we're going to add up everybody's
+demand in every single case your weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in every single case your weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand in every single case your weights
+are identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are identical
+you're holding the same portfolio M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding the same portfolio M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're holding the same portfolio M so
+when I aggregate the entire world and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I aggregate the entire world and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I aggregate the entire world and I
+get the portfolio M what does it have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the portfolio M what does it have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the portfolio M what does it have to
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+it can only equal the sum total of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only equal the sum total of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can only equal the sum total of all
+assets in the world right Supply equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets in the world right Supply equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets in the world right Supply equals
+demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand
+and therefore when I aggregate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore when I aggregate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore when I aggregate all of
+your Holdings of M into one big fat M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Holdings of M into one big fat M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Holdings of M into one big fat M
+that big fat M can only be equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big fat M can only be equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that big fat M can only be equal to one
+thing which is all the equities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is all the equities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which is all the equities in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+and the weightings are just simply their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weightings are just simply their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the weightings are just simply their
+market caps right there's only so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market caps right there's only so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market caps right there's only so much
+of General Motors take the entire sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of General Motors take the entire sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of General Motors take the entire sum
+total of that that's your the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of that that's your the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of that that's your the global
+investment in General Motors and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in General Motors and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment in General Motors and then
+you do that for every single stock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that for every single stock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that for every single stock and
+you divide that by the total Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide that by the total Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you divide that by the total Market
+capital of the stock of all stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the stock of all stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of the stock of all stocks
+you get the market portfolio M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the market portfolio M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the market portfolio M
+so this shockingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shockingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this shockingly
+simple but extraordinarily powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but extraordinarily powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple but extraordinarily powerful
+result is due to Bill Sharp Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is due to Bill Sharp Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result is due to Bill Sharp Harry
+marowitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marowitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marowitz
+came up with portfolio optimization he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with portfolio optimization he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with portfolio optimization he
+applied mean variance analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied mean variance analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied mean variance analysis to
+portfolio optimization and argued that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio optimization and argued that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio optimization and argued that
+everybody has to be on the line Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to be on the line Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody has to be on the line Bill
+Sharp looked at this and said aha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp looked at this and said aha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp looked at this and said aha
+if everybody's on that line that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody's on that line that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everybody's on that line that means
+that everybody's going to be either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's going to be either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's going to be either
+holding M or t bills or both and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding M or t bills or both and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding M or t bills or both and
+therefore the only thing that M could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the only thing that M could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the only thing that M could
+possibly be is the market portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be is the market portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly be is the market portfolio
+and now we have a proxy for the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have a proxy for the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we have a proxy for the market
+portfolio the Russell 2000 or the S&P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio the Russell 2000 or the S&P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio the Russell 2000 or the S&P
+500 both of those are very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 both of those are very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 both of those are very well
+Diversified stocks that have lot they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified stocks that have lot they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified stocks that have lot they
+don't have everything in it but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have everything in it but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have everything in it but they
+have a lot of things in it that proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of things in it that proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of things in it that proxy
+for everything the Russell 2000 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything the Russell 2000 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everything the Russell 2000 has
+2,000 stocks weighted by market cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 stocks weighted by market cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 stocks weighted by market cap
+that's as close as you're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as close as you're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's as close as you're going to get
+to everything that you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything that you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to everything that you care about
+okay so now you'll see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you'll see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you'll see where
+benchmarking is coming from but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking is coming from but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benchmarking is coming from but I'm
+going to get back to that in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back to that in more detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get back to that in more detail
+so this this equilibrium result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this equilibrium result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this this equilibrium result
+that says Supply equals demand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says Supply equals demand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says Supply equals demand
+identifies this portfolio M and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies this portfolio M and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies this portfolio M and what it
+says is that if everybody does this if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that if everybody does this if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says is that if everybody does this if
+everybody takes Finance here and learns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody takes Finance here and learns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody takes Finance here and learns
+how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do this
+it's not going to kill the idea it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to kill the idea it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not going to kill the idea it's
+going to lead to a very well- defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead to a very well- defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to lead to a very well- defined
+portfolio M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio M
+now let me take it one step further I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me take it one step further I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me take it one step further I'm
+going to ask you to ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to ask you to ask questions
+if I know what that portfolio m is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know what that portfolio m is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know what that portfolio m is
+then I've got an equation for this line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got an equation for this line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I've got an equation for this line
+okay I can write down a relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can write down a relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can write down a relationship
+between the expected return and risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the expected return and risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the expected return and risk of
+a portfolio on this line and this is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio on this line and this is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio on this line and this is it
+the expected rate of return of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected rate of return of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected rate of return of an
+efficient portfolio by efficient I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient portfolio by efficient I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient portfolio by efficient I mean
+a portfolio that's on that line anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio that's on that line anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a portfolio that's on that line anything
+that's not on that line if it's below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not on that line if it's below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not on that line if it's below
+that line it's inefficient right you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line it's inefficient right you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line it's inefficient right you're
+not taking you're not getting as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking you're not getting as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not taking you're not getting as much
+expected return per unit risk and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return per unit risk and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return per unit risk and you're
+not uh reducing your risk as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh reducing your risk as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh reducing your risk as much as you
+can per unit of expected return the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can per unit of expected return the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can per unit of expected return the
+expected return of an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return of an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return of an efficient
+portfolio is equal to the risk-free rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is equal to the risk-free rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is equal to the risk-free rate
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+the ratio of the standard deviation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the standard deviation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the standard deviation of
+that portfolio divided by the standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portfolio divided by the standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that portfolio divided by the standard
+deviation of the tangency portfolio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the tangency portfolio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation of the tangency portfolio or
+the market multiplied by the excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market multiplied by the excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market multiplied by the excess
+Return of the market portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result
+is a risk reward tradeoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a risk reward tradeoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a risk reward tradeoff
+between risk and expected return you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between risk and expected return you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between risk and expected return you see
+what it says is really something quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says is really something quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it says is really something quite
+astounding it's telling you that here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding it's telling you that here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding it's telling you that here's
+the risk-free rate that's the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk-free rate that's the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk-free rate that's the base
+return for your portfolio and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for your portfolio and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return for your portfolio and what this
+is telling you is that what you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling you is that what you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is telling you is that what you should
+expect for your portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for your portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect for your portfolio
+is that base return plus something extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that base return plus something extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that base return plus something extra
+and the extra is the Market's excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra is the Market's excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the extra is the Market's excess
+return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return
+multiplied by a factor and the factor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a factor and the factor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by a factor and the factor is
+simply how risky your portfolio is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply how risky your portfolio is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply how risky your portfolio is
+relative to the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to the market
+let's do a simple example suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a simple example suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do a simple example suppose that
+your your portfolio is the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your portfolio is the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your portfolio is the exact same
+risk as the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk as the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk as the market
+well if that's the case then what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's the case then what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if that's the case then what is
+your expected rate of return it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expected rate of return it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expected rate of return it's the
+market so it's the risk-free rate plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so it's the risk-free rate plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market so it's the risk-free rate plus
+the market excess return which when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market excess return which when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market excess return which when you
+add it together is just the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it together is just the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it together is just the market
+suppose you're holding a port that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're holding a port that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're holding a port that's
+more risky than the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risky than the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more risky than the market
+is your rate of return greater or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your rate of return greater or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your rate of return greater or less
+than the rate of return on the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rate of return on the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the rate of return on the market
+greater suppose that your portfolio has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater suppose that your portfolio has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater suppose that your portfolio has
+no risk suppose that Sigma p is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no risk suppose that Sigma p is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no risk suppose that Sigma p is zero
+then what's your rate of return exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's your rate of return exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what's your rate of return exactly
+makes sense right this is very intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right this is very intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense right this is very intuitive
+what this tells us now is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us now is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells us now is that we can
+figure out what the fair rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the fair rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the fair rate of return
+is for an efficient portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for an efficient portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for an efficient portfolio
+for any portfolio on this line I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any portfolio on this line I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any portfolio on this line I can
+tell you what my fair rate of return is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what my fair rate of return is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you what my fair rate of return is
+and it's an objective measure it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an objective measure it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's an objective measure it's not
+just Theory now now I can go into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Theory now now I can go into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Theory now now I can go into the
+marketplace I can measure the expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace I can measure the expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marketplace I can measure the expected
+Return of the market you know what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the market you know what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return of the market you know what that
+is historically not including the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is historically not including the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is historically not including the last
+few months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few months
+it's about 7% historically over the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 7% historically over the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about 7% historically over the last
+100 years 7% the expected rate of return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years 7% the expected rate of return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 years 7% the expected rate of return
+of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the market
+okay the sorry the expected risk premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the sorry the expected risk premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the sorry the expected risk premium
+the excess rate of return about 7% what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excess rate of return about 7% what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the excess rate of return about 7% what
+about the volatility of the market it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the volatility of the market it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the volatility of the market it's
+been about 15% historically so according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about 15% historically so according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been about 15% historically so according
+to this relationship I've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this relationship I've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this relationship I've already
+figured out what this number is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what this number is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out what this number is it's
+like 7% I've already figured out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 7% I've already figured out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 7% I've already figured out what
+this number is it's like 15% so now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is it's like 15% so now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number is it's like 15% so now you
+should be able to get a benchmark for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get a benchmark for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to get a benchmark for
+what to expect when you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to expect when you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to expect when you've got a
+particular level of risk in an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular level of risk in an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular level of risk in an efficient
+portfolio you've got all the ingredients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you've got all the ingredients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you've got all the ingredients
+what about risk-free rate well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about risk-free rate well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about risk-free rate well it
+depends on what risk free rate but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what risk free rate but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on what risk free rate but let's
+talk about over a one-year period right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about over a one-year period right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about over a one-year period right
+now we're looking at somewhere between I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're looking at somewhere between I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're looking at somewhere between I
+don't know 1 2 3% uh depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 1 2 3% uh depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know 1 2 3% uh depending on what
+day the week you're looking at all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the week you're looking at all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day the week you're looking at all right
+so onee T Bill rate is about 1% or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so onee T Bill rate is about 1% or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so onee T Bill rate is about 1% or so
+yeah think the last class we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think the last class we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah think the last class we talked
+about unema risk yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no the unsystematic risk is risk that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the unsystematic risk is risk that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no the unsystematic risk is risk that is
+not measured by Sigma P so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measured by Sigma P so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not measured by Sigma P so we're going
+to come back to that let me let me hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to that let me let me hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come back to that let me let me hold
+off on that for now because I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that for now because I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on that for now because I want to
+come back to it after I finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it after I finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to it after I finish
+developing this there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing this there's going to be a
+connection between systematic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between systematic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection between systematic and
+unsystematic risk that's going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsystematic risk that's going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsystematic risk that's going to come
+right out of this relationship okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of this relationship okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of this relationship okay yeah
+Brian so if you take the S&P 00 as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian so if you take the S&P 00 as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian so if you take the S&P 00 as the
+uh as M here Market portfolio and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as M here Market portfolio and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as M here Market portfolio and the
+capitalization is the weight so you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization is the weight so you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization is the weight so you've
+got nonzero weights for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nonzero weights for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got nonzero weights for all the
+different stocks there does that imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stocks there does that imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different stocks there does that imply
+that there's no stocks in the S&P 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no stocks in the S&P 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no stocks in the S&P 500
+that are southeast of uh any others no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are southeast of uh any others no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are southeast of uh any others no
+no there there could be why would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there there could be why would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there there could be why would you
+have them because we said those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them because we said those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them because we said those are
+strictly non-preferred well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly non-preferred well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly non-preferred well that's
+that's if you're looking at a pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you're looking at a pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's if you're looking at a pairwise
+comparison if now you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison if now you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison if now you're trying to
+create an entire collection of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an entire collection of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an entire collection of these
+portfolios of Securities that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios of Securities that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios of Securities that's a
+different story that's I answered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story that's I answered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different story that's I answered in
+response to Justin's question Justin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to Justin's question Justin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to Justin's question Justin
+said why not just trade off those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said why not just trade off those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said why not just trade off those two
+why not it's because you can do far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not it's because you can do far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not it's because you can do far
+better by using all of them in this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by using all of them in this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better by using all of them in this way
+you see by looking at pairwise you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see by looking at pairwise you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see by looking at pairwise you can
+no doubt do better but if I use all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt do better but if I use all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no doubt do better but if I use all of
+them I get this entire line and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I get this entire line and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them I get this entire line and you
+can't get that entire line just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that entire line just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get that entire line just from
+looking at two of these stocks you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at two of these stocks you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at two of these stocks you you
+need all of them so in this portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all of them so in this portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need all of them so in this portfolio
+three if you kicked GM over to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if you kicked GM over to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if you kicked GM over to the right
+a little bit and made it strictly non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and made it strictly non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit and made it strictly non
+preferred to IBM then you still might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to IBM then you still might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred to IBM then you still might
+have a positive portfolio weight on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive portfolio weight on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a positive portfolio weight on you
+you might but more likely it'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might but more likely it'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might but more likely it'll be a
+negative portfolio weight it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative portfolio weight it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative portfolio weight it'll be
+negative and you'll be shorting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and you'll be shorting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and you'll be shorting it
+somewhere along the line here however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the line here however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere along the line here however
+the tangency portfolio by assumption if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency portfolio by assumption if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangency portfolio by assumption if
+it's the market portfolio cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the market portfolio cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the market portfolio cannot have
+negative weights okay and so there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights okay and so there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative weights okay and so there what
+will happen is that all of the stocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is that all of the stocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen is that all of the stocks
+will change in their relationship based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change in their relationship based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change in their relationship based
+upon various different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon various different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon various different kinds of
+equilibrium so that you won't get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that you won't get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium so that you won't get into a
+lot of those situations where you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those situations where you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of those situations where you're
+going to be shorting these negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shorting these negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be shorting these negative
+stocks Yeah so basically according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks Yeah so basically according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stocks Yeah so basically according to
+the sh the every stock that market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sh the every stock that market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sh the every stock that market the
+capital is not zero yeah is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is not zero yeah is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital is not zero yeah is worth
+holding some portfolio that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding some portfolio that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding some portfolio that's right
+diversifying your portfolio that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifying your portfolio that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifying your portfolio that's right
+that every stock has some benefit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every stock has some benefit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every stock has some benefit in
+adding to this particular risk reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to this particular risk reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding to this particular risk reward
+tradeoff and the sum total benefit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff and the sum total benefit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff and the sum total benefit is
+summarized by this line okay that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized by this line okay that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized by this line okay that's the
+ultimate objective if I don't hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate objective if I don't hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimate objective if I don't hold a
+specific stock in the market I'm making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stock in the market I'm making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stock in the market I'm making
+a diversification mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diversification mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a diversification mistake
+sorry if you if you if you hold a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you if you if you hold a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you if you if you hold a
+specific stock don't hold it because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stock don't hold it because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific stock don't hold it because it
+has Market oh if you hold if you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Market oh if you hold if you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has Market oh if you hold if you put
+zero weight yes what what sharp would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero weight yes what what sharp would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero weight yes what what sharp would
+argue based upon this theory is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue based upon this theory is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue based upon this theory is that you
+want to hold as many stocks as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold as many stocks as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to hold as many stocks as you can
+to get the most diversification now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most diversification now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the most diversification now
+that's the theory in practice it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the theory in practice it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the theory in practice it may
+well be that the benefits do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be that the benefits do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well be that the benefits do not
+outweigh the cost because when you hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the cost because when you hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outweigh the cost because when you hold
+multiple stocks you have to manage them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stocks you have to manage them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple stocks you have to manage them
+and so it may cost more so a mutual fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it may cost more so a mutual fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it may cost more so a mutual fund
+that has 3,000 stocks may have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has 3,000 stocks may have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has 3,000 stocks may have a higher
+expense ratio than a mutual fund with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense ratio than a mutual fund with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense ratio than a mutual fund with
+500 it it may not nowadays actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 it it may not nowadays actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 it it may not nowadays actually the
+technology is so good that probably it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is so good that probably it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is so good that probably it
+doesn't but 15 years ago that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't but 15 years ago that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't but 15 years ago that was not
+true but apart from the transactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but apart from the transactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true but apart from the transactions
+cost the theory suggests more is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the theory suggests more is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost the theory suggests more is better
+because it'll always give you more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll always give you more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it'll always give you more
+opportunities and it can never hurt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and it can never hurt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and it can never hurt you
+because you could always put a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could always put a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could always put a zero
+weight on them if you don't like them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on them if you don't like them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight on them if you don't like them
+okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now
+it turns out that that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that that this is a
+tradeoff between the expected return of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between the expected return of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between the expected return of
+an efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an efficient
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+and the risk of that portfolio in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the risk of that portfolio in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the risk of that portfolio in other
+words this applies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this applies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words this applies
+only to portfolios on that tangency line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to portfolios on that tangency line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to portfolios on that tangency line
+what if you want to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you want to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if you want to know what the
+expected rate of return is for Walmart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rate of return is for Walmart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rate of return is for Walmart
+we just said that no individual stock is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said that no individual stock is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just said that no individual stock is
+going to be like to be on that efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like to be on that efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be like to be on that efficient
+Frontier and therefore no individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and therefore no individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frontier and therefore no individual
+stock is likely to be on this line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is likely to be on this line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is likely to be on this line so
+this is great if what you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great if what you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is great if what you're talking
+about is investing in efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is investing in efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is investing in efficient
+portfolios but how does that help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios but how does that help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios but how does that help the
+corporate Financial Officer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Financial Officer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporate Financial Officer that's
+trying to figure out how to do Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how to do Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out how to do Capital
+budgeting for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+budgeting for a particular
+pharmaceutical project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pharmaceutical project
+it turns out it doesn't it doesn't help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it doesn't it doesn't help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out it doesn't it doesn't help
+this doesn't answer that question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't answer that question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this doesn't answer that question
+it turns out you need to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you need to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out you need to have an
+additional piece of theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional piece of theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional piece of theory
+that allows you to derive the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to derive the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows you to derive the same
+results not just for the efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results not just for the efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results not just for the efficient
+portfolios here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolios here
+but for any portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for any portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for any portfolio
+and this is another innovation of Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another innovation of Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is another innovation of Bill
+Sharp this is actually why Bill Sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp this is actually why Bill Sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp this is actually why Bill Sharp
+won the Nobel Prize it was not for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel Prize it was not for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the Nobel Prize it was not for this
+little picture here but it was for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture here but it was for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little picture here but it was for this
+equation right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right here
+what Bill Sharp discovered is after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bill Sharp discovered is after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Bill Sharp discovered is after
+Computing the equilibrium relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the equilibrium relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing the equilibrium relationships
+among various different Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among various different Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among various different Securities
+he demonstrated that that there has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he demonstrated that that there has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he demonstrated that that there has to
+be a linear relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a linear relationship between
+any stocks expected return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stocks expected return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any stocks expected return
+and the market risk premium just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the market risk premium just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the market risk premium just like
+here where you've got the risk- free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you've got the risk- free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where you've got the risk- free
+rate plus some extra premium so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate plus some extra premium so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate plus some extra premium so this is
+the premium the second term but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premium the second term but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the premium the second term but what
+Bill Sharp showed that was that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Sharp showed that was that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bill Sharp showed that was that if this
+portfolio is not an efficient portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is not an efficient portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is not an efficient portfolio
+if it's not on that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not on that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not on that line
+the linear relationship still holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear relationship still holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear relationship still holds
+but it turns out that this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out that this particular
+multiplier is no longer the right one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is no longer the right one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier is no longer the right one to
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+it turns out that the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that the right
+parameter to plug in there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to plug in there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter to plug in there is something
+called beta and now you've heard all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beta and now you've heard all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called beta and now you've heard all
+about beta I'm sure but now I'm telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about beta I'm sure but now I'm telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about beta I'm sure but now I'm telling
+you exactly what beta is beta is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly what beta is beta is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exactly what beta is beta is the
+multiplier that is defined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier that is defined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier that is defined by the
+co-variance between the return on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance between the return on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variance between the return on the
+market and the return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and the return
+uh on the individual asset divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the individual asset divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the individual asset divided by
+the variance of that market return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of that market return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance of that market return
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+if the portfolio happens to be on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the portfolio happens to be on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the portfolio happens to be on that
+efficient Frontier then this beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient Frontier then this beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient Frontier then this beta
+reduces to this previous measure so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to this previous measure so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces to this previous measure so this
+is a special case of the more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special case of the more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a special case of the more general
+relationship where beta is used as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship where beta is used as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship where beta is used as the
+multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier
+so let me repeat what beta is beta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me repeat what beta is beta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me repeat what beta is beta is
+the ratio of the co-variance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the co-variance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of the co-variance between the
+return on the particular asset or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the particular asset or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on the particular asset or
+portfolio that may or may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that may or may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio that may or may not be
+efficient it's any asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient it's any asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient it's any asset
+with the return on the market portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the return on the market portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the return on the market portfolio
+so this numerator is a measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this numerator is a measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this numerator is a measure of the
+co-variability between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variability between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-variability between
+the particular asset that you're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular asset that you're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particular asset that you're trying
+to measure the expected return of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the expected return of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to measure the expected return of and
+that tangency portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tangency portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tangency portfolio
+divided by the variance of that tangency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the variance of that tangency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the variance of that tangency
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+beta it turns out is the right measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta it turns out is the right measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta it turns out is the right measure
+of risk in the sense that it is the beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk in the sense that it is the beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk in the sense that it is the beta
+that determines what the multiplier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines what the multiplier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines what the multiplier is
+going to be on the market risk premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the market risk premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be on the market risk premium
+which is to be added to your assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to be added to your assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to be added to your assets
+expected rate of return above and beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rate of return above and beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rate of return above and beyond
+the risk-free rate that's how the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk-free rate that's how the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk-free rate that's how the cost
+of capital is determined for your asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital is determined for your asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital is determined for your asset
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+so I think you all saw how I derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you all saw how I derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I think you all saw how I derived
+this but I didn't derive this I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I didn't derive this I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but I didn't derive this I'm just
+telling you this is really where Sharp's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this is really where Sharp's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you this is really where Sharp's
+uh ideas became extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ideas became extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ideas became extraordinarily
+compelling and in order to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling and in order to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling and in order to understand
+how to derive that I'm going to uh refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to derive that I'm going to uh refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to derive that I'm going to uh refer
+you to 433 because in that Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to 433 because in that Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to 433 because in that Investments
+course we really delve into the under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we really delve into the under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we really delve into the under
+underpinnings of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underpinnings of that kind of
+calculation it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation it's a little bit more
+involved it involves the Matrix algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved it involves the Matrix algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved it involves the Matrix algebra
+uh but it's not uh terribly difficult or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not uh terribly difficult or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's not uh terribly difficult or
+challenging and certainly be happy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and certainly be happy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging and certainly be happy to
+give you references if any of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you references if any of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you references if any of you are
+interested I I believe it's in Brey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I I believe it's in Brey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested I I believe it's in Brey
+Meers and Allen but the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meers and Allen but the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meers and Allen but the bottom line is
+that this gives you an extraordinarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this gives you an extraordinarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this gives you an extraordinarily
+important conclusion now to the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conclusion now to the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important conclusion now to the the the
+several weeks that we've been working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several weeks that we've been working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several weeks that we've been working
+towards this goal which is now finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this goal which is now finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this goal which is now finally
+after you know eight or nine weeks I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know eight or nine weeks I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know eight or nine weeks I can
+tell you how to come up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to come up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you how to come up with the
+appropriate discount rate for various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate discount rate for various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate discount rate for various
+npv calculations the answer is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv calculations the answer is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+npv calculations the answer is the
+expected rate of return the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rate of return the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected rate of return the appropriate
+Fair rate of return or the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair rate of return or the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fair rate of return or the market
+equilibrium rate of return is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium rate of return is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium rate of return is simply
+given by the beta of that security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the beta of that security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by the beta of that security
+multiplied by the expected excess return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the expected excess return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the expected excess return
+on the market portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the market portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the market portfolio
+so now we this has a lot of assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we this has a lot of assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we this has a lot of assumptions
+granted we're going to talk about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted we're going to talk about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted we're going to talk about those
+assumptions over the next couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions over the next couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions over the next couple of
+lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures
+but what we've done today is move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we've done today is move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we've done today is move the
+theory forward by quite a bit because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory forward by quite a bit because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory forward by quite a bit because
+we've identified a particular method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've identified a particular method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've identified a particular method for
+coming up with the appropriate cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the appropriate cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with the appropriate cost of
+capital as a function of the risk where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as a function of the risk where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital as a function of the risk where
+the risk is measured not by volatility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk is measured not by volatility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk is measured not by volatility
+anymore but by the covariance between an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but by the covariance between an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore but by the covariance between an
+asset and the market portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset and the market portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset and the market portfolio
+and next time I'm going to try to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next time I'm going to try to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next time I'm going to try to give
+you some intuition for why this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some intuition for why this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some intuition for why this should
+be why this makes sense and why in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why this makes sense and why in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be why this makes sense and why in a in
+a mean variance efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean variance efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mean variance efficient
+uh set of portfolios why it reduces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of portfolios why it reduces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh set of portfolios why it reduces to
+something that we know and love okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we know and love okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we know and love okay
+any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions
+okay I'll stop here and I'll see you on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll stop here and I'll see you on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll stop here and I'll see you on
+Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zqG5N0ixkak.txt b/zqG5N0ixkak.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28be36cd16187e729f9b75b465eb480e223e0ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zqG5N0ixkak.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2083 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regions in developing countries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in developing countries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions in developing countries are
+experiencing tremendous urbanization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing tremendous urbanization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiencing tremendous urbanization
+that contributes to sprawl development a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contributes to sprawl development a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that contributes to sprawl development a
+daunting challenge posing a threat to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting challenge posing a threat to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting challenge posing a threat to
+sustainable urban growth take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable urban growth take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainable urban growth take the
+example of Malaysia nearly 73 percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Malaysia nearly 73 percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of Malaysia nearly 73 percent of
+its total population lives in cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its total population lives in cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its total population lives in cities
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making
+it one of the most urbanized countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of the most urbanized countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it one of the most urbanized countries
+in Southeast Asia the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southeast Asia the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Southeast Asia the
+Kuala Lumpur metropolitan region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuala Lumpur metropolitan region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kuala Lumpur metropolitan region
+witnessed a higher rate of increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessed a higher rate of increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witnessed a higher rate of increase in
+his physical area than that of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his physical area than that of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his physical area than that of its
+population over a period of 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population over a period of 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population over a period of 20 years
+during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during
+that time the population approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time the population approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time the population approximately
+doubled but the area increased by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled but the area increased by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubled but the area increased by two
+and a half times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+urban sprawl is characterized by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban sprawl is characterized by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban sprawl is characterized by an
+inefficient use of land resources for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient use of land resources for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient use of land resources for
+example building low-density housing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example building low-density housing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example building low-density housing or
+commercial buildings will lead to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial buildings will lead to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial buildings will lead to the
+horizontal expansion or sprawl of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal expansion or sprawl of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal expansion or sprawl of the
+city look at the example of two cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city look at the example of two cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city look at the example of two cities
+Atlanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlanta
+the capital of US state of Georgia and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital of US state of Georgia and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capital of US state of Georgia and
+Barcelona the capital of Catalan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona the capital of Catalan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barcelona the capital of Catalan in
+Spain the same number of people resides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain the same number of people resides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spain the same number of people resides
+in each of these cities but the built-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these cities but the built-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in each of these cities but the built-up
+area of Atlanta is about 26 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Atlanta is about 26 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Atlanta is about 26 times
+greater than that of Barcelona this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than that of Barcelona this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than that of Barcelona this is a
+typical illustration of sprawled versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical illustration of sprawled versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical illustration of sprawled versus
+compact development urban sprawl leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact development urban sprawl leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact development urban sprawl leads
+to the depletion of green area on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the depletion of green area on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the depletion of green area on the
+urban periphery it also contributes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban periphery it also contributes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban periphery it also contributes to
+length here commutes and higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here commutes and higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length here commutes and higher energy
+consumption for commuting it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption for commuting it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption for commuting it makes
+public transport financially unfeasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transport financially unfeasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public transport financially unfeasible
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+leads to an enormous increase in private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to an enormous increase in private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to an enormous increase in private
+car ownership this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car ownership this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car ownership this
+trend results in traffic congestion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend results in traffic congestion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trend results in traffic congestion and
+increased pollution due to hick Euler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased pollution due to hick Euler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased pollution due to hick Euler
+emissions limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emissions limiting
+urban sprawl is therefore key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban sprawl is therefore key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban sprawl is therefore key to
+reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
+increasing the overall environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the overall environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the overall environmental
+sustainability of a city compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability of a city compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustainability of a city compact
+development is a helpful response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is a helpful response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is a helpful response to
+urban sprawl let's discuss the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban sprawl let's discuss the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urban sprawl let's discuss the concept
+of compact development the prominent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compact development the prominent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of compact development the prominent
+features of compact development include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of compact development include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of compact development include
+mixed land-use well-developed public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed land-use well-developed public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed land-use well-developed public
+transportation infrastructure efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation infrastructure efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation infrastructure efficient
+use of land and strict controls on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of land and strict controls on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of land and strict controls on
+development outside city boundaries now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development outside city boundaries now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development outside city boundaries now
+I'll explain these three features of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain these three features of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain these three features of a
+compact development mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact development mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact development mixed
+land use mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use mixed
+land-use development means placing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-use development means placing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land-use development means placing
+residential commercial and recreational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential commercial and recreational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential commercial and recreational
+uses in close proximity to one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in close proximity to one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses in close proximity to one another
+this promotes walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promotes walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this promotes walking
+I think and helps reduce commuting for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and helps reduce commuting for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think and helps reduce commuting for a
+number of people who find their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who find their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who find their
+workplace nearby in the neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace nearby in the neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workplace nearby in the neighborhood
+emphasis and public transportation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis and public transportation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis and public transportation the
+most important features of compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important features of compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important features of compact
+development is having efficient rail and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is having efficient rail and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development is having efficient rail and
+bus based public transportation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus based public transportation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus based public transportation this
+helps reduce private car ownership the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps reduce private car ownership the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps reduce private car ownership the
+concept of transit oriented development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of transit oriented development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of transit oriented development
+promotes having reasonably dense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes having reasonably dense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotes having reasonably dense
+development surrounding mass transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development surrounding mass transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development surrounding mass transit
+station as a desirable feature of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station as a desirable feature of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station as a desirable feature of a
+compact city this kind of development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact city this kind of development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact city this kind of development
+provides easy and efficient access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides easy and efficient access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides easy and efficient access to
+transport facilities for residents and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport facilities for residents and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport facilities for residents and
+workers which can also increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers which can also increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers which can also increase
+ridership and help make public transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership and help make public transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ridership and help make public transport
+financially viable it ultimately leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially viable it ultimately leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financially viable it ultimately leads
+to less energy consumption and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to less energy consumption and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to less energy consumption and less
+pollution efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution efficient
+use of land resources and control on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of land resources and control on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of land resources and control on
+development outside the city boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development outside the city boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development outside the city boundary
+single story buildings interspersed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single story buildings interspersed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single story buildings interspersed
+with patches of undeveloped land wastes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with patches of undeveloped land wastes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with patches of undeveloped land wastes
+precious land resources such development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious land resources such development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious land resources such development
+patterns also contribute to urban sprawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns also contribute to urban sprawl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns also contribute to urban sprawl
+by creating more demand for development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating more demand for development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by creating more demand for development
+on green fields on the outskirts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on green fields on the outskirts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on green fields on the outskirts of
+cities compact development in contrast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities compact development in contrast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities compact development in contrast
+uses land more efficiently by having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses land more efficiently by having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses land more efficiently by having
+high-rise buildings that can accommodate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-rise buildings that can accommodate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-rise buildings that can accommodate
+more people and by developing vacant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people and by developing vacant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more people and by developing vacant
+land demarcation of city growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land demarcation of city growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land demarcation of city growth
+boundaries also helps promote compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries also helps promote compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries also helps promote compact
+development they are by optimizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they are by optimizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development they are by optimizing the
+utilization of available land within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of available land within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilization of available land within the
+boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+departments in KL metropolitan are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments in KL metropolitan are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departments in KL metropolitan are
+committed to achieving compact urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to achieving compact urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to achieving compact urban
+development provision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development provision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development provision
+of efficient public transport therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficient public transport therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efficient public transport therefore
+is a top priority heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a top priority heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a top priority heavy
+investments in mass transit system have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in mass transit system have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investments in mass transit system have
+already been made to increase public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been made to increase public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been made to increase public
+transport ridership rate from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport ridership rate from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport ridership rate from the
+current 20 percent to 50 percent by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current 20 percent to 50 percent by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current 20 percent to 50 percent by the
+year 2030 the rail base public transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2030 the rail base public transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 2030 the rail base public transport
+system in KL metropolitan came into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in KL metropolitan came into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in KL metropolitan came into
+operation about 20 years ago in 1996
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation about 20 years ago in 1996
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation about 20 years ago in 1996
+and has expanded incrementally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has expanded incrementally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and has expanded incrementally the
+central area of the city is served by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central area of the city is served by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central area of the city is served by a
+light rail transit system and KL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail transit system and KL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light rail transit system and KL
+monorail together they provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monorail together they provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monorail together they provide
+approximately 60 kilometres of rail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 60 kilometres of rail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 60 kilometres of rail
+network a commuter train namely KTM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network a commuter train namely KTM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network a commuter train namely KTM
+commuter on the other hand makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter on the other hand makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commuter on the other hand makes the
+city core accessible for suburban areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city core accessible for suburban areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city core accessible for suburban areas
+of the KL metropolitan area similarly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the KL metropolitan area similarly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the KL metropolitan area similarly a
+dedicated Express train connects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Express train connects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dedicated Express train connects the
+city center to the KL International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city center to the KL International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city center to the KL International
+Airport the mass rapid transit system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport the mass rapid transit system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airport the mass rapid transit system
+started in 2011 once completed it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2011 once completed it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started in 2011 once completed it will
+comprise of three rail lines connecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise of three rail lines connecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprise of three rail lines connecting
+suburban areas in the Greater KL to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban areas in the Greater KL to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suburban areas in the Greater KL to the
+Federal Territory the first line to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Territory the first line to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Territory the first line to be
+completed in two years will serve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed in two years will serve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed in two years will serve a
+population of about one and a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about one and a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of about one and a half
+million people a single train on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people a single train on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people a single train on the
+line with a maximum capacity of 1200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with a maximum capacity of 1200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line with a maximum capacity of 1200
+passengers can replace travel buses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers can replace travel buses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passengers can replace travel buses are
+approximately 700 cars in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 700 cars in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately 700 cars in addition to
+improving its rail based public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving its rail based public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving its rail based public
+transport KL is also increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport KL is also increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport KL is also increasing the
+share of public buses five bus express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of public buses five bus express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share of public buses five bus express
+transit routes are currently in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit routes are currently in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transit routes are currently in
+operation to reduce travel time from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to reduce travel time from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation to reduce travel time from
+outer areas to city centre moreover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer areas to city centre moreover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer areas to city centre moreover a
+comprehensive bus rapid transit plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive bus rapid transit plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive bus rapid transit plan
+with dedicated bus lanes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dedicated bus lanes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dedicated bus lanes
+has also been proposed to make buses a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has also been proposed to make buses a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has also been proposed to make buses a
+fast and efficient mode of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and efficient mode of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and efficient mode of public
+transportation Kuala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation Kuala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation Kuala
+Lumpur city government has also started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumpur city government has also started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lumpur city government has also started
+to pay more attention to transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay more attention to transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay more attention to transit
+oriented development and as a first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented development and as a first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented development and as a first step
+has identified nearly 70 transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has identified nearly 70 transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has identified nearly 70 transit
+planning zones what is a transit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning zones what is a transit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning zones what is a transit
+planning zone it is an area of 250 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning zone it is an area of 250 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning zone it is an area of 250 meter
+radius around a mass transit station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius around a mass transit station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius around a mass transit station
+this development is characterized by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development is characterized by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this development is characterized by
+high building density along with mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high building density along with mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high building density along with mixed
+land uses the work on intensification of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uses the work on intensification of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uses the work on intensification of
+land use by replacing the single-story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use by replacing the single-story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land use by replacing the single-story
+buildings with high-rise ones and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings with high-rise ones and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings with high-rise ones and having
+mixed land use is in progress in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed land use is in progress in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed land use is in progress in the
+identified transit planning zones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified transit planning zones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified transit planning zones
+usually the city centre is the focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the city centre is the focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually the city centre is the focal
+point of most economic activities the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of most economic activities the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of most economic activities the
+use of precious land in this area needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of precious land in this area needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of precious land in this area needs
+to be intensified in order to make room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be intensified in order to make room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be intensified in order to make room
+for increased demand for new residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for increased demand for new residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for increased demand for new residential
+and commercial development therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commercial development therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and commercial development therefore
+weekends and other inefficiently used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends and other inefficiently used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weekends and other inefficiently used
+land parcels needs to be identified in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land parcels needs to be identified in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land parcels needs to be identified in
+order to convert them to productive uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to convert them to productive uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to convert them to productive uses
+the KL city government for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KL city government for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KL city government for example
+created an inventory that identified 821
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an inventory that identified 821
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created an inventory that identified 821
+hectares of vacant and abandoned land in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hectares of vacant and abandoned land in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hectares of vacant and abandoned land in
+the city core and surrounding area that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city core and surrounding area that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city core and surrounding area that
+can now be used efficiently in addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now be used efficiently in addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now be used efficiently in addition
+it is also replacing single-story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also replacing single-story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is also replacing single-story
+buildings with multi-story ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings with multi-story ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings with multi-story ones
+similarly new attention is being paid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly new attention is being paid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly new attention is being paid to
+rehabilitation of historical buildings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitation of historical buildings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rehabilitation of historical buildings
+and public open spaces Central Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public open spaces Central Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and public open spaces Central Market
+petaling street and Masjid chammak are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petaling street and Masjid chammak are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+petaling street and Masjid chammak are
+some of the examples of rehabilitated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples of rehabilitated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the examples of rehabilitated
+areas this effort promotes walking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas this effort promotes walking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas this effort promotes walking and
+makes the city centre a more attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the city centre a more attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the city centre a more attractive
+and livable place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can city governments in developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can city governments in developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can city governments in developing
+countries such as Malaysia encourage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries such as Malaysia encourage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries such as Malaysia encourage
+compact development and tackle the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact development and tackle the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact development and tackle the issue
+of urban sprawl here are some of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urban sprawl here are some of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of urban sprawl here are some of the key
+strategies to be adopted strategy number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to be adopted strategy number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies to be adopted strategy number
+one urban planning authorities in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one urban planning authorities in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one urban planning authorities in the
+metropolitan region should establish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan region should establish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metropolitan region should establish
+growth boundaries for their cities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth boundaries for their cities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth boundaries for their cities and
+development should be allowed only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development should be allowed only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development should be allowed only
+within the city boundary to intensify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the city boundary to intensify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the city boundary to intensify
+development and use land more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and use land more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development and use land more
+efficiently strategy number two the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently strategy number two the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently strategy number two the
+proposed policies of one agency need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed policies of one agency need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposed policies of one agency need to
+be planned and implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be planned and implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be planned and implemented in
+coordination with the relevant federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination with the relevant federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordination with the relevant federal
+state and local government departments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and local government departments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and local government departments
+the 2006 national urban policy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2006 national urban policy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2006 national urban policy of
+Malaysia emphasized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia emphasized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malaysia emphasized
+the need for setting urban growth limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need for setting urban growth limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the need for setting urban growth limits
+for each of its cities and towns however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of its cities and towns however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of its cities and towns however
+this has yet to be translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has yet to be translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has yet to be translated into
+practice because of lack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice because of lack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice because of lack of
+implementation of policies by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of policies by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of policies by the
+concerned state and local level planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned state and local level planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned state and local level planning
+agencies strategy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies strategy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies strategy
+number three the practice of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three the practice of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three the practice of building
+new expressways should be discouraged as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new expressways should be discouraged as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new expressways should be discouraged as
+it promotes sprawl along the highways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it promotes sprawl along the highways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it promotes sprawl along the highways
+instead heavy investments should be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead heavy investments should be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead heavy investments should be made
+in intra-city and intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in intra-city and intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in intra-city and intelligent
+rail services that help control sprawl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail services that help control sprawl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rail services that help control sprawl
+and make compact development sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make compact development sustainable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make compact development sustainable
+similarly increased taxes on new cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly increased taxes on new cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly increased taxes on new cars
+parking fees and a road user tax for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking fees and a road user tax for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking fees and a road user tax for
+cars entering the city centre could help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars entering the city centre could help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars entering the city centre could help
+reduce the increase in private vehicle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the increase in private vehicle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the increase in private vehicle
+ownership regulatory mayor's such as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership regulatory mayor's such as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership regulatory mayor's such as a
+ban on single occupancy cars in the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban on single occupancy cars in the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ban on single occupancy cars in the city
+centre could be used to avoid traffic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centre could be used to avoid traffic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centre could be used to avoid traffic
+congestion and discourage car ownership
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion and discourage car ownership
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+congestion and discourage car ownership
+strategy number four special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy number four special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy number four special
+mayor's discussed earlier also need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor's discussed earlier also need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor's discussed earlier also need to
+be complemented by incentives feeds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complemented by incentives feeds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be complemented by incentives feeds and
+regulatory policies incentives could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory policies incentives could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulatory policies incentives could be
+provided for mixed-use development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided for mixed-use development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided for mixed-use development
+multi-story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-story
+buildings and for the preservation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and for the preservation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings and for the preservation of
+historic buildings however along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic buildings however along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historic buildings however along with
+increasing building density at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing building density at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing building density at most
+attention needs to be paid to provision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention needs to be paid to provision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention needs to be paid to provision
+of sufficient public open spaces and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sufficient public open spaces and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sufficient public open spaces and
+parks with equal distribution within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks with equal distribution within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parks with equal distribution within the
+city it also needs to be ensured that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city it also needs to be ensured that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city it also needs to be ensured that
+open space and public park facilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open space and public park facilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open space and public park facilities
+should be accessible to all residents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accessible to all residents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be accessible to all residents of
+the city within walking distance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city within walking distance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city within walking distance in
+order to make cities attractive and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make cities attractive and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to make cities attractive and
+livable places in conclusion urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livable places in conclusion urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+livable places in conclusion urban
+sprawl is an undesirable phenomena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprawl is an undesirable phenomena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprawl is an undesirable phenomena
+taking place in most of the cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place in most of the cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking place in most of the cities
+especially in developing countries it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in developing countries it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in developing countries it is
+a threat to sustainable development as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threat to sustainable development as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threat to sustainable development as
+it causes a number of problems in cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes a number of problems in cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it causes a number of problems in cities
+the blight of urban sprawl can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blight of urban sprawl can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blight of urban sprawl can be
+controlled by pursuing a compact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by pursuing a compact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by pursuing a compact
+development approach that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development approach that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development approach that leads to
+making cities sustainable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zzePDMT2-oc.txt b/zzePDMT2-oc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2646d8fc68e0ec95e870a9f37fee0e07e8a1b355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zzePDMT2-oc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So today we're going to talk about
+cooking and stoves and charcoal and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking and stoves and charcoal and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking and stoves and charcoal and then
+there will be plenty of time afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be plenty of time afterwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be plenty of time afterwards
+to work on your project stuff. Um Ken is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on your project stuff. Um Ken is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on your project stuff. Um Ken is
+here already. Amit is around here. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here already. Amit is around here. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here already. Amit is around here. Uh
+and Amelia will be coming at too so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Amelia will be coming at too so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Amelia will be coming at too so
+everyone has a mentor to work with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has a mentor to work with.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone has a mentor to work with.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+yeah, so we did the labs in reverse. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so we did the labs in reverse. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, so we did the labs in reverse. So
+charcoal, we did the lab on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal, we did the lab on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal, we did the lab on Wednesday
+and even though it's warmer today, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though it's warmer today, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even though it's warmer today, I
+think the rain would have made it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the rain would have made it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the rain would have made it even
+less pleasant. So I think that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less pleasant. So I think that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less pleasant. So I think that was the
+right call. So we'll go through that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right call. So we'll go through that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right call. So we'll go through that a
+little bit more. Uh yeah, and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more. Uh yeah, and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more. Uh yeah, and I just
+explained everything else. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained everything else. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explained everything else. So let's
+start just by talking about cooking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start just by talking about cooking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start just by talking about cooking in
+developing countries. So what do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries. So what do people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries. So what do people
+cook and what are their needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook and what are their needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook and what are their needs
+for cooking?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cooking?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cooking?
+Soup.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soup.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soup.
+Soups.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soups.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Soups.
+Sweet potato.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweet potato.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sweet potato.
+Sweet potato.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do they typically prepare that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, there's a a wide variety, but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, there's a a wide variety, but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, there's a a wide variety, but so
+what are sort of the cooking things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are sort of the cooking things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are sort of the cooking things that
+you need to be able to do from a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to do from a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to be able to do from a an
+energy perspective? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy perspective? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy perspective? So,
+yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anything else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep. So that would be um oven.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, cool. What else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. What else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, cool. What else?
+Meat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meat.
+And what do you do with meat energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what do you do with meat energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what do you do with meat energy
+wise? I'm sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise? I'm sorry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise? I'm sorry.
+Open fire.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open fire.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open fire.
+Open fire. Anything else? Stew.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open fire. Anything else? Stew.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open fire. Anything else? Stew.
+So, stew. Anything else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. What else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What else?
+Rice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rice.
+Rice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that would be
+Is that captured here? Yeah. Anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that captured here? Yeah. Anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that captured here? Yeah. Anything
+else? Beans.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, pressure cookers exist. You don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, pressure cookers exist. You don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, pressure cookers exist. You don't
+see them a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them a lot in
+you don't need pressure for anything.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need pressure for anything.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need pressure for anything.
+No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So,
+this is uh a modest list, but um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh a modest list, but um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh a modest list, but um some
+things that are missing are are bread is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are missing are are bread is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are missing are are bread is
+a staple in a lot of places, whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staple in a lot of places, whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staple in a lot of places, whether
+it's a tortilla or uh Indian flatbread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tortilla or uh Indian flatbread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a tortilla or uh Indian flatbread
+or Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Yep.
+No, I mean I just want like getting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I mean I just want like getting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I mean I just want like getting back
+to the pressure cooker.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pressure cooker.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the pressure cooker.
+Um like how would you cook meat without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like how would you cook meat without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um like how would you cook meat without
+a pressure cooker? Like how would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pressure cooker? Like how would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pressure cooker? Like how would you
+reach that temperature? Like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach that temperature? Like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach that temperature? Like if you
+wanted to cook it in water, wouldn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to cook it in water, wouldn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to cook it in water, wouldn't the
+water just boil if you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water just boil if you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water just boil if you don't like
+pressurize it? Like it'll just evaporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurize it? Like it'll just evaporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressurize it? Like it'll just evaporate
+if you don't like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't like um
+Yeah. So most people don't boil meat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So most people don't boil meat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So most people don't boil meat.
+Oh, so they they don't use water when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, so they they don't use water when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, so they they don't use water when
+they're preparing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're preparing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're preparing.
+So So do it, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So do it, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So So do it, right?
+So yeah. So like so I'm not saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah. So like so I'm not saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So yeah. So like so I'm not saying that
+this might be a confusing way to present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be a confusing way to present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this might be a confusing way to present
+this. I'm not saying that every one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I'm not saying that every one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I'm not saying that every one of
+these requires every one of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these requires every one of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these requires every one of these.
+um just that these are some of the foods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just that these are some of the foods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just that these are some of the foods
+that you're cooking and these are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're cooking and these are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're cooking and these are some
+of the ways that you're preparing them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways that you're preparing them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ways that you're preparing them.
+Um so I'm just trying to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I'm just trying to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I'm just trying to make sure that
+all of these are captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these are captured
+or or that all the methods are captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or that all the methods are captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or that all the methods are captured
+but not linking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not linking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not linking.
+Yeah, because I I would be reluctant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because I I would be reluctant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, because I I would be reluctant to
+eat boiled meat straight without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat boiled meat straight without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat boiled meat straight without any
+other preparing though I think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other preparing though I think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other preparing though I think like
+cabbage and corn beef and cabbage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabbage and corn beef and cabbage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabbage and corn beef and cabbage is
+boiled so I think you can do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled so I think you can do it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiled so I think you can do it.
+Vegetables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegetables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vegetables
+vegetables. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, yep. So, meat is kind of uncommon on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, yep. So, meat is kind of uncommon on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, yep. So, meat is kind of uncommon on
+most people's staples, so you get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people's staples, so you get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most people's staples, so you get it
+infrequently. Uh, rice and beans or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequently. Uh, rice and beans or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrequently. Uh, rice and beans or
+other combos that make whole proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other combos that make whole proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other combos that make whole proteins
+are pretty common. Um, and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty common. Um, and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty common. Um, and a lot of
+people live on rice and beans pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live on rice and beans pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people live on rice and beans pretty
+much every day of their lives. Um, with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every day of their lives. Um, with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much every day of their lives. Um, with
+some tortillas sometimes, um, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tortillas sometimes, um, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some tortillas sometimes, um, in
+Nicaragua certainly. uh vegetables.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua certainly. uh vegetables.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua certainly. uh vegetables.
+Often times you grow some vegetables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often times you grow some vegetables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Often times you grow some vegetables and
+they they supplement, but you'll live on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they supplement, but you'll live on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they supplement, but you'll live on
+a staple of um rice and beans. A lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staple of um rice and beans. A lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a staple of um rice and beans. A lot of
+where we're working. And in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're working. And in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're working. And in terms of the
+cooking, so for all of these, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking, so for all of these, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking, so for all of these, there's
+sort of the range of you need low heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the range of you need low heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the range of you need low heat
+or you could need high heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh you can need um an oven. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can need um an oven. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh you can need um an oven. So the
+talking about sort of like direct fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of like direct fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about sort of like direct fire
+hitting the pan, hitting the food versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the pan, hitting the food versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hitting the pan, hitting the food versus
+an oven is going to be uh more uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oven is going to be uh more uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oven is going to be uh more uh
+convective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convective.
+And then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah, and people are pretty picky about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, and people are pretty picky about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, and people are pretty picky about
+the control of their fire for most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control of their fire for most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control of their fire for most of
+the or the the heating source for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or the the heating source for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the or the the heating source for most
+of these options. And so you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these options. And so you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these options. And so you'll see the
+people who go to Group of Phoenix will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who go to Group of Phoenix will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who go to Group of Phoenix will
+definitely see this. I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see this. I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely see this. I don't know about
+Oso Phoenix and ASOP Prostar, but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oso Phoenix and ASOP Prostar, but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oso Phoenix and ASOP Prostar, but at
+Group of Phoenix, a lot of women or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group of Phoenix, a lot of women or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Group of Phoenix, a lot of women or a
+few women have gas stoves, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few women have gas stoves, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few women have gas stoves, but they
+still still maintain their old style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still maintain their old style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still maintain their old style
+adobe wood because they will only cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adobe wood because they will only cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adobe wood because they will only cook
+their tortillas on wood. Um they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tortillas on wood. Um they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their tortillas on wood. Um they they
+just can't they can't cook on gas in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't they can't cook on gas in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't they can't cook on gas in a
+way that they believe makes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they believe makes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that they believe makes an
+acceptable tortilla. So that is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable tortilla. So that is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable tortilla. So that is one of
+the things that I want to emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I want to emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things that I want to emphasize
+today. I'm going to keep coming back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. I'm going to keep coming back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today. I'm going to keep coming back to
+it is that people understandably are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that people understandably are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that people understandably are
+very sensitive to how they cook and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to how they cook and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive to how they cook and have
+very long-standing traditions. They are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long-standing traditions. They are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long-standing traditions. They are
+cooking the same way their moms cooked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking the same way their moms cooked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking the same way their moms cooked
+and and their moms and their moms. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and their moms and their moms. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and their moms and their moms. And
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+proposing to someone to cook in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to someone to cook in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing to someone to cook in a
+radically different way is challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically different way is challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically different way is challenging
+and is something people are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is something people are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is something people are going to
+resist for really understandable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist for really understandable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist for really understandable
+reasons. Um, so we've got the low heat,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. Um, so we've got the low heat,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. Um, so we've got the low heat,
+the high heat, and the oven. That sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high heat, and the oven. That sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high heat, and the oven. That sort
+of captures it all. Um, with boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of captures it all. Um, with boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of captures it all. Um, with boiling
+water, you need high enough heat that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water, you need high enough heat that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water, you need high enough heat that
+you can actually boil water. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually boil water. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually boil water. Uh,
+and each of those is critical to most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those is critical to most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of those is critical to most
+people that you can't cook with zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you can't cook with zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that you can't cook with zero
+with with only one uh, ideally. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with only one uh, ideally. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with only one uh, ideally. And so
+people who even just cook on like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who even just cook on like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who even just cook on like three
+stone fires with wood just get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone fires with wood just get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stone fires with wood just get really
+good at regulating. The oven is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at regulating. The oven is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at regulating. The oven is sort of
+the optional one. That's the bonus. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optional one. That's the bonus. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optional one. That's the bonus. Um,
+but people who cook with uh wood get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people who cook with uh wood get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but people who cook with uh wood get
+really good at regulating their fire so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at regulating their fire so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good at regulating their fire so
+that they can get their low heat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can get their low heat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can get their low heat or
+their high heat depending on what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their high heat depending on what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their high heat depending on what they
+want because most people need to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because most people need to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want because most people need to be able
+to do both.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, what fuels are typically used?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wood. Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wood. Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wood. Yep.
+I'm not asking radically crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking radically crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not asking radically crazy
+questions. I think there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. I think there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. I think there's another one
+that might come out in your mind. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh some people also cook with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh some people also cook with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh some people also cook with just
+general biomass. So that might be corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general biomass. So that might be corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general biomass. So that might be corn
+stalks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stalks
+or hay or similar. It's not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hay or similar. It's not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or hay or similar. It's not a great
+fire, but if it's what you've got, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire, but if it's what you've got, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fire, but if it's what you've got, it's
+better than nothing because one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than nothing because one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than nothing because one thing to
+note on most of these is you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on most of these is you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note on most of these is you can get
+away with not cooking some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with not cooking some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with not cooking some of your
+vegetables depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vegetables depending on how you
+fertilize them um if you did. But you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilize them um if you did. But you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fertilize them um if you did. But you
+can't cook bread or you can't skip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't cook bread or you can't skip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't cook bread or you can't skip
+cooking all of these and expect to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking all of these and expect to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking all of these and expect to be
+able to digest them. And so cooking is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to digest them. And so cooking is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to digest them. And so cooking is a
+non-negotiable. uh it's you know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negotiable. uh it's you know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negotiable. uh it's you know their
+basic human need which is part of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic human need which is part of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic human need which is part of why
+there's such a high level of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such a high level of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's such a high level of risk
+aversion because you're asking people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion because you're asking people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aversion because you're asking people to
+change what they know is the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what they know is the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change what they know is the thing
+that's keeping them alive and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's keeping them alive and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's keeping them alive and their
+family alive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family alive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family alive.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+some things to just keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things to just keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things to just keep in mind
+generally about cooking is that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about cooking is that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally about cooking is that all
+modern fuel increase with income except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern fuel increase with income except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern fuel increase with income except
+kerosene. So people tend to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene. So people tend to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kerosene. So people tend to um
+go from wood, well from dung to wood to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from wood, well from dung to wood to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from wood, well from dung to wood to
+charcoal to propane and car kerosene. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal to propane and car kerosene. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal to propane and car kerosene. Um
+but then well to kerosene and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then well to kerosene and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then well to kerosene and then to
+propane, but people tend to stick to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane, but people tend to stick to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane, but people tend to stick to
+propane for a while because um it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane for a while because um it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propane for a while because um it's it's
+readily available and uh people get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily available and uh people get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readily available and uh people get used
+to it. Um, in urban areas,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. Um, in urban areas,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it. Um, in urban areas,
+unsurprisingly, biomass is less common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly, biomass is less common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurprisingly, biomass is less common
+than in rural areas. Uh, and in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in rural areas. Uh, and in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than in rural areas. Uh, and in those
+rural areas, people often stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas, people often stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas, people often stick with
+biomass forever because, you know, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass forever because, you know, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomass forever because, you know, so
+even if you can afford it, it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you can afford it, it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you can afford it, it's still
+easier to get wood that you can chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to get wood that you can chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to get wood that you can chop
+down basically in your backyard than to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down basically in your backyard than to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down basically in your backyard than to
+go get propane. So, you'll stick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go get propane. So, you'll stick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go get propane. So, you'll stick with
+it. Uh, and then another thing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh, and then another thing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh, and then another thing to think
+about is that even if people have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that even if people have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that even if people have enough
+income, if you can't get your LPG or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income, if you can't get your LPG or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income, if you can't get your LPG or
+electric stoves or whatever, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric stoves or whatever, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric stoves or whatever, if you
+don't have electricity, you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have electricity, you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have electricity, you don't have
+the infrastructure, you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure, you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infrastructure, you're not going to
+switch. Um, and then we often think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch. Um, and then we often think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch. Um, and then we often think
+about what I just said about going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I just said about going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what I just said about going into
+your quote backyard to gather wood, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quote backyard to gather wood, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your quote backyard to gather wood, but
+a lot of people in relatively rural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people in relatively rural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of people in relatively rural
+areas purchase their wood rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas purchase their wood rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas purchase their wood rather than
+collecting it either for time reasons or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it either for time reasons or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it either for time reasons or
+because it's actually there's so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's actually there's so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's actually there's so much
+deforestation that it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation that it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation that it's really hard to
+get the wood. uh both in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the wood. uh both in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the wood. uh both in terms of
+distance and in terms of legality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and in terms of legality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and in terms of legality
+because often it's cutting down wood on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often it's cutting down wood on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because often it's cutting down wood on
+other people's property and so you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's property and so you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people's property and so you are
+avoiding doing the directly illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding doing the directly illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoiding doing the directly illegal
+thing and just purchasing it. Uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and just purchasing it. Uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and just purchasing it. Uh it's
+less common in Central America where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common in Central America where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less common in Central America where
+we'll be going, but in a lot of regions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be going, but in a lot of regions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be going, but in a lot of regions,
+cutting down wood is for fuel is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting down wood is for fuel is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting down wood is for fuel is now a
+crime. And so, but there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime. And so, but there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crime. And so, but there is no
+alternative cooking method. And so, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative cooking method. And so, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative cooking method. And so, it
+still happens, but now it's illegal. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still happens, but now it's illegal. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still happens, but now it's illegal. And
+so, it's become um more challenging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, it's become um more challenging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, it's become um more challenging in
+that respect and more expensive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respect and more expensive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that respect and more expensive.
+In terms of how people cook, it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of how people cook, it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In terms of how people cook, it really
+ranges. um in places that have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges. um in places that have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranges. um in places that have you know
+similar levels of wealth you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar levels of wealth you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar levels of wealth you can see
+huge variations. So it there's LPG,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variations. So it there's LPG,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge variations. So it there's LPG,
+electricity, kerosene and wood in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity, kerosene and wood in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity, kerosene and wood in
+Guatemala whereas here in Ghana uh wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guatemala whereas here in Ghana uh wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guatemala whereas here in Ghana uh wood
+is really used very little and coal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really used very little and coal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really used very little and coal
+charcoal really is used quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal really is used quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal really is used quite a bit
+more. Um so it varies place to place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Um so it varies place to place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Um so it varies place to place
+what people use and a lot of that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people use and a lot of that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people use and a lot of that has to
+do with how far away the wood is. um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how far away the wood is. um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with how far away the wood is. um how
+and therefore how expensive it is and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore how expensive it is and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore how expensive it is and um
+a lot of other factors. But you just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other factors. But you just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of other factors. But you just you
+should not assume sort of this goes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not assume sort of this goes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not assume sort of this goes back
+to week one like everyone cooks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to week one like everyone cooks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to week one like everyone cooks with
+wood in a developing country. You it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood in a developing country. You it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood in a developing country. You it's
+very location specific and even um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very location specific and even um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very location specific and even um
+location within the country specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location within the country specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location within the country specific
+what people are doing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are doing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people are doing.
+Uh the challenges with fuel are that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the challenges with fuel are that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh the challenges with fuel are that it
+can be up to a third of people's income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be up to a third of people's income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be up to a third of people's income
+just to pay for fuel. And a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to pay for fuel. And a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to pay for fuel. And a third of
+your income is kind of insane if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income is kind of insane if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your income is kind of insane if you
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine
+spending a third of your income on fuel.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a third of your income on fuel.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending a third of your income on fuel.
+The pe poorest people in the US are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The pe poorest people in the US are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The pe poorest people in the US are the
+ones who are paying the most are paying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who are paying the most are paying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones who are paying the most are paying
+less than 1% of their income on cooking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of their income on cooking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1% of their income on cooking
+fuel. So if you manage, imagine going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. So if you manage, imagine going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuel. So if you manage, imagine going
+from something that cost you 1% of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that cost you 1% of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that cost you 1% of your
+income to 30 30%. That's getting really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to 30 30%. That's getting really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income to 30 30%. That's getting really
+substantial. Um, and people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial. Um, and people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial. Um, and people who are
+collecting it are sometimes in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it are sometimes in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting it are sometimes in some
+areas spending up to seven hours a day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas spending up to seven hours a day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas spending up to seven hours a day
+collecting firewood, which is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting firewood, which is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting firewood, which is basically
+the same impact in your family that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same impact in your family that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same impact in your family that if
+you're spending seven hours a day,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending seven hours a day,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're spending seven hours a day,
+you're not h having any time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not h having any time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not h having any time to do
+anything else but get enough food fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else but get enough food fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else but get enough food fuel
+for cooking your food.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cooking your food.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cooking your food.
+And then just looking at the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then just looking at the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then just looking at the energy
+densities of all of these. So wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities of all of these. So wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+densities of all of these. So wood
+charcoal and the um charcoal that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal and the um charcoal that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal and the um charcoal that we
+made on Wednesday uh are is very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on Wednesday uh are is very similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made on Wednesday uh are is very similar
+to wood charcoal. You can get really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wood charcoal. You can get really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wood charcoal. You can get really
+good wood charcoal that's better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good wood charcoal that's better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good wood charcoal that's better than
+our ours and you can get really junky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ours and you can get really junky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our ours and you can get really junky
+wood charcoal that's worse than ours. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood charcoal that's worse than ours. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wood charcoal that's worse than ours. So
+we're about in the middle there. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about in the middle there. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about in the middle there. Um
+everything else that's a biomass because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that's a biomass because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else that's a biomass because
+it's not um compressed and or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not um compressed and or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not um compressed and or uh
+processed is going to be worse. Dung is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed is going to be worse. Dung is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processed is going to be worse. Dung is
+quite poor both on energy density as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite poor both on energy density as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite poor both on energy density as
+well as health because you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as health because you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as health because you can imagine
+burning dung is worse than um burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning dung is worse than um burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning dung is worse than um burning
+anything else. And then heating oil, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else. And then heating oil, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else. And then heating oil, all
+the things uh that we're used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things uh that we're used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things uh that we're used to
+generally gas or electric um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally gas or electric um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally gas or electric um well
+electric doesn't really fit in here, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric doesn't really fit in here, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric doesn't really fit in here, but
+gas is certainly a whole lot better. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is certainly a whole lot better. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas is certainly a whole lot better. And
+so of course people are going to switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course people are going to switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course people are going to switch
+to here if they can, but it's expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here if they can, but it's expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here if they can, but it's expensive
+and challenging.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenging.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and challenging.
+And just from a visual standpoint, these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just from a visual standpoint, these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And just from a visual standpoint, these
+are all the cooking options to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the cooking options to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the cooking options to think
+about. So there's electricity, propane,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So there's electricity, propane,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. So there's electricity, propane,
+um wood, these are typically wood ovens,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wood, these are typically wood ovens,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um wood, these are typically wood ovens,
+dung, uh this is the GO stove that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dung, uh this is the GO stove that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dung, uh this is the GO stove that I'll
+show a little bit later, uh which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a little bit later, uh which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a little bit later, uh which can be
+used with charcoal. Um there's cooking,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used with charcoal. Um there's cooking,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used with charcoal. Um there's cooking,
+uh in and then there's a variety of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in and then there's a variety of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in and then there's a variety of
+different cooking stoves that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cooking stoves that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cooking stoves that you can
+cook with. And then this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook with. And then this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook with. And then this is just a
+three- stone fire. So you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three- stone fire. So you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three- stone fire. So you can see
+there's three stones here to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three stones here to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three stones here to support
+your pot and then you feed your logs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pot and then you feed your logs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your pot and then you feed your logs in
+this way to um cook your food.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way to um cook your food.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way to um cook your food.
+So that's just a quick overview on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's just a quick overview on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's just a quick overview on
+cooking. We're going to get into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking. We're going to get into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking. We're going to get into it
+more, but I wanted to switch gears and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, but I wanted to switch gears and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more, but I wanted to switch gears and
+do a quick estimation. Um and it says in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick estimation. Um and it says in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a quick estimation. Um and it says in
+teams of two. If you want to do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of two. If you want to do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams of two. If you want to do it in
+three or four, that's fine, too. But um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four, that's fine, too. But um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four, that's fine, too. But um
+what's the energy required to boil a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy required to boil a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the energy required to boil a
+liter of water and what's the efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter of water and what's the efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liter of water and what's the efficiency
+to do so?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Go.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So, I want to talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, I want to talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, I want to talk a little bit
+about design considerations for stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about design considerations for stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about design considerations for stoves
+cuz some of you may be working on those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz some of you may be working on those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz some of you may be working on those
+projects.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects.
+So, what do you think you have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what do you think you have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, what do you think you have to worry
+about when you design a stove?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Air flow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air flow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air flow.
+Air flow. Yes, definitely.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air flow. Yes, definitely.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Air flow. Yes, definitely.
+What else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What else?
+Insulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insulation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insulation.
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment.
+The environment you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The environment you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The environment you're in
+close proximity your environment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close proximity your environment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close proximity your environment like
+make sure there's nothing flammable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure there's nothing flammable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure there's nothing flammable
+nearby.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby.
+Okay. Yep. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yep. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Yep. So
+So um safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um safety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So um safety
+safety safety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yep.
+size Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size Yeah.
+heat source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat source.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat source.
+Heat source.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat source.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat source.
+Anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else?
+Usability.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So, if you're cooking outside,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, if you're cooking outside,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, if you're cooking outside,
+certainly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think I'm below the magic line, aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm below the magic line, aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I'm below the magic line, aren't
+I?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Anything else?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anything else?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anything else?
+Yep.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as how long it takes time to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usability, but whether or not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability, but whether or not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability, but whether or not it's
+intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+already.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already.
+So, it is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. All right. Well, this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. Well, this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. Well, this is a
+good start. Uh to just give you a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good start. Uh to just give you a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good start. Uh to just give you a sense
+of the list that I came up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list that I came up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the list that I came up with with
+another person. Uh there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person. Uh there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person. Uh there's the
+insulation and the thermal mass. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and the thermal mass. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation and the thermal mass. And
+this is actually a complicated issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a complicated issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a complicated issue
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+in some cases like in with an oven, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases like in with an oven, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases like in with an oven, you
+want really really good thermal mass. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want really really good thermal mass. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want really really good thermal mass. So
+you heat up your that thermal mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat up your that thermal mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you heat up your that thermal mass and
+then that thermal mass allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that thermal mass allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that thermal mass allows you to
+cook longer. Whereas for a charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook longer. Whereas for a charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook longer. Whereas for a charcoal
+stove, you don't want a big thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove, you don't want a big thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove, you don't want a big thermal
+mass. You don't want necessarily zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. You don't want necessarily zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass. You don't want necessarily zero
+thermal mass. But if you have too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal mass. But if you have too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal mass. But if you have too much
+thermal mass, the charcoal will use all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal mass, the charcoal will use all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal mass, the charcoal will use all
+its energy in transferring it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its energy in transferring it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its energy in transferring it to the
+stove and you won't be able to cook very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove and you won't be able to cook very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove and you won't be able to cook very
+much with it. Airflow is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with it. Airflow is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much with it. Airflow is another
+important consideration. The reason the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consideration. The reason the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important consideration. The reason the
+GCO works so poorly on Wednesday was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCO works so poorly on Wednesday was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCO works so poorly on Wednesday was
+actually because the door never got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because the door never got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually because the door never got
+open. That was my fault. I realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. That was my fault. I realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open. That was my fault. I realized that
+after when I was cleaning up that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after when I was cleaning up that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after when I was cleaning up that we
+never opened the door which meant there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never opened the door which meant there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never opened the door which meant there
+was no air flow which pretty much limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no air flow which pretty much limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no air flow which pretty much limits
+the ability of the fuel to get hot. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the fuel to get hot. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the fuel to get hot. Um
+the volume so yeah how which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume so yeah how which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the volume so yeah how which we
+mentioned how much you're going to cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned how much you're going to cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned how much you're going to cook
+is huge. People have really varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is huge. People have really varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is huge. People have really varying
+needs there. Robustness to water. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs there. Robustness to water. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs there. Robustness to water. So,
+I'm going to the GO. One of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to the GO. One of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to the GO. One of the
+challenges with it is it's made of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with it is it's made of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges with it is it's made of
+ceramic, which makes a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic, which makes a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic, which makes a really nice
+insulator. But, as we talked about, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator. But, as we talked about, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulator. But, as we talked about, if
+you pour water onto it to prevent uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pour water onto it to prevent uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pour water onto it to prevent uh the
+to to uh put out the charcoal, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh put out the charcoal, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to uh put out the charcoal, the
+charcoal the ceramic is going to crack.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal the ceramic is going to crack.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal the ceramic is going to crack.
+And also, if you drop it, the ster is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also, if you drop it, the ster is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also, if you drop it, the ster is
+going to crack. But boiling water, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crack. But boiling water, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to crack. But boiling water, it's
+pretty common for some water to run over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common for some water to run over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common for some water to run over
+the edge of the stove. And so, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the stove. And so, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of the stove. And so, that
+alone can cause cracking. Uh the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone can cause cracking. Uh the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone can cause cracking. Uh the cost of
+the device is really critical is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device is really critical is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the device is really critical is this is
+such a fundamental need. Uh everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a fundamental need. Uh everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a fundamental need. Uh everyone
+needs one and so if it's unaffordable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs one and so if it's unaffordable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs one and so if it's unaffordable
+that's pretty problematic. Longevity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty problematic. Longevity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty problematic. Longevity is
+another concern. A lot of these metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another concern. A lot of these metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another concern. A lot of these metal
+stoves that I'll be showing in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves that I'll be showing in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves that I'll be showing in a second
+are not don't have a lot of longevity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not don't have a lot of longevity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not don't have a lot of longevity
+but they do they are affordable and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do they are affordable and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they do they are affordable and so
+Paul Pak would be really happy with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Pak would be really happy with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paul Pak would be really happy with that
+balancing act. Um other people would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing act. Um other people would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing act. Um other people would be
+less happy but it there it is an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less happy but it there it is an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less happy but it there it is an issue
+uh the heating options. So, ideally, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the heating options. So, ideally, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the heating options. So, ideally, you
+could have some magic stove where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have some magic stove where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have some magic stove where you
+could use any sort of fuel, right? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use any sort of fuel, right? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use any sort of fuel, right? You
+could use charcoal or wood or biome,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use charcoal or wood or biome,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use charcoal or wood or biome,
+regular biomass or uh propane or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular biomass or uh propane or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular biomass or uh propane or
+electricity or whatever you could get.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity or whatever you could get.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity or whatever you could get.
+You'd have this magic stove, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd have this magic stove, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You'd have this magic stove, but that's
+not very realistic from the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very realistic from the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very realistic from the price
+standpoint. And but people do like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint. And but people do like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint. And but people do like to be
+able to cook with a range of fuels. Ease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to cook with a range of fuels. Ease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to cook with a range of fuels. Ease
+of use is definitely important. If it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of use is definitely important. If it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of use is definitely important. If it's
+hard to light or hard to keep the fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to light or hard to keep the fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to light or hard to keep the fire
+lit or hard to get your pot on, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit or hard to get your pot on, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit or hard to get your pot on, it's
+pretty unfortunate stove. Um, emissions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unfortunate stove. Um, emissions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty unfortunate stove. Um, emissions
+is another thing to think about in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another thing to think about in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another thing to think about in terms
+of where does the smoke go. Um, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where does the smoke go. Um, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where does the smoke go. Um, a lot of
+times it goes straight into the kitchen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it goes straight into the kitchen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times it goes straight into the kitchen.
+Um, you'll see in the homes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you'll see in the homes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you'll see in the homes in
+Nicaragua, the stoves look a lot like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua, the stoves look a lot like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua, the stoves look a lot like
+this. And even when they do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And even when they do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And even when they do have a
+chimney, it's rare that all three holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney, it's rare that all three holes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney, it's rare that all three holes
+for the pots are covered. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pots are covered. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pots are covered. And so the
+chimney um in that situation doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney um in that situation doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chimney um in that situation doesn't
+work very well. A lot of the smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well. A lot of the smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work very well. A lot of the smoke
+escapes. Uh efficiency, so how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes. Uh efficiency, so how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes. Uh efficiency, so how much of
+the heat actually gets to cook as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat actually gets to cook as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat actually gets to cook as
+opposed to doing something else. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to doing something else. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to doing something else. Um
+style, aesthetics are all pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style, aesthetics are all pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style, aesthetics are all pretty
+important. People do want their kitchens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. People do want their kitchens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. People do want their kitchens
+to be attractive. And so while it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be attractive. And so while it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be attractive. And so while it's
+we're not talking about a criteria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about a criteria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not talking about a criteria
+similar to does it look like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to does it look like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to does it look like the
+stainless steel kitchen in a high-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel kitchen in a high-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stainless steel kitchen in a high-end
+kitchen or you know a professional stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen or you know a professional stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kitchen or you know a professional stove
+in a high-end kitchen in the US. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a high-end kitchen in the US. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a high-end kitchen in the US. It's
+still a really critical thing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a really critical thing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a really critical thing to think
+about and a really junky looking stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and a really junky looking stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and a really junky looking stove
+will not do very well. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do very well. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not do very well. And then
+flexibility for uh cooking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for uh cooking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility for uh cooking with
+different fuels or different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fuels or different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different fuels or different types of
+foods etc etc. Uh, so I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods etc etc. Uh, so I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foods etc etc. Uh, so I'm just going to
+if everyone can turn around, go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone can turn around, go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone can turn around, go to the
+back corner and show you a wide variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back corner and show you a wide variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back corner and show you a wide variety
+of stoves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stoves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stoves.
+So this is one of the stoves we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is one of the stoves we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is one of the stoves we used
+yesterday and it's a pretty simple wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and it's a pretty simple wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday and it's a pretty simple wood
+stove that's a relatively common design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that's a relatively common design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stove that's a relatively common design.
+So you can see that it has the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can see that it has the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you can see that it has the upper
+surface for cooking with. I'm not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface for cooking with. I'm not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface for cooking with. I'm not really
+sure what these decorative if these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what these decorative if these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what these decorative if these are
+just decorative or if there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decorative or if there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just decorative or if there's some
+purpose to them. Um, but it did prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to them. Um, but it did prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose to them. Um, but it did prevent
+us from using a certain pot yesterday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from using a certain pot yesterday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us from using a certain pot yesterday.
+So it was a frustrating element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it was a frustrating element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it was a frustrating element
+to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold
+inside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside.
+Yeah. So it might be to hold a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might be to hold a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might be to hold a special
+type of pot. Absolutely. And then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of pot. Absolutely. And then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of pot. Absolutely. And then a
+place to catch the ash is pretty handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to catch the ash is pretty handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place to catch the ash is pretty handy
+as well. Um so that people so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Um so that people so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well. Um so that people so that the
+ash doesn't just fall on the ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ash doesn't just fall on the ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ash doesn't just fall on the ground and
+it has plenty of holes for air to allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has plenty of holes for air to allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has plenty of holes for air to allow
+for air flow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for air flow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for air flow.
+the GO.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GO.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GO.
+This is a these these two are called um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a these these two are called um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a these these two are called um
+Goss, which is a design of a stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goss, which is a design of a stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Goss, which is a design of a stove
+um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was developed in Africa in Kenya I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in Africa in Kenya I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed in Africa in Kenya I
+believe. And um the GCO has a ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe. And um the GCO has a ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe. And um the GCO has a ceramic
+part that holds your fuel and also acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that holds your fuel and also acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part that holds your fuel and also acts
+as an insulator and then metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an insulator and then metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an insulator and then metal
+everywhere else. Uh this one was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else. Uh this one was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else. Uh this one was not
+made as carefully and maybe a knockoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made as carefully and maybe a knockoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made as carefully and maybe a knockoff
+of this one, which uh you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one, which uh you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this one, which uh you can see the
+ceramic liner is actually thicker on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic liner is actually thicker on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramic liner is actually thicker on
+this one. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. So
+uh it works a little better. It has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it works a little better. It has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it works a little better. It has the
+door that allows you to control air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door that allows you to control air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door that allows you to control air
+flow. So that's a big improvement over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. So that's a big improvement over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow. So that's a big improvement over
+this one. And the insulation, it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. And the insulation, it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one. And the insulation, it has
+these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three
+pieces which allow you to hold a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which allow you to hold a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces which allow you to hold a smaller
+pot. Um, it has little handles that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot. Um, it has little handles that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pot. Um, it has little handles that may
+or may not work too well. Um, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not work too well. Um, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not work too well. Um, this is
+pretty heavy for such small handles, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy for such small handles, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty heavy for such small handles, so
+I don't like actually carrying it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like actually carrying it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't like actually carrying it like
+that, but it's a a quite improved stove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but it's a a quite improved stove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, but it's a a quite improved stove
+and in terms of efficiency. I believe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of efficiency. I believe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in terms of efficiency. I believe it
+cuts fuel use down by like 30%. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts fuel use down by like 30%. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuts fuel use down by like 30%. So, it's
+significant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant.
+Um, this is an interesting stove that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is an interesting stove that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, this is an interesting stove that I
+don't know. Can you can you see this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. Can you can you see this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. Can you can you see this at
+all, Eric?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, Eric?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all, Eric?
+I can.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can.
+Okay, great. Um, so this is a knockoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. Um, so this is a knockoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, great. Um, so this is a knockoff
+GCO. And so you can see that it kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCO. And so you can see that it kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GCO. And so you can see that it kind of
+looks like the GCO, but it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the GCO, but it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the GCO, but it's got a
+bigger door. It has some really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger door. It has some really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger door. It has some really
+monstrous handles that are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monstrous handles that are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monstrous handles that are actually
+easier to use than those. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to use than those. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to use than those. So that's a
+big improvement. But it actually has so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big improvement. But it actually has so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big improvement. But it actually has so
+much thermal mass in it that it gets to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thermal mass in it that it gets to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much thermal mass in it that it gets to
+that issue of there's so much thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue of there's so much thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue of there's so much thermal
+mass that you use all your uh fuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that you use all your uh fuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass that you use all your uh fuel
+heating the stove rather than cooking.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the stove rather than cooking.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating the stove rather than cooking.
+And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so
+it takes forever to cook with this, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes forever to cook with this, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes forever to cook with this, like
+a ridiculous amount of time. And so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ridiculous amount of time. And so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ridiculous amount of time. And so it's
+one of those like, well, if this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those like, well, if this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those like, well, if this much
+insulation is good, this must be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation is good, this must be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation is good, this must be better
+assumption that is really common. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that is really common. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that is really common. We
+actually with our charcoal, we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with our charcoal, we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually with our charcoal, we found
+that if we make a charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we make a charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we make a charcoal
+um that people like are I'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that people like are I'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that people like are I'll talk about
+it more, but a bigger char piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more, but a bigger char piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more, but a bigger char piece of
+charcoal that they can cut in half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal that they can cut in half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal that they can cut in half and
+make into the same pieces of charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make into the same pieces of charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make into the same pieces of charcoal
+that are identical in size, but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical in size, but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical in size, but they
+prefer the bigger size. And same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the bigger size. And same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the bigger size. And same with
+stoves. People tend to bigger is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves. People tend to bigger is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stoves. People tend to bigger is better
+is the assumption. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumption. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the assumption. Um
+these are these next four I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these next four I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these next four I'm going to
+show are all stoves I bought in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show are all stoves I bought in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show are all stoves I bought in
+Nicaragua.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua.
+So this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this one
+is cool because it was a tire hub. So um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cool because it was a tire hub. So um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cool because it was a tire hub. So um
+a nice use of recycling. These legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice use of recycling. These legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice use of recycling. These legs
+allowed it to actually be at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed it to actually be at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed it to actually be at this
+height. Um which was pretty great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. Um which was pretty great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height. Um which was pretty great.
+However, uh for bringing it back on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, uh for bringing it back on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, uh for bringing it back on the
+airplane, I cut off the legs. Um mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane, I cut off the legs. Um mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane, I cut off the legs. Um mostly
+charcoal in Nicaragua is used just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal in Nicaragua is used just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal in Nicaragua is used just for
+frying up food at places called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frying up food at places called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frying up food at places called
+forangas. And so they're just done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forangas. And so they're just done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forangas. And so they're just done on
+the street corners and it's a sales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street corners and it's a sales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street corners and it's a sales
+thing. It's rare to see these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's rare to see these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. It's rare to see these in
+people's homes. This is one. Can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's homes. This is one. Can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's homes. This is one. Can anyone
+tell what this is made out of?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's actually a gas cylinder. um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's actually a gas cylinder. um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's actually a gas cylinder. um that
+got cut up probably when it died. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cut up probably when it died. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got cut up probably when it died. And
+then rebar is the grading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This one is really really simple um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one is really really simple um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one is really really simple um and
+just used out of sheet metal. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used out of sheet metal. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just used out of sheet metal. It's
+galvanized, so if you use it inside,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanized, so if you use it inside,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galvanized, so if you use it inside,
+it's going to make people sick um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make people sick um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to make people sick um
+because the galvanized metal gives off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the galvanized metal gives off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the galvanized metal gives off
+fumes that are not so great. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fumes that are not so great. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fumes that are not so great. And then
+this one is an interesting design that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is an interesting design that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is an interesting design that's
+pretty common. Usually made out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common. Usually made out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty common. Usually made out of a
+It's usually bigger. It's like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's usually bigger. It's like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's usually bigger. It's like a
+55gallon drum, but I could bring that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55gallon drum, but I could bring that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+55gallon drum, but I could bring that
+home on the airplane. Um, and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home on the airplane. Um, and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home on the airplane. Um, and this one
+is interesting because it allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it allows you to
+use charcoal or wood because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use charcoal or wood because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use charcoal or wood because you can
+feed the wood in this way like you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the wood in this way like you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the wood in this way like you would
+in a traditional adobe stove. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a traditional adobe stove. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a traditional adobe stove. And so,
+um, it's nice that it does have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, it's nice that it does have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, it's nice that it does have that
+flexibility compared to all the others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, and all of them generally come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and all of them generally come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, and all of them generally come
+painted and then the paint all chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted and then the paint all chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted and then the paint all chips
+away as you cook with it. But that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away as you cook with it. But that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away as you cook with it. But that does
+sort of speak to the aesthetics interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of speak to the aesthetics interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of speak to the aesthetics interest
+that people want to buy a nicel looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people want to buy a nicel looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people want to buy a nicel looking
+painted stove. Even if the paint doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted stove. Even if the paint doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painted stove. Even if the paint doesn't
+last very long, it helps them sell.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last very long, it helps them sell.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last very long, it helps them sell.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+One of the ones that we have came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the ones that we have came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of the ones that we have came up
+with last year was like really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with last year was like really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with last year was like really easy to
+make with metal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make with metal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make with metal.
+Yeah. Is that really important in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Is that really important in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Is that really important in our
+design or community?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or community?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design or community?
+So what though that team identified was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what though that team identified was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what though that team identified was
+that it was important that this be made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was important that this be made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was important that this be made
+by the women locally. And so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the women locally. And so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the women locally. And so therefore
+they decided that a single piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided that a single piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided that a single piece of
+sheet metal was going to be easier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal was going to be easier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet metal was going to be easier for
+the women to make locally than making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women to make locally than making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women to make locally than making it
+out of many pieces. You as a team, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of many pieces. You as a team, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of many pieces. You as a team, if
+you end up working on that project, may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up working on that project, may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up working on that project, may
+come to a different conclusion. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a different conclusion. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to a different conclusion. That's
+the conclusion they came up with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Do they have like access to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they have like access to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do they have like access to like
+welding?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welding?
+So in Nicaragua there's plenty of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in Nicaragua there's plenty of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in Nicaragua there's plenty of people
+who weld mostly with oxy acetylene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who weld mostly with oxy acetylene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who weld mostly with oxy acetylene or
+stick welding. Um but in the rural v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick welding. Um but in the rural v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick welding. Um but in the rural v
+villages there aren't. And so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages there aren't. And so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villages there aren't. And so for
+example in where group of phoenix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in where group of phoenix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in where group of phoenix is
+there isn't a welder in the village in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a welder in the village in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there isn't a welder in the village in
+the community. But if you went up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community. But if you went up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community. But if you went up to
+Okatal you can find people who weld. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okatal you can find people who weld. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okatal you can find people who weld. So,
+uh, there's definitely welding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, there's definitely welding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, there's definitely welding
+capability. You should consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability. You should consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capability. You should consider that
+local, but it's not something that like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local, but it's not something that like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local, but it's not something that like
+the women in the village could do. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women in the village could do. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the women in the village could do. And
+so, that's why they didn't come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, that's why they didn't come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, that's why they didn't come up with
+a welded stove was because they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a welded stove was because they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a welded stove was because they wanted
+to be something that the women could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that the women could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something that the women could do
+themselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, some two really good resources are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some two really good resources are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some two really good resources are
+cookstove.net, net which goes more into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookstove.net, net which goes more into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookstove.net, net which goes more into
+the theory of cook stoves and Opericho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of cook stoves and Opericho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of cook stoves and Opericho
+which is a huge organization that does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a huge organization that does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a huge organization that does a
+lot of stove design and testing and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stove design and testing and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of stove design and testing and they
+have a lot of great resources about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of great resources about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of great resources about how
+to design stoves, how to test stoves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design stoves, how to test stoves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design stoves, how to test stoves
+etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc.
+Are there any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any other questions about
+stoves?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so I'm going to talk some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'm going to talk some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so I'm going to talk some more
+about charcoal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about charcoal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about charcoal.
+Uh so 2 and a half billion people cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so 2 and a half billion people cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so 2 and a half billion people cook
+with biomass. So that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with biomass. So that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with biomass. So that's sort of the
+market we're talking about as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market we're talking about as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market we're talking about as opposed to
+people cooking with gas or electricity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people cooking with gas or electricity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people cooking with gas or electricity.
+And um it's generally people living on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um it's generally people living on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And um it's generally people living on
+less than $2 or $3 a day though there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than $2 or $3 a day though there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than $2 or $3 a day though there is
+some wide range on that. Uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wide range on that. Uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wide range on that. Uh and
+there's really no viable alternative.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no viable alternative.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's really no viable alternative.
+I'll talk about solar cookers a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about solar cookers a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk about solar cookers a little
+later. propane fuel is just unavailable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. propane fuel is just unavailable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. propane fuel is just unavailable
+and same with the grid in these regions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same with the grid in these regions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same with the grid in these regions.
+And so cooking with biomass, which I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so cooking with biomass, which I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so cooking with biomass, which I got
+into a little, has some real problems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a little, has some real problems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a little, has some real problems.
+So there's a million and a half people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a million and a half people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's a million and a half people
+who die every year from indoor air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who die every year from indoor air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who die every year from indoor air
+pollution. And that's generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution. And that's generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pollution. And that's generally
+associated with cooking inside the home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with cooking inside the home.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with cooking inside the home.
+Um, smoking inside the home. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, smoking inside the home. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, smoking inside the home. There's
+other things that also contribute, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that also contribute, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that also contribute, but
+indoor air pollution from cooking is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor air pollution from cooking is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indoor air pollution from cooking is a
+huge one. And it's mostly women and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge one. And it's mostly women and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge one. And it's mostly women and
+children who are the ones tending the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who are the ones tending the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children who are the ones tending the
+fires and taking the biggest hit here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires and taking the biggest hit here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fires and taking the biggest hit here.
+So there was a study done that estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was a study done that estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there was a study done that estimated
+that if everyone who currently cooks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if everyone who currently cooks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if everyone who currently cooks
+with wood or dung and straw and biomass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wood or dung and straw and biomass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with wood or dung and straw and biomass
+that's raw switch to charcoal, half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's raw switch to charcoal, half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's raw switch to charcoal, half of
+those lives would be saved right off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lives would be saved right off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lives would be saved right off the
+bat with no added ventilation, no other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat with no added ventilation, no other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bat with no added ventilation, no other
+changes, just um switching from wood to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes, just um switching from wood to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes, just um switching from wood to
+charcoal because it's that much cleaner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal because it's that much cleaner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal because it's that much cleaner.
+But then you get into the environmental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then you get into the environmental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then you get into the environmental
+issue of we're talking about regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of we're talking about regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of we're talking about regions
+that can be facing 6 to 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be facing 6 to 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can be facing 6 to 10%
+deforestation rates in areas that are up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation rates in areas that are up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deforestation rates in areas that are up
+to 98% deforested. And so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 98% deforested. And so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 98% deforested. And so if you
+encourage everyone to switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage everyone to switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage everyone to switch to
+charcoal, you're going to be using up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal, you're going to be using up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal, you're going to be using up
+more wood and you're going to decimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wood and you're going to decimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more wood and you're going to decimate
+the environment even further. Um, and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment even further. Um, and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment even further. Um, and as
+I mentioned before, there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned before, there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned before, there's also a
+poverty aspect to cooking fuel in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty aspect to cooking fuel in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poverty aspect to cooking fuel in terms
+of how much money and or time it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much money and or time it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how much money and or time it takes
+to be able to cook.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to cook.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to cook.
+So, the charcoal that we talked about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the charcoal that we talked about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the charcoal that we talked about on
+Wednesday has some benefits in that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday has some benefits in that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday has some benefits in that it
+burns as cleanly as wood charcoal. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns as cleanly as wood charcoal. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burns as cleanly as wood charcoal. It's
+using a true waste. Um, the complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a true waste. Um, the complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a true waste. Um, the complicated
+part about using a true waste is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about using a true waste is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part about using a true waste is that in
+every region, some of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every region, some of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every region, some of the possible
+wastes are not true wastes. And so corn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastes are not true wastes. And so corn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wastes are not true wastes. And so corn
+cobs and stocks can be used in farms um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobs and stocks can be used in farms um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobs and stocks can be used in farms um
+to or any of these materials can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or any of these materials can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or any of these materials can be used
+in farms to replenish the soil basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in farms to replenish the soil basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in farms to replenish the soil basically
+except sugarcane which really has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except sugarcane which really has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except sugarcane which really has no
+nutritive value once you press the sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritive value once you press the sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutritive value once you press the sugar
+out of it. Um and so in places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it. Um and so in places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it. Um and so in places where
+people are using that to replenish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are using that to replenish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are using that to replenish the
+soil, it's a really bad idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil, it's a really bad idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soil, it's a really bad idea to
+encourage them to switch to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to switch to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage them to switch to making
+charcoal from it because they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal from it because they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charcoal from it because they're going
+to decimate their land and the land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decimate their land and the land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decimate their land and the land is
+so valuable. However, um in most farms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so valuable. However, um in most farms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so valuable. However, um in most farms
+that are the subsistence level, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the subsistence level, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are the subsistence level, you can
+find some biomass that's rotting. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some biomass that's rotting. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some biomass that's rotting. And so
+that's the biomass we target. So, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the biomass we target. So, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the biomass we target. So, um
+that's why we try to have a process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we try to have a process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we try to have a process that
+works with a huge variety of waste so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with a huge variety of waste so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works with a huge variety of waste so
+that you can use a wide variety of waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use a wide variety of waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can use a wide variety of waste
+and only use the stuff that's waste. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only use the stuff that's waste. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only use the stuff that's waste. The
+nice thing about using the true waste is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about using the true waste is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about using the true waste is
+that it tends to be rotting in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it tends to be rotting in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it tends to be rotting in such a
+way that it's producing a lot of methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it's producing a lot of methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that it's producing a lot of methane
+gas, which is a very the worst one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas, which is a very the worst one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas, which is a very the worst one of
+the worst greenhouse gases and worse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst greenhouse gases and worse for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the worst greenhouse gases and worse for
+the environment than burning the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment than burning the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment than burning the
+material. And so there are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And so there are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material. And so there are actually
+areas where you get carbon credits just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where you get carbon credits just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas where you get carbon credits just
+for burning sugarcane waste rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for burning sugarcane waste rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for burning sugarcane waste rather than
+letting it rot. And so here, rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting it rot. And so here, rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting it rot. And so here, rather than
+just helping the environment by burning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just helping the environment by burning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just helping the environment by burning
+it, we're using that fuel to um cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, we're using that fuel to um cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, we're using that fuel to um cook
+with as well as not getting the methane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as well as not getting the methane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with as well as not getting the methane
+in the environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the environment.
+So just to give you a sense of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to give you a sense of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just to give you a sense of where
+this project is. Um so a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project is. Um so a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project is. Um so a few years ago
+we got a $200,000 grant from the World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a $200,000 grant from the World
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got a $200,000 grant from the World
+Bank to make charcoal and so we trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank to make charcoal and so we trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank to make charcoal and so we trained
+more than a thousand people in Haiti in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand people in Haiti in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a thousand people in Haiti in
+the meth in the method and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meth in the method and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meth in the method and we have some
+workshops or italier in Haiti that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops or italier in Haiti that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workshops or italier in Haiti that are
+making the charcoal. Now typically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the charcoal. Now typically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the charcoal. Now typically the
+costs um associated with the charcoal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um associated with the charcoal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs um associated with the charcoal
+are just the drum and the press. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the drum and the press. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just the drum and the press. And so
+the drum is anywhere from $10 to $30 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drum is anywhere from $10 to $30 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drum is anywhere from $10 to $30 in
+a country and the press generally is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a country and the press generally is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a country and the press generally is two
+to about $2 to make. If someone's asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about $2 to make. If someone's asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to about $2 to make. If someone's asking
+telling you they're going to make it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you they're going to make it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you they're going to make it for
+10, they're ripping you off. So push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10, they're ripping you off. So push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10, they're ripping you off. So push
+back. Um because most people do um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Um because most people do um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back. Um because most people do um when
+you talk to welders, most people talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to welders, most people talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk to welders, most people talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um how expensive it is, but if you push,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how expensive it is, but if you push,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how expensive it is, but if you push,
+$2 is a pretty standard price we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2 is a pretty standard price we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$2 is a pretty standard price we found
+almost everywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost everywhere.
+Um, so the process that we went through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so the process that we went through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so the process that we went through
+yesterday was we took the raw waste,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday was we took the raw waste,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday was we took the raw waste,
+wrote it into a drum, lit it on fire,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it into a drum, lit it on fire,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote it into a drum, lit it on fire,
+covered it, then it uh you're in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it, then it uh you're in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered it, then it uh you're in an
+anorobic environment for about 2 hours,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anorobic environment for about 2 hours,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anorobic environment for about 2 hours,
+and then you have your charcoal fines,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have your charcoal fines,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have your charcoal fines,
+which you crush the bag in a bag method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you crush the bag in a bag method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you crush the bag in a bag method
+and the rice husks um mixed with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rice husks um mixed with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the rice husks um mixed with a
+binder made from yuka, briquette it, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder made from yuka, briquette it, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binder made from yuka, briquette it, and
+then you can put the briquettes back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can put the briquettes back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can put the briquettes back in
+the drum to harden them after they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drum to harden them after they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drum to harden them after they've
+dried and then you can cook with them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried and then you can cook with them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dried and then you can cook with them.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+I just want to make sure that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to make sure that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to make sure that you guys
+are all comfortable with this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all comfortable with this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all comfortable with this method
+because you'll be doing it um most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be doing it um most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you'll be doing it um most of
+you will be doing it um having only done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be doing it um having only done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be doing it um having only done
+it once and so I just want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once and so I just want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it once and so I just want to make sure
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh are feeling confident and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are feeling confident and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are feeling confident and so that's
+why I'm reviewing it in so much detail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm reviewing it in so much detail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I'm reviewing it in so much detail.
+So, when you load the drum you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when you load the drum you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, when you load the drum you need to
+remember to have the stick in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to have the stick in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to have the stick in the middle
+to make your chimney. You can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your chimney. You can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make your chimney. You can use the
+fuses at the bottom to help light the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses at the bottom to help light the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuses at the bottom to help light the
+drum. And it works really well to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum. And it works really well to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drum. And it works really well to light
+from the bottom rather than the top. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom rather than the top. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom rather than the top. If
+the top, if you just light from the top,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top, if you just light from the top,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top, if you just light from the top,
+you'll get much less effective burning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get much less effective burning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get much less effective burning.
+Um, when you're covering up the drum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, when you're covering up the drum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, when you're covering up the drum,
+again, you first you see this smoke. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you first you see this smoke. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, you first you see this smoke. And
+actually, we actually saw very little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, we actually saw very little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, we actually saw very little of
+the just white smoke. We saw mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just white smoke. We saw mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the just white smoke. We saw mostly
+yellow smoke. The just white smoke is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow smoke. The just white smoke is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow smoke. The just white smoke is
+water. And so, if you're getting a ton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. And so, if you're getting a ton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. And so, if you're getting a ton
+of just white smoke, that means your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just white smoke, that means your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just white smoke, that means your
+waist is too dry. You're almost never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist is too dry. You're almost never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waist is too dry. You're almost never
+going to see it as dry as we had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see it as dry as we had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see it as dry as we had on
+Wednesday because that too wet, excuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because that too wet, excuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because that too wet, excuse
+me. Yeah. Um, too dry. So, you almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Yeah. Um, too dry. So, you almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. Yeah. Um, too dry. So, you almost
+never see it as dry as we had on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see it as dry as we had on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never see it as dry as we had on
+Wednesday because that has been sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because that has been sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday because that has been sitting
+in a heated, incredibly dry environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a heated, incredibly dry environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a heated, incredibly dry environment
+at MIT for about a year. And so, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT for about a year. And so, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT for about a year. And so, that
+helps it dry out at a level that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps it dry out at a level that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps it dry out at a level that you're
+never going to see in the field, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to see in the field, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to see in the field, right?
+Um, and that's why it was infected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that's why it was infected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that's why it was infected with
+cockroaches because um of all those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockroaches because um of all those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cockroaches because um of all those uh
+because it was spending so long in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was spending so long in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was spending so long in the
+bowels of MIT. Um, so you will see some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowels of MIT. Um, so you will see some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowels of MIT. Um, so you will see some
+white smoke, but if that's all you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white smoke, but if that's all you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white smoke, but if that's all you're
+getting, that's an indicator that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting, that's an indicator that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting, that's an indicator that your
+stuff is too wet or if the drum just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is too wet or if the drum just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is too wet or if the drum just
+won't catch on fire at all. Um, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't catch on fire at all. Um, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't catch on fire at all. Um, and then
+you get the yellow smoke and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the yellow smoke and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the yellow smoke and then you
+get the flame and then you wait. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the flame and then you wait. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the flame and then you wait. Um,
+some period of time, and I'm sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of time, and I'm sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some period of time, and I'm sorry I
+can't give you a 7 minutes answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you a 7 minutes answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't give you a 7 minutes answer for
+how long you wait until uh you switch,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long you wait until uh you switch,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long you wait until uh you switch,
+but things to look for are remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things to look for are remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but things to look for are remember how
+it would look like this, but then you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like this, but then you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look like this, but then you'd
+get puffs of the yellow smoke. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get puffs of the yellow smoke. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get puffs of the yellow smoke. And so
+you want to wait until you're no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to wait until you're no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to wait until you're no longer
+getting those puffs of yellow smoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting those puffs of yellow smoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting those puffs of yellow smoke
+because those are areas that haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are areas that haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are areas that haven't
+gotten any heat yet that are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten any heat yet that are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten any heat yet that are now
+starting to catch on fire. Um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to catch on fire. Um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to catch on fire. Um and then
+later on what cued me to cover it up was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on what cued me to cover it up was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on what cued me to cover it up was
+we were starting to get black smoke and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were starting to get black smoke and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were starting to get black smoke and
+the black smoke tends to mean that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black smoke tends to mean that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the black smoke tends to mean that we're
+we're burning um everything really fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're burning um everything really fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're burning um everything really fast
+and so that's why we needed to cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why we needed to cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's why we needed to cover it
+up. But it is a judgment call and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. But it is a judgment call and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. But it is a judgment call and it is
+tricky and so there's no easy way. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and so there's no easy way. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky and so there's no easy way. um
+everything from the humidity to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the humidity to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything from the humidity to the
+temperature to the type of the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to the type of the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature to the type of the the way
+that what was in the drum before. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what was in the drum before. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what was in the drum before. That's
+another thing to think about is if when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to think about is if when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing to think about is if when
+you get an oil drum, you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an oil drum, you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an oil drum, you don't know
+where you're getting it from. And so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're getting it from. And so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're getting it from. And so it
+may have oil in it. And so you may need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have oil in it. And so you may need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have oil in it. And so you may need
+to do like a pre-burn with just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like a pre-burn with just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do like a pre-burn with just a little
+bit of material to burn out whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of material to burn out whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of material to burn out whatever
+junk is in the drum so that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk is in the drum so that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk is in the drum so that you have a
+clean drum, cleanish drum to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean drum, cleanish drum to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean drum, cleanish drum to use for
+carbonization because you didn't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization because you didn't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbonization because you didn't you
+wouldn't want like oil impregnated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want like oil impregnated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want like oil impregnated
+briquettes because that would burn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes because that would burn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes because that would burn
+pretty nastily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nastily.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nastily.
+Um, and you can do side by side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and you can do side by side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and you can do side by side
+uh carbonization if you have a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carbonization if you have a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh carbonization if you have a few
+drums, which is nice. Um, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drums, which is nice. Um, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drums, which is nice. Um, and then
+covering it up, just doing it relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering it up, just doing it relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering it up, just doing it relatively
+quickly, but also carefully so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly, but also carefully so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly, but also carefully so you don't
+get burned because the drum is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get burned because the drum is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get burned because the drum is really
+hot at that point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For making the binder, just remembering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For making the binder, just remembering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For making the binder, just remembering
+that you're going for this really snot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going for this really snot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going for this really snot
+like consistency. So checking to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like consistency. So checking to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like consistency. So checking to make
+sure you get it before you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you get it before you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you get it before you use it
+because if you don't the briquettes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't the briquettes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't the briquettes will
+completely fall apart and um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fall apart and um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely fall apart and um that's
+problematic. And then using the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic. And then using the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic. And then using the right
+amount so that you actually get a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so that you actually get a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount so that you actually get a um
+a good briquette uh is important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good briquette uh is important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good briquette uh is important
+and then briquetting. Uh so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then briquetting. Uh so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then briquetting. Uh so I just
+wanted to show you a couple of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you a couple of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to show you a couple of other
+briquette press examples. So, the press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquette press examples. So, the press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquette press examples. So, the press
+presses we used yesterday are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presses we used yesterday are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presses we used yesterday are really
+simple. And I'll talk about how we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. And I'll talk about how we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. And I'll talk about how we got
+there. But there's a cup, an ejector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But there's a cup, an ejector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. But there's a cup, an ejector
+pin, and a plunger. And the block is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin, and a plunger. And the block is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin, and a plunger. And the block is
+just because we don't have tables with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we don't have tables with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because we don't have tables with
+holes in them around here, but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in them around here, but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes in them around here, but it's
+pretty easy to find some sort of hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to find some sort of hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to find some sort of hole
+you can use. So, you don't actually need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use. So, you don't actually need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use. So, you don't actually need
+a block, but you should, every team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block, but you should, every team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a block, but you should, every team
+should plan to bring a press with you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should plan to bring a press with you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should plan to bring a press with you.
+Um, so, and then ideally, you can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, and then ideally, you can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so, and then ideally, you can make
+them there, but it's nice to have one um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there, but it's nice to have one um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there, but it's nice to have one um
+to show as an example to your welder.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show as an example to your welder.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show as an example to your welder.
+You can leave it there if you need to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can leave it there if you need to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can leave it there if you need to.
+Um in Haiti, our um colleagues got tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in Haiti, our um colleagues got tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um in Haiti, our um colleagues got tired
+of making one briquette at a time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making one briquette at a time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making one briquette at a time. So
+they came up with this press that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with this press that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with this press that makes
+four at a time and then has a plate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four at a time and then has a plate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four at a time and then has a plate that
+slides out sort of like our old style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides out sort of like our old style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides out sort of like our old style
+press that I'll show you in a minute um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press that I'll show you in a minute um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press that I'll show you in a minute um
+to make four briquettes at a time. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make four briquettes at a time. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make four briquettes at a time. The
+problem is you're increasing the area so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you're increasing the area so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is you're increasing the area so
+you're distributing the pressure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're distributing the pressure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're distributing the pressure and so
+you really have to whail on this press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to whail on this press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to whail on this press
+to make briquettes. Well, um, in 209
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make briquettes. Well, um, in 209
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make briquettes. Well, um, in 209
+they made an extruding device to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made an extruding device to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they made an extruding device to make
+briquettes, which is nice, but a a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes, which is nice, but a a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes, which is nice, but a a lot
+of material. Um, so yeah, and just when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material. Um, so yeah, and just when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material. Um, so yeah, and just when
+you briquette them, make sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you briquette them, make sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you briquette them, make sure you're
+hammering with enough force that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering with enough force that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammering with enough force that you
+actually get well compacted briquettes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get well compacted briquettes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get well compacted briquettes,
+or else they won't when they dry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else they won't when they dry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else they won't when they dry,
+they'll fall apart.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll fall apart.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll fall apart.
+So, I want to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I want to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I want to talk a little bit about
+how the briquette press came to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the briquette press came to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the briquette press came to be
+because I think a lot of D-ab you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think a lot of D-ab you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think a lot of D-ab you sort
+of you work on a project and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you work on a project and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you work on a project and then you're
+done. and you hand it off to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. and you hand it off to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. and you hand it off to the
+community maybe and it seems like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community maybe and it seems like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community maybe and it seems like that's
+all that it takes and at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that it takes and at least in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that it takes and at least in this
+case and I think in a lot of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I think in a lot of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and I think in a lot of cases
+there's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more
+uh required to get to a good product. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh required to get to a good product. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh required to get to a good product. So
+initially we made briquettes just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we made briquettes just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we made briquettes just by
+hand as you can see in this picture and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand as you can see in this picture and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand as you can see in this picture and
+you can imagine compressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine compressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine compressing that
+material hard enough to get a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material hard enough to get a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material hard enough to get a really
+solid briquette was pretty painful on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid briquette was pretty painful on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid briquette was pretty painful on
+the hands and it really didn't make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands and it really didn't make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hands and it really didn't make very
+good briquettes even if you were super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good briquettes even if you were super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good briquettes even if you were super
+strong compressing the briquettes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong compressing the briquettes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong compressing the briquettes. So
+then we looked at buying a briquette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at buying a briquette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we looked at buying a briquette
+maker and the mechanized ones that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker and the mechanized ones that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker and the mechanized ones that we
+could find were about $8,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find were about $8,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could find were about $8,000 and
+entirely inappropriate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely inappropriate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely inappropriate.
+And so there was a bunch of work done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there was a bunch of work done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so there was a bunch of work done by
+Jessica Vesicle to figure out the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica Vesicle to figure out the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jessica Vesicle to figure out the best
+method for actually making briquettes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for actually making briquettes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method for actually making briquettes.
+And she uh honed in on impact forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And she uh honed in on impact forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And she uh honed in on impact forming
+them. And so she designed a briquette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And so she designed a briquette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. And so she designed a briquette
+maker here. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker here. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maker here. Um
+and so this was one of the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was one of the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this was one of the earliest
+prototypes that had a handle. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes that had a handle. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes that had a handle. Um
+actually that's the handle for the door.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's the handle for the door.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually that's the handle for the door.
+Um let me show you the next picture. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me show you the next picture. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let me show you the next picture. I
+think it's easier to see. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's easier to see. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's easier to see. So
+you load your material in the top and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load your material in the top and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you load your material in the top and
+then it falls to the bottom. When this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it falls to the bottom. When this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it falls to the bottom. When this
+door is closed, then you put the plunger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door is closed, then you put the plunger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door is closed, then you put the plunger
+in, close it with a pin, hit it a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, close it with a pin, hit it a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in, close it with a pin, hit it a few
+times, and then when you open this, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, and then when you open this, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times, and then when you open this, this
+plate at the bottom has a pin sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate at the bottom has a pin sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate at the bottom has a pin sticking
+out the back, and so it hits the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the back, and so it hits the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the back, and so it hits the back
+pin, and that pushes the briquette out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin, and that pushes the briquette out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pin, and that pushes the briquette out
+so you can grab it. So, it's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can grab it. So, it's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can grab it. So, it's a really
+nice design. And it made four to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice design. And it made four to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice design. And it made four to five
+briquettes a minute, so we were pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes a minute, so we were pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briquettes a minute, so we were pretty
+happy with it, but it was kind of slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with it, but it was kind of slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy with it, but it was kind of slow
+and frustrating. And so, first, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frustrating. And so, first, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frustrating. And so, first, the
+first improvement was to do a time study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first improvement was to do a time study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first improvement was to do a time study
+to figure out what was taking so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what was taking so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out what was taking so long
+and how to improve it. and everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to improve it. and everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how to improve it. and everything
+was taking a long time, but ejecting was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taking a long time, but ejecting was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was taking a long time, but ejecting was
+taking like the most time, loading was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking like the most time, loading was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking like the most time, loading was
+taking a while. Um, and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a while. Um, and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a while. Um, and so
+we uh someone that Amy Smith worked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh someone that Amy Smith worked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh someone that Amy Smith worked with
+came up with an improvement which uh got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with an improvement which uh got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with an improvement which uh got
+us to six to eight briquettes per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to six to eight briquettes per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to six to eight briquettes per
+minute. And so you can see that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. And so you can see that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. And so you can see that some of
+the improvements were instead of loading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the improvements were instead of loading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the improvements were instead of loading
+from the very top, which required a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very top, which required a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the very top, which required a lot
+more precision, you loaded from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precision, you loaded from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more precision, you loaded from the
+side. Um, and for ejecting, instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Um, and for ejecting, instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side. Um, and for ejecting, instead of
+having a special ejection mechanism,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a special ejection mechanism,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a special ejection mechanism,
+which required a lot of cleaning, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which required a lot of cleaning, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which required a lot of cleaning, you
+just pulled this plate out and then drop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pulled this plate out and then drop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just pulled this plate out and then drop
+the briquette down. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the briquette down. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the briquette down. And then we
+actually, well, actually, I can show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, well, actually, I can show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually, well, actually, I can show you
+the presses. They're over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, this one, um, you can see down here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this one, um, you can see down here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this one, um, you can see down here,
+it has this plate. And so the briquette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this plate. And so the briquette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this plate. And so the briquette
+drops down there like that um plunger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops down there like that um plunger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops down there like that um plunger is
+trying to. And then when you close this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to. And then when you close this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to. And then when you close this
+drawer, it actually pushes the briquette
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer, it actually pushes the briquette
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawer, it actually pushes the briquette
+out of the way. So it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way. So it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way. So it's a little bit
+mechanized. And so it helps the uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanized. And so it helps the uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanized. And so it helps the uh it
+helps speed things up considerably. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps speed things up considerably. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps speed things up considerably. And
+so we're really happy with it. But it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really happy with it. But it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're really happy with it. But it
+was also a relatively expensive design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a relatively expensive design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a relatively expensive design
+because this plate had to be quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this plate had to be quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this plate had to be quite
+thick. And this is a really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick. And this is a really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thick. And this is a really expensive
+piece of metal just right here. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal just right here. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of metal just right here. And so,
+uh, we were pretty concerned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, we were pretty concerned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, we were pretty concerned about the
+prices of some of these elements. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of some of these elements. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices of some of these elements. And
+so, we had another person who does a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we had another person who does a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, we had another person who does a lot
+of work in Guatemala take a look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in Guatemala take a look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work in Guatemala take a look at it
+and redesign it. Unfortunately, I wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redesign it. Unfortunately, I wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redesign it. Unfortunately, I wasn't
+able to find one of these presses in DAB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find one of these presses in DAB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find one of these presses in DAB
+today, but he just made some subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but he just made some subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today, but he just made some subtle
+improvements so that that big plate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements so that that big plate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements so that that big plate was
+cut down until it was just as wide as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down until it was just as wide as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut down until it was just as wide as
+the diameter of this shaft. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of this shaft. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of this shaft. And then
+everything else was made with angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else was made with angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else was made with angle
+iron. and angle iron is relatively cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron. and angle iron is relatively cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron. and angle iron is relatively cheap
+and available everywhere. And so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and available everywhere. And so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and available everywhere. And so that
+made it a whole lot more affordable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a whole lot more affordable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it a whole lot more affordable for
+our partners. Um, another yeah, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partners. Um, another yeah, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partners. Um, another yeah, there
+are variety of changes. And so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variety of changes. And so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are variety of changes. And so you can
+see just just looking at it there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just just looking at it there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see just just looking at it there's a
+bit less metal here is the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less metal here is the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit less metal here is the biggest
+change and that improved things a lot.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drops that rate that's not fully like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops that rate that's not fully like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drops that rate that's not fully like
+solidified. There's going to be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidified. There's going to be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solidified. There's going to be some
+loss there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss there.
+There is it. That was not I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is it. That was not I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There is it. That was not I would say
+that very significant compared to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very significant compared to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that very significant compared to um
+actually this method I think the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this method I think the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this method I think the the
+method we have now is there's more waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we have now is there's more waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method we have now is there's more waste
+that we just do it on the tarp so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just do it on the tarp so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just do it on the tarp so that
+we collect that waste. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect that waste. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we collect that waste. Um,
+so we still weren't happy with the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we still weren't happy with the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we still weren't happy with the price
+and so we ended up radically redesigning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we ended up radically redesigning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we ended up radically redesigning
+it by removing all of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by removing all of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by removing all of the material
+basically to just the most basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to just the most basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to just the most basic
+elements. And so and we started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. And so and we started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements. And so and we started with a
+circular design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular design
+and that still stands, but we've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that still stands, but we've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that still stands, but we've also
+added a square design so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a square design so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added a square design so that if you
+have cylindrical stock, you can use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cylindrical stock, you can use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cylindrical stock, you can use it
+and if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you don't
+if you have square stock, you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have square stock, you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have square stock, you can use
+it. One of the nice things about square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. One of the nice things about square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. One of the nice things about square
+stock is that it's a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is that it's a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock is that it's a little bit more
+flexible in terms of this these parts um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in terms of this these parts um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in terms of this these parts um
+the two parts that you need to fit into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two parts that you need to fit into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two parts that you need to fit into
+the um into the press. Uh you don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um into the press. Uh you don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um into the press. Uh you don't need
+to cut a careful circle. You can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut a careful circle. You can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to cut a careful circle. You can just
+cut a square and that's a lot easier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a square and that's a lot easier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut a square and that's a lot easier.
+And then same on the bottom. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then same on the bottom. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then same on the bottom. You can
+just weld these pieces on. Uh so we took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just weld these pieces on. Uh so we took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just weld these pieces on. Uh so we took
+that to the field and we got a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the field and we got a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the field and we got a few
+different designs back as improvements.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different designs back as improvements.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different designs back as improvements.
+So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So,
+this one is just just used sheet metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is just just used sheet metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is just just used sheet metal
+that's bent around and then welded on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bent around and then welded on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bent around and then welded on
+the edges. And so, that further reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges. And so, that further reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges. And so, that further reduced
+cost because it's thinner. It's a thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost because it's thinner. It's a thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost because it's thinner. It's a thick
+sheet, but not as thick. And then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet, but not as thick. And then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet, but not as thick. And then this
+group used uh angle iron, you can see,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group used uh angle iron, you can see,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group used uh angle iron, you can see,
+and put four pieces of angled iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put four pieces of angled iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put four pieces of angled iron
+together and welded the edges, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and welded the edges, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and welded the edges, which is
+um requires a talented welder, but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um requires a talented welder, but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um requires a talented welder, but if
+you have one um does is a really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one um does is a really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one um does is a really nice
+way to do things. And so there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do things. And so there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do things. And so there's a whole
+variety of little improvements that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of little improvements that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of little improvements that are
+still being made. Uh but generally um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being made. Uh but generally um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still being made. Uh but generally um
+we're very happy with this press. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very happy with this press. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're very happy with this press. Now,
+it's interesting to note that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting to note that some of
+our partners still prefer this press as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partners still prefer this press as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our partners still prefer this press as
+I mentioned um because of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned um because of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mentioned um because of the whole
+bigger is better issue that they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger is better issue that they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger is better issue that they just
+really like this because they feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like this because they feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like this because they feel like
+it's sturdier um even though it's 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sturdier um even though it's 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sturdier um even though it's 10
+times the cost and has no additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost and has no additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the cost and has no additional
+value in terms of speed or labor comfort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in terms of speed or labor comfort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value in terms of speed or labor comfort
+or anything like that. So that's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that. So that's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything like that. So that's been
+one of our challenges is to people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our challenges is to people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our challenges is to people who
+saw this press first, they still want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this press first, they still want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this press first, they still want to
+use it because they prefer it despite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it because they prefer it despite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it because they prefer it despite
+the cost difference. And so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost difference. And so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost difference. And so that's one
+thing we're trying to work out is how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to work out is how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're trying to work out is how do
+we get that cache into this press that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that cache into this press that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get that cache into this press that
+um is so much more affordable.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is so much more affordable.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is so much more affordable.
+So all that to said, and this is a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all that to said, and this is a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So all that to said, and this is a lot
+of years of effort of improving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years of effort of improving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years of effort of improving and
+approving in small and big ways. And so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving in small and big ways. And so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approving in small and big ways. And so
+it's just worth thinking about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just worth thinking about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just worth thinking about all the
+different ways that um a product needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that um a product needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that um a product needs
+to be improved past the you know initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be improved past the you know initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be improved past the you know initial
+prototype which is the stage that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype which is the stage that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype which is the stage that you'll
+be getting to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be getting to.
+So I wanted to make a couple other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I wanted to make a couple other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I wanted to make a couple other
+comments about running a training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about running a training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about running a training
+because you guys will be doing at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys will be doing at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you guys will be doing at least
+two group two of the three groups will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two group two of the three groups will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two group two of the three groups will
+be doing the charcoal trainings in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing the charcoal trainings in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing the charcoal trainings in the
+field. So just to start out with do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So just to start out with do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field. So just to start out with do you
+guys have any questions about how you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions about how you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have any questions about how you'll
+be running that training? Have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running that training? Have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be running that training? Have you
+thought about it at all yet? Um, how are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it at all yet? Um, how are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about it at all yet? Um, how are
+you feeling about doing that? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feeling about doing that? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feeling about doing that? Yeah.
+How do we know what materials bring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we know what materials bring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do we know what materials bring and
+what's gonna be there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna be there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's gonna be there?
+Yeah. So, your mentor ha your your trip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, your mentor ha your your trip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, your mentor ha your your trip
+leader has the contact for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader has the contact for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leader has the contact for your
+community partner. And so, you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community partner. And so, you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community partner. And so, you guys
+should be in contact with them to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in contact with them to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be in contact with them to find
+out what is there and what needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is there and what needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what is there and what needs to be
+brought. Um, and you should also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought. Um, and you should also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought. Um, and you should also be
+reminding them right now that they need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding them right now that they need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding them right now that they need
+raw material, the the the waste. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material, the the the waste. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raw material, the the the waste. They
+should be gathering that and drying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be gathering that and drying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be gathering that and drying it
+right now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now.
+Any other thoughts or comments?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, just the the one thing to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, just the the one thing to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, just the the one thing to think
+about is what's the balance between you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what's the balance between you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is what's the balance between you
+doing a demonstration and you having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a demonstration and you having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a demonstration and you having the
+people there actually getting involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there actually getting involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people there actually getting involved
+and getting their hands dirty and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting their hands dirty and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and getting their hands dirty and doing
+the work. And how do you balance um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work. And how do you balance um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work. And how do you balance um that
+both from a pedagogical standpoint? How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from a pedagogical standpoint? How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both from a pedagogical standpoint? How
+do you help them learn this activity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you help them learn this activity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you help them learn this activity the
+best? And then also um so making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best? And then also um so making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best? And then also um so making sure
+you have the dry waste that's truly dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the dry waste that's truly dry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the dry waste that's truly dry
+is huge. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is huge. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is huge. Um
+loading the drum not getting cut because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading the drum not getting cut because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loading the drum not getting cut because
+people often get cut in that step. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often get cut in that step. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people often get cut in that step. Uh
+making sure you really think before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure you really think before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure you really think before you
+light the drum on fire is critical as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the drum on fire is critical as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light the drum on fire is critical as
+well as um making sure things are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as um making sure things are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as um making sure things are kind
+of calm during the fire because often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calm during the fire because often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of calm during the fire because often
+times things get a little hectic. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times things get a little hectic. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times things get a little hectic. It's
+exciting when there's fire and pe things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting when there's fire and pe things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting when there's fire and pe things
+can get out of control and we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of control and we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of control and we've had
+issues where like a drum got knocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues where like a drum got knocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues where like a drum got knocked
+over onto its side when we were covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over onto its side when we were covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over onto its side when we were covering
+it up because people were just too crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up because people were just too crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up because people were just too crazy
+and so you know it's it's not insanely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's it's not insanely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know it's it's not insanely
+dangerous but it is dangerous and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous but it is dangerous and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous but it is dangerous and so
+it's worth just making sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth just making sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's worth just making sure you have
+that under control. Uh crushing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under control. Uh crushing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that under control. Uh crushing is
+pretty easy when you have a big group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy when you have a big group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy when you have a big group
+because everyone takes a turn jumping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone takes a turn jumping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because everyone takes a turn jumping on
+the bag and that's really nice. um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag and that's really nice. um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag and that's really nice. um
+making sure you're going to heat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure you're going to heat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure you're going to heat the
+water with the if you're going to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with the if you're going to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water with the if you're going to heat
+the wider with the um charcoal with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider with the um charcoal with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wider with the um charcoal with with
+the with the burn. Make sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the burn. Make sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the with the burn. Make sure you have
+that prepared. Uh yeah, those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prepared. Uh yeah, those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that prepared. Uh yeah, those are the
+big ones. And then making sure everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones. And then making sure everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big ones. And then making sure everyone
+gets a chance to use the briquette press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a chance to use the briquette press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a chance to use the briquette press
+cuz some people get really into it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz some people get really into it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz some people get really into it and
+don't want to give up the turn. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give up the turn. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to give up the turn. So
+making sure you do that. Um all right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure you do that. Um all right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure you do that. Um all right,
+so the rest of the class is just time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rest of the class is just time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the rest of the class is just time
+for you guys to work. I want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to work. I want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you guys to work. I want to remind
+you to hand in these four documents so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to hand in these four documents so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to hand in these four documents so
+that you can um travel and then um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um travel and then um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can um travel and then um just
+don't forget to do your muddy cards. Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget to do your muddy cards. Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't forget to do your muddy cards. Are
+there any questions before you guys get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions before you guys get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions before you guys get
+into groups?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into groups?
+Okay, cool.
\ No newline at end of file